ahi

ae

seas: sel

=

Rigas

bt

.
“

pore

<

ele te!

eleee
arr

"ee ele'e

+
.
‘
+
+
+

Oc
elle

=f a oN’ We Cibson-lnvie Sai _

feere:

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL
REPORT

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA

Department of Agriculture

1911

HARRISBURG:
¢. EB. AUGHINBAUGH, PRINTER TO THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA

1912

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. No. 6.

PENNSYLVANIA
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OFFICIAL LIST, 1911

N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary,
Stoyestown, Somerset County.

A. L. MARTIN, Dep’y Sec’y and Director of Farmers’ Institutes,
Enon Valley, Lawrence County.

M. D. LICHLITER, Chief Clerk,
Bellevue, Allegheny County.

Eh. C. FIRST, Clerk, Farmers’ Institute Division,
Harrisburg.

BERTHA H. SIEBER, Stenographer, ;
Harrisburg.

GEORGE F. BARNES, Messenger,
Rossville, York County.

JAMES FOUST, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Altoona, Blair County.

MAY V. RHONE, Clerk, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Center Hall, Center County.

WILLIAM R. SWARTZ, Messenger, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Duncannon, Perry County.

H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist,
Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County.

JOHN D. HERR, Assistant Economic Zoologist,
Lancaster, Lancaster County.

V. A. E. DAECKE, Clerk, Economic Zoologist,
Philadelphia.

KATHRYN P. FIRST, Stenographer, Economic Zoologist,
Harrisburg.

J. C. SIMMONS, Messenger, Economic Zoologist,
New Cumberland, Cumberland County.

Cc. J. MARSHALL, State Veterinarian,
Philadelphia.

T. E. MUNCE, Denuty State Veterinarian,
Washington, Washington County.

RUSSEL T. WHITSON, Clerk, State Veterinarian,
Lancaster, Lancaster County.

MARY E. CHADWICK, Stenographer, State Veterinarian,
Harrisburg.

Gy)

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. No. 6.

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE

Hon. John K. Tener, Governor of Pennsylvania:

Sir: It is my duty as well as pleasant privilege to submit
to you the report of the operations of the Department of Agriculture
for the year 1911, together with climatic conditions and their effects
on the farm crops of the State; also a report of the crop yields of
the State, agricultural statistics from the Thirteenth Census not
available for my report of 1910, and some suggestions for work
along lines for which this Department should be equipped.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The year opened with more than normally warm weather that
continued throughout the month of January and nearly all of
February, which has been exceeded only two or three times within
twenty-five years. The average temperature ranged from four to
eight degrees above normal during the month of January. The
precipitation was below normal. Snowfall was comparatively light
and winter crops had little protection, but on account of the mild
weather they suffered little or no injury. Only during two short
periods, did the temperature go below normal in February, and this
was in sections where low temperatures generally prevail. Snow,
yarying from two to twelve inches, fell in various sections of the
State, but did not remain on the ground for any extended time, and
as already stated, winter crops did not suffer from cold as is usually
the case when they do not ‘have the snow covering. The average
rainfall throughout the State was as much as an inch below normal,
except in a small section in the northwestern part of the State.

MARCH

The weather conditions during March were, in general, throughout
the district, typical of the month, except that the temperature was
most of the time from two to five degrees below normal, and, there-
fore, the month was more wintry in character than the two previous
months, with the exception of the warm wave which passed over the
western part of the State the 10th to 12th, causing fruit buds to swell

- slightly. This was followed by a cold wave which culminated in

temperatures below zero doing damage to peaches and other fruit

in this section of the State. In the eastern part of the State the

severe cold waves, destructive winds and heavy snows, have not

been equalled in any March for a number of years. The average

precipitation was below normal by more than one inch throughout
(3)

4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dod.

the State and reached its lowest at Lawrenceville, Tioga county,
where the deficiency was nearly two inches. Climatic conditions
were quite favorable for the maple sugar industry throughout the
State, but the general cold weather caused the ground to be frozen,
cold and unfit for early agricultural operations.

APRIL

The dominant characteristics of the weather throughout the State
were the low tempeiatures in all sections, ranging from ten to twenty
degrees below ihe normal in Western Pennsylvania, with zero temper-
atures in the east the 2nd, 3rd and 4th, and cold weather with freez-
ing and frost in many places from the 5th to the 25th, retarding plant
growth and preventing agricultural operations. With the 25th,
warm weather set in, reaching temperatures as high as from eighty to
ninety degrees in some sections of the State. The rainfall was
again below normal. ‘The snowfall for the month varied from one
to eighteen inches, the latter at points in Somerset county. This
is the month when winter crops such as wheat and grass begin grow-
ing, and when oats, early potatoes and legumes, such as the Canada
Field Pea and, clovers are seeded, but om account of the cold
and freezing weather the winter crops made little or no growth and
few if any of the spring crops were, o1 could be, planted or sown.

MAY

The month of May opened with seasonable weather. But after
the 2nd there was a drop in the temperature and damaging frosts
occurred in nearly all sections of the State. This cold period lasted
until the 7th in the eastern section of the State, and until about
the 6th in the western section, when the hot weather began, for which
May, 1911, will be remembered for a long time. From the 10th to
the end of the month, with regular persistency, there occurred nearly
over the whole State, temperatures ranging from ninety to one hun-
dred and one hundred and five degrees. Not only was the intense
heat continual, but precipitation was as deficient as the heat was
persistent and, while during the fist week of hot weather vegetation
grew rapidly, it soon showed the effects of the drought, which was
especially manifest in the growth of winter wheat and grass that,
by the end of the month, was little further advanced than they would
have been at the end of April during a normal season. Early potatoes
and early vegetables of all kinds were almost a failure throughout
the State except where exceptionally good farming is done or where
occasional summer showers occurred.

JUNE

The early days of June were similar to May, continuing so until
the middle of the month, except in some few sections of the State
where rain fell, and even here, because of the early drought, the rain
was not sufficient to bring farm crops up to normal conditions, on
account of the late start in Spring and the dry weather in May. There
was a deficiency of rainfall at Emporium of nearly two inches, at
Harrisburg of more than one inch, at Huntingdon of one inch, at
Lawrenceville of one inch, at Wellsboro one inch, and at Williams-
port, in the Susquehanna Valley, one inch. In the western section
of the State the rainfall was, with few exceptions, among which are

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 6

Clarion, Greensboro and Saegerstown normal, and above normal,
especially at Somerset where it exceeded four inches. As already
stated, the hay crop on account of the cold weather of April and the
dry weather of May and early June was very short, particularly in
the eastern section of the State. The early potato crop was also very
short. The wheat crop was retarded during the cold April and
weakened by the dry and hot weather of May and early June, so
that when it began to head, it was short and weak and afterward
when attacked by the Hessian fly it had little resisting power and
the crup was in many places nearly a total failure.

JULY

The most notable feature of the weather of the first twelve to
thirteen days of July was the intense heat that prevailed throughout
the entire State, which: was not equalied in the eastern sections
within the past thirty years, nor in the western section since 1901.
The intensity of this heat was such that all cool weather crops, such
as oats and potatoes, except in favored localities, were greatly dam-
aged. The leaves of the potato plants were burned and in many places
dried up, while the green stalks remained green for weeks. When,
later on, more rain came, these stems had been weakened and did
not again produce leaves and the tubers could not grow because there
were no leaves to elaborate starch. From the middle to the end of
the month more rain fell and the weather became cooler and crop
conditions changed, except in some places where the weather was too
cool for crops to do their best.

AUGUST

The first ten days of August were again very warm, and with the
exception of parts of the western and southeastern sections, dry.
The drought was especially injurious in the central part of the State
until after the middle of the month when rain began to fall and,
with few exceptions, as in Towanda and LeRoy, Bradford county,
there was an excess of rain so that the precipitation varied from .04
of an inch at Indiana to 9.27 inches at Gettysburg. The temperature
was about as variable as the rainfall. The rains that came in many
sections of the State, the latter part of July and early in August,
together with the warm weather already teferred to, produced large
corn crops in the sections where this rainfall occurred; whereas,
where there was a deficiency of rain until the middle of August the
corn crop was not up to the previous year.

SEPTEMBER

The month of September was pleasant, but the excessive rainfall
of the latter part of August and the excessive and even normal rain-
fall of September caused the ‘soils in many counties of the State
to be so wet that, except where the very best farming is done, the
seeding, which should be done during this month, had to be delayed,
and in many places the delay was so long that a large acreage in-
tended to be seeded with wheat was not seeded at all which will
cause a reduction in the acreage of wheat the coming year. In many -
sections of the State the corn did not ripen as well as it should
have done up to this time, because of the weather conditions already
referred to.

’

6 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
OCTOBER

October continued warm and wet, a condition that prevailed nearly
throughout the entire State, with a little frost here and there, so that
corn ripened naturally during part of this month, but the weather did
not afford favorable conditions for seeding wheat, that up to this
time had not been sowed. Not only did the corn ripen, but the rains
and the warm weather prevailing for so extended a period caused the
erowth of a second crop of grass, which was so luxuriant that, in
some places in late September and early October, a second crop of
hay was made, or such pasture was furnished that early Fall feeding
was not necessary and in this way many farmers were able to supply
the deficiency in the hay crop resulting from unfavorable conditions
in June and July.

NOVEMBER.

The month of November remained mild from a week to ten days
and more at a time in the southern and eastern sections of the State,
so that pasturing could be continued and outdoor work was possible.
The winter wheat was short on account of the late sowing, and had
it not been for the mild weather of October, November and December,
the prospects for a good wheat crop for 1912 would not have been as
promising as they now are.

DECEMBER

The month of December was extremely mild, and for warmth ex-
ceeded all records since 1891. The rainfall for the district exceeded, by
10.18 inches, the normal, and amounted to 51.55 inches, and was
exceeded only twice in forty years. This occurred regardless of the
fact that there was a deficiency of rainfall during the first seven
months of the year and all the excess fell after the middle of August
except in a few of the western sections of the State.

This extended discussion of weather conditions of the year seemed
necessary and is given in order that the following crop estimates from
the United States Crop Reporter and those compiled from the census
of 1910 may be fully understood.

PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS FOR 1911

BARLEY

Seven thousand acres were sown with barley in Pennsylvania in
1911, yielding, according to the Crop Reporter, 175,000 bushels, worth
December 1, $114,000.00. The census of 1910 gives an acreage of 7,625
acres for 1909 with a yield of 136,259 bushels, worth $91,000. There
has been little increase in the acreage of barley in this State for a
number of years, for which there seems little or no reason except that
possibly the value of the crop is not understood. This cereal should be
raised in the thinner soils of the southwestern section of the State,
especially when climatic conditions are such that oats cannot be sown

No. 6. _ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7

in March or early April, for with such conditions barley, being more
able to endure hot and dry weather, will usually do better than oats.

BUCKWHEAT

Of the 17,549,000 bushels of buckwheat raised in the United States,
Pennsylvania raised 6,373,000 bushels, or 36.31 per cent. The State
had a larger acreage in 1911 than any state in the Union, and
according to the census of 1910, with an acreage of 292,728 acres,
which is about 6,000 acres greater than that of New York, her
closest competitor, she had a yield of 4,797,350 bushels, worth $3,262,-
000. This is a crop that can be introduced into a rotation in the
thinner soils when one of the winter crops fail, such as hay or
wheat, as was the case with wheat and hay this year. Where there
was hay or wheat worth cutting for forage, these could have been
harvested early, the ground put in proper condition and sown with
buckwheat, and the buckwheat harvested and the ground again sown
with wheat or rye. Or, what might have been a still better plan,
grass seed could have been sown with the buckwheat, and after the
buckwheat was harvested the grass sod would have been there and
in good condition for the following year.

CORN

Pennsylvania had a reported acreage of 1,435,000 acres of corn
in 1911, and in the census of 1910 an acreage of 1,580,671 acres for
the year 1909; giving a reported yield for 1911 of 63,858,000 bushels
and for the year 1909, which was the crop taken by the census, a
yield of 41,494,237 bushels. ‘This represents an increase in two
years of 22,363,763 bushels, which is no doubt correct, for, as I have
already indicated in the report on weather conditions, there was a
sufficient rainfall during the corn growing season, July and August,
except in limited areas of the State, to make such an increase
possible. .

At the midwinter fair of the three agricultural organizations of
the State, the State Livestock Breeders’ Association, the State Dairy
Union and the State Horticultural Society,-held at Duquesne Garden,
Pittsburg, January 15th to the 19th, 1912, the annual corn show,
awarded prizes for the best ten exhibits of ten ears each of Yellow
Dent Corn and the best ten exhibits of ten ears of White Cap Yellow
Dent, six prizes for the best exhibits of ten ears of White Dent, eight
prizes for the best eight exhibits of ninety day varieties, eight prizes
for the best eight exhibits of ten ears of southeastern Pennsylvania
varieties, and ten prizes for the best ten exhibits of ten ears of
flint varieties. Awards were also given to Granges for Grange ex-
hibits and to individuals for the best half-bushel of corn, for the
champion ten ears, for the largest and longest ears, and for the
champion ear. Several Congressmen awarded prizes of ten dollars
for the best exhibits from their Congressional Districts. These corn
exhibits and the awarding of prizes have created a wide spread inter-
est in the State in corn growing and have stimulated the public
educational agencies of a number of counties to organize boys’ corn
growing clubs to have an annual display where prizes are awarded
for meritorious work. At a number of Farmers’ Institutes, move-
ments were started during the last season to organize corn growing

8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

contests among farmers and farmers’ boys’ associations. A number
cf applications have come to this Department for information along
these lines of work and these have been referred to experts who will
give the necessary information and assistance. It has been demon-
strated that southeastern Pennsylvania has a definite type of corn.
and that in this section of the State with this type developed, a
larger quantity of corn can be raised to the acre than in any other
section of the State, or the United States. For this reason as well
as for many others, this type of corn should be developed by the
farmers in this section, for it must be done within the limits of
southeastern Pennsylvania, and the farmers are the persons to do
it.
OATS

With dry weather, as already referred to, during March, April and
May and the intense heat of June and early July, which embraces
the entire season during which oats is grown, the average yield was
four bushels above the average of the United States. In former
reports as well as through other agencies of this Department, such
as the Farmers’ Institutes, this Department has urged that the
growing of oats should be increased, especially in the central and
northern sections of the State, where it is more difficult to grow corn.
Oats grows within a short season, and after it the soil can be sown
with wheat, rye or winter vetch and rye, a forage crop that will
grow when few others will. According to the Crop Reporter for
the year, the yield amounted to 31,720,000 bushels from an acreage
of 1,121,000 acres, making an average of 28.5 bushels per acre, as
against 28,172,686 bushels given by the census for the year 1909.

RYE

According to the Crop Reporter, 285,000 acres were sown with rye
in Pennsylvania in 1911, vielding 4,304,000 bushels, while the acreage,
according to the census reports for the year 1909, amounted to 272,560
acres, with a yield of 3,406,603 bushels.

e

WHEAT

One million two hundred and eighty-nine thousand acres were sown
with wheat in 1911 vielding 17,402,000 bushels, a decrease from the
yield of 1910 according to the Crop Reporter of nearly ten million
bushels, and 4,162,479 bushels less than the census report for the
year 1909. This means that Pennsylvania will have to import ten
million bushels of wheat for the years 1911 and 1912 to feed her
people. The reason for this decrease in yield is largely due to the
depredations of the Hessian fly and to the dry weather of May and
June and early July. If the farmers of the State would arrange
their farming in such a way that there would be no volunteer wheat
after harvest and would not sow until after the 25th of September,
T feel that there would be little trouble with the Hessian fly, and
in this way they could raise sufficient wheat to feed the people of
our State and save ten million dollars for themselves and the

State.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 9

HAY AND OTHER FORAGE CROPS

Hay and other forage crops are, as usual, this year again the
most valuable farm crops of the State. With an acreage, according
to the Crop Reporter, of 3,148,000 acres, which is about 64,000 acres
less than that of 1910, and with a decrease in yield on account of
the dry weather during the growing season, the crop which amounts
to 3,148,000 tons, or a ton per acre, is worth $62,960,000, or only
$3,535,000 less than the crop of 1910 which was 1,285,000 tons larger
than the crop of 1911.

The census of 1910 gives an acreage of all forage crops for the
year 1909 of 3,088,105, with a vield of 3,677,307 tons valued at $35,-
623,573.00. It must be remembered here that the yield of hay in
1909 was less than that of any year from 1899 to 1909, so that the
census report gives less than a normal crop for the State.

POTATOES

According to the Crop Reporter, 270,000 acres were planted with
potatoes in 1911, yielding 15,120,000 bushels, valued at $14,062,000,
or $1,478,000.00 more than the 24,200,000 bushel crop of 1910. This
increase in value was due to thedecrease in yield on account of the
dry season of 1911. The census report of 1910 gives an acreage for
1909 of 262,013 acres and a yield of 21,740.611 bushels, valued at
$14,131,000.00, or only $69,000.00 more than the crop of 1911.

The crop of 1911 of 15,120,000 bushels would furnish for the
7,665,111 people of the State 1.97 bushels per individual, about one-
half the amount consumed, which does not ‘take into consideration
the seed potatoes needed for planting the crop of 1912 which will
approximately mean 2,000,000 bushels more. From this it is evident
that the State will expend from $8,000,000.00 to $10,000,000.00 for
potatoes during the years 1911 and 1912.

This Department has issued a bulletin on potato raising, giving
definite instruction for seed selection, cutting, planting, cultivating
and spraying potatoes, which has been tried by many farmers of
the State and found to be correct in methods recommended, which
is available for all who desire copies as long as the issue lasts.

TOBACCO

The tobacco crop for 1911 amounted to 65,320,000 pounds from
46,000 acres, or at the rate of 1,429 pounds per acre, worth $6,205,-
400.00, or at the rate of $135.00 per acre; the most valuable, per acre
crop, in the State. The census for 1910 gives an acreage for 1909
of 41,742, with a yield of 46,164,800 pounds, or an average yield of
1,106 pounds per acre as against 1,420 pounds per acre in 1911.

ANIMAL, DAIRY AND FRUIT EXHIBITS AT THE MIDWINTER
FAIR HELD AT DUQUESNE GARDEN, PITTSBURG, PA.

The corn exhibits at this midwinter exposition have already been
referred to and commented on, and for this reason it would only
be right to commend the fruit and dairy displays, but a more gratify-
ing reason both to this Department and the State is the magnificence

10 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of the displays, especially the apple display which, according to the
expressions of the judges and visitors from other states, has not been
excelled, if equalled, by the apple display both for the number of
varieties and excellence by any state in the Union. Prizes were
awarded for excellence of fruit and exhibition, for single barrel ex-
hibits, three barrel exhibits, single box, five box and twenty-five
box exhibits; also for single plate and five plate exhibits. The follow-
ing varieties in single box exhibits were awarded prizes both for
excellence of fruit and exhibition: The Baldwin, the Ben Davis,
Grimes Golden, Hubbartston, Jonathan, Northern Spy, Rambo,
Smoke-house, Stayman, Summer Rambo, Tompkins King, Wagner,
Winter Banana, York Imperial, York Stripe, American Blush and
Wolf River. Five box collections of Grimes, Stayman, York Imperial
and Ben Davis were also awarded prizes. Prizes were also awarded
for from one to five plate exhibits for the following varieties: Arkan-
sas, Baldwin, Ben Davis, Gano, Grimes Golden, Hubbardston, Rhode
Island Greening, Jonathan, Northern Spy, Stayman, Rambo, Tomp-
kins King, Twenty Ounce, Wagner, Wealthy, Yellow Bellflower, York
Imperial, York Stripe and Smoke-house.

The following list gives an idea of the number of varieties of apples
that can be successfully grown in Pennsylvania and of such a type
as to merit prizes: Arkansas, Northern Spy, Rambo, Rhede Island
Greening, Smoke-house, Stayman, Summer Rambo, Tompkins King,
Twenty Ounce, Wagner, Wealthy, Winter Banana, Wolf River, Yellow
Bellflower, Yellow Transparent, York Imperial and York Stripe.

Awards were also made for certified milk, market cream and market
milk by the Pennsylvania Dairy Union.

STATISTICS FROM CENSUS OF 1910 THAT WERE NOT AVAIL-
ABLE FOR REPORT OF 1910

The land area of Pennsylvania is approximately 28,692,480 acres.
Of this area, 18,586,832 acres, or 64.8 per cent., are included in farms.
Of the farm acreage, 12,673,519 acres, or 68.2 per cent., are reported
as improved land, representing 44.2 per cent. of the total land area
of the State. The total acreage of farm land decreased 784,183 acres,
or 4 per cent. during the last decade, and the acreage of improved
land decreased 535,664 acres, or 4.1 per cent. As the acreage of im-
proved land and the total acreage of farm land showed practically
the same relative decreases between 1900 and 1910, the percentage
of improved land has remained stationery during the decade.

PROGRESS DURING THE DECADE 1900 TO 1910

The following table summarizes for the State the more significant
facts relating to population and land area, the number, value, and
acreage of farms, and the value of all other farm property in 1910
and 1900:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 11

Fey
a
5
6 a g
a eS |
Number, Area and Value of Farms. = ns 3
al a - .
& t=} o »
= = a 8
2 iS)
So u
cc =)
= E iS a
| |
SCSI LOM a ae sae ea Se Pe te ESD 7,665,111 6,302,115 | 1,362,996 | 21.6
Number of all farms, ----_-- Se So 219,295 224,248 | ,953 | —2.2
Approximate land area of State, aS 28,692,480 | 28; (0a s4SU s| soa ne cle so eee Lane
Pang sil Earms, == -:---==2.— Pe eer 18,586, 832 19,371,015 —784,183 | —4.0
Improved land in farms, -....---------------- 12,673,519 13,209,183 | —535,664 | —4.1
VOTH PR ACTER UPEE. TABI. <2 ee. = 2s 84.8 86. 4 | —1.6 | —1.9
Value of farm property: |
May rf: pe ok = ee ee ee ee eee ee | $1, 253,274,862 | $1,051,629,173 | $201,645,689 | 19.2
ELTA Gee oe ee bee ee Se? = Ss So ce See 630,480,010 575,392,940 | 55,037,070 | 9.6
qr Gia: AS oe ee eee ees | 410,638,745 322,879, 810 | 87,758,935 | 27.2
Implements and machinery, --------------- 70,726,055 50, 917,240 | 19,808,815 | 38.9
Domestic animals, poultry and bees, ------ 141,480,052 102, 439,183 39,040,869 | 38.1
Average value of all property per farm, ----| 5,715 4,690 1,025 | 21.9
Average value of land per acre, --------------| 33 92 29 70 | 422 | 14.2

A minus sign (—) denotes decrease.

Notwithstanding the fact that the population of Pennsylvania
increased 21.6 per cent. from 1900 to 1910, the number of farms
decreased 2.2 per cent., the acreage of farm land 4 per cent. and the
acreage of improved land 4.1 per cent., the decrease in farm acreage
being greater in proportion than that ‘in the number of farms. The
average size of farms decreased 1.6 acres.

Farm property, which includes land, buildings, implements and
machinery, and livestock (domestic animals, poultry and bees), has
increased in value during the decade $201, G46, 000, or 19.2 per cent.
This great increase was “principally due to increases of $87,759,000
in the value of buildings, of over $55,000,000 in the value of land,
and of $58,850,000 in the value of farm equipment, including imple-
ments and machinery and livestock. Of the increase last mentioned,
about two-thirds represents that in the value of livestock. In con-
sidering the increase of values in agriculture, the general increase
in the prices of all commodities in the last ten years should be borne
in mind.

The average value in 1900 of a farm with its equipment was $4,690,
while ten years later it was $5,715. The average value of land alone
rose from $29.70 per acre in 1900 to $33.92 in 1910.

FARM TENURE

The number of all farms, and therefore of all farm operators, is
719,295. Of the operators, 164,229 are owners, 3,961 managers and
51,105 tenants. Of the owners, 154,088 operate exclusively land owned
by them, while 10,141 operate land which they rent in addition to
that which they own. The 51,105 tenants are further classified ac-
cording to the character of their tenancy; thus, 27,951 are share
tenants, 1,042 share-cash tenants, 18,940 cash tenants, and for 3,172
no report relative to character of tenure was secured.

12 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The number of tenants constitutes 23.3 per cent. of the total
number of farm operators. This percentage is but a little above that
of 1880, when 21.2 per cent. of all farms were in the hands of tenants,
and is exactly the same as that of 1890. The greatest absolute and
relative number of tenants reported for any census year was for
1900, when 58,266, or 26 per cent. of all farmers, were in this ¢lass.
During the last ten years the number has decreased 7,161, or 12.3
per cent. This decrease in the proportion of tenants in Pennsylvania
corresponds with a similar movement in each of the North Atlantic
states, but is in contrast to an increase, both absolute and relative,
for the country as a whole.

VALUES OF ANIMALS, POULTRY AND BEES

The values of the various kinds of domestic animals and of poultry
and bees, as reported by the censuses of 1910 and 1900, and the
changes in such values, are shown in the following table:

1910 (April 15). 1900 (June 1). Increase.
| d d
HS) 2
~ ~
Z Z
2 2
LS) LS)
5 , Z ae
¢ : 2 z 5
8 2 | 3 8 Z
os 3
3 & 5 Fy E &
) |
Total) 220. 22S as ee A 41 480052 100.0 | $102 439,183 | 100.0 $39,040,869 38.1
Cattle, -.....-----------2--1------| 47,229,804 | 83.4 | 43,068,101 | 42.0| 4,166,708 9.7
Horses*and colts, 222 -=-eseaeeee | 68,055,489 48.1 | 40,948,827 40.0 27,106, 662 66.2
Mules and mule colts, --.--------| 6,424,039 4.5 | 2,907,690 | 2.8 | 3,516,349 120.9
Asses vand» burros,, 2222o5--22 5a | 43,438 (2) | 22,559 (2) 20,879 92.6
Swine, “@_ 2 22s eee ees ees 7,624,494 5.4 | 5,830,295 | Dat 1,794,199 30.8
Sheep)-and! lambs, 42203222 eo seo! 3,984,144 2.8 | 4,642,606 4.5 —708, 462 —15.3
Goats;.and: kids;\ So: = 2.2223" sae) 15, 788 | (2) | 8,951 (2) 6,837 76.4
Other animals toc coe eee 200 (2)) |poetaon choose) yates 8] soo
Poultry,” (22220 5-22- 04 ee 7,674,387 5.4 4,483,486 4.4 3,190,901 | Vata”
Bees5. .ooss2 25 SR 2 oes 478,179 0.3 | 531,578 0.5 —53,399 —10.0

A minus sign (—) denotes decrease.
(2) Less than one-tenth of one per cent.
*Deer.

During the decade, domestic animals, poultry and bees combined
increased in value $39,041,000, or 38.1 per cent. While most classes
increased in value, they changed in widely differing degrees. The
greatest absolute increase is noted in the value of the horses and
colts, being nearly seven-tenths of the net gain for domestic animals
as a whole. The relative increase was 66.2 per cent. Horses are
now the most important class of livestock in the State, as judged
by total value, whereas, in 1900 cattle ranked first. The latter class
shows an increase in value of only $4,167,000, or 9.7 per cent. The
largest relative increase is found in the value of mules, 120.9 per cent.
The total value of swine increased $1,794,000, or 30.8 per cent. and .
that of poultry $3,191,000, or 71.2 per cent. Sheep and lambs show
the only noteworthy decrease, amounting to $708,000, or 15.3 per

cent.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 13

The value of horses and cattle represents about 82 per cent. of the
value of all livestock. Swine and poultry are almost exactly the
Same in value, and together represent about 11 per cent. of the
total. Mules represent 4.5 per cent. and sheep 2.8 per cent.

Of all the farms in the State, 88 per cent. report cattle, 87.2 per
cent. reporting “dairy cows” and only 19.1 per cent. “other cows.”
The total number of cows increased somewhat during the decade, and
the average value of dairy cows increased from $30.88 to $38.67, while
that of other cows decreased from $25.02 to $23.03. The average num-
ber of dairy cows per farm reporting is nearly five. The census of
1900 was taken as of June Ist, after all the spring calves were
dropped while that of 1910 was taken as of April 15th, before the
close of the calving season and when the calves on hand were on
the average younger that at the enumeration of 1900. As a result,
the calves enumerated were fewer in number and of slightly lower
average value in 1910 than in 1900, the number decreasing from
421,323 to 235,656 and the average value from $7.20 to $7.10.

Horses are reported by 84.1 per cent. of all the farmers in the
State, but only 11.1 per cent. report colts born in 1909, and 2.8 per
cent. report spring colts. The average value of mature horses,
$128.22, is over one and three-fourths that reported in 1900. About
one farmer in every twelve reports mules. The average values of
mules are somewhat higher than those of horses of the corresponding
age groups.

Sheep and lambs are reported from 25,436 farms, or 11.6 per cent.
of all the farms in the State, whereas, in 1900, 19.6 per cent. of all
farms reported sheep. Of the farms reporting sheep and lambs, 77.9
per cent. report spring lambs, the number of the latter being 51.9
per cent. of the number of ewes. This comparatively small propor-
tion is doubtless due to.the early date of enumeration. Ewes are
reported on all but 754 of the farms reporting sheep, and for the
farms reporting the average is over 19 per farm. Those reporting
rams and wethers show an average of about 16 per farm. The average
fiock in the State, excluding spring lambs, is 25 sheep, while in 1900
it was 22.

Of all farms, 65.1 per cent. report swine and show an average of
nearly 7 per farm reporting. On account of the early date of enu-
meration, only 23.9 per cent. report spring pigs. The average value
of swine classed as “hogs and pigs farrowed before January 1, 1910,”
is $10.23.

14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

POULTRY

The following table gives the numbers of the various kinds of
poultry reported in 1910 and 1900, together with their value, and
the number of farms reporting each kind in 1910:

1910 (April 15). 1900
(June 1).
p | OE
A i
= oA

Kind ) = = ca

a : 2 a

5 3 A =

2 <3 s g

qa Ls iH

ri. 9 2 : 2

Sn ° 2 i) 2

He he i= =) |

Slt Ss) = Ey =

i AY a - a
otal). 2 < vo. ease eee ne | 205 ToBI oss 6 12,728, 34i | | $7,674,387 11,044,981

|
Ohickeng’ gb oss 22. Nee eae he eee Se | 205,026 | 98.5 | 11,895,908 | 7,020,208 | 10,553,106
PPE KG VAs tire ie oon = et eee: SEE 40,126 | 18.3 | 136,942 312,571 | 259,824
DUCKS), Moo 01.3052 eee eee ee 23,502 | 10.7 | 163,777 | 114,282 | 171,271
Gecsesy veces.) 1 cae eee Ea Ree eS oes 13,400 | -6.1 | 46,318 66,509 | 60,780
Guinea etowis,, 22 see ee 24,025) 11.0) 111,715 48,208 (1)
PIGEONS gto. 5 = coe ee ee ence 16,161 7.4 373,304 111, 365: (2)
All’ "Otherse® 5200 se eee ees 70 | (4) 382 1,149 (2)
J }

*Sixty-two farms report 158 peafowls, valued at $504; 6 farms report 221 pheasants, valued at
$630; and 2 farms report 8 wild geese valued at $15.

(1) Included with chickens.

(2) Not reported.

(4) Less than one-tenth of one per cent.

The increase in the number of fowls on Pennsylvania farms
during the last decade amounts to 15.2 per cent. while the value
increased from $4,483,000 to $7,674,000, or 71.2 per cent. The num-
ber of farms reporting poultry decreased 2.2 per cent.; thus the
average number of fowls per farm reporting increased from 53 to
62. The increase in the number of chickens, which are by far the
most important class of fowls in the State, was sufficient to offset
2 decrease in the number of turkeys, ducks and geese. The value
of poultry and number of farms reporting were obtained in 1900
for the total of all fowls only, and not for each kind, as in 1910.

BEES

The number of farms reporting bees decreased from 28,962 in 1900

o 22,297 in 1910, or 28 per cent. The number of colonies of bees
eet from 161,670 to 124,815, or 22.8 per cent., and their value
decreased from $551,578 to $478,179, or 10 per cent. The average
value of bees per farm reporting was $18.55 in 1900: and $21.45 in
1910. About ten farms in every one hundred report bees.

GRAINS AND OTHER CROPS

Potatoes were reported by 88 out of every 100 farms in 1909,
hay and forage by 87, corn by 78, oats by 68, wheat by 53, buck-
wheat by 28, rye by 24 and tobacco by 5. Buckwheat and tobacco
show larger percentages of farms reporting than in 1899, while for
potatoes, hay and forage, corn, oats, wheat and rye the percentages

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 15

are smaller than ten years ago. These 8 crops now occupy about
61 per cent. of the improved land of the State, hay and forage alone
representing 24.4 per cent. Corn, wheat, rye, and hay with other
forage crops show decreases from 1899 to 1909 in the per cent. of
improved land occupied. During the past decade there was a
decrease of 414,137 acres, or 8.7 per cent. in the acreage of all cereals,
and of 181,536 acres, or 5.5 per cent. in that of all hay and other
forage. Potatoes increased in acreage 34.146 acres, or 15 per cent.
and tobacco 13, 982 acres, or 50.4 per cent.

In the average value per acre, corn exceeds the other cereals, and
wheat is a ciose second, while buckwheat and rye are less than one-
half, and oats approximately two-thirds as great as corn in that
respect. The average value per acre of hay and other forage is about
three-fourths that of corn, and less than one-third that of potatoes.
Tobacco shows the highest average value per acre, being more than
five times as great as wheat and over twice that of potatoes. The
average value per acre of all cereals combined is $16.27, which is
slightly above the average of hay and other forage, and less than that
for either corn or wheat.

The leading counties in the acreage of hay and other forage in the
order of their importance are Bradford, Crawford, Lancaster, Susque-
hanna and Tioga. Bradford, Susquehanna and Tioga, together with
Wayne county, forming a row of counties along the northern boun-
dary, report nearly one-seventh of the total acreage for the State.

The decrease in the acreage of corn is confined to no particular
section; there are, however, three groups of counties in which in-
creases are shown—first, 10 mountainous counties in the east central
part of the State; second, Somerset and Bedford counties; and third,
Armstrong, Butler and Clarion counties. The acreage of wheat
shows heavy decreases throughout the counties of the State with
the exception of a group of five counties in the southeastern section,
which show slight increases. The seven counties of Franklin, Cum-
berland, Adams, York, Lancaster, Berks and Chester report more
than one-third of the wheat acreage of the entire State. Decreases in
the acreage of oats are shown in the northeastern and western por-
tions of the State, the group in the southeastern section reporting,
as a whole, the largest decreases. The increase in the acreage of
buckwheat is due to its increased cultivation throughout the western
three-fourths of the State, this increase being sufficient to offset
the general decrease throughout the eastern quarter. The three
counties of Bradford, Indiana and Tioga report more than one-fifth
of the total acreage of this crop. There are three general groups
of counties which show an increase in the acreage of rye. The small-
est of these groups comprises Franklin and Adams counties on the
extreme southern line; the second in importance is a group in the
central part of the State consisting of Center, Union, and Mifflin
counties; the third and largest is made up of eight western and
southwestern boundary counties. The remainder of the State, aside
from a few scattered counties, shows marked decreases, especially
in the northern and west central portions.

More than one-fifth of the potato acreage is reported from the five
counties of Lehigh, Berks, Chester, Lancaster and York. Lancaster
county alone harvests nearly 80 per cent. of the tobacco crop.

2

16 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

FARM EXPENSES

The following table shows the number of farms reporting expendi-
tures for labor, feed and fertilizer by the census of 1910, as well as
the sums expended in 1909 and 1899, with the amount and per cent.
of increase:

1909. 1899. Increase.
| g a
iF, |
q
5 tet
Expense i) =
A=| Es
—
Lal 44
(2) °
a
La = » rey = =]
q =|
pigs FS 5 = 5 g
HS hu g = 3 u
ws
Fe cy 4 § 4 &
| |
WapoOlwen on. =e ea eee aoe 189,507 | 63.6 $25,611,888 $16 , 647,730 $8,964,108 53.8
Heed sy 22) 2 oor 2 ee eee A GSS ill, 64NG 19,203,160 (1) lsc).
Mertilizer,¢ 2:22 2263 eee eee 129 , 769 | 59.2 6,801,605 4,685,920 2,115,685 45.1

(Note—(1) Not reported at census of 1900.)

Nearly two-thirds of the farmers of the State hire labor, the average
amount expended in this way being $184. During the decade the
total expenditure for labor increased $8,964,000, or 53.8 per cent.,
which is one of the greatest relative increases in Pennsylvania agri-
culture during the period. About one-fourth of the amount reported
as expended for labor is in the form of house rent and board. Former
censuses made no tabulation of the number of farmers reporting
expenditures for labor.

Over six farmers out of every ten report some expenditures for
feed, and about six out of every ten purchase fertilizer. The total
amount reported as paid for fertilizer has increased $2,116,000, or
45.1 per cent. during the decade, the average per farm reporting being
$52.41.

ANNUAL AND CENSUS AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS

It is to be regretted that the annual agricultural statistics and
the census statistics do not harmonize more closely, but it is to be
supposed that they are sufficiently accurate to permit some conclu-
sions. Farm land has increased in value from $575,392,940 to $630,-
430,010 between 1900 and 1910, while the number of farms have de-
creased from 224,248 in 1900 to 219,295 in 1910, a decrease of 4,953
farms, or 4 per cent. This decrease is equal to the number of farms
in any of the best farming counties of the State, and if the census
statistics are correct, is not the kind of showing this State should
make. It is reasonable to suppose, however, that the decrease is in
some degree owing to the extension of the limits of growing cities
and boroughs. P

The value of farm buildings increased from $322,879,810 in 1900
to $410,638,745 in 1910. This would be very much more desirable
if the number of farm buildings had increased sufficiently to make

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 17

possible this increase in value instead of the value of the materials
of which these buildings are constructed, and therefore the value
of the buildings themselves.

A DAIRY STATE

Pennsylvania’s greatest claim in the line of animal husbandry,
is that of being a dairy state. The number of dairy cows two years
old and over in the State, according to census reports in 1900, was
943,773, and in 1910 was 933,055, a decrease of 10,718, while the cows
not kept for dairy purposes in 1900 numbered 48,807 and in 1910,
99,165, an increase of 50,358. The total number of neat cattle in
the State in 1900 was 1,896,847, while in 1910 there were reported
1,585,570, a decrease of 311,277; whereas, the total value of cattlé
in 1910 was $47,202,000, while in 1900 it was $43,063,000, an increase
in value of $3,139,000. From the reports that are accessible, it seems
the output of the dairies has decreased but little, if any, during the
decade.

A good illustration of what is taking place with the animal indusiry
in the State is furnised by the sheep industry. In 1840 there were
1,767,620 sheep reported in the State, yielding 3,048,564 pounds of
wool, or 1.75 pounds per sheep. In 1850 there were reported 1,822,-
357 sheep, shearing 4,481,570 pounds of wool, or 2.43 pounds per
sheep. From 1860 to 1880 the number of sheep remained practically
stationary, but the yield of wool per sheep increased from 2.91 pounds
to 4.77 pounds, or 61 per cent. Again, from 1890 to 1910 the num-
ber of sheep decreased from 954,002, yielding 4,800,610 pounds of
wool, or 5.08 pounds per sheep, to 882,852 sheep shearing 5,296,112
pounds of wool, or 6 pounds per sheep, an increase of 487,102 pounds.

This shows that the emergency of the farmers has not been cen-
tered so much on increasing the number of animals as on increasing
the efficiency of these animals, which is exactly what this Depart-
ment has been teaching and which is showing results. If such re-
sults can be obtained in the increased efficiency of the animals, then
certain!y with the right equipment of this Department the efficiency
of the acre can be increased, and with the increase of crop yields
will come the increase in the number of the most efficient animals
the State has ever had. But we must show the farmer that if he
produces more he will receive more in proportion to the increase in
quantity as well as quality.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE FARM

The farmer can buy better animals—cows, sheep, horses, hogs,
chickens, etc., bred up to high standards by those who have made
a study of this business, and by following the practice outlined by
this Department and by those who are breeding animals, he can
maintain this standard and sometimes excel in it, but when it comes
to efficient farming and the application of better methods, he cannot
buy these from his neighbors, but he must himself evolve methods
adapted to his conditions, and this is one of the things few farmers
undertake to do and the greatest agency in the State to-day for doing
work of this kind is the Farmers’ Institute, and it is obliged to do
its work at a time of the year when practical demonstrations are
impossible.

2—6—1911

18 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

For this reason this Department should have sufficient funds to
send out qualified experts who can study soils, climatic, market and
labor conditions, and by actual field demonstration show how to
increase the productivity and the latent fertility of the soil and raise
crops, for which there is a well paying market, with the labor avail-
able on the farm. ‘fo fill positions of this kind requires men who
know soils and climatic conditions and who can make labor efficient,
who understand markets and who can put the farmer into a position
to do the same things.

The census of 1910 shows clearly that the increased production
of the acre in order to maintain her agricultural, manufacturing and
mining prestige has become the watchword of the hour for Penn-
sylvania.

DEMONSTRATION WORK

This Department is the agency by which this demonstration work
must be done because it is through the Department that the State
Government keeps in touch with the agricultural interests, the most
potent in the Commonwealth. The surrender of this educational
work to any other agency would mean the alienation of the farming
interests from the State Government, where all other public educa-
tional agencies are located and where this, one of the most essential,
must certainly also be located. This is not an academic question,
but a utilitarian one. Academics and utility up to this time have
not mingled well, and for these and many more reasons I feel that
the surrender of this work to an agency not directiy under the con-
trol of the State, and upon which the State could not lay her re-
straining or encouraging hand whenever it may be deemed necessary
would be as great a dilemma as to surrender her public educational
work and hand it over to an agency not under her immediate con-
trol. Therefore, like the educational department, this Department
should be equipped with funds to do this educational work in the
most efficient manner, for before we can have education, before we
can have scientific investigation, manufacturing, mining or trans-
portation we must be fed, and the question of feeding the people
of Pennsylvania is becoming more important every year and some-
thing must be done to improve this condition. An appropriation.
was asked for from the last Legislature by this Departmeni for demon-
stration work along the lines indicated, but it failed during the last
hours of the session. Requests come to us from many sources for
information along all lines of agriculture, but for want of sufficient
appropriation little help can be given.

BETTER PRICES FOR FARM PRODUCTS NECESSARY

It must be made interesting for the farmer to increase the pro-
ducts of his farm. As was said in a former report, if the farmer
by keeping down production can realize as much out of ten dairy
cows of equal capacity as he can out of twenty he is fcolish for
keeping and attending the twenty, but if by this demonstration
work this Department can show the farmer that by keeping twenty
of the better grade of cows already referred to, he will realize for
the ten additional cows approximately as much per cow as he will
for each of the ten cows, he will become interested, and it will not

INORG: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 19

be many years until Pennsylvania will stand where she should stand
to-day in the animal industry, especially the dairying branch of the
industry.
CO-OPERATION

In previous reports I have referred to the co-operative movement,
and I am glad to report that this movement has taken definite shape
in a number of counties in the State, especially in Lancaster and
York counties. The farmers are beginning to see that they are the
victims of a commercial system that is so organized as to buy from
them all they have to sell and sell to them all they must buy, and
collect tribute for a service that never adds any value to their own
products, or to the commodities they buy. They recognize still
more than this, that the manufacturer organizes his own sales agencies
and makes the consumer pay for this service whether he uses it or
not. The farmer who drives to the factory and loads up a machine
pays as much for it as the farmer who buys the same machine from
an agent five hundred miles away; the one enjoys the advantages
of the agency, the other does not but pays as much as if he did.
Another thing the farmer has learned is, that no matter what make
of machine he buys, whether, if a harvesting machine, it be the Deer-
ing, Champion, McCormick, Johnston, or any other make of binder,
the price is the same because all are made by the same combination.
But while these machines are made by the same combination, there
are still Deering Agents, Champion Agents, McCormick Agents,
Johnston Agents, etc., each one making a regular propaganda in the
same territory for his machine, for all of which the farmer pays,
but when the time comes for the farmer to do as the harvester manu-
facturer does, add the extra price that it costs to sell his products
to the price of his wheat, oats and corn, when he puts them into
market another agent of this merchandising system appears, who
makes the prices, regardless of what the products cost and regardless
of what he paid the agent for selling him the harvesting machine.

The farmer is beginning to see that if it pays the manufacturer of
harvesting machines to keep up a propaganda, such as I have de-
scribed, to sell his machines directly to the consumer it would also
pay the farmer, the producer of the necessities of life, to sell his pro-
ducts by means of his own sales agency to the consumers and charge
them only what the agency costs him. This would encourage the
formation of consumers co-operative purchasing agencies and would
facilitate selling directly to the consumers through these inexpensive
agencies kept up by the producer. This is the healthiest indication
along agricultural lines to-day, because it will take out of the hands
of men who have shown themselves the most unscrupulous, the hand-
ling of the necessities of life, and will hand it over to those who
produce and consume them, thus preventing the destruction, by
unscrupulous dealers, of these necessities of life, to keep up prices
as well as create a market for produce that now frequently perishes
in the hands of the farmers because there is no local demand for
it, because the farmer under present conditions is not connected
with the consumer who would be glad to purchase his products. If
therefore it is the duty of this Department to instruct the farmer
how to increase the yield of the acre it is also its duty, after the

20 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE _ Off. Doc.

larger crops have been produced, to get the producer in touch with
the consumer, and for this work the Department is not, but should

be equipped.
SAVE OUR RESOURCES

An enormous waste of both land, on account of gases thrown off
by the coke ovens, and the nitrogen that passes into the air with these
gases, occurs in the manufacture of coke. In the United States,
in 1910, seventeen per cent. of the nitrogen contained in coking coal
was recovered, while in Pennsylvania, the greatest coke manufactur-
ing state in the Union, only two per cent. was saved. If all the
coking coal mined annually in this State should be converted into
smokeless fuel, or coke, and the nitrogen it contains were recovered
by the use of possible appliances there would be nitrogen enough
to furnish ten pounds of this most expensive element of fertility
for every acre of improved farming land in Pennsylvania and all
the rest of the North Atlantic States. If this were done the price
of nitrogen would be cut in two and the expenses of the farmer vastly
diminished. But not only is this valuable plant food thrown away,
but the utter destruction of all plant life upon thousands of acres
by sulphvrous and other gases in the vicinity of these coke ovens
follows. Surely our Agricultural Colleges should be able to devise
and bring into use some process by which this nitrogen could be
saved and the soil destruction ended.

Another great waste of fertility is that of the sewage of our cities
by which our streams are contaminated. The Federal and State
Departments of Agriculture, the Experiment Stations and Agricul-
tural Colleges could do no greater service for the sanitation of the
country and the maintenance of the fertility of the soil than by
devising a process by which this sewage could be collected and the
fertility it contains recovered and put into a condition to be easily
applied to the soil. These institutions should be equipped by ade-
quate appropriation for such work.

A number of serious bacterial diseases, such as the crown gall,
root rot, fire blight, peach yellows, canker in its various phases,
and many other fungicidal diseases now infesting our apple, pear
and peach orchards, should, in order to save these orchards from
perennial destruction, be investigated so that their character and
methods of propagation may be thoroughly understood and effective
remedial agencies discovered for their cure. Work of this character
should be done by the well trained scientists connected with our
Agricultural Colleges, and when thoroughly understood by them,
the remedies for these diseases should be made so simple that they
can be applied by the average farmer and fruit grower. Our General
Assembly should not hesitate to make competent appropriations for
such work.

THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND EXPERIMENT STATION

Within the past eight years the number of students in our State
Agricultural College has increased from a little over on hundred to
ever six hundred, and there are but few more facilities for the six
hundred than there were for the one or two hundred. Such a con-
gestion exists that pupils are obliged to stand for hours during
recitations. This is a condition to be deplored and is entirely due

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 21

to the fact that the appropriations have not been sufficient to put
up buildings and furnish equipment for the proper housing and
laboratory facilities for the instruction of the boys who come to
be trained for efficiency in this most important of all vocations
or arts. It is to be hoped that the next Legislature will make such
appropriations as will equip both this Department and the college
with all that is needed to do their work effectually.

REPORTS OF BUREAUS OF THE DEPARTMENT

The reports of the heads of the several bureaus of the Department,
created by Act of Assembly, are herewith submitted for publication
as part of the Department Report. These reports are all replete
with information full of interest to the public and should be read
with care. By way of calling attention to them, I give here a very
brief epitome of their contents.

REPORT OF THE MANAGER OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTES

This report shows that during the year 1911, 477 days of Farmers’
Institutes and movable schools of agriculture were held in the State,
with 1,162 sessions, having a total attendance of 189,383. Beside the
regular institutes and movable schools, special institutes were held
with an attendance of 10,379, and harvest home picnics attended by
20,000, making a grand total of 209,385 people, nearly all farmers.

The Farmers’ Institute is gaining in deserved popularity, because
it is the agency that brings to the average farmer the best scientific
agricultural practice known. This is the agericy of the Depart-
ment to which I especially referred when speaking of the demonstra-
tion work for increasing the production of the acre. The Bureau of
Farmers’ Institutes is the leading educational division of the agri-
cultural department of the Commonwealth and it should be equipped
with funds sufficient to do its work most thoroughly and effectually.

It has been one of the agencies that have advertised the State
College and Experiment Station, it has stimulated the raising of
efficient dairy cows, so that with a less number of cows the State
produces as much and more milk than was formerly produced with
2 Jarger number. The institute has assisted in the inauguration of
the movement to raise thoroughbred stock of all kinds—horses,
cattle, sheep, hogs and poultry, to such an extent that livestock
values have greatly increased and the value of poultry especially,
increased more than 71 per cent. in the last decade.

REPORT OF DAIRY AND FOOD COMMISSIONER

This report sl:iows that the general character of the work of the
Bureau has been very similar to that of the previous vear, with
the exception of the sausage act, approved April 6th, 1911, and the
milk and cream act approved June Sth, 1911. The first of these
laws defines sausage, prohibits the selling, offering or exposing for

22 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sale, or having in possession with intent to sell, sausage that is
adulterated according to the definition of the act.

First. The addition of water in excessive amounts beyond the
limit specifically indicated by the law.

Second. The presence of any cereal or vegetable flour.

Third. The presence of coal tar dyes, containing chemical pre-
servatives and other substances injurious to health.

Fourth. The presence of diseased, contaminated, filthy, or de-
composed substance, products from a diseased animal, or one dying
otherwise than by slaughter, or from substances so stored, trans-
ported, or handled as to render them unfit for use in foods.

Prior to the enactment of this law, serious abuses existed in the
sausage trade in this State. But the enforcement of this law and
the act by which the slaughtering of animals for use as food is
placed under the supervision of the State Veterinarian have put the
local butchering establishments into a sanitary condition, and the
meats used for this important food, sausage, are now quite as free
from contamination as that made by the large establishments under
Federal supervision. The enforcement of the section prohibiting
artificial coloring to enhance the appearance of the sausage and
deceive the purchasers as to its quality has reduced this most per-
nicious practice very considerably. The same is true of the use of
Boric acid and other preservatives. The new feature in this act,
that prohibiting the addition of excessive water and cereal or vege-
table flour to sausage, makes specific what was implied in a general
way in the previous pure food laws, so that manufacturers know
definitely what is meant by the adulteration and the courts can
enforce strictly the intent of the act and the consumer knows that
he can be protected, all of which is fully explained in the appended
report of the Dairy and Food Commissioner.

The milk act, approved June Sth, 1911, requires a standard com-
position of milk for the State which is similar to the composition
recommended by a board of experts who carefully studied the stan-
dards established by law in a number of states and municipalities
and recommended their adoption throughout the United States, which
the Secretary of Agriculture, by authority of Congress, later pro-
claimed as the standard for this country. The new law also raised
the standard for the minimum limit of milk fat in cream, offered
for sale in this State, from 15 per cent. of milk fat to 18 per cent.,
which brings the State into harmony with the standard of the
National Department of Agriculture.

The policy of the Bureau of Pure Foods has been, whenever there
was a change in the laws or a new law enacted, to inform the selling
and manufacturing public and the consumer of the provisions of this
legislation so that they might comply with the requirements of the
law without resort to prosecutions by this Department. During
the year 1911, 8,200 samples of the various kinds of food under legal
restriction offered or exposed for sale throughout the State were
analyzed by the chemists of the Pure Food Bureau, of which 1,029
were sold in violation of the law. This is a larger number of sam-
ples than were analyzed during any previous year in the existence of
the Bureau.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 23

The financial statement of the Dairy and Food Commissioner
shows receipts from fines and all other sources for the year 1911 of
$120,903.48, and an expenditure for the same period of $83,083.15,
leaving a balance in the Bureau’s favor of $57,820.53. This excess
in the revenue of this Bureau over expenditures should not be con-
strued as indicating that it does not need the financial support of
the State, because there might be few violations or the expenses
of enforcing the law might be such that the revenues of the Depart-
ment might become exhausted and the violators would escape punish-
ment, and in this way open the door for all kinds of food adulterators
to come into the State.

REPORT OF THE STATE LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD AND STATE
; VETERINARIAN

This report shows that the demands made on this Bureau has
caused it to be necessary to separate the work into divisions, with a
responsible and capable person in charge of each, which are given
in the report in the following order:

First. Meat Hygiene, Dr. T. E. Munce, Director.

Second. Horse Breeding and Practical Farm-work, Dr. Carl W.
Gay, Director.

Third. Contagious and Infectious Diseases, Dr. R. M. Staley,
Director.

Fourth. Laboratory and Research Work on State Farm, Dr. K. F.
Meyer, Director.

Fifth. Milk Hygiene and Tuberculin Testing, Dr. W. S. Gimper,
Director.

Sixth. Auditing, Miss Mary C. Butterworth, Clerk.

MEAT HYGIENE

For the purpose of a more thorough inspection of meats, this
division was reorganized early in the year and the State divided into
districts outlined by county boundaries, and an agent assigned to each
district to which he largely confined his activities. Continuous in-
spection of a week at a time was kept up in several of the larger
slaughtering centers with very good results, such as the placing of
screens to protect meats from being handled by prospective pur-
chasers and from contamination by flies. The agents of the State
have been endeavoring to induce municipal and market house officials
to have meats offered for sale protected from such contamination as
above referred to. It seems that the time has come, when for the
enforcement of hygienic conditions such as the State laws require,
the slaughtering of animals and the preparation of meats and meat
products and refrigeration should be conducted, controlled and owned
by municipalities. Meat and meat products examined during the
year amounted to 1,621,224 pounds, or 8003 tons; meat and meat
products condemned during the year 17,531 pounds or 83 tons.
Regular inspections were not made in Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Read-
ing and Harrisburg, because these cities have local inspection.

HORSE BREEDING

The law enacted by the last Legislature differs from the
older law now repealed, especially in that it requires the
licensing of each stallion for just what he is as to breed, soundness,

B4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

etc., no stallion shall enter the State without inspection, and in the
provision it makes for the course to be pursued in prosecutions. Two
thousand four hundred and thirty-one stallion licenses were issued in
1911, of which 941 were pure breds and 1,480 grades. Any breeder
can see the license of all stallions and therefore know just what
they are. The farm of the State Livestock Sanitary Board produced
especially good crops of hay, wheat, corn, silage, carrots and turnips.
The number of cattle on the farm have been reduced, while the hogs
have been increased to furnish hog cholera serum to meet the general
demand for this remedy.
CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

These are practically the same as in previous years, such as Acti-
nomycosis, Anthrax, Blackleg, Glanders, Hog Cholera, Mange, Rabies,
and Texas Fever.

‘hirteen animals either died or wers slaughtered during 1911 from
Actinomycosis.

Anthrax: 1,005 cattle out of 77 herds reported from fourteen differ-
ent counties were vaccinated in 1911 for Anthrax. Out of these herds
109 died previous to vaccination and one after vaccination.

Black-leg: his disease attacks only young cattle under three or
four years old and can be entirely conivoiled by vaccination. The
vaccine is furnished free of charge by the Livestock Sanitary Board.
Twenty-one counties reported 149 herds containing 1,764 animals, of
which 85 died before vaccination and none after.

Glanders: Eighteen counties reported glanders during the year
and positive diagnoses were made in fourteen counties. One man
in the State contracted the disease and died. From the eighteen
counties, 57 supposed cases were reported, 57 stables were inspected,
265 animals were physically examined, 222 tested with mallein, 43
were condemned on physical examination, 5 on the mallein test, or
a total of 48 condemned in the State during the year.

HOG CHOLERA

Forty-three counties reported hog cholera during 1911, with 411
herds infected consisting of 9,460 hogs and pigs, of which 4,933 were
vaccinated. Over 3,000 hogs had died in these herds before vaccina-
tion and about the same number were found to be too sick to vacci-
nate. The serum for hog cholera is prepared on the State Livestock
Sanitary Board’s farm and is furnished free of charge. Good re-
sults have been obtained from the use of the serum in all parts of the
State and wherever the treatment was applied early, the outbreak
was checked and no further loss was sustained.

MANGE
Twelve counties with 43 cases reported mange during the year.
434 cases were examined in 1911, of which 85 were quarantined,
of which all but three were cured.

RABIES

Fifty-two counties out of the 67 in the State reported rabies in
1911. 2,474 animals were quarantined for 100 days during 1911.
25 general quarantines of 100 days were maintained during the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 25

year. 46 persons were reported bitten by rabid dogs during the
year. In most cases the Pasteur treatment was taken, but one man
in Johnstown refused to take the treatment, afterward developed
vabies and died. 2,604 animals were destroyed. The number of
cases of rabies has increased year after year for a number of years.

TEXAS FEVER

Twelve counties were involved, with two outbreaks of Texas
Fever, exposing 1,105 cattle to infection; of these 41 were affected
and 18 died. ‘The outbreaks occurred in native cattle that were
shipped in cars in which southern cattle had been carried, showing
that there was not thorough disinfection. This disease is easily con-
trolled in Pennsylvania if the precautions of the Board are ob-
served.

CONTAGIOUS ABORTION

It has been quite well established through the investigation of
Prof. Bang of Denmark, and confirmed by the studies of the Royal
Commission appointed by King Edward of England, to examine and
confirm the evidence, that abortion is due to a bacterium. This
bacterium has been isolated from an aborted foetus by this Bureau.

LABORATORY AND RESEARCH WORK

During the year the laboratory on the farm has been thoroughly
equipped and manned with ampie and eflicient help so that first-class
work can be done. The work as outlined and begun is Research
Experiments, Routine Work, and Milk Hygiene. Research work is
being conducted on glanders to confirm certain methods of diagnosis,
on Epizootic Lympangitis, on Tuberculosis in which the work started
by Dr. Pearson and continued by Dr. Gilliland, was completed and
some of the newer methods of Tuberculin Testing are studied; on
contagious abortion for the purpose of diagnosing the disease, and on
hog cholera, Texas Fever, forage poisoning and plant and feed
poisoning.

LABORATORY ROUTINE WORK

During the year over 900 different specimens representing the
various diseases referred to were received for diagnosis; 427 heads
were received during 1911 representing horses, cattle, sheep, hogs,
mules, goats, cats, dogs, and one human brain from one of the city
hospitals for diagnosis for rabies.

One hundred and twenty-four specimens were received for diagno-
sis for glanders, 60 specimens for diagnosis for hog cholera, 34
specimens exclusive of milk samples for diagnosis for tuberculosis,
31 specimens for examination for antharx, 8 specimens for diagnosis
for epizootic lympangitis, 6 specimens for chronic bacterial dysentery,
che specimen for symptomatic anthrax or blackleg.

One hundred and ninety-eight thousand seven hundred and twenty
cubic centimeters of tuberculin solution were distributed, 2,768 c¢. ¢.
mallein solution were prepared, 1,671 doses of anthrax vaccine Nos.
1 and 2 for cattle, and 51 doses of anthrax vaccine Nos. 1 and 2 for
horses were prepared and distributed; 217,085 c. ¢. hog cholera
serum were prepared and distributed during the year.

26 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MILK HYGIENE

Under the act approved March 30th, 1905, and by request of the
properly authorized officials of the city, this Board undertook the
work of inspecting the farms from which the milk supply of Phila-
delphia was derived. The main objects of the inspection were to
determine what proportion of the supply was coming from bad
dairies and to what extent the supply would be reduced by eliminat-
ing these, and whether such inspection could be made sufficiently
educative to induce the careless dairyman to produce a higher grade
article, which latter proved to be the case. The resulis of this in;
spection are tabulated in the report and they show according to the
requirements of the score card, also included in the report, that
about 9 per cent. of these dairies produce milk that is prejudicial
to public health.

On October 1, the entire work of dairy farm inspection was trans-
ferred to the State Livestock Sanitary Board. With our previous
experience of the inspections conducted in the vicinity of Phila-
delphia, we were capable to formulate plans to make a systematic
inspection of the entire State and make it an educational campaign,
and likely in the near future safeguard the general milk supply of
the State as well as foster and encourage the dairy industry.

It is impossible to estimate the value of this service to the State,
and the possibilities for its future usefulness are still greater and
an appropriation for its maintenance should be as liberal as its
service is valuable.

REPORT OF THE ECONOMIC ZOOLOGIST

The report is divided into ten sections:
First. Correspondence, examining specimens, and answering ques-
tions.
Second. Investigations and experiments.
Third. Publications.
Fourth. Lectures.
Fifth. Inspection of nurseries and private premises.
Sixth. Inspection of imported plants, seeds and fruits.
Seventh. Making collections. j
Eighth. Inspection of orchards.
Ninth. Demonstrations.
Tenth. Exhibits.
CORRESPONDENCE

During the year 8,530 letters were written from this office, made
up of general correspondence, 6,215 letters, model orchard corres-
pondence, 1,347 and inspectors letters, 9653. By far the largest num-
ber of the letters of general correspondence are in answer to ques-
tions in regard to insect pest suppression, the spray materials to use
for this suppression, the kind of apparatus, and orchard management.

INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS

The concentrated home-made lime and sulphur is advanced as the
best material for San Jose scale, made according to the formula of one
pound of lime, two pounds sulphur and one gallon water, boiled one
hour and diluted with approximately seven gallons of water. This

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 27

same solution with one ounce of Lead Arsenate to the gallon is
advocated for flat headed apple tree borers. The highly dilute, or
about one gallon of concentrated solution to forty gallons water, is
advocated to take the place of Bordeaux mixture for all fungicidal
sprays except potato blight and for grapes.

PUBLICATIONS

The regular monthly bulletin of the Bureau was changed to a bi-
monthly at the beginning of the year and six issues were sent out
during the year. Beside this bi-monthly bulletin, circulars treating
on a number of phases of the work of this Department were sent
out during the year, and also weekly press letters appropriate to
the season of the year when published, were sent to the newspapers of
the State.

LECTURES

Besides the addresses given by the orchard demonstrators and
inspectors, the Economic Zoologist delivered 45 lectures throughout
the State during the past year, many of them illustrated with lantern
slides from photos of this Department.

INSPECTION OF NURSERIES

Two hundred nurseries were inspected in the State in the last
year, covering 3,130 acres. This inspection is made twice a year,
during mid-summer and again in the latter part of the winter. The
reports state that the attitude of the nurserymen is favorable to
this inspection and that they regard it as a benefit to themselves as
well as the tree buying public.

INSPECTION OF IMPORTED PLANTS

In order to prevent the importation of all obnoxious and injurious
pests, all plants and seeds in so far as possible are inspected before
being planted after unpacking. Dr. L. O. Howard, United States
Entomologist, and the United States Custom House officers regularly
inform this Bureau of all nursery stock, cuttings, bulbs, seedlings,
etc., coming into any port of entry destined for Pennsylvania. In this
way we keep in touch with what is being done.

MAKING COLLECTIONS

During 1911 there were added 1,000 specimens to our zoological
collection, 1,026 insect specimens, 75 invertebrates other than insects,
15 fishes and reptiles, 8 birds, 3 mammals, and equally as much
material not pertaining to any of these classes.

INSPECTION OF ORCHARDS

During the year 1911 twenty-five regular orchard inspectors were
kept in the field and they inspected 3,037 premises and 9,416 orchards.
Among these were 245 demonstration orchards in which 930 demon-
strations were given, attended by 14,092 people, and there were
beside these 1,064 supervision orchards which were visited 1,972 times
by the inspectors.

28 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

EXHIBITIONS

At the request of a number of County Fair Associations to make
exhibits of the work and methods of this Bureau, four such exhibi-
tions were made consisting of charts of many species of insects
greatly enlarged showing their life history, photographs of orchards
properly pruned, cultivated and sprayed trees, fruit of many kinds,
spraying apparatus, chemicals for spraying, specimens of beneficial
and injurious insects, mounted birds and mammals. The work of
this Bureau has been very helpful and should be supplied with
appropriations to maintain its efficiency.

DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY

The Division of Chemistry was under the direction of Mr. Jas. W.
Kellogg, Chief Chemist, from whose report I take the following state-
ments:

The work of this Bureau, as in former years, has been that of
collecting and analyzing samples of feeding stuffs and linseed oil,
and sending out reports, copies of bulletins, and answering requests
for information.

One thousand samples of feeding stuffs were collected and analyzed
during the year; 327 towns in 56 counties were visited to make these
collections. Forty prosecutions for violation of the feeding stuffs
law were ordered ; $300.00 were secured for fines and costs from cases
ordered to be prosecuted in 1910, and $957.98 for prosecutions in
1911, making a total of $1,237.98 for the year.

The quality of feeding stuffs has improved, as is evident from the
fact that no adulterations with rice hulls, corn cobs, and peanut
shucks were detected during the year. 189 special samples sent in
by dealers were analyzed, for which $187.00 was received. As pro-
vided by the law, and in compliance with requests from the Bureau
450 manufacturers of feeding stuffs registered with the department
during 1911.

Reports showing results of analyses for 1910 to the number of
6,000 were sent to manufacturers and dealers in feeding stuffs. 150
samples of linseed oil were analyzed during the year, of which 14
were found to be adulterated and for which prosecutions were or-
dered, and for which $258.72 were received in fines and costs. $200
were turned into the Treasury from fines and costs from prosecu-
tions for adulteration of linseed oil brought in 1910. The adultera-
tion of linseed oil has increased during the year, which is due to
the fact that the last Legislature did not allow an appropriation for
the examination work, which is now working and will still more in
the future, work a hardship upon the honest manufacturers of paint,
and on those who are using it, which should include all citizens and
all owners of buildings.

No work was done in the enforcement of the Paris Green law be-
cause the last Legislature did not make an appropriation to continue
this work.

It is certainly to be deplored that when this Department is en-
deavoring to induce farmers to improve and beautify their premises
and take more pride in their homes, make these homes look inviting,
and improve and increase their crops, that on account of the Legis-
lature failing to appropriate a few thousand dollars, these people

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 29

who want to improve their surroundings and kill the insect pests that
infest and destroy their crops can have imposed on them paints that
will fade and wash away with the first winter’s and spring rains,
and poisons that will neither kill nor destroy.

FERTILIZER CONTROL WORK

This work was under the special supervision of Mr. Harry E.
Klugh from whose report the following extracts are made:

Fifteen agents of the Department canvassed the entire State during
the months of April and May and collected samples for analysis, from
the fertilizers exposed for sale for the Spring trade, and again during
August and September, collecting samples from fertilizers for the
Fall trade. 3,257 samples of mixed fertilizers and fertilizing materials
were collected during the year, of which 1,229 were subjected to
separate analysis. Where two or more samples of the same brand
were reported, equal parts of each sample were united and the com-
posite sample was analyzed, full information of which appears in
Bulletins Nos. 212 and 218. Where more than three samples of the
same brands were sent in it was necessary to discard the same on
account of the reduced appropriation made for this work. In making
up the composite sample we have followed the practice of former
seasons in the selection of individual samples, so as to have, as nearly
as possible, three different sections of the State represented.

Where deficiencies occur in these composited samples, a separate
analysis is made of the remaining parts of the individual samples
entering into the composite sample, and the deficiency is traced to
the particular single sample that was below guarantee.

The legislation of 1909 has made needful some additional tests.
Section 4, of the act of May 1st, 1909, prohibits the sale of pulverized
leather, hair, ground hoofs, horns, or wool waste, raw, steamed,
roasted, or in any form, as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of a
fertilizer or manure, without an explicit statement of the fact. All
nitrogenous fertilizers were therefore submitted to a careful micro-
scopic examination, at the time of preparing the sample for analysis,
to detect the presence of the tissues characteristic of the several
materials above named. The act of April 23, 1909, makes it unlawful
to use the word “bone” in connection with, or as part of the name
of any fertilizer, or any brand of the same, unless the phosphoric acid
contained in such fertilizer shall be the product of pure animal bone.
All fertilizers in whose name the word “bone” appears, were there-
fore examined by microscopic and chemical methods to determine, so
far as possible with present knowledge, the nature of the ingredient
or ingredients supplying the phosphoric acid. It is a fact, however,
well known to fertilizer manufacturers and which should be equally
understood by the consumer, that it is, in certain cases, practically
impossible to determine the source of the phosporic acid by an ex-
amination of a fertilizer when it is ready for the market. The
microscope shows clearly the structure of raw bone, but does not
make it possible to discriminate between thoroughly acidulated bone
and acidulated rock. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphoric acid in a
raw bone—and only such bone as has not been deprived of any con-
siderable proportion of its nitrogenous material by some manufactur-
ing process can properly be called “pure animal bone”—is about 1:8;

30 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in cases where the ratio of nitrogen to phosphoric acid exceeds 8,
it is clear that part, at least, of the phosphoric acid has been supplied
by something else than pure animal bone; but, inasmuch as nitrogen
may have been introduced in some material other than bone and no
longer detectible by the microscope, the presence of nitrogen and
phosphoric acid in the proportions corresponding to those of bone is
not proof positive that they have been supplied by bone. Finally the
differences in the iron and silica content of bone and rock respectively
afford means of distinction useful in some cases. The usefulness of
this distinction is limited, however, by the facts that kitchen bone
frequently contains earthy impurities rich in iron and silicia, and
that earthy fillers can legally be used in fertilizers and are in fact
considerably used therein both as “make-weights” and as ‘“‘condition-
ers,” or materials introduced to improve the drilling qualities of
the goods. The fact that the phosphoric acid in bone and rock are
identical in character is probably so well known as to require no
detailed consideration in this connection. f

The cases of departure of goods from guaranty, where the deficiency
was two-tenths per cent., amounted to 38 per cent. which in my judg-
ment is due to improper mixing or a separation of the mixed materials
in transit.

Many of the fertilizers were found short in one element but over
in the other guaranteed elements, yet these fertilizers are not exempt
from being classified with the more deficient samples, which materially
increases the perceatage of deficient samples.

Where it was believed that fraud was attempted or gross careless-
ness was permitted among manufacturers, from the samples showing
a marked deficiency, the manufacturers or the venders were prose-
cuted.

During the year the Department instituted 16 proceedings for the
violation of the Fertilizer Law, and recovered $389.33 in fines and
costs which were paid into the State Treasury, as required by law.

For a clear understanding of the above, I submit herewith for
comparison a table of average composition and average guaranty for
the year 1911:

Aw qa
aa q
3° s
hy
Ct) On s
mi of
Sa" ao
ee Sy
BO = (a
S Sia
<q <q
Phosphorie Acid:
Motel pieisoc.sstie os et ea ne Se ae eee neon s< 2) 1 eee 9.72 9.01
Available (eo: 2 2ssc ei Se a ee es ee 2 ee 8.25 7.86
Potash, yet aeese oe ee ee a ee ee ee 4.30 4.02
Nitrogen, (2 28es2) 220 1250-4 sou, Be see ee ee a eee 1.32 1.36

The following statement made by Dr. Wm. Frear, Chief Chemist
of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station, who had
charge of the analytical work, in a report to this Department, is
self explanatory:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. bl

“The microscopic examination of the nitrogenous fertilizers for
leather, hair, and other materials the use of which without notice is
prohibited by the act of May 1, 1909, revealed in no case such quan-
tity of any of these substances as might not fairly be regarded as an
accidental trace. No instance has been reported by the sampling
agents in which a declaration of the presence of such material has
been made. It is, however, a matter of quite general knowledge
that substances of this kind are being largely used in fertilizer mix-
tures; but, in most cases at least, only after such treatment as re-
sults in the destruction of the characteristic tissues and, at the same
time, wholly or partly in that of organic compounds originally
present. The Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station is now
conducting, under the writer’s supervision, an investigation to deter-
mine the degree to which the acid treatment usually employed im-
proves the availability of the nitrogen in these substances.

“In conformity with the requirements of the act of April 23, 1909,
many firms dropped from the brand names of goods manufactured
by them the word ‘bone’ hitherto forming part of said names. Where
such change in name appears, it may be taken as evidence that the
phosphoric acid is derived, at least in part, from something else than
bone.”

During the year just ending there were 1,575 brands of mixed
fertilizers and fertilizing materials registered with the Department.
License fees amounting to $27,960.00 were received from the above
registration and paid into the State Treasury, as provided by law.

At the present writing (April, 1912), one hundred and seventy-
four reports have been received from manufacturers and importers,
containing statements of their sales in this State during the year
1911, amounting to 281,782 tons, covering all materials used for
fertilizing purposes.

After comparing these reports with reports showing the tonnage
of 1910, I find there appears a decrease in the amount of mixed
fertilizers consumed during the vear, and a marked increase in the
amount of the raw materials used. This condition, in a measure,
is brought about by the extensive education that is being published
concerning the economy of “home mixed” fertilizers, and also by the
zealous efforts of manufacturers’ agents to execute contracts when
they are unable to sell their 1egutar brands.

For your better information I have prepared the following table
showing the reported tonnage, for both the years 1910 and 1911,
of the several classes of fertilizers:

1910. 1911.

ee ee ee
Complete, --------------------------------------2n- 02 = nnnnn no 178,770 178,070
Rock and potash, ------------------------------------------- 70,596 68,112
Acid phosphate, ----------------------------------- ze 19,876 18,578
One 7) eb oa = = ne nena 8,455 8,202
Muriate of potash, -----.---------------------- 1,042 2,561
Sulphate of potash, --------------- 293 257
Nitrate of soda, ----------------- 1,146 1,872
Kainit, ------+------------------- 995 | 1,854
Blood, -------------<--------<--<---- +2595 5-95 <= === @ ~~ - === =--- | 14 | 26
RTairs be ap ane ene oe en a a ee | 180 | 112
Basie slag, ------------------------------------------------------- | 1,316 1,460
Miscellaneous, ------------------------------- 46 578

Sey ee ewe Sen Apiaie SeNpe oe eae ee, Bee eee ene ty OEE eer ees 282,729 | 281,782

3

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ws
to

It is especially gratifying that many manufacturers have with-
drawn the maximum figures of their gnarantees from their bag
statements and others are eliminating the “equivalents,” both of which
have proved confusing to consumers.

BURHAU OF PUBLICATIONS

During the year 1911, the Department issued 14 bulletins, Nos.
205 to 218, both inclusive. The demand for Department reports and
bulletins is very great, each year showing an increased interest in
woricultural know ledg ‘e over the preceding year. Requests come from
the schools of the State for literature along agricultural lines, and
many High Schools use the bulletins of the Department in ‘class
study.

Since 1899, 12 annual reports, aggregating 12,400 pages and 177
bulletins aggregating 15,500 pages have “been published. During the
Same period there has been distributed to the people of the Com-
monwealth, various states of the Union and foreign countries, about
400,000 copies of the Department publications. This number does not
include the annual reports distributed by the members of the Senate
and House of Representatives, aggregating in 12 years about 150,000,
making a total of 550,000 copies of reports and bulletins sent out for
the information of the people in agriculture and allied subjects.

Neither does the above number include the monthly bulletins issued
by the Dairy and Food Bureau and the Bureau of Economic Zoology,
from which has gone out during the past 10 years at least 500,000
copies making a grand total of more than one million of copies of
literature for the benefit of the general farmer, trucker, fruit grower
and producer of livestock, etc., distributed during 12 years. There
are on hand at the present time for distribution more than 250,000
publications.

These publications are, for the most part, prepared by specialists
along the many lines to which they relate, the editing of the same
being done by the Chief Clerk of the Department, Mr. M. D. Lichliter,
who also has supervision of their distribution.

STATE FAIR

For a number of years the State Livestock Breeders’ Association,
the Dairy Union, the Horticultural Society and the State Board of
Agriculture have held what would be in many states regarded a very
creditable exhibition of agricultural, horticultural and dairy pro-
ducts, as well as animal displays, for which premiums secured by
voluntary contributions and by some advertising were offered that
have been of such amounts and character as to create keen competition
to obtain them.

It seems that after these agricultural organizations have created
such an interest in State exhibits by voluntary action that the time
has come for the Legislature to make an appropriation for the pur-
chase of grounds and the erection of buildings for a State Fair, and
for the payment of such premiums as are compatible with the agricul-
tural interest of the State.

T wish, in conclusion, to express to your Excellency personally my
appreciation of your readiness on all occasions to give to me every
assistance possible in carrying forward the work of the Department.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 33

I desire to express my appreciation of the faithfulness to duty of
the heads of the several Bureaus of the Department without which
the success that has crowned our efforts would have been impossible.

I also feei under renewed obligations to the press of this city and
to the agricultural and public press generally for the important aid
they have continued to give to the work for which this Department
stands.

ewe submitted,

Oa me

Secretary of Agriculture.
Harrisburg, Pa., Apri’ 4, 1912.

3—6—1911

34 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF
FARMERS’ INSTITUTES FOR THE SEASON OF 1910-1911

Harrisburg, Pa., Janwary 1, 1912.

To the Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture:

Sir: I have the honor to present herewith the Seventeenth Annual
Report of the Bureau of Farmers’ Institutes.

INSTITUTES HELD AND ATTENDANCE

There were held in the season ending June 1, 1911, in the different
counties 477 days of institute and schools, divided into 1,162 sessions,
a total attendance at which was 189,383. Attendance at Regular
Institutes 162,809, Special Institutes 10,376, Movable Institute Schools
16,198, Harvest Home Picnics 20,000,-making a grand total in atten-
dance of 209,383. Our Annual Normal Institute was held in the city
of Lancaster, May 23-26, 1911. This meeting was attended not only
by Managers of Institutes in the various counties and practically all
State Lecturers, but representatives of County Agricultural Societies,
local granges and farmers’ clubs. The State Grange was represented
by Master Creasy. More than ordinary interest was manifested on
part of the delegates on the question of Co-operation amongst the
Farmers for the Marketing of their Crops and purchasing Farm
Supplies. A committee was appointed, consisting of Messrs. R. P.
Kester, E. B. Dorsett and Archie Billings to investigate the matter
and make recommendations for action at our next annual meeting.

MOVABLE SCHOOLS AND INSTITUTES

Movable Schools, continuing four days each, were held in 12 coun-
ties of the State, consisting of Potter, Warren, York, Lebanon, Lacka-
wanna, Columbia, Venango, Erie, Crawford, Westmoreland, Chester
and Lehigh. As previously reported, these schools continue to teach
and demonstrate lessons in Dairying, Horticulture, Poultry and Do-
mestic Science, and Home Sanitation, as a result of which a marked
improvement may be noted in the matter of dairy improvement by use
of the Babcock Test, the unprofitable dairy cow is being rapidly
elimiated from the herd, barn ventilation and conveniences is taking
the place of old and unsanitary methods. Horticulture, as developed
_ by our experts, is being practiced by thousands of farmers of the
State with very satisfactory results. JI may name one instance in
Tioga county where 15 orchards within a radius of two miles were
supplied with a spraying outfit directly as a result of such teaching.
This is only an example of what is occurring in hundreds of other
places. Our fruit industry is scarcely second to that of dairying.
A careful and somewhat hurried estimate of the fruit growing in-
terests of the State shows that we have over 23,225,000 apple trees .
planted, 1,000,000 pear, 3,000,000 peach, making a total of 27,225,000

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 35

in all. These figures show somewhat the importance of Horticulture
in Pennsylvania. As a result of introducing poultry as a line of
special teaching at our schools and institutes, the farm poultry of
the State is being rapidly improved. The old mongrel hen is sup-
planted by thoroughbred stock, fed and housed in such manner as
to bring profitable results in both egg production and poultry for the
market. We feel safe in saying that no other branch of livestock in-
dustry offers more promising results for the money invested than a
well cared for flock of hens. The value of this industry in birds and
their products amounts to upwards of $23,000,000 for the year 1911.
No Institute or School is held in Pennsylvania at which is not taken
up the subject of Horticulture or Poultry in one or the other of their
branches.
PENNSYLVANIA FARMERS’ INSTITUTES 1910-1911
The following is a complete list, by counties, of dates and places

where institutes, movable schools and special institutes were held
throughout the State for the institute year, ending June 1, 1911:

Off. Doc.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ors ra) er as hee ‘OSZ “OLE ‘O@T ‘O8L ‘06 g Z
| GOL eST 1s F | “Gee ‘CLT ‘OST ‘cer ‘G6 g ZG
cIg 691 ra f “OGG “GAL “OGL ‘O0T ‘SOOT g z
| OF9 SzL z g “006 ‘CE ‘G8 ‘OGL ‘OST g rd
esL‘e ss | -00S 00 § | I ‘OUL I i
| @86 961 g P ‘OGo ‘GIL “eh ‘986 ‘er G z
| 9c8 TAT SS P ‘60S ‘GZI ‘26 ‘OS% ‘18 g 3
FPP | 68 | id ‘OOL ‘26 ‘Gh ‘OL ‘08 g 3g
R80'F OSF™ Bl OSE-2 eins j “008 “OST ‘O0T g i:
cig | Sor /Saperes| ia “0g ‘008 ‘09 ‘00% ‘S2L g z
VOD8s Sa on aes F ‘OOF ‘OSL ‘0S ‘ose ‘os g 3g
691 pega SUP, | O61 ‘08 ‘006 ‘Sz% ‘OST g v4
| 68 poten Fis “GiT ‘82 ‘OR ‘OOT ‘0S g ZG
| 29OT Ootre eee “OSE ‘00% ‘OST Ser
[S0‘T SI Tag skal ie SPL. sPSh sel) OF (Zen 3
| ¥6 I 1s “O13 ‘06 ‘29 ‘G9 ‘EF g z
| 80T I 1s ‘OST ‘O@L ‘GO ‘COs ‘0 g rd
919°T Ocak | 8 | 8 “006 ‘OOT ‘Gh “OST “Sh g é
| 18 3 | ‘08 ‘cr ‘Ts ‘006 ‘09 g z
| ¥ST ie cle “ces ‘OSL ‘OF ‘Cs ‘OS g Z
198°T | | 04 | aaaee UP ‘OIL ‘O0L ‘OF ‘09 ‘ep g rd
Pg [eae | $ 106 “0S “2b “6 “96 i |
| Sor | | P “OSG ‘00% “OOL ‘OFZ ‘0 G fa
S6L‘T Gel 13 |? | “CFL ‘ey ‘OGe ‘co 7 | &
108 salez | F ‘0Ge ‘OST ‘0G ‘ost ‘o¢ TS aller
SCT les aS P *00G ‘OST ‘0G ‘OLT ‘8F she Pee
902‘ Sips gacea ae $ | “OL ‘066 ‘OG ‘09 F SG
9G «| G P | ‘OOF ‘09% ‘06 ‘008 ‘08 g Zz
WO T g “OSI “OPE ‘9S “OTL ‘OST er
| | | |
g See ea S 2
S = ee hes oa : 2
i=) @ | ce
= °
n a]
. | “smoIssog Aq souRpuey i
| oO
| z
| fe)
=)
| a
“quosalg
“a0uBpudqIy So, BI0dg
| !

‘TI6T-OT6T HO NOSVUS—SHLOALILSNI

‘aynqyysul JO skeq

esate ell

Eee “12-08
lice)

“038d

SE SEs tage cs PER ae ONAN
See es Gem EOS)
Sraaie SS 5e “VUOUUTI AA
SE Ee SSS a SOON
Ra ae ae Cae ae PORTE Te
“SINQSULC ITAL
BS SSE he eae LONE
Gat ae 1 Se tae DOD TOR
eng ee ‘UMOJIOSIAL)
“OpTIAAT OLY
‘UMOjZjNYy
SR aE Se a, RUT
Coa en ae role “O[[IASIOVog
*“UMOJ105105
Noe Per epee Mel) Thess P89)
Se Se Ge ‘sinqsxoT
‘QAOD spudlly
‘TRH esuRIy
“UMOJSHOOR
‘quesvad “IA
age et as ‘Sulmueqqiy
‘HOPSUIYLIO A
ae eo ee UOT AE Gy
PS oe ee ‘UMOJS1OHV
*‘qoaingO «no oy,
Soo Pa Rae: eee Re XO ACONT
‘aT[IAS}puely
‘ssulldg yIOX
‘pIoyXQ MON

20BId

‘ploy peig
“ooo «(Tepoadg)

“ele

‘I9Avog
Se TROON GY FADE +7

‘AUN So [V

Tate 23: a Ue Div:

*£yun09

SUAWUVA VINVA'TASNNGd

PARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

od

4

di

No. 6.

“COT “SL
| OLL 185 t F ‘06 “GLE ‘2g ‘Gz ‘eB ‘or ‘OF ‘ag | OL ¥ a ie Lp aS 2s [eee ett ‘yorateg |"7---"7"-> “8iquimyjop
| (-jooyas
| | ; aNIY4SU] e[QBAo])
egs’s | « OGST | O88) =| G g ‘008 ‘G22 ‘See ‘008 ‘OST g tend ees TOL (Get is esesnesse= see CUOJUROn
| 0OO°L | 0038 j i F “egg ‘0G6 “GL ‘00S ‘0g g rd Sa eas Cem eye tel beim Soe so ‘JeUNT
pea = IE f “c@s “OLT ‘OF ‘OOL ‘02 g z BSSsscms Shi ool al tases aeeae eae = Tip ayy || = Sao gF0)
964°T | 601 If b ‘OOL ‘FZL “OOL ‘3LT S z a EUAN N\ppe or eee soe eS ‘UMOgIaTAY |-- 7-777 (yepeadg)
| | CEL T y ‘OST ‘O0T A 1a: epoca Ole UOLB Ia | ens sae aaa "ADUGie| saoace eae SCE med)
| | Get if F | “GFL ‘OOL ‘OFT “OOT 7 z ae ee ORE UOE Na pe eee SSINGSLOYAN. |—Ss5- 27 sae *‘({Bpedg)
| SOL T ay “OFL ‘08 “OL ‘06 t ra Sateen Slesetuanypie oa Spas are neal TPA | comes “-~ “({epedg)
SL's | 09 |G p “COL ‘$8! “SA <@h. — P z ESS Se ee DOS Aa oe nee eee LO CHIN
| S61 é g “008 ‘GF “C8 ‘O48 “99 g G eae mea ra ONE Ae) a = SoS aes ‘apisuing
| GOT aE r “006 ‘SLT “06 “062 ‘SéT g td mee ee co ee ON ee ea a ‘QI[TASUAMIND | ~~ 777" > *PeBAVILD
608° | OGL § “OGG ‘OOL ‘0S “OST “0g G Z [ES Soar OTR aCe tet in axes OKO] IAca eae at
| && | @ & “OOF “OSE ‘SOT “OOF “O08 g mee jervace Sec C hie [sees c= “dINGSIOUILY é
| Sil | 6 ; “006 “Gat “G4 “OFL ‘0S g Zz ac See SGT BE CLO a a aes ae ee NL aU eee TOLMeIO
c | “08T (-Tooyos
oo3‘G =| ess | 86 es aa ‘O91 ‘gp ‘08 ‘GL | 6 t Eo SG OOS) 20 Palos =a aaa oa ‘attiAuojag | 9INPISUT eE[qvao}yT)
OLL'T | 026 & |S “0G g V Aco aie ie G8) ULOUG Ae aes saa og ect ‘aq Are pay
oly =o}, SIE AE \F “082 F (ae eee SU-Qe YOUR le=-- === == soe ae ‘To. L9qUaY
ODS | éLL | § iF G Sea aie tp=G -NOLG I eo- Sees ee ‘unyy eOC!
OLG*T | 868 18 F F Gta em oe SO7Ts UOC Ne ors = oS Sane oe PLOT SGD
| 0s | OL P Rese Mg G a PSSe= SSF SOTAUT <0 wee" aoa aan oe ets | ne ae eee SOU)
696°S cst | hab 18 I c Z Pesrss Ss SGeey Goi | soos sea hae SOTTO ba eae
S40 TE } I ; | q Calne oe (SGPG6 Qe | S52 = = s5= eae) OTLAUGTIN
Gel | | 6 16 c é Pate ae SLU Whee 0 (2) fect | at ‘dey queseog |----""""—""--__ “exquap
GEST fae eat | 6 4 é So EOE CCR
| eae | 3 g T Rar Geen ‘6 “Goq ‘ool sig
| | } v4 I ar cre {9 = "Qo |'s"t2-saes se ee Ol TATTOO TS
| ce] ’j BES SSeste = SRD POON inane a ew ULL OCA AN OND | een enim ae LOCUS
gee | | rd I | peep eee aaa Giga) tg fel eerie ‘UBL, “a[[TA1azIg
| 2 | 2 | € I Become a we Sf e200 Ge Sos a7 spo cad “AIBA UOTy
ItpsPiee wah | ce te ae g ¢ T aan ncaa ee OG Ute OSES sCioga ey: Stead eis
L Pauitigee || | g Ii RaReSi Seite SOGMNWOIR |Gaeae ag = ee cg LOUG UNG UTS) ee nen nae econ ceed)
168°% | SIE OT T Zz 4 ean caae SORBG CRON aes ae aa ‘pAaT drag |-- - *(qeredg)
SL & ig 9 rd aR se eee OT -7 tantoe (ell serge Same “OTOUTITIAA
48 if r F | ieee aie a O16 00 Ce |S Ss= a5 pana eee ODN OLONT
66 I P 9 Vom a poe ee [Oo 00a aaa aca *m09)eqg |--——"—""-"-~ “eyaqurep
Seg*T 64 if F G ie Al bas ee 0) ee 00 [eam | acerca S2SSsneers-e dOMOOTT
uy 4 Pr g V4 Sse eG pe SUG eal ee eee ‘qo0rg APpH
9ST S P G é cw aes, ome 07GB RS | oon cee es SE) LONE DGTP Sane ware ae SG yihate f
(an) 002 Ree ail I iE Se ERS he pete a Sp eee ame AM OMOO an castes “(Teroedg)
902 SETA ‘ z oak SOTAET <COUn | |Sierceeaee “TMOPpPULT IY
GO Reseaeen iz x abe Aree Ser O1-0)9 2Goitia |samomnaeme sooo > “oroqyory
6G seer | eae aes P G 3 eaeeae eae Abs et a elt all oo na ae --> *aMmoyse]A0q
Poe eltaas ete g @ TTT STT-OT “G00 [oo 77>_ Sortapwazsumnid -
col acon oa AF. g M4 pect a NOre)- lOO: || sana Sent eee ae OL AOU ca ekanmanm Pise pies bier
GGG F | 883 F g ¢ z Se aa 3a LO | ee Scape OANA ONS | eames “~~ *(qeredg)

Off. Doc.

HPORT OF THE

ANNUAL Ri

oD

186°3 ous =| O9r rd | $
| 0z8 | FOL aaa (2
| gos’ | 48 f
| |
OFF | ¢98 =|: && | I rd
Gr | 8 | 1 $
O“8‘T | 028 | POT i! F
G&p | LET 3 g
| SIF rs Seapae |
06°F | OG2 OOS ~Res=7e 55 ya!
| €29°S | SoG g g
OCRO5E |S00e:— |tae eaP
| rcs) Sc prgie: 5 | F
| | 68 [Beara a elo
esc‘s | S258. ol iene theees 1 §
| | L0G ee ee™ ra
a oa ae 8
WI penta etn os | §
Dobe Shee css | %
LLB | 6 | I P
[Pea emer if
|2rq | I i
| 028 08 [eer Sey
0LLS =|: 090°% 902%) sees ese | ¥
Ke | =] i onl iv 6
5 a (ger Nal aera hace he
a |. & es & se
= : = :
i °
Sf
*quosalg
“aoubpueIy Siayredsg

———

. ‘ t
00% ‘2
“CLT “86

‘OST ‘OLE ‘06 ‘08

‘Gs
‘os ‘oP
‘09

“GIL ‘0g ‘8
“0Z8_‘08Z

“czz ‘OZL ‘0S% ‘O0T

“OF

*suossag Aq oouvpUdyV

¢g rd Psat MOAI
g a es DRY alg “86-13 “G97
OL P Sekine a ‘FL-IL “ue
q 6 Fosck ae ‘66-86 ‘AON
¢ & et, tee *96-SZ_ “AON
+] td hes AS “8-26 “GAT
g (ee aS or ee ‘GO-FZ 0a
¢ 6 mene amma ereeiaace eI
T I fie aah. Coley
g 4 TRobe eae iiias|, SORYGL
g rd GES uae Se te oa
§ To ‘levies ae eae “9 “do
z | ane I ea 5 “¢ “090
g§ I eee ee "Te “aur
g | te seam | Haga taht saa ‘og ‘uve
¢ a Bots sie Oc aie
g a Sam pe AN eee
¢ z Ea San cee Oost
Gc Z gina Gea ‘FE "qaT
g 3 i een ‘CL “Gon
¢ ra ieee en eu pea CUn Ie
It ¥ ieee tere arco Dalle Ie
or i 2 gl ey ae soe ‘OI9 “uve
A oO

S f

5 w

oO

a =

& 5

7 . ‘aed
aie

ee ar

° Ko

B

Ke

“preing
pacesnnnennere ab Oran cone)

‘or0qulpa

Oe ae seb ae *sAIBVI “4S
“ABVMOISPRY
‘a[[[ApIoou0D
“RIpoyl
wr=----== “9IBnbS UMOIMON
*SsInqsA 11g
*Z)BID

‘UMOYSOL SULT
‘UMOQS[OUIUUN FT
“O[[LASUBUIOR
‘UMOjT DIN
Speers samsten =) MOI kos OFT:
‘TOISSsUIy MON
“a[[AaT {UID
‘ssultdg e|PpPmv
“qsy Hovid
wormens- SKaTVA SULUTOOTE
‘TIT UMOLg

Se See a SEE err MON an nee

aaedanasense Sosa SANT MG Ter)

‘Ul

‘ponUyjUON—TIGT-OI6I JO NOSVHAS—SHULALILSNI SUANUVA VINVATASNNGd

‘1
(‘joouag
aynyyysuy ejquaoyy)

meee ee eee weeee- M1

eae eree"= *SIVMBIOG

“(qBjoods)

‘urydneg

‘puv[loqung

‘pIOTMBIO
(‘jooyas

OINYISUT e[GBAow)

(-jooqs
ayngysuy eqeaojy)

*<Juno”

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 39

No. 6.

TI's

929‘
O8T‘T
OF ‘F

9BL°S

002°T
€00‘T
898°

Q1F'T
629‘T

in)

Smt et 1 SH et HH 0 tH HHH eH eH Ht HI

009°T

“08g
“oco
‘os¢
“009
‘ogg
“OSF

ie ‘OL ‘986

“0ST
“09

“OOT* I “00s. “OST ‘06
“0S9 ‘OTe ‘0s

“oes “OFS ‘02Z
‘OST ‘00L ‘
: ‘OOL ‘G2,
“OGG ‘Gg
‘OOF ‘08

*O6T

“08
‘06
96
‘OIL
‘68
‘alé
‘SSL

‘CLT “06

“06
“O°F

“OOT ‘G22

“G28

“008 ‘008

“968

“OST.
ay

“Cte

s “OGL ‘OST

‘0c%
“FO
“002

‘OBL ‘0°F

~

re

Poe BeRe Behe Bel eRicn eR clicia ie Ech chick ric ch clich “ich clcl Lown Eck ch ch cM ch ch ch chick ic]
RANA RARRNARANRRRNANRARAANRAANH RANREN NAAKAAY

Peer aa “LLOL “uve
cele eos Poy
eg nC

Sec nn ereeiee aed
“- ‘1 ‘090-08 “AON
“777777 168-86 ‘AON
7777777 {98-93 ‘AON
poet ‘FG-8G “AON
"===" "BTS SAON

babi ISM «dodo
ato ‘d0d-08 “AON
snort" 193-83 ‘AON

aap ‘96-96 “AON
Caascas “88-08 “AON
Eimue) oc eomoe
wo------ “16-96 ‘00d

-------- “$-g YoIByy
menn-e-- *S-1 yore yr
scagbase ‘86-1 “QL
en------ ‘6-8 ore
Seees=s> SO Olen
fSt-RSsrettgaie mele

lode Yee ut

peers ‘¥o83 “AON
paneer ‘GETS “AON
"7777777 £6Z-8S “AON
ween eee ‘96-93 “AON
“ave
“une
“ue
"QoL
qo
“00d

Seascemeca ‘UMOJSIOY IVY
eS Uv ojihsis)0t0)

meee nena annne en === “o[[Auay

wae enn --H- ‘yooig 4segr
=SSenneen ane seem ‘mojooulig
eeeneaaenannn ‘WOSHOVPr “IA

won ------------ “TWH 91197,
SSS SSS SSS See TUNOULITE uD

a--------------- “UMOJABL
Ppa SO OIG hr eota hal
anoccsees== ‘OTT Asorue yooyy
aan Pens ic) <| 0) TGF L
a--------------- ‘rajadure’T
Sooo eon neo OnTAAna TT)

SSaeme==r== *oroerd) SHeLO.
-n----------- ‘qunoW preg
meeee ena n ane ‘oT Asuryduroy,
wanna enone nnn ene ‘OAR
------------- “OT [ATOSIPB AT
[star ee SSTITTARROMOIN
----------------- “oyApUBA
SSSSE SS SAEaHessa= SSTTAesOM,
monn ------------ *SINQIAITO
Sasa Se Onan ten
--------------- ‘9T[TIASHIVID
Sosa =o a= Rn OULOTY
mene coennenn ans *q10dyoop
eee ‘vImosIqio
Soest aot ‘q10q7 SAAD VOW
Se EE hy alo [sch lcci
aatiem = koe “yIV SIOMIBV AA

atari aS ‘ooIq(oH
nESss Sinn anasse “ATTLABAR ID

anand een ee ee “aLOUIPIeN
a ete *SINQSpIOJIV AY
a aaneeansmeeeenas Suny Aid
enna aaa oe ees RTO ION:
2a--- -------------- “TOLIR IL
------------ ‘AION ISVA
on--------------- ‘gqsom0Ly,
aaa, Se ‘sproy X SLIORL
Pe Loot toy ces ei fe
--------------- *SpOOM}BL

ppp amine ale ‘moungeT
(-jooyas)
agnz4sSU e[qvAao}{)

e--enn----- “s0UOIMVT

(seynyiysuy Joururng)

enn------"- '3949B0UBT
Coos
9yngI4SUT e[qRuAo;)

soo-"""" “BOUBABHIVT
a+ 2---2------ “eqerune

Seeeeeeee --- ‘dosroyor

oe ER SE “vuvlpuy

-------- ‘yopSuruny

-------------- ‘ama01y

-------------- maocon att i

------------ “ULyUR LT

~-------------- “qsol0y

mane eeenan-ee “990A T

Off. Doc.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

T 17 *G1@ ‘OOL ‘0%S ‘OFT 9 z Te, VOU IC. | same ‘aqIAuo0IN yseq
Tt g “GT *08 ‘GL ‘O8L g V4 “Cale OLR |) reaen aaa ‘OTTAS AOI EL
IT g “0&3 “Gs “GLE ‘00 g é 'St226 “GON || acy asar TOTO stoniragy
il b ‘O9L *G1 ‘O6T ‘OST 9 ra ‘G6¥G “QA |-"-7---7> “Bissnig Jo sury
ra § “023 ‘06 ‘O&% ‘OIT G j ‘88-66 "Og |-~~----—- BBOYWUBEY |-------- ‘KUNIS UO;
i b “cZ ‘0G ‘cI ‘ag oF ine Odc6 lest (eel|l>aas soso ‘yoolQ s[[eysivyq
T F ‘OST ‘OL € I Ti a: sea ee UBT so- n°" S—S=) St anrASpeeU One)
ra ? ‘co ‘os ‘ee ‘oe q Slee es i TeO Tomei (tel|ssrare ea RWG SEH OYE SS oS See “010
I F ‘OL “#6 ‘GL ‘DL fe) % eae oe Oa ae emer oy COIS CC :
| LG z F ‘oor ‘Oc ‘0Ge ‘OIL ‘18 ‘tH 9 Z Sa ae SLUR enone meee a re oe as SOUMAC TORS |e peas aee | CUTTITTT
| tite = alee See i “009 ‘Ove ‘Zt ‘00g ‘OST g z Spee CHRO ebEe |e-s=esaa— ‘a1qUaD WOSsyor
| SFL il g 008 ‘Ge ‘eh ‘oxT ‘og g G's |e camer Oe oO | arses “SIUM SHIRIO
| 88 z g “OOT ‘O0T ‘SOOT SOOT ‘OF g j Sp Em eae rte) Oa eee een adhe shi aya meee ee ‘Ia010 WV
| 18 Be eeiee [ck ‘Gz ‘og ‘OF i fd ere GS) SORT G | SSO (orale ents :
gg. |e===-== | > “06 ‘co ‘ch ‘OOT ‘OF G C=, |e aOis VOOG Asse ee aera “qulog 9}1N I,
epee Pao as-= ¥ “06, °C <cR “eer “oF g Gr. jl Seemoee rs eee oR aL Sees e setae Cnnehie els |= DOT
06 = Saee | “QOL Sezt: ‘ee e G0 | 5s eee 8G GON || = sag eee ee “OT[TIALO7B MM
65 ee seaeceS | F ‘oes ‘00z ‘ezL ‘oc “O2T £ ie ope pie G0 ies oe oe “9u0 SOUT
9IT ieee al / | “CST ‘GZr ‘06 = & T Sacer e Oa) CGN tel eae ‘any ould
S8Gh—ealiee. See |? “0es ‘00S ‘OST ‘OSs ‘eet q ieee eee SUS HOG CBee eee nae aie es SOy[PASOUG UT) |S a oe ‘ SUI(O0A'T
£63 IT | 8 “0S@ ‘OTS ‘OGL ‘cez ‘OLT g £2. Aipee Sp Miss Dee UR 0 pea on ae eer
VI Sonate | $ ‘0s ‘OGG ‘CIT: ‘eT ‘08 ¢ 3 CGN AOR fps eea nen ames SOB oc
6°% hey i 2 | ©OLF “STE ‘OBL ‘Oca ‘O9T g vA Kase LOL-8- Ul: | ee QSUVIO soe ee ‘QuLOZNT
| 991 Re eee g ‘oss ‘08 ‘ce ‘oor ‘9 g @ tp SBE SBC Car Ont | ae ae ee oe ‘atsunoe IT
esT |-=--- === iF | ‘00g ‘ogz ‘09 ‘00% ‘Szr ¢ 6. |soaaee SUGANO Ea See ae “aTAsuvulday
“OOF ‘G2
ete aaa] eee F pCO OEaecon Oni ORs (Gomes Cove a0 Reel nbn ee || ee cea a ol ae Olea eres noe “UMOgUAITY | 7 777 “YstyelT
| | (yooqas)
| | | aqnjysuy e[quaop_)
o9 =| T | T | 000°T ‘008 eae le ees Oe SRY) |= = oa COPD SUB ONS associa “(1B1p0dg)
| | |
| | > th
Pei ae |e eS ley
| eset =, & |
oie | oe :
. re
| © =
ee a : er
| | *SUOISSeg £Q BIURpUAW Pe & “aye MRT Ayuno0)
aoa 2 | &
2 || = iS) ue)
=)
R
“quosalg -
“soaBpudlly Si1oyxvIdg
] d
Pp SE nn —=— SS

4i)

‘penunuoO—Tié6T-O1é6T AO NOSVAS—SHLALILSNI SUAWUVA VINVATASNNGd

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 41

No. 6.

190%
S8L‘F

012°

vOL‘T

5

RERSSAESESE

uw
i.)
N

zS8
imal

~
re nr

aaa8e

ag
o>)

BES

st HH mH ODD rt 0 OD eH eH et 9 0 09 BD OD OD eH RH HOD

HED SH OH th HOD 09 1D SH HH Ht

a)

“OZL ‘90L ‘O0L ‘O0T
‘06 ‘ch ‘0g

“062
‘Gls
“092

‘gy ‘Gt ‘GT

“0¢

SO 0 © HD NI © 1 19 1 © 1G 1 HO A HL AD AD AD SL A

THO 16 19 19 19 19 19 HDG 19

HHNATRAMNANRRNRARTRAANATRANRRAR

NANTNANRRRARNAARR

|
|

patos st 15

pee aaa iL
“9I-CL
Barscr one ple
ae ens ‘9-3
~~ *g *09q-08

‘FL-S1

lear oeaee PAIN

“uBe

“qo
“Qa
“UR e
“UB
‘uee
“URE
ue
“ue
‘00d
‘a0
‘dod
Jad
dod
D0
“uur
‘uur
UR e
“qou
“ue ef
“a0
"qa
“qa
"qo
“Qo
20d
"AON

‘URE
“uRe
“ue
aur
“uBe
G0
“qod
“qar
“qaul
“qa
“Qo
“UR fe
"qag.
“Got

See eae ne ee ae, ‘umyuely

‘mo4peiIneT
“SINCSHVLA
*PIPB3S0 AA
aa aes Cee |OOOSO)
a Ee a *‘OIOQSTIAAA
‘plepsuv yl
“STUN S[TUOIT
lt sk ee COR
Sa Fh ea aa EAU SLOANE
Ta aaa eae OLAS ORT
‘asO1, UOT
SSeT Sy ee SLL
: *“Bl[OISo
Titnnn Lae AOL AADULLTA
apo ntey acti ‘UMmMO4sdL04G
ON PSST | ale QOS RO ULO
Tal ra an SAI SRS
Soon aay nowt RUBS Ol etme
ae ag eee ‘UMOJIOA BIG
*OPUIUIVIORS
"Se las ET ecm. (OAOROOU ler
ere nian ee a “UBVUulytd
‘SINQSUvON ITT
EIS a eee a “o[[[Asoule g
Soar aan a LO SIT La
“UIpO

‘yovdned
‘dMOj}Ud0IH)
“TA.04S1OT TAL

‘Sinqseyoy
“ule
*‘mozJeTIsN,
REERaTERES TE too, SKE val,
pier =o ‘aMO}JIOpAUg
*9AO18S}}0g
S595 SSS oS see oe SO]TTAACLOUp)
eg ee e See 2 7) “AUB IRT,
pons 7 --> *OTTLAUB UTE
“TRH 9FICM
‘qoamyo somes

CO aaa at ‘osuruaA
(-jooyas
O4NzIISUT eTqeVAoTT)
a aah RT en Be, ‘aol
Gear Osea = ees Od Ole

—------- *eouesqenbsng

eae aa oe thi nate!

crassa SH esdeuLON

‘rapAug
*(Te~ads)

“THETAn YS

on------=------ *79]90g
(spooyas
aqNqPSsU] 9[qQuao}y)

Se ent ae *AIIag

“~~ *pueplequinyzIoN

‘mo due qqIoN

‘InojuO,

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

42

000‘T | 00g T T
OST OGL Wilma tae I
056 061 T g
00L‘T | OFS I i
OOF'T | 26a V4 a7
0320'S | FOF T g
csc‘t | L418 v4 g
cs0‘s Se6‘T | S88 i 7
| OIL‘LE | 083 g id
09F*s 009°% | 022 Poe SOS IAG,
| oss | a ea F
062 8¢ 6 F
| 028 VF £ g
oFO‘T 008 OOl + sesso &
SIP £8 Paes Seale
ost On aaa §
GFZ 7) a \ieopceeat £
¢30°S 069 =|: SET g 3
GCL, TST g i
090‘T | ZIZ 9 t
AiGg: | OTe oe eenecace 5
Z¥9 90F s¢ Paneer na
98% 08 Poe rinas |p
mM
g 3 zr 3
ct i ic} o
= 2 3 2; @
E 3
ef
&
|
*queselg
“some pue1Vy SsiIaqeedg

“GLE ‘GBS ‘GZ ‘Gs
“00% ‘OZI ‘OSG ‘GL ‘GF

*suoIssag Aq eomepua}zy

Ce Uae eta ca vee Isy iy enya 1D 10 06 161 1g LN

“suoisses JO JIqUINN

MONANNRANRANRH ANANNKARA eS

‘ainqyysul Jo shvuq

Rocce teh ‘og Aine
icgieas 6L Av
eis ‘IDOL “qa
ir eR eon
eakeese. “LO “Gad.
aeae a
ee aa ‘@L “Qa
Sass “ZL-IL “uve
fre rae. “0-6 “uRe
Renae as ‘6L-OL ‘uv
ae ee “FS “GAH
Pe gas “S823 G9
ERaabanes “68 “09d
PNipinees Sar “eo “ur
tae ‘Tes *09q
s letedetietiedetd °6Z oq
Sir pie uBarke, coed
kay “86-22 “UBe
—— “T *08qg-08 “AON
Nerecee “66-86 “AON
“77777 *96-G3 “AON
ital sa he ‘89 ‘00d
FOCSTPE AS Bs) SeDOC

"e1Rq

os an Seca te OLOCSD TOS)
oS ta ae pe CLOG
‘QAOISSULIdS
‘mopealy MON
Rpts Bae Stee ‘UMOJSET[eG
Eee oi Jy oe OO
ee ee as *AIIOQSIMAT
“MOS[ODIN 9S0AA
‘yoouueyyun,y

Sh ee oe ‘alepy4.0Ig
“PIPBUe A ISA
~T">="="" "TO VsUIsSuey MIN
Tee as aes Se ‘sInqsurepy
Tie ck ee eS *SUl[199§

oon nana ------=-------- “eV
‘alepsouoyy

ae gee Fay ORR *qIBVULAB MA

‘O[[A1eq UD
“a[[f4A0[} 09g
Toe ee MDT
Rp REE DS “AQUI
‘dAOISIBSNG
“aT TASSUNO X

“O0RId

ek:
*(qeroedg)
“({epoadg)

Dae eae saa aaa ‘yIox

PF a ae ‘SUlULOA MA
(‘looyag

97NjI4sUl eTquAo__)

-----" ‘pueyatourzsa AA

‘auABM
*(Ivroedg)

“MO VSUIYSB A

‘Walle A
(‘sjooyag
94NzISU] e[quaoy)

*A£3UNO*%)

—_—s—sS—=sS$@m=—™$=—@”M0Mmm9MmSSSS
‘PenUHAOO—TI6T-OI6T AO NOSVHS—SHLALILSNI SUANUVA VINVA'TASNNGd

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 43

No. 6.

£88681

‘T8q0.L

ata ER a ge ee od IIE ag pO Le UG | MEN F

g

“009
“Ges ‘08
‘oe ‘cos ‘00s ‘ose ‘OFT ‘G4 ‘08 “SO

COLT) LLP
d I
or é

‘jooyos sTqvaAour Jo sAvq
‘agnqiysuy [eloeads JO sABq
*94nqI98U] IvmnseI Jo sévq

*-999 ‘sofud]d eMOY 4SeAIeY 4B 9DUepPUIIIV
‘gsaINqIQSUI IejngaI 4B ooUBpUeIIV
‘s[oOqds _2[qBAOU 4B aUBpUEIIY
*so9nqiqsu] [Bloods 4B sdUBpUIIIV

*UMOJSPIBMIIS

‘QAOIN, UMBAT

*(tepoedg)

(‘jooupg
ajn}1jsu] e[qVaoy)

44 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MEETING OF THE FARMERS’ ANNUAL NORMAL
INSTITUTES, LANCASTER, -PA.

PROGRAM

First Session Convenes Tuesday Afternoon, May 23, 1911.

MR. J. ALDUS HERR, Lancaster, Pa., Chairman.

Call to order 1.30.

Address of Welcome, by Mayor Frank B. McClain, Lancaster, Pa.

Response, by Dr. W. T. Phillipy, Carlisle, Pa.

1. “THE PRODUCTION OF SANITARY MILK.”
Prof. D. H. Bergey, University of Penn-
sylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

2. “ESSENTIALS OF BUTTER MAKING.”
Mrs. Jean Kane Foulke, West Chester,
"eae

‘
Note: Governor Tener will be present and address one or more sessions of

the Institute.

Tuesday Evening, May 23, 1911.

DR. M. E. CONARD, Westgrove, Pa., Chairman.

Call to order, 7.30.

1. “WHAT IS THE MATTER WITH PENNSYLVANIA FARMERS.”

T. D. Harmon, National Stockman and
Farmer, Pittsburg, Pa.

2 “THE COUNTRY LIFE SITUATION.”
Dr. L. H. Bailey, Director, Experiment
Station, Cornell University, Ithaca,

INGeYe

3. “ADDRESS.”
Dr. Thomas F. Hunt, Dean, Experiment

Station, State College, Pa.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 45
Wednesday Morning, May 24, 1911.

MR. J. W. STEWART, Jefferson, Pa., Chairman.

Call to order 9.30.

1. “HANDLING OF THE APPLE CROP.”
Chester A. .yson, Floradale, Pa.

2. “A FORTUNE IN 15 YEARS, AND FRUIT THE FACTOR.”
Dr. J. H. Funk, Boyertown, Fa.

3. “HORTICULTURE: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE.”
W. W. Farnsworth, Waterville, Ohio.

Wednesday Afternoon, May 24, 1911
MR. G. F. BARNDS, Rossviile, Pa., Chairman.

Call to order 1.30.

“THIS SESSION WILL BE DEVOTED TO GENERAL DISCUSSION FOR
THE DEVELOPMENT OF QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE INSTI-
TUTE WORK THROUGHCUT THE STATE.”

Opened by Hon. A. L. Martin, Director
of Institutes, Harrisburg, Pa.

Note: It is expected that County Chairmen of Institutes and Lecturers will
prepare written questions relating to the improvement of the work.

Wednesday Evening, May 24, 1911.
DR. T. J. FERGUSON, Mechanicsburg, Pa., Chairman.

Call to order 7.30.

1. “THH POULTRY INDUSTRY.”
Prof. James E. Rice, in Charge Poultry

Husbandry, Cornell University, Ith-
aca, N. Y.

(Illustrated with lantern slides.)

2. “FARM MANAGEMENT.”
Prof. D. A. Brodie, Acting Agriculturist,

Bureau of Plant Industry, Dept. of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

(illustrated with lantern slides.)

46 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Thursday Morning, May 25, 1911.
B. F. KILLAM, Paupack, Pa., Chairman.
Call to order 9.30.

1. “NEEDS OF RURAL SCHOOLS.”
Miss Sara C. Lovejoy, State College, Pa.

2. “SOME LESSONS WE SHOULD TEACH.”
R. P. Kester, Grampian, Pa.

3. “THE PRESENT TREND OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.”
Prof. L. A. Clinton, Director, Experiment
Station, Storrs, Conn.

4. “COUNTRY SCHOOLS FOR FARM LIFE.”
Prof. Thos. I. Mairs, State College, Pa.

Thursday Afternoon, May 25, 1911.
J. MILES DERR, Milton, Pa., Chairman.
Call to order 1.30.

1 “COMMON DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK.”
Dr. C. J. Marshall, State Veterinarian,
Harrisburg, Pa.

2 “CULTIVATION AND HARVESTING OF TOBACCO.”
(Illustrated.)
; E. K. Hibshman, Ephrata, Pa.
3. “MARKET GARDENING.”
M. H. McCallum, Wernersville, Pa.

Thursday Evening, May 25, 1911.
MRS. SARAH B. F. ZEIGLER, Duncannon, Pa., President.
Call to order 7.30.

1. “GLEANINGS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES.”,
Miss Sara Phillips Thomas, No. 3413
Race St., Philadelphia, Pa.
2 “FARM SANITATION.”
Mrs. Geo. E. Monroe, Dryden, N. Y.

3. “ A THREE-COURSE DINNER.” (Demonstrated with actual cooking.)
Mrs. Anna B. Scott, Domestic Science
Bureau, Philadelphia, Pa.

Friday Morning, May 26, 1911.
HON. H. G. McGOWAN, Geiger’s Mills, Pa., Chairman.
Call to order 9.30.

1. “REPORT OF RESOLUTION COMMITTEE.”

2. “VISITING POINTS OF INTEREST IN CITY AND COUNTY.” '
Closing Remarks and Adjournment.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 47

LIST OF COUNTY INSTITUTE MANAGERS FOR
THE SEASON OF 1910-11

County Name and Address of Chairman

AGE TIS > §he Ce pS DOD COO COD OOn A. I. Weidner, Arendtsville.

PANIES PNCTUY;, sl velcinvclsjsieieie's ale seco. J. Purdy. Lmperialek.) HED:

PANTS ENONE es cicie sey aieie ehelele eiel S. S. Blyholder, Kelly Station.

ES EL VC Taboo a ekei arstons cyens s/Najersi siste's A. L. McKibben, New Sheffield.

EFSCHEOLG cel. git cicts visesrevateloere sere D. W. Lee, Bedford.

TEXZSPLRIS) Mn Gioia cick eRe ORCC H. G. McGowan, Geiger’s Mills.

IDI We Ss Shosie oohGoOooe eeeeeH. EH. Cox, Bellwood.

PSTACEOGONa Ge susie sveleus aye eters Sas F. D. Kerrick, Towanda.

SINGS Sate et Gy 55a) 2 5) 0 <Uehiee hepoueeye Watson T. Davis, Ivyland.

STL GTM sotsretseistelelsie) stoteteeuciecers' N. F. Bartley, Euclid.

(WaITIAN Sa ees eis se seit, mele cies James Westrick, Patton, Pa., R. F. D. No. 2.

WAIMNETOMs Vege are. c1sis sic tues sie cesiekele W. H. Howard, Emporium.

WATDOUAN h Waters coh eeereant oe et Edw. Leinhard, Mauch Chunk, R. F. D. No. 1.

ABSIT ON goscy rhe anew taitesecentre1 =: ovaieus ale John A. Woodward, Howard.

CHEST OT erence ekeio cee sceers oMais whale M. EK. Conard, Westgrove.

WPATION probit ee orelecis mid aloe, sunte J. H. Wilson, Clarion.

Genii sbescpoc eccceceeee lr ecter Gearhart, Clearfield.

(Gibieh@orl, -s deononecoecicoo eee Joel A. Herr, Millhall.

GO liaTU Tels) sercte's e's oe c6 ake ----A. P. Young, Millville.

GPA WAORE ot wanccs yale isjaicteicuere Bi ees J. F. Seavy, Saegerstown.

Cunmiperlan Gs wisyc oaece a eds evece T. J. Ferguson, Mechanicsburg.

ATP ATI Voreie ciciovean's, shale cerelelets Edward S. Keiper, Middletown.

WETAIWATOC;) Gc. c\slslcic(ois10 Cle sisr00' --H. J. Durnall, Swarthmore.

BW Aar evans cicveinistatoncesieieraicieye\ 6 ---J. B. Werner, St. Marys.

IASG Se A tsyever che alieh sieis) a eisyoracse -eee-Archie Billings, Edinboro.

IHAVELLOR er tst es -ioisieerclstc > Ge Smith, Dunbar Ree DiNos oes

MOTB ars: Pt crate oes ek @ ....C. A. Randall, Tionesta.

tanklin, ©... cclsesneseveed- |. YOUNES, Marion.

LOAN ON a. Carers Caco ...eJ- L. Patterson, McConnellsburg.

EP CRE 6 ah a:5 Sis .0 Ro = hrateystceyee Se J. W. Stewart, Jefferson.

EMIntin ed On, 2k: cicis ceetatare ss G. G. Hutchison, Warrior’s Mark.

REELS Yo 3.5045 cha sre hee yee ee S. C. George, West Lebanon.

MCTEGTSONR tucys, speichern .. Peter B. Cowan, Brookville, R. F. D. No. 4.

MUMIA ee Oris aie Sic as ..e-. Matthew Rodgers, Mexico.

Wack Awana... ss ss asstevels siete Horace Seamans, Factoryville.

IHANICASTCI Wie oo clele cis siete uicrs ..J. Aldus Herr, Lancaster, R. F. D.
Edward K. Hibshman, Ephrata.

MEU Wi ON CON Wale rsts'escicie sis eleleieeve .. sylvester Shaffer, New Castle, R. F. D.

NES DATIO NM erste deyeveisiolsca eveinis ee ...Hdward Shuey, Lickdale.

WTO NE asters ce. lars Ge cicraatec -..-F. S. Fenstermaker, Allentown.

HUIZOLN Gtatteyersiveraveicceteic ie cle soe J. E. Hildebrant, Dallas, R. F. D. No. 2.

4

48 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

LV COMINME, Ween cree ciatewere sss A. J. Kabler, Hughesville.

MoeKieans iseceerente cele siete O. W. Abbey, Turtle Point.

Mercer) picctioisie reise ote bare Wm. C. Black, Mercer.

IMT ns oes ecapee eter neta eveleretese cieteie M. M. Naginey, Milroy.

MONTO6), 8s ce Ae asc xlelets oe eee de KF. S. Brong, Saylorsburg

MOonteomenyvinic cs cine were cislete's H. H. Fetterolf, Collegeville.

IMontounpye clas atelevetsveteeio.cteteee oe J. Miles Derr, Milton, Pa., R. F. D. No. 1.
Northampton: |. <)-)o55 =<me eee C. S. Messinger, Tatamy.

Nortnumberland: (i216 61. sses I. A. Eschbach, Milton, Pa., R. F. D.
Philadelphia, ce. ccsisieecesisisie J. B. Kirkbride, Bustleton.

IR CIIEV EMule cravevelatee sieve el revsieievere A. T. Holman, Millerstown.

EUIIGO Wane crercicietexersicvesalovetoiciakete: ois eke B. F. Killam, Paupack.

[EXO TGR SH E.Cr CIOS G Sia aas -Horace H. Hall, Ellisburg.

Seny kill) | Ayes Beciete heecrotonce John Shoener, New Ringgold, R. F. D. No. 1.
SSTUVGOT. is ciarcin ve are vetetevelnys mbavelacaks John 8S. Kauffman, Middleburg, R. F. D. No. 1.
DOMESr Sty aio sicreccsausis orstoteoteine J. C. Weller, Rockwood, R. F. D. No. 2.
SUsGuehnanna, iracteciticieicraete F. A. Davies, Montrose.

TAOS) Vs: scei.cic o's. + 4 eielelols aleve ne eee EK. B. Dorsett, Mansfield.

MOTUTOMS «5: avs: 5:0 Sis tel ayectanerenstaierevenee J. Newton Giover, Vicksburg.

WENAN ZO) . <icicle Steeles etaraisloley siete W. A. Crawford, Cooperstown.

AWIIGRE TIS) 2) 5 ceeud sins eck oka eattonaveus Geo. A. Woodside, Sugargrove.
Washington), 222 ics stems ions D. S. Taylor, Burgettstown.

WIA WAO si <5 2 G', nisscHimonetenene aranienae W. E. Perham, Pleasant Mt.
Wiestmorelandsy 2 ones sees M. P. Shoemaker, Greensburg.

NAVA 0) 00h of eee ee unig G ese aae D. A. Knuppenburg, Lake Carey.

ORK 2 2a 2 Se SE es G. F. Barnes, Rossville.

LIST OF INSTITUTE LECTURERS FOR SEASON
OF 1910-11:

Anderson, H. M., New Park, Pa.

Barnitz, Chas. M., Riverside, Pa.

Bond, M. S., Danville, Pa.

Bonsteel, F. E., Bear Lake, Pa.

Boreland, Andrew S., State College, Pa.

Bruckart, J. W., Lititz, Pa.

Callahan, E. E., Ferenbaugh, N. Y.

Campbell, J. T., Hartstown, Pa.

Card, Fred W., Sylvania, Pa.

Carter, Miss Arabella, No. 1305 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa.
Clark, M. N., Claridge, Pa.

Cochel, Prof. W. A., State College, Pa.

Conard, Dr. M. E., Westgrove, Pa.

Cooke, Prof. Wells W., Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Cornman, Chas. T., Carlisle, Pa.

Cox, John W., New Wilmington, Pa.

Detrich, Dr. J. D., No. 488 Adams Ave., Scranton, Pa.
Dorsett, E. B., Mansfield, Pa.

Drake, W. M. C., Volant, Pa.

Eschbach, I. A., Milton, Pa., R. F. D. No. 1.

Evans, H. M., Dillsburg, Pa.

Fassett, F. H., Meshoppen, Pa.

Foulke, Mrs. Jean Kane, West Chester, Pa.

Fulton, H. R., State College, Pa.

Frear, Dr. Wm., State College, Pa.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Funk, Dr. J. H., Boyertown, Pa.

Fox, Cyrus T., Division of Zoology, Harrisburg, Pa.
Funk, Sheldon W., Boyertown, Pa.
-Goodling, C. L., State College, Pa.
Gardner, Prof. Frank D., State College, Pa.
Gregg, J. W., State College, Pa.
Hibshman, Edw. K., Ephrata, Pa.

Herr, Joel A., Millhall, Pa.

Hill, W. F., Huntingdon, Pa.

Hull, Geo. E., Transfer, Pa., R. F. D.
Jackson, Prof. Homer T., State College, Pa.
Kahler, A. J., Hughesville, Pa.

Kester, R. P., Grampian, Pa.

Kline, Frank, Spring City, Pa.

Ledy, J. H., Marion, Pa.

Lighty, L. W., Hast Berlin, Pa.

Lovejoy, Miss Sara C., State College, Pa.
Mairs, Prof. T. I., State College, Pa.
McCallum, M. H., Wernersville, Pa.
McCurdy, C. C., Hartstown, Pa.
McDowell, M. S., State College, Pa.
Mackintire, W. H., State College, Pa.
Menges, Prof. Franklin, York, Pa.
Monroe, Mrs. Geo. E., Dryden, N. Y.
Murray, D. K., Liverpool, Pa.

Northup, Henry W., Dalton, Pa., R. F. D.
Owens, Prof. Wm. G., Lewisburg, Pa.
Peachey, J. H., Belleville, Pa.

Philips, T. J., Atglen, Pa.

Phillips, E. L., New Bethlehem, Pa.
Phillipy, Dr. W. T., Carlisle, Pa.

Rich, Chas. H., Woolrich, Pa.

Pillsbury, Prof. J. P., State College, Pa.
Ross, Warren G., State College, Pa.
Seeds, Robt. S., Birmingham, Pa. -

Shaw, Prof. Chas. F., State College, Pa.
Stephens, A. Woodward, Mooresburg, Pa.
Stout, W. H., Pinegrove, Pa.

Thomas, Miss Sara Phillips, No. 3413 Race St., Philadelphia,

Van Noy, Leon Otice, Troy, Pa., R. F. D., No. 66
Wagener, F. J., Harrison City, Pa.

Watts, D. H., Kerrmoor, Pa.

Weld, R. J., Sugargrove, Pa.

Watts, Prof. R. L., State College, Pa.

Wittman, W. Theo., Allentown, Pa.

Woodman, S. Paul, Rushland, Pa.

Zeigler, Mrs. Sara B. F., Duncannon, Pa.

4—6—1911

Pa

49

50 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF SPEAKERS AND THEIR
ASSIGNMENTS SEASON OF 1910-1911

H. M. ANDERSON, New Park, York County, Pa.

Town. County. Date.

PM amhesvilles occ lisce aes. Liy COMIN Hse ee Scere Jan. 30-31.
PANEER, 24. oe ecient Ljy Coming) 0 sie Feb. 1
Limestone Tw0p:,.2 ss... Lycoming. 35.2. ac Feb. 2-3.
Waterville, i315 cA cleeiane ss Ly COMING, 2 a5 ieee. Feb. 4.
Wioolnich: ..2: 7h. ee wie Clinton esos sere Feb. 6-7.

WP AMMA I Ss istc2 Sete eee 5] EE cic 0c areas pe Feb. 8-9.
DOPANCON, 24. :0\s Bets cee Clintons. 2c. serene Feb. 10-11.

Dallastown, 92.0. . sists sce Works <i besten seta os Feb: of,

New Freedom, he ae oe Naorleweis oo essa cee Feb. 8.
San alora, 2 ace mois Montgomey, iuveie, ston Feb. 22-28.
King of Prussia, See louapel Montgomey, . 2.00% «. Feb. 24-25.
BULNSiGe. amiss: ve as Cledmieldy cia. Stas March 2.
DWBOIS: 2 2 ces ee Clearfield i (ates ae March 3.

CHAS. M. BARNITZ, Riverside, Northumberland County, Pa.

DSi hE eRe a Re tree Sullivans ("ke cto: Dec. 26-27.
Maney Valley, <5 fesscce cca Sullivans \..).hs2.ce Dec. 28-29.
amkhannoel, 7.05 a.aeate Wiyomine, 37 «1. ican Jan. 9-10.
West Nicholson. .2: Wyoming, 2.2... o.oo de
Ak 0; U2 A eR ie oA IMOPA cee Cre see Jan. 13-14.
Mitchell’s.Mills, ...0i.2% THOP ES. t's eta is elas eteneeiamc alle
Mamsteld.!)). Vide. Tioga, Bix ash Siblesc co ean, Oe) UL eee
WielISbOro; 54 i. se.ceee Miogas% 4 .earme als woe. Jan. 19-20.
OSCE A Be oti f) cceieceeisin OE DUOC B 6: a ioc w che Ole alae s cee LU
WESTON. Sie. 8s 52: aceite iO ga, Gr. ae eee Jan. 23-24.

M.S. BOND, Danville, Montour County, Pa.

Pinevalle sy cei Ween BUCKS, Giaw clas ase Feb. 8-9.

Doylestown, (25 uit. 4 5.556 Buecksaccat ne ose Feb. 10-11.
Plumsteadville, ..... siiea DUCKS, s5.). olor tom eeeeia Feb. 13-14.
Richland towny oct s40cless Bucks; 23%... eee Feb. 15-16.

RICH MOTOS © 2) 40 Seisrena erste re ous Bucks, «- snatoecu eee Feb. 17-18.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 51

Town. County. Date.
F. E. BONSTEEL, Bear Lake, Warren County, Pa.

ME WISEOWD, ©. 5 cise es MGs eee caliaas viet al al’ s Jan. 2-3.
STL ST oa SOMErseG Ge tees scier-P-- Jan. 4-5.
SR RPRREN CG Maclin bul ti syehe ie 3''5% Somerset a sata. sei, 2 Jan. 6-7.
B@VEStOWD (sls eisss'e 6 SOMEESE Use feKs weiss (ace. Jan. 9-10.
PRUNE OO gales tei aii! hs eles Sas Bilary, aoe) kate rade Jan. 11-12,
PNY ole ciiay Ae ad's) ata ecw a's Blair, /o vattaoerdee nee Jan. 13-14.
MyallaMSDUPE, 2 oo Fe... Blair, ae see ese. Jan. 16-17.
Wiarriors Marks: .)).:...,.:.% Huntinedonsys oc: 2. Jan. 18-19.
PCLCTSDUNG 8 ic cis! se <0 <0 Huntinedontiece <-:.1.5 Jan. 20-21.

ANDREW S. BORLAND, State College, Centre County, Pa.

AMPH ESVINE, 60:6. eee es LyYCOMmINe Ste se ae Jan. 30-31.
EMSC 5 008 aso as os Liy COMM Syl eee ERs taeee eb, i
imamestone Twp... <6 0+... Lycoming wears... 4 Feb. 2-3.
\Weite jail i er TV COMING, By sat fas tales Feb. 4.

J. W. BRUCKHART, Lititz, Lancaster County, Pa.

Oranges ss’... c's vet tek enea ube eis TMMIZerne,, (6 he vidieks as exes Jan. 9-10.
Breet. V ALC, vz, «= ais .are oe TUZETNE 4! ssi ie 5.0 jars iets Jan. 11-12.
JET) Cn Ge a ee ere IWZeTMO. chaser «ee Jan. 18-14.
Ackermanville, ......... Northampton, ....... Jan. 30-31.
PAE SA AMMA tay ot wes bce! wel Rieger = Northampton) %2.</y<26 Feb. 1-2.
Cherryville, ) 3%. 3). gees Northampton 2.4.0 Feb. 3-4.
New Mahoning, 2.0225. % Carbone tree tetas Feb. 6-7.
Stemlersville, ....:..... WAR DOM oc ocelisieeainuets Feb. 8-9.
Weatherly: cis. Ss st ostentele Carbon; iis cg ack ucts Feb. 10-11.

E. E. CALLAHAN, Ferenbaugh, N. Y.

IBPAVEPLOWE,, 2: 'jb ass os SMV COTY a ieie wre vaysieyars ane Jan. 30-31.
Mt Pleasant Mills,. < .....:. SMV MET Cis cheers Feb. 1-2.
HCD CRS dapat ae eeiaie oles Northumberland, .... Feb. 3-4.

J. T. CAMPBELL, Hartstown, Crawford County, Pa.
Will attend all meetings in the Fifth Section.

FRED. W. CARD, Sylvania, Bradford County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Fifth Section from November 22
to December 9; First Section from December 26 to January 21, and
February 6 to March 7.

52 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

MISS ARABELLA CARTER, No. 13805 Arch Street, Philadelphia,

Pa.

Town. County. Date.
Ackermanville, sick. 2... Northampton) sas « Jan. 30-31.
Tatamiy’s, ict, sector teie ieee ars Northampton; - 3.225. Feb. 1-2.
Gherryvillens se cee ces. Northampton)... Feb. 3-4.
Dallasto wits tects wets oie ‘ate VOW, (ss /heetg ieee aera Feb. 7
New Mreedom:: . ti)... <6 MOLks. 3 Cees eee an Feb. 8
Centre Wom, hs) .'5 wie Montgomery) .. ....% 4 Feb. 28.
Harley svillerrn. ites «6 6.. Montvomieryy\s:....,. March 1.
PRT TIRTOLGS hts) 2 see ontigte oye is Clearfield@me’. si. 4 March 2.
PDT GIS ea atie aisitie ere eecsr siete Clearfield leis xis: March 3.

M. N. CLARK, Claridge, Westmoreland County, Pa.

Graysville v4: ttre were Greenest lee tawior Noy. 21-22.
Eolbraols:-: Siieeke sec teiee ER CGNICL TE Mans tetera ¢ Nov. 23-24.
ATIOT Tigi in, «2 a lexeyoiette se aie Washing tomes oy. ee Nov. 25-26.
HAEMIMe CON: cake cite oes Wavyette ica cei ane Dec. 5-6.
Morris Cross’ Roads," 2 Wayette, . 225. Dec. 7-8.
Adamsburg, 4. 03h. Siete tetete Westmoreland, :..... Dee! 9-10:

PROF. W. A. COCHEL, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Millerstowail,: Wocitideccimn ce PSEPy, ie Ue eR ene ace Jan. 13-14.
Harleysville, 2 t2<ch jane Montgomery; 222: 2% 3) March 1-2.
Hast Greenville, .c. 2% Montcomery ja sct esi March 3-4.

DR. M. E. CONARD, Westgrove, Chester County, Pa.

Will attend the Movable Institute Schools from November 30 to
January 31, and Farmers’ Institutes in the Fourth Section from
February 6 to March 2.

PROF. WELLS W. COOKE, Department of Agriculture, Washing-
ton, D. C.

Will attend the Movable Institute Schools from November 30 to
February 2, and Farmers’ Institutes, First Section, December 9 and
10.

CHAS. T. CORNMAN, Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the First Section from November 21 to
December 3; Fourth Section December 30 to January 7; Movable
Institute Schools January 9-10, Feb, 3-4, and the Fifth Section Feb-
ruary 13 to 21.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 53
JOHN W. COX, New Wilmington, Lawrence County, Pa.
Town. County. Date.

MSC Malley) 2 6.60. 5 3:5's Sulla wane eee visto. « 3 Dec. 26-27.
Pics cauaal'a che She “ob ieve re SUTEIDY ae Ree ck occ vate Dee. 28-29.
MERCO MY ocho. Mota chat th a, ca faa leis Brad lords ewes, «cic. Dec. 30-31.

PV PUIEROM Ts 2 o.oo scars o's ie0-8 sieve Bradiordsgene aoe. ks Jan. 2-3.
SD ead 3s Ot A ee Bradford sins. s tev yee late Jan. 4-5.

PR EOD NE LR crc injctnt cri o's\'e)ia! silw\e'e Bradford hike ke: Jan. 6-7.
Mamikhannoek, 0/662 )66 ose W VOMID GY Ain ere oe Jan. 9-10.
West Nicholson, ........ Wyoming, Vaca cece: Jan. 11-12.

DR. J. D. DETRICH, No. 488 Adams Avenue, Scranton, Pa.

PS MMSTPULIY 2 atie\e s,s. <6 ciao Somerset, 1c... ae:
BSORMEU SC cece occ o piss eas ays SOMEFSCE, |< c\as cos cece ons Jan. 6-7.
SRO VES LOWE she) eos i<)05c,2 0 + sene 5 OMErSOt Nis ppeyecsks watts Jan. 9-10.
DURA BS are axey ee 95m doa als, a1 LO Sata ask serene eS deg Jan. 15-14.
Mitchells Mills, .......... TOG Aye Hes tileyoReaceater als Jan. 16.
INNIS ONO cele ce disaca eo e's « POMS craerekantgaer ee Jan. 17-18,
WVELISDOFON seas eh bes 64 ok DIOPAY eae Ne eeees yee aes LEZ OF
ISCEDIAE otctens chore tole hs scale TiO May) AAS a lokecccterce els, 2s
VAST SCE 6 Aa a cr PHO GAS 0 qansevebeissscaevene Jan. 23-24.
PLE MLO WIS 51. NaS sieS 6 5/6'e Leben eee ose) yeas Feb. 1-2.
WV OT UMIMO TOM. sere see ais ole AMMISUROMSs LAs beso iels cece Keb. 20-21.
New Kensington, ........ Westmoreland, ...... Feb. 22-23.
aL eat Flake aueleisc wate Westmoreland, ...... Feb. 24.
WOOKPOKE Br. Aersleeiets 2 ealinditamars 2 Nee. Aes hy Feb. 27-28.
PL OMOERIO UY oc)! «Ae evecare naman es tere ae March 3-4.
Glartsnure Co ON oe: itneliianar Mea ae March 6-7.
VERVE ois, 2% sere tae ase) '2) jl 006 Wee 0 2 Denne Pecaner is teats March 1-2.

ELMER E. DOCKEY, Elizabethville, R. F. D., Dauphin County, Pa.

FAIRE 055 2 ir Ste oe JEMMEPSON, oars piles <0 susie Noy. 21-22.
OSE V ANE LORE Ak. vcid ene « « ¢sce) CALCT SOM annt iy hos «46046, Noy. 23-24.
MRO OUTAY pe hdraidie ty vro¥s aie ace'e Biss cera Mrenallel dea ae lays Noy. 25-26.
SME Ta es ee ees et ) Uae ooo PES See ee Nov. 28-29.
Sinnamahoning, ........ CAMGTOM we ied ME oes hen Nov. 30.

E. B. DORSETT, Mansfield, Tioga County. Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the First Section from November 21 to
December 10 and the Fourth Section from January 30 to February 11.

W. M. C. DRAKE, Volant, Lawrence County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Fourth Section from November 21-
26 and the Third Section from November 28 to December 10 and
February 17 to February 23.

54 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

I. A. ESCHBACH, Milton, R. F. D. No. 1, Northumberland County,

Pa.

Town. County. Date.
Bachmanville, .......... Dauphiny px ities cws Dec. 5.
Hummelstown, .......... Dauphinypiianik os ame Dec. 6.
Linglestowin ee viele ae 6 be Daw phingitieiakiseoice Dec. 7-8.
Grats ead ciepehe crite sce! ys Dauphin noehae ss ee Dec. 9-10.

H. M. EVANS, Dillsburg, York County, Pa.

ING WHORE, Stores iow sreyecete: © PCAN orators forsi'eia vests Dec. 27.
Work) Spring s-6s\05 . se A CARIB, Weis oaietie nels Dec. 28.

F. H. FASSETT, Meshoppen, Wyoming County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Virst Section from December 5 to
January 7; Fourth Section from January 15 to January 24 and the
Second Section from February 6 to 10 and February 27 to March 9.

MISS JEAN KANE FOULKE, West Chester, Chester County, Pa.

Pawn Groves ves 6% Noth. 0s seats cuae Dec. 27-28.
NTT VILE! cite scare eereuviarieliele Lebanon, 4.0 Wiehe anes Dee. 29-30.
ARIONTOW My Le transretetouvenc ices Lehigh, 2.0 a2dsaercr tes Feb. 3.
INTCAT A 02 visas chateee lessees one Delawareshiiak? ane eb, 24-25,
Concordville Weceewe. eee Delawares axa tals tae Keb. 27.
Cedarville sor) Somes clans Chiesbersiarifiin fea mise March 7.

‘HH. R. FULTON, State College, Centre County, Pa.

DUCKS VILE isa). nye aie mpets wistey= Butler; .dieanwerene Jan. 2-3.
Muddy Creek, co 5 nici: Butler, oyc.6 sais icles aera eh omens
Wiest Sunbury me seer cr ButlePyusi0 0. hoe che oe eee

DR. WM. FREAR, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Mt Pleasant Churehy ....4 Beaver, 2s ete cte ere «wee Dec. 26-27.
TRGGESTOWA., i165 stekertdeet Beaver. eerie Dec. 28-29.
Gaamee Tal... Jinks cotter Beaver, i. cist Lee Dec. 30-31. '
SAMA POM AL sie sv cles brant ae Montoomery,. ./."o.20n Feb. 22-23.
Kine jor Prussia, ..". 1.06 Montgomery, <).).):./..'. Feb. 24-25.
Center HON, «ss + cies Montgomery, ........ Feb. 27-28.

DR. J. H. FUNK, Boyertown, Berks County, Pa.

Will attend Movable Institute Schools from December 2 to Feb-
ruary 2 and Farmers’ Institutes in the Fifth Section from February
6 to March 4.

CYRUS T. FOX, Division of Zoology, Department of Agriculture,
Harrisburg, Pa.

North East;ccaeeeceer PICS i c)s oc ew emeretane Feb. 27-28.
Girard,: oo3.. career TOPICS: (cis aie basiiee shore iaionene March 1-2.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. do

SHELDON W. FUNK, Boyertown, Berks County, Pa.

Town. County. Date.
Prarryivi eres.) Seale banecasteree ce «e.- 565 Nov. 21-22.
PATIEETET lacie eae a's hancasteriemes se. hss Noy. 23-24.

Pe MOUSG: tc -'a ss e's a is 2 lancaster, ye nenn «2's Nov. 25-26.
Mechanicsville, ... 2.6.45. antcastery vac... -. «it Nov. 28-29.
CULO ee AS a ee ancastery "renee te one Vov. 30-Dee. 1.
BUIWALOWAT SS ehcicccis oe 3 aye nena Lancaster, .eo 553-2 Dec. 2-3.

C. L. GOODLING, State College, Centre County, Pa.

LEU ee Luzerne; oi aes yee Jan. 9-10.
mweet Valleys... oces.s [iuzerne, +. 222 o se. sation
FAURE ek Sie eles os os huveries Sean ce eee Jan, 15-14.
WUE TORSO EY MS eee Montour, 0.0.22 ..20r ebad dale,
TIGL 0" UA en a ae LIMON Aaaeenee evernetets Feb. 15-16.
HCE COM boos 0s) s 3 bias) 2 WMO ai alc Roe eine Feb. 17-18.

PROF. FRANK D. GARDNER, State College, Centre County, Pa.

PINOY Fok coe eee aidan OTeSty Aisi are cietere Feb. 24-25.
i VOI DE) Ae ia IVR ce ete. atatattate oe ate Feb. 27-28.
RGD ere Shee One wcehcues ay Sale S 5 SG eee eee eae ee a RA March 1-2.

Cermangvilley os. 2. ke TiehigW ee ances tele ol eO-2 0.
MIRCTIMNOIGS ie cs a Sis. s = «ats Wiehe. cc accrnna cee eames

EDW. K. HIBSHMAN, Ephrata, Lancaster County, Pa.

GEISEELO Wl, i sic 'ste roses: Berks ennt ence ee alle 0:
IRCCKETSVINLE, o5i6 ba es <5 a 50s TOTS OU wre sche re pie Jan. 31.
REO AE GMA ct. lakers 2 Berks et cies. sis. see Feb. 1-2.
POUGALO WI, o-oo Sets ewe ocak OPS yee sug ce sc ancl ois Feb. 3-4.
PATMTEY VELIGS? ec ishe a's ee 8 BROT Sein ciate isola otetoins Feb. 6-7.

JOEL A. HERR, Millhall, Clinton County, Pa.

WSEGNS EVIE, ...0,2 5 5% ood Monroe; 2.05. ccc pe ane DG:
Brodheadsville;> « wjetens ; MONTOG) «.x)3:05ii aa ae Jan. 18.
Marshalls Creek, ........ MGUTOG: A sisi aeeee Jan. 19-20.
Ackermanville, :.2.%...% Northampton, .......Jan. 30-31.
TER CAIN VG Fo ce shh oi ele paDOrtham pton 0.0%. 76; Feb. 1-2.
Cherryville, 2 cds seeas Northampton) 2% 24 Feb. 3-4.

W. F. HILL, Huntingdon, Huntingdon County, Pa.

TYE BLE [M72 0 AA CSSD aN Wastimetony oe 6. se Noy. 28-29.
BOWS VESS wicca o,5'0\c ote Washine@ton, <....'\\+ Noy. 30-Dee. 1.

HIST WOOUS, ios iva cis oo cass 5 WAVORIC Hs! esses cciare © 0 3 Dec. 2-3.

56 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

GEO. E. HULL, Transfer, Rh. F. D., Mercer County, Va.

Mtidacksomig.). Gxiverds seni Lawrence, ask cisvaeies Jan. 16-17.
PYINCOLON sks endo sha veils) Lawrence, »..3)5)00he mie ace Jan. 18-19,
Haslorook. naitievelleietere leis Wa wr ences, ol ofa eae Jan. 20-21.
BLOW Ee sie: «alters ds el Crawford ye eens Jan. 30-31.
Blooming, Valleye ec.) Crawilordy ion cee Feb. 1-2.
Baek ARNG clio eres pica 6 'si4-6 Crawilordyy gp iisjcs nes eb, 3-4.

HOMER T, JACKSON, State College, Centre County, Pa.

GrAyVSVGMle, Nols. se woleitete er GEOME eLetee tals ale > ts Nov. 21-22.
ELORD LOOK, |) Saf sin occa eminence CEES Ch amen n bela cue Nov. 23-24.
ATAC Ye ss A nats Washington, «2/1... .Nov.25-26:
Spring? Groviesee caw scree VOR Gun epeepe a eae Feb. 10-11.
ONESTOW IT: 0 cra eecrtincie tae Lebanon, ueiy cusses Feb. 13-14.
Schaefferstown, ......... Lebanon ie oer et ae Feb. 15-16.

A. J. KAHLER, Hughesville, Lycoming County, Pa.

PAMVESTONE, e's e's ele ek els Clarion yt) Ayaan: Web, 14-15.
VEMMMETSDUTE,: ui.) ester sere Clariony i \ccueieemenae Keb. 16-17.
Drcline ville soy sg0 Bie sone Clarion, 276d hablo Feb. 20-21.
TIONESTA, sists gs Rinne nets POLES) core euskal A eee Feb. 22-23.

R. P. KESTER, Grampian, Clearfield County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Third Section.

FRANK KLINE, Spring City, Chester County, Pa.

Blam ete e cers Wt oed POLE Ys) ea Sects eee Jan. 9-10.
RCIESD UR O43 panes Raster wkee POLrry,, oss 4n,c Gare es eee
Maillerstowilt, iy Gsrdee wars te Perry, 2% Seo ins ehuaicns Jan. 13.
GEIMErLOWIN NOR Wie 5a Berks.) 03 diene Jan. 30.
Beckersvalile,. ci sii. byue si ea Berks). shih ana enee Jan. 31.
Mite Abe tinae (2). teat cinidisven iris Berkay: cick seas Heb. 1-2.
BGA OWIN,. 654 bale Wee evens Berk). sical? Beane Feb. 3.
Germanstownly 2. ice vee ehigins au ee peeves Feb. 20-21.
Maeungiey Wes. Sue aie Lehigh) nteag ate Feb. 22-23.

J. H. LEDY, Marion, Fianklin County, Pa.

Marion (parse ie ic) ah Mou Ripa aad Ys) 0% ee Jan. 2-3.
Liemasteray tyes San) se suka Bramley ete «ys. 2).'0 aT aoe
Dry Sean ame te ene sis cies Bramble. 66:0. 0.0 see ee
OAM Ge ieee Ace ae TG UAC UNION iors ans) «in orcioriane Jan. 9-10.
Sweet sValleyenn seh. 2s TBerme se ols ki ae Jan. 11-12.
Bobbie; (24. eee PO WOTTBE, bio 8.: Sidelahehe ene .Jan, 13-14.
Kresgeville: i i/bensutoae DL LCOS 2 0s, Sh RUPEE EN Sy Jan. 16-17.
Brodheadsville, ......... MOTO) io oa. srohe sot cee Jan. 18.

Marshalls Creek, ........ NEG TOG essa ea cone pean Jan. 19-20.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

L. W. LIGHTY, East Berlin, Adams County, Pa. |

Will attend all meetings in the First Section.

MISS SARA C. LOVEJOY, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Town. County. Date.
Oucrryville; oF. 6... ele uancastery eee eee Nov. 22.
LG 00 SSS) ae ae re Lancaster,” ein. ae Nov. 23.
CRT S08 a Warren: Seek Dec. 8.
PMCAMOTOVE, 6. icc et 5 Warten: (jemererate Meer:
MOMVICS ak. o.oo eee @hester; 's,..9ee ee Feb. 2.
Jackson Centre, ....5... Meércer:: 3 eeieecee Feb. 11.
New Wilmington, ..-...... a Wem ee cies ne save ee Feb. 13.
Weiratteraryad es ccs ss 2roiis aw «6 @WONLEG). h. naldae bees tre Feb. 23.
IDEA au ll Ce aie eee Centres,” aia ntiseme Feb. 24.

PROF. T. I. MAIRS, State College, Centre County, Pa.

AMOS LOM 8.05 seas leteke ta Mayetles sereaaniure nr ats.6t. Dec. 5-6.
MormsCross Roads, \<\..... Fayette, (2 yin. 4. sss Dec. 7-8.
JAI NC2 1S) 01 00 ee Westmoreland, ...... Dec. 9-10.
5G Si NE ee ae CHESTER. sis asc dacs Keb. 17-18.
J ESTES HCE 6) 0 ane Philadel phias. soca << Feb. 20-21.
Newtown Square, ....... WelAW.ATS,. sc. sass shes Feb. 22-23.

M. H. McCALLUM, Wernersville, Berks County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Fifth Section from December 27 to
January 7; Third Section from January 9 to January 21 and the

First Section from January 30 to February 4.

©. C. McCURDY, Hartstown, Crawford County, Pa.

Graysville «26 0). os syelewtaes. GMECNIE,, ca bt. Rais acai Nov. 21-22.
IOUDROOK, | a /osoteee'<, 5 :2hs 5025 Greene, . os. 5. 2 ss as INOVaZa-24,
PNUEBEUN ORR scree ad itera: al shale Washington... 30%. Nov. 25-26.
JJG VES] MRD a eee eae Butlers 2s. We eae ene
Miurdidby “Creek. ei tS 2 ic5s.2 Lcd: See areeaee RAAT el ireac <3)
West-Sunbury, is .ae5. . <6 Butler) 2.3. aes ea Onn.

M. 8S. McDOWELL, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the First Section from January 16 to

February 9.

W. H. McINTIRE, State College, Centre County, Pa.

INGW. TEXAS Ei hoc ck ns ne Allegheny, ie sires se Jan.
Montour.Church, ...... 2 ATIGOINONY | vcreyatecisy sie af Jan.

BakerstOwn;; 2004s. 3. sad Ul Fete 12) 1h gee een Jan. 13-14.

58 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
PROF. FRANKLIN MENGES, York, York County, Pa.
Will attend all meetings in the Second Section.

MRS. GEO. E. MONROE, Dryden, N. Y.

Town. County. Date.
Madisonville ons cciivas «is Lackawantay 0.2. 6s Nov. 22-238.
Malevillera esi pieicrpeic =, s\5°s Lackawanna, ........ Nov. 25-26.
TOM PIGIS VOUS oe suave c ais 2 hackaw alias wasn sole Nov. 28-29.

D. K. MURRAY, Liverpool, Perry County, Pa.

Wrartordsburg, 2is,.'./06/s.6s Braltong s aegsteis sess & S085 Nov. 25-26. °
INGE RIMORE, ts ohh oe. efe ot hat FudtOne arc eer aes Novy. 28-29.
Chrarlesville ns cs/casee ee Bedford, 25. 6). .%. 2). Nov. 30-Dee. 1.
New) Enterprise; .. ...4% .:. Bedfordiiisiatieierniare see Dec. 2-3.
Vio OG Danisys |e bbe set teverehenenee Bedford. ores cone Dec. 5-6.
Pabon sch ser aie jase hecneer eee Cambria (tie. arenes Dec. T-8.
WOLEUOS; 2's.) 2ceuevenseeents ee Cambria, ch). sacs Anke Dec. 9-10.
Wialmore, cl vte aici een oe Cambrigh “esqe cence Dee. 12-13.

HENRY W. NORTHUP, Dalton, R. F. D., Lackawanna County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Second Section from November 25
to December 13 and the First Section from February 13 to Feb. 18.

PROF. WM. G. OWENS, Lewisburg, Mifflin County, Pa.

Wandiy ke, \ 1.06 veins eictentonens eh LIMULUS, “ro gecesi sien Dec. 26-27.
MeCoysvillle, iiss autre ste dumiata, ). iccstiaeue Dec. 28-29.
Belleville, ic ciGiants eee Mifflin, 9)... 5s ete sete Dee. 30-31.

J. H. PEACHEY, Belleville, Mifflin County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Fourth Section.

T. J. PHILIPS, Atglen, Chester County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in Part Two of the Fifth Section from
January 30 to February 23.

E. L. PHILLIPS, New Bethlehem, Clarion County, Pa.

Wrornhineron, ) s. 2.65. 33 ArmstTOn gee as sete = Feb. 20-21.
New Kensington, ........ Westmoreland, ...... Feb. 22-23.
laaA CLO erratic sie ake os 0s Westmoreland, ...... Feb. 24.

Wook Wort pega ts aii caels «<0 de Indiana er sisesteiee Feb. 27-28.
TPOMIOR NOUV ies eins oe 05 Indiana yeas cas eects March 1-2,
ClarksbUr eaten ilo ores Tndianasas, cyst ctetyoroees March 3-4.
Plumivitile, Ves ee ork. ne Tainan, Sete. ceraas ae March 6-7.

DR. W. T. PHILLIPY, Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Fourth Section from November 21
to December 10 and Part Two of the Fifth Section from January 30
to February 23.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 59

CHAS. H. RICH, Woolrich, Clinton County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Fourth Section from December 1
to December 10.

PROF. J. P. PILLSBURY, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Town. County. Date.
INIA WAY, -.«-.. SAUTE Washington. 21 sue Nov. 28-29.
BPCMMICVVIUIE, a sles se 'W ashing tom so oe Nov. 380-Dec. 1.
NICHE 0006 | Ce eee Bayette,. seine. saa <1 Dee. 2-3.

WARREN G. ROSS, State College, Centre County, Pa.

THOSCSUOWD,, «vice aes so Cumberland). <..- =. Jan. 30.
COUITSEN LOVIN) 00 «o/s. oe inne 0 Cumberland, e227... 7. Jan. 31.
MBE VAN DELUNS Dc ijec bhsreishe a 3 4 York, 2 7..s0eiee ance Feb. 1-2.
MIO VG rhiaes tutes, Style eels eee Morera to ra paces otras Feb. 3-4.

ROBT. 8. SEEDS, Birmingham, Huntingdon County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Fourth Section from December 30
to January 7 and in the First Section from January 9 to January 14.

PROF. CHAS. F. SHAW, State College, Centre County, Pa.

New Wilmington, ....... MAWIENCE.. >. ean nem Feb. 13-14.
LOEN SHUTGYNG coy oie Oa San ies ASTIN S TEOWM Gy 5 ths a tes Feb. 15-16.

A. W. STEPHENS, Hebron, Ohio.

Will attend all meetings in the Third Section from January 30
to February 18.

W. H. STOUT, Pinegrove, Schuylkill County, Pa.

PVCU OU) oo ccecn ese iais.cie's = 2s Beart as ey eepayare sais 00% Jan. 11-12.
I ERVIOVa cl satel cis oiey5/anahe, Bailes lad hyo ter atac ore cciy- oe) Ay one
IW alinaMS DME, «26.2 oh. aes Belair Hovis scradie ese cote Jan. 16-17.
Witeriors) Mark, . i: ioie: sina) Huntingdon ye ase Jan. 18-19.
ROterSOUNe, foe ess). 5). 5s \0r6 6 FL TUUNGMIEE OM, cashes eyonone Jan. 20-21.

MISS SARA PHILLIPS THOMAS, Wayne, R. F. D., Delaware
County, Pa.

SG lewalls .: Siepereie' amteraeyayece MEITRINY, | co 0d sheets eles Dec. 30-31.
RE WAREOW I 5i<:s\2 =o ote teers Mafiliny «isd ixee Sais cede ewe
Clarks Green, *'s ..4ioser.s Dackaywanwna, coer Jan. 4.
PPM CIS Ft, wm wy snes seats Golumibiay (2 ei.aee Jan. 5.

AD ALEIVISB ES, frat’ ciao deterte Columipiagr eit eee: Jan. 6.

EU EMIT i ay'c alka a scales tenes VGA OOo r catia) a5 Jan. 10-11,
HUGO ORG: - obi. oahaa a toronete, EQEG sp hece eeeresp rsa bate Jan. 12-13.
EbartStOwals © Fisk a's, ada ae Crawiords (ots i) d ae 1G.
SCO seria. cieSpcierate «is Westmoreland, ...... Jan. 17.

0 NPT C9 em a PCM ay ck Nersessian Feb. 3.

60 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

LEON OTICH VAN NOY, Troy, R. F. D. No. 66, Bradford County,
Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Third Section from January 9 to
February 18 and the Second Section from February 20 to March 9.

C. B. WADE, Orangeville, Ohio.

Town. County. Date.
MirPleasant Church, .:..) Beaver: hes ae Dec. 26-27.
FROOKSUO WIN, tes 6 525 Sere ste «one Beaver) fener. a ancses Dec. 28-29.
Cres Wa) CGN © EE LaPeer Aa Ga Vier.) <i ietvels sks. + sbacste Dec. 30-31.
PACE SVULE eG ah ate its SUCIeR Feheeer es cease ote Jan. 2-8.
Wind dr UneGke c's fe a Btleney iy ee iu arene Jan. 4-5.
West Sunbury, ihe. Birtles rririne 4... be Jan. 6-7.

F. J. WAGNER, Harrison City, Westmoreland County, Pa.

Marniel dy... 8% este seen Westmoreland, :..... Feb. 24.

Cookport: 525.2 ey ee ) OMAN fee ale ta ae ee Feb. 27-28.
Homer City, uae evens eas Indianag sj. ik. ta52 5s Eamon
Clarksburay Weeks wast Bee Indiana, :.......3).... Marcha
Plumiyahle ter Sas ed. Imdianay nih. 2 aoe oe March 6-7.

D. H. WATTS, Kerrmoor, Clearfield County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Fifth Section from November 22
to December 9 and the Second Section from December 26 to February
25.

R. J. WELD, Sugargrove, Warren County, Pa.

Sterling Ou Acie ries Cameron: >. base Dec. 1.
uch: Walley. costa ce sede Cameron, : 22 s.aenee Dec. 2:
Sizerville ys eee eee Cameron.) ...seioe ee Dec. 3.
ING WOT VG Mis ve caper cteraanaond alten: MeKean, «2.2740 seee Dee. 5-6.
Turtle: Outten McKean, o isons eee Dee. 7-8.
SEL RUUD arias ares oe ee McKean.) 2c) ce ener Dec. 9-10.

PROF. R. L. WATTS, State College, Centre County, Pa.

WalawiSsa,. js. sist ee niece oe Columbia.) (ise. 50 2) ON oa
AMC bOWN, \f52 sie sefeesieile Lehigh eigen eis tas Feb. 3-4.

W. THEO. WITTMAN, Allentown, Lehigh County, Pa.

Will attend Movable Institute Schools from December 2 to Feb-
ruary 2; Farmers’ Institutes in Second Section, November 25 to No-
vember 30; February 27 to March 9; Part Two of the Fifth Section
from February 8 to February 18 and the First Section from February
20 to February 25.

S. PAUL WOODMAN, Rushland, Bucks County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Fifth Section from December 27
to January 7 and First Section from February 24 to March 7.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 61

MRS. SARA B. F. ZEIGLER, Duncannon, Perry County, Pa.

POE) oa we) okies svar stnes os a-3 YERITE DIVES Maes) shake se cusiare Dec. 7-8.
CEE UO ee ee Cambor large te rks cya: Dec. 9-10.
PRIREIROPOs oe cck le 4S alec) soe Cami rian apres tes chet Dec. 12-18.
Wlarks (Green; *: 5)... <4). Lack a wants: sii oa avs.e Jan. 4.
OIG 2 eo ee Columpiateeeae ae. USnoe ap
CELE GEE Dn eo Columbiaw s.r ele. ae: Jan. 6.
PRCMUB CLIN le hati Sa /oloa io: «a « Venan gon s gai. cies ose.c- Jan. 10-11.
ETAGTAD ORO SB Sere aie) ace 00) Sin. | Deg NE Erp rs isl sce? Jan. 12-138.
ERD ESEM Wily) sale gstsin'e @ 6.5 = Crawlordsyace ae aos tne cates Wee
COU AIes 24.). 2 c\0.'.e< 262 Westmoreland, iho. 3. Jane.

DEPARTMENT LECTURERS

In so far as time and circumstances will permit, the officers of the
Department of Agriculture are desirous of engaging in Institute
work,

In order to prevent disappointment in the arrangement of pro-
grams, it is recommended that Institute Managers first consult the
individual whose services they may wish to secure, before placing his
name on the program.

Department lecturers come to these Institutes free of charge, ex-
cept that they are to be taken from and to the railroad station at
the expense of local manager. The topics which they will discuss
can be procured by addressing the following officers of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture:

HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture.

HON. A. L. MARTIN, Deputy Secretary and Director of Institutes.
JAMES FOUST, Dairy and Food Commissioner.

PROF. H. A. SURFACH, Economic Zoologist.

DR. C. J. MARSHALL, State Veterinarian.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES

From reports received, we can not but commend the Agricultural
Societies throughout the State for the effort they are making to
promote agriculture at the County Fairs, which is receiving the en-
couragement of this Bureau by sending instructors to lecture along
agricultural lines.

The attendance for 1910 was 1,543,473, as compared with previous
year, 1,449,000, shows an increase of 94,473; total membership, 15,942;
amount received from State Fund, $28,351.94; amount paid in pre-
miums, 1910, $121,225.80; amount offered in premiums, 1911, $128,
075.00, an increase of $6,849.20.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

62

“QISIIVO ‘BAIOIW “IT “AA
“aqVT Jnvouuo0D ‘sIaAg “LZ ‘svyO
“Sinqsuoo[g ‘38OX "N ‘V

“stognad ‘1maselty “0 “d
“mOLIB[O ‘UlGsneyT “§ “Ss
*I9}S9YO IIMA ‘prea osoInd PelT
“PlojXO * TI “7 ‘SOQ,
“aqyUOJaA oq “JaBMoa4yg Une] og
“UoRYySIYaT ‘SulpiIng Weqry *£
‘unioduy ‘ppng *5 ‘Wf

“a ‘WW ‘JaqoneAw, Ne Te
‘Iagng ‘sIAIng "@ "M
‘eIqUeD PURI ‘sIpueyT onlieO ssi
‘aIsSVylog ‘“Iasulleg “xX “[
“SUISnIVAA, ‘UOAT ‘W ‘YD
“A01y, ‘AoIou0g “FT ‘qd

"UMOITOITED

“BDpUBMOT, *A0[ TOTS 4 RCO)

‘a AsuBoung ‘Z10M “S ‘A
“suIproy ‘WOIgy, Tepes “HH
‘uMOjZzINyY ‘spoyy “£ “O
*“sinqdaqsQ ‘19380 “MA “O04
“plojpeag ‘Bvussay AoY “f
‘auojAeg ‘ueIqI0D “9 *O
“[euledwuy, ‘suojTeod "AM °H
‘aepelo,y “UOsSAT, *O UMP

‘Te equeD ‘au0qYy pileu0sT

“sinqssrunyoap, ‘IOGOW “S “A
‘aepeBio,y ‘UOsAy, “fF JayseyO

*Alvjaloag JO ssaippy puBw euleN

“9[sqBO “losod WAM “L
---- *oyeT Jnvauu0D ‘quodJIOH ‘CO ‘H

TTT fqeords JST “AOIPYH “f “OLAA
Wa igask es on) sjogud ‘QUSIIOIN “A
‘uolle[D ‘uosdimogy, “M “A
-—- *Ja3sayOD Io ‘TOJSuTIVd “A ugor
------ “€qrstaAtagQ upooury “edog AruoxL
‘moJYSIysT ‘lappy “WT “O
‘unwodug ‘aunt “xX ‘A
‘d ‘a
‘y ‘uojj3eq ‘ulBysuIUuUND “TOM
+=55-=-s 2-55 “apIng “Ienyeyog: “y <0as)
-- ‘91qj0eH puB[yoIy ‘sIpueyT “"W qoove
‘a[[[Asiaq[og ‘AoouUB TAG “M YuRLT
“SuIsSH[VAAA “STTOM “WS

Pa i ge *foLly, ‘SS WO SVT
ee ON AG
‘Tr “YW ‘epurmoy, ‘ulyuUoM “A uyoLr

‘euooyV ‘yoeg yueIA “MM “Id
‘SITU Slasroy) ‘URMODHaW soure lt
---------— "‘qMOgZIny ‘UVULIeH “qd “SBUO
SinqiojsQ ‘usumyney *§ “§
<---> ‘ploypod “199848 “a “S td
‘aoyAVd ‘OYsBI[VH “UM
"a “WY ‘aseurvp ‘dnoys ‘WwW ‘Lf
‘srodsy ‘UOpIa “W “UW

‘TleH 91jueD ‘au0yy preu0eT
‘sinqsoueyoy, ‘Svlumou, “H “UW
‘sinqgsiiey, ‘1oyswy perqey

“quapiselg JO ssaIppy pav oureN

‘IN ‘TIGL JO SMOTIIQIOTXG,

‘AgunoO puryloquing JO UOMRMWossy [VInq[NIIsy
‘UOINBIDOSSY [eIN} [Ng V ABT JnveuudHD
“MOZBOSSY [BOT
-lTueyoeyy puw jeanqynons107 ‘Telajnousy AZUNOD vIquIN[O”:
FS ae en ates nts WOl2 BIDOSS Ye eUTALIG: -SLOET Tian
‘TOMBossy eq AJUNOD UOLIRID
wooeesesresss==-"— “TOMBIOSSY [VIN}[NIIsy AJUNOHD JeJsoYyO
‘MOIWBDOSsY [BINI[NIISY PIOJXO IY,
‘Auvdmo9O sujiqiyx” [einjynousy AJuNOD e1309D
‘Ajooog [Blqysnpuy Aqyunog uoqirop
‘UOIVVLVOSSY [VINI[NIISy AJUNOH UWOLIUIe,)

“UOIQBVIWOSSY [BIN}NOISy AJUNOD vIIquIRED
Tormerrmsess=-== “TOMBIOSSY IIB, PUL YAVG SULANG JING
“UOIRIQIUXY pur dud SlIaulIRy
*AQOINOG [BINJNONIsy AJUNOH syong
‘UOIZVIVOSsy eq SuUIsn[VeA nA
ADOSER Ea 7. Se ea ‘Ayatooyg [Binq[nosy AOL,

‘Aqyoro0g [VinjpNoIsy AyunoDM piojypeig
cootesscreoos=-=— SKaunOD JIvVIg JO UOMVMOSSY IBq ssUBID
~—- *AjyunoD syleg JO ‘OSSY [BINq[NIIWAOR pure yeinjqnousy
‘UOIPBIVOSSY Iv WM0IZINY
‘MOIWBIIOSSW JIU wuURIH sinqi04sO
Tor scsereesssrccess-"— “A49IOG [BVINI[NoIsy AJUNOH pIOTpIg
‘HOIVeLHossy [BolURgoe puUv [BIN}[NILIsy UoOJARG
‘HOI}BlIOSSY [VIN}NIUIsy AJUNOD AudysalVy
sooo oe-=-"— fKaunoO sulepy JO UOMeMOSsy SIIMOIH FMT

‘fipueqsny JO suoieg JO vg pure yusudurvouy
‘MOIBIVOSSY dIUdIq O4v4SIeJUy ,SIesaviyH
‘eluvA[ASUUIT JO UOL}VPOssY [VINI[NI}AOW 07124g

Z

“AyoIV0G JO 9UIUN 9}BIOdIOD

LBA SUIploH dof soyed

‘pusyioquing
‘ploy MBI

Toots “BrquInfop,
SSE AVE @)
2 dpe apeiaies “UWOLIB{Os
*10}SoU
*IoqSoulp
‘aj ua
ates a te OO IL),
meter cleca:1@)

“rayyug

‘plojpeig.
‘proypeig

‘piojpeig
“Treg
Serer Sa soos a SAL,
BOLO aameaeaea <> DCIS fl
‘ploypod
‘proypoaq
-=--=--= “Suo014suLry
‘AUN SoLV
Deeg O --- ‘*surepy

“Ayun0D

pUuv SelIvja1eg PUB S}UEPIseIg JO SossoIppy PUe SoWIvNY YIIA ‘SoTJoOIVOg [van}[NILUsy [RIOT pue A}UNOD Jo SVT

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 63

No. 6.

"mOpealyT MeN ‘pool “AH “M
“TaAOURFAT ‘JOUIN “a “£
*"yIOX ‘urdeyO pivapa
“queisuesoy ‘SUIPIeHT *§ ‘Wh
‘siInqsuvely ‘1ezyOH “7 “M
‘ajepsouoy ‘TPouTMTVy “AA UOSIONIY
“@AOISIVENG ‘pram “f£ “YU
“OIOQSTINN ‘AdouIq YURIA “|

“€ “ON
‘ad ‘MU ‘UMOjSOeSINgG ‘O;ART, “S “da
“SINQGSIMOT ‘9JTOM OPA “O

7 ON
‘ad “YW ‘OToqsTeM ‘“SUINIUM “HH “AN
“pleysuvyy ‘urnygjzoqsuoy “DO “YU

“*PlOPISAM “WIIG “M *L

‘piojyivyy ‘preudey “WO
“aSOIQUOW ‘[[AtIN “H “M
‘q1oysnd ‘xnroud[OMm “N 'O

eI dpepelyd “T[@H “WOH “ysny pravq
“q10odMoN ‘susydoqjg “WO ‘Ff

“COUN “YIOPANW “H “UMA
‘meyayJog ‘UBULIOH “VY “H
“YJolVuzeN ‘“LaMIeyuIYy “WL
“Sinqspnoysg ‘Ysneq{oop “WT “H

"a ‘a “H ‘Oloqeuo4s ‘TayMOWd “FE “O00
| ‘lado, ‘IQ *O Ugo
| “qrodyjeumg “AoOo.W Any
‘OLAsoysny, ‘*zju01g “WY prRMpsL
‘UMOJDATY ‘“peyos “q ALIBVA

‘gepurmpoey ‘ad ‘W ‘ueUIeH *d “Ss
“uourqgeT ‘uvuypjod “Vv “fF

. pEsvind ‘xouy "H “A

‘laysvourT ‘prouly “*O “J
“ATIAZINYIG ‘uosduroyy VT wh
“TRAOY WIOgd ‘lasuluOly “N somes
OTPAMOOIE, “2 “A PABGORyT
“BUBIpUL ‘IIvT_ plardg

“sjavyqormivg ‘qIny “V “MM

‘ATION ‘ISPLIVSIOW “MAM “MM

“qsuq UJION ‘dooT “] “Vv

‘74ely “IasulM *S “WwW

“UMOJPPIN “TOLD SUIOH “A
*“Singsiivyy “LPG xo” ‘uljiepL YuvsIT

---------- ‘yTopealg” MON “JOT “af “9
‘raaouvny, ‘auopd “fF *O
‘yroxX ‘uRsOM “A uyor
ae ee ‘yoouuryyuny, ‘ssosuntlg “YY °Ss
Sao ‘Sinqsudalt) ‘layeueo0yg “d “W
qomm=----== SorTTAA[oog ‘UOSNsIAgT “T “MM
----> S9A0TSIBSng ‘UOYURW “Lf L£
“OIOQSTIIN “UaTTY AoIpUy

‘aouopuodepuy ‘UllI9g “WT Lf
SSoen ea SS AO INGsMo 218s) AN. ha

-------= *oIOqsTaM ‘ieouedg “WM sours
=-—Sooo SS OLOCSTTOAN | aSad ich sue eu Oll
s=o-------= ‘nrayqseAd ‘MosuInyYy 0.301005)
Hal ul
‘yy ‘pqoyimy MON ‘eutOqsO “VY ‘aA
Saphir =S =o SFOTIUOI STNRG Ve at
eS Sram aor oc [TAS DIAL Od) eck ODT LAAN mC eNaTAL
“Brg doped
qnuysey 1G “ploqmMeN “ad “O
‘qrodMon ‘Jingnd “AH Ah
<Se55>- SSS e=> STOO .LecUlpy AN Ook):
-------- *qrageaTqJeg ‘39BAOT IOUVM “L
*XuvyUy, ‘asuisssy “S “O
‘Sinqspnomg ‘pooy *O “AM
smoraomm= Sq tay freoreyy “AoQUNG “W “Lf
=== o> - oo =e TOO LOT mull Cont iam omen
*‘q1odyqyowug ‘UOIITAT "MM UA
s---------—— SOrtIAsou.chlen [Bq = Wy ULAt
‘UMOJUOTLY ‘WoxoWT “A\ UYOL
le ONG
‘ay ‘UMOJSURTIMON “Qojouuvg “H uyor
====="-----— "TOUBgeT UWeIUTTOd “Fi “AV
*xOSOTPPIT ISOAA SWOSIBAA “OOH
SEI Sea eiqoeugan GUN db) eral
-- “qsq ‘wy ‘urosuny ‘v00vT “y Uyor
-- Sekoy Wog ‘esnoyyurlT “qd “seqO
ee ae ‘AT [TAMOO1g “Santgiy ypoNulvg
Se SST houchionmyy oodostqaadci Sir VM
eae as ee ‘oAIpoyy ‘AoIvg “WY
‘A109 ‘puoused “f ‘ff
w-=--=-=— “aguq UJION ‘HUBIE “AA ~O2t)
‘ayery ‘yg Ae
wooo ==-" > SOMOPIPPIA “MAT “S UNOO
---- *Finqsiliey ‘HOIMIOOIW *O voue A

OTs)

-—------ ON BOSSY JUSMTIAOIAGMT ,SIOUIVY WOpIoly~ MON
‘Ajapog [einqyNoIsy JeAoue Hy
‘Ayooog pBingjnoisy AJUNOH YIOX
ee eee a ee | eS ‘uoneoossy Iegq AjunOD surmmodé A
Se Sek ae Mee ae Te 7 *Kjo~NOg [BANI[NIIsy PUB[eLOUTISAM
wen enneneeeesna-------- ‘4q9D0G [BINyNIIsy AJUNOH euABM
---- oTjRIDOSsy Sdopvalg pue STOUR AJUNOD ULI’ M
‘aomevossy eq sule[d Apurg

Soa aas aoa === ----—=—— “TOM BINOss\, [Bind ous vy wOruT)
*Kyor00g [Vingnosy AJuNOO wordy)

‘adurrg vuowog Ajun0D BAOLL
Se Ta Ihe lee MitowichOosc\ye MA yat GlenvNends|
Reel ore Ge ae ‘AyoOG [emngynoisy AoyeA snbseuBMoyH
SSS Nek yorSh picenaaynaaaediyy jORCoMOn Te
so---2-o=----=" 'AQQVD0gG [eINy[NIIsy AJUNOO BuUBYENbsSNg
sooaacaensrsamea------ §KQQID0G [RINg[NdIdsy AJUNOH UBAITINS
Sao Tt SO ae aT ee ‘Kjooog [BAng[nay4IOT, VluBAlAsuaag
‘KqOOS eanyMosy AqunoH Aled
“-ossy [BIn}[MoNsy ‘OO puRLOquINyZION puB Arey UOUTA
‘TORMOSsy IUVq 93B}Qg BvraviTAsauad
‘Ayoog [BInyNoIsy AJUNOD UOJPCUIBYILON
warscrmeaeeeem=e=-=== §AQ9I0G [BIN}NIIdsy AJUNOD voIUO]
‘AqoOG [waingmMosy AJULOD Add10
‘Kyoog [RANQMIIsy [eIuUeD A910
waanann nanan a oem-na-----=— §TOMBIOOSsY IIB AVUNOH) Ube sO
‘qnio sieutieg Aaj[VA AouNT
‘Aqowog [eang~nosy AjUNOD YsryeT

-- © ossy [RIng[noyWAOR puvw [vangfnoisy AZUNOY UoURqaT
aaean mae anmnsaeanna—=---== TOBIDOSSY Ie Ad[eA TOuBgeT
Semen > eer CaS Soe Ee me (Ol) a DOS Sameer SH Med
‘AyoOOG [VINg[NoIsy A}PUNOD Jo}sBvoue'yT
‘monvpossy AqMog osurry puv uByq AJUNOD BUUBAYYIL'T
‘Ayoroog [winj[nasy AyUNOD ByBruNnL
---- TONRMOSsyY YIV_ SuLANd puv “Wsy AVUNOL) TOSLOYor
‘APPOG [RINyNoNsy AQUNOO vuBIpUy
--*fqgotog SuLinjovjnueyy pus [eingnonsy AyuNOD 9uVI—LH
a--=-----------=- ‘ToOIQVOSSVY YIVG BULAN pu’ uvy AIMOO
aoannnn rane nnannaen----== fF AQQIDOG [BAING[Nd}AIOF, APUNOHN IN
Maat Ses ‘TOTJRINOSSY [RAINI[ONOFT par [wAngynontsy 27V1H
maw wanna neem annnneansnnmmn===== STOIBIDOSSY JIG] ATMO [PPI
none nann------=-=------ (MOUS 9[199BO PUR ISLOTT UMOJSOSOT,

eae a “y10
oa UL ULO AN
*puvyelourysa a
‘OUARM
roa pene ees F ‘Walle A
Opa ‘Wo Usulryse Mm

‘worm

‘suueyonbsng
‘vuueyenbsng
‘UvAITING

“oo “erg depeyigd
ae anens = 7 ‘K119g
—~ *puvplequinyqIoN
----> “qoqzdureyy.loN
“WojJdureyyION

“Usage

“mourgosT
‘mourqgoy
coeee=s--= SonTeIMYT
‘JoysvoueT
----"- “BqUBVMByOBT
“eqvlune
Sener == a) TOSCO Le ke

a ‘urydned
------- ‘puvpraquino

&

Off. Doc.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

64

"EG-%G “SUNY

“@L “9des

“QT-8T “3900S
“CL@L “3009S
“cT-2E °3da8
"6s-9% “3daS
“6t-9% “39S

| *@T-ZE °3d0S
"66-96 *109S

“6L-FL “SNV
| *paplep JON
"60-92 “Fd0S
*pepiep JON
“GIST “02d

"1-6 *"1d99

‘roy
“TMOJIOZUNY
oF 18 gf oo T

“aIseylod
“HIvd oruvW
“SuisnpVd A

“AOLL
‘HIV gq wo1l0dly
Spe oo > RIB wO)))
- *sinqsAvpry[oH

ae ae *SUIPVR |
*UMO9ZqNY
‘SINqgi9}soO |
“plorpod
‘mojaArd
*[eLod uy
---~ ‘a[[[ASep deg

“TRH 91700)
*‘yIRVd osuviy
QAOIN SULBITIITM

*Z “ydag-g¢ “SNy
*IYBy ON |>-
‘aR

a0Rld

“TI6T PIOH

00 000‘8 GZ OFS‘F
pe See ere OTD:
00 000‘% 00 00¢
00 000'% 00 008
00 00L°T 00 00L‘T
00 009‘T GL 120°
00 000°¢ 00 0924'S
00 006° __| $9 406'T __
pare aan ae £6 F68
00 003° | Sr VOT'T
00 SAIS | 00 ST
fe) ae}
= ei
g 5
ion H
nt
— i=)
oO .
re
“Sone L

mee pome tes OSE
nha ans)
£6 L0G 9T
#8 FOL AIT
00 008 Or |
64 G6 oss
00 OOT ST |
99 929 096
bP S28 009
aye ee (FS
G6 P68 aay ay
00 00F 08%
00 095 801
Sattapecieer| OGG,
00 ec 00S‘ T
SSeS essence 9
te Zz
= eg] S |
BS° 5
eB a
eile 5
n
+o
ix)
ih
73
© Qu
*diqsieq wey

“OTT

“opr

“Oy ru
‘orrua %
‘OTM 9%

"yovIy eoVgy

‘OI6L ‘s0uRpueqqyy

‘uo}4
-BPOSSY IVT pus ylwq Supawq gyn

“-""===== TOMMGIGXY Pus oudg ,S1oulIey

“~--"" *Agooog [Ring[noIsy AQUNOO syong
Toresemeen=-- “TOIBIOOsSY IV suisnpeA AA
aia Oe are igs tacts ‘Aqoloog [emynousy AOL,
*~ ‘goog [Bing[noAsy AJUNOH paszojyperg
“AVUNOH Ie[_ JO uoyRpossy Wey esuesy
“Aquno0pO
Sytoqg JO “Ossy ‘qIOF pure [RinjjnoUsy
Soe Too ceseS ‘MOIQBIVOSsSY IV UM0IZINy
“"-- “TOIWBIOOSSY IU IsaBIH F1nqijso
~~ ‘Ajooog [VInqnoIsy AQWUNOH prOypod
“OSSV “Qoal PUB [BING[NIIsy UOJARCL
“ossy [BinjnoIsy Aqun0D Ausy Soy
‘Ajyunoy surepy FO ‘*ossy smeMOLH JM.

“AIPMUBASN}T
JO suoiyeq JO Avy pur yuoUTduTRdUsT
~“*TOIPBIOOSSY DIUIIG 09R4S1eJUT STOSuRIy
“Ruud
TBINGNOAOFT = =—-0}BY'S

JO uoMmRBMossy

*AJOPVOG JO ouTeVN O7¥IOdI0H

‘ponuywogj—oIT “TIGL JO SMONIQIGXG [[RA SUIplOH 107 soyeq
PUL SolIVjaLIg PUL S]MepIserg JO Sossaippy PUB SOWIBN YIM ‘setjer~oog [eanypNosy TeooT pue AyuN0D Jo 4ST]

“TONE
‘song

*syongd
See eas Doyo carey

ee ‘plolpBig.
‘piojpeig
See ee. ena PRL ET

EES ar pa “ploy poet
‘Su0MSsuLy

‘AUN Soy
‘suBpy

*£4un0Q

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 65

No. 6.

"Te-03 “9dos
"GI-@T “3dog

"9-8 °300
"OI-L, “AON
"SL-0L “200

‘CG-6T “3dag
“ITB ON

“CT-@L °3d09
"Sb “3dag
“TeSI “ddag
“peploep JON
"8G “ydog
“eLOL “20
"Se-6L “4deg
“Ivy ON
"AZ-tG “onW
‘PL-IL *3d08
“66-98 *}deg
‘PLL °3de9g
“GL-ZL “3d0g
“CL-2L “ydog
“I ‘3d09-62 “snyv
‘Zo-GL “3dag
“CT-2E “3d0g

‘poproeap JON
*raquiey dog

*g-) ounL
*paprmop JON

‘LT ‘gdog-9% “ony
"9-§ °3100

*1aqoVWO
“620% “3dag
“GT-2E “9dag

“ge “dog

sae an danngct =f
=>-=>5> SOS019 TOT
Ta = OLLAS LOT
“BU EL
TI@H (“32107
Seaunee a LOGON,

semnceennoes 259111

“UJOIRZUN
*SiInqspnolg
“OTOqaUuc IS

*qrodqyoug
“O[[LASouan Ey
“UMOJUITL VY

‘uouRrqey]
Sumas SCTE
= -o5a -doosvoue7y
—*qrarta ng §=syreptoO
—---= *TekOY 910g

Seoee= “OT [LAWOOIg
Spr ee Od Got

>> SSpORlpOIULIRD
*AIIOD
Sar Ss Pe SECU
“UMOJ0[ PPA
“UMOJSOSOPT

Se ae OSI LES,
“yar qd wonmsodxsy

-—-~ * SINC Stoo;
Sao ae SINTON
ae SS Uinta yeniia)
--- *TaqgsayO 380A
“pLoyxO

“a, U0sI PA
‘TOTYSIOT

TUNOodugy
“== “TMOFT[OIIBD
,

00 009‘T

00 005‘

00 00¢°T

00 000'T |
-00_000°S8_|
00 00059
00 006°T
00 009°%

00 000'T |

00 000°&

woee--------|

00 000'L
00 000°8

00 000‘F
00 000
00 000°

00 000% ~
00 000‘°T

00 000‘T

08 [9g
00 91S
GI OP

00 008°
00 64h

G6 828

OL S8o‘T
0S 169
a
OL Z00'T
2 890'T
-00_000°S8__
OF S28°S
00 O00F T
00 LF0‘T

OF LFS
00 0008

6 98h

| 09 S69

00 000°¢

08 I2h‘s
00 OFL

00 00S°%
00 000'%
00 000°

00 000'%
€9 SLL

00 089
0G 90F‘S

so TLE |
GL OIF

09 TLL

00 000'T |
00 000‘T
00 SLs

OF 066

00 000‘T
00 000'T

00 696

Or 2I8 |
00 00F |

00 TL9
OO |
0 06 |
OL c6g

00 00¢
Go 89 \

“o[rur
oy rut
“OT TU
bi) facet
“OTLU
“OU
“o[rur
*ortua

‘O[TUL

“OT TU
*a[tur

a) panne
“Ota

€

SOT PUL
“Op ru

me) paaee
ee) faaee
“O[ IU
“ott
we) idee

“avr
me) ane

%

%
% |
% |
%
% |
As
%

000‘0T
000°¢
000'S

000° SL
000‘ 0
000'&%
000°02
000° 0%
000‘ 0L
000002
000‘¢F
000°8T
000592,

000° OT.
000° 0F

000'T
000‘0F

00S‘ F
000'0%
000°8

000‘°ST

| 000‘ LF

000° 08
000‘FT
0005 @E
000° 06
000‘ ST

000°
000 ‘ST.

000°
000‘0T

*AQOIOG [VINI[NIISy PLOJIV TT
*AqO0G “psy AjyuNOO vuuBYendsng
~--- *AjoW0g [BAN}[NIIsy AQUNOH UBATTING

~"-->> Kqorwog [BANQ[NIYIOFR viuvalAsauog
‘APOINOOG [BIN][MOIsy AJUNOH ALIOg
“UOT}BPOSSY [BINI[NoLIsy
AJVUNOH puvploquinyyION puv ey Uo IL
—-~ *UOLROSsy IIR. 03899 BraBAlAsSUUNd
---- *Ajgotog “~Lsy AJUNOH uOIdTUIBYyION
“--> *Ajatwog [RInq[NoLisy AVUNOHD so1UOT,
~--> “€goWOG [BanyNoNIsy AJUNOH J0ITOPT
~--> fAQoIIOG [RAING[NOAISY [VIZUID JodITOPT
“-—---- “ToTpBpossy ieg AyuNOO URayo
Saar eet ac “qniO Stoultey AopeA AoUN AAT
“AJOIWOS [VaNgMoLIsy AQUNOH srya'yT
“Ossy “WOT? puv “pldy AJuNOD UoURgeT
---="-== “TOIQRIOSSV IVT Ad[VA wWourgqas']
‘TOIPVPOSsy Ae LYSeiInd
“Kqo0g “yasy AZUNOH Jojsvouu’yT
‘uolyRossy AIQINOT
esuvliy pue iq AquUNOHO vuURMRYyORT
---- “Aqapog [BIng[NoMIsy AjyunoHD wyurIuny
“UOTVIOSSy
YIvg SUALIg puv ‘sy AyunopH uosioyor
~--- *ga~o0g [BingNoIsy AJUNOH vuRIpUy
*AQOID0G
Sulnjovjnuvyy, puw “pusy AgunoO vues
“Ossy WAR SUIALCd puv weg A110p
*KgoIOG [eInjpNoIyAOFT AQUNOH ody
---- “-Ossy "WIOTT puv [BIN}[NOMIsSy zyVIH
‘TOrpepossy ey UMOJITPPHA
—---- “MOUS a4IBO puR OSIOFY UMOJSOSOF,
*Aqunop
puvploqung JO WONVpossy [RINng[DoLIsy
‘UOIFBIDOSSY [BVANQ[NIIGy oOYVT Invouu0pH
“OSSV
“(oo puv “4qaxo7T ‘*Lisy AqunoH erquinyjoo
‘UOT}RIOSSY SUIANG slognd
------- ‘qoryRpOssy IB AJUNOH UGLIBIM
‘uoTyVoOssy [BInqNoIsy AZuUNOD JoIseyO
~--= "TOIPRLVOSSW [BING[NINIGY PLOTXO ILL

*Auvd
“m0 Sugiqrmyxy “psy Ajqunop e.1}2u0D
mo----- §AQODIG [VLAsSnpul AZUNOH TOgIRY)
“mold
-Bpossy [RIngMosy AjuNOH UWOTIUTRO

‘Tonrwossy ‘sy AyanoH wuqurepy

“--" *Buuryonbsng
“--> *“vuueyonbsng
Seen TBARS
“" Suredpepeyed
Ee ee be ALO)

~*puvproquiny yon
~~ “Woz due YAION
“uo. dure yyLON
Te ae AO OLU GAT
cnt ae LOO LAT
GONG) Ig
‘uUvospoyT
“SULULODA'T
on hae On
‘mouRrqgoT
‘mourqoT
q-=ar=== 9NUOIM BT
‘loqsvouwy

“--- “eoURMeyORT
Sepa ees BeLlstoagle
“Scar se.) MORTOTOR
‘vueipuy

eae se CLEC)
Peewee Oe
“OGL
‘urgdne¢g
‘urgdnedg
‘purpiequingy

‘purpoquing
s==="==" "DH TOTMBIO

“erquinpoo
‘pleyrBolp
“UOlLIvIp
*Tays9yO
*r1aqs9yO

na hene)
Be SSS=--==) COOLEO)

‘HOTOUIBO
“Rliquino

5—6—1911

Off. Doc.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

co
oo

“08-86 “ydag

“SG-6L “4dag
‘9% “VO
“@@-6L “4dog
‘S¢ “qdag

“peploep 40N
“Ivy ON

“0S-86 “sny
“eZ *WO
"63-96 *1d9g
“Tey ON
“BG-6L “ydag
“STL “deg

‘eyed

“TI6T PIPH

00 S10 ' 8618, 08 S22‘ T3Ib| #6 ISS‘8c$ | 2r6‘ST
(mn ELODeol TN AGN ion saree soos | OOVOSTs —. a) SGiae soe 00T
oh ‘10008 H 00 002‘9 | UEP CS Gg. tage scien es Os.
ey er ETO 00 00056 Ge L90°¢ 00 OOL‘T SIZ
____ OUUVYHUNT | 00 00S‘T 00 868 00 868 S61
POOAMSunOX | 00 0008 G§ 199°C 00 000‘T O0L
acces SOT DBS CO Ty a a a i mtn
a a ot area | en ae a oe 00 O¢ 0¢
“OLOQSTIAL
SUV AD UWS | 000098 | 00 000'8: [ttt anraIs ao
~~ ‘UM098}}05IN | 00 005% oF FIPS 00 000‘T 000°
Us ee 00 008T GL FLE‘T SZ ILE | GZ
Pye eh LLL] PAR eae aa ee ee ae ail at
ek aes ‘Preysue 00 000‘ 00 OOL‘S 00 069 Gare
~""""= “PlPBI89 AA | 00 000‘'F 0¢ L9s‘T oo OF 0g
() AY > z
e | gee | 8
5 a BBE &
. 2 ct Le |
‘20UI a = ‘
cE oa
L oO
> 2,
+8
om
*SUIMIMe.L “diqsieq ure Fr

Serre eee naa lp aecosc grt meena orwer se on “1840,
‘TOlMvMossy

pe ee 000°21 JUGUMAOCIAGMY (SIOUNIVT MOpety MoN
VOTVOL St. | O00 NG a aneeermne cee ‘AjOOG [VININIISy I0AOUR Ay
‘atu % | 000°GEL |------- *AQOINOG RMyMoAsy AJUNOH FOX
SO]TGD 55,000.60) s|\snemae “DONBIOSBY IIe AJUNOH SulM0K‘ Ay
‘attat 34 | OBO'ST «—|[-""-"- “AQa;0g [BINyINIIISy puRjarourjse A,
‘atu 3% | O0O'ST =| ----- ‘AQ9I00g [BANYNINIsy AJUNOY oudL A,
EP pe Fo asker ae “OSsy Slopeelg pu SIOWIRT “OM udalIE AA
‘atu % | 000‘s woe ="=> *TOMNVMOSsSY IB] surB[q Apurg
“O[IUI §-T | 000‘es “~"==-== “TOyRpOssy [VInj[NIIsy uomp
‘aqrat 9, | 000‘ST ">> ‘AJoI0g [eaNgINIIsy AZUNOO worm
De )UR OC fa | nae eaea aaa aa) Ucksfoqzhia) cclocolnndoysy Ayuno0p esory,
‘OTP YH | OOOO «| -=- t= ONROSSY YIN oyyAUTG
OT 3 | O00‘OT ‘Aqopog [emMyNIAsy AVA onbdsourMco

SG cae

eo)

eee

P &

ra “AYOIDOG JO eureN eyRIOdIOH

2)

io

oO

“ponuryjuoy— OOF ‘TIGL JO SUON 1QIYXG [TRE SUrploH A0Z soyeq
PUB SOLIEJADIS PUB S}UpIsotd JO Sossxippy PUL SOTBN YIM ‘Satjopog [BAn}[MOLIsW [woo] pue AyUN0D Jo 4ST

IS ee ee ‘yIOX
‘SUMO AA
‘PUBlALOUIISAA
“oUACM
mess=sse5> ‘UO LIBAN

“GOLSTIYSB AA
“TOUSUISe AA

*£4un09

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 67

No.

EL 00 91 | §I 0 Sa acai Fong 2 a OL 0g GF og 09 9% 6
& 00 ST il 00 GL | 02 OL 03 9 cS OF OF 09 oI
tL 00 9L T | 00 GL | 0@ OL 81 08 ; ce GG GL 08
T 00 ST T 00 FL | 9 08 06 gg 08 0g G& OL SS
& 00 8T G 00 ST | 93 Sg 81 08 08 g 0S GL 0G
iL | 00 ST id 00 GL ST 09 06 OL &% oF 0s GL 0Z
§L 00 91 §L 00 GL | 06 09 06 gh 0S 0g OF OL TG
§L 00 ST | iT 00 @I | 02 Gg 0@ G9 OF GP oS 09 8
ae 00 FI iL OOO tenemos 6L bs | 9 og Os 99 GT 06
Z 00 ST @ 1300) G1 ie again 81 08 08 OF OF oG ST. 06
iE 00 FI T | 008 <T 09 ae GL cs OF 0€ OL ST 00
I 00 ST =D 0 2G Ti) | eee Pea cil! 16 Ie cy 08 99 cL 00
I 00) PL il } OO cL | ST co 8T OL Sb SP GG OL ST 6
I 00 91 Le eOOvR ash CL 0% 08 cg | oP Os 00 03 00
2 00 918 | 3 | 00 @I$ | ST GL Ob | 0B 0L $$ | SF | ct OS | 08 99 00 | OL 6
} } 1
ig eee ha }
x w w By wd iS) :
) Bi ry rs) e so © e =I be! S| = i) S S 4
Be | SCS Ree SSG pee Oo Ge le ear le hr ness ee
oO oO tas} ) ~ . .
7s, 4 oe ic : s st B | fo) b= oO 7
5 5 5 S 5 g 5 5 =! $ & & 3
fe} fe) 4 S| > et =| = o st 4 2
ct = © 4 - . 2 5 a 8 o 25
BS o Le | - Las 5 Lad Go ~ = 5
| < 3 Kad ee o ct iz a 77)
=. z | o 3 a aa ‘ ©, = 5 MY? a +
o 3 ua s 2. o o , ‘d oa bes as 2
™m oO oh Ss = — | — J
Sf el = ei is & i | = £ rsh
= ee ol S = = > o a o.
Be oe elie a Tha fel ae i 5 ay
@ Gi & © A 4 '
te aA io) &
msl =p fa) be i i) ba
, = a He 8 S| )
a = S Wy 8
rg (=) =} ce
0 ic) o
ba] 4 i
“AQT *s[verap

‘eInyNoLIsy Jo Aleje1o9g Ajndeq, ‘uMIeW

rr

gu

*jeysng Jod ‘yeoq MA

‘10480 D
‘arqUa)
Ton Mee TN Cgthe dy eae oe ARIE SEL TOEe aee OC CETS)
Te Lanne ae Ske PRA GERD oae yee LO MALL
‘vliquieg

Spires Coss Sey se a LOT
‘Aud Sa V
‘SsuULe DY

*sorquno0g

"T “Vy Aq poxoT[oD ‘seranop Aq ‘elUvATASUUOd UI ‘pavog pure sese UMRT YUM “YOOJSoAVT puv syonpold Wie JO sadlig SULAID

Tiél WOH LYOdHY doUo

[9JVIG 9} JHOYSROIY, Poatodod Sootrad Jo aodoad pozepnge} B St FULMOTLOJ oy,

\UOdHT dowo

Off. Doe.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

3 ( Oe kaws eat 91 GL OF og OF 09 & &6 Ss ee OB OU aT
I hae 8T og 0& GL cS OF OF 2 emer! ceca |= mie ge “BUUBAB YOR T
I ee I 09 aL OL 0g OP OF 09 ce G6 Beier asa CA oe ae eg
L Lane 02 ag 0% GL % ag 0g OL 3 OST. || Sc Toes saeaiea aia neste = MUOSLODE |,
I ie! 0G 0g CT 04 0s ig es OL SI 0G FRE? SSS Seen eens aR clos “eueipuy
I I 0G OL eT i os i Gg | 08 GT. 60 T “SST° feo = tcan ets See es > SUON SUlgUnEn
é frase OOF BE ease aha > aL 06 4 OF a8 | OL GL OOMDS «|| 2S" SS Sate eee a OOOO)
I L 8I OL SI 08 Gs &F & | OL ae DOTL i PF" ss se gi ee eg SS “Woy
I I 03 | £9 0G GL 08 og Gg 09 8 (01S Gea | ieaepeeeamnrnets tecore se 1 Oca oe ae “arp {URI
it i 8 | 09 08 | Gh Of 0g GZ | Gd, 0 OOS olen co aed a go ae ar *4So10q
rs 1 SI | 08 OL os 0g OP GB 99 | SL De | aati pea abe onieie ss) Dar Soros on pcos ee eYNG Et
I 1 | 08 | GL 0G GL cg OF 0g og 0 OI a at caer cies re Tas, See nsec oe “OMT
a t |_08 | Sb 0% | 08 | OF GG ag GL | 10 Re ne aa aE Ree a cents es een ita!
iL filieee= O08 lniesas 25 ee eee | 03 | 08 | OF oF ig | OL GZ 06 Seer Cae nS en ne ee ee TT
aE #1 02 |_ 08 02 g), GE 0g OF | od 02 DO Meagan: egetee is. a eac ae eee See Oe
iL flee wleOO1O ie lana [aoe GL OL fa cs 08 | 09 | 06 (SpE ee) hen & Rae oa Re Rapin ae ha BoM Tr acaane)
$1 41 | SB | Og 81 08 | gg OF GE | OL 02 OOS gs aemmemereeet ar ser Sh seas ee eae {PIOFMVI
I I 08 | 0S 81 OL ug OF gg 09 | 8L 06 sere: etspermgn SF See! Jet ne eho Pee Veg)
I I 0G | 29 02 08 Gg oy Gg 5) 02 6 Sine i Nae aES Reso a hese 3 eS
i I 0% OL SI 6g 0g oF 08 09 81 (00 Is og roe oes OE Scare DiePIBAO
I i | 81 eg g1 OL | 08 oF 08 | 09 81 56>. \2| ae Seer UOTE)
|
i bi br ag | bs by e |e Q a 4 4
=> 2 5 9 =o =I S| <i cS) ) re) io) > —
ss "4 Sx ae = & & ay ke 5 5 © ®
eee eee o~ ea a e) : S . . 2 2
g | ¢€ iS eM Ease A g & z ee we : :
(tee d=: S) rs 53 ss x 2 + g Gs rg
° C) 4 ice Ge 5 2 5 5 &. 5
= = 5 3 = S 2 T = Sy =.
q 4 : J o = + a ct a S Sy
“ - @ ‘) @ © 2 Ss
© Bs i} te 2 2 =e ot iz
ro) ko} a SF = 0 | sy C| a i) =a
4 8 S| 5 a e 5, = ee ee
53 _ 5 | = a e = = 2
= 3 = | é g, 3 3 | b= | *so1guno0g
@ < => A Lez} | Lo}
e ‘4 oO
‘4 S, | = ~ 3 | i
= oO | = | 8 | ic} 8
rs a Pade ) o ue 5
| D . a
a 3 S | | :
B : es | |
*Ss[Balep

68

penurjuoj)—TT6l HOA LYOdwH#u douo

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 69

No. 6.

51 00 S18 | $1 00 @1$ | 02 69 0$ | SL GL 08 | Ze Sr os | ce 69 08 | 02 GB 0G) SoH FOr saa Sse eee ee ‘asvIIAV

i 00 FI 4 NOG |e a= pees 0G 01, 0S OF OF 09 0G 0, ea (eae riers Geer rin aa ee wen Se ae *HIOX
T 00 ST T 00 ZL | 02 GT GT OL 08 OF OF Gh SI Gan Gi niga ie aoe cies *“SulUtod
I 60 8L it OSS TS nas soa 8. 08 OF cP OF th 0 GOs ee os ee oe ae ern eee ‘puvlILONISIM
Z 00 OT G 00 ZL | OS | ¢9 08 GC), cg GF 08 oA Als-tagess OTe | SRS SS ae ae eae cea ‘ouAR MM
fa 00 9T 3 OOFGD Sass c ee lpguceanns sy pe ey a Ss OF CF OL 02 G6 DSS SROS TS SiS rSean 7; acest eee a ae DO} OULU SN
Z 00 ZI z 00 0T | 02 gg 0z GL cg CP OF £9 0Z 00 T Be en So on aa a eee oe = aS ILIA
I 00 FT T 00 GI | SI | og cL , sera OF 0g OL cL GG eR A Ee oss aE SSS RG Sa a ae ee ‘osuvuoA
iL 00 9L I 00 GE | 91 | 09 08 OL OF OF GF | G9 ST 06 SS Eee aa a 5 aa ae LOTOR)
T | 00 FL jE 00 ZI | 06 | 09 02 0s | cg OF cs OL 0% 00) i = |csaeantich-s = 5 ae ssa EOL
I 00 9T fa 00 éI | GZ 09 0G i) | 08 OF | OF c9 Go (VG Ga) (pasties <a aia So ‘euueyonbdsng
I 00 ZL I 00 OL | & | Gg 02 ), 0g OF OF co 0 OOD WRAttRses scr oo Seas es Banos sna s saa I TS
I 00 &T I 00 €I | ST Gg ial OL 0g OF 0g 09 9L 00: Tes I MESSr ses Ses iiss Soros eee oe eee ‘Jas1ouUl0g
I 00 FL I 00 OL | ST | og 0z 69 Gs OF | cg 09 0 G6 SEATS TOSSA LSS aH rW te ee = cae SAL
G 00 81 g 00 FI | 06 | 09 06 GL cs OF 0g OL 81 i ie Miiepintaon bone? \ Scots ‘TpAngag
I 00 ST T 00 €— | 02 09 02 Gh 0g CF efe cg 0Z 06 SERA ROSS SCRE SSS Sea oe ae a ee eee] Ort
I 00 8T I 00 SI | GZ OL OZ OL 08 cP cg cg ST OL]. “| 222s F578 P 3 SESasor Se eee ee ‘ON
T 00 8L it O0SP hes eus . | ernie | eeeeen aaa lommnrae 08 cf 0g ), 08 QO) TE © oR o> TSE o SES S55 ag a a me tens TU ClOD [cl
I 00 FL i 00 ZE | 8T 09 cI My GZ OF OF GG ST 06 sure cir taa soe Tsai Seles sen eames aa aa eee Oe
T 00 9T T 00 LE | 02 | 09 eT G), 0g OF GZ 09 CT 66 ae eae eee aie) LG [il LL ONT
zg 00 LT I 00 GL | GZ OL 0% cg Gg OF as 0S GS 06. | FSS5F°5 0 SSS 55 oe eee aie oe “roy dureqyION
T 00 91 I 00 ZL | 06 09 02 OL cP 0g 0g 69 02 O01) | PSiSSsSsPsSae ese eereeaeerana re tee boo “moq,uoW
(6 00 LT z 00 €— | 08 Gh 06 GL, OF CF cP 0g 0G 06) ||" 2" 255nF Sage aaah aera tare ‘AIDULOSJUOT
T 00 ST T 00 ST | 08 09 cI Ch a OF 0g OL 0 G6 SOF 23 GS Spee ORDERED Dice aie ns Eee oe a OL ULOTE
T 00 ST T OD ;G lie) aaares alee Bina GT OL itd Gs OF 0g LT (U0 LF @ ESS a ce gates ener tLe S ant © ee SE
I! 00 ST T 00 ZL | 6T 09 ST 08 0g oF Gg 0G SI &6 Segoe: Sp ae ae Be es ee ie LON
I 00 8T Z 00 FL | 08 04 06 06 GB Ob= er lleggae tio OL 0z GET Se See ee i a i os ee es = OSI
Z 00 9T Fd 00 @I | 08 09 09 GL 0g OF 08 09 CT O00 alia ars ae a es ee Se ‘SUlULOOAT
T 00 &T i 00 ZI | Sz 09 0Z GL OF CF cg 09 & QOPTS | Se Seoee = cer es ent Pie
ae 00 8 | §1r 00 #1 | G2 OL 0% cL OF ce os eg cer G6 ae ba ee ee ee <a ae _ UsTge'l
Z 00 8t | §L OOUF [essere saenieane “=! 02 GL OF OF OF 09 02 06 Ciera ela Ste Sia? ee eee, WON
T 00 ST iL 00 ZE | ST : og 0@ QL 08 0S 0s 09 81 c6 ce 4 oe) eo pe ge ee ee ae i ROD Cena E

| Sac EY at |

Ve)
I
onl
uw
é
al

g

SSSPESSSSSS
E

Off. Doc.
AN OLN
Sree

ZSERR

Le |

bo |

De eB oo |

SOS SSSARe

HAG LQ HOH SH eH HI OO
SSSESSESSS
ae

eeggeeags

N
al

RSSSSSSSssse isSsssszsess

LD 1D

I~

ANN CO
ere

SSSSSESSSSSSSSES

Hr
nae

HANAN AO
re SI oe Be

RSSSSSRSSSSRSSSRSSRESES
SR tL G0 0 et eH) MES a EY se Ie 200 ise inc et st ete
SSSSSSSSESSSSSSSSESESEES
ESSSGSSABSSRSISLRRSLIRS

ET SASH IGYS LES SHH 10109 LS st

z
B

“SOM

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
*punod Jed ‘ssoy 4eq
*punod asd ‘sjzvoys ‘oulmMg
‘punod Jed ‘yey ‘s1aaq19
*peoy iJod oSviaAv ‘snop
“peoy dod oseieAR ‘soln
*peoy Jod esvieae ‘sas1oy

“prey dod ese10AV

*punod Jed ‘aa ‘suayoiqa
“peoy tod osevisas ‘squeT

*punod dod ‘posseip ‘suoyo1yO
*‘punod tod ‘Surpaesy 10f ‘s19049

------------------------------------------------ ‘9IVAVLTOCT
mS Ba a ee ee BOE
See iG Fh SSS SIS Soe aa “pue[iequino
-------- --------------------------------------- ‘pLlOJMBID
wn - n+ $+ = 22-2 -- = - 2-2 === = = 22-2 o 2-5 ---------- ‘viquinjop
FoR SORES SS rea cs ee ae ee aes TOA TITT GC)
aa laa ai cee O(c) P1118)
a ea AC 0) 1 (0)

Rae Sa oe SS ATA Star Ses area a es eT ‘WO1IUIB
ee aE TE SS 5 SEE TSS SATE ESS Se eee ‘vliqmep

SSI eS Oh rena
PREIS SSS SE SS SS eS ayo njostay
------+-------------------------------------------- ‘TaABIg
oa 2-2 n+ == oon - = 2-2 =~ = 2 === == == + ------- ‘ZuOIjSuWIy
------------------------ ----------------------- ‘Aud SLY
BR Se Se restr aaa Satis saa Ser eaase se US iyiajo) 7

*3a1]UNn0D

penulju0oO—TT6t YOOX LYOdHU dOUO

70

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. tal

No. 6.

=)
ir)
1 CVD SH SH SH xt LH HL

=
—
Host HO

'
'
'
!
!

S S
ito) =
SHH 1 HQ HD

=
19

SSSSSESSSSSS8 |8
SH seH SH OY) SH LSS HL SH eH SH SHLD Ps

00 F

SSSssssE
Ho SH HL eH

00 2

00 09
00 0G
00 SP
00 0G
00 OF
00 OF
00 SE
00 OF
00 OF
00 OF
00 G&

00 OST

00 OST

00 GAT
00 SLT
00 006
00 006
00 006
00 OST
00 SL

00 002
00 006
00 GLI
00 006
00 GLT
00 OST
00 OST
00 O9T
00 002
00 SLT
00 OST
00 0ST
00 OST
00 GLT
00 SLT

00 00%

00 GL1$

00 osT$

00 OST
00 OST
00 006
00 OST
00 OST
00 OST
00 0ST
00 OSL
00 OST
00 OST
00 SéL
00 OST
00 SZT
00 OST.
00 G2T
00 O&T
00 OST
00 OST
00 OST
00 006
00 00%
00 OCT
00 OST
00 OST
00 OST
00 GLI
00 008
00 GLT
00 SLI
00 OST
00 OST
00 OST
00 OST
00 0&T
00 OST
00 OST
00 OT
00 OST
00 C@L
00 0ST
00 OST
00 0ST
00 OFT
00 GLT

eet, ined a BR i Pee ieee te Ay

a i as SRE Le ee RE eae oF aa LO
aS eR ee ae *“SUIULOAL A

Fan 5 ie Pah or SL ae ee ‘PUB [AIOUIISA A
Baedarsai et Ghee Lae Ee SR ee ee AN.
=e yA) Be RL REA ape ae aa ee el OP CELLS NNN
SSS Sn an Sn ae “Odie AA

SE ae ine ie a a a ae ---- *eguuryenbsng
MMC GEER Aso Lie Sn ee ERS S ae CeALTOS
SSeS go Saar Se oa oe ee aed a a ee OR LO TLL
PS a ec gia ga a laa PASTE
SEED pEr een ee es ere NS
SRS RS Se oe er a a nae ee eae *10190q
pe ahaa a pes pipe a ete ai aot EI tbe

Bais Data eae ha eee Fo bie aie St Ge ‘viydpapellqud
iii ate elle ig a= ae ee oe ce gg Fa a, ALOE,

Ce ee ee ae ee aoa ON LOU CETL
Sea Saale pa SS Se ee udaatwnariapnio
piaerinas apaa ies caine ve eae ee OSE! inatoynhaiay iy;
STE ae SST See aaa peo pier ae Sates ae AOL OT CRRA
Br peas ee oe ee See eS Uo 10H
eeaiainie a tae apie ware a ase gears ae YAN
sSse nese pass arash 2esicar oa sss onan Sooo eS ona
Se ee OC generar SSS Ub SEH]
See ee ee eo ree me TTL OD Abt
FSO GS CSS ESSE Deri vagl a
a ial ian et ai a II Ny Tg 929
mT OTE CON|
---------------+---------------------------- “~~ *90Ta.IM BT
Fe oe eee OO REO UGaT
Be ee eee eee eo RUB ALR WO BHT
------------------------------------------------- “eqerone
pens ae ESS ioia cio aoe et See IS) Caras muyensig
feiss ia IOS Ee ae soe SSE es eae ASSO Thor igeyoa
[Fae Seer aae age eee ee rae wae ‘copsuljuny,
Wide east or a on a ee reeae Seo ‘amaary
|

SS Ete Cela Eee i OE ae San an SO a aCOnte
ep ee See ach a faa ec el Ct tee CHAE

ny Mee on eta eta ir is i eld SF ae ep ee

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

72

cI ]

“punod Jed ‘Aou0y]

*punod Jed ‘fea, ‘ooonqoy,

&% 90 og I | 08 4 09 60 0 90 90 og CT Ps Rie IO vis illo
o¢ (90 |ost | os w =| go }8 [Ot fOr foe |O0t | Qk | meen te penmcea === ----- ‘poypequing
& 0 og t | 08 86 OF OL OL OL OL Ue Mi ia i a ee ee ee ‘pIOTMVID
og 90 00 Z (7 83 0S 60 LO 10 10 06 00 L O} ~~ Sass SS te ances ‘BIquIn[OD
8% 90 O13 | 08 o% og 20 90 90 80 OO Te, (Qe T9100, . —|\S2eseseeae tee epee nao “UO,
Os 40 00 Z GE 08 Gg 60 60 80 80 00 T 00 T GL || Sse ss SESS apa pes as oases os ‘pjayiBeao
G 90 oot | 08 1G 09 90 90 10 20 MOT | 08 T| Gh =|. Sa-seeSegee a eeepc UTI)
0€ 20 08 T Gg e 0g OL 60 80 80 06 00 T GL [SES SSSA Seale ey See ee *IaqsoyO
&@ Go: Sayre 08 % oF 10 <0 0 90 oor | oot |. MEMES Nc iis Kone nS
0g SI 002 | 8 08 09 10 90 0 80 QE Dare ROOKE ©.1(0R) «| -*-#-S~5235q0c >= seen ceneeaas cee MOU
ze 90 oot | 2 08 0g 60 80 60 60 OSA MOOG AMIE OO =f | <o=-- 2-227" =e sec ep remeee ones STONED
og | 80 ore | 8 08 99 80 90 80 60 OOT | OST | 08 RMIEENET ESS. GS eee EC IO)
og 10 OPT | 2 08 0g 80 80 80 80 e200 Ne | Mt) a Nee oc ee “Lop
| 08 90 GI | 2% 08 OL OL 40 Ww 80 GL 06 Of” ad | So oso2h 2-27 ~Sh== Saga ene ee ‘syong
8% 99 | OT | 08 8% a OL 80 30 80 GL at aL Me area hs es) 2) C000) 0104°0 1
G 90 Ger zs 8B Gg 80 90 90 90 | OL 00T | 09 | Sepa Sa SES SSS SSS UCIEST
0g 9 |or | 08 ag 80 80 90 90 O00 A100 “Tis Rp ae aise tach = =o Sao ae +0
cS 90 | Oc T 86 GG GG LO 90 99 90 0S 00 T 09. ae ee hs yur ar ae ie ae b) OO} Offa
8% 40 | 091 | 48 08 oh 60 60 80 60 00 E 17186 Ths WOO Resa ase eeeacein es 2='sS557~=4 ===" So See
8% 20 0ST | 08 83 eo) 80 80 30 my Gh OO Te ilies 9 + kas epee geseg gy 277 tue,
og 80 og 2 | OF cg OL 60 60 60 OL 7) 0010 200i || Bane ae naga eee aes 5 Amu say:
ag 08 | Go 08 | og TS | Ge 08 | 08 OF | 09 08 | 80 08 | 90 08 | 90.08 | 20 08 | 09 OF | 00 1S | 9 OF | Cerin sas ke rao ‘SURV
be eel ’
9 am a ce SS ot a ° ie = £ © is}
wa : . Sees ge ES ‘S & 3 =I az iS =
z ae on ° = o = im : 8 a
Ke) o 4 Gein : oO 4 io) a Sa .
= & bp o n fa 8 . cs) ‘s ; |
| 2. 2) a=! od z 2 Ee 0 ® 5 Z iS
a ” g 5 g Ko) oe a é re iS 5
Q = 5 i Z 2 z a >
8 = = iS) iS) S = 3 S| E 5 o I
5 4 2 fo) is) = 5 fe) B ® my = a
5 ¢ is oO n
2 ‘= 5 - So 2 2 Gly oar He ake heel be
Eg 5 2 a ©, e = : > 5 *sargunod
Pes leet a =
. co g 3 © .
8 & g
= 3 2
5 0g 0g
[oy] fa") f°)
nm
i) 2
co co
‘OIA “FMA ‘s9pqQvyjasaA

ponuryuoj—TT6élt YOHX LYOCdHH dOUd

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 73

No. 6.

aS
don

is)
cD
ar

CO ee Oe SS De oe De |

‘SBSSRSBSSASESES

‘Zs
inet

Ts 0$ | 82 0 | So 0b 80 08
OS 86 GG 40
&& 0S 09 OL
os 08 OL OL
cs 08 0S 6L
0s GG 09 80
06 86 0G OL
(aa 0¢ ag
OS 83 09 60
0& 83 Gg 60
08 83 0G 60
O¢ 82 09 0
0& 8Z 09 80
QS 8Z 09 OL
(acy 86 09 OL
OS 83 0S ae
6S 0S 09 OL
9§ (eq 04
92 FG 0S LO
0§ 86 09 OT
OS 82 0g
86 FG G9 OL
Ge 08 G9 OL
8G 96 0¢ 60
08 96 09 80
8a ina 0G 80
6 83 cy 90
¥§ 0S Sia 80
Gs 0§ Gg OL
cs 08 OF 80
08 84 0g OL
08 Gs 09 Or
08 9% 09 60
0€ 82 G9 OL
0g 82 GG 90
3 08 oF L0
0g 86 cg 80
0s GS 09 60
83 FG 09 90
82 GS oF 90
(Ga 0€ 09 80
82 Cs cc 60
08 08 GL, 60
cg 0g 0¢ 80
cs 08 gg 60
cg 08 09 10

OL

AAA Ae

nnd be oe De be Oe |

daar

mea AeA

nad

Shaan sane gee ae oer MOS LONE

Soo SS ae ee LON
SF ee ee a ee ee ONY
pee ie Sa ee ae Ee DUS LO TIA RONG
Pe Ee a en eer OU AN
Se Lee Lee a ea ee ee ee OL OLA
RIESE Sek ee es Se a ae SALON

ae eS ata hahaa Cine ‘os URI A
SS SF STS aaa nee ar ae EOL IT)
SR GSSTr SAS moa eae ome ae ee “VB SOLL
Sa ee oe SOUL ELON Ostia
TER Sees ee ae ae ‘UvAlTINS

SRS NO Saale Sa tga at oemrarmee a OO SiLO LUO
SO ren ee ene ee TOTAL
SIMUREE CASS Sha ieee ee ee OTS
MESHES ES rt eee sae oo eae mee ON Orly
TRS ESE ES RS ae ee ae ae a ‘Od
PRESS SS Soa a ae OOO pete
MSHRE STS SSE SRDS og eel ate AGILE
SOS ES Se SS Se eae OUI TOC CULE LO NT
SO SS Te a ee on “TOIdUIBvyyION
BT Se RE RE ee ae eae EO ILONI AL
SG STARS BOSS SEAS alee saat *AIOULOSJUOP
Se ee aE ao Sag a ne mA CHLILOA
mentee ek “UHUO
SSSESSA Eo aes SSS Ss 2 ae a LO TAL
a gl ae aaa eC ER EL OTS TAT
SE Sar TE Rk ee LN GIUL ONIN T
SRST SoS Tatas Saas 2 ee LL aa
pee gobs ati ook eee ee Maite ti
pica a is tahet Neaie Nanieeg ara CONDE OL FL
2 SSISe Sa Se Sen a Is DE ae ROD UGA GET
Hanes SSE oe SaaS nS ana ae war TO) S BOLO)
Be Se oe aes meee UG a OT OCT

SS SiS aaa se Pe eee oe ‘eqerone
Sori ber Sooo ae ae oo a Age ar TORO Loe
TS Spe ewe ee ee a ee ‘vuripuy
SESS Pe a ee ee ‘cdepsununyT

Sn nm eee | OTA GIS)
Bae a ae ee men ny
Sa i a aia) ng pineuc)itire
= nn--- - = = 5 -- == 2 = 2 2 oe eee anne eee “qso1OuT
Sh am oo nena an oa eo Onn onan

SSR PRS SE Se a ee ee eee oe ee “OLUT

we a oe ww = = en oe a en 8 MT

oa + = 22 - = 2 == = 2-2 nnn m ‘aIRMelAT

Off. Doc.

74

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

00 € GL T 00 008 | 0¢ T G1 00 02 { 00 00%) 0009 , 0008 [--------{------ Bele 4| 2 ee Tela TET SE ER ee ee EO
00 € GLI 00 008 | Of T @ 1 00 02 | 00 002 | 00 0S QONGE Migs S27 encore) na RI | ook |e an | oe aa SS ee *purplequng
00 € 00 @ 00 0SZ | OS T 00 T 00 06 | 00 00% | 00 08 00 SF | SE 0€ 08 KG 86 OD pal) See eae, ee a OE ee, ‘pLOJMBID
0S @ 0s T 00 008 | GZ T 00 T 00 06 | 00 00% | 00 OS COO die |e cian ees een | eae ool cae ee I= ale ee eal a. e pe “Biquinjop
0c @ 0S T 00 086 | G6 L 00 T 00 0Z | 00 00Z | 09 OF 00 09 | GZ ia GB IZ GZ 0G ESCA Seo a OER en SL LLOOUID).
Oo | OST | 00007 |S3T | 00T | 0062 | do ore | 009% | 0008 |-----77-[---77---|-7>----- Reza Ween sia 8z SSS oe oes a ee eee TROT)
00 € 00c | 00 SZ | OST Go T 00 06 00 006 | 00 9a 00 0S (as 86 82 GG SG 06 SSeS SSS Sc Se Ee Pe LOLLE TO
oos | S24 | 00008 | ¢2t | oot | 0008 | 00002! 00 0F | 0099 |-------- RErS355 | eae Pa Sel a ee eS eee ---- *raqsayO
00 @ 08 L 00 08% | GZ T 00 T OO'ST || 00 OSE | 30.0% || S002) = | SS saa a en pte |e eee Rete GANA tie aman oa aba co aes os ha ‘aqua
0c Z SG. TL | 00 098 | OST GT 00 02 OO UMS: Sas eros piMm@ee kt sci: = tee PARA aia atl cas ins G2 SS eaters meen tn URS HNAO)
oc € 00 2 00 O8F | OS T ¢ T 00 08 OOPS «| aen a ee ae ao ae Stet Soh a ROME |Reeebeey be55 55,50. 0. sce Sieve “dolomle
Oc € 006 =| 00 009 | OO T CSL 00 OS 00 0S S | 0& & 16 O§ Cn iS ores tn Ss “elIquieD
00 Of T | 00 088 | 0¢ T 00 T 00 Ge 00; $0) 9 Fe = SSS eae eal enn RD [LAG of > 1) pao oe ae ee ma “Io[JNEL
00s | GAT 00 Oz | 0¢ L | OOT 00 Ge OOS pee OS Re SSE | ea mame ae mea (Danii ies) || ae ea am *syong
00 § 00G | 00 See | Set 00 T 00 &Z 00 OF 0& | ¥6 9% 1@ 8% 0G SEL ETF ASTI EE SEE EEE Sa ae eae ae cme OO [ae
0¢3 | 004% 00 098 | G21 | 001 | 00 a Q0K08 5 pare son same tan kOe tard 82 DE eras [Paseo se <a ee ela.
OOf | GAT | 00 088 | Sct 00 T | 00 2 OO; G25 | eas a ee Te | Pak ene ea CGE eee |psences vere. oo a SS ares SLOT
00 GL T 00 008 | €Z I 00 T 00 SI ND 0G. Bay Rae Sa yl ss alle con ae (ees ls eRaaie ecm ay nec Ti See “ploypogd
0g Z OS I | 00 OSs | SZ T OT | 00 0% QONOGs ee Sae cl pene - heal ee aieeg | ener Ge = SSS oo an a aeheeene ~_ MOAB OST
00 € 00e@ | 000% | OST |Get | 0008 ( D000" Se tee hee aes Sees a eeren id | eae | aon otee ber Senate reac Ss Po suonsufiy
oes |} 008 | 00088 OFT | OOL 00 0% | 00-08L | 00.02 | 00 OOT | 08 08 | 90 08 | 86.08 | Sc.0R TT Aud soy
OS @& | GZ I$ | 00 Oss) cz TS | 00 TS | 00 STS | 00 COSTS] 00 OFS | 00 Seb [------—- Fetes jiu |g gia aera Laat Rial ies ce wot. a aaa SUE DY)
Hy | by ty} tx} he hj he] ry : < =
= 2 of of o of © o wo 2 4 . 4 A 4 a =
os (= os og I Bid g eg og fo} } re) iS} fo) fe)
ES 5 p 5 2 B = qe 5 ae ae ce = best = = =
aS : aes — = n
iS = See Pot = 53 3 5 = | 5 5 5 5 “ E
ey 0 og 2 a3 a9 99 3 Se = ra & S 5 5
= g 3 a8 & g & & : = a = se o ot
eli 5 S 4 . a « 5 S . .
a : : =f 5 a
a eee ee gle eolese eRe eo Bee |e eees ale aa ieee
oS 4 =4 cS 5 Ss 2} i 4 c A |
a a o q a a 4 a = 9 be 5 = 2
: & ® g 2 = 3 = a xa, A Fe 3 ia
ma ct wy a : = A o ey : @ = 5 : Be *sorq0n0()
~T oO ~ 1 - 1 £ Q oO nm a
=} fon ry “< 4 5 a : i= =a 5
= a E : S iS io < Fi S
® S a S S 2 :
. a 4 = = —
= = = a 5 o & =| |
< = st fs) ° fe) os ®
oe ee eves BS) Sere
= = = a = a = =
= 9 o ct . RD . 4
Rohs
“SOdBAA ULIVT Jod on[rA *TOOM
‘puey wieq

penurjaojO—TI6t YOHA LYOdHu douo

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 75

No. 6.

SSSSSSSSSSSSSSRSSSSER lS |

a

Z

SEXSBSSRSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSE

AMANNN TR RNA ANANNTR NR ANN TARA MBP ANARATRANRANNTANRRRr

=
oF

00 OFSS

00 008
00 008
00 0SP
00 OOF
00 OOF
00 OOF
00 OOF
00 OOF
00 OOF
00 00§
00 008
00 O0c&

Se a ce ee ee ee ee eS

te)
a
FRR RH RR BRR RRR RBBB RAHN BANNAN Ae

we)
nr
ri

00 028

00 06
00 G6
00 08

00 00e

09 OFZ
00 606
00 086
00 006
00 GLé
00 OFZ
00 006
00 00%
00 008
00 O08
00 006
00 006
00 LT
00 0G6
00 008
00 006
00 OFZ
00 OST
00 00e
00 OST
00 06%
00 ins
00 006
00 002
00 00Z
00 0°@
OC 00¢
00 002
00 00%
00 Se
00 006
00 006
00 OFZ
00 002
00 O6T
00 OST
00 00Z
00 00@
00 O8T
00 0ST
00 OZ
00 UFG
00 008
00 08%
00 0¢@

00 OFS

00 0S
00 OF
00 0S

. CG
---2+---| 97
cu 02

SE ees oer le oe OREO

‘x10 X
“SUIUIOA MM
‘puBlLeLOULgsa AA
“ouLB AA
Srp SS ee EP es EE UO SOU Sant
Rk. SORT See eS ee PR oe aN,
‘osuvuo,
“aol
“Vs0lh,
Se ee ee a ga oar a UO UGS TLS
“UBATTNS
“JasTaULOg
‘rapAug
THEHLAN IDS
SSeS. Cale oP a a OE Ord
“‘OId
“vig dapeiled
bate nines he ans deter a a) Nt) ST
‘purteaquinyy1oNn
“WORdUIR ION
*‘mMmoqUopT
‘{T9UlOS UOT
ne en SSS SETI SS i i ale ieee OURO
“UNOHAL
SEER SSS FROST SOS oan aa eS LEH
“TRAIN
‘SUIUTOOA'T
‘ouraZN'T
“YSstto’y
‘mourqaT
Ste Sra ae Se Se er ee eee ODO ALENT
‘raqsRouv'y{
‘RUURAR YOR'T
‘eqyerone
“WOS1O OP
‘nuvipuy
Se ee toe ie ee DODO UE
ag aCe ae Tape ae a aT ae er CIN)
Sang Sa ae rie SS Se ee ae saa Coho ality
‘UlYAV LT
Se Se Se ee ae Ce LO
‘aq 0A
‘Oy
iicg
‘AIVMULAG

76 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The following comparison of tables for the past nine years shows
the prices of the various products of Pennsylvania:

TABLE OF COMPARISON

1902 1903: 1904 1905 1906 1907 | 1908 1909: 1910

IMG abe ered hes tele see $0.73 | $0.75 | $1.08 | $0.83 | $0.78 | $0.95 | $0.96 | $1.10 $0.95
Oo ay Se aaa 2a he Spel 45 oT -62 57 55 .65 71 715 .65
Oateime tess tach eNO DTee 587 .41 44 .37 40] .58 5D 50 43
Ie) <a ee a eS 53 - 60 -70 63 -61 3 -76 silt 5
Buckwheat. Sass sees 43 57 .58 56 58 68 | ae .70 62
rey RCLOVEDY Leen soe setae my O43 11.40 10.50 10.00 11.00 11.00 10.50: 12.00 12.00
Faye muinn OG e ue aoe ee 10.47 14.00 12.00 12.00 13.50 | 16.50 13.00 15.00 15.00
Horses, average, --------| 84.00 | 115.00 | 120.00 | 181.00 | 145.00 | 148.00 | 150.00 | 150.00 150.00
Mules, Vaverace, Sono oe == | 77.00 | 120.00 | 125.00 | 139.00 | 155.00 | 155.00 | 160.00 | 160.00 175.00
Cows, average, ---------- 28.00 3.00 35.00 385.00 38.00 37.00 36.00 38.00 42.00
Lambs, average, -------- 2.76 3.50 3.507 8.95 4.15 4,25 4.00 4.00 4.06
Ewes, average, —--.------ 2.81 3.45) 3.50} 4.10 4.50 4.75 4.50 4.25 4.00
Steers, fat, per pound, —-| .05 04 O44 04 -05 .05 05 .06 06
Steers, for feeding, per |

DOUG yy ==. Sea ee 08 | -03 03% -03 04 04 04 .05 .05
Swine, shoats, per pound, .06 06 | .06 -05 06 06 | .06 .07 -08
Hogs, fat, per pound, _-_| 06 06 | 065 -06 .07 -08 07 -08 -09
Chickens, dressed, per |

Pound) ===. ee 11 14 | ni: LS mals: als 14 16 cle
Chickens, live, per pound, .08 .10 10! 10 aulil 10 10 12 eile
Apples, per bushel, ___-__ «35 50 44 -70 -5d . 70 .70 .85 .75
Peaches, per basket, -__- “15 1.15 | 82 -90 1.10 1.500) 8 1220 1,25 1.50
Pearse per pbushela =a) 81 .98 £94 90) -90 1.10 -85 1.10 -95
Plums; (per quart, 22222-— -06 | 07 .08 07 -07 08 -07 07 07
Cherries, per quart, —-- .06 .08 .08 -08 07 09 07 .08 .08
Blackberries, per quart,_- -07 .07 -08 .07 07 .08 .07 .09 08
Raspberries, per quart,-_ -08 .08 .09 -08 .08 -09 .09 07 .08
Potatoes, per bushel, _- .50 58 soe .59 .60 .70 -80 -70 F335)
Butter, per pound, at ‘

Biores tet £22 eee 18 24 o2e 22 oe 27 eran .28 28
Butter, per pound, at

maT Ket es ea eee ees 22 24 24 25 27 30 30 82 spall
Milk, wholesale, per 100

WOUNGS Ray, ao oe sae 1.16 1.41 1.50 1.30 1.50 1.50: 1.30 1.40 1.60
Milk, retail, per quart,-_-_ -05 .05 05 05 . .06 -06 06 07 07
Hees Der dozen, t=. 18 22 .24 24 25) 52 nel 28 -28
Wool, short, unwashed, -- 16 18 21 25 25) -26 -20 -26 21
Wool, short, washed, __ cay, 24 .28 -oL 30 so as, 30 -26
Wool, medium, un-

washed... 2whto2 Se. Sure 18 eu 26 -26 or 22 .28 23
Wool, medium, washed, -20 -25 .30 32 SBA ~32 -26 32 28
Wool, long, unwashed, -- 15: 19 23 29 BO) 28 24 30 .26
Woolh washed sy 2-22ss28e2 24 25 31 oA 34 33 30 34 30
Farm land, improved,

value per acre, --------| 49.00 | 56.50 | 57.00] 55.00 | 60.00) 60.00 | 60.00 | 60.00 60.00
Farm land, value per

acre, average, -..-..=-- 33.00 39.00 37.00 35.00 40.00 38.00 38.00 40.00 40.00
Farm wages by year,

with board, --_---_----_| 153.00 | 187.00 | 185.00 | 190.00 | 210.00 | 225.00 | 200.00 | 200.00: 200.00
Farm wages, summer

MOUENS OMlyen = 2 | O00 20.00 20.00 19.00 20.00 22.50: 20.00 20.00 20.00
Farm wages, by day,

WithibO andy ees asa .86 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.10 1.45 1.05 1.10 1.10
Farm wages, by day, ‘

Without pOard.,s=.—sse== abs 1.40 1.35 1.35 1.40 1.45 1.35 1.40 1.40
Farm wages, whole year,

Withowr moOande eens s ne” 196.00 | 280.00 | 300.00 | 295.00 | 300.00 | 315.00 | 310.00 | 325.00 340.00
Farm wages, harvest by

Gay. (32 ee eek ey 1/328 1.56 1.60 1.60 1.65 1.75 Mey: alr gs 1.50
Farm wages, household

help;) tfemalets eee 2.05 2.35 2.50 2.50 2.50 Peete Pants, 2.75 3.00

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 77

The following gives the acreage, amount produced and value of Cereals,
Potatoes and Hay grown in Pennsylvania; also the number and value of the
different Farm Animals and Pennsylvania’s rank among the different states
of the Union for the various products enumerated in the year 1910.

CEREALS, HAY AND FARM PRODUCTS

Tc
d 2 | |
, 2S VS —
© > ov =
on 3 eS c =
> so) KE 5 rs]
5 z Se = s
| <q | AY <j > MD
I
) | { { |
Bie ative rs 360,000 | 5,508,000 bu. | 18 bu. | $4,406,000 | 1
POOR, cane 305,000 | 28,790,000 by. |_------_------| 15,464,000 | 2
AGES ean SS a ee ea 998,000 | 25,948,000 bu. | 32 bu. | 12,740,000} 12
Vn ea teem ett hen! bat US 1,545,000 | 26,000,000 bu. | 20 bu. | 28,629,000 | 10
(C@itt, 3h a ae ee 1,525,000 | 48,800,000 bu. 35 bu. | 34,160,000 | 18
IBitckwheatweee nes ast eee 290,000 5,655,000 bu. 20 bu. | 3,845,000 | 2
ict Vinee ee ee ee ease 3,118,000 B42 OOO LONE) \aaeaaenn ne eae | 54,633,000 | 2
TEs oe eet PERRET el ME ney Me eae A ice cir
|
FARM ANIMALS
3 ee
oO
E E E
S s :
ZA > R
TELCO a 619,000 | $81,708,000 il
iele sama ae ae Se eS ae a ee ee 43,000 6,235,000 18
RWG CONG Ea Se ee A oe Ee ESE 1,140,000 44,460,000 5
Op nerm cat ley arae sree et ee aks Sa ee ee 917,000 | 17,606,000 17
See Dees an aes ial ee Sars 2 is eo oe naan eee 1,112,000 5,338 , 000 14
Sy ee Ee ee eee 931,000 |_ 8,444,000 | 15
RIP OZ ee oe oe ae 2 ee Se ae ee ee 87520005 0005 wba 60; 000m Ea =ees
— ES |e
TOGA, === == nf nna nn $178,951,000 |__._—_
}

CONCLUSION

This report shows an attendance at the Institutes proper greater
than any previous year. <A deep seated desire on the part of the
farmers of Pennsylvania to arrive at a true conclusion as to the best
and most approved methods to follow in their various lines of farm
operations is freely manifested. The call is for more thorough in-
struction as the years go by. We have endeavored, to the extent of
our ability and resources, to meet the requirements in this respect.
in the Movable Institute School work, at which scientific research
is demanded as well as practical knowledge, we find that this higher
order of instruction is measureably meeting the demands of such
localities where the farmers have concentrated their efforts in two
or three special lines of farm operations, or have become specialists
in dairying, horticulture or poultry. The schools in such places

78 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

become a moving power in the development of a high degree of in-
telligence and more earnest effort in the application and practice of
real business methods in agriculture. The outgrowth of the Institutes
and Movable Schools of Agriculture is a demand, first, for an addi-
tional appropriation for the Schools and Institutes of not less than
$10,000; and, further in order to enforce the woik, an appropriation
should be made for the employment of a limited number of practical
and scientific counsellors whose business it would be to visit farms
of the State and there advise and counsel with the farmers along
their respective lines of work, thereby explaining, in a personal
manner, many things that would vastly help in the upbuilding of
the great work throughout the State.

With full assurance that when these requests are made to the com-
ing Legislature, this greatest of occupations will receive such recogni-
tion as their needs demand, I am,

Very respectfully,
A. L. MARTIN,
Director of Institutes.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 79

REPORT OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD
COMMISSIONER

Harrisburg, Pa., December 31, 1911.
Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture:

Dear Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the Dairy
and Food Bureau of the Department of Agriculture, for the year end-
ing December 51, 1911. It covers the operations for the year and con-
tains some details that may be useful for public information.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

The work of this Bureau of the Department of Agriculture is very
precisely determined by the language of the several State food
acts. The general body of food statutes remained, with two excep-
tions presently to be mentioned, the same as in preceding years;
hence, the general character of the work in the past year has been
like that of the years immediately preceding. Since the general
nature of this work has been quite fully discussed in preceding reports,
it probab equires no discussion of its principles at this time.

There have, however, been added to the statutes, the enforcement
of which the Legislature has committed to the care of the Dairy and
Food Bureau, two new and important laws, which call for especial
consideration in this connection.

THE SAUSAGE ACT

The first of these two acts is what is generally known as the sausage
act, approved on the 6th day of April, A. D. 1911. This act defines
sausage, prohibits the selling, the offering and exposing for sale and
the possessing with intent to sell, of sausage that is adulterated, under
the definitions of the act, and then in a third section declares that
the following conditions shalk be regarded as adulterations:

First. The addition of water in excessive amounts, beyond the limit
specifically indicated by the law.

Second. The presence of any cereal or vegetable flour.

Third. The presence of coal tar dyes, certain chemical preservatives
and other substances injurious or deleterious to health.

Fourth. The presence of diseased, contaminated, filthy or decom-
posed substance, products from a diseased animal, or one dying other-
wise than by slaughter, or from substances so stored, transported, or
handled as to render them unfit for use in foods.

Prior to the passage of this act, it had been known for some time
that serious abuses existed, widespread, in the sausage trade. It is

6

80 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

true, that owing to the National Meat Inspection Act, the raw ma-
terials used for the production of this very generally used food pro-
duct were, in all large establishmenis, brought under the careful ex-
amination of government experts, and that, as a result of the National
inspection, the sanitary character of the meats used had been quite
fully insured, as iespects the sausage produced in establishments of
such extent as to come within the scope of the National Act. Further-
more, the enactment and enforcement of the Pennsylvania law, by
which the slaughter of animals for use as food is placed under the
supervision of the State Veterinarian, have materially increased the
safety of the public with respect to the products coming from the
smaller local butchering establishments. It is believed, therefore, that
the sanitary risks had been quite materially reduced, if not wholly
removed, as the result of the operation of the national and state laws
just mentioned.

With respect to the use of artificial coloring, by whose employment
to dye the casing of sausage, its appearance is so changed as to
deceive the purchaser concerning its quality, and to lead him to accept
as a prime article sausage made from inferior meats, prosecutions
brought under the general food law of the State had very largely
diminished this undesirable practice. The same statement applies
also to the use of boric acid and other preservatives, formerly much
used by some sausage manufacturers.

The incorporation into the present sausage act, of these sanitary
provisions, and also of those relative to the use of coal tar dyes
and of chemical preservatives in sausage, was made necessary, how-
ever, because of the legal principle of giving to recently enacted laws
priority of application over laws earlier enacted upon the same
subject. The purpose of the reenactment of the special provisions
here under consideration, was to make sure that the general principle
adopted by the Legislature in enacting the Pure Food Law of May 13,
1909, should also apply in the case of sausage.

The most important new features appearing in the present sausage
act, are those prohibiting the addition of excessive amounts of water,
and of cereal or vegetable flour. For the information of the consumer,
I desire to state, in this connection, the reasons for urging the in-
clusion of these prohibitions in the present sausage act, which, in this
respect, differs not at all in principle from the general food act, but
only in making specific a prohibition already implied in the general
food law, to the end that the manufacturers, the consumers and the
courts might more clearly understand and more efficiently enforce
these principles, as they affect sausage.

The general definition of sausage, incorporated in the act, is es-
sentially that adopted by the Association of Offitial Agricultural
Chemists and the Association of National and State Food and Dairy
Departments, upon the recommendation of their joint committee on
food standards, who had devoted several years to the study of the
subject, and had not only familiarized themselves with the literature
pertaining to it, but had visited packing establishments and conducted
extensive correspondence with, and granted hearings to, the sausage
manufacturing trade. It is recognized that under the name “sausage,”
and more particularly under its German equivalent “Wurst,” a great

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 81

variety of materials has been included, and that in certain compara-
tively rare producis, such, for example, as bread sausage (brodwurst),
‘bread crumbs were essential ingredients. It was clear, however, that
the addition of such materials to ihe general body of products recog-
nized under the name “sausage,” was abnormal, and generally re-
garded, even in Germany, the. home of sausage, as an abuse. The
objection to the introduction of starchy substances, such as cereals
and vegetable flour, is not, of course, owing to objections to them as
unfit for food, or as absolutely lacking in food value, but because they
replace and, especially with the water they hold, make possible the
omission of very considerable quantities of the normal sausage sub-
stance, meat. The result is that the consumer, who buys the sausage,
is deceived. He supposes that he is securing for his use, a purely
meat product, except for the seasoning used in the sausage mixture,
when, as a matter of fact, he is made to pay meat price for starchy
substances, costing at wholesale not more than three cents per pound,
and for much larger quantities of water, costing the manufacturer
practically nothing. This condition is manifestly undesirable.

In fairness to the manufacturer, his arguments for the use of these
materials ought here to be stated. He claims, in the first place, that,
during the operation of chopping the meat and seasoning it, to fit it
for making high quality sausage, it is necessaiily exposed, in a finely
divided condition, to the air, and thereby loses a considerable portion
of its normal water content, and that, consequently, it becomes too
dry to reduce to a mass of such consistence that it can not readily be
stuffed, by the customary processes, into the delicate casings and that
it is necessary, therefore, to add water sufficient to bring the sausage
mass to a consistence fitting it for stuffing. The Legislature, in passing
the sausage act, recognized that there was a measure of fairness in
this claim of the manufacturer, and, therefore, prohibited the addi-
tion of water only in excess of those quantities needed to bring the
meats back to the moisture conditions normal to fresh meats of the
kind used, believing that no further tolerance of added water is
necessary to the manufacturer who prepares a sausage meat of the
usual tissues, used in common proportions, one to the other.

It may be stated at this point that, in fixing this limit of tolerance
for added water, the Legislature was not making a provision that is
incapable of reasonable enforcement, since it is possible to determine,
by chemical means, the fact that water is or is not present in excess
of the amount normal to fresh meats. Such meats vary very much
in moisture, it is true, according as they are derived from fat or lean
animals, but the moisture supply in the meat tissue bears a quite con-
stant relation to the nitrogenous substances of the meat, so that by
determining both the amount of moisture present in the sausage, and
also the quantity of nitrogen, it is practicable to discover wide depart-
ures from the normal relation between these two substances.

The manufacturer has urged that the use of starchy ingredients
in sausage has been quite general in this country, and that the length
of time during which it has been thus used, as well as the large pro-
portion of sausage makers who have followed this practice, should be
regarded as having established for the sausage manufacturer a right
to such practice. There is, however, no evidence to show that the
consumer has been, at all generally, aware that under the name

6—6—1911

82 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

“sausage” he has been buying cereals, or vegetable flour, together
with the very considerable proportions of water they will hold, when
in the cooked state, instead of the meat they replace, and at the prices
of such meat. For this reason, the right to use such materials, at least
without a declaration of their presence, is not to be admitted.

The manufacturer further claims that the use of such starchy ma-
terial in sausage is necessary as a “binder,” that is, as a substance
loosely cementing the meat particles into a common mass and holding
them together, not only during the stuffing process, but also during
the later storage, transportation, and even the cooking. It is true
that certain sausage ingredients, especially lean meats, used without
the presence of other usually included meat parts, do not unite to
form a coherent mass, particularly when the meats are not properly
seasoned, and that, therefore, sausages prepared from these materials
alone lack certain of the desirable qualities of the best made sausages,
and that, in such cases, the presence of cooked starch, holding large
amounts of water, does add somewhat to the appearance, and other
physical characters, of the sausage, but it is also true that cereals
ere not used at all generally, where more expensive, good quality pork
is included as part of the sausage mass, and that starch serves to
give to the inferior sausage, similarity in appearance, and something
of similarity during the cooking, to the more expensive, high quality
product.

Under the provisions of the National Meat Inspection Act, all saus-
ages to which cereal, potato flour, or other vegetable flour, has been
added, are required to declare such addition upon the labels under
which they are sold. These labeling requirements are quite readily
carried out, so long as the product is held in the original, wholesale
package, but are less satisfactorily applicable to the conditions of the
retail trade, in the course of which the product is very commonly re-
moved from the container, so that the buyer is not informed, as it was
intended he should be, concerning the real nature of the product he
is buying. There was a second reason for the course taken by the
Pennsylvania Legislature, in framing the present sausage act: Dry
starch, when cooked in the presence of water, takes up and holds in
the thick paste thereby formed, a number of times its own weight of
water. The declaration, therefore, of the presence of the starch alone,
fails to inform the buyer of the much more important added waiter.

The statement of the results of the examination of sausages retailed
in Pennsylvania during 1911, which will be made in a later paragraph,
must, I believe, convince the public of the need for this legislation.

THE MILK AND CREAM ACT

On June 8, 1911, the Governor approved a new act relating to milk
and cream, repealing all earlier acts, or parts of acts, inconsistent
with the provisions of the new law, but specifically retaining in force
the act of June 10, 1897, prohibiting the adulteration or coloring of
milk and cream by the addition of so-called preservatives or coloring
matter, and the act of April 19, 1897, amending. the first section of
the act just mentioned. The general milk acts thus repealed, es-
pecially the act of 1909, were similar, in their general intent, to the
new act, especially as they related to milk, for both acts prohibited
the watering and skimming of milk, although not prohibiting the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 83

sale, as such of skimmed milk. The older act, however, omitted the
expression of a fixed standard for this important food product, in
this respect at least, that it did not include any statement of the
least quantities of milk solids and of milk fat that would be regarded
as necessary to make milk legally salable for general consumption.

In this respect, the former Pennsylvania milk act differed from
that of most states in the Union, and was far more difficult of en-
forcement.

In fixing limits of composition for milk, the Legislature has, in
reality, recognized a principle not recognized in the preceding State
milk acts, namely, the principle that milk sold without qualification,
under the name “milk,” must not only be free from adulteration by
skimming or watering, but must, also, not be abnormally inferior in
its composition, from causes other than direct manipulation by dairy-
men or milk vendors. It is true that milk produced by different cows
differs very much in composition, and also that there are marked
variations in the composition of milk produced by the same cow,
under different conditions of feeding and management, and at differ-
ent times during the period of lactation. Where, however, good
management, including proper feeding, is maintained, these varia-
tions are less than where poorer methods of management prevail.
There are, it is true, certain rather constant differences in the char-
acter of milk produced by cows of different breeds, or, at least, by
certain strains, or classes of animals in the different breeds; and
among these strains, certain families of the Holstein and other Low-
Jand breeds of cattle quite frequently produce milk low in both solids
and fat. It is also true that animals of these breeds ‘ire heavy
milkers, as a class, and that in many regions of the United States
these breeds have been preferred by dairymen supplying milk for
direct consumption, because of certain advantages they give them
for milk preduction, and in spite of the inferior richness of the milk
they produce.

Certain other facts, however, need to be considered, in determining
public policy with respect to the standardization of this highly
important human food. In the first place, the milk sold at the
present day for direct consumption, is very rarely the unmixed pro-
duct from a single cow, but is usually the mixed product from a herd
of cows. The variations in herds’ milk are, therefore, those which
need, chiefly, to be considered in determining the minimum limits
of composition in normal milk, and the variations in herds’ milk are
very much narrower than those observed in the case of milk from
single cows. It is true that some act of mismanagement of the herd,
may affect all the animals in it at the same time, but the conse-
quences of such mismanagement show themselves much more in the
alteration of the yield of milk, than they do in its composition.
Again, in herds maintained for the purpose of supplying milk for
direct consumption, the cows do not usually become fresh at the same
time, but, rather, are so managed in this particular that the milk
supply shall be maintained as uniform as possible throughout the
year. Consequently, those differences in composition appearing in
the milk of a single cow, as its period of lactation progresses, are,
by no means, so marked in the case of milk from dairy herds kept
for the purpose just mentioned. It must, however, be frankly ad-

84 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

mitted, that there are herds of Lowland breeds which, with no lack
of good management, produce milk that will not uniformly, nor even
in the average case, come up to the requirements of the standards
commonly fixed for market milk. The owner of such a herd is,
however, not driven to the dire necessity of destroying the herd;
all he has to do is to introduce the necessary proportion of animals,
the quality of whose milk is such as to bring the mixed herd’s milk
up to the normal limit; and to accomplish this change, it is not nee-
essary for him even to reject the breed he prefers, because there have
been developed in large numbers, strains of the same breed that are
producing milk consider ably above the minimum limits in composi-
tion, commonly adopted.

It is, possibly, deserving of mention in this connection, that there
is one cause of variation in milk quality whereby the solids-not-fat
of milk are abnormally reduced in quantity, over which the dairyman
has no control, and against which he cannot guard, where the method
of pasturage enters largely into his system of management. It is
generally known, that in prolonged dry Seasons, where the pasture
becomes very short and scanty, the tendency is for the solids-not-fats
to fall from one-fourth to one-half per cent. below the quantity
normal to the animal, and sometimes the diminution of these con-
stituents is even greater. It may be urged that the dairyman can,
by the introduction of food from other sources, keep up both the
milk flow and the milk composition; but it is fair to recognize that
farm management is necessarily complex, and that the control of the
food supply, in the manner just indicated, is one involved with great
difficulty, and not always practicable. On the other hand, the con-
ditions of prolonged drought, sufficient to produce the effects just
described, are quite rare, and the conditions of milk production dur-
ing these rare periods could be accepted as the general basis of
limitation of milk composition, only at a disadvantage to the con-
sumer that must extend through periods of time manifold longer
than those during which these abnormal climatic conditions pre-
vail. It seems, therefore, to be a wiser policy to trust to the judg-
ment of experts examining the milk supply, and of executive officers
charged with the enforcement of the law, to recognize the presence
of these conditions, to modify their recommendations, and .to avoid
the carrying of the law bey ond its true intent, rather than to inflict
upon the consuming public a continuous disadvantage, because of the
rare occurrence of such climatic conditions.

The standards of composition for milk, incorporated in the pres-
ent act, are those proclaimed by the Secretary of Agriculture, under
authority of Congress, and upon the recommendation of a board of
experts who carefully studied the limits established by law in the
several states and municipalities of the Union, and also the com-
position of market milk throughout the United States. From our
knowledge of milk produced in Pennsylvania, a knowledge secured
by the milk examinations made by this Bureau through past years,
together with those made by other public agencies, it-is established
that the limits adopted are safely applicable to Pennsylvania market
milk. ’

The new act differs from the act of 1909, also, in fixing 18 per cent.
of milk fat as the minimum limit for cream, whereas the earlier act
set 15 per cent. as the minimum limit. This change brings the State

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 85

standard into conformity with that recognized by the national
authorities, in dealing with cream that enters into interstate com-
merce between Pennsylvania and the neighboring states. The analy-
ses of market creams made by the chemists of this Bureau, in course
of enforcement of the act of 1909, indicated that an 18 per cent.
minimum for cream would not be unjust in its application to the
cream trade of Pennsylvania.

PUBLICITY POLICY

The foregoing discussion of the new food acts of 1911, illustrates
the fact that the pure food laws of this State,as well as other states,
are, from time to time, undergoing modification in matters of detail
and, in rarer cases, by the recognition of more advanced principles
of public policy. It is nevertheless true, that the main principles ex-
pressed in the general food law lie at the basis, also, of these new
laws, and are not set aside with the modifications of ‘detailed legis-
lation.

It is an assumption of the courts, long recognized as necessary to
the enforcement of laws, that every citizen know the law. It is
not my purpose to discuss, in this connection, the extent to which the
facts support this thory. It is mentioned only as introductory to
the statement, that it is the policy of this Bureau to make every
endeavor to secure a general knowledge on the part of the selling
public, as well as on the part of the consumer, relative to the pro-
visions of the food laws and of regulations issued thereunder, in
order that the practices of the manufacturer and dealer may be, so
far as practicable, brought into compliance with the law without
resort to the method of legal prosecutions.

The agencies employed for the spread of information concerning
new acts and regulations have been various. The work has, in part,
been accomplished by the efficient services of the agents of the Bureau,
in the course of the exercise of their regular duties as purchasers
of samples; in part by articles of information prepared by this
office, and distributed throughout the State by the courteous assist-
ance of the public press; and in part by. addresses made by the
Commissioner, or his representatives, to various trade organizations
concerned.

In pursuance of the policy here outlined, manufacturers of sausage
and dealers in milk were promptly informed of the new legislative acts
affecting their business, with the result, it is believed, that very few
of those engaged in these lines of production failed to have knowledge
of the recently adopted legal requirements, before the work of the
Bureau in the enforcement of these laws by the examination of

samples and the institution of prosecutions, was begun.

In like manner, widespread notice was given when it became eyi-
dent that it was the duty of the Food Commissioner to bring before
the courts, for judicial determination as to its legality, the practice
by confectioners of coating certain classes of their wares with resinous
glazes, such asshellac or the grass gums. One further illustration
of the same policy may be mentioned at this time. TFarlier exper-
ience had shown that stocks of breakfast foods and other cereals,
held through the summer months, often became the subjects of insect
attack during the warm period, and were thereby rendered unfit for

86 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

use as human food. When it was determined, for this reason,
that instructions should be given to sampling agents to give especial
attention during the early fall to commodities of this class, a ecor-
responding notice was issued through the press, urging that retailers
examine their own stocks at once, and remove theiefrom any packages
that had been attacked and rendered unfit for use, to the end that the
consumers might thereby have the needed protection, without recourse
to prosecutions, so far as such warning might serve this purpose.

Speaking generally, it is the policy of the Bureau to use, so far
as practicable, publicity measures of the kind above described as the
first means of enforcing the law, with the hope that they will prove
sufficient, in case of most dealers, so that the more severe measure
of resort to court procedure may be kept down so far as the safety
of the public may permit.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

The Monthly Bulletin of the Bureau has served during the past
year, as during the preceding years, as the means of giving to the
publie current information concerning the work of the Bureau, and
the policy originally adopted by which it was made a medium not
only of statements concerning the statistical work of the Bureau,
but also of general information on the subject of food production
and food control, has been continued.

The demand for these Bulletins and the general interest with which
the public has received them, have continued in such degree as to
prove their value for the purpose stated.

SUMMARY OF WORK FOR THE YEAR 1911

In the Appendix to this report are presented summaries showing
the list of articles purchased by the agents and analyzed by the
chemists of the Bureau during the year, and also a table giving a
list of those classes of articles found adulterated and misbranded,
and made the basis of prosecutions that have been terminated during
the year. The recapitulation of samples analyzed during 1911 shows
a total of 8,200, a number far in excess of the report for any single
preceding year during the existence of the Bureau. The number of
cases terminated also exceeds the previous record, the number being
1,029. The increase in these numbers is due, very largely, to the
greater number of samples of dairy products examined since the
passage of the new milk act of June 8, 1911, the total number of
these samples analyzed since that enactment being 4,957, as com-
pared with 3,296 samples of these products analyzed in 1909.

In the following portion of this report the several classes of food
products analyzed will be considered separately in detail:

DAIRY PRODUCTS

The number of milk samples examined during 1911 was 3,512, a
portion of the work falling under the act of 1909, but the larger part
under the act of 1911. As the result of these analyses, there were

No. 6. ‘ DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 87

prosecuted and terminated for violation of the act of 1911, 418
cases. That is to say, the chemists’ findings showed, on the average,
out of nine samples examined one illegal in quality. The general
character of the analytical results indicates that adulteration by the
addition of water was of as frequent occurrence as that by the
removal of milk fat. It ought further to be mentioned that a very
considerable fraction of the cases instituted were based upon the
analyses of milk sold at hotels and restaurants, which were visited
somewhat more generally than usual. It is clear from these findings
that the public greatly needed the protection which this new milk
act affords.

There were terminated during the year 7 cases brought for the
reason that formaldehyde had been added to milk, no instance ap-
. pearing in which boric acid had been so used. The number of cases
found this year, as compared with the 5 reported for 1910, is not
eut of proportion to the latter number when the difference in the
number of samples in the two years is taken into account. The con-
dition of the milk supply as respects its freedom from chemical
preservatives, remains highly favorable, especially when the wide-
spread use of these objectionable preservatives in the milk supply on
the markets a few years ago is recalled. There were also terminated
during this year, 38 cases brought for milk adulteration, under the
act of 1909, and two brought under the food act of 1907.

CREAM

During 1911, 1,088 samples of cream were analyzed, and during the
year there were 150 prosecutions terminated for the sale of cream
containing less than the standard quantity of butter fat. Supple
mentary sampling of the cream stocks of a number of communities
showed a very wholesome improvement in the quality of the cream
supplied, following the first series of prosecutions brought for vio-
lations of the law.

When it is recalled that within a very few years customers asking
for cream were frequently supplied with a product containing but
6 to 8 per cent. of butter fat, although the cream secured by the old-
fashioned method of skimming commonly contained over 30 per cent.
of fat, it will be realized how much better assurance the householder
can have, under the present act, of getting a fairly uniform, good

cream.
CONDENSED MILK

Duing 1911 there were examined 11 samples of products sold as
condensed milk and evaporated milk, but the present year has wit-
nessed the termination of no case instituted for the violation of the
laws, as they apply to these materials.

SKIMMED MILK AND BUTTERMILK

There were examined during the past year 116 samples of skimmed
milk and 3 samples of buttermilk, the sale of which, under these
specific names, is allowed by the present laws. Three cases of additions
of water to skimmed milk were terminated during the year, showing
that, as respects adulterations by such additions, the skimmed milk
supply is not in a serious condition.

88 ANNUAL REPORT OF TIE Off. Doc.

ICE CREAM

The chemists of he Bureau analyzed, during 1911, 208 samples
of ice cream and similar products. There were terminated during
the same period, 30 cases, for violation of this Act, 28 of these cases
being brought for deficiency in fat below the very mild requirement
of the law, that products sold as ice cream shall contain not less
than 8 per cent. of milk fat.

CHEESE

Seventeen samples of cheese were examined during the year, but
no cases have been terminated for violations of the cheese law. In
general, the findings show the composition of domestic cheeses, at
least, to be up to the normal as respects their fat content.

RENOVATED BUTTER AND OLEOMARGARINE

It was noted in the preliminary report for 1910, that in recent
years the sale of renovated butter has been very limited. This is
further illustrated by the fact that during 1911 no sample of this
product was found on the market by the agents.

Oleomargarine samples to the number of 113 were examined by
the Bureau’s chemists, and there were instituted and terminated —
during the year 63 cases, for violation of the oleomargarine act of
1901. Of these cases, 13 were instituted for sales of oleomargarine
as and for butter; 10 for sales with meals, without the license
legally required, and 19 for sales by vendors, without licenses; 1 for
sale from a bread wagon on the streets, in violation of the legal re-
quirement that the place of sale be restricted to the store room
specified in the application for the license; and 24 for the reason,
solely or in part, that the product was colored so as to cause it to
resemble, or be in imitation of yellow butter.

It should be stated that the licenses issued upon application, and
in accordance with the requirements of the law, represent nearly
every town and populous village in the Commonwealth, and that
the number of applications for licenses appears to be steadily on
the increase. In these times of high price of dairy products, includ-
ing butter, oleomargarine is often called “the poor man’s butter.”
The legalization of the sale of oleomargarine for use as a food, recog-
nizes its fitness for such use, and gives no warrant for any official
hostility to the oleomargarine trade when the production and sale
of oleomargarine are conducted in entire compliance with the letter
and the spirit of the law. The chief difficulty we have found in the
enforcement of the oleomargarine Act has been to secure a faithful
compliance with its requirement that the oleomargarine “shall be
made and kept free from all coloration or ingredients causing it to
look like yellow butter.” The reason for the legal requirement just
quoted was not that the coloration would necessarily lead to the
development or introduction of poisonous or deleterious compounds
or ingredients, but in order that the deception of the consumer, so
difficult to prevent where the oleomargarine is made to resemble
butter of the usual appearance, might be avoided so far as practicable
without placing upon the oleomargarine trade an unnecessary hard-
ship. The consumer who studies closely the market prices of the
white or light colored oleomargarines, and those which are brought

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 89

most nearly into resemblance with high grade yellow butter, will ap-
preciate the commercial advantage which the oleomargarine manu-
facturer and dealer find in bringing their product into close resem-
blance, in point of color, with yellow butter. It will be found, further,
by a careful examination of the facts, that oleomargarine so colored
does not usually owe its higher price to the payment by the dealer
of the ten cent tax fixed by the National oleomargarine act for
colored oleomargarine; because, by official contruction, the term
“coloration” used in the National act is limited in its application
to the color change secured by the addition of materials used ex-
clusively for the purpose of causing the color change, whereas, nearly
all of the yellow oleomargarine now offered for sale owes its color
to yellow fats, not introduced exclusively for coloring purposes, but
also as valuable ingredients, contributing, like other fats, to the
nutritive value of the oleomargarine. The study of the production
costs for these yellow oleomargarines, made in the manner just
stated, shows that the margin of profit for oleomargarine of this
kind is very much greater than for cleomargarine not made in re-
semblance of yellow butter.

For the several reasons above suggested, the Bureau is convinced
of the essential correctness of the policy laid down in the oleomarga-
rine act of 1901, and that the maintenance of ihe intended color line
of separation between these two products is important, not only to
the producer and dealer in butter, but also to the ‘poor man, 2. to
whom the oleomargarine trade so frequently and endearingly refers.

The difficulties of securing convictions of offenders under the oleo-
margarine law for violations of the coloration provision, continue
as great as in the recent past. Every effort to secure conviction
brings to the support of the defense, the organized oleomargarine
trade and its expert witnesses, who use their best endeavor to con-
vince court and jury that when the Legislature, in the act of 1901,
used the words “yellow butter,” not all yellow butter was intended,
but only certain butters of a very deep yellow tint, and often com-
parisons so complex are instituted as to confuse the minds of the
hearers of the evidence, so that the verdicts sought by the Common-
wealth fail to be secured despite the best efforts on its part to obtain
a full and effective enforcement of the act.

MEAT PRODUCTS

There were examined during the past year 77 samples of meats,
eanned and fresh, and 339 samples of sausages of various makes; also
169 samples of fish and shellfish. There were terminated during the
same period cases for adulteration of products of this class, as fol-
lows: 5 cases concerning meats, of which 2 cases were for the sale
of meats in unsanitary or decomposed condition, and 3 for the sale
of Hamburger steaks containing added sulphites : 28 cases relating
to sausages of various classes, the chief adulteration appearing in
these cases being the presence of cereal or vegetable flour, together
with excessive quantities of added water. It should be noted that
the number of cases terminated corresponds to 9 per cent. of the
number of sausages examined, a fact clearly establishing the ee
extent of the abuse which the law seeks to correct. There were 2

90 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

cases relating to fish, of which all but 4 were based upon the unfit-
ness of the fish, at the time of sale, for human consumption, the
remaining 4 being based upon the addition of red coloring matter,
for the purpose of deceiving the purchaser as to the nature of the
fish. The examinations included those of 16 samples of canned oysters
and 80 samples of fresh oysters. The cases terminated related to 15
samples of oysters adulterated, usually, by the inclusion of excessive
quantities of water, introduced either as ice packed directly in con-
tact with the oysters, or by the “floating” of the oyster before its
removal from the shell. The limits of composition adopted by the
chemists of the Bureau as the basis of their judgment as to the pres-
ence or absence of excessive water, are those adopted by the United
States government for the same purpose, and were based upon ex-
tensive examinations of oysters under the various customary con-
ditions of production.

The intention of the Bureau to adopt this basis of judgment was
duly announced to the oyster trade, in the form of a regulation, in
ample time to enable the shippers and dealers to arrange their prac-
tice so as to meet the requirements of the law, as it was interpreted
by the Bureau, and later by the courts. The cases of adulteration
of the character above described correspond to nearly 20 per cent.
of the samples of fresh oysters examined. These figures make it
evident that this protective measure was greatly needed for the
safety of the consumer.

LARD

There were analyzed during the past year 98 samples of lard, com-
pound lard and lard substitutes, and during the same period 13 cases
were terminated for violation of the lard act of 1909. The findings
upon which the charges in these cases were based were quite various,
the greater number being due to the presence of added beef stearin.
In one case it was found that the material was composed largely of
cotton seed oil, or a product thereof, and in 2 cases relating to com-
pound lard, it was found that one sample contained less than 50 per
cent. of lard, while the other contained no swine fat at all. These
figures indicate that the usual forms of adulteration of this product
are continuing in about the same volume as during recent years,
although in very much smaller proportion than when the work of the
Bureau upon this product was begun.

EGGS

The chemists of the Bureau examined in 1911 95 samples of eggs,
dried, fluid and in the shell, and during the year there were 31 cases
terminated for the sale, or having in possession with intent to sell,
or the use for food manufacturing purposes of eggs, in one or other of
the forms above mentioned, unfit for food. As in the preceding
years since the passage of the egg act of 1909, due care has been
taken to institute cases only where the facts could not be accounted
for by the percentage of spoilage frequently found where proper
methods of handling and prompt sale are maintained. It may be
remarked that the major portion of these cases developed in the more
thickly settled communities of the State, and that while the very
large percentage of condemnations in proportion to the number of

Nas 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. oil

samples examined very clearly shows the need for the egg act and
for its continued vigorous enforcement, nevertheless the general con-
dition of the egg trade in the State as a whole is not fairly repre-
sented by the proportions exhibited in the foregoing figures. As a
matter of fact, the systematic trade in eggs rejected by commission
men after the process of candling, is confined almost exclusively to
the two cities of the first class, more especially Philadelphia.

MINCH MEAT

There were examined during the year 48 samples of products sold
under this name. The number of cases instituted were 9, of which
more than half were due to the presence of benzoic acid, or a com-
pound thereof, used for preserving purposes. In one case, no meat
at all was found.

FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTS

CANNED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

There were examined during the year 94 samples of canned fruits
and vegetables, pickles, etc. During the same period 14 cases were
terminated relating to this class of products. The major portion
of these cases refer to so-called Maraschino cherries, and in all in-
stances because of the use of a chemical preservative, with or with-
out the use of a deceptive dye. The number of cases relating to this
product corresponds to 20 per cent. of the total number. One case
of mushrooms, out of 14, contained sulphur dioxide, and one case
of French peas contained compounds of copper. The general condi-
tion of the remaining materials belonging to the class of canned
fruits and vegetables was excellent.

CATSUPS, ETC.

Two hundred and eighty-nine samples of catsups, salad oils, salad
dressings, sauces, etc., were analyzed during the year. There were
46 cases terminated during the same period, relating to materials
of this class. Of the samples examined, 257 were sold as catsup or
tomato catsup, and one containing as a very important part of its
solids, apple pulp, was sold under the curious name of Pomona Cat-
sup. Of the cases terminated, 43 were related to catsups. In 15 of
these cases, the charge was that they contained an amount of benzoic
acid in excess of the legal limit of toleration, in other words, cor-
responding to more than one-tenth of one per cent. of benzoate of
soda, while in 4 cases the preparations were found to have been manu-
factured, in whole or in part, from filthy or decomposed vegetable
products unfit for human consumption. When it is considered that
a very notable proportion of the larger catsup manufacturers of the
country are now placing upon the market catsup made without the
use of a chemical preservative, the condition of affairs revealed by
the examinations just made, together with those of recent years,

92 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

shows that there is need for a very great improvement in the manu-
facture of this commodity on the pait of some of its producers, and
also that there is little ground at the present time for the contention
formerly made by practically all catsup manufacturers, that it was
impossible to make a commercial catsup that would keep satisfactor-
ilv until delivered into the hands of the consumer, without the use
of some such preservative as benzoate of soda.

DRIED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Samples of dried apricots, peaches, raisins, comm and peas were
examined to the number of 16, but only one case was terminated, re-
lating to dried apricotts preserved with sulphur dioxide, whose pres-
ence was not declared upon the package containing the product, as
the law requires.

FRUIT BUTTERS, JAMS, JELLIES AND PRESERVES

There were examined during the period covered by this report 73
samples belonging to this class, but there was only a single case

terminated during the period, relating to these products. In other
words, the findings for these materials correspond closely to those
reported for the year 1910, in which the examination of 74 samples
led to the discovery of no violations of the food act.

In the same connection it may be stated that 5 samples of fruit
syrups were examined, and one case terminated for adulteration.
The condition of this class of products has been very much improved
in recent years, in fact, since the time when the fruit syrup act of
1905 went into effect and was followed by a vigorous enforcement.

VINEGAR

Of products belonging to this class, 206 were examined during
1911, while the same period witnessed the termination of 38 cases
instituted for adulteration. In most of these cases the offense con-
sisted either in the watering of cider vinegar, or in the sale, under
the name of cider vinegar, of imitation products made by the addition
of either apple solids, or artificial color, or both. The difficulty in
the precise determination of the nature of spurious vinegars by an-
alytical methods is very great, and consequently, the number of de-
terminations required upon each sample is unusually large. There
has been less difficulty, however, than in earlier years in securing con-
victions where the facts of the analysis are fully brought forth in
the trial proceedings. The important fraction of spurious cider
vinegar still appearing upon the markets, renders necessary the
highest vigilance of the Bureau’s agents and experts.

BAKERY MATERIALS

There were examined during 1911, 41 samples of flours, corn starch,
etc. During the same period there were terminated 3 cases for the
adulteration of buckwheat flour and 4 cases for the adulteration of
wheat flour by the bleaching process, as well as 11 cases in which the
charge was the adulteration of baking powder, the cases last named
having originated in 1910. The public still needs to be on its guard
against the purchase of bleached flour, although the number of cases
found at the present time is much less than occurred in earlier
years.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 93

FLAVORING EXTRACTS

Twenty-three samples of flavoring extracts and essences were
examined, but no cases relating to these products were terminated
during the year. The presence on the market of numerous brands
of compound and modified products of this class is still very mani-
fest, but the labeling of these inferior products has been brought
more largely into conformity with the requirements of the law, so
that the consumer who reads the label carefully should not be de-
ceived as to the nature of the package contents.

BAKERY PRODUCTS

Seventy-five samples of bread, cakes, pies and puddings were ex-
amined by the Bureau chemists during the last year. The chief
points in the examination related to the presence or absence in these
products of eggs, egg substitutes, preservatives and artificial color-
ing. During the same period there were terminated 9 cases, brought
because of the presence in cakes of artificial coloring matter, so used
as to indicate the presence of eggs in large quantity when, as a matter
of fact, they were either entirely absent or were in abnormally low
proportion.

BREAKFAST FOODS

Owing to the discovery in earlier years of too frequent cases in
which the stocks of these products appearing in the fall on the
shelves of the retailer exhibited evidences of the attack of insects
during the warmer months, a careful examination of these products
was made during the fall months of 1911, after the warning notice,
mentioned in the preliminary part of this report, had been given to
the trade. Twenty-five samples of these foods were purchased, the
agents limiting themselves to the purchase of packages whose appear-
ance led to the supposition that there might be something wrong with
the contents, and where there was no evidence that the retailer had,
himself, thoroughly examined his stock of these goods, so as to elimi-
nate from them undesirable materials. Only a single case, however,
was terminated during the year, because of the sale of a breakfast
food which had been invaded by insects. This indicates a very fair
condition of the retail stocks after they had been sorted by the
retailers, with the rejection of suspicious packages.

CANDY

During the past year a very large amount of work has been done
upon the candy sold in the State, the total number of samples ex-
amined having been 612, representing a very great variety of ma-
terials, more especially of those cheaper grades, the so-called “penny
goods,” such as are sold to school children. Prof. Charles A. LaWall
has prepared a bulletin (No. 216) setting forth the facts obtained
in this examination. Examinations made a few years ago showed that
many such candies contained, at that time, sulphur dioxide, intro-
duced in part with the glucose used as an ingredient, and also in
commercial preparations sold as stiffeners or hardeners, made largely
from sulphites. The present examination of these products shows a
ereatly improved condition with respect to this adulterant. There
were terminated during the year 6 cases in which the charge was

94 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the presence of sulphites in candied fruits, largely imported pro-
ducts which had been treated, like many of our western dried fruits,
with sulphur gas for bleaching purposes. It is very doubtful whether,
at the present time, there is any sulphurous acid introduced into
candies by the glucose used in their manufaciure, because of the
improvement made in the manufacture of this confectionery in-
eredient, whereby the use of sulphites has been practically cut out.

It ought, possibly, to be added in this connection, that the con-
ditions under which candies are kept for sale to children by small
retailers have often been found to be very far from cleanly. Under
the present forms of legislation it is, however, very difficuit to draw
clean cut lines, such as will appear to the court and jury as fairly
drawn. Under present conditions, much of the burden of protecting
their children from the purchase of candies kept under such con
ditions, must continue to be borne by the parents.

It is also worth mention that in a number of cases where ginits
purported to be made from, or to contain, licorice, no evidence of the
presence of this ingredient could be discovered, but that a somewhat
similar flavor was introduced by the use of oi] of anise, while the
color effect of licorice was imitated by the addition of lamp black,
cr some other finely divided form of carbon. The formerly quite
common practice of using iron oxide as a substitute for chocolate, to
impart a brown color to cheap chocolate fudge, seems to have dis-
appeared entirely.

One undesirable practice, however, remains quite prominent,
namely, the use of shellac and other resinous glazes as coating for
certain classes of fudges, caramels, burnt almonds, burnt peanuts
and candy easter eggs. Cases brought under the general food law
against the vendors of such candies are now in process of indicial
determination.

HONEY AND SYRUPS

There were examined during the year 188 samples of honey, syrups,
molasses, etc. Of these, maple syrups formed quite a large fraction.
Their examination revealed very few cases of pronounced adultera-
tion. The major portion of the syrups appearing on the market with
the name “maple” upon their labels, are branded and sold as “maple
and cane,” or “cane and maple syrups.” The findings of the chemist
who examined the most of these samples, Dr. William Frear, of
State College, has appeared in the form of a bulletin (No. 224), so
that further details concerning the character of the goods examined
will be omitted. 5 .

NON-ALCOHOLIC DRINKS

Of goods belonging to this class, 288 samples were examined dur-
ing the past year. The same period witnessed the termination of
83 cases brought for adulteration of these preparations. A portion
of these cases terminated were begun in 1910, and in 63, that is in
about three-fourths of these cases, the adulteration consisted in the
substitution of saccharin for sugar, although there oceurred a num-
ber of cases of misbranding, and 5 cases in which the addition of
capsicum to ginger ale, without declaration of its presence on the
label, was involved. In fairness to the bottling trade, it ought

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 95

to be said that the major portion of the cases of violation discov-
ered during 1911, were found in portions of the State not fully
covered by the agents during the sampling period of 1910. The
general attitude of the trade has been highly favorable to the re-
jection of the undesirable ingredient, saccharin, and the trade as a
whole should have due credit for its attitude of obedience to the
law.
NUTS

Twenty-two samples of nuts were examined in 1911, and during
the same period a like number of cases was terminated for the sale of
nuts unfit for food. Most of the cases terminated were begun in
1910.

MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS

In addition to the materials named under the foregoing classifica-
tions, 137 samples, representing a great variety of products, were
analyzed by the Bureau’s chemists during the past year, especially
including such materials as chocolate, cocoa, shredded cocoanut,
coffee and tea, and spices. Very few of these materials were found
to be adulterated. A number of cases were terminated during the
year affecting goods classified as miscellaneous. One case involved
egg noodles colored with saffron in place of eggs; 3 cases involved
the sale of rotten fruit and vegetables. The general condition, how-
ever, of goods belonging to this class was found to be such as not
to call for the institution of prosecutions, and mention should be
made in particular of the freedom of spices from the forms of adul-
teration which so conspicuously marked this class of products a few
years ago.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

The financial statement appended hereto shows receipts during
the year 1911 amounting to $120,903.48, and expenditures for the
corresponding period of $83,083.15. The very large excess of re-
ceipts over expenditures needs little comment. It shows, however,
that there is no compelling reason for failing to give to the work
of this Bureau the full measure of financial support which its effic-
iency requires.

CONCLUSION

In the performance of the large volume of work described in the
foregoing paragraphs, the Commissioner has been greatly indebted
for encouragement and advice given by the Governor of the Common-
wealth, Hon. John K. Tener, and the Secretary of Agriculture, Hon.
N. B. Critchfield. He desires to acknowledge also the hearty co-
operation given to him by the Attorney General’s Department, and
to express his appreciation of the efficient and loyal assistance of
the special agents, the chemists, special counsel and office force of
the Bureau.

JAMES FOUST,

Dairy and Food Commissioner.

96

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

APPENDIX

SUMMARY

Bureau during the year 1911:

Article

DAIRY PRODUCTS:

Milk. condensed), 2522 tas eh ES ee ee
Milk, evaporated, . 222 s-ls 22 4s5 eee ee eee
Milk: igkimmed.s (22222 20 2 eS PE ee
MT eee ee ee a Ba A OE Ee ee re ee eee

OT BOMARGARINE; . ok2sos22sc25_ 2205. ac ance eke ed ee eee

EGGS: (dried; fluid! and) in. shell); ..2=- 21s oe ee eee

BAKING POWDER, BAKING SODA, CORNSTARCH, CORNMEATL AND FLOUR:

Baking powders i255 12 22 ee Ne ee ere
Baking soda, (os. eee Se eS ee eee ee
QOornmeal!)) so 2os55.25 oh bse Sonos sth nase econ woes a ee ee
@ormstareh 225 sess 2-9 = see sae oe eck 5 Sook eee BN ee eee
Miours puekwheat;) 22.) 02 see ee ee eee Ree ee
Miour,, wheat; Si22: 2.252532) a oe a ee ee eee
Flour (buckwheat and wheat flour compound), ----.-__-__-------__._.____-----

BREAD, CAKES, PIES AND PUDDINGS:

Breads. Sic ere oe Ss ae ee 5 eee ed i ne
CANGi, WHO, sosaceSesses secede ssose reece steaes sas es seme Sete Sees oes sess sss

CALG) GWE oe cece cece seme sees ose ee eee one se aS ore eee

@ake;>- deeing, (ce) <2 22S o 2 a a ee See ae eee as es
Cake srselly Molly St c2 hae Se e goe eee
Qake''(io name'given), 22. 52.222 oe ee ese id ee ee
@ake:; UNuty 222 ee ee eee ee eee
@Gakes Pound's 22-3 es ee eee et
Gakess US mi all aa soe ae ee Se es ee Se ie eee
Cake; Sponge). 2ssessso0 os ee a eee ee eee Leos

Cake, Strawberry Roll, ----------
Oake? (Wine,2-=5 2) eee
Ghampagne ‘Waters,| (2.222.823) sah St Se eee

. @lrarlottier Russe, a2 sass San a ee eee ona ee

@hoeolate :Belairs:” 22222222. 202.022224. 8b tee ee Eee
Oream) ‘Pulls, 62-252 s822 22 2a o eae ee en oe cae ee
Pie, Apricot; » 22i2:-2--0--- 22 eh eee
Pies (Quast are) eee ae ee ee aaa en
Pie; Mee Custard), (S252. 2s2 2s. 2 Sea eet sok eee
PIG, (eCMON See ee ee ee a eee ne en a oe ee
Pudding? Chocolate’ (Bruit, \; 2-422 22 22 2. 2-25. Ls aso. See
Puddings) Plum: 22- 2 - 2-22 eo. n oso a ed snes ce La
Teqbtetsbhateg, (Ajab (el ice | Se ee a ae oe
WMruit. Puddiney ia). eo 26a Ee on es ae ace sce eee
Geel aati Ti
LMA OY os a ep ee SEE SS EE ee See SS eI

Off. Doc.

The following gives a list of articles analyzed by Chemists of this

Number
Analyzed

[een : 2) oe

No.

6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SUMMA RY—Continued

BREAKFAST FOODS:

Article

97

Number
Analyzed

Cornflakes, BR oe in de Ee rs 0 Ue Ee LEE SE |
CREATUR OTs SWiHE Athy ea see se ea ae oe Doe eee ee eee ee oe eee eee
ETSEV OOD Nake, | Bek=s - tee tL eS ee eee 2 ew eae
Mothers (Oats ee: eee eee en ee ee ee a eas |
Mothansn@rushed Oats. ges bes 21 80 ce ee eee
IPOsteTOaStilss. Sassen eee tas eos 3 che Ste i a ee ee
Quakers Oats qe osec. toes le et (aloes 52 el Santee ene see ee en ee es oe
Ralston’s Breakfast Food, |
OMeRmiOats hy 2s sts * 0-2 ea eS oo sat 252 Gan See eee ee ee ee ae re |
Shredded) Wheat; 2-242. 2-+2222-5235-- - oS Seana sn ee ee
Moastedmn Gorn fakes weet sect ion. Bae EE ey nae Lae oe

CANNED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES:

PA DEICOUSS (soot Fo ba oe ee ae ea oS st acce ens hoe tas eete nt See ao ane

TEVE (Goins <a) eee es tase a eins PO Ma ia G) | Ye A Ae EEL ae ee
Qherries; (222 5522 252 oe on oe Sens secs sen eee ae ne ace eh ob eee e Se eee eS
Gherrics mn Gremendomvlcn thie) teu n olan mpemnnnn NS Sub eran eh urn eee
Oherries se Marasching tate Umea PEs Oe ae epi =
COON ra Se ee a a ee ee a ae ae ee See ee eo ee ee

(GiiNii a eee Se ee ee a ee ee See ee See ee eee =
Mince meat,
Mixed fruits,

COSTS ss a ee

Picides§ ;ewoumber ss) -24252 52 85 aaa se i Se ee eee

ICH IGA MES WEGE ENE fo: ches ae aN eo Nees Ai BS knee 55 Lo EE AL NSS ank eins Vem anel
Dinca hp lose water ns seaees a 8 222 et eke oe een AE A) Eee ae Cle Rees Ren eee Ce meee a
PITEAD DOM ICE Dee eee oe ee SER Selena Baer Veen! 9s kee arene
errr rages es Boe a Mie as eee dp ce STU ae oe are cans Es | Ba eee
AMCTETEEY OLS Se

CATSUPS, OILS, SALAD DRESSING, SAUCES, ETC.:

Gastups (MOPMAMNE IEIVED)) Pcs 2 se See Ree ee ea eee
GREE SUNN pe OTTO ge ee re
ORtRNDSeROMAO, 22252 eae ee ee ee a ee ae ee

Horseradish, Ground, ens es Si eet bea ase Le SR Reh Re
HMorscradishtandebectss oo vit ek age ie ie eee ee) ae ena
CULMean Onin hain oy ies ea Ee ote 7 ekg SR ag
OU aS aine eines ate te cP 8 Ts oe ls ee sh pe ce ere 2
Oia Setorypin itt i ee Hh oh oes 2 nh sb) eee oe, ae eee
Sala dndrosdince smeeeeer eae aie PAL RN a Ve 2 oe ee eg 4 ee :
Sareicels, Crcinneyss pes eee ee Ste BSR ns eo, ee eee
Sarees. Otraliony one: ees nes 6 ia 3s ts sv) ee ae ees oe a
Secesy Cy ee ee ee

Sauce.» Loneficldaspeen See les eT hae eee I ee aaa
Sauce, Mints esses seen
Savce.) “LOmMAlOs = = see
Sauces, WOLCESteDSICe saa n ee ee n ee e

CONFECTIONERY:

PATS) wet Cll PEA TUG YEO By pe

Burat Almonds jee k ee ae ae oe ca She a Pa Se Pd
[Bibhaayr Tee Vo hig ee ees ee Se oe ee Se ee ee ee oe
DES TUG ONS CO UCU ees ea ea ee i er Re ey
MantiiedAWricO ty ee aaa a ee ee ee ee ee
Gandieds @herries” 22252 3-2 e- soeeeee eee con ee nee Soe een lee ae
CoGyarhGGl TONGS aoe. = Sea se er ae Se coe ners Seeee ee Set Eee eee ee
Candied Fruit (no name given),
(Bfriayes (eo) CE sbey ee ye) We oa ee SO er

7—6—1911

Oo et bo OT He Rt bo Do ke re

me Grae Ree

_
De HH WD Tee Re

8

=

HN RHQ He HHH ean oe

RIE Qo OOH

98

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

SUMMA RY—Continued

|
|

Article |

CONFECTIONERY—Continued. s
Wandied Pears. gu. -2 282002200 ee i oe |
Candied Pineapples, oes EL oss een ag the ae ae Beanie cian eee

Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy
Candy

@hewine) Candy). teases sae ee ee eae eae eee eee ee ae
@hocolate Babies 22 2222. eek ee a ee See ee ees
Chocolate Balls, PRE Saar hc OIA Oh i NPE EO te: ASE oe Dn
Ghocolate. Bars, ets. 22558551 awe a ees ae ee wes Suen ee seen ce ee
GHecolate HB OnDONE) cores hae mein ta Gor ae ena EES Cus Capote eee
Ghocclate: Huo Wale. | lvoe oe PaaS atl iy a eee
(Roeolate + Giavidiy 2 betad Snare yee enc SRE cca at y= ye had Oe Oe
Chocolate © arawel Si i ee eee eR ee
COlnraycolbniey (lel@a, — ote n tea eee tee en sees aa aes Seo See eee _
Chocolate Chips, SANG CaP rd od oe Mas ge UL ERROR ARR foc!
Ghorolate MOlpars yt at sane en oer ape eee LEN 8 cet ee i
Gnaiolates CIATCELGR TN betas mr ewes et te ee
ChiosolateOarirael (Ro llsis ian eee etme tec aor 2? a ee
Chocolate Creams, se Me Ea EI Pi:
GhocolatewOreame: with mutes ads were eene Raney 950 oo oS aaa
Chocolate Cream Feggs, Siete. I LT a
OGhkocolate Co ated = Gharricaye see eae 2 ee
Ghocolates Coated Manaschino (Cherries! seamen 10) Ne) 1 0h
Ghocolates Coated “Begs. ee ae
Ghiacolate. Discet o- ase ise url Uae De AMRER ee i 7 2 ae ae
Chocolate Dogs, Fo 1 igh Me hy mae A EL ee
Chocolate Drops, SEOs Sete Ge SRC
@hocolate Wishaw sea eee ee een ene seca sole ee
Ghocolate UBUGg ey = ee nae ee ee ee ees ee
Chocolate Marshmallows, SUTD ERE a ASRS = 5 See
@hocolate. Mints, £=+22225--- 2222-22 soe 2 i ee
@hocolate mNeO Un es eas nena nea nee een en ne ee
GhOcola te easy
Giro Co enter tata ee cm er
@hocolate Slashes ee a ee an oo aan es ee
(Glavoroolkehis (Shi@s\, sions ae sio ten eee ee ee Be Se ee nee eee = Soci
@NOCOlat eames ai ee ee een eee
Chocolate Wafers,
Cinnamon Drops,

PATIO NGS), SS ce aa te me a a

PES EDIGS ye a le

DES ULES gy lar a ay a a a
Balls’: | 2s ae ee ose ae = ae rere eee oe
Bananas, RETR Vm Wer ee Ie Fo eg oe
BAYS ce ae as a a a oe Ate
Beads; oa snk ak nds eee ieee a Rs
Beans, MAR Aan Nay Se roe Ue Meme

Berries jo. 5 = ee eee eee ea ee ee es eae eee
Bonbons, Coe Jace geeulsate wee ls Bea MND CRATE 5 Gee Aoi acne mn
Boston Baked) Béatis, 2-5-1: Soeur) eee
Butter, (Corn; [oc2-o2s22S = a aa ee ee ee ee eee Sis.
Cakes, ead OS CEES) od oly ot Aa oe Bea Oa
OY SATS TS ee ees,
Glemies: ooo oblate ee Ne one
Cigarettes, BEUALES Syh ct | so 8a eae ys Oa ene ea es

OTC pare a
Dogs, feta sage us tac aye i eee eae See
Eggs, mm ed “O80 bk (12s Soa 2) eb Ee ee

IMIR aes an eos ee oe ee en ee en ee
Riedel Meee 1 Via) 21 8 1 oe Ee te

(ovmainereiven), pes hh!. 2 1sss yp tal Ae rs Pye be ee
Oranges, 282 seo easiest ot See Se eee

IPATIS Sp soe Sone een nos Se eee ee an oom ae ee ea an ee

Peaches, £-s5-c2aa2 225 sea seas ee ee ies cee ee ee ee
Pears, ------------------------------------------~----------------=--- pee
Peaches tandesP ears atss eae ae) Cal amily NE nein dy Lt ene eon Svea
(oe ene ee UNITE Ue Riel NOM BAR MR Ay Rie fy
Pla tenets. taows Se SY ATS SUNN mee) Ga eee 8h ee
IP(GHENAOES, Coenen ecco eee Rie ety ince ene Bowe Waban Gp, Aimer ls 2
YS pe ee pe eG Doe SRAM RCC MPR IOAN Pe oS
Sandwiches), 42222-22242) 25 222-oce ocak ie an Ses eee yee
Shortcike. 2s -Sa ea eiscs ke Wal OSU ahs Vii Ces 2a Oe
Gran Dereon ise eee see ens Fs tts al data ea mele ee fe
Whistles, i SONNE Ste BoA cde as Tot AsO

me -- -- - - - - - - -- - - - - eo + + + ee

Off. Doc.

Number
Analyzed

HEH om etalon x
TH SOW ATH RENT HH OO RH LOD FONE EOS HHH Hee opt RSH O HEHEHE HHO
HOME QOH

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 99

SUMMARY—Continued

! | Number
Article | Analyzed

CONFECTIONERY—Continued.
WICATAGHMG DIODE sso soto os sae a eee
WIGATAMDGVS eee nese seen Sew acta kk as Rc eee oe ee ee
Wocon es BOnDOUSs eee ae ee eee
OO CO Hae OU tS yrs ee aa ee oe ee
@ocoaniity Balls eee a ae an oe ee el
COCOaMUTTCS AB ate aoe ees oo eo en ae ee eee eee
CocoanuttB anes TOasbed).. =—- 2]on =~ an oe ee ee ee
@ocoanuty Blocks, 2222222 4 Yate. 8 ate ee oe ee eee ee
(Crm@maritr Centeht, <-t2 Ss Reese ae oe a ee a Seen StS ete ee
CocoanutbyOaramels,, 222-25 --2 3 s0 2s 3 See ee ae
(Cg ma rain, CWE, sone oreet esos see ets Soccer es Saas See se pees see se ess
Cocoanut Kisses, -----
Cocoanut Marshmallow
@ocoanut). Peaches. =. *22522.-_-- 22h 222 Sosa oe a cee eee
WMOcCOaRMEMStICKS es oa- 2 ae eh oo ee oe ee ee ee ee ee ee
@ottees(@hocolates; 2i2.22 22.502. 202 25 5 eae se sae tee eae oat e ae see eee
@olontalDrops, \S2=2 = 2482 a2 aoe ane. wee oe sere A ee ee ee ee ee ee
CONGO, saa ese eee Se ee ee One trina Sense =H meee
@reame Balls. 2020 <a eo a a oe ee ee eee eS eee ee
Cream Oanraimels) Bee eee oe a ee ao ee tee ee eee ee
@reame bers, Ss. ses eae Sas ae oe ee a ee ee ea Ao eee
Cream Fudge,
(Cision), UREN ee a ea Sn eee
Custard Fudge, ee Seniesa RO MeL SL Nn BES AL Pee Ca
Date Balls, Es ateiey adel, pps HR ORIN AD ee BSN edd ee V2: ARE ECS an F
GlacesApricots.. {222-2222 2s oe ee ne ee Se Ne eee |
GlacomETUItseASSORCEC, See ee an ee A ie REED Onan es od ony | 1
Glace Ginger and Apricots,
Glace: Limes ‘and Plums), 2232-22222 so ee ae Se eee ee ee ee
(SUI CCG)) DEES RS ee es ee ee a aan ee er ee as ee eee ees
SETI EP ADGA Te PgR Meee LMT ee ST 9A ne a WR a Pee CEC UNS Qe ORR SR ASL
HCOMDAR LOO ATI Gr ree ee EE en meee SU Gee ene mE Lee Oe
Iee Cream Cocoanut Bonbons, Daa
Delly, SCANS roan n one eon ew ae a ee ees Sea eee ene se
Jelly Eggs, 2G EES aes Rt eas oho) OER PEE S BS 222 Cae ee OPT RM CS Ee
TR COTACENLES AD ICR pea ees rd a ae tthe OA he Bk |
TDTEPIRELAS IT ia aaa ane mae Seine TERRE ES 2) WAM te Ts eos Zep beh iae Towel. >
TDIGATGTOD: COSC ATe nea cake gli DOR AES SERN e TECARNOM MAD AST Pe ty
MiGoriea. DO DS te Cece ee Wen ear Ree eee) peietane. 2 eC
AMICOMCeH GUIN ju aser anode aoe ese eos oe eee ae ee ee a
Licorice Sticks, Z ee At st
i COTICC MS DIDS 10 eae nes oe ee eo Boe eee ae eee SEE eee
Wicorice. HURAr COabed . 225.222 - fae ena ne a en ee ee ee oe ge ai
IG CORICOMCUDES 6 eat fa saes oases pean ee seen aa ee eae ee ee eee
iphone): IDO Slee eet eae eS eee eee aS Ea aa Se es eee a ae oe eater a ke
TST OTM OOCO RTI ee cee Cane Mac we te Pe Cea 2 era ie dd a eae
APSE Cap ES US pa vy tts bis CVO COMA Geese eee ee ee
Maple Kisses, OS ES Mites ADB ALS IL AABN ey ORT GIR PASE To iLO 2ACS S
IMPS MONON Cs ek ee tee ee et ee eee ee Se ee oe ee eee eee ae a
MATA A OWeBAbICs tee cee ae be hu) pee hee NS
Marshmallow Bananas, Ean
Marshnvallow ale aa = ea ae an ne en ee eee ee eS
Marshin allows BisCHiGae meee eens he OLE cena Mts Race Sen Pee IREE Neil
MarshmallowsBlocks):, 222-25 2-22 sooo bots 2. Sa ee eee
Marshmallow Blocks, Chocolate coated, ....--...-_-----_-______________.-_____
Marshmallowa@uickss, seek 2a. 7 5. Lt eng en ep re SIC
Marshmallow Cones, fag 0 So a eS) CNP Re ee Re
Marshmallow BLN
Marshmallow
Marshmallow
Marshmallow
Marshmallow
Marshmallow
Marshmallow
Marshmallow
Marshmallow: Shorteakes =>: 22 ssn ses eee ee eee eee
Marshmallow SlabSs. cose eck eee se ae eee ee ae ey arek
Marshmallow Squares with nuts, Chocolate coated,
Marshmallow Strawberries,
Marshmallow, Toasted), =2---s-2 5 seas nae eee ne eee ee
MIntSDTODSk: 2c: 4. eek eee tere ea
INUIT RANISO ZOTLEES kc Mas et ees men TSS et Sek OTe Nac yall
Meee biekes yee Sa at A te Oe Tet Rk Eo Lean
Mixed: Candy, i= otc. 5) =a eens eel 7 STs yas
IMOlASRES MEIOCKS: Sona on oe oe emis ee ee he ee eee oS

ere Ce gee ee ee et lt

~
WOAHMHEH HQT HH WHEE ROH

no
HHON GHEE RHEE

I
—
MOH HHH EE com HH tH HD tH Hee

100 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

SUMMARY—Continued

Number
Article Analyzed

EE ooo — —_

CONFPECTIONERY—Continued:

Molasses Gandy, Chocolate coated, -~--.-.-------_--5--=5 >=
Molasses ‘Gandy Popcorn, 222 --225-- 222552 = ee a ee eres
IN OUIGSEN US 9h tec a
INTRO RO) eee so5. Soe Sig ea SE Se ene ee
ONAN Pe ssBATSS, (soca ees: sae saeco Sere
OmanPe mBIOGKS, 225-252-2222 ease eee
Orange, @andy j=. --e2nass-2e 5
Parattin Ohewing Guim), (2252222522222 Ses ee ee rere
Peanut 'Bars,, =25--26£4.24=7222eh222 522-2 Se See ae ae ee ee el a
Peanut Bars, Chocolate coated,
Peanut Blocks, -2=-2-=2-=
Peanut, Candy, si2222s3s5 52252 see2 35 so ee ee ee eee
Peantit. Candy, Chocolate coated), 2: 22-22-2326 ssa an ne ae ee nee
SEG Burn) ELC ee a a
IPTIZO VBA in see sees ae eae See Se ee ae ee ee ee es
PTI ZCN ES OR a
Prizey Gand Yes eae ans ene aa ae ae aes oe a ae ee ee ee
Prize’ PacWare. estos oo ee see eo) ek 2h ee ee eee a eee
Raspberry Candy,
Raspberry Drops,
Reg) CAMO) 2 cee oe So ce ee = Se Sees sec oe deers see oe
Red Candy Beans,
Red uGandy Blocks! 4 2232-2 -~ 2iee so = dee oe 5k 5S a ee
ove (OMWNOK SQ. e oo sere pear ee see ee eee ce nee Creteceos GHEE SSsoce
Roasted) Almonds). e225. 22-20 22S aoe Skee Se ee
Salt Water Tatly,,, soe. 22-225. ose eas oe eee ee ee eee

Sour Vip aN. bie eae a8 as ae ST Eee eee eee Pee
SiHekwOsnG yy Geka ase ae ee aa ae ee ee ene eee ee
Strawberry Candy,
Strawberry Rolls,
SEC a
Supar [Oakes), 2222225222025 2 eo ose e ee eee eee ee
Susar “Peanuts; W253. 622-2 2S eas ae eae a S8 S ee
GREW ee ee ee eee a ee ee
“Maui Ql (SHU [ooo oe ee Se Se Se Se ee ee ees
Matty. and Wicorice, 22222. .Jes2- shee alse. sa ane eas ne ee ee eee
C4 Dag es 0 bo mec
Moasted’ Cherries; -.. 2-252 = s= =-=--2- 2225525 5- SS Ste oo ns ee ee eee
Wanilla ,.MWudge, 22. .222222.2522scco2steen a a22 = Stites 5 Ss aes eee ee
VyVnbOrb hn, MOMGE nts Sais eo Se oe See oe ee cee saeco ~
Yebra Nudge. <2-. 222223225 sean a sse sak ane os ooo ssh se pooh oes 8 SS5e soe eee ee

So EHD NH EHH NEO he RR

H

be et OO D2

rary
He

DRIED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES:
INDUCE, \aenascese oe eee ei ee es Se So Sc ee SE PE Ee

TTY eee es A UES eee

Peas.

IMG 2 ae 5S cee ee Sst Sater See ee ase Ss ese ae See SSS et tsi

3

LGHIOIGE, bo nseeeece nese foe cS See eee Se te See Sere See :
3)

4

FLAVORING ESSENCES AND EXTRACTS:
Hspence. Memon, )-vecetau 20 eas ee wo et 1
Extract, Almond, 2
Extract, Lemon, : 3 3 4
3
2

Rxtract;, Onange,, 225-222 222.8222 Se anol eee
Extract, Vanilla,

FRUIT BUTTERS, JAMS, JELLIES AND PRESERVES:
Butter. sApples a2 oe. 2 ee a ncn oos = sono
Butter, Corn syrup, Apple and Sugar,
Lpoiiiaed JEGRUN, 255525 ee oe oe Se
Butter, Peanut,
Bitter’ Supers doses a ee edna bee
Jam, ‘Oherry, 6 ose ee eet ee a ee sat 8
Jam), Compounds, 62502-22055 - 2s s site cea 8 2 22 ce Sao eee
Jam: (no name eiven) ie eece- ose et a seee 4. =-- 2). eee

Aji (espe, S.-i Ses See ee eer ren See seas ase essai

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

SUMMA RY—Continued

101

Number
Article Analyzed
JAMS, ETC.—Continued:
Jam, Raspberry, Sessa SOI rSb Poe SRR ESS sesessc s ed sree Se sbs cases esbsesesdesscred

Jam, Strawberry,
Apple,
Applevand: blderberry,, | 2=>---5----- ee
A ieran dinbemG@ nes 2 ioe. '\s Be SAS me ea ee See Cn
Applewan) MRegwhtasp penny... = asc — cee ae eee ee ees
peOhocolategand a sucare: sas. se a= lS Se eee eee eee ee
Currant,
Grape,

Jelly, Raspberry,
Jelly, Strawberry,
Marmalade,
Preserves,
Preserves,
Preserves,
Preserves,

Compound,
Peach,
Pineapple,
Plum,

FRUIT SYRUPS:

Blackberry,
Oren g Capper hs a ee Se ee SE ee ee eee
Raspberry,

Strawberry,
é

HONEY AND SYRUPS:

ICE

Honey (in comb and extracted),
OMe yar ance GLICOSC) Bae aeons a oe ee SO eee ee eee ae ee
MOIR RSON hy Jen oer oS ee ee a teh oe a ea ee ea ees
Syrup, cane and maple,
Syrup, Corn,

Syrup, Golden,
Syrup, Maple,

Syrup (no name given),
Syrup, Rock Candy and Maple, ----
Syrup, table,
Syrup, White lake: = 22 2--=-
SVTUD Am White, SUPBI') asi -a 0 Se eee ee os Ne ea a Pee

CREAMS:
Ice Cream, Caramel,
TeanOreamie Cherny eyeen- oe ans ae eo) a eS eee eee
Gream-s Chocolates ee oe ae es eS ee eS Se ee
Oreams Hemon sree ere eee ees
Cream, Maple,
‘Gream*(nopflavory elven) ese ss el ss: eee ee Se a en eee
Cream, Peach,
@Oream Strawberry e cosets ee ee eee
Iee Oream, Vanilla, —--------
Frozen Cherries,
Ice Balls,

LARD:

Iii ee ee
Lard, compound,
Lard, substitute,

FISH—CANNED AND FRESH:

BIO ALOIS Pi se2 22 Sea eas ee 8 Se ee eee Be one eee ee
Olams> soit. shelled; = = eee eee
Codfish,

os

Pe ROS RD

b

~~

OHH

102 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

SUMMARY—Continued

Number

Analyzed

|
|
|
Article |

FISH—Continued:
@odfish, sboneless.. 222.2225: 2s 22se25e 5. 2 ae 5 os Se eee
Oodhish' i Gakes; | 2255 28 es a ke ee
@odfish,. “shredded; (=< 222-223) 2. (25265 - 2S ee ee
Mish’ (no: name: given), .-222-=22-=2- 5- S22 a h ee ee
Fish Flakes,
German Carp,
Herring, 2222-22255 2 a ea ee Se ee
Herring, kippered,
Oysters, canned,
Oysters, fresh,
Perch), esses es pateLl. Dube k Be a ae
Salmon, canned,
Sardines s \2-— he) Sen ee oe ee ee
Smoked Fish (no name given),
White Fish, smoked,

bo
oOnnwoueee

1
1
1
‘
' 1
' 1
1 1
1 1
! 1
! '
1 '
' '
‘ 1
' 1
1 1
1 1
' 1
1 1
1 1
' ‘
1 '
' ‘
1 '
' 1
‘ 1
1 1
t 1
' 1
1 '
' ‘
' '
1 '
1 1
' 1
' 1
1 '
‘ 1
1 ‘
‘ 1
1 1
1 1
' 1
1 1
‘ 1
' 1
1 1
' '
' '
1 1
1 '
1 1
' '
1 1
1 t
1 t
1 '
! '
' '
! '
1 '
' ‘
\ '
1
1 1
' 1
' 1
' '
Se
ono

_
Bee

=
3

MEATS—CANNED AND FRESH:

Bacon, fresh, i: 222.22 os222022- sean es a ee a eee
Bacon,.sliceds canned, a2: e222. 52222 te es
Beef Steak, Fresh,
@hicken:: Siresh\. -S2-ceos0- 2s 2c acae sk cass ae ave se ek ae see eee eee
@Wormed ‘Beef; 2223-22222 222552522 sssseis ons sash. eee coe ss cae ene eee
Cottage Beet. canned ;) — 222 -2222022 2622.22 S28 ceo ene eee
Dried Chipped Beef; canned, \252.--22225..2222221 2 ee eee
Rat) "Meat: fresh,” 2--5---22 5022255222255 2.2 22251 532Lh st Se eee
Hamburger Steak, fresh,
Minced Ham, canned, --------------

Pork ‘and! Beans, canned; == 2212--s5. -2225ses-te 2S. Le ee eee
Potted: (Ham, (2253 2.32 fe eae Ae co ses des 8 Set ee ee
Potted Meat. ham’ flavor; <= 2522. =. ee eee
Potted Meat (no flavor given),
Tripe,

bed ped fad ed

e Le)
HRM ODRMHw!

=

SAUSAGE:
Sausage, Beef. 2:.-252522225- pono So se5assae sect ses os ace bs es
Sausage, Bologna,

Sausage, Prankfurters,) (225-5 222222522 oe oe a ee aoe kee eee
pinay, Lovee UO ile, 2 oseee emis ess oe Sess 2 sess sess Se sae
Sausace.Freshi Porksand) Beef) s2<- 2622 st Se eee se a eee
Sausage. )rresh, Porkiand Weal (2) 220-225 2 ee oe es ee ee
SEDER YN ((Ciramysbal Sindy Ss eS ee ee em
Serre aC aS sieht, 2-5 262 32 os se as Sree DS OS See eS Se eee
Sausage, Holstein,
“Knacht-Wurst,”’

“Liver Pudding,”

aI
60
35
96
26
1

2
it}
1

1
2
ECTAVOLWILTSb sree ee ae eee Senet See ene ae one wot ako or 2
6
74
52
5
af

5
33
iG
339

Ise Ibbberae oils S94 oe eee aaa aes nee ae ane See = <5 ee
Sausage, ‘‘Morinella,”’
Sausage: skreshi(no name Piven)? S\s-ee se a ae ee ee ee
Sausage, Polish,
Sausage, Potted,
Sikryeey BienoeGl, 2252s so see eee es eee Ss ee poe Sees tees ee
Sausages Wiens, SUVles 6a ae se ean eee
SATIS CVV CTT gr a oe eo

NON-ALCOHOLIO DRINKS:
Birch Beer, ooo se ae ee ae eens es Bane So. 2 oc eee
Clneianig (OlalsGie5 a oa ee Eee a Se int
CiGun (SiN sesso tesa ae ene = nee eel eee ee ee eS ets
(Qin SSpanGln, ose ee a Se ee ee a EN ee SEES
GiGi, Onn, 22. eee ee Se Ee ase Se Spee Se EEE
Gideren Gis Dea ee
Cider, Orange, ----
Cider, Sweet, ------
COCO mOol ee

wwTm HH oD

5G DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 103

SUMMA RY—Continued

NON-ALCOHOLIC DRINKS—Oontinued:

Number
Article Analyzed

Cream Sour,
Ny Ug ee Wa a oy ee a 2 ee oa SR Sn AE RIS et 5
Ginpere Aleve es So: oe eS ee. be eee er Sek
Ginger Beer,
ILL yea es eae ie EO eee ee Gee ean Dost eRe SSN Re is Web aoe
Lemon Sour,
Lime Juice,
Liquid Force
Malthop,
ING GUAT sipee we nce Senet Sn 2 et Se
Oran reader eae eas a Sh 2 eee) ee |
Orcherades \=2 ssc nce eens a eine SW ks ee ee ea

Phosphate, Cherry,
Phosphate, Orange,

IPOD ae bineap ples soso seo. i ee ee ee ee ge ee
ROD Raspberry, haocsas eee ee ee eae ie ae
RO Ds PROG sean see nce hi 58 OE ae Oe Ry Se een RET nas ee
RODEO LEAW DELIV 4) a sone re ea a ye EE Se es PE Sy Le
ROD Ee LGA DORI V is oie sate eee Sa Se Re nba ee a eee ti We DER gD
IPOD eV DIGG fy eet ee as oe Se = ea ee ee eel
FRO OLR CC er a eae ee ee es Bu ee a Ue eel
pens RIN LA ae ne ee os ik ee ee eT TT ee en eo eT eee eal
bpaitie fe) fe a PE RE ag Re ee ae Res eS aS ee Leed OT Dae ee
BOdateO herr yay: Haake oe ee ee ae aT ee ee ae aoe Ai Be es
Soda Oreams ss a Bo eg ee een ae a ee a RS a5 he te = ae
BOGa Pa eMON j= se eal sa. ree tel Eee Saree ee RE Da ee en

ac]
oO
<
°
o
lee}
hee
°
4
!
|
H
H
H
|
t
1
'
t
1
H
i
'
'
'
!
t
‘
i
'
1
H
t
t
i
t
1
t
'
'
i
H
{
'
1
i
i
i
\
!
1
1
1
H
‘
1
t
'
i
{
'
t
!
Reo eee HHH bot Gee See

Noe
CAaAnmnarF kor

=

Soda, Raspberry, ----
BOda StUrawerty ese se oe cae ee ee ee eon ee eee eee Un
SOGar AV aU a Geese ae See 5 Say Ae ee ea 2 cl ee ee ate Pl al ade ene
StrawberrnyeA der, =e et esos Jaan te re eee een Ae eee ol
SammeryDrink. (Orange) Mlavor) sees ee ee ee ee
DW ATIReY yah ee ro ses ena See Ae ee Ss ee eae
Remperance. Brews esses en soon cee oe ee ee ee eee

~)

NUTS:

IST AZINE yee eee nace eae eet tN EE Le eee eS ee eee 1
@DGSt Mutsy Sac see Se eae a le eS See nae eee 4
OreampNitsiee es = 2
English Walnuts, 0
MIxe GSN UGS ie et oee toe a ke ne Sa Ee es) ee ee ee By

SOUPS:

VINEGAR:

Soups. (Ohicken +2== 22-2 ee ee a St oe a Se ee i a ee ee ee 1
Soup; Tomato, . 2225225 2 ae ee ee eee ee eee 1

Vinegar,
Vinegar,
Vinegar,
Vinegar,
Vinegar,
Vinegar,
Vinegar (no name given),
Winérar. GS VID jo 2222 2520 -eeeee e e E e e
Wine sans Winlte (58 22 2. eee eee ee ene A eee eee noha uel

104

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

SUMMARY—Continued

MISCELLANEOUS PRODUOTS:

Articles

Ambrew
ARM les 5 ease bes ee ei en
Bromangelon,
Butter Color,
Celery.
Qhocolate; voces sss ese ee Ee eee
Chocolate Compound,
Cinnamon, ground,
Oltrony. 222 se se oe ke a fe Se te ae

Qo nn ww oa ne ww eo ne 2 nn ew we ee wo ee ee ee - oe ee ene ee ee

Cloves, ground,
Coed as). 22! > St oe hee a ee ee
@ocoanut in. sshelli' 2 eee ee ee eee
Cocoanut, shredded,

Conlee ne rOuuGs yea seceeeesee
Coffee, prepared, -__---____
Coffee and Cereal Filler,
Coflee; RESSENCE OTe his oe ee ee ee
Oornflavior ees cg ie ee ee ee
gee Noodles. osteo) 5 wee be ee ee
Wee MPOWOCLS on anak se elo cis see ae ees Lec lanes ate ee ee
Egg Substitute,
Mig BNew ton 92k see ok so oe see ee Re ae ne
Formaldehyde,
TO UMP LOU ss Sa een en es oe

Ginger. aise se aa ees se

OTB ID ii cee se ee eal ee Se
Hominy; qranulated) 2222202. 2) = 2s ee ee eee
Mominy (Grits. ose 2 2 Seo oe Be Oe ee
Tee (Cream Powder, 252222 20022422. secs See ot oo sk ence nese eee eee
Teen Creamy. Conese.) so 8s) ss se ea ee ere
TtallanOream), ) 222322. = seen oes coc acee tse een ee eae eee
WILY CON) hiss 2 5 see ean Sabathia ee oe ee eae can ee ee ee
Jersey Creme Syrup,
“Kar-Eal’”’ for Coffee,
“Kitehen Bouquet,”
Macaroni ts 26-23-32 2==

Maple Stipar (232220522 ses See et ean oe eS ee ee oe
Maroons) ineSViTUDp,, 2 -se- 225) Soo eae ee ee
Mincemeéati(@ider,, 5-28-2502 s2 2 be 26 eee. cake eck cosine ae
Mustard) (2round: (25: 228222. 52 ea an coon ane eee eee eee acct ea ae ee eee
Mustard: prepared, |\22255.22 2s. 228 eo eS ee ee
Nutmers: (eround’) .22-cs-2 2. se as oe ee ne oe oan eee
Nutbmers whole. @c2 22-22 Saee 8 a ee ee ee oh ee i nceen eee ee
Onione?) |22 22 oa ase Be Es oe ee ee ao eee sane aee a= aoe oo eee eee eee
Oran ees) (eS soa ee es ee eae elt ee ee ee
Paprikas cess aan
(Parathinag 252 sate a ees

Peppers PBIAGK eg ETO UD Gna ee een ee ee eeme nna eae nen sas os ee
[Peppers ehed sce OUIn Gee oe ae eee ee ere ae eee en oe ee ee
IPPPDEera Wy Dibes PS TOUD Cpe see ee eee eee eee eee aaa ee ee
Pickled Bigs, Weet, 222-225) aan een see oe a can Sateen ae see
TQiaol MELO, sek a ee oo een ose nee ee ee Se eee eee see Sc sss

PIG MPreparatlOD ne asssaere ne eee ease eben nee oe eer
Pips Meets Vellys yeas eee a ee ee ee eee a cee. oo
Pot MPO ROruist Hyon ees oes ee ee eee anne ae ocho ss seeSS eee
DEUS TO OTT Vk OLED Le ge la
TAS), (QOHNKRGl, joc eee ete se oe se se 2 see ee See eS e sees ss
Rivesenot COateGs tase ae eee eee
Roasted. Almonds) 422232225222 22-5 sae =
Saiier-ik@atite ee oe ease soa eae ane ween oe ee ee
SR RASONINE hh eee ae eee en ee ee ee eee ee ae awa e ns Soe
Spaghetti, ----.---_..-------------------------------------------------==--=--------
Strawberry: Mlavor,. arificial,’ 26225-22222 222.22. 2-2 eee
Siete (Ohi soe esos soe ena eae eee ae EE rertins Se SSeS se
Tea, ------------------------s------------------------------------------- jen c ake
Mes, GTC io aaa a se a mo
Mame) Fosesese seen ce aaa ae a a ma

Off. Doc.

Number
Analyzed

_
9 0 FR BR Pt pk LR a a ak ak 019 ak aD kN LOT ED RL et Pad Bek ad Pek kf 9 FD ak ad ek et eo OD

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 105

SUMMA RY—Continued

Number
Article Analyzed
RECAPITULATION:

IBUGhCR SY sao soos 5 a dscns sssewl oe. lesen sae Seen ee ee eee 260
COIN (O8 Se ee cn per ne ee J2ak2 e552 = ae ee 17
Ong UT: See ae ee ee aoe i Vetes anes Be 1,038
Mil ioepee se te ee ee Le ae aye ree Beene = = 3,642
Oleomargarine, Sane ee ae oe a Pes) 323 = Saeee ae see = 113
1 ee ee oe ee ere eee Set et eS eee 95
Fruit PYLUDS: |-s-sa2 as ee aa Sees aoe 22a =e Sones 5
eer Oreaiite ee. pos22 ses 22 on = Se See eee | 208
Lard, a eee en a eS AS oy St ee 98
Non-Alcoholic “Drinks, a ae Zeus Lprias aaees a2 aes 288
RAUSAOE. nie eee es ea a tenn 2 2 eee ee ee ee eee 339
Wine rar. io Co OSS kee Sh og Ao ee ee eee 206
OOO Ma sates an ote et ons SS ad a a oe ae ee ee eee ee 1,891
POG ga oe ed tit epee 1S ee ee | 8,200

CASES TERMINATED

THE FOLLOWING TABLE GIVES A LIST OF ARTICLES ANALYZED BY
CHEMISTS AND FOUND TO BE IN VIOLATION OF THE FOOD LAWS,
AND THE NUMBER OF SAMPLES OF EACH PRODUCT ON WHICH
PROSECUTIONS WERE BASED AND TERMINATED

EGG ACT, 1909. IN VIOLATION OF

Eggs unfit for food, having in possession, .................. 1
Eggs unfit for food, in possession of establishment where food
products. are. manufactured, «......2.c. hie imate ee etme 1
Mess. had, preparing to.use in bakery,....icliesccse ee ea nee 1
FECES IDA OMIA TI deo: 5.5.35 = fan 0: aha oi cr a vol Rho ol a) 9 aap oe aaa ye tte ies Sen i
GPR ROLE, SCLING,. ...... 06 aids 54 :c oe eae Ree ee eo 1
Eggs, rotten, selling as fresh, 1
Eggs unfit for food, selling, 5

Gd 98 ale 0°60) 0668): 0) 6s) t6 056 Legs) ee es iane) es ele evan
,

€ 0 e)(s) © 6! 6/0, 6) 6 a\(e) iene) io wae ee\ 6) 6) 6) ele se wes

FOOD ACT, 1907. IN VIOLATION OF

eer sextrack Obs Mispranded, ...:. .°. ite cle meteeenseesee cere are 4

Milk. skimimedsand: watered, selling;: sues a eee es 1

Mik adulterated, seulimg, . .).-. 0s. Lem mienee eee ersten ete 1
FOOD ACT, 1909. IN VIOLATION OF

ApplexJelly,; ‘misbranded, .. 0's 2. «acces ae heme eeeta ka oo eek 1

Apricois,.candied, adulterated, 2.2. .peea es eh eh se eo 1

Apricots, candied, containing sulphites, ...:................ 1

Apricots, dried, preserved with sulphur dioxide. Not de-

CHred OW: PACKAGE, eo seria cna ease DERE eI cats Ore, hoe OE if
Baking Powder, adulterated, 1
Bologna: adulterated, .. js. ,0c pate te ein nod «ard cies 008 oe 7
Breakfast Food, unfit for food; contains weevil, .......... 7
Buckwheat Flour, misbranded, 1
Buckwheat Flour, containing wheat flour, 2

S18 6 oe 6 6 Co OC OF eo E OF 6.8 60D we 8 8

106 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Burnt Almonds, varnished with resinous coating, ...........
Butter, containing an excessive amount of moisture, ........
Cake Galared ns 2 ois c i ve is oo ct cs cee be
Cake, dirty, and containing artificial color, ........ ene! a eae
Candy vleos;.containing’ talc,’ ......3 ..... see sae eee
Candied Hires, containing sulphites, .....:. ... 3.02. eee
Candy Suckers, containing sulphur dioxide, .................
Canned: Corn, unwholesome, ..\. ss siciesuc «5 2's eisai
Wats, waUlteraled,, \.\. . ss :0c, 5 «ste seoteeren eee helene ee
Catsup, consisting of a highly decomposed and putrid vegetable
MULTE Bo i625 is) ahei's\'a 's 0:0 ps9)! ol wileeinye eae yee eis Glee: nen :
Catsup, containing an excessive amount of benzoic acid,
Catsup, containing an excessive amount of benzoate of soda,

Catsup, made from decomposed vegetable substance, ........
Catsup, made from filthy and decomposed substance, ......
Catsup, made from filthy and decomposed substance and con-

taining an excessive amount of benzoate of soda, ........
Chestnuts, filthy and decomposed): =. 2 .f220 22+ %-00. Gee eee
Chestnuts, -untit, for food, . foc seek Gene ee eee
Chicken, unwholesome, 0c. s<dacelsc 52 ooo 3 eo
Chili Sauce). adulterated, 0.4 cee es eee ee
Chili Sauce, containing an excessive amount of benzoate of

ROC Reet ciere cree aes lw eianers die ate het inert eee vis 3,0 oS eee
Cream Nuts, filthy, decayed and unwholesome, ............
Cream Nuts, unfit for human consumption, .................
Egg Noodles! colored: with saffron, ...°..%....>.5 eee
English Walnuts; unfit-for food, ......%. 6.) ... +... eee
English Walnuts, decayed and filthy, ...:...0.). 22 ene
English Walnuts, unit for LOO, |...) s..)s asec.) dae
Fish, containing coal tar color, «...... .%..0. 5222p
Wish) GeECOMPOSed,, 2. d.0 6.5 ob oes v'e es «tie lee se ee
Bish? unfit for. F000, c..0. 6s ie te ed oe
Fish, unfit for food, keeping and selling, .......i2 Seeeeeee
Kish, “un Wholesome, 7. .)5 0.002 +6 s «5 ae 0 Sele eee eerie
Flour, bleached, containing nitrites, 4... ..es See eee ete
Flour, bleached with nitrous oxide, </2). 4. ..00)o. eee
Krankfurters, adulterated, .:....<.)ces seeeenE eee oe ieee Sette
Fudge, coated with a resinous glaze, ...2.22.6-...- «5 see
Glace Fruit, contaming sulphites, 2.52.4. ¢aecs- 22-10 eee
Jelly Beans, coated with mineral substance, ................
Jelly Hees, coated: with tale, ....U.20ee 42... seo) +a
Jelly Foaming, deleterious food product, ............... arr
Jelly Roll Cake, containing coal tar dye, ......... ee :
Ketchup, adulterated... .. . 00s o- aele ee otis ar nsleps ote
Maraschino Cherries, containing coal tar dye, benzoic acid,

SHI PHUKOMS ACIO s .Es . oss. holele os oanoneiens alee een

Maraschino. Cherries, containing coal tar dye and sulphur
GUORUGDE, Tee elcte sole cies ons, 323 ores ane eee ethene ee

Marasching Cherries, containing sulphurous Aeuy SE eee et eee
Maraschino Cherries, containing sulphur dioxide or compound

thereok, | yee ewee ete ase wo lore sors ioe & ais can ete eee ee te
Maraschino Cherries, preserved and colored, ...............

Meat; Gisedsedsy we. cicter srrc1e1s 0 sos + <6 10 stetae tate iene tet eeneee teh

Dee eee DOH

Sendo e HHORe

Se OHH HEWN OE HH RHE HOH HE DH

pe

tt ee

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Minces Meat ndulterated, .)., Adee tisrercess yo. si<tm 99 #18ye aoe
Mince Meat, containing benzoates; not declared on label,
Mince’ Meat, containing benzoic acid, or compound thereof,
anannor declared on laloels = sc: pepeecrersmnevsteteneisis's te lece leis, ae vo
Mince: Meat, misbranded;: ...... ..4..Rtetedereitaats a'r ea ole ciate oe pe ve eee
Mince Meat, selling under the distinctive name of another ar-
nce. Contamed. NO-meaty ....7 cre ene tee tn ciel oretole sss =
Mushrooms, Adil terated, ... . cuss ate melons nlrei ere e ayele o's oc) 00s,
Mushrooms, ‘containine sulphur dioxide pcr aries enero 22
ie emumtibe TO TOOK, |... ss. « « < etateeees Race eerortesastage «tes Sina
Oireaoscadulterated, ys... 68 saree aM ete eee poker a
DEOMI S CECOMPOSCES > 5 .0..2020. 5 oa 5-2 ereateg Senter Sr Ala) s farts
MrAnees VCECOMPOSe, <5. i's lc cies paler eptononets tegedenal semen’) ier
Grnwessand Apples, decomposed, 3. se..aseeeacegee ne aise
yeters; adulterated, .....ciu ..\s 210s wa epeinele eee eratmenatelouaeter trnris
Grusters containing added water, +. ae sehetoe: atetentact
neds LeOncaining compounds Of COPpPeEn peta se tele ls sorta:
Rickies. "adul Lerated.. 2's) Sle. 3 sparc, elec ene e ae enoe oee ene anR
Piel Wless CECOMLPOSCU, 2 4.cc04)¢ eo. tes laraebe 3 Went pee cena Ren ai
otk Saugare, ad UlLera ted sy). 5 s/s.c.s a) eke Sern a een eer ena tere
Sai. Keraiiit,. dECOMpPOSeds «+ 5 4 ved. legnutneres oieaua seis ie seven
Ralsaver aduUlteratedsgs «<< -\. cr s< se rs sietsle eke mnse ie aren te eee atte
Sausage, iresh, adulterated, ....°...).2 0 cleaeus eros oe areas
Sausage, containing added starch, 32.7 4asesaee eee aaa
Sausuce, containime starch and watery. copier tee ere
Sausage, fresh, containing added) starch) 9.92% Gears. ee. ar
Sponge: Cake; contaming artificial colony eae cee ree
Strawberry Roll Cake, containing coal tar color, ..........
Mean buns, contaimine coaly:tar Coloryest a. ani si ee eee eee
Tomato Catsup; adulterated, . -.15.2cea-esgee as ieee eer
Tomato Catsup, containing an excessive amount of benzoic acid
SETcompound: thereof, \. 4.:</2 aol sassy ere teat
Tomato Catsup, containing an excessive amount of sodium ben-
GVEA tera. 2. Slane a, on at's. 2) 4 2 PRS ae Se rere toe cho trcio ne
Wants untto for human food, Joe cede seer rare

FRUIT SYRUP ACT, 1905. IN VIOLATION OF

Strawbernyssycup, adulterated): sbi ar cerepeneta etcetera eee

ICE CREAM ACT, 1909. IN VIOLATION OF

lice (Cream, below standard for butter dat viswineecics des ss oc 2
Keep Oreamty adulterated, . 42 s:2): sce Meee ene ean eine ae
lige: Cream Chocolate low in fats 2 2eepcserie eae. oe
Neet@ream; Lemon, low im: fait, ~ ic/)ite gomre scenester ue a paste voce eof
Ice Cream, Strawberry, artificially colored and flavored, ......
fee Cream; Strawberry, low im Lau Rays. ae seats ols alc bias ahs
lee Crean, Vanilla; low im fatyy vaceas aoote mers isetact anergy sale ts

LARD ACT, 1909. IN VIOLATION OF

hard: containing’ beef stearings tyes e ee on dee ets ceo s 2,0) sate
and padulter ated): h-5.2jaye aa. er weteneeneeie fete Siok tater acrac aiober Ako, meee
ard, adulterated and not bramdediran. oy. 6 eee se + is« dain
Lard, composed largely of cottonseed oil and; .:..... 2.2.50.

107

bo bo

Ee 09

OCee RHEE bh OH e eH mete ee Yea ee

DW

be

TW HH RES

mo bD

108 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Lard, compound, not branded and containing less than 50 per
cent, Jars i. aa als sees nt Oe oe, pee

Lard, adulterated and decomposed, !.7o."890- se... «see :
Lard compound; containing no swine fat, .............¢....

FRESH MEAT ACT, 1905. IN VIOLATION OF

Hamburger Steak, containing sulphites, ...................

MILK ACT, 1901.. IN VIOLATION OF

Milk; ‘containing formaldehyde; ...: 52526; eee a ee
Oream, containing formaldehyde, -: 5 hee. ee ee ee

MILK ACT, 1909. IN VIOLATION OF

Cream, below standard for buttersidie... 27-2 eee
Milk, containing added: water, ....5 3250) eee
Milk, below standard for butter dak ve", tsi eee eee
Milk, below standard for butter fat; skimmed, ..............
MK, SUMMING, «25:5 55:5, 5 sot 535 se ke tere eetane apices eee
Skimmed Miitk, for milk, |. .;.)...:,s4;. <0. ee ee

MILK ACT, 1911. IN VIOLATION OF

Cream, below standard for butter fat .2: 522225). .00 eee
Milk, containing, added water, . .........9...067 2 eee
Milk, below standard for butter’ fat, .. 2... 5. 2:22.
Milk, below standard for butter fat; skimmed, .............
Milk, below standard for butter fat; watered, ..............
Milk, below standard for butter fat; skimmed and watered, ..
Milk, below standard for butter fat and solids, ..............
Milk below standard for butter fat and solids; skimmed, ..

Milk, below standard for butter fat and solids; watered, ......
Milk, below standard for solids; watered, ........../.:2s0ue
Milk, skimmed’ and watered, “..... 02.2. .0.00! 32 «0. 2g
Skimmed Milk, containing added water, ...............s.0:5

NON-ALCOHOLIC DRINK ACT, 1909. IN VIOLATION OF

Bireh Beer, contammy saccharin, 22.2. G2; . << os). >. 2
Cream Soda, containing saccharin, :...'002 02): .. Jc). 22 ee
Ginger Ale, containmg capsicum, -..2..5-..:....... ee
Ginger Ale, containing saccharm, ....../...:........%. 2s
Ginger Ale, containing saccharin and capsicum, .............
Iron Brew, misbramdeg, (ts 22-5 ae sete. «<0 ws 0 se
Lemon Sour Pop, adulterated, ......0.......% 0% +n
Orange Cider, contaming saccharin, .............J0n eee
Orange Cider; misbranded) .....2...56.:..::.:s=0.0s—n
Orange Soda, containing saccharin, ..:........=ss-teleeiene
Peach Blow Pop, adulterated, 22... 2... . \ 2+). .do ane
Root Beer, adulterateds: 17 ge% fs eic.. oi. eos, 6 orn ee Se
Root Beer, contaming saccharin, ....-....... 200 seen
Sarsaparilla Pop,wadulterated, ..... ...... ...\2 «ajseers eee
Soda Water, artaiicially flavored, ....... i cl«-s eee
Soda Water, containing saccharin, . .. 3. 4.402). eee
Strawberry Ade, misbranded, .............00+e2ssceeeneness

—_

pt =]

ROR eee eee poe ep Rep

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Saiwiierry. bop, “AGUIErated, ose sos 3 icles oe e's es sels
Strawberry Pop, artificially colored and flavored, ............
Seraayvberry Pop, containing sacchariny Gerla s oes. se. es
Pmamberty oud, ao0ullerated,: te cites ie a) serie ie» evs yu 6 os

OLEOMARGARINE AOT, 1901. IN VIOLATION OF

Oleomargarine, at wholesale without a license, ..............
Mereaniarearine, COLOVed, 6.7 ..c .*s nia sce eae eee dele seis 8 0 8%, obs
Glcomargarine, colored; with , meal, 02).'. sii cijivew.c es ate pia ote
Micomarearine, colored and no licenses... 02 ci ae 6 wre sola’ ssw
Oleomargarine, colored and not stamped, .................:
Oleomargarine, as and for butter and without a license, ..

Micnnarvarine, aig and) for Dutter, 500). <2. octets & one eho eee
Meonarcarine, without, a, license, 24.2): 2552) N ae hee
Micomarcarine, with meal: no lecense, ooo. vee ec ae ewe nt vlan
Oleomargarine, in imitation of yellow butter, ................
Oleomargarine, from bread wagon on streets, ..°7...........

SAUSAGE ACT, 1911. IN VIOLATION OF

Bologna Sausage, adulterated, ........... CEE etre ey
Bologna Sausage, containing vegetable flour, ...............
Frankfurter Sausage, containing coal tar dye and added water,
Frankfurter Sausage, containing vegetable flour, ............
Fresh Pork Sausage, containing vegetable fiour, ............
Luncheon Sausage, containing vegetable flour and added water,
Sanease .comcaining yererable TOME .)) e's Aersieve dag abe 2) uheuaae
Sausage, containing vegetable flour and added water, ........
Vienna Style Sausage, containing added cereal and water, ..
Vienna Style Sausage, containing vegetable flour and added

VIBES ui ael ds ola My Orda ic: Bailes, siclovatlas Saicn ively vievo S etme aks be lo x Iokaniny oy ek arate
Vienna Style Sausage, containing vegetable flour, ............

VINEGAR ACT, 1901. IN VIOLATION OF

idea VANECAP MAGUILETALed, 2. ¢ iii sce ne ox oles aioe vie o's seh e shaees
Perea PCOLGECUD 2.75/02 %2 a's ots aaa gia ae 6 Piareshe da Males Spe wie anes
Wattewary Gistiled, Geneient IN BEIM, (2 2.2.6.3 dee ha ee eeu taaes
WVitiepabs disttied, tor cider’ vimemar,: cis 0s) sss. erecta a) afolores soeee
Vinecar, distilled, colored, for cider: yinegar,) 225+ 4.2.02 0.66
Witie@ar,, HMPA OMRCIOEDS , 755.5 t)s\2w els ac er ote Ce Nee tere
MeO ATS “WHLEECU, Pe ers .atyee acs ols’ 2's Bie aekn op a ee A eae
Vinegar, containing caramel and distilled liquor, as cider vine-

Vinegar, imitation, low in solids and ash, for cider vinegar, ..
Vinepar; white distilled; adulterated), (>. 2722 ee tee et oe o's, 0
Wanecar. white wine, admltersted,.< 2oct ane eee mitre «bites

Total.¢ases: terminatedyc..0 or ere Pepa cs wr wed Riera

109

ht bt OT HO

Hm He OTHE LOH bo DA HPAP EHP poe

pt fe Pe

110 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD BUREAU
FOR THE YEAR 1911

RECEIPTS

Covering oleomargarine license fees, renovated butter license fees,
pure food, milk, vinegar, oleomargarine, egg, meat, non-alcoholic
drink, sausage, ice cream and lard fines, $120,993.48.

EXPENDITURES

Covering special agents’ salaries and expenses, chemists and lab-
oratory salaries and expenses, attorneys, detectives and assistants
salaries, fees and expenses, and clerical and stenographers’ salaries,
$83,083.15.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 111

REPORT OF THE STATE VETERINARIAN

Harrisburg, Pa., March 25, 1912.
Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture.

Dear Sir: As Secretary of the State Livestock Sanitary Board
and State Veterinarian, I have the honor to submit this, my first
annual report, for the year 1911.

Dr. S. H. Gilliland, my predecessor, was compelled by pressure
of other duties to sever his connection with the Board in December,
1910. His resignation was accepted by Governor Edwin 8. Stuart.
My appointment as State Veterinarian was received from Governor
John K. Tener, February 1, 1911. Dr. T. E. Munce was re-appointed
Deputy State Veterinarian, and subsequently elected as Assistant
Secretary of the Board.

Practically no changes were made in the personnel of the office
force. The plans and policies of the Board, which were so well
planned and followed by my predecessors have been changed as little
as possible. The routine work is increasing each year and new
responsibilities have been assumed until it has become necessary to
divide the work into Divisions with a capable, responsible person
in charge of each one. The Divisions and those in charge are as
follows:

1. Meat Hygiene: Dr. T. E. Munce, Acting Director.

2. Horse Breeding and Practical Farm Work: Dr. Carl W. Gay,
Director.

3. Contagious and Infectious Diseases: Dr. R. M. Staley, Director.

4, Laboratory and Research Work on State Farm: Dr. K. F. Meyer,
Director.

5. Milk Hygiene and Tuberculin Testing: Dr. W. S. Gimper, Di-
rector.

6. Auditing: Miss Mary C. Butterworth, Clerk.

There were two appointments made during the year to fill vacan-
cies on the Meat Hygiene force. Dr. T. E. Munce, one of the ten
original agents, was subsequently appointed by Governor Edwin 8S.
Stuart as Deputy State Veterinarian. Dr. Charles 8. Gelbert, of
Scranton, and Dr. M. P. Hendrick, of Meadville, were appointed to
fill the positions formerly held by Doctors T. E. Munce and C. C.
McLean. Dr. P. K. Jones resigned from this Service and was put in
charge of a sub-office of the Board at Pittsburg. His duties there
are principally to supervise tuberculin test on interstate cattle and
to look after contagious and infectious diseases in animals at that
point.

Dr. Joseph Johnson, who formerly had charge of the State Farm,
was transferred to Lancaster to look after the interests of the Board
at that point. Pittsburg and Lancaster are the two principal places
to which cattle are shipped from other states. It has been found
advisable to keep an agent in each of these cities.

8

112 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The following reports were received from the Director of each
Division:

MEAT HYGIENE

Sir: I have the honor to transmit the report of the Meat Hygiene
Service. This Division was reorganized early in the year. The State
was redistricted and each agent given a definite territory which
was outlined by counties, and the agent largely confined his activities
to the district assigned him. In a few instances it was found ad-
visable to have one agent go into another district for a time to assist
in maintaining continuous inspection in the larger centers of
slaughter. Continuous inspection was maintained usually for a
week at a time at the following places: Erie, Butler, Punxsutawney,
Johnstown, Altoona, Williamsport, and York. Such inspection
brought good results. It proved to be popular with the public and
should hereafter be more extensively carried on throughout the
State.

A placard, which reads as follows, was mailed to each butcher
in the State:

Please Post in Conspicuous Place

NOTICE!

The Handling of Meats and Meat Products by prospective
purchasers is not permitted under the Rules and
Regulations of the Meat Hygiene Service.

State Livestock Sanitary Board

These notices were well received for the reason that they called
the attention of the public to the filthy practice of handling meats
before making a purchase. A number of butchers wrote for addi-
tional notices so that they could post them in their market wagons
also.

At Williamsport the butchers were the first in the State to provide
sereens which would prevent prospective purchasers from handling
meats. They are also a protection against flies and other objectional
insects. The agent in that district, who was responsible for bringing
about this improvement, and the butchers who willingly complied
with the request are most highly commended. It is to be hoped
that the butchers in many other localities will soon provide similar
facilities for safeguarding the public’s meat supply from contamina-
tion. The public can do much in the way of assisting the Board
in getting butchers to provide satisfactory screens. Meats exposed
for sale in front of shops or in market houses in such a manner that
they can be handled by the public, and contaminated by flies, can-
not be regarded as clean and wholesome for human consumption.
It is recommended that municipal, also market house officials, give
this matter the careful consideration it deserves, especially at places
where new market houses are likely to be provided or old ones re-
modeled.

The time has come when municipal owned or controlled slaughter
houses must be regarded as the most sanitary as well as the most

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 113

convenient and economic method of slaughtering animals and pre-
paring meats and meat products, also proper refrigeration of same.

During the year two local meat hygiene ordinances were adopted,
one at Ellwood City, Lawrence county, the other at Bristol, Bucks
county, and in each case an agent was appointed to enforce it. Much
was done by the agents of the Board in each of these districts to-
wards bringing about the adoption of these ordinances. Several
other municipalities are considering seriously the question of pro-
viding local inspection and in each case the agent in that district
is doing much in the way of demonstrating the necessity for such
work.

The activities of the agents were confined largely to examining
slaughter houses and meat markets, and where faulty construction
was observed and unsanitary methods in vogue, instruction was given
for making the necessary corrections. A great deal of time is con-
sumed in carrying on this work in the rural districts because the
establishments are widely scattered, and the roads are bad about
half of the year, making travel slow and laborious. While at
slaughter houses, the agents examine all the animals on foot as well
as post-mortem.

AMOUNT EXAMINED DURING THE YEAR

CEN G0 ea 0 20s eine PISPRRPE RCE cc hoo Ades cit rl ienienon 2.254
SHEC CCl Pe ICME Bcc Bi cae ee diene 389
SHRLILTES Ba ele cue a eS POS ec ib Cant sig ae 1,382
CatHevauarantined, «7 ».\.. as cvevetrsele etsy ait 268
Sivinesquaramtined, << sc acre deeteatte alemene sim ei 95
Carcasses:
are Me ieee os. 90 yo sane eet ern fer 20,0522
SIS Lei es eee nn cc cy el at oy 0 hes PERN 5,9204
SPIO oes Bie asc Save & 2:0 9) os aida eee Coan ache ees 12,6304
Carcasses condemned :
OE Not a eS Irene 606 ci 6 a Bay ee 969
Slits) (SA reo Gelso os oes ccmtneie 384
SLES Sat eee eeE ere oo OS occa creator 1473
Orenns examined, \. ... ke pacity messes) 7,173
Oreang condemned, - . ak arene err yes 2,593
Meats and products examined, ............ 1,621,224 lbs. (8104 tons)
Meats and meat products condemned, .......... 17,531 Ibs. (83 tons)

A variety of diseased conditions were found, such as tuberculosis,
hog cholera, pneumonia, pleurisy, actinomycosis (lump jaw), sep-
ticemia, pyemia, echinococcus cysts, and the usual variety of para-
sitic diseases. In addition to the above diseases, a number of con-
demnations were made on account of emaciation, immaturity and
various other unwholesome conditions.

The immature (bob) veal trade, which at the beginning of the
State Meat Hygiene Service, flourished to such an extent that it was
almost impossible to cope with it, is now fairly under control. There
were three prosecutions made during the year for handling bob veal,
all of which terminated successfully for the Board.

Ce ee ee
(Note).—Regular inspections were not made at Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Reading and Harris-
burg because these places have local inspection.

8—6—1911

114

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

In addition to the immature veal cases, three other successful
prosecutions were completed, two for the sale of unwholesome beef,
and one for the slaughter of a diseased cow and sale of the meat.
Several cases of trichonosis were reported by physicians, and in
each case it was found on investigation that the person afflicted had
been eating fresh pork which had not been sufficiently cooked.

The Meat Hygiene agents appraised nearly all of the cattle reacting
to the tuberculin test, and arranged for and supervised the slaughter,
which included conducting post-mortem examination and seeing that

the condemned meat was properly disposed of.

They also investigated

a large number of complaints and much valuable advice was given
by them to butchers and livestock owners in reference to improving

their sanitary conditions.

MEAT MARKETS
aes - -
vis 2 3 E =
| = as} S a 5
re) ® = °
oO qd wm Lond
e O° a 8 q
8 . S fi 3
aie yes 5 2 z E
ounties. | o oS oS 2 2
| 22 28 28 28
Bh Ts Se TS Ss
bo} g g q qi
Se aq ee Ss Ss
eee 25 45 4a | 83
BR ay) a Ak | ax
5S 50 5° 55 | 55
| A G a 4 A
1 |
SAGAINIS ys ne eee a 30 4 |_..-2..----.| eee
Aliéghenyise = ens ee a AVGy |e ee Jatoscnees ed] ee Ee
PAN STSATRS CARN ope ea ea a ee 53 Me) 2 S|) sc
Beavers. Gane-se=s 22S s5 = aes at oe eee a eee es ee ae eowete| 22 See ee
IBEC TOT GE ar asa eae nee 11 |Lie. 2.) 2 2 |e eee
Loter dopa Sa ee eee ee eee 122 | 2 |-.-sc---5, Jt |b ee eee
LN Giles eee Soe ee ee ee 132 Pa Bea Ls ic
BT Ag OTs ae een 67 1 a ea | ee
BEST CRS ee 42 5 | Fee ere eee = a eee aa
ibjoti (is eh ee ae 2 sss. sesses |e
Gambria.) 2223-52225 essa seek ee es 275 Pi nee) (Sra setae
Q@ameron,, 2222222222222 2222-52 -nae 768 Ee Lasbeson Ssc4 be ————
Carbon: 222322 esos sae ee 22a eee 21 6 |bos.2a se be eae eee
Q@entre, 22225 26 eee 59 6 |See2s Lee S| Jie
Ghester;® 25-222 S2sc) .225552. 252252222222 128 | ae ee won eee
Glarion; S22 2se222 >. 226 eS ses SS 28 Buel elie ee Sees
Q@learfield’ o25 22 ee aa re eee $80 |oso5-.22-52) 2.32222 -2-|2 = | wooa oes
Clinton, hss eee Se hd Pe ees Se be | ene eva a |S ree ae sone
@olomblays 22 ss 5 oon one ee eee 128 7S (See ee es et
QOrawiord) (2222522 225 eee a ee ee 61 Ole lo ee
GCumberland > 2-525 es ee ee ee 52 2 2) |35-3- ee
Wauphin, | fo 25 Sos ee ee ee 195 2 |s-2cs2s.- 2) eee
Welswanesy aes sss a ee ae eee eee 90 1 |.2-2--4:-. 2 eee SEE
10 | ee AS ee ge ee ae EE ee | $1 \---.--22..-_|L od eee Eee
rignies-* aoe Rik os Soa ee ee 23 | DO a
PTA CG LS ee eee es | ee eee eee epee see = fis LS
HorTest 2 sc Se Se ae eS 7 |o..---.2s-=.|_-.---.- 2 | Eee
Mranilins (ots Sec re eh as eae 29 fl | was-s235-- ec | $2 ee ee
HMLOn, | 2222 - eee eee Sooners e Saaeee ea re SO 2 eee JAR
Greene. 0322 a ee ee ee Wo2ieiioe. bso. a. s|2en $5 ee ee ase ee
rantine dons, Sines. 2 2 se eee 41 3) |-22s eee eed doen eee Eee eee
indiana: =2-32 eae eb ee eee 49 1-422 2 eee
Weerson ) 225-622 ae a so ee Bul) es eee oe Peneereed (eee ee a || eee b eee
JUDIRGA, =) tee bee ee ee eee ee 12 2 Te
Tiackawanna, (2b ss ee eo eS 422 5 | al eae Owe See Oe
Mancaster® «2250s see eee eA eee 216 1 be eee |S
awrence. (i228 ee ee 58 8 loci ee eee
ebanons =< sso ese ao = ee eee 57 2 2 sas ee |
Lehigh 22 ee eee 141 4 2 eS en
EAIZETNC;) is 2 52 ee ee Ss See Se 224 dal ere SS ee eee ae
Dyeoming: | \i S22 se eee ee Sy 208 W220 Si Ee eee

*Meat markets in Allegheny county outside of Pittsburg.

of meat markets in Philadelphia, Reading or Harrisburg.

No gereral examination was made

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 115

Counties.

Number of meat markets ex-
amined.

+ i) cs) | a
y q — | >
tol = i=
ae z a 5
zh e S
a a
© a ) q
° (2)
o o
om o
= > = >
ae ae S. cai e
aa Be a 8
fo} p=
ee ae Be Bk)
~ 3 Oa 3 Sa
q i= i=} (=|
nes Heo ae eo
Ba Ba Ba | Ba
oS as sS oS
Ax 8x =i gv
=) 530 ee 53:0
Z Z A Z

MOK Gan eee s = fon- e o e ean ees
IG Sa ee ee
MDE NS Wee a
MONT OC) Sess k ek 22) eo esses a secas shee
MOnGEOMCLY,, = s2- S552 = 2h ao 252-5255
IWOi3 (fC) D5 ee Se
INGRAM ATID LON swe 2 eS
Northumberland ;: 2.22 222-222-+--=---==-
TEA TN oy a ee
Ipniadelp Nido ese sees a eee 2

Sinaloa! SoS ee teh ae ae eee
DINV GED gn eee sae oe ee
BOMeISCh en see en ee ee
Op oe eee
DS OMeh anitiapiee s= |e ee ye se
PEO aie ec eee A eS es
\OVOVeni, Sake ee ee Se ye eee
\ayrietucos ee ee eee ee eee
\NVGira ta ek ee
Vania bared (ove, ee See
RVC re ee ee ee oo
Wiestimorelandauesus mete ee

4,601

SLAUGHTER HOUSES

4 z 3 z &
o 4 >)
=| S a 3
n ~
o o o
n m et
5 BS q
° a } q
a S) °
oa
5 2 2 e g
Counties. =I 3 a 3 di z a Fs a
‘ a 3 «2 Bk 2
o
cay WOME sect ers ol ee
} uD eo hes Kes he
24 Zi 5 | S34 2A
25 Le a a 2a
ga =e By Bw ax
538 5° 5 oO 50 5°
v4 a v4 AZ GZ
A ATON ee ee oe = acon aee ene 30 AN Seeks saae= es eae ae
PVCS Sh a OS ee Ee PA ees eee eS ee ee |e ae ee
AMBOTRS HHO 4 <n eee eee eee ise 26 9 5 US Ree es ee [eee es

REAVER ee ee ee

*Slaughter houses in Allegheny county outside of Pittsburg. No examinations were made of
slaughter houses in Philadelphia, Reading or Harrisburg.

116

Counties.

Number slaughter houses ex-
amined.

Number defective on first
examination.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Number defective on second
examination.

defective on third

examination,

Number

Off. Doc.

Number defective on fourth
examination.

Centre,
Chester,
Clarion,
(ojtetig itso a a ee ee
Clinton,
Columbia,
(Onn ponds by SRS eee ee ee ee
Cumberland,
DAU pHIN: Shes eee ee ae
Delaware,
Elk,
Erie,
A YOLCE seen eee
Forest,
Franklin,
Th dR CLS Cah a cae Sree nee ses eee
Greene,
Huntingdon,
Indiana,
Jefferson,
RU ALTR At Oe eae ae
Lackawanna,
Lancaster,
Lawrence,
IWS mIAQ Sane oe eee ee eee
Lehigh,
TiIZeGING te eee ae ne aoe ee oe a
Lycoming,
McKean,

Montgomery,
Montour,
Northampton,
Northumberland,
TESTER ne, ee ee eee epee ree IO

Schuylkill,
Snyder,
Somerset,
Sullivan,

Susquehanna,

Wenangoncs. 2st oe ee ee ee
Warten,
Washington, (es e— 62st een eee
Wayne,
Westmoreland,
Wyoming,
York,

Respectfully submitted,
T. E. MUNCH,
Acting Director.

To C. J. Marshall, State Veterinarian.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 117

HORSE BREEDING
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report:

The Legislature at the last session passed a law concerning stallion
licensing which differs in many respects from the older law, the
act of April 25, 1907, which was thereby repealed. This new law
contains many features deemed beneficial to the horse industry of
the State, among which may be mentioned the licensing cf each
stallion for just what he is as to breed, soundness, etc., not simply
as pure bred, grade or cross bred. Another feature is the prevention
of stallions entering the State for breeding purposes without inspec-
tion. The law also contains a clause making the prosecution of vio-
lators a much more simple matter, as the former law made no pro-
visions concerning the course to be pursued in making prosecutions.
The following clause was contained in the original draft of the law,
but was stricken out as unconstitutional by the Committee in whose
hands it was placed:

“If the provisions of this act are complied with the owner or
part owner of a stallion or jack may file a lien upon any colt
gotten by such stallion for the sum stipulated to be paid for the
services of the stallion at any time before the colt is
one year old in case the price agreed upon for such service re-
mains unpaid, and may sell the same at public places in the town-
ship where the colt is kept or where the owner of the colt resides,
and apply the proceeds of such sale to the payment of the amount
due for such service and the expenses of such seizure and sale re-
turning the residue to the owner of the colt.”

A total of 2,016 stallions, of which 666 were pure breds and 1,350
grades, were licensed during 1908. In 1909 there were 2,254 licenses
issued, of these 823 were pure breds and 1,427 grades. During 1910
the total number was 2,385, composed of 908 pure breds and 1,477
grades. For the year 1911 there were 2,431 licenses issued, 941 pure
breds and 1,480 grades. Thus it will be seen that the pure bred
stallions have constantly increased; in fact during the four years
in which the law has been operative the number of pure bred stallions
has increased more than 42 per cent., while the grades have increased
but 10 per cent.

118 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

The comparative number of pure bred stallions licensed each year
and their breeds follows:

NUMBER OF STALLIONS LICENSED

|
Breed 1908 1909 | 1910 1911
|
Percheron \s25-- 3 co eee 256 290 | 815 354
Standardbred, - Seca cestslessl i is eee ee 211 253 | 289 293
BelPIaN, | 22225 225 oan aos. 2 ee 37 48 | 66 70
Ore. Woe ae oaks hes ee le Ee eee 33 43 43 44
German’ Goath,. 22. 3-22 2-222 es ee eee 23 36 | 46 40
Mrench?:Dratt, <0 see ee ee eee 29 33 | 29 30
Mackney, (223.0 223 eo ee eee | 23 29 | 26 29
Olydesdale,) -222.2— 22 225s-24 eee | 19 30 | 33 26
Mrench “Qoach, "22222222 58) £12 be 525 Leet a ee Sees 15 24 25 25
MOTeAan, 5-228 st SeSc Sk OE eee ee | 11 ll 9 13
Phoroughhred, |... c12k cy ee RES we) RR 5 10 | 10 ; 12
Naddle:, a2 235 22 a ee ee eee 5 6. If 5
Cleveland Bay, se ene = eed pe ee TS Se B3 5 | 3 2
Shetland | 22st.) ie oe ae eee a eee ee 8 2 3 2
Suffolk) =2-25 2052 Sk eee ee es Ee eee eee 0 i 1 2
Yorkshire, Sabah Sere eae es Oe ae a eee ree 1 1 1 1
Orloff. Bese Bie ee ee aE Set pais eae Se ana 0 J). 4) 1 1
Welsh’ Pony, ef Shee Re ee eee Oe ees he ee A ee 0 0 1 1
Arabians 2 eae ee ee ee eee 0 0 0 1
JRC ie 20S ee OR te. ee a ee 0 0 | 0 1

Respectfully submitted,
CARL W. GAY,
Director.
To C. J. Marshall, State Veterinarian.

PRACTICAL FARM WORK
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report:

The past season at the Farm of the State Livestock Sanitary Board
has been a generally successful one, especially good crops of hay,
wheat, corn, silage, carrots and turnips being harvested.

During the past year the number of cattle on the Farm has been
materially reduced, while the stock of hogs has been increased to
enable the Laboratory to’meet the greater demands for hog cholera
serum.

The management of the Farm has assumed control of the boarding-
house for the farm hands, the house having been thoroughly renovated
and refurnished throughout, and placed in the hands of a competent
housekeeper.

The farm help has been organized with a working foreman in direct
charge of all field and stock work, with a herdsman and helper, a
hog man, and three teamsters under him.

The policy of placing out young bred dairy bulls, of which there
are a limited number, in the hands of farmers, has been adopted,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 119

and has already been taken advantage of in several instances. Care
is taken to place these bulls in communities where they will be of
most service in grading up the stock of these localities, without in
any way interfering with the legitimate business of state breeders.
In fact it is believed this practice will result in promoting a greater
appreciation of pure bred sires, ultimately promoting the breeders
sales.
Respectfully submitted,

CARL W. GAY,
Director.
To C. J. Marshall, State Veterinarian.

CONTAGIOUS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Sir: .I have the honor to submit the following report:

The principal contagious and infectious diseases that have oc-
curred during the year are practically the same as met in previous
years. They are actinomycosis, anthrax, blackleg, glanders, hog
cholera, mange, rabies and Texas fever. (Tuberculosis is handled
by another Division.)

ACTINOMYCOSIS

Animals afflicted with generalized actinomycosis are destroyed as
worthless. Those that are afilicted with a mild form may be slaught-
ered under inspection, the diseased parts destroyed and the balance
of the carcass used for food. The animal may be kept in quarantine
and treated if the owner and agent deem it advisable to do so.

ACTINOMYCOSIS

| Number |

County. of cases Action taken.

| reported.

1S Ychr (dee ee ee See an he Ae a Se Ee ee ee Bull slaughtered for food purposes.
TG Sea ee eee ae ie ee eee Bull slaughtered for food purposes.
OlariOn Got a Ss 8 eS ee (1) Animal died.

Mavevtey 22 2s5222 20 so ee Cow slaughtered for food purposes.

1
1
il
1
Lire vail a {00 2s Seen eee Se Sl Pe eee) 1 | GQ) Animal quarantined.
eH tens Se ee eam 2 | (1) Given treatment. Kept alone.
(2) Slaughtered for food purposes.

McKean, 1 | (3) Animals killed and buried.
Schuylkill, 1 | (1) Slaughtered for food purposes.

1 | (1) Died.

2 \ (1) Quarantined and treated.
(2) Treatment given.

1 | Animal quarantined.

Sullivan, —_-_-
Tioga,

Union, ==-

120 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ANTHRAX

Anthrax is not widely distributed in Pennsylvania. An occasional
case only has been reported from fourteen counties. The disease is
most common in sections of country surrounding tanneries. For the
past few years the Board has recommended vaccination and done
it at State expense on all bovine animals kept in localities where the
disease has occurred in previous years. Very little trouble has re-
sulted from the vaccination, and in no case hag the disease occurred
in herds after they have been vaccinated.

The vaccination should be done early in the spring before animals
are turned on infected fields. They should not be turned out or ex-
posed to this infection for at least two weeks after the vaccination
is finished.

Owners are warned not to skin animals that have died suddenly
or mysteriously in places where anthrax is known to exist. ‘The
carcass should be burned to ashes, if possible on the spot where the
animal died. If this is not possible it should be buried under eight
feet of earth. The body, the grave and territory around it should
be well covered with quick lime and fenced off so no other animals
can get to it.

ANTHRAX—1911

Number of animals
dead.

vaccinated

vac-

County.

of

Previous to vac-
eination.
cination.

Following

IBCDKS) 4) ne oes eeeen
Bradford,

me
Rm Gr Or Co ST DD HD | COR O10

HOTOSE 60 oo a See eye ee i ae eee ee
Mancaster,, © s2s2=242522 =522 5 oe eee eae eae
McKean’ 2.525 222.5. saane ene e ee ee eee
Montgomery; 22222252 25oe2 2 Season ee
Potter, 02h one cee eee eee be ose ee
Susquehanna,” (2222-22587 at eee ee eee ees
THO 9 as) 2 oe aS ee Le See ee ee eee
Warvtel, | -20-s22sss0 562s S.cee seven Sete ee ce
Westmoreland, © 22222) 2222 ssa se nae eeen ene ae ease

a

BLACKLEG

Blackleg, or symptomatic anthrax, was reported and vaccinations
performed in twenty-one counties. The disease is only met in young
cattle or those under three to four years old. It can be entirely con-
trolled by vaccination. Most stock owners can recognize the disease
when it occurs on account of the rapid course, sure death and the
black, tarry, frothy appearance of the flesh in certain portions of the
body when the skin has been cut into or removed.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 121

In order to bring the attention of stock owners to the importance
of vaccination against blackleg, notices are placed in the newspapers
in sections of the State from which the disease has been reported in
previous years.

Local veterinarians can make the diagnosis and apply the vaccine,
which is furnished, free of charge, by the Board.

BLACKLEG—1911

| | No. of Animals Dead.
so)
2 a e
3s Y q
County. = ‘s &
> = ws
1 ie Cai 28 ies
{ee ca Ee Z£¢
ial 5 Be (FR —
a A Ay =
| }
PRTLIN DRO Si ee oe oe a as ee ee eS | 1 14 |
FSC ELY Elen re es ya ee we ee eee on a eae it 2
ICO OCs Se = ee 2 ee a 11 $8
Bradford, 6 55
Butler.) 2=.- 1 3
Cian Dia yee eee ae eee 1 | 3 th | pose snescce
(lamiGimares seca = coe Sei a ee 2 10 | 7 ee
RA WHORGs pace to a et if} 13 | 6) (Sas oes
int. Sosa a eee Se ee ee ee el 19 | 182 el Bea
IRE OR ne enema en ee eee op ees eee 1 Gt a See on os) ee ee
1a gristy Gyo les SS ae eee ae ity 5 BN Pee omens
NAV COMMEE pe = ans n eee caso eee oe 3. Ee eee ne if | 5 G) | Ses sasee
NWCWeaniiy <on vers Se ee. ee iso ast Se 3 37 4 PELs
LEQ IGS eee ee ee ee ee 6 | 117 Dt |e eee Be
Soli, | SSS Se ee eS eee ee Pe eee eee eos oe 1 5 teh (Mirae tees © ON be eA
RISCHICH TIN AN ee ee Ren one ea. OE | 51 622 fe ee 9
NOUIETRE hum me ees een oe ee a ese nel 1 4 |_- eee | See Aan
OD Ang eo en cae see oso eee et 4 31 LAY 522 Se Se oes
Wine ae ee ees see seeses | 1 21 ph ee eee
WWWietEren, eo a2 Sok 8 ees ee Al iit s eae 1 23 i a ean ee,
Wayne, Sa ea 35 495 10 | eae veone:
GLANDERS

Suspected cases of glanders were reported from eighteen counties
during the year. A positive diagnosis was made in fourteen coun-
ties. One man in the State contracted the disease and died. Each
positive case of the disease in horses has been disposed of in ac-
cordance with the rules and regulations of the Board. Veterinarians
seldom make a mistake in diagnosing advanced cases of glanders,
yet in nearly every instance it has been confirmed by the laboratory
examination and all horses known to have been exposed to this in-
fection were tested with mallein. In many cases the compliment
fixation test, agglutination test and Strauss method, one or all have
been applied to suspicious cases. Well marked physical cases and
animals that react to the Strauss method are destroyed. Those that
have been exposed and react to the other tests, but show no physical
symptoms may be appraised and destroyed or kept under provisional
quarantine and retested. This plan has been followed for years in
Pennsylvania, and so far no trouble has arisen from reacting horses
that show no physical symptoms of glanders.

‘

122 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

GLANDERS—1911

|
|
|

|
|
|

on |

nm ' ‘ 1 eo
S an =I =| =|
s wi ees oS | ct ze
2 a 3 | 2 =p er @
° E 2 E ea g “
B z rae ng |r Om | Gs 3
County. a Ag a 2 ay Eh Bj
eee re) al g 5° on 2o
eS ; ¥ se ed | 8
HP =e roy, n no na g 5
29 | oe. | Se) ee | Vs ees
ee ae == =e =lon x ae
Be | sa | a5 | e8 | ga aN ete
Z | AZ 4 a = B
| |
PAT agency Nites eas ee ee eee a 3 3) 48 | 11 | 4 | 1 | 5
PATINSCTON 950 soon soe ee eee 2 2 | ih tee 2 eae 2
Blain pee eee ake es ee ee 1 1 3 2 1. |.
Oleariicld 6.2.2. Sete ea ee 2 2 | 3 | 3 eed |. Sa
Orawtords, =o. Soa eee 1 1 | it iff || sere oa | tte
Delawares cis 2-37-3268 eee afl 1 5 | 4 ily} alee g
Franklins. oot 025) 522 see ee 3 3 | 24 32 | 5:i| Jay a ae 5
Jefferson, __ il aly) 1 1 | >)
Puzerne;) ===---==- 7 ie] 22 | 17 Leo ne 1
Montgomery, ------ 2 2 | 44 48 gO eee me ]
Northumberland, -- 2 2 | 8 | 7 | -22228 i
Northampton, ------ 1 1 3 2 | al 2 | 3
PHilaGelphial jetoke see wea ee eee 16 16 67 | 64 | ste 1 | 18
TPO tLe eset sat meen ie ne rea Ne ramen a Wie i ie | 12 11 3 ee 3
Sohriylictlis ar eee a os rato) 1 1 | 4_| 4 4: | segues 4
Susquehanna, less eset kee 4 | 4 | 14 12 | 1. eee | 1
NNO Gals (Sa2 20st cease ee ere Seanad eae 2 2 | 3 ye 1. | Lee 1
Wisiynle sg enemies OE 1 i il 1): eee |e

HOG CHOLERA

Hog cholera was reported from forty-three counties. Four hundred
and eleven droves, consisting of nine thousand, four hundred and
sixty hogs and pigs were examined and four thousand, nine hundred
and thirty-three were vaccinated. Over three thousand hogs had died
in these herds before vaccination was applied and about the same
number were found to be too sick to vaccinate. The State has given
the serum treatment only in herds where the disease had broken out.
Many requests were received to get it done before the disease was
observed. This plan was followed because the period of immunity is
short, lasts only about two to four months, and serum could not be
made fast enough to treat herds already afflicted. The plant at the
farm, where the vaccine is made, has been enlarged and perfected to
such an extent that it is hoped that the supply in the future will be
adequate to keep up with the demand and administer the serum
promptly when the disease is first recognized.

In most cases the diagnosis can be made and the serum applied by
the local veterinarian. Agents of the Board were sent to sections
of the State in which there was no veterinarian, or where he had had
no experience with the disease or this form of treatment. The agent,
in addition to diagnosing and treating the case, instructed the local
man where necessary in the use of the serum. Unusually good results
have been obtained in all parts of the State from ‘the use of hog
cholera serum. In nearly every case the outbreak has been checked
and no further losses sustained after the treatment was applied.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

HOG CHOLERA—1911

123

A
s
x
o
n
sg
ry
County.
a
°
(3) ne
20
qo
Sie)
A
_ PAGERS eo 65
FANG RCN YS ween ee ee een a a aes soos steno 80 |
ATIUALTONS "(= -=-——_— Foe ee 13
PEGG pe er a ee a eee eee eee| 393
Taye oh opto lie ee ee ee 0 |
iia) Oe ee ee ee ee 163 |
alata ee a se eo Ses Seo cece] 0
Ona ae ie eee ee eee ee 71
Oolimibl dis aaah ae == 8 55 2 esa == cee ceee eke 9
@umbertand. (=-o-—. a2 3- 55 2222 SS oe eS eee 64
CIDR, soos Sse sce oose eee se Sosa ess Seeesce sess 4 |
GetGN Owe ee a Sane eo ee eee eee 16 |
@ampPrid, «S222 2--22) eos le oat BS ses cee 17
(QIGG GIG) (peepee oe oe ee 2
Grawtords 22242222822. 22 Se ea es o_ Se 1
COOH IGis oe ee ee oe ee a ee 10
AL) SPER ED HVAT ee oh 8 oe ee aS ee See | 74
IDGLEN DIC, ae =e ee oe ee eer eee 72
Iban 52 Oe aa 2 ol ee SS oie ee cesses 88
VOUT eee a ane See ee See } 9
GT RENG ye se ee ae ae a eae sae ee nee ee 30
(GUAR ete et aa a ao ee ee 52
JASON | Se a ee oe 0
ILGS@MN OO, Sacer ce See ee See eee ee 208
(RW RCKIC Gs Oe aoe 5s BA Se ee | 3
GEEZ Cee nee en en 90
aE CRS HG lee ar oo ee ee Se eee nl 298
CCL WT ee aoe es ae ee ee 13
iy Goperevegs | SSeS ee ee eee ae 15
WGI), ee eee eo Spe eae eeeoee 3
WEDD aes 3 ot eee eee ee Se ee eee 57
MGHtSOMERY),) Sas - aan 3 = a ee ee 623
NUGEGR is cca es See eee ee ee cee eee ee ee 113
lorries et COT Nh ee see ie ee ee 6
TERA (lh ae NE ee ee ne ee 16
IPO GHGI, pet = oa en oe ee ae ee | 104
RIGEMGENC beg eee as 2 aes ee eS eal 0
Nahthyikaliaw pees Se ee een eee eee 67
Vie aN Oy go ee 2 ee ee Se Sot ae aos wee 9
Westmoreland 223) ea a eee 63
Wreashine ton, 2222. 2228-32252 Seek set 54
WY OTOIN 2) 2235 28 oe ea 16
BYR Ts ee eee 64
MANGE

Number of hogs exam-

ined,

Number showing symp-
toms of hog cholera.

|

Number dead.

Number vaccinated.

Number droves.

CQ bt

NAHM HN ANH AWAH FE ANH NS

~ ee

Lad

Sheep are not kept extensively in Pennsylvania, and mange is sel-
dom seen in our native flocks. In chickens the disease is known as
chalky legs but is seldom reported. Mange in horses was reported
from twelve counties. Chronic cases are practically incurable, yet

in acute cases it responds readily to treatment.

Horses known to

be afflicted with mange are quarantined until they are no longer a
source of infection. The owner is required to pay for the treatment
and properly disinfect the premises occupied by a mangy horse. The
disease has not been reported in other animals, yet mange in dogs and

cats is common, especially in cities.

124 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

MANGE—1911

NHN PWHWOR MSO

cs} 4 6 3
~ = Sc =
5 3 so o
i= a n 2 m
= g i= ic
2B a & s S|
=| = re
County. FA aS a5
Oo pray S n
~~ ro) 4H wo
° ~ ° of
Lo] uo) o>
hb HO wv ie
vo oq eq o
a 25 25 ig
5 8a 89 Ba
3 38 53°65 38
Zz A A Zz
PT VES a a, Le eee eae a ae Se , | { ee
BUCK ay see ase nei ee 5 25 | 9
Oleartield;) =. 2-4--22-=-204u. ds eee Oe i] 5 | 5
OTIO® Feo ss Socbel St eke ee By i ee ee 1 ills) 1
ONES, area Sel ca aac cA the eee ie ee. Ce ee | 4 16 | 9
Indiana, 2230 oAd ek es ee a ee 1 8 8
hackawannd,. | na2. cele... 2 eee ae 1 2 2
Bepanones qavsseoas2- eee | il 3 3
Montgomery, --- 4 7 4
Philadelphia, -_-- 21 357 35 3}
Susquehanna, ---. 1 1 il
Warren; yao se2a 1 Zz 1
Work, 4 sto. 65 so= = 25 seo es ee eee 1 7 7

RABIES

Rabies has been more prevalent than in former years. It was re-
ported from fifty-two counties. <A correct diagnosis is seldom made
by laymen, yet a veterinarian usually recognizes it. There is no
known disease with more characteristic symptoms, runs a more uni-
form course or results in death more surely than is seen in rabies,
yet a positive diagnosis can be made only by a laboratory examina-
tion. Too much time should not be lost, however, in waiting for the
laboratory examination in cases where a human being has been bitten
and the animal that inflicted the bite was seen by an experienced
person and rabies diagnosed or suspected by him.

As in all other contagious or infectious diseases the law requires
that rabies should be reported to the Board. When rabies are reported
an investigation is made promptly. Animals that have been bitten
by a rabid dog are placed in quarantine usually for one hundred
days. This is known as an Individual Quarantine. Two thousand four
hundred and seventy-four such quarantines were enforced during the
year. If a large number of animals have been bitten by a rabid dog,
or where several cases have been observed in the same locality a Gen-
eral Quarantine may be placed on the territory for one hundred days
and renewed if necessary. Such quarantines are placed usually only
upon request from loca] Boards of Health, or on petitions signed by
the leading citizens of the community. Twenty-five general quaran-
tines were maintained during the year. In ease of a general quar-
antine no dogs within its boundary are allowed to run loose without
a muzzle, which must be sufficiently large, strong and applied in such
a way that the animal wearing it cannot inflict a bite to man or other
animals. Dogs that are found running at large with no muzzle may
‘be confiscated, shot or killed by any citizen. The local Board of
Health, Humane Society, or anybody may enforce the quarantine.
The Board in most cases has taken full charge of all such quaran-
tines. Its agents destroyed two thousand six hundred and four dogs
during the year. Forty-six persons were reported as having been

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 125

bitten by rabid dogs. In most cases the Pasteur treatment has been
taken. A rabid dog in Johnstown bit two persons, one of them took
the Pasteur treatment and experienced no further trouble. The other
refused to take it, but subsequently developed rabies and died.

The number of cases of rabies that are reported has increased each
year for a number of years, not only in Pennsylvania, but in all parts
of this country. Much of the infection is spread by ownerless, worth-
less, renegade dogs. Persons who are fond of dogs should use their
influence to destroy homeless ones, and persuade those who own
dogs to give them good care and see that they are not allowed to
roam at large and thus become a nuisance and source of danger to

people and animals.
RABIES—1911

Lo}
a .
5 3 8
= 2 A :
o A 3 Lo]
Leal ~ q o
n =I os nal
. o os} tnd ° =
2 n H oI HH qa
Counties. a s 3 % &
=) a o ~S
3 io ; " FS
HH 2 or] ZB n
3 5 = 5 g
5 i= 8 B= 2
q ro) q o
5 a Hi 4 a
{
NCIS a eee es toe kee ob Se 3 0 0 0 1
SAV ate oh yy Ce ee aS ee 8 10 0 0 0
BATTS GOT Bea prereset ee oe ee ae At ST 6 23 0 0 1
IBD Siege meee ewes So i es ee Bo 5 75 0 0 5
IBCAVCI Naso s eens oe see Sas eee oe 1 1 0 0 0
ST pe eect oat ee ek il 0 0 0 0
IBVIGK Sagan es hee AS. fee eo ees 14 100 2 0 0
IB Glee eee ea esa es 5 10 0 0 0
@Wambriag S22 222 ee soe 14 56 3 500 3
Osrbon yee). foo aso ahaa s ete ease ae 3 42 0 0 0
Wentresh ces. ctan == aise eos sone ees eet ae 5 0 1 39 1
OHOStery sett 2sec ences See Lees See 11 15 0 0 1
Cleartigld ete sesh es oe oT 7 4 1 0 0
Olarionhaes: oe een te 1 36 0 0 0
Golumbias§ 222-2 se ane 5 8 1 43 1
Orawiordiy=-.2--5---—= 5 32 1 292 2
Oumberland, -------- 1 14 il 56 0
Dauphin, 9 20 0 0 0
Delaware, 13 209 1 164 0
Fayette, 10 40 1 0 3
Forest, 1 2 0 0 0
Franklin, 2 54 0 0 0
Greene 222-32 s2te 2 22 0 0 0
Huntingdon, 2 10 0 0 0
Indiana, -_-- 11 467 0 0 0
Jefferson). = --2242—-— tf 75 2 306 2
Lackawanna, ------- 6 39 0 0 0
ancaster, 2222222255 (6 35 2 23 2
WAWrence,, =2-ss25-=— 4 0 0 0 0
Lehigh, --- 2 12 0 0 0
Luzerne, -- 46 157 2 186 12
Lycoming, 2 it) 0 0 1
encery ==-- 6 62 3 199: 0
Mifflin, —_ P 10 0 0 0
McKean 2 16 0 0 1
Montgomery, aly 72 0 0 0
Montour, 222-2... s 23 if 0 0
Monroe. 2-2-5. 1 0 0 0 0
Northumberland, - 2 4 0 0 0
Northampton, __-- 9 67 0 0 0
Philadelphia, --- 38 14 0 0 2
Schuylkill, __--- 2 52 0 0 0
SDV. Gere ereoe soo 2 13 6 0 0
NOmMerset. (a8s- es. 5 91 1 310 0
Susquehanna, -_--- 1 6 0 0 0
Wnioniy ssa ee aS Se ee 1 25 0 0 0
NSITANEO) 40 2o a e oa ek nk a Sane oeeee il 75 0 0 0
Wiashinetoning Ses. 220252.5-8 2 eee eee 4 108 1 242 2
WSYNCS ys = oo eats ease 2 13 0 0 0
Westmoreland’: (2225.2 3-2 eee 22 66 0 56 5
WYOMING, 0255 2sacsso nese ee 2 0 0 0 1
BVOrK, (ones ne oo oS oes enone 8 129 u 188 1

OS ae

126 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

TEXAS FEVER

There were two small outbreaks of Texas fever in the State during
the year. In both cases it was recognized at once by the local veterin-
arians and the diagnosis was confirmed by the laboratory examina-
tion. The outbreak occurred in each instance in native cattle that
were shipped in cars that had carried Southern cattle. Evidently
the cars had not been sufficiently disinfected.

Permits are given to certain slaughter houses in the State to handle
Southern cattle. No trouble has ever arisen from this custom. The
Federal, as well as State agents maintain a careful supervision over
the handling of Southern cattle. Before the cause and characteristics
of Texas fever were known, extensive losses were sustained each year
from this disease. It is easily controlled in Pennsylvania at the
present time.

Counties Involved.

Number of cattle affected.
Number of cattle died
Number of outbreaks.

Number of cattle exposed.

EGLO eee tee ak Re ae eee Faeroh RERRN heal SAL Re | 1,105

8 4

CONTAGIOUS ABORTION

Considerable work has been done during the year on this impor-
tant disease. The Director of the laboratory succeeded in isolating
the bacillus of Bang from an aborted foetus thus confirming the
prevailing suspicion that our dairy herds were afflicted with the
same form of contagious abortion that was studied and so minutely
described by Prof. Bang of Denmark, and whose work was confirmed
by the Royal Commission appointed by King Edward to study the
disease. Much more may be expected in reference to this disease
in the future.

A large number of other diseases were reported during the year but
on investigation were found to be harmless or insignificant so far as
being a source of danger to other animals were concerned and are,
therefore, not reported.

Respectfully submitted,

R. M. STALEY,
Director.
To C. J. Marshall, State Veterinarian,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 127

LABORATORY AND RESEARCH WORK
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report:

I took charge of this work on the first of February in 1911. The
report is divided into three sections: A. Research Experiments;
B. Routine Work; C. Milk Hygiene.

There are so many problems of importance to be investigated that
it was, at the beginning, difficult to select for an understaffed, poorly
equipped laboratory the most urgent of them, and avoid splitting
the routine work into unpractical sub-groups. During the year the
laboratory has been thoroughly equipped and ample and efficient
help provided in the laboratory and at the farm so that first-class
work is now possible in every respect.

A. RESEARCH EXPERIMENTS
1. GLANDERS

Experience gathered in other laboratories concerning the
diagnois of glanders has been applied to research work in
the laboratory. It was first emphasized by German investigators
that the complement fixation test is most valuable for the diagnosis
of glanders. ‘The necessary sera were at once prepared, and the
test which has been used for over eight months has proved to be a
great success. The veterinarians were asked to forward to the
laboratory blood samples which were examined according to this
method usually in combination with the Agglutination test. An early
glander’s infection can be more readily diagnosed by means of this
test than with the Complement Fixation test. In one instance the
results demonstrated the unreliability of the mallein test. The
Complement Deviation and the Agglutination tests are very delicate
and undoubtedly the varying results which have been obtained by
investigators may be ascribed to faulty technique. The results of
our work will soon be ready for publication.

In many instances glanders cultures were isolated from the speci-
mens forwarded to the laboratory. The biological reactions were
tested by modern methods but many contradictory results obtained,
and were, therefore, held for a more complete study. As soon as
results are available they will be published.

‘

2. “EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS”

Page, Frothingham, and Paige published in the year 1910
an article under the title of ‘“Sporothrix and _ Epizootic
Lymphangitis in Pennsylvania. Through connection with an
institute for tropical diseases, in which many cases of true
Epizootic Lymphangitis were observed, I was familiar with
this form of skin disease in equines and knew its real
cause to be a sporothrix. An opportunity was offered during the year
te study a case in a horse which suffered a relapse of ‘“Epizootie
Lymphangitis.” From this animal two small subcutaneous abscesses
were aseptically extirpated. The pus was smeared on malose agar

128 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and potatoes, and showed in five days the characteristic growth of a

Sporothrix. In two other instances the same micro-organism was
isolated from the same horse. After being tested on many different
culture media and thoroughly identified, animal inoculations were

made and confirmed the views expressed by Page, Frothingham and
Paige. In two instances the agglutination according to Widal was
positive 1:800. Another sample of pus and serum from a horse
quarantined in Pennsylvania gave the same result. The complement
fixation was negative with glanders antigen and positive with sporo-
thrix extract. The histological structire was identical with those
described for this disease in human beings, and there is no doubt but
that the disease which resembled “Epizootic Lymphangitis” is Sporo-
thrileosis. The investigation in connection with true Epizootic
Lymphangitis was contained. Cultures of the real Saccharomyces
farcinomosus were promised to the laboratory from Africa and Italy.
They will be the basis for a complete comparative study. It may
be mentioned here that Sporothrix cultures were undoubtedly ob-
tained from many other cases at the laboratory previous to this
investigation, because several culture tubes found in the laboratory
proved on replantation on the necessary media to be identical with
those of Sporothrix. The facts will be published in two or three
months in connection with work done in other laboratories on a
blastomycotic skin disease of dogs.

3. TUBERCULOSIS

The research work outlined and started by Dr. Leonard
Pearson and continued by Dr. Gilliland was completed; the
animals were tested, destroyed and autopsied. The results, at
present in a stage of compilation, will be included in the report on
“The Tuberculosis Vaccination according to the method of Dr. Pear-
son.”

Many interesting features were observed during these autopsies.
Animal inoculations were made and the tubercle bacillus isolated to
determine its biological characteristics and its virulency to cattle.
To verify the views advanced by Prof. Eber many different tests must
necessarily be carried out before an opinion can be expressed. This
work proved that we are still in an experimental stage in the ques-
tion of immunizing cattle against tuberculosis. This and other rea-
sons collected from various investigators caused us to abandon the
vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis for the present.

Ophthalmic Test. Recently German publications have called at-
tention to the good results obtained with several newer methods
of tuberculin testing. Such tests were applied under the different
conditions in Pennsylvania to determine whether or not they are of
value to the general routine of tuberculin testing. The ophthalmic
test has been applied on many animals and the results were con--
trolled by the subcutaneous test and autopsy. The value of the ocular
test was confirmed, and we hope to be able soon to apply it more uni-
versally in conjunction with the subcutaneous tuberculin injection.
The special tuberculin required for the ocular test has been prepared
and can be supplied at any time when wanted. The results of some
work done on this subject have been published in the proceedings of
the United States Livestock Sanitary Associations under the title of
“Newer Methods of Tuberculin Testing” in December, 1911.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 129

4. CHRONIC BACTERIAL DYSENTERY

_ Having had an opportunity to study this disease in Europe and

extra effort has been made to continue the investigation in this
country. Efforts were made to reproduce the disease in cattle. Tests
were carried out to determine the diagnostical value of Avian Tuber-
culin. Several animals kept under isolation supplied the necessary
material for this work. A cow purchased in Northampton county gave
only a slight positive ophthalmo-reaction to Avian tuberculin, but
proved to be affected with bacterial dysentery when autopsied. In
several cases post mortem and microscopical examinations confirmed
the reaction obtained with Avian tuberculin. The lesions found were
different than those described by Prof. Bang and previously observed
by the writer. Chronic intoxication and anemia were more pro-
nounced and the lesions in the intestinal tract are less prominent than
are usually seen in European cases. In three instances we succeeded,
by means of intra-venous inoculations of emulsions of tissues con-
laining the specific acid fast bacillus in large quantities, in repro-
ducing the disease in such a form that the animal would react to
avian tuberculin. Attempts to cultivate bacillus on at least thirty
different culture media failed entirely. Inoculations on guinea pigs
showed lesions similar to those produced by the inoculation of ma-
terial from pigeons which contained an acid fast bacillus very much
like those found in Bacterial Dysentery.

5. CONTAGIOUS ABORTION

The prevalency of this disease demanded thorough and urgent
investigation. In different instances pure culture of the Bang bacillus
was obtained from the intestinal tract of a foetus. The morphologi-
cal and biological characteristic of this bacillus will be published
later. Proof can be given to show that “Granular Vaginitis” of cows
is not responsible for contagious abortion. Preparations have been
made to install the complement fixation and agglutination test for
diagnosing this disease.

6. HOG CHOLERA

The preparation of serum for the immunization of hogs against
hog cholera involved a considerable amount of work. Under the con-
dition serum was prepared the year before the amount was not suffic-
ient to answer the requirements. Climatic conditions did not permit
an extensive serum production during the winter months, and it
was the idea of Dr. Leonard Pearson to construct a special building
for this particular work at the.farm. The plans, based more or less
on his idea, were submitted by Mr. Hileman at the beginning of the
year to the Board and accepted. In the beginning of May the erection
of the building was started, but was not completed until the middle
of November. The entire building is of stone and concrete construc-
tion, with perfect drainage into a well in which the refuse and drain-
age of the hog cholera building as well as of the post mortem labora-
tory can be thoroughly disinfected.

At first we had difficulties in obtaining the necessary amount of
virulent blood to be used for hyper-immunization purposes. Previous
to October, 1911, such blood was collected from sick hogs in out-
breaks in the neighborhood of Philadelphia and inoculated into im-

§9—6—1911

130 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

mune hogs. Many times the blood proved to be contaminated or
changed so that it caused the death of several animals used for hyper-
immunization. The hog bred on the farm could be used for hyper-
immunization because they had a certain amount of immunity, and
would easily resist too mild hog cholera infection. Immunity pro-
duced with blood from hog cholera outbreaks in the eastern part of
the State did not have the same protective properties against a severe
infection as when the serum was produced with virulent blood from
the western part of the State. There appears to be a variation of
virulency which is confined to certain localities, and the serum
produced from such places will only protect against this particular
hog cholera infection. It is, therefore, the policy at present to use
a polyvalent virus (a virus which contains at least 10 to 12 hog
cholera vira) from different localities. To increase the potency of this
virus several strains were added through the courtesy of Dr. Van Es,
of North Dakota.

We are now preparing virus by inoculation or by the exposure of
susceptible hogs in naturally infected pens. Hogs for this purpose
were purchased from parts of Pennsylvania where hog cholera was
never observed. They were at first inoculated but it was soon learned
that the pens were sufficiently infected to cause a natural infection.
Daily records of temperatures would indicate an infection, and the
animals were killed in agonal stage shortly before death. Their
blood is used at once for hyper-immunization. A careful autopsy
of the animal will demonstrate the severeness of the disease, and one
familiar with this work can readily ascertain the fitness of the virus
for hyper-immunization by the morbid lesions. Hyper-immunized
hogs are usually bled four times at intervals of ten days, the blood is
defibrinated, filtered and preserved with 0.5 per cent. carbolic acid.
From September to January over 111,485 c. c. of serum were pro-
duced. The mixture of different bleedings has usually been tested
in the way described by Dorset and DeSchweinitz. The results ob-
tained in the field with this serum are very encouraging. As a pro-
phylactic the serum proved to be of great value. The therapeutic
effect was not satisfactory. It must be kept in mind that hogs may
succumb after they have been immunized against hog cholera but not
to a secondary invasion which is caused by lesions in the lungs or
other organs. A statistical report would show better the value of
serum treatment if results were more faithfully submitted. It is
hoped that during the coming year more interest will be shown in
this phase of the work.

The simultaneous method of treating hogs with a small dose of
virulent blood and serum together has been entirely dropped. Prof.
Hutyra claims that hog cholera is disseminated by the sero-simultan-
eous method, and that areas of the disease are thus established. His
views have been confirmed by our experience. If the serum treatment
is given early in the disease and particularly when only one or two ani-
mals have succumbed the results are perfect. Outbreaks of hog cholera
should be reported as early as possible, and treatment begun at once if
the fullest benefit is to be expected. The serum treatment should not
be given unless there are cases of cholera on the premises.

An investigation concerning the importance of the bacillus suipesti-
fer and other micro-organisms found in hog cholera has been started,
but sufficient data is not at hand to permit a conclusive statement.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 131

Conditions similar to those described by Uhlenhuth and his collabora-
tors are undoubtedly met with. These experiments are being con-
tinued and will be published as soon as they are finished.

A compatative study of the value of several modern serological
methods for the standardization of hog cholera serum was under-
taken. Extracts of the different organs, particularly those of bone
marrow of hogs dead from cholera, were made and highly potent
sera were tested by the complement deviation test. The results were
negative. Further investigation will be conducted to find a method
to determine the potency of this serum.

Investigations concerning the biological character of the virus
have been undertaken, but this work is still in the preliminary
stage.

7. TEXAS FEVER

An opportunity was offered to collect blood from an animal suffer-
ing from Texas fever near Doylestown. It was inoculated into two
animals and in due time they developed Texas fever. After an in-
cubation time of twenty-eight days there was a relapse, and in the
blood the changes which have been desciibed by Theobald Smith and
Kilborne in 1894 as coceus like peripheral bodies on the blood cells
were noted. <A careful study was made of these bodies to see if we
could verify the statement made by Theiler and Sieber that these
bodies are of parasitic origin. We were unable to confirm the state-
ment, and therefore consider the disease as “Pernicious Anemia of
Cattle” and not “Anaplasmosis” as was proposed by them.

A report on this investigation was presented at the meeting of the
United States Livestock Sanitary Association in Chicago, December,
1911, and will be printed in their proceedings. The results will be
published also in the “Hand-buchder Pathogenen Mikroorganismen,”’
by Kolle and Wassermann.

8. FORAGE POISONING

Autopsies of several cases of Forage Poisoning have been made dur-
ing the year, and in several instances a careful histological examina-
tion of the brain was carried out to determine whether we have the
same lesions as have been described by Professor Joest. In studying en-
zootie cerebro-spinal meningitis Joest found disseminated infiltra-
tions of a lymphocytic character, and cell inclusions in the large gang-
lion cells of the hippocampus and olfactorie regions of the brain simi-
lar to those seen in Rabies. In the specimens submitted for these
purposes the reactions or alterations just described could not be
verified. Investigations are being continued, which may permit in
a few months to express a better opinion on the nature of this

disease.
9. PLANT AND FEED POISONING

During the year several investigations were made on animals which
had died of this disease, and in which the lesions are somewhat similar
to those described in hemorrhagic septicemia. We were unable to
isolate the characteristic bacillus. Interest was therefore directed
to the possibility that a poisoning, possibly of plant origin may cause
the similarity of post mortem lesions. Necessary preparations have
been made to study this disease in the field during the next season.
The following interesting observations were made on two cases:

132 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

1. In September several cattle died suddenly on three different
farms which were located in the mountains at an altitude of 1900
to 2,000 feet. These animals were grazing in the woods near the
farm. The clinical symptoms were severe anemia, sub-normal tem-
perature, emaciation, and well marked hemoglobinemia. The autopsy
demonstrated the characteristic lesions of hematolysis, hemoglobi-
nuria, icterus, anemia, gastro-intestinal catarrh, and degeneration
of the parenchymatous organs. The bacteriological examination and
the animal inoculation proved that no blood parasites could have
caused the severe anemia. Several of the rabbits died after a dis-
tinct incubation time, but a bacteriological examination proved that
no organized bodies could have caused the death. The conditions of
this outbreak led to the conclusion that we are dealing with the effect
of a blood poison, and that possibly mushrooms of the type of ‘“ama-
nita phalloides” with its toxie alkaloids had caused the deaths.
Several requests were made to get these fungi but none were re-
ceived. This observation is therefore incomplete, and only circum-
stantial evidence gives us the right to conclude that death may have
been caused by mushrooms.

2. In the neighborhood of Norristown and North Wales several
animals died during the month of November with the symptoms of
salivation, sub-normal temperature, tonic and tetanic spasms, severe
nervous depression, constipation, etc. In several instances a post
mortem was performed, but with the exception of a gastro-intestinal
inflammation no alterations of a distinct character could be found.
The examination for rabies was negative. An inquiry showed that
in all the stables in which the disease occurred the bran fed has
been purchased from the same source. It was also found that this
feed had been purchased in each case between the 28th and 30th of
October. The first cases of death were reported the 14th of November.
It appeared that animals in the same stable were susceptible in
varying degrees. Out of twenty-one animals in one stable only six
became sick, in another stable of nine, six became sick and succumbed
to the intoxication. A diagnosis of feed poisoning was made, and
a feeding experiment was started at the laboratory. The same bran
which had been purchased by one of the farmers was fed experiment-
ally to three animals for over four weeks, and one died after five
days with same symptoms and post mortem lesions as was found
in the original cases.

B. ROUTINE WORK
SPECIMENS RECHIVED FOR EXAMINATION

During the year seven hundred and sixteen shipments containing
a total of over nine hundred different specimens were received for
diagnosis. A small number of the specimens received were so de-
composed that an examination was impossible. In most cases they
reached the laboratory in good condition.

RABIES

Four hundred and twenty-seven heads were received during the
year. These were from horses, cattle, sheep, hogs, mules, goats, cats
and dogs. One human brain was brought from one of the city hos-
pitals to the laboratory for diagnosis. A large percentage of these
cases were positive for rabies.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 133

GLANDERS

One hundred and twenty-four specimens were received for exami-
nation, one hundred and three being samples of serum and twenty-
one of pus. The examination of these specimens was determined
as follows:

Diagnosis of serum:
1. Complement deviation test.
2. Agglutination test.

Diagnosis of pus:
1. Microscopical examination.
2. Strauss method.

These tests were carefully carried out in each instance, and checked
with the record of the mallein test, if such had been made. When-
ever circumstances would permit an autopsy was made and record
kept of each examination.

The complement deviation test, heretofore not carried out at the
laboratory, has proven invaluable in the diagnosis of this disease.
In each instance, however, an agglutination test was also made, and
results checked up. As before proven, it was found that the aggluti-
nation test alone is of very little value. The Strauss reaction was
made from samples of pus, and when necessary the bacillus maillei
was isolated to confirm the diagnosis.

During the year a diagnosis of fifteen cases of glanders was made.
Several fine pathological specimens from glandered horses were
brought to the laboratory by veterinarians and added to the exhibit
in the museum. They consisted of sections of lungs, spleen and nasal
septum.

HOG CHOLERA

A total of sixty specimens representing twenty-five different hogs,
and including three whole carcasses were received and examined.
A positive diagnosis was made in twenty-two cases, two were reported
as negative.

TUBERCULOSIS

Thirty-four specimens exclusive of milk samples were received
and examined. These specimens including different tissues, pus and
feces and the diagnosis depended upon were:

1. (a) The demonstration of tubercle bacilli in the smears.

(b) Examination of smear preparations after the antiformin
method.

2. The microscopical examination of tissue.

3. The animal inoculation test.

Twenty-three specimens were diagnosed positive and fourteen nega-
tive. Several gross specimens were received from the School of Veter-
inary Medicine and the different abattoirs. They were properly
mounted, and added to the museum collection.

134 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
ANTHRAX

Of thirty-one specimens received for examination all except one
were from cattle. The diagnosis depended upon:

1. The demonsiration of anthrax bacilli in smears of blood.

2. The examination of twenty-four hour cultures made from the
blood or tissues.

3. The inoculation of mice with suspected material.

4. Precipitin test after Ascoli.

These specimens included sections of muscle, liver, spleen, and in
the majority of cases whole ears. Of the number received ten were
diagnosed positive. To avoid any errors in diagnosis the demonstra-
tion of bacilli resembling anthrax was followed by inoculation with
tissues. By this means we were enabled to isolate several new strains
which were kept in stock and used in the preparation of the different
anthrax vaccines.

“EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS”

Of the total number of eight specimens received it was possible
to demonstrate the double membraned spores of Sporothrix (sac-
charomyces farciminosus) in but two instances. Unstained prepara-
tions fixed in Ernst solution show these bodies particularly fine.

CHRONIC BACTERIAL DYSENTERY

Six specimens of tissue, rectal scrapings, and feces were received
and examined. Of these tive were negative and one positive.

SYMPTOMATIC ANTHRAX OR BLACKLEG

One specimen suspected of this disease was a portion of muscle
from a calf, and with it we were able to reproduce the disease. The
bacillus of symptomatic anthrax was also successfully demonstrated
in smears from the tissue received, and from cultures.

POULTRY

Forty-eight fowls were received during the year, including twenty-
three living and twelve dead hens, five living and three dead ducks,
four dead guinea hens and one living squab, together with five differ-
ent specimens of tissue. Some of the animals received showed typical
lesions of roup and were diagnosed as such. Some recovered com-
pletely, and were either destroyed, returned, or kept for observation.
During the summer many chickens were received which showed the
following symptoms:—loss of appetite and coordination, drooping
of wings, anemia of the mucous membranes, coma, and diarrhoea, and
the autopsies revealed nothing but a catarrhal hastro-enteritis.

MISCELLANEOUS

The remaining specimens received, fifty in number, were diagnosed
as follows:—Forage poisoning, Borna’s disease, Texas fever, cow
pox, navel ill, croupous and broncho-pneumonia, invaginations, rup-
ture, traumatic pericarditis, osteomalacia, streptococcic or straphlo-
coecis infections, tumors, including lymphoma, fibromyxoma, hard
fibroms and round cell sarcoma, parasitic infections including oesopho-
gostomum columianum, trichophytom tonsurans, cystocercus-pisifor-
mis, rhipicephalus sanguineus, boophilus annulatus, demondex folli-
culurum, larvae of the hypoderma bovis, strongylus filiria, ete.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 135

Tuberculin: One hundred and ninety-eight thousand seven hun-
dred and twenty cubic centimeters of tuberculin solution were pre-
pared and distributed. Over six hundred cubic centimeters of con-
centrated tuberculin were used in the preparation of dry precipitated
tuberculin for the ophthalmic test.

Mallein: Two thousand seven hundred and sixty-eight c. c. of
mallein solution were prepared during the year.

Anthrax Vaccine: One thousand six hundred and seventy-one
doses of anthrax vaccine Nos. 1 and 2 for cattle, and fifty-one doses
of anthrax vaccine Nos. 1 and 2 for horses were prepared and dis-
tributed. The reports following these vaccinations were very favor-
able. The cultures of the different anthrax strains, from which the
vaccines are made, are transplanted upon new culture media regu-
larly. New standardized vaccines are freshly prepared early each
Spring for the annual vaccinations.

Hog Cholera Serum: Two hundred and seventeen thousand and
eighty-five c. c. were manufactured and distributed during the year.

Computing the Hog Cholera serum at 5 cents per c. c., the tuber-
culin and mallein at 15 cents per dose, and the anthrax vaccine at
10 cents per dose, the saving to the Commonwealth for these pro-
ducts alone is $19,138.00. It is not possible to estimate in dollars
and cents the livestock saved by their application.

Milk Hygiene: In addition to the regular work for the State an
experiment was conducted for the United States Department of Agri-
culture, entitled “Comparative Studies of Biochemic Reactions of
Milk to the Bacterial Count and Their Practical Application.” One
hundred samples were collected from various stores throughout the
city of Philadelphia to compare the biochemic reactions with the
bacterial count. Several experiments were conducted to observe the
conditions which influences the several biochemic reactions used.

Weekly bacteriological examinations were made of samples of
certified milk and cream from different dealers around Philadelphia.
All samples of milk that contained more than ten thousand bacteria
per cubie centimeter, and all samples of cream that contained more
than twenty-five thousand bacteria per cubic centimeter were reported
to the Secretary of the Philadelphia Pediatric Society. The maxi-
mum bacterial count of this Society for milk is ten thousand per cubic
centimeter, and for cream twenty-five thousand per cubic centimeter.
When the count exceeds these figures the Society may withdraw its
certification.

A microscopic examination is also made of different types of bac-
teria to determine whether any are pathogenic. If the colonies are
found to be of a pathogenic type, the Secretary is notified, and an
inspection made of the herd.

One hundred and fifty-four samples of milk were sent to the labora-
tory by veterinarians and farmers and examined during the year.
The examinations consisted of a determination of the number and
kind of bacteria present, the specific gravity, per cent. fat, per cent.
of acid, per cent. of total solids, preservatives, etc., or for a diagnosis
of pathological conditions.

Respectfully submitted,
K. F. MEYER,
Director.
To C. J. Marshall, State Veterinarian.

136 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

MILK HYGIENE
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report:

Pursuant to a request from the properly authorized officials of the
city of Philadelphia, under the act approved May 21, 1895, this Board
undertook the work of inspecting the farms from which the milk
supply of Philadelphia was derived.

The main objects of this inspection were to determine what pro-
portion of the supply was coming from bad dairies, and to what ex-
tent the supply would be diminished if such places were eliminated.

It was intended that it should be a campaign of education. To
accomplish this purpose only registered veterinarians having an
intimate knowledge of animal diseases and principles of hygiene
were employed in the work.

The following form of score card was used:

FORM D. I. 8.
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

STATE LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

Milk Hygiene

Datei Tinie’: hice
CD TV OT Maes ceca te te a treaty ae oar ace aaa Dairyman ... 2%... 99. ee
BOY SA CULESS tite es wakes Ga cue einer P.O. Address 2... 03 0 eee
Location of (Warm, oi: o../s let o0 5 + aides 6 so cists, o 6 re oe

(State distance from train or trolley)

Milk delivered to what railroad station ...\.:.......: 2) 2s0sn eee
Shipping etal
Creamery: 9! oP be. 2 elk or akelote Sabena s\ ahelov etd wi, os ate ote oer
Condensary J
Distance: from. Farm sic cei e we sn sate as, sm /elortw 2G) 8 = ele Che
To whom is milk shipped! 226.00. 220 lee. cele ele oe
Address (oo iG: Be re Binet taeiteves ale ds Sak 2 i er
Number of cows.an herd’\.20.5 2 aur o Number milking |... ae
Number of quarts delivered .2......:..0.....00. 00» ot.
Is ice provided for cooling Milk... .. 0... /...66 0.6 6 rr
If water is used for cooling milk, give temperature . . =a. @eenees
Temperature of milk stored at farm ........... 3s). ds ote
Has herd. been tuberculin tested ...........). 4.5).
WHOM) oe case ses eens Rss laa a es nls os 5 o> 0's, cs een aiel nnn
Does owner want a tuberculin test made . ..:.../5 0. ice arene
Whe oo ote ee ST Se eee ce sack ner

To the best of my judgment and belief the conditions for produc-
ing, handling and furnishing to the public clean, wholesome milk
POP THIS) anya gale EC cesseie tales telson ¢ oie.., SOME Probability of improve-
MONE jain Sgi Biagio elerals ls ers fetleis lis el eo. © 0.0) eet eline inane hls

Namevof Inspector... oie ieee ooo
AGOTESS ....). %.<s,Sssinjpnteus os eee cnet Roe tee

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 137

MILK HYGIENE

(1) The producer should agree to permit the inspector to examine
his herd and premises as often as it may be considered necessary,
and give said inspector such information as may be desired as to
the herd, the food, and the method of handling the milk, ete.

(2) The room in which cows are kept and milked must be reserved
for the exclusive use of the cows. Straw, hay, and other foods, wagons,
stable tools and the like, should not be stored therein.

All livestock other than cows, such as dogs, cats, poultry, etc.,
must be excluded from the stable in which the milch cows are kept,
and an effort should be made to eliminate rats and other vermin.
(Calves and bulls may be allowed in the same room, if kept clean
and sanitary. )

(3) The cow stable shall be provided with adequate ventilation,
either through the medium of air chutes extending from the room in
which the cows are kept to the outside air, or by the substitution of
muslin for glass in the window openings. At least 600 cubic feet of
air space must be provided for each cow.

(4) Enough windows must be installed for the satisfactory lighting
of the stable (2 square feet of window light to each 600 cubic feet
of air space to represent the minimum) and the glass in such windows
must be kept free from dust and dirt.

(5) Stable floors must be water tight; they must be properly
graded and well drained; and must be made of some non-absorbent
material, such as cement, since such floors can be more easily kept
clean than floors made of wood or earth.

(6) Manure gutters should be provided, and they should be from
6 to 8 inches deep, and constructed of non-absorbent material.

(7) The platform on which the cows stand must be made of some
non-absorbent material, and so constructed that manure and urine
will drop into the gutter, and it must be well lighted and kept clean
at all times.

(8) The ceilings and walls must be so constructed as to be easily
cleaned. If the space above the cows is used for storage, the ceiling
must be made tight so as to prevent chaff and dust from falling
through. The ceilings, walls and ledges must be thoroughly swept
down and kept free from dust, dirt, manure or cobwebs. They must
be whitewashed at least twice each year unless the walls are painted
or made of smooth cement.

(9) If individual drinking basins are used, they should be drained
and cleaned at least twice each week.

(10) Feed boxes, mangers and feeding floors shall be kept in a
clean and sanitary condition.

(11) There should be no direct opening from the silo or grain pit
into the room in which the cows are milked.

(12) In order to protect the atmosphere from dust, dry fodder
should not be fed to the cows during or just before milking.

(18) Horse manure must not be used as bedding. Only bedding
which is clean, dry and absorbent may be used. Preferably it should
be shavings, straw, fodder or dried leaves.

NOTE: Each paragraph relates to an individual detail of milk production. The degree
of satisfaction with which the requirement that it contains is complied with is to be indicated
in the left hand margin by a system of crosses; one cross indicating that it is excellent

(certified dairy); two crosses that is good; three crosses that is fair; and four crosses that
it is bad. A naught signifies no effort or provision.

138 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

(14) Manure must be removed from the stable at least once each
day, and the floors must be swept and kept free from dirt, rubbish
and decaying animal or vegetable matter. Such cleaning must not
be done during the milking hour nor within one hour prior to the
milking time. Manure when removed from the stable should be
drawn to the field. If this is not possible, it must be stored at a safe
distance from the stable and milk house, and in a place not accessible
to the dairy herd.

(15) All liquid matter should be absorbed and removed daily, and
at no time should it be allowed to overflow or saturate the ground
under or around the cow barn or milk house.

(16) It is recommended that the floors and gutters be sprinkled
daily with land plaster or phosphate rock.

(17) All doors and windows should be well screened during fly
time.

CARE OF THE COWS

(18) Each cow in the herd must be groomed daily, and no manure,
mud or filth allowed to 1emain upon the tail, the flanks, udder or
belly during milking.

(19) Long hairs must be clipped from the udder and flanks of the
cow. The hair on the tails must be cut so that the brush may be well
above the ground.

(20) The udders and teats of the cow must be cleaned before milk-
ing, by being brushed, after which they must be wiped with a cloth
and warm water.

(21) To prevent the cows from lying down and becoming dirty be-
tween the time of cleaning and the time of milking, a throat latch
of rope or chain must be fastened under the cow’s neck.

(22) Only food which is of good quality and free from dirt and
mould may be fed. Any food in a state of decomposition or putre-
faction must not be given.

(23) All dairy cows should be turned out for exercise at least two
hours in each twenty-four in suitable weather. Exercise yards must
be free from manure and other filth.

CONTROL OF DISEASE IN THE HERD

(24) Cows having rheumatism, leucorrhoea, inflammation of the
uterus, severe diarrhoea, or disease of the udder, or, cows that
from any other cause may be a menace to the herd, shall be removed
from the herd, placed in a building separate from that which may be
used for the isolation of cows with tuberculosis, unless such build-
ing has been properly disinfected since it was last used for this
purpose.

The milk from such cows shall not be used, nor shall the cows be
restored to the herd until permission has been given by the inspector
after a careful physical examination.

(25) In the event of the occurrence of any of the diseases just
described between the visits of the inspector, or if at any time a
pumber of cows become sick at one time in such a way as to suggest
the outbreak of a contagious disease or poisoning, it shall be the
duty of the dairyman to withdraw such sickened cattle from the
herd, to destroy their milk, and to notify the Dairy Herd Inspector
by telegraph or telephone immediately.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 139

(26) Cows that are emaciated from chronic diseases or any cause
that in the opinion of the inspector may endanger the quality of the
milk must be removed from the herd.

TUBERCULIN TEST

(27) The herd should be free from tuberculosis, as shown by the
proper application of the tuberculin test. The test should be applied
in accordance with the rules and regulations of the State Livestock
Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania.

(28) No new animals shall be admitted to the herd without first
having passed a satisfactory tuberculin test, made in accordance
with the rules and regulations of the State Livestock Sanitary Board
of Pennsylvania.

(29) Immediately following the application of the tuberculin test
to a herd for the purpose of eliminating tuberculous cattle, should
the disease be found, the cow stable must be disinfected under the
inspector’s supervision according to a method approved by the State
Livestock Sanitary Board. Barnyards must be cleaned and dis-
infected after the tuberculin test in a manner directed by the in-
spector.

(30) When tuberculosis is found on the original test a second tuber-
culin test should follow each primary test in six (6) months, and
should again be applied in accordance with the rules and regulations
of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. Thereafter the tuberculin
tests should be applied annually.

MILKERS

(31) The hands of the milkers must be thoroughly washed with
soap, water and brush, and carefully dried on a clean towel imme-
diately before milking. The practice of moistening the hands with
milk is forbidden.

(32) Clean overalls, jumper and cap must be worn during milking.
They should be kept clean and used for no other purpose, and when
not in use they must be kept in a clean place, protected from dust
and dirt.

(33) No milker shall permit his hands, fingers, lips or tongue to
come in contact with milk intended for sale.

(34) Milkers must see that the milking stools are kept clean.

(35) Milkers are forbidden to spit upon the walls or floors or into
the gutters of stables, or upon the walls or fioors of milk houses, or
into the water used for cooling the milk or washing the utensils.

MILKING

(36) The first streams from each teat should be rejected, as this
fore milk contains large numbers of bacteria. Such milk should be
collected in a separate vessel and not milked onto the floor or into
the gutter. The milking should be done rapidly and quietly, and
the cows should be treated kindly.

(87) Milk from all cows should be excluded for a period of fifteen
days before and five days after calving.

(38) If milk from any cow is bloody and stringy or of unnatural
appearance, the milk from that cow must be rejected and the cow
isolated from the herd until the cause of such abnormal appearance
has been determined and removed.

140 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

HANDLING THE MILK

(39) Milk, when emptied from the milk pail to the can, must be
strained through strainers made of a double layer of finely meshed
cheese cloth or gauze. ‘The strainers must be cleaned immediately
after being used, by thorough washing, after which they must be
boiled. They must be scalded a second time immediately before
using. In large herds several strainers must be provided for each
milking, in order that they may be frequently changed during the
straining of the milk.

(40) Properly constructed cooler of sufficient capacity to reduce
the temperature to 50 degrees F. must be used, and it must be so
situated that it can be protected from flies, dust and odors, and
on no account shall it be used in the stable or out of doors. Milk
shall be passed over the cooler immediately after being milked.

(41) Milk, after being cooled and placed in cans, should be tightly
covered and securely wired and sealed.

MILK HOUSES

(42) A milk house must be provided which shall be separated from
the stable and dwelling and located a safe distance from the hog
pen, privy, or manure pile and at a higher level.

(43) It must be kept clean and must not be used for purposes
other than the handling and storing of milk and milk utensils. It
must be provided with light and ventilation, and the floors must
be graded and water tight.

(44) It must be provided with ample facilities for cooling milk to
the required standard of 50 degrees F., and be supplied with an
adequate amount of clean hot and cold water.

(45) The milk house must be properly screened to exclude flies.

UTENSILS

(46) After each milking, the milk pails, cans and other utensils
shall be thoroughly rinsed in cold water, then washed in hot water,
then rinsed in boiling water and inverted in a place free from dust,
flies and obnoxious odors; preferably all utensils should be sub-
jected to the action of live steam after washing.

(47) All utensils must be so constructed as to be easily cleaned.
The milk pail should have an elliptical opening 5x7 inches in diam-
eter (the modified Loy type). The cover of this pail should be so
convex as to make the entire interior of the pail visible and accessible
for cleaning. It should be made flush with the very top of the pail,
so as to avoid a groove which would conduct milk that might fall
upon the top around to the opening of the pail. A suitable cover
soldered to an ordinary milk pail by a local tinsmith will answer
if the work is well done and all of the seams are carefully filled with
solder. The pail should be made of heavy seamless tin, or with
seams which are flushed and made smooth by solder. Wooden pails,
galvanized iron pails, or pails made of rough, porous materials, are
forbidden.

(48) No producer of milk shall be permitted to have in his posses-
sion any bottle, milk can or other container bearing the name of any
other producer or any dealer, unless such bottle, can or container is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 141

so marked as to indicate that it has just come into his possession
through the purchase of milk from the person whose name appears
upon said bottle, milk can or other container.

(49) All utensils used in milking must be kept in good repair.
Rusty, leaking or broken cans, old, broken, or perforated, or badly
fitting lids, and all other utensils which, in the judgment of the in.
spector, are dangerous receptacles for milk, may be condemned after
due notice has been given, and after such utensils have been branded
by him.

WATER SUPPLY

(50) The entire water supply shall be absolutely free from con-
tamination, and shall be sufficient for all dairy purposes. It shall
be protected against flood or surface drainage, and shall be con-
veniently situated in relation to the milk house.

(51) Privies, pig-pens, manure piles, and all other possible souices
of contamination shall be so situated on the farm as to render im-
possible the contamination of the water supply.

TOILET ROOMS

(52) Toilet facilities for the milkers, outside of the stable or milk
house, must be supplied. These shall be kept clean and shall be
provided with wash basins, water, soap and towels, and the milkers
shall be required to wash and dry their hands before leaving the
toilet room.

(53) The milk gathered at the morning and evening milkings should
_be shipped on the evening of the same day.

(54) Vehicles used for carrying milk from the dairy farm to the
railroad stations, receiving stations, creameries or condensaries, and
all vehicles used for carry milk from receiving stations to the railroad
shipping station, should be covered.

All such wagons must be kept sweet and clean at all times, and
suitable provisions must be made to keep milk cooled to the required
temperature of 50 degrees F.

This work was continued over a period of about six weeks from
April 17th to May 31st. The results obtained are expressed in the
following table:

County. x xX YOO XXxx Total.

(BeGkS)) 22-522 52222 55 tae e een 3 153 83 10 249
Leyotd lay | a en eh eee 8 590 744 122 1,464
@liesterss (2. oe 2 eee eae 3 206 560 226 1,095
[Glew ANE nen ee eee 1 86 179 19 285
ANCASLGn, a nss= soe == 25 eee ee 4 302 812 25 1,143
MONUZOMIBLY, sasossa=- 2-2-2 22a ene eee 11 360 492 | 55

IP OLMIS tice cs soca ncaa eee eee 30 1,697 2,990 465 5,163

X—Number of excellent dairies.
XX—Number of good dairies.
XXX—Number of fair dairies.
XXXX—Number of bad dairies.

142 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

It will be seen that about nine per cent. of the farms inspected were
producing milk, the use of which, in the opinion of these judges, would
be prejudicial to public health.

In the fair class were placed those farms which ordinarily produced
good milk, but owing to insanitary arrangements or carelessness in
handling, the product might at times become contaminated to such
an extent as to render it unwholesome. This class constitutes about
fifty-eight per cent. of ‘the total number.

It appears that the major portion of the supply comes from dairies
where a little education properly applied would result in a marked im-
provement in the general supply of the city.

In the food class were placed those dairies which were being oper-
ated by competent and intelligent dairymen. About thirty-two per
cent. of the farms inspected were placed in this class. On these
places milk was being produced as a business and not as a side
issue to general farming. It was a noteworthy fact that this class
of dairymen did not complain of a lack of profit in the business. In
most instances they were receiving a bonus over the regular market
price for their better product which retailed at a higher price in the
city. It was only from the “Fair and Bad” dairymen that the com-
plaint was heard “That the more cows a man owns the poorer he
becomes.”

The excellent class was reserved for certified dairies operating
under the regulations of the Pediatric Society of Philadelphia. The
milk from these places retails in the city for sixteen to twenty cents
per quart and is intended for infant feeding, invalids, and discriminat-
ing consumers.

During the preceding winter Typhoid Fever was prevalent among
the inmates of a large institution in Philadelphia. The cause of the
epidemic was attributed to the use of ten thousand pounds of butter
which had been purchased in the spring of 1910 and placed in cold
storage for winter use. During the investigation which followed it
was hecessary to trace the origin and handling of eight hundred and
forty thousand pounds of milk which was concerned in the churnings.
After a most searching inquiry, it was definitely determined that the
milk had not been contaminated with Typhoid germs and the butter
was removed from suspicion.

On the first of October the entire work of Dairy Farm Inspections
was transferred to the State Livestock Sanitary Board. Our ex-
periences with the previous inspection were of much value in formu-
lating plans to extend the same system of inspection throughout the
entire State. It was definitely decided to make it a general campaign
of education for the purpose of fostering and encouraging the dairy
industry as well as safeguarding the general milk supply of the State.
The greatest impediment to the success of this plan is to obtain a
sufficient number of inspectors who possess the necessary qualifica-
tions to act in an advisory capacity to the dairymen. There are ap-
proximately one hundred and ninety-one thousand dairy herds in
this State, the work of inspection and instruction has scarcely begun,
but thus far, reinspections have shown that improvements have been
made in more than fifty per cent. of the places which had scored Bad
and Fair on first inspection.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 143
NUMBER OF DAIRIES INSPECTED FROM OCTOBER 15TH TO DECEMBER

CLS awe oles
County. x xx XXX XXXX Total.

ENS FESITETON Sy, Se ep OR See 0 27 30
IBC R age arnt ee as ee eke 0 270 353 32 656
SU CES ese ee eee ee Cl 0 680 576 49° 1,305
Oar DORM rer see tone eae ss Se 0 13 5 1 19
ONGSt eI ye aaa rea we ce none secs 0 146 197 98 441
@rawiOrd yee see ee Js a oe 0 140 200 31 BY,
Dap en eae ee oe ne Seen oe 0 11 14 0 25
MGlaWaATe ny access wa Ne so Sse 1 169 86 19 | 275
GIG ree eterna e eke oe hae ehoaoes SoS 0 70 197 lil 378
WACK AW ANG eaacacas eons steele sen. 0 11 33 3 47
MF AMG ASLO sore ae ne eee a Se Se 0 93 41 0 134
TES OV P2sL as" ee el ne ee ee SR 0 5 2 0 7
IUZETNG eee ea ee eee oss 0 8 6 2 16
IMontrome4ry;) <2-25=-<o--22<2-<iSs2242.- 0 224 183 22 429
Northumberland) 22222 2 s22- 2222 o 228 0 61 156 3 220
Philadelphia se se aaa foo eka os cae 0 40 75 5 120
SCHUyi Kills peeeeaes coe e ee os oe bee 0 217 543 10 770
MO ga sete ate oe See a Sates selene 6 0 29 1 30
Washington. 2222222222. 2 bsscck see 0 9 5 1 15
WiVOIMIN Gs) a2 228 os Sy ee eee eb a8 0 15 27 12 54

MOtAIS Sy aces oases Jase eee ane 1 2,185 2,755 430 5,371

X—Excellent dairies.

XX—Good dairies.

XXX—Fair dairies.
XXXX—Bad dairies.
TUBERCULOSIS

Many persons are of the opinion that the tuberculin test is com-
pulsory in this State. Such however is not the case, except as regards
dairy and breeding cattle brought into Pennsylvania from other
states.

The Board does not compel herd owners to submit their cattle to
the tuberculin test, yet it is ready at all times to co-operate with and
assist those who desire to eradicate tuberculosis. The results in
this direction during the past year are very encouraging.

Eleven hundred and nine herds containing thirteen thousand four
hundred and three animals have been inspected and tested. Thirteen
hundred and thirty-four reacted and were removed from the herds.
In addition to these, three hundred and twenty-nine head were con-
demned by physical examination.

In some counties the subject of tuberculosis has been almost en-
tirely neglected. This is probably due to lack of interest or lack of
knowledge on the part of herd owners.

Most of the tuberculosis work is carried on by local veterinarians
who are temporarily authorized to act as agents. A few communities
are without the services of competent veterinarians and we are unable
to bring the subject to the attention of interested persons and render
them the service that is extended to more favored communities.

The following chart gives a condensed review of the work in each
county:

10

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

144

| 1

“pooy ioy 4yun
qsey Japued 07 su 4ue}xe

ue yons

0} snornoieqny

eq 03 punoy puL pala

-34SnB[S 9[9}B0 pojsoqjuQ

+8I°ST

% Zle¢\t

+ZL'OL | 182

&
ns

oo
t=
ao
HAwI sR soe

se
iv)
1S
4

yr} 4
poe | 3
eae | £
as |
“tot i>}
ge | ¢

g
go | 8.
ax | oe

~ Le}

23 °
Be | 5
Ro e

|} ¢
®

Ke | &£
se | @
By | 8

a

AQamNIOnns

re

RAP PRS Rn

re

re

N

CHROMO HRNDr

“mop
“4sa1O

S ‘Ul FURL
a RS TiS en fe ES ae as SOTO ARAL

eng sg a a ee ee

TOS CST ae SSeS So Saas ee genoa SO LWA [OCT
Paresh s ee Sarat cee Se ae eee cae “TMU BE.
‘puvjiequing
anne ene + = 22 nnn - + + -- 2 = +--+ ---------- ‘ploy Melo
----2------------------ STA Ta Satter > ew TOUT OL)
ca eta ae GCS Ca KLIN HPO)
*PPPIVID
‘MOLIRLID
‘yoysoyOD
ae mer ONOUTTEy
*9140aD
“woqisp
*Bliquivp
BRAS eS Oa Seen Ore) hats
‘syong
‘piolpeig
SSS FOE SSIS I EE IES OI CEL
‘sy 10g
SOE I Se SESS COS eee Sit Ee h Coqaryer
‘JeaAvag
*Suel1 sMly
‘cus S91

| sh TS T OF £& id Se ee see eee ree See ot te SURO DY.
‘mA Zz Az A A 8 iI
2°90 3° ee) BE os tf ey
vs Es = s ae ge o 2 Sa
ome) 5 5 D cee &
Ap 8 rar) s tH =a a i of Sx a+ Ss
Be |e) > |e | Be | go] sy
Bie SS 5 + Rie ga i c
5 =) ro} op cid i=} is} *so]}UN0O
2 oO ° nm oo a > =
pas") a ce Sc a © 8
iS) & 4o 4 A
5° ° . o
Sts = =
S 5 5 g 5 9 =
q = = S = = & “paqsaL, *paqsey,
2, © % 3 z Be a spleH “ON spleH ‘ON
; =

TI6L ‘18 UMANAHOAC OL ‘TI6T ‘T AUVONVE—SGUAH AALLVN NI SISOTONOUAENL

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 145

No. 6.

§ PST
eee ara +261
+0¢°8
+80°9
% FL
% OL
+90°8
I %E/% OT
Se ek ee +éL'OL
+c"

929‘ 9T

LoF
oer

eos | FF
68 oI
a I
ee eal ee
LI g
z Z
6) ome oe
memes Le
he eee
a Z
Cae |e

eesee:|s ae
i I
I I
T I
19 II
9% 8
69 | Gh
SSeS 3 Oa
Been Gone
zg g

6966

PEP‘S

N

~

MOH CDSS: ORO CR RH |S) <H 160 6

wUMO JO osucdxs}
“asuedxo 03838,

FL de eat et ef ae oe ee Ue
7 Se ae a a Le CU DILO AAA
(en etek SCS ia SoS *PUB[OIOULISA AA
¢ ‘OUAB AL
“WOUSUIYSB A
BOSE RTS ee eee aie oes Sane ULI Y ANY
‘osurue,
wo------| sa ++ ------- = ------------------------------- ‘TolmQ
*BSOLL
Bie camara maa oes ae ESS Loi Nan pate,
wa----- 2-2-2 + - -- == =~ - + === ‘vuuegenbsng
‘repAug
; ‘JasIVULOg
G SSS Saag a a ieee ae aoe MTT FOE TONT LCT Gite
-+------| ------------------------------------------ *10}}0g
‘OXI
“erydpopetiqd
SREB RETR TE ROS FLL ee IST
‘puvylequinyj}ION
mann ronan ne enna nnn en en an nee enn “moO, dUIvYION
*“IMojuOoWw
Belen avcey ig
“£IOMIOS UO
a a a “UU
‘IDIOT
“uRaxyoW
‘SUruLoODA'T
‘outezn' Ty
“YsiqaT
‘uourqeT
‘Q0U0IMP'T
‘19 SBIURT
*‘BUUBMR YOR]
BS ee SSS ah ae ce i a thou
ee ee on ww en nnn nnn nnn ne = en 2 ‘mosrleyor
Po [term n neers eter cmer ct ccecsnceeeneec= DOS “BuvIpUuy
T ‘uopsununy
liccres)

ri

a

oonow
1
1
!
'
'
'
'
1
'
!
1
1
1
1
!
1
'
‘
'
'
1
1
1
1
'
'
'
‘
1
1
1
'
!
'
'
‘
‘
!
1

10—6—1911

146 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The table shows that about ten per cent. of the cattle tested were
tuberculous. Herds tested at the expense of the State were known to
contain animals which showed suspicious symptoms of the disease.
The scope of the work has been too limited to form any definite con-
clusion as to the extent to which the disease exists throughout the
State, yet it is believed to be considerably less than ten per cent.
There are approximately one hundred and ninety-one thousand dairy
herds in the State with an average of five head to the herd, less than
one per cent. of these were tested during the current year. Notwith-
standing this apparent small showing certain sections are rapidly
gaining the reputation of being comparatively free from tuberculosis.

The increasing demand for dairy products with the consequent
increase in demand for dairy cattle have stimulated the importation
of such animals into the State. To supply this demand has led some
to endeavor to import cattle from other states without complying
with the law which makes an inspection and tuberculin test com-
pulsory. Active measures have been adopted to suppress this illegal
traffic. :

During the year reports were received on twenty-three thousand nine
hundred and eighty-two head of breeding and dairy cattle shipped
into the State and tested under the act approved May 26, 1897, and
amended by the act of April 5th, 1905. Of this number three hun-
dred and thirty head were condemned as tuberculous. It may appear
inconsistent that 9.95 per cent. of our native tested animals should
react while only 1.88 per cent. of the interstate cattle tested should
fail to pass the test.

It should be noted that the test is applied to our native cattle in
most cases where tuberculosis is suspected. On the other hand those
purchased from other states and tested for us are from herds believed
to be free from the disease. We should not conclude from these figures
that the difference is due to trickery or dishonesty entirely, or that
other states have less tuberculosis than we do.

CATTLE IMPORTED INTO THE STATE FOR DAIRY OR BREEDING PUR-

POSES AND TUBERCULIN TESTED UNDER ACT APPROVED MAY
26, 1897, AS AMENDED BY THE ACT OF APRIL 5, 1905.

From January Ist, 1911, to December 31st, 1911

cs) :
eae si
2 = r) ie
~j
= gs
=, H Se
= s ma
3 z
fs} 3 Z
HH A =)
Cattle imported on permit and tuberculin tested at | 15,392 108 | Killed.
destination.
Cattle discovered to be shipped without permit and | 4,612 93 | Killed.
afterwards tuberculin tested at destination. |
Cattle shipped without permit detained and tuber- 1,242 15 | Killed.
culin tested at Pittsburg Stock Yards from Sept.
1st, 1911, to Dee. 31st, 1911.
Cattle shipped without permit detained and tuber- 423 5 | Killed.
culin tested at Lancaster Stock Yards from Sept.
Ist, 1911, to Dec. 31st, 1911.
Cattle tuberculin tested previous to shipment into 2,313 109 | Not shipped: 1 shipped
Penna. into Penna. and af-
terwards' slaughter-
ed.
23,982 330
1.38%

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 147

The first concerted efforts for the control of tuberculosis in dairy
herds were made in eighteen hundred and ninety-six. The work has
been continued each year in proportion to the amount of funds avail-
able for the purpose. During that time the percentage of reactors
has fluctuated, but there is shown a steady decrease from approxi-
mately twenty-two per cent. in eighteen hundred and ninety-six to
less than ten per cent. during the past year. This decrease may be
due to various influences, but it indicates that the conservative meas-
ures adopted have been fruitful and if gradually extended will even-
tually accomplish the desired object. In connection with this, herd
owners should realize the economic importance of building up their
herds from the produce of their own healthy animals and not depend
so largely upon buying animals of doubtful origin to take the places
of those turned off.

The following table has been compiled as a comparative summary
of the conditions found in native herds during the entire period
over which the work has extended:

RECORD OF TUBERCULIN TESTS ON NATIVE CATTLE

~ Sie eee Ba ilies .
3 % 3 a =
nm o oS 2 s n mn
s = ae Wid E ¢ z
m 7] 2 n d o 2
E = See lane : % ar
Year. a S) g et a) o. of
% 3 aie leaks cau a 2 ae
= hi = HS - c) ie) = 3
cB) o =) eo] ~ &
2 & 2 P23) Ao Ao 8
g g g aS 25 23 ee
= 5 Ss om 8 3s es bm 5 [=|
Z Z = Z Ay oY Ay
|
SOG Nese eta hel 8 2k et af fe) 43 5,430 1,191 187 21.9 | 56.7 43.2
TEESE, ) Lo ae et ea 626 7,613 1,099 298 14.4 52.2 47.6
ILS pee eee 582 6,515 1,162 220 | 17.8 62.1 37.8
Tt ke Soe ey ear sie? 429 6,443 | 1,107 15Sul| eve 63.1 36.8
LO aye Bante OPE ee AY 651 | 8,475 ¥,314 254 15.5 60.9 39.1
IS LiL, 9S ee ee aes aes 545 8, 662 1.208 235 13.8 57. 43.
TH) ee Ee eee 375 6,066 1,024 142 16.8 62.1 37.8
TOUR She et tes REE oy" BT 33 5,573 1,060 132 | 19.02 60.8 39.1
ie pea aes OS Seca eas 322 | 5,159 891 114 17.4 64.5 35.4
TOC pe Se 529 7,774 1,179 290 15.1 45.1 54.8
1008s (2 URES See et Fh 733 | 7,078 981 262 13.8 64.2 35.7
TO Tepe ee se a ag | 402 | 7,153 950 177 13.2 55.9 44.1
AOR jes Stuy ak SAMOP Ee [ps000)) serons)| abner ly = Regen epee 47.3 52.6
AGO Ss nen ae ae EE a 731 | 9,942 1.440 410 14.4 43.9 54.8
1910, Lae ha oe aaa 1,085 13,288 1,810 | 617 ASG eeaaet 56.8
AOD W532 Sek sos a 109 13,403 1,334 | 685 9.95 | 47.24 61.76
Totals and averages, |
Pers Cent yo steen EO es La ee 5,453 18,782 4,445 14.96 | 52.44 47.59
Respectfully submitted,
WM. S. GIMPER,
Director.

To C. J. Marshall, State Veterinarian.
Respectfully submitted,
C. J. MARSHALL,
State Veterinarian.

148 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE ECONOMIC ZOOLOGIST

Harrisburg, Pa., February 5, 1912.
Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture:

Dear Sir: It is my duty and pleasure to submit the following
report for 1911, being my Ninth Annual Report as Economic Zoolo-
gist of the Department of Agriculture of Pennsylvania:

The work of the Bureau of Zoology is discussed under the following
heads:

. Correspondence, Examining Specimens and Answering Ques
tions.
Investigations and Experiments.

Publications.

Lectures.

Inspection of Nurseries and Private Premises.
Inspection of Imported Plants, Seeds and Fruits.
Making Collections.

Inspection of Orchards.

Demonstrations.

Exhibitions.

SOWMAR OP gw bo

ea

1. CORRESPONDENCE

During the past year the correspondence of this office has been
exceedingly heavy, the copied letters showing a total of 8,530, as
follows:

General ‘correspondemce, |... 1. <.2is%<\ ines eeitie e+ see cca 6,215 letters
Model Orchard correspondence, besides circulars, .... 1,347 letters
Inspectors’ letters, besides circulars, .............. 968 letters

The fact that the correspondence is constantly becoming heavier
can be taken as an indication of the way the people in this State
regard this office and apply to it for such help as it can give. It is
our rule to respond to all letters just as promptly as possible, and
just as fully as time permits and occasion demands, and also with
absolute accuracy. This has resulted in begetting the confidence of
the public, as is shown by many hundreds of commendable letters
received, such as the following extract, which is a typical example:
“T have raised quantities of peaches and of fine quality too, by ob-
serving your instructions and ideas, and I feel that whatever you
say along this line is truth. I thank you kindly for whatever you
have heretofore informed me as well as for the present desired
information.”

By far the greater part of our letters are in answer to inquiries
concerning the methods of pest suppression, kinds of spray material
to use, kinds of apparatus that are advisable, or orchard manage-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 149

ment. It is remarkable to what extent orcharding is developing
in the State of Pennsylvania at the present time, and the keen in-
terest in this subject naturally causes many persons to write to this
office for help along the line. As a rule, the communications per-
taining to other subjects than those which we regard as belonging
properly to that of Hconomic Zoology are referred to respective
specialists for reply. We give the public to understand that our
specialty includes pest suppression and related subjects, as well as
general entomology, zoology, ete.

2. INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS

The work of the office in correspondence, publication, inspection
(of nurseries and private premises), and demonstrations has been so
heavy during the past year that to a great extent the investigations
and experiments were reduced in numbers. However, those that
were conducted brought out some points of great value. Among
these are the following:

(a) Spraying with Lime-sulfur Solution. It has been proven be-
yond controversy that the lime-sulfur solution is the best, safest and
cheapest material to use in spraying all trees, shrubs and vines
while dormant, and proper horticultural practice calls for the thor-
ough spraying of all stone fruits, whether infested with scale insects
or not. We have been surprised with the cheapness and ease with
which the concentrated lime-sulfur solution can be made. In an
ordinary galvanized iron boiling tub over a crude furnace we boiled
lime-sulfur solution fast enough to keep one tractor sprayer going
all the time, and did not demand the services of an extra man to
do the boiling. By simply putting the powdered sulfur into the
water, and putting in the fresh quick lime, and stirring it a little
to keep it from settling to the bottom before boiling commenced, we
were able to thus start the boiling, which continued while the pre-
viously boiled and diluted material was being sprayed out of the
tank. On return from the orchard the spray tank was filled with
the boiled product, diluted and properly tested with a hydrometer,
and while one man was making the solution to the proper strength,
the other was preparing the next batch for boiling. A brisk fire with
an abundance of fuel was than kindled, and the boiling left to itself
until the return for another spray tank full—thus requiring but two
men to do the spraying and boiling at the same time.

Variation of the Lime-sulfur Formula: We have further proven
our earlier statement that the lime-sulfur solution can vary a great
deal and at the same time always bring good results, if used strong
enough and thoroughly applied. The easiest prepared formula which
we have used calls for two pounds of quick lime and one pound of
sulfur, boiling for one hour in each gallon of water, using these pro-
portions for a larger quantity. A modification of this formula shows
that good material can be made by boiling sixty pounds of fresh
lime with one hundred and twenty-five pounds of sulfur in fifty
gallons of water for one hour. Several other modifications of the
concentrated formula are given and will do well. Thus we have en-
tirely forsaken the old home-boiled “seventeen-twenty-two-fifty” for-
mula. This is for the purpose of getting rid of the sediment and mak-
ing a storable solution. After the material is boiled by the concen-

150 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

trated formula it should be strained or permitted to settle, and can
then be stored in stone, wooden or metal vessels (excepting copper),
and kept as long as wanted.

Our experiments have shown that this concentrated material does
not freeze, and even the dilute material does not freeze easily, and
it is not injured by freezing. It can thus be kept during the winter
and summer if desired. When ready to use it should be diluted with
a hydrometer such as is made by the Carbondale Instrument Com-
pany, of Carbondale, Pa., according to the directions, to test 1.03 for
the dormant spray. This means one part of the concentrated material
in about seven or eight parts of water.

We take this opportunity to correct the statement that is now
generally going the rounds concerning the supposed need of technical
chemical knowledge and apparatus in order to make the lime-sulfur
solution. No special knowledge nor special apparatus of any kind
whatever is required. It is not necessary even to strain it if one will
let it settle and save the red liquid, which is the part that kills the
scale. In our own practical work, however, we mix it, stirring the
sediment with it, and apply it to the trees, as it helps to make a
market which shows where the spraying was done and where re-
touching is needed.

In our spraying work of last spring we found that we could spray
until the pink of the blossoms could be seen. This was after the
green leaves had commenced to appear, and they were not materially
injured by the spray liquid, which was applied at the usual San
José scale strength. It is, of course, not best to delay the spraying
until after the buds have actually burst, but if it must be done after
that time it will not be as injurious as one might think.

To prevent the peach leaf curl the spraying should be done before
the buds open. Where we sprayed after they had opened there was
some curling, but, strange to say, the leaves were white instead of
red, and dropped very soon, and the trees carried a good crop of
fruit and foliage.

(b) Treatment for Borers. Our experiments for treating peach-tree
borers were continued last summer and gave very interesting and
remarkable results. The lime-sulfur was made just as described
above for the dormant spray, was applied with a tractor sprayer,
or one in which the power comes from the gearing on the wheels.
It was applied to the trees by taking off the nozzle, but using an ex-
tension rod with one-eighth turn, and applying at least one-half pint
of the liquid around the base of each tree one or two feet above the
ground, and permitting it to run down and settle around the trees.
This was done after the earth had been removed from around the tree
enough to form a little hollow close to the trunk in which the liquid
settled.

The only addition to the regular lime-sulfur solution was one ounce
of arsenate of lead or of London purple in each gallon of liquid, which
made practically three pounds to fifty gallons.

After the liquid was dry on the trunks of the treated trees they
were mounded with earth to a height of one-half foot. The first
treatment was given the middle of June, the second treatment was
given the middle of July, and the third the middle of August. We
found that were it was applied only once, or the middle of June, the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 151

borers returned in the late fall, but were present although very small,
and were almost all on the outside of the tree, but few had reached
beneath the bark. The explanation of this is found in the fact that
they were yet very young, and come only from eggs that were depos-
ited very late in the season, and which would have been prevented
or Cestroyed by the later treatment.

(c) Our summer experiments with the lime-sulfur solution, extra
dilute, proved conclusively that it could be used in many instances
as a spray to take the place of the Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide.
To this was added arsenate of lead at the same rate as to the Bor-
deaux. To make the dilute lime-sulfur solution for the pome fruits
(apple, pear and quince), as well as for grapes and potatoes, we made
it the regular dilution to the San José scale strength of 1.03 on the
hydrometer, and then took one part of this dilute solution in ten
parts of water, which would make the hydrometer test of 1.003, but
which is really too dilute for accurate reading by the ordinary
hydrometer. Two or three pounds of arsenate of lead is added to
fifty gallons of this extra dilute solution to kill chewing insects.
Abount the same strength, or at least a satisfactory strength, is ob-
tained by taking one gallon of the concentrated solution in forty
gallons of water.

It was found that the dilute lime-sulfur did not satisfactorily take
the place of the Bordeaux mixture on grapes, and it is not yet certain
tuiat it will do so on potatoes. It is, however, positive that it does
not russet the pome fruits,—or apple, pear and quince,—as does the
Bordeaux when used during damp weather.

On the stone fruits the self-boiled lime-sulfur solution, according
to Scott’s formula of eight pounds of stone lime and eight pounds
of sulfur in fifty gallons of water, slaked together by its own heat,
is preferred, although the concentrated solution can be used by dilut-
ing it about four times as much as for the pome fruits.

(d) Experiments with spraying apparatus have shown more and
more the efficiency of the compressed air sprayer, and we are now
safe in predicting that the power sprayers will come more generally
into use in this State, and among these the compressed air sprayer
run by a small gasoline engine in connection with a small air com-
presser, carried on the spray wagon, will prove to be of great value
to orchardists.

The further general and very extensive use of the conical strainer,
which we invented some years ago and gave to the public without
patent, proves that this particular piece of apparatus is by all means
the most satisfactory form of strainer that can be used, and in every
feature so far excels the “mud box strainer,” which was recently
brought before the public, that there is no comparison in the merits
of the two. There is absolutely no valid objection whatever to the
conical strainer. It is light and convenient, and does the work prop-
erly. From the illustration shown herewith one can have it made
by a tinner.

The cone of the strainer is of brass wire cloth built upright over a
supporting cone of coarser galvanized iron wire, of about four meshes
to the inch. The brass wire cloth should not be coarser than thirty
meshes to the inch. The diameter of the galvanized wire funnel
should be about fifteen inches or more.

152 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

During the many years that this has been used by thousands of
persons we have received but one complaint, and when we replied to
the correspondent telling him to pour the liquid into the strainer
rather slowly, and in such a way that it would strike the top of the
cone and wash the sediment down into its angle from which it could
be thrown out, he replied that he was having no further trouble with
it, as this was due solely to his not knowing how to use it.

(e) The Peach Bud Mite. In the investigations of this office we
took up and investigated the important subject of the Peach Bud
Mite, with the assistance of our Inspector, Mr. Francis Windle, and
brought forth the following facts: (See Fig. 1.)

During the summer of 1911 a trouble was found in nurseries in
the eastern United States which affected the growth of both seedling
and budded stock of peach trees. Large numbers of trees were
dwarfed, abnormally branched, short, and unshapely. The color of
their foilage was an unnatural, deep green. In these trees the tender
terminal buds of the early growth had been killed, and successively
as they branched from buds below the growth of the leading twig
would be largely checked in a similar way resulting in short, semi-
broomlike trees.

This condition had been noticed to some extent for many years,
but as it had not caused serious loss, little or no attention had been
paid to it. As this trouble had been observed only in spots it was
at first attributed to poor soil or some undesirable soil condition.
This year the condition of the peach stock was really serious in
some nurseries. It affected many acres or whole fields, causing heavy
loss. Various experts were called upon to investigate the cause or
causes, soils were analyzed and trees were critically examined. Dif-
ferent views were expressed, some thought it was due to an insect
called “Thrips” and another thought a small plant bug was the mis-
chief-maker, while as an additional basis of suspicion a fungus was
found in the dead buds. Finally it was found that the cause of the
existing condition was a very small mite feeding on the tender
terminal buds and stopping their growth. A careful examination of
the injured buds was made in several nurseries and very small mites
were found in numbers. We also occasionally found a Thrip on the
buds which doubtless did some injury, and a fungus was also present
in most of the dead buds or tips of twigs. It later became apparent
that this fungus followed the injury caused by the mites rather than
preceding it.

Further investigations showed that the mites were invariably
present in these injured buds. Numbers of the buds were placed in
small bundles and kept at the temperatures of a living room where
they bred and multiplied considerably, and where they continued to
do so during the winter as long as kept warm.

DESCRIPTION OF THE MITES

Some are probably one three-hundredth or one one hundred and
fiftieth of an inch long and half as wide. It is elliptical oblong, but
varies considerably in shape according to its age. The adult is amber
colored. The young larvae are nearly white with intermediate shades
toward amber according to age. The adult has four pairs of legs.
The two front pairs are grouped near the head and the two posterior

Fig. 1. Top of Young Peach Trees Showing the ‘‘Stopping Back’ Effect
by the Peach Bug Mite.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 153

pairs are far to the rear, appparently on the abdominal region. The
larvae as in other mites are minus the hind pair of legs. In the adults
the hind pair of legs have slender bases which exterminate in slender
whip-like pairs in place of a tarsus. The other legs terminate in
anchor-like bidactyle clams on a pedicel, and between the claws is
a small pad. The head projects with a proboscis like a hog snout.
The mouth parts are apparently much consolidated or possibly
aborted and they may feed by puncturing or rasping the tissue and
sucking.

They are very active, rapid crawlers enabling them to migrate
rapidly from bud to bud. They may spread by means of the wind
and by team and man in culture.

HISTORY LAST SEASON

They evidently began feeding and breeding early in the spring.
Some of the buds of budded trees, although having formed again,
failed to grow, and of those that made a start, some were stopped.
Branches followed which again were stopped. The extent of this
stopping was evidently according to the activity of the mites and
seemed to be a battle between growth and mites, and those who
saw one of these battlefields at least would have little trouble in
determining which was the victor. Their work continued until late
in the season, but with reduced activity after the heavy fall rains
began.

It is known that the ravages of mites or certain species of them
are governed by weather conditions favoring or checking their in-
crease. The hot, dry season such as we had last year is favorable to
their multiplication and will account in part for the unusual damage
in extensive peach nurseries.

Some of the mites are to be found in the dead buds or terminal
injured twigs as late as December 26, indicating that they winter
there. Whether or not they may also winter elsewhere has not been
determined. F

There is little known of this species of mite. It is said to be un-
named and undescribed excepting that Prof. M. B. Waite, Plant
Pathologist of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.,
who found it several years ago burrowing in the tender tips of the
terminal buds of peach shoots, called it the “Peach Shoot Mite,” and
Prof. Banks is reported as saying that it belonged to the genus Tar-
sonemus (‘Thread footed’’).

Prof. Washburton, in his classification of the Acarina or mites,
says of the family Tarsonemidae, “It is composed of a number of
minute vegetable feeding mites which have been little studied, though
they are probably the cause of considerable injury to the leaves
and buds of plants.” As specialists are now at work on the study of
this little pest we may expect soon to have a technical name and
description for it. It may, however, take a longer time to learn fully
its life history. It has been said that “the life history of a mite seems
a trivial matter, but it takes much labor to unravel, yet we must
know it with its vagaries to enable us to attack it as the most
vulnerable point if we hope to succeed in its control.” This mite has
been reported in the buds of ash, pear, plum and perhaps some other
varieties.

154 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Since there is so little known, but little can be said on the subject
of its treatment. Sulfur in some or any form is a recognized specific
for mites. The question would seem to be “How can these pests be
reached?” Prof. Waite who found the mite wintering in the buds
late in the season observed trees sprayed with lime-sulphur at winter
strength were nearly free from them, and advises thorough spraying
of young orchard or nursery stock that may be used for getting buds,
and also spraying seedlings during the growing season at intervals
before budding time with a self-boiled lime-sulfur solution prepared
as for a fungicide.

There may be considerable doubt as to the efficiency of the lime-
sulfur spray or any other spray for that matter. One nursery com-
pany dipped the scions in lime-sulfur solution and the trees from
these buds showed the greatest injury from the mites of those any-
where observed. This may probably be due to the fact that by
dipping and then allowing to stand without ventilation the buds
were liable to be injured, and after injury and washing by rain the
mites would be likely to start where there is more or less dying
tissue.

The habit of burying themselves in the young buds and in the tis-
sues of the dead tips of twigs would seem to make it almost im-
possible for the spray material to reach them. They are no doubt
more exposed during the growing season when they are feeding and
migrating to fresh buds than in the winter or dormant season, but
the best recommendations that can be given for their suppression
are first, to spray thoroughly during the dormant season with lime-
sulfur solution the same as for the San José scale, and second, during
the growing season of the peach tiees spray with the self-boiled lime-
sulfur solution. It must be remembered that the peach bud mite
works only in the buds and we have observed it only in nursery stock,
therefore, there is not much danger of introducing this pest into
orchards when infested trees are used for planting and are properly
cut back. The writer has recently purchased several thousand in-
fested trees and has them healed in ready for his own planting. This
is enough to show he does not consider this pest as a serious cause
of injury to growing trees, nor the infested nursery trees as a serious
menace to his mature orchard. The chief loss is to the nurseryman
whose trees are spread or made wider by the mite and thus not be
sold as tall trees under the present method of selling trees according
to height. These very short, branchy, strong peach trees cannot be
sold at half as good price as the taller trees, although they are much
more valuable to the grower than straight trees at the same height.
They are thick and stocky, but with the severe close pruning that is
needed in transplanting them there is no reason why they do not
make good trees in orchards.

(f). The Apple Seed Chalcis. We also made investigations of the
apple seed chalcis, which is becoming a destructive pest in the north-
enr portion of this State, making original observations and investiga-
tions, which resulted in the following important circular issued from
this office: (See Fig. 2.)

Apple Stunted by the Apple Aphis. 2. Apples Injured by the Apple Seed Chalcis. Photographed
in the office of the Hconomic Zoologist.

Fig. 2. 1. Wood of

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 155

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE—DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY
THE APPLE SEED CHALCIS

(SYNTOMASPIS DRUPARUM)

This is a small green-colored gnat-like insect, in its mature state
about one-eighth of an inch in length. The eggs are deposited in the
seeds of apples when the fruit is one-half inch or more in diameter.
On warm sunshiny days in June the female alights upon the young
apples, and drives her long ovipositor into the apple, through the
flesh and into the seeds. The eggs are pure white, and hard to see in
the young seeds. From the eggs hatch grub-like larvae, having brown-
ish heads. They feed on the soft contents of the kernels until Septem-
ber, at which time they become full grown larvae, having devoured
the entire kernel of the seeds. They pass the winter inside the seed
shells in the pupae state, emerging from the apple as mature insects

amy in the following summer.

The damage done to fruits by the Chalcis consists principally in
dwarfing and gnarling the apples in a characteristic manner. In-
fested apples are not only undersized, but misshapen, and lacking
in symmetry. The point at which the eggs were introduced appear
as a black dot occupying a depression on the surface of the fruit.
From these punctures a brownish line of hardened tissue extends to
the infested seeds.

Treatment: Since the insects remain in the seeds throughout the
winter, it is necessary to destroy the apples left under the tree in
the fall, as well as such as remain upon the tree. The complete de-
struction of all such apples grown, both in the orchard and of seed-
lings elsewhere, will prove an effective remedy where this practice
is followed generally in infested localities.

(g) Carbon Bisulfide for Round-headed and Flat-headed Apple-tree
Borers. Our experiments have proyen conclusively the correctness of
our recommendation to use carbon bisulfide for the round-headed and
flat-headed borers which infest apple, pear and quince trees. It is
to be noted that this is not recommended for the borer of the peach,
which is discussed above, and for which we have found an adequate
preventive.

Carbon bisulfide is a clear, foul-smelling, heavy liquid which readily
volatilizes and of which the fumes are offensive, poisonous and ex-
plosive. It is not quickly poisonous as hydrocyanic gas, and it is
much more safe to use, but fire should be kept away from it. It is
uot a preventive of borers as is the lime-sulfur wash, but is used
as a remedy for them after they have entered the tree.

The proper method of using it is to put the liquid in a spring
bottom oil can, and insert the tip of the can into the hole of the borer,
and inject a je! of the liquid and close the hole with clay, mud, putty
or grafting wax. Where the hole is large and irregular a wad of
cotton can be satured with the carbon bisulfide, and held in place
by a handful of mud fastened over it against the tree.

156 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

A number of persons have cleaned up their orchards by this
method. Among these is Mr. P. M. Amberson, of Waynesboro. It
is not necessary to spend time, or to injure the trees by cutting with
a knife or attempting to follow the holes of the borers with a pliable
wire. This information is worth a great deal to the owners of young
apple, pear and quince trees who in many cases find both the round-
headed and flat-headed borers to be among their very worst pests.

As a means of preventing the borers from entering the trunks of
trees, we find that an application of the lime-sulfur solution, with
the sediment present, made and applied as for the peach-tree borer,
is efficient and is hereby recommended. We have further proven the
value of pure white lead and linseed oil as a paint, made about as
thick as house paint and applied about the middle of June. All
preventive washes of this kind for borers should be applied about
this date. Oil paint should not be applied to trees that are declining
or feeble, but can safely be used on those that are vigorous. It is
not recommended for peach and plum, and is really not needed for
these, as the lime-sulfur is efficient, if frequently and properly used.

Other investigations and experiments are being conducted but
have not yet reached such stage of conclusion as to justify a report
upon them. It is to be hoped that we shall have funds sufficient for
assistance capable of conducting some further experiments in this
line during the coming year.

3. PUBLICATIONS
The publications of this office have been chiefly as follows:

(a) The regular Bulletin, which was changed from a monthly to
a bi-monthly, and which has appeared regularly, and seemed to be
even more successful and gratifying to the public and in the monthly
form. The subjects discussed in the respective numbers of Volume
I of the Bi-monthly Bulletins for the past year were as follows:

January, Formulae. Pests and their treatment.

March, San José scale. Spraying Apparatus and Material.

May, Model Orchard Work in Pennsylvania.

July, Economic Entomology. Short Articles. Part I.

September, Economic Entomology. Short Articles. Part II.

November, Zoological Conservation. Business Features of Horti-
culture. Index to Volume I.

The last number of the Volume was fully indexed, giving the sub-
jects and pages treated in the entire volume. Some extra copies were
published for distribution to those who have not already received
them.

(b) Our Annual Report.: Further publications of this office con-
sisted of the Annual Report, the Report of the Ornithologist of the
State Board of Agriculture, who is also your Economic Zoologist,
a number of special articles written for magazines and journals, and
circulars, and the Weekly News Letter.

(c) Circulars. This office has found it very helpful to issue a series
of one-page circulars, which can be inserted into envelopes and used
in correspondence work to answer most of the inquiries that would
come along the lines of certain topics. Those which were prepared
during the past year were as follows:

‘aSaT[0D 91¥1S BIUBA[ASUUEg 38
poaq ‘AJUNOD 9UG0IH UI polq 190}3S WIOYWOYS PO Ievak-OM} Palq oInNg ‘T ‘31

*

et ack ee ee ee ‘ : cata. ae =e ~ = =

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 157

Destruction and Treatment of San José Scale.

Oyster-shell and Scurfy Scale.

Lecanium Scale.

Woolly Aphis.

Borers.

Pear Blight, Black Knot and Peach Yellows.

Curculios.

Codling Moth.

Canker Worms.

Tent Caterpillar.

Bud Moth.

Aphids or Plant Lice.

Apple Seed Chalcis.

(ad) The Weekly Press Letter. With the exception of our Bi-monthly
Bulletin, by far the most important publication of this office has
been the Weekly Press Letter. This is our letter prepared weekly
in printed galley or proof form, and sent to the newspapers of the
State, ready for copying. It has been prepared regularly, and issued
on time every Tuesday morning. Generally about three short articles
are treated in about one-third column each, making about one column
of newspaper articles that are appropriate to the season and con-
ditions in this State.

The publishers of papers have come to regard it as a regular con-
tribution of matter of interest and of great value to their readers,
and most of the newspapers in this State now regularly hold space
for this letter and maintain a “Department of Plant Pests” by using
it. It is sometimes copied in some of the leading newspapers of the
United States, and occasionally used in the various horticultural and
agricultural journals.

This was the best plan that we have ever devised or known to
be used for reaching the public with popular, timely articles. It has
been very inexpensive, since the cost of publication, envelopes, and
mailing is much less than one dollar per week. The great value in
this service is in the fact that we have the co-operation of the news-
papers, and thus the good work of this office is multiplied many
fold without additional expense. It has undoubtedly been one of
the great means of awakening men in the State of Pennsylvania to
the production of better crops. Anyone who is awake to the agricul-
tural interests in this State will not deny this statement, and, in
fact, it could be made much stronger with equal truth.

4, LECTURES

The Economic Zoologist has been called upon to deliver lectures
in all parts of this State, and has responded to such an extent as
his time from other duties would permit. These lectures have been
chiefly devoted to the subjects of zoology in some of its broader or
narrower fields, and also to orcharding, spraying, crop growing, soil
improvement, implements, etc. Naturally the theme that is upper-
most in the mind of the public in writing to this office is that of
plant protection or pest suppression. We have delivered several
illustrated lectures at the various meetings of county horticultural
societies, county fairs, and other organizations and clubs, and have
felt that some good must come from such efforts.

158 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Besides the addresses given by the Demonstrating and Inspecting
force, the Economic Zoologist, himself, has delivered forty-five ad-
dresses in the State of Pennsylvania during the past year, many of
which have been illustrated with original lantern slides. We are
now fortunate in having with us in the office as Artist, Mr. John O.
Smith, who is particularly proficient as a photographer, and who is
able to make, from our own photographs, slides which are especially
interesting and useful.

5. INSPECTION OF NURSERIES

The work of nursery inspection has continued as usual, with Mr.
E. B. Engle as Chief Nursery Inspector, assisted by such members
of the office and field force as were available for special service when
needed. A full report of the Nursery Inspection work for 1911 is
published in the Bi-monthly Bulletin of the Bureau of Zoology for
January, 1912. This shows that there were 200 nurseries inspected
in the State of Pennsylvania during last year, comprising 3,150 acres.

As these nurseries are inspected twice per year, during midsummer
and again during the latter part of the winter, it can be seen that
this work is a great task, but it is certainly efficient in insuring far
better and healthier nursery stock than could be expected without
ite ‘

It is my great pleasure to report that the attitude of the nursery-
men has, in general, been very favorable in regard to the nursery
inspection. Instead of feeling that the law is one which was es-
tablished solely for the benefit of the tree grower, and against the
nurseryman, they have come to see that it is of mutual advantage.
and the people of this State now know that they can buy good, clean,
healthy trees in this Commonwealth, and that no others are per-
mitted to be grown, sold, or shipped, and they are rightly buying and
planting home-grown trees and reaping the advantage thereof. In
fact, as a result of our campaign in nursery inspection and against
fraudulent tree agents, we are hearing less and less of the rank frauds
formerly practiced among our agricultural people by the travelling
tree agent or jobber.

6. INSPECTION OF IMPORTED PLANTS, SEEDS AND FRUITS

Not only are the nurseries carefully inspected to prevent the dis-
semination of pests from them, but it is likewise essentially impor-
tant that all plants and seeds brought into this State for propaga-
tion purposes shall be free from obnoxious or injurious pests. Thus
the inspection of imported plants is something of great value to our
erowers in all parts of the State, and it has been pushed with all
vigor and faithfulness possible.

The people of this State will scarcely realize the wonderful extent
of the plant inspection that is done by this office. For example.
during the spring of this year we received a report that nine car-
loads of imported plants were coming to one of our large Hastern
nurserymen. When these immense boxes contained tens of thousands:
of small trees and shrubs were opened, we had several inspectors:
present, and all were inspected with a thoroughness, efficiency and!
expediency that was remarkable and gratifying.

Fig. 2. Two-year old scrub steer, purchased upon open market, unprofitable to
producer, feeder and killer.

: " a ae : wae i x ae ¥

Fig. 3. Boxes of Imported Nursery Stock Showing a Portion of one of the Hundreds of Imported
Shipments Inspected by the Bureau of Zoology.

fs Sle loos Ne a A EA

Fig. 4. Gypsy Moth in its Various Stages.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 159

By such inspection work it has been possible—up to the present—
to prevent the introduction into this State ef such very objectionable
pests as the Gypsy moth, the Brown-tail moth, the Pine-tree blight,
the Potato tuber disease and numerous other insects and diseases
which might otherwise prove every far more serious than those which
we have at present. The accompying plate, Fig. 3, shows a portion of
an imported shipment of stock received by one of our large nursery-
men. It must be understood that each box contains sometimes thou-
sands of plants, and that all of these were examined with great care.

In this inspection of importations, we have the close co-operation
of the United States Department of Agriculture. Dr. L. O. Howard,
United States Entomologist, regularly informs us immediately of
all nursery stock, cuttings, bulbs, seedlings, etc., coming into any
port of entry in the United States, and destined for Pennsylvania.
The Custom House officers likewise are courteous in giving us reports
of the same, and it is our regular method, as soon as these reports
arrive, and we learn that the shipments have reached their destina-
tion, to have an inspector present to see that they are free from
injurious insect pests and plant diseases.

GYPSY MOTH (See Fig. 4)

Growers in the foreign countries now realize that this inspection
work in America is not a farce, and that their infested or infested
' trees are liable to be thrown back on their hands or destroyed at
their loss. Therefore, they have become much more careful than
formerly in regard to the shipment of stock carrying insects or
diseases and, in fact, they are placing their own inspectors in the
supervision of their exported stock to make certain for themselves
that such pests are not carried with the treees. The results of this
is shown in the fact that while a few years ago we found thousands
of the winter nests of the Brown-tail moth containing tens of thou-
sands of living larvae, and masses of eggs of the Gypsy moth and
other pests that might prove quite serious, we have not, during the
past period of inspection, found any very serious pests, although
hundreds of thousands of trees and bushes were imported and in-
spected. Without such careful work on the part of this office, we
are certain that the Gypsy moth and the Brown-tail moth would now
be devastating the vegetation in the State of Pennsylvania the same
as they are doing in the New England states. (See Figs. 5 and 6.)

The importance of careful nursery inspection and the proper in-
spection of importations is better comprehended when we remember
that “a large percentage of the imported insect pests and plant
diseases in this country have been brought in on imported stock.
Among these recently so introduced are the San José scale and, in
New England, the Brown-tail moth, and in past years, more than
50 per cent. of the major fruit and crop pests and plant diseases which
now infest this country.

The government is now appropriating $300,000.00 annually, in an
effort merely to control the Brown-tail and Gypsy moth, in a small
section of New England, and the New England states of themselves
are spending upwards of $1,000,000.00 annually in the same effort.

11

160 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The imported bulbs and seeds are also inspected in regard to mak-
ing sure that they are free from injurious insects and diseases, but
there is no inspeciion in regard to the adulteration, weed seeds, or
low vitality, which is a subject not provided for by law.

rt 7 . c « . .

The new Federal law in regard to imported and shipped nursery
stock is of great value, and will be very helpful to our citizens.

APIARY INSPECTION (See Fig. 7)

The Legislature during the early part of this year passed a bill,
which was signed by Governor Tener and became a law, providing
for the inspection of apiaries in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
looking toward detecting and eradicating the diseases of bees,—
particularly the two very destructive diseases known as American
Foul Brood and European Foul Brood.

This work is to be done in the Bureau of Zoology of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and will be taken up in a manner as vigorous
as possible as soon as thé funds are available for the purpose. It is
rather unfortunate for the bee-keepers that the bill intended to provide
funds for this was crowded out in the rush of legislation toward the
close of the session. This is a very important service, not only for
the bee-keepers, but also for the fruit growers, and we trust to see
ample provisions made for it by the next Legislature.

7. MAKING COLLECTIONS

The collections made by this office have been carefully preserved
in a room in the Capitol Building, where they are not arranged for
display, but are kept in a compact manner with all data concerning
them. Although this is a young collection, it has already become
famous for the number and quality of specimens which it contains,
and the great bulk of data so carefully preserved. Specialists in the
study of various groups of insects have come to Harrisburg to see
our collection, and have pronounced the specimens the best they
have observed. While our collection contains chiefly insects in the
various stages, showing also their characteristic work or effects, their
enemies, life histories, etc., we have also preserved fishes, amphibians
and reptiles of all kinds occurring in this State, and birds and mam-
mals.

We have not made a special effort to collect birds and mammals
for the reason that many popular museums contain these features,
and we do not have a taxidermist to help with their preservation.
While our collection is not made with the intention of its being a
popular exhibition, it certainly contains records which no scientific
student of the subject can now afford to be without. It is the basis
for the study and publication of the life histories of beneficial .and
injurious insects, and their friends and enemies. Special attention
has been given to preserving duplicates of those insects that are more
interesting and important, in order that we can build up school
collections.

SCHOOL COLLECTIONS
The time is now at hand when, with but a slight amount of
money set aside for the purpose, we can prepare and put into at least
ene high school in each county of the State, a representative collec-
tion of the beneficial and injurious insects of each respective region.

L

Fig. 5. Winter Webs of the Brown Tail
Moth. Found in Numbers on Some
imported nursery stock.

a
|
|

Fig. 6. Webs of Brown Tail Moth and Tree
Defoliated by this Pest.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 161

When such specimens are properly prepared, labeled and exhibited
they will not only help the teachers a great deal in Nature study,
but also will be of vast economic importance in showing to pupils
farmers and orchardists which are their friends and which their foes,
and in throwing light on essential points in the knowledge of their
life history, which must be recognized in the work of practical insect
warfare to save our crops from annual loss of over a million dollars,
which I fully believe is not too high an estimate to place upon the
annual damage of insect pests to cultivated crops alone in this
State.

Whenever insects occur in devastating numbers we aim to collect
specimens of them and their work, provided we do not have them
already represented in the collection. We also make a study of their
natural enemies and the various plants upon which they feed. As
the duplicates are preserved in good condition they can be used in the
school collections or in exchanges.

We have not yet developed a system of making exchanges, but the
time is at hand when it is worth while to undertake this work and
attempt to make the collection as complete as possible in those
species occurring in Pennsylvania or liable to come into this State.

During the year 1911 there were 1,090 accessions of specimens
added to our catalog pertaining entirely to zoology; also, much
material was received (not pertaining to zoology) from as many more
contributors, that were not given any accession numbers. Some of
these numbered accessions include insects and other material, such as
birds, reptiles, ete.

The number of accessions may not be as large as during previous
years, but the material collected by the office employees on their own
time was placed under one accession number for the entire year.

Mota NWMDEr OF “ACCESSIONS, 25 a... t cess ee © dec Nereis ache tae 1,090
TINDER: PCELAMING LO -IMSCCUS, a 2 asa ald ss sala erepsiele ee Sele lel oe tote 6 1,026
Number pertaining to invertebrates other than insects, ...... 73
Number pertaining to fishes and repiiles,’.. 02.02. \0..-.e22: - 15
Wer PERC FO DITA: |. F05 erik coc in clo vein ote al a hia ep ere iesn nual 8
NMMMBEL ER AnINS tO) MAMIMNGIS: <0... <\c s.cvsteoieds stern cealehnereere wre 3

BREEDING CAGES

Whenever we have collected or received specimens of living insects,
the life history of which is not fully known, or which are in their
immature stages, and hence not to be determined, we have kept them
enclosed in glass and cloth covered vessels, commonly called “breed-
ing cages,” for the purposes of making a careful study of them in
every detail, and also procuring specimens in their various stages
of transformation.

Often the only good specimens obtainable by the collector are to
be had by the one method of rearing them to maturity in breeding
cages. Thus it becomes important to keep these cages and study the
transformations of the pests. The dates for practical remedies often
depend very decidedly upon the exact dates of the transformation of
the insects. For example, there is no satisfactory remedy for the
Lecanium Turtle-shell, scale of peach and plum excepting to watch
for it at the time of its hatching, and then apply a comparatively

11—6—1911

162 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

mild contact insecticide, such as extra dilute lime-sulfur solution,
soap solution, or kerosene emulsion, etc. This, in general, occurs
during the early part of June in this State, but may vary with sea-
sons, and the only way this is to be determined with accuracy is by
observing their transformations under normal conditions.

During the past year we kept thirty-nine breeding cages, ‘watch-
ing them carefully, and keeping records of the insects they contained.
We should have kept many times this many, but we are handicapped
for lack of facilities for containing the breeding cages and making
observations of the insects in normal conditions. These cages at
present must be kept in a room that is artificially lighted and heated.
Observations of transformations on a natural basis can not thus be
made, as the dates of changes in these cages are abnormal, There is
nothing that this Bureau needs more than a small outdoor room,
perhaps in connection with the greenhouse here, where insects could
be reared and studied under normal conditions of temperature,
moisture and light, and where their dates of transformation would
thus be the same as those in fields, orchards, gardens and forests,
so that we could notify the people of this State as to the time when
they could expect these pests to appear in their respective destructive
stages, and, consequently, save a considerable amount of loss by
being fully prepared to meet them. Such a room is called an “in-
sectary,” and is in use by most of the leading entomologists of the
world. We urgently request that such be provided, if possible, in
connection with the greenhouses in Capitol Park.

Insects of the Year. In our observations and correspondence our
attention was called to some unusual features of insects during the
year 1911, which should here be recorded. Among these are the
following:

There was a serious outbreak of the Flea beetle, Crepidodera
rufipes, in this State during the last spring and summer, especially
in the counties of Lancaster, York, Cumberland and Dauphin. Speci-
mens were received during the entire summer from all parts of the
State. We recommended spraying with one ounce of arsenate of lead
in each gallon of water or in the Brodeaux mixture, and have many
reports of highly, satisfactory results, while the vines not treated
were unproductive.

The Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor, was received from a great
many localities throughout the State, and was especially bad during
May, as the spring brood were the immediate descendants of those of
the previous fall, which were far worse than usual in this State.
However, in the fall of 1911, the Hessian fly did not appear nearly
as destructive as a year ago. This is probable, partially, because of
the development of its parasitic enemies, but chiefly because the
growers took the lesson given by us and planted late. It is worthy
of record that many fields of wheat throughout the southern and
eastern portions of Pennsylvania, during the summer of 1911, were
so badly injured by the Hessian fly that they did not produce more
than two or three bushels to the acre.

Unusual outbreaks of the Chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus, were
reported from a number of localities in Pennsylvania, especially
doing considerable damage to corn. It is not often that this particular
pest is found so abundantly in Pennsylvania, although it is one of
the common destructive insects of the Mississippi Valley. :

‘sesvesiq eq Aq INO pediM se poyodey vruealsuueg ul Arvidy “¢ “S11

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 163

The Margined blister beetle, Hpicauta marginata, was injurious
in many places to truck crops, flowers, ete., and was sent to us by
various correspondents. While it is alarming to observe it at the
time of its appearance, it does not remain long, and can, without
great difficulty, be driven away from the premises or destroyed by
using bunches of fine whips, vigorously applied.

The Pear leaf blister mite, Hriophyes pyri, was reported from a
number of counties infesting the fruit and leaves of pear and apple,
especially from the northern part of the State. It was destructive
as far south as Mechanicsburg, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania.
This is becoming more and more destructive in this Commonwealth.
It does not appear to be as well known as it should be, and, con-
sequently, it is not recognized. ‘The mite itself is too small to be
seen plainly with the unaided eye, but it makes black, sooty blotches
in the leaves of apple and pear, and these wre quite distinct and
conspicuous. The tissue of the foliage is seriously injured, and the
leaves fail to perform their full normal functions and drop soon.
fortunately, our tree growers are learning more and more to spray
during the dormant season with strong lime-sulfur solution, and
those who do this are keeping the Blister mite in check. It appears
that this pest passes the winter beneath the bud scales on the trees,
and is destroyed by a dormant spraying such as is applied for scale
insects. The following circular was sent out from this office:

Leaf Blister-Mites. The Blister-mites are small white, or pinkish-
white mites which produce open galls or blisters, looking like blotches
of soot on the under surface of leaves, fruits and fruit stems of
apple and pear. They spend the winter under the scales of the buds.
As soon as the leaves unfold in the spring they leave their winter
quarters and enter the stomata, first on the young leaves near the
base of the growing bud, spreading to the leaves toward ‘the end
of the twig as the season advances. The eggs are deposited in the
tissue of the leaves some time in April and early May. The young
mites hatching from these eggs burrow through the epidermis of
the under side of the leaf, and feed upon the tissues in the interior,
and this irritation produces a sooty thinning of the leaf, which is
known as the gall or blister. Other eggs are deposited throughout
the season within the galls, and the young mites after hatching
tunnel in all directions, thus enlarging the galls. Through an open-
ing in the under surface the mature mites emerge and pass to other
localities, where they form new galls. There are numerous genera-
tions throughout the season, as they breed for a period of about
six months. In October the adult mites seek shelter for the winter
in. the buds.

The injury from these pests first manifests itself by small green,
red, or yellow patches or pimples which enlarge, run together, and
form irregular dead areas, turning brown and dark later in the
season. Severely infested leaves lose their fresh green color, ac-
quire a variegated appearance, and drop from the tree. The affected
fruits are either destroyed, or, if they recover from the early attacks,
become stunted, and develop into fruit of poor quality.

Treatment: Spray infested trees in the fall as soon as the leaves
have fallen from the trees, and again in the spring, thoroughly, with
one of the following materials:

164 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

1. Lime-sulfur Solution (Home-boiled, Concentrated). Slack 1
pound of high grade lime, adding 2 pounds of ground or powdered
sulfur, and boil in 1 gallon of water for one hour. Use this propor-
tion for any larger quantity. If necessary add water to make up
for any evaporation; strain and store in closed vessels until needed,
or in open vessels, keeping the solution covered with a thin film of
oil. When ready to spray dilute one part with 7 or 8 parts of water,
or (better) to specific gravity, as shown by Hydrometer test, of 1.04
to 1.03.

2. Lime-sulfur Solution (Home-boiled, dilute.) This is made by
slaking 22 pounds of quick lime (fresh stone lime), to which is added
17 pounds of finely powdered or ground sulfur previously mixed into
a paste with a little water to break up any lumps which may be
present. Boil in an iron kettle in sufficient water for an hour, and
dilute to make 50 gallons. Strain this well through a fine brass wire
netting, having about 30 wires to the inch. Spray at once, or before
the mixture gets cold. The objections to this are the great amount of
sediment, and the necessity of immediate use.

3. Lime-sulfur Solution (Commercial Concentrated). Many manu-
facturers are placing upon the market ready-made Concentrated
Lime-sulfur Solutions, and these are found satisfactory and about as
effective as the Home-boiled Solution. They should be diluted, as
a rule, by adding to one part of the Concentrated Mixture 7 or 8
of water, or (better) to specific gravity, as shown by Hydrometer
test, of 1.04 to 1.03.

4. Kerosene Emulsion. Made by dissolving one pound of soap
in one gallon of hot water, and adding to this 2 gallons of kerosene
or common coal oil, stirring and whipping it until it forms a thick,
creamy mass. To this stock solution add 5 times its bulk of water.

Special care must be taken in spraying apple trees to soak the
buds and twigs thoroughly. Since the treatment for Blister-mites
with Lime-sulfur Solution is the same as that which we recommend
for San José scale, it is evident that where both pests are present
a spray applied for one of them will destroy the other.

H. A. SURFACE,

Heonomic Zoologist.

The Southern Cotton worm moth, Aletia argillacea, appeared all
over the State of Pennsylvania from September 21, to October 7,
in such numbers, as one correspondent expressed it, “not by the
hundreds nor yet by the thousands, but by the millions, so as to
fill the air and darken the lights as by a snowstorm.” Many speci-
mens of this moth were sent to us simultaneously from different
parts of the State, with inquiries as to their identity and signifi-
cance.

It is evidently a source of much satisfaction to our alert citizens
to know that this was only a visitor, which is not known to feed upon
vegetation in Pennsylvania, and which has migrated into this State
from the southern country where it normally feeds on the cotton
plant.

It is worthy of note that we observed these moths doing consider-
able damage to the late peaches, such as Salway, which were ripen-
ing just at the time of their invasion. They alighted upon the ripe

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 165

fruits and punctured them, inserting the long proboscis, and suek-
ing out the juice in a circle within a radius of about one-half inch.
Around this circle the surface of the fruit was stained brown by
the liquid deposited by the moth. This damage was very eon-
spicuous and considerable. It is also reported that they injured
grapes in the same way.

The Apple seed chalcis, Syntomaspis druparum, was a very eon-
siderable pest in the apples of the northeastern part of Pennsyl-
vania. Our inspectors in that region found it in many of the or-
chards which they visited. They particularly found it abundant and
destructive to the fruits of old, neglected or wild apple trees. We
worked out the life history of this insect, and published a circular
upon it which is inserted in a foregoing portion of this report.

The Apple maggot or Railroad worm, Rhagoletis pomonella, was
also very abundant and destructive in apples in the northern: part of
Pennsylvania, and as it is a pest that is not usually recognized,
and for which many fruit growers have as yet done but little, it is
important for us to call attention to its results, and the need of
checking it.

This so-called “worm” is really the larva or maggot of a fly not
larger than a house fly. The egg is laid about the time the fruit
is ripe, and the little larva bores around through the pulp of the
apple in a winding or sinuous manner, and hence is given the name
“Railroad worm.” It does not confine itself to the vicinity of the
core, as does the codling moth, but bores all through the fruit,
and practically renders it unfit for use, as well as making it rot
much sooner. It is much worse in the soft, early apples and sweet
apples. As it lives for some time in the fallen apple before going
into the ground to pupate, there is a satisfactory means of pre-
venting further loss by it. This is to destroy the fallen fruit within
a half week from the time it drops. If the orchard is pastured with
sheep or hogs it will not be a difficult matter to prevent the further
ravages of the Railroad worm.

As this pest is carried in fruits washed down stream, it is liable
to be spread southward across the State of Pennsylvania, along
the shores of the Susquehanna River, and thence spread back into
the adjacent country. All growers should be on the lookout for it,
and be sure to destroy the fallen fruits promptly. There is no
spraying remedy that is efficient or recommended.

The time has come for us to call attention to the importance of
a law providing for the destruction of all worthless, forsaken, dying
and seedling fiuit trees in this State. We here emphasize the point
that plant sanitation is fully as important to the plant grower or
tree grower, as is animal sanitation to the live stock grower. It is
far better for the interests of our citizens that they destroy the
breeding places of plant foes, and prevent their multiplication,
rather than depend upon local applications to check their increase.
For example, one old seedling apple tree left standing along a fence.
and particularly along the line fence where each owner hesitates
to destroy it because of the supposed partial interest in it by the
other, will be able to supply enough pests in the form of Codling
moths, Apple seed chalcids, Railroad worms, San José scale,
Oyster Shell scale, Fire blight, Canker worms, Tent caterpillars, etc.,
te infest and infect the entire orchard for quite a distance around it,

166 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Such a tree should be destroyed. No man has any business to at-
tempt to grow an orchard in this State with worthless trees living
near it, which are fit only to propagate pests and cause trouble. It is
as unsanitary to the orchards to have dying trees and rotten fruits
lying neglected near their premises, as it is to live stock to have the
remains of animals that have died of anthracnose, foot and mouth
disease, tuberculosis, hog cholera, etc., around the pasture fields,
where the animals feed and drink.

The time has come when the horticultural interests of Pennsyl-
vania demand a Sanitary Plant Regulation, intelligently made and
vigorously enforced. A wild or seeding apple tree is but a producer
of diseases and insects. The same can be said of all other kinds of
fruit trees when neglected. An old, dying and rotten tree may cause
an immense amount of loss and hard work by continuing to spread
its germs with every wind that blows through it or any bird that
alights upon it. It should be destroyed.

The orchard infested with unchecked San José scale has no busi-
ness to exist. It will become more and more worthless, and the
sooner it is destroyed or properly treated the better. Osage Orange
hedge infested with San José scale should also be destroyed promptly.
Such a hedge is a nuisance, even though not infested. It would be
to the benefit of the agricultural people of this State if local measures
or legal enactment were made to destroy at once every Osage Orange
plant that can be found.

The slothful man who does not spray his apple, pear and quince
trees for Codling moth leaves a breeding place that may serve to
infest his neighbors’ trees for quite a distance away. Should this
be permitted in the plant kingdom? We have taken the most
stringent and effective means to prevent the spread, and, in fact,
eliminate certain livestock diseases in this State. The same sanitary
principles applied to the productions of plant life would be exceed-
ingly beneficial, especially in view of the wonderfully extensive
planting of orchards now being done. This is becoming more and
more important. We urge the enactment of legislation providing
for the destruction of all trees and other plants that are a menace
to others. This can be done with great profit to the tree-growers
by the appointment of enough competent country inspectors, through
the Department of Agriculture, who should be stationed in each
county to render the service that is there needed. It should be made
his duty to see to it that land owners destroy or properly treat all
fruit trees and other trees, shrubs and bushes upon their premises
which contain pests that may spread. Such service properly ren-
dered, would return to the State more than an hundred fold.

8. INSPECTION OF ORCHARDS

The importance of the inspection work is indicated in the above
remarks. Legislation has provided for the inspection of premises
for certain pests, but we have not had enough funds to put out more
than one-half of the inspectors that are needed. In Pennsylvania
there are sixty-seven counties, in each of which the citizens are justly
calling for the aid which they now know with certainty our in-
spectors can give, and which will amount in many cases to hun-
dreds of dollars for each citizen. We have the funds to keep in the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 167

field but twenty-five men, which is not one-half the number actually
needed. However, we are doing the best that is possible. During
the past year, besides the extensive demonstration work in every
county of the State of Pennsylvania, there were inspected, through
this office’s inspectors 3,037 premises, and in their county inspection
work they inspected 9,416 orchards.

Wherever an orchard is inspected and found to have pests of any
kind, the owner is informed in writing, and a copy of the same
report is sent to this office. At the proper season of the year for
treating the pests reported, we communicate again with the owner,
by mailing to him detailed directions telling exactly what to use
and how. Printed literature, containing formulae for treating the
pests, is mailed to him, and he thus knows what pests are present
and how to treat them. The following is the form of report used by
the inspectors:

Circular 8. REPORT OF ORCHARD INSPECTOR. Date: 2222525252 =
(To be filled for each place inspected.) Time/of day: =---—--- =
Dear Sir: I have today inspected your trees and shrubs at (P. O.) -------~-------.---------_-

SU cao ee Se ES 0 ee en er eer and it is my duty to report as follows:
INaMBw ODN OWNER: = 2222 es 2 sa 2 US eeeeeaee esate cee ee AAGOTOSS ooo oscars ses cncse cnssnstcescceeassce
Namoeror. Tenant 2-25.25 Set zs.s2 Distance and direction from Post Office_-.-..---_--.
2 . eS , | Other Pests (to be
5 £ 8 q Named.)
2} B 8
3 a | ot wa
oung, ------- Insects found. |-..---- Se a
No. Apple Trees,
Bearing, =-2---Insects found. |/-..2-<-|-52s<<|=--+<=|-==--5] ee
GUNG. o~--s22 insects found... \|\!2s-se|e snes sonora loo eaen | eseaaee sea ae seen aeeee
No. Pear Trees,
Bearing,-.----Insects found. |---.--- See Bee sbavead| Scvceoeessoaceseanee es
oung > ----—— Insects' found: |-.=-=-|2>--—-|=----= aan | aces se or eee eee ee
No. Peach Trees,
Bearing, ------ Insects: fOund. |222es-|2—25--|~-2-n— LGasas|seasesecetheaek het
OUUL yaaa see Insects found. }=2=-=-|-=---- eg aa sd sot ewe nes Stee anne eae
No. Plum Trees,
Bearing,------inserts: found, |/2222==|2---4= osewe| Soe ad| =o cen Sone reweeeenea ee
OUNEy =----52 INSECTS FOUNG.) See sso |ae eee | eases se neee See se acen nate seas
No. ©herry Trees,
Bearing,--.---Imsects found. |------|--.--- Se ene | sass entee sasee -tesee se coe eee
Shrobbery, —(Name)5, e-s2sssnse soso ee eee eee eee, |(SeSeeeleeeco= Sa swe |S ona |S JSS Soest ees
Has this Orchard been treated for San Jose Scale?---------- How many times and when?----------
With what Material?-_-------.---- At what strength?.---=-—-----—- 22. What Results?..---.-_....
Marks: + = infested slightly; + + = considerably infested; + + + = badly Infested;
— = not found.
For further information address Prof. H. A. SURFACE, State Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.
My ROGTESS 22 —- nna ce den ee a el eee ea ae mm Authorized Inspector.

We are pleased to report that, with very rare exceptions, the in-
spector is cordially received and closely questioned. The Pennsyl-
vania fruit grower is rapidly becoming educated in the care of his
trees, and now understands better than ever before that this work

168 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

is a continuous campaign of education for the benefit of all persons
who have growing plants of any kind that are liable tu be infured
by pests. It is quite gratifying to this office to receive the many en-
couraging letters which come into our hands. As the years pass
and this work is continued it becomes each year more popular, im-
portant, and fruitful in practical results.

Our inspectors are, in many cases, the persons whom we took
some years ago to the Pennsylvania State College and there gave
instruction, and whom we have met in semi-annual conference regu-
larly during each year for definite instruction in their special work.
Everyone is enthusiastic in recognition of the important work he
is doing, and under such conditions good results must be obtained.
That these men are accomplishing much for the farmers and fruit
growers is evidenced by the flood of requests which we _ received
calling for their services. While the real work of inspection is done
systematically, going from place to place, finishing one township
at a time, yet we aim to comply with all requests for special in-
struction, when this can be done without too much additional ex-
pense.

In this inspection work many injurious pests are found in their
incipient stages, and serious loss is prevented thereby. For example,
I was invited by a friend to inspect his orchard at Enon Valley, in
Lawrence county. I did this, and found one very young apple tree
badly infested with San José scale, growing near a large apple
orchard of vigorous trees, in their prime. The farmer did not know
the scale, and would not have recognized it until its effects had
become apparent upon his larger trees, which would have been too
late to have saved them without very considerable expense and
trouble. Under the circumstances the infested small tree was im-
mediately destroyed and the danger of infestation was eliminated,
as readily as a fire is prevented by extinguishing a match.

LIST OF INSPECTORS

The list of the inspectors and their respective districts is as
follows:
Allaman, R. P., Somerset, Bedford, Fayette, Greene.
Benn, M. L., Tioga, Potter, Cameron, Elk.
Bergy, James, Mifflin, Juniata, Huntingdon, Blair.
Bowers, E. C., Lancaster, Franklin, Fulton.
Briggs, J. S., Beaver, Allegheny, Westmoerland, Indiana, Montgomery.
Bullock, W. H., Wayne, Pike, Monroe.
Burke, P. H., Erie, Warren, McKean, Forest.
Cox, J. W., Crawford, Butler, Lawrence, Mercer.
Ebert, Carl, Berks.
Fertig, F. R., Lebanon, Lehigh, Carbon, Dauphin.
Finn, A. O., Susquehanna. Lackawanna, Luzerne.
Foster, T. C., Union, Snyder, Centre, Perry.
Knuppenburg, D. A., Bradford, Wyoming, Sullivan.
Loux, E. L., Bucks, Cambria, Clearfield, Jefferson.
Moore, B. 8., Northampton, Schuylkill, Washington.
Murray, D. E., Northumberland, Montour, Columbia.
Peirce, E. F., Adams, York, Cumberland.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 169

Shay, M. E., Delaware, Philadelphia.

Stichter, G. B., Venango, Clarion, Armstrong.
Wilson, J. C., Lycoming, Clinton.

Windle, Francis, Chester.

9. DEMONSTRATIONS

It is in the demonstration work that this office has been particu-
larly active, and has reudered the most remarkable service during
the past year. The public demonstrations were continued both at
private premises and at certain orchards belonging to public insti-
tutions. Better results from this work were shown than ever before.
The calls for the work of the demonstrator were such that we were
obliged to continue the supervision orchard system, by which we
could at least send a man to look over the orchard with the owner
and lay out plans for its management and visit it occasionally during
the year to supervise the work and help with any points demanding
special attention or assistance.

The amount of work that was accomplished in the demonstration
and supervision orchards is almost incredible. The statistics con-
cerning these are as follows:

Number of demonstration orchards: i.) ic... se asc eee es 245
Number of demonstrations held in these orchards, .......... 930
Number in attendance at the demonstrations, .............. 14,092
NDIMBEEZAOL SUpPErVISlOl, Orchards, oo. cae oh see eee a oo es 1,064
Number of visits by inspectors to the supervision orchards, .. 1,972
Number of trees in demonstration orchards, .............. 151,286
Number of trees in supervision orchards, ................. 493 364

Amount of fruit produced in the 159 demonstration orchards re-
ported:

mpples: 85,160 bushels; valued ak, ovo. os Poets fe ee. $75,000.00
Fearn ott DUSKCIS, Valuecdsat,. sii % cis oe es Setar ns ote ee te 500.00
Peaches’.2:000 bushels, valued at. ils oo sis os, 26 fee we oe 4,000.00

IRGy Bea Des Met sy ch onteoneye, Seat okay Sy osava. 4 Noy mepare. See: SM Toa ae CCS see $79,500.00

It is intersting to note that other states are introducing demon-
stration work along the lines which have proven so beneficial with
us. The magnitude of this work in this State is better understood
when we call attention to the fact that the last annual report of
the State of Maryland, for example, shows that during the year
they have had twenty-six demonstrations; in Virginia twelve demon-
strations were given; and in Indiana, which has recently organized
this work, there were ten demonstrations. We can safely say that
more public demonstrations were given in Pennsylvania during the
past year, than in all other states, territories and countries of the
world combined. We are satisfied that a careful study of reports
and statistics will reveal this fact. The benefits for our citizens have
likewise been proportionately great.

When this work was undertaken, your Economie Zoologist said
to a representative of one of the leading newspapers of Pennsylvania,
that it would be “either the most stupendous failure or the most
remarkable success that has attended the work of this office.” We
can see more and more that the latter is the inevitable result.

170 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Applications from every county asking for demonstrations to be
given in orchards owned by the writers have been coming to us by
the hundreds, so that at this time we have about sixteen hundred
applications on file, and are puzzled as to which to select that will
give the best results. Consequently we thought to make an entire
change, if practical, and drop many of the demonstration orchards
of last year, and substitute new ones this year. We sent out a cir-
cular asking for expressions of opinion in this regard, and, with
few exceptions all persons replied saying that the work has resulted
in great practical good for them, and they wish it continued, if not
in their orchards, then certainly in their own immediate vicinity.

The magnitude of this work is wonderful, and to show how it is
extending into each of the sixty-seven counties of Pennsylvania, it is
best to report it by counties, as follows:

ADAMS COUNTY

E. F. Peirce, Inspector and Demonstrator.
Location of Demonstration Orchards:
George Oyler, Gettysburg.
George F. Sites, Fairfield.
Mrs. C. N. Weaver, New Oxford.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
William Bighams Sons, Gettysburg.
H. C. Brinton, Hanover, R. D. No. 3.
John C. Cluck, Biglersville, R. D. No. 2.
Jos. W. Cooley, Biglerville, R. D. No. 2.
George L. Culp, Biglerville.
George E. Fohl, Biglerville, R. D. No. 2.
Jacob Gochenour, Aspers.
D. H. Guise, Emmittsburg, Md.
G. O. Heckenluber, Biglerville.
E. N. Hoffman, Biglerville, R. D. No. 2.
D. M. Hoffman, Biglerville.
W. C. Hoffman, Aspers.
Willis H. Hoffman, Biglerville, R. D. No. 2.
David Hoke, Hanover.
John S. Hollinger, Emmittsburg, Md.
Daniel Clarence Jacobs, Gettysburg, R. D. No. 5.
Henry B. Jacobs, East Berlin.
H. M. Keller, Gettysburg.
O. S. Knousg, Biglerville, R. D. No. 2.
John R. Kuhn, East Berlin.
Reuben Lower, Biglerville, R. D. No. 2.
R. H. Lupp, Biglerville, R. D. No. 2.
A. W. McCauslin, Biglerville, R. D. No.
George W. McCauslin, Biglerville.
S. S. Mehring, Littlestown.
I. D. Mickley, Cashtown.
Alvis E. Monter, Biglerville, R. D. No. 2.
David H. Orner, Biglerville.
Ira D. Pitzer, Biglerville.
H. V. Rahn, Abbottstown.

i)

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 171

J. H. Smith, Biglerville.

E. H. Snyder & Son, Jacks Mountain.
C. E. Tawney, Gulens.

H. W. Taylor, Biglerville.

Ira P. Taylor, Biglerville, R. D. No. 2
R. W. Taylor, Biglerville.

S. J. Taylor, Biglerville.

R. E. Wible, Gettysburg.

Number of public meetings held in this county: 16.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 66.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):
Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 4.
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 6.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 25.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 137.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 12.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 ore ae
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 6.
Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 2.

ALLEGHENY COUNTY
J. S. Briggs, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Boys’ Industrial Home of Western Pa., Oakdale.
M. C. Dunlevy, Carnegie, R. D. No. 1.
William Flinn, Pittsburg.
Harry T. Magill, Harmarville, Rh. D. No. 1.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
W. A. Adams, Coroapolis.
G. W. B. Allter, Tarentum.
C. M. Barthberger, Pittsburg.
C. E. Behrhorst, Pittsburg.
Beechmont Farm and Fruit Co., Oakdale.
Mrs. Alice R. Bentley, Glenshaw.
John R. Brown, Parnassus, R. D. No. 2.
E. C. Carter, Oliver Bldg., Pittsburg.
Harvey Childs, 813 Penn Ave., Pittsburg.
C. C. Dawson, Tarentum, R. D. No. 2
O. R. Gegeliman, 433 Wood St., Pittsburg.
B. M. Dickinson, Keenan Bldg., Pittsburg.
Dixmont Hospital, Dixmont.
August G. Espe, Perryville, R. D. No. 1.
James Fergus, Elizabeth, R. D. No. 3.
L. N. Fife, Venetia, R. D.
C. L. Flaccus, Pittsburg.
A. B. Gilfillan, Bridgeville, R. D. Ne. 1.

172 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

A. C. Gumbert, 511 Fourth Ave., Pittsburg.

L. C. Haler, McKeesport, R. D. No. 1.

George M. Johnston, Wilmerding.

Stewart Johnston, 1208 House Bldg., Pittsburgh.

W. C. Kroegher, 315 Laurel Ave., Bellevue.

John Lachman, Hays.

A. L. Lewin, 3703 Penn Ave., Pittsburg.

J. C. Monroe, Turtle Creek, R. D. No. 1.

James L. Orris, Carnegie.

J. W. Rutherford, Tarentum.

Wilson A. Shaw, Forbes & Morewood Ave., Pittsburg.
Dr. Laura G. Shrom, 508 Bijou Bldg., Pittsburg.

Rk. W. Tener, Coraopolis, R. D. No. 2.

W. A. Thomas, 322 Park Bldg., Pittsburg.

he. Prax, Library,

Tuberculosis League of Pittsburg, Allison Park, R. D. No. 2.
F. M. & G. E. Wilson, Wilkinsburg, R. D. No. 1.

R. J. Wilson, Library, R. D. No. 1.

Number of public meetings held in this county: 13.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 30.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):

Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 12.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 286.
Peaches:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 10.
Pears:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 6.
Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 6.

ARMSTRONG COUNTY
G. B. Stichter, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
T. J. Frederick, Spring Church.
Rev. J. S. Hill, Latrobe.

H. A. Marshall, Dayton.
J. W. Patterson, Apollo.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
J. R. Borland, Dayton.
S. P. Butler, Dayton.
J. H. Canfield, 5895 Barlett St., East End, Pittsburg.
J. R. Hill, Freeport.
E. H. Kramer, Rimer.
T. W. Niel, Dayton.
Orchardcrest Fruit & Poultry Farm, Sewickley.
Thomas I. Schaffer, Vandergrift.
Fred Snyder, Olivet.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 173

Miss K. Stubrich, Kittanning, R. D. No. 7.
George E. Templeton, Kittanning, R. D. No. 2.
A. W. Woodrow, Freeport.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 17.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 34.
Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 1,162.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):
Apples:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 47.
Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 5.
Pears: ;
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.
Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.

BEAVER COUNTY
J. S. Briggs, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Dr. John J. Allen, Monaca.
A. P. Goodwin, Industry, R. D. No. 1.
W. A. Hoeveler, 1150 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh.
George S. Reed, Baden, R. D. No. 2.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

R .C. Coleman, Rochester, R. D. No. 1.

Walter C. Dunlap, West Bridgewater.

J. S. Elder, Darlington.

John G. Engle, New Sheffield, R. D. No. 5.

C. A. Ewing, Beaver, R. D. No. 2.

G. H. Hildebrand, Beaver, R. D. No. 2.

F. C. Hodkinson, 710 Bailey-Farrell Bldg., Pittsburg.

Walter S. Kidd, Beaver.

Hugh Lauglin, Georgetown, R. D.

Allen McDonald, Hookstown, R. D. No. 1.

R. J. Miller, Beaver, R. D. No. 2.

W. J. Morgan, Baden, R. D. No. 1.

Fred J. Nannah, 407 Tenth St., New Brighton.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 9.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 20.
Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 154.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):
Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 1.
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 87.
Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 3.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 7.
Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 2.

174 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 2.

BEDFORD COUNTY
R. P. Allaman, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
William Claar, Queen.
Wm. T. Donohue, Flintstone, Md.
Samuel F. Piper, Everett.
Top Roland, Chapmans Run.
Samuel Snyder, Woodbury.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

County Home, Bedford.

Bruce Croyle, Osterburg.

George W. Deibert, Bedford, R. D. No. 1.

Dr. A. Enfield, Bedford.

E. S. Ferry, New Enterprise. ,

A. F. Foon, Everett, R. D. No. 5.

A. 8. Guyer, Bedford.

Dr. Charles Long, Altoona.

W.S. Madore, Hyndman.

Hon. John M. Reynolds, Bedford.

R. E. Smith, Hopewell.

Truman Tewell, Artemas.

J. Wilson Weaver, Saxton.

Roger Williams, Rainsburg.

Levi Wolford, Buffalo Mills.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 16.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 27.
Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 1.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 7.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 37.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 430.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres 2.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 9.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 5.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.

BERKS COUNTY.
Carl Ebert, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Leeation of Demonstration Orchards:
Bethany Orphans’ Home, Womelsdorf.
D. Owen Brooke, Birdsboro.
W. H. Fromm, Sinking Spring.
Dr. W. C. Kline, Myerstown.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

S. Lauer, Blandon.
E. M. Zerr, Geigers Mills.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

Adam D. Bagenstose, Molhrsville, R. D. No. 1.

Bertolet & Hunter, Reading.

F. M. Bowers, 612 Highland Ave., Chester.

County Home.

John P. Dauth, Mohnton.

Jeremiah Dierolf, Bechtelsville.

C. S. Dreibelbis, Shoemakersville.

Harvey M. Fisher, Mt. Aetna,

W. H. Grim, Hamburg.

Dr. Samuel 8. Hill, Wernersville, State Insane Asyluin.

S. O. Hobart, Pottstown.

Wilson A. Klopp, Rehrersburg.

Cosmos D. Kutz, Lyons.

Dr. W. W. Livingood, Robesonia.

George W. Melcher, Bally.

Franklin S. Merkel, Fleetwood.

George Moll, Bernville.

E. N. Morgan, Reading.

Charles W. Potteiger, Reading.

Claude K. Reber, Mohrsville.

Rick & Herr, 484 Oley St., Reading.

R. B. Rutter, Pine Iron Works.

Wilson E. Schmick, Hamburg.

Clayton H. Snyder, Lime Kiln.

Snyder, Fry & Rick, 484 Oley St., Reading.

S. K. Spang, Lime Kiln.

Joel D. Sunday, Virginville, R. D. No. 1.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 32.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 53.
Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 628.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 3.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 28.
Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 7.
Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to2 0 acres: 3.
Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.
BLAIR COUNTY
James Bergy, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Leeation of Demonstration Orchards:
C. S. Clark, Bellwood.
H. H. Hudson, Roaring Springs.
D. Shelly Kloss, Tyrone.
J. ©. Mattern & Sons, Hollidaysburg.

12

175

176 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Lynn A. Brua, Hollidaysburg.
Alfred Cherry, Bellwood, R. D. No. 1.
T. A. Coleman, Altoona, R. D. No. 1.
W. H. Cowen, Roaring Springs, R. D. No. 1.
Abe L. Fleck, Tyrone.
J. J. Frazier, Hollidaysburg, R. D. No. 1.
Wm. Hahman, Altoona.
W. H. Herr Estate, Altoona.
M. W. Hunt, 611 Fourth Ave., Altoona.
M. Blair Isenberg, Hollidaysburg.
John McKerihan, Martinsburg.
Joseph Rodkey, Frankstown.
Blair Treese, Williamsburg.
J. G. Wolf, 908 Third Ave., Altoona.
W. J. Woodcock, Hollidaysburg.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 14.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 26.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 6.
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 6.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 80.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 12.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 4.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 4.

BRADFORD COUNTY

D. A. Knuppenburg, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Fred Bohlayer, Troy.
Gen. Joseph M. Califf, Towanda.
F. L. Estabrook, Athens.
Mrs. Caroline Reynolds, Ulster.
Vern T. Struble, Athens, R. D. No. 24.
C. B. Williams, Canton.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
R. S. Andrews, Ulster, R. D. No. 20.
F. H. Beeman, Laceyville, R. D. No. 36.
FE. P.. Case; Troy.
John B. Clark, Ulster, R. D. No. 21.
F. P. Corcoran, New Albany.
E. J. Cramer, Monroeton, R. D. No. 48.
Darius Bollock, Wellsburg, N. Y., R. D. Ne. 3f.

Off. Doc.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Mrs. G. A. Dayton, Towanda.

W. W. Dimock, Towanda, R. D. No. 3.

Job Griffin, Milan.

D. L. Horton, Towanda, R. D. No. 7.

William T. Howie, Towanda, R. D. No. 1.

Prof. C. P. Howland, Milan, R. D. No. 22.

C. H. Jennings, Towanda.

J. P. Kirby, Towanda.

H. Lamb, Towanda, R. D. No. 3.

H. C. Larcom, East Smithfield, R. D. No. 23.

Erwin McCoon, Towanda.

Dr. C. J. Marshall, Harrisburg.

D. P. Munn, Athens, R. D.

J. K. Munn, Athens, R. D. No. 26.

G. L. Overpeck, Rummersfield, R. D.

Frank L. Owens, Wellsburg, N. Y., R. D. No. 55.

J. N. Palmer, Ulster, R. D. No. 21.

J. F. Park, Monroeton.

Mrs. Mary Preston, Canton, R. D. No. 73.

J. B. Shaddock, Alba.

William Shumway, Laceyville, R. D. No. 37.

A. J. Stacy, Troy, R. D. No. 63.

Thomas E. Stevens, Towanda, R. D. No. 4.

W. E. Sturdevant, Laceyville, R. D. No. 36.

W. B. Taylor, Standing Stone.

W. I. Teed’s Sons, 206 Desmond St., Sayre.

R. Templeton & Son, Ulster.

D. C. Tyrrell, Nichols, R. D. No. 3.

F. R. West, Milan.

S. L. Woodward, Wellsburg, N. Y.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 21.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 68.
Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 601.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 3
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 40.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 12.
ears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

BUCKS COUNTY
E. L. Loux, Inspector and Demonstrator.
Location of Demonstration Orchards:
H. T. Adams, Perkasie, R. D.
George Buckman, Newton.
O. D| Nathans Estate, Centre Bridge,

National Farm School.
H. L. Shelly, Quakertown.

12—6—1911

177

178

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Location of Supervision Orchards:

David E. Applegate, Churchville.
John 8. Ash, Holicong.

Garrett Barcalow, Southampton.
J. A. Berry, Davisville.

Joseph B. Briggs, Yardley.

W. T. Briggs, Woodbourne.

E. A. Carpenter, Taylorsville.
Joseph Carrell, Jr., Neshaminy.
Joseph Clark, Doylestown, R. D. No. 1.
John Asher Clemens, Point Pleasant.
William Covert, Mechanicsville.
David D. Cressman, Sellersville.

S. B. Denlinger, Doylestown.
Joseph T. Diehl, Perkasie.

W. A. Dietterick, Kellers Church.
M. E. Ely, Yardley.

A. C. Fluck, Springtown.

J. Oscar Fretz, Perkasie.

A. D. Gearhart, Doylestown.

John Gehman, Plumsteadville.
Mahlon Gross, Doylestown.

Mrs. Margaret R. Grundy, Bristol.
F. T. Himmelwright, Doylestown.
A. W. Hunt, Quakertown.
Benjamin B. Johnson, Ottsville.
E. R. Johnson, Centre Bridge.

Dr. Loxley Kelly, Taylorsville.

C. S. Kriebel, Doylestown.

Leidy M. Landis, Wismer.

E. Oppenlander, Passer.

Erwin M. Overholt, Doyles town.
Dr. J. W. Patterson, Bristol.
Perkasie Fruit & Poultry Farm, Perkasie.
J. D. Postell, Richland Centre.

C. Wilson Roberts, Franklin Bldg., Philadelphia.

George Rogers, Centre Bridge.
George W. Row, Yardley.

Isaac E. Rowland, Chalfonte.
Charles T. Scott, Churchville.

G. N. Shappee, New Hope, R. D. No. 1.
John B. Shoe, 608 Rittenhouse St., Germantown,
Charles J. Smith, Buckingham.
Clarence H. Smith, Wycombe.

A. P. Stradling, Oxford Valley.
Charles Thatcher, Richland Centre.
E. J. Thomas, Doylestown.

J. J. Tierney, Newton.

Henry Arnold Todd, Doylestown.
Warren Edgar Tryon, Langhorne.
Wilmer A. Twining, Wycombe.

J. Wilson Vandergrift, Furlong.

G. Zakeosian, Richland Centre.

Off. Doe.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 179

Number of public meetings held in this county: 22.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 103.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 4.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 144.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 22.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

BUTLER COUNTY
J. W. Cox, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
J. S. Campbell, Butler.
J. J. Riddle, Prospect.
W. W. Vandivort, Calley, R. D.
William Velte, Mars.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Benvenue Homestead, Miss F. C. Sweet, 1382 8S. Centre Ave.,
Pittsburg.
J. H. Brunner, Harmony.
Butler County Home, Butler.
H. H. Campbell, West Sunbury.
C. G. Conn, West Sunbury.
C. B. Frisbee, Valencia.
O. P. Graham, Callery, R. D. No. 2.
Mulligan C. Kilpatrick, Valencia.
George Kramer, Valencia.
F. W. McCaw, 17383 Perryville Ave., Allegheny.
J. A. McGowan, Prospect.
O. T. Murphy, Slippery Rock.
R. H. Oliver, Portersville.
Ferd Reiber, Butler.
W. M. Studebaker, Slippery Rock.
W. M. Sullivan, Butler.
Harry E. Taylor, Chicora.
S. H. Templeton, Baldwin.
A. S. Young, Evans City, R. D.
Number of public meetings head in this county: 12.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 42.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 7.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 69.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 3.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 2.

180 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 4.

CAMBRIA COUNTY
i. L. Loux, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Frank P. Barnhart, Johnstown.
Cambria County Home, Ebensburg.
Anslem B. Kirsch, Nicktown.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

H. A. Albert, Johnstown.

Henry Barnhard, Johnstown.

Bruce H. Campbell, Johnstown.

S. M. Clark, Mountaindale.

James Davis, Johnstown, R. D. No. 1.

H. R. Geer, Johnstown, R. D. No. 5.

Fred Krebs, Johnstown.

Joseph F. Mayer, 1061 Franklin St., Johnstown.

W. S. Meales, Dunlo.

A. F. Seaman, Wilmore.

John H. Waters, Johnstown.

North West, Johnstown.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 11.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 16.
Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 624.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):
Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 4.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 43.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 2.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 2.

CAMERON COUNTY
M. L. Benn, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Dr. R. P. Heilman, Emporium.
S. S. Miller, Driftwood.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

F. X. Blumle, Emporium.

S. G. Ostrum, Emporium.

William L. Thomas, Emporium.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 9.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 6.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :

Apples:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 10.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CARBON COUNTY
F. R. Fertig, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Reuben Boyer Est., Weissport.
Wilson Deitrich, Weatherly.

S. W. Gangwer, Rockport.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
John F. Hottenstein, Lehighton.
Edw. Lienhard, Mauch Chunk, R. D. No. 1.
William & Daniel Merkham, Palmerton.
David Rose, Lancaster.
Alfred J. Solt, Weissport.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 12.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 7.
Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 3.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 57.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 8.

CENTRE COUNTY
T. C. Foster, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
John I. Gray, Port Matilda.
Mrs. Elizabeth D. Green, Bellefonte, R. D. No. 1.
Newton C. Neidigh, State College, R. D.
C. P. Reese, Snow Shoe.
Howard T. Struble, Zion.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
A. E. Bartges, Millheim.
D. A. Boozer, Centre Hall.
W. F. Bradford, Centre Hall.
J. Elmer Clark, Stormstown.
W. K. Corl, State College.
John S. Dale, Bellefonte, R. D. No. 3.
George Durner, Zion.
J. W. Forster, Aaronsburg.
Dr. J. S. Frain, Mill Hall, R. D. No. 1.
G. S. Frank, Millheim.
W. H. Gardner, Howard.
John A. Haagen, Howard.
Lem. Hampton, Bellefonte, R. D.
G. Edward Haupt, Bellefonte.
S. P. Hockman, Mingoville.
H. H. Laird, Port Matilda.
Wm. H. Lee, Spring Mills.
Benjamin Limbert, Spring Mills.
Mrs. G. W. Lonberger, Pleasant Gap.

181

182 ANNUAL REPORT OF THB Off. Dec.

D. B. Lowder, Oak Hall.

John Elmer Miller, Madisonburg.

Col. W. Fred Reynolds, Bellefonte.

D. D. Royer, Rebersburg.

Wm. Showers, Nittany.

S. W. Smith, Centre Hall.

E. B. Way, Stormstown.

Thomas M. Weaver, Sr., Bellefonte, R. D. No. 2.

John H. White, Bellefonte, R. D. No. 2.

Frank Wion, Bellefonte, R. D. No. 2.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 22.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 46.
Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 520.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 2.
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 53.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 8.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 18.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.

CHESTER COUNTY
Francis Windle, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Elwood B. Hayman, Berwyn.
A. B. Reynolds, Avondale.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
F. A. Alexander, Oxford.
D. W. Bowman, Phoenixville.
Sumner Brosius, Lansdowne.
Chester County Home, Embreeville.
S. L. Cement, Coatesville, R. D. No. 1.
William B. Coates, Cochranville, R. D.
Stephen C. Harry, Corinne.
Park B. Edwards, Malvern.
William L. Hanthorn, Coatesville.
Richard Haughton, Paoli.
George Henderson, Paoli.
Francis W. Hicks, Avondale.
Jacobs Brothers, Malvern, R. D. No. 1.
Miss Sarah Leeds, Chadds Ford.
William E. Lockwood, Jr., Glenn Loch.
William H. MacNeal, Parkesburg.
Lawrence McCormick, Bellevue-Stratford, Philadelphia.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

George C. Maule, Gun Tree.

Milton Mendenhall, Mendenhall.

J. R. Moore, Kennett Square.

R. Frank Moore, Glenmore, R. D.

Fred Peirson, Downingtown.

Edward A. Pennock, Chatham.

William F. Peters, Downingtown.

Charles 8. Powell, Frazer.

Clavin 8S. Romig, 142 N. Thirteenth St., Harrisburg.

J. W. Scattergood, Lansdowne.

Charles C. Townsend, West Chester.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 6.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 44.
Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 39.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 3.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 30.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
_ Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 13.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 4.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 4.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.

CLARION COUNTY
G. B. Stichter, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Miss Hannah Fox, Foxburg.
James Shick, New Mayville, R. D. No. 2.
Sidney Shirley, Sligo, R. D. No. 3.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
B. B. Ferguson, New Bethlehem.
Daniel Galey, Pollock.
J. H. Harrigh, Sligo, R. D. No. 3.
Prof. N. E. Heeter, Clarion.
D. J. Hetrick, New Bethlehem.
P. M. Kaster, Rimersburg.
D. A. Kesk, Fairmount City, R. D. No. 1.
J. M. Kritchgau, East Brady.
Samuel Mohle, Miola.
L. E. Pence, New Bethlehem.
A. C. Peterson, Knox.
William Walley, Crown.
Abraham Yeaney, New Mayville, R. D. No. 1.

183

184 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Number of public meetings held in this county: 12.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 24.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed: >
Apples:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 7.
Peaches:

Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 2

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.

CLEARFIELD COUNTY
i. L. Loux, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Frank Hahne, DuBois.
W. K. Johnston, Berwinsdale.
George R. Mock, Philipsburg.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

Bilger & Betts, Clearfield.

Clearfield County Home, Clearfield.

John W. Patchin, Glen Hope.

T. L. Wall, Clearfield.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 14.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 8.

Off. Doc.

Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 167.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 42.

CLINTON COUNTY
J. C. Wilson, Inspector and Demonstrater.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Dr. E. J. Baird, Lock Haven.
C. B. Grieb, Mill Hall.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

T. B. Bridgens, Mill Hall, R. D. No. 2.

Mrs. Marie R. Carskaddon, May, 8S. C.

J. H. Chatham, McElhattan.

F. T. Rahorn, Jersey Shore.

C. H. Rich, Woolrich.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 11.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 13.

Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 413.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 8.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 185

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 aeres: 2.

COLUMBIA COUNTY
D. KE. Murray, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Henry C. Barton, Lime Ridge.
Hon. Win. T. Creasy, Catawissa.
T. i. Hyde, Bloomsburg.

J. L. John & Son, Millville.
Adam Rarig, Catawissa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

John A. Deldine, Millville.

A. G. Everett, Unityville.

N. U. Funk, Bloomsburg.

J. O. Gardner, Millville, R. D.

T. A. Hartman, Stillwater.

W. H. Kirkendale, Berwick, R. D.

EK. P. Kisner, Berwick, R. D. No. 3.

A. B. McHenry, Stillwater.

W'. C. Miller, Catawissa, R. D. No. 1.

J. W. Richards, Berwick, R. D. No. 1.

Delmar Sharretts, Berwick, R. D. No. 3. .

EK. H. Sloan, Orangeville.

E. D. Tewksbury, Catawissa.

J. M. Welsh, Orangeville.

A. P. Young, Millville, R. D.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 18.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 34.
Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 71.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples: .
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 27.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 3.

CRAWFORD COUNTY
J. W. Cox, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
J. A. McLain, Meadville.
Miss Minerva Weed, Titusville.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Hon. C. A. Bentley, Monongahela.
A. B. Birchard, 221 Columbia Ave., Boston, Mass.
W. M. Fuller, DeYoung.
William A. Hammon, Conneautville.
G. W. Harvey, Titusville, R. D.

186 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

C. F. Housel, Blooming Valley.

W. D. Pierce, Spartansburg.

C. F. Post, Centerville.

Elmer E. Ross, Centreville.

D. M. Shontz, Conneaut Lake.

J. M. Snyder, Meadville, R. D. No. 1.

George A. Wellmon, 232 E. Tenth St., Erie.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 7.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 22.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed j :

Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 aeres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 3.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

CUMBERLAND COUNTY

E. F. Peirce, Inspector and Demonstrator.
Location of Demonstration Orchards:
F. C. Bosler, Carlisle.
W. J. Neron, Walnut Bottom.
W. J. Rose, Bowmansdale.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

J. C. Bucher, Boiling Springs.

U. G. Barnitz, Barnitz.

U. S. Indian School, Carlisle.

Simon Heberlig, Newburg.

George W. Himes, Shippensburg.

Charles W. Otto, Boiling Springs.

G. Arthur Rea, Newville.

H. C. Snyder, Newville.

W. F. Swigert, Mechanicsburg.

J. S. Weibley, Carlisle, R. D. No. 8.

Rey. S. 8S. Wylie, Shippensburg.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 16.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 15.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :

Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 1.
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 12.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 40.

‘Peaches:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 3.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 138.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

Off. Doc.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

DAUPHIN COUNTY
F. R. Fertig, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Emaus Orphans Home, Middletown.
H. L. Lark, Millersburg.
Hon. Charles DeVeny Row, Williamstown.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
J. A. Bingaman, Pillow.
John Crone, Piketown, R. D. No. 6.
John B. Curry, Swatara.
Dauphin County Almshouse, Harrisburg.
P. F. Duncan, Duncannon.
John C. Fitting, Enders.
J. W. Hartman, Berrysburg.
Isaac S. Hoffman, Halifax, R. D. No. 1.
C. G. Layman, 423 Harris St., Harrisburg.
F. W. Lenker, Killinger.
W. B. Meetch, Millersburg.
Dr. W. W. Painter, Penbrook, R. D. No. 2.
J. Harry Stroup, Harrisburg.
J. Paul Teas, Harrisburg.
George M. Weaver, Killinger.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 12.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 25.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 90.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 9.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 2.

DELAWARE COUNTY
M. E. Shay, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Dr. A. N. Cleveland, Chadds Ford.
Richard T. Ogden, Swarthmore.
Josiah Smith, Esq., Chester.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Percy ©. Belfield, Swarthmore.
Dr. Horaee Howard Furness, Wallingford.
F. L. Gallup, 208 Broad St., Chester.
House of Employment, Lima.
Nathan Kite, Moylan.
J. Howard Mendenhall, Gradyville.
Charles T. Schoen, Media, Box 7.

188 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Walter Smedley, Media.

Dr. George C. Speirs, 4831 Baltimore Ave., Philadelphia.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 8.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 13.

Number of other inspections made in this county in 1911: 29.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 18.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 2.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 3.

ELK COUNTY
M. L. Benn, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Joseph Lanzel, St. Marys.
R. I. Spangler, Weedville.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

E. G. Schreiber, Dagus Mines.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 10.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 2.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :

Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 9.

ERIE COUNTY
P. H. Burk, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
H. L. Grubbs, Fairview.
E. W. Hatch & Sons, Union City.
Dr. G. M. Kelley, North East, R. D. No. 7.
Penna. Nursery Co., Girard.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
E. A. Baron, McKean.
Rodney Bloss, Kast Springfield.
Dr. C. B. Chidester, Erie.
H. N. Fleming, 410 Downing Bldg., Erie.
Wm. H. Forster, 323 W. Sixth St., Erie.
Charles Himrod, Waterford.
B. D. Love, Erie, R. D. No. 2.
Rollo McCray, Waterford.
George R. Metcalf, Erie.
Robert A. Patterson, Jr., Corry.

Off. Doc.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 189

Miss Annie 8S. Phillips, Avonia.

J. W. Pinar, Erie.

Amos C. Remington, North East.

J. G. Seltzer, Union City.

A. W. Sergeant, Albion.

H. N. Thayer, Wesleyville.

G. G. Thomas, Waterford.

J. W. Wyncoop, Erie, R. D. No. 5.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 15.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 25.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 41.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 12.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 5.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.

FAYETTE COUNTY
R. P. Allaman, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Eliza Warman, Cheat Haven.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

George G. Cochran, Dawson.

Wm. H. Cook, Uniontown.

Edgar S. Francis, Perryopolis.

Thomas N. Gummert, Tarentum.

L. C. Harris, Perryopolis.

“Parshall Farms,” McClellandtown.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 3.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 5.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):
Apples:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 4.
Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 2.

FOREST COUNTY
P. H. Burk, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Loeation of Demonstration Orchards:
J. E. Gaul, Marienville.
John T. Henderson, East Hickory.

190 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

H. H. Harp, Marienville.

C. F. Hunt, Marienville.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 10.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 4.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed '
Apples:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 3.

FRANKLIN COUNTY
K. C. Bowers, Inspector and Demonstrator

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
P. N. Amberson, Waynesboro, Pa.
Eagle Mountain Orchard Co., Chambersburg.
Irvin C. Elder, Esq., Chambersburg, Pa.
Mercersburg Academy, Mercersburg, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

G. W. Diffenderfer, Edenville, Pa.

Irvin C. Elder, Esq., Chambersburg, Pa.

J. A. Foust, Mowersville, Pa.

W. H. Horn, Chambersburg, Pa., R. D. No. 10.

Dr. J. J. Koser Est., Shippensburg, Pa.

R. W. McAllen, Fannettsburg, Pa.

R. B. McCoy, Baltimore, Md.

A. D. Morganthall, Waynesboro, Pa.

Jacob W. Neweomer, Waynesboro, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Geo. F. Raifsnyder, Marion, Pa.

E. 8. Rinehart, Mercersburg, Pa.

J. S. Stoner, Chambersburg, Pa., R. D. No. 11.

J. R. Whitmore, Milnor, Pa.

J. H. Wishard, Leitersburg, Md.

John A. Zullinger, Orrstown, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 4.
Number of suprvision visits made in this county: 19.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 313.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 12.
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 13.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 26.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 112.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 5.
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 10.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 9.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 28.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 4.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Other fruits: ©
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.

FULTON COUNTY
E. C. Bowers, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
R. J. McCandlish, Hancock, Md.
J. B. Runyan, McConnellsburg, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

John L. Lehman, Fairmount, W. Va.

F. P. Plessinger, Locust Grove, Pa.

B. H. Shaw, Hustontown, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 2.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 3.

Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 465.

Orchard stitistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 1.
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 4.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 68.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

GREENE COUNTY
R. P. Allaman, Inspector and Demostrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
C. K. Cornelison, Waynesburg, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
B. J. Pauley, Jefferson, Pa.
Perry M. Rush, Sycamore, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

Children’s Home, Waynesburg, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Samuel M. Hoge, Rogersville, Pa.

Richard 8S. Huffman, Time, Pa.

W. D. Jacobs, Washington, Pa.

W. E. Minor, Carmichaels, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

G. N. Pennington, Carmichaels, Pa.

L.. R. Phillips; Brock, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 3.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 7.
Orchards statistics at hand for this county (not completed):

HUNTINGDON COUNTY
James Bergy, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
W. J. Black, Alexandria, Pa.
David O. Saylor, Todd, Pa.

8. L. Smith, Mill Creek, Pa.

13

191

192 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Location of Supervision Orchards:
W. A. Crotsley, Colfax, Pa.
T. H. Donnelly, Isett, Pa.
Amos C. Gill, Neelyton, Pa.
Rk. G. Coheen, Penn Furnace, Pa.
Mt. Union Tanning Co., Mt. Union, Pa.
Wm. A. Neff, Warrior’s Mark, Pa.
Penna. Industrial Reformatory, Huntingdon, Pa.
Rev. M. C. Piper, Huntingdon, Pa.
Hayes H. Schirm, Alexandria, Pa.
U. 8. Troutwine, Manor Hill, Pa.
A. S. Wilson, Mentzer, Pa.
O. M. Wright, Calvin, Pa.
B. F. Yingling, Huntingdon, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 3.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 13.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 2.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 89.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 11.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 3.

INDIANA COUNTY

J. S. Briggs, Inspector and Demonstrator:

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Frank Daugherty, Indiana, Pa.
A. G. Glenn, Garman’s Mills, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
J. H. Rochester, Marion Centre, Pa.
D. H. Wyant, Covode, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Arthur L. Barbour, Cherry Tree, Pa., R. D. No. 1
R. J. Becket, Sidney, ae
John Dorn, Marchland.
C. S. Duncan, New Florence, Pa., R. D. No. 3.
Geo. H. Elbel, Rossiter, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Ira H. Gahagen, Smicksburg, Pa.
Graff Brothers, Blairsville, Pa.
Elmer Haagen, Cherry Tree, Pa.
D. A. Hetrick, Indiana, Pa.
Thomas Harris, New Florence, Pa., R. D. No. 3.
T. C. Hood, Saltsburg, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Off. Doc.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

J. H. Lute, Grip, Pa.

Walter Muir, Blairsville, Pa.

J. T. Park, Marion Centre, Pa.

J. A. Rose, Harrisburg, Pa.

Chas. Sides, Blairsville, Pa., R. D. No. 4.

M. C. Wineburg, Juneau, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 4.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 18.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 47.

Peaches
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 6.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

JEFFERSON COUNTY
G. B. Stichter, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Dr. J. G. Bethune, Punxsutawney, Pa.
EK. B. Henderson, Brookville, Pa.
W. E. Kearney, Brockwayville, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Rev. J. K. Adams, North Point, Pa.
Charles Brian, Brockwayville, Pa.
J. M. Brosius, Brookville, Pa.
A. J. Bullers, Brookville, Pa., R. D. No. 6.
J. R. Conser, Lindsey, Pa.
A. L. Cowan, Brookville, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
D. B. Dickey, Baxter, Pa.
Francis Harper, Horatio, Pa.
B. E. Hoover, Winslow, Pa.
W. F. Hutchinson, Falls Creek, Pa.
L. M. Jones, Brookville, Pa.
J. E. Knisely, Brookville, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
F, A. Lane, Lane’s Mills, Pa.
L. W. Long, Big Run, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
J. D. London, Cloe, Pa.
Rev. W. P. McGray, Sterling, Kan.
Joseph M. Martin, Punxsutawney, Pa., R. D. No. 5.
Thomas A. Mayes, Hazen, Pa.
Fred A. Moore, Reynoldsville, Pa.
C. A. Morris, Oliveburg, Pa.
A. §. Motter, Baxter, Pa.
Edward G. North, Punxsutawney, Pa., R. D. No. 5.
Wm. H. Pomeroy, Punxsutawney, Pa., R. D.
Ladd M. & Harry W. Reitz, Brookville, Pa., R. D. No. 3.

13—6—1911

193

194 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

J. A. Stockdale, North Point, Pa.

D. Wheeler, Reynoldsville, Pa.
Number of public meetings in this county: 3.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 27.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 37.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 12.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 5.

Pears:
Number o forchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

JUNIATA COUNTY

Jas. Bergy, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Wilber D. Keemer, East Waterford, Pa.
M. Kilmer, Kilmer, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Isaac Book, Honey Grove, Pa.
Francis T. Cooper, Spruce Hill, Pa.
John G. Graham, Spruce Hill, Pa.
Francis Hower, Mifflintown, Pa.
James H. Junk Est., Honey Grove, Pa.
Rev. Joseph C. Kelly, Sunbury, Pa.
C. H. Mauck, Harrisburg, Pa.
\ Thad. Musser, McAllisterville, Pa.
John H. Shellenberger, McAllisterville, Pa.
Samuel C. Telfer, Pleasant View, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 9.
Number of supervsion visits made in thig county: 21.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 1.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 24.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 4.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 30.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

LACKAWANNA COUNTY
A. O. Finn, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
A. A. Chase, Dalton, Pa., R. D.
C. L. Clark, Olyphant, Pa., R. D.
Frank Radle, Dalton, Pa., R. D.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Charles H. Wells, Waverly, Pa.
Lionel Winship, Moscow, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

George Coons, Ransom, Pa.

A. B. Cowles, Waverly, Pa.

Mrs. Jas. P. Dickson, Dalton, Pa.

B. F. Eyans, M. D., Clark’s Green, Pa.

Mrs. Ellen Gibbons, Moscow, Pa., R. D.

Hon. A. F. Hobbs, Dalton a La Plume, Pa.

A. W. Kenyon, Carbondale, Pa.

J.S. Luce, Dalton, Pa.

James B. Murrin, Carbondale, Pa.

Milo Reynolds, Factoryville, Pa.

T. H. Reynolds, Moscow, Pa.

Harry E. Smith, Dalton, Pa., R. D. No. 3.

A. G. Snyder, Jermyn, Pa., R. D. No. 7.

J. A. C. Stone, Clark’s Summit, Pa.

Dr. Chas. E. Thompson, Scranton, Pa.

Chas. Wademan, Fleetville, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 20.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 24.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orcbards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 4.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 90.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

Pears:
Number of orchards with 5 to 20 acres: 1.

LANCASTER COUNTY
E. C. Bowers, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
C. R. Farmer, Marietta, Pa.
Hon. Chas. J. Landis, Lancaster, Pa.
John H. Shenck, Manheim, Pa.
Frank J. Trout, Quarryville, Pa.
Dr. F. Winger Est., Eprata, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
R. M. Adams, Lancaster, Pa.
A. H. Bear, New Holland, Pa., R. D.
H. H. Bomberger, Lititz, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
James Caithness, Philadelphia, Pa.
S. E. Ebersole, Bainbridge, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
J. H. Eby, Mountville, Pa.
Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, Pa.
A. C. Eshleman, Terre Hill, Pa.
Jonathan Fisher, New Holland, Pa., R. D.
Henry Fletcher, Marietta, Pa., R. D.

196

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

R. M. Friday, Mountville, Pa.

Hugh R. Fulton, Lancaster, Pa.

Harry E. Groff, Lancaster, Pa.

S. Milo Herr, Lancaster, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
Enos .J. Hershey, Paradise, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Hon. Michael R. Hoffman, Maytown, Pa.
Home for Friendless Children, Lancaster, Pa.
D. N. Horst, Farmersville, Pa.

Dr. J. E. Hostetter, Gap, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

By Huber, Lititz; Pas i. 0:

S. H. Imboden, Lititz, Pa., R. D. No. 5.

J. W. Johnson, Lancaster, Pa.

Frank 8. McLaughlin, Quarryville, Pa.
Manheim Fruit Co., Manheim, Pa.

B. F. Metzler, Lancaster, Pa.

John Musselman, New Holland, Pa.

J. H. Nissley, East Petersburg, Pa.

Forest Preston, Nottingham, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
H. C. Reinhold, East Petersburg, Pa.

H. F. Ruhl, Manheim, Pa.

Mrs. Mary B. Schofield, Peter’s Creek, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

L.. H. Shank, Ronks, Pa., BR. D: No: 1.

C. B. Snyder, Ephrata, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Horace B. Staman, Washington Boro, Pa.
John F. Steinman, Lancaster, Pa.

John Sterline, Columbia, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
L. K. Stubbs, West Chester, Pa.

H. E. Trout, Manheim, Pa.

Adam B. Vogel, Lititz, Pa., R. D. No. 3.
Alvin P. Wenger, Bareville, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Geo. M. Woods, Leaman Place, Pa.

A. J. Zercher, Conestoga, Pa.

Number of public meetings held in this county: 19.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 88.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):

Apples:

Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 11.

Peaches:

Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 13.

Other fruits:

Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.

LAWRENCE COUNTY
J. W. Cox, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:

C. C. Cox, Pulaski, Pa.
Philip A. Young, Enon Valley, Pa.

Off. Doe.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
J. Audley Boak, New Castle, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
A. M. Clark, Pulaski, Pa.
J. W. Cummings, New Wilmington, Pa.
Rey. J. C. M. Johnston, New Wilmington, Pa.
James Johnson, Volant, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
Thos. & Geo. A. McKee, New Castle, Pa.
New Castle City Farm, New Castle, Pa., R. D. No. 6.
James Potter, Volant, Pa.
James A. Ray, New Castle, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
Mrs. D. W. Taylor, Mahoningtown, Pa.
D. C. Thomson, Pulaski, Pa.
J. A. Totten, Volant, Pa.
Arthur H. White, Mgr., Pulaski, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 5.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 52.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 6.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 87.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 7.

LEBANON COUNTY
F, R. Fetig, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
James M. Bohn, Onset, Pa.
J. G. Eisenhower, Myerstown, Pa.
J. W. Mohler, Richland, Pa.
Noah P. Walborn, Myerstown, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
M. L. Bachman, Lebanon, Pa.
Miles W. Baney, Lebanon, Pa., R. D.
Ephriam R. Erb, Richland, Pa.
Dr. A. L. Hauer, Annville, Pa.
Nathaniel L. Hauer, Lick Dale, Pa.
Chas. T. Hickernell, Scheafferstown, Pa.
L. H. Hostetter, Richland, Pa.
Imperial Lime Stone Co., Lebanon, Pa.
E. S. Kase, Lebanon, Pa.
Alfred S. Krall, Schaetferstown, Pa., R. D.
Lebanon County Almshouse, Lebanon, Pa.
John H. Light, Avon, Pa.
S. A. Louser, Lebanon, Pa.
Adam Bb. Miller, Lebanon, Pa.
Mrs. Mary E. Mohn, Myerstown, Pa.
Adam Rank, Lebanon, Pa., R. D. No. 9.
James C. Reber, Reading, Pa., Box 267.
Mrs. Elizabeth Royer, Myerstown, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
John L. Royer, Myerstown, Pa., R. D. No. 4.

197

198 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

William Royer, Myerstown, Pa.
Jacob EK. Shirk, Annville, Pa.
John H. Ulerich, Grantville, Pa., R. D.
Samuel Uhrich, Myerstown, Pa.
U. B. Yingst, Myerstown, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 18.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 53.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 3.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 8.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 3.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 6.

LEHIGH COUNTY
F. R. Fertig, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Fred. S. Dickensheid, Zionsville, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
D. G. Hopkins, Orefield, Pa.
William H. Mohr, Allentown, Pa., R. D. No. 5.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Oscar J. Butz, Breinigsville, Pa.
Dan Dressler, Allentown, Pa.
Dr. F. A. Fetterolf, Allentown, Pa.
Henry W. Klein, Switzer, Pa.
John N. Lawfer, Allentown, Pa.
Mennonite B. in C. Orphange, Centre Valley, Pa.
G. W. Seagraves, Allentown, Pa.
Fred. Seiberling, M. D., Allentown, Pa.
Joseph P. Snyder, Allentown, Pa.
David Wert, Lynnville, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 16.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 15.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 53.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 14.

LUZERNE COUNTY

A. O. Finn, Inspector and’ Demonstrator.
Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Irvin Chapin, Shickshinny, Pa.
Edward Krewson, White Haven, Pa.
Albert Lewis Lumber & Mfg. Co., Alderson, Pa.
Ratchford Bros., West Nanticoke, Pa.
Stephen D. Yost, Sugarloaf, Pa.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

‘Location of Supervision Orchards:

D. W. Bronson, Sweet Valley, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Stanley H. Brown, Dallas, Pa., R. D. No. 2.

W. H. Coray, Pittston, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

L. B. Hilbert, Alderson, Pa.

Silas C. Ide, Alderson, Pa.

R. M. Keefer, Dallas, Pa.

W. J. Lewis & Bro., Pittston, Pa.

Francis J. McCanna, Pittston, Pa.

W., F. Newberry and two associates, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

A. L. Roth, Sugar Loaf, Pa.

Anna Ruhs, Pittston, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

O. EK. Smith, Nescopeck, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Emery Steel, Larksville, Pa.

C. A. Van Tuyle, Pittston, Pa.

Chas. H. Wolfe, Pikes Creek, Pa.

Dr. Sarah D. Wyckoff, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 17.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 26.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 511.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 1.
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 6.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 122.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 4.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 4.

LYCOMING COUNTY
J. C. Wilson, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
W. H. Banzhof, Muncy, Pa.
William A. Ellis, Muncy, Pa.
Jonathan Kurtz, Loyalsock, Pa.
Sheadle Sisters, Jersey Shore, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
Henry E. Warner, Pennsdale, Pa.
W. G. Winner, Calvert, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
O. R. Artley, Linden, Pa., R. D. No. 1. 5
G. G. Bigger, Unityville, Pa.
Daniel Callahan, Slate Run, Pa.
G. Decker, Montgomery, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
Rev. John R. Ebner, Muncy, Pa.
J. W. Heilman, Montgomery, Pa., R. D. N. 1.
David J. Heim, Cogan Station, Pa.
W. H. Losch, Jersey Shore, Pa., Lock Box 61.

199

200 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Walter F. MacVeagh, Williamsport, Pa.

Rey. Uriah Myers, Catawissa, Pa.

W. G. Pearson, Williamsport, Pa.

James A. Pugh, Williamsport, Pa.

Mrs. E. E. Powers, Pennsdale, Pa.

IX. M. Snyder, Montgomery, Pa.

Nelson D. Welschans, Jersey Shore, Pa., R. D. No. 4.

Williamsport City Home, Williamsport, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 25.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 41.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 316.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county: |
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 4.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 128.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.

McKEAN COUNTY.
P. H. Burk, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
S. R. Dresser Est., Bradford, Pa.
R. J. Gates, Mount Alton, Pa.
D. C. Young, Smethport, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Leo V. Goding, Port Allegany, Pa.
M. J. Lowe, Bradford, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 9.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 349.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not anes
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 17.

MERCER COUNTY

J. E. Cox, Inspector and Demonstrator.
Location of Demonstration Orchards:
George Jr., Republic, Grove City, Pa.
Mercer County Home, Mercer, Pa.
Dr. Theo. B. Roth, Greenville, Pa.
H. M. Wilson, Sharon, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
W. H. Allison, Mercer, Pa.
A. P. Elder, Stoneboro, Pa.
W. P. Elder, Clark’s Mills, Pa.
A. M. Fell, Greenville, Pa.
J. A. Glenn, Mercer, Pa., R. D. No. 4.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

D. L. Heckathorn, New Wilmington, Pa.

EK. A. Homer, Transfer, Pa.

.W. H. Long, Volant, Pa. \

Rk. G. MeGarr, Sandy Lake, Pa.

J. R. Partridge, Hadley, Pa., R. D. No. 33.

- Patterson Smith, Grove City, Pa., R. D., No. 13.
Vete Porter, Sandy Lake, Pa., R. D. No. 24.
Daniel Redfoot, Fredonia, Pa., R. D. No. 3.

James Reynolds, Sandy Lake, Pa., R. D. No. 25.

Wm. Ride, Jackson Centre, Pa.

H. M. Thorpe, Grove City, Pa.

J. A. Young, Fredonia, Pa., R. D. No. 37.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 12.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 27.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 1.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples: q
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 49.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 6.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 2.

MIFFLIN COUNTY
James Bergy, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
A. F. Gibbony, Belleville, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
M. M. Naginey, Milroy, Pa.
William P. Woods, Lewistown, Pa.
J. O. Yeager, Yeagertown, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

J. H. Harshbarger, Mattawana, Pa.

Thurston Liddick, Lewistown, Pa.

James McFarlane, Reedsville, Pa.

Mifflin County Home, Lewistown, Pa.

Henry L. Rhine, Lewistown, Pa., R. D. No. 4.

V. Stoneroad, Yeagertown, Pa.

Dr. H. W. Sweigert, Lewistown, Pa.

David H. Yoder, Belleville, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 10.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 17.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 238,

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 11.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 2.

202 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MONROE COUNTY
W. H. Bullock, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
H. B. Decker, East Stroudsburg, Pa.
Harry C. Lockwood, Mt. Pocono, Pa.
A. T. Shinn, North Water Gap, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

Wm. E. Comstock, West Pittston, Pa.

H. E. Geissinger, Mountainhome, Pa.

S. F. Laury, Saylersburg, Pa.

John Peschko, East Stroudsburg, Pa.

Chas. H. Sebring, Analomink, Pa.

Ely U. Sebring, Stroudsburg, Pa.

Howard T. Shafer, Stroudsburg, Pa., R. D.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 11.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 14.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 154.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 3.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 32.

Peaches:
Numter of orchards of 20 to 50 aeres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 10.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 2.

MONTGOMERY COUNTY
J. S. Briggs, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Irvin P. Knipe, Arcola, Pa.
Chas. A. Livezey, Spring House, Pa.
I. M. Moll, Red Hill, Pa., R. D.
Dr. Jas. S. Neff, Philadelphia, Pa.
School of Horticulture for Women, Ambler, Pa.
State Hospital for Insane, Norristown, Pa.
Dr. Wm. J. Wilkinson, Colmar, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
A. C. Colly, Skippack, Pa.
Louisa Gibbons Davis, Ambler, Pa., Box 36.
H.. Be Deetz; Telford. Pas ps Noy
Harry C. Francis, Philadelphia, Pa.
Rey. W. E. Frederick, Pennsburg, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
William S. Hallowell, Penllyn, Pa.
O. B. Lessig, Pottstown, Pa.
Daniel Lewis, Fairview Village, Pa.
Frank E. Martin, Hatfield, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
Frank D. Mawhinney, Dresher, Pa.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

T. H. Morgan, Philadelphia, Pa.
Wm. T. Patterson, Ambler, Pa.
Francis Rawle, Esq., Philadelphia, Pa.
Wm. B. Reed, Conshohocken, Pa.
Dr. Harry Walter, Philadelphia, Pa.
James H. Ziegler, Red Hill, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 30.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 39.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 262.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 5.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 52.

Peaches:

Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 8.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 28.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.

MONTOUR COUNTY
D. E. Murray, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
J. Miles Derr, Milton, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
State Hospital for Insane, Danville, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

W. Anstock, Bloomsburg, Pa.

W. O. Dewitt, Bloomsburg, Pa.

P. S. Cromley, Danville, Pa., R. D. No. 6.

J. X. Grier, Danville, Pa.

Edward Oyster, Strawberry Ridge, Pa.

John H. Wertman, Strawberry Ridge, Pa.

Miss M. Ida Yorks, Danville, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 10.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 11.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 16.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 3.

NORTHAMPTON COUNTY

B. 8S. Moore, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Roscoe Heller, Bangor, Pa.
Enoch Reimer, Bangor, Pa.

D. D. Wagener, Kaston, Pa.

203

204 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

Jonas Buzzard, Bangor, Pa.

Joseph Frutchey, Bangor, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

H. H. Greiner, Bethlehem, Pa.

Benjamin F. Hall, Walnutport, Pa.

Weston Killpatrick, Easton, Pa.

Oscar Mack, Flicksville, Pa.

Minnich & Wright, Easton, Pa.

H. H. Moore, Nazareth, Pa.

J. D. Nevin, Easton, Pa., R. D. No. 3.

Rk. R. Oplinger, Danielsville, Pa.

P. G. Ott, Bangor, Pa.

Edwin E. Repsher, Flicksville, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Stewart Shaffer, Nazareth, Pa.

John Stead, Easton, Pa.

S. A. Trein, Nazareth, Pa., R. D. No. 3.

D. A. Yale, Walnutport, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 15.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 44.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 266.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 4.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 59.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 18.

is

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 3.

NORTHUMBERLAND COUNTY
D. E. Murray, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Percy W. Hastings, Milton, Pa.
Willow Brook Truck Farm, Sunbury, Pa.
Charles N. Marsh, Milton, Pa.
J. K. Rissel, Pottsgrove, Pa.
P. N. Swank, Elysburg, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
R. Scott Ammerman, Danville, Pa., R. D. No. 6.
John Bowden, Danville, Pa.
R. M. Cummings, Montandon, Pa.
A. 8. DeWitt, Fisher’s Ferry, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
I. A. Eschbach, Milton, Pa., R. D.
James Ferster, Urban, Pa.
Walter A. Godcharles, Milton, Pa.
Mr. & Mrs. Isaac M. Gross, Sunbury, Pa.
Wm. H. Hilands, Milton, Pa., R. D. No. 3.
W. H. Hoff, Elysburg, Pa.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

W. L. Mettler, Danville, Pa., R. D. No. 7.

Wm. M. Moore, Watsontown, Pa.

H. L. Purdy, Sunbury, Pa.

Lewis F. Rissel, Pottsgrove, Pa.

G. R. Ruggles, Northumberland, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

W. H. Rohrbach, Paxinos, Pa.

C. E. Schmucker, Watsontown, Pa.

H. R. Slifer, Watsontown, Pa.

E. Wi. Snyder, Leck Hill, Pa.

Lloyd J. Tressler, Herndon, Pa.

Morris W. Tucker, Sunbury, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 20.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 40.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 3.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 60.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 3.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 12.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.

PERRY COUNTY
T. C. Foster, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Mrs. Laura Gish, Newport, Pa.
Simon Lick, Marysville, Pa.
Edward E. Marshall, Newport, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
G. B. M. Bair, Newport, Pa.
James B. Black, Newport, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
H. B. Cumbler, Logania, Pa.
Samuel Fleisher, Wila, Pa.
H. S. Gabel, Newport, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
C. W. Hardt, Camp Hill, Pa.
C. W. Heishley, Marysville, Pa. -
Ed. C. Johnston, New Germantown, Pa.
John P. Kohr, Marysville, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Scott S. Leiby, Marysville, Pa.
R. C. Neal, Harrisburg, Pa.
David Nealy, Newport, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
Charles G. Rice, Newport, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
M. L. Ritter, Newport, Pa.
S. B. Sheibley, Alinda, Pa.
Mrs. Margaret H. Sheller, Duncannon, Pa.
Wm. Stewart, Landisburg, Pa.
Tressler’s Orphanage, Loysville, Pa.
C. E. Zeigler, Duncannon, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

206 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Number of public meetings held in this county: 14.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 34.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 25.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 34.

PHILADELPHIA COUNTY
M. EK. Shay, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Joseph H. Maurer, Manayunk, Pa.
Frank Shuman, Tacony, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

H. T. Markley, Torresdale, Pa.

Henry Reiners, Holmesburg, Pa.

Harmon Robinson, Philadelphia, Pa.

Edwin M. Thomas, Torresdale, Pa.

Hon. Henry F. Walton, 'orresdale, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 5.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 10.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 6.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

PIKE COUNTY
W.H. Bullock, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Anthony Stumpf, Milford, Pa.
E. A. Schweitzer, Delaware, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Rev. Wm. E. Palmer, 1756 Richmond Terrace, W. New Brighton,
Borough of Richmond, N. Y. City.
G. E. Swartwood, Matamoras, Pa.
J. D. Weston, Mast Hope, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 6.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 7.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 10.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

POTTER COUNTY
M. L. Benn, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Austin Hunting & Fishing Club, Austin, Pa.
Art S. Burt, Ulysses, Pa.
Bernard Tompke, Germania, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

A. A. Allen & Son, Costello, Pa.

C. E. Buck, Ulysses, Pa.

William Green, Galeton, Pa., R. D. No. 1, Box 44.

William J. Grover, Newfield, Pa.

William Neinrich, Galeton, Pa., R. D. No. 1, Box 44.

L. B. Howe, Ulysses, Pa.

Fred. C. Menkis, Germania, Pa.

H. R. Lewis, Coudersport, Pa.

H. J. Miller, Coudersport, Pa., R. D.

Potter County Home, Coudersport, Pa.

Jobn F. Stone, Coudersport, Pa.

F. M. Van Wegen, Coudersport, Pa., R. D. No. 2

Leonard Zundell, Galeton, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 15.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 26.

Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 87.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 6.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 173.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

SCHUYLKILL COUNTY
B. S. Moore, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Edwin P. Berkheiser, Summit Station, Pa.
W. H. Blumenstien, Pottsville, Pa.
Robert A. Breisch, Ringtown, Pa.
M. M. Shellhamer, Chain, Pa.
Smith & Campion, Mahanoy City, Pa.
Irvin E. Teter, New Ringgold, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
G. C. Davison, Ringtown, Pa., R. D. No. 2
Daniel Deckert, Schuylkill Haven, Pa.
Leon Eckert, Mahanoy City, Pa.
John Fertig, Pottsville, Pa.
Girard Estate, Girardville, Pa.
J. H. Greenawalt, Pine Grove, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
M. S. Greenawalt, New Ringgold, ’Pa., R. D. No. ib,
Wm. P. Heffner, Friedensburg, Pa.

14

207

208 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

A. F. Kimmel, Orwigsburg, Pa.

Frank S. Krebs, Kutztown, Pa.

William Kunkel, Barnesville, Pa.

F.. H. Neiswender, Pitman, Pa., R. D. No. 2.

James Pritchard, Adamsdale, Pa.

Charles Riland, Cressona, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

W. H. Riland, Cressona, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Wm. F. Seddon, Barnesville, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

C. S. Shindel, Tamaqua, Pa.

Allen W. Stenner, Pottsville, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 29.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 65.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 177.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 6.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 273.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 3.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 13.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 2.

SNYDER COUNTY
T. C. Foster, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
W. W. Bruner, Paxtonville, Pa.
Dr. Percival Herman, Kratzerville, Pa.
H. H. Lamb, Jr., Beaver Springs, Pa., R. D.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

G. A. Batdorf, Freeburg, Pa.

W. H. Bingaman & Son, Beavertown, Pa.

Francis E. Boyer, Mt. Pleasant Mills, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Freed & Tobias, Beavertown, Pa.

C. L. Kremer, Sunbury, Pa.

B. J. Moyer, Middleburg, Pa.

C. H. Moyer, Middleburg, Pa., R. D. No. 4.

Phares Reinard, Port Trevorton, Pa.

H. H. Renninger, Middleburg, Pa.

E. A. Shafer, Port Trevorton, Pa.

Harrison H. Thomas, Beavertown, Pa.

Mrs. Anna E. Williams, Port Trevorton, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 10.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 26.
Orchard statistics at hand for this county:

No. 6. — DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 209

Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 17.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 18.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 106.

SOMERSET COUNTY
R. P. Allaman, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
W. H. Barnett, Boswell, Pa.
Daniel Ott, Windber, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
J. P. Rhoads, Friedens, Pa.
Somerset County Home, Somerset, Pa.
D. W. Will, Glade, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Samuel M. Berkey, Somerset, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
N. A. Mosteller, Friedens, Pa.
H. M. Poorbaugh, Glencoe, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 15.
- Number of supervision visits made in this county: 5.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 342.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: TT.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.

SULLIVAN COUNTY
D. A. Knuppenburg, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Lecation of Demonstration Orchards:
Mrs. Jessica Kneller, Dushore, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
J. G. Scouton, Dushore, Pa.
J. J. Sick, Sonestown, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

V. B. Holcombe, Dushore, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 10.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 2.
Orchard statistics at hand for this county:

14—6—1911

210 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 36.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

SUSQUEHANNA COUNTY

A. O. Finn, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
M. M. Benson, Susquehanna, Pa., R. D. No. 5.
Geo. Carlton Shafer, Montrose, Pa.
C. E. Van Gorden, Meshoppen, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
J. M. Borden, Thompson, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
W. M. Bunnell, Scranton, Pa.
H. S. Chamberlain, Gibson, Pa.
Walter Cobb, Dundaff, Pa.
A. S. Colvin, Clifford, Pa.
Crane & Lathrope, Agts., Carbondale, Pa.
W. C. Cruser, Montrose, Pa.
F. N. Gillespie, New Milford, Pa. R. D. |
Allen Jayne, West Auburn, Pa.
A. L. Kessler, Brandt, Pa.
G. G. Lewis, Thompson, Pa.
F. I. Lott, Montrose, Pa.
M. W. Palmer, Kingsley, Pa.
E. C. Pickering, Kingsley, Pa., R. D. No. 3.
Beach Sanitarium, Susquehanna, Pa.

F. W. Sheldon, Susquehanna, Pa., R. D. No. 3.

J. Schoonmaker, Meshoppen, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

J. T. Smith, Montrose, Pa.

Henry Snyder, East Lenox. Pa.

Elridge Snyder, Lenox, Pa.

D. E. Stone, Thompson, Pa.

B. F. Thomas, Factoryville, Pa.

C. F. Watrous, Jr., Montrose, Pa..

Legrand Wells, Uniondale, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 5.

Number of supervision visits made in this county: 47.

Off. Doc.

Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 391.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):

Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 6.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 114.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

TIOGA COUNTY

M. L. Benn, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
G. G. Close, Lawrenceville, Pa.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Dorsett Bros., Mansfield, Pa.

F. J. Everett, Jackson Summit, Pa.

H. A. Gardner, Westfield, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
David J. Jones, Wellsboro, Pa., R. D. No. 10.
James Rarick, Mansfield, Pa., R. D. No. 3.
John W. Zeafla, Liberty, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
L. B. Andrews, Lawrenceville, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Lucy D. Baldwin, Lawrenceville, Pa.
Henry Badmone, Middlebury Centre, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
C. J. Beach, Mansfield, Pa.
M. V. Benson, New York, N. Y.
Henry Brecker, Gaines, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
A. A. Callahan, Wellsboro, Pa., R. D. No. 6.
D. E. Casbeer, Osceola, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
Mead P. Close, Tioga, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
E. O. Connelly, Covington, Pas Rae NG: i)
N. C. Davy, Westfield, Pa.
Wm. Dennison, Blossburg, Pa. (Star Route).
Jasper Emick, Morris, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Joseph E. Fischler, Wellsboro, Pa., R. D. No. 3.
Lyman Hall, Tioga, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
George T. Hatherill, Wellsboro, Bate DiNo: t,
Homer B. Howe, Wellsboro, Pa., ‘Be De No.3.
Victor H. Hurd, Millerton, Pa., R. De iNo: a.
J. H. Kernan, Westfield, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
John Kohler, Mansfield, Pa., R. D. No. 6.
James W. Lain, Jackson Summit, Pa.
W. H. Landis, Liberty, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
J. N. Lloyd, Galeton, Pa., R. D.
Murray Mase, Liberty, Pa.
F. C. Moore, Wellsboro, Pa.
M. J. Neal, Liberty, Pa.
Ralph E. Pierce, Nelson, Pa.
Wm. J. Reed, Wellsboro, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
Remwalt Bros., Gaines, Pa.
R. Irwin Richmond, Mansfield, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Robert Ryan, Elkland, Pa.
C. H. Sheive, Seely Creek, N. Y., R. D. No. 2.
G. W. Simmons, Westfield, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
N. I. Strait, Gaines, Pa.
Mrs. J. K. Thompson, Mansfield, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 27.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 61.

Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 51.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):
Apples:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 91.

‘Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 3,

211

212 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

UNION COUNTY
T. C. Foster, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
J. Newton Glover, Vicksburg, Pa.
U. R. Swengel, Lewisburg, Pa.
B. S. Schoch, New Berlin, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

James Beaver, Mifflinburg, Pa.

John A. Beck, White Déér,, Pa., R. D.. No. 1:

Wm. R. Follmer, Lewisburg, Pa.

C. V. Michener, Allenwood, Pa.

H. J. Nogel, Lewisburg, Pa.

Edward Raker, Shamokin, Pa.

Dr. D. M. Samsell, Winfield, Pa.

Mrs. Sarah Starook, Lewisburg, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Geo. W. Wolfe, Lewisburg, Pa., R. D. No. 3.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 12.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 22.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 10.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 18.

VENANGO COUNTY
G. B. Stichter, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
A. J. Morse, Titusville, Pa., R. D.
R. M. Sterritt, Jackson Centre, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
Lewis L. Bodine, Franklin, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
Homer C. Crawford, Cooperstown, Pa.
John H. Crawford, Emlenton, Pa.
P. D. Cutshall, Franklin, Pa.
Institution for Feeble Minded, Polk, Pa.
Alfred Lamb, Pleasantville, Pa.
J. G. Pfielsticker, Oil City, Pa.
L. A. Bussell, Polk,Pa.,. B.D. No i.
J. E. Williams, Carlton, Pa.
E. J. Young, Franklin, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 12.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 20.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):

Apples:
Number of orchards of 100 acres or more: 2.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 18.

Off. Doe.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 213

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

Pears:
‘Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 1.

WARREN COUNTY
P. H. Burk, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
W. C. Averill, Tidioute, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
H. Y. Miller, Sugar Grove, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

Henry E. Clark, Tidioute, Pa.

C. C. Cooper, Sugar Grove, Pa.

Heath & Allen, Sugar Grove, Pa.

James Hewitt, Warren, Pa., R. D.

John A. Kinsman, Sugar Grove, Pa.

A. R. Mix, Russell, Pa.

Norris, Tarone & Holtham, Northeast, Pa.

D. H. Wright, Sugar Grove, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 8.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 18.

Orchards statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:

Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 2.

Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 17.

WASHINGTON COUNTY
B. S. Moore, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
J. W. Cleaver, Beallsville. Pa., R. D. No. 1.
McClelland Bros., Canonsburg. Pa., R. D. No. 4.
TD. C. Purrin. Avella, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
W.S. Russell, Bulger, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Location of Sunervision Orchards:
Robt. M. Carrons. Washington, Pa.
Chas. BF. Carter. Canonsburg. Pa., R. D. No. 3.
S. L. Dav. Dunn’s Station, Pa.
Dorsey Bros.. W. Brownsville, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
TJ. W. Emery, Washington. Pa.
Lawrence N. Fife, Venetia, Pa.. R. D. No. 2.
John HA. Gregg. Speers, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
T. M. Johnson. Rea, Pa.
James A. Jordan. Washington, Pa., R. D. No. 9.
S. A. Lacock, Canonshure, Pa.
Dr. G. GC. Lake, Pittsburg, Pa.
R. J. McCready, Pittsburg, Pa.
Levi A. McMurray, Canonsburg, Pa., R. D, No. 4.

214 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Otf. Doe.

Wm. M. Meloy, Claysville, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Henry Mesta, Finleyville, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

J. M. Raab & Bro., Midway, Pa.

John Reed, Washington, Pa.

Mrs. Margaretta Russell, Hickory, Pa.

John G. Sampson, Monongahela, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Isaac 8. Sprowls, Monongahela, Pa., R. D. No. 3.

Mrs. J. M. Thomas, Thomas, Pa.

W. M. Thompson, Washington, Pa., R. D. No. 7.

Geo. Vanderslice, Monongahela, Pa.

J. M. Wallace, Finleyville, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

F. L. Watring, Washington, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 12.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 14.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :
Apples:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 4.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

WAYNE COUNTY
W. H. Bullock, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
W. W. Baker, Gravity, Pa.
Hull Brothers, Waymart, Pa.
Hon. Alonzo T. Searle, Honesdale, Pa.
W. J. P. Warwick, Narrowsburg, N. Y., R. D. No. 1.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

E. E. Avery, Honesdale, Pa., R. D. No. 4.

B. F. Box, Clemo, Pa.

Samuel A. Collins, Prompton, Pa.

F. H. Curtis, Waymart, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

F. C. Deiterick, Aldenville, Pa.

Harvey Emery, Gravity, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Forest Lake Club, Mast Hope, Pa.

Mrs. Bernard Grote, Wiaymart, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

William Gutheriez, Winwood, Pa.

Wm. M. Hager, Roselle, N. J.

L. W. Healy, Scranton, Pa.

Stanley H. Hine, Orson, Pa.

Chas. McKinney, Gravity, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

C. A. Masters, Gravity, Pa.

F. W. Osgood, Ariel, Pa.

W. E. Perham, Pleasant Mount, Pa., R. D.

J. G. Schwighofer, Torrey, Pa.

J. W. Stanton, Waymart, Pa., R. D. No. 3.

Clifford Swingle, Ariel, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 20.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 36.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 699.
Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed) :

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 215

Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 5.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 113.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

WESTMORELAND COUNTY
J. S. Briggs, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
Calvin Barber, Apollo, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
J. B. Fretts, Scottdale, Pa., R. D. No. 1.
EK. M. Gross, Greensburg, Pa.
Clarence L. Kepple, Leechburg, Pa.
M. J. Patterson, Blairsville, Pa., R. D. No. 2.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
R. J. Beck, Delmont, Pa.
A. P. Blackburn, Irwin, Pa.
Felix R. Brunot, Greensburg, Pa., R. D. No. 5.
GH. Brunner, W> Newton, 2a, 1. D. No. 1.
Westmoreland County Home, Greensburg, Pa.
J. W. Fullerton, Yohoghany, Pa.
C. B. Jamison, Saltsburg, Pa.
Harry C. Long, Arona, Pa., Box 92.
Harriett McElwain, Parnassus, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
W:C-MeNutt, Bellevernon, ‘Pa., Kh: I’. D.
James Masters, Wiester, Pa.
Charles Metcalf, Leechburg, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
W. T. Moffitt, Ardora, Pa.
Wm. M. Parkin, New Kensington, Pa.
W. I. Robinson, Bolivar, Pa.
Sisters of Charity, St. Joseph’s Academy, Greensburg, Pa.
Howard H. Smith, Latrobe, Pa.
Dr. X. O. Werder, Pittsburg, Pa.
Mrs. Kate M. Yinger, Manor, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 14.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 32.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):
Apples:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 49.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 6.

Pears:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 1.

Other fruits:
Number of orchards of 5 acres or more: 9.

/

216 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

WYOMING COUNTY

D. A. Knuppenburg, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
W. C. Allen, Tunkhannock, Pa., R. D.
Felix Ansart, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Hon. 8. R. Brunges, Tunhannock, Pa.
Fred B. Keeney, Laceyville, Pa., R. D. No. 37.

Location of Supervision Orchards:
k. N. Capwell, Factoryville, Pa.
P. F. Coyle, Nichalson, Pa.
G. P. Dershimer, Tunkhannock, Pa.
J. A. Dewitt, Falls, R. D. No. 1.
O. C. Ferris, Skinner’s Eddy, Pa.
Geo. L. Hadsall & Son, South Eaton, Pa.
J. Hadsalls, Baumonta eas
F. L. Herman, Eatonville, Pa.

Miss Virginia Loomis, Tunkhannock, Pa., R. D. No. 2.

Francis J. McCanna, Falls, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

Mrs. Vincent Malikowski, Osterhout, Pa.

W. E. Michall, Factoryville, Pa.

Randall & Vaughn, Lovelton, Pa.

H. W. Rubright, Tunkhannock, Pa.

H. C. Stark, Nichalson, Pa.

B. M. Stone, Stull, Pa.

Mrs. W. H. Swartwood, Ransom, Pa., R. D. No. 1.

KE. W. Thompson, Factoryville, Pa.

B. L. Townsend, Factoryville, Pa.

C. E. Treible, Vosburg, Pa.

W. L. Utley, Nichalson, Pa., R. D. No. 2.

C. E. Van Gordon, Meshoppen, Pa.

Truman S. Vaughn, Lovelton, Pa.

J. EK. Wiggins, Tunkhannock, Pa., R. D. No. 4.

Orlando Wright, Vernon, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 11.
Number of supervision visits made in this county :56.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county:
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 11.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 125.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 7.

YORK COUNTY
E. F. Peirce, Inspector and Demonstrator.

Location of Demonstration Orchards:
J. E. Belt, Wellsville, Pa.
A. P. Hartman, York, Pa., R. D. No.5,
G. M. King, York, Pa.

Off. Doe.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

G. F. Miller, New Freedom, Pa.
Albert Shorb, Hanover, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
Wm. H. Sweitzer, Stewartstown, Pa.

Location of Supervision Orchards:

Geo. W. Givens, York, Pa.

D. S. Auchey & Son, Hanover, Pa.

M. H. Baer, Menges Mills, Pa.

John E. Bentz, York, Pa.

Abner Brenneman, Spring Forge, Pa.

W. E. Brillhart, New Freedom, Pa.

A. R. Brodbeck, Hanover, Pa.

E. E. Brunner, York Haven, Pa.

R. 8. Clark, Dillsburg, Pa.

Alex. Dietz & Bro., Hellam, Pa., R. D.

E. B. Hawkins, Delta, Pa.

H. B. Goodling, Glen Rock, Pa.

N. E. Hassler, Spring Forge, Pa.

Dr. Vallie Hawkins, Fawn Grove, Pa.

Edward Helb, Railroad, Pa.

Chas. Kauffman, Stony Brook, Pa.

BH. F. Kauffman, York, Pa., R. D. No. 3.

Prof. W. D. Keeney, Manheim, Pa.

C. P. Kibbler, York, Pa.

Capt. W. H. Lanins, York, Pa.

i ob. au, By Berlin,” Pa.

Chas. Leber, Wrightsville, Pa.

Henry Logan, York, Pa.

H. H. Loose, Menges Mills, Pa.

Mrs. U. A. McPherson, Muddy Creek Forks, Pa.

C. E. Overdeer, Middletown, Pa.

W. F. Overmiller, Glen Rock, Pa.

Ervin C. Raver, Glen Rock, Pa., R. D.

A. W.. Sechrist, York, Pa.

Samuel A. Shroff, York, Pa.

Henry Small, York, Pa.

T. S. Snyder, Brodbecks, Pa.

A. H. Sprenkle, Bair, Pa.

Chas. M. Stock, Hanover, Pa.

Samuel Swartz, Spring Forge, Pa.

J.C. Wiley, Bridgeton, Pa.

D. E. Winebrenner, Hanover, Pa.

Thos. E. Yohe & Son, Spring Forge, Pa.

York County Almshouse, York, Pa.

Wm. N. Zeigler, Stewartstown, Pa.
Number of public meetings held in this county: 23.
Number of supervision visits made in this county: 89.
Number of orchard inspections made in this county in 1911: 343.

Orchard statistics at hand for this county (not completed):
Apples:
Number of orchards of 50 to 100 acres: 1.
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 18.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 86,

218 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Peaches:
Number of orchards of 20 to 50 acres: 5.
Number of orchards of 5 to 20 acres: 27.

10. EXHIBITIONS

As the Secretary of Agriculture received communications from
various County Fair Managers, asking if we could make exhibitions
of specimens, apparatus, machinery, chemicals, etc., for the Fairs,
we replied in the affirmative, and at once made arrangements to
do so.

At the Erie County Fair, at Corry, and at the Cumberland County
Fair, at Carlisle, we made extensive exhibitions, and also shipped
the same to the Bradford County Fair, at Athens, but, unfor-
tunately, the shipment was delayed, and did not reach its destina-
tion in time. These exhibitions consisted of charts of many species
of insects, greatly enlarged, showing their life history, actual photo-
graphs from orchards, showing properly pruned, cultivated and
sprayed trees, fruit of many kinds, spraying apparatus, chemicals,
specimens of beneficial and injurious insects, and many mounted
birds and mammals. The wisdom of making and preserving a col-
lection of economic birds and mammals in their relation to agricul-
ture, primarily designed for the St. Louis Exposition, and for
which a gold medal was awarded to the writer, is now well shown.
These specimens were nicely preserved (notwithstanding a report to
the contrary), and were exhibited at the County Fairs named above
and elsewhere, and were a source of considerable instruction, at-
tracting a large crowd at all times.

At the meeting of the State Forestry Association we made an ex-
hibition of injurious and beneficial insects in the forests, which
attracted much attention and was the subject of most cordial
commendation by the officers of that Society.

The important educational factor of the demonstration trains is
recognized, and we are co-operating with the railroad companies,
as with all other agencies, for the good of the cause which we
mutually represent, and arrangements are being made to run a series
of demonstration trains in the State of Pennsylvania in the year
1912.

That the fruit growers of this State recognize the value of the
work of this office is shown by the fact that at the last meeting of
the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania, at Pittsburg,
Pa., strong resolutions were passed commending this service and
requesting its continuation.

NEEDS OF THE OFFICE

In conclusion, we must again emphasize the needs of this office
in the important work it is doing.

(1) We need a larger appropriation in order to let us add more
demonstrators to the force and to extend the service more thoroughly
and fully to those who need it.

(2) We need more office room. Our rooms are crowded, and the
work is becoming more burdensome because more extensive. Two
additional rooms for office purposes are very seriously needed, and
the work will be handicapped seriously if these can not be provided, ~

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 219

(5) We need an insectary, like a small greenhouse room, for main-
taining outdoor conditions for the breeding eggs, containing insects
of which the life histories should be studied and observed carefully
in normal conditions.

(4) We need at least a small tract of a few acres conveniently
situated where experiments can be performed, testing spraying ap-
paratus and materials, and other features of warfare against pests,
in order to let us keep always to the front with the latest and best
practical information for our citizens. It is not proper that we
should be obliged to depend only upon the study of what comes to
us in the form of literature from our Experiment Station and from
other states. With facilities for some experimental work much
valuable information could be gained concerning new materials, ap-
paratus, methods of tests, ete., and reports can be given on those
which are worthy of recommendation and general adoption in practi-
cal use.

Respectfully submitted,

H. A. SURFACE,
Economic Zoologist of Pennsylvania.

220 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PAPERS READ AND ADDRESSES DELIVERED AT THE
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FARMERS’ NORMAL IN-
STITUTE, HELD AT LANCASTER, PA., MAY 23-26,
1971

ADDRESS OF WELCOME

By HON. FRANK B. McCLAIN, Lancaster, Pa.

Mr. Chairman: I have come here not to make a speech as you
might perhaps expect. I have come here not as a teacher, but as a
student to listen and to learn of the great science of agriculture from
those competent to instruct init. There is a little maxim which says,
“He who by the plow would drive must either hold themselves or
drive.” J have neither held nor have I driven, and the information
that I possess concerning agriculture, therefore, has not come to me
through holding the plow. I have, however, had some experience with
a certain branch of agriculture covering a great many years. I refer
to the cattle growing and cattle feeding industry. But under existing
market conditions, a dissertation upon that subject at this time would
mean, in view of the experience I have had as well as some of the
gentlemen sitting near me feeding cattle this winter, would be to
them a somewhat harrowing tale, I fear.

It would be a superfluity for me to tell a body of intelligent, prac-
tical farmers like you that Lancaster county for a good many years
has enjoyed the proud distinction of occupying the place of No. 1
among, not only the counties of Pennsylvania, but as well the coun-
ties of the United States in the annual value of her farm products.
This has been true not so much because of the superior quality of our
soil, but we feel because of the superior quality of the people who
have tilled the soil. There are fair lands to westward which possess
a far richer and deeper loam than does the soil of Lancaster county.
It is true that their lands are not peopled so extensively as ours, but
it is also true that to them has not been applied the same intensive
application of human energy as has been applied to the soil of Lan-
caster county by its sturdy sons.

One thought suggested to me—it may not be a popular thought with
you gentlemen and I may be entirely wrong in my surmise—but it
seems to me that in these days the tendency is to run too much to
machine farming. After all it is not the number of machines you may
use upon the farm, but the character of your soil which produces that
crop. It is the personality and the willingness to do work of the far-
mer. I do not mean to decry the use of these labor saving devices.
Many of them in use to-day are very helpful. But I contend that the
unlimited use of machinery upon farms has a tendency to instill the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 221

idea that crops can be grown and harvests can be gathered without
the laying on of hands, without the employment of the tools which
Nature intended should be used in conjunction with hers to be the
most effective agency in crop production. Criticism is frequently
heard that the farmers of Lancaster county are not quite as progres-
sive as farmers of some other sections. This probably is true if the
comparison is to be based upon the number and kinds of machinery
of every character employed by the Lancaster county farmers, but the
comparison becomes ridiculous when the results here are compared
with the results achieved by those who criticise Lancaster county.
And the reason that we do achieve so in contradistinction to the
achievements of farmers in other sections of the country where their
soil is as good is because here, as I said before, we think we have in-
telligent, earnest application of human energy joined with scientific
methods: And it is this fact, coupled with the native thrift, that has
made the Lancaster county farmer the most prosperous of his kind
not only throughout Pennsylvania, not only throughout the United
States, but the world over.

Meetings such as you are holding here to-day do much to advance
the cause of agriculture. They furnish opportunity for exchange of
opinions, presentation of new ideas and the formulation of more effec-
tive methods of treating the soil and growing corps. You did wisely
in selecting Lancaster for your place of meeting, accessible as it is
from all points of the compass. To you who have come here from a
distance, I say welcome, and whether you be from near or far I here
now extend to you the greetings of welcome to the city of Lancaster.

RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME

By DR. W. T. PHILLIPY, Carlisle, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, Honorable Mayor, Ladies and Gentlemen: I assure
you that it affords me a great deal of pleasure to respond in your
behalf to the pleasant words of greeting and welcome that have been
extended to us as we gather here in our Annual Normal Institute
this afternoon. My friends, I know that we feel already that we are
welcome in your city of Lancaster and in this great County of Lan-
caster which is a part of the great Commonwealth that is represented
here to-day. I know that we have all heard of Lancaster county. We
hear of Lancaster county it does not matter what part of the State we
are in. There is always someone will say: ‘Have you ever been to
Lancaster county? Have you ever passed through it? Have you
ever had the privilege or opportunity of viewing its rich green fields
as you passed down over the Pennsylvania Railroad?” I want to say
to you, my friends, and the Honorable Mr. Mayor, that it has been
my privilege to be in this county a number of times. I have had the
pleasure and privileges of appearing at institutes and I know from the
interest that was manifested there and the class of people that we

‘

222 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

were called upon to talk to at Lancaster county is progressive. Its
citizens are awake to the opportunities that are presenting themselves,
and they are making the best of these opportunities upon their farms.

My friends, it has been so well said and so much better than I can
say it, Lancaster county has been the foremost county not only in
this Commonwealth of ours, which we are also proud of to-day, but
as well the banner county of the United States in its annual produc-
tion of farmers’ products. I know that you will agree with me, that
we were glad to accept the kind invitation to some over here to hold
this Normal Institute in this beautiful city. It has been my privi-
lege to visit parts, its colleges, its public schools and some of its great
charitable institutions as well as it has been to travel over this
county, over its railroads and its trolley system and view these rich
and fertile fields of Lancaster county and I know, my friends, before
you get away from our meeting that you will have the opportunity, if
you have not already had it, of seeing some of the fertile farms that
are lying around the City of Lancaster. Now, my friends, I want to
plead with our good Mayor this afternoon in your behalf. You know
when we get away from home we sometimes may step out of the path
that is laid down and I want to plead with you, Mr. Mayor, if any of
them may be brought before you, please be easy.

Just last evening, I do not know who would advertise our com-
ing to this city, but I have a good friend from the western end
of the State and he came into the City of Lancaster last night.
I am not going to tell you his name, but I will tell you he be-
longs to the “duck” family, and he went into one of the prominent
hotels and said to the proprietor: “What are your rates here?” And
the proprietor said two dollars and up. And my friend said: “Well,
sir, I am an institute lecturer of the State of Pennsylvania.” The
proprietor said: “I am glad to meet you sir. Then it is two dollars
down.” Now I suppose that somebody had advertised our coming
here, but I hope that there will be nothing more serious than that. I
just want to tell you a little incident that happened last evening. We
all have a good friend from Pennsylvania and he comes from Allen-
town, but I am not going to tell his name, but he is a chicken man.
He is recognized all over the State and not only in the State of Penn-
sylvania but throughout this great country of ours. We were coming
up street last night and he met a gentleman who said to him: “My
friend, the next time you send me any chickens don‘t send me any of
your airoplane kind.” Well, I thought that was something new, and
I waited for developments. And my friend said: “What do you
mean?” And the gentleman said: “The last chickens you sent me
were all wings and machinery and there was no meat on them.” I
hope he will get through this week without arrest or anything of that
kind. But my friends, you have heard and you all enjoyed the ad-
dress of welcome that our good friend has extended to us, and we are
here this week to enjoy the instruction that will be given to us in the
different sections of this institute and I feel that it would be folly for
me to waste my words this afternoon in trying to say anything
further; but I want to say in behalf of our friends who have assembled
here, Mr- Mayor, that we thank you very kindly for the warm and
hearty welcome that you have extended to us during this meeting, and
I hope that we all, one and all will be able to say when we go away

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 223

from here that we have had not only a profitable week but a week of
pleasure and you will not be afraid or ashamed to ask us back some-
time in the future.

THE PRODUCTION OF SANITARY MILK:

By D. H. BERGEY, M. D., University of Pennsylvania.

By sanitary milk we understand a milk that is free from extraneous
things of whatever kind that may affect the health of those using it.
The production of sanitary milk is not a difficult matter at all, al-
though it requires constant vigilance on the part of the producer and
attention to a great many details. Bacteria are found in the milk
ducts of most cows and, subsequently,.it is impossible to obtain con-
siderable quantities of milk without the admixture of bacteria. The
bacteria in the milk ducts of apparently healthy cows are principally
those who are concerned in the natural souring of milk. These bac-
teria are, therefore, regarded as normal constitutents of milk.

The most common organism found in freshly drawn milk is micro-
coccus lacticus. In many of its characters this bacteria resembles mi-
crococcus aureous, which is the most frequent cause of pus formation
in man and domestic animals. Another organism found in freshly
drawn milk is streptococcus lacticus. This bacterium is not easily
distinguishable from streptococcus pyogenes, another of the bacteria
causing pus formation. These two organisms found in the milk sinews
of apparently healthy cows appear, from the effects which they pro-
duce in milk, to be normal inhabitants of this portion of the cow’s
udder and, therefore, have no hygienic significance.

Milk may be said to be contaminated with bacteria when it contains
organisms which differ from those mentioned. The contaminating
bacteria may be derived from a variety of sources. The principal
sources of contamination of milk in the course of production and
marketing are to be sought in the dairy itself. The chief sources of
contamination are the cow from which the milk is obtained; the
stable; the bedding; the fodder; the milker or the utensils in which
the milk is collected.

The cow may be the source from which contaminating organisms
are derived and these organisms may gain access to the milk because
the animal is ill and the bacteria causing the disease are given off with
the milk ; or second, the contamination may be derived from the fur of
the cow or from a dirty udder.

Cows do not suffer from many diseases to which human beings are
also liable. The principal diseases that may be disseminated from the
cow to the consumer through the milk are the various types of inflam-
mation of the udder giving rise to disturbances of the digestive organs
in those using the milk; tuberculosis; foot and mouth diease; and

15

224 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

very exceptionally diphtheria and anthrax. Cows suffering from tu-
herculosis usually give off considerable numbers of the tubercle ba
cillus, even though the disease is located in some other part of the
animal’s body than the udder.

The controversy which has continued for some years as to whether

tuberculosis of cows is transmissible to human beings remains un-
settled. In 1901 Koch contended that bovine tuberculosis was not
transmissible to man. Since then there have been so many cases of
tuberculosis, especially in children, in which the bovine variety of the
tubercle bacillus was found, that it appears wise to regard the bovine
type of the disease as a distinct menace to man. Foot-and-mouth-
disease 's transmissible to man through the milk. As we have not yet
discovered the causative agent of this disease, we cannot make any
definite statements concerning its transmission to man. There is
abundant circumstantial evidence in support of the opinion that
diphtheria may be disseminated through milk. Usually the milk is
found to have been contaminated by persons who suffer from a mild
form of this disease, or who are in intimate contact with cases. Klein,
of England, has long contended that cows may suffer from diphtheri-
tic infection with lesions on the udder. However, it has remained for
Dean and Todd to show definitely that this form of infection in cows
is possibble, and that those who consume the milk in an uncooked
state are liable to contract the disease. Anthrax is a highly infectious
disease and there is a possibility of its transmission to man through
the use of milk. There are no authentic cases of such transmission on
record, but every precaution should be taken to exclude the milk of
infected dairies.

The bacteria derived from the fur of the cow or from a dirty udder
are principally those found in the excrement of the animal. These
bacteria cause decomposition and putrefaction of the milk, and, in
this way, render it unfit for consumption, or, at least, change its
character to such an extent as to make it dangerous to the consumer.

The contamination of milk through bacteria derived from the fur of
the animal and from the udder could be obviated to a considerable
degree by careful attention to cleanliness of the cow. Currying and
brushing the cows serves to remove adherent filth and loose hair. The
cows should be cleaned some time before milking is begun in order to
allow the dust to settle. Washing the udder and flanks of the cow
previous to milking aids in reducing the number of bacteria that may
be dislodged and gain access to the milk. While in a moistened state
bacteria are not distributed very freely. It is only when the fur of
the animal is dry that the bacteria are easily dislodged.

The stable is an important source of contamination of
the milk and is a factor which has by no means re
ceived the attention which it merits. The type of barn
found on many farms does not make it possible to stable
cattle under the very best conditions. The amount of space al-
lotted to each animal is insufficient to provide the requisite amount of
ventilation. A human being requires about three thousand cubic feet
of fresh air per hour and, in order to supply this amount of fresh air
in dwellings, about one thousand cubic feet of space should be allotted
to each individual. The cow is a much larger animal and requires
proportionately larger quantities of fresh air. In the main it may
be stated that a cow requires at least a quantity of fresh air equal to

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 225

that needed by an average person; and, in order that this amount of
fresh air may be supplied regularly without the production of drafts,
the amount of space allotted to a cow should be, in proportion to her
size, one thousand to twelve hundred cubic feet. Many of the stables
in older barns are too low to make it possible to bring about satisfac-
tory ventilation, though an undue height of stable is also undesirable.
It may be stated that a height of ten to twelve feet is a fair average.

With proper allotment of space and satisfactory provision for ven-
tilation in stables, the purity of the air can be more readily main-
tained; and where pure air prevails one of the principal sources of
contamination in the stable, that is, dust, can be largely eliminated,
because the smaller the stable and the greater the overcrowding, the
greater the amount of dust floating in the air, and this dust finds its
way into the milk during the process of milking.

The dust of stables is a fruitful source of bacteria which cause de-
composition and putrefaction in milk. The dust particles and the bac-
teria adherent to them are derived from the cows, the bedding, the fod-
der, and the attendants. For this reason, the nature of the bedding
and the time of feeding play an important part in the production of
sanitary milk. Straw bedding contains a greater number of bacteria
than do peat or shavings. :

The handling of fodder during the time of milking disseminates
large quantities of dust, a considerable portion of which finds its way
into the milk, and, for this reason, it is customary to recommend that
feeding time and milking time should be separated so as to avoid as
much as possible this source of contamination. The nature of the bac-
teria derived from fodder is similar to that of the bacteria derived
from bedding.

The following table, compiled from the experiments of Backhaus of
Konigsberg, will show the possible sources of contamination at a
glance:

TABLE I
Elements of Contamination. Sources of Contanmal- Bacteria.
nation.
fevlnfection,,- 222s-ee sos e eee eaeea een tee ae | POS hs Ibi ease wees 6,660 per c. c.
After passage through

six vessels, -------.- 97,600 per ¢c. c.
PeOBodily cleanliness: Sat ss aston ese toca ee weet aee eee Milk from clean cow, 20,600 per c. Cc.
Milk from dirty cow,| 170,000 pere. ec.
So Tt ee Se mettre soostecseesse Fe SCL ee ee eee 2,000,000 per gm.
Good straw, ---------.| 7,500,000 per gm.
Badigetraw.=*2-ses- > 10,000,000 per gm.
4. Influence of the litter on the number of bac- | With peat litter, __-- 3,500 per c. ce.
teria in milk. With straw litter, —__-_| 7,330 per ec. ec.
paehood (Gusto, in the) Dyte);s--seeoe=s =a - === Olli CA Komen eee oe 457,500 per gm.
ryt Bran) 222 222o---=5-==--| 1,861,000 per em:
Gee MiKING 2222) 2522. cals ee Milked) dry, .;sfe 22228 5,600 per ec. ¢.
Milked WOU et wee 9,000 per ¢c. c.
ra bye a aye ee 10,40® per c. ce.

ast pimilk. 2.202. 3-2 2! Sterile:
Washed udder, -__--- 2,200 per ¢c. ec.
Unwashed udder, ---- 3,800 per ec. ec.
We WOSHCIBs (iescaie connotes nae ee ae ee ee Enamelled vessel, —_-_ 1,105 per c. e.
HNSSV ESSE]. 22 seks = 1,600 psr c. c.
i Wooden vessel, ----.--| 279,000 per c. c.
S27 Cleaning Of vessels, =-<-- se ee een eee eriized: pails 22) D\es 1,300 per c. ec.
Simply rinsed, ---..__- 28,600 per c. ¢.

15—6—1911

226 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc,

The milker is undoubtedly a source of contamination, especially so
if wet milking is permitted. However, the clothing of the milker, if
not clean, is also a source of contamination. Strict cleanliness of the
hands of the milker and of his clothing will help to eliminate an im-
portant source of contamination. The milker may also contribute
disease producting bacteria if he is suffering from some of the com-
municable diseases, or if he has been in attendance on persons suffer-
ing from such diseases. The diseases which may be communicated
by the milker are: tuberculosis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and typhoid
fever. No one suffering from, or associating with, persons suffering
from any of these diseases should be permitted to take part in the pro-
duction of milk.

Dirty utensils are also a fruitful source of contamination, and it
is quite a task to keep the milking utensils in proper condition of
cleanliness to prevent this kind of contamination. Utensils that have
been cleaned with soap and hot water, or some other reliable cleansing
material, and then scalded, are relatively free from bacteria which are
injurious to the milk . They can be made absolutely free from bacteria
by subjecting them to a sterilizing process.

The following tables give some indication of the extent to which
bacteria are contributed to normal milk during ordinary procedures,
especially where the milk is strained and cooled through apparatus
that is not sterilized:

TABLE II

Bacteriological Hxamination of Milk Derived From Separate Cows in
Ordinary Dairies; Samples Collected at Various Stages of
the Process of Milking and Cooling.

mH .

is ; P E 3 E

ks) S) S oO ql Bs)

Ke) =} fe} ° Cs} °

Pp —Q nm o oO faa)
Pata Neth one) AU ped ate aes jel 100 350 | 28,650 | 120,400 |__-.------ Sarees
Dist Da este NT OO a NN os zi 25 | 1,250] 21,225) 508,200 |__.-..-__- pas Se
epee 1A SL A NRE ANC ENS 0 (Na ET 4,050) |e ene
A epi: ete es Pe ees ene Seman 0 O200| Seen nee 16,200, |= 22) 2 See eee
Ese eS eS A eee ere asene 400 850 60,900 34,550 | 173,600 84,000

TABLE III

Influence of Unclean Apparatus Upon the Bacteria Content of Milk.

Straining Apparatus. Cooling Apparatus.

Dairy No e 2 bn i a

| S| £ Be S| 12 B

| Ss

zi 5 B 5 =

bo r) By S

Q 3 = ea) S =
‘ls 21,225 12,800 1,875 508 ,200 21,700 2,600
2, 4,200 a 685.j|222 =. 15,950 2,900) || =a Se steee
3, 14,925 258200 aoa ee 1,700 8,800 "| <2 cee

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 227

The type of milk pail employed in milking is also a matter of im-
portance. Several types of pail are in common use and [| have had no
personal experience in testing their efficiency; but those who have
studied this question are generally agreed that some form of pail with
the top partly covered in is much better than the old type of pail
which is open. ‘he pail with visor used in the dairy department of
Cornell University serves the purpose of limiting the amount of dust
falling in the milk. ‘The shape and size of the visor has been slightly
changed by Professor Harding of Geneva. *

The milk should be cooled as soon as possible and kept at a low
temperature (about 50 degrees Fahrenheit) until consumed. At a
low temperature the bacteria in the milk do not multiply rapidly,
but at higher temperatures they multiply quickly; for instance, at the
body temperature, a single organism may produce as many as 200 in
three hours; 10,000 in six hours; 10,0000,000 in nine hours, and 2,000,-
000,000 in eighteen hours. Conn has shown that at 50 degrees Fahren-
heit bacteria multiply five times in twenty-four hours, while at 70 de-
erees Fahrenheit, they multiply seven hundred and fifty times.

These bacteria develop at the expense of the chemical constitutents
of the milk and produce alterations in the character of the milk far
in excess of what is indicated by the mere increase in numbers. In or-
der to keep the number of bacteria as low as possible, milk must be
shipped in vefrigerator cars, or packed in ice.

Sanitary milk, it will be seen from what has already been said, is
simply clean milk obtained from healthy cows and maintained under
proper hygienic conditions. Sanitary milk cannot be produced in un-
sanitary dairies, and, even though it may be in a sanitary condition
when collected, if not marketed under proper conditions it will not
reach the consumer in a satisfactory state.

It will be necessary, therefore, in order that the consumer may be
supplied with sanitary milk, that extreme precautionary measures be
carried out not only on the farm in collecting the milk but that the
measures be extended all along the line from the farm to the con-
sumer, so that milk that is in a satisfactory condition as collected may
maintain that state until it is to be used. It is an encouraging fact
that recently transportation companies have announced that they are
ready to supply refrigerator cars for the transportation of milk, and
through this means it will be possible to allay a great deal of the criti-
cism of the methods employed in conducting dairies that should have
been directed against methods of transportation.

ESSENTIALS OF BUTTER MAKING

By MRS. JEAN KANE FOULKE, West Chester, Pa.

I feel as if I were undertaking a great deal in attempting to tell an
audience of farmers how to make butter, because I am not what is
termed an “expert” myself; that is to say, I am not a trained butter
maker, never having taken a course in butter making in any agricul-

228 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tural school, or indeed in any school save that of experience. How-
ever, as you all know, experience is credited with being a good teacher,
if a hard one, and it is possible, therefore, that mine may have taught
me some lessons that may be of use to some of you.

To make good butter is not such a simple matter as it appears, and
it demands a care and attention that is seldom given to it. This fact
accounts for the amount of bad butter that you see sold and used, and
is one reason why oleomargarine and other patent butter is in such
demand- ‘They not only are cheaper or as cheap, but they run more
evenly good, keep better and taste better. ;

The first essential for good butter is to have good rich milk and
clean milk, milk that is free from any extraneous flavor such as may
be absorbed from the atmosphere, feeds or plain dirt. To get this
care must be taken as to the kind of feed used, especially if the milk
is for butter. Milk that tastes all right and is all right for other pur-
poses, when used for butter will not do at all. One can often dis-
tinguish the different tastes of feeds in the butter, and any radical
change in the feeding may be at once detected. A little too much
silage will spoil butter, and in cases where several cows’ milk or the
produce of the whole dairy is used, a knowledge of what each cow
is getting, the amount, etc., should be carefully watched and known,
and the effect upon her milk noted. This should be done in every
dairy, as a matter of fact, as it is only thus that the feeding can be
profitably done. Many cows do not need, and others do not digest,
the kind of food or the amount of it that their fellows in the same
stable should have. It is this knowledge of the individual that is a
most important feature in any sort of dairying, and it is essential
in a butter herd as a cow’s milk is affected by her condition and this
quickly affects the butter.

Having made sure that there is no taste in the milk from the feed
that will show in the butter, the next thing is to be sure that the milk
is cleanly drawn—that the milker has clean, dry hands, that the cow’s
sides and udder have been brushed and freed from manure and dust,
loose hairs, etc., and that the milk is taken as soon as possible from
the stable to prevent the contamination from the unavoidable odors
and dust of a cow barn or milking shed. Care should be taken that
the cans and pans are not exposed to read dust and manure and that
they are scalded and washed thoroughly clean.

The milk is now ready for the dairy, and it depends very much upon
whether it is to be separated or hand-skimmed what is to be im-
mediately done with it; but as [ am speaking of profitable butter mak-
ing I assume that it is to be separated. In my opinion, milk for butter
making should never be thoroughly cold. It should be cool, but never
thoroughly chilled. In the dairy of which I have charge the milk is
separated at a temperature of about 75 to 80 degrees. It is necessary
to hold it over night, as we separate but once a day, so that the eve-
ning’s milk is set in coolers or cans in the spring. These coolers hold
about 12 quarts, a convenient size to lift.

Our spring water keeps about 56 degrees. I have a coal stove in the
spring or dairy proper and keep a low fire all winter, keeping the tem-
perature about 60 degrees and we try not to have it vary more than a
degree or two one way or the other, and are very careful about venti-
lation and to prevent coal gas, dust, etc. Men are not allowed to enter
the dairy in their working shoes nor is smoking allowed there. Care

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 229

must also be taken after white washing. This dairy is an old fashioned
spring house and has been made over somewhat to suit modern
methods and increased trade. Of course it would be better if it could
be heated by pipes and thus do away with the stove, which in this
case necessitates covering the cream each time it is raked and the
ashes removed, and great care in seeing that there is no coal gas which
would affect the cream at once.

The cream should be stirred down every day and thoroughly mixed.
To do this I have a round disk of tin, with a row of inch holes,
fastened on a steel rod about two and a half feet long, about like a
poker. This disk or tin plate is just large enough to fit inside the
coolers and be moved up and down, allowing the cream to come
through the holes and thus becoming thoroughly mixed. Cream
should not be allowed to fall far from the separator to the can, as the
air in the froth on it seems to make it rancid very soon and stirring
down into the can ruins the whole can of cream.

Ripe cream is sweet cream soured. Soured cream has a pleasant
smell and is not rancid or strong. It tastes good and is pleasant to
eat. I know of no better dessert than a saucer of soured cream and
a slice of soft ginger bread, and can think of nothing worse than to
have to eat a saucer of scur cream even if accompanied by “angels’
food.”

Sour cream is cream that is spoiling and on the way to putrefaction,
but soured cream or what is called ripe cream is luscious and sweet.
It has reached a point of fermentation where it is still fresh and un-
spoiled, and has not yet begun to decay. To bring cream to this state
at the time desired is a delicate matter. In my own case I have the
coolers lifted out of the spring and stood on the cement floor, and into
each one I put a little more than one-half pint of souring from twenty-
four to thirty-six hours before churning. This in an atmosphere with
a temperature of 60 degrees will ripen the cream sufficiently for butter
making, although if the dairy temperature is lower it may take longer.

The souring is made fresh each butter day—we churn twice a week,
each Monday and Thursday—by taking six quarts of separator skim
milk and adding two quarts of fresh butter milk, which is well mixed
and kept stirring each day, the top being taken off before being used
for souring.

The public demands butter of a good rich color, but except in Sum-
mer, and not always then, do even Jerseys given cream that will make
yellow butter- Therefore the butter maker must resort to some of the
many kinds of butter coloring that are on the market and are sold
under the pure food laws. I have used “anato,” which is a South Ameri-
can gum or root which comes in a powder very finely ground, a purely
vegetable compound and entirely harmless. I know of but one place
where it may be had and that is at Hansell’s, No. 8 S. 18th Street,
Philadelphia. I used to buy it by the pound but now it must be
bought in five pound packages. It should be kept in a dry place. Pre-
serve jars make good tight receptacles for it, and by opening one jar
at a time the balance may be kept safely. I use at this season of the
year and through the Winter one tablespoonful to seven coolers of
cream, mixing it first in about 1 quart of Iuke-warm water, and then
stir it in the cream with the mixer described before.

The cream is now ready for the churn and to get the churn ready
for the cream is the next step. I want to say here that scalding water,

230 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

and plenty of it is a necessity to successful dairy work, and if one can
have steam also it facilitates the work of cleaning and sweetening the
dairy utensils, churn, separator, etc., enormously. The churn should
be thoroughly scalded and rinsed, then chilled with plenty of fresh,
cold water, after which it is ready for the cream, and we may begin
churning. In this cleaning work use no soda and no soap except pos-
sibly to wash the rubber rings of the separator.

It should require about half an hour for the butter to come and as
soon as you have butter the size of shad roe or very smali marbles it
is time to stop churning. After that to continue churning merely in-
jures the texture of the butter. You get no more out of the cream but
merely gather it into large greasy lumps.

Draw off the butter milk through a wire sieve to catch the butter
that will flow out with it. Then rinse the butter with cool, not cold,
water and take it from the churn.

While the churning is being done, one should have scalded all the
paddles, prints, etc., to be used, also the butter worker, and should
have chilled them afterward and left them in cold water. We set ours
in, the spring to await our needs.

The butter is put on the worker and the salt is spread over it. We
allow half an ounce to the pound, and it should be weighed, not guessed
at, unless you have buckets to hold the butter and measures for the
salt that have been tested, so that you know what you are doing.

A sponge with a bit of cheese cloth about it makes a very useful
thing in working butter. One should stand sideways to the worker,
with a sponge in one hand the paddle in the other, and keep turning
the butter up and over to the worker, and keep constantly patting it
with the sponge, thus absorbing the water more quickly and lessening
the danger of destroying the grain by over-working to get dry. The
water and the salt should, however, be well worked out, not only the
experience can tell one when this is sufficiently done; but there is a
look that means a little to the experienced butter maker that the but-
ter is worked.

In butter, as in everything else that we want to sell, appearance
counts for much and care should be taken to have the prints sharp aud
well cut, so that the butter may take the impression clearly, after
which it should be neatly wrapped in butter paper and set in pans to
harden. In Summer the butter is often too soft, when first printed,
to wrap and should be laid on open papers in the pans and wrapped
later. The triangular point of paper at each end of the package should
be turned under, rather than! upwards, in wrapping as it makes a
neater package. Some persons have naturally cool hands and these
are fortunate if they must handle and wrap butter. For myself, I
have a warm hand and so must be continually dipping my hands and
arms to the elbow in cold water to keep my fingers cool and dexterous.

Too much care cannot be given to the cleaning up after butter mak-
ing, for much of the success of the next butter depends upon the sweet-
ness of the utensils used; and especially when they are wood is it nee-
essary to scald and scrub and steam them, clean, chemically clean, so
that no animal fat may enter the grain to decay and thus destroy the
possibility of making good butter or keeping the dairy tools sweet. It
is impossible to get them thoroughly clean if once the grain gets full
of rancid fat and grease.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 231

A dairy should be light and cool and well ventilated; not a dark,
damp little cave as many of them are. It is impossible to make good
butter without clean, sweet milk and cream, and clean, sweet sur
roundings; and it is this cleanliness and sweetness that makes the
charm of the churn and that are the essentials of butter making.

WHAT’S THE MATTER WITH THE PENNSYLVANIA FARMER

By T. D. HARMON, National Stockman and Farmer, Pittsburg, Pa.

It is an old and true saying that “Our friends tell us our faults; our
enemies encourage them.” It is upon this theory that a few thoughts
along this line might not be amiss on this occasion. Without the re-
motest idea of fault-finding or criticising any one or any condition,
“with malice toward none and charity toward all,” it shall be the aim
of the speaker to point out some of ‘the shortcomings of some of the
farmers of our grand old Commonwealth, and if possible offer some
suggestions for ‘overcoming the same.

No man is perfect. The trained mechanic, the learned professor,
the teacher, the doctor, the business man—each make mistakes. Then
why should we not expect to find errors in judgment among those who
till the soil or tend the herds, and while looking for those things
which might be made better among the farmers of Pennsylvania, it
is only justice to say that in other states worse conditions prevail
and criticisms could be applied more fittingly than in our own.

I honestly believe that the first and greatest fault to be found with
the farmers of this or any other state could be placed under the head
of Laziness. I anticipate a storm of protests from those who hear
this, from those who have been putting in from fifteen to eighteen
hours out of each twenty-four hours of the day during this busy sea-
son we are just now passing through, but I stick to the original propo-
sition. It is said that God, as a climax to His creative genius, made
Man; that he made him a little lower than the Angels; that He gave
him reason and the power to think; that He then placed him in the
Garden of Eden and gave him power and dominion over every other
living creature. Later on in the Good Book we are told that He classi-
fied the peoples of the earth, making some of them kings and princes,
overseers, hewers of wood and bearers of burdens. There is a signifi-
cance in all this. If the allwise Creator has done all this—has re-
corded in His Divine Word an outline of His idea as to what man
should do and man should be, then it is our duty to study His designs
and purposes and follow them out as nearly as possible. If God gave
you more brains and less muscle than the ox, then He intends that you
should use your brains more than the ox and your muscle less than
the ox: Herein is where the word “lazy” applies to too many men—
whether they are farmers or follow other vocations. I believe, how-
ever, that it will apply more often and more directly to those who till
the soil than to any other class of people.

232 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

In making this broad assertion, the term lazy is to be applied to
mental and not physical labor. In other words, to the use of the
brain instead of the muscle. tlow many men do you know, and you
can possibly include yourself in this, who would not cheerfully go out
and plow all day or chop wood or do any other hard manual labor
rather than sit down and study out some difficult problem in farm
management; or on the needs of his soil, or his livestock, or even write
a nice long love letter to his wife if she is away from home, or an
urgent letter to his wife’s mother, urging her to come and spend the
winter with him.

It is mental laziness that is referred to not physical, and is as com-
mon among farmers as good healthy thirsts are in dry territory. It is
great thoughts that make great men. Clear thinking puts in motion
actions that bring big results. We take our hats off to the great
thinkers of this country. Did you ever stop to consider that one man
was just as much of a thinker as another? He can‘t help but be. God
put brains into his head, wound them up and started them off—just
like the watch-maker puts wheels and springs into the watch and
starts it. He can’t help but think. He’d die mentally if he didn’t.
The only surcease is when he is asleep—and even then some men dream
things that are more rational than their thoughts when awake. The
neglect, or delay, or abhorrence of getting right down to work on lines
of thought that stand for something and mean something for mankind
in general, and the thinker in particular, constitute a laziness that has
meant failure in more cases than has ever been recorded against the
sluggard or the tramp.

David was a shepherd boy. That would mean to-day that he was a
farmer boy. Hetended the flock and possibly did the chores and
churned the butter and answered the telephone and cranked the auto-
mobile and oiled up the flying machine for Jesse, his father. Possibly
he pumped the pianola and run the phonograph for his mother. These
are some of the things that he would have to do to-day if he acted in
the capacity of a farmer’s boy- But David did one thing more. He
kept his thinker going in the right direction and acted upon his
thoughts. He heard the sweet songs of the birds while in the groves.
It put an idea into his head and he worked it out. His mind ran some-
thing like this: If the birds are capable of making such sweet music,
why can’t 1? The same hand that gave the birds their songs gave me
brains, more brains than all the birds in the mountains round about.
I am superior to all other living things because God made me so. It
isa great responsibility but I accept it and will use my talents. David
did some good, clear thinking. Result: the mastery of the harp—
music that inspired the highest thoughts of those who heard it and
enabled the plaver to write songs in later life that for beauty and
grandeur of thought have never and never will be equaled.

But David did another thing that brought him into the limelight
probably more than his playing the harp. He learned to throw
straight to hit the mark. He may have learned this while chasing the
woodpeckers out of the cherry tree or pelting the cats in the back-
yard, but he learned the art and he did it well. A big lesson lies
right here. It is the easiest thing in the world to throw a stone and
the hardest thing in the world to throw it absolutely straight.
Goliath used his muscle to carry his armor and sword, which would

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 233

have crushed the stripling, but David used his brains not only to
select his sling and his pebble, but to find the soft spot in the enemy’s
anatomy. If Goliath had been hit on his muscles the stone probably
would have deflected like a projectile hitting the armor plate on one of
our modern battle ships for he had exercised his muscles only and they
were like steel. His soft spot was his head. He had neglected to
exercise it and it could not withstand the attack of even a smooth
pebble into hands of a mere youth. There are too many men in all
vocations that are just like this big ugly giant, they go about boasting
of the mighty things they can perform, the amount of work they can
do in one day, the men they can whip, the tricks they can play on
their neighbors in a horse trade, or their ability to get the other fellow
to carry the heavy end of the log, while their brain, their intellect,
their ability to think better thoughts and do better things has been
dwarfed for lack of use because they have been too lazy mentally and
morally to develop into that broad manhood, those higher ideals that
the allwise Creator made possible for them to enjoy and which will be
the answer to the prayer which we have all been ene at our
mother’s knee, “Thy Kingdom Come.”

_ Pennsylvania was the pioneer agricultural district of the American
Continent. Her soil, her climate, her industries, thrifty citizens and
her geographical position made her the leader, giving to the new
world and the new nation the best that the land would produce in
grains, fruits and livestock. This preeminence was maintained with-
out question until the sturdy sons and daughters of her prosperous
people were allured toward the land of the setting sun, where homes
could be secured for less money and prospects for prosperity seemed
greater. This exodus of the children of Pennsylvania certainly did
not rob her of her brains and honesty and integrity, but it must be
admitted that with it went a liberal percentage of her enterprising
and enthusiastic citizenship. The motive which lead men to venture
into new territory imbued them with the idea of other new ventures
and as a result we find the livestock interests of the Western states
are far in advance of those in our own state, and I confidently believe
that one of the greatest things that “is the matter with the Pennsy-
vania farmer” to-day is his neglect, rather his lack of interest in
keeping up his herds and flocks. It is said that livestock and agri-
culture go hand in hand in making a country prosperous. In some
sections of this State but little livestock is found that was reared on
the local farm, hogs, sheep and poultry excepted. This is wrong.
It is expensive. It is a bad system and should be corrected. Not
long since I saw upon the farm of one man in a central county of this
State as fine a farm team as could be found any where on earth.
Upon inquiry I learned that the team had been purchased from a
western shipper, who had distributed hundreds of good horses
through that section. The team referred to, I learned cost the owner
a sum of money that would require a thousand bushels of wheat or
nearly two thousand bushels of corn to equal. This was robbing
Peter to pay Paul. The cost of that team represented the crops for
two years of the farm on which it was working. This farm was
saving at the spigot and wasting at the bunghole. | Besides all this
he was hauling away the fertility of his soil which could and would
have been maintained by raising these horses instead of buying them.

234 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Livestock is the crying need of the greater part of our State and the
full and lasting prosperity of our farmers will never be attained until
the fact is realized that the fertility of our soil is the salvation of our
country, and that fertility can be produced and kept up better and
cheaper by marketing our grain crops on the hoof than in any other
way. A prevalent fault or misfortune of most farmers is their in-
ability to see the advantages of first class blood in all kinds of live-
stock and their unwillingness to pay a fair price for the kind of
animals that will produce the kind that brings the best prices in the
market. With a general awakening along these lines, Pennsylvania
could step at once to the front as a livestock state, for she has the
soil, the climate and the proximity to the best markets of the world.
There is no question but what the valuation of the farms and farm
products of the State be enhanced possibly many fold if the lowing
of the kine, the bleating of the lambs, the contented grunt of the
hog and the neighing of the young colts was heard on every homestead
of our great commonwealth.

Lack of knowlege as to how to co-operate is one great misfortune
of our farmers. Individually by inheritance, by training and by
practice, they are slow to understand the benefits of concerted
thought and action. Community interests bring to our people some
of the very best things in modern life. Citizens of villages, towns
and cities have learned that the welfare of their many interests are
better conserved by planning and working together. Business men
find that by mutual understandings and combinations of efforts
many things can be brought about that would be impossible in any
other way. The independent thinking of farmers and the pride in
their personal opinion makes it a hard matter for them to get to-
gether and work together for their mutual benefit. The commer-
cial interests of agriculture has suffered more than this lack of co-
operation, possibly, than from any other cause. A close study of the
markets, conditions of prospective crops, supply and demand and
many other features of the commercial side of farming, farm topics
that can be discussed to advantage and ideas formulated after con-
sidering the views of the many instead of the individual, and they are
always more nearly correct than those based upon the opinions of the
individual. Co- operation in every phase of country life and country
conditions will be highly profitable from a social and commercial
standpoint.

Conservatism is the stumbling block of more farmers to-day than
possibly anything else. Slow to believe, slow to take hold and slow to
take advantage of things that are to their interest they let slip by
opportunities that would benefit for all time to come. Within the
past ten or fifteen years science has done more for the farmer in a
practical way than had been done in centuries before. Scientists
learned that if their work was to be appreciated it had to be practical.
Commercialism had set a price on things that were useful. Everything
else went into the discard. Scientists caught on. They always do
when their bread and butter is at stake. They began to develop
things that men who did not have such useless appendages as A. B., D.
D.,L. L. D.,and D. M. P. H. L. after their names could understand and
put into practice. It began to work. It was what the common
herd wanted. It helped the farmer get hold of more dollars. In
turn the “learned men” got more dollars and they worked on and

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 235

harder and made their work more and more practical. To-day
scientists are leading the farmers out of the wilderness by a
shorter route than Moses lead the children of Israel. But Moses had
his doubters. Many of those old Jews were “from Missouri”. No
doubt they told him so. It is so today. Human nature has changed
but little since Eve ate the apple. “Show me” is the slogan that too
many have adopted. “Ill try,” should be substituted, and if one
thing stands in the way of progress in agriculture more than in
another it is the habit of doubting the progress that science is making
along the lines of better farming. ‘The only difference between a
rut and a grave is its length. You might as well be in one as the
other. I do not say that all this applies to all farmers, but it un-
questionably does apply to too many, and it is undoubtedly the duty
of those who have safely landed on the banks of the ruts to help
their unfortunate brothers out.

Too much pride in the ownership of land is another common fault.
Large landed estates is the bane of any community. It seldom adds
to the happiness or wealth of the owner. Take a concrete example.
Suppose that a man owns 100 acres of land. He has accumulated
in cash $10,000. Another 100 acre farm adjoining can be bought for
$100 per acre. Would it not be much better for him to use his sur-
plus cash in improving his own farm rather than spending it to
doubling his acreage. Think what $100 per acre would do if used
under scientific methods in the improvement of the soil. Think what
$10,000 would do in the way of stocking a farm with all kinds of
pure bred livestock; what profits would accrue from the increase of
the flocks and herds and how a man would be improved himself
morally, mentally and every other way by associating with the higher
types of animal nature. It is, indeed, more elevating often to be as-
sociated with a high grade hog than a low grade man. Think what
$10,000 would do in the way of installing conveniences on a farm.
No dwellers in cities could boast of such healthful surroundings. The
drudgery of farm life could be eradicated. Health and happiness
could be enhanced and life prolonged. The proud possessor of 100
acres of land under these conditions could add to his own happiness,
to the happiness of his family and be a blessing to the community in
which he lived. It is things like this rather than acreage that
measure success and places the man in the front rank among his fellow
men.

Another weak spot among farmers is their lack of appreciation of
leadership. Our armies have their generals, our navies their admirals
our governments their rulers and our political parties their “bosses.”
Much as it is to be regretted that that word “boss” has to be applied
so often, it is nevertheless that no organization or party could be
maintained long without some one to control it and direct its policies.
There is a difference between a boss and a leader and there is but
little danger of the former lasting long at the head of any organiza-
tion or forward movement among the agricultural classes. Some
men are endowed by nature to be leaders. Others fit better in the
ranks. When thrown together for the betterment of a common cause
they find their respective places as naturally as water finds its level.
Petty jealousies, misunderstandings, etc., are the sins of some com-
munities. They retard progress and prevent the accomplishment of
much general good. Farmers should rally their most capable leaders

236 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in every community and support them in his every effort to bring
about better conditions, more prosperity, less friction and a square
deal for the producer.

Modesty, or rather, false modesty might come in for just criticism
among the farmers of Pennsylvania. There are men in this State doing
things so much out of the ordinary that if the things were done in
some of our Western states the public press would be crowded ex-
ploiting their great deeds. Loasting is abominable, but we are
commanded in the Good Book not to hide our light under a bushel.

Many and various other weak spots might be dwelt upon under the
title of this talk. It is not with a view to holding up to ridicule the
weakness of our fellowman that reference is made to any of them.
We are all mortal. It is said, “A wise man will change his mind; a
fool never does.” Upon this theory it is our duty to find out our faults
and correct them. The world depends upon the farmer to be fed.
Financiers look forward to your bounteous harvests to know how
to figure on all their large financial transactions. Our nation is
depending upon you farmers to furnish it with its presidents, its
statesmen and its leaders. The most of our rugged, honest, fearless
men in all the higher callings of life came from the farm. As the
states make the nation so do farmers make the state. It is not our
cities that furnish the brains to plan and the bone to build. It is
the farmer’s son who steers his course whether in commerce, state-
manship or the pulpit—straight as his father guided the plow. The
simple, fearless faith of our forefathers is waning. The rush of
business, the strain of commerce, the love for notoriety in stateman-
ship do not encourage it. If perpetuated at all it must be perpetuated
on the farms of this country. You, as farmers, are entitled to all the
honor that such a condition imposes. But with it rests a responsi-
bility. Meet it like men and if then there is anything the matter with
the Pennsylvania farmer that is not in accord with the most critical
mind it will all be forgiven.

“THE COUNTRY LIFE SITUATION.” (Abstract)

By L. H. BAILEY, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, I come to Pennsylvania at
this time with a great deal of satisfaction. For the past two or three
years I have had a grudge against the State, because you took Dr.
Hunt from us. I am coming to you to-night to speak and to get even
with you.

I shall speak a few words about the “country life situation,” as I
see it. Two movements are now much in evidence touching country
life. One is the “country life movement” itself, and the other is the
“back to the land” agitation. These two movements are not at all
synonymous; in fact, to a large extent they are antagonistic the one
to the other. The country life movement is the effort to effectualize |

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 237

country life for those who are a part of it, to better the agriculture,
to improve the schools, churches, roads and whole economical situa
tion and the social condition. And as the effort to improve any
society is fundamentally sound, so the efiort to make country
life more eifective is socially and economicaliy a sound movement. It
is not necessary for us to assume that country life of itself is less de
veloped or more developed than city life, but only to bear in mind that
country life is not as effective as it is capable of being.

The “back to the land” movement is very largely a city impulse;
in part a desire of cities to relieve themselves from congestion; in part
a desire or effort to find work for the unemployed or to find possibili-
ties for the ‘‘ne’er-do-wells ;” and to a considerable extent the effort of
real estate dealers to sell land.

Of course, we need good farmers and it does not matter whethei
these men are country-bred or city-bred if only they are qualified by
experience, by type of mind and by other qualifications, to be farmers
But a large part of the city-to-the-country movement is socially and
economically unsound as a solution of rural ills. A great many per-
sons, undoubtedly, who are now going from cities to country will be
very much disappointed. This will not be because farming is a poor
business, but merely because many of those persons who go, will not
be qualified to be farmers. Ordinarily it is unsafe for any man to
change greatly the character of his life or activity after he is thirty-
five or forty years of age. There are some inexperienced city persons
who go to the country past that age who makes a success; but I am
convinced, as compared with the whole number, that they are few. I
am interested not in the “city to country” movement, because [ am
not a student of city affairs. I feel that other means must be invoked
to solve the city matters than merely to send the surplus to the coun-
try districts. Jam interested primarily in the redirection of country
life.

The theme that I wish to develop in your mind to-night
is this: it is very necessary that at least a part of our
civilization have contact with real experiences, real situations,
with elementary conditions. The tendency of the time is
the splitting and the complexing of our civilization and the develop-
ing along partial lines. There is a lack of wholeness in our lives. This
is illustrated in our common manufacturing. For example, we no
longer use the whole wheat for bread. We refine it out, first taking
one thing and another out of it with the idea that apparently the
value of bread lies in its whiteness and not in its completeness. It
lies largely in its looks and baking quality. It is very necessary that
a good part of our civilization have direct contact with Mother Earth
and with types of experiences that bring many native qualities into
play.

The farmer’s business has relations with a large line of effort, which
altogether makes up his type of life and his philosophy; whereas a
man working in a shop does largely the same thing day after day and
his philosophy of life may not be connected intimately with the char-
acter of the work that he follows for a livelihood. In the farmer’s
business, the philosophy of life grows out of the situation in which he
naturally finds himself. The farmer is a real part of his background.
He is as much a part of his farm as the trees, or the livestock or any-
thing else on his place. It has often been said that farmers ought to

238 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

live in towns, as the European farmer does. My conception is quite
the reverse. There is the greatest necessity that a good man live actu-
ally on the farm. You cannot look after a farm when staying in the
town; and the better the man the better also ought to be the farming.
The greater complexity of the farming business, the greater is the
necessity, of a good man being constantly with the business. The far-
mer has a different relation to his business from that of any other
man. The merchant or manufacturer may plan his business from a
distance and may not live in his store or his shop. The farmer is in
his business day and night and is a part of the weather, and the crops
and the soil.

I sometimes wonder what the farmer is going to do with all the ad-
vice he is now receiving. I wonder if he is going to be confused with
the multiplicity of leaders, whether he is going to assimilate all the
new work and make use of it. But with all the advice and talk and
exhortation, the farmers have never yet been in a stampede or riot.
That is not so true of city conditions. It is because they themselves
are so closely in touch with the fundamental situation that they do
not lose their heads. The new ideas are to be worked out, if at all,
by persons who are a part of the situation. I would not capture a
man and put him into a community for the purpose of working out
any idea I may have. I would prefer to drop the ideas into
the midst of the farming people and let them discuss them,
and work them out in detail and slowly and fundamentally.
There will be the teacher and preacher, the good farmer and forward
man and woman here and there who will take up the work and try
to work it out. If the new notions are allowed to be freely discussed
by the farmers themselves, all those which are impracticable and
chimerical will not persist, and those that are useful will in time bear
fruit. Wemay count on the wild notions to fall on stony ground.

Again, in regards to fairs. I do not know how it is in Pennsylvania,
but I am convinced that in general no money is given for agricultural
purposes which produces such small results as that given to the fairs.
Now, the difficulty with fairs is that they have grown away from their
natural purposes and reasons. They are gaudy with gimcracks and
geegaws and all kinds of extraneous and meaningless things. I know
many fairs that are serving their communities admirably, but, I am
speaking in the large. I would not eliminate the county or local fair,
not by any means. A man came into my office last winter and said,
“our town fair is dead ;” I said, “good.” But he also said ‘““we want to
reorganize our town fair;” and I said “good” again. I suggested that
he ask twenty of the best farmers whether they would come together
for a plowing match with their best turnouts, their best men, harness
and plows, and exhibit the most skillful practice in plowing. Why not
make this the centre of a town fair rather than horse jockeying, and
gather the other things around it, with good entertainments and good
games, and bring into it all the good speaking you can about the good
art of plowing; and around this centre build up exhibitions and ex-
hibits of real value to the small locality. I think a local fair should
exist only for educational purposes. I use “education” in the broadest
sense. Of course, I would have recreation. I would have games and
good entertainment, but I should try to have the enterprises develop
out of the real affairs of that community as rapidly and as fast as pos-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 239

sible. Too many of our fairs are colored by the events and the men
who go from one fair to another, and which have no particular rela-
tion or connection with the development of the community that the
particular fair represents. I am not opposed to horse-trotting as such,
but if I had it I should want it to have some relation to the develop-
ment of the horse types and welfare of the community or the State.

Now about the schools. It is most interesting that the schools do
not represent the localities in which they exist. Our schools are yet
male. ‘The schools are attended by girls, but the studies are the old
boys’ studies. The centre of our civilization is the home, and no school
in any community can rise to its possibilities until the home and
family are the centre of its effort. The object of education is to teach
persons how to live, if that is the proper definition, then the schools
of the community must have direct relation to the welfare of the com-
munity. It must have relation to good cooking, to good housekeeping
of all kinds, to sanitation, as well as to farms and business. A person
said to me a few days ago: “Do you think a person can be an edu-
cated man or woman unless he has had Latin?” The person first took
the precaution to ask whether I had Latin, and I had confessed I had.
1 wished then I had not had it, to have seen what the line of argument
would have been. If the definition of an educated man is one who
has had Latin, then it is easy enough to determine whether a man is
educated,—we may ask him. I would not eliminate Latin or Greek.
1 would have a great deal more of it. My point is that no one subject
is the exclusive means of education. Persons may be taught to think
just effectively by study of farm-management as by the study of ma-
thematics or Latin, if it is equally well taught. It has not been so
well taught in the past, we must admit. The older subjects are better
organized and solidified; but I contend that in themselves they have
no greater or unique educational power. I had in my office for a long
time a placard on which was a remark dropped by Dean Hunt: “Teach-
ing, not telling.” This is the core of education. It is not merely fill-
ing up on facts. I would not have our common schools merely inform
the children about farming. That would not be education. But I
would develop a system whereby the schools could teach the common
activities of life for the purpose of training a person how to live, and
to procure the mental training and application of it at the same time.
I should not eliminate the prevailing subjects from the schools. Pro-
gress must come by a gradual process of evolution. The schools are
teaching in an elementary way the things that colleges and universi-
ties have taught, I mean to patch the new ideas on and on, until
finally the patch will be the larger part of the garment. If we were
to begin the schools all over again, of course, we should begin with the
locality and the affairs of it and let the children grow out to the other
affairs as they develop. The school should represent its place and its
station, and then the exterior subjects should come as fast as the child
has the ability and the school has the reach. I would not eliminate
mathematics. They come as part of the process. The study of arith-
metic is not an end in itself. It is merely a means of working out
some of the conceptions of life.

But I wish to say something about religion. It is on my mind be-
cause the demands from churches and religious bodies, young men’s
Christian associations and other organizations is now very great.
They are beginning to feel the call to more than they have done for the

16

240 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

country life situation. I assume in the beginning that the mission of
the church is to preach the gospel. What | have to say therefore is
aside from that question. It is sometimes said that the school is going
to be the center of rural communities. I doubt it. I believe that some
institution of religion is going to be one of the social centers in the
end. That you may get my thought, let me say that whatever our
theory or philosophy of life may be, everyone of us begins where
Genesis begins, “in the beginning, God.” Well then, if the earth
is God’s handiwork, it is holy; and if the earth is holy then all the
things that grow out of it they also are holy; and if the materials are
holy, then all the good, honest, constructive effort put into the develop-
ment of materials is holy. Now, no farmer in the last analysis, owns
his land, not even in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. A man does
not take it with him into the next world. Society, that is, govern-
ment, allows a man as the agent of society to hold a piece of land, and
for two things: that he may make a living from it, and that he may
help the rest of us to live. He produces more wheat than he wants,
and the loaves of bread are for the rest of mankind. The remainder
of us cannot live on the earth unless the farmer produces more than he
wants.

Farming is a quasi-public business, and will be so recognized in
time to come. The earth is holy, and it belongs to all the people. The
farmer is the agent of society, or the people, to use land for the good
of us all, as well as for the good of himself. No man has a right to
skin the surface of the earth. Good farming is at the foundation a
religious business. No, it may not have been necessary in times
past, when society has been unadjusted, for persons to skin the land
in order to be able to live. If so, society has been at fault. That will
not be so true in the future. Every man who tills land owes a respon-
sibility to society and to God for the use that he makes of it. Now, .
farming is at the bottom of our whole economics and social structure,
because it provides the materials of subsistence. It is more important
that the farmer has a religious reaction than that any other man what-
ever have such a reaction. Now, every person is fundamentally re-
ligious. The religious impulse must be developed or educated. It is
the function of some organization to develop it. It is at present the
function of the organization called the church. Here I come to the
rural church. The contact of the rural church with the agricultural
situation, if it is to meet its responsibilities, is absolutely fundamental
and it cannot be evaded.

Now I hope that I have put into your minds a conception of the ele-
mentary character and position of the man who stands on the land. I
am not complimenting the farmers. They do not need complimen's.
The time was when people complimented farmers. The time has come
when public men criticize farmers just as they criticize anybody else,
and the farmer does not resent it. What we need to do is to tell the
truth and let the situation work itself out.

Fig. 1. <A street in the German farm village of HEdigen, near Heidelberg,
Inside the door, where the men are standing, spelt is being threshed by steam
power. There were about ten men engaged and it is estimated that they
were threshing from five to ten bushels per hour.

Fig. 2. Cultivated slope at Guten, Lake Thun, showing ribbon-like appearance
of the country.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 241

OBSERVATIONS ON GERMAN AGRICULTURE

By DR. THOMAS F. HUNT, State College, Pa.

Returning from a vacation of eight months on the continent of
Europe, { had made up my mind that I would not undertake to dis-
cuss European agriculture at least until the subject had had time to
assume its proper perspective. Eight months is too short a time to
understand the genius of any foreign country, let alone six foreign
countries which we visited. Upon reaching my desk, however, I found
that Mr. Martin, Director of Institutes, had been promised that I
would give an address at this meeting, and that he had especially
asked that I give some account of European agriculture. This eve-
ning I shall confine myself wholly to observations on German and
Swiss agriculture. These are just such observations as any one might
make traveling by train through any country. They are merely car-
window observations.

The first thing that will impress an American traveler through
Germany is the lack of country life as we understand it. The farmers
of Germany live largely in farm villages. (See Fig. 1). The farm
village of Grenshof, near Heidelberg, is but one of the thousands of
such villages. This little village consists of about two dozen homes
built in a solid rectangle facing a little park or inner court. The
houses all face this court and the entrance is at one corner, so con-
structed that when this entrance is closed there is no possible entrance
to the village or to the houses. About half a mile away there was a
well-kept cemetery, showing that the people who lived in the village
were well-to-do people. This little farm village reminds one of an
oasis in a desert, except that it was in the center of a fertile and in-
tensely cultivated plain. On another day I walked from Norsingen to
Wengen, two miles; from Wengen to Shalstat, three miles; and from
Shalstat to St. Georgian, three miles. Between these villages there
was neither house nor fence, but hundreds of people earned their living
from the fertile soil. Doubtless, there is more than one reason for
the farm villages and for the lack of country life, but everywhere one
goes in Europe, whether in the villages, towns or the great cities, he
is impressed with the fact that a man’s house is his castle. As Mr.
John Burroughs says: ‘Paradoxical as it may seem, the city is older
than the country. Truly man made the city. After he became
sufficiently civilized, not afraid of solitude, and knew on what terms
to live with Nature, God permitted him to live in the country. The
necessity of defense and fear of enemies built the first city; built
Rome, Athens, Carthage and Paris. The weaker the law, the stronger
the city. After Cain slew Abel he went out and built a city, and
murder or fear of murder; robbery or fear of robbery have built most
of the cities since.”

Even in the larger towns to-day a stranger rings the bell at the
gate. The latter is usually locked at night. Is the present
day custom the result of tradition, social exclusiveness, or fear? As

16—6—1911

242 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

recently as 1870 blood ran in the streets of many of the towns and
villages of France and Germany, and the inhabitants suffered the
evils which always follow war. At present Europe is an armed camp.
One can not escape the feeling that the people believe that they are
safer to-day behind solid brick or stone walls and iron gates. How-
ever, not all the sections practice the village system. In some places
scattered farmhouses are to be found. They are more common in
Switzerland than in Germany. That Switzerland has a Republican
form of government is perhaps not without its significance in this con-
nection.

One of the great surprises to me in visiting Europe was the relatively
Jarge amount of level open country. Perhaps you have not made this
mistake, but I had supposed that Europe was a rough and often moun-
tainous country on which it was not possible to use to advantage
modern agricultural machinery such as we employ so exclusively in
America. The reason for this impression grows out of the fact that
it is almost impossible to take a satisfactory picture of a level stretch
of the country, and out of the further fact that travelers generally
are not interested in the level tracts but hurry through them to what
they consider the more beautiful mountain scenery. It is compara-
tively easy to take pictures of the mountains, and thus Americans see
many illustrations of mountain scenery but scarcely none of the level
areas.

The next thing which will impress the observer from the car-window
is the ribbon-like appearance of the country, due to the fact that the
land is divided into small rectangular plots. If one looks out over
these intensely cultivated areas it looks just as though the land were
covered with large numbers of different colored ribbons. The picture
shows a mountain side. (See Fig. 2). I was able to get the picture
from the steamboat because the land was on a mountain side. When
in the level sections, however, which are much more characteristic, it
is almost impossible to get any photographs of the country which
would given an idea of what the traveler sees.

Figure 3 shows the plots rather than the hop holes. The plot on
which the hop holes stand is about 450 feet long and 30 feet wide. On
the left is a strip of clover, and on the right a strip of volunteer grass,
and next to this a strip of vetch. From the point where this picture
was taken hundreds of acres could be seen which were laid off in plots
with road-ways at the ends, and looked for all the world like a mam-
moth American Experiment Station. For miles in every direction the
land was divided into similar areas. There were no fences, and, as
previously explained, the people all live in farm villages.

In some parts of Germany, the sub-division of the land through in-
heritance, or otherwise, has gone on to such an extent that the Govern-
ment has stepped in and by law re-distributed the land. As it is now,
one man may own a dozen of these little tracts of land in various parts
of the region in which he lives. The Government has in some cases
re-distributed the land so that he should have all his land in one tract.

An incident occurred at the Agricultural Experiment Station at
Bonn, Germany, which will illustrate the intensive character of some
of the farming. I was shown some experiments in transplanting rve.
It was explained that if rye is transplanted at just the right time, and
planted a little deeper than it grew originally, the yield would be in-

Fig. 3. Photograph showing method of dividing land into small rectangular
areas.

Fig. 4. Horse and steer used together in Southern Germany. This roadway
connects two smal] farm villages. It is not a high-way; it is a by-way.

ie area ait irom

ee eg

ey
=
-

Fig. 5. Tedding hay near Zurich, Switzerland, illustrating large amount of
hand labor.

Fig. 6. Two cows hitched to typical harrow, Southern Germany.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 243

creased. The question on which they were experimenting was to find
just what was the best time in the growth of the plant to transplant it.
“Well,” I said, “what of it? After you have made the discovery will
it be of any practical importance?” The reply was, the smaller land
owners could make use of it.”

_ After looking over the beautiful, level, fertile areas, without a fence
or a house for miles, every inch of which, except for the roadways, is
under cultivation, I could not help wondering what an Iowa or a
South Dakota farmer could do on that land if he would go in there
with modern American machinery. There is no more difficulty in
cultivating the land in 80-acre or 800-acre tracts than there is in
South Dakota, except the separate ownership. Ownership is an arti-
ficial condition. Jt seemed to me that the natural conditions must
prevail; the artificial conditions must give way. Later, however, I
visited a farm of 300 acres conducted very much as an American farm
is conducted. Here I found Polish women being used to pull the sugar
beets. There is a law in Germany, as in this country, against contract
labor; but they found it necessary, in order that crops on these large
farms may be harvested, to allow the bringing in of Polish laborers
during the harvest season. These people can only live in Germany
six months, and then must be returned to Poland. I asked why they
used women instead of men, and they said because it was cheaper. In
other words, the Germans find it impossible to employ native labor
cheaply enough to produce sugar in competition with other countries,
or with the small land owners. After seeing this farm, I concluded
that | would not try to reform the German Land System.

Another thing which will impress the traveler in Europe, and the
longer he stays and the more he gets in to the by-ways, the more he
will be astonished and impressed. I refer to the good roads. Every-
where in Europe the high-ways are veritable boulevards, and the by-
ways are similar to the road as shown in Fig. 4. In Europe they do
not know what a thank-you-ma’am. If you investigate the matter you
will also be surprised at the comparatively recent character of many
of these road-ways. France, for example, has been inhabited more or
less exclusively for eighteen or nineteen centuries. At the beginning
of the nineteenth century France had 30,000 miles of road-way; the
close of the century she had 300,000 miles of road-way, which would
probably average as good as the one shown in this picture. During
the same period of time, the raw agricultural products have increased
in value from three billion francs to nine billion francs. No one, ol
course, would for a moment claim that the increased value of agri-
cultural products in France was merely the result of good roads, but
it is incontestable that the good roads of France are a factor in her
increased well-being.

The next thing that will impress the hurried traveler is the general
lack of improved farm machinery. I passed through Germany during
the fall haying season. Everywhere men and women were working
in the hay fields, (See Fig. 5) and in all Europe I saw just three mow-
ing machines at work. I saw two horse hay-rakes, but only one of
them was in use. [Everywhere you see men mowing grass with a
scythe, and women raking with a hand rake.

Necessarily a correlative to the lack of modern farm machinery is
a large amount of hand labor. Women work in the fields quite as fre-
quently as the men. I was shown into a barn in Southern Germany

244 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

where five persons were running a steam threshing machine, and every
person was a woman. The hurried traveler is very likely to conclude
from what he sees that in Germany men wear uniforms and the women
do the work, and I am afraid he is about half right. At any rate I
have said, half seriously, that I believe Germany would starve to
death if it were not for the severe toil of its women.

The employment of other animals than horses for traction purposes
is another of the significant features of Europe. During a walk in
Southern Germany, I estimated that of the animals used in farm work
about one-third were horses, one-third steers, and one-third cows.

While Fig. 7 shows a very common form and size of cart in
Germany, attention should be called to the fact that immense carts,
drawn by single draft horses, are also not uncommon. In some cases
a single horse is said to move, on two wheels, six tons. Instead of
criticising or being amused at the use of dogs, (See Fig. 7) or cows, or
donkeys or even man-power, we should learn a lesson from the ex-
perience of these older countries. The facts are, it seems to me, that
in many ways the problem of transportation is better worked out in
Europe than it is in our own country, and one of the factors is the
adaptation of power to the economic need. It is not good economy to
run a 50-horse power boiler and engine when only 5-horse power is
needed. The dog, the donkey, the cow, and the steer finds a place in
Europe along the side of the most modern up-to-date methods of trans-
portation because each serves present economic needs.

If the traveler will descend from the train, and go out into the
fields, he will be impressed with the tremendous fertility of the soil
in many places. I saw land in Europe that had been cultivated for
twenty centuries that is as fertile as any land in America. The Rhein
Valley, between Freeburg and Frankfurt, had been farmed for the
last 1,200 years. It raises two crops which contribute largely to that
fertility, viz.; Alfalfa and mangel-wurzel or stock beets. The alfalfa
furnishes succulent and protein food for livestock and keeps up the
nitrogen supply of the soil, while the mangel-wurzel takes the place of
our Indian corn. As a matter of fact, mangel-wurzels are watered-
concentrates, so that with alfalfa and these stock beets the farmer has
two ideal crops, both from the standpoint of milk production and of
keeping up the fertility of the soil.

In addition to this Germany has, as America well knows at mo-
ment, the potash supply of the world. Thus, the German farmer has
a cheap supply of potash, and by means of its basic slag it has supplies
of phosphoric acid in one of the best known forms.

In view of all that has been said of the lack of farm machinery in
Germany, and what seems to an American the primitive methods of
farming, one must not fail to call attention to the general prosperity
of the German farmer. To the casual observer it is a puzzling fact,
for not only are the people in German cities prosperous, but the Ger-
man farmer appears prosperous. When one studies it seems almost
impossible that it should be so. I talked with a young Canadian, who
spent three years in Europe studing History and Political Economy,
concerning these conditions. His explanation was as _ follows:
“America exported agricultural products and imported manufactured
products, therefore, our tariff system protected the industries rather
than agriculture. That perhaps in America, with its fresh lands and

Fig. 7. Common hand cart drawn by boy and dog.

ae) Oe

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 245

farm machinery, they could carry this burden for the benefit of the in-
dustrial classes without feeling it.” In Germany, however, he claimed
the situation was just the reverse. Germany imports agricultural pro
ducts, competing in the world’s markets with its manufactured pro-
ducts. Now, he said, when a country competes with other nations of
the world for a market, its protective tariff system is of no avail. On
the other hand, he claimed, that science, as applied to industry, had
reached the highest development of any country in the world, and the
industries could afford to be taxed for the support of the farmers of
Germany. In other words, he claimed, that the protective tariff in
Germany made the farmer more prosperous; while in America it made
the manufacturer more prosperous. This gentleman was a Canadian,
and consequently looked at those things somewhat differently from
those who live under a protective tariff. He did not state the problem
fully. The German Scientist has calculated, it is said, just how many
more people can be supported on the farms of Germany if the crops
which are raised are fed to livestock, and the manure put back on the
land, then if the crops were sold.

The German Emperor is in favor of keeping the largest possible
population upon the farms, because it means for him a strong army
and a strong navy. The German Government, therefore, maintains a
fiscal system which promotes the keeping of domestic animals, and to
offset the burden which the industries must carry, in connection with
this fiscal system, applies the highest scientific intelligence to its in-
dustrial enterprises.

There is one further impression which has ripened up in my mind
since I have visited Europe. I find that I have been giving too much
emphasis to our natural resources. I have given too large a place to
the advantage which we derive from the fact that we are a compara-
tively new country. No one will seek to deny that we have great natu-
ral resources, or deny that we should conserve these natural resources
in every possible way; but, it seems to me, that the agricultural possi-
bilities of France are to-day as great as any similar area in America
of which I have any knowledge. A former Consul to Canada from
Argentina once said to me; “I do not look upon the United States as
a nation, I look upon it as a new civilization.” I did not then under-
stand what he meant, but I think now I have some notion of it. The
fundamental reason for America’s prosperity does not lie so much in
its natural resources as in its civilization. I have, therefore, come to
believe as I never believed before that this country-life-movemnt, of
which Director Bailey has spoken to-night, is the most important prob-
lem which we have to face. We can not rest upon our natural re-
sources; if our children are to inherit the earth, progress is necessary.

HANDLING THE APPLE CROP

By C. J. TYSON, Floradale, Pa.

Before taking up the handling of the apple crop, as is my pur-
pose to do, I would say that I consider this one of the most profitable
crops to be grown on the farm; a crop, to the growing of which, many

246 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

parts of our State are well suited. Five hundred to one thousand
dollars per acre are not unusual gross returns, giving net figures of
more than fifty per cent. of these amounts. One eleven-year old Penn-
sylvania orchard, last year, returned over $250.00 per acre: this on
a 40-acre area. Another ochard twelve years old, gave nearly $400.00
per acre. We hear stories of the large profits from orchards on the
Pacific coast, where good orchard land is selling around $1,000.00
per acre. The figures given above were realized in our own State of
Pennsylvania, on land that a few years ago could have been bought
for $50.00 to $75.00 per acre. Not a particle better than thousands
of other acres in the State that may still be bought at these prices, or
less.

I hear some persons saying that too many trees are being planted.
and that very soon there will be no market for the great quantity of
apples produced. There need be no immediate fear of over-production
so long as we deyote ourselves to growing only good fruit. Someone
has said: “Apples will not be over-produced until every man, woman
and child in the land has all the apples he can use, and gets them at
a moderate price.” I believe that condition to be very far remote.

Handling the apple crop for home use probably need not be con-
sidered here, except that care against bruising, and protection from
evaporation will add much to apples intended for home consumption.
Apples wrapped in paper will keep much better than when not
wrapped. This is particularly true with high quality apples of the
Grimes Golden, Jonathan, Stayman Winesap type.

We shall consider the matter then from a commercial point of view:
and for this purpose, the orchard interests in any place should be on
a fairly large scale to give most satisfactory returns. I mean by this,
than an acre of orchard here, and another there, remote from other
interests, will probably be disappointing, unless a strictly retail trade
is to be supplied. There should he enough trees in a place to produce
at least one carload; and from that point up, the selling conditions
will improve as the quantitv increases. The reason for this is very
plain. Manv of us prefer to sell our fruit and produce for cash at the
loading station. The largest and hest cash buvers go only to neigh-
horhoods where large quantities of fruit or produce can be bought,
for the reason that expense of looking after small lots is too great,
consequently competition is greater, and better prices almost invari-
ablv are paid where fruit is plentiful. TI therefore recommend that
fruit growing be conducted either on a large scale by individuals, or
bv a community of small growers. Handling the apple crop is clean,
pleasant work, which anyone may engage in honorably. It affords
opportunity for careful, painstaking effort, and plenty of employment
for the brains of the operator. ‘

Tn the first place, we shall assume that the fruit has been well-
erown ; that the trees have heen pruned. so that each limb and branch
has room to bear its load of fruit without crowding or seriously shad-
ing anv other loaded branch. the centers open to admit sunlight, and
a free passage of air: that the tree and fruit have heen carefully and
thoroughly spraved for seale, if that pest is present. for codling moth,
which is alwavs present. and for the many fungus troubles of fruit and
foliage: that the trees have been well fed with a ration balanced to
meet their needs—a matter which only experiment in vour own or-
chard will decide; that the question of moisture has been carefully

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 247

seen to in the orchard by thorough cultivation where conditions will
permit, or by heavy mulching where the ground is too steep for culti-
vation; and that the fruit has been thinned when trees have set an
overload. This is a practice not generally followed in the Kast, and
yet when thinning will increase the value of apples fifty per cent.,
which the past season has proven, we may well look into it. Thinning
not only improves the size, but removes a working place for insects
and fungi, which operate between close-hanging fruits.

Shortly before starting to pick, all dropped fruit should be gathered
from the ground, and removed—partly to save it from decay and
trampling by the pickers, and partly that the later falling fruit shall
not be mixed with it.

Do not pick the apples too early. To my knowledge thousands of
barrels of apples are each year hurried from the trees and into market
in a green and immature condition, which interferes with selling at
full prices, and even affects the keeping quality of the fruit. Apples
should hang on the trees until they have attained nearly the full nor-
mal color for the variety, and until they can be picked without pulling
out stems or breaking off fruit spurs. Good, full color adds almost
one-half to the market value of an apple. This is not entirely a matter
of looks, either, for the consumer has learned that the matured apple
has a greater amount of sugar, consequently, better flavor, than a
green one.

Apples that are mature and well colored are found to scald in
storage much less readily than immature fruit. In this connection
many growers overlook the fact that apples grow wonderfully in the
last ten days before full maturity, adding bushels every day that they
so hang; much more than balancing the small loss that may occur
from dropping.

At this point we must consider the package. Large quantities of
western aprles have been coming to our markets in boxes, holding
about a bushel. In most of these boxed shipments each apple is care-
fully wrapped and placed in the box by hand. Other shippers do not
wrap; and still others lay a face only and pour in the balance of the
apples. Some eastern growers have tried box-packing in the past few
years, and are finding it decidely profitable. I strongly recommend
that more of our growers look into this method and try it, at least in
a small way. Personally I have had but limited experience in box-
packing, and shall not attempt any extended discussion of the process.

I must acknowledge that I do not share the opinion of some public
speakers and many writers, that the time is fast approaching when the
box will entirely replace the barrel as a package for apples. Indeed
I question whether the proportion of boxes to barrels will ever become
much greater than in the past season.

Owing to the greater cost of box-packing, this method is not profit-
able except in case of the best grades of fruit. Not all apples are good
enough for box-packing, and must be handled in some other way.
Moreover, box-packing is slower; and in the rush of handling a large
crop, it is not always practical, on account of time. Then, too, certain
trade demands apples in barrels, even the best grades. Especially is
this true of the Southern trade, which is now taking a great many
Pennsylvania apples.

The box has its place with the consumer who wishes to buy only
about one bushel of apples at a time, either through regular trade

248 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

channels or direct from the grower. This trade will undoubtedly
grow, but probably not out of proportion to the regular trade in
barreled apples. Many dealers who formerly bought boxed apples,
because of the uncertainty of barreled fruit, are learning that there
are growers of apples whose brands can be relied upon, and are now
buying eastern grown apples in barrels. They can get an equal
value at a lower price.

Do not understand me to say that I favor packing poor apples in
barrels, for I most emphatically do not. Poor stuff, barreled and put
up regularly on the market, in competition with good apples, has a
demoralizing effect on the whole market. The apple trade of the sea-
son of 1907-08 was a very good illustration of this point, where an al-
ready weak market was completely destroyed by being flooded with
thousands of barrels of poor apples. Similar conditions seriously hurt
the market the following season. In fact, certain sections have gained
such a reputation for barreling poor fruit that many years of fair deal-
ing will be required to set them right with buyers of apples.

It is much better to sell these low grades locally, if possible, to sup-
ply the small town trade from wagon, if the supply is small; or, if the
quantity is great, sell to cannery, fruit evaporator, or cider-mill. If
none of these give a satisfactory outlet, load the second grade stuff
in bulk cars and ship in that way. In recent years the market for
bulk apples has come to be a regular thing, and much of the cheap
trade in the cities is supplied in that way, without adding cost of
barrel package.

If two or more varieties of apples are to be shipped loose in the same
car, it is very important that they be divided by a wooden partition.
Attention to this point will often add one-third t6 the returns from
the car.

The ideal solution of this poor grade problem is, of course, to grow
up no low grade fruit, and we have not secured the best that our busi-
ness affords until we have closely approached this ideal. Lack of thor-
oughness in the things we already know is the reason why most of
us fall short in this respect.

In barrels, as in other packing, we should have in mind the safe and
satisfactory arrival of the fruit in the hands of the consumer or re-
tailer, not only its passage from our hands in exchange for a sum of
money. For, if we are in the fruit business to stay, either as grower
or dealer, no other kind of advertisement will go as far, or carry so
much weight, as well-graded and well-packed fruit, plainly branded
with the name and address of packer.

Then let us see that the fruit is handled carefully. It is not always
possible for us to control this matter absolutely; but it should be
watched all along the line.

Half-bushel, drop handle baskets, each provided with a light iron
hook to hang from ladder step or limb, will bruise the apples much
less than when picked into a bag. There are two reasons for this;
first, in the basket the apples lie where they fall, while in a bag they
are constantly moving over each other with every motion of the
picker’s body, resulting in many slight bruises, not noticeable in many
varieties, perhaps never in Ben Davis; but in most kinds detracting
greatly from the appearance of the fruit after being stored a little
while. Then, nearly always a few apples in such bag are bruised be-

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 249

tween the picker’s body and the ladder steps or limbs of the tree, to
such an extent that they must be discarded at once. I have had an
opportunity to watch this matter very carefully and it does work
out.

In picking apples, where trees are not too high, J like a step ladder.
A convenient height is eight or ten feet, and the ladder should be made
with but three legs, so as to stand solidly on uneven ground. For high
trees I use a ladder, the side rails of which come together in a point at
the top. This ladder can be pushed up between branches without knock
ing off fruit, and requires but one point of support at the upper end.
In picking apples from a tree heavily loaded with green fruit on the
under side of limbs, I am satisfied that it is entirely practical to make
two pickings; and that the green apples, left ten days or two weeks,
will improve enough in size and color to pay well for the extra work.
Picking should begin on the lowest limbs, and proceed upward. This
saves many apples from being knocked to the ground by pickers.

For barrel packing, if at all possible, the fruit should go directly
from tree to a packing or sorting table, and at once enter the barrel. If,
for any reason, this cannot be done, another course is open. Hither
pour carefully into bushel crates or into the barrels, which are to be
used later. Remove the heads and place them in the bottom of the
barrel; and lay a corrugated cap or paper cushion on top of the head,
to prevent cutting of the fruit. Then haul to the barn or packing
shed, and store till ready to barrel. Im this way all the available help
may be employed in picking; and the packing may be done on rainy
days. Neither boxes nor barrels should be made quite full.

Never, except under the most extreme necessity, pour into piles on
the ground. This will mean unnecessary bruising, a good deal of
decay and a lot more work every time.

The sorting table may be made in several ways. My preference is
for a frame of three by four stuff, six feet long by three feet wide, and
covered with burlap, canvas, old carpet, or any strong material which
will form the bottom of the table; faced all round with a board, which
extends an inch above the frame, to form an edge. This edge, with the
sag of canvas cover, gives capacity for two or three barrels of apples.
The table is supported by two trestles or by three barrels. It stands
as nearly level as may be, and each apple must be picked from the
table by hand. The operation is not a slow one. The operator, look-
ing before him sees one side of the fruit. He takes two apples in each
hand, (unless very large) and turns up the other side, then, with a
quick motion of the fingers, the grades are readily divided into their
respective baskets, at side and end of table. For this purpose a round
half-bushel, drop handle basket is best. This basket can be lowered
to the bottom of the barrel and then turned over by hand. I like this
method, because I belive more thorough culling and better grading
can be accomplished with less bruises than with any other form of
table.

Use good barrels, of full standard size, head 174 inches, bulge
circumference 64 inches, length of stave 284 inches. This is the stan-
dard New York apple barrel, and contains 7.026 cubic inches.

If possible, get barrels made from well dried staves, by expert
coopers. Green staves will dry out after filling, and leave the barvels
loose, while poorly made barrels will result in much vexatious delay

250 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

at a time when every moment must be made to count. The importance
of a neat substantial package is often overlooked. Avoid barrels made
with sawed staves, which gather dirt from the time they leave the
cooper; and often arrive at market in a dingy condition. Insist, also,
upon cut hoops of good quality, and upon clean white heading, pre-
ferably of some rather hard wood.

See that the croze, or groove, is cut to a good depth, and yet that the
ends of the staves are not cut off. Chestnut staves make a good, sub-
stantial barrel and are my preference. Elm is substantial and looks
well; but beware of willow, cottonwood, or any similar soft material
for staves. I speak strongly on this point, having had some costly ex-
perience.

The next operation is to cooper the barrel. Turn up the face or
head end, drive down the quarter hoop and put in two nails; tighten
the end hoop, and drive four nails, starting the nails near the upper
edge of the hoop and slanting them well toward the ends of the head-
ing. Use 14 inch polished cut nails for this purpose. Nail head-tiners,
which have first been soaked in water, across the ends of the heading,
using three or four # inch polished cut nails to each liner. Some per-
sons do not use head-liners, but it gives the barrel a more substantial
appearance and is required on export apples before they will be ac-
cepted by vessels at point of loading. A good deal of annoyance will
be avoided if liners are of good, tough material. Elm is probably best
with one edge rounded.

Liners need not be more than twelve inches long, greater length
being harder to put in place. Now, reverse the barrel, drive down and
nail the other quarter hoop; loosen the top hoop and remove the head.
Next comes the facing or lining paper, to protect the face oi ihe applies
from bruises and dirt. It may be a corrugated cardboard cap, laid
with smooth side next to apples; or it may be a simple white paner
cap, which keeps out dust and looks neat when the barre! is opened.
Handsome red fruit shows up nicely when a lace paper circle is used.

I believe in facing the barrel. When properly done it has the same
effect as a neat package or a handsome label. It helps to give the pur-
chaser a good first impression. The apples in the ‘‘face” should be
clean, bright specimens of about average size for the barrel. Un-
fortunately, the practice of facing is often abused, all of the fine large
specimens being selected for this purpose, and the balance of the
barre] filled with poor apples. In such cases the purpose is entirely
one of deception, and the good first impression gives away almost at
once to a feeling of anger and disgust, and a determination to buy no
more of your fruit.

The face should be laid in rings, beginning at the outside of the
barrel, and should be fitted as firmly as possible. A second layer is
usually placed by hand; then a basketful is turned on top to hold the
face from shaking. At this point, or sooner, the barrel should be stood
on a solid plank about a foot wide and two inches thick. As each sub-
sequent basket of apples is emptied, the barrel should be well jarred
down on the plank. When the barrel is full the top should be leveled
off and a ring of apples laid around the edge of the barrel. If the
apples have been thoroughly jarred down throughout the filling it will
not be necessary for the barrel to be filled much above the level of the
staves. A cushion head will help greatly in leveling and settling down
the apples.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 251

Putting in the head is the next operation, and for this purpose I
much prefer a screw press. It settles the apples gradually and allows
free use of both hands. ‘This end also is nailed with four cut nails
and secured with liners.

The barrel is then turned back and stenciled with the variety name.
In addition to this the packer should be willing to stand back of his
work, and should express this willingness by plainly branding each
barrel with his name and address. I have followed this practice for
several years and have found the results very satisfactory. This means
that nothing must go into the barrel that will fail to give value to the
man that pays his money for it.

A FORTUNE IN FIFTEEN YEARS, AND FRUIT THE FACTOR

By SHELDON FUNK, Boyertown, Pa.

Mr. Martin has kindly asked me to say a few words on this subject,
and the request coming so unexpected as it did has found me entirely
unprepared to talk before such an assemblage as we have here this
morning composed of the most prominent men in agriculture through-
out this great old State of Pennsylvania; and being sandwiched in be-
tween Mr. Tyson, the apple king of Pennsylvania, one one side and
Mr. Farnsworth, the peach king of Ohio, on the other side, I find my-
self not in the most pleasant position. I hope that you ladies and
gentlemen who are so much older both in age and experience will par-
don me for these meagre and very hasty remarks. In regards to my
talking upon the subject of “A Fortune in 15 Years, and Fruit the
Factor,” that is entirely beyond me because I have not made a fortune
and besides, being an unmarried man it has so fallen to my lot to re-
ceive the smiles of misfortune and not dame fortune.

Nevertheless, having been upon Dr. Funk’s place during these par-
ticular 15 years and having been associated with him during this time
I have become somewhat familiar with his methods and operations in
building up a most successful fruit orchard, and it is about these ex-
periences and these observations that I would ask you to bear with me
this morning for a few minutes.

{t is the concensus of opinion that apples are more profitable and
are better adapted to the general conditions than are peaches. First,
they don’t require as careful a handling, and then again the possibility
of being preserved for such a greater period of time it is not as easy to
glut our markets. You all know, however, that it requires from twice .
to five times as long for the apple tree to come into bearing as the
peach tree, and this period between the time that the apple tree is set
and the time that you harvest your first fruit is the period which the
majority of men of small means fear, and it is one of the problems
that must be solved in the apple orchard, that problem of supporting
the apple orchard until it comes into bearing. How grandfather

252 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

solved that problem was by using peach fillers which came into bearing
with us the third summer. I know a great many people claim, both in
this State and other states, that it is better to use apple fillers than
to use peach fillers. All well and good if they can solve that particu-
lar problem, then I say use apple fillers; but with us the placing of
apple fillers paid practically nothing upon the investment. We sup-
port the peach trees by planting potatoes between the rows the first
two years. After the second year we practice clean cultivation and
cultivate constantly from the beginning of spring until the middle of
July, depending on the weather conditions. In the apple orchard,
however, owing to the fact that it is situated on a very steep hill we
have thrown it into sod so as to prevent erosion.

Peaches so far have been very profitable with us. I cannot give you
the exact figures for last year’s operations. The prices were lower
than in some preceding years, but I think I am safe in saying that the
gross proceeds for the season averaged close to one dollar a basket.
Our transportation charges are five cents. We have a good and easily
accessible market in Reading. The picking, packing and hauling cost
seven or eight cents. Although this prunning, thinning, spraying and
cultivation costs considerable, you notwithstanding can easily see that
there is still a very handsome profit on your investment. Grandfather
has about 20 acres in apples. I think 14 or 15 years old and this last
year he had close to 900 barrels which realized him about $5,000 to-
gether with the pickups and culls; so that you can see that there again
is a very nice profit, and this orchard is just coming into its prime
and this year there promises to be a greatly increased yield.

Now one of the chief reasons, in my mind, for this success is the
fact that he thoroughly understands the fundamental principles of
fruit culture and carries them out to the minutest detail. Many a time
that good peach money went into that apple orchard and those trees
had to be treated just right; they had to be nursed through babyhood
until now they are becoming giants ready to bring forth their luscious
fruit and pay back in golden sheckles for the careful treatment they
received in younger. days. And therein, gentlemen, lies the fact why
there are so many failures not only in horticulture but in general
farming as well. If we would become a successful horticulturist it is
not sufficient that we know that if we put the tree into the ground and
if it receive a fair supply of rain it will grow and produce a large
tree and will bear beautiful fruit. No, we must know why that tree
grows and how it grows. We must carefully keep trace of the statis-
tics of this State and other states so that we may be able to determine
when we wish to plant an orchard what kind or class of fruit is going
to be in most demand in our locality.

After we have determined the class, we have to determine the par-
ticular varieties, the best adapted to our soil, climate and market con-
ditions. We have got to know what kind of fertilizer to use to pro-
duce the maximum quantity of that fruit. We have got to prune,
spray and cultivate it. In short, we have got to know all the funda-
mental principles covering the growth of that tree from the time it is
a sapling until it reaches mature age; and when we know these we
have a golden opportunity before us when we plant our orchard. Of
course, in this world there are all kinds of opportunities for some men
and none for others. For instance, I see a fertile field out here. If I

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 253

know nothing of farming that is no opportunity for me. I would
starve to death. If I am an ordinary farmer, practicing the same
methods as my remote ancestors, possibly I can make a living from
that field; but if I am a scientific farmer that field is a great oppor-
tunity for me and presents great possibilities. The other day in Har-
risburg one of the legislators seemingly ridiculed this farmers’ insti-
tute work, that there was too much theory in it. Gentlemen, I have
never been afraid that the majority of our farmers will get too much
theory into their practice. I think they should have more theory.
To make them think and sit down and work out the problems and try
a little bit of theory in their general farming operations. There are
too many things on which we do not have the whys and wherefores.
For instance, about this time of the year we fruit men are spraying for
codling moth and curculio. What would it avail us if we knew noth-
ing of the habits of life and the methods of control. It would avail us
nothing. And this, gentlemen, is the reason why some farmers are
able to make a success and other farmers make a failure. There is no
doubt a great opportunity in this old State of Pennsylvania, for the
right kind of men, for Pennsylvania is being stirred up along the lines
of horticulture such as never before, and if there is any one reason why
I am proud of being a Pennsylvanian it is because she is able to pro-
duce fruit of the highest quality and within the next decade she is
going to increase that fame until distancing all competitors.

HORTICULTURE: PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE

By W. W. FARNSWORTH, Waterville, 0.

This topic has a wide range because I did not know the character
of the audience I was to address. In coming here from Ohio yester-
day, speeding along past the farms and cities, my mind went back to
the time 75 years ago when my mother left this country, traveling
across the country to the Far West of Ohio in the old Conestoga
wagon, and I thought of the great changes in transportation since that
time and wondered if the agriculturists and horticulturists had kept
pace with improvements in other lines, and I thought possibly just a
few moments spent in looking over the advance in horticulture might
be of value to us in forming a little better analysis and arriving at a
better understanding of our conditions at the present time. That does
not mean that I am going to give you the history of the apple from the
Garden of Eden to date because most of us live in the present. But
we realize that in the early days of horticulture it was a simple matter
of planting and God did the rest and fruit throve luxuriously. All
that was necessary was to plant and harvest, and the market was un-
certain and unreliable; sometimes a little demand, but in the main
it was well supplied with the products of the farm orchard. Then
later there came a period when the insect and fungus enemies began
to arrive and we had no means of combating them. Horticulture was

254 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

shrouded with superstitious and foolish theories without any sense.or
foundation. Once in a while they hit it but oftener missed it. I re-
member about that time I was secretary of our State Horticultural
Society, and one of the questions which I put on the program was
this: “Will it pay to plant an apple orchard on land worth $100 an
acre?” and leading horticulturists of our State discussed this ques-
tion and decided it would not; that the apple crop was so uncertain
and when we received a crop the price was poor; that the part of wis-
dom was to plant lands of no value for anything else and what was
received would be clear gain. But at the present time we feel that the
best way to receive a profitable return from land worth one or two
hundred dollars an acre is to plant an apple orchard.

What has brought about this change? About the time I speak of
scientists, agriculturists and orchardists began to study these prob-
lems. They ‘began to realize the fallacy of laying down hard and fast
rules: such as sow your turnips on the 25th of July, and other falla-
cies; and they began to understand that we must study the underly-
ing principles and know more of the requirements of our trees and
then to try to provide these requirements under the most available
conditions, and the progress has been such in the last 15 to 20 years
that horticulture has risen from an occupation of uncertainty and
mystery and unsatisfaction and has now attained a state where it is
considered one of the safest and most profitable of commercial ven-
tures, and business men and men of all ranks and professions of the
city are beginning to realize not only its pleasures but its profits. I
think we had a splendid demonstration of that this morning and just
as soon as we have such a young man as Mr. Funk in every township
of Ohio and Pennsylvania then horticulture will make wonderful ad-
vance and will become one of the most profitable and interesting in-
dustries in our country.

We need more men who will study the needs of the trees. Dr.
Roberts, of Cornell, was once asked by a dairyman how a certain
ration or oes of foods would affect the dairy cow. His
answer was: “Don’t ask me; ask the cow.” We want our trees. It
is well pa to ask each other what food to give the orchard, but
after all we must ask the trees themselves; we must study nature
closer and watch the eifect on the trees. The experiment station and
agricultural society can make suggestions and can help wonderfully,
and I do not think anybody can attain the highest measure of success,
can do himself justice, unless he gets all the aid possible from them.
Life is too short to try to dig these things out for himself, but he must
take their suggestion and put them into practice. The experiment sta-
tion can give us the verdict but we have to execute it ourselves. We
must modify all their requisites to suit our individual cases.

I was much interested in the statement of Mr. Funk that while he
would not advise putting manure on the young peach orchard it was
all right later on when a particular case was cited. In handling the
peach orchard we must have a good growth early and cover crop later
in season. I am not afraid of excessive growth early in the season.
I have a bearing Elberta orchard, bearing moderately in 1909, and we
gave it a liberal application of manure from the steers sheds, re-
inforced with acid phosphate. We got a great crop in 1910. This year
we are putting on the manure again not on the young trees but the
mature trees, and haye another heavy crop on the trees; so if we say

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF -AGRICULTURE. 255

in a general way, use manure on your peach orchard and you don’t
use judgment it would do you greater harm than good. It would be
like the gentlemen who imagined he had many physical ailments and
he read all the circulars of patent medicines and all medical reports
and prescribed for himself, and a medical friend said: “I am afraid
if you are not careful some of these times you will die of a misprint.”
Some of those who are accepting all reports with an occasional mis-
print in them can realize what that means, and if we are going to take
these statements without analyzing them ourselves and questioning
whether they apply to our own needs, some of the trees and orchards
will die of a misprint.

We want to realize that there are certain requirements that all
trees have in order to succeed. One of the first of these is moisture.
Now to secure that moisture we must store up and utilize as much as
possible the natural rainfall, for I take it that irrigation is not to be
considered in this climate; in fact, I do not consider it necessary in
orchard culture; but if the soil is not naturally well drained it should
be underdrained thoroughly. This will not apply to all Pennsylvania
conditions, but it does with us because my orchard ground is thor-
oughly underdrained with tile three feet deep. We not only remove
the surplus water objectionable to the tree but build up an aerated
soil and reservoir to save and take up the moisture that falls during
the winter and spring and then by cultivation or mulching, for I use
both methods, we preserve that moisture for the use of the fruit, for
you realize that fruit is largely composed of moisture and we know
that the more water we can get into the peaches and pears the larger
the price we receive. There is another aid to storing moisture and
that is filling the soil with humus. We cannot get the best results in
fruit culture unless ye have a soil full of vegetable matter. This not
only adds a food value to the soil by adding that which is positively
plant food but it makes available the plant food already in the soil,
the manural elements of the soil and also fits it for storing a largely
increased amount of moisture for the needs of the tree and fruit dur-
ing its development.

There are various ways of securing this humus in the soil. No one
way is best fitted to all conditions and cases. Orchardists will follow
different methods. Now possibly to give you the greatest information
in the limited time I will occupy I might just briefly speak of my own
methods in this connection. Sometimes it may seem egotistical, but
after all we like to hear a man tell what he knows about rather than
theorize on what may be done or should be done. The life history of
my orchards may be divided into three classes or ages. First, the
young orchard for several years after planting. I mean apples, pears,
peaches, plums and cherries. We plant the young orchard and grow
other vegetables, potatoes usually or small fruits in it, and in the
small fruits we grow mostly strawberries and currants. I formerly
grew raspberries and blackberries in the orchard but don’t think they
they are quite as well adapted, and for the last few years am not grow-
ing blackberries or raspberries for the reason that the marketing of
them interferes with the harvest of our currants and cherries which
we find more satisfactory and more profitable. In the peach orchard
we grow nothing but potatoes. I have grown strawberries in the peach
orchard once or twice. The first year after strawberries are planted
it is a good crop for the peach although the strawberry wants to be

Mi.

256 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cultivated late in the season and there is a little danger, in excessively
rich ground in planting strawberries on the peach orchard, of forcing
a late growth the first year. But if you can avoid this you can safely
plant strawberries in the peach orchard, especially if you take the
plants away from the trees the next spring and then throw a liberal
amount of mulch up around the tree to preserve moisture. But it is
not an ideal crop for the peach orchard. We prefer potatoes the first
two years. After that we cultivate clean the forepart of the season
and how much and how late we cultivate depends on whether they
are making little or full growth. This, of course, you understand is
to preserve the moisture and make available the plant food.

So much for the peach. With the apple, pear and the plum es-
pecially we prefer to plant currants. We don’t want our whole acre-
age in currants; but on the richer ground we find them an ideal crop
to grow in the orchard. In other words, in the orchard where we
don’t plant currants we grow potatoes and strawberries and alternat-
ing, keeping this up for five or six years until the trees begin to bear
quite freely, not heavily, of course. Then we begin the second stage
of the life of the orchard, and this consists of cultivation and clover
crops, beginning as early in the spring as possible. This is where
many make a mistake, especially those divided between orcharding
and farming. We plant the corn and sow oats and then go in and
plow the orchard; and that corn crop may vield between $20 and $40
per acre and to get that in the best condition you are neglecting a
crop that may return you all the way from $400 to $1,000 an acre, as
Mr. Tyson and Mr. Funk have stated. The orchard needs that mois-
ture that is being lost every day the ground is not stirred, the orchard
needs that and will return better pay than the oats field or corn
field.

Work at the orchard first. There may be a little modification of
this in some instances. For instance, you have sand vetch growing in
the orchard,—and I consider that an ideal cover crop in many in-
stances,—if the orchard is reasonably young and not needing a heavy
supply of moisture, you will be justified in leaving that stand late,
for the sand vetch is not quite the ideal from the fact that the ideal
cover crop should make its growth in the fall, die down and be plowed
under in the spring. We have not found that ideal cover crop yet, but
sand vetch does not seem to rob the ground of moisture as rapidly in
the spring as other crops. If we let it stand a week or ten days later
than this and then plow under in our orchard the little moisture we
lost is compensated by the vast increase in fertility. I have another
orchard that I have rented, several miles from home where we can
not apply barnyard manure. We have not tried to grow anything in
it and this vear we are using soy beans. I have had the ground plowed
and will drill in soy beans in a few days. This orchard is planted 35
feet apart each way and the trees are young and we can grow a cover
crop during the coming seson. For a cover crop to occupy the ground
at this time of the vear I think there is nothing equal to soy beans.
We put them in with a grain drill, allowing every third hole to run
and cultivate with the sulky cultivator. That means cultivation of
the orchard through growing season and at the same time you are
growing a great deal of fertility there that is valuable. I believe as
a rule you can grow fertility in a young orchard cheaper than you
can buy it in sacks; I believe as a general rule you can do this. This

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 257

is the second stage of our orchard. Then in some of our orchards,
especially the apple orchards, where we made a mistake early in life
by planting too closely together, we have adopted the mulch method,
letting a little grass grow and hauling in old straw and corn stalks
and coarser manures, anything to make mulching material, and mulch-
ing those trees. If | had unlimited quantities of mulch I would pre-
fer that method to cultivation, as it answers the same purpose and has
the same advantage, but it requires a great amount of material, and I
think those situated on level ground where we can cultivate will find
cultivation better, although | have seen at the Ohio Experiment Sta-
tion their plots mulched have made better growths than the cultivated
plots; but on my own soil I have not got those results, so that where-
ever possible I practice clean cultivation. Perhaps that is enough
time spent on the cultivation.

Now just a word or two in regard to spraying. I feel we are learn-
ing new things every year about spraying. I believe we have been
taking these recommendations too generally without discriminating,
1 think, as to our own particular needs. We have not stopped to ask
whether we neeeded a fungicide or insecticide and have not been thor-
ough enough in application and prompt enough. I believe it will pay
every orchardist to use every means in his power to have plenty of
power and spraying material on hand, keep one or two extra outfits
on hand, so that if anything happens we can go on with the work to
advantage and at the right time and we must have outfits enough to
use the winds when just right. It is an advantage to give over three
spraying and four if possible. Last year I only gave two sprayings.
Don’t understand I am advising this. I would not advise it under
many conditions, but in our region we are not troubled with the bitter
rot and other fungii and when spraying through the dormant season
we spray for San Jose scale and scab, and that with us is sufficient ;
and then as soon as the blossoms fall we give another spraying, drench-
ing the trees from three or four sides with dilute lime-sulphur and ar-
senate of lead and then feel secure that our crop will be perfect. Last
year I had some careful tests made. Prof. Green and his assistants
conducted the experiments, and after being there a week he found less
than one-half of one per cent. of wormy apples. This was after one
spraying after the blossoms fell. That was not in old neglected or-
chard. I did not think it would be possible by the most diligent work
to secure these results the first season in such orchards. This was an
orchard sprayed for twenty years and in good condition to begin with.

There is another point that I think perhaps is not thoroughly under-
stood by some in the cultivation of the plum. We have some perfect
results in the cultivation of the plum in protecting them from the cur-
culio by spraying three or four times. Our method is simple. We
spray with the lime sulphur concentrated solution, 33’ Baume diluted
one to forty for plum, cherry and pear; add 2 pounds of arsenate
of lead to 50 gallons of the mixture. This was for the first spraying
after the blossoms fell. We prefer to spray the plums from one side
and then wait for three or four days and spray from the other side
and then again repeat. We have sprayed last year I think five times,
three times on the one side and two from the other. The second time
over we omit the lime-sulphur and use milk of lime in its stead with
the arsenate. There is cumulative effect of lime-sulphur when used

17—6—1911

258 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

once or twice successively and used with the same strength a half
dozen times in succession there is danger of injury from the left-over
accumulative effect and in order to ayvid this the second spraying we
omit the lime-sulphur. I spent half an hour yesterday looking through
our plum orchard and did not find a single plum showing the cureulio
mark. This year we have only sprayed three times. We had a full
set of plums and no signs of curculio and if a few should appear we
have plenty of fruit left. About the time the plums color we repeat
this process, using the same mixture and about the same number of
applications. The great bugaboo in plum culture has been the cur-
culio and rot. Last year we had practically no rot. I told my son
to count carefully all the plums that showed it. He packed 83 bushels
one day and reported he found three plums in the day’s picking had
any indications whatever. You know what that means.

Let me give you another lesson we learned last year, in regard to
thinning. We make a practice of thinning all our fruit and Jast year
after thinning the peaches we went into the plum orchard, thinning
all the orchard excepting the south half of two rows, then cherry pick-
ing came on and we did not get back to the plums for five or six weeks
when the rest of them were thinned. At picking time we found those
that were thinned early were easily fifty to seventy-five per cent.
larger than those thinned later, and when blooming time came this
spring where we did not expect fruit we found that the entire orchard
was full of bloom and set plenty of fruit except those two half rows
that were thinned late. They had nothing while the other end, the
same variety, thinned earlier, had plenty of bloom and set a heavy
crop of fruit.

Probably I might just as well speak of thinning here as later. I
think Mr. Tyson spoke of the advantage. I know the larger grower of
fruit will say it is impractical but it is not, it is much better to do it
early. The time to remove and pick off part of that fruit is from June
to July. Some thin up to October. Suppose you have a tree with
10,000 apples on and it should not have over 5,000, which is the easier
and better? to pick 5,000 of the small ones of early and then in the
fall pick off 5,000 good first class apples that will bring good prices
and please the customer; or to leave them all on and have them all of
an inferior size and quality to pick off in the fall if they have not
broken the tree or prematurely fallen. Thinning makes less work in
the whole and is more profitable. I spoke of 10,000. I wonder if you
ever counted the number of apples on a tree? Last year when the
thinning test was being made they counted the apples taken from one
Grimes Golden 23 years old. They removed at least 5,000 and still
left too many on for a good big crop; another tree they removed 6,500
from.

Just a few words in regard to the marketing and picking and I will
leave the rest of the time for questions and discussion, for I believe
that is the most valuable part of the meeting. We can only under-
take in these scattering remarks to hit the mountains, but when you
ask the questions I know the information you are after and I may be
able to give some. I was glad to listen to Mr. Tyson’s remarks in re-
gard to handling fruit. I believe more people fail in gathering and
inarketing them in growing and especially is this true with those
whose education is largely as farmers. It does not require much skill

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 259

to grow a crop of wheat or corn and haul it to the elevator. Another
thing, there is not an awful margin between No. 2 and No. 3; and that
is one of the reasons why skill and excellence and care pays a larger
premium in growing fruit. To begin with, to harvest a crop properly,
we must have the fruit well grown; it must be thinned and as early as
possible after the June drop, for every day that the fruit remains on
these trees it is sapping that much of the energy and vitality of the
tree that should be preserved to perfect these specimens left.

We find it a decided advantage to have varieties and succession of
fruit. One of these advantages is you can keep the uniform help
throughout the season. The most of our fruit is sold to grocers and
consumers; very little through commission men. We get up a trade
and hold it, starting with strawberries and lasting the entire season.
We have early apples, peaches, pears and plums, so that it is a con-
tinuous performance from the time the strawberry begins until next
spring when the last storage apples are gone; and having trained
help we get better work and more careful work, because the steady
employment will improve them. The question was asked in regard to
preventing the scars pinched with the ends of the fingers. There is
nothing that helps as much as object lessons. I had some new pickers
one year and we started on Grimes Golden which shows the bruises
rapidly. I picked up half dozen apples which were picked with the
ends of the fingers and | told the pickers to look at them the next day.
The result was a little black spot. ‘That meant a great deal more to
them than any words | could express. I think it pays to make a point.
We had two or three peach trees in the sour cherry orchard and not
spraying the sour cherries for scale we neglected the peach trees and
the result was we had a lot of curled leaves. I took occasion to
call the attention of the new men to it and the old men too. It don’t
hurt any of us to be reminded of what we know, and there is no way
in the world that you can impress the importance of things I think
as by showing the results. I think one of the things the apple growers
want to do is to grow apples of quality and the next thing is to get
them direct to the consumer with as few go-betweens as possible. This
won’t apply to all. Those who are growing large quantities of apples
in a commercial way, who don’t do anything else and have not the
transportation to reach the consumers direct will do better to sell in
carload quantities. But there are a great many of us who could do
better by Storing our own fruit and going direct to the consumer, and
that will appeal to the consumer and customer and will be likely to
get more for you. That is the opening for the Eastern apple, and if
Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York will live up to the opportunities in
this direction and take pains and care to grow the best they can grow
and put them on the market in distinctive packages and with a dis-
tinctive label so that the customer may know when he gets them and
realizes that they come from Pennsylvania, Ohio or New York, we
can drive out the Western apple from our market; and we must edu-
cate those who know quality by appearance only, because we can beat
them in quality and very nearly equal them in appearance; and if we
put in the orchards the skill and expense that the Western grower
does, we have the market at our door which will take up firsts, seconds
and everything. I have solved this problem by building a cold storage
house in which the apples are stored as soon as gathered, all the win-
ter apples being put in there without sorting, and, by the way if you

260 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

thin the apples there will not be much sorting to do and if carefully
handled very few bruised ones. I think it was Mr. Tyson who spoke of
the value of color. The apple that should be red and is not red is of
no value to me. We are 15 miles from Toledo so that we supply the
leading grocers there on orders. ‘They phone in their orders twice a
week for 20 to 40 baskets and they are freshed packed and covered
with netting; and especially in that case we find that an apple with-
out color not only has no flavor but has no appearance. in many in-
stances I leave the apples hang on the trees, not picking them too
early. Possibly in some instances they keep better in common storage
if picked early but not in cold storage. An apple should be allowed
to hang on until it ripens and colors up, and if sprayed thoroughly
you will not have so many rotten, and if free from worms you will
not have many to drop.

In regard to the discussion on fillers that was brought out—this is
a kind of scattering talk—we have found the Rome Beauty one
of our best fillers. ‘he Wagener is good but with us the Rome Beauty
is a better apple and sells better, while the quality is not equal to
Wagoner; and I have been using this method of using Rome Beauty
and Jonathan. I had 25 to 30 dwarf apples I set out 18 years ago
and they did not bear any more than the standard trees. We have
now only 12 or 15 left, and judging from my experience | would not
use the dwarf apple. I have no use for the peach as a filler, for the
simple reason it would be difficult to spray the one without interfering
with the other. I know some do it. My plan is this: I plant my per-
manent trees 40 feet apart each way and right in the center of the
square I put another of the permanent varieties. That means just as
many more of the permanent trees. Then I put in between the fillers
until I have my trees 20 feet apart each way. That requires a little
care in the selection of varieties and in management and pruning. It
would not be wise to plant Baldwins or any of those slow growing
varieties 20 feet apart because before they bore you would have to
chop down part of them. I can take any young orchard and by the
wrong kind of pruning and wrong time of pruning I can keep that or-
chard from bearing fruit for five years longer than its normal period.
Cutting off too many of these lateral branches and pruning too vigor-
ously will check bearing and promote wood growth. I would not go
to the other extreme of not doing any pruning at all. If I do prune I
take pains in shaping my young apple tree. \Ve don’t do much prun-
ing for afew years. You are not going to get such an excessive growth
as to require a great deal of pruning after you have got them bearing.
The peach is a tree that requires continuous pruning and a good deal
of it; but in the case of the apple, pear, plum and cherry we try to do
just as little as possible. They say sour cherries don’t need any prun-
ing. You know sour cherries will throw out a multitude of fine
branches that cross in the centre of the tree. These intercrossing
limbs must be kept cut out.

I believe that most of us will find it advisable to grow as nearly as
posible a succession of fruits covering the entire season, fruits of good
quality. We have a wonderful advantage over our Western competi-
tors in having the markets at our doors, and while they grow fruit
that will not bear transportation we can let the fruit ripen on the
tree, handle it with care, grade it carefully and meet them every time.
If you have No. 2, mark them No. 2. Grade them carefully and put

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 261

your mark on them. Every package of our fruit bears a pink slip with
our name and device, a four leaf clover, and that stands back of it as
a guarantee. We thought it did not amount to much until last fall.
We ran out of slips and we sent out peaches without them and the
next day we got notice from one of our dealers that they did not want
us to send any more without the pink slips. He lost a sale because
a lady thought he was trying to bunco her. We have pride in our
name and reputation and if you put your name on it and build up a
reputation it is not a question of getting the money for your goods.
It is simply a question of getting enough good quality fruit to supply
the demand.

SYMPOSIUM: MANAGEMENT OF FARMERS’
INSTITUTES

DEPUTY SECRETARY MARTIN: Mr. Chairman, Friends and
Fellow Workers: You must not think when | hold up this manu-
script that 1 am going to read it all to you. We have here in a con-
densed and tabulated form the attendance at all the institutes that
were held last winter in Pennsylvania; not only the attendance, but
the number of State Lecturers who attended these meetings, the num-
ber of local peopie who addressed these institutes, the number of ses-
sions that were held, where they were beld in the different counties
and the attendance by session by two and one day institutes, and the
attendance by counties, the final summing up of the attendance in the
entire State; hence | have brought this tabulated manuscript with me
in case questions might arise relative to the work in the different coun-
ties that we could not have this manuscript for reference in that
event. I might say that last year’s work with the institutes has
marked what we might call the highwater mark. The attendance was
greater than ever before. The interest manifested, so far as reports
have come to me, was never so intense as last year. Indeed, farmers
and other citizens, men in business vocations and in other callings
have manifested an interest in the development of agriculture not
heretofore known or heard of and the requests we receive at the office
for additional institutes and movable schools are such as shows to me
and to you the work is on the increase everywhere. You might be in
terested to know something of the attendance in some of the counties
in Pennsylvania. ‘The attendance ranges from 1,000 to 14,685. The
county this year having the largest attendance is the county in
which we are now holding this Normal Meeting, the County of Lan-
caster. No word of mine could in any manner do justice or credit to
the standing of this great county amongst the farming communities of
the world. It stands out as the one county showing an example of
thrift and prosperity and agricultural advancement excelled by no
county in the history of the world, and hence we are proud to hold our
Annual Meeting amongst farmers of such great excellence and ad-

262 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

vancement. Lancaster county had 14,685 people in attendance; at all
their sessions. Then the next county is York, with 11,715; then the
County of Tioga, 7,180; Schuylkill, 4,785; of Montgomery, 5,560; In-
diana, 4,485; Dauphin, 4,790; Chester, 5,265; and the County of Brad-
ford, 4,225 ; and of Berks, 4,083. The counties that | have enumerated
are those having the largest attendance. Now when | say the largest
attendance I don’t want to be understood as saying that they gave
the largest attendance in proportion to their number of farms or popu-
lation. You know that there are some counties in Pennsylvania with
a population of but a very few thousand that have given an attendance
practically equal to the number of farms; that is, proportionately
equal to the others, and in some cases excelling, in proportion to the
number of farms in that county, by considerable. Thus you see we are
only enumerating this great attendance as phenomenal, but if we were
to analyze this attendance we would possibly develop the fact that in
some of those counties which have only two and three day sessions the
attendance in proportion to the population would be greater than
Lancaster county.

You are possibly interested in some of the subdivisions of the work,
and hence we have some data here that ought to be of interest to you.
These meetings have been divided into some four subdivisions. We
have what is known as the Special Institute. These Special Institutes
have grown up within the last two or three years, in which the far-
mers’ organizations, the farmers’ unions, farmers’ clubs, local granges,
in different parts of the State are exceedingly anxious to procure in-
structors along a certain line of farm operations. A correspondence
is developed with the Department through which we send to these
various localities one or two instructors, joining with the locality in
the development of this work, and hence we call these meetings Spe-
cial Institutes, joining with the local people both in the development
of their community and their institutes in this direction. Now there
were in attendance at these Special Institutes last vear 10,576. At the
Regular Institutes, the institutes that have been scheduled regularly
in our bulletin, the attendance was 162,809. Then we have still an-
other division of this work that is rapidly developing in Pennsylvania,
and of no mean importance, I refer to Harvest Home Picnics. You
know one of the grandest things and probably one of the best organi-
zations that we have in Pennsylvania for developing the social side of
farm life are these Harvest Home Picnics. There the farmer and his
wife, sons and daughters, the young and the old people of the terri-
tory, coming from ‘niles and ‘miles, assemble together out in some
beautiful grove, and in lieu of spending that time in amusements that
would be worthless and unprofitable they have invited the Department
to join with them and send lecturers in order to devote at least two
hours of the day to the development of the great work upon their
farms, and we join with them in that work and so far as means and
speakers are available we have afforded the same, and at these Harvest
Home meetings last year our speakers addressed over 20,000 people.
There is also another division of the Farmers’ Institute work that I
will refer to and that is what is known as our Movable Institute
Schools. These Movable Schools were held last year in the following
counties: Potter, Warren, York, Lackawanna, Columbia, Venango,
Erie, Crawford, Westmoreland, Chester and Lehigh. I stop for a
moment for a word in reference to these Movable Schools. No one of

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 263

these schools was held at the last season occupying less time than four
days. In the County of Columbia, where there were two of these
schools held, there were eight days of Movable Institute Schools.
These meetings differ from the ordinary Farmers’ Institutes in that
they take time to deliberate and develop a certain line of subjects.
Thus far we have taken up for the past two years three distinct
branches of operations carried on by the farmers of Pennsylvania,
namely, and possibly of first importance, the dairy interest. You know
the importance of this is a vast interest in Pennsylvania, and do you
know, my fellow farmers, to increase that nearly a million of dairy
cows in Pennsylvania it would possibly be a financial advantage to the
owners of the same if one-third of these cows were to-day turned off
to the butcher and the balance stabled, fed and cared for as the most
approved methods of the day in which we live would teach. In these
schools there is demonstration means of instruction. The Babcock
test in learning of the butter fat contents, for instance; and in most
of the places certain members of the class take hold of this work and
learn quite readily how to handle that little implement that tells so
much as to the profit or loss the dairyman is receiving from each of
his cows if he will only follow its direction. Indeed, in many of
these cases not only is the Babcock test used but the churn was ac-
tually brought into these meetings and the butter churned and they
figured out the contents as to butter making in the lessons given. You
listened yesterday to the excellent instruction given by one of our lady
butter makers in Pennsylvania, developed along exactly the same line;
and hence the importance of this cannot be made too emphatic. The
profit to be attained from the dairy interesis of the State to-day, my
fellow workers, depends upon the manner in which each and every cow
is handled and our efforts is to develop greater profit from them.

Now again the other two lines taken up in this schooi work are
poultry and horticulture: Horticulture requires a line of cultivation
to develop the growth of the tree and fruit from the soil of Pennsyl-
vania and by reason of its peculiar conditions is indeed tending to de-
velop probably the highest type of manhood, and hence we employ the
best experts that we can procure to develop lessons in the various
and most important lines in selection of the trees the selection of the
plot for the orchard, the planting, cultivation, harvesting of the fruits
and the marketing of the same.

And then again the last of the three lessons developed at these
movable schools is that of poultry. We are just beginning to realize,
my friends, the possibilities, the reasonable business possibilities and
profits that can be attained in poultry lines. Indeed, the best figures
that I can procure from Pennsylvania for last year are that from the
sale of eggs alone in the State of Pennsylvania over $20,000,000 were
procured. That says nothing about the value of the poultry, the value
of the poultry buildings and the money invested in all these things,
I am guaranteed in saying that there has not been developed a greater
profit for the money invested in poultry in either the cow or the or-
chard. So we are developing along in these movable schools, teaching
the most approved methods in the modified class form. They seem to
be rapidly taking fast hold on the farmers of Pennsylvania. I have
many requests for movable schools in several of the counties where
they have not yet been held and most of the counties that has had
schools within the last two years are to-day asking for same the com-
ing season.

264 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

I should say here, lest I forget, that counties desiring the movable
school (this is for the County Chairmen) when they make their report
requesting and naming the places where the regular institute is to be
held, should in that same circular, make the request for a school at
the same time, and naming the place, I can assure you in just so far

as the means at our disposal are available the counties asking for -

these schools will get them, providing the conditions under which they
are attained are observed. One of the conditions is that we would not
send a movable school anywhere in Pennsylvania unless twenty men
or women sign a paper agreeing to attend all the sessions of that
school. Now I believe that is right. We are not searching for some
place where 5,000 or 6,000 people will attend. That is very encourag-
ing indeed. In fact there are many of these schools where the attend-
ance has been so great that we had to cast aside the question of class
observation entirely and develop in more general manner the work.
But a class of 20 in any given locality in Pennsylvania, young men or
old men and women, who will come there with a full determination
to arrive at a proper conclusion on the matters of the development of
the interest in which they are engaged, are a sufficient number to
guarantee a school, and we believe if we can get 20 men and women
in a locality so earnest that thev will come for three or four days in
the week to take in and absorb the lessons developed there. the object
lessons standing out in that community practically are to have better
agriculture.

Now, my friends, I believe the program said that I would open this
discussion. J think I have occupied my full time.

DR. CONARD: Do you have the attendance at the schools?

DEPUTY SECRETARY MARTIN: TI forgot that. May I read it
now. At these movable schools last year there was an attendance of
16,198.

Now let us sum up a little and see just what our attendance was.
Total attendance, Special Institutes, Movable Schools, Regular Insti-
tutes, Harvest Home Meetings, 209, 383 people attending last year.
The days of Regular Institutes scheduled in our Bulletin were 395
days; the days of Special Institutes, 24; days of Movable Schools, 58.
We had $18,000 to expend on lecturers and hall rent at Regular and
Special Institutes, of which we held 477 days. You know it costs
something for these things. We have looked over the records of many
of the states, and I challenge any state to show us a record that will
excel ours, when all things are considered, for economy of work. These
institutes include hall rent, everything connected with the work in
the different localities, including the expenses and per diem pay of all
instructors, and everything is $35.00 per day all considered. Many of
the states are not higher than $50.00 and when we come to consider
the character of the instructors and the character of the instruction,
have reason to feel proud of the record of 1910-11.

In addition to this we hold annually our Normal Institute, the same

neeting as we have it here. Meetings of this character cost us a little
less than $8,000 all told. There are other expenses connected with this
work, such as local postage and work of that kind, about $500. So
that for the $22,500 that we have had to expend this last year we have
accomplished such splendid results.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 265

Now, my friends, we have devoted this afternoon session to the de-
velopment of the great work. Here before me are the County Chair-
men of Institutes and I want to say a word about that, gentlemen. I
can think of no number of men anywhere that for the past twelve
years have accomplished more disinterested, generous work than those
men, without pay. An impression sometimes goes abroad over Penn-
sylvania that these fellows that have charge of institutes in the coun-
ties somehow or other get a pull. I want to say to you men now, you
were invited to Harrisburg two or three days ago and the strength of
your argument before that Appropriation Committee was such that I
could say to them that here is a body of men that for the past 12
years have devoted about a month of their lives each year to the ad-
vancement of agricultural interests without a cent of pay. That
closed the mouths of all parties for it is the truth, and the plain un-
varnished truth, and they listened to you and they heard your argu-
ments.

I want to say something more. The strength of these Farmers‘ In-
stitutes in Pennsylvania is just disinterested work of such broad-
minded men, who have been willing to do it because of the interest
they have had in it for the last 26 years. I hope the time will come,
and it will come and you men will show forth your strength in Penn-
sylvania to get what is rightly coming to you, that you should be
worthy of your hire in this matter.

And now just a word to these other gentlemen and ladies. One of
the things that we hope to develop in the future to a greater extent
than has already been developed is that of women’s work at these in-
stitutes. I am proud to say that we have in Pennsylvania in this in-
stitute work a corps of lady workers efficient and faithful to all the
trusts wherein they have been trusted. They have gone forth over
Pennsylvania through storm, cold, sunshine and cloud, teaching and
meeting with the people, with the women and with the ladies, de-
veloping the questions of household economics, sanitation, education
and teaching the development of home life; of all which I am very
proud, and hope the day will soon come when we can go to the law
making power,—and demand something practical, equal that given to
the regular farmers institutes, for the development of women’s work
on the farm and in the home. It is coming. Now the men workers,
we have a corps of over 70 instructors in Pennsylvania. The State
College and Experiment Station has, so far as the duties of their
strenuous work would permit, sent out their very best instructors to
join with us in this great work, and I express here and now my
hearty thanks to that great institution that is doing so much for agri-
culture in Pennsylvania and for the work they are accomplishing with
us in this State. And the other men who are engaged outside of them
are men almost universally who have by actual practice upon their
farms and by their research connected with that developed full success
in certain lines of agriculture; men of mature iudgment and delibera-
tion, sent forth in Pennsylvania to develop with the farmers of this
State the highest order and conditions of agriculture. If there is any
one thing T have reason to be more proud of than another it is that
the Pennsylvania Farmers’ Institutes have an organization of men in
every county who are actually engaged in farming with their sleeves
rolled up, and that we have a corps of instructors of ripe experience
and actual practice upon the farms of Pennsylvania, and men of deep

266 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

scientific research in agriculture, chemistry and botany as applied to
agriculture. Thus we hope and expect that as the years pass on
greater development, more thorough instruction in all of its lines will
be developed.

Now, my friends, I shall not talk any more. It is your time to talk,
to develop any questions that may come before you. I thank you for
your attention.

MR. STOUT: I don’t want to force myself upon the audience as
the first speaker or one who has superior knowledge, but while I sat
here this forenoon I thought out a few lines that I noted down on
this paper and now whether I will be able to read them or not remains
to be seen. But listening to these discussions, some things have sug-
gested themselves that I noted down. While it seems like thrashing
over old straw it is likely there is some grain left in the chaff.

Continuing of the same opinion that I entertained and expressed at
previous meetings, it may be profitable to repeat that the theory that
the farmers in general have been neglecting the elementary in agri-
culture is not well founded. There is too much catering to the class
of agriculturists who have great estates and incomes to devote to
ornamentation and display. To present glowing pictures of mansions,
lawns, poultry plants, model farm buildings, costing hundreds of
thousands, is neither edifying or instructive to the average farmer who
must depend upon his own efforts with no other resources than that
taken out of the soil by his hands and his family’s. The beautiful pic-
tures presented by Dr. Hunt of the Alpine scenes, the towering moun-
tains and glaciers presented to our view, we might desire to mount the
high pinnacles of those glaciers, but we cannot. They are like the
glowing pictures and discussions of some of our institute lecturers
whose practical experiences consists of a view from a distance. Our
schools are classified so as to reach all ages and conditions and it may
be advisable to obtain two kinds of instructors; one group to instruct
agriculturists and another to visit rural districts, cross road villages
and isolated sections where primitive conditions prevail. In order to
overcome some of the inconveniences encountered in this work it may
be advisable for the Department to furnish conveyances on the order
of the old Conestoga wagons or prairie schooners, supplied with some
beds, blankets and robes and such conveniences as may suggest them-
selves while on the itinerary going from one place to another, and thus
avoid the theoretical work of farmers’ institutes. There has been
complaint about institute speakers compounding the situation where
large audiences had assembled at night to hear the discussions, and
because the accommodations were limited and not equal to those fur-
nished in the cities at $3.00 a day houses the lecturers went away with-
out carrying out the program. These are a few of the views I enter-
tain and if the Department can use any of these suggestions to im-
prove the agricultural instruction of rural communities they are wel-
come to them.

MR. KAHLER: Mr. Chairman, our worthy Director has given us
a lot of statistics showing the development and improvement in insti-
tute work. It is easy to make assertions. Now | think it is our busi-
ness to give our ideas whether the institute is improving or retrograd-
ing. I have had the honor and misfortune of being an institute mana-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 267

ger for twelve to fifteen years, and I am not saying this to the detri-
ment of the men who were doing it before that. The point I want to
make is, are we going uphill or downhill. I think it would be a good
thing for all of us men to show that up. There is an Act of Assembly
that says we shall publish when we shall have a meeting in our re-
spective counties to receive applications for holding institutes. I sup-
posed when I was first elected that I would meet a lot of fellows there
and I met myself there a great many times and nobody else; nobody
there at all. Now in the last two or three years if I don’t go to the
Court House at all to hear the applications I would have about three
times as many as I could accept, by letter; and for the last two or
three years in our county they don’t only wait for that but they send
a delegation to press, “give us an institute now.” I can see it in what
little time I have devoted in other counties, comparing it with twelve
years ago when you would see a lot of fellows, four or five retired far-
mers probably come to the meeting, flat headed fellows that had left
the farm. The men that we wanted to reach were not there, as a rule.
At night we would have a full house, have to get a big house to ac-
commodate them. Most of them came there—it is a place to go to see
your best girl and all that sort of thing—but if it was not funny it
would not amount to anything. Half the people have no idea in the
first place of the institute work, what it was like or its purpose. I
often think about it. I was sent to a certain portion of this State to
an institute at one time and, to use the farmer’s phrase, I was off in
my feed. I played my part of it and went back to the hotel. It was
a fairly good community, too. I sat down there and after awhile a
gentlemen in the office, a commercial traveler, said to another gentle-
men of the same kind who had just come in: “Well, James, where have
you been?” “Oh, I was down here to a meeting. I have been travel-
ing over this country and every once in a while I see a great deal
about the farmers’ meeting, a great outpouring of farmers. I had no
idea what a farmers’ institute would be, so I had a little leisure and
I thought I would drop in and see what was doing at the farmers’
meeting.” “Well, what is it like?” “Very poor meeting,” he says.
“T vot in there,” he says, “and there was a-big six foot huckster talk-
ing to a lot of people about feeding calves.. Don’t that beat you?” he
said. I think some of our men have as poor an idea of what the pur-
pose of our institute is as he had. But I don’t want to take up your
time, but I want to say that a great deal is in our hands to advertise.
We have a blue print of what is to do and it depends a good deal upon
the men to work that out. It is not doing what some of us would like
to see it do. I had a conversation once with a friend of mine, a minis-
ter. He says, “I have been paying a great deal of attention to farmers’
institute work. Is it doing any good?” “Well, I hope it is; probably
not as much as we would like but we are not discouraged in the mat-
ter.” He said, “I cannot see that it has accomplished anything.” I
said, “I would like to ask you a question.” I said, “You are a minis-
ter of the gospel. Do you convert all the people you talk to?” “No.”
“Do you get discouraged and give up the business then? Don’t you
put on more stress every evening to impress your people to do what
they already know than to give them any other information?” If you
can make an impression in any community along your line of work
on two or three men who have a good influence it will spread and you
will soon see a widespread interest and I hope it will go on.

268 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. SHUEY: I have a point that I would ask the Department to
look after for the coming year; that is the clover question. Now we
all know that we are lacking in growing clover as we used to twenty
years ago and I have asked. some of the lecturers that have been to
my county on that very point and they would not give me the answer
I wanted. They claimed that clover froze out. But it don’t. There is
something the matter with the clover, something working with the
roots and it is dying off in the fields. I would like if the Department
would get someone at work to examine that and in the next winter’s
lectures to have some competent persons to explain that and whether
it could be prevented or not. That is one of our important points that
we need in Pennsylvania, to keep clover more than one year.

And as the advancement that is made in the institutes in the coun-
ties, | must say for our small county that since these farmers’ insti-
tutes are started—I guess I was one of the first that attended institute
in our county. I know we held institute with six persons present
when we started in first. Now it is sometimes difficult to get a hall
large enough, especially in the evening, to hold the people all. And
there is a great advancement made in every part of the agricultural
lins in Lebanon county and especially in the fruit lines. We have
some few persons that took hold of it that I don’t think can be beat
in the State of Pennsylvania. They bring the best quality of fruit
and make it their business to study up and have the scientific frist
put in the market.

MR. STOUT: I want to answer the question that he brings up in
regard to this clover. We had that discussion up at our institute last
winter. There is a little insect called the clover root borer. I gathered
some and exhibited them up in Blair county and I found them at
home earlier in the season. About this time they have escaped and
are laying their fresh brood on the young clover now growing and
they practically destroy the clover crop that has stood for one year,
and it is a question whether it is a benefit to have it destroyed, because
I think it is better to have it plowed down for the coming year.

MR. J. ALDUS HERR: I have a few suggestions for our county.
While our institutes have grown and are growing rapidly, yet the
needs of our county I think are different from those of most of the
counties in the State. What we would like to have would be persons
who come here as speakers to be practical men, men who are practical
cattle feeders. That is one of the main objects. We as a county feed
cattle, what we call stockers, ready for the block. We want practical
tobacco men. We have some but we need more. And we want more
good men who are practical corn growers. These are essentials which
right in our county confront all of us as farmers, and unless the men
or speakers can appear before the audience and give their practical
experiences and results I am afraid their labors ‘Will be futile here,
with all due despect to the men whom you have sent here. We have
made advances and if you go out over our fields you will find we are
trying to improve as fast as we can, but we want practical men.

“Another thing that is growing here within the last four years when
we had our first exhibits at our institutes. Last winter we had over
1,250 exhibits. At one of the meetings we had to hire an adjoining

~ ae

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 269

hall to put the poultry exhibits in. We had a great exhibition. Now,
if you can, would it not be possible to send us speakers that are versed
in these different lines, who can score the different exhibits accord-
ing to their merits and, if you please, have the person who grew them
or exhibited them explain to the audience how they were procured.
We can get the people, and there is not any doubt with a little push
and with my assistance and Mr. Hibshman’s we can make the insti-
tutes of Lancaster county a miniature winter fair, with the speakers
coming here capable of awarding the merits of the different exhibits
that we bring here. 1 don’t doubt it in the least that we can get the
different halls we have for our audiences two-thirds filled with ex-
hibits. There is nothing so instructive or that inspires a person so
much as to see the living object right before him. (Applause).

MR. PEACHEY: Mr. Chairman, what I am going to say I think
will be more directly in favor of the farmers’ institute lecturers’ busi-
ness than what it will be with reference to the work that is to be done
at the institutes. 1 don’t want my portico to get bigger than my
house. For that reason I want to tell you that the thing I am in-
terested in is getting rid of that Saturday evening institute session,
and I know that some of them will shake their heads. It don’t make
any difference. I have seen them shake their heads before, but I know
this and I am going to talk it from the standpoint of the institute
lecturer that has been on the road all winter and not several weeks dur-
ing the winter, and I am going to tell you that it grows mighty mo-
notonous to work six days in the week and do your work and take it
as it comes, which sometimes is pretty rough and was even last winter
in one or two districts of a certain section of the State where you were
required then to sleep in a place where you should not sleep and on
Sunday morning take the train and travel thirty or thirty-five miles
and stop at another hotel and then in the afternoon, towards evening
start again and get to a place a little late at night and next morning
get up for the 6. 30 trolley and travel along to a station and then ride

eight miles out in the cold to get to the institute on Monday morning.
I am going to say right here ‘that it is an imposition upon the mem-
bers of the institute force and you may as well use plain terms be-
cause I want to be understood. I tell you that reminds me of a young
man and lady that were going together and she had been somewhat
tanned and sunburned and she said the hide on her hands and face
were not just what she would like. The young man said she should not
say hide; she should say skin. He said that is more proper. Then
they went to church. The hymn was announced, “Hide me, Oh, My
Saviour, Hide me;” and the young lady began to sing “Skin me, Oh my
Saviour skin me.” And so I want to say a this that when you are
subjected to such things as that it comes near to “skin me, oh my
Saviour skin me,” working in the institute ees that way and I would
rather “hide me, oh my Saviour hide me,” in a hotel over Sunday than
do that kind of work. Now then you understand my position. Some
of them come up and tell me, “we have got to have that Saturday eve-
ning session in order to make up our numbers.” Why these numbers
on Saturday evening might be all farm people or they might be all
people that came to be entertained, and I know that I have tried to
entertain them. And so I am interested in that from the fact that it

270 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

saps the vitality out of the farmers’ institute lecturer to work six days
in the week and then travel on the seventh, and I want to know why
we cannot use all the commandments just as well as a few of them. ii
believe that six days belongs to us as farmers institute lecturers, but
[ don’t believe that we ought to work the seventh, and last night Dr.
Bailey in his talk here spoke about the religion of the men on the
farm, and I think we ought to take care of that on Sunday; and I am
going to say right here as I said before, that it is not doing justice to
the { farmers’ institute lecturer to require him to travel then. If you
are going to have that Saturday evening session have it at the place
where the institute lecturers can get in a hotel on Saturday night and
have what he ought to have, and that is good accommodations over
Sunday; and I am going to tell you this, that I have a lot of sympathy
for that farmers’ institute lecturer that is running away from these
meetings on Saturday night in order to get to a good hotel on Sunday,
from the fact that I believe that it belongs to him. Sometimes, [ am
going to say this; that as I look at the county, we commence at the
wrong end, and I have traveled as much as eighteen to twenty miles
after Saturday night’s session to get to a place on Sunday, and I know
others have done it. Now I don’t know the sentiment of the institute
lecturers but I know the sentiment of some of them. I don’t know
the sentiment of the farmers’ institute managers with reference to
this, but I know that of some of them, and I know that some of them
have been very careful along this line and have endeavored also to ar-
range these affairs so that following a Saturday night meeting we
were at a place where we could stop. Another story: You know a
man was sick and he was very sick and just suddenly he became a
little bit better. He did not know where he was. He woke up and
said to his wife: “Oh, I feel so good. Am I in heaven?” “Oh no; I
am with you yet; I am still with you;” she said. Well now, if we
cannot get to that heaven of a good hotel on Saturday night to remain
on Sunday, why please don’t have the other end just as bad as it has
been made for us sometimes.

Another thing I want to say: Last winter some of my mail went
wrong. The folks at home did not know where I was and I know
some of them cared. I knew where they were and I could write to
them. We have that rural mail all over the country and it is a good
thing all right. But if they don’t know where to write to because
sometimes the places of holding farmers’ institutes have been changed
to what the bulletin says and these things want to be right. I tell
you it is a hard life to be hauled over the country under such condi-
tions and I don’t want to do work under such conditions and more
than that, I am not going to very long; and so far as that Saturday

night is concerned I am going to tell you here, county chairmen, I
oni you to do your best a a you have done your best I am going
to do all I can possible for the institute work and there is no man
here dare say I ever shirked my duty along the line of institute work
or ran away from institute work when I was needed, and I am work-
ing for the best interest of that farmers’ institute work; but if you
are going to hold me out late on Saturday night, away from civiliza-
tion “and good hotels, you are going to be badly disappointed about
four or five o’clock if there is a livery team anywhere near to get me
out, because I am going to get those hotel accommodations and look

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 271

after the business because Sunday is mine. It belongs to me and if
you want to hold me and have me to work on Sunday I want you to
pay me, and when you pay me I want double pay just as they do in
many other instances where they require a man to work on Sunday. I
hope I have made myself understood. (Applause).

MR. BOND: I just want to say that I have never been affected
with fear of accommodations or sickness. If I was I would carry my
medicine chest along or quit the business.

MR. WOODWARD: I have a very warm and sincere sympathy
with the criticism that Mr. Peachey has made. I believe he is abso-
lutely right. It has been a long time since I have been on the institute
roster. I concluded that the audiences of Pennsylvania had enough
of me and I dropped out. Since then I have not given it attention ex-
cept in my own county and I appreciate very much what he said. I
had the same experience when I was in the work and I appreciate it
so much that in my annual conventions I take pains to avoid the con-
ditions that he objects to in my own county. There are two methods
by which it can be avoided. I have practiced them both at some places
and at other times separately. The speakers need relief. It is a hard
burden upon their physical constitution, six days and six nights in
the work and they do work six nights, and the average institute
workers, the better ones of them at least, make an average of fourteen
or fifteen speeches a week. They are worn and weary and they need
comfortable places where they can get a bath and hot and cold water
and a warm room to sleep and retire, a warm room to write home and
bring up reports. I do not critcize the Department for making the pro-
gram out, but sometimes [ think it would have been better if it could
have been placed otherwise, but I am not acquainted with the condi-
tions that the Department has to contend with. I may name the places
four our own county and the Department takes up sixty-seven counties
divided into sections and in establishing the itinerary for each section
has to make an economic use of the funds as can be and I have no
criticisms of that. But when I find that the speakers are to be in
my county in places that are out of the way and where inconvenient
or impractical for them to spend the Sabbath, where there are no good
hotel accommodations—you may say yes but there are farmers will
take them in and treat them to the best they have and as one of family,
but he is not at home, not at liberty. He wants to go to the best hotel
where he can write and rest and be comfortable. I know from a long
experience. JI provide for it by arranging to have three sessions on
Friday and two on Saturday, eliminating the Saturday night meeting
entirely in order to give them a chance to get away if I can or if neces-
sary, I arrange that the State speakers be relieved from the Saturday
night meeting and that the local speakers take up the work. One of
them may be compelled to remain, but I take every means in my power
to relieve them of what I know from personal experience of long years
absolutely unfits them to do justice to institute work. It is hard work
and no man can be expected to work six days and travel the seventh
and be fit to go in for another week. And I say, without reference to
the Department, that it lies in the hands of the county institute mana-
gers to relieve them to a large degree. I have not succeeded in doing

18

272 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

away with the Saturday night session entirely in my county but I
have succeeded in relieving them in that way in my county so that
there is no complaints at all.

DEPUTY SECRETARY MARTIN: Just for a moment. I have
learned that a gentleman very largely interested in good roads is
present and can only be here for a few moment, Dr. McCaskey. The
audience will listen to him for the few moments in reference to some
things he has to say on this subject. You know we just passed a reso-
lution this forenoon and unanimously referred it to the Legislature re-
garding good roads; and Dr. McCaskey can only be present for a few
moments and we will suspend this discussion for that length of time
in order that we may be favored with the remarks of Dr. McCaskey.

DR. McCASKEY: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of this Institute:
This road question seems to me to be almost as important as the
various ways we try to figure out raising cattle and avoiding disease
in our crops, because if you don’t have a good way to get your stuff
to where you can sell it, why the expense of transporting our products
is going to eat up a good bit of the extra profit you make by knowing
how to grow and improve our stock. When I was asked to come here
to-day I felt that I did not have any particular message to give, be-
cause you men know as well as I what we are up against on this road
proposition. The thing is, how are we going to better it? That is the
point we have to decide. Now there are several ways and the first and
most important way is for each one of us in our own sphere to ask
ourselves what we can do where we live, in our own circle, our own
Senate. That is what I did. I am a country physician. I am not a
road maker by scientific study. I simply am a practical road super-
visor, because I asked myself that question: ‘What can I do in my
own county, on my roads in my township, under the antagonism of
my section? And here is how I got into it. There is a road called
the Witmer Road one and one-half miles long, made of earth, just or-
dinary glue when the frost is coming out of the ground. My practice
called me over that road five or six times a day. I drove it both by
horses and auto. All efforts to get that road improved were of no
avail. The road was like this: Hollow in the middle, high on the
sides, full of deep sink holes. Sometimes you would sink half ways
down to the axle. There were rough rocks sticking in the road and no
efforts made to drain it. After every storm the water lay there for a
week or ten days. I asked my supervisors nicely and as politely as I
could to fix it. I said: “Gentlemen, I am up against this proposition.
T want you to do something. Won’t you please?” Well all I got:
“We will do something later on; we have no money now.” All right.
1] waited and waited and got back at them again. Nothing doing. So
I got tired. I said, “Well, will you give me permission to repair this
road, if vou cannot?” I got the permission of two of the supervisors
out of the three composing the board of supervisors. Well, I got a
drag from the Lancaster Automobile Club, by the way, they furnished
drags for nothing to anybody that would use them. I got a drag and
started to drag this road to improve it. I did not know much about the
principles of dragging and the first time that I dragged it, it was soft
and that night it froze and made it a little rough for a day or two, but

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 273

after the frost gradually came out I kept at it and dragged that road
for several months and finally got it in such shape it was passable
and respectable and it was a good road. I paid the bill myself. It
did not amount to more than a few dollars. The supervisors then had
a roadmaster and he did not like this. It was in his territory and he
felt the reflection. It struck him that nobody should take some of his
responsible from him and make improvement. If that man would only
have been too glad not to bother about it. He didn‘t, so I did. They
waited on me and said: “Doctor, you got to cut this out. You are
damaging the road.” Well, they could not show where I had damaged
the road and, as I had the official consent of two members of the Board
of Supervisors, I said: “Gentlemen, this road has got to be fixed and
I got your consent and I am going to go ahead and fix it. It is up to
me.” J put it up to them and went ahead and dragged the road and
got in it good shape and by the middle of May, just about this time,
the Supervisors came to Lancaster and they swore out a warrant.
They had an injunction served on me for injuring the road and they
had that injunction served by the local constable and stopped me from
my right which I used and which was improving their own township
property. Well, of course, after the injunction I cut it out but the
road was fixed, at least passable. But I wanted to know why these
men had secured this injunction, just like any of you men, if they
would come to your door and say you can’t do it. You want them to
show you. So I brought these supervisors right into this court room.
The witness box is right here, and I made them tell the court why the
injunction should not be dissolved. They had their witnesses and I
had mine. I had the farmers that lived along the road for thirty
years, and we had pictures of the road before anything was done to it
and after I had used the drag on it. We showed these photographs
to the court. We had men testify that knew the road before and after;
took the testimony down by means of the court stenographer and the
court reserved decision for a period of a month or two and then they
made a decree to the effect that the wrong legal procedure had been
taken and so of course the thing fell at once. But I used what the
court stenographer had written down and published it, what these
men said. I.printed that and distributed it all over the township
so that the farmers could ascertain the truth, just what
was said by the road officials and the farmers who used
the road and by myself who fixed the road, and the out-
come, gentlemen, was very clear. Just like it would be in
your own county. Where everybody knows the truth and the facts
there is a general verdict. I ran for supervisor and I was elected and
that is how I happen to be in the road business. This is what con-
fronts all of us whether road officials or not. It is what each one of
us can do in our own way. If you have a bad hole in front of your
house or gate and cannot get it fixed why go out and fix it yourself.
See your supervisors first, consult with them, see if they won’t help
you, see if they won?t permit you to help them out and, rather than
wait, after you have gotten power, go out and fix it yourself. There
are lots and lots of ways to help in this road proposition. The ladies
that go to church with their husbands, the children that go to school,
the farmers that have to haul their lumber and oats and wheat have to
use these roads. When you strike a bad place don’t only say it ought

18—-6—1911

274 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to be fixed. Take out a piece of paper and pencil and write down just
where that bad hole is and submit it to the road officials and tell them
that this thing has been under your observation and that you would
like it fixed and see what they are going to do about it. If they say
they will do it when they can, that is not the thing. You want to find
out what day the repairs will be made and make it your business to be
there on that day and if nobody shows us, find out why they don’t
show up. This may be a rather strenuous policy, but it is the only
way I find you get your road improvements. And gentlemen just re-
member this, that this road proposition depends on us a great deal
more than it depends on the Legislature. For example: Mr. Jones,
of Susquehanna county, introduced the Jones dirt road bill. He
asked three million dollars appropriation for the use of each of our
townships so that we could get fifty cents on the dollar for every
township that had a cash tax. What happens? Why the Jones bill
got knocked in the head and it is almost down and out. And it came
out of conference last night there was five hundred thousand dollars
to be awarded to the Jones bill for two years, two hundred and fifty
thousand dollars a year for this great State with 4,500 townships.
Why, look at it.

I am sure, members of this Institute, that this is a pleasure and I
trust that you will not forget that it is just as important to have the
transportation roads between the places you grow your stuff and sell
it, that it is just as important to have these roads improved, and you
have a part to play in it, as you know how to sell your stuff at a profit
or how to grow it successfully. (Applause).

MR. RANDALL: This is my first attendance on an institute of
this kind and I am very grateful that the good Director had fixed the
institute in the place he had because as I came down over the hills
in my own county and came down to Lancaster county with her vine-
clad hills and beautiful valleys and noticed her beautiful farms and
came down into her city and got acquainted with her people. | found
that she was rich not only in agricultural lines, rich not only in the
beauty of her country, but rich in her proverbial hospitality that
makes it a pleasure for people to come and have people to meet.

So I say that in coming here to-day I have no criticism to make
upon the way institutes have been conducted. I agree with the gentle-
men that has spoken about the bad and hard times they have, because
they can testify, if they wanted to, that have been in my county or
traveled over the hills on Sabbath day twenty to twenty-five miles. I
appreciate that, and sympathize with them on that question because
I don’t believe in working on the Sabbath day, and I don’t believe that
men ought to be compelled to work on the Sabbath day, and I deplore
the necessity of having an institute on Saturday night at a place
twenty-five miles out; but when we have it at home we have the court
house and then I prefer to have the meeting on some other night be-
cause people do not want to come in on Saturday night. I think it is
better and I think it is necessary for the lecturers that they should
have time to rest and to write and to go to church on Sabbath day in-
stead of riding over the hills. Now the Director has done good work
in fixing the institutes. He has sent lecturers both ladies and gentle-
men, and they have done excellent work and cannot be criticized for the
work done, because the work shows it self and that is proof. Our far-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 275

mers,—of course, we are living in a small county. Our farmers have
cleared up their farms and are farming scientifically since the farmers’
institutes started and put a little money in the bank besides.

Now I want to tell you that I was going to ask the Director to give
us a little more, but when I came to Harrisburg I was knocked out
because the appropriation was going to be cut down and we would
get less than we get now. What a wonderful thing that would be!
To curtail the business of the farmers of this State, to cut down the
appropriations that are used to teach the farmers that which they
want to know and what they must know if they succeed in arriving
at the top of the ladder. I heard last night a lecture on “What is the
matter with the Pennsylvania Farmers.” I say one thing wrong in
Pennsylvania in my estimation is that they don’t stand shoulder to
shoulder and say to their Legislature we want our share of the money
appropriated in this State and we want it put to the greatest advan-
tage and best advantage that it can be put, the agricultural interests
of Pennsylvania. Everyone knows it is a great interest. Why we
boast in our county of our oil and gas and down here you have your
iron and coal, but there is none of them compare with the lessons in
agriculture, but still they go into the Legislature and get by some
plans or other larger appropriations for most anything along these
lines while the farmers get small amounts appropriated to agricul-
ture. Can that be remedied? Yes, it can be remedied by standing
shoulder to shoulder, by doing just as they do; give them to under-
stand we have to have that and are going to get it. Just yesterday
they appropriated and opened up a way where they can spend ten mil-
lion dollars to extend the Capitol by appropriating $250,000 now.
Yes, it is a good bit, and I want to tell you that men passing over the
afternoon of life will never live to see the end of it. That ten or fifteen
million dollars will be spent of the State’s money to carry that out
and if there is no more money for agriculture they will spend that. I
say that ought to be broken up.

Another thing, there are some appropriations ought to be made to
go to the counties to reduce the local taxation which we know
bothers us more than anything else. Now the Legislature in its
wisdom thought that we should not have the right to vote upon the
question or should not submit the question of local option. They say
you cannot have the privilege of voting upon it. Now sir I say if they
are to fasten that upon us, if they are bound to give the saloon, these
primary schools of the devil, full sway, that we should have the money
derived from them to be devoted to agricultural interests in the State
of Pennsylvania; every dollar of it. Now if we put our shoulders to
the wheel, I tell you if we pull together they will listen to you. I
have been there myself. I ama Missouri man. that is, vou think [ am.
We can fetch it as sure as we are here to day by working together and
in the right direction and make them appropriate enough money for
agricultural purposes. We can appreciate and increase the benefits
by experiment stations and State College and Farmers Institutes,
sending out bulletins and putting the information into use and there
should be enough money appropriated and sent to carry out all of
these things and I say we can do it.

Now one thing more. I want to make a suggestion. I have no
criticism to make of the county institutes. They are doing noble

276 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

work. But it occurred to me, Mr. Chairman, that the itinerary of the
speakers should be arranged, could be so arranged throughout the
State so that they would have their Sabbath rest and let them come
back to the Normal Institute the following year and let the leaders
make a report, written or oral and have it printed in the proceedings
of this convention and have them let the people see what progress has
been made in the counties and wherever there is anything necessary
to be remedied let them state it and if it hits us poor county chairmen
all right, we will stand it. If that could be done and the itinerary so
arranged that these good men that come around and assist us and do
such good work could make a report to this convention and have it
printed, then we could tell how we were progressing. Because we
must progress. We cannot stand still. We must, as the gentleman
said last night, go to the top of the ladder. We must go on and if that
would do it I only make the suggestion for your consideration, and
if that can be done it seems to me there will be a little more know-
ledge of the facts as to whether we are progressing or not.

MR. LIGHTY: Ladies and Gentlemen; J want first of all to
make a plea for our county chairmen. Perhaps it was said before
but it will bear repetition. I want to say that I would like anyone to
go through the State of Pennsylvania and try to find a better, a nobler
and a more honorable body of men than the men who have charge
locally of the farmers’ institutes in the counties of the State of Penn-
sylvania. They have treated me royally from one end of the State to
the other. Brother Herr says that I have never been in his county. I
know that the brother is a cantankerous fellow and I have kept out of
ite

I want to make the plea that Brother Peachey made. I think there
should be a clear understanding about that matter. I want to say te
you, my friends, that I don’t believe up to this time I ever found a
man who could do seven days work in a week and continue it more
than about two weeks until he was out of commission so he was un-
able to do real good work. I made it a rule for the past two years not
to do any labor on the Sabbath day, particularly when I was in the
institute work, and I want to tell you, my friends, that the county
chairmen, not only one of them—I look at one just now, Brother
Glover, went out of his way quite a distance to get some men to come
and take charge of the Saturday afternoon and evening sessions to
let the State lecturers get out and get a little rest, and every county
chairman made strenuous effort to do this because before I started out
in the work last fall I just kindly requested that they make arrange-
ments so that the State lecturers could have the Sabbath rest. I be-
lieve that we should try to give the greatest good to the largest num-
bers. I believe, my friends, that there are places in the State of Penn-
sylvania w here it is necessary to hold Saturday evening sessions. I
believe that you have got to get the people out to do the missionary
work and that you have got to hold a Saturday evening session and
there is lots of territory in Pennsylvania where there is missionary
work needed and we cannot do the missionary work unless we get the
people out so that we can talk to them face to face, and Saturday
evening is the only evening we can get them out. In the older places
where I have been and where they. are more up-to-date there is no

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 277

trouble at all to get them out anv day in the week or any time, but I
believe there are places where we should hold the Saturday evening
session and under these conditions I am still willing to do a little
work if it must be, for the good of the cause, on Saturday night. But
I want every county chairman to use every influence in his power to
eliminate that Saturday evening session and to do it, please, so that
the lecturers can find a place that will correspond with the descrip-
tion that Colonel Woodward gave a few minutes ago. When I am
at my own home, when I do a good day’s work, I usually take a hot
bath in the evening before I try to rest. If I go out into some parts
of the State of Pennsylvania I do not find in that hotel even that one
bath room that Dr. Hunt spoke about that they had over there at the
hotel in Germany. Don’t find even the one, so I have to wait until
Saturday night and I tell vou I go pretty soon for the bath on Satur-
day night and if I cannot have that bath on Saturday night I cannot
keep the Sabbath day holy.

MR. BLYHOLHER: We have heard considerable about the Sat-
urday evening meeting now and I think it is a matter that resolves it-
self entirely into the hands of the county managers. I do not believe
that it would be wise for us to pass a resolution here to eliminate the
Saturday evening meetings. As the last speaker has said, there are
localities and places where I think it is just as necessary to hold the
Saturday evening meeting as there is in any place, but I do think that
if the county chairmen use the proper discretion and judgment that
they can provide and so arrange the meetings in their counties so that
these men will have comfortable places to rest after the Saturday
meeting, over the following Sunday, without violating the Sabbath
so very much if they don’t want to. Now I have done this on one or
two occasions: TI conferred by writing to our Director of the meet-
ings. I found that as the dates were set in the book I would be com-
pelled to travel a greater distance and have ny men out in the county
on a Saturday evening where we could not secure that entertainment
and bath that they deserved, so with his permission just changed the
dates of meetings and therefore found places so that they could rest
over the Sabbath day and go to church, too. I hope they did. I al-
ways advised them to do so. So that I think it is a matter that we
ought to refer, and I am glad this discussion came up and I am sure
every county chairman here will take this home with them and ar-
range accordingly ; so I would not have the managers adopt any strong
rule on this matter not to have a Saturday evening meeting because
there are localities where we can reach the people on Saturday eve-
ning where we could not reach them at other times.

There are other things to talk about. It is all well and good to in-
struct the farmers in the matter of producing more and making two
blades of grass grow where but one grew before, but it is just as im-
portant to instruct him in other matters affecting his welfare, and one
of the live questions that I think he should be instructed in is on the
taxation question, to show the people of the State just exactly where
the farmers of the State stand in the matter of taxation, and I want
to say before this institute that this is one of the live questions for us
and for the instructors and lecturers to show to the farmers just ex-
actly what position they occupy on the taxation question and I think

278 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

it is something that will wake up the farmers and the farmers’ insti-
tutes if they stand up and speak on that question and it may be so
that we will have equal taxation on all classes of property in Pennsyl-
vania. Many of them will stand up and make that assertion; so that
I hope in the future that question will be taken up by the instructors
and that they will study the question and find out exactly what taxa-
tion is placed on each class of property in this State.

Then the school question ought to be discussed more. I think there
are vital changes that ought to be made in our country schools and by
discussing matters in farmers’ institutes we can arrive at some con-
clusion and the farmers will be benefited. So I would say that is an-
other of the questions that ought to be taught.

Another thing that ought to be taught—I hesitate not to make the
assertion right here although my good brother right in my rear stands
at the head of one of the greatest farmers’ organization in this sec-
tion—I want to say that the farmers’ institute lecturers ought to
teach the farmers to stand together when they go into this organiza-
tion or that organization or whatever, and show the power of organi-
zation and what can be done if the farmers stand together, which we
had a lesson of on Monday afternoon. So that I say that is another
question that ought to be talked up in the institute, the power of or-
ganization and the power of standing together and why that power is
necessary.

These are a few things that on the spur of the moment occur to my
mind that ought to be taught in these farmers’ institutes.

MR. BARNITZ: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: While these
gentlemen were speaking I was trying to find out how much religion
I had left after travelling around on Sunday. It was particularly
hard on the preachers and our corps of lecturers had two preachers
in it and it was a little bit new to us but we were somewhat relieved
in the matter. The chairmen had heard that there were preachers in
the crowd so that the congregations very kindly arranged for us to
preach in the towns where we stayed Sundays. Now I did a great deal
of thinking while Mr. Peachey was talking and I want to say that I
know thai it was all conscience for I remember out at Tioga when I
was sick in bed on Sunday that he and Mr. Fassett pulled me out of
bed and made me go to church, and the next Sunday Mr. Peachey hap-
pened to be sick and I pulled him out of bed and made him go to
church, and that second Sunday though we fellows had to travel that
day. There were three of us. We attended three church services and
I had the pleasure of preaching once. When I went home the people
wanted to know what sort of fellows I had travelled with. I said,
good men. What did you do on Sabbath? I said, last Sabbath we
went to church three times; we heard three different preachers. And
J want to say that I am proud to hear such a discussion here, for I
want to say it sort of stretches a fellow’s conscience away out until
there is not very much temper left in it when he has travelled’ here
and there on Sabbath day, and especially a preacher who was in
charge of a church at home and had another minister filling his pulpit.
IT wish that could be in some way arranged. It is a very difficult ques-
tion to decide, but it ought to be for our comfort and for our con-
science. Isn’t that true?

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 279

I was thinking of the county chairmen ac the institutes I attender.
and how nicely they treated us fellows. I suggested to some county
chairmen the unnecessary questions that were handed in that killed
so much time, and I want to advocate here this afternoon the written
questions. I don’t know how you feel about that but I find that there
is lots more hot air in the written question than the question than
the question that a man thinks over before he sends it in. There is
a whole lot of unnecessary questions. I remember one lecturer was
kept on his feet an hour and a half. Seeds here—is that so? Lots
of questions that he had answered in his talk and questions that would
not have been asked if they had been handed in to the Chairman, and
then the Chairman had a conscience and left out the foolish questions.
Now a preacher on a lecture corps in a certain sense is in an unenvi-
able position. You ought to have seen. We were consulted about all
sorts of questions. One lady wanted to know why it was that there
were two preachers on that lecture corps and they didn’t open the
exercises with prayer. I felt like saying: “My good sister, come right
back here if you need prayer so bad and I will pray for you.” That was
a question that came up many times, the question of prayer, and I
had the privilege of solving it pretty often for when the regular
preacher was not there the preacher on the lecture corps was put into
service. You have been reading about these trials for heresy. I want
to say here that I do not believe it is necessary to open farmers’ insti-
tutes with prayer. You may have your opinions of that but I have
mine. It is a matter of business. I advocate that the people ought to
do their praying before they get there and back their prayer with their
hustling for the farmers’ institute. Just as in a church that I took
charge of not long ago. I walked down and I said, “Now we will take
the offering,” and when the plates were returned they stopped for me
to offer prayer over the collection and I didn’t offer it. I said, “My
friends, we won’t have a prayer over the collections.” I said, “It
would not matter how eloquently nor how long I offered prayer, it
would not make that collection any larger and it would not go any
farther and what is more, if there are any here who have not given to
their ability it would not excuse their conscience.” I had to leave out
some of the questions that came in, and we all laughed, and I believe
in a good hearty laugh and good jokes in our talks. As I say, the
preacher is in a somewhat unenviable position. He is advertised too
much. Why everytime I got up to talk on chickens the chairman
would say, ““Now this man knows all about chickens. He is a preacher
and he is full of chicken.” Well, you ought to see the questions. Here
was a lady sent a question up to me saying: “I have just had a pro-
posal of marriage and it came from a man who is not a Christian.
Would vou advise a woman who is a Christian to marry a man who is
not a Christian?” I saw the preacher sitting over in the other corner.
I said: “I am running a chicken ranch. I will refer it to this
preacher over here;” and I walked over and he got scared and he said
he hesitated. I said: “I guess I will have to answer this.” I told
that lady she had better marry him quick for it might be her last
chance.

I want to emphasize what this brother said about Sunday. We are
away off from our homes and the comforts of our homes in most

280 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

places, and what is more we want to go to services and have the rest
so that we can enjoy the church services and do our duty as Christians
as well as lecturers.

MR. KERRICK: I have no fault to find under the present direce-
tion of our county institute management. I do not know but Brother
Peachey might be insinuating on me; still | am not positive. 1 want
to say for brother Peachey and my friend Cornman and Preacher
Cox, they did very efficient work in bradford county.

It seems to me that we have been far from the question this after
noon, how are we to benefit or better the institute? IL am not pre-
pared to say. I think, as has been stated by my friends over on the
right, that what we want is to stand together shoulder to shoulder
apd let the people in the State know that the farmers mean to stand
by their organization. When the members of the agricultural socie-
ties and members of the State Board, the Grange, the Farmers Alli-
ance, all acting together, come down to the Capitol of this great Com-
monwealth united, shoulder to shoulder, the members of that Legista-
ture will understand that we mean business. We are coming to that,
I think, ladies and gentlemen, and i want to congratulate my friend,
Brother Martin, for the success that he has made out of this agricul-
tural society. We had the honor of having him with us in Bradford
county and the people remember the lecturer and the Director with a
great deal of respect. I assure you, ladies and gentlemen, that the
work in Bradford county has resulted for good and I am asked from
different parts of my county for more institutes, showing that we need
more money in the great Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to run these
institutes so that we can get to the people. Now, gentlemen, let us
get down a little closer to the question. 1 would like to hear from
some of these older members. I don’t know how we might better con-
ditions. The thing to do is to get direct to the farmer and get him up
to the institute, get him interested in the discussions, in the rations
that we feed to the cow and how to produce more corn, more
wheat, and so forth. That is what we want to try to do and in
managing that matter, if we work it right, we can get them all in-
terested.

As far as Brother Peachey’s Saturday evening matter is concerned,
I think if he had a good helpmate that there would be no trouble
about Saturday evening. Ladies and gentlemen, I thank you.

PROF. MENGES: Mr. Chairman, I don’t think that we have dis-
cussed the subject this afternoon but a number of things have come
up here that I think we ought to bring to a point. The first thing is
the Saturday evening session. I don’t think that any of the institute
managers want to eliminate the Saturday evening session. I know I
don’t. I would be mighty glad to get rid of it. That is all right.
But if it is for the good of the cause I am willing to sacrifice a whole
lot for the cause. That is my idea about it. Now then here is one
thing that I have been thinking about it:—Mr. Blyholder brought out
the idea—-That very often we are away out there somewhere in the cor-
ner of the county; no railroad; no hotel; and the only possible way of
getting out of that place is to drive away on Sunday. I have travelled
last winter—one time we drove 24 miles on Sunday morning. I don’t

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 281

know exactly who to blame. If I knew I would say a little
more. I don’t know exactly who to blame. I had a notion
that if the managers of the institutes and the county
chairmen would get together—TI better put that this way: if the mana-
gers of the county institutes of the sections, if they would get to-
gether and start the itinerary at one end of the county and from that
county to the next county and in that way have it so arranged that
when Saturday night comes these men can be in a place where there .
are hotels or railroad facilities to get away to hotels, I believe that
could be arranged; if the chairmen of the counties of the sections
would get together with the manager of the institutes and simply
mark out an intinerary from the beginning of the institute to the end
of them, that they could manipulate it in such a way that all these dif-
ficulties that Mr. Peachey is finding fault with, and that I sometimes
growl] about, and Mr. Lighty don’t like, and the rest of the fellows
walk away from when we want to stay, I say I believe that that thing
could be arranged and managed so these difficulties could be done
away with. I am not ready to offer a resolution but I believe the
chairmen of the various sections in the State ought to get together
with the county chairmen and make out the itinerary from one end to
the other so that we can be put to that place where there is comfort
and the possibility to get away if we want to.

The CHAIRMAN: We will have to limit each and every speaker to
five minutes.

Mr. Shuey made one,reference here that I would like to answer if
I may be permitted. I am one of the men that is here to say, and I
have said it before at these meetings, I don’t want any county chair-
man to serve without pay. If any men in the State of Pennsylvania
deserve pay for the services they do and the services that are telling,
it is the county chairmen of the farmers’ institutes of the State, and
I say they deserve pay.

MR. JOEL A. HERR: Mr. Chairman, I am sorry to say what I
have to say. I believe the object of the meeting was to talk about or
have a conference on the farmers’ institutes, the better manner of con-
ducting them and how to make the best institute; but we have drifted
about and have been talking about the subject of Sunday work and
the hardships we have to endure and these very fellows are tumbling
all over each other to get on the institute force. I don’t know whether
that is correct or not. I want to say we ought to come down to the
subject, how best to conduct an institute and get success; the impres-
sions we leave on the people is what we want to know and instructions
in the management of our county institutes. I am not going to make
a long speech. We want to impress the people with the importance of
our calling. That is the first and foremost thought that ought to be
brought out before the farmers’ institute, to teach the farmer to re-
spect himself and his business, and if we don’t do that nobody else
will respect us. This is the first and most important point to make.
In order to do that we must speak respectfully of our calling; we must
show how to make it more agreeable, how more convenient, how to bet-
ter our home conditions and circumstances of our assistants and make
it more desirable to keep the boys and girls on the farm and to make
farming the great business it ought to be. We ought to learn to co-

282 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc,

operate with each other and to help each other; and all these things
could be brought about by the farmers’ institutes. There is a great
scope of work for the farmers’ institutes to do, and the question nar-
rows itself down to each community, what shall we do that will result
in the greatest good for our community.

I have nothing to say about the care of the farmers’ institute
speakers. ‘They are well enough cared for. There are instances in
which they suffer. I know that I have endured with them and I
never was much the worse of the circumstances. If I accept the work
I must accept it under the circumstances it comes, and I have always
tried to manage to excuse the speakers when it was necessary that
they should go home and to use our local talent. Another thing, is to
get the people interested, get them to take to the work, and to ask
questions, and let the institute lecturers set the conditions before them
and instead of talking merely to be heard, talk to say something and
tell the people something they ought to know.

MR. WILSON: Mr. Chairman, I think about the Saturday evening
meeting, that could be avoided by the county chairman himself. He
has three or four days of institute, owing to the size of the county.
I was saying this, that the county chairman alone could arrange for
the avoidance of any trouble on Saturday evening. He has the num.
ber of days for his institute and he can arrange it. If he has a place
where there is no good hotel accommodations, let that place come
first in the week and then wind up where he has better hotel accomo-
dations and where the man does not have any travelling over Sun-
day.

Now one of the questions which I think is before us to-day is, how
to better our institutes. That one we should have spent this afternoon
on. I think the best way to get interest in the institute is for the in-
stitute manager and his friends to talk up that institute. You cannot
go out for a week or a month, but talk everytime that you get an op-
portunity ; talk to the neighboring farmer, say something about far-
mers’ institutes, tell him w vhat a good thing it is and ask him to come
out the next time to the institute; tell what you try to each them,
that they are doing things; have everybody and a anybody come to that
institute in your neighborhood. You cannot take a week to talk about
the institute and get interest created, but you can take time to do it.
Just as talking about the county fair. You would not expect to pre-
pare for the fair a week or two before. I have been a director of the
county fair for many years. We commence months before and talk
it up to everybody we meet. And it is the same way we should do
with the county institute. Why, take the preachers; they tell their
audience what subject they are going to preach on the next Sunday
and sometimes they announce a series of sermons away ahead and
to-day they are advertising their subjects in the papers away ahead,
and in that way they create an interest and get the people talking
about it; and you will find the best way to get up interest is to talk
to everybody you meet about the farmers’ institute.

MR. SCHULTZ: I don’t want to take up much of your time. I
haven’t anything on your subject, but I am interested in the talk the
doctor gave us on roads. I believe the success of the farmer brings

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 283

up with it the question that he eventually must make the mud roads
in his neighborhood. I tell you what I did at my farm. We havea
road running through it and half of the farm lies on each side of the
road. Lverytime it rains we have a split log drag and my men hitch
on to the drag and drag that road and that road is in perfect order
and keeps in perfect order if you follow it up. You want to have the
comb so the water goes into the ditches instead of standing on the
road. Let the farmer understand that he is responsible for the road
passing his property. The sooner we can do that the better for us all.
We must make the road or pay for it and if we make it ourselves we
know it is right. If the farmer knows it is in poor condition it is a
reflection on his farm, and eventually we have all our roads
made, all the mud roads. We can never get away from the mud
roads. The stone roads should be made by the State. This is one of
the ways to do it, and I think if we would try to do that, that would
be a great relief on this road question.

Mk. HULL: ‘There has been considerable said this afternoon as to
what should be done to interest the farmer. The time has never been
within the history of business in this country, the time has never been
within the history of everything in this country, when the farmers
have been more interested in their calling than they are at the present
time. Now I am not willing to give any one department full credit
for bringing this about. The Department of Agriculture has done its
part without discredit, but the agricultural press has also done its
part, and the agricultural colleges and the editorials in our metro-
politan farm press. I am impressed more and more with the growth
and progress made in the science of farming. Our experiment sta-
tions are doing their work and, all in all, I think that the time has
never been that the farmers were more generally interested in their
calling than they are now. Only a few years ago there was a call
made at one of our round-ups by counties so as to know what the effect
had been in the trial of raising alfalfa. In very few counties had
there been any success. To-day, through the impetus given by our
college here, the Department of Agriculture here, the metropolitan
press, we are succeeding in all the counties in raising alfalfa, and it is
a farm crop that we cannot do without. The spraying of fruit trees
and the spraying for potato scab and fungus growth in the different
plants have received great impetus. The farmers have got the infor-
mation necessary to combat these and they are doing it, and the time
is coming and near at hand when we will not only be benefitted by the
instruction at farmers’ institutes, through the press and bulletins,
but a better knowledge of the insect foes will be brought about and
the means brought about as to how to combat them, for we are going
to raise better, fairer fruit than we have been, so that it has been a
blessing in disguise. Now I feel that the Department has done its
part, that the press has done its part, and that our State College is
doing its part, but one thing I want to say right here, that with all
the letters that I have received to use what little influence I have in
bringing about experiment stations over the State and for my in-
fluence over our representatives to have an appropriation for these
different branches, I want to say that I am in favor of one central
place. I want that the State Farm, and I want that supported so that
‘t will be a credit to the State, and I want it so well supported that

284 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

it cannot be discounted by these experiment stations which are
springing up, which will grow year by year, becoming top heavy year
by year, and require greater amounts of money to be appropriated for
their support. Let there be one and that one well supported.

DR. CONARD: It seems to me that we as county chairmen could
do very much to assist the Director in arranging the schedule or pro-
gram for we are all acquainted with the lines of travel in our coun-
ties. We have gone over the most of the county and then we know
what railroad stations in the county will run us nearest and the best
line of travel and best hotels, and if we would, in making our sugges-
tions for the places for the institutes put them in the order that would
suggest the line of travel and say that it would be very convenient to
travel to those places in the order given, or something of that kind, it
would give the Director a little information that we have at hand,—
because we live there,—that he would have to look up and it might
help the thing along.

I want to talk about the movable schools. The movable schools
seem to have led up to a better and more thorough discussion and
consideration of the few topics than the institutes. There has been
three topics assigned to each movable school, namely dairying, borti-
culture and poultry husbandry. Those are the three subjects assignea
for discussion. The schools consist of four days and evening sessions,
allowing two days for dairying. Now, in order to consider dairying
thoroughly in two days why you want to take it up in certain order.
You want to take up a certain feature first, another second and an-
other third, and so on, and there is nobody knows better how to do
that than the ones who are going to teach it. The ones who are going
to give that instruction can tell better how they can do it best than
any other ones. It will not do in getting up the program for the moy-
able schools to make it exactly like an institute program. The county
chairmen will get them out of order, not because they want to oppose
the system adopted by the experts but simply because they do not fully
realize the difference between the movable schools and the farmers’ in-
stitutes. Now, I have some topics that are not dairy topics at all
and it has so happened that questions were taken up not on the lines
of dairving, taking the mind entirely away from the subject under
discussion and instead of having a dairy session it was absolutely a
miscellaneous session. These programs are printed in advance of our
arrival and they are distributed very generally. Nearly always the
county chairmen have taken an interest and these programs are dis-
tributed out amongst the farmers and they come at certain times ex-
pecting to hear certain things and they go away disappointed because
we have to tear these programs to pieces. We cannot help it. We have
to do it in order to fulfill the logical mission of the movable schools.
So they are very generally and very frequently torn to pieces, more or
less. I think the county chairmen should consult a little with the
Director as to how these programs had best be made. I want to make
this suggestion: That in preparing these programs we set certain
days for certain subjects exclusively. That is, if we have four days
session, give the first and second days exclusively to dairying and the
third day say to horticulture exclusively and the fourth day to poultry
husbandry exclusively. Now that seems to be a better and more con-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 285

venient way to present these subjects, and have no other questions
injected into the dairy sessions but dairying and the same with the
other two subjects. I make this suggestion that the county chairmen
confer with the Director and get the necessary information and get
the programs more in conformity with the object of the movable
schools, that we may spend more time on one subject, going further
into detail and getting more out of it.

MR. T. J. PHILIPS: I do not know whether it is hardly worth
while for two Chester county men to succeed each other. 1 suppose
Secretary Martin and myself are the only two men possibly in this
room who can speak of the institutes from the beginning to the present
time. We were both Members of the House and Members of the Agri-
culture Committee when the bill creating this department became
alaw. You remember that in the beginning we imported our institute
men from other states, Ohio, New York and so forth. There were no
men in Pennsylvania thought fit for the work. In a year or two men
in this State were equipped for the work. [low wall they lave done
it I leave to you to judge, and I speak freely becaus. } have been in-
terested from the beginning until a comparatively recent time, I
think I am capable at least of judging what has been done, what has
been accomplished. I was prompted to take this thought because of
the meeting day before yesterday at Harrisburg to get those city
men who control these commitees to give us the funds we need. If
they would know of the good work and of the profit in dollars
and cents that has been accomplished through this department I am
sure they would never hesitate before making that appropriation. We
were told this morning that the poultry industry in Pennsylvania
amounted to over $20,000,000 in eggs alone, and while I am no poultry-
man, still I was a dairyman and know more about that end of it. I
have not the figures but I honestly believe if it was possible to gather
them that $20,000,000 represents an increase of egg production due to
the farmers’ institutes far greater than any annual appropriation; so
that in just that one line of increase in the chicken industry the far-
mer is entitled to that apropriation.

But that was not the line of thought I wanted to speak about. I
speak freely on the subject because in a sense | have graduated from
the institute work, but I have been over the country and I find that it
has spread abroad in this State a great influence. They have had a
great infiuence. As one of our friends on the other side of the plat-
form said, possibly no greater influence has been exerted than that of
elevating the farmer and his calling. He did not consider himself a
business man. He was not a professional or even a good business man.
To-day he ranks among the first in the land and to be a successful far-
mer he must be a good business man and he is so looked upon by the
vouth. Only within the last year a young man came to our town as
principal of our high school. He came from another county, an en-
tire stranger to me and after he was there for awhile I learned that as
a boy he had heard me discuss a problem in a German county town at
noon one day during an intermission in the session of the institute
and he said that here was a farmer who could stand upon his feet and
talk intelligently. It was an inspiration to him and he determined
then and there that he would secure an education and that he would

286 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

be able to talk and express his thoughts, stand upon his feet and ex-
press his thoughts as that farmer did. And so this shows that you
are unconsciously doing a great work in this State, that you know
not the good of and no man will ever know and it behooves you to be
careful as to what you say and what you do and the manner in
which you deport yourselves.

I believe that one of the greatest works of the farmers’ institutes
in this State has been the elevation of the farmer’s wife. We have
preached better country homes and from my own personal knowledge
| know that the institutes have made thousands of better homes. We
have had the farmer spend a little of his money for modern improve-
ments in his home and to-day thousands of them have them because
the institutes put the thought and desire in their minds to have them.
We have done much to relieve the monotony of the woman’s life upon
the farm. I was going to say drudgery, but I believe if the institutes
will continue along the lines of teaching the doctrine of better homes
and elevation of the farm woman in making her labor lighter and
getting her hours of rest and all that tends to elevate, the institute
workers of the future will continue to do the good work that has been
done in the past.

MR. A. P. YOUNG: As I represent one of the counties which has
been endeavoring to hold movable schools I want to say that in my
own county the movable school is superior to the farmers’ institute
in that it gives more time to discussion of questions that are taken
up. They can be gone into more thoroughly than they can at the far-
mers’ institute and consequently are an advantage. But as to the
making up of the program for the movable school, we have never at-
tempted that in our county. We have depended upon the symposium
sent out by the Director of Institutes and the arrangement of the
topics has been left entirely to the speakers. We had Dr. Conard in
our county and Prof. Cooke there and they took up the dairy ques-
tion, and they showed the handling of milk and all that kind of thing,
and judging of cows, went to the cattle and looked over the cow while
they explained the different points. Now our schools heretofore have
been confined to the topics that were mentioned this afternoon, be-
tween three speakers. Now I think it would be well to vary that a
little. Let us have the cereal question taken up and perhaps the rais-
ing of stock in the different departments, so that we are not confined,
so that it does not become monotonous. To my mind the growth of
the agricultural interests depends more upon the movable schools of
agriculture than upon any other one thing. The institute has become
‘rather lagging. It is no longer as interesting as it should be and the
topics should be taken up and treated by men equipped to treat them
and capable of treating them and treating them fully so that the
people can come there and get ideas and they can go home and sleep
over them and come back the next day and get questions answered
that have come up in their minds as they thought the matter over.
In these things the movable school is superior to the old farmers’ in-
stitute.

MRS. ZEIGLER: I thought I would like to make a little plea for
woman’s work in this institute work. We are told to say what we
thought would be for the betterment and the interest of institutes and
I feel that'woman has a great work to do along this line. Indeed it is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 287

very necessary for the women to be helped and taught along their line
of work and if the woman has got her share of help and encourage-
ment she can make the satisfactory, solid home that that farmer needs
for his rest and recreation when he comes in. I think it is just as
necessary for the woman to have some help and encouragement be-
cause her work is necessarily more confining than the man’s. He goes
away from the farm and out to the stores and the town much oftener
than the wife does. It is that that causes the humdrum of farm life;
and so even if she is a reader she has no time to take along that line
and, as I say, life becomes more of a drudgery unless she has help to
see the beauty and sentiment of farm life. Now while I think farm
life is the life to live I know a great many people think it is lonely,
but I would not exchange the farm life and kitchen for the city life,
and if we could get our farm men to see this and realize that their
own homes would be happier, what a blessing that would be. And
then we need to see that we have some help to care for these little
lives that are entrusted to their care; this child life and child nature.
Help them to teach them purity of thought and action. I see often
that we have lost sight of the high sense of honor that our fathers and
grandfathers had before us and it is because in this hurry day and age
we do not give the right care and the training to our children that we
should. We allow the cares and worries of the day to engross our best
thoughts. That is all wrong and I know that women will come out
to the institutes if they know that there is a woman speaker on the
force. I have been at institutes where they came to me and said, this
is the first time they had a woman speaker there and they hoped the
Department would never give an institute without a woman speaker.
And I think if the chairmen would ask to have one of their speakers
a woman on the force and send out good earnest workers who have the
interests of their sisters at heart that the institutes would be very
much improved and bettered and the uplift of the farmer’s home will
be accomplished in a much shorter time. I know there are men talk
along this line but not as many as they should have, and I think that
the women who can sympathize with the women and that have gone
through al] that is required of the women on the farm, can reach the
women’s hearts much more readily than the men speakers can, and I
think it is very necessary that they should be on the force.

Now I have been told that some of the men do not care to have
ladies on the force with them. I don’t know how true it is. I am
sorry if it would be, and [ think that any woman that goes into this
work makes up her mind to adapt herself to circumstances and take
things as they come and will not do any fussing or grumbling if they
meet with any unpleasantness any more than the men. Of course,
they will have to accustom themselves to be ready when the team is
ready so that they do not keep any one waiting, and if the men feel so
disposed to show them any little attention or help them along with
their luggage the women will be grateful for it. If the women have
luggage they feel that they are capable of taking care of their own. I
think in that way the men will not object to women on the force, and
I hope the day will come when there will be more ladies on the force.

MR. BRONG: Mr. Chairman, I hesitate at this time to introduce a
new subject but the question that I will ask can be answered in a few
words. The question is this: In our county—I suppose there are

19

288 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

others like it—we have more calls for regular institutes than we can
supply; that is, we have calls for more places than we can locate the
institutes at. There are certain of these places that have had insti-
tutes constantly, not every vear but perhaps every other vear or some-
thing like that, and others of these places that have, as far as I know,
never had an institute located at them and therefore the atendance,
we anticipate, would be rather light. Jn fact, last year we located
an institute at such a place where there never was one before and our
attendance was light. Now the question is this: Is it best to locate
an institute where there never was one and where we anticipate a
small attendance or to locate them where they have been and where we
know we will have from three to four times the attendance?

The CHAIRMAN: In reply to that I would say if it is a good
farming country and the farmers want to hold an institute there, give
them a trial and if they make a failure the first year charge it up to
them and don’t go back. That is the way I have adjusted some of the
troubles in my county.

{ feel that I have got one of the counties of which I believe the See-
retary is proud with regard to the attendance in each and every year,
regardless of weather conditions. The farmers’ institutes of York
county have bettered the schools, bettered the homes, bettered the far-
mers and bettered the Christianity of our county. We have in the last
two years been holding an institute in a hall adjoining a hotel and
even on Saturday evening we have had good order and I am proud of
the people, for during the institutes we have not been troubled with
drunkenness and we have never been disturbed. Our hall opened right
into the side room of the hotel and it was just as orderly as any
church that I ever sat in in Pennsylvania and I believe that the far-
mers’ institutes have done a great deal toward bringing about this
betterment in our county. We advertise our institute meeting first
and after we have selected the places, on the sheet which I send back
to Mr. Martin I designate; for instance, if you are coming to our
county on the eastern side such an institute should be held first and
following on, coming down in regular order so as to make it con-
venient for the speakers, and in the last seven years I have always
been able to locate the speakers on Saturday night in a place very
acceptable to them.

DEPUTY SECRETARY MARTIN: I have been very much in-
terested in this discussion. It gives me information that I cannot pro-
cure in any other way. Sometimes, you know, men when they get into
the spirit of discussion will say things that they will not say in cooler
moments and they are apt to tell the truth there. I was so much in-
terested in that extended discussion about landing our splendid lec-
turers on Saturday evening out in some remote section of the State
we would almost have supposed, had we not known Pennsylvania as
well as we do and the hospitality that is so universal in the State
amongst the farmers, that we had a lot of territory in Pennsylvania
that compared with the wilderness. Now, my friends, just a word or
two along this line. I think I am able to appreciate because I have
travelled with these gentlemen in season and out of season, in storm
and in calm, and I have experienced hardships and I know they exist.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 289

Here is the section known as the First Section. I notice, and I have
not time to go over the entire section, but just one or two places that
the gentlemen stopped at over Sunday in this County of Lancaster.
In the first section they started in at Quarryville two days, Lampeter
two days and where do you think they stopped over Sunday? Why
in Paradise.

A Member: They came to Lancaster every night from all the insti-
tutes over the splendid trolley system.

DEPUTY SECRETARY MARTIN: Who would you suppose
would have left Paradise for Lancaster.

Now just a word, my friends. ‘:here are some things that are pos-
sible and some things that are impossible. ‘ihe most county chair-
men understand me with me that when the schedule of places is sent
in I take up that schedule and under the act covering it I fix the line
of travel to be the most direct and economical in the direction. It
is quite an expensive thing, you understand. But when this is fixed
if it does not meet the convenience and economy the county chairman
fully and readily understands that he can transpose that schedule to
the way that will be the most convenient to land these speakers in
the most acceptable place to spend the Sabbath day. Sometimes this
may not be fully consummated. We are taiking about conditions.
There are times where away out eight or ten miles in a splendid farm-
ing location in Pennsylvania, where the farmers there are the salt of
the earth; they have no trolley lines; they have no permanently con-
structed roads; they have none of these conditions; but they have
good farms; they are good farmers, and they are entitled to the very
best we have got, if it comes on Saturday night, and occasionally we
are landed right out there. [ stand up here and affirm to these speakers
that it is their duty to these farmers and to this Department to en-
dure the hardships like good soldiers and give to the farmers out
there the best that is in them. ‘There is one thing these good farmers
have to be excused for. You are the most sociable people in
the world and when you get these men there and you entertain them
and you know you have good company, and you only once a year have
the opportunity to get some knowledge and you want, to get it and
sometimes you talk them to death. They will have to put up with that.
I am going to talk pretty plain with these leaders of sections. I
know it is a splendid thing and I appreciate it, to get a good warm
bath onee or twice and really | believe aman ought to have a bath once
a month whether he needs it or not. But look here: I never went to
a farmhouse in my life that they did not either have a good pump or
spring of good flowing water and they had a wash basin and tub and
a lot of towels and a lot of soap. Ask for the towel and you will have
the soap, and rub yourself off until the blood courses through your
veins and gives a vigor like it does to everybody on the farm. That
is my view of this matter.

I stand here and pledge you that so far as we are concerned we
stand ready and willing to fix the schedule of these lines of travel
to the very greatest conveniences of these lecturers who are under
heavy pressure. We know that and we say to you farmers that you
on your part will study their highest comfort and convenience. I

19—6—1911

290 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

know you do that. You have shown your appreciation of this great
oe in that way, but never yield the point that because your farm

s ten miles from the railroad station that you are not entitled to
the best that the State can give you in this case. It is not necessary
to continue this discussion on this line further. There is just one
question I shall dwell upon. I am not a stickler for the Saturday
night session. I never have been. Gentiemen of the county, you have
fullest charge of that matter. It is in your hands. If you believe the
best instruction, the best interests of the institutes in your county
will dispense with that session, aes upon it but take a little care.
Better study that matter over carefully. Do you know that some-
times it is not always just beer: the old farmer that may not go
out on Saturday night. It may not be him; but his daughters and
his sons, and some of the young people that will be on these farms a
little later will be there and take up the home questions, educational
questions and social questions and present them to these young people
in the manner that will lighten up home and farm life. We are in
this business for work, good effective work that will lift the standard
of agriculture and hold it up before the world. Thank you.

MR. PEACHEY: I am not here to retract anything that I have
said, but I am glad for this one thing if nothing more, and that is that
I have gotten you stirred up to think with me along the line that
concerns the farmers’ institute lecturer, and I believe he has a perfect
right in this meeting, as in all other meetings, to stand up for what
he believes is right and if he don’t care for that personal property
no one else is going to and that personal property is himself. No re-
flections whatever. I only stated the case as I found it, honestly and
conscientiously, and if good can grow out of this matter IT am satis-
fied. I know it is the unpopular side, but I want to say to you this,
that it has not always been the man on the popular side that was on
the right side. There may be exceptions and, of course, we have the
rule and you have the exceptions, but whenever the exceptions become
more than the rule, greater than the rule, then the exceptions become
the rule, and so I hope sometime you will agree with me and will do
just like is being done in other states, that Saturday night is left
to the speaker and he can either go home or go to the hotel and do
the best thing he can, and goes to work again on Monday morning. I
have talked with some men from other states and they say this:
“Peachey, I am surprised that vou people work all winter and are
compelled to work Saturday night and travel on Sunday.” And one
man said this: “That is the only thing that is not a credit to your
Pennsylvania institute work.” Now I hope I am not reflecting upon
any of my friends, and Brother Kerrick, IT did not mean him any
more than anybody else. TI stopped twenty-nine days in Bradford
county, that county of magnificent distances. They travel from Dan
to Beersheba to get to the institute. I travelled twenty-seven miles—
they claimed it was thirty but it was about twenty-seven miles, to get
from a farmers’ institute and one of the fellows said it almost froze
the marrow in his bones. So I only speak of these things. If I said
anything that will add to the betterment of the farmers’ institute why
IT am glad for it even though I have taken that unpopular side, and
somebody you know must occasionally get on that side that stirs them
out and possibly that stirred them up.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 291

THE POULTRY INDUSTRY
By PROF. JAMES E. RICE, in Charge Poultry Husbandry, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I do not know how many
people in this audience are interested in poultry. 1 have been trying
to find out. As near as I can learn most of you are delegates who
are interested in everything else but poultry. 1 hope that there are
a few here that are thinking seriously of paying more attention to
poultry than they have already done and with this object in view lL
have selected slides. that will represent some of the recent results of
the experimental work, with a practical bearing. ach one of the ex-
periments that I shall deal with have been carried out with the idea
of saving money, of making more money out of our hens.

Until very recent years poultry husbandry has been looked upon as
a side issue on most farms. It has been looked upon as a business
primarily for women and children and men who, having failed in some
other line or broken in health, think that they can retire to a little
patch of land and keep a few thousand hens and, because it is easy to
make a dollar or so per hen, they figure out with a lead pencil that
thev can make several thousand dollars by keeping several thousand
hens; hence many people have gone blindly into the chicken business
only to discover that they know nothing about it. And secondly,
poultry husbandry as a profession has been looked upon as a great
risk, as a hazard, a business for example, which the banks could not
loan money on; not a safe, conservative, sane business investment.
This viewpoint is rapidly changing, poultry husbandry is just now
coming into its own. It is becoming a perfectly safe and a very profit-
able business when it is carried on in the line of our best knowledge.

The difficulty with poultry husbandry is that we are dealing with
so many little individuals; that there is too much detail to look after,
and consequently the amount of business that any one person can do
is exceedingly limited. But in recent years we have discovered
methods of hatching extensively and successfully, brooding in large
flocks and very successfully, and the keeping of hens in large numbers
for egg production and keeping them by easier, safer methods, and
housing them in the large open air houses, and giving them free range
instead of the little close “bare yard” conditions; and marketing their
eggs as they should be marketed, carefully grading them as fruit
people are supposed to grade their fruit, and the hens bred as scien-
tifically as men have been breeding their horses and cattle; and as a
result, to-day we have all over the country men who are keeping from
1,000 to 10,000 or more hens and keeping them more successfully than
before, with greater profit than we could have expected from 500 to
1,000 hens five or six years ago. These changes have come about by
virtue of the careful work by men who have studied and experimented
for themselves and by the colleges and experiment stations that have
been investigating some of these problems, and I think that as I show

292 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

you some of the slides to-night you will readily agree that the State
cannot make a better investment than in giving money for educational
or experimental purposes for agriculture, and to no other branch of
agriculture more wisely than to poultry husbandry, because in all
these years since the Land Grant Colleges have been in operation noth-
ing has been done for poultry husbandry until very recently. In all
this time the dairyman, the fruit grower, the vegetable grower and,
in fact, the man on every other important branch of farming has had
his problems investigated and they have been getting the benefit of the
help. ‘The farmer’s boys and girls have been taught these better
methods of farming, whereas very little, if anything, of this kind has
been done in regard to poultry. So we are just now coming into our
own, and poultry husbandry is becoming a business in which you and
I can engage with perfect certainty of succeeding and of making as
much money for our efforts and for our capital as we could with any
other branch of agriculture.

With this brief introduction we will have the slides thrown on the
screen.

The first set of slides will deal with the problem of the breeding and
selecting of hens for constitutional vigor. In othe words, we are
coming to recognize the fact that there are strong fowls and weak
fowls, just as there are strong human beings and weak human beings;
either born so or having acquired their strength or weakness through
their environmental conditions. The pictures that I shall show here
will indicate types which I think will be perfectly clear to you, repre-
senting the contrast of high and low vitality. For example here (Fig.
1), we have two barred rocks, one a male full sized, vigorous and active
one of the finest specimens of the breed. And here you have one of the
same breed that has been unsexed. He shows weakness. He is a life-
less sort of a type. You will notice the contrast. The strong male
has a large round head, with the heavy curved beak, with large bright,
full eye, red comb and bright plumage, in contrast to this capon with
small darkened comb, long thin feet, shrunken eye and rather dull
plumage. The capon runs because it lacks courage. The other one
follows him very quickly if he gets a chance and is afraid of nothing.

In the second slide, (Fig. 2), we have breeds of four different
varieties, all pure bred varieties; one strong and one weak
in each of these four sets. This shows a strong buff plymouth
Rock; here is a weak brother. You will notice that the very action
indicates weakness; notice the drooping tail. Here in the strong one
we have a deep body, heavy shank, and short thick neck. In the case
of the Barred Rock you will find the same traits, deep heavy body with
the rest of the body in proper proportions. Here you have an in-
dividual that is built on stilts, as it were; a long, lean, lank, narrow
spindling type. This chicken weighs at least two pounds more than
this one and this is a brother. One is constitutionally strong; the
other is constitutionally weak. Here you find the same traits in the
Rhode Island Red and in the Leghorn. You will notice in this in-
stance the male with the big flowing tail, with fine large comb, heavy
wattles, with splendid plumage, heavy shanks, in violent contrast to
his brother here with dropping tail and with the other characteristics
as I have indicated. The same contrast will be true of females as
males; but this will suffice.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 293

°

Here (Fig. 3) we have pictures of an experiment in which we under-
took to find out what it would mean to the farmer if he would select
rigidly in the fall of the year pullets that were of strong heavy body,
robust constitution, as compared to some that were more of a delicate
type as you see them here. (Fig. 4). Here (Fig. 3) is a pen of 25
pullets of strong vitality and here (Fig. 4) are 25 of weak vitality, and
yet there is not a sick chicken in the bunch. No chicken was kept in
this experiment that a farmer would not expect to keep. We kept
records of these flocks for the year, counting the cost of food, eggs laid,
and results of hatching the eggs and rearing the chickens and we did
the same thing with the other experiments and compared the results
for two years since with the succeeding generations. I will give you
briefly the net results. These pullets of strong vitality, (Fig. 3) in
their first year of laying gave us a profit of 40c apiece more than the
flock here, (Fig. 4). They laid 114 eggs apiece more. The eggs were
more fertile; they had strength and hatched better; the chickens
lived better, and in the fall of the year when we brought them up at
about six months of age and weighed the pullets and photographed
them we found that the pullets (Fig. 5 A) that we hatched from the
eggs laid by hens of higher vitality weighed one-half a pound apiece
on the average more than these pullets (Fig. 5 B) of the same age,
hatched the same, in the same incubator and brooder, hatched from
eggs laid by the hens of low vitality. It was purely a question of in-
heritance of high vitality and low vitality and made a great difference
in the results in dollars and cents.

Here (Fig. 6) we have something that wiil illustrate the points bet-
ter than I have explained them. ‘These verticle lines mark off the dif-
ferent months of the years into 13 periods of 4 weeks each. These
lines here mark off the distance, the percentage of egg production by
the different flocks, and you will see that the solid line is above the
dotted line. the heavy one being for the high vitality and the doited
one for the eggs of low vitality, indicating a marked contrast in pro-
duction between the two. Notice the difference in weight. ‘The hens
of high vitality average higher. Also you will notice that they made
a better use of the feed that they consumed for the eggs that they pro-
duced. And the same thing is true of pulleis that were hatched from
the hens of high vitality. You will see the same increases in the second
generation as you found in the first in the matter of egg production ;
the same general difference of weight of the second generation as
there was in the first, and the same proportionate gain in favor of the
more economical use of the feed; showing that the hens in good health
made better use of their food than the others did.

We go now to the other end of the cycle of life, beginning with the
difference in characters that would indicate high and low vigor of the
breeding stock. Now let us examine the eggs and we will find that
we can actually tell the high vitality chicken before it ever gets out
of the shell. For example, we took some trap-nested eggs from one of
the flocks and incubated them, a certain number from each hen, and
separated them out, the high vitality and the low vitality germs on
the seventh day of incubation when the little embyro chicks were of
the size of a little red spot in the egg; nevertheless the size indicated
that there was a difference in vitality at that early stage. These eggs
were marked and then incubated and the last few days of incubation
were separated. This picture (Fig. 7) represents what we found. Of

294 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the eggs that were selected for high vitality at seven days’ incubation,
70 per cent. hatched; whereas of those that were selected for low vi-
tality only 32 per cent. hatched; and here (Fig. 7 A) are the strong
chickens from the strong vitality eggs and here (Fig. 7 B) the weak
chickens from the weak vitality eggs, and above here are the eggs that
remain unhatched from those of low vitality and the few of the high
vitality ; showing again that it pays to make a good selection of eggs
having strong germs.

The question getting profit out of hens rests primarily on two fac-
tors, the inherited tendency to lay and to live and their power to di-
gest food; and with all due respect to pure breds I want to say right
here I would rather have the commonest mongrel fowls if they had
constitutional vitality and ability to digest food than the best pure
breds in existence that did not have good health or good constitution.

We should make the first selection with the eggs; the second when
the chickens hatch. Here (Fig. 8) are a bunch of chickens just dried
off, about 36 hours old, and there is one of high vitality; here (A) is
another; here (A) is another. You can see by the plumpness of their
bodies, the round full eye and the well shaped head and the heavy fat
legs that they are well born. You can tell at a glance that these
chickens are of high vitality; while this little chicken (B) and this
here one (B) are manifestly of low vitality. There is no use keeping
that sort of individuals. They will never amount to anything.

Notice (Fig. 9) the same types of chickens that we have here two
weeks old. Here (A) you have a large chicken, with strong body,
bright eye, the body thick and shanks full; whereas here (B) you get
the little puny spindly type of individual that never will amount to
anything. Here (Fig. 10) vou get a contrast of chickens of the same
age, hatched alike, all hatched from the same hen. There is one (A)
born constitutionally strong; a violent contrast with this chicken (B)
of the same age and reared in the same brooder at the same time.
Here is one only partly strong (A). Here is one a little better (A).
That over there is an individual growng very much faster than any
other chicken in the pen. Whenever a chicken shows low vitality
either kill it or, if it appears to be worth anything at all to grow for
market, mark it with paint so that by no chance will it get mixed with
the others; feed it on sour milk and a finely ground fattening feed
until it weighs three-quarters of a pound and sell it alive. Do not
let that kind of a chicken live on the farm.

In Fig. 11 you see the most violent contrast imaginable of low vi-
tality. There is a long thin “crow head,” shrunken eyes, long thin
shanks, long thin nose; a good for nothing individual, born so and
cannot help it. You naturally ask why that chicken lacked constitu-
tional vigor. If we stop to ask what the little hen is doing each year
I think we will find an answer. The wild jungle fowl lays about nine
eges at a litter and only one or two litters a year. The modern hen is
expected to lay 130 to 150 eggs and frequently lays 175 to 200 or more
eggs a year. A hen laying about 200 eggs lays five times her own
weight in a year; and the laying of the egg is different from the or-
dinary secretion, such as the secretion of milk. It is reproduction
which is vastly more exhaustive process. Dr. Jordan, of the Geneva,
N. Y. Experiment Station, has calculated that the hen weighing three
and one-half pounds that lays 200 eggs a year, compared with a Jersey

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 295

cow that gives 7,000 pounds of milk having 4 per cent. butter fat, that
little Leghorn hen is consuming two and one-half times more dry mat-
ter in a year per pound of live weight than is the Jersey cow. So you
see why with the quick growing, heavy powers of digestion, rapid as-
similation and reproduction of the domestic fowl that they live short,
rapid lives and must have a good constitution to stand up under the
strain.

One of the causes of low vitality is want of proper housing. Fowls
must be kept in the fresh air. In Fig. 12 is a simple little house for
protecting 35 hens, where the chickens live in fresh air practically all
the time. Some glass is provided to give protection in cold weather,
but the object is to open the cloth window except in storm weather.

Fig. 13 shows a broody coop, a desirable fixture in a hen house.
Back of the perch platform is the only portion of the house that is
double boarded. The house has a concrete floor and a shed roof.

Fig. 14 shows a covered dust wallow. Here the hens will not be
likely to soil or throw out the dust as where it is exposed.

Fig. 15 is an end view of the house, showing the construction of
the walls. The principle is to avoid a dead air space. We simply let
the air circulate through these spaces in the wall between the studd-
ing and rafters. The double boarding is open at the bottom and top
so that the air can pass up around the space and by so doing prevent
this inside boarding from becoming cold and preventing moisture at
this point, and the hens are warmer than they would otherwise be.
The door on the back and front side of each pen is especially desir-
able because of the fact that the hens need to keep cool in summer as
much as they need to be protected in winter. These doors are kept
closed in the winter and when open in the summer allow the air to
pass up through and out the front of the house, making this building
much cooler in the warm weather than it otherwise would be.

There is one way in which we lose vitality and never suspect it.
In fact, I know of no one way in which more trouble is likely to oce-
cur and not be suspected than this. In experiments conducted a few
years ago at Cornell a bunch of 50 eggs were kept in a living room for
14 days; another bunch of 50 were kept in a cold storage dairy room
and another in a room with a furnace. The average temperature in
the first instance was 65 degrees; that is, only living room tempera-
ture. The other averaged 50 degrees, a temperature that was so cold
that when the eggs were placed there we thought it might kill every
germ in them. The furnace room was about 80 degrees. They were
kept for 14 days and then all put into the incubator, and at the end
of 7 days 53 per cent. of those kept in the living room were fertile,
90 per cent. of those kept in cold storage, and only 24 per cent. of
those kept in the warm room. The hatching results showed 52 per
cent. from those kept in the living room, 76 per cent. from the eggs
kept in the dairy room, and no chicks hatched from those kept in the
furnace room, indicating that the germ had died because kept in too
warm a place.

Following that experiment, here is another one in which all the eggs
were kept in the living room at 65 degrees and kept there for various
lengths of time, from 1 day to 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days, and then all
were put into the incubator at the same time with the following re-
sults: Those kept 35 days, 8 per cent. fertile; those kept 28 days, 9 per
cent. fertile; from 1 to 14 days, 78 per cent.; 1 day, 86 per cent.; and

296 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the hatching results were in essentially the same ratio; that is to say,
pretty good percentage of hatching from the eggs kept only a few
days, while almost no results for those kept a considerable length of
time.

A common notion is that we get vitality by crossing our fowls. We
wanted to tind out whether this is true or not, therefore we instituted
an experiment in which we crossed barred rock males with white leg-
horns hen and with leghorn males on barred rock hens and com-
pared them with the pure bred rocks and leghorns. The results I can
only briefly give to you. They are, that after three years’ test in com-
paring the first crosses and the second crosses with the pure breds of
similar ages we find that they have gained absolutely nothing in egg
production by either of the crosses over the pure bred leghorn. We
have gained nothing in size, and meat qualities of our cross bred
chickens over the pure bred rock; but we have lost something by each
of the crosses. We have lost because we have neither one nor the
other. We have simply undone, by mating these fowls together, what
it took some skillful breeders fifty years to accomplish, and we have
not increased the vigor or health of the chickens as compared with
the pure breds. The pure bred white leghorns of the third generation
laid us last year 182 eggs apiece, an average for every pullet in the
pen. The barred rocks averaged 129; the crosses averaged just aboul
133 to 150 apiece. We did get chickens in each of the crosses a little
larger than the leghorn by means of the barred rock infusion of
blood, but that is all we accomplished and that was not worth while
because we had a better individual for meat purposes in the barred
rock. Our experience for these pure breds at least, is to not cross
them, but to keep the bred pure and get new life and vitality by gett-
ing new blood from somebody that has something better than we have
ourselves, of the same variety.

One of the ways in which we can economize in the handling of poul-
try is in rearing the chickens in large numbers. I have here a slide
(Fig. 16) that show s the nursery where the chickens are started. This
is an excellent colony house 8 feet square. There is a big hover inside
the house that will cover 250 to 300 chickens in a single. flock. These
houses are kept close together early in the spring and ‘after the houses
are all filled with the young chickens three or four weeks old, then
the houses, chickens and all are moved out on the farm into the corn
field or on the meadows where they can have free range. By this
method we can reduce at least three-fourths of the labor of rearing
chickens in large numbers.

Fig. 17 shows four methods by which these houses are moved. If
we want to move the house only a few rods in the same field we just
hitch the team to it and draw it along. If we are going to move it
across the fields we run it upon a skid. If however “the houses must
be moved on the highway a mile or two, as we are obliged to do every
year with the 25 houses because we have not enough money to build
a double equipment on each farm, these houses are put upon wagons
and moved out to the farm. It costs about $1.50 apiece for moving the
houses so far. The reason why it is necessary to move these houses
back and forth to the farm is largely because we use the houses all
winter for laying hens. These houses are big enough to hold 12 to 15
hens all winter. We find we can carry over 350 hens each winter more

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 297

than we otherwise could because we use our brooding system the year
round, brooding chickens in the spring and keeping laying hens all
the winter.

Fig. 18 shows a closer view of the house. This is a later pattern.

Fig. 19 shows filling a tank with gasoline with a 5 gallon can. The
burner under the house burns with a blue flame, and the heater box
is made of galvanized iron and is fire proof. The heat pours down on
the chickens and the fresh air comes in and spreads out over the
chickens.

In Fig. 20 we see several thousand chickens on the range where
they are reared. Last year with 4,000 chickens one man did all the
work of brooding and handling these chickens. The only time he had
help was occasionally for cleaning, once a week when the chickens
were young. After that he did not have any help, and the latter part
of the year he had time to do other things besides. This is because
much of the work is done by horse power and because the chickens are
kept in large tiocks. ‘The houses are 100 to -50 feet apart, and ile
chickens running together and not fenced to separate except where
they are of different ages. The illustration shows how these houses
are scattered over 5 to 10 acres of land.

A simple device for connecting up several of the houses for winter
use is shown in Fig. 21. You may notice that little galvanized collar
at this point. It connects up three houses. The houses in this di-
vision have been removed to get photographs. ‘The house in the centre
of the group is where all the chickens roost, 45 of them; and this house
to the right is where they go to eat, 45 of them; and the house to the
left is the house where they go to lay, 45 of them; and then all run back
and forward and go visiting when they please. Instead of having to
take care of each house with 15 chickens, we take care of and clean
only one house, gather the eggs in one and feed in one, a saving of 66
and two-thirds per cent. of the work in caring for the colony of 45
chickens as compered to keeping 15 in each house.

A corn field in which the chickens are running in the rape where the
houses are so that the chickens will not destroy the corn as it comes up
is shown in Fig. 22. The surplus chickens are removed when about 8
to 10 weeks old. We have about 200 or more chickens in each house
when they get old enough to separate the sexes, which makes it de-
sirable to prevent overcrowding.

Four different types of feeding troughs are shown in Fig. 23; one
by which the very young chickens are fed; later a higher one; then a
higher one still; and then later they are fed in this large one only once
a day, and after eight weeks old they are fed in these out door hoppers
you see here. After eight weeks old they are all fed by the hoppers by
the man driving around and filling them once a week. It becomes an
economical method.

Here is a sanitary water fountain (Fig. 24) by which chickens can-
not soil their water. It is turned down side up to take the water out
and wash it.

Fig. 25 is a catching box that ought to be on every chicken farm.
You can drive the chickens in from this end and shut it up; and one
man on each side of the box can carry a lot of chickens without danger
of their smothering or having frightened them. It is a great labor
saver to do this instead of frightening and running the chickens.

298 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

The low down wagon used to carry the water barrels is shown in
Fig. 26. This is the wagon used to carry the feed, water, milk, &c
and make the rounds in caring for the large flocks. To clean out the
houses it is arranged as shown in Fig. 27. Two boys can go a mile
and do all the work of feeding and watering 2,000 to 3,000 chickens
in less than an hour.

In our experiment where we tried seven methods of feeding chickens
we found a great difference in growth. You can get the details by
sending for our bulletin No. 282. In Fig. 28 you will see the contrast
in the size of the chickens and what it will mean if the feeding of
chickens is properly done. We fed seven different kinds of rations.
At nine weeks we killed all of the chickens that weighed one and one-
fourth to one and one-half pounds as broilers and this is the result.
You will notice on three rations there were a large number of chickens
ready for killing at nine weeks; whereas, on other rations there were
only six or seven, and on this ration where they had practically all
dry mash only a few more were ready; and where only cracked grain
was fed only a few more. Later, at the time of killing, at ten weeks
old you will notice these rations have the same proportion of chickens ;
and then at the final killing, eleven weeks old, almost no chickens
were left to be killed from this flock and almost all the chickens or a
very large proportion of them remained over to be killed at the end of
the experiment. It was a very marked contrast due to the methods of
feeding, and all the feeding was done by the same person.

Did you ever see chickens look like those in Fig. 29? Thousands
and millions of chickens have been dying of the disease know as the
white diarrhea. These chickens are suffering from that disease. Dr.
Retgar, of the New Haven, Conn. Experiment Station, has found thav
this bacillary white diarrhea is a bacterial disease that is carried from
one generation to the other through the ovary of the hen and the
bacteria is left in the yoke of the egg so that the chicken is doomed to
have the disease before hatched. If the chicken survives because it has
a weak form of the disease it gives it to the next generation and so
carries it on. It has been found also that the little chickens if they
are not born with the disease in them may catch it up to the time
they are four or five days old from other chickens that had it, but if
not so doomed they will get through without trouble.

Fig. 30 shows what must be done as a means of prevention and that
is thorough disinfection with 5 per cent. carbolic acid and 5 per cent.
sulphuric acid and water 90 per cent. in order to be sure of killing the
disease germs existing, and selecting the hens rigidly to find out that
we do not have the disease on the place, and generally by keeping the
chickens or hens away from where white diarrhea exists.

In Fig. 31 is shown a correllation between the number of eggs a
hen will lay, the weight of the hen and amount of food that hen will
consume. You will notice as these curves of food consumption drop
the weight has gone down and the egg production down. As the feed
consumed goes up, the weight goes up and egg production goes up;
when the food consumption declines the egg production declines.
These curves illustrate the most fundamental thing we know about
feeding hens. It is this: that hens to lay well must have all they can
eat of the right kind of food; and second, they must have that feed
before they begin to-lay. I met a man this winter who said his hens
were not laying and he was not going to give them anything more to

s

PSIEOWG: Bete

%

piue|g fro late selectiatt- Wek

SHAT cHEe :
53 <5 3%

——)
\
a wa

Fig. 8.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Tt Clote

) 1 Curtain

end buppect fr cwortered

tien f otha

Salted Bodin: a celung

refit

a

eds Ae

F

Fig. 18.

F * 7
1 eT on So
“75 ey et oe

Pon

a
:
j
2
i
er a
s
= . :
ee

5 alY).

Fig

. 20.

1g

F

Ps be
c
) ~—
,
=~
.
*

-
.
:
ibs |
¥ sre"
- *
“
»
‘
,
= ’
Pos
= . f
= .

ig. 24.

F

. O.s
a
‘ ‘
i,
.
.
: =~
.
=
w
a c
bow 5
2
a
ie
- i ae
. ft 7

= ikon

i a a Soeur 4

Fig. 27.

1305
Poriads ‘igi S098 Oct 6 Wov4 Dec DeeX Jane? FEDS MareB Apr2) Moy! Jun\S JULIS Augld Sep7 cts
26), ye SP. Ockd Nov.d Dect Dect Decl6 Fehee Maree ApciO Mayl? Juni Julie “Aug? Sep. Oct4 Nov’
0 ee ee ae ee ee ee ae Ee

” 8 =D 0 See ef 16
& 700 PAs
ad 7 frend.

Ned le
Ae. Sr

Sst pests

350 a i eon Ea
eC ACE
“4 A a

0

YODG/ z Ake |
oA ey > S>~

Vr Ci
g
2 See
CCM eaeae

on
IS

S

See er
G:
yt? al

LA

-

Sees |
‘LSJ

fi mat er iam ] :

. 35d.

1g

F

Ways ia which the Department of Poultry .
Husbandry is endeavoring to assist —
the Poultrymen of the State.

cc By conducting Experiments with Poultry,
Ask for the Poultry Builetins. :

- 2. By Correspondence.
Write lous.

3. By special instruction in regular ee

ter courses.
Send for announcement and take a course.

4. By showing visitors the Poultry Depart-_ j

ment.
; Come see us.

5. By personal assistance in. selecting breed-
ing pens.
Perhaps we can kelp you.

-The Department of Poultry Husbandry in Co-
operation with the Extension Department.
6. By Poultry reading course lessons.

Send for them.

7. By Educational exhibits at the Fairs and

Poultry ‘Shows :
: Go look at one. :

8. By Lectures and Demonstrations at Poultry
Association meetings and Poultry Shows.
Arrange for a meeting.

9. By Lessons i in Poultry Husbandry for Rural

Schools.
Ask for Rural School Leaflets.

10. By co-operative experiments with poultys
: Try one- ze oe

Fig. 36.

Fat pT = «

T2ORNELL POULTR
¢ LITERATURE ¢

——

BULLETINS

f
;
e
&
‘3
4
:
g
$
a

(Summary of Money Invested in li, S. for.

Bes fnatruction and Investigation.

“Dairy vse eas O =
Hort. Meee 7
Poultry om]

: Summary of Money Sxpended Gunwatly in
us. for Gnatruction and Gnveatigation.

“Dairy ©
‘ ‘Hort.
= Poultry ) 7%
Proportionate Catie of Products in u. 8.
Dery. sto l.7

pork we 1:8
Poultry i

Fig. 41.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 299

eat until they did. Any poultryman knows, who watches his hens,
that they will begin to eat more for two or three weeks before they
begin to lay because it takes that long for the eggs to develop; and
this proves it. We have examined hundreds of hens and we find the
rule holds good, that the hen will first begin increasing in the con-
sumption of food, then increasing in her weight and then she will in-
crease in egg production. ‘The best condition for egg production is
when a hen has surplus fat on the body. A poor hen cannot lay. They
must have some surplus fat with which to make the first.

The hen shown in Fig. 52 is a good one. We discovered her in a
moulting experiment. This hen was the last one of them to moult. She
moulted on the 28th of November. She had laid 218 eggs in ten
months and was the last hen to moult in a tlock of over 2UU and the
best hen we had. In looking up the egg records of other hens we find
that almost invariably the best laying hens we had are the ones that
moult last, and the poorest lavers we had were the ones that moulted
first. And here all these years you and I have been killing off every
fall the best hens because we have picked out the early moulters be-
cause we thought by virtue of early moulting that they would be the
best early winter layers. We have found also that not only do the
last moulting hens lay most but they also take a shorter time to moult
than the hens that moult early.

Fig. 35 is a picture showing the development of the egg, the ovary
and oviduct. Right here in the ovary is where the disease of white
diarrhea occurs. When the yolk breaks from the follicle and falls into
the ovasack and comes down here and passes along where the albumen
is deposited, the shell of the egg is laid on. A moment ago I stated
the fact that the hen must have surplus fat in her body in order to lay
well. This is the proof. The first part of the egg developed is this
little yolk in the follicle, and there are many hundreds, 1,500 or more
of these contained in the ovary along the spire. 64 per cent. and more
of the dry matter in these yolks is fat and unless the hen has surplus
fat in her body to develop the ovum, then she cannot lay, so that if we
are going to get eggs we must give the hen an abundance of food so that
she has the available nutrients to develop the ovum. We must have
the right kind of material to manufacture the egg.

In Fig. 34 is shown one of the results of our experiment in which we
undertook to find out what place inside of a hen. Governor Hoard
says the darkest place in the world is the inside of a cow. I beg to dif-
fer with the Governor because just as dark a place is inside the hen.

A red dye due known as Soudan II was mixed with the food and ab-
sorbed into the body and in that way the dye affected the egg and here
we can count up the red rings on the yolk and tell how many days it
took to develop. We find it took ten days to fourteen days to develop
from that small ovum up to the full size yolk of the egg. We found
that another dye, Rhodamnie red, does not affect the color of the fat of
the egg but does color the white of the egg; hence we can tell what
takes place in both the white and the yolk of the egg. When the egg
is incubated and the chicken hatched we find this interesting thing
takes place. In Fig. 35 is a picture of a little chicken hatched from
an egg where the mother had been fed on Soudan III and you will
notice that the chicken has manufactured the fat of the yoke of the egg
over into the fat of its own body. That fat is ordinarily found on
the inside of the chicken.

20

300 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The next slide, Fig. 36, shows what can be done by the poultry de-
partments of the agricultural colleges. It shows ten ways of helping
the poultrymen of the Staite by conducting experiments with poultry,
through correspondence, by showing the poultry department, by a
poultry reading course, by educational exhibits, lectures, &c., at fairs,
and by lectures and demonstrations at poultry shows, by poultry les-
sons for rural schools. These and many other things a poultry depart-
ment in the State Agricultural College can do.

A few slides more, because the time is nearly up, I will throw on the
screen to show the way in which this matter can be brought to the at-
tention of the people. Fig. 37 is the lantern slide exhibit holding
about 150 lantern slides wisich we used at the New York State Fair,
where the people can stand an« look at the slides with the illuminated
back and read the inscription under them.

Fig. 38 shows another portion of the same educational exhibit in the
same building, in which there are models of poultry houses and ap-
pliances and photographs showing the results of experiments with
poultry.

Fig. 39 shows a new departure. Swarms of people passed through
the exhibit in a large tent at the State Fair. This was to find out
whether or not the people were interested enough in poultry to wit-
ness the demonstrations when there was horse racing and balloon as-
censions and all sorts of other things going on around. And yet those
who were there certified to the fact that every one of the four demon-
strations held each day the seats were almost always occupied and
many times the attendance filled the tent standing room. So that it
was a pronounced success and shows that the people of the country
are hungry and thirsty for knowledge regarding the methods of hand-
ling poultry.

Fig. 40 gives a view inside the tent showing the assistant giving a
demonstration how to kill and pick poultry.

There was also shown an egg grading device by which eggs can be
eraded and which also shows what the value of these eggs are if they
are produced of the right quality. There are 30 dozen eggs there to
be put into nine grades, large, medium and small, and each of these
groups divided into three grades as to color, white, brown and mixed.
The average prices given by the best dealers in New York for each
erade of eggs, and the value of the eggs according to the grades is
shown. We can tell exactly and quickly what any case of eggs is
worth. We find a difference in the New York City market usually of
five to twelve cents a dozen between the pure white eggs and the
mixed colored eggs of the same weight, and sometimes a difference of
twenty cents or more between eggs of the fancy large white and the
common or small eggs. It pays to produce the right kind of eggs.
I am certain that we know how to produce eggs of better quality and
also how to breed hens to produce more eggs. There are a few things
we can do in selecting hens to produce more eggs. There a few things
we can do in selecting hens for breeders to increase egg production.
(1) Select our hens for constitutional vigor. (2) Take hens that
moult late because they are the ones that are generally the heaviest
producers. (3) Watch the pullets of the same age and see which ones
begin to lay first and they usually are found to be the hens that in the
long run will lay the largest number of eggs. (4) The color of a fowl’s
shanks may indicate her laying capacity. The hens in the fall of the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 301

year just before they begin to moult that have pale shanks are likely
to be heavy layers. We find that it is almost invariably the case with
the yellow shank breeds that if you find a fowl with good color in the
shanks she is not a good layer. (5) In addition to that we may con-
sider the body of the fowl as indicating prolificacy. There is such a
thing as the egg type when you once come to know it, but it is not a
certain indication.

Before closing this lecture I ought to bring to your attention the
fact that the amount of money that is being spent by the agricultural
colleges for dairying and horticulture, and other branches of agricul-
ture, is entirely out of proportion to the amount of money given to
poultry. This chart (Fig. 41) shows the result of a census taken by
the American Poultry Association to learn the amount of money spent
for dairying, horticulture and poultry in the agricultural colleges and
experiment stations in Canada and the United States. You will no-
tice that for every dollar spent for instruction and investigation and
permanent investment in poultry husbandry in the United States and
Canada there are six dollars spent for dairying and seven dollars
spent for horticulture; and of all this amount of money that is ex-
pended annually for every one dollar for poultry there are four dol-
lars for dairying and four dollars for horticulture. However, when
you come to get the actual proportionate value of the products pro-
duced by poultry, by horticulture and dairying, and by horticulture,
according to the census of ten years ago, we find that for every one
dollar in value of poultry products produced there are only one and
three-tenths dollars in horticulture and one and seven-tenths of a dol-
lar in dairying.

The last slide (Fig. 42) shows a picture in your own State. There
is a picture of the poultry department of your own State College of
Agriculture, a department where under Prof. Homer Jackson good
work is being done with facilities that are wholly inadequate to the
poultry interests of this great State. Dean Hunt, I know personally,
is thoroughly interested in the development of that department. When
I was there a number of years ago he said: “Whenever we can get
the appropriation to build the buildings and find the man”’—he did
not have Jackson then—‘“to take care of this department as it ought
to be, there are twenty acres of as nice land as can be found in the
State of Pennsylvania that will be turned over to the use of the poul-
try department.”

The slides show views of the boys in the winmicz courses making
chicken coops, building colony houses, judging poultry and other
pictures to show the dozens of ways in which they are trying to teach
the latest and best methods that will help the poultry of the State.

I feel that in this great State of Pennsylvania, which is one of the
richest and one of the best agricultural States in the Union, and in
which poultry husbandry is one of the chief agricultural resources,
with the ability and the courage and the loyalty of the poultryimen
of the State and the efforts of your poultry association through the
able leadership of the President, Mr. W. Theodore Wittman, who is
chairman of this meeting, with the assistance of the State Board of
Agriculture and Farmers’ Institutes and all these other educational]
agencies, that the State of Pennsylvania is not going to take a position
in the rear rank, but is going to measure up to the responsibility and
take the position and place it should occupy in the front rank of the
states. (Applause).

302 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

FARM MANAGEMENT

By J. A. BILLINGS, JU. 8. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

The work of the Office of Farm Management of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, embraces a study of the underlying principles
which affect the profits of the farm. In this work very little attention
is given to the carrying on of experiments, in fact, the object is to ap-
ply the results obtained by State Experiment Stations to use the
methods employed by the most successful farmers in different sections,
and outline the system of management best adapted for each particu-
lar section, after taking into consideration the local conditions, such
as character of soils, location in regard to markets, and climatic or
other changes which may affect the types of farming and cropping
systems.

Farm Management differs from experiment station work in that it
makes a study of the farm as a whole, that is, the organization of the
farm in reference to the arrangement of fields, the location of build-
ings, the cropping system and rotation best suited for the maintenance
of soil fertility, the distribution of labor on the farm, the amount of
equipment necessary to operate the farm, and the proper system of
keeping records and accounts in order to know what crops are the
most profitable to grow, or what system of farming is best adapted
under existing conditions. The agronomist tells us how to grow any
particular crop, the preparation and cultivation of the soil, the use of
manures and fertilizers to furnish plant food and maintain profitable
yields of crops. The animal husbandman tells us how to feed and care
for animals, the dairyman tells us how to handle the dairy produets,
but the farm management man first of all studies the question what
is the best type of farming which is best adapted for his particular
farm. After deciding what crops to grow and the acreage of each;
what arrangement of the fields for the most-economical handling of
labor and equipment; what cropping system which will be the most
profitable for the type of farming to be followed; what kind of ani-
mals and the number of each; what kind and amount of farm equip-
ment which is best adapted for the particular kind of farming which
is to be followed, and this takes into consideration the buildings
which are best adapted for this purpose, the kind and number of farm
implements, machinery, stock, etc.; what amount and the best distri-
bution of labor and what cost of production for the different farm
crops or products and the probable net income which will be derived
from the farm. In other words, farm management answers the ques-
tion what or whether, while agronomy, animal industry, etc., usually
answers the question how, as applied to the farm.

The work of farm management is to make a study of the conditions
of every particular locality in order to study the problems in that
region, and where necessary, co-operative work is arranged, in order
to carry out this investigation.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 303

The arrangement of this discourse will be taken up in the same
logical order as we make a study of any particular farm with refer-
ence to establishing a better system of farming for more profitable re-
turns. This is given to you as a guide to enable each farmer to make
a study of his own farm in the same way and to think out solutions
for the many problems which every farmer has to meet. In order to
do this, therefore, the first question to decide is the best type of farm-
ing which can be followed with profit, whether a livestock, grass or
grain, fruit, market gardening type of farming, or any combination
of each. After deciding this question, it is necessary to satisfy condi-
tions. This question will cover the number of work stock, such as
horses and mules, and the number of cattle.

THE FARM PLAN.

If livestock or dairy farming is to be followed, then it is particu-
larly necessary to estimate the number of dairy cows which can be
kept with profit on the farm. In order to do this, each farmer must
figure out the amount of forage crops or grain necessary to feed each
animal, and first of all one must decide on the ration for each kind
of animal. For example,—suppose we have a problem to work out
the best plan for a dairy farm. There are several feeding systems
which can be followed, such as pasture in summer with no silage,
pasture with silage, soiling crops without silage, soiling crops with
silage, or silage for twelve months. These feeding systems may be
more or less combined. It will first be necessary to find out the num-
ber of days or periods as for example, the number of days that silage
is fed or the period of pasture, estimating the pounds of each material
given during this period, for adult animals, for yearlings, for calves
and for work stock. Then calculate the total amount of the different
feeds necessary for the entire year. It will also be necessary to esti-
mate the proportion of yearlings and calves to adult animals. As
a general thing, we find that the average farmer will keep about one-
half as many young stock, both yearlings and calves, as adult animals.
In other words, in order to maintain the herd, we assume that there

_ Will be one-fourth as many yearlings as there are cows and one-fourth
as many calves as cows, and in estimating the feed for each cow and
corresponding young stock, calculate the amount of feed, both forage
and grain, for one cow for the entire year and add to that one-fourth
of the amount of feed necessary to support one yearling and one-
fourth of the amount of feed necessary to support one calf.

After finding out the tons of feed of the different food materials
necessary for one cow and corresponding young, find the acreage or
the fraction of an acre necessary. Assume the average yield of farm
crops, then divide the amount of each feed found for one cow and
corresponding young stock by the yield per acre, which will give the
acreage necessary. After determining the acreage of available land
which can be used for farm crops or pasture, subtract from this acre-
age the acreage necessary for the work stock, and divide the remain-
der by the acreage necessary for one cow and corresponding young,
which will give you the number of cows which can be kept upon the
farm if the whole area is devoted for growing forage for the stock,
if grain or other money crops not used for feed are grown, then the
acreage of these crops must be deducted with the acreage for the work
stock before we can determine the number of dairy cows which can be-
profitably kept.

304

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

In order to illustrate the establishment of a cropping system, an

80 acre farm is assumed of which
pasture.

ae

(2 acres is available for crops or for
We will suppose that 72

acres can be divided into six fields

of 12 acres each for convenience of rotation. We will assume that the
yield of farm crops per acre is as follows:

Yield of Farm

OOEN, oa. co osan csacscwaeccsaano scan cenones 60 bu
Oats,” = 40 bu
Wheat, - 30 bu
eOtALOES,..---------—— --- 180 bu
Soy beans; S22 a2s eS 20 bul

Crops per Acre

Clover or mixed hay, 2-22-sess2=— 2 tons

Soiling ‘corn, (2=.2.22..52:-5-2c-2.-2_

Silage, corm: — 5+. 252 13 tons

Alfalfa (3 cuttings); <-—-.- 2 4 tons

Canada peas and oats, --..------------ 2 tons
(hay) 8

Cowpea hay,)::5- = See 134 tons

Several rotations may be established on such a farm in order to
satisfy conditions, but some of them, however, will be of greater ad-
vantage in maintaining the fertility and keeping up the humus con-

tents of the soil.
follows:

Rotation I,

Corn.

Corn, 6 a.

Oats, 6 a.

Wheat.

Clover and timothy.
Timothy and pasture.
Pasture.

An outline of some of these rotations, with the ap-
proximate number of work stock,

dairy cows and young stock, is as

Pasture: No Silage.
Animals Kept:

3 horses.

1 bull.

10 cows.

2 yearlings.
3 calves.

Rotation I.

Pasture: Silage.
Animals Kept: -

1. Corn.
Oats, 4 a. 3 horses.
2. Silage corn, 4 a. ss
Corn for ears, 4 a. 1 bull.
3. Wheat. 10 cows.
4. Clover. 2 yearlings.
5. Timothy. 3 calves.
6. Pasture.
| Soliling: No Silage.
|
| bs
Rotation I, | When Fed.
| Soiling Crops. | Acres. |
2 a
1. Corn. |
9° (Corn: | Byes, Sass ees] 13 |
3. Soiling crops, 63 a. _ Wheat, vetech & crim-
Oats, 5% a. Bon “clover, §22222-2— 1 | May 13 to 24.
4. Wheat. | Red: clover; -sseo==——= 1 | May 25 to June 5.
5. Clover. Peas’ and oats, 2-222" 2 | June 6 to 31.
6. Timothy. Early corms) Ses 2 |

Cowpeas
Animals Kept:

4 horses. | Late corn,
1 bull. | Cowpeas,
16 cows.

4 yearlings. |
4 calves.

& Kaffir |
eorn or sorghum,--|

| July 1 to 21.

14 | July 22 to August 11.
1 August 11 to September 4.
2 | September 5 to October 1.

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 305

Rotation I.

Soiling: Silage.
Animals Kept:

1. Corn.
. Silage corn, 5 acres. 4 horses.
Corn for grain, 7 acres.
8. Soiling crops, 64 acres. 1 bull.
Oats, 5% acres.
4. Wheat. 18 cows.
5. Clover. 4 yearlings.
6. Timothy. 5 calves.
Rotation I. Silage 12 Months: No Pasture.
Animals Kept:
1. Corn.
2. Corn for grain, 6 a. 4 horses.
Corn for silage, 6 a.
8. Oats. 1 bull.
4. Wheat. 14 cows.
5. Clover. 3 yearlings.
6. Timothy. 4 calves.

Rotation II.

.

Corn.

Soybeans for seed.
Cowpeas for hay.
Wheat.

Hay.

Hay.

Pasture.

Rotation IV.

Rotation III.

Corn.

Soybeans for seed.
Cowpeas for hay.
Potatoes.

Hay.

Hay.

Pasture.

poe

> Ore CO
ees ate

Silage for 12 Months.
No Grain Purchased:
Animals Kept:

1. Corn. 4 horses.
2. Silage corn, Y a. 1 bull.
Corn (grain). 18 cows.
3. Potatoes. 9 young cattle.
4, Alfalfa.
5. Alfalfa.
6. Alfalfa.
Grain Purchased:
Animals Kept:
4 horses.
2 bulls.
42 cows.
21 young cattle.
Rotation V.

A three year rotation, 72 acres divided into 24-acre fields.

1.

Corn,

Pasture; No Silage:

Corn for grain, 24 acres;

acres.

Pasture; Soiling:
Corn for grain, 24 acres; oats, 18 acres; soiling crops, 6 acres; and clover hay, 24 acres.
Silage 12 Months:
Corn for grain, 24 acres; corn for silage, 10 acres; oats, 14 acres; and clover hay, 24

acres.

20—6—1911

2. Corn, oats or soiling crops. 3. Clover.

oats, 24 acres; clover hay, 12 acres; and clover pasture, i2

306 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

——— eT

Rotation VI. |
Six Year Perlod—36 Acres. Three Year Rotation—36 Acres.
Alfalfa continuously for five years. Ist. Corn Corn Clover
The fifth year put 12 acres to corn. 2nd. Oorn Clover Corn
The sixth year, 24 acres to corn. | 8rd. Clover Corn | Corn
The seventh year, the three year rota- | 4th. Corn Corn Canada peas &
tion established. | oats
| 5th. Oorn Peas & oats = Alfalfa
| 6th. Peas & oats Alfalfa | Alfalfa
| 7th. Alfalfa Alfalfa Alfalfa
| }
Rotation VII.
; ——————————
1 2 | 3 | 4 5 6
| —
Alfalfa* Corn Corn | Wheat Clover Timothy
Alfalfa Oorn | Wheat | Clover Timothy Corn
Alfalfa | Wheat Clover | Timothy Corn Corn
Alfalfa | Clover | Timothy Corn Corn Wheat
Alfalfa (Timothy, peas | Corn Cora Wheat ‘Clover
| & oats, po- | |
F tatoes).
Corn | Alfalfa | Corn | Wheat Clover Timothy

*The alfalfa field may be permanent as long as profitable then brought into the regular
rotation and a new field devoted to this crop.

Some other Rotations Followed:

1. Corn: 1. Potatoes. 1. Wheat.
2. Wheat. 2. Corn: 2. Corn.
3. Clover. 3. Potatoes. 3. Canada peas and oats
| or potatoes,
4. Wheat. 4. Wheat. 4. Clover.
5. Clover. 5. Clover. >. Timothy.
6. Timothy. 6. ‘Timothy.

Cover Crops for Green Manure:

Rotation I.
At last cultivation of corn.

Rotation II.

At last cultivation of corn.
After each crop of potatoes.

Rotation III.
At last cultivation of corn.

In Rotation I, where the pasture system is followed, the number of
animals whick can be kept profitably on the farm will be governed by
the acreage available for pasture, and in this case I have assumed that
there is no permanent pasture, except a small paddock near the build-
ings, but that the pasture will come into rotation. There will also be
sold wheat, hay, or other crops in some cases over and above what is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 307

necessary for feed for the animals. The grass incomes from this 80-
acre farm for the different feeding systems under this rotation vary
but little, at the average farm prices, and will be approximately from
$1,900 to $2,500. From this must be deducted the expense for labor,
farm equipment, interest and depreciation, fertilizers, etc., although
for a live stock type of farming very little fertilizer will be necessary
if the rotation is arranged as suggested.

In Rotation II soy beans and cowpeas have been introduced as a
crop to follow corn, the object being chiefly to introduce a leguminous
crop to improve the soil texture preceding the wheat and to much bet-
ter maintain the fertility of the soil. Soy beans may be introduced as
a profitable crop in Pennsylvania, either for hay or for seed. The
latter can be ground and fed to the farm animals or may be sold in
market, as there is demand for soy bean seed. Cowpeas may also be
grown for hay in the more southern parts of the State, but this crop
is not as profitable a seed crop as the soy beans. The feeding value of
soy bean meal may be shown by the chemical analysis and digesti-
bility experiments which give the total digestible protein in soy bean
meal about that of linseed meal. In many parts of the State of Penn-
sylvania this crop may profitably be substituted for oats in the farm
rotation.

Rotation III varies from Rotation II only in the substitution of
potatoes in place of wheat. This is applicable only on those soils
Which are better suited for growing potatoes. The total income from
Rotation III will be somewhat greater, varying from $2,500 to $3,100
annually, but on the other hand, there will be a greater expense for
labor in growing the potato crop and probably an additional expense
of $175 to $200 for commercial fertilizers.

Rotation IV introduces alfalfa, a very profitable crop for the dairy
farmer, and this crop can be profitably grown in a great many parts
of the State. Alfalfa may be grown permanently for five or more
years, before reseeding or rotating, or alfalfa may be placed in a ro-
tation for three to five years, as suggested. The great advantage of
this rotation is its influence in improving the soil, as alfalfa is a soil
builder, while the grasses and cereals are soil exhausters.

Rotation IV, in which potatoes enter, gives a very desirable crop
preceding alfalfa, but in order to seed to alfalfa after potatoes, it will
be necessary to grow early potatoes, which can be marketed about
August 1 and which will enable the alfalfa to be sown before Septem-
ber 1. If potatoes are not profitable, in any section, Canada peas and
oats may be substituted, mowed for hay the latter part of June or
early in July, and the field quickly plowed, or perhaps simply disked
and allowed to lie fallow with weekly cultivations until the latter part
of August, when alfalfa may be sown. Under some conditions, such
as on limestone soils that have considerable clay, it may be necessary
to fallow the land from early spring until July, then seed to alfalfa.

Alfalfa is a profitable crop for feeding livestock or for market. At
present the price for alfalfa hay is fully as high or higher than for
good timothy hay and as a rule, under favorable climatic conditions,
we can depend upon at least four tons of marketable alfalfa hay per
acre. Furthermore, this hay has a much greater feeding value as far
as protein is concerned, than grasses or even clover and nearly equals
the feeding value of wheat bran.

21

308 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The gross income from this rotation, basing alfalfa at market price,
is greater than for any other rotation which can be followed on the
farm, and varies from $4,000 to $5,700, depending on the number of
animals which are kept and the amount of grain which is purchased.
An interesting fact is that 42 cows can be kept when the necessary
grain feed is purchased, but the net income, after deducting the cost
of grain and labor, from 42 cows is but little greater than where 18
cows are kept and all the feed is grown on the farm.

Rotation V, which is a three year rotation, gives clover once in
three years and is therefore a good cropping system for maintaining
the humus of the soil. The income, however, from this rotation is
slightly different from Rotation I.

In Rotation VI it is assumed that the 72 acres is divided into two
fields and that 36 acres of alfalfa may be grown continuously for five
years, while the other half of the farm is devoted to a three year ro-
tation. The advantage of this system is that where alfalfa can be
grown successfully it may be far more profitable to let this field stand
permanently as long as possible before reseeding, and when it is neces-
sary to change, the half of the farm devoted to rotation can gradually
be seeded to alfalfa and rotation established on the alfalfa area.

Rotation VII is best suited to a farmer who desires to keep perma-
nently as long as possible only a small field of alfalfa. When it is ad-
visable to change, any other field may be seeded to alfalfa, as sug-
gested in the outline, and the area devoted to alfalfa be placed in
the regular rotation.

With all of these rotations it is very desirable to grow cover crops,
which can be used for plowing down in the spring as green manure,
seeded at the last cultivation of corn or after potatoes, when potatoes
is to be followed by some crop which will be planted the following
spring. For this purpose, we suggest the planting of hairy vetch, es-
pecially on soils of sandy nature, but it is more advisable to sow with
the vetch some rye, wheat, crimson clover, or a combination of each,
which will give a support to the vetch and more vegetable matter to
turn under. We suggest where rye and vetch or wheat and vetch are
sowed to use a half bushel to three pecks of rye or wheat with 18 to 25
pounds of vetch. Several successful farmers are using 25 pounds of
vetch with five to six pounds of crimson clover per acre, and some are
planting vetch alone at the rate of 40 pounds per acre. One-half
bushel of rye or wheat with 18 to 20 pounds of vetch and 5 to 6 pounds
of crimson clover, in the regions where crimson clover can be grown,
is a very desirable mixture.

FARM EQUIPMENT

The kind, amount and efficiency of farm equipment is a matter which
is receiving considerable study by our office. Very little attention has
been given hitherto to the study of farm equipment, especially in re-
gard to the requirements on farms of different areas and different
types of farming. Dairy buildings, and especially the stables for
dairy cows, has received considerable attention in the last few years
and the Dairy Division of this Department is recommending plans for
sanitary stables. However, my observation of many dairy buildings
shows that on many farms which are producing high grade milk, a
great many of the stables are very expensively equipped, whereas on

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 309

other farms equally good milk is being produced from more sim-
ple construction of stables. 1 have in mind a farm in Susquehanna
county which is sending to New York milk which receives nearly as
high a score in cleanliness as any other milk shipped to the city, yet
the buildings are very simple. The production of clean milk perhaps
depends largely upon the individuality of the man as upon the equip-
ment. Clean milk may be produced under very simple though sanitary
conditions, if great care is used in the care and handling of the pro-
duct from the time the milk is drawn until it reaches the consumer.

The style of farm buildings and stables in different regions varies
widely. Pennsylvania has a peculiar type of structure of barn which
is seldom found in other states. These barns have the stables in the
basements, which are usually dark, poorly ventilated, and unsanitary.
Such stables, however, can be easily modified, giving more healthful
conditions for animals, by building a one-story ell with concrete
floors and very simple sanitary interior fittings. Such a stable has re-
cently been erected by the U. 8. Indian School at Carlisle, Pennsyl-
vania, from plans by this Department.

Another style of barn, very applicable to regions where considerable
grain is grown, is a covered yard type of stable with storage above,
and an arrangement for stanchioning cows at the time of feeding.
This covered yard may be entirely enclosed, with side windows, and a
sanitary milking stable addition adjoining this building in which the
milk may be produced as cleanly as from any other system. A stable
of this kind was built a few years ago near Columbus, Ohio. It was
large enough to accommodate 60 cows my dividing the covered yard
into two yards holding thirty cows each. The silage and all roughage
is fed in this covered yard and the grain feed may be fed here or may
be fed in the milking stable during the time of milking. The advant-
age of this system is that it enables the farmer to utilize a great deal
of the straw, and overcomes the necessity of cleaning stables daily.
Where plenty of bedding is used, the cows are usually as clean as or-
dinarily found in the other type of stable, even where considerable
care is given to grooming and cleanliness. In such a system it is
necessary to give 80 to 100 square feet of space per animal. If the
storage above the covered yard is arranged for hay in the center and
straw in the wings, then the amount of labor in caring for the ani- _
mals can be reduced to a minimum. This system ought to appeal to
farmers in parts of Pennsylvania, especially in Lancaster county,
where the rotations call for considerable acreage of wheat and where,
as a usual thing, a great many steers are fattened for market.

In making a study of the equipment on the farm, each owner must
carefully consider principally the type of farming and the simplest re-
quirements for the storage and handling of his crops. A truck or
fruit farmer may not require near as much expenditure in buildings
as a hay, grain, or dairy farmer. The problems of working out stan-
dards for equipment for all different types of farming is receiving
special attention in this office.

Another problem which each farmer should carefully consider is
the amount of equipment in farm implements and machinery. As
stated for farm buildings, many farms are over-equipped in this re-
spect, while many others do not have the amount of equipment neces-
sary to handle the farm economically. The question of the most

310 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

efficient tillage implements is also of vital importance, and a knowl-
edge of the best methods in preparing land and cultivation of crops
is very essential, in order to plan on the amount of farm equipment
necessary. ‘The farm roller is an implement which probably is neces-
Sary on every farm, but very little attention has been given to what
kind of a roller is most efficient. The efficiency of an implement to
compact the soil was brought to my attention the past year, in those
regions which suffer the most from drought. In New Jersey it is
customary to seed down to clover and timothy or alfalfa the latter
part of August, after harvesting a potato crop or some early crop,
which allows the field to be cleared in August. Many fields of clover
and timothy and some plantings of alfalfa this past year were not a
success, due probably to the inefficient work of the ordinary farm
roller, and under such conditions it may be necessary to have an im-
plement with a corrugated surface or with a series of convex disks
set closely together in order to compact the subsurface of the soil.
On several fields where potatoes had been harvested and the vines had
been raked off with the ordinary horse rake, even where this failed
was rolled after preparing by a disk harrow, the seed failed to germi-
nate, which shows where the wheels of the horse rake compacted the
soil, which shows conclusively that under dry conditions the ordinary
plain roller superficially compacts the surface. There are several im-
plements being placed upon the market, which compact the subsurface
and which should receive the attention of farmers.

Many implements for cultivation are now placed upon the market
which are equipped with blades or knives for cutting the surface
without going very deeply into the soil. Such implements are very
efficient for the later cultivations of crops in that they simply loosen
the top soil, prevent the cutting off of feeding roots, prevent the evapo-
ration of soil moisture from a lower depth and provides a dust mulch
to conserve the moisture.

The Office of Farm Management also makes a study of the efficiency
of farm implements, with a view to economy of labor. It is often an
important question to what extent a farmer may employ larger im-
plements which require a greater number of horses and thereby de-
creasing the amount of man labor. In many sections of the East it
may be entirely practical to use large power machinery, especially the
traction plow, and the traction engine for other farm operations.
The traction plow is already in operation in New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania, and where the fields are comparatively large and _ level.
especially where the fields are rectangular, with a long course before
is is necessary to turn, such expenditure may be economy. There are
many farms which could be arranged for the practical use of a trac-
tion plow by rearranging the fields.

The problem of farm equipment I consider has not been solved as
yet, by any means, and the farmers should assist the Department in
giving their inventories of farm tools, in order that this office may
secure data enough to establish some standard for farms of different
areas and types of farming.

RECORDS AND ACCOUNTS

One of the most important farm management problems is the es-
tablishment of some simple system of records and accounts, which
will enable the farmer to know more definitely the cost of production

No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 311

of farm products, and the distribution of labor on the farm, as in-
fluenced by his farm conditions. One of the important questions of
the day among business men is the establishment of scientific manage-
ment, which will give greater efficiency. The study of efficiency in
operating large plants has been perfected in many places so that the
manufacturer is realizing greater profits. The efficiency and distribu-
tion of farm labor is a problem also which is one of the most im-
portant on the farm. The farmer should know the cost of feeding
and caring for the different animals; he should know the cost of labor,
both horse and man labor for the diiferent crops; he should know the
production and cost of production of dairy products, in order to have
an accurate knowledge of the profits and losses on the farm. Many
farmers are beginning to realize the necessity of keeping careful
records and are establishing systems which will give them this data.
In most cases, however, this is done on large farm propositions where
the records and accounts are kept by a bookkeeper hired for that pur-
pose. The small farmer, however, needs this information just as much,
and a simple system of keeping his accounts may be devised, which,
while not absolutely accurate, will give enough of this information to
determine what profits are being made on the farm.

The Office of Farm Management has for some time been keeping
records on a number of farms, doing the tabulation in the office, by a
system of daily record blanks, especially designed fo getting the in-
formation which this office needs. The summaries of the yearly
records on many of these farms are extremely interesting and suggest
many things of importance in their business management.

In order to show the importance of this work and what a careful
keeping of farm records actually means, the following tabulations of
the cost of growing corn, the maintenance of an ochard and handling
the apple crop, is given.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

312

| | LES SOb. tee casas <2 Salt pee, SE Shia 4 lS es Saal ea ea Page a ee ae eae eee ae NOOB] Orf
(R000 °@ a Mien pogarcroensn ne onan mene 06°92 [SSRSes rage pees nasa soes Coace | peatosae sek a anno sna nS = Saeed aS Rae eee “48010907
KOGURS a. Perrone we we eine peetee oan 69°L [ST ore cem aa aes Seat eS a ere ata ar eM) iF
NBPAWLn ica | |ioce agereonanle an open 68°08) RSS Etae ase ccana|sesse-asase ca MTES TES osm ass <FennarEs a> ster reese seeeoa sess ‘queurdinby
| “ql ‘0¢ M “SQ FIZ DOO PY tas ae een cere i!) tO) lM RCS earn a bs ama oe a ce a SSS gee ete he Ga eee aE eee ee OU oe LOAN ——DOag
| 868° 088 10°F ST TOL 08 *T2e$ 68I'T ¥oog‘T peo merit aeemruanmaartes wow ee el ib Gls (ahi bis
| 26L°9 06°F 91°23 83°96 £88 _LGP {OLDy (Ob Sats asia ao ‘JujOyIs pu Sune
MOG0sES =) Sarr coer is LL°h ROIS. Co Whe ee Y6IL "OSeOri OK Sis ic 7 eo ee ee cee *du1y4nO
[a5 C7 co'ss $0°6L nearee Saeco “S/O i wees coke aa” Beek ne ERS CO ET
*qmo esiog 2 ¥ T | 99° LL'S ¥o°S OF OL 89 cay Kee iss i eae wea cee San sr ‘MPO our} 4g
*qg[nd esioy % FT 006" 61° 98°S 8°81 | B6L FP age 314 PN eerie open k cae cae SYN ell} WF
‘asroq Z AXING | 969" go's 6," T 11°6 | og Elz “TSsOT/LE SE5 225) tae es See ee AN CUE DIS
*qIMo esiog 2 Y I! 10s" 18°8 Ils 18°38 6S ELF 2A OG) )e Ord SS or reer gee ‘SPN ull} pus
*Sulpll 4 Z ANINS | S6F* 96° SFT 8o"Z | §cr Ez SRO Ot Screen ts marae ‘MYO 2U]} IST
| | 3uyIBAIINO
‘1ojuBId puvy” | £60" pieewe ws = can Our, SP ee ee gS Rare eae EOL SOC9S/0 ee See —~ ‘*guyjueldoy
"43004 @xIdg | Zor" 98° ae'T OIL ¥F £08 NEL-QU/O). “Todas cee en oat one te ‘Supssviq
“Mo HOO “a ayor | oF" iF 99°T SIL $48 #93 OU, ee rey se anes oe eee
*qooy ZI SyUBId g | FEZ" S¥'T 99° 09°s 2 $01 GIST 0) S955 "S37 aga ee ies ‘suyyuel[d
*“SOSIT I elvaq uYyor | LIF 83°3 96° TF'9 EP EFL SSISHU/O 1 TF Sar eae ees ie we ~_‘suyasiq
"43009 eXIdS | SLE 6% $e°T 082 | BOF 50 Pid, (0 MEPS ee en eee sulsseiq
‘alaaq UYyOr L8F*s 25° LT #L°9 e°Ss | BF9% Egg {OI /9). SS ee desp sayout ¢ ‘sujMOlg
LaF SECS EE at) 99°98 Smarreeecc=essl bay SQL/Q-lelh. eee Se ‘u10) paas a1BO
{ |
a 5 gS S 5
at a 5 eA a i)
. ; o-) =a e @ fod
| ig ° es fo)
} g 5 r= 5
* SYIVULNY LI in a 3 *5078q
‘e1oy Iq “18307,

«T-8,, PPL “WV “S8'ST ‘aselisugq—uai0p doig ‘606T
UIT wsuoosiy ‘ainggnouby fo quamj.odag ‘g ‘Q ‘quawabnunyy wo fo aafo fq pandwog

IT aTavVil

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 313

No.

98° 018 CAND Weceiaeg ese
48°82 SF SF Sa
OL 68h OPO alkene race sa one eens ote Seeene
‘aloy Jeg [BIOL
XUVWWAS
OO OTR e958 SEES sae as se ath bene eewen semen seen
| Sad eae bos, Caer caer coe a
00° #Z ee ee a nee nin ot mig in aa waa ci »
OT OU Pees rs Ss Mea i ea ane ee
‘SA THIX

*2 OL ‘sinoy esioy ‘*d g-1 Sf ‘sinoy ue~ :anoy sed soqey

Bie So eer *4s09
SSS Rey nea aaa apes ‘amoouy

Pere gene ag ‘[R10,

r3)
A
t's eeia areaeemeuaricial breumink we moatteroa (U1) js melee li oa oy oo Blagg GS See ae aCe Cane Bea ee
2 ee it) a oe avs, Se eee een Rathore. ; *00°6$ M “nq ¥—paas IeAO[D
b=] a ee en nnnn nn i 17 Ce ee ---- *Zuyneg sn[d s[eliojyvm suldvids
s (ad1Byo OL6L JO *yUed Jed OG) asIvyo oinuep
169° Stee + eee
"188 FOE E969 preconnoessese> “anon TOgey T810,
F69°S E19 ELG 4 Tree A GE Ea) SOS ee i
| es6'z ‘sI-€ /OL sojddv Sulmviq
: Bors Stee gg Li-P /OL 777777777 "7> ‘soqdde SuyArp pue dn Suypyor
p Pld
0%s "ST $66 coe ] I
‘FF’ Kae cet AS a G 41-8 /OT sydde surg
| gr 08 oL ‘$1/8 ‘sojddev suruUly,y,
| fee E 2 : i7 6 SW) Assis ae *TOAO[D BSUI[OY
e81 19 ra 09 g a ‘ ; ;
| $F" US ve 2a Rae i ay eet ee ed St/L IVAO[D SuIssSVIG
f 6G | 0G I Uff) SSS Orso se oacr races Rees sos :
2 | 9sT'T 27S 68°G | 02'S 9% €L ‘OT /L-#3/9 APE TIES 51S ne aN MOS
a IX Od0GoT, | 198" 68°3 68°2 06"s $1 ar Daf pein ctr L d UIBAIIINO
= | 193° | ge°T 19° 0z°1 9 4 Ba Surdvids
3 P : ; i ji Bites IOS SSeS! Oe Koy HEV) EAN)
xnvepi0 c
a pi0g | ae ve 9g°F 06°¢ IL {0 $1 Q=TO Gia aac nar to el a *surAvids
Ems fr alee x3 oo'T 08'T 6 iP S9/0-90/Gincss tats Ls tel Ree eS ‘sulmoiiey
plod | 816°T | 9g°h ILl’9 06°8 $$ EL “9¢-#2/Q. ~777 777 2---+------------------------ “S
2. | 998 8) 63° 09°T 8 F ee ane ese eee ea Pe o BulAvids
; eee Wicca ee Use 9 ‘ulsouel
ce [Pare | 68. 68°% Sh's (8 81 (9-2 ig: TT oie tat 2a ae eae Gee mae TO a
S [eee est na ee iia 18 pwd) meeps saree mnnes wees Gere ce ear ocd NOIst
: | : ; 91 “O¢-OL/F TTTTTTTTT7T-> ‘SNIq SujyMevip pur su
ain d Ss . . . p Uld
= qdjns 9tay'T oe os ed ae £9°8 ‘(re £82 SE=EP et Mie Le eee *‘sulAvidg
pe eae bese DOHOG 5 |e keseaae reece 00 | Sais G2/9 ecrans :saaaar ad oss eae ‘soar} Suyunig
4 00°s$ | 9 Cert ifge CRC Ses SREY aheg cel aols|
ae ee
y fe) ss z | a by
iz ° ° ') ° ° =
a 5 = nD 5 &
< 7 8 2 * a a
= g Z g
rs * S
H n | iF; a
a ; | FI : *s0q¥q
‘aloyV Jad *[890.1,

ee ———————————————————ee—
«HH, PPL ‘setoy Fp ‘prvygor1g :doiQ “OT6T

‘WD (XN “adnynowby fo quaujzwdaqg ‘§ *Q ‘juawabnunyy wing fo ayfo fq pajndwog
TI aTavVid

314

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 315

No.

*d OL ‘sinoy es1oy ‘*d OZ ‘sInoy ue; :1n0Y Jed sojyeI pounssy

09°T$ OLF FEI$ OGISLGS Fi = a SOSS ase aes arses eee ease ss ‘qyo1g
16" #68°86 ORSFHR 0 SRST ERE eae errr e none ean “48009
TL "2$ oes s6z$ 00°0z8‘T$ a trainee Geet np pe COS Uo (oinogt
‘Idd Jog ‘a1DV Jog [BIOL
“XUVWWAS
OORORE TS See se See e aero oocee LLLON
00° OOT DLR Pe Se eee ‘sordde SulrAIqd
HO? eel SOL WARE ONE) Se SSS ‘oc zt O sejdde "SIA SgF
aTauIAz .
a ee PA ee OU ee ee PS ee
#98" 86$ Ri aia eae S| cig tte Ss cat 08° FFT to tennn nee enna) one en nnn nnn | ane een ne nee nnn anna een nen nn ee een nnne ees *qs00 [270.7
OOO ar ee, (lesa suas easel ais seen ars 03° Ts Eee 25 1S Seen | Tae BO eee oe ee “4901001
001" chee te alin mea ee ce| SESS) | _|ineee sero 5 al Sac abeasees Be | SST Ree ee eee en ae es ‘soxt gy,
QO8S0'. 8 ell lee aes See ance ee ee 61°83 Pe ear Mes ar see oma ty oe || ee Oe PEEP De eee ‘asieyo qusmdinbay
966" LE a ca a 08° OLT

aac ed bes hee eC ee ota ‘yave ‘acs ® ggr—slolieg

316 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Some figures on the cost of feeding dairy cows for the production
of milk are very interesting. The average cost of feeding and caring
for an animal from its birth until it became an adult, which was about
two years, secured by keeping accurate record of a dairy herd in Wis-
consin, shows that under a very simple system of management the
cost of feed and labor amounted to $50.08. The cost of feed during
this period was $42.01. The cost of labor was $8.07. The feed was
charged at market prices, man labor at 12 cents per hour and horse
labor at 10 cents per hour. The young stock were pastured for about
three months during the summer, for which there was no labor
charged. An interesting fact in connection with this is that for the
first two months the cost of both feed and labor was the greatest of
any part of this period. During the winter months it remained fairly
uniform and was the lowest during the summer.

Another line of work which has received considerable attention in
our office it what might be called conducting an agricultural survey.
This is a canvass of all the farmers in a township and securing com-
plete data on the incomes and expenses of the farm. In this work, at-
tention was given to the early training and preparations for farm life
and one of the most interesting deductions from farm surveys in New
Hampshire is that the average net income from farmers which re-
ceived a high school training was considerable above the income from
farmers who only attended the district school.

THE NEEDS OF OUR RURAL SCHOOLS

By MISS SARA C. LOVEJOY, State College, Pa.

The needs of our rural schools are fundamentally the same as those
of all schools, based on the common object of all education. Every
one who aspires to the name, “Educator,” and even those of us who
can claim no higher title than “teacher” are thinking some pet theory
as to what education really is, but from the many definitions, as nu-
merous as are the definers, we may select as one of the best that of a
leading college president: “The object of all education,” he says, “is
to train men and women for intelligent citizenship.” The schools of
our rural communities should, therefore, fit the boys and girls for
their duties as men and women. Are they doing this? _

Before we can answer this question we must consider what these
duties are for which training is needed. First for the home, the one
institution of our land in which all the people share, and in the build-
ing of which every one has a part. We have long recognized that boys
who were to become physicians, ministers, or engineers must be
especially trained for their professions. It is time that people ad-
mitted that home-building is no less a profession than are these others
and that they who are to administer the work of the household should
be definitely trained.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 317

In our rural districts, however, as in our cities, we do something
besides live in homes. Their. material needs must be supplied and
that necessitates a directly lucrative occupation. Now the one busi-
ness upon which all people, whether dwellers in the open country or in
crowded cities depend is that carried on in our rural communities,—
agriculture. Stop that, and how would the people of this land live?
Financially, it is worth more in this State than are all the other oc-
cupations combined, including mining and the oil industry. Is it not
a business, therefore, for which there should be definite preparation
in the schools where the future farmers and farmers’ wives are being
trained for intelligent citizenship. How can agriculture develop, how
can it keep the place it should hold, that of our foremost industry, un-
less the people who engage in it are as well-trained as are the people
engaged in other occupations ?

The reason, then, for the study of Home Economics and Agricul-
ture in our rural schools is to increase the power of the rural districts
by giving to the boys and girls such a thorough mastery of their busi-
ness that they will realize its importance and will more readily remain
on the farms. It must be recognized that one reason why young
people are flocking to cities is that they feel that farming and house-
keeping are drudgery and that there is no chance to “rise.” There is
always a chance to rise when one is studying his work and making
it progressively better.

In addition to introducing these technical branches, our rural
schools should also better relate their present courses of study to
the facts and interests of daily life, so that education may not lead
away from the home, but toward it. A problem in arithmetic is of as
great educational value when it deals with the division of the income
of a family in such a way as to allow the proper proportion for food,
for clothing and for housing, as when it deals with the proportionate
amount of capital invested by the several partners of a business firm.
Attention can be called to matters pertinent to the welfare of family
and of livestock if other problems set the children to figuring the re-
quired amount of nitrogenous food in a balanced ration either for
man or for beast. A*geography lesson can be made interesting in it-
self and may be related to matters of dailv life if, instead of being re-
quired to learn mere lists of exports, imports and agricultural pro-
ducts of China, Japan and other distant lands, the children are at
the same time, given instruction as to the uses of some of these ex-
ports in our own households, for instance tea, coffee, rice and sugar;
or if they taught something of the agricultural methods employed in
other countries. This suggests that in raising the standard of our
rural schools, we are not asked to put out of the curriculum the com-
mon branches which all recognize as necessary, in order to teach some
subjects which many people feel are distinctly “new fangled” and un-
necessary. On the contrary, the aim should be to co-ordinate all the
work so that it shall be of the greatest practical value.

This is not the time or place to take up in further detail the courses
of study. We can merely indicate in general the chief needs of our
schools. Later speakers will present methods for instruction in agri-
culture. All that I can hope to do is to urge you most strongly to in-
troduce into every school, courses in Domestic Science and kindred
subjects, The first objection to this is that matters pertaining to the

318 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

home can best be learned there. If cooking were all that is included
in Home Economics, doubtless most mothers would claim the ability
to teach their daughters, although many an experienced housekeeper
is often forced to admit that luck rather than science guides her own
cooking processes. Much more, however, is included and should be
understood by every woman who has the responsibility of directing a
household. She should know not merely how to cook, but how to com-
bine foods into a properly balanced ration. This implies a knowledge
of the needs of the body, and of the foods supplying these. The soil
and the cattle on our farms require nitrogen and lime—so do human
beings, but the amount needed by the latter is less generally under-
stood. Moreover, a lack of any of the necessary food elements means
a form of starvation, which cannot be prevented by an increased
amount of another food element. Since a knowledge of these prin-
ciples is essential to the complete well-being of our families, this
should, very evidently be taught in our public schools if they are to
train for intelligent citizenship.

The principles of hygiene and sanitation also belong in the curricu-
la of our rural schools. We have a State law requiring that temper-
ance be taught in all public schools. This is a wise step in freeing the
country from a great evil. But one-half the cases of intemperance are
caused by improper food. When the body is not properly nourished,
a craving for some stimulant is created. Moreover, intemperance is
not confined to excess in drink, indiscretion in eating cause many
bodily ills. The pupils in our schools should, therefore, be taught the
laws of health in regard to eating as well as to drinking.

A well organized crusade against tuberculosis is attracting the at-
tention of people everywhere, and we welcome every effort put forth
to stamp out this plague. Preventative work, however, is better than
curative, and here again the school is the place for instruction. When
school houses are properly built and cared for in regard to ventilation
and sanitation, when the common drinking cup is banished, and the
pupils are taught why clean houses, fresh air, pure water and clean
bodies are necessary to good health then there will be less tubercu-
losis to fight. If only once a week definite instruction were given con-
cerning the dangers lurking in the dust that clings to our clothing
and furniture; in the air of a close room; in the cup passed from stu-
dent to student; in the touch of a fly flitting from the filth of im-
properly cared for barns to the food on our tables, and in other mat-
ters vital to health, we could soon see a distinct rise in the standard
of public health. It ought not to be necessary to emphasize the im-
portance of these matters in rural communities where pure air, good
water and proper sanitary conditions are so easily provided, but re-
peated experience proves that we who live in the country often disre-
gard the laws of health more than do people in cities.

One reason why many people fail in agriculture is because they do
not put it on a business basis. They do not know their exact capi-
tal invested, or the income derived therefrom, and cannot tell whether
they are making money or losing, until too late they find out to their
sorrow. For this reason every rural school should include in its in-
struction a business training, not the stenography and banking which
are usualy associated with that term, but a study of the finances of
the farm and the farm home. If the merchant must know the propor-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 319

tion of his income which he should invest in advertising in new equip-
ment or in enlarging his business, the farmer, no less, should know his
financial status, and the farmers’ wife should realize her responsi-
bility since the expenditures for the home are largely under her direc-
tion. As has been said before, much of this may be introduced with
the usual arithmetic and book-keeping taught in most schools. It is
not a new subject, but a practical application of an accepted branch
of common education.

So much can be done, then, by the progressive teacher whose desire
is not so much to follow well-worn educational paths, as to adapt her
instruction to the needs of present day life. This, however, is not
enough. As we have seen, some definite technical work is needed for
the future home-maker, and the problem of introducing the subject
into rural schools becomes difficult. It seems to require special
teachers and special equipment, impossibilities in communities where
school taxes scarcely provide for the present inadequate facilities.

This condition of affairs emphasizes the need of consolidated rural
schools. Why is it that Pennsylvania is so far behind other states in
this matter? We look in vain through the pages of the report on Con-
solidated Rural Schools issued by the office of Experiment Stations
and the Bureau of Statistics, for any mention of Pennsylvania. On
the contrary, the shabby, isolated school buildings which we all know
are a disgrace to this, one of the richest states of the Union. Better
buildings, better school grounds, more adequately paid teachers, and
then we shall have wider courses of study and a rising generation of
more efficiently trained citizens. Concentration of capital, whether
in trusts, or in school management brings higher returns, and in the
case of schools, the general public receives the benefit of these re-
turns—it may not be out of place to quote from the report already
referred to :—‘The fusion of a number of small districts into a larger
administrative unit furnishes a stable and extensive basis for financ-
ing the school and thereby makes for higher efficiency. An incentive
is given to make permanent improvements to beautify the school
erounds, secure modern sanitation, and provide ample school room
equipment. Studies can be introduced which require specially
trained teachers, such as agriculture, home economics, manual train-
ing, music, advantages almost unattainable in small district schools.
These centrally located country-life schools, too, form convenient
social centers for communities; local interests and activities affiliate
with the schools, so that public use is frequently made of their com-
modious class rooms or auditoriums.”

Pennsylvania should follow the example of her neighbor, Ohio, and
of many western and southern states in this respect, but until she
does, we must find a way of meeting existing conditions. The prob-
lem has been solved in Maryland and elsewhere by means of a special
teacher of Home Economics, hired jointly by the several schools of
one township or of adjoining townships. With a convenient travel-
ing equipment she is able to go about spending one day, or part of a
day, each week in a school. The equipment may include a denatured
alcohol stove, if possible one supplied with a portable oven, a home-
made fireless cooker, a small supply of cooking utensils; sauce-pans,
measuring cups, mixing bowls, spoons, knives, baking pans, and other
most necessary articles. This can be packed in a trunk or box and

320 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

taken from place to place. The pupils in each school are instructed
what supplies to provide for each lesson, and if the whole is arranged
systematically, the work is most successful.

Better still is it to have a packing box equipment in each school
house. The boys can be pressed into service to construct cupboards
from packing boxes easily obtained, and the necessary utensils can be
packed conveniently away between lessons. If the building is so ar-
ranged that a separate room can be provided, so much the better, but
if not, a table at one end of the regular room must do. If a perma-
nent one is not possible, one constructed by means of boards placed
on wooden trestles, or on the desk tops will serve the purpose. Often
the stove used for heating the room may be utilized for cooking.

The question naturally arises as to whether such work will not in-
terfere with other classes in the same room. It need not, if discipline
is properly maintained. Another question is regarding the cost of
such an equipment. It can be provided according to its completeness,
at from $10 to $100; I have seen a satisfactory one for less than $30.
If there is sufficient interest in the matter, donations of utensils and
supplies by the people of the community often reduce the cost of equip-
ment and maintenance.

The object of such a course in cooking and a study of food prin-
ciples, as of all else included in the broad term Home Economics, is
two-fold; to train efficient home-makers, and to raise the standard in
the home, so that the dignity and importance of household tasks may
be better appreciated. We have false standards when we feel that per-
son who works in a kitchen is performing service less worthy than the
girl who manipulates a type-writer in an office.

A direct result of this course may be the solution of one of the
serious problems of school life—the noon lunch. We nearly all recog-
nize as injurious the cold luncheon, consisting often of a combination
of indigestible food, served in an unappetizing manner. Nevertheless,
it has seemed impossible to avoid this entirely. Even though we may
chose more nutritious articles and see that they are packed so care-
fully as to be palatable when lunch time comes, still a cold mid-day
meal is poor sustenance for growing children. With the introduction
of cooking into our schools we may hope to improve conditions very
materially. Each day the lunch brought from home may be augmented
by some one hot, nutritious article served at a trifling cost. The plann-
ing may be done by the teacher, the work by the pupils, those only
being allowed to help whose lessons are prepared. The ever useful
fireless cooker is of assistance here as a means of cooking and keeping
hot, cocoa, meat stew, beans, maccaroni and cheese or other wholesome
articles. Another bad feature of the usual school lunch, aside from its
effect on health, is carelessness regarding table manners, and a general
disregard of order. This also may, to a large extent be welcome if
a more regular noon meal, served neatly indoors, takes the place of the
contents of a lunch pail hastily devoured on the school house steps.

Some of you are ready to object that the school program is already
over-crowded and that the introduction of subjects hitherto considered
a part of home training will over-work both teachers and pupils. When
a special teacher can be hired by several schools, no additional work
need be put upon the regular teacher, and even if this is not possible,
most teachers who have undertaken the work have found that the
children enter into it with such zest, and return to their other studies

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 321

with so much more enthusiasm that the strain of teaching seems less
severe. Others will object that Home Economics is merely a fad. Is
any subject a fad which helps people to live according to higher stan-
dards, by teaching them how to observe better the laws of health, how
to be prudent in the use of time, strength and money, and by making
a study of the home of supreme importance? You say that there is
nothing to be learned in school about house-keeping and home-making,
we immediately put these occupations upon a lower plane than others,
since we admit that twentieth century methods are better than nine-
teenth for most things. Scientific methods are accepted in the business
world, why not in the home?

If we are to have Home Economics permanently in our schools, we
must of necessity have properly trained teachers, and here a more
serious difficulty presents itself. However, with the required intro-
duction of this work inte Normal Schools, and with the course already
established at the Pennsylvania State College, opportunities are being
offered for their preparation. For these teachers in schools where no
facilities for work are provided by the board of education, and where
no regular courses can be taught, a beginning may be made through
the noon lunch, which may develop later into a complete course. The
summer course for teachers at the Pennsylvania State College, while
it cannot give in six weeks a complete professional training in Home
economics, offers much that is valuable to those who wish to know
how to start work through the lunch or in some other small way.

Let it not be thought that all the needs of our rural schools will be
supplied by the introduction of Home Economics into the curriculum.
We need, as has already been stated before, a more liberal appropria-
tion for school work making possible better buildings, more attrac
tive grounds, more adequately paid and, consequently, better teachers
and a closer co-operation between school and home. However, one
very definite step toward some of these needed improvements will be
taken when Home Economics and Agriculture are introduced into
every rural school.

COUNTRY SCHOOLS FOR FARM LIFE

By PROF. THOS. I. MAIRS, State College, Pa.

It is acknowledged by nearly all that the country schools are not
serving their purpose so well as they once did. The object of all
education is to adapt the pupil to his environment. As the environ-
ment changes the schools must change to meet it. if they are to do the
work for which they are intended. If our schools had been less
efficient in the past there would be less difficulty to-day in adapting
them to present needs. Some one has said “Man must be fluid, must
be able to change, institutions are not fluid, they never change until
forced to do so and then they fight to the death to maintain their

21—6—1911

322 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

dogmas.” While this is to some extent true this very conservation
is one of the strong points of the public schools. It is well that they
are not carried away by every dreamer with a freak educational
system. Nevertheless certain changes, not reforms, are needed if the
country schools are to adapt their pupils to farm life. By country
schools we mean not only the one room country schools but the town-
ship high schools as well.

That it is the function of these schools to adapt their pupils for
farm life should not be questioned. Practically all their pupils come
from the farm and most of them will continue on the farm. Very few
of them will attend any other school and must therefor get whatever
education schools can give them in these schools. It should be the
function of the schools to train the pupils for the conditions of to-
morrow so far as they can be foreseen, but since the morrow cannot
be seen let us train them for to-day rather than for yesterday.

The specific adverse criticisms made of the country schools are
that they do not touch the heart of the community, that they are
modeled too much after city schools, that they do not give enough
useful knowledge, and that they are inclined to place the fitting of
students to meet college entrance requirements ahead of training
for life, that is they are inclined to sacrifice the interests of the ma-
jority for the benefit of the few. The reasons of these tendencies are
far to seek but the remedy is not always so easy to apply. The
leaders in education have not been workers in the rural schools and
there has been a constant drainage of the best teachers from the
country to the city schools and the professions on account of the
better salaries. The country teachers have in general recognized the
superiority of the city school and in seeking for improvement have
naturally been led to copy. A great deal more thought has been
given to the improvement of city schools for city environment be-
cause of the better organization and higher salaried men.

The public gives the teacher of the township schools more credit
for fitting one student for college than for what he does for all the
rest of the school. It is natural therefore that the teacher should give
special attention to this one again. ‘The teacher is perhaps a college
graduate and would of course like to furnish a new student to his
alma mater.

In order that the school may touch the heart of the community it
must become more of a social center. The games and amusements
entered into by the pupils contribute more toward this end than any
other one thing. Where you see a school that can get up a ball
game you will see one that is getting next to the people.

If we admit that the rural schools are not meeting their pos-
sibilities and can point out their specific weaknesses we should then
seek the remedies. Some of these have already been suggested, per-
haps none of them are new to you. The two great opportunities for
improvement are by centralization and consolidation and the intro-
duction of vocational studies. Centralization and consolidation will
mean fewer schools so that we can pay better salaries and have better
teachers and more close supervision. It will make the school more
of a social center, stimulate civic pride, increase attendance, and in-
terest more people. Consolidation and centralization are placed first
not because they are regarded as of more importance than vocational

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 323

studies but because logically they should come first although actually
they will come last. It will be a long time before any large per cent.
of our country schools will be centralized or consolidated.

Of the vocational studies domestic science is perhaps the most
important because practically all girls will become housekeepers
sooner or later, most of them sooner, but this is out of my line. The
course of study should include domestic science for all the girls and
manual training and agriculture for all the boys and some agriculture
for the girls. The manual training should be agricultural in its ten-
dency and all exercises should lead to the making of some useful
object. The pupil should be able to see some utility in the work with-
out exercising too much of the “substance of things hoped for, the
evidence of things not seen.” In manual training it may sometimes
be necessary to restrain the pupil’s ambition, to prevent him from
undertaking to make articles too difficult or complicated. Accuracy
is probably the most important element here.

Agriculture may be introduced either into the elementary schools,
eighth grade and lower, or into the high school. It may be intro-
duced into the elementary schools as a separate subject, in connection
with nature study, as supplementary reading, or special phases may
be developed by oral teaching object lessons and busy work. While
some agricultural work in the elementary schools is desirable it is
of less importance than its introduction into the rural high school.

The State of Pennsylvania puts the high school education within
the reach of every person within the State who is interested enough
to accept the provisions of this law and has the ability to go that far.
Agriculture as a separate branch is more of a high school subject
than an elementary subject. That is, it can be taught to better ad-
vantage in the high school than in the grades. ‘There are many
phases that may be taught in the grades but these are better probably
taught somewhat after the manner of oral instruction object lessons,
etc., rather than as a distinct subject. In the high school too there
is more time for the introduction of vocational subjects, and teachers
are better prepared to teach them. Further the high school course
without agriculture tends to separate the pupil more and more from
home interests. This is not so much the case with elementary schools.
The object however is not primarily to keep boys on the farm but to
broaden the pupil and put him into sympathetic and intelligent re-
lations with his surroundings. If in doing this it makes farm life
more pleasant and more profitable and thus induces a larger number
of the bright boys to become farmers, it is well.

There are three ways in which agriculture may be introduced into
the high school. The first is by the organization of distinct Agricul-
tural High Schools whose primary function is to make farmers or
in other words to teach agriculture as a specialty in an agricultural
environment. The second is the introduction of an agricultural
course into our existing high schools parallel with the other three
years’ or four years’ coursed now being given. In these courses
some agricultural subjects will be taught each term from the begin-
ning to the end of the course. The third method is the introduction
of the subject of agriculture as one of the sciences in the regular
high school course, coordinate with botany, physics, and other sciences
now taught.

22

324 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

We believe that the last named method is by far the most important:
and the most practicable one. We believe that the subject should be
taught in the existing high schools rather than in special high
schools for the reason that the State would hardly feel able to support
two sets of high schools in the manner in which they should be sup-
ported to do ‘the work well: Another reason is that these special
high schools would necessarily be few in number and so far apart
that they would be readily accessible to only a few of those which
they w ould be intended to reach. A further reason is that special
schools would foster the class feeling and tend to sharpen the line
separating the rural from the urban classes, which is contrary to the
spirit of American institutions. We believe that so far as practical
the farmer should be educated along side of the lawyer, the merchant
and the engineer; in the same classes as far as possible. A few
special agricultural high schools would be a good thing but they
should supplement rather than take the place in existing high schools.
We believe that it is more important that agriculture be taught as a
bianch coordinate with other sciences rather than that special agri-
cultural courses be organized for the reason that a greater number
of pupils would be reached as most of the rural high ‘schools are not
able to maintain more than one course of study. W e believe that it
should be required of all as its training value aside from its utility
is fully as great as that of any other science. It requires as close
observation and as accurate thinking as any of them. It may be the
first science taught when it will serve as an introduction to the others,
or it may come after physical geography and botany.

A few months ago we sent inquiries to all of the county superin-
tendents in Pennsylvania asking for a list of the high schools of the
first, second and third classes in each county teaching agriculture.
Replies were received from 43 superintendents representing 85 high
schools of the first class, 154 of the second class, 290 of the third,
and 29 unclassified, or a total of 558 in all. These superintendents
reported in the 43 counties there were 12 high schools of the first class,
36 of the second class and 107 of the third class making a total of 155
in which agriculture was being taught. Letters of inquiry were then
sent to each of these 155 high schools asking the number of years in
the course, the extent to which agriculture was taught, the text-book
used, if any, and the proportion of time given to recitations and to
practicum. Replies were received from 89 principals. Of these 53
reported that they were teaching agriculture, nine reported that it
was being taught incidentally along with physical geography or some
other branch, and three that it was optional in the course but was
not being taken. Two schools reported separate agricultural courses.
Most of them however seem to devote about one period per day for
half a school year to the subject. A few teach it two or three times
a week for half a year.

Twenty-six or exactly half of the schools were using a text-book
which is not above the eighth grade. Nine more were using a book
that is even more elementary. Both of these are attractive books and
are put out by very aggressive publishing houses which accounts for
their wide introduction. Six schools were using Warren’s Elements
of Agriculture which is probably the best book we have for the pur-
pose “at present: Two were using Wilkinson’s “Practical Agricul-
ture” which may be made of high school rank if the teacher so chooses.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 325

Within the last month or two Halligan’s “Fundamentals of Agricul-
ture” has appeared which is also a high school book but better
adapted to southern conditions and does not contain directions for
laboratory and field work.

Most of the schools devote nearly all of their time to recitation
giving very little to demonstrations, field or laboratory work. They
give as the reason for this when asked that they do not have time for
anything else. To my mind three recitations per week and two per-
iods given to demonstrations or practicum work of some kind are
desirable. It would be well to have double periods for practicum
work, if possible, but even single periods would be better than giving
all the time to recitations. ‘The pupil must use his hands and eyes
if he is to get the desired amount of training from the subject he
cannot get it by using his memory alone. The pupil must be taught
to see and do things. These inquiries show that agriculture is coming
into the schools and it is our business now to see that it comes in the
proper way. If we introduce merely a text-book in agriculture the
result is apt to be disappointing and there is danger of a reaction.
If we introduce work of too low a grade it will be disappointing. If
the pupil sees in the work only things that he already knows, even if
he sees them in a new light he is not getting all he is entitled to. Not
only must we teach agriculture but we must teach it right, the pupil
must feel that he is getting something worth while.

In teaching agriculture in the public schools we must seek to ac-
complish the following:

. Give the pupil new knowledge.

. Develop the view of the knowledge he already has.
. Teach him to use his thinking faculities.

Teach him to do things-

. Teach him to find out things for himself.

. Correlate the school with the home life.

. Not neglect the business side of agriculture.

While we realize that rural life problem is a large one and that the
country schools are only part of it, we believe that the teaching of
agriculture in these schools, as it is capable of being taught, will
do more than any other one thing for the advancement of the rural
community and the conservation of our natural resources.

AUD OUR CO be

THE PRESENT TREND OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION

By L. A. CLINTON, Storrs, Conn.

When I selected my subject for the address at this meeting I had
no knowledge of what the other subjects were upon the program. The
large number of addresses upon the subject of agricultural education
simply shows the importance of that subject and the large place it is
occupying in public education at the present time.

326 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

There seems to be a general interest in the welfare of the farmer,
and the strange thing about it is that the least interest of his welfare
is being shown by the farmer himself. City people, college profes-
sors, railroad presidents, boards of trade, have all become interested
in the welfare of the poor farmer. Meanwhile the farmer pursues the
even tenor of his way, plants his crops, fights the bugs, harvests
crops, sells his products and gets about thirty-five cents of the con-
sumer’s dollar paid for the same.

In every age and in every generation there are those who are in-
clined to look with more or less sympathy, pity or scorn upon the
customs of the previous generation or age, the belief apparently be-
ing that we in our wisdom have made great progress over those who
immediately preceded us. On the other hand there will always be
those who are constantly living in the past. It was the “good old
times,” whether in religious life, or educational affairs or business.
In spite of all trusts and combinations in restraint of trade there
are none of us who would go back to the time of the home industry,
when everything necessary in the way of wearing apparel, food pro-
ducts and furnishings for the house was made on the farm. While
we may lament the present disregard of the Sabbath, there are none
who would wish for a revival of the old manner of Sunday observance.

Schools and educational methods have also changed, and while
there are some who regret the passing of the classical scholar and
recognize as an educated man only one who has been trained in the
classics, yet the majority of people have come to recognize that the
old system of education has had its day, and that what is needed at
the present time is an education which will fit the boys and girls for
the practical work of life. New schools and new methods have come
to stay until they shall become antiquated, and possibly the future
generation will think of our age with pity, possibly with scorn, that
we so slightly grasped the problem. The methods of every age are
an outgrowth or development from preceding ages. Some of the
best from every age is preserved, modified and developed to meet
changing needs and new conditions. In this forward march there
must always be some back tracking, some mistaken notions as to
what is best to preserve, but the general trend is forward in the so-
lution of the problems of life.

One of the most remarkable trends at the present time is towards
agricultural education, not only of the farmers but of the masses,
city people as well as country, and this general interest has been
largely created within the last few years. When the agricultural
colleges were being established some fifty years ago there was no
general agricultural awakening and no widespread interest in agri-
culture. The earliest attempts at agricultural schools were failures
because the people were not especially interested. The masses of the
people were producers and not consumers and the amount of product
which was being produced each year was great enough to more than
supply the demand for these products at reasonable prices. The im-
portance of the federal law which resulted in establishing agricul-
tural colleges in every state was not fully appreciated for about two
generations after its enactment. At first there were but a few
students and few teachers and but little to teach. There was no
agricultural science, and while the men who were called to positions
in agricultural colleges did noblemissionary work yet their training

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 327

was almost entirely from the practical side. This was necessarily so
because there was little or no agricultural literature; there was little
in the way of definite facts relating to agriculture; there was no
problem of food supply for the working masses. In most of the
states the agricultural colleges were located as separate institutions
and not combined with the state university. The reason for this
was because it was feared that the students in agriculture would be
lcoked down upon by the other students; that to be known as a
student of agriculture in a great university would be rather a dis-
grace, and that those who might wish to take the agricultural work
would become lonesome and shift over into the other courses of the
university. But in a few of the states the agricultural college was
combined with the state university, and in most cases where this
was done the agricultural college has now become the big college of
the institution and the students are proud to be known as students of
agriculture. City men as well as farm boys are registering for the
courses and agriculture is now the popular thing. When the agricul-
tural colleges were established it was expected that they would have
a marked effect upon the farming industry. They were to bring
about an educated country population; they were to result in the
conservation of our agricultural resources, and through them was
an attractive country life to be made possible. These hopes were
not realized, and it was soon found that if agricultural education
was to be developed there must be some foundation of agriculture
science. This resulted in the federal law establishing agricultural
experiment stations in all of the states, and in those states where ex-
periment stations had not already been established it was required
that the experiment station should be established in connection with
the agricultural college.

The work of these experiment stations has become the greatest
factor in agricultural education in our day. They have made pos-
sible a science of agriculture; they have established the basis for
work of our agricultural colleges. In many cases the man who is
working quietly in his laboratory day after day, month after month,
and year after year may be the man to whom we are indebted for the
most important results in relation to agriculture. The man who at-
tracts the attention may be the successful teacher or lecturer; he
may be the man who can most successfully organize farmers’ institute
trade, in other words the most successful advertiser. If our work
in agricultural education in this country is to be developed this will
come about only through the increased support and development of
our agricultural experiment stations; in careful scientific work of the
investigator is necessary as a basis for instruction in the class-room.
Therefore it is important that every state shall see that its agricul-
tural experiment station is liberally supported; that the investigators
are given unlimited opportunity for research work because much as
we have accomplished we are just at the threshold of agricultural
science.

While there is no question about the great value which resulted
from the early work of the agricultural colleges yet the results were
in a direction entirely unlooked for by those who were responsible
for the colleges. The graduates of the college became teachers, ex-
periment station workers, lecturers, scientific investigators in the
U. S. Department of Agriculture; they even became lawyers, doctors,

328 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and occasionally a preacher was developed, but not many of them
became farmers. The reason for this was that the trained men,
graduates of the agricultural colleges, could do better financially
elsewhere than they could on the farm. Naturally, then, they drifted
into other lines of work. Those who did return to the farm, however,
showed the value of the training they had received, better methods of
agriculture were put into practice; and their farming methods be-
came models for the community. Almost until the present time the
agricultural colleges have continued giving a thoroughly scientific
education, and while this work must be continued yet there is another
growing demand at the present time, and this demand is for the
poptlarizing of agriculture education. I would not in any way
under-estimate the importance of the work which has been done by
our agricultural colleges because their graduates have become leaders
in every walk of life, and it was owing to the great demand for men
in agricultural experiment station work and in scientific investiga-
tion of every kind that these graduates did not go back to the farm,
but their work has been of direct value in promoting the interests
of farm life through their application of scientific principles to ‘the
problems of the farm. There was no popular demand for the agri-
cultural colleges to in any way change their courses of instruction
or to render their work more popular. In fact the masses of people
cared very little what the agricultural colleges were doing anyway,
but when the price of food products began to soar beyond reach of
the average consumer, and the wages received by the workmen at the
end of the week were barely sufficient to pay the bills for food pro-
ducts which had accumulated during that week—then came the de-
mand for a more general dissemination of agricultural information
for the teaching of agriculture in the public schools. Then our
great railroad corporations became interested in better farming
trains, in model farms, in all that would in any way develop farm
life without interfering with the price they received for the trans-
portation of farm products. The settlement of all our arable lands,
leaving no further room for expansion westward has brought about a
demand for more intensive tillage of the lands which are now under
cultivation. Higher production per acre must come at once if relief
is to be found for the high cost of farm products. The partial de-
population of many of our rural communities has been brought about
not because of unfertile soil but simply because better opportunities
have been offered elsewhere, and the farming population, like people
in every walk of life, have accepted the opportunity offered them
even though it necessitated leaving the farm. .

The most constant and ever present demand of the human race is
for food. So long as the supply is plentiful no one pays
any special attention to the source from which it comes or
the conditions under which it is produced so long as_ the
product itself is in fair condition. The trouble with agri-
cultural science and its relation to the farmer has _ been
that there has practically been no relationship between the two.
The colleges and experiment stations have gone forward with their
work. A comparatively few well trained men have been developed
and these men have gone into various lines of work, and the indi-
vidual farmer working back over the hills has for the most part been
left to work out his problems as best he might. The other day in

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 329

looking out of my office window, I saw Copeland driving his ox team,
walking along before them, swinging his ox whip and calling to them.
He was expecting them to follow. At one time he walked so far
ahead of them, expecting they were close at his heels that they ap-
parently lost sight of his leadership and began to graze by the road-
side. After walking on for some distance he swung his ox whip over
his shoulder and called to them to come on, and upon looking around
was surprised to see that they were far in the rear and paying no
attention to his directions. This, to me, illustrates fairly well what
has happened in the agricultural world. The colleges and experi-
ment stations have gone forward with their work, expecting the
farmer to follow, but he has been left far behind until he has really
lost sight of the work which has been done for his benefit. While I
know there are exceptional cases, and a large number of exceptions
of individual farmers who have made progress and who are applying
to their work the very latest and best methods known, yet farmers as
a class have failed to apply the latest principles which have been
worked out by our investigators. Wemust go back to them and keep
our leadership closer to the individual farmer. We have learned that
the agricultural science will not feed the hungry people of our land
unless it is actually and practically applied to the production of food
crops on the farm. The educational pendulum is now swinging rap-
idly towards the other extreme. The demand is being made that
agriculture shall be taught everywhere and by everybody:

Vocational training is demanded as a part of our regular school
system and in separate schools of agriculture and agricultural high
schools. Agricultural education is now being given to the masses
through farmers’ institutes; through better farm trains; by the
“schooner” wagons which go out across the country, carrying charts
and illustrative material to the individual farm; by the introduction
of agricultural courses in the public school; by the agricultural high
schools as separate institutions; by the agricultural colleges, not only
through their regular four year courses, which lead to a degree, but
by their schools of agriculture; their special courses and by extension
work and demonstration experiments; by experiment station bul-
letins; the agricultural press; by the popular monthly and weekly
magazine; through the daily newspapers, and even from the pulpit of
our churches as well as by the organized bureaus of the state and
national government. This all means that the effort is being made
at the present time to reach the individual farmer. We have been
considering farmers in the mass; we must now pay more attention
to him as an individual and there must be a constantly increasing
effort to reach the individual farmer and help him to solve his
problems.

The difficulties which are being met with in this popularizing of
agricultural education are the facts that agriculture is a peculiarly
technical study, and that it requires trained teachers in order to
properly give the instruction, and these trained teachers are difficult
to find for the money which is available as salaries. This teaching
requires not a mere statement of facts which relate to farm life, but
a thorough discussion of the principles which underly these facts.
Conditions may change, but where the principles are thoroughly un-
derstood the farmer should be able to apply them. This work re
quires time, industry and patience and while our short courses in

330 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

agriculture, and the various other methods which have been adopted
for the dissemination of agricultural information are doing a splendid
work and will result in great improvement in farm life, yet the
problem is only partially solved through these means. Thorough
mental training is required for the successful pursuit of farming as
an industry just as well as in any other walk of life. There is no
occupation in which more problems are arising every day which must
be solved upon the spot, and upon the correct solution of which de-
pends success or failure, than in farm life.

There is no country which has a more highly developed agriculture
than Denmark, and centered all over that country, within easy reach
of the farm boy, is the rural high school. The boys who go to these
schools are given not short courses in agriculture, but general train-
ing courses; work which is designed to develop their reasoning
powers. These boys go back to the farms, better able to continue
their work successfully, not because they have learned a mass of
facts, which sometimes apply and sometimes do not, but because they
have learned to think and to reason, and in thus learning they are
better able to solve the problems of the farm than they were before.

The strenuous deman® which has been made for purely informa-
tional courses has forced somewhat the hands of our agricultural
colleges, and yet the real leaders in agriculture are going to be found
among the best trained men who have taken the longest and most
thorough courses offered in college training. Just what should be the
relationship of our public school system to agriculture is a much
debated question at the present time. There are some enthusiasts
who would have the immediate introduction of agriculture in all the
public schools; who would have the teachers without any special
training or preparation begin giv ng instruction in agriculture. This
in my opinion would be a great mistake. To properly teach any sub-
ject requires a pretty definite knowledge of that subject on the part
of the teacher. This knowledge of agriculture is not possessed at
the present time by any considerable number of teachers in our public
schools, and it cannot be acquired upon short notice. I believe the
time is not far distant when agriculture will be made a part of the
instruction in all of our public schools, city as well as country, but
the work will be given by teachers who have been especially trained
in agriculture science. This work will not be given because of vo-
cational value, but because agriculture possesses peculiar value as
a training subject. It is just as important that agriculture should be
taught in our city schools as in our country schools. It is important
that the consumer shall know something of the conditions under
which farm products are produced. Many of our city people do not
know what good milk is when they get it, neither do they know how to
care for this milk until it is consumed. More knowledge on the part
of the city people with reference to the difficulties in the production
of the food products would create a broader sympathy and a more
general interest in farming conditions and would result in great
benefit to the farmer. This work in agriculture should be given
in the higher grades and opportunities should be given to those who
wish to specialize along agricultural lines, to take advanced work in
that subject.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 331

The highest degree of success in any farm community will not come
through a knowledge of agriculture alone. This knowledge may re-
sult in the making of money, and when the money has been made the
farmer moves to the city and a tenant comes upon the farm. The
trouble here is that the social life of the community has not been de-
veloped and the farmer has not been trained so that he can see the
beauty and opportunity and the advantages of the open country
life. He looks upon the farm as a place to make money and so it
is, but there should also be an opportunity for the enjoyment of that
money to its fullest extent without moving from the farm.

One boy in my class in Rural Economics offered as an objection
to farm life the fact that the best girls do not wish to marry a fellow
who is going to live on a farm. Of course, the other fellows of the
class immediately asked him how he knew. But if that objection is
really true then the subject is worthy of the most careful investiga-
tion to find out why it is true. I believe if the young man who is
living on the farm possesses that degree of culture, of training and
of mastery of his business which is possessed by the most successful
man in other walks of life that the best girls will not object to life
on the farm. If on the other hand the farmer is lacking in training
and in general culture and he sees in his farm and in farm life only
an opportunity for making money, then who would blame the best
girls for objecting to marrying a farmer. Improvement in the farm
life in any community must come from sources acting within that
community and not from without. These centers of crystallization
from which will radiate the elevating influence will be the farms of
those who have received the most thorough training in our schools or
colleges of agriculture.

Much valuable printer’s ink has been used in recent times in dis-
cussing methods for the uplifting of the farmer. In my section of
New England we have a native dweller upon the soil by the name of
“Harvey.” In our local discussions with reference to methods of
improving farm life one of my colleagues has always replied to my
propositions, “Go try it on Harvey.” If you can uplift him then
there is some value in your proposition,” It seems to me the problem
of country life in every section is how we are going to reach the
“Harveys.” In the first place they do not care to be reached; in the
second place we have no point of contact with them. The one way
that I can see to reach them is through the location in every com-
munity of men whose farms will become model farms; who will take
an active interest in the improvement of church, schools and roads
and all of the social conditions which make for the advancement of
that community. Just as in city life the community settlement has
been found to be one of the most potent factors towards improving
conditions so the community settlement in country life will be found
one of the most powerful factors towards improving local con-
ditions.

The farm boys and girls are entitled to an opportunity for securing
just as good an education as is within reach of the city boy or girl.
At the present time this opportunity is not available. There will be
no satisfactory solution of the country life problem until this condi-
tion is remedied. Twenty years ago if anyone had said that the far-
mer in nearly every section of our country would have his mail deliv-

332 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ered at his door at least once every day he would have been called a
dreamer, and yet at the present time the arrival of the morning paper
and of the daily mail has become one of the mixed features of farm
life. The next great step forward will be the organization of the town-
ship rural high school, as thoroughly graded and as thoroughly
equipped as is the city high school;—the development and the train-
ing of the country boys and girls in the country, not necessarily in
agriculture, but under their natural surroundings in which they will
be taught to see something of the beauty of country life; something
of the possibilities of the farm. Through this will come the de-
velopment of our rural life.; the improvements of social conditions
and the establishment of better relations, and more thorough under-
standing between our country and city population.

SOME LESSONS WE SHOULD TEACH

By R. P. KESTER, Grampian, Pa.

I do not expect to present anything new this morning, anything
that has not been advocated by at least some of our institute speakers
in the past, but realizing that some men think the only legitimate
field of the institute worker is to teach how to increase production—
how to make more money, I wish to call our attention to some other
phases of the farmer’s life that needs his increased attention and
activities quite as much as that.

There is no question but what first and foremost of the practical
questions is how to naturally and most cheaply maintain and in-
crease the fertility of the land. Need of this knowledge is evident
from the fact that the average farm produces little, if any, more than
it did in the days of our grand-fathers. For many years much has
been said and written on the subject and many bulletins published
by our experiment stations giving the results of their findings, and all
of this has been said and written on the subject and many bulletins
published by our experiment stations giving the results of their find-
ings, and all of this has been suggestive and useful, yet a great deal
of it seems to be in the nature of temporary expedients and have not
solved the problem of building up permanently and economically a
productive soil. Instead of figuring so much about pounds and per-
centages of potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen as purchased in the
fertilizer sack, for which so great a part of the crop’s value is paid,
the general farmer demands and needs to know of natural methods
by which he can maintain and increase his fertility and have profit
at the end of the year. A few families have been doing this for years,
many of them in this beautiful county of Lancaster, and in almost
all the instances I have examined, the four C’s—corn, cattle, clover
and cultivation—have been the four corner-stones of success. These
four agencies, intelligently handled, will bring success to any general
farmer.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 333

I do not wish to belittle outside agencies, but 1 do want to protest,
to those who attempt to teach lessons on fertility, against unduly
emphasizing the necessity of hauling material from the ends of the
earth to put on the land, but to teach such methods and practices as
will enable the general farmer to regain, maintain and increase the
productive power of his land.

Another important lesson in need of emphasis by teachers is that
the farmer must specialize more than he has in the past. In the olden
days when every farm was a little kingdom, independent within it-
self, when practically all that the farmer and his family used was pro-
duced and manufactured on the farm, the crops and rotation of that
day were suited to the needs. But farmers no longer make their
tools, harness, boots and shoes, soap and candles; the whir of the
spinning whee! and the pounding of the loom are no longer heard in
the farm home, but instead all these things are purchased necessitat-
ing the expenditure of money, the equivalent of labor or its products
and the farmer who has no speciality has little to exchange for the
necessities he does not produce. Farmers have been slow to adapt
themselves to the changed conditions; slow to realize that he can’t
live the individualistic life of his grandfathers, but that he is part of
a larger and more complex life where he must exchange the value
of the products he has for those he does not have. He too often sticks
to the crops and rotation of a former day, raising a little of every-
thing, just enough for home use, and does not have a money crop—
does not have a specialty that he may exchange for the thousand and
one things required in the modern home. So we need to teach the
necessity of a specialty on every farm, one’ suited to the man, the
soil and the market. And this not as an individual, but as a com-
munity. Every community of farmers would be benefited by meeting
and planning together as though their farms were one big farm and
they were joint owners. In the future, crops will be raised and sold
co-operatively. You say this is visionary? Maybe it is but it is in
line with modern business methods. It is one of the necessities in
bringing closer together the producer and the consumer, one of the
most important questions confronting us. Buyers are attracted to
a community where there is produced an abundance of fine fruit, or a
good breed of cattle. A community noted for its good butter or its
fine poultry can sell to a better advantage. In all such cases, sales
are more easily made and better prices are obtained. A study of the
soil, climate, water and markets should be made and the specialty
selected which is best adapted to them. Farmers would find as
much opportunity for applying the much-talked-of methods of “scien-
tific management” as do the captains of other industries.

These things emphasize another important question, the need of
organization among farmers. Neither the individual life nor the
community life is as useful or as strong when the individual stands
alone as when all are working intelligently and harmoniously to-
gether. Farmers and their families need meet together, to talk to-
gether; to discuss social, economic and political questions effecting
them to the end that they may intelligently and concertedly meet
the duties of citizenship resting upon them. In this way he loses the
fear to think and act independently. The events of the past few
months have shown the intelligent farmer that there is no such thing
any more as a “stand-patter.” Even the professional politicians, re-

334 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

gardless of party, have joined hands to further legislation which we
believe to be detrimental to the best interests of American agriculture
Only the organized farmers are effective in the fight for fair treat-
ment and a square deal.

There is a growing dissatisfaction amongst country people with
the curriculum and the product of the country school. With all the
clash and jangle over the new school code, little or nothing has been
done to meet the needs of the rural schools. Nearly all the atten-
tion both of the commission and the legislators has been directed to
the cities. ‘This is partly due to the fact that no concerted, popular
demand was made by rural people. We have not agreed as to what
we want and brought it forcibly to the attention of the authorities.
It is time we stop pretending that we believe a proper school course
is one scheduled to begin with the primary school and ending with a
college degree. However desirable it might be, we find it to be im-
practicable. An investigation conducted by the Sage Foundation
recently, shows that out of 18 children in the First Grade Grammar
school, only five reach the eighth grade and only one the High School.
In the rural districts alone the proportion is much less. With all
our anxiety about the young people leaving the farm, fully 90 per
cent. of them remain in the country, and all-the education they ever
get is in the inefficient country school. Like all other questions of
rural uplift and rural progress, improvement of the rural schools
must originate in and be made by the rural people themselves. So
it is the duty of competent teachers and speakers to lead in the de-
mand and recommendations of such changes as will bring to the
country child advantagés for an education that will fit him for his
life’s work and make of him a contented and efficient man. For fear
that we might “consign him to the farm” by giving him an education
suited to his needs, our leaders have, in the past, by an unfitted
school curriculum, consigned him to a life of inefficiency and poverty.
An education no longer means an equipment enabling one to live
without work at the expense of the ignorant, but a real education to-
day means that training of the head and hand and will which fits the
student for the fullest and most efficient life. Why then should not
rural schools fit rural people for rural life? The necessary increased
production of the American farm must come, not from extended
acres, for there are few more, but it must come from the present
farms more intelligently farmed. The future farmer must knew
how? and when? and why? better than his father does.

One valuable result of the Institute work, together with other
agencies, is that the farmer’s respect for his own business has been
increased. There are fewer discouraged, complaining pessimists
than there were a few years ago. This is mainly due to the fact that
his greater knowledge of his business makes him feel more fully that
he is, in a measure, master of the situation. As he realizes his
blessings and his possibilities, he envies less his city brother; that
although his cash receipts may be smaller, he enjoys a thousand
things for which his city brother must pay cash.

So this is a lesson we may well continue to teach. The Institute
speaker who, while showing up errors and fallacies, fails to leave a
message of hope and cheer, who leaves his audience in the gloom and
despondency of pessimism, does more harm than good, though he may
have the wisdom of a sage on technical agriculture. On the other

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 335

hand he or she who leaves to a community a renewed faith in itself
and its calling, leaves the most helpful lesson that can be taught.
President Roberts of McDonald College said in speaking of industrial
training, “It is not primarily intended to enable one to raise a bigger
steer or bigger ear of corn, but by doing so he may make a better
home for a better child.” Fellow lecturers, let us think on these
things. Man’s education is not necessarily completed who knows
how to grow big crops and make big profits, but when he knows how
to expend these in improving himself, his family, his home and his
community. Then only is a man in the fullest sense an ideal farmer.
This nation will remain great and increase its greatness only as the
innumerable country homes continue to be owned by individual
farmers. No lesson we can teach is of greater importance than that
of showing the young man the great importance of his getting hold
of a piece of land. If that day ever comes in which the agricultural
land of this nation is owned by concentrated capital and worked by
peasant farmers, as other natural sources have been secured and are
worked by wage workers, that day will see the decadence of this
nation as a republic and the end of democracy will be at hand.

Let me urge you to leave this injunction with every man. “With
all thy getting, get understanding.” Men should continually strive
to understand. The eternal question “why?” is as important as the
question “how?” By this, man learns his relationship to his fellow-
man and to the great out-of-doors. It enables him to see and to ap-
preciate the wonder and power of the great forces with which he
co-operates, and to “Look through Nature up to Nature’s God.”

COMMON DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK

By DR. C. J. MARSHALL, State Veterinarian, Harrisburg, Pa.

At the present time most diseases affecting domestic animals are
fairly well understood. Many of them may be prevented if proper
measures are adopted. The knowledge possessed in reference to
prevention and cure of diseases is not as well applied as it should
be. It is estimated that $5,000,000 worth of livestock is lost annually
in this Commonwealth from diseases that might be prevented if the
known, necessary measures were adopted to control them. This is a
heavy tax and it should be our duty to prevent the loss of such ex-
travagant sums in every possible way.

In 1792 an appropriation of $250,000 was made by the National
government of France to found the first Veterinary School in the
world at Lyons. This was deemed necessary in order to devise means
for preventing or controling the extensive losses in livestock from
diseases that were at that time not well understood. There were no
qualified veterinarians. Veterinary medicine was practiced by
quacks, charletans and misfits from the medical profession. Mil-
lions of dollars worth of livestock were lost annually in all European
countries from such diseases. The worst losses were due to such
diseases as anthrax, contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle, foot-and-

336 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

mouth disease and rinderpest. Many of you can remember when
contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle occurred in our own country.
It cost our Government $1,500,000 and took but five years to exteri-
minate it. The last case of this disease seen in the United States was
in New Jersey early in the spring of 1892. In some countries it is
still prevalent. The recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease is
familiar to all. These two diseases were exterminated quickly in
this country because their great dangers were realized and proper
measures were adopted for their suppression.

We have occasional losses every year in Pennsylvania from anthrax,
yet it has never proved the pest here that it has and does in other
countries. It is usually a fatal disease in most all of our domestic
animals as well as in man. While we know no treatment to cure the
disease, we do know how to prevent it and protect susceptible animals
from its ravages. Rinderpest is one of the worst animal plagues
known in cattle. It has probably caused more extensive losses to
agriculture than any other one disease. Fortunately we have never
had an outbreak of rinderpest in America yet the disease is to be
feared. It does occur in other countries, is contagious, the contagion
can be carried long distances in food, clothing, hair, hides, ete. It
is extremely necessary that our country should have men trained in
the mysteries of this and similar uncommon disease, at all times in
order that they might be recognized at once if they should appear
and the necessary measures adopted for their eradication-

The National and State Government prescribe methods for hand-
ling the most important contagious diseases. By enforcing measures
for suppressing such dangerous diseases as foot-and-mouth disease,
contagious pleuro-pneumonia, rabies, glanders, etc., owners are fre-
quently put to great inconvenience, and in some cases hardships are
imposed that are hard to bear. It seems best in such cases that the
few should suffer for the protection of the many.

To the uninformed it may appear extravagant or unreasonable for
the State and National Government to spend money for Veterinary
education and sanitary police measures. When it is realized what
vast sums of money are invested in livestock and to what extent our
people are dependent upon this industry it will be seen that very
little is spent comparatively speaking to protect them from the ex-
tensive losses that are entirely possible. Our State spends about
$1,000,000 annually for the maintenance of the National Guard and
for police protection. The dangers to our livestock industry from
animal plagues, contagious and infectious diseases are much greater
than the possibilities of war. The nine hundred members of the
veterinary profession should be looked upon as so many members of
our National Guard. It is the duty of each Commonwealth to see
that ample facilities are afforded to educate men for this service.
It is very inexpensive when compared with other forms of protection
that is afforded our citizens and the monetary value represented.
Veterinarians and agriculturalists in general should know the great
dangers that exist in this line and be prepared at a moment’s
warning to meet dangerous contagions or infectious diseases and
know how to exterminate them.

The great mysteries surrounding the causes of many infectious
diseases have been cleared up in the past fifty years. The true cause
of anthrax, which perplexed nations for centuries, was one of the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 337

first to be discovered. It is caused by a small organism that belongs
to the vegetable kingdom and it is so small that it can be seen only
with the microscope. Hts life history now is well known. How it is
transmitted to animals and from them is no longer a mystery. When
a district becomes infected with this organism it may remain and
is a source of danger for years.

Among the diseases, the causes of which have been discovered since
that of anthrax, might be mentioned tuberculosis, glanders, hog
cholera, tetanus or lock jaw, black leg, lumpy jaw in cattle, strangles
or colt distemper in horses, fowl cholera, nodular disease in sheep,
Texas fever, contagious abortion in cattle, etc. These diseases can-
not spring up spontaneously. The specific organisms that produces
them is invariably the cause. In most cases no curative measures
have been discovered for these diseases and we are nearly as helpless
in treating animals so afilicted as we were before Veterinary Schools
were organized. We should not be discouraged, however, for much
valuable information has been obtained in reference to them. When
any such disease occurs we now have means for making a positive
diagnosis. This is especially important. One of our states spent
thousands of dollars a few years since fighting an outbreak of foot-
and-mouth disease and later found that the disease was caused by
eating smut on grain and was of very little importance.

Aside from our ability to diagnose or recognize the above named
diseases, many other points of importance have been determined in
reference to them. In some cases vaccination may be used to prevent
them. We also know how to destroy the germs outside of the animal
body or how to prevent such disease from spreading from infected
areas to animals and man.

Among these diseases against which a satisfactory vaccination has
been discovered might be mentioned tetanus or lock jaw, anthrax,
blackleg, hog cholera, Texas fever and rabies or hydrophobia.
It is hoped that similar measures of prevention may soon be dis-
covered for other incurable diseases.

A large number of the above named diseases is more or less pre-
valent in our own State. Among them might be mentioned tuber-
culosis, hog cholera, contagious abortion, rabies, mange in horses,
glanders, blackleg and anthrax. Any or all such diseases might be
better controlled and some of them exterminated if the knowledge
available in reference to them was disseminated among those in-
terested. The sensible, practical solution for the extermination of all
such diseases may not be entirely settled; but the State Livestock
Sanitary Board stands ready to assist those who apply for assistance
and it is earnestly hoped that effectual service may be rendered in
all such cases.

The fact that tuberculosis can be eliminated from dairy herds has
been demonstrated beyond a doubt. You may consider the present
method extravagant, yet there is a question whether it may not be
advisable to adopt the apparent extravagant measure and rid your
herds of this pest.

The measures for controlling glanders, contagious dysentery in
young animals, blackleg, contagious abortion and mange are less ex-
pensive and more easily applied. By rigidly enforcing the principles
of our present knowledge the losses from such diseases should be very
small.

22—6—1911

338 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

There is another class of common diseases of livestock which
causes extensive losses and over which the State has no jurisdiction.
The most conspicuous diseases of this class are such familiar condi-
tions as blood poisoning, colic, founder, heat stroke, influenza, pneu-
monia, bloat in cattle, garget or inflamation of the udder and among
parasitic diseases might be mentioned nodular diseases in sheep,
tape worm in sheep, lice, hoose or worm bronchitis in calves, gapes in
chickens and many other familiar diseases too numerous to mention.

Many such diseases might be prevented if proper attention was
given to animals in the way of care, feeding, exercise, rest and sani-
tary measures in general. They are curable in most cases if the
proper form of treatment is adopted before the symptoms have pro-
gressed too far.

In some cases the disease is not recognized and proper measures for
its cure are not adopted till the patient is past all hope. Too much
time is wasted in either waiting for the animals to recover without
treatment or some patent medicine, home remedy or that suggested
by those not competent to prescribe is given a trial. The time to
begin treating sick animals that are in need of treatment is in the
beginning and then no medicine should be used unless it is prescribed
by one who knows what is wrong with the animal in question and
also the dose and effect to be expected from its administration. In
most cases the handy dose of medicine does more harm than good.
You may say that you have cured many cases of colic in this way. It
is a well known fact that many cases of colic will recover if no medi-
cine is given. Colic frequently kills quickly and in spite of the
most approved system of treatment. It is, therefore, advisable to
look upon colic as a dangerous disease and treat it accordingly.

Cases of blood poisoning usually develop as a result of wound in-
fection. Serious and dangerous forms may develop from apparently
insignificant wounds. Nail wounds and wounds from fork tines are
especially dangerous and the danger is increased by applying poul-
tices to them. We frequently find such wounds dressed with poul-
tices made of cow manure, flaxseed, wheat bran, etc., and the case in
the last stages of lockjaw which may have existed for days but had
not been recognized. Lockjaw can be caused in no other way than
by the specific germ that is known to produce it, gaining admission
in some way to the animals body. It may gain such admission
through small wounds from which air is excluded. The animal may
be vaccinated any time in a week after such a wound and the disease
will not occur. After the disease has developed treatment is nearly
hopeless yet occasionally the patient will recover either with or with-
out treatment. It is always advisable to vaccinate animals to prevent
this disease when a suspicious wound has been received. The wound
should also receive antiseptic treatment.

Horses are often foundered by suddenly checking a perspiration
as by giving too much cold water soon after a drive or allowing the
horse to stand in a draft when sweating: ‘The disease occurs in a
few hours ofter such exposure and if recognized promptly and the
proper treatment applied soon enough the case should make a com-
plete recovery in a few days. When such cases are not recognized,
are neglected or not properly treated for three or four days or more
there is great danger of bad results and the animal may die or is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 339

left a cripple for the balance of its life. The best medical attention,
if begun late in this disease, will seldom restore such animals to
usefulness. All prepared medicines are worthless in treating
founder. The best medical attendance should be obtained for such
cases and as soon as possible.

The value of a good cow is often materially reduced by a slight
case of garget. This disease is usually recognized soon enough but
proper treatment is frequently neglected until it is too late. The
disease will seldom recover without treatment. It is advisable in
most cases where a valuable cow develops this condition to provide
a nurse as well as a veterinarian. The case may be cured in the
first two or three days if properly treated. After a case has been
neglected or improperly treated for a few days the hopes of a-cure
are slim even though the best form of treatment may be used.

Influenza in horses is not a dangerous disease. Most cases will
recover even if no medical attention is given. The greatest danger
is due to the fact that it sometimes develops into pneumonia, pleurisy,
or some other dangerous complication. These diseases should be
recognized early and treatment begun promptly. The average lay-
man can seldom recognize pneumonia or pleurisy even in any stage.
Proper treatment begun in the first twenty-four hours after pneu-
monia develops is of more value in restoring the animal to health
than any that might be given for the next week or ten days. There
is no specific form of treatment for pneumonia yet if properly treated
very few cases should die.

Heavy losses are sustained each year from parasitic disease. Lice
are often due to neglect on the part of the attendant yet they are not
seldom found on animals that receive the best of attention. The
methods for exterminating them are well known and stock owners
should not underestimate the damage that is caused by parasites.
Whitewash should be freely used in stables, poultry pens. etc., that are
infected, manure and filth should be frequently removed. Any of the
coal tar preparations may be effectively used. They should not be
applied on an animal’s skin without being properly reduced. Many
animals have been severely burned or even killed by applying such
remedies either full strength or too strong.

Gapes occur in young chickens and turkeys. The cause is a small
worm that may be found in the throat. Infection takes place by
eating or drinking food or water that contains the eggs of the para-
site. It can usually be prevented by keeping such young birds on
clean board floors till they are a few weeks old. Such floors should
be scalded or washed with creolin solution every few days to destroy
the parasites, their eggs or larvae.

Sheep suffer most of any of our domestic animals with diseases
caused by parasites. Tape worms, stomach worms and nodular
disease are very common and when any or all such diseases occur in
a flock of sheep the industry of sheep raising cannot be carried on
profitably so long as any parasites are present. Such parasites are
propagated by eggs. Infection takes place through food and drink.
Wet pastures, stagnant pools of water or swamp land is much more
dangerous because the eggs and larvae find, in such places, conditions
favorable to them. It is well known that sheep do better on high dry
land. These diseases are easily recognized because the parasite or its

23

340 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

eggs can be found on post mortem. Satisfactory and economical
measures are known for ridding a flock of such diseases. In some
cases it is advisable to abandon sheep raising for a time and allow
such infection to die out naturally. A period of one year is often
sufficient.

Much more attention is given to the subject of common diseases of
livestock in European countries than in our own- American people
are considered more extravagant in many ways than our foreign
friends. Money is easier to get and is consequently more willingly
spent. In some cases the owner may feel that a diseased or injured
animal is a matter of small consequence and allow it to die or be
come worthless rather than to be bothered with treating it. In most
eases it is best from a financial, as well as from a humanitarian
standpoint, to provide the proper treatment for all suffering animals.
This should be done in the way of careful nursing as well as in
capable medical attention.

CULTIVATION AND HARVESTING OF TOBACCO

By E. K. HIBSHMAN, Ephrata, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: In this talk on tobacco,
I propose to tell you the practical side of it; that is, the way the
farmers grow it here and the method in which they handle it. Bu*
before I start to tell you that, for the benefit of those who do not
live in this county and are not acquainted with conditions I better
explain our system here. Nature has provided Lancaster county
with a very deep, rich limestone soil over the greater part of it.
Some parts of the county, the northern part and central part, do
not have the limestone soil. Through the central part we have a
type of soil that is known as Hagerstown loam; but it is on this lime-
stone soil that the greater part or portion of the tobacco is grown,
and we do grow quite a good deal here, two-thirds or three-fourths of
all the tobacco grown in Pennsylvania.

When tobacco was first grown in this country, and we follow the
history of the different tobacco sections, principally those of the
South, we find that they grew tobacco year after year on the same
soil and the result of this was that the soils gave out; they farmed
out all the humus. But here in Pennsylvania our conditions were
different. The first men that began growing tobacco here began
growing it in rotation with their crops and that is the way we are
growing it today. The rotation here in Lancaster county differs
very little from that generally followed over Pennsylvania; that is,
the four year rotation, wheat, grass, corn and oats, only instead of
oats we grow tobacco and so our rotation here is wheat, corn and

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 341

tobacco. Now, there may be some exceptions to that, where the
man instead of plowing corn stubble for tobacco is plowing under
sod; but in general that is our rotation. Aside from that we do
something else in Lancaster county that a good many do not do, and
that is we feed a great deal of stock. In Lancaster county alone
there is fed annually over 40,000 head of steers. Instead of selling
our corn, selling our hay and our straw the farmer goes to our
stockyard—Lancaster has a very good stock market—and buys a
stable full of cattle. He buys from September to November and
takes them home and stables them and feeds the corn and hay and
beds the straw. In the spring the fat cattle are ready for the block.
Instead of getting cash, however, for his straw and hay and corn he
has a large heap of manure which he puts back on the land and in
that way he is keeping on the farm almost everything that he grows.
Practically the only two things he sells are his wheat and tobacco.
He follows that system in order to get plenty of manure, and instead
of our soil getting poorer year after year here, as it did in other
tobacco sections of the country, it is getting better because the
humus supply is not going down.

Tobacco grown in different sections of the United States is used
for different purposes and classified according to the purposes for
which used; as, for instance, where they are growing a very fine
leaf that is adapted for cigar wrappers, they grow what is called
wrapper tobacco; another place plug tobacco and cigarette and pipe
tobacco. Here m Pennsylvania we grow what is used for cigar filler,
and there is an established market and demand for Pennsylvania
tobacco. It is called cigar filler tobacco and whenever the name
Pennsylvania is applied to tobacco you can be sure that means cigar
filler tobacco.

The crop is started about the first week in April. The farmer
makes a seed bed about six feet wide and as long as necessary, accord-
ing to how many acres he is going to set out, and about the first
week in April he sows his seed. One peculiar thing about the
tobacco crop is the fact that the seed is very cheap. For fifty cents
you can buy enough to grow $700 or $800 worth of tobacco. The
proportion of the cost of seed to the value of the crop is quite dif-
ferent from that of most crops. I have here a vial of seed (showing)
and you san see how very fine it is. There is enough seed there to
plant 20 acres and yet that seed came from one stalk. Right along
this line I want to mention where they are doing a little improve-
ment work along the line of seed and seed cleaning. The farmers
clean their seed wheat, but many of them don’t stop to think about
cleaning tobacco seed and in this way there is a lot of light chaff seed
gotten which will give poor plants with little vitality. Now the
United States government has devised a machine by which it can
blow out the light chaff seed. They havea machine or glass tuhe about
five feet long with fine wire gauze on the bottom and pour the seed
in and force air through and it takes the chaff out and leaves the
heavy seed in there. It makes the seed very nice and clean, and it
will germinate more uniformly in the seedbed and give more wni-
formity of plants. He sows the seed on top of the soil, usually
mixing about a tablespoonful of seed into a two gallon sprinkling
ean full of water and then sprinkling the water evenly upon the
bed. An even tablespoonful will sow about 1 square rod. Over

342 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the top of the frame he will stretch a cloth several inches from the
surface of the seed bed. This is called tobacco muslin. Tt is a
little heavier than cheese cloth, but not as heavy as regular muslin
By this time of the year they are ready to begin to plant. I happen
to have several plants here about the size for transplanting. The
plants are drawn from the seed bed, the bed being first well watered
to let as much of the roots and ground on as you can to set in the
field. In plowing we endeavor to plow as deep as you well can
because the tobacco is a comparatively deep rooted crop and so
one thing essential is deep plowing. The next thing to get is a fine
preparation of the soil so that when you set out a plant there will
be fine soil particles to put around it and not let the sun dry up the
roots, and good preparation of the field is essential. There is some
commercial fertilizer used in this county, but not as much as in
other sections because we make so much manure it is not necessary
to spend money for commercial fertilizers. It may be that like
clover and potatoes it wants potash. It needs potash to give it that
green color and good quality, but in using potash we must not use
muriate or chloride of potash. In Pennsylvania tobacco it is essen-
tial that our tobacco burns, because, no matter what the flavor, if it
would not burn it would not be any good for cigar purposes. It is
essential that it burn and in buying fertilizer for tobacco we want
the sulphate of potash. We find cottonseed meal for nitrogen is
very well adapted for growing tobacco, because in cotton seed meal
the nitrogen is available gradually. This must rot in the soil and
decaying gradually give off the nitrogen. If the nitrogen is given off
too rapidly in the soil it will grow too rapidly and too much of the
strength of the plant goes to the frame work of the leaf and you
get a “heavier weight feaf but not as valuable as a plant that grows
more steadily. So cotton give a good source of nitrogen because
it is gradually available.

Just about this time I saw from the trolley window this morning
several places where they set a few plants and our planting season
is about beginning. They set these plants out with a machine called
the transplanting machine, built especially for it and brought here
from Wisconsin. The machine requires three men to operate it,
two men to set the plants and one man to drive. On this machine
is a barrel of water which waters the plant as it is set. here are
cogs on the wheel from 18 to 20, 24, or 30 inches apart, depending
what distance you plant, and there is a spike which these engage
and runs out about half a pint of water, and every time the water is
left out you set your plant and that is the way the distance is reg-
ulated. Then there is a “V” shaped plow drawn through the ground
and makes a little furrow, then after this plow there are blades or
paddles which draw the ground together. Between the blades and
and this “V” shaped plow there is an opening in which you set your
plants. The men sit on the planter with a number of plants in their
laps and they set the plants with one hand, the men on the left sets
with the right hand and the man on the right with the left hand
and each man setting the alternate plants. He takes the plant like
this and sets it in the hole where the water has been dropped and the
paddles of the machine pack the ground around it and the plant sets
up like that. The same machine would set cabbage plants provided
your machine is built so as you could get your rows close enough.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. $43

Our tobacco is planted in rows about three and one half feet apart.
We don’t get much closer than three feet with the planter as it is
built, but I have no doubt that a machine could be built to set cab-
bage plants that you could get closer. Generally the Pennsylvania
broad leaf tobacco which we grow is placed from twenty-four to thir-
ty inches in the row with the rows about three and one half feet
apart.

The first trouble after planting is the cut worm. Very often a
few days or even the first night after the tobacco plants are set
out this worm will eat off a great many. Various remedies have been
tried and the one most successful and practical on the experiment
plot was in making a mixture of about a bushel of bran, a pound
of Paris green and a quart of molasses and put enough water to it to
get a crumbly mass and mix all into a candy bucket and take a
small bucket and drop a pinch at each plant. The molasses will
draw the cut worm and he will eat that before the plant. Last year
in planting an acre, planting by hand on account of the large num-
ber of small plots, we turned up many cut worms with the trowel,
and in planting that acre. There must have been a great many
that we did not turn up. I put on that mixture of bran, Paris green
and molasses and not more than six plants on the acre were miss-
ing. We think that an effective method.

After your field is set out the cultivation is almost the same as
that for corn. The first cultivation we do not work too close to the
plant. The roots of the plant must be established before we start
thorough cultivation ; then cultivate deeply for a while and gradually
right up towards the plant. As these leaves develop it will lay
down and spread out and by ridging up we can keep it thrown up and
nake it easier to get through the rows.

I have here a number of stalks of tobacco. While the crop is
erowing other insects attack it. There is one. worm known as the
tobacco worm that causes a lot of damage. A moth comes flying
over the fields in the evening, and lays its eggs on the under side of
the leaves. These eggs hatch out into a small green worm. The
worm grown rapidly and in three weeks it gets about three inches
long. It shears off the leaves and eats everything but the mid rib.
Then it creeps into the ground and changes into another pupae and
later comes out as a moth and lays another set of eggs. ‘There are
two broods in a year. Another insect is the grasshopper. - This
jumps and will eat a hole in a leaf and then jump over to another
leaf and eat a hole there. Sometimes there is a little black insect
called the flea beetle comes along and eats a small hole, a shot hole.
These are not so injurious to cigar filler tobacco but yet damage it
quite a bit. One of the worst things is a hail storm. A hail storm
will ruin the entire crop. If a hail stone goes through a leaf you
can always tell the mark on the leaf.

Now I have here a cured stalk of tobacco just as taken out of the
curing shed during the winter. Now the purpose of the tobacco
plant, of course, will be to produce seed. Along towards fall, about
the last of July, there appears on the top of the plant here a bud
which will be a seed head. If you leave that bud develop and the
flowers come out and seed develop, it is going to change the type of
the plant. The upper leaves will be small, hard and woody, and the
plant will not ripen up and the quality of the tobacco be poor. So

844 ANNUAL REPORT OF THB Off. Doe.

we go along and break out that seed head as high as you want your
plant to be and with as many leaves on as you want to it. That is
called topping. Sometimes some of the sections will top ten leaves,
some twelve leaves some more. As soon as the plant is topped it
developes what is called suckers. In the axil of each leaf there
developes a branch same as that developed, first above. This appears
first at the top leaves and then on down the stalk. If you leave
these grow they will grow up and develop seed and the branch
growing up in the axil of the leaf would naturally take the strength
away from the leaf, so the grower keeps that broken out. After the
upper four are broken out about four more come in and that way on
to the bottom of the stalk. By keeping these broken out you drive
all the strength of the plant into the leaves and get a larger, finer,
softer leaf. If you leave the suckers grow it will be the same as
not topping the plant, because the strength of.the plant will go into
the suckers and the leaf will suffer and get hard and woody. Oft-
times the weather has a great deal to do with the time the plants
seed. If we have a spell of dry weather then the plants go to seed
a good deal sooner. It is natural they should, too. You qut a good
plant under adverse conditions and it will try to develop seed and
reproduce itself before the strength is gone.

The better the grower cultivates the soil the better he conserves
the moisture and the better the growing conditions are for the
plants. During the seasons of 1908 and 1909 I saw a great deal of
difference on different farms here in the county. One farmer when
the dry weather set in stops cultivating. Another grower kept on
cultivating. The man that stopped was losing moisture because
the gr ound became hard and baked. And the man who kept on culti-
vating kept a mulch on top and prevented the sun from evaporating
the moisture. The season has a great deal to do with the size and
body of the leaf. During a very dry season your leaf will be shorter
and a great deal heavier. During a wet season it grows more
rapidly and grows finer. The quicker the plant grows the better the
leaf. In Connecticut and Florida they use a great deal of commercial
fertilizer and grow more rapidly in order to get a thin leaf. If a get
dry weather it makes a heavy leaf. We don’t want too thin a leaf,
though it not advisable to get too heavy. We want a medium weight
leaf and good size.

During all this time or almost any stage of tobacco there is a
disease that is liable to set in and, by the way, there is no section
of the country in this world that does not have this disease. It is
a disease called Calico, or technically known as mosaic. If it at-
tacks the plants when young the plants become rusty and go to
pieces. When it attacks the plant almost grown the upper leaves
get it, but the lower leaves do not develop it and the upper leaves
show very little sign of it after cured. It does not do much damage
after the plant is grown up, but when it attacks the young plants it
will do damage. Just what the cause of this disease is we do not
know, but it compares very favorably with the “yellows” in peaches.

About the last of August or first of September the tobacco begins
to ripen. Then it is ready to put away. When it stops in its growth
it is said to be ripe and there are several simple tests which will
tell when this stage is. The leaf as it stands on the plant stands this
way. When the leaf begins to ripen, around the edges here you will

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 845

nutice sort of a mottled appearance. You will see a green little spot
with more green. It gets a mottled appearance and if you take
hold of it, it feels like leather, and then your tobacco is ripe and
ready to cut. At the same time when the leaf is ripe and you turn
it over between the finger and thumb it will crack, and you can be
sure that your crop is ripe. It has come to the stage where it is
going to cure up with better coloring and weight.

Betore we come to the harvesting I better mention a little about
the selection of the seed plants. ‘There is one mistake that the far-
mers have made in this section as well as in other sections, and that
is the careless, haphazzard way in which they select the seed plants.
Usually they let a half dozen stalks stand for seed. They don’t
appreciate they should have the best stalks in the field for next
year’s crop. ‘The proper thing to do would be when topping to pick
out the seed stalks and look for certain qualities—I am not going
into breeding work—but one of them is the number of leaves on the
plant. Many of our farmers have strains that will produce twelve
or even fourteen leaves. By counting the leaves they will be sur-
prised to find the difference. Here is a plant that has fourteen
leaves and here is one that has sixteen leaves. If this plant here
has enough vitality to develop sixteen leaves next year where this has
fourteen, it will mean two leaves more on each plant. That will mean
quite a few pounds more in the aggregate. This type here has
eighteen leaves. This is, however, a good strain or type, but it was
not taken right out of the field, commercially grown. It is out of an
experimental crop. But the point I want to make is that the farmer
should pay more more attention to the selection of the seed than he
does. He thinks that is an easy matter and pays no attention to it.

After the crop has become ripe they begin to harvest. The stalk
it cut off at the ground with a pair of long handled shears. After
it is cut off it is “allowed to lie on the ground for an hour or more
to become wilted. It is then picked up and speared upon lath.
Tobacco lath are four feet in length and a little heavier than the
sort used for building. On the end of the lath we put an iron
spear. The iron point is forced through here. About five or six of
these stalks are strung upon the lath and then it is taken to the
curing barn. The curing process takes eight to ten weeks in our
climate on this kind of tobacco. There is a thinner tobacco that
cures more rapidly. When this plant is cut it is very heavy. A
lath with six stalks like that on is as much as one man can handle,
and work all day handling. Now then practically all that moisture
must go out of the stalk by evaporation in the curing barn. The
curing barn must be well supplied with ventilators in order to
keep the air moving and carry out tons of water held in there in that
green crop. Curing is not simply the drying out of all moisture.
It is the general impression that curing is simply a drying process.
It is not. When this plant is cut off at the ground the supply of
nourishment is cut off and that plant starves to death. Now if that
tobacco lays in the sun too long and becomes scorched or sunburnt
it will not cure up, but always stay green in color. Rapid chemical
changes take place in the leaf in curing. The last of the crop is
harvested just before frost. Sometimes we get caught with the frost.
Frost will ruin a crop of tobacco. It is another thing that the
growers must watch out for. There is perhaps a worse thing that the

346 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

grower must watch out for. When the moisture is evaporating out
of these leaves in the shed and warm, dark, cloudy weather comes,
he is likely to have his tobacco pole-burn, and after pole-burn once
gets started it is hard to check, and in the course of four or five
hours it will ruin a crop of tobacco. DPole-burn is a fungus disease
that attacks the surface of the leaves and decomposition sets up, and
it will become black as if it were rotting and the next day the leaves
fall to the ground. ‘This makes the crop practically worthless be-
cause you cannot touch the leaf without your fingers going through
it. And it is damp, foggy weather that brings about this disease.
So that when the grower sees that he is going to experience that kind
of weather he closes the ventilators in the shed. So he must have the
shed shut up. Then at other times he must open up the shed and
let the fresh air in and the shed must be fixed to open up and close up.
If hung too close the air cannot circulate through it.

A Member: How close on the racks do you hang it?

MR. HIBSHMAN: It depends on the size of the tobacco. Some
years it grows very stiff that the leaves stand out, but generally you
leave a margin of seven and one-half to eight inches. I know men
who hang closer. After it is hung for several days, then many hang
it closer. It is just when the leaf is changing color—it is green
when it comes into the shed and the first change is to yellow and
from yellow to brown—and it is just while the leaf is changing to
yellow that the moisture is going off most rapidly and the greater
the danger from pole-burn. There are several other diseases that
come in through the winter, but they are not nearly so dangerous.
After the tobacco is cured the leaves are so brittle you cannot touch
it, so the grower must wait until damp weather comes on. As soon
as that comes and it gets moisture and becomes soft so he can handle
it without breaking it he takes it down from his shed and puts it
into a damping cellar. Under one of the sheds he has a large cellar
divided into two parts, the stripping room and the damping cellar.
The damping cellar has an earth floor and a very little light. It is
hung in there and gets damp, and when it gets so damp that he can
take it up without breaking, it is then taken to the stripping room
and then the stalks are stripped from the leaves. This is what is
called stripping tobacco. The term “stripping tobacco” as used
means different things. With the grower it means taking the leaves
from the stalk and sorting and tying up in hanks. With the manu-
facturer it means taking the mid rib out of the leaf. The term
“stripping” does apply to both operations. He takes them in the
cellar and strips the leaves, and that stem is valuable as a fertilizer.
It contains a great deal of potash and I have no doubt about the
nitrogen. The farmers apply them to the corn ground.

A Member: Does he apply them in that condition?

MR. HIBSHMAN: Usually in this condition and they are put on
in the manure spreader.

Now then he has his leaves stripped from his stalk, but these
leaves are not all alike. There are some poor ones in there. The
lower leaves of the plant as it grew in the field came in contact with

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 347

the soil and they got dirt on them. ‘These are called ground or sand
leaves. They are not as valuable as the other leaves and conse-
quently he makes two grades and in one he puts the ground or sand
leaves and all torn, broken or worm eaten leaves, and in the other
grade he puts the ‘best leaves. So he takes the tobacco from the
stripping table and sorts out all the bad leaves. Usually there is
about a proportion of one to six or one to eight of second grade or
ground leaves leaves to the best leaves in the crop. Then his next
concern is to sort these different grades out according to the length
of leaves. That would not show any good sorting (illustrating).
3ut where he has a large bulk usually one man strips off and
another sorts and several lay out. He will lay the longest back here,
the medium in the middle and the shortest one in front, graded up
that way, and then reaching at one side he gets a handful, as much
as I have here, and he ties, them up with another leaf, usually taking
a leaf out of the second *erade, taking about a dozen leaves and
making the ends nice and even. There. is a difference. Some grow-
ers do it up more carefully than others because in tying up not many
growers will make the butts as even as that. You have three to four
inches difference in the butt end of the leaves. It shows poor sort-
ing. I think it would pay the growers to tie it up neater. He takes
it up and ties it with another leaf. That is known as a hank. Some
places a hank is called a hand of tobacco. His whole crop is put
up that way. Of course, the leaves are uniform in length, maybe
a half inch or so variation. In this condition the grower sells it and
after it is done up this way he usually bales it up in bales of 50
pounds and covers the bales with paper. This is the paper used in
baling them. They have baling boxes made especially for certain
sizes, about 34 inches by 18 inches each way. The paper is wrapped
around these bales and they are tied with three wraps. ‘Then it is
in that condition that the grower sells it to what is called the packer.
Remember this tobacco is what we call green. It would not be fit
to smoke. It has the gum on. It has not the color or texture, not at
all like the tobacco you find in the cigar shop. It must have good
fermentation and sweat in which it will lose twenty per cent. weight
going through the sweating and it takes the gum off. This tobacco
is sticky. It has the gummy excretion of the leaf which in fer-
menting is broken up and dispersed. There are not many growers
that sweat the tobacco. They sell to the middleman, who does the
fermenting and sweating and sells to the manufacturer. And it is
done up in hanks like this and tied up in the bales that the grower
sells to the packer. Now in Pennsylvania the packer goes from
farm to farm and buys the crop. Each farmer is his own salesman.
There are some sections where they sell on what is called the block.
A farmer may have a large crop and may want to sell at once,
and he makes known that Mr. Black will have a public auction. ‘The
buyers come there and bid against each other. I believe there they
get a more fair price for tobacco than in Pennsylvania, because the
packer goes to farmer after farmer and says: “Sell me your tobacco
at ten and three. That is all we are bidding and we want your whole
crop.” “Well, I think I will have to sell for that,” the farmer says.
And that is the way a great deal of tobacco is sold. It is not bought
on its merits as much as it should be in Pennsylvania. That is only
the objections in selling. I believe if the grower would do the crop
up better he could get better prices for it than he does.

348 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE , Of. Doe:

MARKET GARDENING

By M. H. MecCALLUM, Wernersville, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, and Fellow Institute
Workers: It gives me an exceptional pleasure this afternoon to speak
upon the subject that has been assigned me, namely, market gar-
dening. While I cannot upon this subject give vent to my greatest
enthusiasm along agricultural lines, yet I have always had a great
interest in the growing of vegetables, and a good reason, no doubt,
is the fact that T was born in the vegetable garden, brought up there,
and have ever lived there, and the end seems not yet. The subject
is an immense field and TI shall consider briefly only some of the out-
croppings with an eye single to the interest of the market gardener.

If the man who believes that in agriculture the best opening lies
along the line of market gardening he should recognize early the
importance of adding to what he already knows, whatever scien-
tific knowledge and training he may be able to secure. It is hardly
necessary to say that the chief object of every gardener is to make
money. But in gardening as in every other business the most suc-
cessful are those usually who have best knowledge of their under-
taking. The more advanced and complete are his ideas the more
successful will be his work. The more he knows the more he can do.
We need forethought in all lines of agriculture, but when we are
wanting in this respect in the market garden we fail most wretch-
edly, for the market gardener must show more knowledge, care and
attention than does the general farmer who raises only the staple
crops. The most successful market gardeners are men of high and
definite purposes and are never satisfied with ordinary results.
They are men who read and they are men who think. Market garden-
ing can be made a very delightful, profitable, and all desirable vo-
cation, but on the other hand it can be made and is made by many
these days a slavish life of drudgery—men and women eking out
a wretched existence, simply, either because they are not putting
brains into what they are doing, or by force of habit have no desire
for recreation or self-preservation. It has been said by a successful
tiller of the soil that a man should be so resourceful as to be able
to spend one day of the week sitting on the fence and watching his
crops grow, and by another who adds that that day should not only
be Sunday either, but a week day as well, and perhaps they are
right. Anyway, I believe a great need of the average gradener to-
day is more and better knowledge of the principles underlying suc-
cessful gardening, the use of scientific facts and the result of the
experience and investigation of other gardeners and experiment
stations.

One of the simple things in the practice of the gardener that is
invaluable is the keeping of a diary, and from this diary kept from
year to year formulate a calendar or record of time of planting and
seeding the various crops. The farmer has but a few crops to plant

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 349

and so has the dates well fixed, but with the trucker it is quite
different, there are very many plantings to be made and each as
important in point of time and season as any farm crop dare be.
And there are the various successions that have to be noted. All
this is confusing unless there is something to guide. There is a
season when a gardener can think and plan at leisure. He should
then make definite record of plans and purposes. This with the
time of seeding and the various successions should be conveniently
displayed; giving valuable assistance at a time when time itself is
at a premium.

Every gardener before he can hope to make a success must be
thoroughly alive to the best methods of production. The soil in the
first place is no small factor. The gardener should know his soil;
its likes and dislikes. He is very likely, in the early spring, through
enthusiasm and over-anxiousness to have an early start, to be un-
willing to await proper soil conditions. The working of soil at such
time is harmful and cannot be remedied the entire season. He
should direct every effort to securing the best kind of a seed bed.
The great importance of good tilth has always been appreciated by
practical men, and experience has abundantly taught us that care
should be exercised in bringing the seed into perfect tilth before
receiving seeds or plants. Seed placed into mellow soil will allow
the roofs to grow unhindered in any and every direction in search
of moisture and plant food, and it is this intimate and close contact
of the absorbing surfaces of the fibrous roots with soil particle that
nourishes and sustains the plant. Again, the fact remains, that
unless there exist proper soil condition he may lavish upon the gar-
den spot all the plant food he pleases and there will not be the re-
sults desired. Soil for the garden should not bake and crack, or
run together and puddle after rains. But how are we to secure
the proper physical condition? The crying need of our Pennsyl-
vania farms and gardens to-day is more humus. We are preaching
it and yet it is being used twice as fast as supplied. Gardeners living
near the cities can often supply this cheaply in the form of stable
manure, while it remains for the other fellow to resort to green
manuring. However, he has not need of being discouraged. Green
manuring is a well know fact, but its importance is by no means ap-
preciated. Every inch of the garden should be wintered with some
cover crop to furnish organic matter, and to save from leaching
the available plant food, and also in case of a legume to furnish ni-
trogen. Crimson clover and cow-peas may be grown to advantage
in some parts of the State. Rye and hairy vetch are more appro-
priate because they can be sown later. Then rye may be sown as
the last resort; say 3 to 4 bushels per acre.

However, in this connection it might be well to say a word about
lime. In turning down these green crops he should not overlook
the use of this important element to correct acidity. It seems we
use too little lime in our market gardens anyway. Manuring heavily
from year to year necessitates liming as well to keep the soil in good
sanitary condition. In visiting market gardeners through Philadel-
phia county last summer I was very much impressed with what
benefit a little lime would be upon some of those garden spots. While
being shown over one of these large plantations I was told of a

“

350 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 4 Off. Doce.

certain field that was not doing its duty, and as we approached and
noticed conditions I could not help but feel that a little lime would
do it good and so suggested, and the point was well taken.

In further consideration of the soil as a factor in successful pro-
duction we must not overlook the act of cultivation. This is an all
important operation and must be done at the proper time if the crop
is to be kept free from weeds and in a good growing condition at
the least cost. It is important to keep the soil well stirred both to
conserve moisture and dew-elppe plant food. There are times through
the growing season that if this is neglected only for a few days it
will result in considerable loss.

Every crop from seeding and planting time until harvesting must
be watched with an eagle eye. The method employed in producing
certain crops successfully last season may have to be modifled in
growing the same crops this season. Insects, pests and fungus dis-
eases require no little vigilance, and we must know how to meet
them and be ready to meet them. Rotation should be carefully ob-
served. Aside from many other benefits it means renovation. This
fact was forcibly brought home to me several years ago in taking
hold of a large garden where rotation was regarded of little conse-
quence. And of all the diseases, insect pests, maggots and what not,
made me almost feel like giving up in despair. But the following
year we sought refuge in another location, practiced rotation and
eliminated many former troubles.

It goes without saying that to produce bountiful crops and crops
of quality and appearance we have to fertilize heavily, and stable
manure is the truckers great stand-by. And yet as cheaply as this
may be placed upon our gardens, I believe that an intelligent use of
commercial fertilizer is profitable. And the gardener should be his
own mixer. He should experiment with the plant food elements
singly and in combination upon the crops that are his money makers.
It may be a little easily available nitrogen will do wonders, es-
pecially in the early spring when nitrification is not active. Taking
the average of 18 or 20 of the main garden vegetables, and we find
that manure as it comes from the stable is practically a balanced ra-
tion for them. And yet experience teaches us that an application of
phosphoric acid in connection with the manure is greatly beneficial.
We may find too that potash will be helpful upon some soils and
upon certain crops. And so for the man who uses commercial fer-
tilizer, there is no reason why he should go it blindly. Let him ask
intelligently of the soil and it will respond through the various crops
with all the apititude of nature.

Another factor that is altogether vital in the market garden is
the seed proposition. Its importance cannot be too strongly em-
phasized. Men of experience can trace many a crop failure to the
purchasing of bad seed. There are many d’scouragements to en-
counter in the market garden, but not a few are offset by taking
the proper precaution at this point. The mere fact that seeds ger-
minate does not tell the whole story. I know a gardener who set
two acres in cabbage and at harvest time there were good cabbages,
brussel sprouts, cauliflower, and everything between. Whatever
seeds have to be bought should be bought early. Have nothing but
high grade and be willing to pay well for them. Most growers have
a few kinds in which they are especially interested, and are selected

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 351

with more than ordinary care. It is desirable to obtain from such
a source all seeds of crops in which we specialize. However, it
seems to me the gardener should practice the selection of seeds more
than he does from his own plantation. Some few seeds such as cauli-
fiower are best purchased from a reliable source. He cannot produce
such seed profitably. But with such crops as sweet corn, cabbage,
onions and tomatoes, etc., there is a vast opportunity for improve
ment. It is right here where the gardener with a little skill and care
can raise a peg or two by selecting choice seeds and improving the
strain from year to year. He should have his ideal and select upon
merit. Close attention along this line will be amply rewarded, and
give satisfaction.

Again to be successful the market gardener must be thoroughly
alive to the best methods of selling and distribution. For it is at
the market end that skill counts for most in securing maximum
profits. And he who is wise in producing and likewise apt in dis-
posing of his product we will term a successful gardener, for these
are two qualities not always found in the same person. To produce
is one thing, and to sell another. Many succeed admirably in the
production of vegetables, but fail at the profit end because of in-
ability to market. They fail to see the force of appearance and con-
dition, and attractive recepticles. Their grading may be defective.
First class goods may not be strictly first class. Size, shape, color
and soundness are not properly regarded. Attractive appearance
catches the eye and goes a great way in clinching a bargain. Then
there is the other fellow who can usually sell to advantage whenever
he has anything, but they are often such that like to sit on the fence
and not alone watch the crops grow. The vegetable garden is not
the place for a world of ease, by any means. It is no business for
the careless, the lazy or the stupid. Its occupant must be ambitious
and not afraid of hard work. He should never know where to place
that which he grows, and grow that which he is possible to place.
We must cater to the wants of the public, and yet be original enough
to create a market where this is possible. Start in moderately to fill
a want existing. Try to have your vegetables upon the market a few
days before your competitor, keep your goods from the consumer’s
eyes. Study the market, the demands of certain articles. Educat-
ing the peoples’ tastes for certain goods is a slow process. Quality
may sometimes have to be sacrificed for outside attractiveness. Aim
at uniformity of bunch or package, and cleanliness. Endeavor to es-
tablish a reputation by inspiring confidence and reliance in all you
say and do. Retailers like to deal with growers whose word is as
good as gold. Abide by that trite saying “You see top you see all.”
My experience has seldom gone so far as the middleman, and yet as
dealing directly with the consumer the best policy always is honesty.
In gardening as in every vocation in life there are many uncertain-
ties, but one of the sure things is that your sins will find you out.

352 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

GLEANINGS FROM OTHER COUNTRIES

By MISS SARA PHILLIPS THOMAS, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen. To-night I wish I had been
asked to speak on “What is the Matter with the Men of Pennsylvania,”
because this thought has been going through my mind very much for
the last few days and weeks, and when I realize that we have 600,000
men members of the great churches in this State is it any wonder
that we are really trying to do something for the childhood of our
State to stimulate a better manhood and womanhood. I ask why you
men of Pennsylvania put such a low valuation on the expression of
your citizenship; why you do not send men to Harrisburg, when you
have it in your power to control the balance of power in the Senate
and House of Representatives, men that are men, that are stalwart
men, that will not only make us good laws but stand for the upbuild-
ing of the State and the protection of the home; and I appeal to you
to use your votes in this way, to use your influence over the other
Christian men of this State.

And now to-night we are to realize that there are many ways in
which we get our education even after we leave the scholastic halls of
learning, and | think you will agree with me that as long the earth
exists that we must go on in seeking knowledge and enlarging our
sphere, and one of the pleasantest ways by which we can do this is
by means of travel and if we are fortunate enough to get into the
old countries beyond the seas we find a splendid opportunity to study
life, art and history, as well as to enjoy the natural scenery every-
where around us; and I am going to ask you, in the limited time I
have to-night, to take a rambling trip with me and I will start with
you in that magnificent harbor of Queenstown, and I ask you to pic-
ture that old town on the height above the harbor with a perpendicu-
lar wall of about 80 feet rising from the water’s edge and high
above that you find terrace after terrace planted with beautiful
shrubbery and flowers. We landed in this town about 2.30 o’clock in
the morning and at 4.00 o’clock the day had dawned and so it oc-
curred to me that we might profitably use our time by taking a jaunt-
ing car ride and for some of you who are not familiar with a jaunting
car I will describe it. It is a vehicle that carries properly four people
and the driver, but the great advantage is that you can pile in any
number and use but one horse to it. It has seats that run lengthwise
over the wheels and the reply that the driver made to me when I asked
him about the ride, he said: “Oh, yes, miss; it is a fine thing to do. It
will shake your breakfast down and shake your liver up.” And so it
will if the jaunting car is not properly balanced because it is one of
the roughest vehicles if you do not have your load properly balanced.
We rode around the streets of Queenstown and felt transported into
fairy land as we looked upon the liburnum, which as many of you
know belongs to the locust family, with long festoons of yellow plume
and as we looked up into it was one mass of golden beauty; and then.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 353

aside from the liburnum the rhododendrons in the very prime of their
beauty and the pink and white hawthorn hedging the fields, and then,
too, the native goose or wind which is found in Ingland and Scotland
and covered all the hillsides and meadow lands, and as we left Queens-
town and hurried on to breakfast in Cork we enjoyed the magnificent
beauty of this mass of yellow bloom as we looked from our car win-
dows. In Ireland in striking contrast to all this natural beauty—
but in contrast to all this you find the most abject poverty that I have
ever seen and you find dunning behind your vehicle the little urchins
begging as long as their breath holds out and you hear them saying:
“Copper, sir; copper, sir;’’ until they can barely lisp it.

I am not going to ask you to stay in Ireland more than just to take
a peep into the country fair and realize the way they handle their
stock in the markets. Once a month the country folk come in with
their cows and pigs and their children, which of course they do not
sell, but the livestock are brought for sale and they congregate in the
commons and opens and have a good social day of it as well as a profit-
able market auction.

Then I am going to ask you to leave Ireland and travel across Scot-
land and up on the highlands and view the historic parts of Scotland.
Let us just pause at the Island of Ionia that Robert Louis Stevenson
has made so famous and as we visit the battle fields remember the
stirring incidents of their time and all through we find an association
of history that gives a keener appreciation of the natural beauty of
the places. It may be interesting to tell you that while I was in Scot-
land I met there in Edinboro during the World’s Missionary Con-
gress our great American orator, William Jennings Bryan, who was
the great orator of that occasion. I was also fortunate enough to be
a fellow passenger on the steamer with him in crossing the occean.
The morning after Mr. Bryan spoke in Edinburgh the thing that in-
terested me very much was the way the British papers spoke in re-
gard to it. Something like this appeared in the morning papers. As
you probably know, there was a limit of seven minutes to each speaker.
Even to those men who had spent ten years in gathering information
to present to that great congress was allotted only seven minutes to
give the results of their investigation. And the papers said that
in the seven minutes at the beginning the Britisher would begin by
apologizing for the very little that they can say in seven minutes
while at the end he would be found apologizing for the small amount
he would say in seven minutes. While the American would begin by
saying, “I want to tell you such and such a thing,” and by the time
he had reached the middle he had covered half of his subject and when
he had finished there was nothing left to say upon the subject. So I
think it is remarkable that the Britishers who have a good opinion of
their own people and their own oratory should pay the Americans
such a compliment as that in their local papers.

The country I want you to travel longest in to-night is Norway.
We find a country not as much travelled as some others and so very
different from our own in appearance, in agricultural points and con-
trasting effects that it brings particular interest to the American
tourist. In the southern section of Norway we find mountains and
waterways and as we travel on the little boats and look up at the
mountains we have a feeling that there is nothing beyond the horizon

23—6—1911 .

oo4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

line, that the world stops with the mountain top and if we were to
reach that particular mountain top I am sure we would have the same
feeling that there was nothing beyond the horizon line of the next
mountain, so closely are they hemmed in together. So you can realize
that there is little tillable ground in the southern section of Norway.
The farms or Sagties as they call them are principally on top of the
mountains. In the early spring they send the cattle up there to pas-
ture and they send with them their saaler women or girls and leave
them up there the whole summer long and you can imagine it is a
desolate sort of existence. They have a trolley wire that comes from
the mountain top to the base upon which they send the milk down
from the mountain to be taken to market and also send up stores and
provisions for the women who live up there through the summer. They
have small farms scattered along through what we might call their
valleys and they get the grass off the hillsides. We could hardly recog-
nize it as hay because largely made up of weeds and ferns with pos-
sibly a spear or two of grass. They cure their hay in a manner en-
tirely different from anything we see in this country unless we happen
to go in sections where Norwegians have settled. They call this
method of curing hay “haas.” It seems as they took bean poles and
planted them two feet apart and connected them with light lumber
and put their hay up over this rack until cured, and you can imagine
as you pass over the country that these racks present a very curious
appearance. They do this partly on account of the small amount of
grass in one place but more because of the heavy rains they have and
the dews so that the ground is not dry enough most of the season to
be able to cure the hay on it. The sun is hot and the hay will cure
in a few hours when prepared in the manner described. It is of in-
terest to you to realize that there are 30,000 more Norwegians in the
United States than in Norway and because of this fact we find people
speaking English through a great many sections of Norway. We often
find that the girls have gone over to the United States and then gone
back into some of these inland sections and opened a hotel for their
fathers on the American plan. We find sometimes the American ways
being introduced but not in very many sections and some of the men
who drove us spoke of the fact that it was very hard to get a Nor-
wegian to adopt a different system of work from that which they had
and if I recollect rightly they told me they began to work at seven
o’clock in the morning and then worked for an hour and then left off
for an hour and again began at nine o’clock and worked until twelve
and then rested for two hours until two o’clock and then worked until
five and then stopped until seven and then, as I remember, worked
until nine. Maybe that don’t count up quite right. They fix the hours
to suit themselves. That gives you an idea of the way they perform
their day’s work instead of going at it and getting through with it as
our American man does. The method of transportation is interesting.
When I tell you that during the month I was in Norway I was but
three times on -a steam railway you can realize that we did not travel
in a hurry. Most of the travelling is by the stulkjaare. The stulk-
jaare is a two wheeled cart with a seat in front for two people and
be hind a seat for one on which the driver sits. They drive in this
the little horses which are native to Norway and weigh from 700 to
800 pounds. They cost in our money about $125.00. The stulkjaare

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 355

you can purchase from $35 to $40. This is really the earning capacity
of the farmer or the implements that he has to use to make his living
with.

These little farms that you find through the country sections pos-
sibly you could get two and maybe four of them in this room so little
are they. You can realize from such a small plot of ground that the
farmer cannot make very much to keep his family on; so with his
horse and stulkjaare he has something that he can earn a living for
his family with and it has been a Godsend to the Norwegian that the
tourist has taken to travel in his country more and they do not hesi-
tate to say that their country is much better financially than before
the tourist came there in numbers and so it is fair to say that one of
the chief industries is catering to tourists and he does this largely
with the stulkjaare. He gets about $3 a day for travelling with his
horse and for his own wages. The country is subdivided into two
sections and each section has its own station where there are a cer-
tain number of horses required to be in order to accommodate tourists
and I suppose you have already grasped the idea that everything in
this section is of the most primitive kind. The farm houses of the
Norwegians are nothing but huts with turf roofs on which is placed
the turf and you see the grass growing on these turf roofs from eight
to ten inches high which presents a rather picturesque appearance.
In contrast to this primitiveness we are rather surprised to find that
they have a systematized travelling scheme and each farmer is re-
quired to send his horse into the various travelling stations so that
there shall be a sufficient number to accommodate the tourists as
the demand increases. They have this system so well regulated that
each man knows exactly over what territory he can drive, the num-
ber of miles or killometers he can drive so that one does not interfere
and get into the territory of the other, so that there is a perfectly
amiable arrangement. We find the country subdivided into sections
very much as our states are subdivided into counties and each sec-
tion has its own customs and costumes. The people in the various
sections wear one particular costume, and this makes me think of one
of the institute workers who tells a story of how the farmer’s wife
is abused by having to send to the neighboring town to buy a spring
bonnet. The horse was so slow that by the time she got back the
styles had changed. This does not effect the Norwegian woman, be-
cause the styles never change. They wear the same style of dress in
all its details from generation to generation. I have here, which pos-
sibly you can see, the dress of the Norwegian girl and the young
women and I have also the dress of the man and the boy in the Har-
dangar section of Norway. I would like to say that the men from the
old countries do much more to contribute to the picturesqueness of the
country than do our American men by wearing these attractive cos-
tumes. We find the young girls wearing a knitted zeyplucoil which
goes over the hair; and then we find the next older girls wearing a
cap like this and this corresponds with the same costume that I have
shown you on this little girl and they wear a red jacket such as I have
here. Then when the woman marries she wears a head arrangement
something like that and when she becomes an older married woman
she wears a black one. I think you American men would be glad if
there was some way you could tell the ages of the American women

24

356 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

as quickly and nearly as they can in Norway. The bride wears a
crown of metal. She wears it of silver or brass if she is fortunate
enough to have enough of worldly goods to own such a one; if not,
she wears a material that looks something like brass and is inter-
woven with bright colored strands and this is handed down from
generation to generation. She wears such a streamer hanging down
from her waist and then when married she wears two. We go into
another section of Norway and we find a costume like this. We find
this in the Hollingdel section. It is the most beautiful costume to
see. The cap I will put on so that you may have a realization of the
way they wear them, because the Norwegians seem to understand the
ways of coquettishness. We find in Norway most of their imple-
ments are wooden and a great many of them are artistic. We find
some of their utensils are carved most attractively and one of the
wooden things I have here in my hand that represents an old time
custom of the Norwegians is a bridal spoon. This is carved out of
one solid piece of wood symbolic of the union of the man and woman
and at the breakfast feast the groom eats out of the one and the
bridge out of the other and it is very beautifully carved out. We
find as we go up to the central part of Norway that we come into a
more fertile section and we sometimes see agricultural work done in
a way that reminds us of what we do in America. We see them
gather the hay in much the same way as we do. And farther north
we find still a more fertile country. In the northern section we find
a great many Laplanders. There are about*30,000 Laps in Norway.
About 3,000 of these are sea Laps who are better off financially than
are the field Laps. When we went on north and landed at one of
their northern towns called Tromsoe we were greeted by a curious lot
of people, a dirty set of people and one feels the people should be
fumigated or vou keep your distance. The women carry their babies
much as the Indian does the papoose and they make caps and dolls
for sale. The men carve many things out of bone, pipes and knives,
paper knives and spoons, and it is a matter of interest that one of
the chief industries of the Laplanders is raising and, killing rein-
deer. The meat is really quite palatable and we had the pleasure
of eating it but once at it was out of season, therefore tasteless. One
of the men said he was going to begin hunting but would not have
reindeer meat by the time he got home and I said: “Why not?” and
he said: ‘Because it costs so much that I will sell it before I get
home.” JT have in my hand a spoon. In this spoon are five little
rings. Each ring represents 100 reindeer that this man has killed;
so for every 100 reindeer he kills he puts one ring in his spoon. I
wish I could convey to you some idea of the beauty of the lights of
the midnight sun. It is almost impossible to give you any idea of the
wonderful lights and colors that the sun produces in that northern
section where they have their days lasting two and one-half months
and their nights of corresponding length; and in all that twenty-four
hours there is no suggestion of darkness. One does not know by the
light when it is time to sleep or when it is time to be awake and
surely the tourist seems to be infected, as the native seems to be, by
spending most of the twenty-four hours where he can see the beauties
of nature round about him. The first night that we had on the North
Cape summit made almost the greatest impression of any upon my

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 357

mind, though that was not the grandest exhibition of lights and
colors. At 11.30 the sun set and at 12.30 it rose and we saw the
lights of the sun set and sun rise side by side in the cycle and it
seemed to give me a greater realization of what it meant to realize
that the sun did not set in the sections when we got a little farther
north. I am going to take the trouble to read a little extract from
my diary that may give you a little idea better than I can give it
to you now because I wrote this when the freshness of the impression
was upon my mind of the lights and colors as they presented them-
selves to us in that northern section.

I have but ten minutes time longer to speak to you and I am going
to leave you with this picture if I have been able to bring one of you
to the land of the midnight sun and I just want to tell you before we
leave that when we are on the North Cape we started out at 10.30
and we desired to reach the top of the North Cape which was about
100 feet above the mountain so as to see the sun burst, the flash
of glory from the top, but we were unfortunate enough to get into
a heavy fog just as we reached the top, but sometimes I think that
was a blessing that we could see such a wonderful sight as we did
from the top of the Cape even if we did not enjoy the glory of the
sun. In just about a minute the fog rose just as if a magic hand had
drawn the curtain and there below was the land and the islands and
our little boat moving around in the sea and beyond and up above
was the line of the sun and then just as it lasted a minute it seemed
someone gradually pulled the curtain over and there was nothing be-
neath us at all.

Now let us go quickly into that vast territory of Russia, one of
the largest countries in the world and one of the countries in which
you find the greatest accummulation of wealth, the wealth of all the
churches and palaces and in everything that pertains to the govern-
ment, but nothing spent upon the common people; nothing even
spent in the way of sanitation and no country needs it more than
Russia. We cannot help but be impressed with the strange con-
trast between the luxury provided for royalty and absolutely noth-
ing for the large mass of the common people. I went through their
palaces and we saw doors lined with solid gold; we saw hundreds
of plates that were worth from $30,000 to $40,000. They had been
presented to the Czar by different people, gracious municipalities
and various sections of the country and there were numbers and
numbers of these in many of the palaces all through Russia. And one
thing that seemed to be different or made more impression on my
mind was that they took large numbers of peasants through these
palaces and these plates I speak of were always placed in large
panels and had a red curtain covering them and likewise their gold
doors were covered and when the peasants went through they were
exceedingly careful that they did not get a glimpse of this wealth
that they were glad to show to the tourist. We had the opportunity
of seeing the people congregate at the church festival and if I were to
describe a Russian costume it would be a conglamoration of color
something like this: a green skirt, a yellow apron, a red shirt waist
and a pink kerchief. So you can imagine the combination that you
see there. They don’t seem to appreciate harmony of colors. It is
the common people that I am speaking about. The peasant people

308 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

are the ones that contribute the interest to the tourist, because in
the cities we see people just as we are accustomed to see and dressed
much as we are accustomed to seeing. We found one thing in the
churches, the Greek Church of Russia, which interested us very much
and that is their “ipons” which are similar to the painted images
we find in the Roman Catholic Church. They are made of gold and
silver and inlaid with diamonds and precious stones. We found a
great immense amount of wealth put into some of these single ipons
and in a procession we were able to see we counted somewhere up-
wards of 100 ipons carried through the streets, and in Moscow in
one of their oldest chapels, the Iberian Chapel, you find an ipon
brought many centuries ago from Iberia, which is taken out when
sickness or any occasion calls for it and placed on wagons drawn
by six horses and taken through the streets to the house where it is
desired to come to and in the meantime, of course, a painted copy is
put in the chapel and this is supposed to take away the disease or
whatever it is that the particular people in the house are afflicted
‘with. It is a matter of interest that this particular ipon is the one
that the Czar, who is the head of the Greek Church, and all the dukes
and various prominent members of the royal family tome first to
worship. We find great quantities of the most beautiful, marvelous
and precious stones in Russia and we had the privilege of visiting
the royal granite works and I have never seen such stones in such
quantities as we saw there and the most wonderful carving in stones
possible to imagine. In my hand I hold one of the choicest of the
Russian Marbles and the tomb of Alexander II, the liberator of
Russia, is made of that marble. You will recall that this particular
ruler was assassinated in 1888 and you will remember that it was a
girl that by throwing a handkerchief to the street gave the signal to
the student who threw the bomb and that Alexander was not in-
jured in the throwing of this bomb and he got out of the carriage -
to see what assistance could be rendered to the injured and the
second boom was thrown which fatally injured Alexander, and this
is one of the reasons why the Russian common people are held under
suppression because of the dreadful assassination of this particular
ruler who was doing everything in his power for the people of Russia.
And on the spot where Alexander fell they built a memorial chapel
and it is one of the most magnificent chapels that it is possible to
imagine. This chapel has some of the most expensive ipons in it.

I want to say that in Russia one finds better sleeping car arrange-
ments than we do find in America. While we find some things most
primitive in contrast to that, we find everything that caters to wealth
there and in the five nights that we rode in the sleeper in Russia we
were much better accommodated than if we had been in American
sleepers.

The Russian language is a most difficult one to understand. They
have so many letters in their words that people cannot understand
what they do with them. I hold in my hands the Lord’s prayer
written in Russian on this and if you would write the Lord’s prayer
in English in corresponding sized script I think you would find that
it would not cover half this space. There is not a word here that
bears any resemblance to my Lord’s prayer. And when you travel on
the streets I want to say that the droskimen and their droski wagons

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 359

are features that contribute much to the interest of the tourist.
These wagons are drawn by horses wearing large wooden collars
over their necks from shaft to shaft.—But the Chairman says I can-
not take you any further in Russia to-night. - (Applause).

FARM SANITATION

By MRS. GEO. E. MONROE, Dryden, N. Y.

For many years the Institute effort has been directed toward the
care and feeding of the farm animals. Dairymen and poultry men
have really succeeded in bringing about great improvements. Re-
cently it has occurred to us that what was good for the animals in
the barns, might with profit be applied to the persons living in the
farm homes.

The death rate from serious contagious diseases like typhoid fever,
tuberculosis and many others, is as high in the country as in the city.
This ought not to be.

There are three things necessary to good health. 1st: Fresh air
and sunshine; 2nd: pure water; and 3rd:—and this largely de-
pending upon the first two,—keeping the seeds of disease out of our
bodies.

Consumption, which causes the death of more persons than does
any other disease, needs only for its cure and prevention—pure air
and sunshine, with nourishing food; while the dreaded typhoid fever
is a water borne disease. During the day more or less fresh air is
admitted to our homes from opening doors, but during the night it
is too often carefully excluded. Since we spend one-third of our
lives in bed, we might with profit increase our contact with fresh air
and improve our health without interfering with our comfort. No
one enjoys having the wind blow on them through an open window.
But by covering the outside of the window with muslin, or covering
a wooden frame which fits under the lower sash of the window, one
can enjoy fresh air without any discomfort. Ventilation is fresh air
without drafts. Try this method of obtaining it. The muslin should
be a trifle heavier than cheese cloth. It will not lower the tempera-
ture of the room more than two or three degrees. Besides pure air
heats easier and pure air remains warm longer than bad air. If the
muslin is unbleached it will not wet through. In regard to the water
we use for dometic purposes, it is not enough that water should be
odorless, colorless and tasteless. It must prove to be pure under the
chemists test. Our bodies need large quantities of water inside and
out. The body is truly a system of canals, and should be flushed
daily. Five pints of water is none too much to drink daily. It is
better than pills. Try it.

360 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Time was when our country was new, that water from any stream
flowing through the farm was safely used for domestic purposes.
Now some streams are so foul that fishes cannot live in them. Now
the unfortunate dwellers in cities are often obliged to use such water
but we on the farms should not do so. A spring in a virgin forest
may be pure, but any spring is only as pure as its surroundings. It
should be built up with cement at least a foot above the surface of the
ground to keep out the surface drainage water. At present the all
but universal source of our water supply is some form of well. The
dug well, is dug just deep enough to get water, laid up with loose
stones or bricks, and covered over with planks which dry and warp
in the sun and rain, leaving cracks which admit to the well, surface
water, dust and filth which may be near. A dug well should be
cemented up inside 6 or 8 feet from the top and a cement cover and
curb built to protect it. Probably the safest source of water on the
farm is a driven well, deep and well cased to protect it. If there is
within 100 feet of any source of filth is contamination there is dan-
ger to the water. Slop holes, manure piles, and outside open vaults
are a menace if near the water supply.

While seeds of disease are carried into the body by air and water
they are also carried by the common house fly. He is called the
filthy fly, the typhoid fly. Certain it is he is the most dangerous
animal on earth. The more one knows about his habits, the less one
likes to speak about him in polite society. He breeds in filth; he lives
in filth, and, unfortunately, he eats the same kind of food that we
do—but we eat at the second table. He flies back and forth from the
slop holes, the manure piles, the outside open closet, into our homes
where he alights upon the fruit and food prepared for the farmer’s
family. He is responsible for the spread of many diseases, consump-
tion, typhoid, bowel diseases of children, and the list is long. For-
tunately he never goes very far from the place where he is born, so
if we remove all filth from around our homes we will do away with
the pest of the house fly.

On many farms it is common to find the water supply for the
barns either pumped by windmill or engine or piped from distant
springs, but no provision is made to supply the house with water,
for bath, toilet or kitchen sink. The farmer is willing but he says,
and truly, that there is no sewage system in the country, and he can
not dispose of his waste water, and what is the use of putting water
in the house if he can not take the sewage out beyond the cellar walls.
The old style cesspool, made by digging a pit in the ground and
stoning it up without cement, is a menace to health and life, and
poisons the soil for long distances. If the water supply comes from
a well, it may poison that, the leakage from the ill-smelling, disease
harboring outside closet may reach the well water. Even if the sur-
face of the ground slopes right, that is no reason why under ground
the water runs right. So you see our homes must be provided with
water supply and not depend upon wells. It will cost $100 more or
less to put in a system of plumbing, including hot and cold water in
the kitchen sink, the permanent bath and the inside closet. The cost
depending upon the size of the house and how much help can be
given the plumber,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 361

Now the waste waters could be easiest disposed of by turning it
into a stream. There is a slight objection to this. It is against the
law, and is not allowed unless the State gives permission, this is
usually denied. If one small home could and did turn the sewage into
a stream others would want to. If the stream is used for domestic
purposes further down, the sewage might cause an epidemic of dis-
ease. One house might cause 5,000 cases of typhoid. We are too
civilized to do this, then what shall we do? We will build a cess-
pool that will hold all the sewage until it is purified. It should be
built in porous soil near the surface of the ground, so the outlet
will pass through the first foot of soil, the upper layer of soil being
more open and contains more bacteria. The garden is a good place to
run the outlet pipe but right under the sod of the lawn is the very
best place.

\7
arta,

FARM CESS POOL.

Yee”

GX38X3 FP.

This cesspool will cost about $5 if the farmer can build it himself,
and will require 1 load of farm stones, not too large; one load of
gravel, not too coarse; and 5 sacks of cement. This builds a cess-
pool 6x3 x3 feet, and large enough for a family of five or six persons.
The cover should be tight, a slab of stone or of cement with seven to
nine inches of soil on top, and should not have any ventilating pipe,
as the bacteria that work in it are the kind that work without air
only. This tank is in effect a settling tank, and can be built of any
size, shape or material so long as it is large enough to hold one
day’s sewage of the family, and so long as the sewage comes in so
slowly that the solids have time to settle to the bottom of the tank,
it will do all that is expected of it. The tank should be connected
to the house by a four inch tile drain, every joint cemented and
rubbed smooth on the inside. This should be 24 feet long and have
a tilt of one-half inch per foot. It enters half way up the side of the
tank. The outlet is at the top of the tank and should be of four
inch tile laid with open joints, so the clear water that passes out
can pass into the soil at each point. This drain should be from 40
to 80 feet long, depending on soil, laid on a tilt of one thirty-second

362 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of an inch per foot. The slanting elbow, on the inside of the tank
connected with the outlet, is to keep the scum that forms, in the tank,
as in the scum a form of bacteria is working to purify the sewage.
The only solid left in this tank is the mineral part, this amounts
to very little in a year. It will not freeze so long as the house is
occupied. There are two reasons for this: Ist, the character of the
water entering the tank; and 2nd, because bacteria in working pro-
duce heat. The sewage should not stand in the tank. If the ex-
pected flow is cut down, dilute it with water. The water flowing from
the outlet is a clear liquid, and is harmless.

A THREE COURSE DINNER

By MRS. ANNA B. SCOTT, Domestic Science Bureau, Philadelphia, Pa.

Just a few words about the dinner we are going to cook at a
cost of less than 60 cents, for four adults. I hope that every person
here will come forward at the close of the demonstration and see
the dinner. I only wish that there was enough for all, but I will
leave it to a committee to taste, and say whether there is enough for
four hungry people.

Yes, housekeeper, we are planning a dinner of well blended and
well selected foods; for we want the meal, first, to be satisfying, nu-
tritious and palatable. Second, we want to serve it in the best way
to promote the health and pleasure of our family; no haphazard way
for us. Just a few touciies of refinement at the table mean so much
to all. Yes, there are some who think only of filling up, and getting
through with the meal; that will do. They are satisfied, and the
hunger is appeased. But housekeeper, let us make the dinner table
the place that we meet at least once a day, and have a social time.

Following is the menu for the dinner.

Sago Soup;
German Stew with Vegetables and Dumplings;

Creamed Spinach or Cabbage;

Peaches a la Conde.

Sago Soup.

6 cups stock ;

4 cup sago;

1 tablespoon finely cut onion;

1 tablespoon finely chopped parsley ;
1 teaspoon salt;

Dash white pepper.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 363

We can use rice, barley, or farino in the same way that we are using
the sago. Our main thought in having the light soup is to pre-
pare the stomach for the hearty dinner that is to follow.

Remove 6 cups of the stock from the meat that is stewing, add the
onion and the sago that has been well washed; boil 30 minutes; then
add the salt, pepper, and parsley.

Cost :—Sago, 2c; seasonings, le. Total, 3c.

German Stew with Vegetables and Dumplings.

13 pounds stewing beef ;

1 quart potatoes;

1 cup cut carrot;

13 cup cut onion;

1 tablespoon salt;

Dash white pepper;

1 tablespoon caramel ;

1 tablespoon chopped parsley.

Wash or wipe the meat; put on to boil in 2 quarts boiling water ;
boil slowly 1 hour; remove 6 cups stock for soup; then add to the
meat the potatoes, onion, carrot, salt and pepper. Boil 45 minutes or
until all is tender, being sure that there is 2 cups stock; if there is
not, add boiling water as it is needed. Add the dumplings; boil 10
minutes, without removing the lid. Place the dumplings around the
edge of the platter; put the meat and vegetables in the center; add
to the gravey the flour which has been mixed with a little cold water,
and the caramel. Boil 2 minutes; pour over the meat and dumplings,
and sprinkle the chopped parsley over the top.

Dumplings.

1 cup flour;

1 teaspoon baking powder;
13 teaspoon salt;

1 teaspoon lard.

Sift the flour, salt and baking powder into a bowl; rub in the lard
lightly with the tips of the fingers; add just enough cold water to
hold the dough together. Take one teaspoonful at a time and roll in
floured hands; lay on floured board until all are ready, then put in
the meat.

Cost:—Meat, 21c; potatoes, 4c; dumplings, 33c; seasonings, Ile.
Total, 294c.

Creamed Spinach, or Creamed Cabbage.

I had planned, this morning, to have creamed spinach, but as I went
to several places and could not get real nice spinach we are going to
have creamed cabbage. If I had been here yesterday I know that I
should have been able to get nice spinach as Lancaster has good mar-
kets. But this same thing might happen to any housekeeper; after
planning to have spinach, she finds that spinach is not to be had, so
she gets the next best thing, that does not cost more than spinach. I
looked around and all that I could see was a small head of cabbage.
Of course you can substitute anything. There are nice string beans,
news peas, and nice asparagus. But my thought is to bring you some-
thing that you can have 9 months in the year at small cost.

364 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

1 small head cabbage;

1 tablespoon butter;

1 tablespoon flour;

1 cup milk;

1 teaspoon salt;

Dash white pepper ;

4 teaspoon onion juice or 4 teaspoon mace.

Cut the cabbage into small pieces; set aside in cold water 30
minutes; drain, put over fire with boiling water enough to cover. Boil
30 minutes without a cover, or until the cabbage is tender. That all
depends on the age of the cabbage. Drain, add the sauce and boil 2
minutes.

Cream Sauce.

Put the butter into a sauce pan; when melted add the flour, then
the cold milk slowly; stir until smooth and creamy; add the salt,
pepper and onion juice or mace. Boil 2 minutes.

Cost :—Cabbage, 5c; butter, 3c; milk, 2c. Total, 10c.

Peaches a la Conde.

1 cup rice;

4 cup sugar;

2 cups peaches, cherries, strawberries, (either fresh or canned ;
fresh’ are best) ;

4 teaspoon salt;

1 teaspoon butter.

Wash the rice through several waters; put on with 4 quarts boiling
water. Boil 25 minutes; strain; drain; blanch with boiling water;
sprinkle with sait and spread on a platter or bake dish which has
been brushed with melted butter; spread the fruit over the rice;
sprinkle the sugar over the fruit and place in hot oven 10 minutes.
This is served with a sauce made as follows, or you can serve it with
fruit juice, or with cream.

Sauce.
1 cup water;
1 cup peach juice;
2 tablespoons sugar ;
1 tablespoon cornstarch ;
1 tablespoon lemon juice.

As soon as the water comes to a boil add the cornstarch which has
been mixed with a little cold water; boil 2 minutes then add the
sugar, peach juice, and lemon juice.

Cost :—Rice, 4c; peaches, 10c; other ingredients, 1$c. Total, 15ce.
Total cost of dinner:

RIOT [Dg 9 coe ayo. aw.» m0, SOLE em rue abe yee ee eee $ .03
| 0 ie IEEE IS CU EAS OVE CALC hells ees 294
CADUASC eae cen es ace ee ee eee 10
DGSSORG vo Wecieis’s cou 6.2 > ee ep ncin ae oe eee 153

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 365

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH AN-
NUAL CONVENTION OF THE FRUIT GROWERS’ AS-
SOCIATION OF ADAMS COUNTY, HELD DECEMBER
13, 14 AND 15, 19171,

OFFICERS
PETES ON ie 57 ie secccievareve ie ebaeree aes RobenG Mie Wd One. ere siccare erence ci = oyoueds Aspers
US {eV CGE TESIGEGMGs »<.s)<,-1c.6.c 502.218 ©. IG LV SOM ioc crcrerctvele: ots teketevers oe, Sucks Floradale
yndovice President, 2.4. -0s%.2= + CABAL HENICS Te ae eo oes Guernsey
SREMVICES MeneSIGEM ts 4. isc eccieielstopate Ce i. pRaitenspercers o.v.2 acre Arendtsville
AGH aVICe PETESIGOMC, cs cue cae eine oie He Pe GarreresOness soda secs oe Biglerville
HEE WICeUPreSsident, ciemsc.s s+ 46 eae SCOMGIE Mb Aen oe ecclesia Bendersville
Recording-Secretary, ........... Josiah Wi. HPrICKe ites cacy cece r eisai Biglerville
Corresponding Secrtary, ........ Nidwint (CAGEYSON; ©-, sears eters = ements, = Floradale
PRVCASTITCI iy ehaicc, cere atoee oe eloitlaans Want Set Adams aiac csr. cee cete sete Aspers

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

TET) oferet ee healt YO 0) 0 ina eee RORSGCIOIS ICIS Otc GIO GIG Cb Ginko Nee Ulikaa cb ionade Aspers
(Oi SGU VSO nits ate ee OR ERR ICT EeCrEn TIE AS Aarne eau mr enemo pcb TC Floradale
Ch INT Gia GE Re eee Renee ta ES Ero CIeO Oe OD ae Oe OOo O Om oe = Guernsey
(SMD UEC ALL CNSPOESED,, ate.cesere clersie = siayeie crerere cuoiorcyaye te eheyaietemene rar arene de tater Arendtsville
HEP IGATTOULSONUA S 6 Sia tia wits < cies clone fou otoherehaye ceeueatter omer atenoke ow nene vaneveuole nen sade Biglerville
AIAG MS LOMOT MEd Deo 215 cicherexe loveuel aye.loceloias sole parozezere tay shee = eeaay> ausieka* oes Bendersville
POI MW CICK EUs cs «a oe sietkete Coal eicin, cop ore rerateboranc iene te lerefonarei eters eer aue Biglerville
1 DYa isin i Cee LA 10) 0 eee nee Pre Eine Gioia cos tracige Dod maemo oun eo te Floradale
Weine SE JAG ENR) Sn A i aor Er Aone no OOOe octT CO Ey CC Aspers

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS
By ROBT. M. ELDON, Aspers

We are glad to welcome members of the Fruit Growers’ Asso-
ciation, visitors, lecturers and patrons to the seventh convention.
We are in practically new quarters. By the offer of increased
rentals, the fruit growers organization so encouraged the owners of
the old hall that they were moved to add much thereto, which I am
sure you will appreciate during the days of this week. The growth
of the organization from less than forty at the first meeting in 1903
to more than two hundred sixty in 1911 is most gratifying. Some-
times there is a failure to renew for a year, but mostly the man or
woman once a member, comes promptly forward with a 1enewal.
Not all of our membership own orchards or fruit trees, but join

366 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

because since the coming of the fruit growers’ association, they find
that they can get better and cheaper fruit, or because as business
men, professional men or laborers, they know that the fruit-grow-
ing industry has greaily increased the amount of money returned
to the county, a part, and a very large pait of the gross returns is
certain to come to them in the usual course.

A number have joined, if for no other reason, because they say
that to sit and see and hear at convention time is worth the price.
I can see several of these now, and there are others also filled with
the good American desire to help a good thing along. Join the
Fiuit Growers’ Association and become part owner of a large
amount of good-fellowship. You will later get a copy of the pro-
ceedings which will be of value to you. It is a text-book on Horticul-
ture; not theory, but the boiled down experience of practical men.

More than the usual care has been exercised during the past
year in spraying for scale insects and for the codling moth and its
co-laborer, the curculio. It is impossible to expect that any of the
trio named or of many other pests attacking tree, foliage or fruit
will ever become exterminated, but we believe that all may be held
in check by careful and timely work.

Several of our members have noticed the same fault in spray-
ing opetations, namely, that the nozzle man kept too close to the
tree so that some of the branch tips at about the level of the oper-
ator’s face were entirely missed. I have called the attention of my
helpers to this at least a score of times during the past season, and
we found at picking time that the few scale present were on the
fruit from these branches. By the use of bends for the rods or
angle nozzles, the old fault of poorly sprayed lower branches has
been cured.

To do a good spraying job, high pressure and large air-chamber
space are of the first importance. A good pump and a willing
pump-man are good, but the compressed-air sprayer is the coming
sprayer. Either a central plant where an engine and compressor
can charge the power tank of the sprayer while the spray liquid
tank is being filled, or the portable engine and compressor outfit fills
the bill as no direct pumping outfit can possible fill it. The first
of these two types is the lighter while the second is perhaps the
safer and more efficient. This second type can reach full spraying
pressure while the operator is straightening out the hose and rod,
and it has a constantly increasing air-chamber space at maximum
pressure.

The occurrence of Cedar Rust has been much less prevalent during
1911 than during 1910, but there is apparently no way of deter-
mining whether this is due to climatic conditions or to the general
cutting away of the cedar trees. If the scientists are correct in
their statement that the cedar trees and the apple trees are alternate
hosts for the fungus, it would be sound argument to say that the
cutting of the cedar trees is the chief factor in the lessened amount
of the fungus injury.

Many trees in the neighborhood suffered severely from fire blight,
which is certainly the most distressing of the apple orchardist’s
troubles, requiring a cure that is no cure, but a partial or entire
destruction of the tree.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 367

The apples seem to have had a poor blooming season, yet set a
heavy crop as did also cherries. Peaches bloomed freely but fell
off, probably due to overbearing in 1910 and lack of other care.
Small fruits were generally disappointing.

The apple crop was the largest in the history of the country, but
at the present time figures are not available. Its quality was good.
Perhaps a part larger than usual went to the cannery and evapor-
ator, on account of the general large crop throughout the country.
While we desire first of all to grow apples for the box trade and the
high class bariel trade, there will always be a quantity larger or
smaller moving toward the cannery and dryhouse, and swely in
the future when the Adams county full crop year coincides with
the outside full crop, a great mass of fruit will be directed to them.
We have but one cannery and two evaporators under one manage-
ment within a radius of several miles. There should be others so
that we might profit by reasonable competition. I should like to see
a co-operative canning and evaporating plant owned and operated
by the members of this organization. I am not alone in thinking
that the price of drops and culls is too low. New York growers get
much better prices. Lyvaporators are much more plentiful there or
_ growers dry their own fruit.

Let us make a concerted effort to have the Adams County Ex-
hibit better than any previous Adams County Exhibit, and better
than any other county exhibit. Partly because we want to keep the
cup offered as a prize for best exhibits, but piincipally because the
habit of winning is a good habit to cultivate, when the accomplish-
ment of the object striven for, does not injure the other fellow in
the race. Our sister counties have good individual growers who
are certain to have good fruit on exhibition, but not having been
organized so long as have the Adams county growers, they do not
pull together as perhaps we do. It takes not only care in grow-
ing fine fruit but continued effoit in following it through all the
stages of its course from picking to judging. Ever since our organ-
ization began to compete as a county exhibitor it has always had
a number of its members on hand to take advantage of the choice
of space, and to see that the fruit is properly selected and displayed.

The practice of making an exhibit at our own convention is the
best kind of training in preparatiion for the second and more elabor-
ate display at the State meeting.

Join the State Society and attend its sessions. Help to make it
the best in the country. It should have two thousand members and
two hundred or more of them should come from the first fruit pro-
ducing county.

Join the Adams County Association and persuade others to do
the same thing. Attendance at its sessions will help you to under-
stand your troubles which is half way to mastery over them. You
cannot expect to remember all that you hear here. Join and get the
record, the proceedings.

368 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

APPLE DISEASE
By PROF. H. R. FULTON, State College, Pa.

I have been asked to speak on the subject of apple diseases. Fully
twenty of these, affecting all parts of the apple tree, have come
to my notice in Pennsylvania. Fortunately the majority are only
slightly injurious; several that are very serious in other sections
of the country occur very infrequently with us. We can consider
only the most important apple diseases to-day.

These diseases, for our purpose, may be classified as fungus and
bacterial diseases, and physiological diseases, remembering that
bacteria are, after all, merely a special kind of fungi. Those of
the first class are caused by living plant organisms of very small
size, that may spread from plant to plant; and these diseases are in-
fectious or contagious in character. However, climatic and local
weather conditions, as well as other conditions of environment, may
favor or check epidemics of such diseases, either directly by in-
fiuencing the spread and development of the organisms, or indirect-
ly by placing the host plant in a condition of greater or less suscep-
tibility. But always the causative organism must be present, and
control measures must usually be aimed directly at it.

Occasionally, as in the case of the Powdery Mildew on leaves
and young shoots of apple, the fungus may be killed after gaining
foothold by applications of a fungicide. In most cases the aim
must be to prevent the first infection; because, as a rule, when the
organism has become established, there is no hope of eradicating
it from invaded parts.

For infection to occur, three conditions must hold: There must
be a source of contagion, there must be a susceptible host plant, and
the general environmental conditions must favor the infection. To
prevent infection, we must take these things into account, and the
special measures will vary for each disease according to its peculiar-
ities with reference to these three conditions. For illustration, think
of a well known treatment for apple scab, which calls for three appli-
cations of a proper fungicide, just before the buds open, just after
the petals fall, and a third two weeks later. The coating of fungi-
cide on fruit and leaves makes an unfavorable environment for the
development of the scab fungus there. This is made when the
parts in question are young and in their most susceptible condition.
And it so happens that the source of early contagion for scab it
the so-called winter-spores that form slowly during winter on fallen
apple leaves infected the previous year with scab, and reach ma-
turity, are scattered, and retain their vitality for three or four
weeks only, about the apple blossoming time. I know of cases
where elimination of the fallen leaves, by plowing them under be-
fore the time indicated, or by burning them, has given successful
control; but such measures do not commend themselves on the score

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 369

of general practicability. Varietal susceptibility influences very
much scab infection, and should influence our treatment of it. Bald-
win, York Imperial, Ben Davis and Jonathan are affected little or
not at all, while Stayman Winesap, McIntosh, Spitzenburg, and
Northern Spy are quite susceptible. Discrimination in the treat-
ment of varieties varying in susceptibility will promote efficiency
and economy not only for scab, but for other troubles. A wet, cool
spring favors scab. Our climatic conditions, fortunately, are less
conducive to scab development than those farther north; and we
can for this reason safely omit, in the average season and on the
average variety, the early application, just before the blossoms
open.

In the case of Cedar or Orange Rust, unprotected young leaves
and fruit of certain varieties are the endangered paris; the infec-
tive material in this case comes from red cedars that may harbor
the fungus in the familiar “cedar-apples;” and infection is favored
by periods of continuous wet weather for two or three days. When
these conditions occur together, which is only occasionally, we have
an outbreak of Cedar Rust. For this disease the removal of en-
dangering red cedars from the vicinity of orchards has proved more
constantly effective than spraying.

We were speaking of the spray applications, for us usually two
in number, made when the petals fall and two weeks later, that are
timed particularly for scab control. These, let us remember, will
also be more or less effective for Cedar or Orange Rust on leaves
and fruit, for blotch on leaves and fruit, for Sooty Mold on fruit,
and for Black Rot Spot (Sphaeropsis) and Frog Eye Spot (Illos-
porium) on leaves. The diluted lime-sulphur material seems to be
satisfactorily effective against these troubles, and is preferred to
Bordeaux mixture. Where blotch and Black Rot prevail, care should
be taken to cover twigs and limbs at one of the sprayings; and
as thorough as possible pruning out of affected woody parts should
be practiced.

Sometimes, when cool, moist weather prevails, there may be a
midsummer outbreak of scab; and usually the leaf spotting fungi
and Sooty Mold and blotch of the fruit continue to cause infec-
tion until late in the season. Furthermore, Bitter Rot and Fruit
Spot usually begin their attacks after the fruit is half grown; and
such ripe rots as Black Rot, Brown Rot, and Volutella Rot come on
in the latter part of the year. More efficient protection is afforded
against all of these if a fungicidal application is made in July, at the
time when spraying is done for the second codling moth brood.
Where blotch and Bitter Rot prevail, Bordeaux mixture must be
used in midsummer and the application made two or three times at
intervals of two weeks on varieties susceptible to these destructive
diseases.

A word further about blotch and Bitter Rot may not be out of
place. Both of these diseases are among the most serious affecting
apples in the South. They occur in Pennsylvania to a small degree
only, but we must be on the alert lest they gain a greater foothold.

Bitter Rot spots are brown and circular, and the rot extends
inward in a cone-shaped area quite rapidly, so that it may reach
the core by the time the surface area is the size of a half dollar.

24—6—1911

370 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The surface is dotted with spore pustules which emit minute flesh-
colored, waxy masses of spores rather early in the development of
the rot. The fungus lives over winter in mummied apples on the
trees, but not in those that rot on the ground; and in the limb
cankers, when these are formed. Of our commercial varieties Jona-
than is likely to sutfer most.

Blotch affects the surface of the fruit, without dinectly causing
rot. The skin is discolored, and sometimes thickened so that small
raised areas are apparent. ‘These are covered with minute black
dots in which the spores are formed. When attacked early the fruit
is dwarfed and deformed. The fungus attacks leaves and twigs,
surviving the winter in the latter. Ben Davis is the most susceptible
of our commercial apples.

The Fruit Spot that can be controlled by July spraying is char-
acterized by numerous small spots, about 1-16 of an inch across,
that are at first deeper green or red than the surrounding color;
and soon becomes dead, and brown or black. The flesh is not affected
ceeply. They are more numerous towards the apex of the fruit,
and frequently occur at lenticels. The cause of this fruit spot is the
fungus Cylindrospoiium pomi, which infects the fruit during July
as a rule, and can be readily prevented by one or two applications
of almost any fungicide during the first half of July. We must not
confuse this disease with that known as Fruit Pit which seems not
to be due to fungus attack, and can not be controlled by spraying.

Let us remember that the requirement for summer spraying, as
for any spraying, and the returns to be obtained from it, depend
on the presence of certain fungi that develop then, the growing of
varieties susceptible to their attack, and the occurrence of weather
conditions that would favor their development; and that the most
satisfactory results will be obtained when judicious spraying is an
adjunct to the use of good methods of culture and sanitation. Spray-
ing is, after all, an expedient to catch, as it were, the thief after
he is in the house. Let us see to it that we do not allow ways to
multiply by which he may enter.

There are ceriain transmissible diseases that can not be satis-
factorily controlled by spraying, such as Twig Blight, and the cankers
produced by the Black Rot and Bitter Rot fungi, and the several
wood rots and 100t rots. Our only means of holding these in check
is to discover the trouble at an early period in its development, and
thoroughly remove all affected tissue.

Twig Blight, sometimes known as Fire Blight, attacks young
shoots, the bark of older limbs, and sometimes the blossoms or young
fruit. As soon as blighted twigs are noticed, they should be cut
off well below the affected part and the cut surface, however small,
touched with a swab wet with a disinfectant, such as 1 to 1,000
bichloride of mercury; tools also should be wiped with such a solu-
tion at frequent intervals. Cankers can ferquently be cut out; but
often the affected part must be sacrificed. Large cuts should be
painted over as well as disinfected.

Collar Rot as we find it causing the death of the bark at the
base of the trunk of apple trees, is a perplexing condition. I am
not satisfied as to its causation in every case. Perhaps we ought
to bear in mind that this part of the tree is the one where general
decay is most likely to occur because moisture from the soil and

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. si1

@ good oxygen supply favor general decay organisms. We know
that a fence post will usually rot because of the same conditions,
more rapidly near the surface of the ground than above or below.
I am sure that in some cases winter injury is primarily responsible
for the trouble with the apple trees. In a few instances I have
found the blight bacterium present as the cause of the extensive
death of the bark; and I have also found other organisms associated
with the trouble, such as the fungus of Black Rot, the wood rotting
Schizophyllum, and the root rotting Armillaria. In the Far West,
some hold that arsenic injury to bark is responsible for a somewhat
similar, although apparently not identical condition. And there
are cases where improper painting of trunks has caused trouble.
But when all these things are considered, I am not satisfied in my
own mind that I can satisfactorily account for half of the so-called
Collar Rot that I have seen.

Though we can not yet speak certainly about its causation, we
cought to take precautions against its possible spread. In hunting
borers in orchards affected with collar rot, free use should be made
of disinfecting solution on all wounds and tools. Close watch should
be kept for the first signs of the trouble, and the affected area cut
out as thoroughly as may be, leaving the live bark with a smooth
edge for healing. The cut surface should be washed with bichloride
of mercury or strong lime-sulphur as a disinfectant, and the sur-
face painted with pure lead and oil paint or tar. When the ex-
posed surface is large, and above ground, a coating of grafting
wax will prevent drying out, and promote healing. Diseased trees
should be prevented from carrying a full crop of fruit, and atten-
tion should be paid to securing proper soil moisture and -aeration
and fertilization. Judicious reduction of foliage by summer prun-
ing would doubtless be helpful.

We come next to those constitutional disorders that we call
physiological diseases. They are not caused by organisms of any
sort; they result from derangements of the normal physiological
functions of the plant parts, usually due to unfavorable environ-
mental conditions. Our knowledge of them at present is meagre;
end from their nature control] measures are unfortunately of limited
applicability. Such troubles are Fruit Pit (perhaps more usually
known as Baldwin Spot, although this term is also sometimes con-
fusingly applied to Fruit Spot mentioned above), Watery Core,
Watery Apex, Sun Scald, Sticky Skin, and probably Jonathan Spot.

Fruit Pit shows rather large, vaguely outlined, slightly depressed
spots, that suggest finger print bruises. Under these the flesh is
dead for some distance, and later the surface becomes dead and
brown. Frequently affected areas can be found in the interior of
the flesh. The cause is supposed to be lack of sufficient moisture at
certain periods in fruit development, especially sudden changes from
wet to very dry conditions. It may be that tillage methods can
be so developed as to equalize the soil water supply sufficiently to
reduce this trouble to a minimum.

Watery Core and Watery Apex seem to be different forms of the
same trouble. Continued deficiency of water may cause the cell
sap to reach such high concentration as to kill the living substance,
and there is a consequent diffusion of sap into the small spaces

25

372 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in the apple tissue, giving the watery, instead of the whitish, opaque
appearance; or a sudden access of water after the cell sap has be-
come highly concentrated, may result similarly.

Sun Scald is injury to the cells from intense heat. It is accom-
panied by abnormal ripening of tissues in the vicinity. It may be
aggravated by liquid on the surface of the exposed fruit and is
frequently seen on fruit suddenly exposed to the sun’s rays after
being shaded.

I do not know of any explanation for the condition known as
Sticky Skin or Dead Skin. Microscopically the tissues in such cases
seem fairly normal.

The Jonathan Spot is also hard to explain in the light of our
present knowledge. It seems not to be due to any organism. Whether
or not it is related to the physiological Fruit Pit is an open ques-
tion. Perhaps we will find eventually that it is a trouble distinct
from others enumerated. It has been suspected to be a form of
arsenic injury, but tests made in 1911 by the U. 8. Department
of Agriculture indicate that heavy applications of arsenic do not
increase the amount of spotting. It develops much more on apples
in ordinary storage than on those in cold storage and attention to
this point is advised when apples give indication of developing this
trouble.

PEACH CULTURE
By JOHN F. BOYER, Middleburg, Snyder County, Pa.

Peach culture is very different to-day from what it was 25 years
ago, and in many localities the cultivation of this delicious fruit
has been entirely abandoned. It is, however, a fruit so well known
in Pennsylvania that a description is not necessary. Years ago a
peach tree would live to bear almost like an apple tree, especially
the seedling, which to-day is harder in bud than budded trees, but
the tree itself seems to have lost the vitality it once had and is no
more a longer lived tree than trees from the nursery. What brought
about these changes?

I believe that Providence had a great deal to do with produc-
tion. It seems to me that a man is limited in all lines of production.
In my opinion, surely, the man who bites off more than he can chew
will make a flat failure in peach culture.

It is not extensive but intensive peach culture that pays. The
man who can do the proper thing at the proper time is always the
man who offers the choicest fruits on our markets and that is the
only fruit that pays the producer.

Common and poor fruit was never very renumerative with me.
The subject of peach culture seemed to me like a funnel, looking
into it at the small end, the farther you see into it, the wider the
subject gets. I always feel my inability to do justice to this subject.
‘he novice then would ask what the the requirements to be a suc-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 373

cessful peach grower. My anwer would be, the Man, the Location,
and the Soil, would be the chief requirements; and the most im-
portant of the three is the Man himself because he may cause failure
where the most favorable conditions exist.

He must take a liking to the business. Having such a man, next
in importance is the soil. I do not expect to find it disputed when
I say God made the soil complete—by which I mean that virgin
soil contains all the required elements to produce both the tree and
the fruit. Where shall this soil be located? By all means on the
hills, where there is an air drainage, get above the frost line, do not
make the mistake of putting your orchard in a ravine where it
is thought by many the cold winds cannot strike them. We have
all learned and often heard the remark on a cool evening—If the
wind’s calm, we will have a frost. What does this mean? It
means as long as the wind blows, moisture will not settle, and as
long as moisture does not settle, frost cannot form; but just as soon
as the motion of the air ceases then moisture will gather and freeze.
In many so-called sheltered places where not sufficient air can get
in, moisture will settle and cause the loss of a crop of fruit.

Having the location, next in order would be the trees. I never
expected the nurseryman to grow these for me. All I want from
the nurseryman is the starter. I never wanted the heavy first class
trees, neither would I recommend a very small tree. For, should
a dry season follow, heavy loss would be the result, as the tree
which should be planted in early spring has no way of taking nour-
ishment until fibers form, and in a dry season, would die or dry up,
if too light before fibers form. If too heavy not enough rootlets
come with the tree from the nursery, and this goes to the other ex-
treme. Having trees to caliber one-half inch planted a little deeper
than they stood in the nursery, in ground plowed deep, and pre-
pared as for a crop of corn is about right. After the trees are set
fifteen feet apart each way, then comes the work of the pruning
knife, here again the medium sized tree has the preference. Any
one familiar with the peach tree from the nursery knows full well
that a tree has a set of branches, then buds, then another set of
branches, then buds again. In heavy trees the tree has to be cut
either right above the collar which is too low; or at the second set
of buds which is too high; giving the tree too much leverage when
planted in the full sway of the wind. Potatoes or any cultivated
crop may be grown for two years, after which time the entire
ground should be given to the tree, and thoroughly cultivated. The
leaders should be cut back for three years, that is the time required
to grow peach trees of bearing size. The peach tree is unlike the
apple. The apple has fruit spurs while the peach bears its first on
the previous year’s growth of wood.

Consequently we must have a succession of new growth of wood.
By thorough cultivation and proper pruning and not allowing the
trees to overbear, the desired new-growth can be controlled, and
fair crops can be produced; unless the winter season becomes too
severe. Properly ripened peach buds will stand a temperature of
15 degrees below. A man has far more control than is generally
believed by not allowing the tree to overbear. This is the wliole
secret of getting the buds in proper shape. Otherwise the tree has

374 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ro time to mature the crop and prepare the buds for the following
year. Thinning the fruit shoulu be done after the June drop.

The peach borer can easily be controlled by removing the soil from
around the trunk, and extract the borers with pocket-knife or some
pointed iron. The peach borer does not’ cut wood like the apple,
but feeds on the Cambium layer, and if taken before he gets down
in the roots, can be easily destroy ed.

Spraying for scale and fungus diseases must be carefully and
thoroughly done in early spring, before the blossoms open. Lime
and sulphur is the most satisfactory material, known at the present
time, for both the scale and fungi.

In my 28 years’ experience as a peach grower I have yet to
learn what crop to grow in a bearing peach orchard that is not
grown at the expense of the peach crop. Frequently I am asked
what crop can be grown in a peach orchard, when bearing; and my
answer is always a peach crop. ‘The disease known as “Yellows,”
among peach trees is first noticed in the premature ripening of the
fruit.

Then follows the wiry growth on branches generally in clusters,
with very narrow foliage. The word “Yellows” does not indicate
that a tree with yellow leaves has taken this disease, as a tree
may not have proper nourishment or may be attacked by borers
which cause the foliage to turn yellow; and such trees will respond
very readily if proper treatment is given.

And again, a tree with the most vigorous foliage, dark green,
may premature its fruit and fully develope the disease. The only
way I know to hold this disease in check is to remove the tree and
burn on the spot.

It was frequently stated a few years ago that the peach business
would fall in the hands of specialists, and I really believed it myself,
but I have changed my mind. Since the San José scale has made
its appearance in sufficient numbers to destroy those orchards planted
by the negligent fellows, they are not in business. Only the stand-
pat fellows are in the peach business to-day, and they are here to
stay. The syndicate or incorporated orchard companies must learn
that they are carrying on their business with disinterested help, and
to have thousands of acres of orchards will necessitate them spread-
ing labor over too large an acreage and the result is slighted work
going on all the time.

The fruit business is different from factory work—where one fore-
man can stand over hundreds of hands and control them sucess-
fully. The biggest mistake I ever made was when I increased my
peach business ‘ntil at one time I had between 43 and 44 thousand
trees in cultivation and it was impossible for me to have the fruit
picked and packed in proper shape; and T found that I had to reduce
my acreage in order to have the fruit right for the consumers.

You see, someone had told me to be sure that I was right and
then go ahead; well, I started to grow more peaches to get more
money to buy more land to plant more trees to get more money
to buy more land to grow more peaches; and that is the way I got
into the business so extensively. My neighbors who had only small
erchards had finer fruit than mine. You see, I wanted to be one
of those specialists, but I soon discovered that the old saying that

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 875

the big fish eat the little was not true. In fact, I believe the time
will soon be here that the little fish will eat the big. At least, I do
not fear the competition of large orchard companies, but I do fear
the competition of the fellow who has only as many acres in culti-
vation as he can look after himself.

To summarize—would say, the right man—the right location—
the right soil—with all requirements strictly carried out, from the
planting of the tree to the marketing of the fruit, will find peach
culture as profitable as the culture of any other fruit.

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION AND OTHER FACTORS
UPON YIELD, COLOR, SIZE AND GROWTH IN APPLES

By DR. J. P. STEWART, Haperimental Pomologist, State College, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Experiment Station has been conducting ex-
periments bearing upon the above subject during the past five years.
Altogether it has now in operation 18 such experiments, involving
11 soil types and 3,660 trees. In many respects, this series of ex-
periments is by far the most comprehensive of any similar series
thus far reported in America. In number of soil types; in the
number of treatments and checks; in number, variety and range
of age of the trees; in duplications of the experiments of a given
type; in the amounts of fruit involved; and in the fact that the ex-
periments are distributed over the State and located as a rule in
regions generally recognized as being well adapted to apple produc-
tion—in all these respects we believe that the Pennsylvania orchard
experiments enjoy distinct advantages over most previous efforts
to answer the questions involved.

The results considered in the present paper are chiefly from 10
experiments, containing 2,219 bearing trees and involving 10 dif-
ferent soil types. Some of the general features of these experi-
ments are given in Table I:

TABLH. I. LOCATION, SOIL TYPES, VARIETIES AND TREES IN EX-
PERIMENTS AWAY FROM THE COLLEGE

| a
: | 5
3 el ee
A County. | Soil. Varieties. = Ls
s — °
Fy | | g | é
A | | Sul ieee
Pine Adamsas ii.1... 2 Porters loam, --------| York and Stayman, -_-_- 12 yr. 160
216 | Franklin, ___._._._.. Montalto fine sandy | York and Jonathan, ---- 12 160
loam.
eon PEeadtords,: .-.5=-. DeKalb stony loam, -_| York and Baldwin, ~----_- 13 & 23 160
Ziv erankiin, —-..-.-| Montalto loam) ==" Vorksand Gano, 29-2222 18 358,
218 | Franklin, ._.._.__. Hagerstown clay loam, York and Albemarle, --_-- 12 & 16 400
219 | Bedford, _.__.____.. Frankstown stony York, Jonathan, Ben Da- 9 320
loam. vis and Gano.
221 | Wyoming, .-..__ Shenango fine sandy | Spy and Baldwin, ------- 39 LSS
| loam.
336 | Chester, sees | @hester loam, co-.--2= Grimes, Smokehouse and $ toll | 120 & 105
Stayman,
337 | Mercer, -..------| Volusia silt loam, ----| Spy, Baldwin and Rome, 4 180 & 180
838 | Lawrence, ~-.---. i; Molusia silt loam, 22--| "Baldwin, 2-----2 2-27 23 80 & 105
339 | Bradford, -....- | Lackawanna silt loam,| Baldwin and Fallawater, 17 120 & 16

—————— ——— ———— eeeEEeSSESSSSSSSSSSSSSSFSSSSSSSSSSSSMSSFseFeFeFFsseF

876 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

_ It will be noted that the soil types range from heavy clay loams
In experiment 218, through silt and plain loams to light sandy and
stony loams, in experiments 216 and 219.

The first three experiments deal with the influence of fertilizers,
and involve 10 treatments and 6 checks in each case. The next
four experiments deal with cultural methods and involve 12 treat-
ments in each case, except the last, which has six. The last four
experiments are a combination of portions of the first two types
and deal with both fertilizers and cultural methods. As shown
in the table, the trees are of 10 varieties, though with one excep-
tion there are two or more varieties in each experiment. In age
at the present time, the bearing trees range from 9 to 39 years; and
since the work started they have produced over 1,315,000 pounds of
fruit.

In this one item of fruit, we may call attention to the facts that,
so far as American experiments are concerned, this amount is more
than treble that reported in any other single experiment, and very
distinctly more than the total fruit reported from all other similar
experiments combined. This does not mean that the importance
of the experiments elsewhere is to be minimized in the least, but
it should help to emphasize the fact that, in those cases where con-
clusions or attitudes are in conflict, very careful attention should be
given to the actual and relative amounts of evidence upon which
the differing attitudes are based. In fact, within our own experi-
ments we can find the counterparts of practically all those reported
elsewhere. If we had fewer experiments—for example, only one
on fertilization and another on cultural methods,—our conclusions
could be much more easily formulated, and we might readily be-
come ardent partisans on either side of the questions, the side de-
pending merely upon which of the present locations our experi-
ments chanced to have. In other words, if we attempted to base our
conclusions upon any one or two of our present experiments, those
conclusions would be very different from any we would now form-
ulate, on the basis of all the results. There can be no doubt that
when the whole truth is known, we shall be able to account for all
of the facts, and this is what we are undertaking to do.

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION

The first factor to which we shall give attention is that of fer-
tilization. Can the yield, color, size and wood-growth of apples
be influenced by fertilization, and, of so, how and under what con-
ditions? This has always been an important question, and five
years ago, when we were starting our experiments, we could find
no data upon which to base a definite, well-founded answer. We
do not say that we can fully answer it yet, but such progress as we
have made may be partially seen in Table II and IIT:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 377

TABLE II. INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZERS ON YIELD. (Johnston Or-
chard, Experiment 338.)

(Total yields of fruit on each plot and annual yield per acre.)

‘Plot. oe ies 4 a | 6 ihe es: ag Pa a Ps
Year. | | | Ma- | :
| Check. N.P. | N.K. | Check. P.K. |N.P.K.| Check.) nure. | Lime. | Check.

| |
| |

tb. tb. neal, Th tb. ib. tb. fei ib.

iS ee 90 528 | 237 446 57 759 211 | 278 558 106
ii (S-.aeees 675 | 6,018 | 5,257 | 1,932} 3,089 | 6,621) 2,008 | 3,531 | 1,216 1,266
110 eer 2,575 | 3,265 | 1,822 | 3,168 | 3,552 | 2,108) 1,629 | 6,149 | 3,185 3,505
iit 283 | 7,563 | 7,816 617 | 1,227 | 8,209 | 1,362 | 4,874 388 106
3-year totals, _.-| 3,583 | 16,846 | 14,895 | 5,717 | 7,868 | 16,938 | 4,999 | 14,554 | 4,789 4,877
Bushels per acre,’ 141.3 673.8! 595.81 228.6) 314.7 677.5 | 200 | 582.1 | 191.5 195

TABLE III. EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON YIELD. (Johnston Orchard).

(Average returns from certain treatments during past three years.)

Treatment. | Checks. i Manure. N-Fertilizer. | P.K.-Fertilizer.
(Ay. DAG 10) (Plot 8) (Av.2,3,6) (Plot 5)
po. antky
DGalamocyinne sees eee kL a eins tibe | 14, a tb. | 16,226 ib. 7,868 tb.
RG a eee ee eee | 100. 339.4 1644.5
ina ee 100". | 111.5 hey ale cece
We eae
Average annual yield per acre, ----- ee 191e2 iba. | 582 bu. | 649 bu. | 314.7 bu.
Average gain per acre, -------------- | 390 bu. 457 bu. 3) bue

These tables are from one of our “combination” experiments, in-
volving both fertilization and cultural methods,and started in 1908
The fertilizers have therefore had a chance to affect the crop only
during the past three years, and it is for that period that the totals
and annual yields per acre are computed.

Even a glance at these tables can leave no doubt as to the pos-
tive and profound effect of proper fertilization on the yield of apples.
It will be noted that the checks run fairly uniform, averaging a
little over 190 bushels per acre annually. Lime applications (at the
annual rate of 1,000 pounds per acre) have given almost exactly
the same returns as the average check. The phosphate and potash
combination has affected yield in this case rather decidedly, having
raised it by 123 bushels per acre. This may be partly due to a
slight superiority in location, as indicated by the fact that its ad-
jacent check is the highest in yield and is within 86 bushels of the
phosphate-potash treatment. While this increase in yield is fairly
satisfactory, there is nothing in the growth or appearance of the
trees of plot 5 that would lead one to believe that their treatment
is appreciably superior to that of the checks. In other words, the
trees of plot 5 still look starved and indicate that there is something
else lacking, although it will be noted that this is the fertilization
ordinarily recommended for orchards.

378 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

This lack is very decidedly met by the manure treatment of plot
8. In this plot, the trees are making a luxuriant growth, both
in wood and foliage, and the yields have been increased by 390
bushels per acre annually,—a very satisfactory exchange for 12
tons of stable manure. Kyen this increase in yield, however, is
considerably less than those obtained on the plots receiving a nitro-
gen-carrying fertilizer. Under the latter treatment on three plots,
the average annual yield has been increased from 191 bushels on the
checks to 649 bushels on the fertilized plots, or an annual increase
of 457 bushels of apples per acre. This resulted from fertilizer
applications that actually cost less than $17, and the essentials of
which can be bought at retail for about $10 per acre. During the
past year,—the fourth year of the experiment,—as shown in Table
II, the yield on plots 2 and 3, compared with that of their adjacent
checks, was at the rate of 17 to 1, the yield on the checks being at
the rate of 54 bushels per acre, while that on the intervening nitro-
gen plots was 922 bushels. Surely it is not necessary to further
defend the thesis that proper fertilizatition may very profoundly af-
fect the yield of apples.

There is no reasonable possibility of these results being due to
any other agent than the fertilizers. The trees are all of the same
variety and same age. They receive the same spraying, pruning, soil
handling and other care. The soil is practically level and very uni-
form. The treatments are abundantly checked. In fruit, foliage,
growth and general health of trees, the benefits stop abruptly where
the fertilizers stop, and similar results are being obtained by the
owner in other parts of the orchard, on the same and other varieties,
with the combinations of fertilizers found effective in the experi-
ment.

In regard to the relative values of the different fertilizer ele-
ments, it will be seen in Table II, that nitrogen is evidently the first
limiter. Thus, the phosphate and potash combination in plot 5 has
given an increase of 123 bushels per acre, while by the addition of
nitrogen to this combination, in the adjacent plot 6, we get an in-
crease of 486 bushels. In other words, the addition of nitrogen to
the treatment ordinarily advised for orchards, resulted here in
nearly quadrupling the benefit. in plot 3, where the phosphates are
emitted, it will also be noted that there is an annual deficit which
amounts to nearly 80 bushels per acre. ‘This doubtless indicates
that phosphorus is the second limiter and that the yield in plot 3 is
being reduced by lack of this element. Potash applications, on
the other hand, have been practically of no avail in this experiment.
This may be seen by comparing plots 2 and 6. The annual addition
of 150 pounds of actual K2O in the latter treatment has resulted
in a gain of only 3.7 bushels of apples.

The above results were obtained without any aid from tillage
or cover-crops, the fertilizers being merely sowed over the surface
of untilled soil, on which there was a light sod composed chiefly
of mixed grasses. Here the question may be raised as to whether
equal or superior benefits may not have been obtainable with some
form of cultural methods. This question is answered in Table IV:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 379

TABLE IV. CULTURAL METHODS AND FERTILIZERS ON YIELDS.
(Johnston Orchard).

eee ee
———————————————————————————————————eeeeee—eEeEeEEeEeEeEeEeEeeeeE———EEE

| XII XI (Av. 2 & 6)

| | =

| o

| =

| °

=) .
| a
| 3 re <
Treatment. 3 = =

3 Se .=

= ieee ee = 2

ait: $ ze A

ND nN | ia A
}
Ib ib. | ib Ib.
STS | ne cSeckeehs ee ee ee 1,170 2,265 2,843 2,813
ILD, - code 3 5335 eee 17,982 | 7,455 | 10, 702 27,649
TSO, eee SSS eee ee ere ey eer 2,940 16,789 17,254 11,752
HOSTED ys See Ao See Se ere ee Se ee 3 500 2,629 7,500 34,502
Totals last 3 years, ..---------..-.--.------| 24,472 | 26,873 | 35,456 | 73,903
IRIORS (25a ee eee es 100 | 109.8 | 144.8 303
PUMMOS Ate Sone ea 2 eee eee aa |e Se 100 131.9 275
UANIOS Mie aa akg a Se oe en ees, See pe eee nS 100. 208.4
Average annual yield per acre, 3 years, __ 223.7 bu. 245.7 bu. 324.1 bu 675.7 bu.
Awerace ain Der acres. -=3¢ == =s- 5 — 22) pu. 100 ~=—bu. 452 bu.
}

In this portion of the experiment, which is devoted to cultural
methods, the plots are larger and contain 35 trees in each. The
yields of plots 2 and 6, from the fertilizer portion, therefore, are
raised to their corresponding values for plots of equivalent size.
No fertilizers were used on the cultural methods plots, until the
season just past. They were used then uniformly on all treatments,
primarily because the sod plot had gone two years with very litJe
fruit, though all the trees of these plots were plainly in need of
something additional.

In Table LV the sod plot shows a little higher annual yield than the
average of the checks in the fertilizer portion, this being due to
an exceptional crop that occurred on this plot in 1909, and from
which the plot has not yet recovered. In the next plot, we see the
effect of adding a mulch to the sod treatment. In this case, al-
though all the herbage that grows is left in the orchard, and a
further application of 3 tons of straw per acre is added to the plot,
the average annual gain is only 22 bushels per acre. In the next
plot, we find that tillage and leguminous cover crops have given a
fair increase, amounting to 100 bushels per acre on the average.
This, however, is hardly to be compared with the 452 bushel in-
crease shown in the next case, which is obtained without tillage
of any kind, merely by the addition of a fertilizer that carries the
elements that are evidently lacking.

In some quarters one would gather the impression that apples
can scarcely be grown without tillage. While we have nothing
against proper tillage as an orchard treatment, yet this and other

380 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE é Off. Doc.

results from our experiments show that it is by no means indispen-
sible in the production of first grade apples and that it ean be
readily over-emphasized like anything else. There are many situa-
tions that are otherwise very well suited for apples, where tillage
is decidedly inadvisable, and where, with proper management, the
trees would get along very much better without it. In such situa-
tions it is undoubtedly preferable to sow the orchard down to some
leguminous crop as a permanent cover and follow the mulch system,
properly supplementing it with fertilization. For this purpose,
hairy vetch is doubtless preferable, on account of its relatively low
moisture draft, and its usually excellent staying powers when once
well seeded down. Whenever it is crowded out by the grasses, the
orchard may be re-plowed and again sowed to vetch, if the trees
seem to require it.

DATA ON FERTILIZERS FROM OTHER EXPERIMENTS

Thus far we have confined our attention to a single experiment,
primarily because the contrasts in it are so great that both the exist-
ence and nature of the effects could scarcely fail to be recognized.
To go through each experiment in this way would be impossible
in our present space, hence we have condensed into the next two
tables a statement derived from the results of six experiments, in-
cluding the one just discussed. These tables show the average ef-
fects of the different fertilizer elements, obtained in six experi-
ments, during periods covering from three to five years as indicated.
The effects are calculated as closely as possible and are expressed
in terms of per cents. of benefit based on the normal performance
of the treated plots. The methods followed in making the caleu-
lations are described briefly in our Bulletin 100 from the Pennsyl-
vania Station, and described in full in our Annual Report for 1910-
Hr,

TABLE V. EFFECT OF FERTILIZER ELEMENTS ON YIELD, COLOR,
SIZE AND GROWTH

(Calculated Percents of Benefit,)

| |
Yield. | Color. | Size. Growth.

Experiments 336, 328 and 339. |
; 1908-11. 1911. 1909-11. 1909-11.

Per Ct. | Per Ct Per Ct. | Per Ct. Per Ot.
Nitrates in combination, ______-__-____- 94.05 | 163.1 —13.3 | —4.81 24.11
Phosphates in combination, -__----___| 86.65 | 35.8 —.% | 4.04 | —3.97
Potash in combination, —-..----...2.- —4.65 | —6.42 —.1 13.2 4.17
Complete ferpilizen, j222-2-- 22 - nee 12025 || 166.4 —16.0 | 5.98 | 27.50
Wiamnpirene 2282.00 vie oF 8! de eS | 144.1 | 169.8 —14.3 | 30.8 37.49
[simi Balones eee ee en ee 19.5 | =307 2.9 19.4 | 8.04

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 381

TABLE VI. FERTILIZER ELEMENTS ON YIELD, COLOR, SIZE AND
GROWTH

(Calculated Percents of Benefit,)
8Ba=“”x“=aoquza“<Ss———— eee = SS SSS SSS

Yield. Color. Size. Growth.

ede Voges) lied Teal

Experiments 215, 216 and 220. |
1908-11. 1911. 1908-11. | 1908-11. | 1907-11.

}

|

Per Ct. Per Ct. Per Ct. | Per Ct. | Per Ct.
Nitrates in combination, __----__.-_-__ 41.7 | 18.05 | —12.35 —1.67 14,83
Nair aLeS se AlONeG seh i 2r ee Sek ete 30.0 | 39.10 —16.00 |. —6.23 18.33
Phosphates in combination, -__-__---- 15.4 9.35 —1.55 | -925 .62
IPHoSpliatesualone: Snes e eh les oi —7.4 —7.37 | 2.80 | —1/A1 52
pilosisn alone,» —------------ 4 -2| 18.8 | 6.4 | 7.70 | —1.92 —6.00
Potash inecombination, ==... --22- TZ. | 12.80 | 6.55 5.67 | 2.71
Complete fertilizer, _...-..----...---___| 8 | 6.7 | —16.00 4,30 | 19.10
NEAT Re ace ae ee ee eens 101.— 221.90 | —9.90 | 4.73 | 24.70
RPE meal ONG. pt hese ss ae oe Le —12.0 15.1— 58) —1.05 Beal

In general, these tables corroborate and extend the deductions
cbtained from those already considered. The addition of the results
from the other experiments have reduced the apparent benefits
somewhat and the relative values of certain materials are also slight-
ly changed. We have included the results of the first year in the
yields of Table V, which also reduces the apparent benefits, since
the fertilizers had not yet had time to operate. Even at that, how-
ever, we see that the yields during the 4-year period have been
nearly doubled by the addition of nitrates, in experiments 336, 338
end 339 and with the same material they have been increased by
41 per cent. in the younger experiments of Table VI.

Phosphates, when used in combination with nitrogen or in a com-
plete fertilizer, maintain their position as the next limiter after
nitrogen, though they are closely pressed by potash in Table VI. On
the other hand, neither acid phosphates nor “floats” nor lime, when
used alone, have shown any consistent benefits on yield thus far.
Their apparently negative influences on yield may be smoothed out
in time, as indicated by some of the results of the past year. There
is some evidence, however, that certain of these negatives really in-
dicate a toxic action that is manifested only under certain condi-
tions, but we have not yet carried this far enough for definite state
ments.

The important advantage shown by manure, especially in Table
VI, is doubtless largely due to the very full crops on the manure
plots of those experiments during the past year, which was rather
of an off year for the similar plots receiving complete fertilizer.
The better moisture-conservation under the manure and the larger
amounts of plant food carried in it also probably account for a part
of the superiority. In general, however, we do not find any im-
portant superiority in manure over a proper commercial fertilizer,
reither in actual nor net increases. Manure is undoubtedly a safe
end valuable material to apply in orchards, when it can be satis-
factorily obtained in sufficient amounts. But with verv few ex-
ceptions, thus far in our experiments as a whole, wherever manure
has given important increases, these increases have been approached
or surpassed by a proper commercial fertilizer.

382 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

CORRELATION BETWEEN YIELD AND GROWTH

In regard to growth, it will be observed that, in general the im-
provements in it have accompanied those in yield. The same ma-
terials that have improved the one have generally improved the
other. In other words, as a rule, our best growing plots have been
our best fruiting plots. Contrary to a prevalent notion, therefore,
we may say that growth and fruiting are not necessarily antagonis-
tic, but rather are associated, unless either should occur in abnormal

amount.
DATA AND DEDUCTIONS ON COLOR

In regard to color, it will be observed in Tables V and WI that
none of the applications have given any important increases, and
most of them have given decreases. Similar results bave also been
uniformly obtained elsewhere, so far as we have received the re-
ports. The same is essentially true of applications of iron salts.
From these and other considerations, therefore, we believe that color
in apples cannot be materially improved by soil applications, and
that it is primarily dependent on maturity and sunlight.

This refers only to the red colors in apples. The yellow colors
can probably not be affected by any external agency. Phyysiologi-
cally, the yellow color is connected with certain bodies located in
the superficial layers of cells in the apple skin. !% develops inde-
pendent of light, and its intensity depends merely upon the degree
of maturity or ripeness. The red color, on the other hand, is a
constituent of the cell sap; it is capable of being influenced by a
number of agencies; and its intensity is dependent primarily upon
the amount of light received during the latter stages of maturity.
In other words, we get back to its dependence upon maturity and
sunlight. Conditions increasing one or both of these factors, such
as late picking, light soils, open pruning, and sod culture will in-
crease color. Opposite conditions decrease it.

From this viewpoint, the reduction in color caused by the ni-
trates and the manure is easily explained. It is evidently due to
delayed maturity. That such is the case was shown the past sea-
son, especially in the Johnston orchard, where the fruit of the nitro-
gen plots was left on the trees until it reached approximately the
same stage of maturity as that on the checks when they had been
picked. The difference in the dates of picking, which correspond
closely with the delay in maturity, was exactly three weeks,—
from September 28th to October 19th. And when the final pick-
ing was done, the amount and brightness of the color on the nitrate
plots was actually greater than it had been on the checks. The
average increase in color on the treated plots, 2, 3 and 6, over the
checks, 1, 4 and 7, was actually as great as 10.3 per cent. The great
importance of maturity on the trees in increasing color is thus
clearly shown.

The importance of sunlight, we had already determined in an
earlier experiment. In it, we found that after the apples were
picked, exposure to sunlight increased their redness by 35 per cent.,
while the checks in the dark and those exposed to electric light
showed no definite increase.

We may also mention the facts that color may be materially
affected by certain kinds of spraying and by internal variations such

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 383

as appear in the solid-colored variants from the Gravenstein and
20-Ounce. These poinis also are discussed in our Annual Report
for 1910-11, but space is too limited for further consideration here.’

RELATION OF FERTILIZER TO SIZE

Again referring to Tables V and VI, we see that nitrates have
apparently reduced the average size of the fruit. Phosphates have
given only a slight benefit, if any; while potash and manure have
given quite important increases. This apparent benefit from potash
is interesting, and it may indicate an actual fact, since size depends
soe much upon moisture and potash has been credited physiologically
with the ability of increasing the osmotic power of plant cells.

All these apparent influences on ‘fruit-size, however, must be
considered in their relation to the size of the crop on the trees. A
year ago, we plotted a number of curves from data given in connec-
tion with a fertilizer experiment at the New Jersey Station, in
order to determine definitely, if possible, whether any relation exist-
ed between these two factors—fruit-size and size of the crop on the
tree. We found that no correlation exists below what we may call a
certain critical point, and that, under the New Jersey conditions, the
pumber of fruits on even moderate-sized trees had to exceed about
i400 per tree before any perceptible correlation appeared. Above
this critical point, however, it is probable that crop-size is the dor-
mant influence on the size of the fruit, though the exact position of
the critical point may doubtless be raised or lowered somewhat by
local conditions of moisture, plant food, etc.

In our judgment, this has a bearing upon the fact that nitrogen
has apparently failed to increase the size of the fruit in our experi-
ments. The crop-size was raised so much that full size of the fruit
was not obtainable.

It also has an important bearing upon thinning. It means, in
general, that if one thins an apple tree of even moderate size be-
fore the number of fruits has reached a critical point, which may be
1,400 or more, he can hardly expect to modify the size of the re-
maining fruit, and the most effect of the thinning will be an actual
reduction in total weight of apples at least for that year. Excep-
tions to this may appear in varieties of extra large sizes, or in sea:
sons or locations that are exceptionally dry.

It also means that, below the critical or the thinning point, there
is opportunity for the other factors to exert their influence. It is
here that such factors as fertilizers, cultural methods, moisture-stu.p-
ply, and heredity show their effects, and they may co-operate in
such a way as to materially raise the critical point. This assumes
that the variety is properly located in respect to temperature and
length of growing season, both of which are factors that may have
an influence on fruit-size. We also may mention here the factors
of pollination and number of seeds per fruit, which have been found
to affect fruit-sized by Frost and Muller-Thurgau in Germany.

A SUGGESTION FERTILIZER FORMULA, WITH CONDITIONS AND TIME
FOR APPLICATION

Having thus seen something of the possibilities of fertilizers in
orchards, it remains to point out some of the practical applications.
In general, we may say that where there is probability that plant

384 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

food is needed, a good fertilizer is one carrying about 30 pounds
actual nitrogen, 50 pound actual P205, and 25 to 50 pound K20
per acre. In many cases, the smaller amounts of K20O will doubt-
less give better net returns than the larger, though there are some
soils where this is apparently not the case. In certain of our cul-
tural methods experiments, a fertilizer similar to this has very good
results, especially in connection with tillage. In some cases in
connection with sod or mulch treatments, however, it has seemed
probable that the nitrogen was hardly sufficient in the above form-
ula, though this is a point that will have to be determined more or
less by local trial. The nitrogen can, of course, be furnished by
manure or leguminous plants to a greater or less extent, if this is
found desirable.

In a few of our orchards, moreover, no form of fertilization has
as yet produced a material response. This we consider due to the
presence of other limiters, of which improper moisture supply is
frequently important: though there are many other possible limiters.

The existence of such orchards emphasizes the need of local tests
before making large and regular expenditures for fertilizers. These
tests can be readily made by treating one part of the orchard and
leaving the remainder unfertilized. In the case of most young or-
chards, or in any orchard that is doing well in growth and fruiting
and retains a thrifty foliage well through late August and Septem-
ber, it is doubtless safest to fertilize only a small portion of the or-
chard for two or three years and leave the larger part unfertilized.
‘he fact that the trees are well loaded in a given year, however, is
no sufficient reason for omitting the fertilizer that year. In fact,
that is one of the best reasons and times for applying a proper fer-
tilizer rather liberally, in order to prevent the total absence of a
crop the following year, and in the long run to tend to steady the
annual production.

In case of the reverse conditions,—old orchards or those not re-
taining a thrifty look throughout the season or not growing and
bearing satisfactorily,—it is best to reverse the procedure, and fer-
tilize the larger portion, leaving only a small block to test the value
of the treatment. In all cases, however, we strongly advise the use
of a check until the real value of the treatment is well established.
It is neither desirable to throw away money by too much liberality
in the treatment of crop, nor to fail to realize its possibilities by
too niggardly a treatment. Either course is an economic blunder,
and the latter is especially deplorable because its effects is to de-
crease the productivity of the whole nation.

The time of application also we consider important, especially
in the case of the nitrates. While our evidence is by no means com-
plete on this point, yet we believe that it is quite possible to make the
applications either too early or too late for satisfactory results. In
fact, we have some evidence, from the work of certain orchardists,
that leads us to believe that very distinct harm may be done by ap-
plying nitrogen too near to the fruit-setting time, especially in the
case of peaches. Other evidence indicates that nitrates applied too
early in the season may be wholly lost to the trees.

So that all things considered, we feel that nitrates should be ap-
plied not earlier than petal-fall in apples and probably not later

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 385

than the 1st of July, though some of our best results have come
from applications as late as July 8th. Most any time during the
period indicated will probably get the most out of the nitrate appli-
cations.

With the other less soluble and slower acting materials, the time
of application is much less important. We know some careful
Gbservers, who even advocate the application of phosphate and pot-
ash in the fall on peaches, and claim that they get the best resulis in
that way. Our own feeling on this is that the time of application
for the mineral fertilizers is of relatively little importance. Jn any
event, they are rather quickly fixed in the soil and they do not leach
readily. Hence, we apply them along with the nitrogen, letting the
time of application for the latter, which we do consider important,
govern for all.

SIZE, COLOR AND QUALITY IN FRUITS

DR. U. P. HEDRICK, Horticulturist, New York Agricultural Experimental
Station, Geneva, N. Y.

It is a genuine pleasure for me to meet the Adams County Fruit
Growers’ Association to-day. My acquaintances and colleagues in
New York, who have been here, have brought home glowing tales of
the wonderful fruit region you have in Adams county, of the hos-
pitality of the people, and the good meetings you have in this Asso-
ciation, and have had here for years. It is all the more pleasure
because I feel that the two states, the one bounding the other, ought
to be in closer contact in matters pertaining to fruit growing than
they are. My subject to-day is “Size, Color and Quality in Fruits.”
I want to discuss the relative values of these three principal char-
acters in fruit in particular, in regard to their great importance
to this State.

You are all aware that there is a discrimination against some of
the fruits of the East. Side by side fruit from the Far West is
preferred in the markets of the country. None of us like the sound
of this but it is well to face positive facts no matter how disagree-
able. This discrimination is unjust for when the same market
grades of most eastern and western fruits are compared, connois-
seurs find the eastern the better. Unfortunately, public opinion
does not always march with the opinion of the connoisseurs. The
difference between professional and popular judgment in this mat-
ter comes about because of the general misconception of the relative
value of size, color and quality in fruit. It is to a consideration of
the values of these attributes that I ask your attention for a short
time with the hope of suggesting something to stem the present com-
parative unpopularity of the products of eastern orchards.

Appreciation of fruits comes through three of the five senses—
taste, sight and smell, though the last is of little importance, being

25—6—1911

386 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

so intimately connected with taste as to almost be a part of it. The
senses of taste and sight remain. We grow fruit to eat and it would,
therefore, seem that taste should set the seal and symbol on a good
fruit. But somehow a great number of people imagine that size
and color are of more importance than quality and judge fruit by
the eye rather than by the mouth. A misunderstanding, it might be
said a quarrel, has thus arisen between the advocates of taste and
sight. Kxtremeness of view, misapprehension of purpose, and not
a little intolerance, is shown on both sides. Let us discuss fairly
and without prejudice the properties of fruits which give them
value.

When the nurseryman sets his net, in shape of an illustrated
catalogue, for the fruit grower, he baits it with gorgeous illustra-
tions showing fruits of heroic proportions. The most frequemt
descriptive phrase accompanying this alluring bait is, “of largest
size.” In his turn the fruit-grower usually makes an exhibit, or a
sale, or a present of his wares, with the apologetic yarn that he kept
the largest for his own use, or he had larger last year; or, if you
catch him in his orchard he lets you know that he could grow larger
fruits if he were only so disposed. All this shows a craving after
size—a craving that has been bred and is now stimulated by com-
petitive exhibitions in which size is usually given first place. This
has gone on for so long that now in the eyes of the “average per-
son,” personification of what we eall the public, size is esteemed
about the highest quality a fruit may possess. This feeling finds ex-
pression many times at every fruit exhibit when onlookers remark
in a deprecatory tone, “I’ve seen lots of apples larger than those.”
What are the true merits of size in fruit? The question need
careful consideration. We cannot make advance in horticulture
until we know what we want.

In tree fruits for the kitchen, fair or large size is distinctly
meritorious, saving waste in paring and coring or pitting though
even here there are exceptions for one does not want a huge baked
apple, a mammoth peach for canning, nor large plums for presery-
ing. But for all dessert purposes the medium sized fruit should be
preferred and the Fameuse or a little Lady apple, a Seckel or
Doyenne pear, a Crawford peach and a Green Gage or Jefferson
plum are, or should be, as acceptable as any varieties of their kinds.
Certainly no one wants to make two bites at a cherry, strawberry, or
any of the small fruits. Size in fruit is often poor economy whether
con the fruit stand, in the hotel or for the home, for a small or
medium fruit frequently answers the same purpose that a larger
one would. It is true that some of the varieties of our tree7fruits
might be increased in size to advantage and the value of many grapes
and small fruits would be enhanced by greater size.

Not always, but often, undue size in any variety is accompanied
by inferior quality. This is especially true if size has been brought
about by irrigation on rich land in which case the fruit may actually
be said to be “bloated.” The water and food are not properly as-
similated, and the highly flavored solids of the normally grown fruit
are diluted or adulterated with water. This is the condition of
much of the western fruit which, because of size and color, is elbow-
ing the less showy and less bulky eastern product to the rear. So

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 387

too, extra large specimens of tree or small fruits in this region in
which size is attained by high feeding or by such abnormal practices
as ringing, usually lack in quality. From all this we must conclude
that mere size is about the least needed quality for a good fruit.

The dispute as to whether color is more desirable than quality
is just as warm as the one over size and quality. Each has stout
advocates and while both are necessary in a first-class market fruit,
why there should be any question about the supremacy of quality
over color, is unanswerable. We grow fruit to eat. What a para-
dox to grow that which is unfit to eat provided only that it have high
color. Here again western fruit has a decided advantage over
that from the East, for.the question of color is largely one of cli-
mate. The fruit from the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast
is certainly more highly colored than that grown east of the Missis-
sippi. The sunlit West must ever produce fruits of brilliant hues
for, like the complexion of Shakespeare’s dusky Moor, the color of
fruits “is but the burnished rays of the burnisher sun.” Yet we of
the East make a fetish of color and often times laud it as being
quite equal or even more desirable than quality in a first-class variety,
not only a mistake in judgment, but an advertisement for the fruit
uf our western competitors.

Just now the fashion is for red apples and pears though red is
not necessarily handsomer than any other color and certainly does
not make the fruit taste better. But fashions in colors of fruits
change in markets and countries just as fashions in colors of dresses
or coats or hats or ties change. At one time russet apples or pears
were in great demand. In some markets Yellow Newtowns, or
Bellflowers, or Rhode Island Greenings are still preferred. Some
markets like white fleshed peaches; others, the yellow fleshed. The
value of a black or a red or a yellow skin on a sweet cherry depends
upon the market to which it is sent. Color is for most part quite
aside from the intrinsic value of any of these fruits else we should
not have differences and changes in fashion. A hungry man should
be as truly thankful and should say grace with just as much unction
over a Yellow Newtown as over a Jonathan or a Spitzenburg.

Is high quality associated with intensity of color? A popular
fallacy associates quality with color. Some say high quality is cor-
related with low color, hence the oft repeated phrase, “handsome
but poor”; others say high quality goes with high color. Baldwin
apples grown in sod are most brilliantly colored. Nine out of ten
people will choose the highly colored fruit as the best flavored, but
it needs only a taste to convince to the contrary. The tilled fruit
is crisper, juicier and richer, a fact attested to by all who have had
to do with experiments in which the fruit is grown under the two
methods of culture. In this case the low colored fruit is normal
while the high color is the hectic flush of disease. So in every in-
stance, a seeming parallelism between color and quality may be
explained. Individual instances seem to show correlations, but a
general survey of all instances shows that there are no correlations
either between kinds of color or intensity of color and quality.

I quite realize that it is necessary for a variety to have a vogue,
because of some character or characters to create or satisfy a spec-
ial demand, in order to “catch” the market. But need its reputation

26

388 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

necessarily be made by its size or its color? If so, our western
friends in all probabitlities have us beaten. But when it comes to
making a reputation for high quality, for choicely good apples, high-
ly flavored pears, unimpeachably good peaches, and honeyed plums,
the products of the Middle and Far West are only tolerable in com-
parison. Why do not we in the East make the most of the condi-
tions that have been given us and grow fruits of quality and stake
our reputation on it? Let the westerners continue to grow their
huge, highly colored fruits. In time the public will distinguish be-
tween “quality fruits” and those recommended by their bulk and
the color of their hide.

We come now to a discussion of quality, a word rolled under the
tongue by fruit-growers and consumers alike but which like “good
cheer” in the fable is fish to one, flesh to another, and fowl to a
third. We need, therefore, to define the term. In brief, quality
is that combination of flavor, aroma, juiciness and tender flesh which
make fruits fit for the palate. But this is not all. The thing that
gives charm to the attractions of the world, whether books or pic-
tures, or music, or people, or fruits, is that subtle undefinable thing
called personality. A Northern Spy, a McIntosh, a Seckel pear,
a Green Gage plum, an Jona grape, for examples, all have distinct
and charming personalities which contribute no small part to the
high quality of these fruits. But many fruits have it not and the
sorts named lose it when grown under some conditions. This per-
sonality may be quite aside from any tangible quality. It is akin to
the charm of a woman of which Maggie says, in the current play,
What Every Woman Knows, “lf a woman has it she needs nothing
else in the world, and if she has it not, nothing else in the world
is of any use.” A high quality fruit should have some such personal-
ity. Is charm marketable? It is in marriage markets. It ought
always to be in fruit markets.

High quality does not have the commercial value that it should
but it is coming to be worth more and more. There are two kinds
of taste, natural taste and acquired taste. Only savages have a
natural taste; to them crude, unrefined tasteless foods answer all
purposes. But civilized man has an acquired taste and with each
succeeding stage of civilization it becomes more delicate and more
refined. Once they but know where it can be obtained, people will
buy and pay for fruits of high quality—fruits with delicate and re-
fined flavors and aromas and juicy tender flesh. Such fruits should
be the food of the great mass of the American people while coarse,
turnipy fruits should go only to those who cannot tell the difference
between a Jonathan and a Ben Davis, a Barlett and a Kieffer. Peo-
Tle need only to be educated as to what fruits are of high quality
and a profitable demand will be created.

It may be asked why the fruits of the Atlantic are of higher
quality than those of the Pacific sea-board! It is largely a mat-
ter, as I have said before, of food and water. But. what combina-
tion of these essentials produces it is still another matter and one
that we know nothing about. There are poor fruits grown in the
East as well as in the West. Paul plants and Apollos waters, but
God gives quality. In His distribution of favors He has seen fit to
characterize the fruits of this region by their quality and those of

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 389

western regions by their size and color. We who have quality, have
been talking most about color and size which we have not. Sober
second thought should show us that we should make most of that
which we have—quality.

There is of course a great difference of opinion as to which the
high quality varieties are of the several fruits. This is as it should
be for if all mankind liked the same varieties we should have but
one sort each of the several fruits. Fruit-growing would thereby
be greatly lessened, and what in Heaven’s name would all the nur-
serymen do! It is well that there are many varieties, the number
is a measure of the merit, and to pick out those of high quality each
man must choose for himself, wading through the dismal swamp of
varieties until he finds what pleases him. The difficulty is to bring
the good varieties before the public.

In what has been said I have sought to establish two facts; namely,
that high quality is the chief of all the attributes of fruit; and
that the fruits of the East have it in greater degree than do some
of their competitors. I have presumed to say, too, that eastern
fruit-growers take small account of quality which should be their
chief asset; rather do they magnify the importance of size aud color,
that which they have not, nor cannot have as some of their com-
petitors do have. . But there is little use in this discussion if one
cannot be somewhat precise in telling how the condition that pre-
vails can be bettered. To this end I have a few suggestions to offer
—specific suggestions for individulas and general ones for the So-
ciety, for this is a case where concerted action between individuals
and societies is necessary. Speaking to individuals:

First. The individual fruit-grower of this region must come to
realize in growing fruits for color or size they are beaten by the
West and that their long suit is to grow for quality. This is true
now but it will grow more and more so as the years go by. A man
should grow sorts for the market that he is willing to eat himself.
If individuals will make a reputation for the high quality of their
fruits, a reputation will soon be established for the region.

Second. Let every man deprecate above all things the oft made
assertion that the public wants trashy stuff—cares only for ap-
pearance and not for quality. It is the fashion of the times to
decry the public. Certain papers say the public wants only yellow
journalism; some writers hold that the people will read only light
or vulgar fiction; rag-time music is supposed to suit the public;
theatres will present only sensational plays; following the fashion
some fruit-growers hold that the public has the tooth of a gorilla,
the taste of a buzzard, the stomach of an ostrich, and by choice fills
its maw on Ben Davis apples and Kieffer pears. It is not true that
the public likes poor fruit, the better the fruit the more of it will
be eaten. The public is slow moving but onceeit learns true worth
in fruit its appetite will be for the good varieties. It will not be
content with poor or mediocre sorts. If it must wipe the tongué
around the mouth and titillate the palate in order to find the flavor
of apples and pears, it will take to oranges, bananas, grape-fruits
and pineapples.

Third. It is a good policy in this world not to break rudely
with the old but to run smoothly into the new. It would hardly

390 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

be wise for any man to cut down or graft over certain apples, or
pears or plums, or pull out certain grapes because they are of poor
quality. But in the planting of new oichards a man should look
well to the quality of the varieties he selects. Speaking broadly,
and noting the Kieffer pear as the most marked exception, fruits of
fine flavor can be grown as easily as grosser tasting ones. Here we
have a seeming paradox for the best things in life most often come
only by the greatest care and extreme labor of mind or body. In
planting for the future, then, plant for quality.

Fourth. Never in the history of the world have there been so
many men directing their efforts towards the improvements of plants.
Wiih the recent discoveries in plant breeding and the accumulated
knowledge of centuries the efforts that are being put forth are
bound to result in many new introductions within the next few
years. A man may be pardoned if he clings to some of the medi-
ocre varieties we now have for these are the elder-born to whom
we have become attached in tenderly carrying them through a help-
less infancy, but as the physicians and midwives of horticulture
bring in the new born let us be chary of a blessing until their char-
acter for high quality is established. Let them be “born to blush
unseen” and if christened let them remain in the limbo of the nur-
seryman’s catalogue, if high quality be not among their accomplish-
ments. Let us raise the standard of excellence and accept only new
fruits which are superior in quality to their predecessors.

Fifth. The nurserymen can do much to encourage the growing
of good fruit and to secure the appropriate recognition of high qual-
ity. The country is filled with men and women from city, town
and country who want to grow fruit for pleasure and profit. When
these embryonic fruit-growers pick the shell and get ready to plant,
they go to a nurseryman for trees. Now if the nurseryman will
sell all unfledged fruit-growers (the old hands should be able to take
care of themselves) varieties of quality rather than what they can
spare, fruit-growing and in the long run, the nursery trade, will
have been helped. Some nurserymen hold it to be their inalienable
right to substitute when varieties run short. If all such will only
slip in a choicely good variety instead of an odd or an end, there
will be less poor fruit. Nurserymen say they grow the varieties
that fruit-growers want. In reality, however, they very largely
force planters to take sorts that grow readily and make good look-
ing trees in the nursery. Thus Canada Red, Winter Nellis, cherries
on Mazzard, plums on St. Julian, cannot be had in the average nur-
sery. Trees for the orchard must be grown in the nursery; trees
grown in the nursery must be sold to the fruit-grower; the weal or
the woe of the fruit-grower is the weal or the woe of the nursery-
man. If tree-growers would push the sale of varieties and trees
that are truly most useful to the tree-planter, nurserymen, fruit-
growers and the public all will be gainers thereby.

Leaving now the individual, there are some things that horti-
cultural organizations can do to forward the interest of high qual-
ity fruit and hence the interests of all eastern fruit-growers.

It should be the business of eastern horticultural societies, one
and all, to make the public familiar with the names and the quali-
ties of fruits. With this knowledge fruit-buyers would pay the dif-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 391

ference between good and poor quality varieties just as they pay
the difference between a porterhouse and a pot stew. Why should
they not? There are several ways of reaching the public in this
matter. Fruit-growers and their customers may both gain knowl-
edge of what are the best fruits, and which of them may be grown,
by a full and frank discussion of the whole matter at horticultural
meetings. County and state fruit organizations ought to do more
in the way of making instructive exhibits both at their meetings and
at the fairs. In these exhibits much more attention ought to be
paid to fancy fruit—high quality fruit. Indeed, it seems to me
that higher premiums ought always to be offered for choicely good
fruits in plates or in boxes or barrels than for the varieties of poorer
quality. Sometime, and it ought not be long delayed, the fruit-
growers of the East ought to get together, through their horticul-
tural organizations, and hold a monster fruit show in one of our
great cities as the fruit growers of the Middle West and the North-
west are now doing yearly. These great fairs are likely to be held
yearly in the West. Is the East to be behind in this matter? If
such a fair is ever held we must advertise in no uncertain way the
high quality of eastern fruit. This is a matter in which the East
has been altogether too modest. The world thinks the western
fruit is best; teach them otherwise. A rhyme of the trade once be-
fore quoted in this connecti: u is worth repeating :—
‘He who whispers down the well,
About the zvods he has to sell,

Does not rean shining, golden dollars,
Like he who climbs a tree and hollers.”

In conclusion: Why do I discuss this matter? Is it to en-
courage fruit-growing only for a select few who have the cultivated
taste? Not by any means. The common taste which falls to with
a vigorous appetite upon aiy fruit presented is now, and must
ever be, the chief customer of the fruit-grower. But taste of the
multitude should be educated by all possible means for better and
better fruits. Why? Because in the long run it means the con-
sumption of a great deal more fruit the country over; and for the
selfish reason that the eastern states can grow fruit of exceptionally
high quality but cannot compete with other iegions in size and color
of fruit. Do I hold that it is reprehensible to grow fruits of poor
quality? Possibly not, but it would seem in the course of time the
wiping out, root and branch, of the apple and pear industry of
the East if all fruit-growers grew poor varieties; besides it would
present the vile and sordid spectacle of people deliberately de-
voting themselves to growing poor fruit when they might as well
grow good fruit. Do I say that high quality is the only requisite
of a good variety? No indeed. There are a score of requisites of
fruit and tree that go to make a good yariety but among these qual-
ity is not now receiving appropriate recognition and it is for such
recognition that I am pleading. Is this a matter of sentiment or
of business? Both. I am not adverse to putting some sentiment in
fruit-growing but I hope I have not been arguing before a packed
jury in trying to convince this society that it is business as well as
sentiment to grow good fruit. Is this not an affair to be dealt with
by fruit-growers? Yes, but in most well regulated enterprises some-

392 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

one must have the thankless task of blowing a whistle to wake
people up or to tell them that it is time to get to work. I have
been tooting the whistle and if I have tooted a little long and a
trifle loud it is because of some anxiety lest the fruit growers of the
East should fall behind or possibly get locked out.

THE MAKING OF CONCENTRATED LIME-SULPHUR AND ITS
USE ON APPLES AND PEACHES

DR. J. P. STEWART, Haperimental Pomologist, State College, Pa.

Historical sketch of lime-sulphur, and advantages in home prepara-
tion:

Ingredients: Need for high purity in lime,—should be 90 per
cent. CaO or better and preferably with less than 3 per cent. HgO.
All present commercial sulphurs are pure enough; fineness im-
portant. Powdered commercial sulphur is preferred because of low
cost.

Formula: 1-2-1, or 1-2-1-2, is best. Simple and effective. One
pound of good lime enough for 2 pounds sulphur; excess of lime
favors crystallization, increases sediment and fails to increase scale-
killing powers. Clear solutions without extra lime here during
past two summers have completely eradicated scale on apple trees,
with three sprayings at summer strength. .

One gallon of final product is about right for carrying 1 pound
lime and 2 pounds of sulphur in home preparation. Gives a density
of about 1.24 or 284° Be’. Smaller volumes give greater densities
but poor utilization of materials. Much larger volumes are un-
economical in cooking and in storing. Variations in formula for
special uses and conditions.

The volume should not be permitted to run materially below
desired final volume at any time during the cooking as this increases
the sediment.

Utensils: Cooker, measuring stick, hydrometer and strainer. De-
sirable forms of each. Upward straining type of strainer is best.
Cheap unstandardized hydrometers to be avoided, and they are in-
tended to test concentrate, not to use as a float in diluting tank as
an indicator of when the proper amount of water has been added.

Cooking Time: Until the sulphur is evidently dissolved, usually
40 to 50 minutes; either too much or too little boiling objection-
able. Color not a safe guide. Keep pellets and lumps of sulphur
broken during the cooking.

Storage: Avoid acids, CO2, and unnecessary contact with air.
Use oil films or tight, well-filled containers. Three-year old sam-
ple at the college unchanged. Crusts formed in storage may be re-
Gissolved, diluting as usual according to density,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 393

Dilution: (a) Process with specific gravity hydrometer.
Rule: Decimal of concentrate divided by decimal of desired spray
equals total dilution.

Examples :—
24 24 wt 20
— = § or’ — = 24 or — = 38 4-7 or — = 90
03 01 007 003

This means that a concentrate testing 1.24 is to diluted to 1 to
8 (total) to get a winter spray for scale, which should test 1.03,
Cle.

(b) Other methods: Dilution tables and floating hydrometer in
diluting vessel. Latter is unreliable as an indicator of proper water
addition, diffusion too slow. (For further discussion of these and
other matters pertaining to lime-sulphur, see our Bulletin 115.)

DENSITIES AND APPLICATION TIMES FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES

San José scale, 1.03, trees dormant; or 1.01 in summer at “hatch-
ing” time, followed by 1 or 2 later applications at ten-day intervals
or as young reappear. Other scales, same.

Blister mite, 1.025, just as buds begin opening.

Peach leaf curl, 1.02, just before the buds open.

Apple and Pear scab and apple worm. About 1.007 with lead ar-
senate if three applications are given; 1.01 alone, or with the ar-
senate if only one application is given. Applications: (1) When
blossoms are beginning to show pink; ( (2) May begin when petals
are two-thirds off and “finish within ten days thereafter: (3) About
two weeks after second application.

Brown Rot, Curculio and Scab of stone fruits. (1) Lead arsen-
ate, lime and water (2-2-50), when calyces or “shucks” the shedding.
(2) Self-boiled lime-sulphur, 8-8-50, and 2 pounds lead arsenate,
about a month later. (3) Clear limesulphur solution. 1.003, or
self-boiled lime-sulphur, without any arsenical, about 3 or 4 weeks
before fruit ripens. The former alternative in (3) avoids staining
of fruit, is cheaper and handier and has been satisfactorily safe in
our tests the past two seasons. It should not be used extensively,
however, without preliminary trials in the locality and on the partic-
ular varieties to be sprayed. Peach spraying not yet as unqualified
a success as apple spraying.

SPRAY INJURY

Sometimes very important. When the sulphur solution is used
at proper densities, the injury may follow excessive applications
(see our Bul. 106), or be due to reactions between the lime-sulphur
solution and the arsenical, making the latter soluble. Lime sulphur
solutions containing any material quantities of soda or potash are
especially dangerous in the latter respect. (See our article on Peach
Spraying in 1911 Report of State Hort. Assoc.).

We have wholly prevented the latter action on peaches during the
past summer, either by using lead ortho-arsenate, Pb3 (AsO4) 2,
with the lime-sulphur solutions, or by precipitating the sulphur from
solution with iron sulphate before adding the ordinary arsenicals.

394 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The former method is preferable, which indicates the desirability
of manufacturing the ortho-arsenate here in the East as well as in -
California.

It also is probable that the ordinary mixed lead arsenates can
be safely used with lime-sulphur solution by adding to them some
free lead, preferably in the form of lead acetate or “sugar of lead,”
before combining them with the solution. The amount of the lat-
ter actually required depends on the percentage of soluble arsenic
and of acid arsenates present in the commercial lead-arsenate sam-
ple and also on the amount of free lead already present. In gen-
eral, however, one-fourth to one-third of a pound of “sugar of lead”
should be sufficient to render safe the two pounds of ordinary lead-
arsenate paste.

EDUCATING AN ORCHARD

By CLARK AULIS, President New York State Fruit Growers’ Association,
Medina, N. Y.

I had supposed that the Garden of Eden was in Orleans county but
it seems that this must be the site because this is Adams county. In
our county the chief commercial apple is the Baldwin. Baldwins and
Greenings are in the lead, and will continue to lead for a long time.

Like a child, the education of an orchard should begin before it
is born. When possible, buy trees of a firm who gets its buds or
scions for one of your southern nursery firms, we did not cut any
difference in apples. We have in one orchard what is known as
“Gray Baldwins” and under no conditions are they as good as our
red Baldwins. Two years ago, in cutting over $500.00 worth of
scions for one of your southern nursery firms, we did not eut any
from the Gray Baldwins. I want a tree to be thrifty, large and
fairly straight with three or more good branches low down. I do
not cut back the roots or top unless broken.

One of the first things I remember was “apple sprouts” and
those “remembers” were very painful, at home or in school, and
J objected to the trimming of apple trees or boys. My father was an
orchard fiend, takes after me, and all his trees were cut back to the
main stalk—he had five boys. When T began to set trees for my-
self, I followed the same bad plan until IT was convinced that “behead-
ing” young trees was not the way to make the best orchard and most
money. Two farms near me were bought by city men, one man
a slipshod lumber dealer who made a failure at the lumber business
and the other a Polander who did not know a tree from a boot
jack; both set out young trees without any trimming at all, both set
their trees next the road where I could see them at any and all times.
Of course I broke that good old Bible saying “Fret not thy gizzard
out” and proceeded to “fret.” but it did no good. Those fool trees
grew better than any I had ever set out and it made me disgusted.
I found the same conditions in a western orchard I visited. I also

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. $95

saw the experimental trees in which Mr. Foster Udell, “the Baldwin
king” of Brockport, N. Y., proved out his belief that trimming of
young trees was a mistake. His untrimmed trees were away ahead
of his trimmed trees and still continue to lead. My first planting of
untrimmed trees was in 1908: I set 2,000 and all started to grow but
one, and but six died-later. Several Baldwins at three years of age
bore 40 or more large apples. This orchard at three years had
many apples and next year, as a four year old, we hope for a good
crop.

Orchard men tell me that I am making a mistake to let the trees
bear so young, but I don’t agree with them, and will not take off
any apples except to thin and encourage the trees to be annual bear-
ers. This orchard has the largest trees for its age of any orchard
I have seen. Bearing apples will not hurt vigorous trees like these
in the least. All the trimming this orchard has received is to cut out
branches that cross; these are cut in summer. Every tree set since
1908 on our farms goes in without trimming. The past season trees
set without trimming have endured the worst drought known to
Western New York better than trimmed trees. I think our station
at Geneva carried on experiments on this line this year, which are
favorable to the untrimmed trees.

I like a low headed tree for my experience shows that trees
headed low keep their large limbs farther from the ground than high
headed ones. We are setting our permanent trees 42 to 45 feet
apart with three fillers to each permanent tree. The trees are
dipped in commercial lime-sulphur, 34° Beaume test 1 to 9. We do
not dip the roots except as an experiment and have never seen any
bad results from dipping the roots. The practice of dipping trees
before setting is one that cannot be too highly recommended, for
the dipping is so much more thoroughly done, is a great saving in
time and does not require nearly as much liquid as in spraying. We
spray young trees the same as the old ones.

The year before the orchard is set, I prefer to have some cul-
tivated crop on the ground. The ground is staked out so a dead
furrow comes for every row, a common or subsoil plow being\used
to loosen up the ground to-a good depth. In planting we give the
roots plenty of room, putting in fine top soil, well shaken into all
cavities, firmly packed with the feet, except the last few inches
which are left loose as a mulch. The trees are set deeper than they
are grown in the nursery. In filling the holes, we either bank up
well with loose dirt which we cultivate down to a level through the
season or leave the hole below the level and throw up with the cul-
tivator. The former way is preferable if the season is windy.

For the first few years some cultivated crop planted in hills to
suit the width of the rows is advisable so the orchard can be culti-
vated both ways. Tomatoes or sweet corn, smaller stalks, the lat-
ter not planted too close to the trees, are good crops with some cover
crop sown every year. Any of the legumes are good, but we usually
sow a mixture of mammoth clover, vetch and cow horn turnips.
Mr. Udell, the Baldwin grower, attributed his success to plowing his
orchard using buckwheat for a cover crop. He said, “My father
was the first one to use buckwheat in orchards in our section. He
began its use about fifty years ago. His orchard has not failed to

396 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

produce a crop in over 40 years.” To derive the most good from
a cover crop it should be allowed to grow until May or June; but on
level ground some of our best orchardists plow late in the fall to
save time in the spring. Fall plowing should never be done in hilly
ground for ‘Erosion’ is a bad man to have on the farm or in the
orchard.

Spraying is the most disagreeable and costly job ever invented
and “Satan” never comes around the farm at that time for there
are no “idle hands,” everybody works, even father, he has to keep
the steam pump running water into the large supply tank. We use
gasoline rigs with tanks of 500 gallons capacity. One man on the
tank to drive and spray the tops, one man on the ground with
a 50-foot lead of hose to spray the lower limbs. The orchards are
sprayed twice before blossoming and once after. The first spraying
i to 9 or 10 lime-sulphur for scale and blister mites. The second
spraying 1 to 20 with arsenate of lead, 4 pound to 6 pound to 50
gallons. As soon as the blossoming is nearly done the spraying
begins on the Greenings as they are about the first to drop their
petals, using 1 to 35 or 40 commercial lime-sulphur and arsenate of
lead. We have not tried spraying in August, yet will this coming
summer.

This past season has been so hot and dry fungous diseases have
not bothered after apples were set. Unsprayed orchards this year
were free as well as the sprayed ones, but unsprayed orchards did
not set much fruit. Already some are saying, “well spraying hardly
paid last year so I won’t do much at it this coming year.” The lack
of spraying on buds never showed better than for the past two sea-
sons. Last spring a young orchard adjoining my farm blossomed
full. I would have given $1,500 for his crop and sprayed it. I
offered $500 per acre for this orchard. The man did not spray or
work his orchard, he had a failure. A friend bought a power sprayer,
but he sprayed his neighbors orchard at the right time, leaving
his own orchard for a later job. It rained so he could not do his
ewn orchard when is should have been sprayed. But he won’t do
so again, for his neighbor had a fine crop, while he did not have
any.

Fruit growing is one perpetual picnic. It is “up guards and
at them” fifteen months out of twelve, although we do not have
to fight borers in apple, but it is worth it for it pays in dollars as
well as in the satisfaction there is in handling a crop of nice fruit.

Apple packing is the most serious question we have in the fruit
business to-day and dealers are the worst sinners and are more to
blame for the poor apples packed than the farmer. We are pack-
ing No. 1 “Fancy” 2 1-3 in. up and No. 2—24 to 24, both grades
faced with good apples of grade in the barrels with the rest of the
apples, the same from face to the headed end, corrugated caps are
used in both ends, a padded head is used to press the apples down
first, then the head is put in. The best press we have seen is the-
Davis platform press with a large heavy iron ring nearly the size of
the head to bring the pressure on the head where needed, instead
of the center. This ring is an idea we have worked out ourselves
and proves very satisfactory.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 397

Up to the present time we have put our apples in storage as
soon as they can be packed with the packers sorting as fast as picked.
All the drops and culls are drawn to the evaporator, keeping the
orchard cleaned up as we go.

At the evaporator apple prices are very satisfactory, 65 cents
per 100 pounds for all that are on the ground and the culls. We ex-
pect to have a cold storage on our own farm and draw the apples
to the storage, and if we are in a hurry the apples will not be sorted
until they are all picked. The apples then will be cooled off and
will stop ripening. Will not ripen a bit from the time they are
picked until they get into storage.

TILLAGE VS. SOD-MULCH

By DR. U. P. HEDRICK, Horticulturist, Geneva, New York.

Commercial fruit growing is a comparatively new development in
America. The first settlers of the new world brought seeds of fruits
from the old world, for it was impossible, with their slow sailing
vessels, to bring grafts or the trees themselves. All of the old
orchards came from seeds. The first great impetus to American fruit
growing came just after the Revolutionary War, when a great
number of men in different parts of America became interested in
introducing new fruits in America. They shipped to the old world
the trees, flowers and plants that were found growing wild in this
country, and brought back varieties of the different European fruits.
Horticulture had its beginning at that time. Steam navigation
gave another impetus. Before that time trees and fruits could be
carried over the ocean only with the greatest difficulty. With the
advent of steam navigation these difficulties were removed and many
varieties were introduced into America. At the same time the
codling moth, apple scab, wooly aphis and other pests which before
that time could not be carried across the ocean, were introduced.

The third and chief impetus came after the Civil War. It came
with the better transportation facilities whereby fruits could be
transported from place to place. Until that time fruit had been
carried from the producer to the consumer only by horses, but now
railroads and steamboats came into use. Later developments have
been the use of refrigerator cars, cold storage plants and means of
evaporating and canning fruits.

In the old days the fruits were wholly an adjunct to the farm.
The trees were planted near the house and along lanes and fences,
and in sod, and the orchards were pastured. The trees received
comparatively little care. There was but little money to be made
from fruit growing, but with the development of commercial fruit
interest it was found necessary to change, and men began to culti-

398 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

vate their orchards. It was found that the trees responded to good
care, Fifteen or twenty years ago practically all the Experiment
Stations were united in the belief that orchards were improved by
cultivation and tillage. There were some exceptions where or-
chards were planted on hillsides or wet land. Some of these excep-
tions were so remarkable that much attention was called to them.
One or two of our agricultural papers in particular, began to cite
these exceptional cases as best for all. This led to a controversy
as to the merits of soil and tillage. Our Iixperiment Station, at
Geneva, N. Y., felt that it was necessary to try the two methods side
by side. I want now to give you an account in some detail of one
of these experiments.

My subject implies a controversy. This disputed question is,
Will an apple orchard thrive and fruit better under tillage or in
sod with the grass used as a mulch? The Geneva Experiment Sta-
tion is conducting two experiments to settle this quesiion. This
paper is largely a report on one of these trials of the two methods
of orchard management, the other not having been carried far
enough to warrant a report. In a controversy of any kind terms
must be defined, and to properly understand an experiment the con-
ditions under which it is undertaken must be considered and I hasten
to these tasks.

Is it necessary to define tillage? The definition is short and
clear. To till is to plow, cultivate or to hoe the soil. Tillage is an
humble word with its flavor of soil and its suggestiveness of sweat-
ing toil but it is an old word and should be an honored one. It has
rendered mankind untold and untellable service; it is practiced
wherever there is agriculture in the world and nearly all of the
plants which minister to the needs of human kind have been im-
proved by tillage. To plow, cultivate, or hoe, to turn and stir the
soil, and so improve the crop, or so improve the soil, these simple
operations were the beginnings of agriculture and the beginnings of
civilization and they have been the chief tasks of all civilized peo-
ples. ‘Pillage is so universal, and is so essential a part of agricul-
ture that those who oppose it for any domesticated plant should
look well to its origin, to its history and to its present place in agri-
culture before charging it with evil.

There are two words to define in the compound word sod-mulch.
Sod is soil made compact and held together by the matted roots
of living grass. A mulch is an organic material placed about trees
to prevent evaporation and to furnish humus. The sod-mulch ad-
vocates divide into several sects in their manner of making use of
sod and mulch. One sect keeps sheep on the sod, another pigs, and
still another says the grass is not sufficient and must be supple-
mented with straw or manure.

‘We can understand the experiment to be discussed better if we
take a glance at the philosophy of tillage and that of sod-mulch.
The objects of tillage are so well set forth by one of the leading
living authorities on the subject, Professor F. H. King, that I give
them without a change of a single word:
~“(1) To secure a thorough surface uniformity of the field, so
that an equally vigorous growth may take place over the entire
area.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 399

“(2) To develop and maintain a large effective depth of soil, so
that there shall be ample living room, an extensive feeding surface
and large storage capacity for moisture and available plant- -food
materials.

“(3) To increase the humus of the soil through a deep and ex-
tensive incorporation of organic matter so that there may be a
strong growth of soil micro-organisms and the maintenance of a
high content of water-soluble plant-food materials.

“(4) To improve the tilth and maintain the best structural con-
dition in the soil, so that the roots of the crop and the soil organism
may spread readily and widely to place themselves in the closest
contact with the largest amount of food materials.

“(5) To control the amount, to regulate the movement, and to
determine the availability of soil-moisture, so that there shall never
be an excess or deficiency of this indispensible carrier of food ma-
terials and through the plant.

“(6) To determine the amount, movement and availability of
the water-soluble plant-food materials present in the soil, so that
growth may be both rapid, normal and continuous to the end of
the season.

“(7) To convert the entire root zone of the soil into a commodious,
sanitary living and feeding place, perfectly adapted to the needs
of the roots of the crop and to the soil organisms,—adequately
drained, perfectly ventilated and sufficiently warm.

“(8) To reduce the waste of plant-food materials through the
destruction of weeds and the prevention of their growth, through
prevention of surface washing and drifting by winds.”

It is impossible by any other means than tillage to obtain for
the apple the conditions enumerated above; soil uniformity; soil
depth or a commodious living room; an increase of humus; im-
proved physical condition of the soil; conservation and regulation
of moisture; greater availability of plant food; a sanitary living
place, clean, drained, ventilated and sufficiently warm; and the de-
struction of weeds. Are not these objects worth striv ing for with
any cultivated plant?

I am fortunate, toc, in being able to give the philosophy of the
sod-mulch and in the words of Mr. Grant Hitchings, who, as all
know has been one of the chief advocates of it. Mr. Hitchings
says:

“This system gives one practically the whole Spring and Sum-
mer to grow and market other crops, while the orchard is growing
of its own accord a supply of vegetable matter for humus that all
authorities agree is so necessary for proper soil maintenance. This
means that you can do a good business without extra help, growing
strawberries, green peas, early potatoes, etc., and have the money
for the fruit in the fall to swell your bank account instead of paying
it out for fertilizers and cultivation. Other advantages are that you
can drive through your orchard to spray better on sod than on culti-
vated soil, as the latter sometimes gets muddy, and also washes
badly on rolling ground. You can allow your apples to mature
fully on the trees, for if they should fall on the grassy mulch nine-
tenths of them would be marketable. By making repeated gather-

400 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ings the yield will be largely increased and quality improved. With
the mulch method you accumulate humus in your soil; with clean
cultivation you burn it out or exhaust it.”

We are now ready for direct evidence as to the relative values
of tillage and sod-mulch for the apple. How do the systems of man-
agement pan out in a commercial orchard? The orchard in which
the Geneva Station for five years tried the two methods in located
on the farm of Mr. W. D. Auchter, at South Greece, New York.
The orchard consists of ten acres of Baldwin trees thirty years
old, five acres tilled, five acres in sod. The soil is a medium heavy
clay loam, rich, and containing enough gravel to make it porous.
It was selected as typical of the average orchard soil of Western
New York. The experiment being carried on is a broader one than
a simple trial of tillage and sod-mulch. The experimenters hope
to add something to what is now known about the food and drink
of trees—how trees take them in, make use of them, and with what
effects; what influence soil temperature and soil ventilation have
on the development and function of tree roots; and among still
other problems, what the relationships between grass and the apple
may be.

It should be said too, that the experiment is to run ten years at
least and that the results now given cover but half the minimum
period and are therefore in some respects inconclusive and super-
ficial. For instance, the discussion now centers around the yield
of fruit. While of course the crop is the ultimate criterion of or-
chard treatment yet the effect upon the trees as indicated by the leaf,
wood and root development is quite as important an index of the
value of tree treatment as the crop of fruit.

The care of the two plots in the Auchter orchard has been as
follows: The tilled plot is plowed in the spring and cultivated from
four to six times ending the cultivation about August first, at which
time a cover crop of barley, oats or clover is sown. On the sod-
mulch plots, the grass is cut once or twice during the season and
allowed to lie where cut and decay into a mulch. The grass crop
has usually been large, but last year it was enormous, thick and tall,
standing to the top of the fore wheels of a buggy and no one could
say that it was ever insufficient for a good mulch. In all other
details of care the treatment has been the same in the two plots.

The ultimate criterion of the relative merits of the management
to which an orchard is subjected is the crops of fruit obtained. It
is important, however, that trees should grow well and for the meas-
ure of vigor there are several characters of the trees available; as the
leaf area on the tree, the length of new wood formed; the number
of new shoots and the color of leaf and wood. The properties
of the fruit, as size, color, time of maturity, keeping qualities and
flavor must be noted. We come now to a discussion of these criteria.

The effects of the two methods of management on yield of fruit
are shown by the following figures:

Bbls. sod. Bbls. tillage.

W904) on doe ee & win Jee Ouse neta eign ee eee 615.1 591.9
DOB os oe ios act jo ocnleh =. selon ote meoeg eaetenet: een 233. 278.9
POOG 6 as dace < aGbace rare, oe apn reat oe een 210.3 531.1
BOOT, 5 s/Doie seeere ene setae neta enn 275.3 424.3

ADDS, 2 45.0 cast ateeaele eae acta meena 722.5

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 401

Average yield per acre on the plots for the five years: sod, 72.9
barrels; tillage, 109.2 barrels; difference in favor of tillage per acre,
36.5 barrels. These results scarcely need comment. For an aver-
age of five years the tilled plot shows an increase of a little over one-
fourth above the sod-mulch plot. The figures first read show that
each succeeding year the difference becomes greater, indicating a
continuous loss of vigor in the sod-mulch trees.

One of the chief advantages of the sod-mulch method, as put
forth by its promulgators is, that it is a much less expensive method
of caring for an orchard. The average expense per acre of the two
methods of management for five years was $17.92 for sod; and
$24.47 for tillage, a difference of $6.55 in favor of the sod. It is
true that the outgo has been greater for the tilled plot but the in-
come has been greater. The cost of production has been materially
less for the tilled trees and that is the main point in the whole dis-
cussion. A cheap and easy way of growing apples is not necessarily
the most remunerative way.

Leaving the yield of fruit for a brief consideration of the effects
of the two treatments on tree characters we can mention first
the leaf area. Measurements of leaf area were not made but the
merest glance through the orchard would show that there were more
and larger leaves on the tilled plot than on the sod-mulch plot. The
experienced orchardist knows that sparsity of foliage and smallness
of leaf can indicate but one thing, ill-health.

So, too, there was something amiss with the color of the leaves.
It did not need a trained eye to detect the difference in color of fol-
iage in the two plots. The dark and rich green of the tilled trees
could be noted a half mile from the orchard indicating an abundance
of food and moisture and the heyday of health, while from the same
distance it could be seen that the foliage of the sod-mulch trees was
pale and sickly. Of all the signs of superiority of the tilled trees
the color of the foliage spoke most eloquently and more than one
man of the hundreds who visited the orchard was heard to say
as his eyes lighted on the contrasting colors of the sick and of the
well trees “that satisfies me.’ The absence in color in the leaves of
the sod-mulch trees was due to a lack of chlorophyl or leaf-green.
Chlorophyl is essential to the assimilation of plant-food and when
it is lacking the trees become starved and stunted. The leaves on
the sod-mulch trees assumed their autumnal] tints a week or ten days
earlier than those on the tilled trees and the foliage dropped that
much earlier, thus seriously cutting short the growing season of the
grassed trees and thereby impairing their future vitality. ‘

The new wood produced by the grassed trees tells a similar tale
of injury. It was not half that produced on the tilled trees; the
twigs were not plump and well filled out; there were fewer new
shoots; and the wood of the mulched trees lacked the clear, bright,
rich brownish tint of health so that in mid-winter one could pick
out mulched trees and tilled trees by the color of the wood.

As to color there is no question but that the fruit from the sod-
mulch plot is much more highly colored than that from the tilled
plot. This difference varies with the season. Mulched fruit ripens
from a week to two weeks earlier than tilled fruit. If the variety
and the season are such that the tilled fruit can remain on the trees

26—6—1911

402 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

some days after the mulched fruit must be picked the difference in
color is much less. The lighter color of the tilled fruit is readily
and clearly explained. The coloring matter in the skin of the apple
like that in the leaves, consists of chlorophyl or leaf-green. The
coloring of ripening fruit is due to the changing of the chlorophy!
of the skin into the colored substances of autumnal tints. There-
tore since the sod fruit ripens earlier it colors earlier and in most
seasons better.

The abnormally high color of the sod fruit in this orchard is
one of the most marked signs of the deleterious effect of the sod
on the trees. Every man of experience has observed that when a
trees is starved, stunted, girdled, or injured, its foliage and its fruit
take on high color. Radiant color in fruit or leaf is often the hectic
flush of a diseased patient. The bright color of the fruit of the sod-
mulched trees may be purchased at the expense of the vigor and the
health of the tree.

The latter ripening period of the fruit on the tilled plot would
be a defect with some varieties and in some localities but in general
in New York late ripening is an advantage.

Fruit from both plots for the five years has been kept in cold
storage to test the relative keeping qualities. This work has been .
in charge of Mr. G. H. Powell, the cold storage expert of the United
States Department of Agriculture, who writes me in brief: ‘There
appears to have been little practical difference in keeping quality
between fruit from sod land and fruit picked a few days later from
the tilled land.”

There is but little difference in the quality of the fruit when
specimens can be had at the same degree of maturity. But the tis-
sues of the sod-mulch fruit begin to break down so quickly after
harvesting that at any time after this period the tilled fruit is better
in quality. This has been tree in all of the five seasons, a fact af-
firmed by repeated testing by those in charge of the experiment and
attested by many who have seen the fruit at the Geneva Station, at
horticultural meetings and at institutes. The more pleasing color
of the sod-mulch fruit leads many to think it is of higher quality
but it requires only a taste to convince to the contrary.

In considering the causes of the differences noted between the
two systems of management we can do little more than state the
hypotheses which seem to account for the results. The experiment
is by no means concluded and definite reasons cannot be advanced
. until all the proof is in. Yet it seems to me I am warranted in ofter-
ing the following hypotheses:

First. Plant food is more available in the tilled plot than in the
sod plot. That there is an abundance of the plant food necessary for
the welfare of the trees and the production of crops in both plots is
certain. For the trees in the tilled plots showed in all respects,
good feeding, and such trees in the sod-mulch plots as could get any
considerable portion of their roots in soil where there were no
grass roots, likewise seemed to be well fed. Moreover, two of the
chief elements of plant food, potash and phosphoric acid, were
added to a part of the trees in each plot for three successive sea-
sons and without appreciable results in either case. It is evident

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 403

that there is plenty of food in the sod land but for some reason it is
not available to the apple treees. The trees are starving in a land of
plenty.

Second. The sod-mulch does not conserve moisture as well as
tillage. The chief study in the Auchter orchard for the summer
of 1907 was that of the water content of the soil in the two plots.
One hundred twenty-eight samples of soil were taken at different
times during the summer and under conditions safe-guarded in every

way possible to determine accurately the amount of. moisture in the
soil. The analyses showed, approximately, that the water content
in the tilled soil during the past summer, was twice as great as in
the sod plot, thereby substantiating what has long been ‘called that
tillage is a better means of conserving moisture than mulching

Trees must have water. If an apple tree bears ten barrels of
fruit, there are about eight and one-half barrels of water in the tree’s
output. In a full grown apple tree it is estimated that the total leaf
area is about 1,000,0¢ 30 square inches. Mr. F. C. Stewart of the
Geneva Station has counted the ee or pores on a square inch
of the apple leaf and finds that a fair average is about 150,000 per
square inch. Or for the leaf area of the whole tree, 150,000,000,000
pores. Now to supply the demands of its ten barrels of apple chil-
dren while these 150,000,000,600 pores are constantly giving mois-
ture is enough to drive a tree to drink and the apple tree becomes
a hard drinker. When in the heat and drought of summer, the
apple tree is compelled to share its scant supply of water with the
thirsty horde «f hangers-on found in an orchard sod the trees
must suffer. ‘still further, a diminished water supply entails a cut-
ting off of tie food supply. Plant food enters the tree as a solu-
tion and an apple tree suffering from lack of water as a necessary
consequene suffers from a lack ‘of food. A thirsty plant is a hungry
plant.

Third. The sod-mulch soil is less well aerated. In the experi-
ments we are carrying on I have not attempted to secure evidence
en this peint. It is obvious that sod interferes with the air supply
in the ground beneath it and it is not hard to believe that such
interference would hinder the proper development and prevent the
proper work of roots. The muffler of mulch which forms a part
of this system of orchard management would of course intensify the
deleterious effects of the sod in “the above respect.

Fourth. The soil temperature is lower in the sod-mulch plots
than in the tilled plots. It is possible that the harmful action of
grass on trees may be accounted for in part by the infiuence of the
sod on the temperature of the soil. During the summer of 1907
the soil temperatures were taken in the tilled and mulched plots
twice a day for 41 days at the depth of six and twelve inches and
under as nearly comparable conditions as circumstances would per-
mit. At both depths the difference was in favor of the tilled plot.
At six inches the difference was slight, being only one-third of a
degree but for the greater depth, twelve inches, the average in
favor of the tilled plot was 1? degrees. It is not an assumption
to say that the higher temperature is most favorable to the growth
of the apple tree, for plant physiologists, soil physicists and bacter-

27

404 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

iologists agree that an increase in soil temperature is favorable to
plant growth. As one of them puts it, “The soil is a great factory
that has its production vastly increased as the temperature rises.”

Fifth. There are probably differences in the biological or “germ
life’ activities taking place in the soil. This is a matter upon
which I am not qualified to speak with certainty. But I know that
the men who are studying soils find that there are various kinds of
micro-organisms inhabiting the soil which have much to do with
the proper functioning of the roots that grow therein. The soil is
teeming with countless millions of living organisms which bring
about necessary changes of one kind and another in that soil; with-
out them higher vegetation would not grow. Now the activities of
these beneficient organisms are dependent on soil conditions and
King tells us, in the quotation given above, that tillage induces a
strong growth of soil micro-organisms; that it improves tilth so that
soil organisms may spread readily and widely; and that it converts
he root zone into a commodious and sanitary living-place for the
soil organisms.”

Sixth. The grass may have a toxic or poisonous effect on apple
trees. At the Fiftieth Annual Meeting of the Western New York
Horticultural Society the: speaker gave an account of a series of plot
experiments which seemed to show that grass roots in some way
poisoned peach trees growing. The United States Department of
Agriculture has published a number of observations and experi-
ments to show that different plants growing in the same soil may
poison each other.

I am able to give also the results of a most excellent series of
experiments planned and carried out on the Woburn Experimental
Farm in England. These experiments were planned to show the
effects of growing trees in grass, the latter to be used as a mulch.
The following z gives the list of the results of the experiments in
question:

“As to the general effect produced by grass on young apple trees,
the results of the last few years have brought forward nothing
which can in any way modify our previous conclusions as to the
intensely deleterious nature of this effect, and we can only repeat
that no ordinary form of ill treatment—including even the cobina-
tion of bad planting : growth of weeds and total neglect—is so harm-
ful to the trees as growing grass round them. * * * The evidence
which we shall bring forward will, we believe, be sufficient to dis-
pose of the views that the grass effect is due to ‘the interference with
either the food supply, the water supply or the air supply of the
tree, and that it must in all probability be attributed to the action
of some product, direct or indirect, of grass growth which exercises
an actively poisonous effect on the roots of the tree.” I do not put
forth the statement that grass poisons the apple as one having been
proved but I say that it may be so.

In conclusion, you are warned that particular cases do not war-
rant general conclusions. ‘The Auchter experiment is in many
respects a particular case and the apple grower must bear in mind
that under other conditions, his own perhaps, the trees might have
behaved very differently. The Auchter orchard was selected as
being typical of Western New York conditions and the results ob-
tained may therefore be regarded as especially applicable ta this

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 405

region. But there are peculiarities of soil and location which
might change them even in Western New York, and no doubt they
would be more or less changed in Pennsylvania. It is a simple
matter for an orchardist to plow up a part of a sodded orchard and
cultivate it for a few years; or as easy for one who has a tilled
erchard to lay a part of it down to grass, cutting the grass as a
mulch, and in a few years he can see what happens. We want more
experimenters among fruit growers and these are good experiments
to try when a man becomes dissatisfied with the crops of apples he
is getting.

The opportunity of giving another warning can not be lost. ‘The
sod-mulch method is heralded as the cheap-and-easy method. But
some men can not stand cheap-and-easy methods. If they begin
by applying it to tillage they are likely to look for a cheap-and-
easy way of planting, the Stringfellow way for instance, a cheap-
and-easy way of pruning and a cheap-and-easy way of spraying.
Some wil! disembarass themselves with the necessity of taking care
of their trees at all and in the end will wind up as ornery, no-account
apple growers. I do not mean to say that all will but some of them
will. You remember no doubt in Pilgrim’s Progress how Bunyan’s
characters had their natural associates. Thus the young lady whose
name was Dull chose as her companions, Simple, Sloth, Linger-
after-Lust, Slow-pace, No-heart and Sleepy-head. Cheap-and-easy
has his natural associates and they are a bad lot. Take care how
you cultivate their acquaintance. Better keep them under a sod-
mulch.

In chemistry, physics, astronomy and all of the exact sciences
the workers constitute a jury of keen, trained men before which new
doctrines can be tried. The jury is-always sitting and false doctrine
is quickly weeded out. Agriculture has no such jury. Its workers
are scattered; many are apathetic; they differ in training and in
degree of intelligence; and they speak many languages. There can,
therefore, be no suitable jury to try new doctrine, and there are no
recognized authorities to approve or disapprove of them. It comes
about, therefore, that false and erroneous doctrines often grow un-
heeded and choke out the true and the useful. Agriculture needs
now and ever to be defended against false doctrine. I am ventur-
ing to play the part of a defender to-day and if I have gone far
in defense of tillage and in condemnation of sod-mulch it is because
there is need.

COLD STORAGE A NECESSITY

By CLARK ALLIS, Medina, N. Y., Commercial Orchardist (500 acres in apple),
and President New York Fruit Growers’ Association.

The reason I have been studying lately on the storage prob!em is
because the buyer seems to have a corner on the storage question,
with us, and wants a large share of the profit. What I say may
not be right or to the point, but it is as I have found it. I saw

406 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

a clipping in a paper this week in which the opportunity is so great
that I am not sure but some of our fruit growers had not better go
into this instead of fruit growing.

MILLIONS IN IT

\A brilliant plan for getting rich is being worked out by an en-
thusiastic promoter. Only the chance to buy stock in it (‘tele-
graph your order!”) remains. The company is to operate a large
eat ranch near Oakland, California. To start with, the promoter will
collect about 1,000,000 cats. Each cat will average twelve kittens
a year. The skins will run from 10 cents each for the white ones
to 75 cents for the pure black. This will give 12,000,000 skins a
year to sell at an average of 30 cents apiece, making a revenue of
about $10,000 a day gross. A man can skin fifty cats per day for
$2. It will take one hundred men to operate the ranch, and there-
fore the net profit will thus be $9,800 per day. The cats will feed on
rats and a rat ranch will be started next door. The rats multiply
four times as fast as cats. One million rats will give four rats
per day for each cat. The rats will feed on the carcass of the cats
from which the skins have been taken, given each rat a fourth of
a cat. The business will be self-supporting and automatic. The
cats will eat the rats and the rats will eat the cats, and the company
will get the skins. Telegraph your order.

My county, “Little Orieans,” is less than twenty by twenty-five
miles in size, yet it produces more apples than any place the same size
in the world, and has thousands of acres of young orchards not pro-
ducing yet, “but soon.” Five shipping points in western New York
ship more apples than the entire states of Washington and Oregon.

Our county has seven cold or chemical storage houses with a ¢a-
pacity of 313,000 barrels, which did not begin to take the apples
produced this year when a light crop. What will the fruit growers
do with their apples when a full crop. This year many of the apples
were sent out of the county to be stored, as long as storage could be
obtained. When no more storage could be secured, apples were sold
at a low price. Some storages that had promised to take growers’
apples suddenly gave out the notice, “Storage all taken, no more -
room.” One storage that gave out this report had an agreement with
a western buyer not to raise the price of apples and they would both
get apples cheap and the western buyer would store 20,000 barrels
with this storage. This buyer takes annually from our town for a
couple months work enough clear money to buy one of the best faruis
in the county. It is reported now that the storage was not filled.
Many growers could get no storage, so sold out and when they
finished drawing could have secured from 50 cents to 75 cents
per barrel more for their apples than they sold for earlier. This
was a clear loss and could have been saved if there had been storage
room.

My storage bill this year is over $2,000 besides the extra cost of
drawing apples to the storage and the loss of time waiting to unload
when at the storage. During the busy time, an hour or more of
waiting to unload is quite a frequent occurrence. Then again the
loss on a crop stored in the ordinary storages from the practice of
the storage men in always expecting to handle all the apples stored

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 407

with them. Besides the legitimate 40 cents storage charge, they
always want to make a profit as big as possible and some years
doubling their money. One time the storage men by accident froze
the top three tiers of barrels over my entire block of apples. The
damage was not discovered until I took an out-of-town dealer to
iook at the apples. The storage man said, “Well, I knew your apples
were very badly covered with fungus, so I put the temperature
down to keep the fungus from spreading.” He stopped it. He
bought the apples and when he took them out, said they were the
best apples in the storage.

For some time, I have had an idea of a farmers’ storage, but at
the present time all the farmers, who were interested and ready
to go in, have been bought off with promises or scared out by a mis-
representation of conditions. When I began to look up the storage
proposition, I thought I knew a lot about storage, but it is like mak-
ing books, “There is no end.” Jn our section there are two kinds of
chemical storages used and each advocate is sure his kind of chem-
ical is the only one to use. ‘The ammonia system most generally
used has to be pumped at a pressure of 200 to 300 pounds to the
square inch, and in case of a leak or break in the pipe has been dis-
astrous to the workmen, and in some instances large damages have
been obtained against the owners. ‘The next chemical in popularity
is carbonic acid gas CO2, but it has the disadvantage of requiring
a pressure of from 900 to 1,300 pounds per square inch. The users
of each chemical tell of the dangers of the other kind and the benefits
of their particular plants. With each one it requires a double set
of machinery complete in every way to guard against a breakdown
and heavy losses; for the storage ccmpany is lable for the loss by
over cooling or loss from lack of cooling, if you can make out a case,
but they will always put up the ery of, “poor stuff” and try to prove
that the reason why the fruit did not keep was entirely owing to
poor quality.

The ammonia storage men claim for their system, that if any
escapes by a leak or break, the odor is detected instantly and the
defect attended to at once. They also claim a cheaper method than
gas to start in with and should a gas system break or leak, there is
no way to discover it as the gas is nearly or quite odorless.

Carbonie acid gas users claim there is less danger to workmen

from the gas than from ammonia, and the gas, what little does es-
cape acts as a preservative and keeps fruit much better than the
ammonia system.
- One of the large storages of 89,000 barrels capacity uses carbonic
acid gas. This storage is a stock company and the company does
nothing but straight storage business, never buying fruit. Their
stock has averaged net 20 per cent. profits, besides a surplus since
it was built, for a period of twelve years. One of the houses using
ammonia have paid big dividends since they started, seven or eight
years ago, and a retiring partner this year received 200 per cent.
for his stock.

The third system of chemical storage for fruit that it adapted
to the north, is what is known as the “Gravity Brine System.” Mr.
G. Harold Powell, formerly with the U. 8. Department of Agricul-
ture but now with the Citrus Union of California at a salary for
the first year of $10,000, says where natural ice can be secured

408 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cheaply, the “Gravity Brine System” is the best and by far the
cheapest. Mr. Powell has spent much time studying and investi-
gating cold storage problems for the U. S. Department and is one
cf the best informed men on that line in the country. Madison
Cooper, of Calcium, N. Y., has erected nearly 150 storages of this
kind in the United States and Canada. Canada is more kind to
her fruit growers than Uncle Sam, and where storage buildings are
needed pays 30 per cent. of the cost of new storages.

‘The “Gravity Brine System” is a chemical cold storage the same
as the other two, but uses ice and salt with calcium carbide. Usually
at the side of a brine storage house, is erected a room for ice well
insulated, where ice is kept for use in the storage. No sawdust
or other covering is used to keep the ice, depending entirely on the
insulation. When operating the storage, ice is run through the ice
breaker to an elevator which carries the broken ice to the tanks
in the top of the building where it is mixed with salt. This mix-
ture goes into the tanks which have pipes filled with calcium carbide
and water. These pipes go through all the storage rooms thus cooling
them to the required temperature. There is a complete system
of ventilation for all the rooms drawing out the bad air, which con-
tains carbonic acid gas that is thrown off by the fruit and replacing
with fresh air. Pears going into storage hot in the summer weather
throw off more carbonic acid gas than do the apples, which are put
in in cooler weather, and replacing with fresh air. These fans are
run on frosty nights in the fall and when cold weather comes can
be used at any time, thus saving the cost of ice in operating and
giving fresh air to the fruit.

M. Hartwell, who ran three cold storages at one time but who
is now managing the 80,000 barrel ammonia plant at Brighton, N. Y.,
came to the conclusion that the old way of storing fruit with no
ventilation was bad on the fruit, so at a big expense has put in a
complete line of fans, piping, etc., that will change all the air in
the rooms in a short time. Carbonic acid gas in any quantity
through the lungs is a narcotic poison, while taken through the
stomach does not act as a poison, but is iefreshing. Mr. Coper
and Mr. Hartwell both claim and seem to be able to prove that
carbonic acid gas is detrimental to fruit and should be removed.
This idea has not been absolutely settled, but in visiting the different
houses, one cannot help but notice better air and freedom from fruit
and other odors in rooms where fan circulation is used than in
vooms where the same air is kept through the entire seasoon and
from year to year. The air is damp and heavy with no life in it.
One feels depressed in the room not ventilated besides the unpleas-
ant odor from the damp barrels. Some kinds of wood give off a
disagreeable odor and when barrels are made from these kinds of
wood, the odor from them for the entire season is almost sickening.

The ammonia and carbonic acid gas systems of storage call for
houses of 40,000 or more barrels capacity to keep the cost of operat-
ing down to a paying basis. Two complete duplicate systems of
machinery must be always ready in case one should break down and
two competent skilled engineers must always be on hand, one for day
and one for the night shift, and in the Brighton, N. Y., storage
three engineers working on an eight-hour shift at $25.00 each per

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 409

week, and these must be kept the year round for they cannot be
picked up when wanted. They also employ two firemen. This makes
the operating of storage plants very expensive where machinery
is used. The cost, at the present time, of an up-to-date storage
house is about $2.00 per barrel for the plants requiring duplicate
machinery and about $1.50 per barrel for the “Gravity Brine” houses,
thus giving the brine operated houses the advantage in building
as well as in operating. Electric power, where a cheap rate can
be secured, is the cheapest power, but the new internal combus-
tion engine like the Deisel & Busch using crude petroleum is worth
investigating as petroleum is a very cheap material to produce power.
The ice and brine plant requires no high priced or expensive ma-
chinery in duplicate, but with its systems of fan circulation the
outside cold air can be utilized, thus insuring good air and saving
ice. The size of the plant does not enter into the problem as with
the two first propositions, but natural ice at a low cost seems to the
fone tnecesdary item. With the brine system, if one owns it him-
self, he can sell his fruit at any time and stop storage and insur-
ance charges. If your apples were in some commercial storage, the
fixed charges for the season must be paid, no matter when the fruit
is disposed of.

I have been working on the storage deal this fall and have de
cided on a 16,000 bariei gravity brine plant for cur own use. Will put
the apples in barrels, heading them without pressing, putting them
into storage as soon as picked without sorting. If help is scarce,
sorting the fruit on rainy days or between kinds, or after the crop
is entirely picked. If help is plenty will keep a sorting gang at the
storage drawing all the apples there to sort. Should we leave our
apples to sort until picking is done, it would benefit the evaporator
man by allowing him to evaporate the drops before they decayed and
holding the picked culls to the last.

We will have our storage house on our farm between the steam ane
irolley tracks, with siding from both. Will also have a large evap-
orator on same siding, thus insuring short hauls for picked and
dropped apples.

Storage is absolutely necessary and notwithstanding so much rot
published for the last few years in city papers about storages mak-
ing living more expensive, it tends to equalize the cost of living.
Without storage it would either be a feast or a famine, a glut in
the market and produce of all kinds selling below cost of produc-
tion and then a market bare of the same things that had been wasted
for- the lack of storage facilities. Cold storage is an infant, but
a few years old, but he is growing. Mr. Case, of Sodus, one of the
best growers in the state said that he lost a lot of apples this year
at the last end, the apples just got ripe and dropped off. If he
had had a storage to have drawn his unsorted apples, he could
have saved his entire crop, sorting them after the apples were all
picked.

410 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

BUSINESS METHODS IN MARKETING APPLES

By W. J. LEWIS, Pittston, Commercial Orchardist, and President of the
Fruit Growers’ Association of Luzerne County, Pa.

We, up in Luzerne, have for sometime recognized the fact that in
the Adams county association you had one of “the strongest societies
in the East. One that was doing more for itself and its members,
and one that had been and still ‘is, an important factor in the de-
velopment of the fruit industry in this section. For that reason
lL have looked forward with pleasure to the time when I could meet
with you. That anticipation of pleasure is now more than fulfilled.
T have assurance also that my being here at this time will be a pleas-
ure to you. Lest you might take that feeling for one of conceit I
will explain why I have it.

A few weeks ago at our Luzerne county meeting your Mr. C. J.
Tyson was with us and gave us two very interesting and instruc-
tive addresses. While there he asked me to come to this meeting
and address you on the subject which has been assigned to me. I
tried to be excused with the plea that I had been so busy the last
15 years trying to learn how to grow and market fruit that I hadn’t
had time to learn how to tell about it in public, but he said “Oh, they
are a good natured bunch down in Adams county and will put up
with most anything.” So [ have risked your everlasting displeasure
and will do the best I can.

When I get up to talk in public I am reminded of a story I read
a few weeks ago. A young man was to address his first audi-
ence. After he had been duly introduced he forgot everything he
bad intended to say. His mind was entirely a blank. The only
thing he could think of at all was a little story he had read in a paper
a few days before, so he had to give them that. He said, “Friends
great oratory is almost a thing of the past. The kind of oratory
that sways men’s minds and influences their whole life is almost
gone. Caesar is dead, Abraham Lincoln is dead and I am not feel-
ing very well myself.”

T am just a little reluctant to bring up this subject in the pres-
ence of you people who have had considerable experience in the
growing and marketing of fruit, many of you being much older and
having had more experience than I have had, but we have all had
different experiences and these things appeal to us in different ways.
For this reason I shall hope to call your attention to a few things
in marketing as I have seen them, with the hope that it may be of
some little value to you. While my subject is the marketing of
fruit, what I shall say along this line will apply equally as well to
any or all other farm crops.

The advances that have been made along horticultural lines the
past few years are simply wonderful. We naturally expect any
new industry just starting up to make marked progress, but in

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 411

horticulture we have one of the oldest industries known, as we pre
sume that ever since the apple was in the Garden of Eden more
or less fruit has been produced. And now after these thousands of
years to start up and make such progress is nothing less than mar-
velous. The sources from which we may learn how to grow crops
are many. We have our United States Department of Agriculture,
our several state departments, our agricultural schools, Farmers’
Institutes, books, papers and last but not least these associations,
but unfortunately, while these tell us how to grow crops, they don’t
give us much instruction on the marketing of them. Now, that
seems to me one of the most important things we have to consider ;
ii is the end of the business from which we get the price to buy the
necessities, comforts or luxuries of life as the case may be.

Notwithstanding the wonderful progress that we have made along
the line of crop production, we must admit that other industries
have better systems of marketing their product than we have. And
yet I do not recall the first practice followed in marketing other pro-
ducts that would not apply equally as well to ours.

I do not know of any better way that I can call your attention
to a few things I wish to at this time than by a short study of the
methods of those engaged in other lines and comparing their ways
with ours. Just for the purpose of comparison I am going to try
and call your attention to some of the ways and workings of the
International Harvester Company. As you all know they are a large
corporation with many factories turning out many different im-
plemenis, and yet they make but one thing in each factory. This
might suggest to use the advisability of being a specialist. I think
the day of the specialist if not already here is coming very fast.
Many arguments might be brought in support of this, but the one
having to do with my subject is this: If we are growing but one crop
we can produce that in sufficient quantity so that our influence is
felt in any market that we care to enter, and to the extent we can
make our influence felt, just to that extent can we control prices.
This fact might dictate to us as to what market we should go. A
market in proportion to the size of our supply.

Another point to which I wish to call your attention is the
matter of cost. We, in order to market intelligently must know
the exact cost of any product we put upon the market. From what
I have seen since I have been in your county I believe you have a
better development along horticultural lines than we have in Lu-
zerne, yet if I should ask you how many of you knew the exact
cost of any product you ever put upon the market I doubt if one
of you could tell me. I hope for your sake that I am wrong about
this. It is a principle as old as the hills that in order to trade (and
that is what marketing is) intelligently you must know the value
of what you are trading in. This matter of cost may look like a
big job to you and I will admit that it does require some study and
thought to work out a system to properly work out the cost of our
different crops, but when you have such system once started it only
requires a few minutes each day to keep it in shape. Bear in mind
that the International Harvester Company have their own ore-mines
and forests from which they take their raw material and their busi-
ness requires a much more complicated system to know the cost of
their product and yet they have it because it is absolutely necessary

412 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

that they should. I believe it is very possible for us to make a nice
little profit on four or five acres of some crop and loose it on a pair
of pigs or a dozen chickens or vice versa just because we don’t know
the cost.

Another thing this company does: At some certain time of the
year they take a complete inventory, so that they can tell to the cent
whether their operations for the year have been at a profit or loss.
What would it be worth to us now as fruit growers if we had done
this every year and should do this again on the first day of next
January and then set down and figure out just what we had made or
lost during the year that is past and then take our cost account and
tell just what crops we grew at a profit and which ones at a loss.
What a guide to us in our future work.

Another thing they do very extensively is advertising. It was
said a year or two ago, in the sale of automobiles for instance, on a
$2,000 machine, that absolutely $1,000 of that was spent for adver-
tising and placing the machine on the market. Now I am not say-
ing that it would pay fruit growers to spend so large an amount
proportionately as this, but there are many little and cheap ways
that we can use to call the attention of the public to the value of the
apple as a food. Just last week in conversation with a western
apple man he told me that it didn’t make any difference where you
went or for what purpose in Spokane you heard the apple talked
about. Those western fellows are just filled up with it and we can
see the result of that kind of advertising in our eastern markets.
I heard another good authority say that if fruit growers would ad-
vertise and educate as extensively as the breakfast-food people did
that there wasn’t enough apples grown in the United States to sup-
ply the population of Pennsylvania. Bear in mind that their pro-
duct has no value as a food in comparison with ours.

Another thing it doesn’t make any difference whether a mow-
ing machine is sold at home, in South America, Africa or Australia,
the identity of the manufacturer and the place of manufacture is
never lost sight of. The only place that this doesn’t count in is
the junk heap where the price has fallen from about $45.00 to $2.00.
Friends, there is entirely too much of our product sold as junk. If
you are turning out a product that you are ashamed of, let it go as
junk, but if what you have for sale is as good as the average stamp
your reputation on to it, show the consumer that you are not
ashamed of it and you will be surprised what a lot of confidence
you can inspire in him and what a price he will pay for it.

As illustrating that and another thought in advertising, we sell
a good many of our apples in our local market, and two years ago
we thought of putting a shipping tag on each of our baskets. It was
not addressed, simply put on the basket. The merchant asked what
we put those on for, and we said we wanted the basket back. He
said he would keep the baskets for us, but some other fellow might
find out where he was getting the apples and compete with him. I
told him if I found our baskets sitting out without our tag on them
we would quit him. That is advertising and identity.

Another thing that the International Harvester Company does
when they have a machine ready to go out they never go out to a
fence corner and pick up some old piece of wood to make a case

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 413

for it. If you wanted to buy that machine and it had an old case on
it you would think it was an old machine. They use a nice, new,
bright case. It pays them to do it.

I do not know how you people here market your fruit alto-
gether, but in our county I have seen apples as good as the average
of these exhibited going to market in boxes that hens had roosted in,
in old weather-beaten boxes, and I have seen them in a dog-coop. I
de not believe you do any of these things or I would not dare say
so much. But to get back to the marketing end of it, we must put
up our fruit in a package that is going to add to, rather than detract
from its appearance.

‘Another thing that they do, they rake this country over with a
fine-tooth comb, as it were, to get the very best man they can for
a salesman. What constitutes a good salesman? In the first place,
he should be good-looking; any of us can fill that. He ought to
be reasonably well dressed; any of us can fill that. He must be
a man of fairly even temperament. It does not make any difference
what appears, he must not get angry. In other words, he must
always be able to turn the bright side of the deal out for the in-
spection of the public.

For illustration I want to tell you of an incident. A farmer
went into a grocery store to sell potatoes. He wanted 80 cents a
bushel for them. The groceryman came out and shook hands with
him and asked him how things were going out on the farm, and
whether he had pretty good crops, and by that time they had reached -
the office.

The farmer sat down and poured a tale of woe into that man’s
ear that would have made even Job turn green with envy. The
groceryman had troubles enough of his own. The groceryman des-
pised him because he saw that that man despised his business. He
did not care to do business with him. He said “I will give you 70
cents for your potatoes.” The man would not take it.

The next day another man came in and shook hands with the
groceryman, and by that time the groceryman had somewhat re-
covered from the host of the day before, and he asked him the same
questions and treated him the same way. They had not been in the
office fifteen minutes before the groceryman was ready to turn his
business over to that farmer. This farmer had been prosperous the
whole year. The fact was that the first man had been the most
prosperous. of the two but he did not know how to advertise. He
sold all the potatoes for 85 cents. Never let the other fellow see
how dark your side is; keep good natured and you can sell.

A salesman must have confidence in himself and faith in his
product. That implies a whole lot. In the first place, to have con-
fidence in himself he can make his way anywhere and go anywhere.
If he thinks he is going to make a sale and get a good price, he is
going to do it.

Now in conclusion, there are quite a good many little tricks in
marketing that I might call your attention to. I mean there are
little ways of keeping your customers good natured. I do not mean
dishonestly. To sum up what I have said, we ought to get more
actual business into our marketing. We have got the best business
on earth. It is worth a good deal more consideration and atten-
tion than we give it. In proof of the fact hat we have the best

414 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

business on earth, I would challenge any one of you to name any
other business that you are acquainted with that would stand the
lack of attention that we give ours, and see if you can think of any
business that would stand the methods we use. It may be that you
people down here are very much more advanced along these lines
than we are.

There has been quite a considerable controversy the last year or
two in regard to the per cent. of the consumer’s dollar that the
fruit grower gets, and the ‘Rural New Yorker” has it figured down
that we get only 35 cents, or less, of the consumer’s dollar. I won-
der how it would work if we would say that the consumer is paying
$3.00 for one dollar’s worth of goods. If the consumer was not
responsible, it would be up to the growers to make the change. We
have got a whole lot the best end of the string, it seems to me. I
do feel sorry for the large bulk of consumers. If the conditions
are as we see them, the next move is up to them, and any move
that is made to remedy that condition must come from the con-
sumer. That is about all T have to say on this subject, and I thank
you.

THE EASTERN FRUIT GROWER®S’ ASSOCIATION, ITS PLANS
AND PROSPECTS

By N. T. FRAME, Secretary, Martinsburg, W. Va.

Down in Berkeley county, West Virginia, we are accustomed or-
dinarily to say that there are two leading County Horticultural So-
cieties in this part of the country; first the Berkeley County Horti-
cultural Society and second the Adams County Horticultural So-
ciety. I shall go home from here and tell my people that we must
immediately call a special meeting and start a fund to put up a
building. I see that we are second to you in Adams county which
we cannot afford to be. We are going to have a building.

Personally, I have for a long time wanted to get to Adams county.
Now that I am here I assure you that I am very much gratified to
see the audience that is here to discuss the subject of marketing.
If there were no other impression or information that I could carry
away from this meeting I should feel that I had been well repaid
for coming over here simply to hear Mr. Lewis’ practical talk on
marketing problems. He told us a whole lot of things that will
do us all good, and I particularly agree with him in commercial
fruit growing even in Adams county and Berkeley county, we ought
to have ripe, well developed apples to put on the market in the
fall, whereas, at the present time, we are then putting on the markets
cull apples that are not fit to eat. When you or I pick up a basket
of grapes from a fruit stand and take them home they look fairly
good, but when we taste of them find them green, we do not buy

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 415

any more grapes for some time. Now, the man or woman in New
York, or Savannah or New Orleans who atiempts eating York
Imperial apples in the fall, does not buy any more apples until
he or she is forced to do it. We want to have a ripe apple on the
market in the fall season even if we sell that apple at cost. We
shall be educating the people to use our later apples when they do
become ripe.

But this has nothing definite to do with the Eastern Fruit Growers’
Association. Two years ago a number of fruit growers from our
section went to Washington and appeared before the Committee of
Agriculture to further the passage by Congress of a bill giving the
Secretary of Agriculture authority to quarantine against infested
nursery seedlings. There seemed to be inadequate methods of de-
tecting the imported brown-tail moths. We felt, in our section, that
ifa nest of brown-tail moth should get scattered we could not altord
to spray against it.

When, however, we reached Washington, we found only a handful
of fruit growers from two or three sections. We put up an argu-
ment before the Agricultural Committee which was admittedly strong,
but we could claim before that Committee to represent only a hand-
ful from the fruit growing industry. We learned that a number
of your people, I think several of you gentlemen from Adams county,
had been down to Washington furthering the passage of the so-
called Lafean Bill, standardizing packages. We were in favor of
the Lafean bill. Your people went down to push the Lafean bill, we
to push the Simmon bill. If we had all been there backing both
bills, we might have got favorable reports. It, therefore, seemed
advisable that some form of interstate organization be effected, and
last year at the Hote! Raleigh, Washington, the Eastern Fruit
Growers’ Association was organized. Many of you have copies of
the constitution with the minutes of that meeting last year. In
concise terms, the idea of the Eastern Fruit Growers’ Association
is, that the organization is a legitimate lobby in the interest of fruit
growing in Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Dela-
ware and District of Columbia, and to further legislation which will
help our fruit growers.

If any matters come up before the Agricultural Committee, the
officers of the Eastern Fruit Growers’ Association are expected to
be advised of that fact and arrange for hearings at which all the
fruit growers can be represented. There are certain interstate prob-
lems which affect this whole territory that neither your state society
nor the Maryland State society, nor the Virginia State society, can
alone successfully solve.

The second annual meeting has just been held this week in Wash-
ington, and in this connection I would like to beg the pardon of
the Adams county society. -When we arranged for the Washing-
ton meeting I told Mr. Lupton I thought there would be no con-
flicting dates this week. It was unfortunate that we should have
picked out a date that made it impossible for any of our people to
be in attendance.

At the meeting at Hotel Raleigh on Tuesday and, Wednesday of
this week, the matters discussed were as follows: It was decided
that in the following line of work laid down we might more profit-
ably confine the membership to the five states, Virginia, West Vir-

416 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware, taking in, of course,
any people from the District of Columbia. We did not feel that we
necessarily would be antagonistic to New York or to Georgia and
states farther south, although matters might come up where there
would be a conflict of interest; but we felt ‘that we could accomplish
more by limiting the member rship to these states. You will notice
by the constitution, that the Eastern Fruit Growers’ Association is
open to membership to commercial fruit growers or men and women
engaged in a scientific research work relating thereto in the five states
mentioned. The membership fee is $1.00; for societies, $5.00. It
is to be hoped that Adams county will join as a society and a num-
ber of you as individuals.

What shall the standard package law be? You people are backing
a proposed Lafean Bill standardizing a 284 inch barrel stave. We
were fighting for just such a barrel. In Virginia the state law
makes standard a barrel one inch shorter with a 274 inch stave.
If any effective legislation on standard packages is to be passed
by Congress, the fruit growers who are vitally affected must go
before Congress united and demand the same standard. If you
people from Pennsylvania, and we from West Virginia and Mary-
land go down before the Agricultural Committee in favor of a 284
inch barrel, but the strong Virginia Society sends a big delegation
up there claiming that such a standard is unjust, and there should
be a 274 inch barrel, it is very likely that the bill will never come
out of the Committee, which fact proves the necessity of an organi-
zation like the Eastern Fruit Growers’ Association. The result of
the discussion was that a committee of five, one from each of the
five states, was appointed. This committee is expected to canvass
the sentiment of their various states. I hope we can persuade the
Virginia people that they are wrong. If we do persuade them then
the fruit growers will go before congress united in effecting legis-
lation along that line.

I have here a table of rates on which Hagerstown is taken as a
basis for this section. On the shipments going to points like New
Orleans or Jacksonville, the freight rates from all stations are just
the same as the Hagerstown rates. Now the point is this: The price
of apples through this whole York Imperial belt depends largely
upon the lowest price in any one section. If the dealer can buy
York Imperial apples in Winchester or Martinsburg for $2.50 he
will not come here and buy yours at $2.75. This York Imperial
belt is well defined, and my experience is that the lowest market
price, packing and other things considered, governs the territory.
The rate from Rochester to Memphis is thirty-five cents per hun-
dred, and from Hagerstown to Memphis, thirty-five cents per hun-
dred. Your York Imperial may not go so exclusively to the south-
ern markets as ours do. A great many of your apples, nevertheless,
go south. A buyer comes in here with the idea of buying 20,000
barrels of apples. He finds, however, upon investigation that he
can buy 20,000 barrels of New York apples and get them into south-
ern markets as cheap as or cheaper than he can get ours in. Now
as a matter of justice, we believe we are entitled to a differential as
we are several hundred miles nearer to this market. At this meeting
in Washington on Wednesday, the members pledged a fund of $2,000.00

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 417

to hire an attorney to bring this matter before the Interstate Com-
merce Commission. We feel that you people will be willing to co-
operate and bear your share of the burden.

Prof. Symons of the Maryland Agricultural College, read a report
on Simmons Bill, which will have to be reintroduced this season
giving the right to quarantine against infested nursery seedlings.

Prof. Waite, together with Dr. Haywood and Prof. Quaintance,
all of whom are members of the Insecticide Board, explained some-
thing of the workings of that Board and the present law regarding
spray materials. The law is broad enough so that any insecticide
and fungicide which bears evidence of having been adulterated can
be confiscated and the manufacturer prosecuted. But the evidence
must be collected by the regular agent of the department. If any
of you gentlemen suspicion that you have adulterated spray materials
write to the Department at Washington telling why you think they
are adulterated, and give the name of the brand and name of the
manufacturer, which will give the Department a suggestion, and
may be one of their inspectors will pick up samples of that particular
brand in some other sections and if they are found to be adulterated
the Department will have evidence on which to prosecute.

The Eastern Fruit Growers’ Association felt that apple crop re-
ports should be in terms of barrels rather than in percentages. No
one seemed to know what would be a 100 per cent. crop. It is an
abstract proposition. Our growers on the other hand are accus-
tomed to estimate in terms of barrels when they place their order
for empty barrels with their coopers. We think in terms of bar-
rels and we sell on the basis of barrels. The Kastern Fruit Growers’
Association, therefore, resolved unanimously to request the Depart-
ment of Agriculture to work out a more satisfactory method of
fruit crop reporting. A suggestion was made that just as the de
partment at one time detailed Prof. Scott to work out the problem
of spraying peaches with self boiled lime-sulphur and then send
him to fruit growers meetings over the country to teach the growers
the result of his experiences so now we would like to have a man
detailed from the Bureau of Statistics to study with the owners and
shippers and market men the subject of apple crop reporting and to
formulate definite blanks and methods. If this specialist could then
be sent to the horticultural society meetings so as to educate the
growers in attendance upon a uniform method of reporting from
all the different sections there would be in the course of a few years
many thousands of trained crop reporters using the same standard.
This we believe would be a great benefit to the growers.

STYLES IN FRUIT

In a recent issue of “Farm and Fireside” edited by our fellow or-
chardist, Mr. Herbert Quick, of Morgan county, West Virginia, ap-
peared column after column of advertising matter addressed to the
farmers and the farmers’ wives to convince them of the necessity of
dressing in an up-to-date style, filling their homes and barns with
up-to-date equipment and going to town in an up-to-date automobile.

Mr. Quick’s paper, as I understand, carries twice each month
to some half million homes this appeal to country people to send

27—6—1911

418 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc,

their money to the cities—to the so-called trade and manufacturing
centers. Yet large as is the amount of such advertising carried by
“Farm and Fireside” it is but a drop in the bucket compared to the
whole volume of carefully prepared advertising matter going into
the homes of the producers in this country with the purpose and
intention of educating them up to the point of being up-to-date, of
keeping in style.

This oft repeated and long continued appeal has produced a
marked effect in the industrial life of this country. Countless cities
profiting in the hundreds of channels of trade opened up by the ad-
vertising campaigns of the last twenty-five years have doubled and
tripled in population; while the country districts offering only a
passive resistance to their exploitation by the cities have in very
many cases gone backward.

The cities with the aid of their advertising campaigns have been
sending into country homes their patented luxuries and trade-mark

necessities at fancy prices; while the country districts have blindly
~ competed with each other in the open market to dispose of their
foods, wools and cottons in bulk quantities with no thought to pro-
vide “styles” in raw materials and eatables so as to bring back from
the cities at fancy prices some of the money sent there for the
stylish but high-priced city products which the country people have
been persuaded to believe form a necessary part of their every-day
living.

As any man knows, who feels it necessary to buy a new derby
hat this year, because his old one, perfectly good yet, is this year
out of style, the styles in men’s hats are controlled not by the con-
sumers, but by the hat trade, from manufacturer to retailer, whose
businesses would all be much restricted if the wearers were allowed
to use their old hats until worn sufficiently to demand new ones.

Every woman who studies this year’s fashion-plates and finds
that she can hardly re-trim her old hat because of change in shapes,
realizes that not she but the milliners control the styles in hats.
They may like to make it appear that a demand for the change
comes from the ultimate consumer but as yet 99 per cent. of the
ultimate consumers do not know what the change will be until they
see the “Ladies’ Home Journal” or the “Woman’s Home Compan-
ion” such a pretext is nonsense. The millinery trade controls the
wires that re-create the fashions.

And so it is all down the line of city-made goods. If the coun-
try communities are to turn the trade balances back to a position
favorable to them they must fight the advertisers with their own
fire. A few country districts have already learned this. Hood River
apples for instance sells at 25 cents apiece, not because of their
superior quality but because of the organized advertising that has
educated a certain class of consumers to demand such apples at
any price. Such advertising has been supplemented with proper
growing and packing and all the other details of successful market-
ing but exactly the same fruit without the advertising would never
have made Jand worth several thousand dollars an acre in Hood
River. Hood River has turned the trade balances in its favor be-
cause it has made it stylish to eat Hood River apples.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 419

Why should’nt the fruit growers of West Virginia, Virginia, Mary-
land and Pennsylvania unite on an advertising campaign and make
it stylish to have Grimes Golden apples at all times in the fruit
dish and York Imperial apple pie with which to finish every meal?

The conditions in the apple trade appear to the writer very fav-
orable for the taking up at this time such a campaign. Growers
are gradually learning that they place themselves in a very weak
position when they sit around and wait for the cash buyers to come
to them to get their apples. With the apples ready to pick, no
storage facilities provided and no means of getting in touch with
consuming markets many growers this last year were forced at the
last minute to take whatever they could get irrespective of what the
market warranted.

Others growers, and wiser ones in my judgment, turned over to
expert selling agencies the inspection and marketing of their crops
on five year contracts. Such a contract enables them to concentrate
their energy upon the successful production of their apples knowing
that they will get for them the best that the market alfords, and
at the same time enables the commission man to begin a year ahead
to help create the market for next year’s crop knowing that he, and
not someone else, will have that crop to handle.

The further development of this idea until the bulk of the apples
of these four states would be put into the markets through well
established and strong selling agencies would produce the machinery
through which I believe we could control very largely the styles
in apples as the hat trade does in men’s derbies.

From correspondence and conversation with growers and com-
mission men I am convinced that a considerable number of hoiu would
be mutually glad to enter into long term contracts if the ma‘ter
were presented to them in such a way and under such auspices as
to have their confidence. I suggest, therefore, that at the meetings
held this winter of the state horticultural societies of West Virginia,
Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania that committees already ex-
isting or new committees if necessary be instructed to confer with
similar committees of the other three state societies to adopt a
recommended form of selling contract between growers and selling
agencies, to provide for securing funds for advertising appropriation
and advertising agency to be recognized as an official agency of the
four state societies to carry out such an advertising plan.

As details for consideration by these committees I suggest: First,
that the form of contract recommended be for not less than five
years duration; that it provide for high standards of pack and
thorough supervision; that it require of the selling agency strict
accountability but that it give him very free hand in meeting the
market conditions and that it provide that 2 per cent. of the gross
sales under such contract, one per cent. to come out of the grower
and one per cent. out of the selling agency, be turned over to the
officially designated advertising agency to finance an advertising
campaign to make our apples stylish in the city markets.

To the advertising agency that may be selected this suggestion
is offered: Already the York Imperial apple is favorably known
in many southern markets, where the house-wives have learned to
call for the big red lop-sided apple. This style in apple should be
encouraged. If all of the house-wives can be persuaded to do the

28

420 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

same thing and taught also to send back other apples if the corner
grocer is so unwise as to send a substitute around to her, the re-
tailers and the wholesalers will eventually be forced to stock with
York Imperial apples. To get the same they must come to some
orchard in our section of the country beginning with Adams county,
Pa., in the North and ending practically with Augusta county, Vir-
ginia, in the South, and only a few miles wide. Outside of this
limited area there may be some York Imperials grown but not many.
In other words there is this unique situation in a restricted area
producing for some years a commercial crop of York Imperial
apples cannot exceed a few hundied thousand barrels this must all
come from comparatively small territory in the Shenandoah, Cum-
berland and Potomac valleys. This apple is already favorably
known in certain markets so located geographically as to be most
available from this section. It is an apple of such peculiar shape
that any house-wife, however ignorant previously she may have been
of apples, can be easily taught to identify it.

Prosperous cities have grown up around manufacturing plants
producing patented articles with which other plants could not com-
pete but almost without exception one of the most important de-
partments of such a plant putting out a specialty has been its adver-
tising department.

Why shouldn’t we in this section so organize and so advertise
that we can dictate the styles in apples in certain markets particular-
ly with reference to the York Imperial. Every apple of this va-
riety bears its own trade-mark, which we alone are producing in
commercial quantities.

If the West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania State
societies will appoint committees, who can get together and organize
so as to devise and work a plan along this line which should be
possible for this section to get back in extra profits from our apples
some of the hard-earned money that we have sent to the cities for
stylish and high-priced but not net needed derbies, hats, ete.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 42)

MEMBERS

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

FOR THE YEAR 1912

MEMBERS EX-OFFICIO
HON. JOHN K. TENER, Governor
HON. HENRY HOUCK, Secretary of Internal Affairs
DR. N. C. SCHAEFFER, Superintendent of Public Instruction
DR. EDWIN ERLE SPARKS, President of the State College
HON. A. H. SISSON, Auditor General
HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture

APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR

Reale Young. Middletown Dauphine Coumityiuer. rci-te/eletels) olebelaie/ale Term expires 1911
Gen. James A. Beaver, Bellefonte, Centre County, ............ Term expires 1913
R. H. Thomas, Jr., Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County, ...... Term expires 1915

APPOINTED BY THE STATE POULTRY ASSOCIATION
PURE SAIN Gy US's oie. co ceescie ter ciicve: aye oxeheitcl oy esek svctareler sone Philadelphiase ces cee cleecteet 1910

APPOINTED BY THE PENNSYLVANIA BRANCH OF THE
AMERICAN POULTRY ASSOCIATION

Vio Auneoe \yMtnntins eooboodoneocoumoodoon GUS Allen towit,:.ies\sascsiciseosicioees 1913

APPOINTED BY THE PENNSYLVANIA BEE-KEEPERS

ASSOCIATION
Walliam: A... Selser sh. crecieterstelsncrece eral ctercteorere cnerees PP hilla delphtay is, «sss, «a+: crerote over 1915

CAS; Swanson (Alternate)in iieracrnesttrrtr ter Philadelphia. . ccosnc selec els eels 1912

ELECTED BY COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES

Term expires.

SATAINISE | Aye iotebetsieievers esis A. I Weidnerses..-< FAT ENOUS Ville se wen ieistere sre chelatetererene 1915
AiVagiveniypyercrectetensrerersss A Sap UEC yim cre ototar cts Imperial kv: He Ls INOS ae rjarsterere 1915
ATINISEPONS ) sccre el cleisic + « SuS: Bivholdersaeeereit TGellvas ta tioMien ejeyelctetelsisionereveisiere 1914
IBGaveneeiterercarciccisvele A. L.

McKibben, ..... ING was hetieldies <ictsc ciel oierelerelsievaic 1914

422 ANNUAL REF RT OF THE Off. Doc.

Term expires.

SCOLOTU gry otpiain so ateie re eV ills He old esas nee BYVerett; <s wicistepocex sc pieieis teres 1915
OES | oi wiseisetarrornre H. G. McGowan,.....:..Gelger’s “Mills; -...... 10st 19138
Bait, Pciecsase eis crow teteretere W. Frank Beck, ..... ALEOODA | «2:0 Sys lo10 o's os lela eee 1914
Braulord’ <. = jas cepter ED IN OTTIGK ti lect etevaicd OWATGA,. asic’ ie tara =o: «potest 1913
Bucks. .is fois tiseise steric 3. Frank W ambold, ’ Sellersville, sapretbs @. Seka" Tehae eiee 1914
BUiIEr se he alt nace |W. HL Mollineiey bi ateres Wielids:-s\ sbios eee aoe ee ace oe
Gamipbriis. ws cste.c eerie Bue aS: VCCRELICK opie meee Patton, 2,18. (DiNotte
SSAMETON:, | |. teleistieietele alee ttala le isle aie uel ae erate ob ceca van See to) 6..0 vote gl ecaellene nesta paaeen aicls oleae
BEN t ie ety a A Ac TOY ear ohig Icon ns Je oe Grad ounce sd ott ais a) oleate ate ener
Centre} Miele ee aes John A. Woodward, * How ATO, b cteipei'sleds,ahe pitts 1915
Chester. s o'.fsisiecs ¢. e100 oa, Pe COnalon atte acs Westgrove, ood 50 anew ocetetenenees 1915
lariony ns on wets e rs 2 sod. He Wilsone42sh4 Clation- <\siss sec eee -o- L913
Clearfield’, 3-04... 55 seek eter Gearhart? % 225i Clearfield, cisis s:es'esacs,oibeeienenete .1913
STINNEON Gs, eters aye e's, fntctans pels PELCTT arcs. Baek ry pee R. F. Di, Se eee .. 1914
Golumbias Pater eiciete = ASS ¥Oung = cece . Millvitle, 5 0's oo aise 'elals stele 1912
Crawlords) oie cies ciel sie Sr LALCONS, ee eee Hartstown, igre etic PPP rs clei
Crimberland , -.. is e. siss.dis-avc save. 02 bonis solo vets eerste email te ne elle hehisca) esl tehoeelio te reheat tontane mmmnnn
Danpwins +. -e ree ats a ard. S: IKeiper,, 22. Middletown, -): vic c.cmis sereieetete -1914
Delaware, sien. saree stds. ural euros Sw arthmore, sia) e sis lete ea eee . 1914
BV ark eccsiae ae etal nerats John M. Wittman, oo NGS BUYS) 5 5 oc eel ee eRe 1915
| pid (cea achat emcee! Scsilate: cep SAGie. 7S: cls opate tone Me Daa eels oles aca etic, SINS 7 ae a8 sie 3 Sea eee :
WA VOCULC . Mo ecrotaleheie si o Sie Bigio ais v dig ae ale oie s wieersumtals sretayete lots eeueto eee he hc) ope rr ‘
WMOPeSt s. sects ave’ eye ach olen a alare seve mie 1.2) 0) aloud tebe lene Wuatale ueteye fist sie nelaueyel ey oes iss een arn
Riranklink, sivas eis ate : John P. MOUN Eee checmt Marton.” 7 iciis ve slots eee 1914
Malton ues octane ee veda. seattersone acme » McCoanellsbure, +. 22 >see eee 1913
(Beata t(on peyote een onlN eM sisiddles’ 2. >. Carmichaels,~ .22 32.6% sees 1913
Huntingdon, ..... »«« Geo. G: Hutchison, .+. Wartior’s Mark, 2.2.5 ae so DD
indiana 2. <t Pose eves ©. GeOrse, 05 aes s West Lebanon, 1.4. .... sm eaeee 1913
Jefferson, See te eae qo eters. Cowan -aieie Brookville, .22..3.%. cee . 1913
SUNDER eis ois ooe Matthew Rodgers, 25 Mexico, “ssc w nose onscreen reine 1915
Lackawanna, .......-Horace Seamans, ....Factursville, ........2220000: 1913
WANGASTET 8 ecaie reyes oie eee AOUS ELeriI we acts oianeaster> ‘ck. < sans 0 eee ete 1914
Wawrence </.:s% si cas s sylvester Shaffer; ..<. New: Castle. cy cities 1913
MebaADONGs cen > eee ohn © Snavelyeyer.statete Cleona’.” x icc. sca 2's eee eee 1913
ely eicmie earn otets «P.S. Wenstermaker, .: Allentown... oy ccssihretsbterens 1915
UPA St On ea OO OIE IOC J... -Hildebrant;, ooo. 2 Dallas ff <2 se cco eictene pet eee 1914
PSY COMME cetera cick oie wAodawabler sisi eee Hughesville, 22% a. ocr 1915
WEIN GaN ec reteren cease ies OF WeAlbbeysnc osc. oe os Durtle- Point, cates cee eee 1913
IMVORCEL esse tahoe eistreine WiC AB ach ae ei crsrotsiate Mercer, 1. is)s. sine direc eee ene 1914
Maiiin. 220s Moos oie CRE Nac inGy aa atere Milroy. 2's, dai cjc.ccote eee ieee 1913
NT ONTOR: © cree Seciemicl liehivvonces 2a 4 sas Savylorsburgeso = o.ce neces 1913
Mantzomenrya, lr eleie = John He Selunitz, fac soNOLTIStOwas oo. -)-t> siete lotenteteeaetete .1914
Montour,) S228 42¢% sod Miles: Derk. <2 56 22 Maliongs Rn oD): ee aoe ees 19138
Northampton, ...... sO:-S. Messinger,*. <2..< Latamy sc asco eee 1915
Northumberland, =... J. A. Hschbach, <..... Milton; RoE Dro eee 1914
IRODEy norte creiee® arate ACE ELON Zap eters: ~Millerstown >) <-.tesvanitslenseeee .1913
Philadelphia, Sainte ater AAG ICSE vereueisretere . oP hiladelphiiay, 5. svcn-cte ee teee .1913
Riker ayo eo: ton eee SB cn ocr eamae mest steve race Pawpack ,@ 25s %tayctet-eeeereee ictal LD
10a tt CIC One SOO Oe roan CORO ne ARO sa kaos aa Agra coc
Schuylkill, sue age eoenevetoys - John Shoenerm a4. : New Ringgold’; 3A resents 1913
Shing Oe Munn COON aU GMO ate De At Sb a8 moet sidiel die, SURG eos bal er elia. giduelersustovelelhehe hea pemeielean ete
Somerset, NS Sor eae ‘John C. W Clear wees : Rockwood, 5 \oke sila lavev ens roy owe foe 1914
Sullivan’) sy aisissvsete « sede. 1Ge OOLRe 325 aor Worksville, +. .....csen teehee eee 1915
Susquehanna, ....... Hrank. “A! Davies; ”.)...\. Montrose), ‘\.ci.--1-tl=\e1ss) eee 1913
EBVOGR Vapsiten.s Aes ores ...Calvin H. DeW itt, Safe Mansfield, s,2°3 eave eee ...1914
Union, Ve fa TRO BAO ..J. Newton Glover, soa MICKSDULG A A diese ele cu ence . 1914
VenaneO. “rcisic sic eeicre's Seb alisls eierovanre Disc Maee o totaie tarcvie) al chetaseun( ale, cas 'cRencdseete xt eee nme apie eee
Warren, 22s. < ec Sh HS caw Clan tne neato { Sugarerove,, 3.2 s\2e= sae . 1914
Wiashineton.. -s,..60 eS RaAVlOn wet ores . Burgetistown sc... -= ere 1914
Wayne) st 052 ee eeiees Warren E. Perham, ..Pleasant-Mount, .......... ...1914
Westmoreland, ...... M..P; Shoemaker.< sa Greensburg... einer .. 1918
WiyOMINe, © Seicevteere DA. Knuppenburg, ..duake Carey.) <ic'c cs -1-) =e 1913

2 0) | ee eR OTA Tae Gan Barmesirentcie. os AROSSVULE SS io, cle ake teetelete eves emeione 1914

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 423

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT
nom -Jonn. KK: ener, Governors. 2s ertey: siccetnaicisiciers SO DIO Harrisburg

VICE PRESIDENTS

ENA COM SCAN ATIS 25.1) shar niciaie eto.e ole ol eve isle. e a cetaratele eeteme teres teretela Factoryville
HePAS MISCHA oleate sr Aa Ae Acre cis cleleiayciate.scstss siateraccarere] eat atceetenee ms Milton, R. F. D.
Tigi t8 ls Rye nil ss kA bao Odndod COCO OOOO UD OO CCUCIOE ...- Norristown

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

DSW HANK Pecks CHAITMAN.. s./a'2.s)c)sfors, aleve, eieic's, elecevere.e wists Altoona

VER aa IV Teme TLV) 5 eer acc nuanct ete siera en ele. ois faneve' eye ole) «ai 'e! fee's a ele. ea - Milroy.

PSE MCNSTCEIMAKETS. cscs .e atid Mare, she dares pun ale, aie eid eieyero face's elelers Allentown

BE FLOWMMAM 6 on wis). «00 ora ale 0:0 sorain'w 0 0ieisia ain oh ex Geta: asia Millerstown

UHI EST Gi, valerate yard aye crerentiaiaelerelaistelene sieee sieicletc-eneberaisic, fveze™s Everett, R. F. D.
iB. (CASS EB GIN fae opp GECIe CRD OIL Cai DOr 0 Ulla be GOCE Garni .- Cleona

Mrs Moe: CONAEG, 5 cieccrevece 5.0 8 chewloe er ce ete D Se oe eevee ths lees Ss Westgrove

EES Se LaVlor, © xctvtays o SEC OOP TIO OE LE IR TODOEOEOCE Burgettstown

Ren aes ea Chey tine Bier ee crete av char Saker oy oreo aia o coe ainieevenstalatals sh) sei .- Mercer

is 18t, (Chatielanrs al Syren 7s. 2 het toon sini eH OGD ob HOR ODOOOL - Harrisburg

ADVISORY COMMITTEE, CONSULTING SPECIALISTS AND STANDING
COMMITTEES AS REPORTED BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Hoy remivie a yan COTA a ove oie a sta cis cts crore alors, oho .c) hora tonetoret Naar etegat ya! eras Westgrove
Jo TUT S ol bent Voi ae ae 8 OL SANE Ose BL Opie CIcCorMItT CO UrrODO ODE Millerstown
VEE oe NR UT Vy Baer rotate Tes eucos tatoo ere iatarojs.0 olay share tcsts, olavalalace cos sa lerels Milroy
COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS

Colada Woodward. Chairman... ¢ 2 satis terays}e sieeve sinteys cease Howard
AVESCULH Esyy mks OOS CTS ao Uris) enareyctet ones le etic c.o] oleiieleielafous oY er zy oheveinoiavers.c1 6) Mexico

A ays lute B Velie nel ko pep AOmier OPerh COS O OnG Ober no errr Millhall
WATE ee SHOCINAGIE sees eustet cite ie eters Late auceanclies-cafey ances io stevsie oretere. ele Greensburg
Peau WCHSTOLINAKEIO mjc ttcharenetenerereie acre Gaavettes eltenssoumaa ate celiahal evele ye: ae Allentown

CONSULTING SPECIALISTS

BSOLAMIB eciactic cciakets cite ave lcreiersie Broce ACP BueckHoimtgr- sees State College
IPOMOIOZICE SO riscae cttiie sys ose eee @hesters| ay SONGe- saccierete cies Floradale
@hemists 0 asin oe site slates eo DrWan ey Mirear san. sen ate he State College
Veterinary Surgeon, «.....s2.. DiC. Marshall, oe scat wie Harrisburg
Sanitation and Health, ...... Wr Wie kiranks Becker vere sin stele Altoona
Microscopist and Hygienist ... Prof. J. W. Kellogg, ......... Harrisburg
Hyntomologist,, = =. oss eiest. Prof. Franklin Menges, ...... York
OTMTEHOLOZISE: » 2. .0.0 ae ere ermtatatehe Profs AAS Surhace, ssc siessle/s Harrisburg
DUCTCOTOIOPISL,. ©. <.2.05 0 «tle cots eis BY. Ee GM ALM we crcte eis lore’ oereso aie - Harrisburg
REMC PALO PIS is 2.5.6 oes s ernlecte =< Drs Wsaae Ase Earvey;.isrc's <to-c1s-0 Lock Haven
PN AUES If Uaeg Peps ei sis ai'e 0s a\'s,eiele EU CSI Ser ere, chefs: visrevs ie Liverpool
Economic Geologist, ........ =o bainds FaIbersbadt, a5 «\c.sls e166 . Pottsville
Amen nural Geologist, <2 cipes We Hog tOUlunmect Jos visi es Yer Pinegrove
Forests and Forestry, ...... +. RODEKE | Szs@onklin | <cr.5 as. 0s Harrisburg

Feeding Stuffs, ....... site aid ae) Cro, Crem ELSE CHIMOTI on /ctelei cfoxa' sie, «oo « Warrior’s Mark

424 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

STANDING COMMITTEES

LEGISLATION
Jee Wilson), ~'Chairman 5; ).< isc enevereistonatev es averelckers (lotevarere evena Clarion
POter GGA MMATE, ase isis «sss: wie dint ote etotexe eer euale eaavam tole atetebereroteretete Clearfield
By) Je Durnalls, .derecciediosts's ston Meee eae ee eee Swarthmore
SaiSsc Blyholder | tecic. ccsuerserens ve wyslors ierepokeiereierstorede ce reenetereterelcetere Kelly Station
Calvin: (Ho (DeWitt, ("= s.0c Pete stole eeisie Sie oie eke Oroia hieaie me Mansfield

CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS

JesNewtoniGlover: Chairman’. | c:.jcsec ote chet opie ee eiotaeieoeie Vicksburg

ROADS AND ROAD LAWS

Joe Patterson, aChairman a Avie. ctncred sieeie eimeeeeeeeee McConnellsburg

FRUIT AND FRUIT CULTURE
Wins H:.Biddle,. «Chairman aniten i. cstarcesic,avoroiehagertorel erect terete Everett, R. EF. D.

DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
ede Weld.) @hairriranty ts .15 ates iors one rercteetoleistexciaretotete seis @levelers - Sugargrove

J: Aldus‘ierr,, Chairman ss syste aac setae oi etereoteciie sisi Lancaster

WOOL AND TEXTILE FIBERS

DS Laylor, ‘Chairman conser vernciye cmyate sino eieteronotonas ovavaretc etalon Burgettstown
LIVESTOCK

Dr Qa} Conard, Chairman, ¥-;.\c. oc cen. eto ciclo aietoieree iets .- Westgrove
POSELRY

Wie Lheos Wattmeans Chratimyanie= «ceri -cste crete cusicnceey sieicretcrstetetetene .. Allentown

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 425

PAPERS READ AND ADDRESSES DELIVERED AT THE
THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE PENNSYL-
VANIA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, HELD AT
HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 24 AND 25, 1912.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CEREALS AND CEREAL
CROPS

By J. MILES DERR, Chairman.

Agriculture is really our most important industry because it fur-
nishes so many raw materials for our manufacturers. Flour could
not be made without wheat, nor cloth without cotton, wool or other
fibre. Of all our farm products, the grains or “cereals,” are the
most valuable. They are the seeds of certain cultivated grasses,
growing in all climates, from the Equator to the Arctie Circle.

In many respects, wheat may be considered the “King of the
Cereals ;” while as a wealth producer, “Corn is King,” with a value
more than twice that of the cotton crop this year, and but little
less than the combined values of the cotton, wheat and oats crops.
Corn is by far the leading crop of the United States as a wealth
producer.

The estimate of 2,776,000,000 bushels indicates a production that
has been exceeded only in two years. The farm price of corn is
now high, and this establishes a total value for the crop that reaches
$1,700,000,000 and breaks the record. According to this year’s re-
port, it has been proven that a large crop may be worth less to the
producer than a small one and a “small crop may be worth more
than a large one.

The cotton crop of this year, commonly supposed to be the largest
one ever grown, has reached a price of lint that is five cents a pound
below that of last year, and for the same reason the price of seed
has declined. Apparently, the value of fibre and seed of this year’s
crop is below the value of the last two years, although above the
value of the five preceding years. There is no crop that this country
produces that excites such world-wide interest as cotton, for the
reason that the crop of the United States is about three-fourths of
the world’s production.

Barley is a crop this year deficient in production. The 146,000,000
bushels are 12 per cent. below the last five year average; but the
total value of the crop is about $125,000,000, and much above the
record value of 1907.

In this report I desire to confine my remarks to wheat, and try
to give some reasons why we should produce better crops of this
important cereal in our State,

426 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
WHEAT FALLING OFF

Wheat las fallen from second to fourth in order of value, and
is worth $600,000,000. The estimate of the Department places the
production this year at 656,000,000 bushels, an amount that would
have been much exceeded had weather conditions been more favor-
able and less Hessian fly. This country produced one-fifth of the
world’s wheat crop during the last five years, and contributed about
one-eighth of the world’s exports. The world’s wheat crop is about
5,162,000,000 bushels, and is about two bushels apiece for the world’s
people.

Wheat is one of the most important grains known to man. A\Il-
though wheat was not known in this hemisphere before Columbus
came, our continent now produces more wheat than any of the other
grand divisions of the globe. We send millions of bushels of wheat
annually across the Atlantic, and, with the exception of cotton, we
get more for our wheat from foreign countries than for any other
crop.

In Minnesota and the Dakotas there is a region known as the Red
River Valley which might be called the “Bread Basket of North
America.” The wheat farms there are of vast extent and are man-
aged on a grand scale.

Kansas has for several years held the honor of being the greatest
wheat-producing state in the Union. North Dakota ranks second
among the wheat-producing states, and has immense farms in the
valley of the Red River, in some instances, containing aS many as
30,000 acres. Each of these is operated under a highly developed SYS-
tem, and in summer often employs from 200 to 300 men.

The soil of North Dakota is a rich alluvial loam, ranging from
six inches to three feet, with a clay subsoil that retains the natural
moisture. These conditions create the wonderful productivity that
has given the Dakotas a world-wide fame. On the great “bonanza
farms” \' the eastern counties may be seen grain fields often miles
in exter, and in harvest time, with the long line of reapers sweeping
across u yellow set of standing grain, they present a scene that fills
the mind of the on-looker with admiration.

The largest percentage of acreage in Minnesota is devoted to the
cultivation of its wheat crop, and the state ranks third in the value
of its wheat erop.

Across the border line from Minnesota into Canada we find about
4.000 squire miles of the richest wheat land in the world. The
deposits of clay and silt left by the receding Lake Agassiz. overlaid
by from two to four feet of black vegetable mold, are the fertile
wheat lands of Manitoba. The soil is a rich, deep loam resting on a
deep clay subsoil. It is well adapted to wheat growing. In 1902,
when the harvest was exceptionally good, the yield of the province
averaged 26 bushels to the acre.

HARVESTING ON A GREAT WHEAT FARM

On the immense wheat farms of the Pacific Coast, the most elabo-
rate devices have been called into play to serve the grain growers
It is only these states of the Far West that there can be seen in
operation the combined harvester and thresher, a miracle of modern

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 427

invention, which dragged slowly across a field, cuts the standing
grain, threshes it as it moves, and drops the filled and tied sacks to
be gathered up by the wagons that follow. Some of these great ma-
chines are drawn by steam engines; others by teams of twenty-five
to thirty horses and mules. A single machine with four men will
gather and thresh from seventeen hundred to three thousand bushels
of wheat in a day.

But how are these great crops of wheat cared for after they leave
the field? This is almost as great a business as raising the wheat.
At some of the railroad stations and at all the large grain ports, there
are large elevators, or granaries, for storing grain until it is wanted
for sale. There are such granaries at New York and New Orleans,
and at all the large cities upon the Great Lakes. There are many
of them at Minneapolis, and a single one has storage room for more
than a million bushels of grain. The elevators at Minneapolis alone
can hold almost thirty million bushels at one time.

Elevators are usually built along the wharf and by the railroad
siding. Some of them are built as high as a six-story house. The
grain is moved to the upper part of the mill by an endless chain of
little buckets of tin or zine, there it is weighed and poured into
the deep bins. When it is taken out it flows through pipes into
the cars or the ships which are to carry it to the markets.

There are elevators of this kind at the ports at the head of Lake
Superior, into which the grain is taken from the cars, and later
poured into the steamers which are to take it down the Great Lakes
to Buffalo, whence it is carried through the Erie Canal to New York,
to be shipped to Europe.

Minneapolis is a magnificent city of more than a quarter of a
million inhabitants. It is situated on the Mississippi, at the falls of
St. Anthony. These falls furnish a water power as great as could
be given by forty thousand horses pulling at once, and their situation
so near our wheat lands has made Minneapolis one of the milling
centers of the world. There are numbers of big flour mills here which
are grinding away day and night. One single mill can grind twenty
thousand barrels of flour in a day.

HOW THE GREAT LAKES BENEFIT THE FARMERS OF THE GREAT
WHEAT FARMS OF THE NORTHWEST AND EQUALIZE THE PRICHS
OF CEREALS IN OUR COUNTRY -

Duluth and Superior City, built at the western end of Lake Su-
perior, are at the head of navigation on the Great Lakes. They have
fine harbors and great docks and grain elevators are built there.
Duluth is at the eastern end of the Northern Vacific Railroad, and
receives immense quantities of wheat from the large farms of the
valley of the Red River, which is probably the most perfect wheat
farming region in the world.

Let us now listen to how the grain is taken from the great ele
vators and carried to the eastern and foreign markets. We may see
the famous whaleback steamships which carry immense quantities of
iron ore and grain, lying under the shadows of huge wheat eleva-
tors at the wharves of Duluth. They are more like enormous barrels
than like steamships, and as they lie there in the water they make

428 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

us think of some sea monster or whale. They are now being filled
with wheat which is poured into their holds by pipes from the ele-
vators.

Thousands of bushels of grain will be stored in a single whaleback
vessel within a few hours, and the load it will carry will be more
than could be hauled by a train of two horse wagons ten miles in
length. The average load of a whaleback is about 70,000 bushels of
wheat.

The chain of Great Lakes forms one of the chief commercial high-
ways of the globe. The upper portions of these lakes are frozen
during the winter, and for five months they are almost as deserted
as the icy seas about the North Pole. It is only during the seven
warmer months that ships can navigate them; but in this time more
freight is carried upon them than all that is brought into Liverpool
or London in a whole year.

Were it not for these lakes our immense harvests of grain could
hardly be taken to the seashore. A whaleback will steam out with
its great load of 70,000 bushels of wheat to Buffalo, or it may even
pass through the Welland Canal and go on down through Lake On-
tario into the St., Lawrence River, and out across the Atlantic to
the seaports of Europe. There is a navigable waterway from Duluth
to the sea, and if the destination of our whaleback is Liverpool, it
will have to travel more than half of its voyage in fresh water
before it gets to the Atlantic Ocean, at the Strait of Belle Isle.

LOW FREIGHT RATES

The journey can be made so cheaply that for a few cents a bushel
of wheat can be brought from the greatest wheat farms in the world,
which are located in the heart of North America, to the seaboard,
and for thirty cents a ton can be brought from Buffalo back to
Duluth. The cost of carrying grain by water in this way is less than
one-half the cost of carrying on railroads. It is this cheapness that
has caused many towns and cities to spring up at the harbors along
the Great Lakes, and due to these cheap freights that the price of
wheat is nearly the same in Chicago as in Philadelphia and New
York.

In years to come as population increases and the demand for food
becomes greater, it will become necessary for the cereal farmer to
pay more attention to maintaining and increasing the fertility of
his soil. We have seen soils in our locality, which thirty years ago
produced from 25 to 30 bushels of wheat per acre, cropped so fre-
quently with wheat that the yield was brought down to 12 to 15
bushels per acre. The same land after changing owners, and the
owner himself becoming the operator, has restored and finally in-
creased the fertility and yield to 32 bushels per acre. What is true
in this instance is true and may be in many others. We think that
a greater percentage of our farms should be operated by their owners,
and it appears that something must be seriously wrong or they
would be.

In many states about 50 per cent. of the farms are operated by
tenants. The last census report shows that nineteen counties of
Pennsylvania have lost in numbers of people. Iowa, which is strictly —

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 429

a cereal producing state, has less people than it had ten years ago,
showing that farmers and farm laborers are leaving the farm homes
and going to manufacturing cities.

Pennsylvania farms should be operated by their owners, more cattle
fed upon them, less grain, hay, and straw sold from them, and as
a result a very much greater yield would be secured. A large per-
centage of our Pennsylvania soils have not been worked more than
100 years and seem to be worn out, but they are not, simply robbed
and can be restored. England and Germany have worked their soils
for about 2,000 years and produce about 100 per cent. more grain
than we do. Let us follow their example.

REPORT OF THEE COMMITTEE ON ROADS AND ROAD LAWS

By HON. J. C. WELLER, Chairman.

The Legislature of 1911 passed upon more road legislation of
far-reaching consequences and greater importance than any previous
legislation in the history of the Commonwealth. By the act of May
31, 1911, the Highway Department of the State was reorganized,
consisting at present of a Highway Commissioner, a First Deputy
Highway Commissioner, a Second Deputy Highway Commissioner,
a Chief Engineer and a largely increased clerical force in all of its
departments.

Section 6, states the purpose of this Act, that all those existing pub-
lic roads, highways, turnpikes and toll roads or any parts or por-
tions thereof, subject to the provisions hereinafter made in the case
of turnpikes and tollroads forming and being main traveled roads or
routes between county-seats of the several counties of the Common-
wealth and main traveled roads or routes leading to the State line,
and between principal cities, boroughs and towns, shall be known
marked, built, rebuilt, constructed, repaired and maintained by and
at the sole expense of the Commonwealth; and shall be under the
exclusive authority and jurisdiction of the State Highway Depart-
ment and shall constitute a system of State highways, the same
being more particularly described and defined as follows: Route No.
1, from Harrisburg to Sunbury to Danville, and thus continuing
Route No. 296, from Scranton to New York State line, completing
a net work of highways that will connect the county seats and prin-
cipal cities and boroughs of the Commonwealth.

All of which is conditioned upon Joint Resolution No. 3, passed
by the last Legislature amending the Constitution of the State as
follows: “That the General Assembly may authorize the State to
issue bonds to the amount of fifty million of dollars for the purpose
of improving and rebuilding the highways of the Commonwealth.”
As a rule, farming communities are not in favor of bonding the State.
Where the money derived from the sale of bonds is to be used in build-

430 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ing a system of State highways which would mean so much to the
rural Commonwealth, there should be little opposition to such a
plan. When the amendment is submitted to the popular vote, as
it will be required after favorable action by the next Legislature,
there should be no hesitancy in its adoption by a large majority of
the voters of the Commonwealth. Of the provisions of the Act the one
likely to meet with most serious criticism is Section 8. “Whenever
in the construction, reconstruction, maintenance, and repair of any
of the State highways it shall appear to the Commissioner that any
part or portion of a State highway as now defined and described in
this Act, is dangerous or inconvenient to the traveling public in its
present location either by reason of grades, dangerous turns, or
other local conditions, or that the expense to the Commonwealth in
the construction, building, rebuilding, maintenance and repair there-
of would be too great or unreasonable, and could be materially re-
duced or lessened by a divergence from the road or route, the Com-
missioner is hereby empowered to divert the course or direction of
same and h: may diverge from the line or route of same as herein
described in such direction or directions as in his discretion may
seem best in order to correct said danger or inconvenience or lessen
the cost to the Commonwealth: Provided, that the said Commis-
sioner shall first submit a plan of the proposed change to the Gover-
nor and the same shall be approved by him.”

I fear when the day arrives when actual work begins in construct-
ing these highways as designated by the route number, many will
contain dangerous turns, too steep grades or the expense to the State
in their construction will be too great, particularly to the person
living some distance from the described route who, by raising a kick,
would hope to have it pass by his farm or door.

This act carries with it an appropriation of three million dollars
for the two years for constructing and repairing State highways,
also one million dollars for building or reconstructing State aid
highways, the State paying only 50 per cent. of the cost of construc-
tion and 50 per cent. of cost of repairing State aid highways.
Should the provisions of this act be fully realized and the golden
period dawn of this network of roads constructed extending over
the State connecting the county seats and principal cities of the
Commonwealth, with all the State aid highways the total number of
miles would not exceed ten thousand miles or about 10 per cent. of
the public roads in the State. What of the remaining 90 per cent.
of public roads? Surely the local communities will have something
to do in the way of road construction for many, many years to
come.

Another Act passed by the Legislature of 1911 is known as the
“dirt road act,” which provides that each township shall receive
annually from the State fifty per centum of the total amount of
road tax collected by such township, as shown by the sworn state-
ment of the board of township supervisors, contained in the annual
report furnished to the State Highway Commissioner on or before
the first day of January in each year as hereinafter provided for:
Provided, that no township shall receive in any one year, more than
twenty dollars for each mile of township road in said township;
the sum of one million dollars or so much thereof as may be neces-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 431

sary is hereby appropriated to carry out the provisions of this
act, for the two fiscal years, beginning the first day of June, A. D.,
1911. This amount was reduced by the Governor to one-half mil-
lion dollars, because of insufficient State revenue. This Act, to
my mind, is misleading, for the reason that it would require a
much larger appropriation than one million dollars to pay the fifty
per centum. In my estimation, a sum equal to the amount annually
appropriated to the public schools would be more nearly the amount
required. Judging from my home schooi district the State appro-
priation to schools never reaches fifty per centum of the taxes raised
by the school district, and the road tax rate is never less than the
school rate. No township shall receive in any one year more than
twenty dollars for each mile of township road in said township.
From this we infer that $60.00 per mile is the average maximum
amount to be applied or expended annually on roads. How far
would sixty dollars go in permanently improving one mile of road?
An average expenditure of sixty dollars per mile on all of the pub-
lic roads in the State in the aggregate would amount to almost
six million dollars annually and in ten years to sixty millions and
no roads worthy of the name.

The good roads problem is surely a perplexing proposition. You
cannot solve it without the expenditure of large sums of money; and
possibly the recommendation of Governor Pennypacker that the
natural resources of the State, coal and oil, be taxed to raise a fund
for road making has the true ring, for we have numerous instances
where persons have amassed great wealth from the development of
these natural agencies and are donating of their means, large sums
of money to objects wholly without the limits of the State. Had
a portion of this money been expended in constructing good roads,
it would have proved a lasting blessing and benefit to many of the
citizens of the Commonwealth.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUIT AND FRUIT CUL-
TURE

By J. P. YOUNG, Chairman

As Chairman of your Committee on Fruit and Fruit Culture, |
beg leave to report as follows:

The growing of fruit in our State has been successful as well as
profitable in the past and should continue, as commercial men have
found that intelligently grown Pennsylvania fruit always receives
the preference of the buyers.

This is the era of the boom in fruit culture. Our State is passing
through such a boom in fruit culture as never has been experienced,
probably anywhere in any branch of agriculture. In this boom con-
dition of the apple industry, there is the usual exaggeration and
misrepresentation.

e:

432 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

The many apple growing stories now going the rounds of the
newspapers, showing how “John Smith grew so many barrels of
apples per acre and had he sold them for so much, he would have
made a fortune,” make good reading for our city cousins who look
enviously back at the farm, forgetting that it often includes getting
up at 4 A. M. It makes very good copy for the young reporter
who gets paid by the inch, but it cannot help in the end to do any-
thing but injury to the apple industry. After reading these stories,
the city consumer, on whom we must in the end depend, believes
that all the producer does is to plant a few trees on some worthless
piece of ground, and after a little, pick a fine lot of big red apples
and send them down. He growls at the grower when he pays for
the fruit, forgetting that the latter gets less than half of the money.

PLANTING

A very great increase in planting has taken place. Without
figures, it is safe to estimate that the number of trees has doubled
during the last three years. We are not the only state showing
such increase. It is true all over the country from the Atlantic
to the Pacific. This great increase of planting has been largely
in apples everywhere, although there has also been an extraordinary
increase in the planting of peach and other fruits. However, it is
clear that the apple will remain as always, “King of Fruits.” In
our neighboring states of Virginia and West Virginia, this immense
rate of increase is even greater than here in Pennsylvania, while in
New York and New Ingland it is probably almost as great.

Through the kindness of Prof. J. P. Stewart, I am able to give his
experience in orchard work, and he is regarded as one of the men
who has left nothing undone to obtain the best results.

(1). His experience has shown that in some orchards, lack of
plant food is the crop limiter. In such cases the gains from certain
fertilization have run from 4-17 times the amount of fruit produced
on the checks, and net profits have ranged from $120 to $420 per
acre. Tillage and cover crops have not been the equivalent of fer-
tilization in such orchards.

(2). That in general, the common advice to apply phosphates
and potash for apples is incorrect, in the absence of nitrogen such
applications, as a rule, have not paid. In its presence, however,
moderate amounts of these minerals are often profitable.

Neither phosphates nor potash have had any material influence
on color or size, their influence has been favorable, especially pot-
ash.

(3). Nitrogen has had greater influence in increasing yield than
any other element. It also has materially decreased color. This
is due primarily to delay in maturity, and may be overcome by later
picking which is advantageous with such varieties as the Baldwin.
The delay on it in one locality the past season was three weeks.

(4). Contrary to a prevalent notion, growth and fruiting are
not antagonistic, unless either occurs in abnormal amounts. Our
best growing plots,-as a rule, have been our best fruiting plots.

(5). Manure has usually proved profitable, doubtless assentially
because of its nitrogen contents. Whenever it has been beneficial,
however, its net profits have been approached or surpassed by cer-
tain combinations of artificial fertilizers.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 433

(6). In a few orchards, however, no form of fertilization has as
yet produced material response. This we consider due to the pres-
ence of other limiters of which improper moisture supply is fre-
quently important.

(7). The existence of such orchards emphasizes the need of local
tests before making large and regular expenditures for fertilizers.

(8). In the long run, any orchard that is actively producing and
growing is likely to require fertilization, since the total plant food
draft of such an orchard is quite heavy, more per acre for every con-
stituent than is required by a 25-bushel crop of wheat.

(9). Where plant food is needed, a good fertilizer is one carry-
ing about thirty pounds actual nitrogen, fifty pounds actual phos-
phoric acid, and twenty-five pounds potash per acre. The nitrogen
may be obtained in cover crops.

(10). Injury from fertilizer has appeared in a few cases, es-
pecially in young orchards and in connection with strong applica-
tions of muriate of potash on thin soils.

(11). Some definite correlation has appeared between certain fer-
tilization and fire blight, the latter being worst on the manure
plots and in those making strongest growth. Fruit spots also has
been much worse on the manure plots in certain cases.

(12). With the four principal cultural methods tillage, tillage
and cover crops, sod mulch and sod without fertilization. The
second method has been best for yield and growth in a mature
orchard. With fertilization, the muich method has excelled in both
matured and young orchards, and also without fertilization in the
latter, sod has given the highest color in all cases.

(13). Color is essentially dependent on maturity and sunlight,
conditions increasing one or both of these factors, such as late pick-
ing, light soils, open pruning and sod culture increase color. Oppo-
site conditions decrease it. Iron application to the soil have not
been shown to improve color.

SIZE OF CROP

Owing to a very favorable season in part and in part to new
orchards coming into bearing, this year’s apple crop was probably
the largest in the history of the State. The yield of peaches and
other fruits, while not i record breaker, was about the average
and fair prices were received.

PRICE OF APPLES

In contrast to the fair and satisfactory prices received by the
grower for his peaches, was the exceedingly low prices offered for
apples. Only fruit of exceptional quality commanded a price that
would justify the grower in handling it, and undesirable varieties
and other than best grade fruit in many sections hardly paid the

cost of harvesting.
MARKETING

One noticeable feature in the marketing of this crop, was the ab-
sence of competition among the buyers. In many districts the price
offered by different buyers was practically uniform, in most cases too

28—6—19i1

434 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

low to be profitable to the grower. The grower had little choice,
he could either sell to the buyer at the offer made or keep his fruit.
Local markets were full. Unless put into storage, the fruit would
rot, but when the grower applied for storage at many plants he
usually found the space already engaged. Thus, little was left for
him to do but to go back to the buyer and sell at the latter’s own
terms. Contrasted with conditions in many of the apple growing
districts was the fact that any ripe eating apple was retailing in
the larger cities at a price equal to the average of other years.

VALUE OF CROP

While there are no means at hand at this early date to state
accurately the value of this year’s crop, it can be very safely esti-
mated at twice that of last year, from which the grower received
little larger gross returns than last year and that he received even
less net returns than for a crop half the size the year before.

One of the things lacking in fruit growing, is a better organiza-
tion, not for the purpose of overcharging the consumer, but for the
purpose of better distribution, as it often occurs that one market is
overstocked with fruit while another is wanting a supply. ‘This
would perhaps ease the city house wife’s mind, as she cannot under-
stand why the fruit growers are not all rich when she considers
the enormous price she pays for fruit.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON POULTRY
By W. THEO. WITTMAN, Chairman

Probably the most outstanding feature of the poultry situation
within the State for the last year is the continued enormous in-
creass of the amount of poultry kept by suburbanites, by villages
aud by city people. Practicully, this is all pure bred poultry tov.
All of which has up to this time béen reflected only in a very slight de-
gree as regards poultry on our furms. However, already wherever
there is a farm in the State that by its buildings, by its crops, and
by its four-footed stock shows that its owner is progressive, tbere
is sure to be pure-bred poultry and pure-bred poultry only. And
the time is rapidly coming when at least most of the farms within
the State will have reached at least that progressive stage in poultry
keeping that only pure-bred flocks will be found.

Never before have the exhibits of poultry at the fall fairs been as
large or so many local poultry shows been held, as this winter..
Never before has the poultry press been so active; it being not un--
usual for one poultry paper to have hundreds and even thousands:
of subscribers in one county. The Philadelphia and Pittsburg Sun--
day papers continue to carry pages of all sorts of poultry adver-.
tising, where only a few years back they carried inches. Also farm:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 435

papers, household papers and tLe great popular magazines even have
paid much fiattering attention to poultry husbandry within this
last year.

Nor have as many students in any one year been enrolied as tak-
ing the poultry courses as this year at our State College. Nor has
all this great increase in interest and knowledge and amount of
poultry kept, as yet affected prices as some would seem to think.
Or, as some would even fear, that the business be overdone. So
large is the demand for fresh eggs and good table poultry, and so
enormous the amount of both annually imported into the State,
that it will be many years if ever that the above will come about.
What temporary slump there has been in prices in poultry meat and
in eggs, was due to that the past summer was unusually favorable
for the rearing of late chicks, throwing an enormous amount of
killing stock on the market. And the very unusual weather con-
ditions of December set the pullets of this late stock to laying,
where usually it would have been postponed until February. In
fact it set all sorts of non-winter laying fowls to laying and thus
lowering the price of eggs by the unheard of increase in supply.

Most important of all, never before has the poultry industry in-
cluded within its ranks so many earnest, intelligent and resourceful
people, and the industry at large has in this country today the
largest and most active livestock organization in the world. Penn-
sylvania has never before had so many organized poultry associa-
tions. One at least in nearly every county and in some counties two
and three and even four. Its State organization, known as the Penn-
sylvania Branch, American Poultry Association, includes all the
larger and most of the smaller of these organizations as members.

At their annual convention at Scranton last week, they transacted
much important business looking towards the uplift of the poultry
industry in this State; among other things, voting unanimously
to make an effort to secure from the next Legislature an appropria-
tion giving State College a suitable plant and equipment to teach
poultry culture, and as auxilliary to this, an annual appropriation for
the support of poultry shows, where people could be interested and
shown directly and locally the work being done at State College.
Also, an annual appropriation towards the support of a Division
of Poultry Husbandry of the State Department of Agriculture, for
the more direct benefit of the people at large wanting advice or aid
or needing protection or regulation so that they may have actually
fresh and clean eggs and clean and healthful meat.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZERS AND OTHER FACTORS
ON YIELD, COLOR, SIZE AND GROWTH IN APPLES

DR. J. P. STEWART, LHexperimental Pomologist, State College, Pa.

The Pennsylvania Experiment Station has been conducting experi-
ments bearing upon the above subject during the past five years.
Altogether, it has now in operation 18 such experiments, involving
soil types and 3,660 trees. In many respects, this series of experi-
ments is by far the most comprehensive of any similar series thus
far reported in America. In number of soil types; in number of
treatments and checks; in number, variety and range of age of
the trees; in duplications of the experiments of a given type; in the
amounts of fruit involved; and in the fact that the experiments are
distributed over the State and located, as a rule, in regions generally
recognized as being well adapted to apple production; in all these
respects we believe that the Pennsylvania orchard experiments en-
joy distinct advantages over most previous efforts to answer the
questions involved.

The results considered in the present paper are chiefly from 10
experiments, containing 2,219 bearing trees and involving 10 differ-
ent types. The soil types range from heavy clay loams, in expt.
219, through silt and plain loams to light sandy and stony loams, in
expts. 216 and 219. Some of the general features of these experi-
ments are given in Table 1:

TABLE I. LOCATION, SOIL TYPES, VARIETIES AND TREES IN BEX-
PERIMENTS AWAY FROM COLLEGH

: Bly

4 County Soil Varieties = a

rey qo °

v1 fn 5

aie < A

2151 | Adams, --------- Portersmloamiy soeesee= == VON eons ta yillani eee 12 160

216 Mrankdins es s.-s=— Montalto fine sandy York & Jonathan, ------. 12 160

loan. |

920 | Bedford, -------| DeKalb stony loam,-_--| York & Baldwin, -----____| 18 & 28 160

217 Franklin, 2222225)| Montalto, loam, (===. Yorkr& Gana: eases eee 1 858

ise Mrankliny g2-=-2—— Hagerstown clay loam,-| York & Albemarle, -----_-| 12 &16 400

219 | Bedford, --------| Frankstown stony loam,| York, Jonathan, Ben 9 320

| Davis & Gana.

221 | Wyoming, ------| Chenango fine sandy | Spy & Baldwin, ------_-_- 39 115
r loam. | Grimes, Smokehouse & | 9 to 11 |120 & 105?

886.0 Ohesters, S2a=--—-|) Chestersloam=, 2s-2s-——— Stayman.

S873, | Mercere eeecae =| OMISI@asiltn Loam aa Spy, Baldwin & Rome,--- 4 | 180 & 180

838 Lawrence, --.----| Volusia silt loam, —---_ | Baldwin) oe -ce s-o eee 23 | 80 & 105

339 | Bradford, ------- Lackawanna silt loam,-| Baldwin & Fallwater,---- 17 | 120&16

1. The names and addresses of the owners of the orchards in which these experiments are located
are as follows: 215, Tyson Brothers, Flora Dale, Pa.; 216, D. M. Wertz, Quincy; 220, Mrs. S. B.
Brown, Manns Choice; 217, J. H. Ledy, Marion; 218, Ed. Nicodemus, Waynesboro; 219, J. H.
Sleek, New Paris; 221, F. B. Fassett, Meshoppen; 336, A. Darlington Strode, West Chester: 337,
pens Keifer, Greenville; 338, J. B. Johnston, New Wilmington; 339, F. T. Mynard, New

any.

2. In the two sets of figures in this and the following experiments, the first gives the num-
ber of trees under fertilizer experiment, the second those under differing cultural methods. In
Experiment 339, the latter includes only a mulch plot.

3. Trees set out in connection with these experiments and not yet in bearing, hence ex-
eluded from consideration at this time.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 437

The first three experiments deal with the influence of fertilizers,
and involve 10 treatments and 6 checks in each case. The next four
experiments deal with cultural methods and involve 12 treatments
in each case, except the last, which has six. The last four experi-
ments are a combination of portions of the first two types and deal
with both fertilizers and cultural methods.* As shown in the table,
the trees are of 10 varieties, though with one exception there are
two or more varieties in each experiment. In age at the present
time, the bearing trees range from 9 to 39 years; and since the work
started they have produced over 1,315,000 Ib. of fruit.

In this one item of fruit, we may call attention to the facts that,
so far as American experiments are concerned, this amount is more
than treble that reported in any other single experiment, and very
distinctly more than the total fruit reported from all other similar
experiments combined. This does not mean that the importance of
the experiments elsewhere is to be minimized in the least, but it
should help to emphasize the fact that, in those cases where con-
clusions or attitudes are in conflict, very careful attention should
be given to the actual and relative amounts of evidence upon which
the differing attitudes are based. In fact, within our own experi-
ments we can find the counterparts of practically all those reported
elsewhere. If we had fewer experiments—for example, only one on
fertilization and another on cultural methods—our conclusions could
be much more easily formulated, and we might readily become ar-
dent partisans on either side of the questions, the side depending
merely upon which of the present locations our experiments chanced
to have. In other words, if we attempted to base our conclusions
upon any one or two of our present experiments, those conclusions
would be very different from any we would now formulate, on the
basis of all the results. There can be no doubt that when the whole
truth is known, we shall be able to account for all of the facts, and
this is what we are undertaking to do.

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZATION

The first factor to which we shall give attention is that of fertiliza-
tion. Can the yield, color, size and wood-growth® of apples be in-
fluenced by fertilization, and, if so, how and under what conditions?
This has always been an important question, and five years ago,
when we were starting our experiments, we could find no data upon
which to base a definite, well-founded answer. We do not say that
we can fully answer it yet, but such progress as we have made
may be partially seen in Tables IT and ITI.

4, For further details, see our Bulletin 100 and our Annual Report for 1910-11.

5. Quality is omitted from consideration at the present time, not because we do not con-
sider it important, but because as yet we have no measure of quality sufficiently accurate and
impersonal to enable us to make satisfactory comparisons of the fruit under different treat-
ments.

Off. Doc.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

ie aie SER 5 EES Ss Sn, BONER ae toe BE NN
|
| “set | ater L299 “008 G*LL9 aac 9° 832 8°965 8'E29 §° IFT
Barestees ve thee ee ry: ome sles SORE ee ee a ee eee J
Lusk | GSA FOSFL 6665 Se69T 808d Lie CORtT 9¥R91 gees
| gor | gg¢ FISF ZL 60%8 iat = {ute ome, 89e2 88S
coe =| gis 6yI9 6a0 801% zecg 99Is cael cozs G192
got | ict | Tee 007 1209 6808 20ST eae sno 619
i) 812 rate 682 19 ory =| 88 82g 06
ag as era “a “qt “QI u aI bea ieten SU “qI “aI
j
|—_———. —_—— | _
|
| ¥20U0 oul! T amu | yu0 |'M‘a'N | ‘Ma 4090 X'N ee yoo
ol 6 8 L 9 g i g Z I

‘(38 JWoulIodxg ‘preyo1g uoysuyor)

—36060e0—0—0—0—0ttssssSssSSSS es

(‘9108 tod pla] [enuae pus ord yore uo JINIy JO spperd [ezoz)

‘(THIA NO SUAZITILUAT AO HONAN TANI ‘Il ATaAVL

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 439

TABLE ili. EFFECT OF FERTILIZERS ON YIELD. (Johnston Orchard).

(Average returns from certain treatments during past 3 years.)

Treatment Checks Manure N-Fertilizer | P, K.-Fertilizer

| (Av. 1, 4, 7, 10) (Plot 8) | CAs 2 806) (Plot 5)
Totals 3 yr., -------- 4781 Ib. | 14554 tb. | 16226 Ib. | 7368 Ib.
UU eee Se 100 304.4 | 339.4 164.5
roan 1006) ei 111.6— ae anes
Ay. An. Yield per A., 191.2 bu. 582 bu. 649 bu. 814.7 bu.
ea DCr Asso] | kf » | fisaonceace= 390 bu. 457 bu. 123, bu.
|
These tables are from one of our “combination” experiments, in-

volving both fertilization and cultural methods, and started in 1908.
The fertilizers have, therefore, had a chance to affect the crop only
during the past 3 years, and it is for that period that the totals and
annual yields per acre are computed.

iiven a glance at these tables can leave no doubt as to the posi-
tive and profound effect of proper fertilization on the yield of apples.
It will be noted that the checks run fairly uniform, averaging a
little over 190 bushels per acre annually. Lime applications (at
the annual rate of 1,000 Ib. per acre) have given almost exactly the
same returns as the average check. The phosphate and potash com-
bination has affected yield in this case rather decidedly, having
raised it by 123 bushels per acre. This may be partly due to a slight
superiority in location, as indicated by the fact that its adjacent
check is the highest in yield and is within 88 bushels of the phos-
phate-potash treatment. While this increase in yield is fairly satis-
factory, there is nothing in the growth or appearance of the trees
of Plot 5 that would leave one to believe that their treatment is
appreciably superior to that of the checks. In other words, the trees
of Plot 5 still look starved and indicate that there is something else
lacking, although it will be noted that this is the fertilization ordi-
narily recommended for orchards.

This lack is very decidedly met by the manure treatment of Plot
8. In this plot, the trees are making a luxuriant growth, both in
wood and foliage, and the yields have been increased by 390 bushels
per acre annually,—a very satisfactory exchange for 12 tons of stable
manure. Even this increase in yield, however, is considerably less
than those obtained on the plots receiving a nitrogen-carrying fer-
tilizer. Under the latter treatment on three plots, the average annual
yield has been increased from 191 bushels on the checks to 649 bushels
on the fertilized plots, or an annual increase of 457 bushels of apples
per acre. This resulted from fertilizer applications that actually
cost less than $17, and the essentials of which can be bought at
retail for about $10 per acre. During the past year, the fourth
year of the experiment, as shown in Table II, the yield on Plots 2
and 3, compared with that of their adjacent checks, was at the rate
of 17 to 1, the yield on the checks being at the rate of 54 bushels
per acre, while that on the intervening nitrogen plots was 922 bus-

440 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

hels. Surely it is not necessary to further defend the proposition
that proper fertilization may very profoundly affect the yield of
apples.

There is no reasonable possibility of these results being due to
any other agent than the fertilizers. The trees are all of the same
variety and same age. They receive the same spraying, pruning, soil
handling and other care. ‘The soil is practically level and very wuni-
form. ‘The treatments are abundantly checked. In fruit, foliage,
growth and general health of trees, the benefits stop abruptly where
the fertilizers stop, and similar results are being obtained by the
owner in other parts of the orchard, on the same and other varieties,
with the combinations of fertilizers found effective in the experi-
ment.

In regard to the relative values of the different fertilizer elements,
it will be seen in Table II, that nitrogen is evidently the first limiter.
Thus, the phosphate and potash combination in Plot 5 has given an
increase of 123 bushels per acre, while by the addition of nitrogen to
this combination, in the adjacent Plot 6, we get an increase of 486
bushels. In other words, the addition of nitrogen to the treatment
ordinarily advised for orchards, resulted here in nearly quadrupling
the benefit. In Plot 8, where the phosphates are omitted, it will
also be noted that there is an annual deficit which amounts to nearly
80 bushels per acre. This doubtless indicates that phosphorus is
the second limiter and that the yield in Plot 3 is being reduced by
lack of this element. Potash applications, on the other hand, have
been of practically no avail in this experiment. This may be seen
by comparing Plots 2 and 6. The annual addition of 150 Ib. of
actual Kk.O in the latter treatment has resulted in a gain of only
3.7 bushels of apples.

The above results were obtained without any aid from tillage or
cover-crops, the fertilizers being merely sowed over the surface of
untilled soil, on which there was a light sod composed chiefly of
mixed grasses. Here the question may be raised as to whether equal
or superior benefits may not have been obtainable with some form
of cultural methods. This question is answered in Table IV.

TABLE IV. CULTURAL METHODS AND FERTILIZERS ON YIELDS
(Johnston Orchard.)

XIII XII XI (Av. 2 &6)
Plot Treatment Sod Sod Mulch Tillage & N-P-Ferti-
Oover Crop lizer
tb tats, tb
2265 2843 2813
7455 10702 27649
16789 17254 11752
2629 7500 34502
Totals slastesey las) pooner ae 24472 26873 35456 73903
GS 61 O Sil ee ee ee eel 100. 109.8 144.8 802.
IPOS) Le SA Se eee cee ee soe eee Se Seas Sess eaee secs 100 131.9 275.
Ratios$ 22 ash) os ae es eae sa sane eee | poe ooo eae | een ee dars 100. 208.4
Av. An. Yield pervA®,: 3 yr, -=----=---—--— 223.7 bu. 245.7 bu. 324.1 bu. 675.7 bu.
Avys Gain’ pera Aas aoe: tea eee |e 22. bu. 100. bu. 452. bu.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 441

In this portion of the experiment, which is devoted to cultural
methods, the plots are larger and contain 35 trees each. The yields
of Plots 2 and 6, from the fertilizer portion, therefore, are raised to
their corresponding values for plots of equivalent size. No fertilizers
were used on the cultural methods plots, until the season just past.
They were used then uniformly on all treatments, primarily because
the sod plot had gone two years with very little fruit, though all
the trees of these plots were plainly in need of something additional.

In Table IV, the sod plot shows a little higher annual yield than
the average of the checks in the fertilizer portion, this being due
to an exceptional crop that occurred on this plot in 1909, and from
which the plot has not yet recovered. In the next plot, we see the
effect of adding a mulch to the sod treatment. In this case, although
all the herbage that grows is left in the orchard, and a further ap-
plication of 3 tons of straw per acre is added to the plot, the aver-
age annual gain is only 22 bushels per acre. In the next plot, we
find that tillage and leguminous cover crops have given a fair in-
crease, amounting to 100 bushels per acre on the average. This,
however, is hardly to be compared with the 452-bushel increase
shown in the next case, which is obtained without tillage of any
kind, merely by the addition of a fertilizer that carries the elements
that are evidently lacking.

In some quarters one would gather the impression that apples
can scarcely be grown without tillage. While we have nothing
against proper tillage as an orchard treatment, yet this and other
results from our experiments show that it is by no means indispens-
able in the production of first grade apples and that it can be readily
over-emphasized like anything else. There are many situations that
are otherwise very well suited for apples, where tillage is decidely
inadvisable, and where, with proper management, the trees would
get along very much better without it. In such situations it is
undoubtedly preferable to sow the orchard down to some leguminous
crop as a permanent cover and follow the mulch system, properly
supplementing it with fertilization. For this purpose, hairy vetch
is doubtless preferable, on account of its relatively low moisture
draft, and its usually excellent staying powers when once well seeded
down. Whenever it is crowded out by the grasses, the orchard may
be re-plowed and again sowed to vetch, if the trees seem to require
Lt:

DATA ON FERTILIZERS FROM OTHER EXPERIMENTS

Thus far we have confined our attention to a single experiment,
primarily because the contrasts in it are so great that both the
existence and nature of the effects could scarcely fail to be recog-
nized. To go through each experiment in this way would be im-
possible in our present space, hence we have condensed into the
next two tables a statement derived from the results of six experi-
ments, including the one just discussed. These tables show the aver-
age effects of the different fertilizer elements, obtained in six ex-
periments, during periods covering from three to five years as indi-
cated. The effects are calculated as closely as possible and are ex-
pressed in terms of per cents. of benefit based on the normal per-
formance of the treated plots. The methods followed in making the

442 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

calculations are described briefly in our Bulletin 100 from the Penn-

sylvania Station, and described in full in our Annual Report for
1910-11.

TABLE V. EFFECT OF FERTILIZER BHLEMENTS ON YIELD, COLOR,
SIZE AND GROWTH

(Calculated Per cents of Benefit.)

Yield
in
: | 3 = 5
Expts. 336, 388 & 339 3 a e
mt >
4 | i - s
% = 5 é
5 | = 5 B ic
i Te
Nitrates in combination, --.-.-..-----.--.------- 94.05 163.1 —13.3 Be ou
Phosphates in combination, - 36.65 35.8 — .95 4.04 | —3.97
Potash in combination, ---- —4.65 —=6.42|) == | 13.2 | 4.17
Complete fertilizer, 122.5 166.4) —16.0 5.93 27.50
Manure, * 232s eR 3 144.1 169.8 | 14.3} 30.8 37.49
bimeyalone: | 2es-425 = ee ee ee ee 19.5 | : 19.4 | 8.04
|

TABLE VI. FERTILIZER ELEMENTS ON YIELD, COLOR, SIZE AND
GROWTH

(Caleulated Per cents. of Benefit.)

i
Yield

—— eee Ls} a

ad ba =

Expts. 215, 216 & 220 i= a &

i) & elie

= bi oT Os

od mo 2 if B

5 B i) S qi
Snr nnn nnn III StSaSa

% lo % %
Nitrates in) combinations =)----------——==---—= a 41.7 18.05 | —12.35 Sy 14.83
INIpGates ne alON eye ees 30.0 39.10 | —16.00 —6.23 18.33
Phosphates in combination, 15.4 9.385 | — 1.55 -925 62
Phosphates alone, -------- — 7.4 —7.37 2.80 —1.21 -62
CAMopnie. llores =e oeae —18.8 6.4 7.70 —1.92 —6.00
Potash in combination, 15.2 12.80 6.55 5.67 2.71
Complete fertilizer, ---- 68.8 65.7 —16.00 4.30 19.10
Manne) gaet=ssoa- = Siew eco eeeecee 101.— 221.90 | — 9.90 4.73 24.70
Lime alone, ------------------------------5----—- —12.0 15.1- 8 —1.05 | 3.1

i nnn LU EEnEUyEEEtEyS ESS SSSSSSSES SS!

In general, these tables corroborate and extend the deductions ob-
tained from those already considered. The addition of the results
from the other experiments have reduced the apparent benefits some-
what and tbe relative values of certain materials are also slightly
changed. We have included the results of the first year in the yields
of Table V, which also reduces the apparent benefits, since the fer-
tilizers had not yet had time to operate. Even at that, however, we
see that the vields during the 4-year period have been nearly doubled
by the addition of nitrates, in experiments 3 336, 338 and 339 and with
the same material they have been increased by 41 per cent. in the
younger experiments of Table VI.

.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 443

Phosphates, when used in combination with nitrogen or in a com-
plete fertilizer, maintain their position as the next limiter after
nitrogen, though they are closely pressed by potash in Table VI.
On the other hand, neither acid phosphates nor “floats” nor lime,
when used alone, have shown any consistent benefits on yield thus
far. Their apparently negative influences on yield may be smoothed
out in time, as indicated by some of the results of the past year.
There is some evidence, however, that certain of these negatives

_really indicate a toxic action that is manifested only under certain

‘

conditions, but we have not yet carried this far enough for definite
statements.

The important advantage shown by manure, especially in Table
VI, is doubtless largely due to the very full crops on the manure
plots of those experiments during the past year, which was rather
of an off year for the similar plots receiving complete fertilizer.
The better moisture-conservation under the manure and the larger
amounts of plant food carried in it also probably account for a part
of the superiority. Jn general, however, we do not find any important
superiority in manure over a proper commercial fertilizer, neither
in actual or net increases. Manure is undoubtedly a safe and valu-
able material to apply in orchards, when it can be satisfactorily
obtained in sufficient amounts. But with very few exceptions, thus
far in our experiments as a whole, wherever manure has given im-
portant increases, these increases have been approached or surpassed
by a proper commercial fertilizer.

CORRELATION BETWEEN YIELD AND GROWTH

In regard to growth, it will be observed that, in general, the im-
provements in it have accompanied those in yield. The same materials
that have improved the one have generally improved the other. In
other words, as a rule, our best growing plots have been our best
fruiting plots. Contrary to a prevalent notion, therefore, we may
say that growth and fruiting are not necessarily antagonistic, but
rather are associated, unless either should occur in abnormal
amount.

DATA AND DEDUCTIONS ON COLOR

In regard to color, it will be observed in Tables V and VI, that
none of the applications have given any important increases, and
most of them have given decreases. Similar results have also been
uniformly obtained elsewhere, so far as we have received the reports.
The same is essentially true of applications of iron salts. From
these and other considerations, therefore, we believe that color in
apples can not be materially improved by soil applications, and
that it is primarily dependent on maturity and sunlight.

This refers only to the red colors in apples. The yellow colors
can probably not be affected by any external agency. Physiologic-
ally, the yellow color is connected with certain bodies located in the
superficial layers of cells in the apple skin. It develops independent
of light, and its intensity depends merely upon the degree of ma-
turity or ripeness. The red color, on the other hand, is a constiuent
of the cell sap; it is capable of being influenced by a number of

444 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

agencies; and its intensity is dependent primarily upon the amount
of light received during the latter stages of maturity. In other
words, we get back to its dependence upon maturity and sunlight.
Conditions increasing one or both of these factors, such as late pick-
ing, light soils, open pruning, and sod culture will increase color.
Opposite conditions decrease it.

Irom this viewpoint, the reduction in color caused by the nitrates
and the manure is easily explained. It is evidently due to delayed
maturity. That such is the case was shown the past season, es-
pecially in the Johnston orchard, where the fruit of the nitrogen
plots was left on the trees until it reached approximately the same
stage of maturity as that on the checks when they had been picked.
The difference in the dates of picking, which corresponded closely with
the delay in maturity, was exactly 3 weeks—from September 28 to
October 19. And when the final picking was done, the amount and
brightness of the color on the nitrate plots was actually greater than
it had been on the checks. The average increase in color on the
treated plots, 2, 3 and 6, over the checks, 1, 4 and 7, was actually as
great as 10.3 per cent. The great importance of maturity on the
trees in increasing color is thus clearly shown.

The importance of sunlight, we had already determined in an
earlier experiment. In it, we found that after the apples were picked,
exposure to sunlight increased their redness by 35 per cent, while
the checks in the dark and those exposed to electric light showed no
definite increase.

We may also mention the facts that color may be materially af-
fected by certain kinds of spraying and by internal variations such
as appear in the solid-colored variants from the Gravenstein and 20-
ounce. These points also are discussed in our Annual Report for
1910-11, but space is too limited for further consideration here.

RELATION OF FERTILIZATION TO SIZES

Again referring to Tables V and VI, we see that nitrates have ap-
parently reduced the average size of the fruit. Phosphates have
given only a slight benefit, if any; while potash and manure have
given quite important increases. This apparent benefit from potash
is interesting, and it may indicate an actual fact, since size depends
upon moisture and potash has been credited physiologically with the
ability of increasing the osmotic power of plant cells.

All these apparent influences on fruit-size, however, must be con-
sidered in their relation to the size of the crop on the trees. <A year
ago, we plotted a number of curves from data given in connection
with a fertilizer experiment at the New Jersey Station, in order to
determine definitely, if possible, whether any relation existed between
these two factors,—fruit-size and size of the crop on the tree. We
found that no correlation exists below what we may eall a certain
critical point, and that, under the New Jersey conditions, the number
of fruits on even moderate-sized trees had to exceed about 1,400 per
tree before any perceptible correlation appeared. Above this critical
point, however, it is probable that crop-size is the dormant influence
on the size of the fruit, though the exact position of the critical point
may doubtless be raised or lowered somewhat by local conditions
of moisture, plant food, ete.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 445

In our judgment, this has a bearing upon the fact that nitrogen
has apparently failed to increase the size of the fruit in our experi-
ments. The crop-size was raised so much that full size of the fruit
was not obtainable.

It also has an important bearing upon thinning. It means, in
general, that if one thins an apple tree of even moderate size before
the number of fruits has reached a critical point, which may be 1,400
or more, he can hardly expect to modify the size of the remaining
fruit, and the most effect of the thinning will be an actual reduction
in total weight of apples at least for that year. Exceptions to this
may appear in varieties of extra large size, or in seasons or locations
that are exceptionally dry.

It also means that, below the critical or the thinning point, there
is opportunity for the other factors to exert their influence. It is
here that such factors as fertilizers, cultural methods, moisture-
supply, and heredity show their effects, and they may co-operate in
such a way to materially raise the critical point. This assumes that
the variety is properly located in respect to temperature and length
of growing season, both of which are factors that may have an in-
fluence on fruit-size. We also may mention here the factors of pol-
lination and number of seeds per fruit, which have been found to
affect fruit-size by Ewert and Miiller-Thurgau in Germany.

SUGGESTIONS ON THE USE OF FERTILIZERS IN ORCHARDS

The foregoing discussion does not mean that all fertilizers or all
orchards will give a profitable response to fertilization. There are
too many other limiters for that. Some of our experiments and some
treatments have given no important results as yet. This may be due
to improper moisture supply, relative youth of some of the trees, or
to the action of some other one or more of the many possible limiters.

All the facts, therefore, emphasize the necessity for local or com-
munity trials. It is unsafe for the grower to assume either that all
orchards need fertilizers or that no ochards need them. Hither of
these attitudes, if consistently acted upon, is almost sure to prove
costly to its possessor. The only safe attitude is the one that views
the orchard like other crops, knowing that lack of available food is
undoubtedly the limited at times, and using proper fertilization ex-
tensively only where and when it is needed.

As to what constitutes a proper fertilizer, on the basis of present
results, we are suggesting a combination that will carry about 30
pounds actual nitrogen, 50 pounds of actual phosphoric acid (P,O;)
and about 25 pounds of actual potash (K,O) per acre. Where there
is evidence that potash is needed, the above amount may be increased
to 50 pounds of K,0. The former amounts are carried in 500 pounds
of a 6-10-5 fertilizer, and the latter are given by the same weight of a
6-10-10 material. We apply the nitrogen by using 100 pounds of
nitrate of soda and 150 pounds of dried blood, thus getting quick
action and also one that is prolonged well through the season. The
phosphates may be carried in 200 pounds of steamed bone meal or
raw rock phosphates; or in about 350 pounds of acid phosphate or
basic slag. The potash may be carried in 50 or 100 pounds of muriate

446 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

or high-grade sulphate, depending upon which of the formulas is de-
sired, or in 100 or 200 pounds of low-grade sulphtae. Upon the rela-
tive values of these latter carriers, we have very little evidences as
Yeu:

The above amounts are intended as annual applications for bearing
trees of medium age where most of the ground is to be covered. For
younger trees, they may profitably be reduced, approximately in
proportion to the amount of soil to be covered. On older trees or in
special conditions, the combination is expected to be varied as later
results direct. For example, in some instances, especially in con-
nection with sod, we have found that the amount of nitrogen is
apparently a little too low, while with tillage and leguminous cover-
crops it is likely to be somewhat higher than necessary.

As to where fertilization is needed, this is more difficult to define.
and probably the only certain method of determining it is by actual
trial. These trials are very simple. Merely leave a typical portion of
the orchard untreated, for three or more seasons, as a check on the
value of treatment, and carefully mark and record the trees in at
least one of the groups. There are a number of points, however, that
will aid one in determining the relative size to make these groups, or
in other words, aid in deciding whether to leave most of the orchard
in the check or in the treated portion.

In general, for two years at least, the check should be much the
larger in most young orchards or in any orchard that is doing well
through late August and September. The fact that the trees are
well loaded in a given year, however, is no sufficient reason for
omitting the fertilizer that year. In fact, that is one of the best
reasons and times for applying a proper fertilizer rather liberally, in
order to prevent the total absence of a crop the following year and in
the long run tend to steady the annual production.

In case of the reverse conditions—old orchards or those not re-
taining a thrifty look throughout the season or not growing and
bearing regularly and satisfactorily—it is best to reverse the pro-
cedure and fertilize most of the orchard, leaving only a small
block as a check. In all cases, however, we strongly advise the use
of a check until the real value of the treatment is thoroughly es-
tablished. Even then it is not desirable to omit either the check
or the treatment entirely. The less valuable one may be reduced
to a small space, but it should not be omitted entirely if the grower
cares much for his orchard. One of our experiments, for example,
showed practically no response until the fifth year, and then, when
the cropping strain began to appear, quite marked differences arose
in favor of the properly fertilized plots.

The time of application we also consider important, especially in
the case of the uitrates. While our evidence is by no means com-
plete on this point, yet we have some indications that nitrates applied
too early in the season may be wholly lost to the trees. Other evi-
dence leads us to believe that distinct harm may be done by making
nitrate applications too near the fruit-setting time, especially in
the case of peaches. We feel, therefore, that nitrates should be
applied not earlier than petal-fall in apples, and probably not later
than the first of July, though we have had some very good results
from applications made as late as July 8. Making the applications

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 447

within this period also permits one to vary the amount applied
somewhat in accordance with the amount of fruit set on the trees.

With the less soluble and slower acting minerals, the applica-
tion time is less important. We know some careful observers, who
regularly apply their phosphates and potash in the fall on peaches
and claim that this gives the best results. Thus far we have felt
that the time of application for the minerals is of relatively little
importance, since they are rather quickly fixed in the soil, in any
case, and they do not leach readily. We therefore apply them along
with the ntiregen, at the time that we consider best for it.

The method of application that we have followed is merely to scat-
ter the fertilizers broadcast over the surface of the ground, taking
care not to get it too close to the tree trunk, where there are few
absorbent roots, and extending the applications well out beyond the
spread of the branches. This may either be left on the surface to be
washed in by the rains or it may be lightly harrowed or plowed
into the soil. With this all done, it is well to remember that the
fertilizer applied in any given season can hardly affect materially
the yield of that year, since the fruit buds are formed in the latter
part of the preceding season. Important results, therefore, should
not be expected before the following season at the earliest, and, as
stated above, they may not appear until considerably later and still
prove of value.

REPORT OF THE BOTANIST

By PROF. W. A. BUCKHOUT, State College, Pa.

The correspondence during the past year has been along the usual
lines and has presented but little out of the ordinary. The practical
botanical questions which interest the people are chiefly seed and
plant determinations and weed eradication. In the latter matter
one can simply reiterate that there is ordinarily no quick, short-
hand way of getting thoroughly rid of pestiferous weeds. It is
simply a question of common sense methods of cultivation and
general handling of the land concerned. Many are unable or un-
willing to do this: hence the frequent appeal for advice.

I would again call attention to the excellent series of Farmers’
Bulletins issued gratuitously by the Department of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C., among which are the following which every one
interested in weed destruction should procure. No. 28, “Weeds and
How to Kill Them;” No. 279, “A Method of Eradicating Johnson
Grass ;” No, 368, “The Eradication of Bindweed or Wild Morning
~ Glory;” No. 464, “The Eradication of Quack Grass.” No spoken or
written directions can take the place of these excellent bulletins.

448 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

A good illustration of the importance of correct and exact deter-
mination of seeds came to my attention by a sample of Catalpa seed,
with the inquiry whether this was the seed of the Catalpa species
most valuable for forestry purposes. There are three species of
Catalpa now in common use. Catalpa speciosa, the most desirable,
bignonioides, less so, and Iempferi, a small Japanese tree useful
only in ornamental planting. The seeds in all three are of the
same general type, but varying in size and different minor points
readily detectible by one who has studied them. Since forest trees
are even longer in proving their exactness of kind than are fruit
trees it follows that one should be careful from the start, lest he
find years afterward that he has used seed of the wrong kind. In
this instance the seed was true to name and would produce the
larger, straighter and longer-lived forest tree which was desired.

Inquiries regarding special crops, particularly ginseng have be-
come so frequent that a brief circular on this latter species has
been prepared. Since it expresses the essential things to be borne
in mind by those who are inclined to undertake ginseng cultivation
it is embodied herewith:

GINSENG AND ITS CULTIVATION

Ginseng is a native American plant, growing wild over the eastern
United States and Canada, preferably in rich, loamy soil and in
woodlands throughout the Allegheny region and the northern states
west of Minnesota and Missouri. It is one of about seven species
native of the district above mentioned and eastern Asia.

It is an herbaceous perennial, low growing and reaching maturity
only after several years of growth. It has characteristic five parted
leaves, quite distinct from any other species. One familiar by prac-
tice can readily distinguish it from wild sarsaparilla or other plants
commonly associated with it. The stem is insignificant and scarcely
noticeable, except when bearing the cluster of bright red berries
which follow the small flowers. In the fall, leaves and stems disap-
pear, except that a short basal stem bearing one or two buds per-
sists Just beneath the surface capping the small tap root. The plant
grows slowly. At the end of the third year the root, if favorably
placed, may be as large as one’s finger, not unlike a small parsnip,
but less symmetrical and generally quite irregular and branching.
This root is the usable part of the plant. It is commonly gathered
for sale when several years old. The bulk of the roots of com-
merce are five or more years old. Collection of the wild roots which
when dried meet with ready sale has long been common in the hard-
wood districts where the wild plants are most abundant. The high
prices obtained and the fascination of hunting it have combined to
diminish the natural supply and to threaten the extinction of the
plant.

As explaining the great demand for ginseng roots it may be said
that they have no medicinial value whatever in the estimate of Ameri-
can or European authorities, but from time immemorial the Chinese
have held them in the highest repute and are willing to pay fabulous
prices for them. For some years the export of American roots to
China has been approximately 150,000 pounds per year and formerly
it much exceeded this. Apparently the natural supply is being ex-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 449

hausted, hence the cultivation of the plant has attracted attention
and much of the root now handled is thus derived. The experience
of the last few years has shown that there is no inherent reason why
its cultivation may not be successfully done; whether profitably is
another question. There are two ways of starting a ginseng bed:
by seeds, and two year old roots. In raising plants from seeds
it should be noted that the seeds lose vitality very quickly on dry-
ing. Hence so soon as they are gathered they should be stratified in
leaf mold. Mix the seeds with four times their bulk of leaf mold
or make alternate layers of leaf mold and seeds in a wooden box,
and leave out of doors over winter in some protected place. These
seeds should not be disturbed until the spring of the second year,
since but few seeds will germinate before they are eighteen
months old. Of course seeds may be planted as soon as they are
gathered, as nature does, but the risk of loss during the dormant
season is very great. Beds are more generally made by planting
two year old roots. These are dibbled in like any other trans-plants
and may be placed only a few inches apart. It goes without saying
that whether seeds or roots are used the bed should be most care-
fully prepared. No success need be expected unless this is rigidly
attended to. The after care must be entirely by hand-weeding and
working, and presents no peculiarities worthy of special mention.
Ginseng is so nearly a wild plant that careful attention to the con-
ditions under which it naturally grows is quite necessary. It has
been found that it is essential to make beds in partial shade either
of surrounding large trees or of artificial frames. For obvious rea-
sons the latter method is most feasible. A light screen of lath so
as to give about one-half light is most suitable. This may be placed
close to the ground or supported upon posts high enough to enable
one to work under it easily. The latter is much preferable. A fence
tight enough to exclude dogs, cats and domestic fowls is practically
a necessity.

All these features together with the relatively high cost of the
seeds or roots put ginseng in a class by itself, and make it absurd
to talk about it as one would of ordinary farm and garden crops.

While, as stated, there are no inherent reasons why ginseng may
not be successfully cultivated it is none the less true that there are
special difficulties and diseases which must be reckoned with. The
former have been, perhaps, sufficiently indicated already, the latter
become more and more marked with time. This is true of all sorts
of plants, none are likely to long remain immune. ‘The principal
diseases of ginseng are: (1) The wilt of old plants. This is of the
same general character as the wilt of cotton, melons and other gar-
den plants. The name expresses the character of the disease very
well. (2) Wilt of seedlings. This is of the same general nature as
to results, but affects the young and delicate seedlings, often spoken
of as the “damping off” of seedlings. There are several causes of
this malady. There is but little, if any, remedial treatment for these
diseases short of starting cultivation anew with clean stock in
clean soil. (3) Black rot, Soft rot, and Leaf spot fungus are like-
wise not seldom met with, and are difficult to control or correct.

29—6—1911

450 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

(4) Worms and insects are sometimes serious pests. The roots often
show galls looking like beads on a necklace. This is caused by multi-
tudes of small worms particularly liable to occur in rich soils.
Snails and a stem boring insect larva sometimes do serious injury.

Enough has been said to show that the cultivation of this plant,
while entirely feasible, is accompanied by the same class of diffieul-
ties as are the more common plants of cultivation, and is moreover
of a highly special character, requiring both a special knowledge
of the nature and habit of the plant itself, and, also, a most careful
attention to detail methods of treatment not generally called for.
Any one who desires to grow ginseng should spare no pains to in-
form himself thoroughly on all these points. If possible he should
visit some grower and study the plant and its treatment, as well as
get the owner’s experience. In default of ability to do this he
should get some of the publications on the subject. The Orange
Judd Co., 429 Lafayette street, New York, publish a small book
for fifty cents. The various dealers and companies issue attractive
and highly seductive circulars setting forth the ease of cultivation
and the certainty of reaping enormous profits. A large part of the
money made in ginseng comes from the sale of seeds and roots to
novices who are tempted to try its cultivation. If they do not well
understand the fundamental features which this paper has outlined
they are doomed to disappointment and failure. The Bulletins of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the State Experiment
Stations are generally out of print, but may be found in General and
Annual Reports. Two of these should be available in various pub-
lic and private libraries in Pennsylvania. It is strongly advised
that they be consulted. No copies are available for distribution by
the Station.

(1). Report. Pennsylvania State College, 1902-3. Page 185. “An
Experiment in Ginseng Cultivation.”

(2). Report Department of Agriculture, Pennsylvania. Part I.
1897. Page 617. “The Cultivation of American Ginseng
in Pennsylvania.”

REPORT OF SPECIALIST ON FEEDING STUFFS

By GEORGE G. HUTCHISON

To the Members of the State Board of Agriculture of Pennsyl-
vania: As your consulting specialist on feeding stuffs, I beg leave
to make the following report for 1911.

This has been a year of high prices for feeds in Pennsylvania.
The one great reason was the drouth that passed over this Siate in
the late spring and early summer, and in some sections, there was

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 451

a great shrinkage in the corn and oats crops. Another reason was
that in the West there were failures and a large amount of live
stock was placed upon our markets and found buyers among our
feeders and these had to be fed.

In regard to the law that was placed upon the statute books a
few years ago, I beg leave to state that it has not been questioned
on its constitutionality and in fact, we have only tried one case in
court, the manufacturers and dealers having paid their fines before
the Magistrate. The statement that I made in my report of last
year, that all feeds should be sold on their protein and fat analysis
and their low fibre constituents, or the higher the protein and fat
and the lower the crude fibre, the more valuable the feed. This is
the sermon the salesmen of the large feed concerns who are seeking
our markets, nreach in regard to their feeds, and if our feeders would
study the tables furnished them, they could be just as well informed
in regard to the composition and value of feeds as the salesman who
sells the same.

To prove my contention, I will ask you to compare the analysis of

a sample of gluten meal which analyzes as follows: Protein, 29.30%,
- fat, 11.30%, crude fibre, 3.30%. Sample of wheat middlings, protein,
15.60%, fat, 4.00%, crude fibre, 4.60%. Buckwheat middlings, pro-
tein, 28.90%, fat, 7.10%, crude fibre, 4.10%. Cottonseed meal, pro-
tein, 42.30%, fat, 13.10%, crude fibre, 5.60%. This is a sample in
which there were no cottonseed hulls. Linseed meal, protein,
32.90%, fat, 7.10%, crude fibre, 8.90%. These are among the very
high grade meals that are found on all our markets and are bought
by all our feeders. These are some of the feeds that you should
see that are pure and you should buy on this guarantee.
_ The feed question and the digestibility of feed is the one great
question which our experimental stations should take up and work
out for our farmers and feeders. The manufacturers and compound-
ers of commercial feeding stuffs claim that a given amount of their
feeds are digestible, but they do not give you any feeding test. What
you gentlemen want is a test of these feeds on your horses for work
and driving purposes, your cows for butter and milk and your other
domestic animals for growth and fattening.

There are tables given of some reports, and we do not. doubt their
correctness, but the only true way is to feed a feed to a cow a
given number of days and to keep a correct account of what she eats
and what she produces in milk, if the feed is fed for milk, or if the
feed is fed for butter. Give the amount she consumes and the
amount she produces. This is the kind of table that will show in
dollars and cents what the said feed will give in return for the
money invested.

A new book on stock feeds and feedings has been published in the
last year by Jas. E. Halligan, Chemist in charge of the Louisiana
State Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, La., and published by the
Chemical Publishing Co., of Easton, Pa. It is one of the latest
and best books that has been published on this subject, and any-
one who is interested in this great subject should secure this book
and make a study of the question. You are the men who are paying

30

= lam Seed5. sie sseu pace sb cache ees See ee eee 22.60

452 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the feed bills and you should take time to look into this question.
I hereby give you a table of analysis of feeding stuffs and also the
adulterants:

TABLE OF ANALYSIS

Name of Feeding Stuff | Crude Crude Crude
| Protein Fat Fiber

Per cent.|Per cent.|Per cent.

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

OOM, gc acce Pera Sa a ea a ee ee ee 10.40 | 5.00 2.00
Hominy choptor feed; 2222-6 ee ee eee eel 9.80 | 8.30 2.80
(CUR aE ONS) Sea a ee ee oe pore Sa See Sete Cae ee Se SSS ESSE 29.30 | 14.30 3.30
Gluten: feed's: =2-2) = ee eee eee eee 24.00 | 10.60

Dried) distillers’ Grain, Vargely from corn, [222-22 30.80 | 13.30 1
Oats, saa so ace eo ee Sa as ee = ee ee renee reser eee es elle) 5.00

Oats shorts); (228 2 as22te 2225 a5 =e a a eee ee ana ae| 16.00 |

Wheat). -22ticc sce ess SSE eS ee ee Re i see 1200
Wheat bran, 92-225) oe ee eee 15.40
Wheat. middlings;” 22-2.-5255-2- 222-5 eee ee 15.60
Wheat" shorts; 2222222252 22 2-22ss5 4 a2 5a ee ee 14.90

Barley: (22 = ease eS ee ES a ee eee eee 12.40 | -
Barley Meal. 2 esa ne oe ke oe ee ee ee ee ee 10.50 6
Brewers! 2lAlNy CUy, Ses 2k a eae os ee ee eee 26.00 | c
Malt /SDTOUtS, iaccaao see a aa ee oe Oe eee eee 27.20 13.
ERY .2 Se ee ee en a eee ee ee 10.60 6
Rives brani. (oso sa see ee ee ee ke Ras SL ae ee 14.70 |
Buckwheat, sasac <-e esos eane nee eee eee seat ee eae ee eee 10.00
Buekwheat) ibran sy 2242. 352s Gen te oe hee ee ee ee nee en cee eee 12.40 cB
Buckwheat; imiddlings, 2222202 5-22 en aoa ee eee eee ee eee 28.90

Buckwheat .SnoOrisi) stos ess eae as ee ae ee eee ne oe eae | 27.10
Oottonseed >. 9 sdi2s222-ectse2 aS eee oat ee eae Se eee 18.40
Cottonseed meal so scecee seen eee eee eee ant ee eee eee oe 42.30

+19
SUSE SO OD 2 OOS OO Ht 00 09 FO NS SP ORD OS WON

Ore

Tinseed meal; AO). Pave S2s22 se secant eae Sse ee sees. were enone ae 32.90
Linseed meale IN: VPs aseeseets ocehescc cose. eee See ne eee ee 383.20
Corn isilage: 22. scons seas eeee ae = Seen a er Se ee eee 1.07
Alfalfa hay, meals 22 /2.-c0-- she enn 2s esata esas eee eee eee 14.3

SSSSSveresgasesssassszerass

SCSSSSSSSSSSSSSSESSSq

bo
—)
bo
iv)
eo

*Note high per cent. tNo hulls.

This table gives you the analysis of the cereals as nature produces
them. It also gives you the analysis of the by-product as the chemists
find them, and I hope that this table may aid you in becoming edu-
cated in regard to the feeds that go to make up the concentrated
pure feeds that are on the market.

I am often asked the question, “What is the analysis of the adul-
terants that are mixed with the feeds that are found on our markets?”
I will give you a table of the adulterants that we have found on the
markets of Pennsylvania:

Name of Adulterant Orude Crude Crude
Protein Fat Fiber

|
|

|Per cent.|Per cent.|Per cent.
@Cormcobs 4, 2toOund;, 22=-2----25->- sss -1 soso ede eae ee ee ee 2.40 0.50 30-33
Oat phuallscne ere et seep hee ee ak Te ee ee eee 3.00 1.00 29.33
Buckwheatwwuligne -testecse: saan oo heat eee eee oe eae 4.60 ie

WGtECOUSeCa pI Sy oe ee ee eae 2.00) -aea ee 40.00

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ; 453

The trade journals that are devoted to the sale of grains, flours
and feeds are large advertisers of what is known as chicken wheat.
This wheat is a very low grade, a large percentage of the grains are
shriveled up, containing a very low percentage of starch and is al-
most worthless. They also buy a large amount of screenings which
contain a large amount of weed seeds, but, as stated by me before in
this paper, they are not selling the same in Pennsylvania, as the
activity of the Department of Agriculture in enforcing the law has
rid our markets of these worthless grains.

We have a large number of samples of feeding stuffs in our labora-
tory. I had hoped that we would be abie to place our exhibit before
you, but the winter fair which was held last week in Pittsburg had
requested the Secretary to have this exhibit made there, and it has
not been returned in time for us to make an exhibit here, but if
you will call at the laboratory on the fifth floor of this building,
the Chief Chemist or Assistant Chemists will gladly show you
samples of feeding stuffs. Our exhibit at Pittsburg was visited by
hundreds of people, and a large number of requests for Bulletin No.
208 were made. This bulletin was compiled by Mr. James W. Kellogg
and great credit should be given him for the ability he has shown
in this work. If it were possible for each farmer and stock feeder
to have a copy of this bulletin on his table, he could be saved large
sums of money in buying feeds. If you or your friends will send
your names to Mr. Kellogg, he will place them on our mailing list
and mail to you a copy of Bulletin No. 208. We now have a list
of 6,000 names and this is increasing each year. The bulletin for
the work done in the year 1911 is now being prepared and will be
published in due time.

I herewith give you a table showing the work done by us in the
visitation of the agents of the Department of Agriculture. You
will see by this table, the agents visited a number of towns and did
not obtain samples. The reason for this was that they had secured
samples in neighboring towns of the same brand of feed. In 1910 we
secured 1,500 samples, and in 1911, 1,000. The reason for this
difference is last year our agents took a large number of samples
of wheat bran and middlings. We found that the wheat brans and
middlings were pure, and as the mixing of ground corn cobs with
brans and middlings had ceased, and to save expense of analyzing,
we have not drawn so many samples of bran and middlings. But we
do not want you to think we are not taking samples of wheat bran
and wheat middlings. We take a few of each manufacturer we find
on the markets, and in this way, we keep a check on what is being
sold in our Commonwealth:

454

TABULATED

ADAMS—
Idaville,

ALLEGHENY—
Pittsburg,
Tarenbiayl, i Seo ees se es be
Wilkinsburg,
Homestead,
McKeesport,
Carnegie,
Pitcairn,
Braddock,
E. Pittsburg,
untie Greek «5-5-5245 oes ae ee ae
Wilmerding,
Duquesne,

Be Mle)

Soe ee ee se ee

Bee eeeeeaee = L

ARMSTRONG—
Apollo,
Vandergrift,
Leechburg,
Kittanning,
Bord) Citys, <2) ---- tees eee
Freeport,
Manorville,

BEAVER—
Beaver Falls, 5
New Brighton, 5
Beaver, 1
We Bridgewater st2--s2: 5 -* ae eS
3
0
0

Monaea,
Freedom,
Rochester,

BEDFORD—
Hopewell,

Frydman), 4 85 hae dee eee 0
@oaldale; -2252 ooh = 2-2 ee eee Seo

BERKS—
Topton,
Barto,
Kutztown,
Lyons,
Fleetwood,
Leesport,
Shoemakersville,
Hamburg,
Womelsdorf,
Robesonia,
Wernersville,
Shillington,
Mohnton,
Birdsboro,
Mertztown,
Bowers,
Shamrock,
Hancock,

BLAIR—
Altoona,
Tyrone,
Juniata,

IBGlEWOOd) is ss = Sse08 ee ee eee 0
buncanvilles 2-255 = eo
Gavsnortce =e 7oe- eo eae
Hollidaysburge, Go a=)--s-5 222 ee 0

BRADFORD—

Wysox,

New Albany...)

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

8
0 | CLARION—

Off. Doe.

STATEMENT

BRADFORD—Continued.
Monroeton,
Sayre, .2:..55-2 sans aan cee
Athens,

BUCKS—

Doylestown, ..<i.../822 eee
Chalfont,” ..<..5-..

BUTLER—
Zelienople,
Butler, 22 2se225c2ss54 0552-0
Slippery: Rock,. ois--.ss4-500se= ee
Evans City, 0
Harmony, 0

Mars, |< 222222 -022525 2.25 eee 0

Valentla,. 2--.:--2-22:..-. eee

CAMBRIA—
Johnstown,
Barnesboro,
Carrojltown,
Ebensburg,
Cresson,
Patton,
Dale, 22220022 eee
Conemaugh,
Franklin,
Gallitzin,
Hastings,
Lilly,
Portage,
South Fork,
Scalp “evel; (2=--2.22.. 2 eee

adi. oe aoe eee

1
3
1
4
4
0
0
Ben ee ea
0
0
0
0
0
0

CAMERON—
Emporuim,
Driftwood,

CARBON—
Weissport, 0
Lehighton) }. 2.3 ee a2! 20
Mauch Chunk, 0
EE. Mauch’ @hunikk,, 222222 2-5-s05— ee

CENTER—
Phillipsburg,

CHESTER—
Downingtown,
West Grove,
Kennett Square, (222.25... 2
West Chester,
Coatesville,
Atglen,
Embreeville,
Pocopson,
Avondale,
Malvern’ :..i:.:2..-
Parkesbureg,
Phoenixville,

1
1
1
1
i
'
!
1
1
'
1
'
I
1
‘
'
J
1
'
'
'
'
'
'
SCR Kwamuw

CLEARFIELD—
Du Bois,
Clearfield,
Coalport,
Glen Hope,
Madera,
Munson Station,
Morrisdale Mines,
Osceola Mills,
Penfield,

a ee =p ----------=

09 69 bo Do G8 Do 00 i os

Clarion, 3
By. Brady: 2-222-6 oaa se ene ean ee
New Bethlehem, 0

No. 6.

CLINTON—
Lock Haven,
Mill Hall,
REN OVO:;4. ooasseesssesseccn Slee es lO

COLUMBIA—
Bloomspure.se--- ee 2 eee
Berwick,
Millville,
Orangeville,
@atawissa,- s2os-6- 5-24 - ota oe ee

oo ee ow wn oe eee oe eee eee

COWL

q

ORAWFORD—
Saegertown,
Meadville,
Linesville,
Cochranton,
Titusville,

1
5
ee es peas eres Ss i 8
0
0

CUMBERLAND—
Carlisle,
Mt. Holly Springs,
iBotling. Springs; s---. 2-325 =-=2-- =
Longdorf,
Newville,
Mechanicsburg,
Shippensburg,
Huntsdale,
Barnitz,
Shiremanstown,

DAU PHIN—
Hummelstown,
Harrisburg,
Penbrook,
Dauphin,
Halifax,
Millersburg,
Elizabethville,
Lykens,

DELAWARE—
Ohester,

ELK—
Ridgway,
Johnsonburg,
St. Marys,

GS sae een em ee

Bee an ae ee eee aI

Union City, 0
BeliswValley; 262255: 2 eee 0

FAYETTE—
Uniontown), = =2s5-0 0-22 2- noose
Brownsville,
Bellevernon,
Connellsville,
Dunbar,
Fairchance,
New Haven,

FOREST—
Tionesta,

Bases Ses ores Sosa

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

HUNTINGDON—
Huntinngdon,
Mapleton,
Orbisonia,
Mt. Union,

INDIANA—
Blairsville,
Homer City,
Clymer,
Indiana,
Saltsburg,
Blacklick,
Creekside,

JEFFERSON—
Lindsey,
Reynoldsville,
Brookville,
Big Run,
Brockwayville,
Punxsutawney,
Summerville,

JUNIATA—
Mifflin ,
Port Royal,

LACKAWANNA—
Carbondale,

LANCASTER—
Lancaster,
Manheim,
Lititz,
Ephrata,
Kinzer,
Elizabethtown,
Rohrerstown,
Quarryville,
New Providence,

Javdebowns ese soeeueeeese es el” A

Seen ee ee ee &

LAWRENCE—
New Castle,
Ml woods Citys 2-2-2. sae cease ee ee
Wampum,

sceasssecessanes==saseeeeete ee 0

LEBANON—
Lebanon,
Annville,
Palmyra,
Prescott,

LEHIGH—
Allentown,
Bethlehem,
Si Bethlehem 2.222. 2.22 22- 22-22
Macungie,
Orefield,
Emaus,
Alburtis,
Catasauqua,
Slatington,

LYCOMING—
Williamsport,
Jersey Shore,
Muncy,

ee ae eS ee ae

456

LYCOMING—Continued.
Montgomery, ------
Montoursville,

ea

Se

McKEAN—
Kane,
Smethport,
Bradford,

a ee eet
aoa s Js oa eae ee ee
11

PoOtreAlIEL ANY), 22. 2-5-5 5
STAN Cied tone nn eo eee
1 Cae) GLH Dee eee ee a eee Bl}

MERCER—

Greenville; 0--4--<2-5--2 2 ==
Sharpsyville, | 222---— 1
Sharon). Se a ee
MeTCOL, ~ acuslc eee sc ane ase eee eee

ee ee ees ee ee)

Wheatland,

i

12
MIFFLIN—
Lewistown,
MeVeytown,
Newton Hamilton,

MONROE—
Stroudsburg,
E. Stroudsburg,

MONTGOMERY—
Pennsburg,
Red Hill,
E. Greenville,
Palm,
Green aNCs seen se
Spring Mount,

1
0
1
1
pe ee eee ee
0
0
2
2
6

Hatfield,
Ambler,

Gonshocken esse a
Souderton, 2 1

NORTHAMPTON—
Easton,

NORTHUMBERLAND—
Sunbury,
Mt. Carmel,
Milton,
Northumberland,
Shamokin,

POTTER—
Coudersport,
Galeton,

SOMERSET—
Windber,
Somerset,
Meyersdale,
Berlin,
Rockwood,
Salisbury,
Stoyestown,

25

BU ees: Se eee en AO
a:

1

Gt 2 ee

SULLIVAN—
Dushore,

SUSQUEHANNA—
Montrose,
Hallstead,
Great Bend,
Forest City,

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

TIOGA—
Wellsboro,
Westfield,
Knoxville, 42:------2-2-2ss-s2s5 eee
Blossburg,
Elkland,
Mansfield,

VENANGO—
Of}. City; 222-25). ees
Franklin,
Polk,
Siverly,
Utiea,, -:0s-+<---522 22520 5ee ee
Emlenton,

b22ccnccnseenen= seen

bonne dante dns se eee

Perens Pe

AL
WAYNE—
Honesdale,

WARREN—
Warren,
Clarendon,
Sugar Grove,
Tidioute,
Youngsville,

WASHINGTON—
Charleroi,
Monongahela,
Washington,
Canonsburg,

Galifornia; =.2s:--222-22564522 eee
ROst0@;) 2225222 225-2 ee eee 0

WESTMORELAND—
Latrobe,
Greensburg; ==.=..-2..- eee
New (Stanton, =2--2-5-5- ees
Mt. Pleasant,
Scottdale; 22632-25522 ees
Bellevernon,
Avonmore,
Parnassus,
Irwin,
Manor,
Derry, | 22a eae an ee
Jeannette,
Arnold,
Bolivar; 22422-22s25-22-—
Iivermore, ---------==----s-====-=—————
Monessen,
N. Bellevernon, ..-.--2..423==

SOSSTOCMOAWWAH NADL!

a

W YOMING—
Laceyville,
Meshoppen,
Mehoopany,
Tunkhannock,

YORK—
York,
Spring Forge,
Dillsburg,
Glen Rock,
Wrightsville,
Hanover,
Dallastown,
Red dion, =-2-------——=-=— =e

Number of counties visited,
Number of town visited,
Number of samples taken,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 457

The number of samples sent into the laboratory by citizens of
Pennsylvania was two hundred. This has been a great source of
furnishing information to the dealers and buyers of feeds. Anyone
who may want to have a sample of feed analyzed can have the analy-
sis made by forwarding the same together with fee of one dollar
to the Chief Chemist. A number of persons who are purchasing
high concentrated feeds such as cottonseed meal, linseed meal and
gluten feed which were bought on a guarantee for protein and fat
and low fibre, have sent in samples and had them analyzed, to keep
a check on the firms that were selling these high priced feeds. This
is a capital way for men to know what they are buying. A carload
of feed to-day amounts to between five and six hundred dollars, and
by the investment of one dollar, the purchasers can know whether
they are receiving true values or not; but so very few take advantage
of this splendid clause in the law.

The Secretary of Agriculture, Hon. N. B. Critchfield, ordered
prosecution last year in forty cases. Conviction was secured in
thirty-nine of these cases. One case has been appealed to court and
will be tried in due time. In 1910 there were sixty cases prosecuted.
This shows a decrease of twenty cases. This is a chart to show that
the feed conditions under our law are improving.

I am going to digress a little and call your attention to a table
that has been placed in my hands a few days ago by a friend and
incorporated as a portion of this report:

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

458

Cu a ‘d ‘uesy 3YySIe1g ‘osoy “¢ wmeNIAM Aq poaidmog) ‘poonpold Suyjoq yeoyM Suds 094, “peary
-Bisdu0d ‘93849 949 Ul posler jeayM [Ie Apoquie ‘vrueaAlAsuueg TOF .,‘BOY AA IOJUTMA,, UO SoInsy sy, “peulquros ele yJoq—ssy JeqUIM WOOL} peysmsurjsip se
Sulidg wo IOU 8009¥}0g JeaMG IO sayoveg ‘sIBeg ‘sedviy ‘selddy uo S019sI}8IS JO NveIng 9Y4} AQ spvUL SI ‘oy ‘uOWNpoIg ‘esvelay UO Oder ON—G LON

|
OOLGO Po sen ling eg atte ec gases aa tae ZALLV ORIEN yp os ia he eae 1 “VINVAULAGNN Ge |S sabe - 998" Sea ceas= so set on sere VEE TOU Ga:
00% ‘9LF‘99T 60 Tes |*~~‘er08 ted on[/BA PIPL | 000‘s68‘L Gee ae. ee VIN NN Det} :
| e8s‘FOL'ces‘s$ | 88 STS |---‘orow sed ant/eA PPIX | 008‘SG6‘0EG =| “> 7mm SRIVGS | CUAREUN 01))! is sicienecoreriniea eee toe antes aii ee acne TLU ETI OTT
000‘OT0‘9T 26 000‘ OF‘ LT | ¢'er | 000°682‘T Be ee A
000‘ ISL*OL8 88 O00'9s8'0SF —°| SPT | OO0"OT'6S- | | Sten SGLVLS GALINA) mmm nnn nnnms = Sspaysng—(s1eq0;M) LVM
00F *G0a°9 S°6 000‘0z8‘¢9 “OZFT_ | 000‘9F tess. WANVATASNNG | ;
188‘013‘S8 ¥°6 000 ‘601 ‘S06 REROSY || COUSRCTOUT kt Sil ceeipeg mae oes nana SUAINIAW/cTHS eT GTR TI NGG]! is i een nie ee aca spunog—(J¥9T) OOOVAOL
000‘Et¥'s 08 | 000‘F08 ‘F PSUS SI OO0RG At ree ei heeec a tas cere sai rtcre “VINVATASNNGd]J
| 000‘leg‘ Lz a8 | 000‘6IL ‘gs OiG Tee al R000 200 sCitcwn poi con mie aoe e BCU CUE Ct ASCO | eaters chee teste gintes oer ge (| 16) )iss merry sI
000‘ 290‘ FT £6 | 000°OS1‘ST 992 ee POOOMOLGM dane «|| ner seem ary Sees pe “VINVATASNNGd
000 ‘81L‘S8% 6°6L | 000‘282‘c6z G08 mers | 2000 C1059) tae ee eens aan SSS TVET SB EDTA penn ‘spusnd—SaOLV.LOd
000‘Z98*ST og | 000‘F2L‘ 1S $86 | OOO‘ TSI‘T Eo, INVA TABNNGS :
000° 899‘ FLF cy | 000962 ‘226 Dae Gigen MOO SES Up LO may Wek, |New ie ak aimee aa SHRVAbS SGT ENON \5 ce erating eae en eae Dana mn aera speysna—SLvo
000‘ 096‘ 29 00 0z$ | 000‘SFI‘S 00°T ODORS: Gia en cilaarctent ee eae ane ‘VINVATASNNGd
000‘0L9°F69 #9 FIS | 000‘ FFF LF ort OOO BUTORS Penta | Wee Wer meng oa cesT “SUG Vidi RTI, O05 FE" ares aca ae ae e cea er oe On ante
| 000‘ 83F “ey | $9 000‘s93‘s9 | StF | 000‘SEF‘T ie tee ee INVA SNNG
| 000‘SGz‘c9e‘T | 8°I9 | OOO‘SSF‘TEs's | 6'8Z O00:CZ8390Ty oe eros? as ee SG.LV.LS carn SET RES ar anes he eae a er ‘sjeusng—(peleus) NUOO
| 000‘ 68°F 69 000‘§28‘9 6°12 OOO SIGEis met WiiSaar ce aor e “anaes ‘VINVATASNNAd : -
| 000°SS2 °C | 9°SL | 000‘°6FS ‘LT TI ODO SESS aia ew aesaemrmacae ages S163 CH TASS CEE RN) i ce spusnd—LVAHMMONE
| 000°FIT ¢9 | 000°E2T 0°Sz OOS Sa Mees teal carina ae Ee :
000*@ST‘6sT$ | 6°98 0$ | 000‘0FZ‘OOT 0°12 ODOELCO! neta cams wae = tora “BLT WAS SCA TDNG) 9 Ss ss ake ese see a eceee or “RTOUsrie| — Ace envel
| }
= ie sees Se s ———_— =
2 z 5 z 5 |
Ps Ps : g 5 |
FS ® = Fs 2
as oOo 5 to) 8
5 a rh S
: = 8 = 1 AVOLMIVAAL X.LIGOWNOO
4 ° |
2 a aye oe |
4 4 |
3 5 |
2 é | |
o o |

.
' ———

SOLLSILVIS JO OAVAUNT ‘AYNALTIAOIUSV JO LNANLYVdAC SALVLS GALINA AG GHHSITANd SOILSILVLS WOU AATIAWOO

TI6T UVAA AHL YOK SdOUO WUVA WIdVLS ‘SOILSILVLS IVUNMLINOIUDV AAILLVUVdWOO

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 459

I have been asked by a number of my friends and fellow-farmers,
What have you new to present to the Board this year on the feed
question? This is a hard question to answer, as this has been a
year where a majority of the large firms and manufacturers ship-
ping feeds into Pennsylvania have put forth their best efforts to
comply with our law. The weed seed question has been the one
that has given us the most trouble. A number of manufacturers
who placed weed seeds in their molasses feed have removed the
same. We waged a strenuous warfare on the manufacturers of
chicken feeds. They were placing on our markets a chicken feed
‘that contains a large amount of whole weed seeds. This was con-
trary to our law. The Secretary ordered prosecution and we secured
conviction in all cases.

I present to you a sample of a certain chicken feed which has
a large sale in our markets and which contained large quantities of
weed seeds. I present to you a second sample that we found was
composed of good cereals. This is a good lesson and will show you
what good effect our law is when properly enforced. We find that
the great trouble has been in the past with our own people. They
do not take time to look into these subjects, and in place of buying
good red wheat, good clean oats, buckwheat and corn to feed their
chickens, which they can buy at a fair market value, they will go
to the store and buy a feed that has been compounded or mixed
by some firm in the far West and pay a price ranging from two to
two and one-half cents a pound or from forty to fifty dollars per
ton. :

Here is what a member of the Board of Trade of St. Louis says
in regard to these persons who come to attend the Board and buy
grains to compound chicken feeds: “There are a dozen buyers
there every day for chicken feed, wheat, corn and oats so badly
damaged they cannot use it for any other purpose.”

Pennsylvania is a great agricultural state and has great possi-
bilities, if she could have her sons and daughters engaged in agri-
cultural pursuits; but they go to towns and cities to make their for-
tunes and leave the old farm. How many of them succeed we cannot
tell, nor can we tell how many fail, but in our visit to Pittsburg
last week, the cry of the rich was to return to the farm, and if our
young people could understand the conditions that exist in the cities,
this table might be of some benefit to them. If you will take the
time to read this table when this report is published, you will find
that it contains some very encouraging data in regard to the aver-
age production of Pennsylvania. I would call your attention to a
few of the cereals:

We will take barley. We find that the average production in the
United States is 21 bushels, and that Pennsylvania produces 25
bushels, or an increase of four bushels.

Shelled corn, United States, 23.9 bushels; Pennsylvania, 44.5
bushels. Oats, United States, 24.4 bushels; Pennsylvania, 28.3
bushels. (Leaf) Tobacco, United States, 893.7 pounds per acre;
Pennsylvania, 1,420 pounds per acre. In summing up the value per
acre of barley, buckwheat, corn, hay, oats, potatoes, tobacco and
wheat, we find the average money value per acre in the United

460 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

States is $15.38, in Pennsylvania, $21.09, or $4.29 in favor of Penn-
sylvania. This does not give the value of the apples, grapes, pears,
peaches or sweet potatoes.

Sefore closing this report, I would like to call the farmers’ at-
tention to the importance of the calf meals that are being com-
pounded and are upon our markets. These are high protein and fat
and low fibre meals, and if they are fed according to the directions,
you will have no trouble in raising your calves on your farms with-
out the use of a small amount of milk, and after they get to be
two months old, you can dispense with the milk and raise them on
the meal. These feeds will grow the calf and develop its structural
‘formation. I have had experience in growing calves at home with
these meals. They are also splendid to feed to young pigs when
you have a scarcity of milk, or to mix with milk. The price of one
of them is high, but the other two meals sell at a fair price. I am
here to advertise any special brand of calf meals, but I am here
to try to encourage the, dairymen to raise their heifer calves and
by so doing, to increase the number of dairy cows in Pennsylvania.

It is a sad sight to see so many good heifer calves taken for veal-
ing purposes, when they might produce some of the very best dairy
cows and in this way increase the supply of butter and milk in
our Commonwealth.

I wish to thank the Secretary of Agriculture, Hon. N. B. Critch-
field, for his kindness and courtesy to me in my work as his General
Agent.

I also wish to return thanks to Mr. James W. Kellogg for the
many courtesies he has extended to me during the past year and
for the friendly and courteous manner in which we have worked
as co-laborers.

I also wish to thank Mr. John F. St. Clair and Mr. W. John
Stiteler, Special Agents, for the able manner in which they have
discharged their duties.

I also wish to thank Mr. John Spicer for the able manner in which
he prepared our exhibit and the courtesies that he extended to the
farmers who came to examine the same.

+

THE PRACTICAL SIDE OF LOCAL ORGANIZATION IN AGRI-
CULTURE

By J. ALDUS HERR, Lancaster, Pa.

This much talked of topic has received more attention the last
year than at any previous time, and in many instances has resulted
in much good to the producer as well as the consumer.

Organizations are of early origin, but most of these pertaining
to the uplifting of farm life have chiefly been along the social side,

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 461

and the practical part has partially been neglected. Organizations
of this kind are designed to further their interests and particularly
bring the producer and consumer, the farmer and manufacturer into
direct commercial relations without the intervention of the middle-
men.

Nearly all industries have established organizations for the better-
ment of their interests, even in the conservative County of Lancaster.
We have two agricultural clubs that have been in existence for many
years: namely, the “Octoraro Farmers” and the “Fulton Farm
Club,” I have read the report of these meetings when the writer was
a mere boy. Then came the Lancaster County Agricultural Society,
this was followed by the Grange, and more than a half dozen simi-
lar organizations pertaining to farm life, all doing work along their
respective lines. But their advancement has been chiefly social in-
stead of dealing with the more practical side of their occupation.

The question which confronts most of us is, How can we combine
the two with better advantage to the majority of persons interested?

The two chief interests confronting the farmer today are more
economical production, and better distribution of marketing.

Too many of the crops on the farm are produced at an actual
loss, or probably just sufficient profit to maintain the industry.
Following this is the finding of the best markets for the products,
too often there are instances where some markets are glutted at the
expense of other poorly furnished ones.

These are the two chief interests that have been neglected in most
farm organizations, except a few large companies who have tried
to solve the problem with some degree of success, but often being too
large, and beyond the control of the producer and consumer alike.

The State and National Grange have done much good in general,
but in our county it has been a dismal failure, few persons knowing
there is one in existence. About twenty years ago there was a local
Grange in our community, but it long since has gone the way of
many other good organizations for want of actual effort. The
social side was a glowing success, but the business and financial part
was sadly neglected, thus the result mentioned.

Now how best to overcome these serious failures is the question
to solve. The very nature of the farmers’ calling should induce
him to organize locally for the purpose of selling the crops he pro-
duces, and buying the articles he must have in his business, and to
learn to deal more direct with the consumer and producer; thus
to eliminate to a certain extent the middlemen who have been a very
costly adjunct in the business life of the American Farmer.

The farmer of the future must be more of a reader and thinker
for his own benefit. The more direct he deals with the consumer
and producer the more intelligence he must put in his business.

After having produced a valuable crop, it requires some business
and executive ability to put his products before the purchaser in
the most attractive appearance with a profit to himself, as well as
a reasonable price to the consumer. Not forgetting the fact that a
pleased and satisfied customer is the best “ad” in any line of business
and much cheaper, and more durable than printers’ ink. The time
has never existed when there was an over-production of a good,

462 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

first-class article, if properly distributed, and goods of this class
always demand a paying price, and in many instances the purchaser
will look up the producer who has goods of this class for sale.

We as farmers should think more of the consumers’ wants and
desires, who are willing to pay good value for goods received, if in
so doing they actually receive full value for what they pay. We
should take a full broad view of the business relations between the
producer and consumer.

The more familiar the farmer is with the life of the consumer
and vice versa, the more satisfactory it will be for all concerned. In-
vite the consumer to come and see the plant where the articles
offered for sale are produced, by so doing you would receive the con-
fidence and advertising medium of a good customer, which is a long
step in the line of success.

The origin of all Government is the home. The basis of all large
organizations must be of local origin; no wheel is stronger than the
weakest cog within its circle.

The foundation for a business organization must be laid by the
members within reasonable bounds of their local community.

No one is more capable of knowing the wants and desires of a
community than the residents thereof, and they should be more
efficient in the management of said local organization. Whenever
a company expands beyond a certain limit it becomes unwieldy
and throws itself liable to many dangers which are detrimental to
the control and a menace to the best development along the line of
business intended. Self-government, which begins at home, is also
appreciable in local organizations, and in a very great degree, means
nothing more than good common sense, which is frequently lacking
in many business propositions.

The country at large today is more aroused about the organiza-
tion of the farmer than it has ever been before. Most dailies, and
many of the most prominent magazines give considerable space“to
the discussion of this most worthy subject.

The place to foster this worthy child of the “Farm Organization”
I believe must be in the public schools. The child who will make
the successful farmer of the future must be better equipped to
deal with the problems that will confront him. He must see farm
life from a higher and different aspect than he has ever seen it be-
fore. The day is at hand when the manual training system of edu-
cation must be the prevailing school established for the rural as
well as the city districts.

The ever pressing demand for education that will train the child
to be a self-sustaining bread winner, will be the power; and when
started right, it will contre] the best interests in the United States.
Then, and not till then, will the farmer receive his just demands,
and the now dominating powers will give recognition when asked
for, or be trodden on by the onward move of justice.

As far as farm organization has gone, it is a step in advance
of education. The rural schools as well as those of the city should
become a unit of power in the betterment for agricultural uplift,
for the destiny of both classes is dependent upon the success of
agriculture.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 463

All other industries are at the mercy of the great calling, till-
ing the soil. The issue of the day is better government for local or-
ganizations. Local farm organizations have been started in many
places and have proven beneticial; with few exceptions the farmer
bas not received his portion of the dollar in the disposal of his pro-
ducts, as yet these organizations have more efficient buyers than
sellers. The most direct road to dispense with the middlemen’s
profit, is through more direct buying from the manufacturers, this
end of the problem has been fairly well solved.

The Lancaster County Farmers’ Association which we started five
years ago, was of very humble origin, the first season ending in
1911. They did a business of $122,000.00, paid 5% on the capital
stock and conducted the business on a 23% basis. They have capi-
talized at $75,000.00 and have 1,000 members in good standing.

A very important feature of this organization is that all business
is done on a cash basis. It is the duty of the Genera] Manager to
receive prices on all lines of goods to be purchased. If any mem-
ber refuses to pay cash, he is denied the privileges of the associa-
tion and cannot deal with it.

This organization has a main office, with four branches, its 1,000
members ordering all goods through the General Manager; but
each branch is responsible for its own indebtedness and should any
of the branches fail it cannot in any way affect any of the other
branches.

At present two of the branches here built substantial brick build-
ings for stores, costing about $4,000 each, the two branches carry-
ing about $18,000.00 worth of goods needed on the farm, coal, feed,
flour, seeds, oils, implements and farm machinery in general. You
can buy nearly everything needed on the farm from a tack to a four-
horse wagon. As mentioned before the way to eliminate the middle-
men is by direct selling to the consumer. If the members of an
organization, like the one in Lancaster county, would unite in dis-
posing of their crops in carloads, having some responsible man to
whom to ship to regularly, it certainly would be of immense benefit
to the producer.

The thousand members could create a demand for first-class pro-
ducts, and to a great extent, solve the problem of dividing the
dollar between the producer and consumer, without the assistance
of the much talked of middlemen.

But in selling direct as well as purchasing there are many prob
lems of importance to be met, and right here is where the public
schools are deficient in not giving the pupils an education on a
more substantial bread-winning basis. Had the new school code
of Pennsylvania given us this much needed training for the men and
women of the future, we might excuse the remainder of that vol-
uminous document.

In direct selling, there must be a confidence established between the
seller and purchaser, of the highest standing; and great care should.
be taken that this confidence should never be misplaced.

Ob! hail the day, for it is near at hand, when the onward move-.
ment of Local Farm Organization will be heard all along the land),
and the elements of resistance that are defying our advance, will!
listen and take warning, when many of the shackles will be cast
asunder.

>.

464 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Then, and not till then, will the farmer receive to a large degree
the profits of his toil.

ADDRESS OF PROFESSOR HAMILTON

It is needless to say that I am always glad to get back to Penn-
sylvania—particularly when it gives me the privilege of looking into
the faces of the men of this Board whom I have long known, and
honored for their substantial work in the interest of agriculture.

In thinking of the Board and its services to the State, I feel that
some one shouid be deputized by the Secretary of Agriculture to
write its history, not simply a history of the Board as a whole, but
of its individual members.

The SECRETARY: I have been trying to get it done, but so far
the Nestor has refused to be pressed into the work.

PROFESSOR HAMILTON: I think it should be done. I have
been thinking while sitting here, “What if the State of Pennsylvania
were to employ this body of men by the year to give their entire
time and attention to the development of agriculture in their respec-
tive sections?” If so much has been done by these men, meeting
three or four days in the year, what would be the result if they
were to devote all of their time to the development of agriculture?
I believe we have come to a time when in every state a body of ex-
perts to assist agricultural people at their homes will be employed
by the year. In is coming to this that in every county in every state
of this Union in which farming is an important feature there is
going to be an expert giving all of his time and attention to the de-
velopment of agriculture.

In the stronger agricultural counties, as Lancaster and Chester,
there will be six, eight, or ten men who will do nothing else but
attend to the development of their agriculture, and I may add, domes-
tic science as well. These men will be responsible to some central
agent or head, such as the State Board of Agriculture or the State
Agricultural College.

There is a notable instance of the effect of that method that has
just been brought to the attention of the world by the publication,
in French, of the condition of agriculture in Belgium. Belgium
in its political divisions is something like Pennsylvania. It is divided
into Provinces similar to our counties; its population is about equal
to that of Pennsylvania, numbering about seven millions, of whom
about one million are farmers. Its area, however, does not com-
pare with that of Pennsylvania. In size it is about equal to the
State of Delaware.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 465

Twenty-five years ago agriculture in Belgium was in a condition
so depressed that the livelihood of the people were seriously
threatened. It became necessary to do something for its develop-
ment. Their wise men got together and after considering the situa-
tion at home and looking at agriculture as pursued in different other
countries, adopted a plan that has proved to be marvelously success-
ful. They did not begin with four or five experiments, but selected
one and carried it on for 25 years. It consisted in the creation of
an office called “Agricultural Supervisor.” This supervisor was
placed over the entire Kingdom. The country was divided into three
divisions, and an agricultural expert was placed in each of these di-
visions. Later they appointed an expert for each Province. Each of
these men was required to give his entire time and attention to the
development of agriculture in his District. No one could be ap-
pointed to the position who did not possess a certificate as Agricul-
tural Engineer, except an occasional man who had been conspicuous
for his success along some line of agriculture, and he only after he
had passed an examination before an expert board. The results have
just been published and we have had the report translated in our
office.

There are today thirty-two of these experts in charge of agricul-
ture in the various provinces. As a result in the Province of Ant-
werp, arable land was raised in 25 years from $105 per acre to $162.
Prairie land from $146 to $243; heath land that was pretty nearly
valueless, went up from $4.00 to $16.00; sandy land was raised from
$160 to $225. In East Flanders the best land was raised from $243
to $405,—an increase of $160 per acre.

Similar advance was made in value in every variety and character
of soil, sandy, peat, bog and other kinds. There was nothing done
by the State for the improvement of her agriculture but that one
thing,—simply putting one or two experts into each Province to
show the people the most advanced- methods of agriculture.

We heard in Mr. Hutchison’s paper, something about the amount
of wheat grown in Pennsylvania. Here is what they did in Belgium.
At the time the experiment began in 1885, they were producing in
Antwerp an average of 23.75 bushels of wheat per acre; in 1910, it
was 31 bushels, an increase of 7.30 bushels per acre. The yield of
rye in 1885 was 23.45 bushels per acre; in 1910, it was 31.07 bushels ;
an increase of 7.62 bushels. Potatoes, 207 bushels per acre in 1885,
as against 294 bushels in 1910,—an increase of about 87 bushels
per acre. The increase for the Province of Brabant was wheat,
14.73 per acre; rye, 19.44 per acre; barley, 36.62 per acre. In beets
they raised the percentage of sugar from 11 to 16 per cent. The
increase in wheat for the whole country was from 24.53 to 38.55
bushels per acre, or 14 bushels. Farm animals show the same pro-
portion of increase.

This was all brought about through the efforts of these experts.
The information available was first put into their hands and they
were sent out to disseminate it among the farmers. I am confident
that if we were to adopt similar methods, we could have similar
results. We have just as good land as any that is found-abroad, just
as good climate, and just as capable people, and yet we are away be-
hind in our results. The State of Pennsylvania could not invest

30—6—1911

466 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

her money in a better way than by employing capable men to go out
into the fields and apply the things, we Institute people have been
preaching. I hope the day is not far distant when the State will
take up this line of work,—whatever expense is involved will be
amply repaid.

The Province of Ontario started a similar movement five years ago.
They had great difficulty in getting an appropriation for it, but they
finally succeeded and hired men to go into different districts and
take ‘up this work. Today they have thirty-two counties in which
they have these experts located the entire year. All of the reports
of their work are of most satisfactory character.

The result of twenty-five years successful operation in Belgium
will surely justify a trial of the system in the United States.

ADDRESS OF GENERAL BEAVER

Mr. Chairman: I have been very much interested in this little
story of Belgium. The people of Belgium don’t compare with the
people of Pentsylvania as far as I know. They have not been edu-
cated as we lave been educated. They cannot assimilate ideas as
we can, and they cannot carry them into effect as we can. I know
that we have better educated men than they have—even with their
agricultural doctors, although they may be equal to the demands
made upon them there.

Now, Mr. Hamilton spoke of Mr. Hutchison’s paper. The statis-
tics in it were furnished by a rzilroad agent. What have the rail-
roads got to do with it? Why, everything! If they don’t stimulate
agriculture in every way they can, they won’t have anything to keep
up their railroads. James J. Hill understands that. He is scatter-
ing prize bulls along his road in order to raise the standard of the
livestock, and he induces them to be sent each spring to Chicago to
compete with other prize cattle. This is not only a stimulation to
his community, but it is a stimulation, also, to his railroad which
brings him in his income. Now we have been thinking that the
Pennsylvania and Reading systems were doing a very generous thing
when they offered to send agricultural trains into Pennsylvania.
Why, it is the most selfish thing they can do, and yet it is the only
thing they can do, short of a system such as Prof. Hamilton has
told us about in Belgium and Ontario. We may not reach this in
five, ten, or even in twenty-five vears, but it will come, if not through
the direct agency of the authorities of Pennsylvania, it will come
through the United States. Why, there are now five bills pending
before the United States Congress, one to have agricultural instruc-
tion—that is, instruction in agriculture in sufficient amounts in
each state so that whatever subject the people may he specially in-
terested in, they may get information about.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 467

Now, I was much interested in Prof. Stewart’s demonstration
this morning. That was a good thing to listen to; but how many of
us who have heard it will take it home with us? Now if Prof.
Stewart was to go to Adams county and go to a half a dozen of the
farmers there and show them by ocular demonstration what can be
done, these methods would be carried out all up and down the County
of Adams, which has become one of our great apple-producing
regions. I asked, on one occasion our friend from Berks county,
what the best apple was for all purposes; and he said “Stayman
Winesap,” and I have had that on my brain ever since, and several
weeks ago I asked Mr. Tyson to send me a box. In a few days
I got a box by express and there is no reason why Pennsylvania
could not produce the Winesap, as one of the leading varieties.

My old Secretary got me to go out to the Carnegie Library last
year to talk to some of the boys. A friend of his who had charge
of a let of boys in Pittsburg thought the boys might be interested
in a man who had only one leg and uses crutches. Now, I never
have any hesitancy to exhibit myself to boys at any time, so, of course
I went. On the way he ran into a fruit shop, and knowing my fond-
ness for apples, came out with a Winesap for me. I asked him what
he paid for it; he hesitated a little, and I said “You need not be
ashamed of it, Pearson; you know I value it as much if it cost two
cents as if it cost twenty-five cents.” He said as a matter of fact,
he had paid ten cents for it. I went one year into the store of Henry
Hallowell & Sons, on Broad St., below Chestnut, Philadelphia, and
looking around I said, “You don’t mean to tell me you erected this
building?” He said, “Yes, they had just handed it over to the Real
Estate Trust Co., and had it conform with theirs, so that it would
rent more readily.” I said, “I guess we will have to pay for it.”
He said, “You have paid for it.” I wanted a Bellflower apple, he
brought me one nicely wrapped up in a piece of tissue paper. I said,
“But that is not a Bellflower.” He said, “Oh, yes, it is a Western
apple.” I said “That accounts for it; they couldn’t come up to the
Pennsylvania fruit.” You can’t have a Bellflower without the fra-
grance and the taste. I wouldn’t give a bushel of them for one Bell-
flower that comes from Centre county, Pennsylvania. And I paid
five cents apiece, or sixty cents a dozen for them! Why? Because
they pay attention to the picking and the packing, and consult the
tastes as well as the taste of the consumer. Now, I was glad to get
that box from the Tyson’s the other day. Every apple was nicely
wrapped up in tissue paper. They, too, are studying the tastes
as well as the taste of their consumer, and there is no reason why
their method should not be more generally adopted by Pennsylvania
growers.

Well, now, I got off my story a little on the apple question. About
these bills that are pending in Congress, I know of two or three.
I heard of a couple more last night. One of them was introduced
by the Senator from Georgia, who was President Cleveland’s Secre-
tary of the Interior, Hoke Smith, who has since then been Governor
of Georgia. He is very much interested in agriculture. In fact,
the Southern people are taking much interest in improving their
agriculture, through the Department of Agriculture, of which our
friend, Prof. Hamilton is an honored member—under Prof, Hays,

3]

468 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

he told me last night they have just as much pride in their agricul-
ture in the South as we do here. Before the war, corn and cotton
were kings, but now they are turning to the raising of crops such
as we raise; by which | judge they are raising their corn to feed their
stock and have taken to raising “hog and hominy” as well as corn
and cotton.

Hoke Smith has introduced a bill, authorizing appropriation to
land-grant colleges, and then giving certain amount additional in
proportion to the amount appropriated by each State Legislature.
For instance, it would give Pennsylvania sixty thousand dollars
based upon so many millions to be divided among these states ac-
cording to the amounts appropriated by their Legislatures; say
the equality of Pennsylvania would be fifty thousand dollars; we
would get that according to our population, providing the State
Legislature would appropriate a like sum. Now, you see what this
amount would mean in carrying on the agriculture in a practical way
in the different counties. If you could take Stewart into the ordi-
nary farmer’s dining-room and sit around the table with half a
dozen men with note-book and pencil, and have him go over his
story so that they could take it down,:and it would make a difference
in five years such as he showed this morning, and you could sell
the apples for two dollars and fifty cents a bushel, like I paid for
my box from the Tyson’s the other day, you see what that would
mean. Why, we have not started in our apple production in Penn-
sylvania, although some of them think they are getting along in cer-
tain locations.

My friend Hiester, who has gone to his Heavenly home the other
day, was an enthusiast along this line. When he told me ten years
ago what the possibilities of apple production were in Pennsylvania,
I laughed at him. In order to get even with me, he sent me from
the next meeting of the Horticultural Association, a box of Bald-
win and Grimes’ Golden, originated in the orchards he produced.
They laughed at me for three months. I recognized the quality; there
is no question about that, and there is no question about the amount,
if we simply get our heads together and go to work. We used to
think that Western New York was the place to raise apples; well, it
is not better than Pennsylvania. Our Soil Survey shows it. Some
locations are better than others. The Soil Survey people put an
auger down into the ground and pull it up and teil you that that is
the place to plant a Baldwin.

Now, why, I don’t know, but I suppose some elements in the
soil. Iron will produce color, and that is the reason the fruit is
lighter in color in some localities than in others. In Centre county
we are underlaid with Hematite ore, and I suppose enough of it
will get into the fruit to produce color. The fruit needs the minerals
as well as God’s rain and sunshine. You take an apple and see what
is enveloped in it, in the way of high art—in the way of beauty of
color, of taste, and fragrance all combined, and then compare it
with the fact that one man will devote his entire lifetime to the
development of a single point in agriculture, and then think he is
doing a great thing, such as Dr. Armsby is doing at State College
in which he puts a steer into the Respirator Carometer and measures
the breath which the steer gives up every time it breathes, and knews

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 469

just how much of it is waste, and how much of the feed which is
given the steer is waste, and thinks he is doing a big thing; you
take this, and then you can imagine what it is to take agriculture
as a whole and try to undertake to carry it out. Why, gentlemen
it is the biggest thing in this world, and God made it so, because
we are all dependent upon it; and if we were just able to carry out
the provisions of the Hoke Smith bill—I don’t know just the details,
but I do know the scope of it—we could revolutionize agriculture
in Pennsylvania, as they will in Georgia.

We are talking about Missions, nowadays. I have been insisting
for years that the mission of America to China is agriculture. Wee
could revolutionize it; they would be more ready to accept Chris-
tianity and we could also learn something from them. Their agri-
culture is altogether intensive; they have no extensive agriculture
such as we have, and while we show them something of our extensive
methods, we could learn something of the intensive from them.
Why think of what we might accomplish, if we were to establish an
agricultural mission, as they are now trying to do from State Col-
lege, by means of a young fellow who went over there to become a
Professor in a Christian College, and they have him teaching agri-
culture and horticulture and landscape gardening, and about every-
thing else they can get him tv do, and he came home again and said:
“If you will stand by me, we will start a little college settlement
over there in agriculture to produce plants that you can use here,
and we have plants here that can be introduced into China, so that
we can be mutually helpful;” and they are going to try it. Why,
there is just one of the things the Master did when he was in this
world—he fed the men who were hungry, and then he preached to
them, and I don’t believe America could intluence China more quickly
and effectively than by showing them just how we do things in this
country. If we could teach them to farm as we farm here in Penn-
sylvania, to cultivate as we cultivate here, | have no doubt we would
never again hear the cry from more than three million dollars—
yes, twice that, to save the lives of three million men who are starving
because there is not enough for them to eat. And that is simply
because they know nothing of farming. Instead of cultivating the
river banks, which wash away, we would teach them to cultivate and
develope the interior.

Any man who knows what he is doing and who farms intelligently,
must use his braiws as well as his muscles; brain and brawn are
both required to produce results in agriculture. No man who under-
values what he is doing is fit, in my judgment, for his business,
for it is the biggest on earth; and it takes brain as well as brawn to
develop it in its fullest, and the man who wndervalues it, undervalues
himself as well as his business, and he also undervalues the sun-
shine and the rain of our common Father, which sink into the earth
and cause it to produce for us the elements of life. We cannot
overvalue it; let us value in its true place, what agriculture in
Pennsylvania is, and may become to the generations that follow

us, if we value it as we should and reach the largest results in our
work.

470 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

LOW GRADE NITROGENOUS MATERIALS IN FERTILIZERS
By DR. WILLIAM FREAR, Chemist

The average complete fertilizer sold during the spring of 1911
in Pennsylvania contained about 1.5 per cent. of nitrogen, 8.25 per
cent. of phosphoric acid, and 5.0 per cent. of potash, but the relative
cost to the purchaser of these materials, exciusive of mixing, bagging
and freight, was 36; 30; 25; that is, the nitrogen, by far the least
abundant constituent, was not only relatively, but absolutely the
most costly.

The use of commercial fertilizers is steadily increasing and the
demand for fertilizer raw materials is growing at a similar rate,
notwithstanding the larger measure in which legumes are used in
our rotations and the better conservation of domestic manures, the
demand for organic nitrogenous raw materials for fertilizers is grow-
ing far more rapidly than the supply of first class materials, such
as bone, tankage and dried blood. The cost of nitrogen from these
sources is rising far more rapidly, as a consequence, than that of rock
phosphoric acid and potash.

The fact that nitrate and ammonia nitrogen now cost less than
organic nitrogen from prime materials, might suggest that fertilizer
makers would turn to nitraie of soda or sulphate of ammonia more
largely than in the past. Fertilizer analyses do not show any marked
tendency, however, toward such change. Manufacturers explain that
fertilizers whose nitrogen is exclusively supplied by nitrate of soda
or by sulphate of ammonia do not hold condition well, and conse-
quently are unsatisfactory to the buyer because he cannot conven-
iently drill them; and that moreover, fertilizers that become available
gradually through the season are better for most crops than are such
fertilizers as hold all their nitrogen in immediately available form.
There is a third reason he doesn’t say much about, namely, that he
has found a way to use cheap organic materials to supply the nitro-
gen and that, at least in many eases, he is supplying an important
portion of the 1.5 per cent. we find present, by the use of hair, wool
waste, leather, garbage, tankage and peat.

Decades ago, these cheap and abundant nitrogenous materials were
tried and found wanting. While horn meal gave considerable crop
return, woolen rags some, and hair, leather, and peat a little, these
low grade materials, despite the large proportions of nitrogen some
of them contained, were found to have only very low fertilizer value;
consequently their use as fertilizer ingredients was condemned.

In recent years, this condemnation has gone to the length of re-
quiring their use, when it occurs, to be declared. In the new fertilizer
Act of 1909 for Pennsylvania, this requirement is made specifie for
pulverized leather, hair, ground hoof, horn, or wool waste, raw,

steamed, roasted, or in any form.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 471

Since the passage of this Act, no instance of such declaration has
in any case come to my attention. Furthermore, a careful micro-
scopic examination of thousands of samples has failed to show their
presence. Yet these low grade materials continue to go by the train-
load to the fertilizer factories and doubtless do not stay there, but
come out in some condition in the fertilizer output.

These facts are admitted in a general way by fertilizer manufac-
turers. They explain that these raw materials, with the possible ex-
ception of peat, are, while employed in the make-up of the fertilizer,
not introduced as leather, hair, etc., but are, in the course of manu-
facture, changed into other substances whose nitrogen is available;
that by such use the general cost of fertilizer nitrogen is held down
far below the point to which it would rise if the manufacturer were
limited to high-grade sources of supply; and that the buyer is not
injured because he really gets, as the result of the process employed,
a highly available fertilizer.

I have yet to be convinced that the buyer is not somewhat injured
because of the price he is asked to pay for this nitrogen in mixed
fertilizers, even though the truth be admitted that the manufacturer
has been at some expense in its treatment and has, by its general
use, somewhat held down the prices of high-grade materials.

At this time, however, I desire to confine attention to the question
whether the process or processes used, do really change the nature
of these low-grade materials so as to increase considerably their
availability.

The process is simple and consists either in disolving the hair,
leather, garbage tankage, etc., in the sulphuric acid later to be used
in dissolving the phosphate rock that forms the major part of the
fertilizer; or, in other factories, in putting the ground rock and
leather, hair, etc., together into the mixer and then adding the acid.
The product is a dark, spongy material called “base goods,” because
it is not sold directly as a fertilizer, but forms the base or principal
part of various mixtures with high-grade nitrogenous materials, ni-
trate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, potash salts, usually with some
ground limestone to act as a dryer or neutralizer of the excess acid,
and sometimes with raw, ground peat to serve as a conditioner;
that is, as an improver of the drilling quality of the mixture, when-
ever that seems advantageous.

To determine whether such treatment fully destroys the hair,
leather, etc., upon which it acts, and whether the products are really
much more available to plant, [ have made a careful study of the
effects of the treatment upon a large number of substances, with
the aid of my assistants in the Department of Experimental Agri-
cultural Chemistry of the Experiment Station. The full description
of the experiment and of its results will appear in the forthcoming
report of the Station, but I have considered the question dealt with
of such present importance as to warrant my placing before you at
this time the conclusions thus far reached.

The list of materials studied included sole leather scrap, soft
leather from glove factories, pulverized steamed leather, cleaned
cattle hair such as plasterers use, rotted hair, impure wool waste,
fine horn meal, impure hoof scrap, peat meal and garbage tankage,
together with a sample of “base goods” from a large fertilizer fac-

472 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tory. It was found that the treatment with acid of the strength used
in the fertilizer factory, destroyed with practical completeness, the
tissues of these m: iterials, so that they were no longer recognizable
under the microscope.

The treatment increased the water-solubility of the nitrogen greatly
in every case. In the original materials the percentage of the total
nitrogen that could be dissolved by water ranged from none in the
fresh hair and sole leather to 13-14 per cent. in the rotted hair and
slightly fermented horn meal; but after treatment, the water soluble
portion ranged from 40 to 78 per cent. of the total nitrogen present.

Furthermore, while of the total nitrogen present as ammonia in
the original materials the quantity ranged from but 0.1 per cent.
in sole leather to 6.1 per cent. in rotted hair, in the acid treated
materials the proportion of ammonia nitrogen to the total nitrogen
ranged from 1.7 to 14.1 per cent. The increase was, therefore, very
considerable, but not sufficient to warrant the manufacturer in say-
ing, as he often does, ‘‘The process converts the nitrogen to ammonia.”
For clearly, most of the nitrogen remains after the acid treatment in
an organic condition.

It is well known that most organic materials used as fertilizers
must, before they can be taken up by the plants, be converted into
ammonium salts and especially into nitrates, and that these changes
are effected in the soil to varying degrees with different materials
by the help of certain soil bacteria. It is needful to know concern-
ing these nitrogenous products, how they respond to the attack of
these bacteria.

The experiment included, therefore, a study upon this point. It
was found that, in our soil, taken from the Station farm in a mildly
acid condition, the nitrogen of the original soft leather, wool waste,
and garbage tankage did not experience any change what ever to
ammonia in the course of seven days, the duration ‘of our test; but
that of the cee of the horn meal, 12.67 per cent., and that ot
the rotted hair, 15.29 per cent., appeared as ammonia at the end
of this time, the other materials remaining intermediate between
these extremes; whereas, a good sample of dried blood showed 19.44
per cent. of its nitrogen as ammonia after the test. In the acid-
mixed materials, on the other hand, the proportion of ammoniacal
nitrogen ranged from 19.6 per cent. in the garbage tankage to 84.95
per cent. in the hoof-scrap. In like manner, the nitrification test,
continued for five weeks, showed in case of every material upon
which it was tried a large increase of nitrification in case of the
acid-treated as compared with the corresponding raw nitrogenous
substance.

Finally, these laboratory tests were followed by a field test of
the effect of the fertilizers, before and after acidulation, upon rye.
These field tests were so affected by a mechanical source of error
that I do not feel that dependence can be placed upon their indi-
cations with respect to the individual nitrogenous materials. By
confining the attention simply to a comparison of the group of ma-
terials under test, the disturbing effect of this source of error
are largely elminated.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 473

Stating the results so as to show the increase in yield of air-dry
rye, straw and grain harvested when the grain was still in the dough
stage, in pounds per acre, the comparison is as follows:

3

0

rs)

mH

=

q

°

ad

o

3

oO

a oA

3 =

5 3

Ay =|

sa eR a ae Ot NG th ae ee a

hoeGkasandiepotashw fertilizer. coos so sess ess eae ence cones os ee nee See oS es 889.45 | eae ee
Completeriertilizers with dried bloods) 2222-5 -- seen ee ene eee eee eae 1,391.4 509.0
Onivinalemenrtematerial svete 22s. - oe ee ee eae een ae ON See 11201.5 320.1
ACI METe RCC AbCLIAIS ees sae nae ee ne eee eee eee ae eee 1,599.4 717.0

It is well established that the rate of bacterial change experienced
by the same material in different soils, is widely variable. I think
it unwarranted, therefore, to assume that results so favorable as
those above stated, will occur with acid-treated leather, hair, etc.,
on all soils. It is my judgment, however,—and this is supported
by the results of tests made earlier at the Massachusetts Experiment
Station by Lindsey upon acid-treated Jeather and by Haskins upon
acid-treated peat, that the fertilizer manufacturers are correct in
claiming that the acid-treatment of most of these materials result
in a very marked increase in the availability of their nitrogen.

REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST
By PROF. FRANKLIN MENGES

The season of 1911 must have been in many ways favorable to the
propagation of some insect life; especially has this been true of
the Hessian fly (Cecidemyiu destructor) and the common locust (Ris-
pa) or leaf mining and skeletoning beetle, scientifically known as
the Oclontata Dorsalis.

The Hessian fly has destroyed from 10 to 50 per cent. of the wheat
crop of the State and has, therefore, cost us millions of dollars.
Spraying for this insect is impossible and the insect enemies, which
number so far as our present knowledge goes, from 10 to 14 different
species, seem to lose absolute control of this fly during some seasons,
while during other seasons they keep it in subjection and little dam-
age is done.

474 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE off. Doe.

DRY SHASON DESTRUCTIVE

Entomologists who have investigated the fly tell us that a dry sea-
son, espec ially during July and August, is very destructive of the
pupa or the quiescent stage in the life history of this fly and, there-
fore, we would conclude “that very few of the pupa of this insect
would have escaped one of the longest, most extensive and destructive
periods of dry weather (that of 1910) that has been experienced in
the State for a long time, and yet the following season the Hessian
fly was the most abundant and destructive for many years. The
question naturally comes up, why is this if dry weather is such a
menace to the development of this fly, and in so far as possible we
shall endeavor to answer this question. In looking up the tempera-
tures for July, August and September, 1910, we tind that the weather
was comparatively cool, in fact so much so that the farm crops did
not suffer such extreme desiccation as they would had the tempera-
ture been higher. The same is true of the Hessian fly, for we find
that the desiccating effects of the hot sun when the ground is dry
have, in many instances that have been thoroughly investigated,
destroyed well nigh the entire brood lying dormant in the wheat
stubble and on the ground. Here we have two climatic conditions
that will destroy the Hessian fly, hot and dry weather, therefore, if
immediately after harvest the ground is dry, the weather hot and
plowing difficult, and a wheat stubble field is known to have quite
a brood of dormant Hessian fly in its stubble and on the ground it
is not necessary to plow the field early to destroy the fly because heat
and dry weather will do this just as well.

BOTH SOWINGS INFESTED

But, if a drought prevails, as it did in the summer of 1910, and the
weather is cool, the pupa of the Hessian ily will lie in the stubble
until there is moisture sufficient for the fly to change from the dor-
mant to the adult stage, or the full-fledged fly, which, on account
of there being a little rain in 1910 until very late in the fall, may
not have taken place until, perhaps October, so that both early and
late sowing were equally badly infested. Another thing. In some
places where there was sufficient moisture together with the prevail-
ing cool weather there may have been more than the supposed usual
two broods of fly and the likelihood is there were more than the two
broods in some places.

PARISAN EXPERIMENT

Dr. Paul Marchal, of the Institute Agronomique, in Paris, France,
in order to determine how many broods of Hessian fly could be
produced under the most favorable conditions, began a series of ex-
periments in April, 1894. His plots of wheat were enclosed so that
there would be no infestation from without. From puparia which
had been collected March 12, of that same year, imagos issued April
5. These proceeded to lay eggs on the wheat growing in the plot
in which they were inclosed. These eggs hatched larvae that fed
on the wheat as they would in Nature’s realm and changed into
puparia from which flies issued May 30. These flies were put inta
another plot of wheat, especially prepared for them, and the third
generation of flies was flying in these cases July I. In like manner

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 475

a fourth generation of adults developed from this third one, by
August 5, and from these the fifth generation appeared September
4, and sixth by October 18, which deposited eggs that produced
larvae which changed into the puparia and went into winter quar-
ters.

WHEAT IS GOOD FOOD

These experiments were made in France where usually climatic
conditions are most favorable for the development of the Hessian
fly. The likelihood is that it is seldom the case that anything like.
such conditions prevail in any section of this country, that food
for the larvae such as growing wheat, rye and barley, which seem
to be the only food plants upon which the larvae feeds, are provided in
nature in anything like sufficient quantity to develop such a num-
ber of broods, but in some instances similar conditions may have
prevailed last season. During July, August, September, October,
and even into November of 1910 this dry and cool weather pre-
vailed.

BRED WITH EASE

In many places on the farm, either in the unplowed stubble field,
for many farmers on account of the drought did not plow until late,
or in the stubble field sown with grass there was sufficient moisture
for the fly to pass with ease through all its stages of development
and with few of its parasitic enemies present as was the case last
year, and with sufficient volunteer wheat growing either on the un-
plowed stubble field or on the field sown with grass to furnish food
for the larvae, ideal breeding places were provided on the farms
of well nigh all wheat raising farmers, for the development of per-
haps three or four broods of this pest during the past season.

LIKH STUBBLE FIELDS

The stubble fields sown with grass is an especially favorable
place for the breeding development of the Hessian fly, because if
there has been a fair stand of clover and timothy it furnishes pro-
tection from the dessicating heat of the sun. If this has not been
the case weeds will soon spring up to do the same thing. Volunteer
wheat comes up early and late, depending on location, and grows
and furnishes food for the larvae which go on their way of repro-
duction unmolested by inspectors or poisonous sprays.

FREQUENT CULTIVATION

The stubble field that is to be plowed to be sown with a second
crop of wheat may have similar conditions to the ones already
described as pertaining to the field sown with grass, but in this case
if thhe field is plowed early and after plowing frequently cultivated
to prevent volunteer wheat from growing, no food for the larvae is
provided, and consequently no adult flies can develop. This is
farming to destroy the Hessian fly, whereas sowing grass with the
wheat and raising weeds after harvest as is the case in the stubble
field sown with grass, is farming to raise Hessian flies, because here
the most favorable conditions prevail.

476 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

WHY IS IT NOT WORSE?

With agricultural practices as we have described them, provid-
ing favorable breeding places for this pernicious insect during the
whole period of time which it develops with volunteer wheat, which
begins to germinate soon after harvest and only stops with the coming
of winter, is it not a wonder that our wheat fields are not annually
devastated by this insect? That they are not so devastated is due the
parasitic enemies of this fly, which keep on its heels so closely that
it is seldom abundant and destructive for more than a year at a
time. Here is a field for investigation and original research as to
how the farmer may co-operate with these parasitic enemies of the
Hessian fly in his agricultural operations that it may never be abun-
dant and thus save millions to the State and nation.

ANOTHER WHEAT PEST

The wheat midge (Diplosis Tritic) seems to have appeared in some
sections of the State. The larvae of this insect comes from an egg
deposited by the adult midge in June, in the blossoms of very young
kernels of the wheat head and feeds upon the kernel and dwarfs it
or causes its entire abortion. Deep plowing and either packing
the chaff or using it for roughage will keep down this insect.

SPRAYING MIXTURES

In my reyort of 1910 I referred to the injurious effects of some
insect and fungicide spray mixtures especially fungicides. It has
been assumed that solid bodies can not enter the epidermis of healthy
plants, and so far nothing has developed to show that they can, and
with this assumption not disapproved the question naturally arises
why then do arsenical sprays that have been regarded insoluble in
water injure foliage. The fact that under the conditions of solubility
as tested by the chemists in which a substance is exposed to the
action of the solvent, which is pure distilled water, for a compara-
tively short time the substance may be insoluble, but the same salt,
when exposed for whole nights and davs at a time to water com-
pletely saturated with the gases of the air or in natural water such
as is used for preparing spray mixtures and usually containing
chlorides, carbonates, sulphates, etc., of the alkali and alkali earth
metals in quantities as these in natural water these arsenicals become
soluble. This is especially true of the arsenate of lead as it appears
in the markets. W. H. Volek, of Watsonville, Cal., * *has found that
the foliage of fruit trees of the Pajaro Valley, which opens to the
ocean and because of the atmospheric conditions on this account
becomes covered early in the evening with dew which remains on
the foliage all night and often far into the day, because of the fogs
that prevail and continue at times for several weeks, that here the
foliage of apple trees is remarkable susceptible to such an extent as
to interefere with the effective control of the codling moth by these
spravs. It was found that different samples of arsenate of lead, when
dissolved in natural water and when applied at the same time under
similar conditions of dew and fog and the same kind of foliage, did
no harm, whereas in the case of other samples the effects varied
from from slight injury to well nigh entire defoliation. These
effects indicate a radical difference in the chemical properties of

**Science, June 2nd, 1911, Vol. 33, Page 866.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 477

these samples of lead arsenate which was found to be the case. For
example it was found that lead arsenate as it comes into the markets
usually contains the pyroarsenate, which is soluble in ammonia and
the acid arsenate which are stable under acid conditions, but under
neutral and alkaline conditions these change into the orthoarsenate
the most stable compound, with the liberation of arsenic oxide or
an alkaliarsenate, which are soluble in water and destroy foliage.
From this is appears that when arsenate of lead, if prepared for
spraying in water containing alkali salts, or when it is exposed on
the surface of the leaves, the action of the neutral water of fogs and
dews that the pyroarsenate and the acid arsenate change into the
orthoarsenate, liberates arsenic oxide or an alkali arsenate which,
because of its solubility, is taken into the leaf and the leaf tissue
destroyed. Therefore, the orthoarsenate is the only compound that
should be used in spray mixtures, and it has been found wherever
this substance has been used in the pure state no burning of foliage
has taken place. As already stated, the pyroarsenate of lead is
soluble in ammonia, and also that when the arsenate is exposed to
neutral water and water containing alkali salts, it changes
into the orthoarsenate of lead with the liberation of arsenic oxide or
an alkali arsenate. If, therefore, there is any pyroarsenate or acid
arsenate of lead present in a sample of lead arsenate the only thing
necessary is to take a sample of half an ounce or an ounce macerate
it and mix with about a gill of water in a granite or porcelain lined
vessel. Then add as much strong amomnia as water and mix again
and heat slowly and mix while heating and finally bring the sub-
stance to a boil. Set aside and allow the mixture to settle and cool,
and then pour the clear solution through a filter into a funnel. Boil
the solution until about all the ammonia is driven off. To the
solution that remains after the ammonia is driven off add acetic
acid or strong clear vinegar until it is distinctly acid, then a clear
strong solution of lead acetate or sugar of lead, to which a little
acetic acid or vinegar has been added, if a white precipitate forms
when the solutions come together or are shaken up together, then
the sample of arsenate or lead contains arsenic oxide or a solution ar-
senic and will burn the foliage of fruit trees.

Here it seems we have at last an arsenical that can be prepared
in such a way that it will not burn foliage.

ADDRESS OF DR. SPARKS

I am sorry I could not spend more time with you today, but I spent
most of my time in the Department of Health, trying to convince them
that I knew better where a sewage disposal plant should be located
than they did. I have been beaten, I may as well confess, so I will
turn to a more pleasant subject.

What can we do to disseminate more information to the common
people? How can we bridge over the chasm between the people and
the college and the experiment station? We have tried bulletins,

478 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

more recently we have tried the experimental trains; and yet we can-
not reach them—more especially, we cannot reach the boys and the
homes that need the information the most.

There is a bill before the Federal Congress. Mr. Hoke Smith
has the bill in charge, I believe, and we have very great hopes that
it will pass the House of Representatives. Mr. Smith is very de-
sirous to know what the sentiment is, in Pennsylvania, towards this
bill, and I hope before you adjourn, the State Board of Agriculture
will vote to express approval of this bill which provides that a fund
of $6,000,000.00 be set aside for the purpose of spreading information
on agriculture, domestic science and pursuits in rural life.

The second thought in my mind is, that I believe much of the
success that has come to the College has come from the efforts of
the State Board of Agriculture.

What can we do for the farm in order that we may keep our
boys and girls there? How can we show that education in agricul-
ture is just as necessary as education in reading, writing, literature
and the curriculum of the public schools? The trouble is that the
teachers don’t know how to do this. In many states we have legisla-
tive acts requiring agriculture to be taught in the public schools, and
this means that the teacher will simply take a text-book and ask the
question at the foot of the page. I think it should be labelled,
“First aid to the injured,” because that is what it is. The last paper
shows the result of scientific study, and only scientifie study can
properly enable one to teach agriculture successfully. Last year TI
was at an Institute in a state, not Pennsylvania, where the law re-
quired that a part of the Institute time should he devoted to this
work, and the County Superintendent said, thirty minutes would
satisfy the law. So the instructors drew lots to see which one should
give this half hour’s talk. Under such conditions, how can it be
expected that any interest will be aroused in agriculture?

Another bill introduced into Congress is known as the “Page
Bill,” and provides for a sum of money to be granted by the United
States for the purpose of teaching agriculture in the Normal Schools
of the United States. This may help out to some degree. We must
first teach the teachers the subject, and we are trying to do this to
some extent by the Summer session for the teachers at State Col-
lege.

Here is where you give me the opportunity to advertise as you so
kindly do. The first summer we had one hundred and forty- -seven
teachers in the Summer session. We have only pedagogue classes,
so that any class is a teachers class. The second summer we had
two hundred and nineteen, and this next year we expect to have at
least three hundred. The third session begins about the 19th of
June and continues during the four weeks of July. Most of the
teachers take the course in agriculture. They pay $3.50 a week for
board, and if the price of butter does not go any higher, we still
hope to be able to give them butter and not oleomargarine, even at
that price. Then they pay $1.50 for room rent, and $5.00 for in-
struction during the six weeks session. This last five dollars is
simply a nominal charge to arouse their interest, because we do not
believe it pays to give something for nothing. The teachers last year
spent an average of $41.00 aside from carfare. We think this is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 479

about as cheap as we can afford to make it. I ask your help in
spreading these things, so that the teachers may learn of them and
come to spend the last two weeks of June and the four weeks of
July at the College and still have the entire month of August left
for recreation.

The next item is that the new school code, as passed by the last
Legislature, gives us four new assistants, to Dr. Schaeffer. One of
these assistalits is an expert in agriculture, and his subject is to
study how to introduce agriculture in the public schools. Much will
depend on this man, and much will depend on the help you give him.
We have found the man; first he has been a country teacher, and
later became a principal of a high school, at a salary of eighteen
hundred dollars, and then entered college as a man of mature years.
Now I trust you will all give Mr. Dennis, (this is his name) all the
help you can, so as to make him as useful as possible in studying and
establishing agriculture throughout the country. I commend Mr.
Dennis most heartily to your consideration.

I will not take your time in speaking of my favorite topic—educat-
ing the country boy to take an interest in the farm, instead of
leading him towards the city, as the present curriculum does. Once
he is convinced that it requires some brains to be a farmer as well
as a three dollar a week clerk in a store, he will want to stay on the
farm.

I congratulate the State and the Board, the Secretary, and Mr.
Martin, and the host of Institute workers throughout the country,
on the strides agriculture is making.

This Page bill also carries a provision that calls for an appropria-
tion of money according to the rural population in proportion to the
rural population of the United States.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS

By J. H. SCHULTZ, Chairman

The writer of this report has been a farmer for thirty years, but
at present he is engaged in the manufacture of Commercial Fer-
tilizers; consequently this report is written from the standpoint of
the farmer, as well as the manufacturer.

The last ten years have brought about great changes in the fer-
tilizer business. In the past when the farmer wanted to buy fer-
tilizers, he asked the dealer for a $15.00 or a $20.00 fertilizer, and
if the dealer had a brand that would sell for that price, the fafmer
would buy it without considering the analysis or the manufacturer
that made the goods, and, if the analysis entered into the deal at all,
it was only in a casual way, because in the majority of cases the
farmer did not know what analysis a fertilizer ought to have in order
to be of the greatest value to him. But with the aid of the State

480 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Board of Agriculture, our Agricultural College, Experiment Sta-
tions and Farmers’ Institutes, the farmer of to-day is better informed.
As a result of this education, the consumption of the better grades
of fertilizers is increasing much faster than the lower grades, because
the farmer has learned that he buys a unit of plant food in a high
grade fertilizer for less money than the same amount of plant food
can be bought at in a low grade fertilizer. When the farmer is in
the market to buy fertilizer he wants plant food and*if he buys a
low grade goods he must very often buy two tons of fertilizer in
order to get the same amount of plant food as contained in one ton
of high grade goods. It cosis the manufacturer as much tomix, bag
and sell a ton of low grade goods as it does for a ton of high grade
goods; consequently the farmer is compelled to pay the cost of mix-
ing, bagging, selling and the sae on an extra ton, where if he
Was properly educated he could |< y the same amount of plant food
in one ton and thereby save the li jor of handling the extra ton. The
use of high grade frtilizer would eliminate the question of a filler
which is a source of great worriment to many farmers. The fact is
that the manufacturer has never made a cent of profit on the filler
which is used in low grade goods and I am sure that the farmer
is not benefited. When the writer is in the market for fertilizer for
his own farm, he wants nothing but the highest grade of fertilizer he
can get, because in that grade of goods he is sure that the manufae-
turer is not obliged to use a filler of any kind.

A very important point that I want to take up in this report,
and that is the source from which the manufacturer derives the
different elements of plant food contained in the fertilizer he manu-
factures; and this is a point on which the farmer has not got the
proper protection. This has reference more particularly to ammonia,
as a unit of ammonia in leather scrap or hair refuse can be bought
for $1.00, while a unit of ammonia from animal tankage, blood or
bone costs the manufacturer $3.00 or more on the present market, and
when the State makes an analysis of the two different ammoniates it
gives one as great a commercial value as the other in spite of the
fact that one costs $1.00 and the other $3.00 per unit.

Some of our chemists tell us in the most positive terms that they
can tell the source of ammonia; whether derived from leather scrap,
hair refuse or from animal tankage, blood and bone. We have on our
statutes a law which compells the manufacturer to print it on the
fertilizer bags if he uses leather scrap or hair. We do not know of
any manufacturers who are printing their bags in this way, but we do
know that thousands of tons of Jeather scrap and hair refuse are
used in the manufacture of fertilizers and sold to the farmers of
Pennsylvania. If the chemist cannot tell where the ammonia is
derived from, then it is very important for the farmer’s protection
that the State appoint inspectors to visit the different fertilizer
plants to see what materials are used and thereby restrict the use
of inferior or worthless materials.

If this method is not pursued, it will continue to work a hard-
ship on the manufacturer who is making an honest fertilizer; be-
cause he must meet the competition of low grade materials. If
the farmer was more observing to note the results obtained from the
use of the different makes of fertilizers on his crops, this matter

eee ee a

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 481

would not be so serious, as he would find that a fertilizer manu-
factured from animal tankage, blood and bone would give far better
results than a fertilizer manufactured from inferior materials, such
as leather scrap, hair refuse, etc., and he would be guided more by
results in the field than by the commercial value. The writer wants
it thoroughly understood that this does not retfect upon our Depart-
ment of Agriculture in any way as he feels that under the present
statutes the Department is doing everything in its power to protect
the farmer from being imposed upon; but it is unfair that the
chemist has no sure method of telling from what source the nitrogen
is derived and the only methods that the writer can suggest to over-
come this evil is the appointing of inspectors to vist the different
fertilizer manufacturers doing business in the State of Pennsyl-
vania.

The last few years has proven to be years of great progress in
the fertilizer business, both from an inventive as well as from a manu-
facturers’ standpoint. With the improved machinery, fertilizers can
be manufactured and handled at less expense than it ever could
before. The scientific man has found a way whereby he can extract
the nitrogen from the air and put it in a commercial form, to be
used in commercial fertilizer, and by this method he has procured a
supply that is unlimited. ‘The ammonia that is sold in this form is
known as Calcium Cyanamid. <A very complete article on this sub-
ject can be seen in the American Fertilizer of September 23, 1911.

Quite recently a process has been natented whereby the phosphoric
acid in phosphate rock can be made available without the use of
sulphuric acid, and by this method the injurious effect of sulphuric
acid to the soil will be eliminated. The process consists of first
grinding the phosphate rock into floats and then mix with the floats
about 15 per cent. of niter cake and roast this mixture in a rotary
kiln, heating the floats to a temperature of 2,700 degrees Fahren-
heit.

By this process a unit of phosphoric acid can be made available
at less expense that it can be done by the use of sulphuric acid, and
yet it is preferable to the old method on account of the injurious
effect sulphuric acid has on the soil. By this method it is possible
to make a phosphate that contains 30 or 32 per cent. of available
phosphoric acid and this can be done with phosphate rock contain-
ing 72 per cent. of bone phosphate of lime. The writer has given
considerable of his time and means to the development of this pro-
cess, and the parties interested expect to, in the near future, to put it
on the market in a commercial way.

31—6—1911

482 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON WOOL AND TEXTILE
FIBERS

By A. L. McKIBBEN, Chairman

In the year ending 1910 there were 57,216,000 sheep in the United
States, having a total farm valuation of $255,664,000 or a valuation of
$4.08 per head. ‘The increase in total numbers during the last de-
cade was 36.6 per cent.; in total farm valuation 90.4 per cent. and
in valuation per head 35.9 per cent. Increase in numbers and in-
crease in relative value per head being practically the same. The
total number of sheep in the world in 1910 was 605,050,853, the
United States ranking fourth, with Australia, Argentina and the
Russian Empire leading in the order named.

Totally, the world’s production of wool in 1910 was 2,985,000,000
pounds, representing an output of 4.9 pounds per head. While rank-
ing fourth in number of sheep, the United States ranks third in
production of wool. In 1910 the total production of wool in the
United States was 328,000,000 pounds; in Australia, 718,000,000
pounds; in Argentina, 414,000,000 pounds and in the Russian Em-
pire, 238,800,000 pounds. The fact that 3 pounds of wool represent
the production per head in the Russian Empire and 5.7 in the United
States explains our higher ranking. (Pounds of Wool per head is
considering hereby the total number of sheep and not by the number
at shearing age).

Imports of sheep in 1910 were 126,152 head, valuation being $5.52
per head. Decrease of 218 per cent. in imports, and an increase of
54 per cent. in valuation was shown during the last decade. The
exports of sheep from the United States totaled 44.517, and the price
per head was $4.69. During the past ten years exports decreased
182 per cent. and valuation decreased 24 per cent.

Year ending June 30, 1910, the total.imports of wool into the
United States were 263,938,232 pounds, having a total valuation of
$51,220,844. Of all the imports, including animals and animal by-
products, excepting silk, wool is the highest in value. The United
Kingdom leads in importation of wool into the United States with
91,000,000 pounds; Chinese Empire ranking second and Argentina
third. Mainly first and third class wool is imported. (First-class,
clothing; second-class, combing; third-class, carpet or blanket).

The total production of wool in this country is 281,400,000 pounds
exclusive of 40,000,000 pounds pulled wool. Every state in the Union
produces wool. Pennsylvania ranks thirteenth with a production of
6,300,000 pounds. In 1910, this State had 1,030,000 sheep of shear-
ing age, 6 pounds of wool being the average weight of fleece. The
shrinkage of wool was 48 per cent., while that of the United States
was 60 per cent. Pennsylvania ranks thirteenth in production,
eleventh in numbers, twenty-first in shrinkage and twenty-fourth in

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 483

total weight of fleece. Wyoming ranks first with 36,000,000, and
Montana second with 33,600,000 pounds. Of the states east of the
Mississippi, Pennsylvania ranks third as a sheep state, led by Ohio
and Michigan.

SHEEP AND WOOL PRODUCTION IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1840-1910.

t

AD
Ss
[3]
a
nm
~~
. E
A ye) 2
Year = 3 2
a us} a
aac ° be
ae a =
be = =
ae 8 8
| & e E
!
| Ib. tb.
(EET e iE 5 8 RE SR ene ens See coed) eee eee eIRe See 1,767,620 3,048,564 | 1.75
SA ne: sae t Mate Seal: eee od RR ey mae Tae En 1,822,357 | 4,481,570 2.43
EEA Se oe eS A See ee oe Rei se I ee 1,631,540 | 4,752,522 2.91
TES, 22 See. Tee Oa See Ne Sees 2 eS PEE FO. ae 1,794,301 6,561,722 3.65
TESS ptt Sp SES a SO ee WAL 2 ee oe ie 1,776,598 | 8,470,273 | 4.77
TSOD Ty gees SEE eat See Ss a Bae eee oe See ee ee eee 945,002 | 4,800,610 | 5.08
TR) epee eens I een a ee ee Sao ee 716,677 4,666, 062 | 6.00
TOTS erie reas ec ee ae aos ie Ee eS eee eee 1,030,000 | 6,300,000 6.00

Wool production has been associated with Pennsylvania from its
very existence. In 1683, a letter by Wm. Penn states that wool
production was one of the agricultural features in which the Quakers
were interested. Its production gradually increased as an industry
until 1840, when the number of sheep in the State reached a climax,
at which point the number of sheep raised remained practically con-
stant for more than forty years. However, improvement was going
on, the production of wool increased. During this period and pre-
vious, the production of wool within the State was not constant. The
fine-wool sheep gradually went westward from eastern counties
around Philadelphia to Washington, Greene, Fayette, Mercer, Erie,
etc., in the western part of the State. In 1880, the counties of
Washington, Greene and Fayette were recognized as the breeding
center of fine wool breeds of sheep in the United States.

Due to the cheaper production of wool in the West, we find that
the production had decreased 2,091,449 pounds in 1890, and by 134,-
548 pounds more in 1900. In 1910 we have an increase over 1900,
showing that the West must now compete with the East in cheapness
of production of wool and mutton.

The average price of wool on the Philadelphia market in 1910
was 32c per pound. According to the recent investigation by the
Tariff Commission, the duty on wool will be lowered. Expert inves-
tigators have concluded that the raising of sheep for wool alone will
not be profitable with the lowering of the tariff. Therefore, the
demand for wool will have to be satisfied as it has to some extent in
the past, by the raising of sheep for wool and mutton. Smooth-
bodied, mutton-typed, fine-wooled sheep and such medium wooled
breeds as are efficient in both wool and mutton will be raised.

32

484 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

Pennsylvania has considerable land lying idle which could profit-
ably produce wool and mutton. ‘The limestone sections of this State
are especially adapted for fine-wooled sheep. It is quite generally
conceded that such soil will give whiteness, pliability and silkiness
to wool, also affording the best pastures and abundance of winter
feed.

Sheep are cheap feeders, and breeding stock can be maintained on
cheap roughage rations supplemented with concentrates during preg-
nancy and suckling periods. Much feeds will be utilized by sheep
which otherwise goes to waste. J. E. Wing says, that out the 600
known varieties of farm weeds, 576 will be eaten by sheep. This fact
shows their usefulness as weed destroyers on the farm. Breeding
animals of fine wool type over-pay their coat of maintenance by the
wool production. Most medium and long-wooled breeds will pay
from % to ? their cost of maintenance by their wool production.
Sheep can give, especially on rough land, more profitable returns
than any other class of livestock. The fertility of the soil is greatly
enhanced by sheep. The fertility value of sheep manure is above that
of horses and cattle.

The dog nuisance and parasites keep farmers generally from going
into the sheep business. The dog nuisance is exaggerated, but is a
factor to be considered. Laws should be passed and enforced to
limit the number of stray dogs. Care and management. of his flock
can keep the farmer out of danger of loss from parasites.

Silk is another animal fiber, 70 per cent. of which is produced in
Asia. The production of silk is less than the demand, artificial silk
being manufactured as a substitute. In 1910, $67,129,603 was the
value of silk imported into the United States. Imports of silk were
$15,891,759 in advance of the value of imported wool.

Cotton is the leading vegetable fiber produced in America. The
cotton crop of the United States for the past year broke all pre-
vious records with a production of more than 14,000,000 bales. In
1910, 11,941,563 bales were raised, in which year the United States
produced 66 per cent. of the world’s crop of cotton.

The acreage of flax seed was greater in 1900 than 1910 by 794,483
acres. Production, however, was less by 354,591 pounds. In 1910
the acreage was 2,916,000 and the production 19,624,901 pounds. Im-
portations increased by 47 per cent. during the last 10 years. Its
production is mainly confined to the Centra al and Western states.

Government experimental results show that hemp is a most valu-
able fiber for the manufacture of high quality paper. As wool is not
cheap enough and as the scarcity and the increasing value of wood
pulp continues, the value of hemp in the production of paper may
soon be realized. The production of hemp in the United States in
1911 is estimated as being 12,000,000 pounds.

Of all fibers, wool is the important one from an agricultural stand-
ing in Pennsylvania. With its suitability to wool and mutton produc-
tion, this State should continue its increased production.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 485

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVESTOCK

By A. P. YOUNG, Chairman

One of our leading experiment station directors is reported as
saying recently: “It is the livestock of the English farms to which
they owe the wonderful maintenance of their fertility.” Scarcely any
farmer be he grain, hay, dairy, or truck farmer has manure enough
for the needs of his crops because his way of doing it does not pro-
vide for the support of a large number of growing horses, cattle,
sheep or hogs to the acres he covers. So far, too little attention has
heen given to this matter in this country; too many of our farmers
‘aise crops to sell as grain and hay instead of working them up into
more concentrated forms and saving the resultant fertility to make
the farm more productive. [very farm should have a large stock
of young animals coming on and a corresponding number finishing
off. In support of these he should devote the land contiguous to the
barn to leguminous soiling crops and to crops for filling the silos of
which he should have at least two, a small one to bridge over sum-
mer droughts and a larger one for use during the main feeding sea-
son, depending upon these anc upon soiling more and upon pasturage
less to maintain and finish off his animals.

silage and leguminous crops, including alfalfa, will enable the
farmer to feed profitably a large number of animals. When the farm
of one hundred acres is able to feed thirty to fifty cows, a goodly
number of young stock, besides the number of horses necessary, to-
gether with colts and hogs, either of these may be a leader, each
farmer choosing the animal he fancies and his particular farm is
best adapted to handle, supplementing the feeds produced with others
from the market to make each animal do its best, and saving the re-
sultant fertility to apply to the crops. That kind of farm manage-
ment will soon make the farm a noted one in the community. The
environment and the temperament of the farmer should both be taken
into account in determining the kind of animals to receive most at-
tention. The man who has particular liking for horses may, if his
farm is adapted to their handling profitably, engage in the produc-
tion of marketable horses. Horse “flesh sells for more than beef, pork
or lamb, indeed it will average about as high in the rough as dressed
turkey and when facilities are right for handling does not cost more
pound for pound than either of ‘the first named meats. There is a
wide range for choice, the draft horse, trotting horse, mule and
all that lies between. The man wishing to go into horse production
should be sure that he can get on good terms with his animals. They
should always be pleased to see him approach. If this be so they
will soon learn to have confidence in him and willingly do whatever
may be required of them and their value be enhanced accordingly.
Pennsylvania should raise more of the horses she needs, the conditions
are all right in many section of the State to make the business profit-
able.

486 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The process of subduing a new acre to supplement a worn one
culminated a generation or two ago, the result of that way of doing
brought into cultivation many acres that should have remained in
forest. In the hilly portions of our State are to be found much land
that can never be made highly fertile, the soil being light, if filled with
humus it becomes lighter still and the dashing rains carry it away.
Such land may be handled better by keeping it most of the time in
grass either as mowing or pasture land thus enabling the keeping
of more animals and making the acres more advantageously situated,
more productive. We have spoken of the horse first because of the
nobility of his nature and the commanding position he occupies in
the economy of our farm operations.

When we come to consider the matter from a dollar-and-cents
point of view the Bovine race takes first place in both number and
value. Wherever it is possible to cultivate the soil, and indeed in
places where cultivation is well nigh impossible, the cow and her
progeny may be made to assist man in his battle for comfortable
subsistance. As healthful and acceptable food producers there are
no rivals. They can rough it on the mountain side or luxuriate in
the valley, adapting themselves to the surroundings and to the fare
provided by the locality. If milk is wanted, the developed cow is
able to produce it in profusion. With equal facility some of the
family with man’s manipulation are made to turn out butter fat
profusely. This with the solids accompanying it makes cheese pos-
sible; milk, cream, butter, cheese, veal, beef and all related mixtures
and possibilities. What a bill of fare; and all from one source. The
possibilities of the ox as a laboring beast is of no inconsiderable
importance in some sections, this, too, is worthy of credit to this
class of farm animals.

In the economy of animal food production, swine comes next to
cattle, the facility with which they increase and the short time re-
quired to come to maturity makes its comparatively easy to stock up
with them and get ready for an anticipated market. Some math-
ematical expert has figured out that a sow having a litter of six ata
time in ten generations will produce 6,500,000. Nearly every farmer
and many householders who are not farmers keep two or more pigs
to utilize the waste of the table, the trimmings of the vegetables, all
of which are turned to good account by the pig which in turn makes
no inconsiderable addition to the family larder. Ham, bacon and
lard, the various smoked products, to say nothing of sausage, scrapple,
sparerib and other dainties prepared at butchering-time are handy
to have in reach at any season of the year.

‘The most profitable hog is the one that will most quickly turn
raw material into more valuable pork. Living and growing on suit-
able pasture, utilizing otherwise waste products, and requiring no
great amount of extra food to round him out at the close of his career,
the hog is an economical proposition to every householder who is situ-
ated so as to care for him properly. In that section of our country
spoken of as the corn belt, the possibilities of the hog are immense,
and even in Pennsylvania very good returns may be secured by good
management even if so large herds are not kept. As in other branches
of the livestock industry, the sire is important, he may not be literally,
“half the herd” but in most cases much of the profit depends upon
him.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 487

In hog raising a good start is important. A stunted pig is often
a losing proposition and this conditions is easily brought about by
improper feeding of the mother in the early days of the youngsters
lives. Little feed and that of a somewhat bulky and easily digested
kind should be the rule for the first few days. After the litter is
a week old if all has gone well the embargo on feed may be raised
and good feed and plenty of it supplied, soon as the little fellows
manifest a desire to eat a side table, accessible to them, supplied
with such as they like will push them along up towards 300 pounds
at eight or nine months old. Grass, clover, rape, peas are good for
growing hogs; so are potatoes, apples and roots generally, remember-
ing that potatoes and roots should be cooked.

Although the dog nuisance has nearly wiped out the sheep indus-
try in some sections of the State, a report on livestock will not be
complete without reference, at least to it. We have in Pennsylvania
some sections well adapted to sheep raising. For some of our hill-
sides it is not best to practice a regular system of rotation cropping,
on account of the tendency to wash. Some of these may be made
ideal pasture lands for sheep, which, if not overstocked, will grow
more and more fertile under the tread of the “golden hoof.” The
price of wool and mutton fluctuates more than some other commodi-
ties, but they usually bring remunerative prices at some time in
the year. Wool may be stored with no risk of deterioration and is
sure to be in demand at no distant day. The demand for mutton
is increasing and Jamb—not the cold storage kind—is nearly always
at a premium. As the Western ranges are cut up into farms, sheep
husbandry will return to some of the rugged hills of our State and
give good returns for labor and care bestowed upon it.

Poultry is often put in a class by itself and treated as a separate
production from livestock, but its aggregate value, which has been
increasing very rapidly of late years, attest its importance and puts
it far upon the list of income sources to him who will give the neces-
sary care. No farm is complete without its flock of poultry. Village
and town residents, too, whenever they have room have a poultry coop
larger or smaller as space and inclination determine. Where other
stock can not be kept, poultry may be made to consume the crumbs
that fall from the table and make good returns in eggs, broilers,
roasters and stews as well as in the enjoyment their care affords.

Secretary Wilson places the yearly product of poultry at 500,000,-
000 of dollars, truly a magnificent sum surpassed by only a few of
the leading sources of income from the farm. The hen is omnipresent.
The turkey, goose and duck are somewhat more restricted, but they
too may be made valuable where surroundings are congenial.

There is another bird sometimes domiciled on the farm that de-
mands a paragraph. The honey-bee, while not a beast nor bird, may
appropriately be classed with the livestock on the farm. <A few en-
thusiasts make a fair income from a bee-yard, and there is no good
reason why many more farmers might not add this to their sources of
profit and enjoyment, especially since so little care, expense and risk
are required to secure at least a supply of honey for the home table.
Buckwheat cakes and honey for breakfast on a frosty morning!
Think of them!

48& ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

We have up in Columbia county another species of livestock in
a herd, flock or covey of ostriches. Some of them not long from
over the sea, they are said to be contented, and apparently to enjoy
their new home. It is not anticipated that any of their eggs will
come in competition in the market or be put in cold storage for
some time to come, nor will they come in competition with the turkey
for Thanksgiving roast. Your Committee, however, is hopeful that
in the near future sufficient of the birds and feathers may be pro-
duced for ladies’ hat trimmings so that song and insectivorous birds
may be exempt from such use. There may, however, be one draw-
back to their use in this connection; if a whole bird be mounted the
hat will of neccessity have to be even larger than it is now.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON DAIRY AND DAIRY PRO-
DUCTS

By DR. M. HE. CONARD, Chairman

Dairy statistics of Pennsylvania today reveal rather surprising con-
ditions, notwithstanding the increase in population the number of
cows in Penna. is less than a few years back. We also find a quite
general decrease in rural population of the State, with today about
55 per cent. of the entire population living in cities, towns and bor-
oughs leaving only 45 per cent. of the people in charge of the prinicpal
source of Pennsylvania’s food production. Considering that a large
proportion of the 45 pereent. of agriculturists by reason of location,
aptitude or inclination, are following other lines of agriculture pur-
suits, we find the dairy business is in the hands of a comparatively
small per cent. of the consuming public. And we will all agree that
there is no more important branch of agriculture than the dairy.
It is the one source a farmer has to sell his rough farm crops as a
manufactured product, and do the manufacturing himself. The
manufactured food on account of its vast importance should bring
him directly into the very best markets of the State. The high cost
and inefficiency of labor has done much to influence many farmers to
discriminate against the dairy business. The disproportion existing
between the prices demanded for commercial feeds and those paid
for the products of the cow has narrowed the margin upon which the
dairyman must depend for existen¢ée until it requires the most
strenuous efforts and careful management to keep the head above
water. Indeed, I venture the assertion, that if all dairymen in Penn-
sylvania were called to a financial reckoning today it would be a
small proportion that could show a net profit over cost of investment,
labor and feed.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 489

There is probably no branch of the farming business where there
is so much contention and dissatisfaction existing between the pro-
ducer and purchaser, dealer or consumer of the finished product
as in the sale of dairy products, very largely because the producer is
not willing to put forth any special effort to make hs wares of better
quality and worthy of a better price and put himself in a position
of more independence with regard to the sale of his goods. Who ever
heard of a man asking $1 per bushel for 75c potatoes, because if
he could get it he would try to raise better ones next year. This is
too near the attitude of the average milk producer. He wants the
increased price before he improves the quality of the goods. Now
these are all rather discouraging and might almost seem to be pessi-
mistic statements, but they are conditions that confront the man
who produces for us what should be the most perfect and complete
food that God has entrusted to our care, the food that supports the
weaker members of our families and the infants. Is it right and as
it should be that this most important part of our daily food must
be produced at a loss and that so many of our farmers must sacri-
fice the comforts of their homes and their life work in producing it
because it will not yield him a profit? I hope not.

We almost daily hear of some new preparation or product of milk
on the market. It is sold entire or in parts. The following are
some of the many names under which we find it in trade: Milk,
skim-milk, cream, butter, butter-milk, cheese, dried curd, condensed
milk, evaporated milk, modified milk, sugared milk, powdered milk,
kumyss, milk-sugar, malted milk, and many others. It cannot be
for want of a demand for milk and its products that the business
is unprofitable. There is no corner of this State so remote as to
exclude it from some of the markets offered for the many products
of the cow.

Taking general views of the situation, we believe the greatest
drawback to profits, exists in the dairyman himself, because he so
generally ignores as useless the application of methods in his dairy
work and in the selection of his herd, and the feeding of it, that must
and will reduce the cost of production just to the extent of his per-
severance. But instead he looks to the purchaser to make up the
deficiency resulting from his own negligence.

We are glad to notice that statistics show a small, per head, in-
crease in the annual production of the Pennsylvania cow. Just how
much of this is due to the extension of dairy education we are at a
loss to say. There are other influences that may be at work that
may not be noticed. But it does seem to us, I am sorry to say, that
to a considerable extent it may be the involuntary result of the high
cost of feed, scarcity of labor, coupled with the tempting prices paid
for beef cattle which has resulted in many of the more beefy in-
dividuals of the herd being sold out of the dairies to reduce work and
feed bills, and if this be true the result would be an unconscious
culling process, hence, the per head increase. Now, whether this
is the result of systematic culling or involuntary culling we do not
know ; probably both. But it does prove to us that if we apply the best
modern methods in the selection of dairy cows and raise and keep
only those individuals that will yield a profit over cost, the individual
product would very soon go well above the present figures.

490 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

There is just one condition that is the limiter of the dairy pro-
fits: namely, ignorance, there are very few people who are not will-
ing and anxious for more information provided they do not have to
expose their ignorance in getting it. We do earnestly hope the dili-
gent and persistent dissemination of dairy instruction through the
entire State, taking it to those who cannot avail themselves of the
instruction and excellent object lessons afforded them at the State
College. The teaching how to select or breed up a profitable herd,
the growing of crops on the farm suitable for their feed, correct
housing and stabling, feeding to avoid waste and loss, stable care,
handling and milking, handling.and care of the milk, testing and
preparing milk for market and selling it for what it really is, are sub-
jects that should be carefully discussed in language and in such ways
as can easily be understood and assimilated. Much of this must be
done in a very primitive way for it is much like feeding strong feed
to a babe, to be assimilated, must be given in small doses.

It should be generally known that the cow is an artificial animal,
and to keep her from retrograding requires eternal vigilance, and that
her product is the most easily injured of all foods, but if undefiled it
is the best.

Dairy sanitation seems to be the hardest dose for the less progres-
sive dairyman to swallow. He feels that it is one more straw on
the already overloaded back. It is hard for him to believe that there
are thousands of active organisms who are responsible for much of
the annoyance to the dairyman that are so small that their presence
is only revealed to him by the results of their work. This branch of
the instruction oftentimes requires much tact.

Now dairy education will do much toward establishing a whole-
some respect for the business and will eventually help to narrow the
gap now existing between the producer and consumer and to a great
extent the margin in price.

The city business man who has his farm and dairy for recreation
is an important factor in the intermingling of dairy interests as
well as a valuable object lesson to his neighbors.

We believe the question of dairy improvement in all of its phases
is a matter of education and much of it must be carried to the far-
mer at his place of business, if it is to be effective. The national
increase in our population must make this fact more prominent.

ADDRESS BY MR. BAYARD

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Board: When I am called out
in this way, it does kind of get my heart to palpitating. I’m very
much like an old negro I used to know, who said, “If I knowed whar
I come from, I’d like to go back home.” You want me to tell you
about the Fair. Van Norman and such bachelors ought to tell you
about the “fair,”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 491

I am sorry Secretary Tyson was not here this afternoon to hear
the apple session. I noticed a good many “‘bald’uns” in the audience.

One thing about the apple session that impressed me was, what
we should not do so much here in the East. You noticed that Pro-
fessor Stewart threw an apple picture on the screen, and I noticed
how most of you were impressed with its beauty. I saw this same
orchard out in Lawrence county, and this picture does not begin to
show its full beauty; but instead of looking at the beauty of it, we go
off into “bug” and “punk” and “rots and spots.” We are all in-
clined to do this here in the East. Out West not one man will show
you anything, or tell you anything, about bug, or blot, or rot. He
tells you that where he is, is the best place in the world, and he really
wants you to think so, and if you stop there very long without say-
ing so, he will invite you to “move on”’—and mean it too. Now, we
here in Pennsyivania don’t want to think of “moving on.” I be-
lieve in Pennsylvania is really the best place in the world, and here is
where I am coming to the Show I am supposed to tell you about.

This Show was gotten up for the purpose of showing city people
that Pennsylvania is a great State to live in. We had a show that
really was worth having the people of Pittsburg look at. Why did
we take it to the city? Well, because over four hundred thousand
dollars has gone from Pittsburg alone to be invested in apple or-
chards in the West, and not one of these people will have an apple
orchard. We have had as much as two hundred and fifty thousand
dollars go out from close neighbors to be invested in apple orchards in
the far Northwest. What is the sense of going 3,000 miles away to
raise apples, when we can raise them better at home? That is the
reason why we had the show, and it was a good show. There was
one thing that went wrong about it, and that was, it was no good
financially. It is not a very deep hole, however, and we will creep
out of it. We didn’t intercede with the weatherman soon enough,
but we will keep on. We had a magnificent show of livestock. Pro-
fessor Van Norman sent down some splendid specimens, bred until
in the fifth or sixth generation we came down to 1/264 pure bred,
and they were all excellent producers. We had scores of livestock,
and fruit, and lectures all the time, and the beauty of it all is that it
was a Pennsylvania show. There was not a thing from outside of
Pennsylvania, except one hog (I mean one four-footed hog; I don’t
know how many of the other kind were there); Oh, yes, and there
was a few sheep; and there was nothing shown that we could be
ashamed of. I hope it will be the beginning of a great fair, sup-
ported by the State. We need it; our State needs it. We need a
great many other things, but we need that especially. As Mr. Hutchi-
son says, this show seemed to bring about a better understanding
between the city people and country people.

We have had in the City of Pittsburg two land shows; but they
were in the interest of the South and Southwest and of Canada. It
was simply giving our citizens an invitation to come and see what
other states can do. Now let us do it for Pennsylvania. Let us
all get together and take for our slogan the motto we have put at
the head of our paper—‘Boost Pennsylvania.” We can do things
here, if they can do things there. We can raise apples here, if they
can raise them three thousand miles away from here. We can raise

492 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cattle and horses on our acres if they can do it there. There is not
a single animals, unless it is the sheep, (which has dropped pretty
low lately) that can’t be raised in Pennsylvania. We have simply
gotten out of the habit of doing things. A few years ago you could
buy horses at almost any price out West. Several years ago a fellow
went out to Kansas City and bought four horses when he thought he
was buying one; he didn’t know it until he came to take his horse
away, and the dealer asked him where to send the other three. You
ean’t do that today. There is not a state where a good horse, today
will not sell for more than it cost to produce him. It is the same
with cattle. I know when the price of cattle was so low that it didn’t
pay to raise them. It isn’t so today; look at the prices and see. We
can do things. The thing for us to do is to stop looking with longing
eyes to Canada and the South and boost our own state. Let us go
home and “Boost Pennsylvania.”

HYDROPHOBIA

By DR. W. FRANK BECK, Altoona, Pa.

I have been prompted to write a paper on this subject on account
of the many mad dog scares that has occurred the past summer,
Then, again, I believe in educating the people on such subjects as
vaccination, tuberculosis, diphtheria and hydrophobia.

If such a course was carried out as it should be, there would be
less trouble and many lives would be saved. I am reminded that
we are from the same people that over one hundred years were burn-
ing witches at the stake. There are thousands of people die every
year of typhoid, when every case could be prevented, if we were
properly educated to care for our bodies.

It is terrible to think that one-third of all the children die before
they reach the age of six, for the same reason that I have just stated.
Every year, over 500,000 American people die needlessly. There is
no really proper energetic National, State or local effort to fight many
of these diseases that kill so many ‘people.

DESCRIPTION

Hydrophobia is a specific and infectious disease, common to all
forms of animals, which may be communicated to many by direct
inoculation. It is characterized by high fever, spasms, with paralysis,
and always ends in death.

Pasteur has found poison abundantly present in all the nerve cen-
ters of the body, and has transferred the disease by taking bits of
brain substance derived from an infected animal and inoculating them
into healthy subjects. The usual mode of infection in man is through

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 493

the bite of a rabid animal, the virus being contained principaily in
the saliva, and in an immense majority of cases the dog is the offend-
ing party. The cat, wolf, cow and horse also suffer from this dread-
ful disease, and in rare instance they communicate it to man.

The history of one bitten by a mad dog is something like this:
The period in which you are liable to become mad after receiving the
wound is six weeks to three months. The usual premonitory symptoms
are fever, headache, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, great depression of
spirits, and sometimes darting pains radiating from the seat of the
bite and the glands that are near the wound become swollen.

The invasion is in two stages: First, the stage of excitement, the
patient wearing an expression of the most intense anxiety, and the
special sense exhibit the most keen vigilance, such as a draft of
air or noise of any kind may cause great disturbance or violent spasms.
Quite early, the mere signt of water is dreaded by the patient. This
symptom is so prominent that has given the name to the disease—
Hydrophobia. The mere sight of water causes great spasms to the
throat, the patient having thirst that he cannot control. The muscles
of the mouth exhibit convulsive movements, causing the patient to
make sniffing sounds, and foaming saliva may be ejected from the
mouth.

The second stage, is the paralytic stage, the patient passing into
actual unconsciousness without spasms. This lasts 18 hours and
always ends in death.

How shall we know if one has Hydrophobia? If the patient has
fever, shows great uneasiness after he has been bitten by a dog and
at the sight of water, goes into spasms, there is great indication that
he has hydrophobia. This is most important, for few cases recover
when once left to develop.

TREATMENT

Upon reception of a case of dog bite, thorough disinfection, fol-
lowed by cauterizing of the wound with caustic is a measure that can
be quickly carried out.

As soon as possible after the bite, place the mouth to the wound
and suck out the poison. This is a method much used in the dissect-
ing room by medical students and is most effective, as is eliminates
the poison before it enters the circulation.

PASTEUR TREATMENT

This is a precautionary measure of the most importance. Pasteur
showed that the virulence of the virus which he obtained from the
nervous system, is modified by passing it through animals, the same
as vaccination. He also found that if fragments of the spinal cord
were suspended in a dry atmosphere, they would gradually lose
their strength and finally become inert.

From a bit of the cord, treated in this manner, a medicine is made
in the form of an emulsion. This is used for inoculation in man and
constitutes the great Pasteur Treatment, that we hear so much about.
If you were bitten by a dog that you thought was mad and sent to one
of the Pasteur Institutes, your treatment would be something like
this: The first day you would be inoculated with a medicine made
from a cord 14 days old. You would be inoculated for nine days, each
day with a cord one day fresher.

494 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The success of the Pasteur treatment is almost universally attested,
and the results have been marvelous. The patient should, however,
be sent to the institution at once, as delay tends to diminish the pro-
tective power of the inoculation.

The Pasteur treatment is not used after the symptoms develop,
but it must be before. After that it defies all known methods of
treatment.

What I have said pertains largely to the professional side of this
subject. Its relation to the farmer has a different story to tell.
Any disease that effects not only the domestic animals, but his family
as well, must indeed be of much interest.

I would not dare to say that there was no such disease as hydro-
phobia; but on the other hand, will say that it is a very rare dis-
ease in our State. In many years of practice, I have never seen a
case, either in man or dog though treating many cases of dog bite
under all kinds of conditions. To show you still further how ex-
tremely rare it is, I have interviewed 40 physicians whose practice
has extended over many years and not one of them has ever seen a
case of hydrophobia. Dr. Osler, the most widely known investigator,
reports that he has only seen two cases since 1867. I could cite you to
other ones of high authority that give the same history of this dreaded
disease. There is scarcely a day that we do not hear of some mad
dog scare, but they are mostly fakes and end in the poor dog getting
the worst of it.

While working in a State laboratory some years ago I went with
eminent physicians to kill a dog that had been reported as dying
with hydrophobia. This dog was in a wealthy section of the city and
had almost caused a riot before we had reached the place. Our ob-
ject was to obtain the brain so as to examine it in the laboratory.
We were fully armed for such an expedition. When we saw the dog
every one agreed that this was indeed a true case of hydrophobia.
The dog was killed, his head cut off and to our surprise we found a
sharp chicken bone in his throat. In a few minutes we all slipped off,
with our heads down, much ashamed for what we had done.

In another case where a dog showed symptoms of hydrophobia a
thorough investigation revealed the fact that the dog had not had
water in any form for 20 days.

During one of the very warm days this summer, I had a collie dog
under close observation and I found that in 6 hours he had drank
water 12 times. Among country people it is the custom to see that all
the animals on the place have been watered, but the dog is left to
look out for himself. I want to say that if there is any thing that will
make a man or women show signs of hydrophobia, just let them do
without water for 20 days.

Every dog that is frothing at the mouth, snarling and biting, or
acting strange in any way, does not have hydrophobia by any means.
You must remember that when a dog has pain or is distressed, it is
as natural for him to bite as it for the horse to kick or for the cat
to scratch.

Along this line, let me give you an example that I know to be true.
and it first started me to thinking on this subject. It happened at
my home while I was living at 1214 8th Ave., Altoona. I had a
young collie dog. One afternoon he was in the backyard and became

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 495

violent, jumping in the air and rolling on the ground, as well as claw-
ing at his throat. Lveryone that saw him, declared that he was
going mad. Mrs. Beck was the only one that was at home at the
time. Against the protest of the crowd that had quickly gathered, she
firmly held his head between her knees pulling his mouth open, look-
ing down, saw a large bone wedged in his throat. She took a stick
and pried it out which of course, ended the trouble. Now the point
that I wish to make is this: With the excitement that it made,
within a few minutes some one would have turned in a mad dog
scare. The police would have arrived on the scene, the dog would
have been shot, and the reports gone around that a dog had been
killed with hydrophobia.

Many people take no precaution as to what they feed their dogs,
imagining that they can swallow anything, when in reality such food
as sharp chicken bones are extremely dangerous. If you have any
doubt as to whether sharp chicken bones will produce symptoms of
hydrophobia, just try eating some. You are about at able to swallow
them as the dog.

I am giving you these practical examples for the purpose of show-
ing, that there may be other conditions effecting the dog-producing
symptoms, in most every case, similar to those of hydrophobia.

Another thing I wish to mention. In case a dog bites you do not
leave them kill the dog at once. Tie him up so you can see if he
will develop hydrophobia. By at once killing the dog, you destroy
_ your best means of diagnosis.

NITROGEN: ITS FORMS AND SOURCES

By DR. C. W. STODDART, State College. Pa.

“Nitrogen is, after water, the greatest factor in the creation, growth
and working of nature; to bind it and be its master, that is the prob-
lem; to make use of it, therein lies real agriculture; to bring its
sources which are inexhaustible into service, that it is which creates
wealth.”

Ever since Schultz-Lupitz, the pupil of the great Baron Von Liebig,
made that statement some fifty years ago, “the nitrogen problem” has
disturbed statisticians and even scientists from time to time; for
nitrogen is a most necessary and useful element in human life and
progress. It is useful in the manufacture of many synthetic medi-
cines and poisons, very powerful medicines and poisons they are, too;
beautiful dyes ; gun-powder; celluloid ; nitro-glycerine; collodion; gun-
cotton. It is a necessary constitutent of human foods, for it is an in-
tegral part of every living cell, and of most bodily tissue such as
muscle, skin, hair and bones.

But what is the source of this nitrogen that is so important?

496 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

For the manufacture of most of the commercial products contain-
ing nitrogen, nitric acid is used. lor example, gun-cotton is ordinary
cotton treated with nitric acid; collodion is a form of gun-cotton
dissolved in alcohol and ether; nitro-glycerine is glycerine treated with
nitric acid. Nitric acid is made from sodium nitrate. Sodium nitrate
is mined in Chili and is being consumed at the rate of some 2,000,000
tons per year. Statisticians tell us that there is not enough to
last more than 40 or 50_years longer. In other word:, our commercial
products, so useful and even necessary, are almost wholly dependent
on this supply of sodium nitrate. Hence, the hue and cry about the
nitrogen problem.

But what we as farmers are particularly interested in, are the
sources of agricultural nitrogen which helps make our foods. Di-
rectly or indirectly food nitrogen is obtained from crops, and the
source of crop nitrogen, then, is our present inquiry.

Chemically nitrogen is a gas, colorless, ordorless, rather lazy, for
it does not combine easily with other elements. It forms four-fifths
of the air we breathe. On every acre of the earth’s surface there
rests 35,000 tons of nitrogen. But only in combination with other
elements is nitrogen of any value; for example in nitro-glycerine as a
liquid together with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; in sodium nitrate
as a solid together with sodium and oxygen. Only as a nitrate, that
is in combination with oxygen and some base like sodium or calcium,
is nitrogen of use to the ordinary crop plants.

In the soil, nitrogen occurs as complex organic compounds result-
ing from the decay of plants or animals—as humus, if you will. Bac-
teria act on this nitrogen and convert it to the nitrate form with the
help of lime or some other base derived from the decomposition of
rocks. The crop plants for the most part, when they are plowed under
returns to the soil only then nitrogen taken from the soil during
their growth. There is no gain in nitrogen. But legumes, clover,
alfalfa, peas, beans—have growing on their roots colonies of nitrogen
fixing bacteria which can take nitrogen from the air, and make it com-
bine with other elements in such a way that the legume plant can
make use of it, and by its decomposition furnish available nitrogen to
succeeding crops. Estimates based on analyses have shown that in
this way there may be added to the soil anywhere from 40 to 200
pounds of nitrogen per acre in excess of what may have been present
before. This gain in nitrogen is made by merely plowing under the
stubble remaining after a hay crop, or such growth as may have oc-
curred after the crop was removed and before the spring plowing.

This is one of the most important sources of nitrogen for our crop
plants: Atmospheric nitrogen made to combine with other elements
and added to the soil without any labor other than the planting of
the seed,—and the hay is obtained in addition to more than pa
for that labor. -

Another source common to every farm is barnyard manure, which
is one way of returning to the soil only what has been removed there-
from, unless the stock is fed on purchased material which comes from
another soil,—a case of robbing Peter to pay Paul.

The principal sources of agricultural nitrogen is commercial fer-
tilizers. In considering these forms, perhaps it would be well to
divide them into three classes: |

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 497

First. Those immediately available.
Second. Those very quickly available.
Third. Those slowly available.

Of the first class Sodiwin nitrate, or Chili saltpeter, is the chief
representative, although not the only one as will be shown a little
later. Sodium nitrate has its nitrogen in such a form that the plant
can take it up and use it in making plant tissue and seeds, just as
soon as the nitrate dissolves in water, and that is as soon as it ap-
plied to the soil. This form of nitrogen is immediately available, and
all of it is available at once. The sodium nitrate of commerce, con-
taining 15-16 per cent. of nitrogen, is made by solution and crystal-
lization of an impure material called “caliche” which is mined in
large quantities from a high, dry plateau of Chili. The theory of
its formation is that nitrifying bacteria—those bacteria which make
nitrates in the soil—acted on large quantities of decaying vegetation
which grew ages ago in the mountains above this arid plain. The
base supplied in this case was sodium, so there was formed sodium
nitrate instead of calcium nitrate, as would be the case in our own
soils. Rains washed the sodium nitrate so formed down into the
desert where the water evaporated, leaving the nitrates to accumu-
late.

Of the second class Ammonium sulphate is the principal represen-
tative. This material possibly can be used by the corn plant just as
it is, and is hence immediately available, but for most crops certainly
it must first be changed by bacteria to nitrates. This process is very
rapid, for in the change of complex organic matter to nitrates, the
formation of ammonia is the first step, and the hardest step. The
rest of the process is easy and rapid. Consequently the nitrogen of
ammonium sulphate is very quickly made available to plants.

Ammonium sulphate is made principally from the ammonia given
off in the making of coal gas or coke. The ammonia is absorbed by
sulphuric acid, and crystallized out. It contains 19-20 per cent. of
nitrogen. Every coke oven can be equipped with the apparatus
to make ammonium sulphate at very little expense, relatively speak-
ing, and the product will more than pay for the expense of the re-
torts.

The third class comprises those substances containing nitrogen in
complex organic forms which have to undergo decay and bacterial
change in the soil before plants can make use of their nitrogen. In
many cases the decay is very slow, that is, the initial decay and change
to ammonia is slow. Of these very slow acting fertilizers,—these
inert nitrogen carriers,—Doctor Frear has told you, and stated how
they can be made more quickly available—I refer to leather, hoofs,
hair, garbage tankage, peat and so forth.

Other forms which are quicker acting are dried blood, containing
10-14 per cent. of nitrogen; fish scrap, 7-9 per cent. nitrogen and 6-8
per cent. phosphoric acid; tankage, refuse from slaughter houses, not
garbage tankage, containing 5-20 per cent. nitrogen and 1-14 per cent.
phosphorie acid; perhaps there might be mentioned cottonseed meal
and linseed meal, running about 5 per cent. nitrogen. These last
products, however, are better fed to stock and the manure applied to

S

the land.
32—6—1911

498 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Barnyard manure, already mentioned above, would come under
this class of slow acting fertilizers for the most part, although some
of its nitrogen may be in the ammoniacal form and very quickly avail-
able.

There remains two products which should be mentioned now:

Calcium cyanamide or lime-nitrogen, a substance made in Kurope
by heating in an electric furnace a mixture of coke or charcoal and
lime over which is passed a stream of nitrogen. The nitrogen is
obtained with but little trouble from the air. ‘The final product is
a compound containing 17-20 per cent. nitrogen which decomposes on
treatment with water to form ammonia. This of course is what
happens when lime-nitrogen is added to the soil; and the ammonia
can very quickly be changed to nitrates for plant use. It is a fer-
tilizer of the second class, can be made cheaply, and is almost as
good a fertilizer as sodium nitrate.

Basie calcium nitrate is a fertilizer now on the European markets
to some extent, as cheap as, or cheaper than sodium nitrate and
exactly as good, containing about the same amount of nitrogen, 13-15
per cent. It is made in Norway by passing air through a furnace con-
taining an immense disc- shaped are, some five or six ‘feet in diameter,
produced by a very powerful electric current between water cooled
copper electrodes. The disc- -shape of the are is obtained by an im-
mense electro magnet which pulls the ordinary are out of shape. The
action of this intense heat on the nitrogen and oxygen of the air
causes them to unite to form oxides of nitrogen. These oxides of
nitrogen are passed up through granite towers full of crushed quartz
down through which trickles water. Nitric acid is formed. This
nitric acid can be concentrated and sold as such, or it can be neu-
tralized by lime and the basic calcium nitrate formed.

We have here a process which makes nitric acid for use in com-
merce, and nitrate for use in agriculture. Air is the source of nitro-
gen for useful articles and for necessary crops. We can be indepen-
dent of the naturally occurring instincts of soda; its disappearance
need not cause any anxiety. And more than this the farmer has in
the bacteria on his clover and alfalfa roots an agency for utilizing
atmospheric nitrogen which is cheap, efficient and reliable.

The nitrogen problem is solved; we have bound it and become
its master; we have brought its inexhaustible sources into service.

REPORT OF THE MICROSCOPIST AND HYGIENIST
By PROF. JAMES W. KELLOGG

At our meeting last year an attempt was made to illustrate how
the microscope has been of great aid to the scientist in the investiga-.
tion of food adulterations, and the detection of the source of dis-.
ease, and to bring before you the importance and need of a law which;
would regulate and equiral the egnitary conditions of the communi.-
ties in which we live. ~

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 499

It is a well established fact that a great deal of ill health and
many diseases have been caused by the unsanitary manner in which
many of our cities and towns have been conducted. The source of the
water supply has not been protected. Creameries and milk depots
have not been kept clean. Sewers have been left open and refuse
matter and all sorts of filth have been left uncovered and exposed
in the streets, alleys and back yards. ‘This state of affairs has
not only existed in the past, but may be found to exist to-day, if one
should take the trouble to investigate.

It is right and proper that we should have pure and unadulterated
food, that we should be so protected from fraud as to be able to
obtain food which is wholesome and free from injurious or poisonous
substances; but it is much more right and proper that the source
of food contamination be eliminated, and that markets, cafes and
restaurants where food is sold and prepared for consumption, be
so clean and sanitary that-no fear of sickness or spread of disease
need be entertained. If we are to have these clean and sanitary
places, it is necessary that the energy of every citizen be devoted
to a campaign for cleanliness, and that we see to it that not only
our streets and neighbor’s premises are free from filth, but that our
own back yards are in the proper condition to prevent the spread of
disease.

We know from sad experience how often a whole community has
suffered from the outbreak of an epidemic of some dread disease, and
how often the cause of the trouble has been traced to a polluted
stream, an uncovered sewer or the presence of filth of all sorts, in
which is bred the agencies known to be capable of spreading dis-
ease. It has been proven that one of the greatest agencies engaged
in the spread of disease is the house fly. It does not seem possible
that so small a form of life could cause so much trouble, but all
the facts in the case point to the fly as one of our greg test enemies.
Anything which is conducive to the existence of the fly or the con-
ditions which promote their breeding is, therefore, responsible for
the spread of disease. The favorite breeding place of the fly is in
horse manure and other excrementitious matter, and many other
forms of decayed animal and vegetable refuse. It would not be stating
the case too strongly to say that any city, town or person permitting
the breeding places of flies to exist, is directly responsible for the
spread of sickness and ill health. “Eliminate the cause and you elimi-
nate the effect,” and to eliminate the breeding places of flies is what
must be done if we expect to succeed in any campaign against the fly.
It has been demonstrated by scientists who have made exhaustive
experiments, that the house fly can and does spread typhoid fever,
dysentery, tuberculosis, Asiatic cholera and is capable also of trans-
mitting leprosy, erysipelas and smallpox.

There are a great many species of the fly, but the one which we
are concerned most about is the common house fly. .This insect in
its development from the egg to the adult, passes through several
complete changes, “each unlike the other: The egg, the larva or mag-
got, the pupa or resting stage and the imago or full grown insect.” Dr.
L. O. Howard, of the Bureau of Entomology of the U. 8S. Department
of Agriculture, reports that the fly commonly lays its eggs upon
horse manure, about 120 eggs being deposited in one mass, usually in
several layings. At the end of twenty-four hours the larva or maggots

33

500 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

are hatched. They begin feeding at once and thrive and grow for from
five to seven days. At the end of this time, they crawl into the
loose ground or under dry boards or into dry places and enter the
pupa or resting state. This period occupies from five to seven days
and in some cases a little longer. Then the fly comes forth fully de-
veloped, the total life round requiring, therefore, from ten to four-
teen days. This time is influenced somewhat by climatic conditions,
requiring a shorter or longer time, according to the cold or warmer
temperatures. Durng the winter the adult fly hibernates in some
warm or favorable place and becomes active again in the spring.
The size of the fly is also influenced to some extent during the larval
or growing period. If the larva are well fed, the flies will be full
grown.

Prof. Wm. B. Herms, of the University of California, reports that
he has estimated the number of larva which had hatched in four
samples of manure, weighing in all fifteen pounds, and that 10,282
were found present. This would average about 685 larva per pound.
By estimating the weight of such a pile of manure, astonishing
figures can be obtained. Many other similar experiments have been
made, and it is easy to understand the reason why such great num-
bers of flies exist in the neighborhood of stables or places where de-
caying vegetable or animal matter is exposed. The way in which the
diseases mentioned are spread, is by the flies migrating from one
place to another, alighting upon all sorts of refuse material to ob-
tain their food and then, of course, going into the house, crawling
over our food, eating utensils, getting into milk and water, and also
by crawling over our bodies and sometimes getting into the mouth.
They are especially dangerous to infants where bottles and milk are
not kept covered or away from them. The legs and bodies of the
flies are covered with small hairs to which germs easily cling.

Prof. Herms also reports that the number of bacteria which a
single fly may carry will reach all the way from a few hundred to
several millions and these germs, under favorable circumstances,
will live as long as twenty-three days. Early in the fly season the
numbers of bacteria are comparatively small, while later, this num-
ber increases greatly. The mouth parts of the common house fly
are not adapted to biting or stinging as is commonly believed. Other
species of the fiy, one of which is the stable fly, has a mouth part so
constructed as to be able to pierce the skin. This form of insect cam
inject disease into the blood directly. The danger in the flies which
infest our dwelling places lies in their power to carry germs on their
bodies to food as above stated. Typhoid fever is one of the most
serious diseases of man, and because the fly has been so energetic
in transmitting this ailment, Dr. Howard has called this insect
the “typhoid fly.” Typhoid fever has been prevalent in many of our
army camps, and it is now known that it was caused by the large
number of flies, which, in turn were caused by the unsanitary man-
ner in which the camps were cared for. During the Spanish American
War, the Army Surgeons were especially energetic in their campaign
against sickness, and by eliminating all sources of breeding places,
typhoid fever was reduced to a minimum. From all the information
we can gain on the subject, it is clearly evident that if we are to

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 501

wage a war against the fly and enter into the “Swat the Fly” cam-
paign, it will be necessary to go further than killing all the adult
flies and to prevent their coming into existence.

The Health Officer of every community should see to it that every
section ef the town or city is kept scrupulously clean, if the sickness
in that town or city is to be reduced to a minimum. Many methods
have been suggested for taking care of the refuse material, such as
building closed receptacles in which to place refuse of all sorts,
removing it from time to time in closed wagons, and by the use of
chloride of lime, solution of Paris green, kerosene and other similar
substances.

Bulletins have been issued by the United States Department of
Agriculture, in which instruction is given along these lines, and these
bulletins can be obtained by writing to the Superintendent of Public
Documents at Washington.

The amount of money which has been spent for screens, fly paper
and fly poisons in the United States would amount to many thousands
of dollars, and the number of deaths, which cannot be estimated
in dollars, which can be directly traced to the fly, will reach into the
thousands. The value of real estate in fly infested districts has been
materially reduced, and wherever this pest thrives in great numbers,
it is easy to understand what an enemy they are. It is earnestly hoped
that a strenuous campaign will be waged in every community against
the unsanitary conditions which promote the breeding of flies, and
that no effort will be spared to get rid of this pest and protect the
lives of our people.

COMPUTING DAIRY RATIONS

By PROF. H. E. VAN NORMAN, State College, Pa.

In taking up the computing of rations, I shall outline my sugges-
tions in new terms—that is new to many of you who have for so
many years been discussing the feed problem in terms of protein, car-
bo-hydrates and fats.

You known Dr. Armsby has been conducting his experiments on
the carbroymeter by means of which he measures the power of the
food content. For instance, if we have one hundred pounds of coal
in our fire machinery, it will turn into steam and this steam is the
energy that is required to do work. Our new term is simply measur-
ing the power of the food content by the power to do work. We
measure it by the amount of heat it would produce if burned up, but
all of the feed is not available for milk production; a part of it is
lost. There is a loss of energy in the faeces, in the urine, in the
gases, in the labor of chewing, swallowing and digesting the food,
what is left is available for milk production and for energy stored
for a gain in weight. Therefore I am going to outline to you a
method of figuring it in terms of net energy, with the losses all taken
out. In the old method only one loss was taken out.

/

502 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

For instance, one hundred pounds of corn meal is given 41 per
cent. net; that is 58 per cent. is lost, or required for digestion. When
we get to timothy hay, 51 per cent. is required, leaving only 49 per
cent. for production, wheat straw, only one-fifth of all the energy
available for milk production. That means that corn meal has only
four times as much energy as wheat straw. These figures explain why
it is that our new standard is a more accurate measure of net energy,
than is our old standard.

Now when we come to figure out a ration for the animals, we know
from practical experience and experiments that have been performed,
that every animal requires a certain amount of energy for her main-
tainance; that is a dry cow, that is not in calf requires a sufficient
amount of food to keep up her strength. That is what we speak of
as maintenance, therefore, we must give that cow enough feed to
take care of herself. The amount of feed she requires more than that
is for the milk she produces. <A lot of us have lost money in times
gone by, because we didn’t feed a cow more than she needed for her
own use. To put it in practical terms, suppose she needs six therms
(or we can call them units if you wish) of net energy to keep her-
self, if she is going to produce twenty pounds of milk, she will re-
quire another six therms, which is twelve; and if you only feed her
nine of them, you cannot expect her to produce twenty pounds of
milk In fact, she won’t do so. Why? Because you haven’t given
her strength enough to take care of herself and of her milk.

You can take that milk to the laboratory and find just how much
energy there is in that milk. Let me emphasize that statement in
this way. The amount of milk a cow gives is measured by her ability
to eat food above that required for her maintenance When you go
through the country and see a cow running thin, you may be sure
she was not fed enough to keep up her energy and produce milk.
The dairy cow is primarily a mother, and she makes milk to feed
her young. As soon as you see her getting fat, you have proof con-
clusive that she is getting more feed than she needs to produce milk.
There are thousands of farmers in this State who are losing money
because they do not feed enough to produce milk There are a few
farmers who go to the other extreme. But that is not the only thing ~
we can get energy from; coal produces energy but the cow cannot
use coal so we must feed her something that she can eat and digest—
something that she likes. So we feed her carbo-hydrates and fats to
produce milk. One hundred pounds of milk contains a little less
than sixty-four pounds of casein, and casein contains nitrogen which
comes only from carbo-hydrates; therefore we must supply protein
in sufficient quantities to produce the milk. If a mason begins a
foundation without enough brick of any kind, he cannot complete
it, because he cannot make mud take the place of brick; but if be
needs only one or two bricks, he can make mud take the place of
them. You cannot get a good milk production with an insufficient
supply of protein. It is true that when a cow is just fresh, in the
first month or month and a half of her period of lactation, if you
feed her an insufficient supply of the milk producing feeds, nature
has constituted her that she will take the fat from her own body
and make milk. That is why a cow gets thin after freshening.
Dairymen have profited by that. The Missouri Experiment Station

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 503

have made an experiment on that. They allowed a cow to draw
her fat when she was producing twenty-five to thirty pounds of
milk. At the end of thirty days she was giving the same amount of
milk, but she was only fed the amount required for her maintenance.
What was the result? She had drawn on her body to make this
milk, and she was so weak that she could hardly stand up, and had
to be helped on her feet. That shows how strong is Nature’s deter-
mination to furnish food for that calf.

Now, after that calf gets to be from six, or eight weeks old, it
is presumed to be able to care for itself, and the amount of milk
supply decreases unless the cow is given from a half to a pound of
protein to take care of herself. She requires six therms of energy
to take care of herself. If she is supposed to produce milk she re-
quires six therms more. <A thousand pound cow, giving twenty
pounds of four per cent. milk, needs twelve therms of energy and one
pound of protein. I will not go into details with the figures because
we are about to issue a bulletin at the College, which you can get
by addressing us, and which will give you all the figures.

It is not possible for me to figure out exactly the ration required
for your cow. In the next place, it is not possible for you to guaran-
tee to me that your silo is exactly the same composition as the
silage of the bulletin? Now, there is no use quarreling over these
small details. There is no use spending a dollars worth of time to
get fifty cents worth of exactness on paper. Now, what is required
of you is to get a reasonable ration that will give her tue required
amount of energy and then feed her in proportion to the amount
of milk you expect her to produce.

The next rule: Feed your cow a grain mixture for the purpose
of making flesh, and then give her all the roughage she will eat. A
good proportion is one pound of grain to each three pounds of milk,
or if the grain is high priced and she thrives on roughage make it
one pound of grain to each four pounds of milk; anywhere along
there is safe; and you can get the most ignorant farm hand to follow
this rule and be sure of good results. Our roughages are usually
short of protein, so we must mix it with grain and in order to produce
twenty pounds of milk a day, we must give the cow from one pound
to one pound and a half of protein; so we must make the mixture to
cover the difference. If you feed timothy hay, corn stover and silage,
you must have a good deal more protein in your mixture than if you
are going to feed from clover or alfalfa. The amount of grain will
also tell a little the amount of protein there must be in your grain
mixture. The more grain you feed the less protein, in proportion to
your energy will be required.

Now I divide our roughages up into three grades. The first grade
is timothy hay, corn stover and silage; with this you have one pound
of protein for every four therms of energy. But if you have for your
mixture clover hay and timothy, or clover hay and silage, then the
protein is one in five. Of clover hay and alfalfa, you get as high as
one in seven or eight; in fact I think you can go so high as to feed
simply straight corn meal. In following any of these rules, I have
tried to give you simply enough protein to safely expect the cow to
do her work. In fact, I think you are giving her more than she needs,

504 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe,

It may be a quarter of a pound of protein more than she needs, but
it is not as expensive as two or three of the robber cows that most
of us have been keeping.

Now when we come to making up a grain mixture, I believe it is
advisable to make the mixture of at least three or four different
kinds of feeds. We want to stimulate the appetite of the cow, and
experiments of the New York Experiment Station show that the ani-
mal does best on a variety of feeds. The four things then we want
to remember in studying what would be a reasonable ration for
the cow are:

(1). Cost of the feed.

(2). Effect on the system of the cow.
(3). Practibility.

(4). Bulk.

(5). Variety.

The relative economy of two feeds is not measured by their cost
price, but is measured by the cost at which they furnish the needed
energy. The cottonseed meal is to-day almost the highest priced
feed per ton on the general market, and yet it is one of the cheapest
feeds we buy, because it furnishes a larger amount of the needed
energy per dollar than any other feed we buy. Now a lot of you
have a mistaken notion that you can pay a low price for some of the
cheap hull feeds, but if you divide the cost of one hundred pounds
by the therms of energy it furnishes, and the cost of the one hundred
pounds of protein by the amount of energy it produces, you will
find that the cheap hull feeds are not so cheap after all. I would
ask you to use the best feeds you can get; it will pay you. The
cheapest feeds are the ones that produce energy the cheapest. That
at this present time will be corn meal or corn and cob meal. The
feed that will furnish protein the cheapest will be cottonseed meal.
Next, it will be gluten, or Ajax or brewery grain. Wheat middlings
is one of the cheapest feeds we can buy at the present time in our
Middle states. All are good, so we will take the one that has the
best effect on the system of the animal. Some animals are individually
constipated and some are individually lax. We want to counter-
act the one by the other. If we don’t have any silage or roots, or
beet sugar meal feed, we put a little oil meal into the mixture about
once a day. If we have any of the other feeds, we do not use the oil
meal, because it is expensive. Most animals can be taught to eat
anything that is desirable. Boys can’t, because they were spoiled
in their bringing up. Start small; put in a teaspoonful if neces-
sary, and then bring up the amount. But it is usually desirable to
feed them what they want, if it doesn’t cost too much.

Next, comes bulk. The cow’s machinery is usually built to hold
a large amount of feed. But we can overdo it; a cow cannot eat
all clover hay and do her best work, therefore we want that bulk
composed of something that will increase her energy. I would mix
with the hay, some corn and cob meal or distillers’ grain, or gluten.
If you have to use only heavy feeds, I would chop some of the hay.

Next, comes variety; I don’t know how important this is, but
most of our men who do experimenting believe that cows work better
when they get a good variety of feed; and from the results of these
experiments, I believe that this is true.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 605

Now, the next point that I would make is, that in making up a
grain mixture we get down to an actual method of work. If that
cow is to be of much profit, you want to get that energy as cheap as
possible. We take one hundred pounds of protein, as a basis, and to
this we add the amount of cottonseed meal you think should be used;
then the amount of gluten feed; then add this up and divide the
possible protein into the possible energy. If it comes out right
you get a mixture from that standpoint. If not, you can add to it
until the sum total of the protein divided into the sum total of the
energy gives he right total, and you can work according to this rule,
no matter whether you mix twenty-five pounds, or fifty pounds, or
one hundred pounds, or two hundred pounds, or three hundred pounds
you will find it simplifies wonderfully the mixing of the rations.

Another thing that our bulletin will contain is totals in which
we have dropped the decimals. Now, if you will take the trouble to
compare you will see that cottonseed meal has 84.23 therms of
energy, and 10.27-28 of protein. Now I have figured that in making
mixtures of this kind, it will simplify matters to drop the decimal, and
use only the whole numbers, the small amount contained in the deci-
mal will not matter. Again I am recommending that we use one
hundred pounds value instead of fifty or twenty-five pound values;
however, you will find a table in which I have given the protein and
energy in connection with twenty-five, one hundred, two hundred,

and three hundred pounds you can make up almost any kind of a
total and figure the amount of protein. Now to give you a sample
list, which I have figured up here:

506 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

RATIO OF PROTEIN TO NET ENERGY FOR DIFFERENT ROUGHAGES,
QUALITIES AND QUANTITIES OF MILK

When roughage is When feeding one pound of When feeding one pound of
grain for each four pounds grain for each three pounds
of milk per day of milk per day

GROUP I For cows producing less than For cows producing less than

| 15 Ibs. of milk per day, make 20 Ibs. of milk per day, make

Consisting of Timothy Hay a mixture containing 1:3.5 of a mixture containing 1:4.5 of
or Corn Silage or Corn, net energy. | net energy.

Stover or any two or ; bs siya
three of them, make a | If producing over 15 lbs. milk | If producing over 20 tbs. milk

mixture. | per day, make a mixture per day, make a mixture con-
| containing 1:4 of net energy. | taining 1:5 of net energy.
| |
| |
GROUP II For cows producing milk test- For cows producing milk test-

ing 3 to 3.5% tat, Protein ing 3 to 3.5% fat, Protein
1 to 5 net energy. 1 to 5 net energy. -

When in addition to silage | For cows producing milk test- | For cows producing milk test-
or fodder, 5 to 7 lbs. of ing 3.5 to 4.5% tat, Protein | ing 3.5 to 4.5% fat, Protein

clover or alfalfa are fed, 1 to 5.5 net energy. 1 to 6 net energy.
or when mixed hay is half |
clover. For cows producing milk test- | For cows producing milk test-
ing over 4.5% fat, Protein | ing over 4.5% fat, Protein
| 1 to 6 net energy. 1 to 6 net energy.
GOUP III For cows producing milk test- | For cows producing milk test-
ing 3 to 3.5% fat, Protein ing 3 to 3.5% fat, Protein
1 to 6 net energy. 1 to 6 net energy.
When all the rougage is | For cows producing milk test- | For cows producing milk test-
clover or alfalfa hay. ing 3.5 to 4.5% fat, Protein ing 3.5 to 4.5% fat, Protein
1 to 6.5 net energy. 1 to 7 net energy.
For cows producing milk test- | For cows producing milk test-
ing over 4.5% fat, Protein ing over 4.5% fat, Protein
1 to 8 net energy. 1 to 8 net energy.

THE RELATIVE NET ENERGY IN CORN MEAL, TIMOTHY HAY AND
WHEAT STRAW

T 3 o h
otal Energy g a a g
2 cS n mb
4 oo 5 = mn a0
g g g g a s
B 3 5 7 a 5
i) ° ° ° ° S
\ |
i)
HOOMCOTNeING A gee ene ee 9.2 9.3 3.9 36.3 58.7 41.3
UCT GMa le hyG | Seneca seeeceseosce 48.9 3.8 3.1 29.5 85.3 14.7
TOO WARY RTS Gemancoseamerenoreece 54.8 9.0 2.5 PalSip 94.0 6.0

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 507
TABLE III—MAINTENANCE RATIONS FOR COWS
rey
iS)
=)
2
2 +
£ 5
a 8
& 3
3 FS
Go n
E B
3 o
je) tS
Ay a
750 ib. cow requires for maintenance about, ---------------------------------- 4 | 4.95
MMR CON Areauires: OL. maintenance, about, 225---5-==2-. = 2.226 cose = =~ ce eee so | 6.00
12b0nib- cow, requires for Maintenance about, -=------2---------------ss<s=-=-—— 2600) 7.00
Tomb ecows requires, tor maintenance’ about, 2-------2-----.-------------5=-—-—— -65 7.90
TABLE IV—REQUIREMENT FOR MILK PRODUCTION IN ADDITION TO
MAINTENANCE
3% Milk 4% Milk 5% Milk
|
q qa A
és alee Blane ee
=) ww P=) Py, ~ by
ie) 2 | ° 3) ° 2
= q oH gq a q
Ay isa] | Ay re Ay ica)
Morea vibe, Milk. “2222 22-22. css. sscc JSS .045 22 .05 .30 055 .39
MoneOmip. cme, 2.5.25. S21 See .450 2.20 50 3.0 LS, 3)
TitOke GU ite eran le Ge ee eee .675 3.30 sift 4.5 -825 5.58
Hore20ulban Mmilke. 22st 5 =225< 225225 = 2S 900 4.40 1.00 6.0 1.10 7.8
Moreouo. milk, <.-2.---222s2s=--.-<-52 1.125 5.50 125 7.5 1.375 9.7
HMiOnrcUMID) SINKS 262 mee seas emma oe 1.35 6.60 1.50 9.0 1.65 rater!
5p
i=)
o
Ration 196 8
cd n
3 E
= 3)
2 a
oy <
Wiis Clomib EivoleCole me So2 2 oe eee eee ee ee eect ease See See fie 126.
100 ib. Cottonseed meal, --=-------_---------------=------------_---------------=-| 35. 84.
THD) tis DO OU Ie Brea fey eve SS Ses Oe ee eee ee Se DP 79.
UGG ty ICRC) eels oS se ee - esse ea ee See ee ee 297. 75.
AG iis, Ofori) WC Sepreemee sac cee mmo =P a be nee ee aoe some e sooece eee 93. 364.
if iin, (Orin oH pSceere: sens ses cee ae eee ee St ao ee SS -195 - 766
Ration 107
J0Ombe. Cor. and Cobimeal,..2.- - -a=sc oe asa See ee eee eee eee coe 9. 144.
1h ribe: Cottonseed meal,” 92220. -22 2-2 ean ae a eee ee ee eee ee ae 5225 126.
TosibeDIStileras PTAIDS.) ccs = an ane cess tae nee eee eee aaa 38.5 139.
TO0vibse Gluten: Seedy Sek 8 ae ee ne ae ee ee ee ee en eee canon eo aas|| | 20s 79.
G2 lbw OONUAING ate ee te a ree re ne mame 120.0 488.
Thins (Oso See ee ec nee Ste SE ee 192 -780

——_—— — ——————————— _ .00€&08&0 ©

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

508

FR neo mt ie re ame wr aS aes a lc a a a ‘poag wen)
1 i Ee ae ae saat Caos 19 “08 “CT al

or *g 9% ee GS Daehn ee ay oe eA OS UL GI) ~ SIO STC
6L “OF “08 a

& 21M! Lae Lae ae ae ae ao nee a oe ae LOG) ee SUL BIE) ae SIOT TASTE
“¥8 “GP “Tz a
9g

¥8

las

SL

¥

" Cole ‘6 Aye a ge ee Ie I ee ao eee oe ee eee ee eto ‘(Bo P99870330D
: a 2 “1S rg]

2 ‘ “Zi C's CL ee eee ageae eam ein eg pe ae *sqiveH Lon ore)
; “98 “SI a)

% oE (all ath tr ara ee ana ri cma eie Ce at cs pit COCS SC CO ‘Teay qoO pue ui0,)

Cea SSR hn Ee Sates ae oe RET oe Te a eee ‘u10p9

LT (= oar oa ai Ries ia ada A rads arb Ean So cag eee OSC ‘ding eq

a / Dthaos Toe a ee IT i ee eS ee See ‘JOM ‘SUIVIH ,SIaMeIg

|

| ‘ rf 9 Cipro to ne en a Seen ee aes cae aoe ‘Arp *SuIv.in SOMITE
esse ce tan auger cer cer : : 18 “OF “02 a)
eae ea ed | | a 2 : Litman ead Lap a Rae eee a ee ae a a a ee ee ‘Ao IBV

Pe pt ar tee OCR Cao ooo obo ‘Sorel xely

ASIeUa “JT, OOL 380D
uyjoqoId “Ql OOT 40D
“Qt OOT S°;Tg
m0} Jed 901g

W ASIeug JON PUB UlDI0Ig
a OS OC

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 509

No.

wwe ww ew ww = |e oe eee
woe ew cow wn | one ne ne eee

- meee ee ---

me wo we wn ww |e ee eee

)

P| aici tab ei tetas Peek ee aero ee ge “SPIN 380M
_ aia iain eee ies Ste Sea | = tee ee ‘UBbig JBOTA
Kf

Pf lune anaes eee pan ete ee case ‘sulvip worm

be eee
ieee
a

qT eS a eg a a eee ea

‘aI0710Q
*euaiong
‘punoigs ‘sjvO

‘sqnoidg dei
‘Be paesurT
ee eee or “N

aaa

a as Pn ee a Oe oe.
alsa anna ae

a
d

‘AUTOR

“IO ‘[eaA weINlD

510 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

A Member: With one hundred pounds of union grains, how much
cottonseed meal would it take to make up the required number of
therms—in union grain there is about 27 per cent. of protein.

PROF. VAN NORMAN: I think it would be one hundred to three
or four hundred. ‘The following is a mixture which would go well
with timothy hay and corn stover.

400 pounds of corn meal.

100 pounds of cottonseed meai.
500 pounds of distillers’ grain.
100 pounds of gluten feed.

Now that amount of grain would contain 7.44 therms of energy.
If you want to find out whether it is a cheap ration or not, figure
out what it would cost you at your price, and divide by 7.44 to get
the cost of the energy, because that amount of grain contains 7.44
therms of net energy. At the present market price of grain, you
should be able to furnish the necessary amount of protein at less
than two dollars, our’s costs one dollar and seventy-nine cents, buy-
ing in carload lots, as we have been able to do. Now that is pro-
tein, 1 to 5 per cent. net energy.

Now I will give you over two other mixtures, which you may
like to figure out. Here is a mixture which I believe can be fed
profitably at the present prices, but there are many of our farmers
who have to figure on their own home grown products; they want
to figure linseed meal, because it is low in price, and corn meal and
oats, and bran, because they have them.

300 pounds corn meal.
300 pounds linseed meal.
200 pounds oats.

400 pounds bran.

This contains 8.14 therms of energy; divide the cost by 8.14, and
it gives you the cost of the feed to you—not the cost of the energy—
and I think you will find it runs somewhere near 2.15 per hundred
as compared with 1.85 for the other.

In making up your grain mixture, spread on the barn floor, first
the bulky feeds; put on top of these the next lightest and so on, with
the heaviest on the top, then spread it as a good cement mixer
spreads his cement; then take up a shovelfull and lift it clear off
the floor and throw it over to the right or left, and then throw on
the next shovelful, spreading it as you go, and mixing it, and then
throwing it back again into the middle of the floor in the same way;
at the end of the third handling it should be properly mixed.

Now it is usually no trouble to weigh the feed; if not every day,
I believe it is wise to weigh it once a week at least. If she gives
eighteen pounds of milk, she should have three pounds to eat. Mark
the amount on the stall, if you don’t care to weigh it up each time
get a measure that will hold the proper amount. The greatest need
of our farming is business methods.

The last five years have been years of science and bacteria, the
next ten years are to be years of business and profit. We must get
down to figures. If you only sell.two hundred dollars worth of

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 511

business off your farm, you cannot have two hundred dollars worth
of profit. Study your profits, or don’t do business.

The next step will be the science of feeding—the study of economy
in feeding. Find out what your cows are doing, and don’t buy forty
dollars worth of feed for a cow that only gives thirty-five dollars
worth of milk.

EAR-MARKS OF THE FARM
By S. C. GEORGE, West Lebanon, Pa.

It is not my intention in this paper to try to instruct such an in-
telligent audience as this, yet we would consider our time and efforts
wasted did not some one gather some thought from it that would
be of use to him, for we know that it is he who has knowledge who
thirst for more.

In choosing our subject we were guided partly by an article in
the “National Stockman and Farmer” from the pen of W. D. Zinn
in which he said, “That good farming had certan ear-marks that
could not be mistaken.” While this is true, poor farming also has
its ear-marks, that are equally easily discernible, and as straws indi-
cate which way the wind blows, so there are certain marks that point
to good or poor farming.

We should emulate the good farmer; we should strive to learn
all we can from him; his methods, his operation, and his achieve-
ments. But we can also learn a great deal from the poor farmer
by avoiding his failures, noting his carelessness and his mistakes.

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE EARMARKS OF THE FARM?

When we see the buildings in good repair, the machinery carefully
put away when not in use, the fences neatly built, fencerows trimmed
with care, a good sod on the fields, the growing crops thrifty, the
manure hauled out on the fields at the right time, the animals sleek
and in good condition, we known that the owner or caretaker of
that farm is a good farmer, and one whom we can safely pattern
after.

But on the other hand when we see dilapidated buildings, buildings
not old but out of repair and neglected, where paint has not been
used, where doors are off their hinges, gates hanging by one hinge,
or perchance lying on the ground, where the boards are loose on
the fences, fence-rows grown up with briers, elders and bushes of all
kinds that you could not plow within a rod of the fence, fields covered
with weeds, golden-rod, aster, wild carrot, daisy, and thistles instead
of grass, the machinery standing in the field where it was last used
or in a fence-corner, or under an apple tree, the fowls roosting on
the trees, the cattle looking as if they had the “hollow horn” or “wolf-
in-tail,” had lost their cud and not enough in their stomach to make
a new one; then we see some of the marks of the poor farmer.

512 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Have you ever noticed in traveling along the highways or in the
railway car the differences in farms? Even if there be no fences
you can easily discern farm lines by the different appearance in the
farms. Or, if there be fences, one man will have his side clean up
to the fence, while the other side cannot be reached by several rods.
And this only makes work harder for the man who strives to keep
his farm clean; where a spinster owns a farm on the west of you and
a so-called city farmer owns one to the northwest, where weeds are
left to grow unmolested, to ripen and be blown by the wind or carried
by birds, it is a difficult problem and it is only by persistent efforts
that one can succeed.

And while it is not our purpose in this paper to tell how to do
things, yet right here we would say that the use of the mowing ma-
chine, the scythe, the brier hook or the mattock at the right time
is one means by which we surmount many difficulties and where our
work, on the farm, will show to good advantage.

But you do not need to go to the farm to distinguish between the
careful and the careless farmer. Meet him on the road with his
team, go to the market place, the mill, the coal mine, the railway
station, or wherever farmers congregate with their teams, and note
the difference, and you will have an ear-mark of what you are likely
to find on the farm. One with a broken spring on his wagon seat
propped up by a piece of plank, the wagon bed so badly broken that it
would hardly hold pumpkins, the harness tied up with binder twine
or baling wire, and you may be sure to find similiar conditions on
the farm, where no modern methods are used; a man who says Far-
mers’ Institutes are a farce and that farm papers are fit only for
kindling wood.

But on the other hand you notice different conditions; the harness
kept well oiled, broken places and nuts kept tight about the wagon,
the harness good, and the horses neatly groomed, and you draw
different conclusions. You are sure on that farm to find a man
who takes time solving the problems that arise on the farm, one
who uses all the means to advance the productive powers of the
farm.

We can also learn a lesson in economy right here, for while it is
necessary to be neat and careful, we do not need to be extravagant.
And how often do we see a team loaded with rings and regalia simply
to try to outdo one’s neighbor! .It is a pretty guess, that in the
house the good wife is struggling for some needed article of neces-

ity.
ee WHAT IS THE TRUE AIM OF FARMING?

Is it to buy more land, to raise more corn, to raise more hogs, etc.,
etc., ad infinitum? What should be the object of any man’s life?
If it is not to enjoy the fruit of his labor?

The home is one of the ear-marks of the farm that is too often
overlooked. The home should be attractive. In our great cities where
land is dear, houses have to be built on small areas and into the
air; but this is not necessary in the country. It may have the com-
forts of a city house without looking like one. The tasteful home
has a sale value in the country as well as in the city. It adds value
to the farm as well as enriching the soil to make it more productive,
yet this is a wealth that cannot be counted in dollars and cents.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. * 613

The conveniences in the home are marks of distinction. The fuel
and the water are of great importance, especially the latter. How
often the water has to be carried up steps or from a far-away spring,
or pumped out in the cold, when for a few dollars the water could be
had in the house.

“Its great to be a farmers’ wife,
And live upon the farm

And rise up early in the day,
To make fires bright and warm,

That the farmer man has kindled
For his faithful loving one,

Who now prepares the breakfast
And thinks it first class fun.

“It’s great to be a farmers’ wife,
And breathe the country air,

To raise the chicks and gather eggs
And sell for prices fair.

The children love their mother,
And the father loves her too;

And to keep her kingdom moving
Is all she has to do.”

CO-OPERATION OF HOME AND FARM

Co-operation in the home and on the farm is one of the essential
factors in success and happiness. It is just as necessary here as in a
business firm. The wife and children should feel that they are mem-
bers of the firm, and not merely boarders. It is not always neces-
sary that such services shall be paid in money, but oh! there are so
many ways of rewarding where money could never pay the debt.

“Little deeds of kindness,
Littie words of love.”

When such conditions exist there are no suits in our divorce courts,
and the boys and girls are not in a hurry to leave the farm.

There are farmers who sell everything off the farm that will sell, or
the best of everything, keeping for himself only that which is not
marketable. Is this wise? Is it good farming? The farmer’s table
should be supplied with the best of everything; not necessarily ex-
pensive, but plenty of fresh, wholesome food. The farm will furnish
the fruits, the vegetables, the milk, the butter, the eggs, the meat,
with little labor if proper means are used. When these things sell
high in the market, the farmers are tempted to sell, but he can afford
to do so only when the supply is greater than the demand at home.

One of the ear-marks of the farm that cannot be denied, is the
reading-table in the home. Let me go into the home and look at the
literature, and I will tell you what kind of a family it is. This is
a day of reading. It is not enough for a man to have brawn and
muscle, but he must have brain. In this day of agricultural schools,
experiment stations, farmers institutes, and with the writing in our
farm papers of such men as Agee, Zinn, Chamberlain, Lighty and
a score of others, there is no reason for a man not to be educated.
Allow me to repeat, then that whatever may be the other conditions of
life the home should fill the first place. In fact you never know
a man till you see him at home.

Good business is a mark of the farmer. How often in the trans-
action of our affairs do we use no business ability. The farmer should

338—6—1911

514s ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

be a business man, and the farm will soon show the results. He
should keep informed as to prices, know when to sell to best advant-
age, to buy and sell in a business way. Method is another feature
that is lacked by many farmers. Doing our work in a careless way
and its results are soon seen. But have these ear-marks a value?
They surely have. The manufacturer or the dealer has a trade-mark
on his wares or his goods which sells them. So should the farmer
have; the mark is bound to be thére and if he does not put on one of
which he is proud, the other kind will put itself there. If your trade-
mark is right, when you have anything to sell whether it be an ani-
mal, grain, hay, fruit, vegetables, butter or eggs, an “ad” in the paper
is enough to bring you buyers in abundance, but if the goods be such
that you are ashamed to put a trademark on them there is a poor
market for your produce. Fellow-farmers what kind of ear-marks
are on your farms?

REPORT OF THE APIARIST
By H. C. KLINGER

The year 1911 will pass into apicultural history as one of poorest
for the production of honey. Reports have been received from
several parts of the State where a small crop was obtained but the
general report was “an entire failure.” This State is not exceptional
in reports of poor crops for this year, since there seems to be a
general failure over all the United States and Canada. The failure
in this State at least is due to the severe droughts which prevailed
the last three years preventing a growth of honey-bearing plants,
among which especially was the white clover. The outlook for next
year is more promising. The heavy fall rains has started an abund-
ant growth of flowering vegetation, and thus far it was protected
by snow, provided the unusually severe winter has not proved dis-
astrous.

The great problems in keeping bees, which men have been trying
to solve for years, are apparently unsolved conclusively and still
form the subjects of intense study and research. Conditions of
weather and climate, sources of honey, manipulation, and numerous
other matters enter into making a success or failure possible.

The wintering of colonies has undergone « change. It was for-
merly thought that all colonies north of 41° of latitude should be
wintered in the cellar; but practice has changed sv that colonies as
far north as Canada are successfully wintered on their summer
stands. A crop of honey frequently depends on successful wintering.
A colony should go into winter quarters with plenty of young bees
and to insure this brood-rearing should go on late in the season.
This may necessitate stimulative feeding in the fall after the main
honey flow is over. The amount of winter stores depends on the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 515

method of wintering and the length of the winter? Cellar wintering
requires less stores than outdoor wintering since there is a smaller
consumption of food necessary to keep up the temperature of the
hive, but it requires greater care in keeping up an even temperature
of the cellar and is, therefore, more desirable for the experienced and
those of leisure.

Every colony should have from 25 to 50 pounds of good honey or
sugar syrup to winter on. A poor grade of honey in the combs had
better be extracted, and the colony fed on a 2 to 1 sugar syrup (two
pounds of granulated sugar mixed with one pound of water). The
amount of protection for out-of-doors wintering depends on the
severity of the winter. In the South no protection is needed. For
our latitude hives should have double walls packed between with some
dry material, planer shavings, leaves or chalf. If the hives are single-
walled they should have an extra cover of either wood or several
thicknesses of heavy paper. An absorbent cushion should be placed
over the frames as a means of taking up the moisture coming from
the bees. If colonies go into winter with plenty of young bees, plenty
of stores, and are fairly protected, they are almost certain to come
‘out strong and in good shape for a crop of surplus honey.

Recently there appears to be a tendency of changing from produc-
ing comb honey to that of extracted. The question of producing
comb honey or extracted depends largely on locality and market.
Comb honey brings better prices on the market than does extracted,
but the latter is simpler in production. More extracted can be
secured from a hive, since the bees are not required to build any
comb as the same comb can be used successive times. Again, when
there is only a light flow they are very slow to go into section supers
than into full drawn frames. At present there is an exodus from
comb honey to extracted, and those who produce quantities of the
former and are successful may be wise by continuing, as the indica-
tions are that comb honey will command fancy prices in the near
future. At this time there is practically no comb honey on the
market.

The question of controlling swarming during a honey flow, has
perhaps received more attention within late years than any other.
Formerly, the criterion of success in bee-keeping was the number
of swarms; but now it is recognized more as contrary to success.
The ideal condition of a colony for producing honey, toward which
all progressive bee-keepers aim, is to have the colony ‘full to over-
flowing” but not overflowing with bees. This condition is difficult to
maintain. With the stifmulation to brood-rearing in the spring, agi-
tated by a flow of nectar, there is a tendency to swarm. Very few
succeed in eliminating swarming entirely, but with proper methods
and care it may largely be controlled. A system of hive manipu-
lation has been brought out within the last year known as the Hand
system which is supposed to do away with swarming entirely. It
is a method of operating a hive or rather a double hive by which a
colony can be made very strong, and by the turning of a switch at
the entrance, the working force of bees can be turned into any part
of the hive desired, and in this way there is no loss of energy or force
in carrying surplus, and the causes which produce swarming are

34

516 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

arrested. ‘The practical utility of this method remains yet to be
worked out fully, although those who have tried the system claim
it to be a success.

The greatest progress that Apiculture has made in this State dur-
ing the last year, and perhaps that has ever been made, is the pass-
age of a Foul Brood law by the last session of the Legislature. The
bill was drawn up by the State Bee-Keepers Association, endorsed
by this body and the Horticultural Association before it was pre-
sented. Through the efforts of these various bodies and the earnest
efforts of bee-keepers and their friends, the bill passed almost with-
out any opposition, while similar bills in former sessions were ridi-
culed and hopelessly defeated. ‘The bill provides for State Inspection
of all apiaries in the State under the direction of the Secretary of
Agriculture. Where the disease is found, directions are given for
treatment of colonies infected. Where bees are kept in old-fashioned
box-hives the owner may be required to transfer them into movable
frame hives. It also provides for the destruction of hives and colonies
where necessary and prohibits the sale of infected combs, bees or
hive material. The unfortunate part of it all is, that the appropria-
tion far carrying out its provisions was lopped off by the Legislature,
thus preventing its being carried out effectively for the present.

During the year other states have been active in securing legisla-
tion. Similiar laws were passed in Kansas, New Jersey, Vermont,
Tennessee, Minnesota and Illinois, and in British Columbia, for
Canada, while progress has been made in other states that have not
yet passed any laws of inspection. There are now 33 states that have
laws in some form for the inspection of apiaries.

While argument is sometimes brought that the territory would
be too large to be covered by inspectors and a law would be ineffec-
tive, the fact is true that in states where laws have been in opera-
tion for a number of years the disease has been practically brought
under control. Pennsylvania bee-keepers, who have suffered so much
from the disease, are so eager to make a fight against it that during
the convention of the State Bee-Keepers’ Association, held at Lan-
caster recently, a number of members qualified themselves by taking
an examination, conducted by Dr. Surface the State Entomologist,
and volunteered to inspect apiaries. As there are no provisions
made for their payment of services, they expect to do it gratis.

The Bureau of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture at
Washington is planning to do greater work for apicultural interests.
Dr. Phillips and his corps of assistants are doing splendid work in
combating diseases. A number of bulletins on bees have been pub-
lished for distribution and may be had by writing for them to the
Department of Agriculture. One of these is Bulletin No. 397, “Bees,”
an instructive work on keeping bees; another is Bulletin No. 442,
“The Treatment of Bee Diseases.” This should be in the hands of
every bee-keeper. It describes the indications and symptoms of the
various diseases, how they are spread and how to treat them. The
treatise is by Dr. Phillips and is the most up-to-date and reliable of
any thing that was ever published.

As a further means of distributing information, Secretary Wilson,
after a consultation with a committee of bee-keepers, has consented
to authorize the publication of several additional bulletins: one on

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 517

the relation of bees to horticulture and another on the value of honey
as food, besides ordering the preparation of press notices to every
paper in the United States.

A number of years ago Pennsylvania was not known among the
fruit states, and only within recent years was it discovered that
choice fruit, equal to that of any progressive district of the United
States, can be produced here. We have only recently awakened to
the possibilities of our State. When we consider that only a few
colonies of bees covering in flight a radius of a few miles can store
a ton of honey, and when we see acres upon acres of land not winged
by bees, we realize that there must be millions of nectar-secreting
flowers that remain unvisited by them, and there must be tons of
honey wasted upon the desert air.

If the soil is uncultivated, there still remains in it a latent power
that some wanderer may find centuries later; if the mineral in the
earth remains unearthed, it loses none of its virtue or value. But
here is a product, formed daily, that may satisfy the desire of a
peasant or grace the menu of a king, that “if the harvest is ready
and the laborers are few” or none, it is lost forever.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION

The Committee on Legislation beg leave to make the following
Report:

This being a year when the Legislature is not in session, the
Committee on Legislation have somewhat abbreviated their Report,
reviewing the demands for the past rather than claiming new laws
to be passed, from any new claims made by the present State Board
of Agriculture.

The farmers of Pennsylvania have long been united in sentiment,
however, short in action upon the proposition, that the roads to which
the State owes its greatest obligation are those thousands of miles of
township roads which the farmer must traverse in carrying his crops
to market. We look upon this proposition as important, economic-
ally, to the city man as well as the farmer. We, therefore, review
our stand for a law which will pay to townships, by the State, fifty
per centum of all road taxes collected in said townships not, how-
ever, to exceed $20 a mile. Such a law has twice passed our Legis-
lature only to be made inoperative by executive disapproval. We
regret that our last Legislature failed to appropriate sufficient money
to meet the obligation assumed by the State, when it passed the
Jones’ Road Bill in 1909. We urge all farmers to insist that they
use their votes and influence with the view of securing sufficient ap-
propriations by our next Legislature to meet the deficiencies created
in every township in Pennsylvania.

518 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

We approve the plar of the State to build 5,000 miles of inter-
county highways, as provided for, by what is known as the Sproul
Road Bill passed by the last Legislature. This work will not only
provide good roads, but will tend to reduce loca) taxation, as these
roads will be maintained solely by the State. Bonding the State,
however, for fifty million, we are not so free to say is good business
management.

CHESTNUT TREE BLIGHT

We favor all active efforts towards the suppression of what is
known as “The Chestnut Tree Blight,” which is attacking the chest-
nut timber in various parts of the State.

We endorse and hope for the passage of the Bill now before Con-
gress appropriating $80,000 for the aid of this very important work.

EQUALIZATION OF TAXATION

We most strongly assert that the taxes as levied and collected
in Pennsylvania place an unequal and unjust burden upon the farmers
and home-owners, inasmuch as corporate and personal property pays
but 3 mills on the dollar while real estate pays 16 to 18 mills. Asa
means for equalizing taxation we urge increased appropriations for
roads and schools, both of which are State, and not local matters of
interest and import. We have outlined above our position upon road
appropriations. As to schools, we reiterate our demand that the
State pay to school districts a sum equal to the minimum salary of
all teachers employed in each district for the minimum school term.
As a means for increased revenue, we suggest that a tax of 1 mill
might be placed upon oil and coal and such revenue go towards the
construction of good roads.

OLEOMARGARINE

One of the items of great importance to the farmers, is legislation
affecting our great dairy interests; and there is no greater menace to
this interest than the colored product known as oleomargarine used
as an imitation for butter. We have an excellent law in Pennsylvania
upon this subject, which only awaits vigorous and conscientious en-
forcement to make it a sure and safe protector for the far-
mer. Efforts were made by the oleomargarine people before the
last Legislature to hobble this law, but were blocked by the intelli-
gent nresentation of the facts by the organized farmers, led ac-
tivity by the State Grange. It is our duty to be ever alert upon this
subject. At the present time a strong effort is being made, on the
part of the packing interests who control the market in oleomargarine,
which is largely made-up of by-products from the slaughter houses,
to secure Federal legislation which will place oleomargarine on a
level with good butter. The danger to the farmer is apparent, and
the damage to be done by such legislation cannot be estimated. We
should see that our Congressmen and United States Senators are in-
formed, in no uncertain terms, that the farmers of Pennsylvania are
opposed to legislation which will permit the placing of this substitute
upon a level with the real dairy product. The fraud in oleomar-
garine is in the coloring of it, and this is the one great point at issue,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 519

and the only one the packing trust cares to carry. We strongly in-
sist that it be so dealt with so as to prevent its being colored. Yel-
low is the natural color of butter. The natural color of oleomar-
garine is white. l
POPULAR GOVERNMENT

We believe that the government of this—and every other state—
should be brought more ¢losely to the people. (Government has been
taken from the people by years of tolerance until there is a con-
dition when a few political manipulators have the power, through
patronage and the control of the public funds, to make and unmake
laws to suit themselves). We believe the people should be trusted
with absolute sovereignty, and therefore reiterate our demand for
these great principles of real democracy. We urge the submission
to the people by our Legislature, to pass a constitutional amendment
which will unite these proposition into the fundamental laws of our
State.

As a part of this same item, we further urge the direct election
of our United States Senators.

PARCELS POST

The farmers of America have for years demanded of Congress the
enactment of a law which will entrust the government with the carry-
ing of parcels as is done by all other governments in the civilized
world. However, we stand by the expression made by an honored
member of this Board that we should have “a real parcels post; no
fake substitute.’ The Express Companies are parasites upon the
legitimate functions of the posteftice department. We see no reason
why the farmers should not have the same collect and delivery privi-
leges, enjoyed by the town and city dwellers, nor do we see why
anyone should pay the outrageous tribute imposed by the Express
Companies, when we have our most efficient and trustworthy mail
department of government ready at anytime to assume all of this
carrying, from the most thickly-settled urban section to the most
remote rural section, and vice versa. We favor the passage of the
bill now before Congress, known as the Lewis Bill.

PROTECTING AGRICULTURE

We earnestly commend the work of our Department of Agricul-
ture in safeguarding the farmer’s welfare throughout Pennsylvania.
We regret that the bills asked for by the Department for the rigid
inspection of Paris green and linseed oil and for the proper labeling
of field seeds, were not passed by the last Legislature. We believe
a pure seed law should provide for a penalty for those who sell
seeds containing noxious weeds, or being less than 99 per cent. pure.
We regret that the Agricultural Extension Bill, providing for an
appropriation of $60,000, failed to become a law; passed the House
but failed in the Senate. We urge increased appropriations for
Farmers’ Institute work, recognizing the great good thus done by the
Division of Farmers’ Institutes under the supervision of Hon. A. L.
Martin.

In conclusion, we again urge our farmers to look upon these mat-
ters in a practical, rather than a sentimental, manner. We get
nothing by adopting resolutions. We must join words with works and
see to it, through our efforts as citizens, that our demands are enacted
into law, .

520 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

STATE COLLEGE

We demand increased appropriations for our Pennsylvania State
College, of which institution and its magnificent work and excel-
lent management we are justly proud.

FRUIT INTERESTS

We recognize that the fruit interests of our State is becoming a
great factor, and that Pennsylvania is being noted as a leading State
among other states of the Union for its production of delicious fruit.
The good work accomplished by the Division of Zoology is apparent
to us all.

Your Committee on Legislation reiterates the position long held
by this body, that one of the important duties of the farmer is to
be alert at all times and in all seasons as regards the laws under
which we must carry on our work. We believe in the improvement
of farm methods, the advance of agricultural science and education.
But we recognize the fact, that the farmer must also safeguard his
interests through legislation if he would occupy the position in our
political life to which his economic importance entitles hm.

To ths end, we reaffirm our conviction that there are too few far-
mers in our legislative halls. We most heartily commend the work
of the farmers who have been members of our law-making bodies in
the past, and insist that more farmers should be elected to represent
the people. We, therefore, urge that all members of this Board and all
farmers throw aside partisan and selfish considerations, and deter-
mine, by their votes, that we shall have more actual, bona-fide hus-
bandmen in our legislative halls.

REPORT OF THE ORNITHOLOGIST

By PROF. H. A. SURFACE

(This address was illustrated with lantern slides).

As no very remarkable events have occurred in the ornithological
field during the past pear, the Ornithologist of the State Board of
Agriculture, in giving his Annual Report, thinks it best to base his
remarks upon our present State law in regard to birds, and to show
illustrations of the birds that are unprotected by law, with emphasis
that all other kinds of birds than those here specifically mentioned
are definitely protected by law in this State at all times, unless they
are definitely named as game birds, when they have stated open and
closed seasons. Those that are upon the “black list” are as fol-
lows:

). Blue Jay.

). English Sparrow.
). European Starling.
). Kingfisher.

). Shrike,

LQ Oana
oR Whe

Fig. 1. Blue-Jay.
1. Male. 2. Female.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 521

( 6). Eagle.

(i). Buzzard.

(8). Osprey.

( 9). Sharp-shinned Hawk.
(10). Cooper’s Hawk.
(11). Goshawk.

(12). Duckhawk.

‘13). Pigeon Hawk.
(14). Great-horned Owl.
(15). Barred Owl.

(16). Crane.

(17). Heron.

(18). Bittern.

(19). Crow.

(20). Raven.

Let us discuss each in turn.

BLUE JAY

The Blue Jay (see Fig. 1) has a bad reputation for its supposed
destruction of the eggs and young of other birds. It is very doubtful
if this be true, but it is quite a destroyer of insects, and certainly
is not nearly so bad in regard to egg destruction as the English Spar-
row, which we so wrongly tolerate. The Jay lives mostly in more or
less wooded districts, or in orchards, where it can find concealment
during certain parts of the day. It is with us the year round, and is
often conspicious by its noisy calls, and brightly colored blue, white
and black plumage. In condemning it for its habits of feeding on
the eggs of other birds, we must not forget that it feeds also upon
insects of several kinds, while the bulk of its food consists of wild
berries, seeds and acorns. We know that where the Blue Jay is
abundant, there we also find other birds, and therefore the Jay is not
so seriously destructive in character. We do not wish to think of
the day when the Blue Jays are exterminated, and we, therefore, re-
egret that it is upon the unprotected List.

In writing on “The Blue Jay and its Food,’ Doctor Beals, who
carefully examined the contents of stomachs of about three hundred
Jays, published in his official report in the year book of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for the year 1896, the following:

“The most striking point in the study of the food of the Blue Jay
is the discrepancy between the testimony of field observers concern-
ing the bird’s nest-robbing proclivities and the results of stomach
examinations. The accusations of eating eggs and young birds are
certainly not sustained, and it is futile to attempt to reconcile the
conflicting statements on this point, which must be left until more
accurate observation have been made. In destroying insects the Jay
undoubtedly does much good. Most of the predaceous beetles which
it eats do not feed on other insects to any great extent. On the other
hand, it destroys some grasshoppers and caterpillars and many
noxious beetles, such as Scarabaeids, click beetles (Elaterids), wee-
vils (Curculionids), Buprestids, Chrysomelids, and Tenebrionids. The
Blue Jay gathers its fruit from nature’s orchard and vineyard, not
from man’s; corn is the only vegetable food for which the farmer

522 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

suffers ay loss, and here the damage is small. In fact, the examina-
tions of nearly three hundred stomachs shows that the Blue Jay cer-
tainly does far more good than harm.”

In view of the above authoritative statements expressing views
which are emphatically endorsed by the writer of this report, is it now
time that the intelligent citizens and law-makers of Pennsylvania
get busy to bring about legislation to protect instead of destroy the
bird, which is at once so useful and so beauiful.

ENGLISH SPARROW

The English Sparrow (see Fig. 2) is multiplying with remarkable
rapidity, due chieily to the indifference of mankind. On almost
every point, it has proven itself a veritable nuisance. Not only does
iit feed upon grains of field crops, and upon garden plants of many
kinds, but it is objectionable because of its filthy effects in soiling
property that might otherwise be clean or presentable. Also, it is
certainly the chief aid in carrying the San Jose scale from place to
place, and in the poultry yard its presence results in considerable
loss through devouring the food intended for poultry.

We believe that the English Sparrow nuisance would be greatly
reduced if it were made illegal to let this bird nest upon the premises.
It is not difficult to modify its nesting site, so that it will be unable
to find a footing upon the cornices of buildings and in other places
where its litter is heaped into an uncouth mass and used as a nest.
Where it starts to build a nest in an accessible place, it is well to
permit it to do so, and wait until after the nest is finished and the
eggs are laid and hatched before destroying it. In fact, if the young
birds be left in the nest until they are almost ready to leave it natur-
ally, this will lengthen the period until the production of the next
brood and result in fewer birds per year than though this nest were
destroyed as soon as discovered, or by the time its eggs were laid. To
do this, some persons are now placing for the sparrows nesting boxes
provided with lids which permit the removal of the young or eggs. In
removing nesting material it should be burned rather than merely
thrown upon the ground and left for Sparrows to carry away in
the formation of new nests.

EUROPEAN STARLING

The European Starling (see Fig. 3) is a comparatively newly in- —
troduced bird in America, which multiplies rapidly, and to which your
Ornithologist has called attention in previous reports. In appear-
ance it is very much like the Blackbird, or female Cowbird, and in
habits may be said to be intermediate between our ordinary Blackbird
and the English Sparrow. During the recent cold weather the Starl-
ing was seen in large flocks in the eastern part of the State. It is
supposed that they came from the region between New York City
and Philadelphia, where they have recently been multiplying. It is
our opinion that the Starling is a good seed-eater, which will prove
to be as objectionable as the English Sparrow, and it should, there-
fore, be known and destroyed. It lives and feeds mostly in open
fields, and can be recognized by its single short whistle or note.

Fig. 2. English Sparrow.
1. Male. 2. Female.

Fig. 3. Starling.

Fig. 4. Belted Kingfisher.
1. Male. 2. Female.

Fig. 5. Logger-headed Shrike.
1. Young. oo 45 PAGUIE

Fig. 6. Bald Hagle.
: Adu

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 523
KINGFISHER

The Kingfisher (see Fig. 4) is doubtless on the black list because
it destroys fishes; but as all “suckers” are not alike, so all fishes are
not the same kind. A carefui study of its habits shows that it feeds
mostly upon minnows, suckers and other soft-rayed or slow fishes,
which are in turn the enemies of the eggs of the higher or spiny-
rayed fishes, such as the perch, bass and pickerel, which are really
the fine game fishes. The trout is too wary to be caught by King-
fishers, except where they are kept in artificial conditions, as in
ponds, where they do not have opportunity for natural concealment.
This bird is one of the most beautiful and interesting in the natural
elements in landscape scenery, and from a scientific, as well as an
esthetic standpoint, is worthy of preservation.

THE SHRIKE

As a matter of fact, there are two species of Shrikes liable to oc-
cur in Pennsylvania. One is the Great Northern Shrike or the
Butcher Bird; the other is the Southern Shrike, and is also called
the “Loggerhead.” (See Fig. 5). These are Passerine or Perching
Birds, which have acquired the raptorial habit. They live like small
hawks. They are peculiar in the fact that they will kill insects,
frogs, mice, small birds, etc., and hang them in bushes or impale
them on thorns near their nests or in other favorable storage places.
They appear to do this in times of plenty, in order to establish
larders upon which they can draw in periods of scarcity.

During the winter we have not infrequently found large grass-
hoppers impaled upon thorns where the Shrikes had evidently placed
them during the previous summer. While it is possible that they may
feed upon a few small birds, like our native sparrews, and thus may
be objectionable, we do know that they are among the great enemies
of mice, the large insects of many kinds, and the English Sparrow.
We have seen them pursue the latter with the tenacity of the hound
following its prey, until the Sparrow became so fatigued that it
would attempt to seek protection in a bush, there only to be sought
out and killed by the Shrike.

This bird generally breaks away the skull of its victim, eats its
brain, and hangs its remains upon a spine, or in the small fork of
a bush. Because of its value in destroying mice, insects, and the
English Sparrow, we regard it as more beneficial than obnoxious, and

regret that the laws of man have seen fit to place this bird upon the
black list.

THE HEAGLE

The law does not state which of the different species of Eagles are
to be unprotected in this State. The two most commonly found,
though rare, are the Golden Eagle and the Bald Eagle. (See Fig. 6).

The stories of the Eagle carrying away children are, so far as we
can learn, almost always unfounded. These birds live mostly along
the seashore, where fish can be obtained, or scattered in the moun-
tainous districts. As long as the Bald Eagle is the “Emblem of

our Country,” it is entitled to our respect and efforts at protec-
tion.

35

524 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
THE BUZZARD

By a remarkable turn of events, the Turkey Vulture or “Turkey
Buzzard” (see Fig. 7) which was once among the most carefully
protected of birds, has now become an outcast, seeking a friend.
This is because science has revealed the fact that this bird, which
feeds solely upon dead animal material, may carry the germs which
cause death, and spread them to other parts of the country, thus
facilitating the spread of disease. In the streets of some of the
Southern cities, such as Charlestown, S. C., the Turkey Buzzard
can be seen as much at home as “chickens in our gardens.” They are
there protected because of their value as scavengers, and in the
economy of Nature we certainly believe them to be properly recom-
mended. If they are so serious in effects as to justify extermination,
this should be the sentence; but we believe it far better for our
State to pass a law providing for the proper and immediate dis-
posal of the bodies of all domesticated animals that die from con-
tagious or infectious diseases, rather than for the destruction of the
Turkey Buzzard, because he may, perchance, in rare instances, spread
such disease when performing his natural duties as scavenger and
thus filling its place in an infinite plan. Especially is this true
when we remember that germs of such diseases are liable to spread by
several other means, such as contaminated water, crows, dogs, winds,
etc. As the term “Buzzard” is accurately applied to the Hawks
of the genus, Buteo, are wondering why our State does not change
the name to “The Turkey Buzzard,” which belongs to the family of
Vultures, if this is the bird that it was intended to legislate against?

THE OSPREY

The Osprey or Fish Hawk is rare in this State, but rather common
along the Atlantic Coast. (See Fig. 8). We wonder how many
farmers in Pennsylvania ever saw a live Osprey? Certainly but few.
We are also wondering how many Pennsylvania fishes were destroyed
during the past year by the Osprey. Certainly far fewer than were
kept from coming up-stream by means of the McCall’s Ferry Dam,
with its geometrical puzzle called a “fishway.” We are wondering
if it is advisable to legislate against a bird so interesting, and also
so rare, and so absolutely innocuous to the farmer as the Osprey or
Fish Hawk!

SHARP SHINNED HAWK

Among the hawks on the black list are the Sharp-shinned (see
Fig. 9) which is sometimes wrongly called the “Pigeon Hawk;” the
“Cooper’s Hawk;” sometimes called the “Chicken Hawk;” the Gos-
hawk, which is sometimes called the “Blue Hen Hawk;” the Duck
Hawk, and the Pigeon Hawk. Among the hawks protected by law
are the Sparrow Hawk, Kites, Marsh Harrier, Red-tailed Hawk,
commonly called the “Hen Hawk,” Red-shouldered Hawk or Buzzard,
Swainson Hawk, the Broad-winged Hawk, and the Hough-legged
Hawk. Among these are the most common of the larger hawks in
Pennsylvania. stay

Fig. 7. Turkey Buzzard or Vulture.

Fig. 8. Osprey or Fish Hawk.

Fig. 9. Sharp-shinned Hawk.
1. Male. 2. Female.

Fig. 10. Cooper’s Hawk.
2. Male. 3. Female.

Fig. 11. American Goshawk.
1. Young. 3. 4. Adult.

Fig. 12. Duck Hawk.

Fig. 13. Pigeon Hawk.

Fig. 14. Great Horned Owl,

Biz, 15. Barred Owl,

.
g

er

;
a a

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 625

COOPER’S HAWK

It is evident that the reason for placing the Sharp-shinned Hawk
and Cooper’s Hawk (see Fig. 10) on the black list is that these
birds sometimes destroy poultry or smaller birds, but, in truth, they
are among the most effective enemies of the mice and English Spar-
row, and are not always enemies of poultry. Their economic results
would probably justify their extermination.

THE GOSHAWK

The Goshawk (see Fig. 11) is with us in the winter only, and feeds
chiefly upon rabbits and the game bird known as the Ruffled Grouse,
and, in this State, wrongly called the “Pheasant.” It also occasion-
ally feeds upon poultry during the winter, but is not with us in the
summer. It is probable that this hawk is justly under the legal
ban, yet horticulturists who are suffering the loss of their trees from
the devastation of numbers of rabbits would, indeed, welcome it in
their young orchards.

DUCK HAWK

The Duck Hawk (see Fig. 12) once fed almost entirely upon wild
ducks, and as these have become very rare, it likewise has become
very rare in this State. It now feeds mostly upon small birds and
mice. It is one of the most beautiful birds, but so rare that the oc-
currence of it in Pennsylvania would be justification for scientific
record. There is absolutely no need of a law protecting a bird that
is so nearly exterminated as the Duck Hawk.

PIGHON HAWK

The Pigeon Hawk (see Fig. 13) is a species of Falcon, and is sup-
posed to be black-balled because it feeds on pigeons and small birds.
However, it is a great enemy of mice, rats and young rabbits, and
insects, and thus has its good as well as its bad points, with the for-
mer predominating. The United States authorities have published
“Though they feed on the flesh of birds, they destroy enough insects
and noxious mammals to partially offset the injury they do.”

The Red-tailed Hawk and Red-shouldered Hawk are among our
most abundant of the larger hawk. Both of these are commonly called
“Hen-Hawks,” but at the present time both are properly on the list
of birds protected at all times in the State of Pennsylvania.

THE OWL

Among the Owls that are unprotected are the Great-horned Owl
(see Fig. 15) which is sometimes called the “Hoot Owl,” and also
the Barred Owl. It is difficult to tell why the Barred Owl, the
Long-eared Owl, the Short-eared Owl, the Great Grey Owl, and the
Snowy owls are not found on this list, together with the two other
owls mentioned, but we are glad that the list of owls mentioned is
short. It is probable that the Great-horned Owl is legislated against
because it occasionally eats poultry and rabbits, but we do know that
it is a good rat-killer and a very influential enemy of the Skunk.
The Barred Owl is probably on the black list because it occasionally
takes rabbits, although it feeds much more upon rats and mice, and

526 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

is not nearly sv serious in its detrimental effects as is supposed.
Where poultry is not permitted to roost out in trees, being kept under
a roof at night, as they should be, the owls do not harm them. We
regard it as more important to protect poultry by shelter than by
legislation.

We hope that the other owls named here, as well as the little
Screech Owl, which is the enemy of the English Sparrow and house
mice, will never be placed on the list of unprotected birds. Gunners
should remember that there are more kinds of owls and hawks found
in the State of Pennsylvania that are protected by law at all times
of the year, than there are that are unprotected.

THE CRANE

Among the wading birds that are unprotected by law, are the
Crane, Heron and Bittern. It is impossible to tell just what is
meant by the Crane. There are two species of Cranes found in the
United States. Both are Southern birds. The Sand Hill Crane
lives chiefly in the Southwestern part of the United States, and is
not known in Pennsylvania. The White or Whooping Crane (see
Fig. 16) is also a Southern bird, and on very rare occasions may
stray into Pennsylvania as a straggler. It can be said of it that it
eats fishes, frogs and other aquatic creatures, but it is probable that
its attacks on fishes are confined chiefly to those that are sluggish
and easily captured, or slow-moving species, which, in turn, feed
upon the eggs of the wary, quick-moving, spiny-rayed fishes, like the
bass, the perch, the pike and their allies. At least, it can be said
that the White Crane is altogether too rare and interesting to call
for anything else than our most serious efforts for its protection,
when it is wafted into this State. apparently by the Southern breezes,
and should then become an object of intense interest and study for
our school children.

THE HERON

There is no one bird known as the “Heron,” and the law does not
state that the Herons are unprotected by law. We think it better
that it be specific and make a statement as to what species of Herons
are to be unprotected. Among Pennsylvania Herons are the Great
Blue Heron, the Little Blue Heron (see Fig. 17), the Green Heron,
and two species of night herons. All these are wading birds, feed-
ing mostly upon aquatic creatures and taking chiefly more or less
soft-rayed fishes. However, the Great Blue Heron has been quite
effective as an enemy of gophers and other rodents which live in the
ground, and which it has been seen to capture and destroy. From
the stomachs of different species of herons, we have taken insects
and cray fish to a great extent, showing that they feed on something
else than fishes and there is justification, from the economic stand-
point, in their preservation.

THE BITTERN

The “Bittern” is a term likewise used in the generic manner, for
which there is no one bird. There are two species of bitterns found
in this State. One is known as the Indian Hen, or American Bit-

Fig. 16. White Crane.

Fig. 17. Blue Heron.

Fig. 18. American Bittern.

Fig. 19. American Crow.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 527

tern, (see Fig. 18) and the other is called the Least Bittern. Their
habits are similar to the various species of herons mentioned, and
there is no morejustification in exterminating the Bitterns than the
Herons.

CROW AND RAVEN

The unprotected list ends with two birds which are, indeed, black
in color as well as reputation. These are the Crow and the Raven.
(See Fig. 19). We all know that the crow presents a very objection-
able habit in eating corn from fields in the spring of the year, and
again before it is husked in the fall, but we should likewise realize
its value as an insect destroyer. Not many weeks ago, a Mr. Lee, of
Bedford county, reported to the writer that last spring, as he was
plowing his corn ground, crows in great numbers followed him closely,
and would fly from one side of the field to the other, in order to
walk in the furrows, and travel over the freshly-turned soil. They
were constantly feeding in great numbers. He said that he examined
the soil, and found worms, grub worms and wire worms, so very
abundant as to be quite alarming, and he felt that he would lose
his crop; but he permitted the crows to remain and feed on these
insects. Later in the summer it was found that his crop had been
effectively protected by the crows well cleaning up the larvae in
the soil, while his near neighbors who did not have the crows feeding
at the time of plowing, lost their first planting entirely, and were
obliged to plant again.

The crow is a suspicious bird, and its injuries to sprouting corn
can be avoided by first soaking the corn in water containing a tea
spoonful of tar dissolved in each gallon. The bitter taste thus im-
parted to the corn is enough to make the crows let it alone.

The raven is a rare bird, living only in wild and mountainous
regions of this State, and is of such peculiar interest and scarcity
as to justify its preservation.

Let us now ask if it is worth while for mankind to attempt to
throw his influence in the balance of Nature, as though in his wis-
dom the twenty species of out-lawed Pennsylvania birds were created
in vain. Did not the Almighty create a natural equilibrium, and
is it not our duty to maintain it? What is the experience of our farm-
ing friends who live where they are best adapted to making observa-
tions? Are destructive insects decreasing owing to the suppression
by birds and the operation of laws in decreasing the numbers of
birds of the kinds above mentioned? Are the song birds and insec-
tivorous birds increasing, due to the absence of these supposed ene-
mies of birds? In regions where hawks and owls are but rarely seen,
and, in fact, where the birds mentioned above are less abundant, the
song birds and insectivorous birds are likewise most reduced in num-
bers. Are the ravages by rats and mice growing less? Would not
the Balance in Nature be better maintained if mankind would better
understand and preserve the enemies of these things? Is it at least
not worth while that we should study both sides of the question,
even though we may have to acknowledge that our present Game Laws
pertaining to birds are about as nearly correct as it may be possible
to make them?

528 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

This report is to place the other side of the subject of these crea-
tures before the public, showing their place in Nature, which may
not have been fully recognized when they were placed in a wholly
unprotected list.

While we have based the above report on economic features alone,
we should call attention to the ethical and educational value of our
birds. Who has not been inspired by the free and open song of a
wild bird, now too scarce? Seriously, who would be willing to see
the twenty black-listed birds named above forever exterminated in
this State. In addition to their cash value, we should make an ap-
peal for the birds on account of the uplift they give us. The bird
lover, on the wings of the bird he loves, in some true sense, is lifted
up, up, up, where the Alps on Alps rise, to those far heights where
he could never climb alone, and this was the feeling in the heart
of the poet Bryant, when he watched the wonderful waterfowl take
her flight and cried out:

“Thou’rt gone, the abyss of heaven
Hath swallowed up thy form; yet on my heart

Deeply has sunk the lesson thou hast given,
And shall not soon depart.

“He from zone to zone, /

Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,
In the long way that I must tread alone,

Will lead my steps aright.”

REPORT OF THE MINERALOGIST

By BAIRD HALBERSTADT, F. G. S.

In the short time allotted, it would be idle to attempt to give an
account of all the minerals found within the confines of the great
State of Pennsylvania, so abundantly has it been endowed, exceed-
ing in mineral wealth perhaps that of any other state in the Union.

Within it are found the great Anthracite coal fields, exceeding
in value and extent those of any known anthracite fields in the world.
The Connellsville coking coal, surpasses in value the coal of any
»ther developed region in the United States for the manufacture of
coke. Nor have we anywhere in this great country of ours a coal
for illuminating gas making purposes that excels or even equals that
mined in the Westmoreland-Youghiogheny gas coal region embraced
in the western townships of Westmoreland and southeastern town-
ships of Allegheny counties. Many of the mines in Clearfield, Cam-
bria and Somerset counties produce ideal steam coals.

ANTHRACITE COAL

The anthracite region produced in 1910, 75,331,413 long tons which,
with that dredged from the rivers (91,883 tons), makes up a total of
75,433,246 long tons or 84,485,236 short tons, whose spot value was
$160,275,302, or nearly three times the value of the entire coal pro-
duct of West Virginia, the second state in rank as a coal producer.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 529
BITUMINOUS COAL

The tonnage mined from the Bituminous coal fields of Pennsyl-
vania in the same year was 150,521,526 short tons or more than double
that of its nearest competing state, West Virginia. The spot value
of this tonnage was $153,029,510. The spot value of Pennsylvania’s
total tonnage for 1910 was $313,304,812, while that of the United
States was $629,557,021. Pennsylvania produced 46.8 per cent. of
all the coal mined in the United States in 1910. The tonnage of the
entire country was 501,596,378 tons of which amount Pennsylvania
produced 235,006,762 short tons or more than three and a half times
as much as any other state. In fact, the production of coal in Penn-
sylvania in 1910 exceeded the combined tonnage of West Virginia,
Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, Alabama, Kentucky, Colorado, Iowa, Wyom-
ing, Tennessee, Virginia and Missouri by over 50,000 tons. To mine,
prepare and ship this tonnage of Pennsylvania required an army
of 344,900 men and boys.

It is more than of passing interest to know that the United States
mines nearly 40 per cent. of the annual output of the entire world.
Pennsylvania and West Virginia produced more coal in 1910 than
Great Britain; Pennsylvania’s production was but 10,036,538 tons
less than that of Germany.

COKE

Pennsylvania produced in 1910 more than 60 per cent. of the en-
tire coke output of the United States, its production being 26,315,-
607 short tons, valued at $55,254,599. The quantity of coke manu-
factured in the United States was 41,708,810 short tons, valued at
$99,742,701; more than 50 per cent. of all the coke ovens in the
country are in Pennsylvania.

PETROLEUM

Although Pennsylvania produced the first petroleum on a com-
mercial scale from a well at Titusville in 1859. and long remained the
leading oil producing state, it has dropped from -the first to the
seventh in rank of oil producing states.

The total production of petroleum in the United States in 1910
was 209,556.048 barrels. valued at $127.896.328. Of this amount.
Pennsylvania produced 8.794.662 barrels. valued at $11,908,914. AI-
though seventh in rank as a producer, Pennsylvania stands fifth as
to the value of its product.

Up to 1876, Pennsylvania and New York were the only states pro-
ducing petroleum on a commercial scale. In that vear, Ohio, West
Virginia and California took their places as producers. These were
followed by Kentucky and Tennessee in 1883, Colorado in 1887. In-
diana and Illinois, Kansas, Texas and Missouri, Oklahoma in 1891,
Wvoming in 1894, Louisiana in 1902.

California (34.84 per cent.). Oklahoma (24.83 per cent.), Illinois
(15.82 per cent.) in 1910 produced over 75 ner cent. of the entire
petroleum output of the United States. In 1859, the total production
of petroleum in the United States was but two thousand (2,000)
barrels.

34—6—1911

530 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The production in 1910 was over one thousand times greater than
it was in 1859, and in value had jumped from $32,000 to $127,896,328.

NATURAL GAS

The production of natural gas of the United States in 1910 was
509,155,309,000 cubic feet; its value was $70,756,158. The production
of this valuable fuel in Pennsylvania amounted to 126,866,729,000
cubic feet, valued at $21,057,211.

In addition to the enormous production of her own, Pennsylvania
consumed over forty-two billion cubic feet drawn from other states.
It will be observed that the value of gas produced in Pennsylvania
was nearly double the value of the petroleum produced in the State
in the same period.

IRON ORE

The production of iron ores in the United States in 1910 amounted
to 56,889,754 long tons. Of this amount, Pennsylvania produced
739,799 tons as follows:

Hematite, 846 tons; brown ore, 106,544 tons; Magnetite, 632,409
tons. The production of hematite in 1910 was but 16.4 per cent. of
the production in 1909. The brown ore production showed an in-
crease of 25,829 tons. The production of magnetite showed an in-
crease of 51,379 tons in 1910 over the production of 1909.

The value of iron ore mined in Pennsylvania in 1910 was $911,847.
Minnesota, Michigan and Alabama produce over 88 per cent. of the
total production of the country.

Pennsylvania’s quota was but 1.3 per cent. of the whole.

With the single exception of New Jersey, Pennsylvania produced
more magnetite than any other state in the Union. This ore mined
at the Cornwall ore mine in Lebanon county formed 24 per cent.
of the entire production of the United States for that year.

As an iron ore producing State, Pennsylvania is seventh in rank,
but in the value of product, it is outranked by eight states.

ZINC

Although there are many localities in the State at which zine
blende is found, I find no return made of this as a commercial pro-
duct in 1910, from Pennsylvania. The New Jersey Zine Company
has an extensive smelting plant at Palmerton, but the ores smelted
are mined in New Jersey.

COPPER

Several mines in Adams county are reported as producing copper,
while in Lebanon county, blister copper is produced at the Cornwall
iron ore mine. The production amounted to 740,626 pounds. There
were produced, in addition to this amount from all sources includ-
ing old slags, smelter cleanings, precipitates, etc., 186,734 pounds,
making a total production in the State of 927,360 pounds. If the
average price per pound (12.7c) be used as a basis, the value of the
copper production of Pennsylvania in 1910 was $117,774.72.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 531

GRAPHITE

During the year 1910, Pennsylvania produced 696 tons of crystal-
line graphite, valued at $82,194. This product was mined in Chester
county. Graphite was formerly mined at Boyertown and Mertztown
but these mines are, at present, not preducing.

STONE INDUSTRY

Pennsylvania leads all other states in value of its production of
stone of various kinds. These include Granite, Trap Rock, Marble,
Sandstone and Limestone. ‘The value of its limestone product ex-
ceeded that of any other state. The total value of the various kinds
of stone produced in 1910 was $8,621,937 as against $76,520,584,
the value of the production of the United States; Pennsylvania’s
quota being 11.27 per cent. of the whole.

FELDSPAR

The production of feldspar in Pennsylvania in 1910 was 153091
tons, valued at $104,751. The mining of feldspar in Pennsylvania
is confined to Chester and Delaware counties.

QUARTZ

The quartz industry of Pennsylvania is confined to Adams and
Chester counties, there being in 1910 but two producers, the Colum-
bia Flint Company of Marietta, and H. T. A. Rhodewalt of Chester
county. The quality and value of the product mined are not avail-
able for publication, but the combined production of Pennsylvania
and Maryland was 13,588 tons, valued at $71,864.

SAND AND GRAVEL

The sand and gravel produced in the United States in 1910
amounted to 69,410,436 tons and was valued at $21,037,630. Of this
amount, Pennsylvania produced 5,676,509 tons, valued at $2,974,221.
The quantity of the said was 4,253,163 tons valued at $2,607,215. Of
gravel, there were produced 1,423,547 tons, valued at $367,006.

The classification of the sands is as follows: Glass-sand, Moulding,
Building, Fire, Engine, Furnace and other sands. More sand and
gravel were produced in 1910 than in any year previous to this.

PORTLAND CEMENT

In 1910, the total production of Portland cement in the United
States was 76,549,951 barrels, valued at $68,205,800. Pennsylvania
is again in the front rank, its production being 26,675,978 barrels,
valued at $19,551,268. It produced over three times as much Port-
land cement as its nearest competitor (Indiana).

NATURAL CEMENT

The output of Natural cement has rapidly declined and will prob-
ably continue to do so until better methods of treatment can be found
whereby the natural cement can be made equal in tensile strength to
that of the best grades of Portland cement.

532 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

In the production of Natural cement, Pennsylvania produced but
196,331 barrels as against 304,598 barrels produced in New York.
But ten (10) states produce Natural cement as against twenty-six
(26) producing the Portland brand.

PUZZOLAN CHMENT

The production of Puzzolan cement, prepared by mixing slaked
lime and furnace slag is, like the Natural cement, declining. Of
the four (4) plants reported, one of these is in Pennsylvania. As
there is but a single plant in Pennsylvania, neither its production or
value of its product can, for business reasons, be given.

CLAY PRODUCTS

The total value of the clay products of Pennsylvania in 1910 as
shown from the reports of the Clay working industries was $22,094,-
284. Ohio was the only state whose products exceeded in value those
of Pennsylvania.

Brick, including the common, vitrified and front varieties, were
manufactured to the number of 1,101,448,000, valued at $8,578,389.
The value of the fire brick produced was $6,545,928, or a combined
value of all variety of brick, except the enameled, of $15,033,317.

SLATE

The value of roofing, mill stock and other slates produced in the
United States in 1910 was $6,256,759. The value of Pennsylvania’s
production was $3,740,806 or nearly 60 per cent. of the whole. Penn-
sylvania not only stands first in the rank of producers but her pro-
duct exceeds in quantity and value that of all other states com-
bined.

The four counties from which this product is quarried are North-
ampton, Lehigh, York and Carbon. The school and blackboard
slates are produced only in Lehigh and Northampton counties, be-
cause of the fine cleavage of these slates for this particular pur-
pose.

The slate quarried in Carbon and York counties is used for roof-
ing purposes, while that of both Lehigh and Northampton can be
utilized for both roofing slate and mill stock.

TALC

Tale was mined and shipped by three operators in Pennsylvania
whose plants are all in the same vicinity. New Jersey has but a single
operator. The combined tonnage of Pennsylvania and New Jersey
in 1910 was 13,192 tons, valued at $62,833. The greater part of this
tonnage was mined in Pennsylvania.

MINERAL PAINTS
Ochre
The production of ochre in 1910 in this country was 11,711 tons,
valued at $112,445 to which amounts Pennsylvania contributed 3,642
tons, valued at $32,254 or 31 per cent. of the quantity and 29 per cent,
of the value.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 533

The total quantity of Umber and Sienna mined in the same period
was 1,015 tons, the greater part of which was produced in Pennsyl-
vania.

The production of metallic paints in Pennsylvania was 8,063 tons,
valued at $91,714.

Pennsylvania produced of mortar colors 2,711 tons, valued at
$33,752, as against 9,960 tons, valued at $107,780 for the entire
country.

SLATE AND SHALE

A considerable quantity of slate and shale are annually ground
up for use in pigments and as fijlers. In 1910, the individual figures
of State production are not available; Pennsylvania’s production,
however, places the State in the front rank.

MINERAL WATERS

From forty-four springs in various counties of the State, Pennsyl-
vania produced in 1910, 2,536,337 gallons of mineral water, valued
at $221,685.

The standing of Pennsylvania is as follows: In the number of
springs, third (3rd), quantity sold, fifth (5th); in total value, eighth

8th).
a SALT AND BROMINE

A considerable quantity of both salt and bromine were produced
in Allegheny county, Pennsylvania, but unfortunately, both the quan-
tity and value are not available for publication.

LIME

Pennsylvania, in 1911, burned more lime than any state in the
Union; Ohio ranking second with a production of less than one-half
that of Pennsylvania.

The quantity of lime burned in the United States was 3,481,780
short tons, valued at $13,894,962. This was produced by 1,125 opera-
tors. Pennsylvania’s contribution made by 572 operators was 877,-
714 short tons, valued at $2,440,550.

The average price per ton was $2.78, as against an average of
$3.99 for the entire country. The highest price per ton was $9.65,
the average price of lime in Oregon.

POTASH SALTS.

It will be interesting to the farmers of Pennsylvania to know that
an investigation has for some time and is still being pursued to
learn of any and all sources in the United States from which potash
can be derived. It is to be hoped that a successful termination of
the investigation will occur and that our country will supply all the
demands and that recourse may not be then necessary to import this
needful fertilizer, so necessary to the farmer, from foreign lands.

The figures given in this report have been derived from the Division
of Mineral Statistics of the U. S. Geological Survey.

534 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE MEMORIAL COMMITTEE

Harrisburg, Pa., Jan. 25, 1912.

Again we are called upon to record the removal by death of two
of our associates in the agricultural field of our State, Gabriel Hies-
ter, of Dauphin county, and J. F. Johnson, of Fulton county.

Gabriel Hiester was born on the ancestral acres on which he died,
April 28, 1850, his death occuring January 19, 1912. He was gradu-
ated at Pennsylvania State College in 1868 at the age of 18 years.
His father was one of the founders and until his death, one of its
honored trustees. Mr. Hiester was graduated in the course in Agri-
culture and returned to his father’s farm and carried on advanced
general farming, specializing in Pomology, in which he became an
authority.

He became a member of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agricul-
ture, also a member of the then Fruit Growers’ Association in 1882,
serving in the Board for many years as a member and officer, and for
many years as its Pomologist. He continued a member and was
President of the State Horticultural Society at the time of his death.

In addition to the original homestead, he purchasea a sarm in
Perry county, Pa., and converted it into a fruit farm in which he sue-
ceeded in growing apples and peaches and cherries, giving an im-
portant object lesson to our fruit growers.

He has been a prominent Trustee of Pennsylvania State College
since 1879, and served for many years on its Executive and Advisory
Committee. His was a master mind which was shown in every
line of work he pursued.

When the history of Pennsylvania agriculture is written, the name
of Gabriel Hiester will be in the foremost rank of its progressive
members.

He was a man of unbending integrity and a high sense of honor;
courageous and aggressive, yet courteous and affable, he possessed
the qualities of a great leader. His death is not only a loss to the
Board, but to the entire State.

Mr. J. F. Johnson was an active member of this Board for two
consecutive terms, a prominent citizen and farmer of Fulton county.
He died at his home, in February 1911, aged about 54 years. While
a member of this Board, he was a regular attendant and interested in
its work.

We desire to express our loss by the demise of these co-workers,
and extend our sympathies to their bereaved families.

We ask that this report be spread upon the minutes of this Board
and a copy be sent to the bereaved families.

J. A. HERR,

JAS. A. BEAVER,

A. J. KAHLER,
HENRY ©. SNAVELY,
MATTHEW RODGERS,

Committee,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 535

SECRETARY CRITCHFIELD: It was my pleasure to know both
of the gentlemen who have passed away within the last year, and
in regard to Mr. Hiester, I may say that I knew him very well. It
has been my privilege to meet him at a number of public gatherings,
and I also have had the pleasure as well as privilege of meeting him
repeatedly at his own home.

Mr. Hiester was, as has been already said, a gentleman in his in-
stincts and manners, a man whom no one could know well or inti-
mately, without having been made better by acquaintance and asso-
ciation with him.

He was a great lover of Nature, and wherever he went, he could
see something to admire—the fruit and flowers, the mountains, the
great guiches cut through them and the beautiful river that flowed
by his home were full of interest to him. He often called my atten-
tion to them and spoke of their rugged beauty. All these were pic-
tures that to him were worthy of special admiration and attention.

Mr. Hiester was a true friend. I doubt whether I ever knew a
man who was more loyal and devoted to his friends than he; and
while he loved to attend the meetings which it was his official
duty to attend, on account of the opportunity it afforded him to
serve the generation to which he belonged, he also appreciated the
privilege it afforded of meeting his friends.

As a husband and father, he was devoted and affectionate. All
his thoughts seemed to embrace the good of those who belonged to
his household. I have been to his home since the illness of his wife,
which has been very severe within the past few months, and I
noted the tender regard he manifested for her and his constant solici-
tude for her comfort. Before the last meeting of the Trustees of
State College I called on him personally to see if he could go to
the meeting. I knew how much he delighted to be there, how he
loved his Alma Mater, and how dear to him were all her interests,
but he said, ‘Mr. Secretary, there is nothing that would give me
greater pleasure than to go, if all was well at home, but my duty at
present is here with my afflicted wife.” It may be said, therefore,
that he possessed that best of all traits—deep, earnest affection for
those who, under God, were placed in his charge.

I feel that in the death of Mr. Hiester I sustain a personal loss.
No man who has a proper sense of duty can occupy a place of respon-
sibility without feeling the importance of having some one near at:
hand, in whom he has confidence, to whom he can go for counsel.
On more occasions than one, have I gone to Mr. Hiester, to talk
over with him and get his view upon some matter of interest to the:
Department that is under my charge, and I always found him ready:
to lend his counsel and aid.

It gives me pleasure to bear this testimony to the noble qualities
of our departed friend.

We shall all miss him; if we who only occasionally had the privi-
lege of grasping his hand and receiving his cheerful salutation, so
regard our loss, who can estimate the burden of grief that has fallen
like a shadow over his home, crushing the hearts of those who were.
near to him by the ties of nature and constant association, and it Ss
most fitting that in these resolutions we express our sympathy for.
his loved ones left in the home that is made desolat: hy the great,
loss that has come to us all. . (ae

536 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. A. P. YOUNG: I have a tribute [ should like to bring. It
is a little poem I have admired ever since my schooldays:

“There is no death! The stars go down
To rise upon some fairer shore:
And bright in heaven’s jeweled crown

They shine for evermore.

“There is no death! The dust we tread
Shall change beneath the summer shower
To golden grain or mellowed fruit,
Or rainbow tinted flowers.

“The granite rocks disorganize,

And feed the hungry moss they bear;
The forest leaves drink daily life

From out the viewless air.

“There is no death! The leaves may fall,
And flowers may fade and pass away;

They only wait through wintry hours
The coming of the May.

“There is no death! An angel form
Walks o’er the earth in silent tread,

He bears our best loved things away;
And then we call them ‘dead.’

“He leaves our hearts all desolate

He plucks our fairest, sweetest flowers;
Transplanted into bliss they now

Adorn immortal bowers.

“The bird-like voice whose joyous tones,
Makes glad these scenes of sin and strife,
Sings now an everlasting song
Around the ‘Tree of Life.’

“Where’er he sees a smile too bright
Or heart too pure for taint or vice,
He bears it to that world of light
To dwell in Paradise.

“Born into that undying life
They leave us, but to come again,
With joy we welcome them—the same
Except their sin and pain.

“And ever near us, though unseen
The dear, immortal spirits tread,
For all the boundless universe
Is life—there are no dead.”

MR. HUTCHISON: Mr. Hiester was one of my best and truest
friends. I have known him for many, many years. We were thrown
together quite a good deal. Our sons were schoolmates at College,
they graduated in the Class of ’98, his only son and my oldest son.
His son visited my house and a friendship sprang up between the
two boys, and led to a friendship between the fathers. He has been
at my home. I traveled with him over the State to the Farmers’
Institutes. I loved the man. I knew him very well. He always had
a good word for everyone. I never heard him say an unkind word
to any one. If he could not say a good word, he said nothing.

He was an authority on fruit culture. His name was known
not only in our own State, but in adjacent states. His death
is a distinct loss to the Commonwealth. I regretted when he left
the Institute force, but he felt he could not leave his wife and
daughters alone and travel over the State. He was a true friend in

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 537

every way, and a true friend to State College, and what a loss to
the College is his death! His father, as has been said was one of
the earliest trustees of the College, and the son followed his father.
He was much interested in the orchard established there, and took
great pride in its development. But he has gone. We cannot bring
him back. The only thing we can do is to endeavor to go where he
is, and see him in another and happier world.

MR. JOEL A. HERR: I presume there is not one present who has
had as long an acquaintance with Gabriel Hiester as myself. When
I first came on the State Board of Agriculture in 1879, Mr. Hiester
was quite a young man, but even then interested in fruit culture.
Naturally this formed an opening wedge of the friendship between
us and I always regarded him as a man of authority along these
lines. I have visited him at his home and traveled with him to
Farmers’ Institutes. We have had him in my own home County of
Clinton at Farmers’ Institutes. He was one of the most sensible,
high-minded, and yet affable and agreeable men I have ever known.
He could not be approached with anything that was not entirely
correct and proper. I doubt whether his word was ever questioned.
Everything he said, “went” and his neighbors all over the county
looked up to him as a leader among men—which he certainly was.
We don’t appreciate what we have lost. Who is there in Pennsyl-
vania to take his place? We have other good fruit men—men who
make extravagant statements. You never heard Hiester make an ex-
travagant statement. Whatever he said was plain, straight fact.
He seemed to my mind, to possess all the elements of a great man,
and the greatest pity is that he could not have lived—that he died
in the prime of his manhood. He could have been of immense use
to the Horticulture of this State, and I join in regret for his depar-
ture.

DR. HARVEY: Let me add, that while I did not know Mr. Hiester
as well as some of you, I met him at some of our meetings and was
very favorably impressed with him. He seemed to me to be a man
to whom could truthfully be applied the words of Shakespeare:

“His life was gentle, and the elements so mixed in him, that all
Nature might stand up and say ‘This is a man.’” I have often heard
a man say—a most eloquent preacher from Texas—‘Oh, I like a
man!” And that is all there is to this world, if we have a man’s head
and a man’s character. We know, furthermore, that God has His
own, and we will know them wherever they are. I came across a
few lines the other day, which impressed me very strongly:

“He who believing strongly lays his hand
Unto the work that waits for him to do.
Though men should cavil, measures prove untrue
Friends write their trusted promises on sand
And failure mock him with its threatening hand,
Still, in the end, he fearless shall pursue
Till crack of doom, will find a power which few
Or none with cause less righteous may command.
For conquest is not built on the defeat,
Of any man whose aim is human good,
Who fights for justice hath already won,
Before no show of loss shall he retreat.
However crossed, maligned, misunderstood
He knows byt triumph, in the work, well done.”

538 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off, Doe.

ADDRESS OF PROF, COCHEL

Whenever a man has the labor and facilities that will permit him
to go into the production of dairy products, it would certainly be
a foolish thing to change from the production of dairy products
to beef. On the other hand, we find in many other sections of thé
State that are deficient in labor and have larger divisions of farm
land that they can properly cultivate. They have large areas that
are, or should be, devoted exclusively to grass.

We have a market and a climate that is especially adapted to the
cultivation of beef, hence, we should under these circumstances go
into the production of beef on a marketable basis, always taking
into consideration that the cow that is cultivated as beef is turning
ithe crops into a more marketable product, increasing the humus of
the soil, and enabling us to utilize what would otherwise be waste
products into a profitable part of the farm. In other words the beef
cow changes waste areas into a marketable form.

Now, in studying beef production we divide it into two classes:
one class produces feeders for the market, the other produces the
marketable steer in the more finished form. ‘The reason for this is
that the sections of the State that are especially adapted to the
production of feeders, do not, as a rule, grow a sufficient amount of
crops to turn them into the finished product. Where we have the
rough finished lands that are not capable of being plowed to any
extent, we can raise cur feeders on roughage, largely. On the other
hand, where we have land that is too valuable to be turned into pas-
ture, people naturally turn into finishing the beef for market.

We find that in the development of this State, and other stock
states, the cattle imported from Europe were of the beef type. They
were imported because they were especially adapted to the needs of
that time. Later, when the country became more closely settled in
Pennsylvania and Ohio and Illinois, the people of Pennsylvania quit
raising beef cattle. They went to the Western prairie states for
their feeders, and finished them for the market. Later the people
of Ohio and Indiana did the same thing, depending on Iowa and
Nebraska and other Western states to produce cattle for Pennsyl-
vania and Ohio and Illinois. A little later the Middle West went
out of the beef production and it moved onward toward Western
Kansas, Montana, Wyoming and the Western Mountain states.

A large percentage of the cattle finished in the corn belt of the
United States, are produced west of the Missouri, rather than east
of it. At the same time, the demand for feeding cattle is becoming
larger in Pennsylvania, Ohio and even as far West as Iowa. Conse-
quently the supply has not kept pace with the demand, while the
market price has more than kept pace, so that the feeders of Penn-
sylvania are not complaining of the price they get for the finished
product.

In the spring of the year the market was especially well priced
for the finished product. At the same time there was a deficiency in —
cheap and relatively unfinished cattle, so that cattle that required

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 539

only two months more feeding to finish them properly, brought
twenty-five cents a hundred less than that finished up to the standard.
That was about the condition of the market which made all our
cattle go into market faster than they could be made; later on in
the year there was hardly a time when the finished cattle could not be
shipped into the Chicago market at a higher price than ever before.
In the Pittsburg market they quoted beef from the blue grass cattle
at eight dollars per hundred advance. ‘The demand therefore is, not
only for beef cattle, but for beef cattle of a correct type ready to
meet the market demands. It shows the tendency toward the pro-
duction of beef in our State. Our breeders and our feeders now are
beginning to aim their attention te the production of beef cattie in
Pennsylvania. I have been in Pennsylvania a little over two years
and just now we are receiving more letters in regard to the rais-
ing of beef cattle in Pennsylvania in a week than we did during
the entire year I was at college. Within the last month one farmer
at least, and very likely two, have established the nucleus of a beef
herd in Lancaster county, so that the tendency is to produce more beef
cattle than ever before.

Now, the question is whether these men will be justified in the
change. During the last twenty-five years there has been a tremen-
dous change in the beef market. Take an average of five years periods
in the Pittsburg and Chicago markets, we find at the end of each
five years that the cattle were worth more, and the demand was
larger than during the preceding five years. So that the price of
cattle is increasing and at the same time our soils in Pennsylvania,
and in the West, are increasing in fertility and the tendency is to
put more animals on the farm and put back the fertility, and at the
same time use up the roughage. When we pay more attention to the
question of soil maintenance, we will have a great many more cattle
than we have at the present time. At the College we have now
twenty pure bred beef cows that we are trying to handle in the
most economical method possible, and see whether it will pay in Penn-
sylvania to keep a cow for the calf she produces. We are feeding
them a ration of corn silage and cottonseed meal—about forty-five
to fifty pounds of silage and one pound of cottonseed meal per
head daily. Since the first of December they have gained a trifie
over a pound a day per head, which shows that they are not only
maintaining themselves but are putting more fat on their bodies.
Throughout the summer tuey will be granged without grain, and in
the meantime we are feeding two market lots, one of which is given
all the cottonseed meal ihey can eat, without grain, and the other
is put on a grain ration with corn silage and cottonseed meal. You
will notice we have absolutely discontinued feeding hay to our
market cattle this year.

This is not because hay is not good, but in our local market we
have hay selling for from twenty-four to twenty-six dollars per
ton, while silage is costing us less.

87

540 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

REPORT OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST

By DR. ISAAC A. HARVEY

In 1906, having noted in the newspapers some discussion and con-.
troversy relative to the coal supply in the United States, I shortly
wrote to the Philadelphia Press an estimate of the entire amount of
coal in the several states of the Union, based on the latest reports
of the National Geological Survey, and such additional data ag I
had acquired from other sources.

The estimate of the entire area of coal in the United States as
published prior to 1906 was 270,000 square miles, and I ventured
to increase the same to 450,000 or 500,000 square miles by adding a
reasonable per cent. to the figures in the several states and terri-
tories, so that my final figures of the amount of coal were about
three trillion tons, which at the persent rate of production and con-
sumption and with allowances for a certain increase in demand,
proportionate to the years past, would last as long as the world
has been in existence according to the Mosaic records.

Some time last year, Mr. Carpenter, the noted reporter and cor-
respondent of the Philadelphia Press interviewed Prof. Smith, now
Director of the United States Survey, and derived from him a com-
putation or general view of the coal in the United States and simi-
lar to my own figures as sent to the Press. His calculation was the
same in substance aS mine and intimated that the body of coal
in the United States might last as long as the world has stood. I
admit that such a computation seems fabulous and unreal, but as
the several coal seams in forty or more of our counties in this State,
if laid flat as one workable seam, would more than cover the en-
tire State; so, also the various coal areas in the United States, if
arranged in the same position and as one good workable seam of
four feet or more in thickness, would very much more than cover
or equal the area of the entire nation and all its dependencies.

Going to Arizona and Senora, Mexico, in 1889, for Mr. Dodge,
of New York, I made some examinations for copper and coal and
with the data so ebtained ventured the prediction, that, within a
generation, Arizona would exceed Michigan in its product of cop-
per, being mostly found in low grade ores and yielding variously
from five to ten per cent. of this metal. This result has been realized
as the records show. Prior to this trip, the coal in Arizona was con-
sidered an unknown quantity and no figures had ever been given
by the United States Survey, the several efforts at local development
on the Apache Reservation, and incidentally elsewhere, failing to:
afford any encouragement of workable deposits or amy satisfactory
guarantee that Arizona would evér show any available basing for coal
operations or profluction that would justify developmeat, or miming.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 541

I saw enough of the deposits in Arizona and Senora to persuade me
to believe, or at least hope, that Arizona would ultimately yield
her proportion 9f the carboniferous products in the shape and quality
of good coal of several kinds to place her in the list of the coal pro-
ducing states. Within the last three years, or about eighteen years
after my hurried exploration down there, the assistants of the United
States Survey secured some accurate information and reliable figures,
whereupon they have announced, with the approval of the Director,
that Arizona contains as much available coal as the entire amount
thus far mined and used in the whole country, and, of course, this
means many billion tons.

Thus, while the actual epochs or periods in which coal may “exist”
have been ascertained to a certainty and geologists have proved the
limit of the rocks that contain coal, yet the defective estimates of
acreage and extent is due to the superficial and hurried manner in
which the coal fields are in the first instance examined; and, there-
by, the actual extent of the coal bearing rocks not demonstrated
or determined in a given field, locality or state; and, as a result,
the maps and reports very much circumscribe the coal basins, and
exclude from the estimates and surveys much of their area that
otherwise and by careful investigation would be contained in the
figures that report the same.

In after years, a revision of these reports and a more careful and
thorough development show a very marked increase from the original
figures and estimates, both of quantity and area. This applies to
every state that contains coal, and in which the tendency to submit
a conservative report has so often warped the judgment and furnished
a minimum computation with reference thereto.

Thus, in my report to you two years ago, I estimated from ninety
to one hundred billion tons of coal in this State; so that my prior
figures in a venture to estimate the amount in the United States as-
sumed that our State contains about one-thirty-fifth of the entire
quantity of coal in the United States. The length of time that this
amount would supply the people, (varying figures having been sug-
gested by prominent geologists,) depends, of course, upon the increas-
ing demand, the economical and careful mining, with the probable dis-
covery of devices or methods whereby the coal waste will be reduced
to a minimum, its by-products utilized and the entire body of heat
produced be controlled and husbanded with the least possible loss.

Again, what skill and invention may do to provide for some of the
needs now depending on coal and thereby reducing the demand, or
at least restraining the demand, no one can conjecture; and that it
may be many centuries, perhaps some thousands of years may elapse.
before the Nation shall experience a coal famine; and what may be
provided as a part substitute for coal ere such a calamity may ensue,
no one can venture to surmise, “for the thoughts of men are widened
with the process of the suns.” Genius is limitiess in its concep- ’
tions and possibilities towards contrivance and invention. Another
feature of the utility of coal and its value to the consumer is that
while analysis will determine exactly its elements and its amount
of combustible matter, yet its chemical composition does not always
indicate the real or comparative fuel efficiency which ofttimes seems

542 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

more valuable by reason of its structure than its chemical composi-
tion. Thus the product of a certain coal seam may contain fuel mat-
ter (fixed carbon and volatile matters) to the amount of 90 or
95 per cent. and comparatively very pure but so soft and friable
that it crumbles or disintegrates very readily and its use is very
much reduced by waste through the grate bars under the boilers of
locomotives or stationary engines; and instead of complete combus-
tion and reduction to ashes, a very considerable per ecnt. is never
consumed, thus impairing its fuel efficiency when compared with other
coal which may show the same analysis, but being compact, hard, and
as some call it,—lumpy, will have a decided advantage over the
softer coal in the production of steam or even for domestic use.

So, also, I have seen along certain railroads immense quantities
of coal half consumed and mixed with imperfect coke, the product
of the locomotive fires and dumped from the ash pan; so that people
living along the line find it convenient to use these ashes for
fuel in their households. I have stated these facts many times to
the superintendents of railroads, and also in my reports on coal
properties. I know instances where coal from a certain seam, no-
tably the A., and containing 85 to 88 per cent. of fuel, rendered
better service by actual test and use than certain other coal that
analyzed 92 or 93 per cent. of fuel matter; the difference in efficiency
being due to the compact and solid structure of the inferior coal,
chemically, when compared with fragile, friable and crumbling struc-
ture of the other.

Hence, do not conclude that the coal that shows a lower per cent.
of fuel matter is serviceably less valuable or efficient than coal con-
taining the higher per cent. of fuel matter, unless both are of similar
structure. It is the units of heat that are required and the actual
production of steam that will determine the value of the coal to the
consumer. Bear this in mind, and while having due regard for
analyses ‘and chemical purity, also consider the structure, and
friability also, that the harder coal, upon the bituminous basis, having
an equal amount of fuel with the softer coal, will be found invariably
to be of more utility.

It is a subject of much concern how we shall be able to supply the
increasing demand for iron ore, not only in this State, but else-
where. Much of the ore now used in Pennsylvania is imported
from other states—from Cuba and elsewhere on this continent and
consists largely of red hematite or steel ore, so called, from Michigan,
Wisconsin and along Lake Superior; the product of metallic iron,
being almost invariably 65 to 68 per cent. and in some exceptional in-
stance 70 per cent. In our State and elsewhere are some important
deposits of magnetic ore, magnetite and sometimes nearly or quite
as high in metal; but often yielding as low as 35 to 40 per cent.
The red hematites having singular value by reason of their being
‘readily converted into steel without the basic process; that is lining
the converter with an alkali preparation,—and hence producing the
steel at considerable less cost. With the exhaustion of steel ore, red
hematite and, in fact, the magnetic ores, we will have remaining
certain veins or deposits of brown hematite associated with our lime
stones, and, notably, the lower silurian rocks, with incidentally, the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 543

same ores in the Clinton shales, Catskill, etc., and the gray car-
bonate ores of the coal measures and sub-carboniferous rocks pro-
ducing from 20 to 50 or 55 per cent. of metallic iron. These are some-
times used in the production of pig metal, and, especially, where con-
venient for mining and transportation, but are not deemed valuable
in comparison with the richer steel ores, magnetites, etc., that are im-
ported as described.

Again, there are extensive deposits of red shale with their asso-
ciated rocks that contain from 15 to 25 per cent. of metallic iron, and
an urgent question is today, or will be ere many years will elapse,
how shall we utilize these low grade ores, and by what process
make them valuable for iron and steel products with reasonable
cost? There are chemists experimenting towards a solution of this
question, and I have seen some favorable and encouraging, if not
complete, deductions in this direction; in one instance, a Southern
gentleman having demonstrated to a Wall Street Company, engaged
somewhat in promoting such various devices and inventions, that
it is possible to reduce low grade or lean ores by a chemical or
electro chemical process, whereby the ores containing as low as 6 or
8 per cent. of metal, can certainly be made useful and at a nominal
cost, so far as the process is concerned. Whether these samples, as
shown to me, were typical of the results of the process if applied to
a large amount of ore, I cannot say, but the results seemed promising
to me and others who examined them. This threatened iron ore de-
pletion naturally evokes the question, who will in a sensible and
reasonable measure find a substitute for the rapid exhaustion of
iron ore; and aluminum has been suggested by virtue of its light-
ness, toughness and flexibility; so that if its production may be
realized at a reasonable cost, the disappearance of iron ore will
not create the dismay that is now so omirious, and the process is
yet to be discovered whereby the almost limitless clay deposits,
with their 15 to 25 per cent. of alumina (oxide of aluminum) may re-
spond to the query as to what will replace iron, and how meet the
demand, for iron products or something that will be quite as use-
ful and available, without hardship, when iron ores of the better
grade have disappeared.

Again, we must resort finally to chemistry or electricity or both, and
who shall put a period to the word electricity, in contemplation of
its innumerable devices and the domain that it affords for the exert-
ing of man’s skill and almost supernal conceptions and ingenuity.
The seemingly impossible solution of many problems of perplexing
effort and unusual exertion will be found year after year in the
application of electricity or electro chemistry and its wondrous and
almost divine devices, phases and potency. While delivering a for-
mer report to this honorable body, I referred in a digressive way tu
the problem of good roads and very briefly suggested a line of ex-
periment that might contribute to the solution of this momentous
subject.

Nature has given us pertinent lessons whereby we may clearly ex-
periment and duly acquire some definite ideas towards the making
of roads that will not so shortly vanish away in dust along the country
thoroughfares, lanes and by-ways, cared for in part by the old time
supervisor. We notice the exposures of slate and shale, red, black

544 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and gray, containing from eight or ten to twenty-five or even thirty
per cent. of alumina which is the binding or cementing ingredient
of all clays used for the making of fire brick and building brick
and other clay products, and we often see the roads as smooth and
compact as any that can be constructed with limestone and sand-
stone and less liable to become disfigured if I may use the term, and
unsightly by the impact of wagons, autos, etc., which so soon wear out
and destroy artificial roads. Is there not a combination of silica,
alumina and lime contained in sandstone, limestone and shale, in
proper proportion, that will produce a solid and compact road bed,
more permanent and lasting, and yet more acceptable to the traveling
public, than any road made simply with sandstone and limestone
without the aluminum? I think so. In a tentative way, why not
test these elements by repeated experiments, using say, from one-
third to one-half of clay or clay shale containing, as it does, from
fifteen to thirty per cent. of alumina and from fifty to seventy of
silica, with a small ingredient added thereto of limestone, and chang-
ing the proportions of these several elements time and again, and
applying to certain “stretches” of road until the best results are ob-
tained. I mean to say, briefly, that this element of alumina, as
found in clay, or shale added to the application of limestone and
sandstone or sandstone alone, is rational in theory. Alumina in -
proper per cent. will make an admirable addition to the road bed,
avert very appreciably the wearing away of the road and prevent
measurably the dust arising from sandstone and limestone roads.
Give this your consideration and notice what nature has suggested.

Aluminum makes the road smooth and level and if not so hard and
compact as limestone and sandstone, yet being somewhat flexible or
slightly plastic is certainly more to be desired as a component with
limestone or sandstone or both than the two latter elements could
be without aluminum. In short, shale and slate make a better road
than limestone and sandstone, by reason of the presence of a certain
per cent. of aluminum which has been almost disregarded in road
making. A bastard limestone, which is a native cement rock, would
be better adapted to the construction of roads than a pure limestone
would be, since it contains a small per cent. of alumina.

Three years ago, I made a few remarks relative to the game and
fish laws, with a special reference to deer and trout, and upon the
request and insistence of scores of men representing hundreds or
thousands of others who enjoy fishing and hunting, I am constrained
to make some further comments on the subject.

The almost universal opinion among trout fishers is, that the num-
ber of trout that may be caught should be prescribed by law, and
not the length thereof, and no one with experience in fishing the
trout streams, can deny that three-fourths or more of the small
trout, being less than six inches, die after being caught and thrown
back into the stream, and thus the streams are largely depleted
of the same. I am sure that instances have become very frequent
where the fisher has actually hooked two hundred or three hun-
dred small trout before getting what is termed the limit of forty
trout, as allowed by the statute. I tried a stream several years
ago and caught nine trout of Jess than six inches in length, and
throwing them back, noticed that most of them turned on their sides

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 545

and probably died. The acceptance of the opinions of thousands of
men who know these facts by experience would be wise and expedient
in framing these laws. In our county (Clinton), 161 bucks were
killed last season and the number of hunters was six or seven hun-
dred, estimated, or a hunter for every thousand acres of the area
of the county. In 1910, the number kilied was 140, and the excess of
last year’s sport due, not to the fact that there were more bucks
in the county, but to the tracking snow that continued almost through
the entire fifteen days of the season; and the season of 1910 was
not so favored, and had the smaller number of deer slain. I have
talked with scores of hunters, probably with hundreds, and know
the trend of opinion of all classes of men who seek sport of this
kind in the woods, and nineteen out of twenty are positive in the
opinion that the most wise, just and effective law would provide
for the killing of one deer by each hunter, regardless of the sex
thereof, leaving the hunter to secure either a buck or doe as the
opportunity aiforded. This view I have derived from hundreds of men
and ranging from twenty to seventy-five or eighty years of age. More-
over, it does not seem to them that the section that requires a hunter
to see the horns before shooting at a deer is in any sense, or least-
wise only in a limited way, a protection to the life of those who are
in the woods in the hunting season, but that the many sad acci-
dents were formerly due to carelessness and to the excitable state
of mind of certain persons who lack self-control and nerve; and
that later the hunters have learned to be more upon their guard and
self-restraint and wear caps or clothing that will at once distinguish
them from deer or other animals. Sad experience has taught more
care. and forethought, so that accidents or shooting into the bush at
some indefinable object are almost certainly averted, simply by the
schooling that has been experienced. Any man that would shoot
an indistinct object in the bush upon a nervous impulse would not
be so deliberate in any emergency, as to look first whether it has
horns or not, and such persons should be barred from hunting under
any and all circumstances. Three years ago I noticed some bear
tracks in the snow in a remote part of West Keating township, in
my own county, and as a bear had been shot a few days before,
within a short distance of these tracks, by hunters to whom I showed
his “signs,” in the snow and near a spring, I got a Winchester from
one of my men, then prospecting in that locality, and standing in
a small natural clearing where many tracks appeared, I noticed, just
beyond, the brush shaken by some object moving therein, and with
a slight nervous tremor, but a self imposed injunction to “hold on
quaker” and be cool, I waited for the object to appear in the clear-
ing with a determination to kill a bear; but, very soon one of my
men with dinner pail in hand and returning to camp half an hour
early emerged from the brush. I didn’t shoot but severely rebuked him
for not being a bear. Now, what would have been the result if I
had fired into the oak brush two or three times? Probably, I would
have killed a man for whom I had a very kindly friendship. More-
over, the theory that the present law is effective towards the preser-
vation and increase or propagation of, deer is erroneous as avowed
by all the hunters, with one or two exceptions, with whom I have con-
’ versed on this subject; inasmuch as all claim and affirm most posi-

s5—6—1911

546 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tively, that there are very few fawns now in the woods and very
many barren does, which fact as they say is due to the destruction of
the bucks; further, that each buck has its mate for a period of many
months and rarely seeks other does; and ordinarily, will not go any
very great distance to consort with other does after it has found a
mate. I have noticed many deer tracks in the snow in hunting sec-
tions after the season closes and through December, January and
February, and there was a most woeful absence of buck tracks, which
are readily distinguished from the doe tracks.

Now, the question has arisen, what limit there will be to the kill-
ing of bucks and will the time arrive when these animals will be en-
tirely exterminated, barren does in numbers probably left to die of
old age, or be killed by the wanton hunter; and finally, all tracks and
traces of deer become obliterated. I cannot conceive that the well
spun theory, intelligently formulated and the laws therefrom enacted
can avait with the same desired results for the propagation of deer
and the prolonging of the hunters enjoyment, as any law or section
thereof based upon the actual experience and concensus of men of all
classes and grades of intelligence and many nearly of the same or
equal stamina or discretion with the members of the assembly who
frame the laws in this respect. Is it not true, that the country mem-
bers supposedly informed upon this subject, do not participate in
the preparation of these laws upon the idea of equality with the city
members, who to the number of forty, fifty or sixty, very largely
control the legislation in this and other directions, in a sense, exclud-
ing the knowledge, wisdom and experience of the country members
who may only have been in the Assembly, at most, a term or two.
An old hunter remarked that “these hunting and fishing laws are
made by men down at Harrisburg who don’t understand the human
nature of the deer and trout, as well as us fellows that live in or near
the woods.” Kindly bear in mind, that I have no strictures or criti-
cism for the Game and Fish Commission, or upon its worthy and
efficient Secretary, Dr. Kalbfus, since they and he are effectively
enforcing the laws; but being impelled and urged by so many
men whom I know to be wise in these things, I could not refuse to
refer to the matter, and have been many times assured that the
brief suggestions in my former report were read and widely approved
by the men who enjoy hunting and fishing and are anxious for a
continuance of these sports.

A majority of*the counties represented in this meeting contain
wide areas of -forest and woodland where trout and deer and other
game should abound and afford good sport, but from the thousands
of acres of nearly primitive woodland in some of these counties
both trout and deer have nearly or entirely disappeared.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 547

AGRICULTURAL GEOLOGY

By W. H. STOUT, Agricultural Geologist

SOIL

Soil is defined as the upper stratum of the earth, the mold or that
compound substance which furnishes nutriment to plants, or which
is particularly adapted to support and nourish them.

There is much concern of late regarding our natural resources
and their preservation. Forests, streams and minerals appear
to be considered the most valuable from a business poiit of view,
and while all are essential to civilization as necessities, they are
only secondary in importance to the human race.

The soil is our most precious inheritance, deserving more care
and consideration than is commonly bestowed upon it. It has taken
ages of time and ceaseless work of natural forces, physical and chemi-
cal, to create the first few feet of arable soil, that is of any value in
the art of Agriculture. It is comparatively only a short time
since the country was settled by the white race, yet soil depletion to
the point of exhaustion is evident where the early settlers first lo-
cated.

Waste and destruction follow in the wake of civilization. Before
the advent of the Europeans, the demand upon soil resources was
limited. The tribes then in possession lived a primitive life upon
natural resources of game, fish, fruit and vegetables, with a little
corn and beans cultivated, along with some tobacco, in a limited
way in some localities.

There are periods in the history of every country when agriculture
becomes more urgent, and this country has arrived at, or is approach-
ing a time when the supply of food products will not be sufficient
to maintain an increasing population.

This is, however, not a matter of immediate concern but the ad-
monition is timely, with the knowledge that poverty, ignorance and
superstition follow the decline of prosperity, which is ever meas-
ured by the abundance of soil products, and such products are con-
tingent upon the fertility and texture of the soil.

Some of the one-time most productive and wealthy countries
known in history, where art, science, education and religion had
their birth-places, have lost their identity and are divided among and
are under the dominion of German, British, French and
American rule. China is the only extensive territory that
has maintained its independent existence for a long period.
There is, however, much poverty and suffering in that empire, where
thousands of the inhabitants are starving at times, and the revolution
now in progress is attributed to the suffering of the laboring class.

The Chinese have lived a long time upon the products of the
country, consuming at home what was produced, and caring re-
ligiously for all wastes and fertilizers available. Subsisting upon
a plain and meagre diet that does not appeal to Europeans, the

548 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
Chinese cultivate their land in small tracts with hand tools, and
live or exist with great economy. ‘They have not depleted their
soils by exporting grain and other products that contain fertilizing
elements that impoverish the land, and as a result they were able to
maintain an existence as a nation longer than any other.

It appears that since the world civilizers have gained a foothold
in the ancient empire, their troubles have increased and multiplied in
proportion as moderi: methods of business, transportation, education
and civilization has progressed. (Under the convincing power of
gold, thirteen-inch Mausers and gatling guns, and the benign in-
fluence of promoters from New York, London, Paris and Berlin have
succeeded in converting the heathens to worship the Golden Calf,
adopt civilized costumes and cut off their hair).

The primitive methods, the scrupulous care and economy necessary
to maintain a bare existence does not appeal to our race, and that the
poor of this country may be forced to adopt in the future similar
methods is not a pleasant prospect to anticipate. Instead of presery-
ing their fertility at home like the Chinese, the farmers of this coun-
try as soon as land could be made available to produce crops for
export, commenced sending them abroad in increasing quantities,
often without any profit and often at a positive loss. We take pride
and boast of great wealth in our rich lands and the ability to supply
other countries with all sorts of farm products. It did not occur
to our people that every bushel of grain, every pound of meat, cheese
and other products carry away fertility that is absolutely lost to our
soil.

From the statistics we learn that during fifty-five years to 1910,
the farmers produced twenty-two billion bushels of wheat, of which
five and a half billion were exported as grain and flour. Calculating
the fertility loss at four cents a bushel, it amounts to two hundred
and ten million dollars. The remainder of the twenty-two billion
bushels (four times as much as was exported) was consumed in the
country and also lost, except what was fed to stock. Thus we lost
upwards of eight hundred million dollars in fertility on the wheat
crop alone, and much more adding other grains, animal produc».
cotton, etc., makes a sum almost startling in the amount.

We are robbing posterity of their share of Nature’s provisions
for existence, in exhausting the soil fertility accumulated during
ages since the Tertiary period and the beginning of the Quaternary,
when the climate became favorable for the support of vegetable and
animal life.

Notwithstanding the industry of American farmers in robbing the
soil to produce crops for use and export from this country, accord-
ing to an expert in international finance, our debt to foreign coun-
tries is $6,575,000,000. We exchange for our soil products the essen-
tials for existence, the products of other climes, that add nothing to
our resources excepting the potash and nitrate imported. We im-
port silk, wool, coffee, cocoa, wines, hemp, flax, hops, molasses, sugar,
dates, figs, raisins, oranges, olive oil, camphor, rubber, jewels,
diamonds anu various other articles for the millions in value of our
soil resources. This generation seems dissatisfied with the waste and
destruction wrought by its inhabitants but invite all nations to our
feast of abundance to aid in its more rapid exhaustion.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 549

These are conditions facing this country, just being realized by
thoughtful persons, and how to increase crops at reduced cost is the
serious consideration of consumers. This is the one industry that is
urged and encouraged to produce excessive supplies regardless of cost
or the price. Other industries are not operated on this plan.

Returning to the text the “Soil,” there is much to consider. Soil
making is in constant progress. Rain, heat and frost acts as dis-
integrating forces liberating particles from the solid rocks, which
form the basis for soils of various degrees of texture according to
the nature of the rock from which the material is derived. There are
various chemical elements in the rock formations, some of which are
essential to plant life to a small extent like lime, iron, magnesia,
potash, soda, phosphoric acid and nitrogen, in addition to silica the
most abundant of soil constituents.

There is probably no state having a greater variety of soils than
the old Keystone, and certainly no better farmers. The folding of the
rocks east of Allegheny mountains brings to view thirteen geological
divisions and many strata. The Delaware, Lehigh, Schuylkill, Sus-
quehanna and minor water courses cut squarely across the anthracite
coal basin, with the Pottsville-Conglomerate, Mauch Chunk Red,
Pocono Sandstone, Catskill, Chemung, and others of the Devonian
System, followed by the Silurian, New Red sandstone, granite and
traps.

There is little uniformity of soil until the Silurian south of the
Blue mountain is reached, where the Hudson River, Utica shale and
limestone valleys spread over considerable areas. The New Red, the
latest formation, extends over various counties mixed with the traps
from Reading to Philadelphia. Some sections in Northampton, Mon-
roe, Carbon, Luzerne, Columbia, Montour, Northumberland and Ly-
coming are partly covered with glacial drift and the edge of the
Moraine, with is boulders, sand and clay of_ various degrees of agri-
cultural value.

In the glaciated district, the old lake bottoms and swamps are very
fertile where drainage can be effected and on the elevations the soil
is generally productive, excelling all others for fine fruit of best
quality, Spy, Baldwin, King and Greening apples grow to perfection,
and other fruits are successfully produced. The great potato dis-
tricts in Maine, New York, Michigan and Wisconsin are on drift
soil, an ideal condition of soil and climate for potatoes.

Northwest and west, the same conditions exist in Tioga, Potter,
Warren, Crawford, Venango, Butler, Lawrence and Beaver ‘counties
where the soil is more uniform, resting on horizontal rocks of the
bituminous coal, with the mountain limestone. -

The anthracite coal field contains no soil of value excepting where
the Mauch Chunk red appears in valleys, like the Conyngham, Cata-
wissa, Lykens and Quakake. The various red soils, Mauch Chunk,
Catskill, Clinton and Mesozoic or New Red produce fair to very good
soil according to depth and texture.

The Devonian and part of the Silurian systems between the first
(Blue) and second mountain has some narrow strips of good soil, but
is quite various on account of the many strata standing on edge
coming to the surface composed largely of shale. The soil on hills
is commonly shallow and leachy while the bottoms consist of a cold

550 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

wet clay soil derived from the clay shale deposited on an impervious
rock bed. In some counties, the Lower Helderberg limestone forms
good soil of considerable extent, and is useful on the shale and clays,
especially so on clay bottoms on account of its mechanical effect in
granulating the finely divided particles.

Besides the use of lime to change clay soil to make it more friable,
lime may have a chemical effect, to free potash and phosphoric acid
from soil combinations and correct acidity. Sand and clay are the
principal constituents of all soils and, if in proper proportion, give
it texture, and when vegetable material is mixed with it forms mold.

Mixing soils is quite practical, but with present conditions also un-
profitable, considering the value of good lands. An acre of soil to
a depth of nine inches weighs about two thousand tons, so it would
be necessary to move a thousand tous to spread four and a half inches
of either clay or sand fore mixing. At a very low calculation of
twenty-five cents a ton for handling it would cost $250.00 to pre-
pare an acre which is more tha» the average value of good Pennsyl-
vania soil.

The soil samples presented here are only a few of the many existing
over much of the State. All soils are derived from two sources;
Igneous or Volcanic and Aqueous, deposited by water. From these
are derived the great variety, changed by the every active elements:
wind, rain, snow, heat and cold.

The igneous being the first formed rocks over the surface of the
earth, all the others are necessarily derived from that source, through
“disintegration and transportation by water, ice, gravity and volcanic
activity. All elements from which soils are formed were once a
general mass of unorganized material.

The various minerals are all derived from the oceans, excepting
coal and graphite which obtained their carbon from the atmosphere.
The substances useful in agriculture, aside from the rocks, are de-
posits like salt, potash, phosphates and lime which accumulated from
previous existing forms, and held in solution in water.

The Dead Seea and Great Salt Lakes are examples of the con-
densation going on and the salt mines and brines from which salt
is condensed are evidences of rock formations having been deposited
at later periods, which covered the saline deposits. The other ele-
ments useful in agriculture are derived from the same sources.

All soils contain certain fixed substances in varying proportions
and are fertile so long as certain elementary substances exist in a
soluble form. Whenever the time arrives through continued crop-
ping that a soil is depleted of the soluble elements accumulated dur-
ing past periods regardless of its origin, it will no longer produce re-
munerative crops.

Its restoration and maintenance then becomes a problem of eco-
nomics of vast importance. Some soils like those of igneous and
organic origin, possess inherent substances in larger quantity and a
more soluble form than most of the sedimentary of clay and sand.

Numerous chemical analyses of soil from various sections prove
that the same formation differ widely. The igneous granites and
traps from Bucks, Montgomery, Lehigh and Philadelphia counties
have a large per cent. of potash and soda varying from four (4) to
thirteen (13) per cent. Lime, magnesia, iron, silica acid, alumina

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 551

is contained in various proportions. A sample Mesozoic (New Red)
from Bucks county contained three per cent. potash, a little lime, two
and a quarter per cent. iron, seven and a quarter per cent. alumina,
a small quantity of phosphoric acid, eighty-four per cent. silica.

The restoration of exhausted soils to a productive condition is
expensive. Notwithstanding the abundance of the plant elements
found by analysis in soils, crops can not be successfully produced
without given quantities of soluble materials.

Chemistry is of invaluable service in many lines of human en-
deavor including agriculture. The farmer has, however, a wider
field for experiment than the chemist in his laboratory confined to a
limited space with his acids and crucibles. The farmer has for his
domain the mountains, hills and valleys, proclaiming in unmistakable
language the fertility or sterility of the soil. Poverty grass and
cinque-foil, huckleberry and hogberry, scrub oaks and alders, laurel
and fern, rock oak and red oak, Giant Sequois and cedars, pine
and hemlock, walnut and chestnut, hickory and sycamore, beech,
birch, and maple with the many grasses and plants indigenous to
the surroundings, constitute in Nature a laboratory more delicate
and more refined than the most elaborate equipment in the hand of
science.

Supplied with a tract of ground, some seeds and plants, patience
and industry, fertilizers of various kinds, the practical farmer can
solve the problems of fertility and crop production better than any
one else. Plants like animals require a balanced ration; the one
nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash; the other protein, carbohy-
drates and fats. The business of the farmer is to take the crude ma-
terial, and through his chemical laboratory on the land change it
into the refined products useful to mankind. This appears to be a
simple process of transmutation; it is surrounded with many diffi-
culties, contingencies and hard labor, that is so irksome to many
persons, retarding the back to the land movement.

Practical farmers are not so much interested in scientific re-
search and theories as in the conditions with which they have to do
and how to use what they possess to the best advantage to provide
for themselves what is required by them and of them. Soil depletion
like the shadow of an eclipse moves westward having reached the
100 degrees west longtitude in its progress over the Continent.

We have the assurance that “seedtime and harvest shall not fail,”
so we may trust to Providence for the future of agriculture; in the
meantime preserve the soil and trust to explorers and prospectors to
find new stores of potash, nitrogen and phosphoric acid somewhere
on the national domain.

While the Government is engaged in preserving natural resources,
one of the most valuable elements is wasted; nitrogen in explosives,
by firing salutes to thirty-cent Potentates, Embassadors, striplings
of Royalty and Kings from the Cannibal Islands, ete., costing hun-
dreds of dollars and the game not worth the powder.

552 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF FORESTS AND FORESTRY

By I. C. WILLIAMS, ESQ., Deputy Commissioner of Forestry

The work of the Department of Forestry may be properly di-
vided into three classes: First, conservation; second, protection, and
third, the development of forest resources.

During the year just passed we have added to the area of our forest
reserves, 32,714 acres, so that the total area of the forest reserves .
owned by the Commonwealth, on January 1, of this year, was 966,-
295 acres. There are now under contract to the Department a
sufficient number of acres to bring the area up to a round million,
provided we are able to purchase them.

This land was all bought and paid for by appropriations made by
the Pennsylvania Legislature, beginning about the year 1898, and
consequently covering a period of thirteen years; and the average
cost of this land to the State on January 1, 1912, was two dollars
and twenty-four cents per acre. As land goes in Pennsylvania, this
would seem to be an exceptionally low price, and it is a fact that a
large proportion of the acreage purchased is really worth a very
great deal more today than two dollars and twenty-four cents; in
fact, the value of these reserves to the State today stands about six
to seven dollars per acre. To show you, let me cite an instance:
An area was bought in 1902, and -was then well covered with a fine
stand of timber, which the owner thought he could not take out with
a profit; consequently he let the State have it for two dollars and
fifty cents an acre. There were many trees in the tract as it was—
hundreds of them—which were worth more per tree than the price
paid per acre. Hight years lvier, in the year 1910, the gentleman
who sold this land to the Depai‘ment, returned and wished to buy it
back at a price more than three times what we paid for it, and he
would have been mighty glad if he could have repurchased it at triple
the price; but there is no authority of law to sell an acre of this
land, consequently we could not sell; and for the further reason that
these lands are all too valuable to the State to part with, even if the
authority did exist.

Now, as to the care the Department is taking of these lands:
There is the pruning and planting, and it is the result of this need
that there are today upon the forest reseryes forty-six State Foresters,
who have received a technical and practical education in the school
established and maintained for the purpose of educating foresters.
With them there is a corps of helpers of about ninety other men who
are known as “Forest Rangers,” and all give the State a full return
in every direction. First in work. These foresters, with their assist-
ants, the rangers, last year completed over a thousand miles of roads
and trails in the reserves—a road sufficiently long to cross the State
three times from Philadelphia to Pittsburg. There is no use talk-
ing about the value of reserves until you have the means of getting

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 553

into them. It takes money to develop forests, but you might just
as well throw your money away, if you do not propose to follow up
purchase with a good road system. Roads are necessary in order
that everything may be used at the proper time and that these areas
may be properly developed so they may return to the State the very
largest value per acre, much more than it is possible to get from
them without means of proper access.

The law gives the Department the right to lease valuable minerals
found on such lands. The minerals so far found are mostly valuable
rock. In one of the counties in 1903, a lease was entered into to
run twenty years. To date it has run about eight years. This land
cost the Commonwealth two dollars and seventy-five cents per acre,
and the protective measures since its acquisition have added a few
cents more to the investment. The whole tract leased cost something
over one thousand dollars. The royalty derived from the lease to
date has more than paid for the original cost of the land, plus the
protective expense, figuring interest at 2 per cent., which value the
Commonwealih receives on its deposits in bank. It has left a very
considerable margin after paying all the costs, besides its primary
value to the State. In addition, we have some twelve more years
for the lease to run. Now, that is but a single instance of the profit-
able development of a piece of land primarily bought for timber.

The Department of Forestry grows young trees upon these lands.
For this pury:ose it has established three large nurseries, and a num-
ber of smaller ones which furnish thousands of seedlings each year.
These nurseries cover about forty acres. One is located at Mont Alto,
Franklin county, one at Greenwood in Huntingdon county, and one
at Asaph in Tioga county. Last year the planting of trees in the
forest reserves equaled nearly two million young trees. Wherever
there is a bare space it is the purpose of the Department to plant
it with young trees and protect them in order that they may grow
into future good timber. Pennsylvania started out with this point
in mind, that forestry is a great economic problem, and involves
the economic principle of producing the greatest possible return in
the least possible time.

The new School Code, passed last year, provides that the net re-
turns of these forest tracts shall be applied to the public schools of
the State. It is not likely that the schools will receive much return
in the near future, because most of the land is stripped. The State
acquires land only after the lumbermen have stripped it of every-
thing they can remove, and then starts in to re-establish the forest.
It is only after the forests have been restored and have become cap-
able of making a return, that a large net profit will be derived. This
will take a long time, because it is not possible to grow woods over
night.

To show that the work of the State has some magnitude, last year
about a thousand pounds of seed of Coniferous trees (mainly pine)
were planted, and about three thousand pounds of broad-leaved
tree seeds like the oaks and maples. In all, four thousand pounds
of seed in one year put into the ground for raising young trees. This
is only a beginning, and the future, I think, will show this work
doubled and trebled, unless it is so we will not be able to plant these
areas in the short period in which they should be covered.

504 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

We still have an old problem with us—a problem that has been
such since the days when William Penn first entered the woods,—
and that is forest fire. It was formerly thought that fires were a
necessity, that dead leaves and dead wood might be destroyed, and
this idea was not peculiar to Pennsylvania. The effort of the De-
partment of Forestry has been to teach the people that fires are not
necessary; in fact that they are unnecessary and that every fire is
a distinctive loss. Progress is being made, and the people are be-
ginning to see that forest fires mean loss, and nothing else. So far
as the Department is concerned, it does its utmost to prevent fires
on reserve lands, but they will come. You know how easily a forest
fire is started under favorable conditions, and how hard it is to
convince people that fire will not only destroy roughage but also
the forests of the State. Just so long as people will not take a rea-
sonable view, so long we will have fires. When we begin to realize
that fires mean loss, we will have fewer of them. This is the result
of education. When people do not understand things, they will not
deviate from an established course. When they are made wise, you
will find a new response, and generally in the right direction. This
has been proved with the reserves in Franklin county. When fires
were once one of the most prevalent things, they are now practically
unknown.

The Department has been able to do some work in assisting in the
eradication of the disease that is destroying chestnut timber. You
have heard something of this at your meeting. We are directed by
law to do what. we can. The forest reserves are being thoroughly
searched for the blight and where found it is destroyed. No specific
remedy has been found. The only effective thing we know today
is to cut down the infected trees and burn them, even to the stump
and branches. However, where the tree has marketable timber in
it, the bark is removed and the wood put to commercial use.

I don’t know whether you are familiar with this fungus. I have
here a number of twigs of trees in which this disease is present. If
you care to look at them they are here for that purpose. Now, I am
not an alarmist, and do not want you to think so, but, I am confident
of this one thing. That unless the chestnut blight is stopped in its
march across the State, it will destroy all Pennsylvania chestnut
trees, and will do it in a few years. The value of the chestnut tim-
ber is too great to let it go by the board. The Legislature saw this,
provided for a Commission, and the Commission is producing results.
It is known that the chestnut tree blight is not, as was at first sup-
posed, an insect, but a fungus, which attacks the bark of the tree,
cuts off the circulation, and finally girdles and thus kills the tree.
In this bottle is a piece of chestnut branch covered with pustules of
the blight. This has been in the bottle forty-one months, and you
will see the disease still has considerable vitality. We had these
bottles in Pittsburg last fall, and the tops were tied on to prevent
the spread of spores. Here is a specimen which has a split in the bark
on one side. Just how the split was made we don’t know, but be-
lieve that the spores of the disease were carried there and then
began their work right and left through the bark, until the tree was
girdled. This fungus belongs to the same order of plants as the
black knot on the plum trees, or the ergot in the rye fields. It is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 555

spread by means of spores carried by various means. There is this,
however, that is hopeful—wherever you find infection, you will find
other trees nearby where infection has not started. It does not
march ahead like a column of soldiers, but goes forward and attacks
in spots.

The Department is doing what it can, as already said, and only
the future can tell what the result of their efforts will be. Whether
it will be successful or unsuccessful we are not able to predict at
this time. Suppose it be unsuccessful. We will then have the satis-
faction of knowing that Pennsylvania was the only state with the
courage to stand up and say in the face of the invasion of this dis-
ease, that she would not be indifferent about it, but would do what
she could to prevent the destruction of one of her most valuable
forest trees. If it be a failure, the whole moral effect of the effort
will be of lasting benefit to the State.

Here is a piece of chestnut which I brought from Long Island in
the summer of 1909. This you may handle with impunity, without
danger of carrying the spores. In handling it, you will notice how
punky it is. That is the result of the disease. As you go across
the State this summer you will notice trees wholly or partly killed
by this disease.

Now, the thing for Pennsylvania to do is to recognize fully that
this thing is among us, and if there is anything to be done to protect
the State, it must be done at once; not five years from now, but
immediately.

I think I may say one thing more, and that is, that a joint meet-
ing of the representatives of some twenty states is called to meet
in Harrisburg the latter part of next month to consider this new
situation. The problem is much more serious in the states south of
us than it is with us, although we are vitally interested; and it is
hoped from this meeting there will result a uniform plan of attack
among the states where the disease is active.

ADDRESS OF DR. N. C. SCHAEFFER

I really have no speech. I enjoyed associating with the farmers,
and during this week I have been “with the farmer” all the time.

If anything interests me, it is carrying agriculture into the public
school. The thing that surprised me a little was, that that particu-
lar topic did not appear on the program, because I wish you could
have had a chance to discuss it. By this I mean that there will be
an expert in agricultural education connected with the Department
of Public Instruction, and he will be able to talk with some authority.

I always come to this meeting when I can. I grew up a farmer,
but my father early discovered that I would not be worth a copper
as a farmer, and he allowed me to be a school master, but in my latter
days I see what I missed in not studying what would make the farm
attractive.

I happen to own a tract of chestnut timber that belonged to my
father. I have never seen it; it is in Berks county. I also own a
farm near Reading, which also belonged to him. I consider it a very
profitable investment, because whenever anything has to be bought
for the farm, I pay for it out of my salary, and whenever anything
is sold. I put it down as profit.

38

556 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

I just want to say one thing: I suppose I got all the school ad-
vantages that come to a farmer’s boy. When | was about ten years
old, | was sent to the McAllisterville Academy, in Juniata county,
and I was sent to College, and studied in three universities abroad,
and some of the institutions in this country, and in all the years I
was at school, I was never taught to know what would make me a
better farmer. Now, I am glad there is a change coming over our
schools, and this change is coming just as fast as you farmers want
it to come, and not a bit faster. The idea that a lot of young girl
school teachers, who are getting forty dollars a month, should ac-
complish anything great in teaching agriculture in the schools, is
simply preposterous, and you men who represent this State Board
of Agriculture, and are being taught the latest things in connection
with agriculture, will have to help to get agriculture taught in some
rational way in our Township High Schools. This last summer I
went to a neighboring state in order to see how they did it there.
Well, they had four expert lecturers, and if I wanted to kill agricul-
ture in Pennsylvania, I would import any one of these four. One of
them talked as though anybody could teach agriculture; the next
cne went off on the value of snakes to the farm—a subject which may
do very well for Trinidad, where snakes are one of the crops. I heard
a third one, who had some little idea that there might be an enter-
ing wedge for this subject; but I came home thoroughly imbued with
the idea that we will have to do a little more before we can get agri-
culture thoroughly taught in the schools.

I am glad to have had these few minutes to throw off the feelings
of my heart. I am interested in ac viculture in the schools, without
destroying the lengendary funciion of the schools, as it has come
down through the ages. The school is completely out of adjustment
with the conditions of today.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 557

PAPERS READ AT KEYSTONE FAIR ASSOCIATION,
HELD AT PITTSBURG, PA., JANUARY, 1912

BEEF CATTLE DEMONSTRATION

By PROF. W. A. COCHEL, State College, Pa.

The breeding and feeding of Beef Cattle is associated with pros-
perity on the part of farmers who make a business of growing corn
and grass and utilizing these crops on the farms which produced
them. There are four breeds of cattle which have been bred for
the purpose of producing beef: Aberdeen-Angus, Hereford, Gallo-
way and Shorthorn. We are fortunate in having before us typical
representatives of each breed this morning. The Aberdeen-Angus
representative is a bull weighing, in breeding condition, 2,000 pounds.
He is typical of the breed, being extremely short-legged and blocky
with short neck, deep body, wide back and exceptionally well
developed loin and hind quarters. You will notice that he is black
and polled, which are both breed characters. Representatives of
this breed have won more premiums in individual and carload
classes, as well as on the block, than any other and usually find
much favor among buyers of cattle for immediate slaughter. This
is largely because of their smoothness and quality, which enables
their carcasses to be cut with a minimum amount of waste. The
only objections to this breed are that they do not, as a rule, attain
quite so great a weight, they are not so quiet, and the cows are
frequently poor milkers as compared with some of the other breeds.
These. faults, however, are not universal and can be eliminated by
careful selection of breeding animals.

The second animal, with white face and a red body, is an ex-
cellent representative of the Hereford breed. He is just two years
old this week and weighs 1,500 pounds. You will notice that he
is extremely short-legged, thick-fleshed, with wide straight back
and deep body, of the same general form and type as the others
in this respect. He is in such condition that he would sell at the
top of any market in the country and if slaughtered would yield
the kind of carcass most sought after by butchers who cater to
the best trade. This breed is noted for its early maturity and its
ability to fatten rapidly at any age. MHerefords are considered by
many cattle men as the best grazers of any of the breeds of beef
cattle and are largely used on the ranges and plains of the West.
The objections to the Hereford are that their fat is not so evenly
distributed, many individuals are especially deficient in the hind
quarters and as they mature they are apt to become rough and
coarse. The cows from some families in the breed are poor milkers.

558 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

As in the other breeds, these deficiencies are largely confined to
individuals and families, hence may easily be eliminated by proper
selection of breeding stock.

The third animal is a typical representative of the Galloway
breed, black and hornless, extremely low set, deep bodied with long
snagsy coat and an abundance of quality. He has not been fed

» long as the Hereford, hence is not in as high condition. This
bed is noted for its ability to withstand severe “climatic conditions
and for the quality of meat produced when slaughtered. They mature
at an early age and the cows are usually good milkers. The
objections which are usually given do not apply to all individuals
or families but are a lack of size, a neivous temperament and a ten-
dency to fatten more slowly than the other breeds. They are es-
pecially adapted to the production of beef in some of the most rugged
sections of the State.

The other animals, the two-year-old red steer, weight 1,600 pounds,
the two roan steers and the white calf are typical representatives
of the Shorthorn, which is more widely distributed than any other
hreed of beef cattle. They represent quite well the same general
type of the Angus, Hereford and Galloway, being low-set, deep-
bodied, thick-fleshed and showing an abundance of quality. The
Shorthorn is the largest of any of the breeds of beef cattle, and
the cows are usually good milkers. The objections to them are that
they do not mature or fatten so easily at an early age, they are apt
to be leggy and are frequently coarse. There is a greater variety
of color and type among Shorthorns than any other breed of cattle,
depending almost entirely upon the local conditions under which
they are produced and the personal fancy of their breeders.

All of these animals represent the type which will be profitable
to produce in those sections of Pennsylvania where the land is not
too valuable to keep in permanent pastures. In the production of
beef, it will be necessary to select one of these breeds, the particular
one being determined by the personal fancy of the bi -eeder, and then
select them in such manner that they will mature and fatten at an
early age and when fattened will produce carcasses which will be
most desirable from the standpoint of both packer and retail dealer.

In the dairy business, we find that a profit can be secured from
a herd made up of cows of indifferent breeding, provided each in-
dividual produces milk or fat at a profit. In the beef business,
however, we do not look to the individual so much as to the entire
lot of cattle for a profit, as they are usually fed and sold in groups
rather than individually, hence all animals should be as nearly as
possible of the same breeding, age, type and condition at all times
in order that one or two inferior animals should not detract from
the value of an entire lot.

The two steers which will be used in the carcass demonstration
are a two-year-old pure-bred roan Shorthorn, weight 1,450 pounds,
bred in Greene county, Pa., and fed at State College, and a scrub of
about the same age purchased in a carload of feeding cattle during
the month of November on the Pittsburg market. On examining
these two steers closely, you will notice that the Shorthorn has a
broad, short head, indicative of the beef type and of the ability to
mature at an early age, while the scrub has a long, coarse, narrow

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 559

head, showing the opposite conditions and at the same time a ten-
dency to be restless and wild, which detracts from his ability to
use feed for the production of fat and flesh. The Shorthorn is
smooth and compact over the shoulders, the neck and shoulders
blending into each other in such manner that it can hardly be told
where one begins and the other leaves off. The Shorthorn is well
filled over the ribs and back, carrying his width from one end to the
other, while the scrub is flat over the rib, drooping in the loin
and heavy in the forequarters as compared with the hindquarters.
The Shorthorn is low in the hind flank and full in the thighs, his
underline is almost parallel with the ground, while the scrub is cut
up in the hind flank, light in the thighs and quarters, all of which
detracts from his selling value. The value of the Shorthorn on the
Pittsburg market at this time is $8.00 per cwt, while the value of
the scrub is $6.00 per cwt. This difference in value is due to the
ability of the breeder of the Shorthorn who has given his life to
the production of cattle of the most desirable type, as well as to
the college which has fed out of him all that was bred in him or a
combination of breeding and feeding. The scrub has been bred by
someone who has paid no attention to market demands in the pro-
duction of his cattle but has followed the course of many farmers in
simply using the most available bull, with no attempt at anything
except possibly to have a “fresh” cow at some particular season.
We have too many people producing “scrub” cattle within the State
who assume that there can be no profit in handling cattle as they
have never secured any, while the trouble is that they have never
attempted to breed cattle for the purpose of producing beef. If it
is necessary to produce this type, the most profitable time to dispose
of them is as prime veal calves weighing 150 to 200 pounds, when
they will sell for as much as when they are 15 months of age in
stocker condition.

On the other hand, those who produce steers of the type of this
Shorthorn—no matter which of the four breeds they come from—
utilize them for marketing the feeds that are grown on the farm
will invariably find that they not only secure a profit from handling
the cattle themselves, but that their farms are continually becoming
more fertile and productive from year to year, which, in the final
analysis, is the chief reason for producing beef in Pennsylvania or
any other state.

ADDRESS

By E. 8. BAYARD, Pittsburg, Pa.

Ladies and Gentlemen: The farmers, breeders, dairymen and fruit
erowers of Pennsylvania are proud to present to the public tb‘s
exhibition of their products. They raised these magnificent fruits,
grains and livestock. They are not ashamed for the world to see

560 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

them. The farmers of Pennsylvania prepared this show, their repre-
sentatives working without pay to bring their agriculture before
the public. They have guarauteed it financially. They want every-
body in the old Keystone State to know more about its greatest in-
dustry, which is agriculture, that far surpasses in amount of money
invested and value of products all the mines and mills of this the
greatest manufacturing state. They want to convince the world
that Pennsylvania has an agricultural industry and that those who
are engaged in it are progressive. They are progressive enough to
determine that the world shall know more about their achievements
in agriculture and more about the opportunities that exist for farmers
right here in these hills and valleys.

In this same exposition hall the people of Pennsylvania have seen
two land shows. There was in them nothing but exploitation of
the lands of the South, the Southwest and the Northwest. It was and
is entirely proper that those sections should advertise their lands
and their opportunities here or anywhere; but it’is not right that
the great agricultural State of Pennsylvania should keep sti!l and
let the other sections do all the shouting, when it has rich soi!, cheap
lands, fine climate for agricultural staples, right alongside the best
markets on the face of the earth for everything that grows out of
the soil.

Look at the five carloads of fruit displayed here, and the map
made of fruits from eyery county in the State. Remember that
this fruit is produced as cheaply here as anywhere else on earth
because Pennsylvania is by nature adapted to the growth and fruit-
ing of trees. Compare its appearance with the fruit raised any-
where. Tse it and see how much better it is than the much-
advertised fruits of the Pacific Coast. Realize that its market is a
few miles away instead of 3,000 miles away. And then tell us if
there is any reason why the thousands of men and the millions of
dollars that have gone from this State into the fruit business of
distant states should not have remained here. There is no reason
why Pennsylvania men and Pennsylvania capital should look be-
yound the borders of their own State to fin the best lands, climate
and markets on earth, no reason except ignorance of these facts.
And it is to overcome this ignorance, to show the world what Penn-
sylvania can do, that this exhibition has been put before you.

Why do our men and our money go to the South, to the West and
the Northwest in the face of such facts as these? The only reason
is that these sections show what they can do and we have been too
modest to show what Pennsylvania can do. They advertise their
agriculture, we keep ours in the shadow of mills and factories. They
proclaim their advantages from the mountain tops, we go to sleep
and forget to tell anybody about ours. They believe in their agri-
cultural opportunities, we fail to realize that we have any. These
things must not continue; and to the end that they do not continue
we present you this magnificent show of Pennsylvania products and
challenge comparison with those of any other section. It is time
Pennsylvania farmers should realize the situation. In the past
two years over a million dollars has gone from western Pennsylvania
alone into farm lands of other sections. This money invested right
here would have added to the value of every acre of land in the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 561

State. If we want our farms to sell for a fair price, if we want to
have a demand for our farm lands that will put and keep their
price up to their actual agricultural value, we must let the world
know what lands we have and what our land will produce. We
must get busy and boost our agriculture as other sections do theirs.
The railroads see this more clearly than we do. ‘They have begun a
campaign of development, not from motives of benevolence, but be-
cause they want to raise more freight. We should begin a cam-
paign of development, not only developing our lands but so adver-
tisiny their worth that more men and money will become interested
in their development. As long as we remain quiescent so long will
the rest of the world regard Pennsylvania as a manufacturing state
only and forget our greatest industry as it has done in the past.
When our farmers realize the possibilities of their situation they will
become more enthusiastic, and enthusiasm means success. Let a
lot of men go into any agricultural section of this State with the
same enthusiasm and determination they would show in developing
a new western country and they will succeed. Why not, with roads,
schools, churches and public buildings ‘already built and not to be
built from taxes on the land and its products? This show is intended
to create such interest and enthusiasm, to teach the lessons of devel-
opment of old instead of new territory.

Many of you, most of you in fact, are consumers of agricultural
products rather than producers of them. You consumers have as
great an interest in this development of Pennsylvania agriculture
as the producers have. All consumers are concerned in the high
cost of foods. And why is the cost so high? Because food prices
here in Pennsylvania include not only payment of the producer,
but payment of freights and transfers part of which might be saved
by greater nearby production. The producer gets about 46 per cent.
of what the consimer pays for food. The other 54 per cent. is in
the cost of getting the food from the producer to the consumer. This
is a tremendous waste which can be partly saved by nearby pro-
duction; but much more of it can be saved if producers and con-
sumers will get together. Here is the place to meet and discuss
this problem, which is becoming more acute all the time. Con-
stmers may find here how to buy to avoid the man of false measure.
They may learn what quality means by studying these exhibits.
They may learn how to buy meats, poultry, dairy products and fruits
from the lectures we have provided to instruct them at every session
of this exposition. Their children, the city children who never saw
a colt or a pig or a lamb, are welcome to come here every morning
in care of their teachers. City and country don’t understand each
other simply because they don’t know each other. Here they may
meet with a common interest and learn more about each other and
the great food problem that only co-operation based on this knowledge
will ever solve.

Study this show. You people of Pittsburg tell us if finer police,
fire or work horses are to be found in any other city than those
in this arena. Look at the magnificent specimen of livestock, all
from Pennsylvania farms. See the fruits and note the counties that
raised them. Look at the dairy products. Study the modern machines
and appliances along these walls. Don’t miss the splendid educa-

36—6—1911

562 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

tional exhibits of Pennsylvania State College, the University of Penn-
sylvania, the Department of Agriculture and our neighboring State of
Ohio’s wool exhibit. There is not a fakir or a swindler or a mounte-
bank in this show. There is not a single foreign land corporation to
delude you into investing in southern sand lots or western wastes.
Hear our lecturers. Attend our meetings. Watch our demonstra-
tions. Then tell us wherein Pennsylvania need be ashamed of any-
thing within these walls. Help us to build up our agriculture, to
let the world know about it, to bring producers and consumers to-
gether for mutual benefit, to spread the glorious gospel of

BOOST PENNSYLVANIA,

which is our slogan this week and every other week in the year. And
now I declare this show open for the upbuilding of our State and
our city and the conservation of our men and our money for that
purpose. May you all enjoy it and profit by it.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 563

ABSTRACT FROM THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE STATE
HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA,
HELD AT PITTSBURG, PA., JANUARY 16-19, 1912.

- OFFICERS FOR 1912

PRESIDENT

(Ge Oreiall® “SINGS Sica pee ctor. sity ReRGROLS Goo pacicr co Glo ONTIGte Olen Sic clea Ramee CIRC aE Harrisburg

NOTA tee re ORES Vie— acanc cor auev< sarahape Nat cdot oh ctomal emote vote) suapeke eles Uiebeh Gris sonar euler e lope tease Catawissa
ee ASS so neta aeamehe so ssen cel cuatoreh a er ott Maen atemettenaten suet aretelie aitve eusrag Sua tani Meshoppen
HE Roya V eee COTM ak Sees Saabs Aah seater RSNA eVaDoo ay otra eats uerreko dete oe lobo louetia lame satlen sbessec grate Aspers
RECORDING SECRETARY
WGMESTS TN MU V SOME )s.c wciecer ei ee terner eee ee ee eet cde aise eeee Cheverahe ooo Floradale
CORRESPONDING SECRETARY
AV Vitra TUN GOT yw, es Chsvc's, cos elaioes, Sead te rorstecaretate fa eae raePacborelens Seat ravsvoreheioue Gis Christiana
TREASURER
Tol ilo Nye AM ovo ea eau Geel naan Grech a coidiocrcad maa co G.o'o GO King of Prussia

COMMERCIAL ORCHARDING IN PENNSYLVANIA AS A
BUSINESS PROPOSITION

By GABRIEL HIESTER, Harrisburg, Pa.

I have always taken an interest in fruit culture. Since boyhood
I have seldom missed an opportunity to attend a meeting on this
subject. Up to within a year or two the discussions at these meet-
ings have been carried on principally by amateurs—from the view-
point of the home garden and home orchard, and were confined en-
tirely to a comparison of varieties—the merits of the latest novelties,
methods of culture and pruning.

We have now reached the commercial stage. Fruit growing has
become a business of vast importance in this country, and in ad-
dition to the important subjects just mentioned, there are others of
a business nature equally important to occupy our attention. It is
my purpose to consider some of these newer questions.

564 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

To read the flashy articles that appear from time to time in some
of our leading magazines, one might easily be led to believe that
this is one of the finest “get rich quick” schemes imaginable. That
any man—eyven though he had been a failure at everything else,
could go out into the country any where and plant an orchard and
the trees would do the rest.

Those of us who have been in the business longest know that it
is not a get 1ich quick scheme by any means. But we do know that
an orchard of the right kind of trees, planted in the right place, by
the right man, is a thoroughly good, safe business proposition, but
it is a business that requires untiring energy, intelligence, pluck and
dogged perseverance. '

The wonderful development during the past 25 years of railroad,
steamship, telegraph and telephone lines has brought the ends of
the earth very close together. The man in Pennsylvania who grows
fruit for the general market today is the active competitor of every
man in the world who grows the same kind of fruit, and must
measure wits with some of the shrewdest, sharpest business men
to be found anywhere. The orchard that is planted in Pennsyl-
vania today will have as its competitor the best located, best cared
for orchards in the world.

Bearing these two facts in mind it behooves us to exercise the
greatest care in starting every new plantation. We want to be as
sure as we can that we are planting the right tree in the right
place.

We are told by very good judges of fruit, men who have trav-
eled over every state in the Union, that we can grow fruit of as
high quality in Pennsylvania as can be grown anywhere. We be-
lieve this to be true. We know, however, by experience, that while
all kinds of peaches, all kinds of pears, all kinds of apples will grow
on any well-drained farm in this valley, only a very few varieties
will reach their highest degree of perfection on any one farm, often
different fields on the same farm produce widely different results.
This fact was brought very forcibly to my mind when an orchard
that I planted about 40 years ago came into bearing and I found
one-third of the trees unprofitable, although I had seen the same
varieties bearing profitable crops in Franklin county.

I proposed to cur State Horticultural Association that we try
to secure an investigation either by the National Government, or the
State Government of the effect of soil and sub-soil upon the various
varieties of fruit. After agitating the question for about 15 years,
Dr. Hunt, Director of our State Experiment Station, secured for us
the services of Mr. H. J. Wilder, of the Bureau of Soils, at Wash-
ington, for one year, to make this investigation. One year was en-
tirely too short a time, but fortunately for us, Mr. Wilder had been
studying this question for 7 or 8 years before he came to us. He
had been observing the growth and production of the leading varie-
ties on different soils on what is known as the Appalachian Chain
of which these mountains are a part, extending from Massachusetts
to North Carolina. He found that over this entire district a certain
kind of soil and sub-soil always exercised the same influence over
a given variety. I understand the result of his work in Pennsyl-

vania is ready for the printer,.so we ought to be able to get it be

=a

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 565

fore very long. While this bulletin will not enable us to make our
selection of varieties with absolute certainty, it will aid us very ma-
terially and I am sure any young man can avoid making as costly
mistakes as I made in my first plantings.

It was a great disappointment to me to have Mr. Wilder taken
from- Pennsylvania just at a time when he could do us so much
good. We had hoped that he might spend another year giving field
demonstrations to our people of soil testing and soil comparison so
that we could use his bulletins understandingly. When he talked to
me about the kind of soil, for instance, that the Baldwin apple de-
lighted in I was convinced that he knew what he was talking about,
but it was not at ajl clear to me that I could identify that soil, but
when he took me to one of my orchards where really good Baldwins
grew, bored down into the soil three feet and took a sample which
he carried to another block where the apples were not nearly so
good, showed me the two samples and by sight and touch explained
the difference I felt that he was giving me something that I could
understand. It is the field work of the expert that counts. It is
the field work, the demonstration work that we need in this State
to put us properly on our feet. It is the personal touch of the dem-
onstrators right out in the orchard that brings results.

So many boxed apples have been shipped into our mar'‘xets dur-
ing the past few years from Oregon and Washington that our people
have been educated up to the point where they demand and expect
absolute perfection and if we expect to meet this demand we either
plant only varieties that are at home in our soil and climate. It is
worse than folly for any one to plant anything else.

Someone has said that the training of a child should begin with
its grandparents, likewise the man who expects to market fancy
fruit must grow fancy fruit, begin by planting the right tree in the
right place—then he must spray the trees to keep the foliage healthy
and the fruit clean; must prune to allow the sun to reach cvery part
of the tree; must thin when too heavily loaded and when harvest
time comes handle like eggs to prevent bruising.

GRADING, PACKING AND SE:LING THE CROP

We have much to learn in Pennsylvania about grading and pack-
ing. We have become so accustomed to sell the run of the tree
in our Iscal markets, having each basket topped out with a few
fine specimer s that we find it very hard to follow the lead of our
progressiy2 western brethern—but we must do it—and it seems to
me the easiest way for us to fall in line wiil be to start as they did,
have the growers in each small fruit district co-operate, that is get
together and decide upon the different grades of fruit that shall go out
from that district and carry their brand into the general market, and
determine to stand or fall on the reputation of tne fruit carrying that
brand. The grading and packing of fruit is an art, it requires time
and patience and a certain amount of intelligence to learn it, hence in
the fruit districts of the west and south we find expert packers often
command very high wages. We sometimes find it difficult to get
the right kind of help at picking time to pick and pack our fruit, but
I think the establishment of fruit centres along our eastern coast,
and the co-operation of the growers at these centres is going to solve

566 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the labor problem very nicely. It is always hard to get one extra
hand just when we need him, but it easy to get 50 or 100. These
large gangs of men and women who make a business of this work—
they start in Florida in mid-winter and work gradually up the coast
as the season advances until late fall finds them in northern New
York, Michigan or Canada. Now it would be impossible for one
man with a ten or twenty-acre orchard to secure the services of such
a gang, but if there are fifteen or twenty orchards in a neighbor-
hood they can easily be divided up among them and the work be
properly and systematically done, then again one small grower could
not induce an expert packer to come to his place for a week to pack
his crop but, a community can give him work for the packing season,
even at the high wages they demand because each one will only need
him for a few days.

It is very important, when introducing our fruit to the general
market, that we place the first lot of fine fruit in the right hands.
Just how this shall be done is a matter that each fruit district will
have to work out for itself, but no fruit should ever be shipped to a
dealer by any one either for himself or for his association until he
has by careful inquiry assured himself that the dealer is responsible
and has established a reputation for fair dealing.

REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE
By JOHN D. HERR, Chairman, Lancasicr, Pa.

The present report is the first to be compiled from the reports
of the county members of this committee who were appointed by
the President of the Association in conformity with the terms of
the new Constitution adopted at the Annual Meeting at Harrisburg
last year. While none but persons intimately connected with the
horticultural interests of their respective counties are serving on
the committee, and their reports are accurate and compleie, it would
add to the value of this paper if a few additional members were
added in each county, especially in the more important fruit grow-
ing sections.

Reports were received by the chairman from sixty-four counties,
ahd these serve as the basis of the present paper. Much credit is
due the local members for their unselfish interest, and the pains-
taking care and fullness with which local fruit conditions are re-
ported. Without this interest on their part no State Report could
as a matter of course be made, and whatever merits this paper may
possess is largely due to this disinterested co-operation.

The general yield of fruit in Pennsylvania in 1911 was above the
average, both in quantity and quality. Of some fruits it was specially
large, winter apples averaging for the entire State 120 per cent. of
an average crop and 150 per cent. of last year’s crop, while fall apples

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 567

average 130 per cent. of the average and of last year’s crop. This
is considerably above the average for the United States. Pears were
a normal crop, but averaged 135 per cent. of last year’s yield, which
was a short one.

The most conspicuous falling off in the yield of any class of fruit
was that of the peach, of which the average of all counties is 70 per
cent. of a normal crop and 50 per cent. of last year’s crop. Please
note that I give this as the average of all counties. This estimate
is higher than is justifiable because of the fact that some relatively
vhimportant peach growing counties report good yields, while other
and greater peach sections have had but one-third of a crop or less.
It is my personal opinion that the peach crop of 1911 was not much
above one-half that of the previous year. The quality of peaches was,
however, unusually fine.

Plums drop, also, slightly below the normal yield, being 75 per
cent. of an average crop and 85 per cent. of last year, while cherries
bore 95 per cent. of an average and 120 per cent. of last year’s crop.
Strawberries, raspberries and blackberries yielded 75 per cent. of
last year’s crop, which was slightly above an average for these fruits.
The yield of tomatoes, cabbage and beans was below the normal,
while potatoes were a short crop in most sections of the State, and
with many indeed almost a complete failure.

The prices received by the grower for fall apples averaged 57
cents per bushel. This price does not do full justice to the possi-
bilities of the market for this fruit. This is shown by the statement
of some fall apples sold in some markets as high as $2.00; others
sold at 20 cents per bushel. The prices received for fall apples
is largely a matter of growing sound fruit, packing in attractive
form, and facilities for marketing.

There is, without doubt, a good market for fall apples in the cities
and towns of all parts of the State which has just been begun to
be supplied.

The prices paid for winter apples as reported averages $2.10 per -
barrel for all varieties, and the prices in the commercial sections
ranged about this point. Such fruit as has been packed in bushel
boxes from $1.50 to 42.50 per box, while bulk apples sold as low as
40 cents per bushel. Evaporators and canners paid 25 cents per
hundredweight for drops and culls. The price of pears averaged
95 cents per bushel, but should be $1.00 as this includes that paid for
Kieffers, which is given as 20 cents per bushel in bulk.

This season was the successful peach growers great opportunity,
and he who was lucky or foresighted enough to have a crop reaped
a golden harvest. The price for all grades of peaches averaged $1.50
per basket. True, the quality was high as a rule, and the fruit
was worth the money. This was due to the lighter yield resulting
in larger sized and more perfect fruits.

Plums were little cheaper, selling at a premium price of $1.25
per basket, while cherries brought 8 cents per quart box and $2,50
per crate. These figures include the sour varieties. The sweet cher-
ries brought more money.

There are not a great many bearing quince trees in this State, and
this may aceount for the fact that prices of these fruits is quoted
at the per dozen rates, which is 25 to 40 cents. This is now the

568 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

price of eggs, and more than is usually received for boxed apples,
and inasmuch as there is a steady demand for this fruit, and trees of
the quince come into bearing early, the quince growing industry is
heartily commended to the consideration of fruit growers who are
willing to combat the conditions producing twig blight, which is the
greatest enemy of the quince tree just now.

Grapes sold at 5 cents per pound, 80 cents per crate, and $24.00
per ton, in the northwestern Pennsylvania grape region. The price
per ton for grapes is less than that paid for cabbage in some sections,
although the consumer. paid at the 5-cent per pound rate or $100.00
per ton. Who gets the $76.00 per ton profit?

The general price for strawberries was 10 cents per quart box,
and $2.75 per crate. The same price ruled in the case of raspberries
and currants, while blackberries sold one cent lower. Potatoes aver-
aged for all sections 98 cents, and tomatoes 73 cents per bushel.

If the fact be conceded that the measure of the development of
the apple growing industry in any section is determined by the
amount of faney boxed apples put upon the market then Pennsyl-
vania has much room for improvement in completing the marketing
end of the business. I do not, however, regard this as a fair cri-
terion of judgment in all cases. The great bulk of apples will prob-
ably during all time be packed in barrels for the use of the millions.
There is, however, an ever increasing demand for fancy boxed ap-
ples, and this local demand should be supplied by the growers of
our own State instead of importing from outside. This is not yet
done, judging from the statement that but 1} per cent. of the salable
crop of apples is packed in boexs. There is, however, an awakening
of our people to the possibilities of this package, and from present
indications Pennsylvania boxed apples will surely be heard from in
the future.

Only 25 per cent. of our apples are packed in barrels. This appears
low, but is accounted for by the fact that our numerous local markets
offer exceptional advantages to selling apples in bulk during a large
part of the season. Bulk apples, therefore, total 50 per cent. of the
entire crop.

One statement I am obliged to record, and I do so with shame
for my native State, and that is the fact that 40 per cent. of the
entire crop of apples grown in this State are culls. Thus 2-5 of the
entire crop is made unprofitable by neglect, and since the growing
of culls in any large proportion is entirely avoidable there is no
excuse for such conditions. Culls can be avoided by spraying and
thinning of the fruits. Such culls as are grown should not be offered
on the market filthy with the ejects of worms, and covered with
unsightly fungous diseases to disgust the consumer and pauperize
the producer.

The planting of apple trees is increasing in 40 counties of this
State. This increased planting has been going on for several years,
and with a corresponding interest in the care of trees and marketing
the crop will result in making Pennsylvania the leading apple grow-
state in the Union. There are now estimated to be over 33,000,000
apple trees growing in this State.

Planting of peach trees is increasing in 45 counties. In consider-
eration of the fact that the high and northern tier of counties are
pot peach growing territory the counties reporting increased plant-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 569

ing comprises all the area of the State where peaches can be grown
successfully. Over production is feared by some, and possibly with a
fair degree of reason, but if quality rather than quantity is kept in
mind by the grower, and high grade fruit only is offered on our
markets overproduction is not so near at hand as perhaps is over-
planting. No one is now planting dwarf apples, even as fillers, ex-
cept probably the city planter and the experimentalist. Dwarf pears
are freely planted as fillers.

Other horticultural operation mentioned by correspondents are
the growing and evaporation of sweet or sugar corn and strawberry
culture. One of the most notable and successful of these newer in-
dustries is that of celery culture in Tioga county. Here hundreds
of acres of richest valley soils are planted to this crop, amounting
to many thousands of dollars in value annually. Chestnut culture
is reported from three counties, but while this industry formerly
cffered means by which otherwise barren mountain land could be
turned to the production of valuable crops the presence of the Chest-
nut Blight among us is calculated to put at least a temporary check
upon chestnut planting.

The price of horticultural land in the State has increased during
the last few years in 30 counties and averages 25 per cent. There
has also, been a general increase in the value of all farm lands.

All commercial orchards worthy the name are now sprayed. Twenty-
three per cent. of all orchards are sprayed at least once during
the year. The remainder will be sprayed or else soon go out of ex-
istence as producing orchards. The above percentage refers to or-
chards and not to trees. There is no doubt that over 50 per cent. of
the total number of fruit trees within the State are now treated by
spraying.

Some system of culture is practiced in 15 per cent. of all orchards.
while 16 per cent. are properly pruned. Cultivation of peach orchards
is a necessity to full success, and is practiced by nearly all commercial
growers. More instruction is needed in pruning, cultivation and
fertilization.

The most damaging pests in 31 counties is the San José scale,
and in 25 counties the Codling moth. There is no doubt that these
two insects, the one attacking the tree and the other the fruits, will
continue our most important pests for some time to come. They are
responsible for the destruction of hundreds of thousands of dollars
of property in this State annually. The comparative ease with which
they can be controlled by well-known methods seems to be recog-
nized by nearly all, as they are seldom mentioned as difficult of con-
trol. Lime-sulfur for the scale and arsenate of lead for the Codling
moth are the reliable remedies.

Other pests mentioned are Oyster-shell scale in 12 counties, while
but 5 give any importance to the Curculio. I believe the latter re-
sponsible for much damage even to apple, and the arsenical spray be-
fore the blossoms open to supplement the regular Codling moth
treatment should not be overlooked in spraying for the Curculio where
its presence is indicated in the apple orchards.

Borers are mentioned in 6 reports as the most damaging pests
and difficult to control. When they once have entered the trunks

570 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ~ Off. Doe.

of the trees the only course is the knife or carbon bisulphide. Pre
ventive applications are useful, and deserve more general use every-
where,

Pear or Twig Blight has been exceptionally prevalent and destrue-
tive on pear and quince. It is questionable whether much damage
will be done to apple on the limbs, as it has a tendency to self limita-
tioh oli apple twigs. Collar Blight, however, which is said to be
caused by the bacillus of Pear Blight is one of the most serious diseases
of the apple orchards in some sections of the State.

Leaf Blister Mite is spreading through the orchards of the north-
ern half of the State. It is easily controlled by the lime-sulphur
treatment given for San José scale and Oyster- shell scale. Canker
Worms do much damage in the western half of the State. For these
Spray with arsenicals early as the caterpillars are seen feeding, and
before the trees are defoliated.

Seed Chaleis and Railroad Worm are more numerous than for-
merly, and these pests because of their habits of feeding inside the
fruits are a real menace to the apple industry. No other means of
controlling these insects is known to science than the destruction
of the infested fruits while the pests are inside them. Unless this be
done by the grower recourse must be had to legislation on the sub-
ject, and a strict enforcement of the same over the entire infested
areas.

One correspondent mentions ignorance as the most menacing
pest of fruit growing in Pennsylvania, and with probably some sign
of reason. This is an enemy we are constantly fighting, and there
is no let-up in our battle against ignorance, especially at the ses-
sions of the Horticultural meetings “such as the present. Like the
poor, however, we shall always have the ignorant with us, but not as
fruit growers. Competition with the well- informed will automatically
drive the ignorant fruit grower out of business. Another mentions
the “humbug” as the worst enemy the fruit grower has to deal
with. The crop of humbugs is, unfortunately, perennial. The hum-
bug goes about often in the garb of an angel of light, like another
well-known personage seeking whom he may devour. We can not
spray for the humbug eas true, but since it is known that he thrives
on ignorance and eupidity by withholding his natural food he starves
to death and disappears.

Taking conditions as a whole the Pennsylvania horticulturist has
much to encourage him. We have within our borders the finest
fruit soil in the world. We can grow all the fruits indigenous to
our climate right here at home. Killing spring frosts are very un-
usual, and on proper sites entirely unknown. The markets at our
very doors are unsurpassed by any anywhere. Our people in the
cities are employed as skilled labor earning high wages, which makes
them good customers. We have no serious pests not now under con-
trol. The markets afford fair prices. Care of trees, co-operative
selling of fruit, and buying of supplies is being undertaken. All
signs point to the time when Pennsylvania, great in so many indus-
tries will be the greatest tpuit growing State in the Union,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 571

SOME MISTAKES IN FRUIT GROWING

By C. E. BASSETT, Fennville, Michigan.

I wish to speak of some of our common mistakes. It is our ordi-
nary practice to boast of our successes and not to say anything about
our defeats.

But some defeats are better than some successes, especially if we
courageously meet defeat and are not discouraged. It is then we
learn a valuable lesson. Real failure consists in failing to rise up
after we have been knocked down.

We must start with the idea that we are bound to have defeats,
but those who overcome them gain the reward.

We are falling into a bad practice in the way we secure our
nursery stock. The old practice was to purchase trees in the fall and
have them heeled in, but the large nurserymen found it a difficult
matter to make a fall delivery and so they followed a new process,
erected large frost-proof cellars and stacked the nursery stock up in
them like so much hay, none of the trees being heeled in.

In consequence of this abuse we have had a great deal of failure
in getting a stand, especially of peach trees.

It is unnatural and wrong to have trees stored like that, and
we do not care for cellar-stored trees, but insist on fall delivery for
two reasons. First, we get the pick of the stock; second, we can take
good care of the trees, trimming the broken roots off when we heel
them in and then they are ready to be set out the first thing in the
spring.

Cellar-stored trees are lacking in vitality and in some cases are
absolutely dead.

Our greatest fault in Michigan horticulture is that everywhere
we have “skinned” the land. We must build up our land and make
it richer. We have drawn our cheques upon the soil fertility, and
have now little or nothing in the bank, and thus trees already weak-
ened by cellar wintering are also placed in an unfavorable soil.

Many of us are not adapted to fruit growing at all. Many re-
tired business and professional men are coming from the city.
These men often make mistakes in their way of handling their or-
chards, but they can often teach us that we need better business
methods on our farms.

It is a great tribute to the occupation that it can yield some re-
turn without any business method in selling. As a rule we have no
say in the price at which we sell, or at which we buy.

We need in our horticultural and agricultural processes better
business methods. We need the system of co-operation which is cor-
recting some of our mistakes.

We are attempting to pass an act in Congress to meet the faults
in marketing our fruits. We are doing this partly in consequence of
the Canadian “Fruit Marks Act,” which has increased their output
and decreased ours,

39

572 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

In pruning, I believe we are still not restricting the plants suf-
ficiently. Feeding, restriction and protection are the thiee things
necessary to successful horticulture; and we will meet with greater
success when we adopt the same principles as the dairy men do, of
feeding heavily at the right time.

3ut “restriction” is also necessary. The reason why the Bald-
win does not bear every vear is that it sets a large amount of fruit
and men allow their orchards to overload, and then ask the trees to
do more than they can.

Often such orchards bloom freely but set no fruit, from exhaus-
tion at blossoming time and want of sufficient plant food. Over-
leading and under-feeding produces short lived irees.

The principle I want to found my pruning on is to keep close
to nature. When you go contrary to that you are going wrong and
will be punished for it. ‘

Many want to bring their trees into bearing as quickly as they
can, but you take a small boy and build his constitution well and de-
velop his brain well; and the time will come when he will have a
strong body and brain and will be equipped so that he can earn
large wages.

Apply this principle to trees, for they are like babies, and it is
probably better to build up a strong healthy top before asking them
to do their best work.

Good pruning of trees—especially apple trees—from the start,
is not a mistake. Nip the buds off that you don’t want and throw the
energy into those you do.

Feeding is our prime need, then restriction by pruning, continued
by thinning.

There are two periods of exhaustion. The blossoming time and
the time of seed production, and the less you can have of both the
better.

The more blossoms the greater the strain and the more fruit the
ereater the strain. The excess of fruit must be picked off before the
seed is formed.

Many of our growers are becoming wedded to thinning apples,
because they find that it pays excellently. Apples in clusters can
hardly be kept free of Codling moth.

Trees are sometime picked where there are no imperfect apples.
I know of a grower in Michigan who picked 25 barrels from two
Hubbardston trees; 21 of these were No. 1, two were high grade No.
2 and there were only three poor apples.

These trees gave a return of 12 times what the thinning cost and
the man has gained a state-wide reputation.

Our mistakes are based largely on want of feeding, of restriction
(pruning and thinning) and of protection (spraying, ete.) These
cover the whole process of fruit growing up to the time of picking
and packing. F

Tree roots should be pruned before heeling in, and the bruised
roots cut off smooth with a good sharp knife. This forms a callous
and starts the feeding roots of the new system.

I do not care for fall planting, we lose too many trees. It is
better to heel them in at an angle and protect them. Trees heeled in
an upright position do not come through the winter well. Ridging
or banking high will help.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 573

The best time to get a tree is straight from the nursery in the
spring, but the nurserymen cannot handle trees on this plan in very
large quantities. Fumigation has made a great difference in the way
trees are exposed.

Some good growers think that fall is the best time to plant trees.
You only require to ridge them up a little and they will do better than
in spring, they think.

Among other common mistakes is the failure to select a well-
drained, elevated site for the trees. Instead of increasing our acres
of fruit, we might better increase our attention to what we now have.
Quality pays better than quantity.

Most of our growers seem to spend more time and strength in
settling the exact time to prune than they do in performing the work,
with the result that trees get away from them and they end up in the
“forestry” business.

In our spraying operations we lack knowledge of what we are
trying to do and so make most terrible mistakes. In fact, a little
more time spent in study and the development of our reasoning
powers will pay larger dividends than devoting all our time to man-
ual labor.

Just now we are being told that the trouble with our marketing
methods of the apple crop is that we do not make use of the box in
place of the barrel. But will you tell me why the barrel is unpopular
and the box is sought for in our markets? Js it not because the con-
tents of the barrel is, as a rule, bum poor “crap,” while the boxes
are honestly packed with good dependable fruit? That is the situ-
ation and when we put good fruit in any package and the purchasing
public find it out, there will be more call for our products.

The fruit grower who imagines that he can fool “all of the people
all of the time” is making the biggest mistake of all. Fair dealing
not only gives a clear conscience and establishes self-respect, but
it builds up the biggest bank account.

THE FRUIT FARM AS AN INVESTMENT
By FRANCIS N. THORPH, North East, Pa.

An investment is valued by its returns. Large returns depend
upon favorable conditions—large demand, limited supply, skilled
labor, economical adminstration, in brief, the relation of cost of pro-
duction to gross income.

A fruit farm considered strictly as an investment must be meas-
ured by the tests commonly applied to any legitimate investment
plus conditions essential to the particular business of horticultrre.
It is largely the horticultural conditions which must be considered
Limiting ourselves strictly to particular fruiis, we must first consider
local situation, that is, we must select the locality adapted to the par-

574 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ticular fruit: apples, cherries, grapes, peaches, prunes, plums, ber-
ries, etc. The first condition for profitable fiuit farming is location,
and this is determined by climate. Soil is a less import ant factor than
climate. Given the 1 ‘ight climate, for grapes, cherries, peaches, ete.,
soil can, practically, be made. Soil consists of plant environment,
which means available food, moisture, heat, humus. Chemical pro-

cesses in the soil contributory to plant life depend upon climate, that

is, temperature, moisture, disturbance of the soil (cultivation) and
the actual presence of the plant root. The process of plant life is the
fundamental problems in horticulture. Hence the inealeulable im-
portance and practical value of our Agricultural Colleges, Experi-
ment Stations, Departments of Agriculture, the results of whose at-

tempts to solve the great food problem are in part made available by

institutions, from time to time in various fruit localities. The time
has passed for horticulture by “rule of thum).”

The location of the fruit farm within the climatic belt adapted
to the particular fruit under consideration is determined, as an in-
vestment, by practical tests. As a rule that fruit farm is best worth
having which is salable at a good price at any time. It is well to
own land which any body interested in profitable horticulture would
like to own. This rule includes both new and old farms. New lands
are ever “coming into the market” and an investor must be guided
by the market value. The tests here are obvious: location as to mar-
ket; as to ordinary accessibility by good roads; as to local conveni-
ences, school, church, post-office, shops, stores, physicians, ete., in
considering which matters, telephone equipment is a factor. A farm
near town, village or city, freight station, freight-siding, a farm on
a good road, or roads, over which produce may be hauled at mini-
mum cost is always salable. It is the farm, not the farm buildings
which gives value. The old say ing, “he that has two roofs has one
that leaks” hints at economy in building. A farm sells as pro-
ductive land, not as an aggregate of buildings. A stock farm in the
fruit belt is changed to a fruit farm, but the barns, sheds, etc., es-
sential to stock-raising are quite useless on a fruit farm. So Cato,
in his classic treatise on farming advises building in middle life,
meaning that by this time the farmer knows best what he needs.

Market location is not a local question in a narrow sense. ‘Much
fruit, many buyers” is the ruling principle. The Lake Erie and
Chautauqua fruit belt is thronged by buyers through the season.
In the city business of a kind by business necessity (laws of profit
and loss) locates in a section and there prospers best. So the banks,
and wholesale houses, the insurance offices, the commission houses
are in little settlements and there remain, the aggregate settlement
perhaps moving at long intervals as the city grows. An isolated
fruit farm is not easily made profitable unless its size is sufficient to
dominate the market. Indeed the usual aggregate of fruit farms
is practically, as a world-market, one vast fruit farm. In selecting
a fruit farm the investor must like other investors seek to do busi-
ness where business is done. And now arises the problem of at-
tempting to raise fruit productively in new regions. Climate, soil
are highly favorable but the locality is isolated. This means that
one or two generations of farmers must wait for marked facilities.
It is a question whether a man cares to be either of these waiting
generations. That he must decide,

——T a eee

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 575

But there are fruit farms and fruit farms, just as there are fac:
tories and factories. The land itself must lie right for fruit. A
northern exposure, to insure protection against early, premature
start of leaf and bud; drainage, or at least the opportunity for it,
to secure against drowning and fieezing of roots (as climate may
determine) ; and such a lay of the land as permits economical eulti-
vation, level surfaces, moderate grade, tillable soil under modern
methods and tools, these are essentials to be considered. It is the
rough, poor rebellious soil that cuts down the profits. A farmer is
prone to value his land by his best acres, when in truth it is his
poorest acres that fix his income. That is the best fruit farm whose
poorest land is the most productive. He is the best farmer who
takes best care of his poorest land. And it is a question of land,
this matter of “The Fruit Farm as an Investment.” Soils may be
brought back to fertility by proper feeding, and the first question
the investor in a fruit farm must ask is ‘What is the soil feed-bill?”
This question is largely a question of the lay of the land. Land that
washes is most expensive; hollows and pockets become too rich
for fruit though productive of plant growth. A fruit grower is not
raising shade trees.

And by no means least to be considered, in selecting a fruit farm,
is outlook, neighborhood, scenery, weather conditions, adaptability
of the land to practical “fruitscape” results. A well planned, well
laid out, well kept fruit farm, well located is always marketable.
The widow can always sell to advantage; the heirs (small children)
inheriting a valuable farm are precisely in the position of heirs
inheriting a valuable factory. Selecting a fruit farm is like selecting
a father and mother to be born from; one may as well select a
good one.

But every investment if Seas means ceaseless care, economi-
cal management, sound administration. This is a question ‘of brains.
No fruit “farm will run itself, except into the sheriff’s hands. No
fruit farm is every quite up to the standard its masterful owner
has set. Each year has accidents, failures, storms, sleet, hail, frosts,
blight, pests, this row of grapes, that section of the cherry orchard
killed by lightning; a horse dies; some of the help fail, fertilizers
fail to fertilize ; tools break down; markets are fickle; fashion for
fruits can change, and there are days of sickness and bad weather.
But seed time and harvest have their round and the large conditions
of horticultural success are matters of experience. The whole prob-
lem is one of administration. And here are the “Don’ts” and the
“Do’s” which experience is ever ringing in our ears:

Feed your land, says Franklin (he said “Keep your shop”) and
your land will feed you.

Crop your land and you lose your crop.

A hard soil means a lean purse.

Humus in the land is money in the bank.

Labor is capital, Use labor well and your gene) grows.

A weak plant is a perpetual loss.

Standard varieties fill the basket.

Let Governments and State Colleges experiment,—unless you are
a millionaire.

Rule of thumb is the rule for losing.

The best farmer makes the best book on farming.

576 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

It is the pennies that count, not the dollars in discarded tools.

There are times not to do things.

Trim the plant when it is at rest; its work is to bear fruit.

Much trimming means quality of fruit.

Setter trim with a pen-knife than an ax.

Don’t wound the tree or the vine, no man can at the same time lie
in hospital and do active service.

The most profitable labor is profiting by its labor.

The eye makes the package and the package makes the market.

Look out for the lean spots on the farm; one lean spot eats up seven
fertile spots.

The land likes a mixed diet, but it must be fed.

The best market comes to the best farm.

The man who knows all about fruit raising has not yet been born.

Handsome fruit brings handsome profits.

Stones and culls in your package sell the other man’s fruit.

The quality of your fruit reflects your own. The quality shows the
willingness of the land.

Don’t expect more from your fruit farm than you put into it.

Results —Responding to care, a fruit farm located on the South
Shore of Lake Erie, Erie County, Pa., shows:

Gross Returns.—$125 per acre, grapes; $400 per acre raspberries ;
$550 acre cherries (sour); #700 per acre goose berries; $600 per
acre prunes; $350 per acre peaches. This means land at $1,500 to
$12,000 per acre.

CONVERTING A RUN-DOWN FARM INTO A PAYING ORCHARD
AND MARKET GARDEN

By HORACE ROBERTS, Orchardist and Gardener, Moorestown, N. J.

Members of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society: Two weeks
ago it was my privilge to attend the session of the New York Fruit
Growers’ Association, and after attending that meeting and
hearing the New Yorkers speak of their own apples and their own
barrels, I would be very doubtful about buying a New York barrel
of apples without seeing the middle of the barrel. What do I find
in a Pennsylvania program? I find on top, a law professor, Dr.
Thorpe. In the bottom one of the best known investigators in the
United States, Prof. Stewart, and in the middle of the barrel, a plain
New Jersey farmer, not even a specialist. I realize I am the middle
of the barrel, and Mr. President, as soon as it gets tiresome, cut
me off and make room for Professor Stewart.

I will begin by telling you how I started taking up old farms then
tell you what the farms have done for me and after that tell you of
our system of management.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 577

At 21 1 rented the old homestead. I wanted to plant it in fruit
at once but my father was older and wiser than I and quickly told
me that to plant our cultivated land in orchard would for the time
being cut my revenue off and that if I wanted land for fruit I must
clear off more woodland. It was good advice to the boy but a death-
blow to the timber. Where we cleared in the winter we would plant
apples and peaches in the spring and then raise watermelons the
first year between the trees. The n®xt year we would plant sweet
potatoes on that same ground and have a fresh tract cleared for
young trees and watermelons. On virgin soil like that one crop of
watermelons or sweet potatoes either is worth more than 50 years’
growth of timber. Peach trees bear early and soon began to in-
crease the income from the farm very much so that I had a little
ready money. I then tried to buy the old farm but fafher said no. It
was too big a thing, more than I would ever be able to pay for. No
one member of his family need ever hope to own it all. As I could
not buy the one I lived on, I bought an old neglected fruit farm,
7 miles from ].cme, and farmed it in addition to my home farm. The
year before I got it the fruit from that farm had averaged 10 cents
a basket and the total revenue for the year had been $1,200. The
first year as a result of trimming, spraying and fertilizing our apples
on the new farm averaged 20 cents a basket and the farm sales were
$1,900. The next year in spite of a severe hail storm our apples
averaged 28 cents a basket—and the farm sales were about $3,000.
‘he fourth year our apples averaged 40 cents a basket and the farm
sales were over $6,000. All this time, the farm I lived on was also
doing a little better each year so that I once more had some free
money. By this time father had forgotten that no one of his sons
could ever pay for the whole of the home farm and he sold it all to me.
After making a settlement for the home farm (largely paper) I still
had a little money left and I bought another right away. I engaged
an old Irishman as foreman. I felt I could trust that Irishman to
raise potatoes for me better than anything else. So we planted a
ereat part of it in potatoes while we were getting it ready for fruiv. .
We had a great ciop of potatoes. The sales of the farm the first year
were $4,100, the third year were $5,100 and last year the twelfth
they were about $10,000 clear of commission. The other farms I
have tackled have given me similar results.

How do we do it, simply by practicing intensive culture in an
extensive way, by fertilizing, liming, draining and getting humus or
life in the soil. We have taken all kinds of land, gravel, sand, clay
and their combinations and we have found none that we have not
been able to double the productive value of in 5 years or less. It
has been our custom to take farms that were out of condition, whose
reputation was poor and that other people did not want and after
getting them develop them quickly in whatever direction we think
them best adapted for. If it is wet we drain it. If it is too heavy
and stiff, with lime, draining and cover crops we can soon make it
more mellow. If it is too high and loose and inclines to blow away
in the spring, by using lime and deeper plowing and keeping the
land covered with something it soon gets the habit of lying still.

We believe in keeping the land busy. If you talk to a corn ex-
pert you will find he lays great stress upon early plowing and thor-

37—6—1911

578 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

oughly working up the land several times before the corn is planted.
We do this by putting a crop like peas, beans or onions that need
lots of tillage ahead of the corn. In this way we get more corn
than if we had not done the early farming, the first crop is extra.
The same system is true of all such crops as tomatoes, melons and
cabbages., ‘Chen after all these crops we use cover crops, to protect
the soil during the winter and have it in the best condition in
the spring. We try to be land builders not land robbers. Nor are
we speculators nor boomers. We buy the farms low, they build
themselves up and are revenue producers and we do not have to sell
them, nor do we want to.

We find in most cases our New Jersey soil especially lacks lime.
Nothing is so cheap as lime. We have long known the good results
of lime on heavy land but the good effects of carbonate of lime on
light land still astonishes us.

Now as to our method of farm management. It has been my
custom when I get a farm to engage an ordinary farm hand as fore-
man by choice a man raised in my own neighborhood. I sort of take
him as a partner and we run that farm together.

I pay him by the month, and he has charge of the men on that
farm. In twenty years I have never had the first reason to suspect
one of my foremen of dishonesty. When you see one of those men,
you see a man who really feels he is doing it all. Why, they are
so good and true to me, I don’t know. I have very seldom had to
change foremen; once or twice, but most of my farms have the
original foremen on them; the man who started them is there yet.
We get along nicely together. They always seem glad to see me
come, and I am sure I am always glad to see them. Instead of be-
ing a worriment and a care, it is a pleasure to run these farms. A
good many in this audience have come out there on the farm and
tried to cheer me up a little, and I always enjoy having them.

On of the main things for a farmer is the sympathy of his own
household. Now, let me tell you. The very first time I called on
my wife—she had been a farmer’s daughter and her father had
moved into town—I asked her which she liked best. Your life or
farm life? She told me farm life. Now, wasn’t that encouraging?
(Laughter.) That little woman would still tell you she likes farm
life best. She generally goes around with me to these farms and
is just as much interested as I am. My older boys are as enthus-
iastic as any farmers you ever saw. The oldest one is at Cornell
studying agriculture. The next two will be somewhere studying
agriculture next year. They are more enthusiastic than their father,
and when they come back we will do still better. I have got a
little red-headed boy at home so high. He wishes he could hurry
up and grow big and learn how to farm.

My business has been developing these old farms. Instead of
buying the high-priced land, I have bought them because they are
cheap. I can see the possibilities in them. It is not what they are.
It is what you can make them. You can do it out of the farm and
do it at a profit, but times are changing. We have been doing this
for twenty years. My neighbors are doing it and a lot of other
things have come. First, stone roads, then rural delivery, then the
telephone, so each farmer could get in touch with his commission
man and know what stuff he gathered the day before sold for.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 579

They do business on a better business basis. Times have changed.
You have to find a man out of his head almost to have a farm
change hands in our neighborhood. Farmers are prosperous. They
have automobiles; they have steam-heated houses, and live as well
as anybody. Sentiment is all right, but sentiment won’t hold boys
on the farm. But let me tell you, if you make your boys think that
a farmer can make more money, have more fun, lay by a better
competence for old age than any other line, you will put those boys
in a state of mind that you cannot drive them off the farm with a
club. You may think that is not true, but it is, and if you want
to talk to real enthusiastic farmers, talk to my boys.

I don’t care what kind of soil you have, you have to learn what
it is good for, and then apply scientific business principles; we have
great faith in the producing value of land and we are only beginning
to appreciate our calling.

ESSENTIALS OF SPRAYING

By C. E. BASSETT, Fennville, Mich.

Spraying is of really modern origin, and its use has only been
general practically during the time I have been interested in fruit
growing. The matter of spraying is practically a fixed proposition.
It is something I don’t believe we are ever going to get along with-
out. I believe it is something we are going to improve upon, and
1 believe, in a general way, that while spraying is a most expensive
operation, it has paid us, outside of the known foes it has com-
bated, in the improved condition of trees and vines and plants. I
was rather startled this morning by the statement of Prof. Stewart.
I think it was that he feared that spraying was of detrimental in-
fluence, had a bad effect. It is possible the chemist may analyze the
work and state it has some injurious effect, but at any rate, we know
in the cleaning up of our trees, as a result of spraying for San José
scale, with lime and sulphur, we have certainly rid the trees of a
condition or conditions that were quite disastrous. It is not possible,
I believe, for scientists to tell us absolutely what we have destroyed.
I try to get to the Department of Agriculture at Washington at
least once a year and look over things there, to keep in touch with
the improved methods of spraying, and so on, and I have often had it
emphasized and brought close to my mind, that although scientists
understand a great deal, the knowledge we have yet to gain is many,
many times that we have already secured; that really science is an
experimental state, and there are many lower forms of plant life
which we classify as fungi, that we don’t know and in cleaning up
our trees with lime and sulphur as we have done for the scale, we
have also destroyed certain conditions and have improved the general
health of our trees by the application of these chemical sprays.

The success of spraying depends upon three things,—the use of
the proper mixtures or the proper chemicals, at the proper time and
in the proper way, and just what those proper things are is a
difficult matter, perhaps, to absolutely say, but there is one thing
that you and I must know first of all. I wish I could talk to some

580 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of the people in the back forties, who are not here. I am talking
to men who don’t need this talk. I am going to start by saying
that nine-tenths of the failures we find in spraying operations are
due, first of all, to a lack of knowledge of what we are trying to do;
what are the foes we are combating? A prominent man in my
county, who had been a fruit grower more years than I am old, took
up this matter of spraying, and talked it over with me, and with his
friends and neighbors, and we in a general way tried to advise him.
He bought a good outfit, and went after those particular pests that
he had trouble with. He was trying to raise sweet cherries. He
came to me with blood in his eye, for he was a quick-tempered man,
and condemned the whole proposition, saying it was all tommy-rot,
all foolishness. I asked him what the matter was. Shoving a
branch under my nose, he said, ‘Well, look at that.” I looked at it
and recognized it as a case of cherry aphis—a little aphis, which
you know attacks the foliage and causes it to curl up, and in that
cluster of leaves the aphis does its work. He was condemning spray-
ing because he applied the remedy which he said in this case was
Bordeaux mixture and poison. As a matter of fact, Bordeaux mix-
ture is a wonderful thing to destroy fungi, but is absolutely harm-
less as an application on such insect life; and even the poison
wouldn’t affect the aphis. We don’t poison San José scale because
the louse doesn’t chew and swallow. We have to spray that with
a spray that kills by contact, because, it is a different sort of creature.
It is an insect which sucks, so we have to remember, among insects
we have two classes of remedies, because we have two classes of
insects. I am talking in the’presence of men who are entomologists.
The point I want to make is, that we must have a knowledge of the
foes we are combating. That is the first knowledge we must have.
This man tried with Bordeaux mixture to destroy a sucking insect
—it wasn’t the proper application.

The proper application at the proper time and in the proper
manner. The proper time, my friends, is a stumbling block. It is
easy enough to tell men when to spray to destroy San José scale.
We can make almost a cast iron rule for that. We spray in the
dormant period, and as far as the application, I don’t think Pennsyl-
vania and Michigan will disagree, because I think you have been
brought up to use lime and sulphur, and while I don’t wish to say
oils and other remedies may not be equally as good, I still say from
the experience we have had in Michigan, that lime and sulphur is a
good friend, and a friend that should not be cast aside at present.

Now, further, from that, the proper time, there are certain things
we spray for, when it is most difficult to tell the proper time, and
especially in apple growing, in our section, is the exact time for
spraying to catch the first brood of the codling moth. We have
had in our section the advantage of having the United States De-
partment of Agriculture man doing that laboratory work there fer
several years. “Prof. Waite did his work there on the little peach,
and Scott. Quaintance, Hammer and Hawkins, those men have all
done grand work in our locality, and they have been of an immense
amount of good to us. For instance, let me touch upon this ques-
tion of spraying for the first brood of the codling moth. We know
we want to spray the apple before the blossoms open, then after the
calyx drops, but the exact time depends on samething else, that is,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 581

the time of the birth of this codling moth and the time of its action.
Irn our section—we are located the same as your section at North
Fast, and we are influenced by exactly the same weather conditions
that Dr. Thorpe touched on this morning,—the matter of the lake
being our protection, our cold storage and our supply of heat. Now,
back from the lake six miles, where I am located, we have a differ-
ent time of blossoming than they do right at the lake, more than you
would imagine; sometimes fully a week’s difference between the
blossoming, and even the harvesting of some of our early fruit,
like the strawberry. It stands to reason you have studied the his-
tory of the codling moth, the time of its appearance and disastrous
work, would differ as regards locality and climatic conditions. This
year we had an altogether longer period of blossoming than we have
had in former years, and still it didn’t correspond to the appearance
of the codling moth. We naturally expect a forward season means a
forward appearance of the codling moth, and I wonder, Prof. Sur-
face, if you have noticed anything similar in Pennsylvania.

PROF. SURFACE: I consider there are some instances like that.
I think the point is well taken. You cannot fix this time at which
to spray. You must depend upon the season.

MR. BASSETT: We had Prof. Hammer, who worked with Prof.
Johnson at North East, who was working the life history of the cod-
ling worm about eight miles from my home. We started to spray.
Prof. Hammer knew it, and he telephoned up, “I think you are too
early,” so we desisted, and those who followed Prof. Hammer’s ad-
vice this year had the best crop of apples, and I have no doubt that
little bit of advice that Prof. Hammer gave us was worth $50,000
to that particular section. fl

PROF. SURFACE: What was the state or condition of the blos-
soms when you sprayed that you got the best results?

MR. BASSETT: A little later than we usually do. We want to
be ahead of the closing of the calyx. We always supposed if we
started when three-fourths of the petals had fallen, that was the
right time, but this year he said he went to the cider mills and
gathered up these codling moths, put them into boxes or wire nets
right in the orchard, under natural conditions, and bred those.
When they came forth, he knew they were coming forth in the
orchard, because they were there in natural condition, so he could
give us intelligent knowledge as to the exact time when they were
coming out. Now, this is pretty difficult to do. I know in our state
they advised the banding of the tree, and then watching the coming
out of the codling moth from those old bands. We are trying to
keep a scientific man there from the government, and hope to do so.
Put it is essential that this work should be done at the right time,
not only the right material but the right time. The third element
in this tripod of success is in the right manner, and there is where
we often fall down. Now, nine-tenths of the men—and I am with
the nine-tenths, who think they have done a good job—don’t do a
very good job after all. The oil is a good lazy man’s spray, because
if you don’t cover the tree completely over with lime and sul-
phur, you haven’t done the work, and the oil will do some of it,
crawling for itself, but I don’t suppose you are lazy men, so I am

B82 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

not going to talk missible oil. The use of this material depends on
its application to every affected spot, the very spot where it is liable
to be affected, especially on the new growth, with the San José scale.
In order to do the work in the right manner, you must have the right
tools. I want to devote a little time to a discussion of what I con-
sider are of the improvements in the machinery for spraying, because
I think it is practical and because I think you are intergsted in that.

When we first started in the spraying operation, we had what
you might call a common “squirt gun,” and we shot the stuff right
and left, wasteful to extravagance in the use of the material, and
not always hitting all the parts that were to be treated. We went
on from that to the use of other machinery, which were improve-
ments. I have something like about twenty nozzles here, but cannot
call your attention to all, but I want to call your attention to some
of the more common, because they are spray nozzles of a type that
is good. Here is a class of nozzles known as the Vermorel, which
I believe did wonderful work, grand work. Here is a triple Ver-
morel and here is the double one to be attached. The Vermorel
was a good nozzle, no question about it, and it is a good nozzle to-
day for the man who wants to use it, but the average commercial
orchardist wants something which will throw more material, and
which doesn’t have these protruding parts, which are almost sure
to catch in the limbs of the large trees. Those are absolutely bad
and those of you who have held the spray nozzle know it, because
you ran that up into a tree to spray all the parts, and you have to
be able to get them back without pulling very hard, because if you
pull hard you are liable to get the thing out of order. These are
also quite apt to clog. The aperture is very smal] and the capacity
of the nozzle is limited. There has been a great change in the mat-
ter of machines for applying this spray. The old-fashioned hand
pump was a crude affair, a common bucket pump, in some instances.
From that we have developed a new pump, and I believe a man can
raise as good fruit with the ordinary good improved hand pump as
he can with any power pump that was ever made. He can do it,
but the trouble is, he is not liable to do it. I know from experience
that a person who stands and pumps and furnishes the elbow grease
and the backache and the tired feeling that goes with the manipula-
tion of a hand pump isn’t going to stand there and give that tree all
it needs. Sometimes he will think,—“I guess that has had all I
care to fool with, and I will move on,” whereas, if you can put that
on with steam or gas or some traction power, whatever may be your
best method, and not have to depend on your own muscle, you will
stay until you have done a good job, so I say you had better have
something to furnish the power, because the difference between a
half job and a good job means the difference between failure and
success and the difference in dollars and cents returned may mean
even the price of a half dozen good power outfits in the course of
one year. We have come to our changed styles of nozzles, partly
because we have come to a changed condition and changer demand
in our machinery. The large commercial orchardist today must get
over a lot of ground. It has to be done promptly. This work isn’t
like a job of threshing, where you thresh for one man today and one
man tomorrow. When we first started this power spraying, some
one suggested we could buy one outfit for the neighborhood, That

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 583

seemed good, but when you stop to think that time is an essential
element in this, instead of one doing the neighborhood job, you may
have to have three or four to do one orchard job, and I say from ex-
perience, I believe that it does pay a man io invest good money in good
machinery, and then take good care of it, and you will get it back
in one year, two years or three years, and it will come back with
good big rates of interest added to it. When we were spraying,
and we had the idea with the hand pump that we were getting about
85 to 150 pounds pressure, and we judged that by the pain in our
backs instead of any gauge on that machine to tell that, we thought
we were doing something, and of course we used small nozzles, but
as I say, when we came to the idea that we wanted more pressure in
order to force that spray, a large amount of spray under heavy
pressure, so as to force the poison into the calyx and also carry it
to every part of the tree in a fine mist, it required more pressure
than could be furnished by any man, and there came the question of
a power sprayer.

We have changed to a number of other nozzles and attachments
which are good. Here is a spray called the long distance spray.
Some of you know its type. It had its use and is adjusted by simply
sliding this piece of brass here. Here are two large apertures set at
an angle. Here is a solid one, quite large, to make a solid stream,
and the pioneer one over here, that did very well. We have also
here a class of sprays, in which the one, called the Seneca, has one
hole that strikes at a different angle on .a spreader that will get
rid of a lot of material. It does very well. We have men in our
locality today that stand by the old McGowan nozzle and the old
Bordeaux nozzle. Now we come to a different class, and without
mentioning any others in particular, | want to touch upon a class
which is more adapted to our present needs, especially to the man
who uses a power sprayer. It is a class of disc nozzles, in which a
whirling motion is given to the mixture by the way in which it
enters this chamber. It either enters through two holes, at an angle,
causing this spray to whirl, then passing it through a steel disc, the
nozzle being made of brass, or some other lighter material, and
causes a whirling motion and breaks up the spray into a very satis-
factory spray. These sprays have been manufactured to answer a-
demand for a large capacity by a number of different manufacturers,
and they are all more or less good. They are all built upon the
same plan. I don’t know whether there is any infringement in the
matter of manufacture, but they are practically the same thing, ex-
cept that this little piece in the centre which admits the mixture and
causes it to rotate or whirl, is made of different styles.

Another point I tried to illustrate to you pesterday in that slide,
where I showed a spraying apparatus throwing the spray down,
as I said, it is impossible to throw down when you are below the
point of application, unless you have a hook or angle in the nozzle
that will cause that direction to be down, or in that general direction,
so to meet that, the manufacturers have done two things, either one
of which meets the trouble. They have placed the spray nozzle it-
self on an angle, and in that case we now have the possibility of
throwing that spray down or, in fact, in any direction we see fit,
In fact, by turning my bamboo rod, I can get any angle of appli-
cation nearly as I want it. There is another way of applying that,

584 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

even if you use the straight nozzle; that is by using this bent crook,
attaching this crook and then putting the Home onto the crook.
You get “the same effect. 1 want to show you now another. nozzle.
Most of you have had the experience of holding a heavy spray rod
and a heavy brass nozzle at the point out at the end and have real-
ized you w ished you had something lighter, and that brought forth
one that is made of aluminum. As a matter of fact, the importance
of that aluminum is not as great in my mind as anther point. Those
of you who have done very much spraying know this, that in spray-
ing up high, you not only have the weight of the rod bearing down
on your hand, but you have the reaction. or the back pressure ‘of that
immense force that is going to force that out, but when spraying
down you have just the opposite. You know you ean hold a ten-
foot rod in one hand like that, when spraying down because there is
sufficient back pressure there to balance the weight of that rod, and
you can hold it with one hand when spraying in that direction.
When you turn it, you have the other way, not only the weight of
the rod, but the back pressure pulling it down. There is another
matter which I think is very important in the matter of appliance.
In the days when you were satisfied with 85 or 100 pounds pressure,
hose attachments were not important, because the pressure was not
sufficiently great, and you could hold that hose upon the spindle
very easily with the ordinary garden hose clamps. The important
thing was to have a sufficiently long attachment, but now we have
been using 200 pounds or more of spray, and you get it in the eye
or down the neck when this thing breaks loose some day, and it will
simply enforce upon you more clearly than I can the importance of
liaving everything tight.

Answering the demand of the fruit growers, many of our best
manufacturers of spraying machinery have manufactured something
which is a big improvement, I think, over the common garden hose
clamps. It is made of two cast brass clamps with two good, heavy
screws to hold them together. Now, with a long nipple, with any-
thing as long as that entering the hose, you see you have the full
length for clamping, and this is something all ought to have.

Question: Doesn’t that have to be made with a special coupling?

MR. BASSETT: Yes, the coupling has a shoulder. Those are cer-
tainly, I consider, one of the most important things.

Another thing which any of you who hold the nozzle and hold
the spray will appreciate, is one of these drip guards, a rubber at-
tachment which you slide on your bamboo pole, for the purpose of
catching any drip. There ought not to be any drip, but lots of things
occur that ought not to occur, and sometimes you will get some drip
from the attachment. One of the advantages of these nozzles lies
in the fact that they have a large capacity, do not often clog, be-
cause the hole is quite good size, and they certainly answer the pur-
pose better than anything else that I know of. The advantage in
this aluminum one is not alone in its being aluminum. The wearing
parts are steel. The disc is backed by a rubber gasket, but the in-
terior part is hard rubber. This part which causes the whirling
motion is on the same plan as a turbine water wheel. The importance
of that is not only its lightness, which I think is exaggerated, be-
cause, as I say, the reaction of the pressure will readily lift it, but

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 585

it has this great advantage of having a large capacity and at the
same time being an anti-clogger.

One other matter is the matter of hose. The importance of that
you will appreciate. You will have to pay a good price for hose
that will stand 200 to 250 pounds pressure. I believe it pays to have
sufficient hose. That depends, of course, upon your trees and how
far you wish to spray. If you have perfectly level land, you might
get along with two leads of 50 feet, but you want sufficient so you
have no trouble, especially with a rod that is eight or ten feet long,
you have to have plenty of hose, in order to manipulate it without
trouble and kinking. I don’t believe in buying the heaviest hose.
We buy about a five-ply hose.

Another thing that is very important in this matter of machinery
is the keeping of your machinery in proper condition. Every farmer
should realize the imporiance of keeping the machinery on the farm
in good condition, particularly hose, but remember this, most of the
materials that we use are caustic or acid, or have a corroding influ-
ence. We always plan to go over our machinery and never put it
under cover without going over all the brass parts and oiling them
thoroughly and cleaning out the hose, although often when we do,
the next spiing it will not be in shape to use, but under heavy }res-
sure they will sometimes give way. But above all things, if you
invest $150 to $250 in a power outfit, or even in a hand outfit, if
you invest $25, it will pay you not only for the life of the machine,
but the ease with which you can keep it working. It is important
that those parts be carefully cleaned and oiled, and when it goes in
after the season’s work, we spend a rainy day going over that ma-
chine and thoroughly cleaning it in every way. As to what machine,
I have nothing to say. We are using in our locality thousands of
machines, some purchased from manufacturers, and a large number
that are assembled right on our own farm. While a one and one-
half horse power engine will do the work, I think two and one-half
is far better, because you have sufficient power; you will have no
trouble, and it is not working the machine to its full capacity, which
means wearing out. So if you are going to buy and assemble your
own, or buy one manufactured by anybody, I prefer a two and
one-half horse power gasoline engine, and then having the proper
attachments. .Of course, capacity in gasoline engines is more or
less of an unknown quantity. You can figure steam engines, but a
gasoline engine will develop anything from nothing up to quite a
little. You cannot tell exactly where that is going to land.

I have rambled over this field in a general way, because while,
as I say, I would like to talk to the other fellow, I don’t believe you
people need this talk, but I want you to look this up. Possibly you
will take home to your neighbors some of the features presented
here. I am sorry it is necessary for me to leave before your sessions
are over. I have to be in Detroit tomorrow. I have certainly en-
joyed very much meeting these friends, as I have in the past, and I
trust some of you will come to Michigan.

586 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

SOME FRUIT INSECT PESTS AND THEIR TREATMENT

By MR. FRED JOHNSON, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.

The investigation of grape insect pests in Erie county, Pennsyl-
vania; was undertaken at the request of vineyardists of, that section
in the spring of 1907 and this work has continued without inter-
ruption to the present time. For the past five years the Bureau of
Entomology has had three men in the field during the season of in-
sect activity. A part of this work was carried on in co-operation
with the Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture at Harris-
burg which during the seasons of 1908 and 1909 sent a man to as-
sist in carry out field eXperiments and demonstration work on the
grape-root-worm and in addition bearing a part of the expense in-
volved in this field work.

The insect which was occasioning genuine alarm to the vineyard-
ists at the outset of this investigation was the grape-root-worm,
Fidia viticida. The feeling of apprehension with which the grape
erowers viewed the inroads of this pest upon their vineyards was not
without warrant for within the 15 years preseding this date the in-
juries of the grape-root-worm had reduced several hundred acres
of vineyard in Ohio to an almost unprofitable state of production.
It had also wrought a great deal of damage to the vineyards of
Chautauqua county, N. Y. Although a great deal of experimental
work had been undertaken against this insect by Prof. F. M. Web-
ster in Ohio, Prof. M. V. Slingerland and Dr. E. P. Felt in New
York there was still considerable uncertainty as to the most desirable
and practicable methods of control.

The investigation was taken up by the Bureau of Entomology
with a view to making a thorough study of the life history and
habits of the insect and to ascertain and to demonstrate, if possible,
the most practical methods of control. In order to obtain this data
the investigation was carried on for a period of three consecutive
seasons. During this time studies were made of the habits and
transformation of the larva in the soil to determine the date at
which the transformation to the pupa takes place, the length of the
pupal stage, and the position of the pupae in the soil, for it is in
this stage that many individuals may be destroyed by stirring the soil
about the base of the vines either with a horse hoe or by hand. It
was also important to know the time at which the beetles emerge
from the soil and commence to feed upon the foliage of the vine
since at this stage the insect is susceptible to treatment by the appli-
cation of a poison spray to the foliage. It was further desirable to
know approximately how many days the beetles feed upon the foli-
age before the females commenced to deposit eggs since the object
of the poison spray application is to rid the vine of the beetles be-
fore the eggs are deposited. Our observations indicate that the fe-
males feed on the average about ten days before depositing eggs
so that there is ample time to spray the vines with a poison if the
vineyardist has his spraying equipment in readiness to make the ap-
plication immediately after the appearance of the first beetles upon
the vines.

Pre o> wea, = oS

eS ee eo

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 587

The female deposits the eggs under the loose bark of the vines,
usually upon the canes of the previous years’ growth. The larvae
hatching from these eggs drop to the ground, enter the soil, and
feed upon the roots of the vine. It is upon the roots of the vine
that this insect does the greatest damage. Unfortunately, however,
no practical means have as yet been devised for the destruction of
the larvae in the soil. Our investigations indicate that many of the
pupae can be destroyed by stirring the soil about the vines. By far
the most effective results were obtained, however, by the application
of a poison spray consisting of three pounds of arsenate of lead to
50 gallons of Bordeaux mixture. The Bordeaux mixture is not
applied as an insecticide but for black rot and other fungus diseases
of the grape vine.

Many acres of vineyards were treated in the course of this in-
vestigation and vineyards which had been reduced to a condition
of unprofitable crop yield were brought up to a state of profitable
production by the control of this pest in the manner just mentioned.
The results of this investigation of the grape-root-worm are em-
bodied in Bulletin 89, of the Bureau of Entomology, Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

Other insects in addition to the grape-root-worm were found in-
festing the vineyards, notably at this time the grape-berry-moth,
Polychrosis viteana. This insect is destructive in the larval stage
to the fruit and produces what the vineyardist knows as “wormy”
grapes.

Injury by this pest is not general throughout the vineyards of
Erie county, nor is it uniformly destructive even in individual vine-
yards. Frequently, only a few vines on the ends of rows or, a few
rows along one side of a vineyard will be badly infested. The in-
festation becoming lighter toward the centre of the block while
the opposite side of the vineyard may be almost entirely free of the
pest.

The adult of this pest is a moth similar in appearance to the
codling moth, but much smaller. These moths commence to emerge
in spring just previous to the blossoming of the grape and deposit
eggs on the unopened blossom clusters. The larva hatching from
these eggs feed upon the opening blossoms and small berries, spin-
ning a silken thread as they travel over the cluster, thus binding to-
gether the petals and stamens in a weblike mass which furnishes a
retreat and shelter for the “worm.” Where this early infestation
is heavy these webs are readily observed. <A study of the habits of
this insect has shown that probably less than 25 per cent. of the
first brood eggs are laid on the blossoms clusters since the emerg-
ence of the moth spreads over a long period during the spring.
After the blossoms have fallen from the clusters the eggs are de-
posited on the small berries and the hatching larva feeds upon them.

While the berries are small a single worm may destroy several
of them. Sometimes a larva will attack the stem of the cluster and
boring into it will destroy a part of the cluster. Later, as the ber-
ries become larger the Jarva on hatching enters the berry and two
or three berries at most furnish sufficient food for its development.
When the larva is full grown it leaves the fruit and forms a pupa
case upon the leaves of the vine in which it transforms to the moth.

40

588 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

During late July, August, and early September there is fre-
quently a heavy deposition of eggs of the second brood. It is the
larvae from the second brood eggs that are mainly responsible for
injury to grapes just previous to the ripening period. In some in-
stances where the infestation is very heavy the crop may be almost
a total loss. Most of the larvae escape from the berries before the
fiuit is picked. Instead of making their cocoons on the leaves at-
tached to ihe vines they drop to the ground and make them upon
the few leaves that have fallen prematurely and have been held be-
neath the trellis either by sticking to the moist earth or by being
held by weeds. Sometimes a dozen to thirty pupa cases may be
found upon a single leaf plastered to the damp soil. In these leaves
the insects pass the winter and from the over-wintering cocoons the
moth emerges in the spring and deposits eggs on the blossom clusters
and berries as described.

This insect has proved to be one of the most difficult pests of
the grape to control. In field experiments conducted at North East,
Pa., the most effective treatment has been the heavy application of
a spray consisting of three pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons
of water driven forcibly into the grape clusters just previous to and
again a few days after the grapes have blossomed. It is very neces-
sary to curtail the development of larvae of the first brood since,
later in the season as the berries increase in size the clusters be-
ceme compact and the spray cannot be driven between the indi-
vidual berries. In addition to this objection to poison applications
for the second brood larvae, the poison leaves the ripened fruit dis-
colored and in an undesirable condition for table use. Hand pick-
ing berries infested by the first brood larvae where limited areas are
attacked wi'l greatly lessen the number of the second brood. Since
it has been ascertained that practically all of the overwintering in-
sects pupate on a small percentage of leaves which have dropped
prematurely beneath the vines, it has been suggested that an attempt
be made to destroy these leaves, either by gathering them before the
rest of the leaves have fallen from the vines, or by covering them
with soil by turning a couple of furrows under the trellis before
the remainder of the leaves have dropped.

The Grape-Blossom-Bud-Gnat, Contaria johnsoni, is an insect in-
festing the blossoms of grapes which has attracted more or less
attention during the past few years in the vineyards of Erie county.
Although quite generally scattered through the vineyards of the east-
ern portion of the township of North Hast, Pa., no instances have
come under our observations where it has greatly lessened the crop
vield. In Chautauqua county, N. Y., in one instance it has been
very destructive to the crop on a small block of Moore’s Early vines
for several seasons.

During the past season it was very destructive on a number of
small Concord vineyards in the vincinity of Sandusky, Ohio.

The adult insect is a small gnat which deposits its eggs in the
blossom bud of the grape. The larvae, of which they may be from
a dozen to fifty in a single bud, get their full development before the
grape blossoms unfold. Infested buds are readily recognized since
they are much larger than the normal buds making a more fleshy —
erowth, and taking on a yellow or reddish color. The maggots
working inside the blossom bud injure the ovary, thus preventing

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 589

fertilization. When full grown the maggots escape from the blos-
som buds and drop to the ground and enter the soil, where they re-
main until the following spring when the gnats emerge and deposit
eggs in the blossom buds.

When a large number of the ‘blossom buds in a cluster are in-
' fested the result is a very ragged clusier of fruit. Where the in-
festation is moderate, or light, sufficient berries persist to mature a
well-developed cluster, as yet no effective means of control have
been devised for this pest. During the past five years its injurious
effect upon the grape crop of Erie county has not been marked.
Yet it is so thoroughly disseminated through the vineyards that
should conditions favor a great increase in numbers it may readily
develop into a very serious pest.

The “Rose Chafer’ Maciodactylus subspinesus is quite injurious
in limited areas of vineyard on sandy soils along the lake shore
of the township of North Kast, Pa. This insect is especially injuri-
ous to the Concord grape crop since in attacking this variety the
insect does more of its feeding upon the blossom clusters and small
berries than upon the foliage. Hence, even a moderate number of
beetles infesting a vine may do a great amount of injury in a short
time. Observations indicate that by far the greater part of the in-
jury done just before and during the blossoming period of the
grape vine. Ordinarily the beetles are present on the vines for only
a short period. This makes it necessary for the grape grower whose
vineyard is subject to attack by this pest to have his equipment in
readiness as soon as the first rose-chafers S appear upon the vines, fou)
it frequently happens that they will swarm into a vineyard in large
number in the course of a few hours.

In the course of our investigations upon this pest spraying ex-
periments have been conducted for the past four seasons using five
pounds of arsenate of lead to 50 gallons of water or Bordeaux mix-
ture. In several of these experiments the results have been quite
satisfactory. Observations indicate that arsenical poison applica-.
tions to be effective against this pest musi be very thorough and
should be applied just before the beetles appear upon the vines ir
large numbers.

If the beetles are very numerous it is sometimes necessary to
make repeated applications every day or two until the beetles dis-
appear. In our spraying experiments of the past season a very
marked decrease in the number of beetles was observed on vines
sprayed June 5th and 7th. A count made on 50 vines on the sprayed
plat showed 96 beetles as against 865 beetles on 59 vines in adjacent
unsprayed plat. The result in crop yield in this experiment showed
an increase of half a ton of grapes per acre on the sprayed plat.

Since it is desirable and necessary to spray most vineyards at
the time of appearance of the rose-chafer beetles for other insect
and fungus troubles there is no doubt that it is more economical
and effective to resort to the spray method of control than to hand-
pick the beetles. Although on limited areas and where spray ap-
paratus is not available the latter method will greatly reduce the de-
tructiveness of this pest.

The Grape-Leaf-Hopper. Typhlocyba comes, is another grape in-
sect pest that has greatly increased in numbers and destructive-
ness in Erie county during the past three or four years. It is now

590 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the most injurious insect to- be found in the vineyards of that see-
tion. This insect injuries the grape vine by sucking the juice from
the foliage. The winged adult “hoppers” winter to some extent
among trash and rubbish present in vineyards, but by far the greater
number of them migrate from the vineyards in the fall and hiber-
nate beneath leaves and dense grass in adjoining wood lots, sod °
lands, and fence rows. When the grape vines unfold their leaves
iu the spring these winged adults return to the giape vines and after
feeding for a few weeks deposit their eggs beneath the pubescence
on the underside of the leaves.

The nymphs or young “hoppers” commence to appear on the
underside of the leaves about the middle of June. Usually by
the end of June they are present in large numbers varying in size
from those just hatched to those with fully developed wing pads.
It is in this nymphal stage that this pest may be most successfully
controlled by the application of a contact spray. Since the insect
obtains its foods by inserting its proboscis into the tissue of the leaf
and sucking the juices therefrom, poison applications to the surface
of the foliage are of no avail. he nymphs must be actually hit
and covered by some spray substance which will cause death by con-
tact.

In a number of field experiments which have been conducted in
the township of North East, Pa., during the past two years, the
tobacco extracts, such as Black leaf extract and a more concentrated
form of Black Leaf 40, have given very satisfactory results. The
chief requisites for success being that the applications be made be-
fore nymphs have changed to the winged or adult form, and that
the under side of practically all the infested leaves be made thoroughly
wet by the spray.

The Black Leaf Extract was found to be effective at a dilution
of 1 to 150 parts of water and the Black Leaf 40 at a dilution of
1 to 1,500 parts of water. All of the applications were made by the
“trailer” method. That is, a man operates a nozzle by hand to
apply the spray to the underside of the grape foliage. This nozzle
throws the spray upward by being set at right angles to a short rod
held by the operator and is connected to the spray pump by means
of about 20 feet of trailing hose. The spray is applied to the under-
side of the leaves by thrusting the nozzle into the foliage upon the
trellis by a series of rapid movements on the part of the operator.

Effective results have been obtained by several types of sprayer.
For economy and expedition, however, a pressure of not less than
100 pounds should be available. Although effective work can be
done at even a lower pressure. With high power outfits two leads
of hose can be operated thus greatly expediting the work. With a
single lead of hose from 23 to 3 acres of vineyards per day can be
covered. With two leads this area can be about doubled. The
amount of liquid applied varies from 175 gallons to 275 gallons per
acre depending on the density of the foliage to be sprayed.

The total cost of labor and material varied from about $3.00
to $5.00 per acre according to the amount of liquid applied and the
efficiency of the machinery employed. The net benefit in several of
these experiments varied from $9.00 to $17.00 per acre in the in-
creased yield of grapes as the result of one application for a single
season.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 591

This, however, by no means represents the total benefit derived

from the control of this pest. For where the insect is controlled
by this spray method the foliage coritinues healthy and a thrifty and
hardy cane growth results, which withstands the severity of the
winter, and is thus in condition to produce a good, or even increased
crop, the following season.
- This is illustrated by the results secured in an experiment cov-
ering two consecutive seasons. A portion of a vineyard upon which
this experiment was conducted had been badly infested for several
years and the vines were much weakened as a result.

The yield on this block of vineyard was as follows: In 1909,
before spraying commenced, 262 baskets per acre; 1910, after one
spraying, 423 baskets per acre; 1911, after one spraying, 796 baskets
per acre.

These results show a yield three times as great at the end of
the experiment as at the beginning.

The favorable results obtained in this effort te control this pest
by the tobacco spray has attracted considerable attention in the
vicinity of North East, Pa., and should the insect appear in injurious
numbers during the coming season a much greater number of vine-
yardists are planning to resort to this method of control.

SOME IMPORTANT DISEASES OF APPLES AND PEACHES
By H. R. FULTON

Out of the numerous diseases that affect these two important
fruit crops, more or less seriously, we must, because of limited time,
speak rather briefly of the most important only. Most of them are
old and familiar foes. However, I shall take the risk of reintro-
ducing them because they sometimes bob up unexpectedly and we
ought to be able to recognize them, as well as know what to do to
prevent them.

Apple Scab is best known on the fruit; but it may be found on
upper and lower surfaces of leaves, producing indefinite, circular,
sooty spots of large size, or on the fruit spurs, or on the flower or
fruit stalks, in the latter case interfering with the proper setting of
the crop. When leaves are much affected, they curl and dry and
fall, and always then is the interference with proper leaf function
ing. The fruit is disfigured, or deformed, according to the earliness
and amount of scab infection, and is inferior in keeping quality.

The earliest infection is during a period of several weeks be-
ginning at blossoming time, and is caused by a particular type of
reproductive body or spore, produced in large numbers at this time
of year in fallen leaves that were infested the previous season by
the Scab fungus, it having survived the winter in such decaying
leaves. These spores cause no harm unless they reach susceptible
apple parts, and this means a susceptible variety, and usually a young
stage in development of leaf or fruit. Furthermore, the spores after
reaching susceptible parts of the apple do not cause infection unless
the weather conditions are favorable to the germination and develop-
ment of the scab fungus. Moist and somewhat cool weather favor
this, and such conditions prevailing even in midseason may some-

592 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

times result in a considerable spread of Scab even after the apple
is past its most susceptible stage of development. Such late infec-
tion comes from the new crop of summer spores formed on leaves
or fruit infected earlier in the season. Fortunately in Pennsylvania
we suffer less from Scab than do sections northward and westward.
his is due, I surmise, to differences in climatic conditions, and to
the fact that many of our commercial varieties, such as Grimes
Golden, York Imperial, Ben Davis, Jonathan, etc., are naturally less
susceptible to scab than certain varieties extensively grown else-
where.

We thus see that for Scab to develop three general conditions
must be met (1) There must be present the living spores or repro-
ductive parts of the fungus; (2) these must reach susceptible parts
of its proper host plant, the apple, and (3) the general environ-
mental conditions must be favorable to the development of the
fungus plant. These same general conditions must be met when-
ever any of our crop plants falls a victim to any fungus disease.
Iiffective and economical control of any fungus disease must take
into account the peculiarities of parasite and host with reference to
these three conditions. The devising of particular methods, and
their most successful application will depend on intimate knowl-
edge of all these factors, which usually requires close study by
the specialist.

In the case of Scab, it has proven possible, by burning the old
leaves, or by turning them under before blossoming time, to elimi-

nate the source of early infection thoroughly enough for the control
of the disease; but this means is hardly practicable for general use.
And so we resort to protecting the susceptible parts during the
period when conditions are likely to be favorable to infection, with
a spray mixture that is unfavorable to the development of such
spores as may reach the parts. The life history of the fungus and
experience shows that, on varieties highly susceptible to scab, in
districts where scab prevails greatly, the first application should be
made just before the blossoms open. In Pennsylvania, for most
varieties and sections, and in an average season, it is sufficient to
begin with the second application of the full treatment, made just
after the petals fall, with the addition of arsenical poison for the
codling moth. It is advisable to follow this with another application
two weeks later. imesulphur at a strength of 1.008 specific grav-
ity, or Bordeaux mixture, 3-3-50, is a satisfactory material to use for
this purpose. In considering fungicides, let us remember that the
prime requisite is effectiveness for the intended purpose, which can
be determined only after repeated trials under a variety of condi-
tions and will vary for different fungi; closely second is non-injuri-
ousness to the crop; and at a greater distance are such considera-
tions as cost of materials and convenience, which, because they are
apt to impress us more immediately, sometimes influence us too
much. Bordeaux mixture is generally more effective than the lime-
sulphur preparations, but it sometimes injures certain varieties of
apples, while on others it is safe.

Apple Sooty Mold and Fly Speck, probably two stages of the
same fungus, are characterized by irregular, sooty, black blotches
that may run together, and by clusters of dots resembling fly specks.
They develop superficially on the skin of the apple and may be

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 593

easily rubbed off, but the disfigurement detracts from the market
value of the apples. They may develop at any time from June to
the end of the season when moisture conditions favor. The best
control is from spraying begun as directed for Scab, and repeated
later in the season, during the first half of July. Thick tops and
moist situations, by hindering the rapid drying of the surface of
apples favor infection. Selection of a proper situation for the
trees, and proper pruning are important contro! measures.

Apple Leaf Spots are of several different kinds, caused by as
many distinct fungi. All of them interefere, in proportion to their
abundance, with leaf activities, which means with proper nutrition,
and affected trees sutfer more or less from retarded twig and limb
growth, poor development of fruit, and of fruit buds. The Scab
Leaf Spot has been referred to. Another that attacks very young
leaves early in the season, is the Orange Rust or Cedar Rust Leaf
Spot. The fungus also infects the fruit, usually at the apex, pro-
ducing rough areas with a yellowish cast. On the leaves the spots
are also orange yellow to brownish yellow, and later develop a rough
raised cushion on the under side. This fungus passes another stage
of its existence on the red cedar, producing the swellings we know
as “‘cedar-apples.” Apple leaves and fruit are always infected by
spores from such a source. Unless there is wet weather continuously
for about three days at the time when the apple leaves and fruit are
young and tender, there will be little or no infection even though
neighboring cedars are ‘affected with the fungus. But the safe pre-
caution to take is to remove, in as far as may be possible, red cedar
trees from the vicinity of the orchard. Here, again, varieties differ
much in their susceptibility. Spraying may be effective if properly
timed; but is difficult to predict, in this case, the times when condi-
tions will favor infection, and spraying has often failed.

Probably the most widespread type of Leaf Spot is the type
commonly known as Frog Eye Leaf Spot, caused by the fungus that
produces Black Rot of fruit, as well as a common type of limb
canker. Abundant leaf infection, usually accompanied by too early
defoliation, causes poor nutrition with weakened growth and poor
development of fruit buds. It should be guarded against in off
years as well as in bearing years. It may develop after the protec-
tion afforded by the early scab sprayings has worn off, and to insure
its control, a later application or two should be made early in July.
It is important to keep the Black Rot Cankers, that serve as a source
of contagion, cut out of the trees.

The July spraying will control the Fruit Spot of apple, which is
caused by a fungus, and is characterized by rather definite, small,
brown, dead areas in the skin, with the fiesh discolored only a little
yay underneath. At first such spots are therely a more intense
green or red than the normal skin. This particular trouble, which
attacks Baldwin, Bellefiower and a large variety of apples as well
as the cuince, must not be confused with another trouble of Baldwin
and others known distinctively as Fruit Pit, or perhaps more usually
as Baldwin Spot, although this last name is sometimes used loosely
for the Fruit Spot. This Fruit Pit is not caused by a fungus, but
is probably due to deficiency in proper water suppy, or to sudden
change from periods of rapid growth to periods of retarded growth

38—6—1911

594 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe: -

of the fruit. The spots here are larger and iess definitely bounded
than Fruit Spot, are more sunken, suggesting finger print bruises;
the deadened tissue usually extends deeply into the flesh and is rather
dry and spongy, and there may be discolored areas as well toward
the interior of the flesh. It cannot be controlled by spraying, and
the only suggestion that can be made is to practice a system of culti-
vation that will tend to equalize soil moisture conditions as much
as may be.

Two other diseases that can be controlled by midsummer spray-
ing are Bitter Rot and Blotch, both of which, fortunately, are as
yet of rare occurence in Pennsylvania. But we must be on the
alert, lest they gain a foothold unnoticed. Both require midsummer
or later spray applications, and for them, Bordeaux mixture gives
decidedly better results than lime-sulphur preparations, and should
by all means be used where these diseases are to be combated.

There are several Ripe Rots of fruit: that midsummer spraying
tends to check, although control of insects and care in handling are
of prime importance in their prevention. There is good evidence
that the keeping quality of apples is increased by spray treatment in
midsummer.

Several fungous diseases of limbs, twigs or trunk, such as Twig
Bligut and Blight Canker, Black Rot Canker, Collar Rot and Root
Rot, cannot be directly controlled by spraying, although the use
of these disinfecting materials, or other stronger ones, may be help-
ful. The most important thing for these is to watch closely and
recognize the trouble early; to remove the affected parts promptly
and thoroughly so that they may not spread farther on the same tree
or to other trees; and to protect all wounds made in the operation
against possibilities of later infection by swabbing them with a good
disinfectant, such as 1 to 1,000 corrosive sublimate, and painting the
larger ones with asphaltum or pure lead and raw oil paint. Large
and valuable limbs may be lost from infection that has extended
down a watersprout or fruit spur, when early removal of these last
would have prevented the loss.

Last year I spoke to this Association about the trouble known
as Apple Collar Rot. Continued attention has been given since then
to the question of its causation and cure. I have seen cases of this
sort of general trouble that could apparently be attributed to such
causes as freezing, improper use of paint on trunks, borer attack,
attack by the Blight bacterium, by the Black Rot fungus, by the
Amillaria Root Rot fungus, and by the Schizophyllum Wood Rot
fungus; but when all is said, there remain a majority of cases for
which I have not yet been able to satisfactorily account. This work
will be continued until we do reach some conclusion in the matter.
Meanwhile, I am more than ever sure that these cases of Collar Rot
require prompt and careful individual attention at an early stage,
in the way of cutting away affected bark to a clean-cut, living edge,
disinfecting the wound ‘vith corrosive sublimate or other good dis-
infectant, painting with asphaltum or coal tar or paint, and in
severe cases covering the denuded area with a sheet of grafting wax

te prevent drying and promote healing. The affected trees should,

be pruned to reduce leafage, and they should not be allowed to carry

a full crop of fruit for a year or two, while the root-system is re

ee lie ae

~

, 6 2 ee ae

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 595

establishing itself. Attention should be given to conservation of
soil moisture in dry weather by shallow cultivation or by mulching;
and the soil should be of the best possible texture and fertility.

I have left for the last the emphasizing of general sanitation in
the apple orchard, because it enters more or less into the control of all
these apple diseases. It means keeping at a minimum the sources
of contagion, and at a maximum the general well-being of the trees.
And this means such things as cleaning up waste fruit, cutting out
useless limbs, making way with worthless wayside trees, avoiding
injuries and bruises on roots or trunks or limbs, skill in pruning,
and the constant practice of such general good care as will make for
the vigor and healthfulness and fruitfulness of the orchard.

Spraying, we may think, is a necessary evil. The profitableness
of any spray application will depend: (1) on the presence in the par-
ticular locality of the disease or diseases which it is especially de-
signed to combat; (2) on the susceptibility of the variety to the
disease; (3) on the general seasonal and other conditions that
influences infection; (4) on care in selection and application of
the spray material. For example, it would be manifestly unwise
to spray for Bitter Rot where it does not exist, or on a particular
variety of apple that is immune to it, or with a material that will
not give the protection desired; if we could only foresee the kind
of season, and be able to predict the occurrence or non-occurrence
ot our enemies, fortunate indeed would we be.

Most of the disease I have discussed do occur throughout Penn-
sylvania. It is for the grower to study his varieties and local condi-
tions with reference to adopting the most economical and profitable
means of prevention; and it is in these days for specialists to co-
operate with growers in devising and putting into practice the most
effective measures.

The most important peach diseases are Yellows, Leaf Curl, Black
Spot or Scab, and Brown Rot.

The symptoms of Yellows are ripening of fruit a few days to
several weeks ahead of the normal time for the variety which prema-
ture fruit is insipid, with perhaps red splotches on the surface or
streaks through the flesh; premature development of leaf buds, giv-
ing slender pale shoots, or branched broomlike growths and ab-
normal development of leaves so that they are narrow and yellow-
ish green, inclined to curl. The disease develops slowly and is hard
te diagnose from any one symptom. It must not be confused with
yellowed foliage resulting from such things as poor drainage, thin
soil, winter injury or borer attack. As soon as Yellows can be
identified, the affected tree should be marked for early .removal and
destruction. It is worthless and may prove a menace to others.
Peach trees may be reset in places from which affected trees have
been removed. Care should be exercised to get nursery stock free
from danger of Yellows infection.

In Peach Leaf Curl the growing leaves show very decided dis-
tortions in the form of puckerings, and the color of affected parts
becomes reddish or yellowish. Affected leaves may fall in June.
Trees suffer in wood growth and in fruit bearing from interference
with leaf activities. The fungus seems to be carried over winter by
spores that lodge between bud scales, or in other protected places,

596 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

and the very young leaves become infected, if weather favors, just
as they are bursting from the leaf buds. The disease can be con-
trolled by spraying the trees with a good fungicide before the buds
swell. Where Scale is to be combated, the strong lime-sulphur, 1.03
specific gravity, used for this purpose will control the Leaf Curl if
applied at the time indicated. If it is not necessary to spray for
Scale, economy in materials, and as good results, can be secured by
diluting to 1.02 sp. gr.; or Bordeaux mixture, 5-35-50 can be used.

Peach Scab or Black Spot is characterized by small dark spots
on the fruit. When numerous, they coalesce to form a black area,
under which the flesh is hard and insipid, and often traversed by
eracks. The trouble is worse in moist than in dry situations and
seasons, and on late than on early peaches.

Peach Brown Rot causes the familiar rot of peaches usually as
they approach maturity; and at times it attacks new wood growth,
producing Twig Blight. It is greatly favored by warm, moist
weather. The old brown rotted peach mummies of the preceding
year are the common source of new infection, although the ability
of the fungus to attack cherries and plums and other fruits, gives
a good chance for the spores to become widely distributed before
the peach season begins. This rot and Peach Scab can be con-
trolled best by using the self-boiled lime-sulphur preparation, de-
vised by W. M. Scott and made by stirring in sifted sulphur with
slaking lime so that the heat developed in slaking will do all the
cooking. The proportion to use is 8 pounds of sulphur and 8 pounds
of best stone lime to 50 gallons of water. Only enough water is
added at first to cause even slaking, and the necessary cold water
is added immediately afterwards, so that the cooking will not be
too prolonged. No artificial heat is used. This self-boiled prepara-
tion is applied to medium maturing varieties of peach (1) four weeks
after the petals fall, and (2) four or five weeks before the variety
is expected to ripen. The first application should contain arsenate
of lead, 2 pounds to 50 gallons, for curculio, and the second should
be applied lightly and as a fine mist to avoid coating the fruit with
a heavy sediment that may not weather off before marketing. Late
varieties in seasons favorable for rot, may require an application
between (1) and (2); and on early varieties (2) should be omitted.
Concentrated lime-sulphur, diluted to 1.003 or 1.002, avoids the
staining of fruit, but is less effective, and there is some risk of leaf
injury from its use.

BERRIES
By MR. HORACE ROBERTS

Gentlemen of the Horticultural Society:—If yesterday morning
you had me in the middle of the barrel, this morning I was booked
to come between the Law and Gospel, Professor Surface and Mr.
Hale. I will talk to you first about blackberries. I have raised them

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 597

somewhat, and I always had a desire to have more blackberries.
Once in a while you see a patch thoroughly healthy, paying three or
five hundred dollars an acre. You go home admiring that patch,
and you think you want some. A few years ago I actually bought
a poor, old farm, with the idea of planting it in blackberries, but
after getting it, I started to put out a peach orchard, and when I
got the peach orchard all out, there wasn’t an acre left for black-
berries. I haven’t trusted my self since then to buy any more black-
berry land.

Now, as for raspberries; that is a nice crop, a crop that pays-
well, and I hope to plant more of them. In our section we raise the
Welsh. It is a productive, hardy variety that yields well and is a
good shipper. It is a local variety, and our berry men are almost
exclusively sticking to that one variety. It just satisfies us.

Now, for gooseberries. A few years ago they passed a pure
food law that meant where they served a syrup in soda water foun-
tains, it must be pure fruit juice, and the gooseberries being sour,
are exactly the kind of fruit they wanted, and right away the price
of gooseberries went up, and the men who were lucky enough to
own a gooseberry patch of even a few acres, bad a bonanza. The
men of our neighborhood that had gooseberry patches were the
first to own automobiles. Two or three years ago I got close enough
to one of them to get him to teil me just what he got for his goose-
berries. He had two acres, and they netted him $2,600. The future
of the gooseberry is something we are not quite sure of. Our only
market is the canners. They take the juice out. How soon they
will be supplied we cannot tell. The price is still very high. Each
year we expect it to drop a little, but it don’t, and they are still reap-
ing wonderful profits from gooseberries. It may be supplied next
year or year after, but the rate they are returning per acre is simply
astounding.

Question: How long does it take to raise them?

MR. ROBERTS: Oh, they get right to business; bear some sec-
ond year; in three or four years get to their height. They are very
easily raised, easily gathered. You have a couple of weeks to mar-
ket them in. It is one of the ideal crops. The canners are the
only market and when they get an oversupply, they will put the
price down.

Question: What variety did you use?

MR. ROBERTS: Houghton and Downing. The canners want
a sour berry. The Downing is not quite sour enough, but if you
have the Houghton too, they will take a lot of them. The ones
that bring in the dollars and cents are the Houghton and Downing.
You can sell them by the car load as fast you can produce them.
The canners have not been supplied. You could sell them if you
had them in quantities.

Question: You would have to ship them away from these markets
here?

MR. ROBERTS: It is no further from Pittsburg to Baltimore
than it is from our section of Jersey. I cannot guarantee the future

598 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of the gooseberry business, but I have just planted quite a patch
of them. The prices we are getting is absolutely ridiculous, but if
we had to put them on the market, a few would go a good ways.
Ii takes a lot for the cannérs. How much it will take in the future,
you don’t know and I don’t know. But anyhow, we have enough
faith to keep on planting.

Now, I will take up the strawberry, and when I get to straw-
berries, I am right at home. We have 68 acres to pick this year,
and will have more next year. As for planting, we plant them just
as soon as we can in the spring. Early planting is an important
matter. When I planted my berries last year, the ground would be
frozen an inch or two in the morning. If it thawed at eight o’clock,
we would start to plant, and plant for the rest of the day. Some
of my neighbors laughed at me, but before the season was over, we
had a dry spell and they had trouble getting their plants to live.

As for planting, the best method we have found is to make out
the rows with a corn planter. It marks out two rows at once and
the furrower leaves the ground in nice order to get the roots in
well. We like to put a crop in between the rows of plants when we
set them; for instance, a crop of peas. We put the berries five feet
apart. The peas get out of the way, and it helps to pay the expense
of farming the first year. One thing you must be careful of, the
planting of those berries. It is not worth while to replant them.
If you take the proper pains in setting, you won’t lose one in a thou-
sand. Get the roots down well, if it does take a little longer it is
not waste time.

A word as to fertilization. I have tried various fertilization for
berries at time of planting and whenever I put a commercial fer-
tilizer on them, I get stuck. It is pretty sure to interfere with the
berries. We take fairly good land and plant the berries. After we
get them planted, we put half a ton of ground bone to the acre.
That is the only place I use bone. There is nothing in it to hurt
the berries, and it is on top of the ground, and we like it. A little
later in the season, we put on 500 pounds of tankage.

Question: How do you raise them, in rows or in hills?

MR. ROBERTS: We set them in rows. We farm the berries
well, keep them thoroughly tilled. A weeder we find is a big help.
Il saves hoeing. We take out a tooth, so we can keep the weeder
close up to them without hurting them. About the first of June we
plant tomatoes right in the berry rows, so by August I can tell peo-
ple that is my strawberry patch, but it looks like a tomato patch. -
Between every other hill of strawberries we plant a tomato. That
may look live vandalism, but it protects them during the hot weather
of August. It keeps them from getting too thick, and we get the
finest kind of tomatoes, often get a hundred dollars an acre for our
tomatoes, and we don’t find it interferes with the berries.

Another thing, any man that raises tomatoes for market, soon
learns to make it pay, he must spray them thoroughly, and while
spraying those tomatoes, we are spraying the strawberries, too. We
do that two or three times, and our strawberries go into the winter
quarters in fine shape.

Question: Do you never have to thin any?

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 599

MR. ROBERTS: Not very much; the tomatoes, in a measure, keep
them from getting too thick. We are not bothered much with their
getting too thick. The strawberries run under the tomato vines bet-
ter than you think.

Question: What strength do you spray those tomatoes?

MR. ROBERTS: Just ordinary orchard strength, one gallon com-
mercial lime-sulphur to thirty gallons water, two pounds arsenate
of lead to fifty gallons of water.

Our best market for berries is the exchange, and in dealing
with the exchange, we have learned a few things. All my neigh-
bors raise them largely, as I do, and if all shipped to the Philadel-
phia market, we would glut the market. So we built up an exchange
there. We have sold from Moorestown alone, $100,000 worth of
berries outside of what went to Philadelphia. In raising for the
exchange, we want to raise a good shipping berry. For instance,
we use the Superior. That is not a big berry; not particularly a
high-priced berry. It is a little the same as the Gandy. It is a won-
derful grower, a good shipper, a little small, may not bring quite
the price some of the others do, but it is a money maker. Then the
Gandy is a standby, but it doesn’t give us quite enough berries. The
Stephen’s Late Champion is a little soft. We are looking toward
the Bethel as a good variety, but that is a new one. I will tell you
why we stick to those three berries, the Superior, the Champion and
the Gandy—those berries are sold by our manager and sold ahead.
If he has a car of Superiors, see what nice shape he is in. It is a
whole lot easier to seli it than if it is a mixed car. He can sell it and
do it easier. When we send a shipment into the exchange and they
are busy—they sell may be fifteen cans from ten o’clock in the morn-
ing to three in the afternoon,—if we send a mixed lot, three or four
kinds of berries on one wagon, those busy men don’t have time to
separate them. They put them in the mixed car, and they are all
consigned to New York. We get more money for the berries sold
at our station than where they are consigned. So we are learning
to plant a few varieties, study those and develop them up to their
very best, it pays us better to specialize. We try experiments, but
fer a business proposition, we stick to a very few-varieties.

THE FIRST FIVE YEARS IN THE ORCHARD

By PROF. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.

(This address was illustrated by Prof. Surface with illustra-
tions from photographs taken chiefly in his own orchards, and the
following article is not a verbatim report of his remarks, but an ab-
stract giving some of the main points set forth by the illystrations,
and the address.) i ane.

600 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

The question is often asked “Is orchard planting being over-
done?” In answer to this it must be said that it depends upon the
planter. If he be a man who knows his subject and has proven that
he is competent to produce first-class fiuits and eliminate the culls
and low grade fruit, and to place these fine fruits on the market in
perfect condition, he can safely plant as much as he can care for,—
which, however, will not be nearly as much as most persons now ap-
pear to think. It is undoubtedly true that there is, and will continue
to be much more profit in a comparatively small orchard well kept
and producing fancy fruits, which can be sold at a high price, than
in a large orchard, poorly kept, producing only ordinary fruits,
which must compete with many other fruits of the same kind and
must be sold at a low and often losing price.

The great need of the orchardist of this country is to place
quality before quantity, and no man’s success should be measured by
the number of trees he grows, nor by the number of bushels he pro-
duces, but by the quality of his fruit. Too many persons think that
it is easy to put a tree in the ground and go to it in a few years and
find it productive of fine fruit. This is the most serious mistake
being made by the planters in this region. To produce good fruits
at a profit demands proper care from the time the soil is selected
until the fruit is placed on the-market. There may be questions oc-
casionally which the grower may need to ask of the expert, and in
this capacity the expert consultant can render valuable service, but
there is no man, however, expert, who can tell the inexperienced
grower what to do in every detail to produce satisfactory results.
The person who thinks he can depend entirely upon the instructions
given him by some official or expert who may be willing to give all
aid within his power, will find that there are many unexpected condi-
tions or problems arising which must be mastered only by the person
on the spot, who understands the situation and can handle it immedi-
ately.

Many persons apparently believe it possible to plant an orchard,
hire a man to conduct it, and expect profits in the course of time.
This is also a mistake. If a man is able to grow an orchard for an-
other man he is able to do this for himself, and he will do so and
have the benefits of it. If the land owner is not able to direct the
details of his orchard management he will find that he was over-
planted, even though he has planted but a few trees. The conditions
for success are such that the owner must help with the work himself
or let his shadow fall on those who do it. Stories of disastrous
failure are already being told, and these will increase in the future
by those who, at present, have the planting fever developed to such
an extent. However, there is such a thing as “ague in horticulture.”
While planters have the heated head during one season they may
get “cold feet” at another. This, of course, applies to the man who
has not spent years in studying his subject and in practicing what
he has learned. The man who knows the subject and knows that
he can produce a good article, is justified in gradually planting as
much as he can give proper attention but no more,

It would be far better for the quality of fruit produced in Penn-
sylvania, and consequently for the reputation and final price of our
fruits, if the planting were done more slowly and gradually, and if

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 601

the planters would learn the art of producing fruits of quality by
placing quality before quantity. The great need of the fruits of
this country is a reputation, such as the best of them deserve. To
obtain this, seconds and culls should be eliminated. To do this again
requires expert knowledge skilfully applied. No man should plant
extensively until he is satisfied that he has such knowledge or is de-
termined to acquire it immediately by application in hard labor, both
mental and physical. Fruit growing is no sinecure for either the head
or the hand. <A _ beautiful apple has demanded the application
of both brains and muscle for its production, and ‘plenty of money”
te put into the business cannot possibly be made to take the place
of these.

For the production of such fruits as we should grow in this
region several elements are necessary, but the first is a well grown
tree of the proper variety. During the first five or ten years the
orchardist should devote his attention to growing good, large, healthy
trees rather than attempting to grow crops between his trees or
forcing them to bear young. It is true that the more vigorously a
tree grows the later will it come into bearing, but at the same time
it is true that it will be forming a large top which will give a
greater quantity of fruit, and within a few years will be yielding
a far greater income than will be obtained from a stunted tree which
commences to bear remarkably early. The more a tree is neglected
and injured by borers, skinning with farm implements and other-
wise, the earlier will it commence to bear; but bearing while young
means limiting its growth, reducing its vitality, and shortening its
life. There is no profit in attempting to produce large crops on very
young trees. The purpose of the orchardist should be to grow good-
sized, well-shaped trees before the time for them to commence to
bear, and then change his methods of cultivating, fertilizing and
pruning to such an extent that they will afterward devote their
energy to bearing fruit instead of producing wood.

Keeping in mir] that the purpose of orchard growing during
the first five « ten years is to produce fruit, we may, however, at
the same time grow certain crops between the trees without injury
to them, and if the tree row itself is properly cultivated, and the
intercrop receives the right kind of cultivation, this may really be
the best treatment for the orchard and can give returns for helping
to meet the expenses of tree-growing, which so few persons reckon
with before planting. These annual expenses before the trees come
into bearing are indeed heavy, as they include the cost of such opera-
tions as pruning, spraying, fertilizing and cultivating, and generally
continued without income from the trees just about twice as long
as most planters believe at the time of planting.

During the first three years in the orchard any cultivated crop
can be grown between the trees (peach) with successful results if
properly fed and cultivated. Between apple trees they can be con-
tinued twice as long. The best of such crops are those in which the
cultivation ends by mid-summer and which can thus be followed
by crimson clover to grow and remain on the ground as a winter
cover crop, to be turned under the next spring. Among these are
early cabbage, peas, beans, sweet corn, tomatoes, early potatoes, ete.
One large orchardist in the State of New York makes a business of
growing soup beans in his orchard and considers it very successful.

602 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

It must be remembered that the bean is a legume and has the power
of enriching the soil. The more of any legume that is grown in the
proper manner in any ground the richer in the fertilizing element
of nitrogen does that soil become. This is one reason why beans,
peas, cow peas, soy beans, ete., and clovers of different kinds are
used in maintaining soil fertility.

One of the largest orchardists of this State regularly grows field
corn between his trees the first year. It is a good plan to follow
this with crimson clover sowed at the time of the last working of
the corn. There are orchards in this vicinity that show the beneficial
effects of this method.

Potatoes can be grown between the trees, but the chief objection
that has been offered to the growing of potatoes is that it is often
not until fall that they can be raised from the ground, and digging
them results in the same conditions as late cultivation for the trees,
which means increased growth of the trees in the late fall, after
which they are more liable to be injured by winter freezing. Actual
conditions of orchards in this region at the present time show that
there is justifiable foundation for this theory. When potatoes are
used as the intercrop it is advisable to harrow the ground immedi-
ately upon raising them and seed it with rye and winter vetch to
remain as a cover crop on the soil during the winter, to be turned
down in the spring as a fertilizer. ‘

An apple orchard can be intercropped a greater number of years
than a peach orchard. Crops should be grown between peach trees
not more than three years, while between apple trees they can
be continued for five or six years. Under certain conditions as to
sufficient moisture and fertility a cereal crop can be drilled in strips
between the trees if the tree row itself is kept cultivated. The
speaker has done this successfully in some of his own orchards. If
however, the season is dry and the trees reach fair size, there is dan-
ger that the cereal crop growing between the rows,may take too
much of the moisture from the ground and thus injure the trees.
Just as soon as it is seen that this condition is approaching the cereal
should be turned down and used as a soil fertilizing crop, and the
moisture should be preserved by frequent cultivation.

After the orchard becomes sufficiently advanced that the owner
does not grow crops between the trees it is best to cultivate by clean
cultivation until mid-summer and then sow a cover crop of crimson
clover, or some other cover crop containing or mixed with a legume,
to remain during fall and winter growing fertility, preventing wash-
ing, covering the roots of the trees, and giving other benefits from
such crop.

In plowing the ground in the spring it is best to use a one-horse
turning plow, commonly called a “bar-share,” for plowing two or
three rounds nearest the trees. There are several advantages in —
a one-horse plow in turning the soil near the tree rows. For this
purpose one can get nearer the tree without injuring them, and plow
shallow, and can control the plow better than with a two-horse plow.
Two or three rounds, turning the soil toward each tree row, will be
sufficient. These should be followed with the heavy breaking plow
or farm plow, drawn by two horses, and continuing to turn the soil
toward the tree rows until the finishing furrow or dead furrow is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 603

made in the middle. This furrow is best filled by using a disk or
cutaway harrow, so set as to draw the soil from each side into the
furrow. After it is well filled, by running about two rounds in each
middle with this implement, the operator should harrow across the
orchard with a spring-tooth harrow, going at right angles to the
direction of the original plowing. He should next follow with a
spike harrow or smoothing harrow, thus putting the ground in good
condition for further cultivation cr intercropping. If a cultivated
crop is to be planted it should be across the direction of the original
plowing, to thus further level any slight elevations and depressions
that were made as ridges or furrows. When breaking the soil next
year the plowing can be in a direction at right angles to that fol-
lowed this year, and thus avoid constantly throwing higher ridges
toward the trees. Even should the slope of the land prevent break-
ing across the direction of the previous year’s the ridges can be
drawn down by the use of the disk harrow or cutaway harrow,
which will be found the most valuable implement in orchard work.
Ly setting the disks of the two sides at different angles, such as
must be learned by actual practice, the disk harrow can be used with
good advantage, even on hillside cultivation.

It must be ‘taken for granted that all young trees should be culti-
vated, excepting, perhaps, the cherry and pear. If one has any hill-
side land he wishes to put in fruit he should particularly avoid plant-
ing this in peaches or plums, as these need cultivation during their
entire life. Apple trees need cultivation while young, but. when
older can be grown by the sod mulch system.

Mulching to a great extent takes the place of cultivation. If
one has all the leaves, straw, straw and manure, or other litter that
he can use he can get along without cultivation, especially on the
hillside.

One plan of hillside cultivation that is very good is to bring
down the soil with a hand implement so that it will be built up like
a basin below the trees, with the lower edge higher than the upper,
and let the rain water settle in it and bring fertility and water the
tree, over this basin one can scatter straw or grow clover to prevent
it washing away.

Spraying and pruning are subjects of special attention, which
are fully discussed in the Bulletins of the Bureau of Zoology of the
Department of Agriculture at Harrisburg. It is impossible at the
present time to elaborate pon these features of orchard management
further than to say that the young orchard is improved by spraying
once every dormant season with strong lime-sulphur solution either
commercial or home-boiled. Trees should be praned from the be-
ginning with a view of making the tops low and open. The success-
ful orchardist of the future will be the man who grows his fruits
ou very low-headed open trees, learns the business for himself, and
does ihe work or lets his shadow fall upon those who do it.

41

604 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

A RAMBLING ORCHARD TALK

By J. H. HALE

I haven’t received your program, Mr. President, but I do re-
member that in some correspondence with your worthy secretary,
it was hinted I would take that for one subject, because he knew I
would ramble anyway, and might as well start the subject right, as
well as for some others, and let me get away from it. I hardly know
where to begin, and I am sure I shall hardly know where to leave
off. The orchard subject is such a broad one, and it is coming so
much more to the front within the last two or three years than at
any time in the previous history of this country, that it is worthy
pretty thoughtful consideration from a good many points of view.

The early settlers in our country all planted a few trees, plants
and vines about their homes for the family supply, bringing seeds,
and in some instances trees, from the old country. The Massa-
chusetts colony and also the Jamestown colony in Virginia, offered
premiums, prizes and relief from taxation to the settlers who would
plant orchards and vineyards, but the whole purpose of those boun-
ties, and the main purpose of the tree planting of our New England
parents was for the purpose of growing fruit that they might make
something to drink. The early orcharding in this country was based
on a drink proposition, with a moderate home supply of food as in-
cidental; and as the march of civilization spread out over our coun-
try, from the Atlantic coast towards the west, tree planting went
along with the march of civilization and progress, but for the first
two centuries, almost, there was little thought of orcharding as a
commercial proposition. The growth of villages and cities in a small
way created a demand for a little fruit as food, and where there was
a surplus from the home planting, a certain portion was sold, but no
thought of it as a great commercial proposition. Within the last
seventy-five years there was some commercial planting of orchards
in New England, in Western New York, a little in Michigan, in your
own State and in New Jersey, but always as a side crop to the farm,
just a side issue. Trees were planted and taken care of, if there
was an opportunity, or not taken care of at all, but even the great
commercial apple orchards of Western New York and Michigan
were always, up to a few years ago, a side crop to the farmer, and it
has only really been since the planting of the orange groves in
Florida, which began forty years ago, and later, the deciduous fruits
in California, that there has been any speciafizing in orcharding and
any serious thought given to it as a business or a profession. Later
the orange groves in California, and then the apple orchards of the
Middle West, and within twenty or twenty-five years, the large com-
mercial peach plantings in Georgia and Western Maryland, the lower
counties of your State and New England and Western New York,
and so on, have grown into a special business, and even then, when
we started in at that, there was very little commercial orchard knowl-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 605

edge. All the horticultural meetings I attended, Mr. President, in
my early days, the whole talk—I was living in Connecticut, as I do,
not far from Boston, and the old horticultural society there, one of
the largest and best maintained in the early days—but the whole talk
at those meetings was about varieties.

When I went to worship at the feet of Marshall P. Wilder, the
first thing he did was to take me out to his home orchard, and show
me with great pride his 813 varieties of pears; but he didn’t know
any more about commercial orchard culture than Surface does, not
a bit; didn’t talk about it. (Laughter.) The only thing in the early
days, was simply varieties, and the knowledge of the fungus troubles
and insect pests, the science of feeding the plant and the tree with
the necessary plant food to build up the perfect tree and the perfect
fruit, wasn’t known or understood by the growers, and had hardly
been touched upon by the scientists. I remember when the first talk
in any public meeting in America about the establishment of an agri-
culture experiment station, to study the science of agriculture plant
foods and the influence of the soil on the plants, and the gentlemen
there, the few that were interested and talked about it, when they
began to talk about nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, it was
simply a drug store talk to us farmers who were there. We hadn’t
knowlédge of it. But with the coming of the first agricultural
station in my own State, and their later establishment in every state
of the Union, the establishment of the agricultural colleges, the great
number of studious men and women who have gone into the science
of agriculture and horticulture, we have a knowledge that has come
to the aid of orcharding, and it has come to be a profession within
recent years, but even then we haven’t lived up to our privileges; we
are only just beginning to think around the edges of the great or-
cbard opportunity there is in this country. Of course, a few pro-
gressive orchardists, following out their own practical ideas, and sup-
plementing them with all the science they can get from the experiment
stations and colleges and agriculture departments of State and
National government, have gone farther ahead than some of the
rest of us, and there is almost, I might say, a science in orchard prac-
tice today, but only in a very limited way. In the handling of our
fruit for market, we had very little intelligent business idea about it,
and it took our fellow fruit growers of the far west to turn the trick
—they were stimulated in two ways,—first, by the scientists, to pro-
duce the most beautiful and attractive fruit possible; and being
3,900 miles away from the great markets, they must put their very
best foot forward. They had to pay $250 or $300 a car to get into
our markets. They couldn’t afford to do that with inferior grown
fruits, or crates or packing, and so within the last ten years, practi-
cally, has come about a show of fruit in our fruit stands and markets
and upon our tables that has opened the eyes of the land owners
of the east. We have to give credit to the far northwest for the
great stimulus that has come into apple orchard life and management
within the last few years. They are sending us very beautiful fruit,
and to get anybody’s pocketbook open, you have to get their eyes
open first, and the northwestern people in their apples have done
this. We in the far south—I say “we,” because in my orchard ramb-
lings I have gron 1,200 miles away and planted another peach
orchard in Georgia—being so far away from the great markets, having

606 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to pay such excessive freight rates, having other conditions to con-
tend with, we have had to grow the best fruit possible, grade it,
pack it in the best possible package, the Georgia peach and six basket
carrier upon the market in June and July, has been the greatest stim-
ulus to the peach growing in this country, and it is spreading out all
over the country.

Question: Those wise men in the west, where do they come
from?

MR. HALE: They came from Connecticut and Pennsylvania and
New York. They went far away from home before they got their
eyes open, and I am sorry for them, and yet it is necessary for men
to get into trouble to help the rest of us out. The question of the
brother on my right, where did those people come from—they were
people who had no faith in the Pennsylvania soil, who had no faith
in the New England soil, and so they went away off and bought
land. They have been buying it the last few years at $300, $400,
$500 and $1,000 an acre, and there is better land within ten miles of
where they went away from, that can be had for $15 to $50 per
acre.

To go back some years ago, a man in my neighborhood sold his
farm land at #16 an acre, to go to Florida, to get rich growing
oranges. He bought land in Florida at $200 an acre, and in the
course of time, the man who bought the $16 an acre land from him
sold it to me, and I bought it for $25 an acre, and I planted peaches
and apples thereon, and last year I sold apples from his $16 an acre
land, which he ran away from, they were retailing in the store of
New England at 75 cents and a dollar a dozen, and his oranges from
$200 an acre land were retailing in the same stores at 30 cents a
dozen and had to pay ten times as much for transportation to reach
the market. I say, God pity him. He is in a fix. That is just the
story that has gone on all over this country. Measure it in dollars
and cents, and his oranges, he had to pay 50 or 75 cents a box freight.
His oranges sold by the box for $2.50. My apples sold at $4, and I
paid ten cents freight to market. So that is the general story of the
growth and development of this ample industry in the far west, the
peach business in the south and middle west. There has grown up ~
a feeling in this country that there is a tremendous lot of money in
the orchard business. With this wonderful orchard development in
the far south and far west, and the growth of cities and towns, and
the wealth of the people and their understanding of the value of
fruit as food and all the talk of high retail prices, there has grown
up a tremendous atmosphere of the profitableness of orcharding, by
western railroads and land boomers, and they were the ones that got
your friends away from here and all the east. There has been a lot
of yellow literature published in relation to orcharding in the west
and south on certain plans, and it is being circulated all over this
country today, and so there is a boom on in that direction, which
has been going on for eight or ten years, and now we have just got
it in the east, and the whole country is afire on orchard propositions,
but some of us are so green we won’t burn. The country is going
wild on this orchard proposition. It has already sprouted. It is al-
ready planted in the hearts of western promoters, who have got to

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 607

the Pacific coast pretty well overworked. They are coming back,
the western promoter, or a relative of his, the land boomer, the fel-
low looking for suckers, the promotor who is out for your money,
this back to the land theory, these farm stories that are in all the
magazines, and the beautiful yarns being told everywhere, have got
the people crazy to go back to the land, but this back to the land idea
that is in the minds of the people in the city, going back to get rich
out of this business, going to get a piece of land and have an orchard
and everything is lovely, I say this boom is coming on here in the
east, and you will see a lot of yellow literature circulated in Penn-
sylvania and all over the northeastern section of the United States,
it is started now, and in the next few years you are going to see
much more. I say, gentlemen, watch out; hang out the red light,
the sign of caution, there’s danger ahead to the legitimate industry,
danger ahead to the people who go into it unthinkingly, and danger
ahead in so many ways. I, as one who have been interested in a
lurge plantation, two thousand acres or more of peaches, have watched
a lot of the large operations in the south, somewhat in the west,
know something of the large plantings that are hinted of, at least,
and attempted to be carried on in states south of you, and hinted
at in New England. Those large orchard propositions are doomed
to fail.

PROF. SURFACE: Some of them.

MR. HALE: Well, all except yours and mine. I say, beware of
those things, and yet there is a legitimate field for the investment of
capital in orchard propositions, and while these wildcat schemes are
in the way and bound to be carried on, yet there will be some legiti-
mate. Only yesterday morning in my mail was a letter from one of the
most reputable and sound bankers in Wall Street, a man whose name
is good for millions anywhere, and who can put his hand on it any
time, through his association, sending a clipping from a Vermont
country weekly, tell of Mr.—I don’t know the name—a Mr. Some-
body, Smith or Brown or Jones or Surface or Hale—I don’t know—
but that last year he had 125 apple trees, and they bore seven or
eight barrels to the tree, and they had sold for four dollars a barrel
at the station—I haven’t the exact figures, but the net profit was
something like $200 an acre, which looked good on paper to the
banker, especially as in another column of the same paper the Wil-
liam C. Hill farm was for sale, 160 acres, of which 110 acres was
clear and ready for immediate planting; the buildings on the place
could not be duplicated for $8,000, and the farm was for sale for
$5,000. The banker said, “Mr. Hale, isn’t there an opportunity in
this? See what this 125 trees brought the man. Here is the Hill
farm for sale, and not only this, but there are others in that town-
ship, and so on through the next county. Won’t you call on me
next time you are in New York, and let us talk about your going up
there and buying eight or ten or a dozen of these farms, or a hun-
dred of them, and we will start capitalizing the scheme, and some
they have partly planted, and we will catch the suckers, that have
been going to the northwest.” Now, there is a proposition from a
legitimate banker. He believes he sees a great big opportunity there.
Is it there? Yes and No. It is there in the land. It is there in his

608 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Wall Street capital. The only other connection it needs is to get
the man. Orcharding is a question of the individual man almost en-
tirely. That is the big thing. Don’t think, my friends, those of you
who don’t own orchards, and wish you did, and wish you had some
of the wonderful “profits” that Surface and I are getting out of it—
don’t think you can simply buy a piece of land and you have money
to buy trees, and money enough to pay for a spraying outfit, and so
forth, don’t think that will make you an orchard. It never will.
There must be a man. I recollect when Cecil Rhodes died in South
Africa, Rudyaid Kipling wrote an ode to him, and I don’t know
what was said in it, except one single line, “Once on a time there
was aman.” That is what made South Africa. Cecil Rhodes made
the great South Africa of today, one man with a knowledge and be-
lief and faith and ability to handle other men; aud so whenever you
see any great business going on successfully in the country, don’t
think it is running itself, but back somewhere is the soul and spirit
of a great man, or a great woman, and so in every orchard enterprise
that is going to be successful in this sharp competition that is ahead
of us, it means men and women who can stick, who have faith in the
ultimate success, and who never know failure; men who can go out
and see the frost kill their blossoms on the trees, and think, “It is
only 365 days to another blooming time, when there won’t be a frost,
and that time can be hurried by putting notes in the bank to pay
for fertilizers, spray fixtures, labor, etc. If that man is back of the
orchard, he will finally arrive and make some. There are mighty
few people who have that grit and knowledge and all the thing nec-
essary, so I want to say, this great big orchard boom that is in the
air now is going to spell failure to many people. Perhaps I ought
not to predict that. The fellow who says, “I told you so,” is despised,
and I ought not to make any predictions, but from a life’s work in
fruit culture and a life looking over the horticultural interests of
America, I feel that the present orchard boom that is now on, is a
great big crazy mistake, which means loss to so many people, and
especially where carried on in a larger way. It is going to be the
individual man and woman who can know every tree on his place,
who can learn to love it, who can say every individual tree is a per-
sonal friend and acquaintance, and every bug and fungi an enemy to
be met and fought by the general in charge. That is just a general
whack at the whole proposition. Yet mighty few of you will believe
me now.

Now, assuming we are going on with orcharding. There are
a good many things to be considered. The place most of us will take,
the land that is at hand; that is, our own farms. Most of us suc-
ceed best right at home, where we are known, and know the land
and know the condition, and the orchard lands on our own place,
those will be the ones probably best for us to develop, but if we are
foot loose and can go where we like, then the selection of location
is of first importance. The elevation of the land in relation to that
which surrounds it, is of importance; the character of the soil and
its ease of tillage and natural fertility are to be considered, but of all
things, what is our market going to be; the market conditions; are
we going to market with our own wagons or auto truck to some
nearby towns and villages within a radius we can reach? If so, the

ee ee

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 609

question of good roads or the possibility of the development of high
class roads is an important consideration. If we haven’t within ac-
cessible distance what seems to be markets enough to take up the pro-
duct we intend or hope to produce, then the matter of railway lines
of transportation is important. I recollect some years ago at Wash-
ington the Agricultural Department recommended a ceriain gentile
man to me for advice as to the handling of a product of an orchard
in the south. It seems he was largely interested in the cotton goods
trade in New York; a man that handled cotton goods by the millions
of yards. When they began to establish cotton mills down in the
Carolinas and through the south, his firm and others became inter-
ested in those mills, and it came about that he had to go to the
Carolinas once a month, and on one trip he went hunting into the
mountains of North Carolina. He thought, wouldn’t it be a nice
place to have a bungalow, and so in the broad way of doing business,
he got an agent to buy him a tract of land, and then he built his
bungalow, which you and I would call an elegant mansion, and as he
leved to see the apple tree blossom, he decided he would have an
apple orchard. And so he hired men to clear the land, and he hired
a horticulturist to look after the planting, and got a nurseryman who
was glad to sell trees, so he had his apple trees planted and by
and by they came into bearing, like Surface tiees do, but it wasn’t
but a little while until his orchard was filled with good red apples.
What should he do with them? He asked the Agricultural De-
partment at Washington, and finally somebody put him onto me,
and he hired me to go and look the thing over. We got on the train
and I went to bed and went to sleep, but the next morning in the
dining car I broached the subject of his orchard, and he told we
about it. We got to Salisbury, N. C., then off on a side line and got
off at a little station and drove twenty-five miles up the hill. That
was the first start off. I said, “How many trees have you?” I sup-
posed he had three or four hundred. He said, “J have about thiriy
thousand trees loaded with apples.” (Laughter.) Twenty-five miles
up hill! We got off at the station, and we were met by an elegant
pair of Kentucky horses and a buckboard, but the road was so rough
that it took us four hours with that team to get up to that orchard.
An ordinary farm wagon might take forty hours. Of course, to get
material up there to pack your fruit in and haul to the station—It
didn’t take me long to tell him his only chance was to put up cider
mills and build a pipe line and run his cider to the vinegar station at
the railroad station. That is a true story, but it is an exaggeration
in the orchard business. So a thing grows on us. Don’t get very
far away from the railroad station, or a good ‘line that will carry you
quickly to maiket, because while good Pennsylvania apples may be
worth money in Pennsylvania today, they may be worth more in
Chicago or Denver next week, or Boston week after, or Atlantic
City or Minneapolis. The markets today are way out, possibly across
thousands of miles of ocean.

Another big feature in this possible development of orchard busi-
ness, has been the development of railroad lines, the development
or the refrigerator car, co-operative work, so the location of the land
for your orchard along right lines is one of the biggest elements.
The preparation of soil, of course, means clearing off brush that may

39—6—1911

610 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

be on it, and the best sort of plowing that can be done, sub-soiling
where there is hard underlying soil; a thorough preparation of the
land as for any garden crop.

PROF. SURFACE: Dynamiting in all cases?

MR. HALE: No, dynamiting only in cases of hard sub-soil.
Dynamiting for each tree. ‘There is another fact. The\dynamite
people are slick advertisers. Our friends, the Dupont’s have got
millions. They are glorious people, no higher class business people
in America than the Duponts, of Wilmington, Del., and that big
state road that Senator Dupont has given to the State of Delaware,
and it is a blessed monument to leave belind, but it is going to take
millions to build, and you cannot get those millions unless you seli
powder, or dynamite, and you see it in all the papers now, rip up
your land with dynamite. I told one of their managers the other
day I had a certain tract of land I was going to plant next spring,
and had expected to dynamite it. But this summer Mr. Woodchuck
began to work down there, and as I went about I saw Mr. Wood-
chuck, Mrs. Woodchuck and all the little chucks had been bringing
up some of the sub-soil, and they told me I didn’t need to dynamite
in that light underlying soil and Dupont’s manager said “darn those

-oodehucks.” Well, if there is a hard sub-soil, I would advise
oe to dynamite under every tree. I have carried on dynamiting
in my Georgia farm. It wasn’t a woodchuck; it was a nigger, taught
me breaking up the soil under some particular tree, and I first tried
fifty or a hundred trees, and then five hundred, and last year five
thousand, and just at the present time we are planting 8,000 peach
trees, and every one is being dynamited, because it is hard clay sub-
soil.

PROF. SURFACE: Does dynamiting shatter or merely batter?

MR. HALE: I don’t know the difference. I am not a “scientist.”
It breaks it up.

MR. ROBERTS: That is simply turning the sword into a plough-
share.

MR. HALE: You must be a Christian. There is the prepara-
tion of the soil first; then the laying off of the trees, for the distance,
the planting and so forth, is a local question. There is a temptation
to too close planting of the trees, the original trees, the trees that
will stay there. There is a general tendency to too close planting,
on account of this desire for a quick money crop, and the man in
need of funds is tempted to do certain inter cropping, that perhaps
he ought not to do. But the other thing more particularly, is the
interplanting of other trees too closely ; the planting of the original
apple tree at 32 or 40 feet; so don’t be led away into too close plant-
ing of the original trees, because if they grow as they ought fo,
they are going to take up a great deal of “round. The spraying
machinery needs room; so be careful about ciose planting.

Do you think you will have an over production of apples? If
any of you have gotten the apple orchards going, and have got good
fair No. 1 apples, and expect to get any such price as apples pave

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 611

brought in the last ten years, you are going to slip up. Take the
average prices of the last ten years, and cut them right in two in the
middle.

That is my belief. I may be mistaken about it, but I do think
those who are going to invest money and are looking for dividends,
should take the average apple price of the last ten years, and cut it
in two. If you get any more than that, it will be extra dividends on
the common stock. That is a cold blooded business proposition. It
is easy enough to talk about four or five dollars a bushel for apples
and so forth, but the average grower is not going to be able to sell
his fruit at those prices.

Last week I went down to New York to the meeting of the
National League of Commission Merchants. I met gentlemen I
know from all over the United States, and sitting there in the Hotel
Astor was a group of people, big apple operators, two or three deal-
ers, and so forth, and one showed figures of a return he had received
that very day from three shipments of apples he had made to Europe.
I may not be accurate about the figures, but I think it was 3,200
barrels in all, the average returns 90 to $1.10. He said it would
figure out a little better than a dollar. That was simply a business
deal in a large way of eastern apples from old orchards poorly cared
for. There has been a lot of over-planting. I wish I had stayed in
the nursery business.

Question: Do you dip your roots in lime-sulphur before planting?

MR. HALE: No, I dip the tops, and I prune the roots off pretty
close. I am a good deal of a crank in close root pruning in planting
a tree. After a tree is planted, right then go in for cultivation real
lively. Prof. Surface told you that cultivating along the line of the
row the first two or three years was what the trees needed. I abso-
lutely believed that myself once. But let me tell you, I believe that
too, and I used to believe that the roots went out only a little ways
the first year. I absolutely believed that uniil several years ago I
planted an apple orchard. Some of you have heard me tell of it be-
fore. I bought a piece of rough, cheap woodland, chopped the wood
down and burned it on the lot, and planted my orchard, the apple
trees 36 feet apart. While we were planting the apples there, my
Italian foreman asked me why I didn’t plant peaches between the
apples. I said the ground was too rough, and peaches required bet-
ter tillage than we could give on that rough lot. He said that it
was fine peach land, some of the best peach land I had, and he said,
“You give me one interest in the crop, I plant the peaches and I
make the peaches grow like hell.” JI knew Louis’ hell meant like
heaven. When he went out, my secretary, who is a close observer,
said I had better listen to Louis; whatever he says about making
trees grow goes. I made a contract and gave him an interest in it,
and we did interplant with peaches in this apple orchard. Louis
said, “I grow the olive in Italy in rough land; I grow the coffee tree
in Brazil. I make the peach tree grow,” so in planting he dug
a good big hole where the dynamite wasn’t used, and where dyna-
mite was used, it dug it for him, and where the tree was planted, he
grubbed around about four feet in diameter. He dug away down
under and stirred it up and worked it up. I thought that ought to

612 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

be enough for first year, and I believed it was sufficient. The orchard
was well started. I was down in Georgia till the middle of July.
About the 20th of Julv IT came home. On the opposite side of the
street was land that had perfect tillage, plowed, harrowed and culti-
vated nicely, had new trees on it. The first day I drove up to this
orchard and was going to point out to my Italian friend the differ-
ence between full tillage of the land and the grubbing around the
tree, and as I drove up, I saw these trees, where Louis had been
erubbing were growing as big as those in the cultivated land that
erubbing close about the tree was all they needed around the tree,
T thought. Then I looked; the first six rows, !and between the tree,
was all groubbed over; the balance was as I left it in the spring. I
found Louis and asked what was the matter. He said, “Well, you
see, I had two or three friends come from the old country. They
to stay with me, to find a job. After the first day, I say, ‘You take
a pick and grub hoe; I give you something to do,’ and I lead them
myself.” (And when Louis leads, he leads: he is a regular Maud §S.)
“T take one row and ancther man dig the next row, and I keep count
of the time, and they dig these six rows clear across the lot.” I
asked him what he paid them for it, and he told me what he paid
them. They soon got another job. I guess they got tired of visiting.
I said, “You told me when you got me into this proposition you were
just going to grub around them.” “But, Mr. Hale, I didn’t tell
vou how far I would grub around.” JT couldn’t believe it until I saw
it, you and I say the roots they only go out a little ways the first
summer and so it matters not as to tillage for any but the little tree.
This was in July. JT don’t know whether there were any roots out
there or not, but on the land he tilled all over the trees were twice
as big as where he had grubbed around them four feet. There was
no growing crop there. They had the whole field to themselves.
That taught me a lesson in tillage. JI will never forget the wonder
of it. So when I see your oat crop and your rye crop, I say, don’t
teach the people of Pennsylvania or anywhere there is even a pos-
sibility of their getting into the orchard heaven when they have a
grain crop in the orchard. The trees may live and grow and be
moderately satisfactory, when you haven’t something better to com-
pare them with.

Question: Is it necessary to prune early?

MR. HALE: I would prune while in a dormant condition, if pos-
sible. I am speaking as a large orchardist. We prune all the year
around. We prune when we can. Of course, I would rather do all
my pruning after the coldest weather of winter is over and before
any growth begins in the spring. If you can do it before, if not, do
it when you can. Vigorous, strong growth of trees in the early
years, for peaches especially, when they have got to proper size,
if they have been well fed, nourished and cultivated, growing rapidly,
nothing will help fruitfulness like swmmer pruning. Cut out the
extra branches in July and shorten in the others. It is a cruel thing
to do to the tree, and any cruel thing you do to the tree shocks if.
It is one of the greatest things to develop fruit buds. Some people
say their orchards have got to full size and don’t bear. Good sharp
summer pruning of either tops or roots will cause greater develop-
ment of fruit buds. Don’t be afraid to thin the fruit from the trees.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 613

Don’t let a tree over bear, but thin it well—well as you think, and
then do it over again. Thorough thinning of the fruit is essential.
When the fruit begins to ripen, pick it. Take apples. Winter ap-
ples want at least four pickings over. The old way was to wait until
the early ones fall on the ground. The average winter apple tree
wants picking over at least four times over a period of practically a
month. With me it takes a month to get apples off any one apple
tree. Pick them as they mature. The same way with the peach.
When there is a dozen, fifteen or twenty, come to maturity harvest
them. In a week or ten days later, there are two or three hundred
apples to nice maturity, and then a little later, 80 per cent. of the
crop is mature. Get that, but leave all the green ones on the under
side, and sometimes six weeks from the original picking, you will get
a bushel or two that would have been green, if picked in the ordi-
nary way. So the picking of fruit as it matures, and the careful
handling of it, and the proper, honest grading of it into proper sizes,
the packing of it in the best packages you can get, the most attractive
packages, honestly packed from top to bottom,—if you have any
poor specimens, put them on the top; then stand there and say,
“There is the poorest in that package.” Sell it on that as a basis.
Stand for your price; let your commission man stand for price, be-
cause you guarantee it all the way down through, and make the
public pay for that guarantee. They are willing and glad to do it.
They have been humbugged too long with a few good ones on top
and- inferior ones on the hottom. Don’t have any poor ones in the
package if you can held it.

ASPARAGUS CULTURE

By PROF. R. L. WATTS, Professor of Horticulture, State College, Pa.

I think you might call this a succotash session. We had peaches
and cream this morning, and apple pie and dumplings, and so pn
we have had all along the road. This afternoon we will have aspara-
gus and cabbage. There is one very comforting thing about the
vegetable industry. Mr. Hale said this morning that the apple
industry would be over done. I heard him say at a meeting recently,
beginning in five years and extending fifteen years more, there will
be no money made in apples. That is very comforting to the man
who has a young orchard just coming on. It is something for him
te think about in the night when he is a little sleepless. The market
gardener has the advantage over the fruit grower in this respect.
The market gardener can switch around from one crop to another.

Now, seriously, the market gardener in Pennsylvania has not
given the attention that the importance of the subject demands. I
am certain when the census report is completed and you see copies,
you will find out that the market gardener interest of Pennsylvania

614 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

represent more dollars than the fruit industry. J may be mistaken,
but I will be surprised if the market gardening is not ahead of the
fruit industry. But as Mr. Hale said this morning, people are wild
on the planting of fruit. There is more poetry in it. Some way,
the growing of onions and cabbages, and so on, does not sound quite
as poetical as growing peaches and apples with red cheeks. This
afternoon we are going to take up asparagus culture, and I am going
to talk with a view of trying to give information to the beginner.
{ know some men in this audience are expert growers. I see on my
right Mr. Horace Roberts. Really, he is the man who should have
spoken on this subject this afternoon. And there is Mr. Garrahan
back there. I don’t expect to say anything this afternoon that will
be helpful to them.

It affords me great pleasure to discuss the culture of a crop
which ranks so high in the esteem of both grower and consumer. No
vegetable is more appreciated in its season and few, if any, offers
greater possibilities for field culture. There is a tremendous de-
mand for this crop on our city markets and the demand is increas~
ing annually. Very few of our markets, however, are well supplied
with asparagus and it is hoped that our vegetable growers in vari-
ous parts of the state will take a keener interest in the growing of
the crop for commercial purposes. The most wonderful truckers of
New Jersey are obtaining a gross income of from $300 to $500 to
the acre and there is no reason why the progressive farmers of Penn-
sylvania should not realize just as large returns. This vegetable
should also be much more generally grown for the home table.
Every village garden should have a plot cultivated by the most in-
tensive methods. The kitchen gardens of the 225,000 farms in the
State should also contain a few rows of asparagus. It is ready
for the table early in the spring, long before onions and other early
vegetables in the open ground are large enough and cuttings may be
made daily until about the first of July. No other vegetable will take
its place at this season of the year.

Varieties—While many varieties are cultivated, only a few are
grown extensively. Palmetto is by far the most important variety.
It is grown most extensively in all of the large producing districts.
The shoots are of good size and of fine quality. This variety seems
to be more resistant to rust than any other and this is perhaps the
main reason for its popularity.

Argenteuil, a French variety, has attracted considerable atten-
tion in recent years. There are two strains of this variety, known as
Early and Late Argenteuil. The varieties are not apparently well
adapted to clay soil but they have been at least fairly successful in
the sandy types of New Jersey and elsewhere.

Conover’s Colossal is an old variety which has been grown ex-
tensively in Pennsylvania and other states in the Union. Because
of the smaller shoots, the variety should not be recommended for
general cultivation.

Barr’s Mammoth, Reading Mammoth, Dreer’s Eclipse and Cali-
fornia Mammoth White are excellent varieties for either the home
garden or commercial plantation.

Soil—While a sandy loam is unquestionably the ideal soil for
the growing of asparagus, this crop is grown successfully on a great
variety of soil types. A sandy soil is especially desirable for grow-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 615

ing white or blanched asparagus because the sandy soils offer no re
sistance to the stems and they make perfectly straight shoots. It is
possible, then to reach several inches under the surface of the ground
with a knife in cutting, thus securing long, white shoots. ‘The largest
plantations in the iast are upon soils of this type, although there
are many profitable fields on the heavier types of soils. Our markets
are demanding green asparagus more and more every year and this
may be grown with great success upon any moist, fertile soil. It has
been said that any soil that will produce a good crop of corn will also
grow good asparagus. While a field of average fertility will not pro-
duce maximum profits, it will return as large profits as any other
garden crop which may be cultivated with a horse. As previously
indicated, the most important factors in soil selection are the constant
and abundant supply of moisture and the never failing supply of
available plant food. |

Seed Selection.—The selection of good seed is just as important
in growing asparagus as any other garden or farm crop. This mat-
ter is too frequently neglected with the result that growers are real-
izing from twenty-five to seventy-five dollars less an acre than would
be possible were seed selection practiced. Amateurs or beginners
should procure the very best stock from specialists who have prac-
ticed seed selection for a number of years. Then, after the planta-
tion is established, seed should be selected at home for any further
planting that may be contemplated. The individual plants of the
field should be carefully studied, marking those which are the largest
and most vigorous and free from rust. It is exceedingly important
to select plants that produce several large shoots rather than many
small shoots. Our markets are demanding and paying for large
shoots and this matter can be controlled to a great extent by intelli-
gent selection of seed. The propagator should bear in mind that
there are both male and female plants and that it is just as important
to select strong male plants as the very best female plants. These
must also be in close proximity to each other, so that the pollination
of flowers will be perfect. After locating plants, most growers prefer
to lift them from the plot and remove them to a special breeding plot
at some distance from other plants. This is an excellent idea for the
same plants may then be kept for many years to produce the seed
required and there will be no interference with tillage operations in
the commercial plantation. The seeds are ripe when the berries have
turned red. The berries are then picked and the seed washed and
dried. The seed may be preserved for several years under condition
such as are found in ordinary living rooms.

Growing the Young Plants—Young plants are so easily raised
that every commercial grower should produce his own. Ground for
this purpose should be highly manured and plowed in the fall. It
should then receive a top dressing of a complete fertilizer as early
as possible in the spring, be harrowed thoroughly, and the seeds
drilled in rows not less than eighteen inches apart if to be worked
with a hand wheel hoe or thirty inches if to be worked with a horse.
if the seed is very choice and the grower is anxious to obtain the best
plants, the seed should be dropped three inches apart. If a large
number of plants are desired, the seed may be sown with a drill, al-
though the hand method is preferred by some because it secures

616 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

equal space for the development of the roots and tops. Do not cover
the seeds with more than one and a-half inches of soil. As the as-
paragus seed is very slow to germinate, it is desirable to sow a few
radish seeds with the asparagus so that the young radish plants will
mark the rows and cultivation may be begun a few days after sow-
ing. If a radish plant grows every four or five feet in the row, they:
will be sufficient to enable the cultivator to keep between the rows
and thus avoid disturbing the asparagus seeds or young plants which
may be coming up. The asparagus nursery should receive thorough
tillage until late in the fall. If the plants do not grow rapidly,
nitrate of soda should be applied at intervals of about three weeks at
the rate of one hundred pounds to the acre. In small nurseries an
excellent plan is to top dress with fresh horse manure about the
25th of July. The mulch of manure should be heavy enough to pre
vent weed growth and conserve soil moisture.

Plant Selection.—Experiments at the Pennsylvania State College
have shown that the strongest roots are very much the most profit-
able. In an experiment which has been in progress for several
years, No. 1 roots have produced $100 more to the acre than No. 3
roots. Practical growers in many sections have had the same ex-
perience and this information shows how important it is for the com-
mercial grower to produce probably twice as many plants as will be
needed to plant his fields, and then to select and plant only the strong-
est. No information can be given in this talk which will count for
larger profits than the proper selection of plants.

Soil Preparation._-A heavy clover sod provides the best condi-
tions for the growing of a good crop of asparagus. The field should
be heavily manured in the fall and also plowed in the fall, so that
the vegetable matter will be partly decayed at planting time the fol-
lowing spring. It is necessary to plant at the earliest possible date
in order to secure the greatest growth the first season. There should
be no delay in harrowing the iand and preparing it for setting the
young roots. The grower should not lose sight of the fact that the
field is to remain in this crop for not less tham ten years and prob-
ably for twenty and that too great care cannot be exercised in plow-
ing and harrowing.

Planting—Most commercial growers in New Jersey and else-
where allow not les than five and a-half feet of space between rows.
The most successful and intensive growers of Pennsylvania are mak-
ing the rows only four feet apart and setting the plants about two
feet apart in the row. This is ample space to grow green asparagus
and the returns per acre at these distances will be greater than when
more liberal spacing is provided. The universal practice of the most
successful growers is to plant one year roots. It has been clearly
demonstrated by experiment stations and hundreds of practical
growers that one year roots are more satisfactory than older roots.
If two year plants could be lifted from the nursery row and trans-
planted to their new home with no interference with the roots they
would produce just as good results. This, however, cannot be done
so that the universal practice is to plant strong, vigorous one year
roots.

The grower should bear in mind that the buds of the crowns
come closer the surface every year. This is due to the fact that
the new buds form slightly higher each year and it is therefore an

—— —_. wr Ss ee oe an

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 617

advantage to plant as deeply as the soil will permit. Under no cir-
cumstances, however, is it desirable to set the crowns or roots in the
sub-soil because this will invariably interfere with root development
jor the roots grow laterally rather than downward. A safe rule is
never to plant deeper than the land is plowed unless shallower plow-
ing is practiced than is expedient considering the character of the
land. Under conditions as found in most fields where this crop is
grown, it is preferable to plant from six to eight inches deep. Be
cause of the tendency of the crowns to get nearer the surface of the
land every year it is an advantage to plant ten or tweive inches deep,
providing the soil will permit planting at this depth.

Care of Plantation.—There has been much dispute upon methods
of fertilizing asparagus, although some points lave been well estab-
lished. There is no question about the importance of maintaining
the supply of vegetable matter. It is highly probable that not less
than twelve tons of stable manure annually is necessary to provide
the soil with the proper amount of humus. A common practice is
to apply the manure any time after the tops are cut in the fall and
the first tillage operation in the spring. This is a safe practice in
light soils but on heavy soils the better plan is probably to apply the
manure about the first of July or immediately after the cutting sea-
son. Heavy applications in the fall or winter may make it almost
impossible to harrow the plantation early in the spring because heavy
mulches of manure retain the moisture in the spring and thus pre-
vent early tillage. Heavy applications of commercial fertilizer are
undoubtedly essential to the best results. The most successful grow-
ers of the country are using from one-half to one ton of a com-
plete fertilizer to the acre. It is possible that the largest returns can-
not be realized with less than a ton to the acre of a fertilizer carry-
ing four to six per cent. of nitrogen and eight to ten per cent. of pot-
ash and phosphoric acid. A safe practice is to apply one-half the com-
mercial fertilizer early in the spring and the other half immediately
after the cutting season. Some growers contend that it is better to
apply all of the fertilizer after the cutting season. This plan is en-
tirely satisfactory, provided there is abundant rainfall after the first
of July, otherwise it is better to apply the mineral elements early in
the spring so that they will be well distributed through the soil in
case there is a light rainfall after the first of July. Nitrate of soda
can often be applied to advantage as a top dressing, using from 75
to 150 pounds at each application. It is often profitable to use as
much as four or five hundred pounds of nitrate of soda to the acre.
The asparagus plantation should be kept free from weeds through-
out the season. Rust is the only disease that gives very much trouble
in growing asparagus. Although some spray materials have been
more or less valuable in controlling the disease, it is generally
conceded that the most practical means of control is to cut the tops
in the fall as soon as the leaves begin to turn yellow and burn them.
With good treatment, an asparagus plantation will last for twenty-
five or more years but it is not considered desirable to retain the plan-
tations more than fifteen years, and many growers destroy them when
they are ten or twelve years of age. The shoots get, smaller as the
plantation become older and this is the reason for making new plant-
ings at short intervals.

618 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Marketing.—With soil of high fertility, careful seed and plant
selection, and the very best treatment, it is possible to cut $50 worth
of asparagus to the acre the second season from planting. The
grower should be very careful to avoid heavy cutting the second
season as this will cripple the plants during the following years.
Even the third year the cuttings should not be too heavy, but the
fourth and succeeding years it is permissible to cut until about the
first of July. Asparagus is still regarded a luxury by many city con-
sumers and it pays to place the product on the market in the most
attractive form. Many growers have found it an advantage to tie
the bunches with red tape. The tape can be secured at a very low
cost and it certainly pays to use it. The bunches of asparagus are
eight to ten inches in length and the average weight is two to two
and a-half pounds. In warm, growing weather it is necessary to
look over the plantation every other day and sometimes every day
in order to catch the shoots before they break or become too long for
marketing. In order to avoid cutting on Sunday, some growers re-
move the marketable shoots Saturday afternoon and after washing
and bunching they are stood in trays with the butts standing in about
one-half inch of water. This will keep the asparagus perfectly fresh
until Monday morning when it may be sent to market.

EARLY CABBAGE
By R. H. GARRAHAN, Kingston, Pa.

In order to produce a good crop of Early Cabbage there are a
few conditions with which the grower must comply:

Ist. We must use good seed. And here the grower does not have
to take any chances. He has no one to blame but himself if he uses
poor seed.

2d. We must have a supply of well-grown plants. Here again
the grower takes absolutely no chances. It’s his own fault if he does
not raise good plants.

3d. We must have the soil in the best possible condition in regard
to fertility and mechanical condition. As a rule it’s up to the grower
to have his land in suitable condition.

4th. We should have freedom from disease and insect pests. Here
we have to take our chances. We haven’t yet been furnished with es
sure panacea for all the ills that plant life is heir too.

5th. In order to have a successful crop we must receive a good price
for the finished product. The fixing of prices is usually beyond the —
erower and here he sure does take a long chance. 4

I said that we had absolutely no excuse for using poor seed. You —

say there is lots of poor seed on the market and that the seedsman is
liable to sell you some worthless stuff. IU’ agree with you but dou
buy such trash.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 619

I was talking with a gentleman during the National Convention
at Boston Jast fall. He said he had a contract to furnish a quantity
of cabbage seed for a large dealer. I asked him if the dealer ever
visited his farm and inspected the cabbages he had saved for seed
purposes. He said he had never seen the dealer. His plan he said
was to produce as much seed as possible, per acre, and as cheaply as
possible.

We don’t want such seed as that and theie is no occasion for using
it. In order to be dead sure of the strain of seed you are using the
best plan is to grow your own.

Many of our agricultural writers have given us to understand
that seed raising should be done by experts that the ordinary run of
market gardeners don’t know enough to raise their own seed. We
have had this drilled into us so often that many of us have come to
accept it as the truth. With the exception of the Livingstons I can-
not recall any really first-class varieties which have been developed
by the so-called profession seed growers. Practically all of our im-
proved varieties have been developed by careful selections by the
practical gardeners. We have also been given to understand that
seeds can be grown in certain favored locations. ‘There may be some
truth to this statement but I know that just as good cabbage seed
can be produced in Pennsylvania or any of the northern states as
can be grown in Kurope, California, Puget Sound, Long Island or
any other out-of-the-way place.

Our plan of raising is to sow seed about the middle of July in
hills where we want the plant to grow, thus avoiding transplanting.
When a few inches high they are thinned out to one in a hill. The
development of these plants is watched during the fall and only
those marked for seed purposes, which show a tendency to head
early, a uniformity of type and which have a vigorous constitution,
about 1 in 100. The health and vigor of a plant is one of the most
important considerations. It is just as important to have strong
vigorous plants from which to raise seed as to use vigorous animals
for stock breeding. On the approach of cold weather these selected
cabbages are taken up carefully, placed in a trench, roots downward
and covered to protect from severe freezing. The following spring
they are planted in a well-prepared piece of ground and fertilized
heavily with potash and phosphoric acid. When the seeds begin to
ripen the seed stems are cut off, placed on sheets and if weather is
favorable they are left in field for a few days. They are then hauled
in, spread out on a tight floor and when thoroughly dried the seeds
are pounded out and cleaned up with a fanning mill. The seeds are
then screened and all small and immature seeds taken out.

Peter Henderson in his book, “Gardening for Profit,” tells of an
old German gardener who was always first on New York market
with Early Cabbage. His neighbors couldn’t understand how he
managed to beat them out year after year. One day he confided his
secret to a friend. His plan was to mark the stumps of the earliest
cabbages which he cut—the suckers forming on these stumps were
removed, rooted in sand as florists do soft cuttings. They were then
wintered over in cold frames and the following spring set out for
seed purposes.

42

620 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

If one does not care to go to the trouble of raising his own seed
he should at least purchase a supply a year in advance and test in a
small way before planting extensively. Cabbage seed is good for
several years.

Raising the Plants——There are several methods by which we may
obtain a supply of early plants. The old-fashioned way was to sow
seed in the open on the 15th of September. When the plants were
two or three inches high they were transplanted into well-drained
cold frames, about 200 plants per sash. When the weather became
cold sash were placed on the frames and careful attention paid
to ventilation. If the weather became very severe the plants were
still further protected by covering the sash with mats or boards. The
plan was to let the plant make the necessary development in the fall
and keep them in a dormant condition during the winter. This
method, however, is rather unsatisfactory in many respects. The
plants need looking after almost every day during the winter, and
often considerable number of the plants run to seed on being planted
in the field. This was especially true if the seed was sown prior to
September 15. If sown much later the plants did not have time
enough to make the proper development before cold weather.

Spring sown plants have almost entirely taken the place of the
wintered-over ones. They can be produced cheaper and if properly
grown are much superior. If a green-house is not available the seed
may be sown in hot-beds and when a few inches high the plants are
set in cold-frame, just as with wintered-over plants. A somewhat
better plan is to sow the seed in flats, place the flats in the hot-bed.
When the rough leaf appears the seedlings are transplanted in simi-
lar flats 1$ x 14 inches apart. These flats are then watered, placed
in cold-frames and, if necessary, shaded a few days until the plants
have struck root.

A green-house is much more desirable in every way. It need not
necessarily be an expensive affair. A house 12 x 60 feet need not
cost over $209, if one is handy with tools. Having a sufficient num-
ber of sash one could run through such a house 100,000 cabbages and
the same amount of celery and tomato plants.

In our section we make the first showing of cabbage seed early in
January, varieties used are Early Jersey, Charleston, Glory and Enk-
heisen, Succession, etc. We sow in flats rather than in solid beds as
the moisture conditions are under better control. The seed is sown
in drills 4-inch deep and covered with sand. We prefer to trans-
plant before the rough leaf appears as we get a more even stand of
plants by using them when quite young. They are set in the flats
1j-inches apart but for the very earliest it pays to plant them 2
inches apart. In order to get all the plants a uniform distance apart
we use a spacing board. ‘This consists of a 4-inch board large
enough to cover the entire flat, $-inch holes are bored the desired
distance apart. The board is placed over the flat and a handy boy
punches the holes with 2-inch iron dibber. With a little practice
the kid becomes mighty expert at the business. Other children then
place plants in the holes and a careful man shoves a little dirt with a
pointed peg around the roots to fasten them. They are then watered
and placed in the green house. When the room is needed the first
lot is shifted to cold frames.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 621

A little practical experience is necessarry in order to grow good
plants. itis hard to say, without being on the job, just when to venti-
late, or how much water to apply and watering and ventilating are
the two most important points in plant raising. As a rule the be
ginner is liable to coddle his plants too much and as a result his
plants are liable to damp off on account of not having sufficient venti-
lation or too much water. The soil used should be of a loose porous
nature to allow perfect drainage. If the soil is inclined to be too
heavy it will be greatly improved by the addition of fine ashes (an-
thracite). The soil should be rather dry and not packed very tightly
in the flats. The temperature in the house should not go above 50
degrees at night.

The greatest loss in plant raising is due to the “damping off”
fungus. This disease usually attacks the young plants in the seed-
ling box, causing the stem of the plant to turn black and rot off. It
is due to too much heat, lack of yentilation, to heavy watering, cloudy
weather, or the use of old soil. This trouble can be almost entirely
eliminated by careful attention to watering and ventilation. Loosen-
ing the soil slightly between the rows of seedling is also very bene-
ficial. We have iiad practically no trouble in this regard since using
sterilized soil. The soil can be sterilized either with steam or with a
solution of formaline, 2 pounds to 50 gallons water. It will take
about 2 gallons of the solution to sterilize a evbic foot of soil.

The plants in the cold frames should be ventilated every day,
the amount of ventilation depending upon the age of the plants and
the condition of the weather. During warm days the sash are re-
moved and the plants gradually hardened so as to stand a tempera-
ture of at least 20 degrees. A well-developed plant will be short
and stalky, having 5 or 6 leaves of a reddish hue and having an
abundance of fibrous roots. The soil for green-house purposes
should be prepared at least a year in advance. Where sods are ob-
tainable it is a good pian to pile up a layer of sods, say a foot deep,
then add a foot of rotten manure, then another layer of sods and so
proceed. Where sod is not obtainable select a good piece of jand,
manure it heavily, plow and harrow and roll again, continue this
process until sufficient manure has been worked into the soil and
the ground is in fine mechanical condition. Then screen the dirt and
haul to green-house or store in protected place until needed.

The flats used are made by sawing in sections tomato cases or
other second-hand canned goods boxes. We try to buy all tomato
cases as this gives us a uniform sized flat and one which fits in nicely
in the green-house, cold frame and wagon. Years ago we used the
old “Armstrong” method for sawing the boxes, but now we hitch
a gasoline engine to a circular saw which makes short work of the
box business. JLarge-sized shoe cases are purchased, taken apart
and used for bottoming the inner sections. For cabbage plants the
flats are made 24 inches deep, for tomato plants and especially for
re-transplanted plants we prefer to have the flats an inch deeper.

We use double cold frames in preference to the single frame. They
are made deep enough to allow 4 foot fresh horse manure in the
bottom, this furnishes some bottom heat which is very desirable
while the plants are young and the weather severe.

Instead of using mats to protect plants on cold nights we use
steam-heated cold frames. These frames are built so as to pitch

622 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

4 inches in 100 feet. A 3-inch main feed pipe runs from the boiler
across the ends of the frames and a 2-inch pipe carries the condensa-
tion back to the boiler. At the centre and lower end of the frame
a 1}-inch raiser is taken off the main flow pipe and runs directly
around the frame, and connects with the main return pipe. Valves
are places on the flow and also on the return pipe and a pet cock
placed on lower end of 1eturn pipe to allow escape of air. We first
tried the automatic air cocks but found them to be unsatisfactory.
Steam-heated frames have proven entirely satisfactory and much
more economical than the use of mats.

Cabbage is not at all particular in regard to soil, it will do well
on most any kind of land providing it is not wet and soggy. The
ground should be well drained either naturally or artificially, land
with a loose gravely sub-soil, however, is not desirable. Cabbage
is a rank feeder and the main thing is to have the soil filled with
availabie plant food. If sod land is used plow it early in the fall and
during the winter apply 50 or 40 tons manure per acre. It is a
good plan to “cut-away” the ground early in the spring. This allows
the sun and air to dry the land and we are thus enabled to plow
much earlier than we otherwise could. Most of us vegetable grow-
ers know the value of getting our crops in early and very often we
get in too much of a hurry and as a consequence we often set out
plants without first getting the soil in the proper condition. This is
one of the worst mistakes we can make. If the land is not properly
fitted before planting it never can be after the field is planted. Plow
the ground just as soon as it is dry enough, then cut-a-way, harrow
and roll, if necessary, until the land is in the best possible condi-
tion.

We then apply the following fertilizer, per acre, 600 pounds tank-
age, 600 pounds acid phosphate, 400 pounds potash; this is applied
broadcast and worked into the soil with an Acme harrow. The
ground is then smoothed and marked out 25 x 1} feet. The plants
are dumped from the flats and separated very carefully so as to
retain as many of the fibrous roots as possible. They are puddled
in thin mud, stood upright in boxes and hauled to the field. Chil-
dren are used to drop the plants and men and women armed with
dibbers fasten them, care being taken to get the soil tight around
the roots. The plants are set as deep as possible without covering
the hearts; this is a great protection if the weather should turn cold
before the plants have been established. ‘The cabbages are cultivated
and hoed as soon as they have struck root. A smal! handful of
nitrate of soda is then applied around the plant, usually from 200
te 500 pounds per acre. All that is necessary from now on is to
keep the cultivators going and hoed occassionally to keep the soil
loose around the plants.

Some growers, where land is very valuable, will inter-crop their
cabbage. The usual combination is to set lettuce between the plants
and sow one or two rows of radishes between the rows of cabbage.
To my mind this is a very questionable practice, it sounds fine to
say, you are producing four or five crops per year on the same
land, but we prefer one or two good crops to half a dozen poor ones.
The constant tramping over the ground in order to pull the radishes

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 623

or cut the lettuce is very detrimental to the cabbage and does not
allow the necessary cultivation for the best development of the
plant.

The market gardener may not have a monepoly on all the bugs,
blights and other diseases which atiack plant life, but he has enough
at least to make the job interesting.

(I am reminded of that famous quotation:

“The Chinch-Bug eats the farmer’s grain
The Bee-Bug spoils his honey,

The Bed-Bug fills his nights with pain,
And the Hum-Bug gets his money.”)

After the cabbage plants are set in the field they have to take
their chances with the maggots, wire-worms, cut-worms and the
like. Our experiment stations have experimented considerable along
this line and have advocated the use of a number of different mix-
tures for the eradication of these pests. But as a rule the remedies
so far advanced cost too much to apply, the game is hardly worth
the powder. The supply of cut-worms can be somewhat diminished
by the use of poiscned mashes.

Plowing as late in the fall as possible is often of some benefit
as the worms or their larva are thrown up and killed by freezing.
Anything that will promote growth will lessen the effect of those
insects. Early planting, an application of nitrate of soda, plenty of
cultivation and hoeing are about the best remedies. Club root often
causes considerable loss, especially on poorly drained land, a heavy
application of lime the fall previous to planting often proves very
beneficial. Little or no trouble is to be feared from this disease if
cabbage or any plants of the same family are not grown oftener than
once in three or four years in the same piece of land.

Many growers imagine that when they have grown a good crop,
of cabbage they have done about all they can do. If cabbage is scarce
and the price is high they are lucky and if the market is overstocked
they are unfortunate. There is some truth to it, but the same prin-
ciples which apply to packing apples are also true in regard to cab-
bage. There is such a thing as having a reputation even for growing
ing cabbage and a good reputation is worth money. Nine times
out of ten the man who is condemning the commission man the
loudest is the one who is not familiar with the market requirement
or who is not putting up an honest package. Most commission men
are desirous of getting consignments from growers upon whom they
can rely, not only for an honest pack, but one who can supply them
year after year. It is to their advantage to give such a grower a
square deal. For my part I cannot see how we could do business
without the commission men. What we want is a strong organiza-
tion which will weed out the unreliable ones.

624 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

GARDEN IRRIGATION

By PROF. J. W. GREGG, State College, Pa.

The experience of the farmer in every century and age has shown
that the productiveness of the soil depends to a great extent upon
an adequate supply of water; no water, no crops; no crops, no
animals; and in the case of countries like India, oftentimes a loss
of human life.

Some form of irrigation has been known and practiced in the
older European countries for hundreds of years, and even in our
own country the idea is not new and vet it is safe to say that sixty
years ago the practice of irrigation on a commercial scale was prac-
tically new to the people of this country. Conditions are now rapidly
changing and there are hundreds of market gardeners and green-
house men that are making use of some form of irrigation to pro-
duce for them the maximum returns from a given area. With all
this rapid progress that is being made by many up-to-date growers,
there are those who still depend upon the natural rainfall to furnish
enough water for their growing crops. These men are not awake
to the improved methods now in use by successful truckers and still
associate irrigation with that vast area of parched land west of the
Mississippi, and little do they realize the importance of some form
of irrigation in their own constantly varying climatic conditions.
These same men may not be questioning the extensive use of manures
and chemical fertilizers, neither do they undervalue the practice of
thorough cultivation or drainage, yet with all their diligent culture
and generous fertilization, they are aniually incurring losses amount-
ing to thousands of dollars because they are unable to supply water
when needed by the growing crop. It is too often the case that the
grower sees the returns for his year’s labor and expenditures fade
away in a few days or weeks of uncontrolled drought.

The question that naturally arises is why are so many growers
neglecting the use of some method of irrigation? There seems to
be three reasons: First, the prevalence of the old idea that irriga-
tion is of value only in the arid sections of the west; second, the
general ignorance of the ease and cheapness that some form of irri-
gation may be installed, used, and maintained as compared with the
great annual loss without such practice; and, third, the failure to
recognize or realize that a constant supply of water promotes in
growing crops a more complete development of the crop, more
luxuriant and uniform growth and early maturity to say nothing of
increased quality or, in other words, many do not know the agri-
cultural duty of water and fail to align the practice of irrigation
with fertilization, cultivation, and drainage as a factor in intensive
culture.

In order that we may fully appreciate the importance of some
form of irrigation, let us consider briefly what has been called the
agricultural duty of water as it is concerned with the growing
plant. Soil water carries mineral and organic matter and is to the
soil and plant as blood to the human body. A soil may become

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 625

aenemic, lacking in water, so may a plant and in both cases they be-
come dry and many, many times the plants die. The soil loses its
sub-organic character, but given a certain amount of water and it is
at once alive or vitalized. We know that the great bulk of some
plants is nothing but water and that much of the substance of a plant
is taken from the soil water, yet many fail to appreciate the fact
that for every pound of solid matter thus added to a plant in growth,
it is necessary that several hundred pounds of water must be taken
in by the plant. Many plants on hot days exhale their own weight
in water in the course of a few hours, while others may exhale tons
in a few days. In some cases it has been possible for scientists to
measure such water and they tell us that there must be on an aver-
age of four hundred pounds of water pass through some plants for
every pound of dry matter added and furthermore that there seems
to be a direct relation between the quantity of water supplied to the
soil and the quantity of the crop yielded. This fact is illustrated
very plainly by comparing the cacti growth on the dry lands with
the luxuriant forests in other sections where the soil is supplied
with more water. It is still further noted in the variation in crops
from season to season. This ratio can, of course, only be approxi-
mated as soils differ in composition and texture as do the yields of
tender vegetables and fruits as compared with grains, nuts and dry
forage. At present, however, it may be briefly stated that the agri-
cultural duty of water may be to produce 1-1000 part of its weight
in the average crop and 1-4000 of its weight in grains.

So far it has been inferred that water is needed only to bring
crops to maturity and nothing has been said as to the need of water
to promote even and rapid germination of the seed in the ground on
the value of water at the time of setting plants in the open ground
from green-house or cold frame. Uneven germination produces
an uneven crop and how many thousands of plants are lost every
year at transplanting time because of two or three hot days, when
water cannot be supplied fast enough by the soil. It is appropriate
at this point to present a few results that have been obtained by
two or three of the state experiment stations.

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS

Experiments at the Michigan Station have shown that cabbage
yields have been increased to the amount of $150 per acre, some
varieties doing better than others.

Tomato yields were increased to an average amount of $100
per acre, while potatoes showed a gain of 150 bushels per acre.

The New Jersey Station reports the following results with beans:
Non-irrigated plots, 17 pounds; irrigated plots, 45 pounds. Peppers,
non-irrigated plots, 717 fruits; irrigated plots, 1,277 fruits; or at
the rate of 80 pounds on the non-irrigated plots and 147 pounds on
the irrigated plots. Celery, non-irrigated plots about 136 pounds;
or 1 to 8 in “market” value of the crop, the irrigated plots yielding
329 pounds.

40-—6—1911

626 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THE REPORT OF ace te EXPERIMENTAL FARM

Each now 25 Feet Teng

Date Harvested.

rey

qa

: fa

| ) r= 2

Lettuce. | | = to

Hascall : 3 = 3

E Lo} bo Le) to

| ° } @o ies o a,

} n | aa = » pal

| | a a Le

joi te d® elias ae a a

A = A pa z
1 ep Sg ra Be [8 ga be June 22 | July 4) 20 ibs. 5 oz. li ibs. 3 0z:
Head, a omen May 13/ July 10| July 26 | 26 ibs. 15 oz. 9 tbs. 1 oz.
Cos, wane nsennnnn ee enenneeennnne ee] May 13 | | June 28 | July 10} 16 ibs. 3 0z. 5 Ibs. 9 oz.

The Pate of ie eat Arne was tiene wie that of
the non-irrigated was decidedly inferior owing to bitterness developed
under the very hot and dry conditions. The non-irrigated plants
remained in edible condition only a short time and began showing
seed stalks at a very early date. The irrigated plants were not only
ready for use considerably earlier (as will be noted by reference to
the table above), but it seemed to be comparatively easy to hold
them in good condition for a considerable time. These results go
to show that in times of drought, artificial systems of irrigation may
prove of the very greatest value to the mar ket grower.

Greater results than these have been obtained by many practical
growers but in all fairness to these results and to the practice it
must be stated that in normal seasons the increase in pounds, bushels
or tons may not seem worth the cost of irrigation, but if quality is
considered worth anything today, the increase in that direction alone
will always pay a profit on the investment. In dry or abnormal
seasons greater differences are of course shown and then it is that
prices are higher and the man who irrigates wins out.

It may be even now some of you are asking yourselves “where
would I get the water to irrigate, supposing I wanted to.” Many
of you may be located near small rivers, or creeks where a lift of
20 to 25 feet by means of a windmill, gasoline or steam engine or
if near an interurban trolley line an steric motor will do the work.

Many insignificant little brooks will often flow five gallons in
two minutes or 3,600 gallons in twenty-four hours, 108,000 in one
month or equal to four inches of rainfall on an acre.

There are many wells from 20 to 50 feet deep capable of fur-
nishing 275 gallons per minute if we only knew it and at this rate
it would take only a four-horse power engine 24 hours to cover
four acres four inches. Suppose you don’t have such a constant
supply, then the question of storing the water in tanks or reservoirs
becomes necessary, and in most cases it is not a difficult problem to
solve, especially when one can make use of a low, boggy place where
with a little excavating and the use of some concrete a first-class
storage may be made to hold sufficient water to not only pull a crop
through two or more weeks of dry weather but might prove of in-
estimable value to nearby buildings. Those who are trucking or
who are in the green-house business in or near large cities or towns
can easily afford to make use of the municipal supply at rates ranging
from 4 to 10 cents per thousand gallons.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 627

Having briefly disposed of the preceding question of supply, we
are now confronted with the question as to what is the best method
of applying the water to the growing crops. There are three methods
being used here in the east, all more or less successful according
to kind of soil, lay of the land and crops grown.

Around Boston we find many growers prefer the water through
large mains and then apply with large hose. The objections to this
method are, too much labor required, uneven watering and water
liable to be applied too rapidly, thereby having a tendency to pack
some soils and break down many tender plants.

The furrow method is open to the same objections with the
addition that soils of uneven contour will not permit of its use. The
overhead system seems to be the best and the one that is rapidly re-
placing other methods. With this:method the water is applied in a
fine mist-like spray from nozzles set in galvanized iron pipe arranged
on posts in rows at given distances apart. These pipes are capable
of being turned either by hand or automatically thus producing
an even distribution of water over the entire space. These nozzles
are usually placed four feet apart in the pipes and the pipes are
about 40 or 50 feet apart according to the water pressure at the
nozzle.

This system, known as the Skinner System of Irrigation, costs
only from $90 to $150 per acre to install and will pay for itself in a
single season.

When shall I irrigate and how much water shall I apply? are
other questions to be answered and indeed in most cases they are
the hardest ones of the whole practice. In order to determine just
when crops need water and when to apply it so they will not suffer
from drought or, on the other hand be damaged by too frequent
or too generous applications requires practice and a knowledge of
the needs of the plants under irrigation. Plants may sulfer as much
from having the soil kept too wet as too dry. Plants usually do not
show the need of water until a great deal of damage has been done
and therefore one should never wait for the plants to tell of their
need. Frequent sprinkling of the surface soil at irregular intervals
is not watering. The surface soil may look moist when the roots
ot the plant are drying up. The rule seems to be not to water too
often but give a good soaking when you do water, if the surface
looks dry, dig down to a level with the roots and get a handful of
soil, squeeze it and if it holds together there is plenty of water
present, but if it falls apart quickly water is usually needed. The
amount of water to apply depends upon the kind of soil, crop and
climati¢ conditions. It has been stated that about 3-5 of the volume of
clay soils and 2-5 of sandy soils is open space, while good garden
loams may range between these figures. There is in all soils free
water and water around soil particles and as it is the free water that
plants depend upon it is a question of how much free water should
soils contain to produce vigorous growth in plants. An answer that
has been given to this question states that one pound of water to ten
pounds of soil as it is taken from the field will supply enough water
for the average crop. We can only approximate this, however, and
in practice must resort to other means of determining whether there
is sufficient water in the soil for the growth of the plant. Cultiva-
tion must go hand in hand with ‘rrigation in order to conserve all

628 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the moisture possible and to prevent the soil from baking, form-
ing a crust on the surface or becoming hard. We have been told
that spraying is crop insurance, this is equally true of irrigation
because it insures against drought and in theusands of cases has
spelled profit where without it the word would have been loss.

MARKETING PROBLEMS

By PAUL WORK, Ithaca, N. Y.
(This lecture was fullv illustrated.)

The successful marketing of horticultural products involyes a
Spe tes of problems. Beginning with the time the orchard site
is chosen, or with the laying of the plan for the vegetable garden.
“ee questions arise in unending array until the last check is received
and the last freight claim is settled. With old-time conditions, when
almost every householder was a gardener, and when wants were
soon satisfied, the problems of marketing were simple and easily
solved. But now the sky-scraper and the apartment house have
banished the little garden plot, and at the same time the demand
has grown, until a great variety of product must be supplied at every
season and in every city. Thus we have been forced to deal with
transportation and storage and refrigeration, and with the hun-
dreds of considerations that make for success in these. We have
been forced to meet new conditions of selling. The grower no longer
meets the consumer, save in dealings on a small ‘scale. Nor can
it soon or ever again be so.

Of the dozens or scores of problems which arise, the solution
of each one having its bearing upon the success or failure of the sea-
son, we can consider but three or four. One of the earliest to pre-
sent itself is the package problem. This should be solved before the
rush of the season is upon us. Take advantage of the slack time
of the manufacturer in securing rock bottom prices for large quanti-
ties. Take advantage of your own slack time for hauling and nail-
ing up and storing. Let us then consider the points that should be
sought in our package, for upon this much depends. It is impossible
te lay down absolute or even very definite rules, because every pro-
ducer must meet his own conditions, and there are as many different
conditions as there are growers.

In the first place, the package should be strong and should pro-
tect its contents well. In this respect, the Boston box, which is ap-
proximately 17 x 17 x 8 inches in dimension, and which is used for
almost every form of produce, is good. However, the six-basket
carrier is better. The small container within the large crate offers
2 great advantage, protecting from external shock and from internal
pressure.

The second requirement is an attractive appearance. Almost
any package looks well when it is new, but no package will long
remain so. A moment on Washington Street, New York, or on

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 629

South Water Street, Chicago, is sufficient to emphasize this. The
Jersey tomato box makes trip after trip to New York. It is handled
and tumbled and broken and repaired until its appearance is more
that of a wreck than of a package. Such a policy costs cents for
every crate that is so shipped. If returnable boxes are used, as, for
instance, on local market where the grower drives in, they should be
substantially made, and should be kept painted. This reduces the
cost of the packages, and aids greatly in keeping up the appearance
of both package and load. Rochester is the one large market with
which I am familiar where this is the regular practice.

In the third place, the produce should be displayed to advantage.
The better it is presented, the better it sells and the higher the
price. The Western New York cauliflower box, which, when the
lid is removed, shows each snowy head surrounded by a border of
green, is a splendid example of this. It is far better advertisement
than the Long Island barrel. Handle packages attract buyers, and
sell the product in larger quantities than would otherwise be the
case. One who would ordinarily ask for two pounds or a quarter
peck will often purchase a whole basket.

Fourth, it is ordinarily best to use a package that is standard
on the market to be served, provided it is a good package. If it is
not, try another. People soon recognize merit even in new array.
This array then becomes your distinctive mark, and helps sell your
goods.

Fifth, the package should be easily handled and should not in-
vite abuse, as is true of the barrel. Crates and baskets are usually
handled with a good deal of care.

Sixth, the first cost of the package should be carefully looked
into. If possible, use a cheap one and make it a gift package. It is
always fresh and bright and clean, and there is no trouble about its
return. The use of returnable packages is always accompanied by
a great deal of loss and annoyance.

The seventh requirement is that the measure shall be exact when
the vessel is well filled. Few defects will turn away a buyer more
quickly than slack measure.

Eighth, empties should be capable of compact storage. ‘This
makes easy hauling, and a good supply can be secured early in the
season. In this connection, it should be suggested that it is never
good policy to leave packages in the open for any considerable length
of time. New wood loses its attractive whiteness within a very few
days, and the selling value of the package is thereby decreased.

Finally, a high grade product must not be put in a package that
is ordinarily used for low grade stuff. Some of our best lettuce
growers are coming to use a box which carries two or three dozen
heads of the best grade. These men put their lower grades in the
ordinary bushel hamper. Producers of other sections use this same
bushel hamper for their first grade, and neither of them uses a dis-
tinctive mark. As a result, the one who is packing good lettuce in
the hampers is not getting the best results.

Every year sees the work of grading cutting a larger figure in
the work of marketing than it did before. Grading was once un-
known. ‘Today the producer of fruits and vegetables is following
close upon the trail of the manufacturer, who long ago realized the
necessity of uniformity. The citrus people took the lead in this.

630 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The western apple packers were next, with the vegetable shippers
close on their heels. The progressive market gardeners are awake
to the fact that two gnarled cucumbers cut the price of the whole
bushel. Hundreds are still asleep.

Every community must make its own plan of grading. What
suits one market does not suit another. Many are discouraged in
setting the standard high, because the lower grades are becoming
increasingly difficult to sell. During the last season we had to dis-
card a considerable proportion of our second grade tomatoes at
Cornell, but it paid. At one time, ordinary run-of-the-field fruit
was bringing twenty-five cents a basket. Our primes sold at forty,
cents, and many of our seconds at twenty to twenty-five cents.
However, seconds are not wanted in large quantity on most markets.
Many hold that the moral of this is, ‘Don’t grade. If the consumer
doesn’t want seconds, make him take them with the best.” But the
true moral is, “Don’t grow seconds.” Of course, there will be some
inferior fruit, but if, by selecting a well bred strain of a good va-
riety, and by giving the best culture, we can reduce the seconds to
very low proportions, we will not object to leaving a few culls in
the field, or to hauling a few loads to the evaporator.

One of the most common mistakes in grading is in reducing the
standards when the price drops. When markets are glutted, the
question ceases to be one of securing a high price, but it becomes
a question of moving the crop, or letting it rot. People continue to
use the product, and that in large quantities. They are willing to
pay a price which will cover marketing cost and a good share of
production, but the question is, which grower selis and which does
not? Naturally, the one with the best sells. The following clip-
ping, which is typical of a large number that appeared in our trade

papers during the season just closing, furnishes good evidence on —

this point:

“Lettuce from State points has been in free receipt and much
has been sold for less than charges. Fancy headed stocks is worth
fifty to seventy-five cents per basket, but average grades are ne-
glected at ten to twenty-five cents per package.”

The time of over supply is just the time when grading counts.
The grower has established his trade on a basis of quality, and by
maintaining that basis, he is able to hold on while the other fellow
drops out. Moreover, Mr. Grader still holds the trade when the
market picks up.

It is by no means easy to maintain a standard of grading. One
naturally desires a maximum of primes and a minimum of seconds,
and he even unconsciously tends downward. With hired help the
problem is much more difficult. The first essential is to form a
mental image of the standard for each grade, working it out care-
fully and making it neither too high nor too low. Fix these stand-
ards as far as possible by the use of sizing boards and the like.
Constant and rigid inspection is then necessary. If a large quan-
tity is handled, each worker should have a number to be placed in
each basket. Thus responsiblity is fixed. Just here is one of the
greatest advantages of machine-grading. A machine is freer from
the failings of human nature.

The problem of packing cannot be separated from the problem

of grading. The requirements are two. The first is that the pack-—

li

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 631

age shall be snug and firm. Every apple should rest tightly against
each adjoining apple. This is secured in the barrel by jarring and
by the use of the press; in the box the elasticity of the sides serves to
keep the fruit firm. Failure to observe this results in bruises and
in a slack pack. The other requirement is a pleasing finish. The
buyer’s first test is the test of the eye. If this results unfavorably
(and the question is soon decided), no further test is made. Our il-
lustration shows two baskets of tomatoes graded alike. Careful ar-
rangement of the surface of the one basket adds to it attractiveness
and to its salability. Nor does it increase the cost a half a cent. A
tomato is as easily laid in place as out.

Thus we have raised the whole question of facing. The baskets
of tomatoes which are shown in our illustration are both honestly
packed, for the fruits that appear on the top are true samples of the
entire contents of the package. Presentation of goods in attractive
form is not a misrepresentation. In fact, the grower of asparagus
who brings his product to the city untrimmed, irregularly bunched,
and tied with untidy twine, is doing himself injustice. Such a pro-
duct in Ithaca last year brought lower prices than the California
asparagus, although the former was of higher quality. The West-
erners had observed all the details of good preparation for sale,
and had gone so far as to enclose each bunch in an attractive litho-
graphed wrapper.

Turning from mere facing for a neat finish, we may glace at
the other extreme, as illustrated in a practice that has grown up
among the orchardists of some sections. As the barrel is being
packed, very fine specimens are placed on the bottom. A metal
stovepipe of perhaps ten or twelveinch diameter is then set within,
and is surrounded by very good fruit, while the interior is filled with
eulis. The stovepipe is lifted out, and the barrel is finished with
good fruit. It was a wise (?) farmer who evolved such a scheme
as this. Weare all agreed as to the rank dishonestly of such a prac-
tice. .

Having agreed upon. our extremes, it might be well for us to
describe the ordinary practice as a starting point. As the apples
come to the grading table, a sufficient number of the very finest are
selected out to make the upper layer. These are placed in the head
of the barrel, neatly arranged. Upon these are placed perhaps half
a bushel of specimens that are considerably better than average.
Care is taken that a brightly colored cheek is opposite each opening
in the top layer. The rest of the barrel is filled with fruit that is
just barely within the legal requirement for the grade. Double facing
is occasionally practiced.

What is to be the attitude of the good grower—the man who
thinks—the man who does things for reasons better than “It was
always thus?” In the first place, we cannot dismiss the method just
described without a hearing. Many good growers use it, men who
have given the matter careful thought. While the practice cer-
tainly originated in the desire to deceive, these men have dismissed
the moral question, the question of honesty, because the buyer un-
derstands fully the plan of packing, and there is absolutely no mis-
representation so far as he is concerned. Two chief reasons are given
for its use. First, “The trade demands it,’ and second, “A barrel
on the open market is considered as containing fruit averaging about

632 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

twenty-five per cent. poorer than the face.” In dealing with the first
statement, we must probe deeper into the reasons underlying this
‘undoubted fact. Why do the dealers demand overfaced packages?
Can we find any reason other than the hope that it may enable them
to sell it for better fruit than it is? What other possible gain might
there be? On the other hand, does the grower gain anything? He
has gone to the labor and trouble of sorting out a half bushel of
the very finest from three bushels. The barrel is judged and priced
according to the other two and one-half bushels. Thus he loses the
difference between ordinary No. 1’s and apples that are good enough
for box packing or for barreling for the finest of trade, plus the
extra labor. As to the other point, ordinary apples packed straight
would be discounted fifteen to twenty-five per cent. below the face
value. This is true of the open market under ordinary method.
The difficulty can be met by observing two factors. First, grow
good fruit. A letter from a New York producer includes this sen-
tence: “I think it would be inexcusable in a farmer who sprays
thoroughly, cultivates, trims, and fertilizes, to put out anything but
good apples.” If the producer follows the methods that have been
so widely preached and so successfully practiced, he will be able to
pack barrels that are as good from head to head as are the ordinary
facers and packers of the ordinary grower. As stated before, if
sold through the ordinary channels in the ordinary way, the package
will be discounted fifteen to twenty-five per cent. from the face, and
the other fellow will come out just as well. That we may avoid
this difficulty, we must observe our second factor, namely, to be sure
that there is an adequate distinguishing mark. A catchy label is
effective; it inspires confidence. The prospective buyer feels that if
the producer thinks enough of his product to put it up well, and
mark it well, it must be better than the average. A guarantee is of
especial value. If the label does no more than attract attention, it
does much. Some months ago, I stood upon a railroad platform,
waiting for a train. My attention fell upon a box of celery that was
different from anything I had seen before. It was about half the
size of an ordinary crate, and the end was printed with a neat legend.
I took the address, and when I was engaged in preparing an exhibit
on marketing methods a few weeks later, I sent for a crate of this
same celery, confident that the quality would be there. I was not
disappointed. You may be sure that a grower does not care to put
his name upon a product that is not good.

Of course, one must choose well his selling agent, and must
use sound business judgment in his dealing. Good produce well
packed will not bring results if dumped on the market, and the
grower who will ship to any Tom, Dick or Harry who presents a
big card and wears a checkbook in his pocket, must expect to be
swindled.

Before we leave this subject of facing, let us look at it in an-
other light. Suppose you enter a store with the idea of purchasing
a half dozen shirts. A box is placed before you, and you examine
the upper garment, finding it to be about what you want. Is it at
all probable that you would purchase the box without examining
all the others? The only circumstance under which you might do
this would be that you know the dealer and have full confidence in

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 633

him. At any rate, you would make yourself very sure as to what
you were getting. Now, to turn to the fruit question. You may
be just as sure that the buyer is not going to take a risk as to what
he is purchasing. Particularly when the reputation of growers is
no higher than it is. Mr. W. H. Underwood, an exceedingly ex-
tensive orchardist in Kansas, puts it this way:

“We have got over believing that all the stuff we sell goes to
‘suckers, in fact, we give the buyer the benefit of being just as bright
as we are, and we haven’t yet found a buyer who will not look in the
centre of the package if he is going to invest $5,000 to $20,000 of
his own money.”

Another fruit man states it thus: “The age of the wooden
nutmeg is past. We must give value and stand behind it.” These
remarks come from actual and thoroughly successful growers. Now,
to return to the shirts. Suppose upon lifting the first garment,
you found that the others were of a much lower grade and dis-
tinetly inferior in quality and workmanship. What would you do?
The chances are you would be outside the door in ten seconds
and you go to another store where you hope another attempt to
swindle you will not be made. Is not this just exactly what the
fruit dealers have done? As evidence, witness the following clipping:

“DEALERS HANDLE WESTERN APPLES

Complaint of Dishonest Packing in the East

ORDINANCE IS SUGGESTED

City law to go with proposed federal statute compelling honest
packing urged. Cold storage full of eastern fruit.”

With thousands of barrels of eastern apples in cold storage, the
big retail dealers in Rochester are handling western fruit, if not
exclusively, then nearly so. They have frankly admitted that this
is true, and they are not backward in saying why it seems likely to
remain true.

Men thoroughly in touch with the situation say that an honest
barrel of apples from New York packers is rare. There are honest
packers, of course, but they are in the minority. Barrels that look
faultless in the facing show up anything but faultless in the mid-
dle, say retail dealers. No. 2 quality is allowed to partially fill No.
1 barrels. Disgust over this condition has grown so great that many
dealers along the main thoroughfares of this city will not buy a
barrel of fruit grown in New York as long as the western apples
can be purchased, notwithstanding that the price of western fruit
is considerably higher.

634 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

However, the progressive grower need not conclude that all is
ruined. Correspondence with one of the best known retailers in
Philadelphia has brought the information that eastern fruit of
really first class quality and high grade pack will bring just as high
prices as the western fruit. Nor does the individual need to hold
back until the whole fruit industry is reformed. A man will very
soon gain a reputation and will receive the reward of his prudence
and foresight. :

Are we not then ready to conclude that when the producers of
the east pack straight, face for a neat finish, sell seconds as seconds,
and feed the culls to the pigs, that it will speedily regain its place
in the markets of our cities?

Much has been said during the past few years regarding efficiency
and scientific management. The cry of the factory manager has
been for the increased use of machinery, for the elimination of un-
necessary motions in handwork, and for the saving of time aud
energy at every turn. This means nothing more nor less than the
lowering of the cost of production, particularly in respect to labor.
There is no field in which a little attention to the principles of
scientific management will yield greater returns than in the marketing
of produce. The preparation for market is the greatest single item
in the cost of any of our commodities. Time, that factor in crop
production which is every year becoming costlier, may be gained or
lost at a hundred points, many of them insignificant, but in the
season amounting to hundreds of dollars.

To illustrate this, let us glance at some of the ideas that have
been worked out by a Western New York grower, in handling his
spinach crop. His operations are in no way unusual, and schemes
similar to his can be developed for practically all conditions. In
the first place, the labor force which is used in cutting is well organ-
ized. <A large gang works back and forth across the field, keeping
together and leaving a swath of baskets. The baskets that are used
for cutting are cheap, and a very large number are employed. If
a wagon is delayed for a few moments, there is no halting in the
work. The wagons that are used for hauling from the field are of
the low-wheeled type, equipped with a broad, flat bed, and built for
short turns, a type that should be used almost universally for work
on the farm itself. The spinach is hauled to market in large eubical
crates, holding about 500 pounds each. Four of these boxes are
placed on a wagon which goes into the field. They are filled, and the
wagon is driven off the muck to a position beneath a large trestle.
The team is hitched to another wagon, and another four boxes are
similarly loaded and brought to a place beside the first wagon. The
trestle carries a chain hoist similar to that which is used in the litter
carriers of the dairy barn, and in this way the boxes from one wagon
are transferred to the other. A two-ton load is then ready to go to
the cannery. Formerly, celery crates were used to handle the crop,
but the present method is found to mean a very appreciable saving,
not many cents on each load, but amounting to a great deal in the ~
course of a season. One notable feature of this place is the excel-—
lent farm road. It is not a faney road, it is not paved er macada-
mized, but it is always good. The secret of it is good grading ata
first, the use of a scraper at the beginning of ihe season to ENS ita

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 635

proper form, and the use of wide-wheeled wagons, which are highly
efficient in maintaining it in good shape. The farm road is often
used as much or more than the public road, and if it is in poor shape,
every load that is hauled over it is limited. A large load over a good
road can be hauled just as cheaply as a small load on a poor road.
By the use of these ideas, all of them quite simple and within reach
of anyone, this grower saves literally hundreds of dollars each
year.

The importance of good public roads in reducing the cost of
marketing cannot be over-emphasized. ‘The producers to the south
of Buffalo have the advantage of brick pavement in two directions
for eight and twelve miles, respectively. The growers in other
sections that do not enjoy these advantages should make their de-
mands heard, and in course of time the problem is sure to be solved.
Another factor of great importance in making possible satisfactory
marketing conditions is the market wagon itself. It should, in the
first place, be well planned. It should accommodate the different
types of packages that are used without waste of space. This ren-
ders the determining of measurements somewhat of a puzzle, but
can usually be worked out to good advantage. Convenience in load-
ing and unloading should be very carefully considered. Time is
precious when sales are being made, and the salesman-driver cannot
afford to use many minutes in rummaging around among his load
or in re-adjusting it every time anything is taken out. The wagon
should be very substantially built. It will be called upon to stand
a great deal of rough usuage. The market gardener, with his load
of perishable produce worth anywhere from fifty to two hundred
dollars, cannot afford a wreck, and a single accident may cost more
than enough to secure the very highest grade of wagon. The auto
truck is now thoroughly established as a practical form of equip-
ment for the large producer. It requires feed only when it is work-
ing, and has been developed until it is thoroughly reliable. Market
gardeners and fruit men are using the trucks in increasing numbers
each year.

The packing house is an important factor in the economical
preperation of produce for market. It may be simple, consisting of
no more than an open air shed, or it may be large and complex, pro-
viding facilities for washing, grading, packing, loading and storing
In any case, the straight line principle of operation should be ob-
served, that is, produce should come in at one side or end, and should
progress through the house as it is worked over. You cannot afford
to have your workmen sorting out the graded from the ungraded,
and climbing over a stack of empty packages to take the finished
ones to the loading platform. This is very well illustrated in the
celery house which is represented in the diagram.

The packing house of the market gardener should be light, and
very careful provision should be made for sanitation. Much water
is ordinarily used, and the floor should be of cement with adequate
drainage facilities. Light should be abundant, as it is often neces-
sary to work late, and it is not desirable to have recourse to artificial
lighting.

In the preparation of most crops for market, it is necessary to
handle individual fruits or vegetables, This work offers opportun-

43

636 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ity for gain or loss at every turn. If a laborer insists on taking
four motions to an act that should be accomplished in three, that
laborer is costing just thirty-three per cent. more than he should,
You would not stand for such in increase in the interest on a loan.
It is no more logical that you should accept such a loss from a lab-
orer. <A study of the most effective motions by which a given piece
of work can be done almost invariably yields returns in time saved.
This principal can well be illustrated by the method in handling
tomatoes. One who knows how to pick up a fruit with the left
hand, will give it a quick rub with the right hand, while the third or
fourth finger of the left hand removes the stem. It is then placed
in the basket in less time than it takes to tell it. An inexperienced
one will take up the fruit,*will turn it over two or three times, rub-
bing it in several directions, and will perhaps use the thumb and
finger of the right hand to remove the stem. In this way, time is
lost.

Equipment should be carefully arranged for convenience and com-
fort. If workers can be seated and do their work well, benches or
stools should by all means be provided. Anything that makes for the
contentment of the help is a good investment.

The last few years have seen the introduction of a great many
mechanical devices to aid in the work of preparing for market. The
citrus people of California were the pioneers in this, and the visitor
in the west finds in an orange packing house a most complicated
array of belts and pulleys and tanks and conveyer. Just as little as
possible is left for the hand te do. One of the favorite devices is
the rope sizer. This consists of two ropes moving over pulleys at
the same rate of speed, and spreading a little further apart as the
fruit passes along. Separate receivers are placed under the ropes
at proper spacing, and each size thus drops to its place... The same
principle is worked out in a grader which is used for peaches in
Western New York with a high degree of success. With fruit that
is not adapted to mechanical sorting, much is gained by the use of
sorting belts. Unsorted fruits pass along a central belt, and the
different grades are removed by skilled hands and placed on other
belts, which carry them to their respective places. These are mere
examples, and there are dozens of others, such as the different wash-
ers for bunched stuff, the bean cleaners and the onion topper. Finally,
under the head of efficiency, I would call your attention to the im-
portance of large scale marketing in making workable the many
economics that may be devised. Labor may be much more readily
secured, and the force may be much more thoroughly and efficiently
organized. Individual helpers are given the kind of work at which
they are most expert. To illustrate, in a cucumber packing house in
New York State, it has been found that certain girls are very quick
at cleaning the fruits, but do not seem to have the type of judgment
which makes good ovaders. Others, while not quite so nimble, are
experts at the sorting. Where a large amount of work is to be done,
these two processes can be carried through separately, and full ad-
vantage can be take of individual differences... Large scale produc-
tion makes possible the use of the larger and more complex machines
that would otherwise be out of the question. It also involves great
advantage in securing favorable transportation facilities. A man or

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 637

an organization that is using twenty or fifty cars a week has far less
trouble in securing them than one only using an occasional car.
He also has great advantage in pressing claims, and in securing ade-
quate service all along the line.

Thus far we have considered distinct ideas and phases of mar-
keting. I wish now to bring to your attention two exceptionally good
examples of systems of marketing, worked out in accordance with
the principles I have suggested. Both have proved successful in the
first degree.

Ionia, New York, has for a number of years been an important
centre in the production of cucumbers for market. Until two years
ago, each grower did his own marketing, either by shipment on com-
mission or through local buyers. It is needless to detail the diffi-
culties and dissatisfaction of this system. Many of us are still labor-
ing under it. All of us have so labored at some time or other. Two
years ago the growers of this section were brought together under
the leadership of Mr. C. R. White in the Ionia Growers’ Association.
Mr. White has worked out a plan of marketing that has proved
nearly ideal.

Baskets of the ordinary type are bought in large lots at un-
usually reasonable figures. These are issued to growers, and a rec-
ord is kept by means of punch marks on a duplex ticket. The
baskets are used for picking, and the grower brings his load directly
to the packing house of the Association in Ionia. His load is tallied
on another set of duplex tickets, the punch indicating the number of
baskets, run-of-the-field, which he has brought. They are then ready
to be graded and packed. The equipment for this work consists
of four tables, each accommodating eight workers. They consist
of frames bearing two sheets of canvas. The upper sheet is fastened
only at one edge te permit of the easy removal of dirt. Two tables
stand in each of two rcoms, which are managed as separate units.

The cucumbers of a single grower are brought and emptied upon
the tables, and the work of wiping and grading begins. Each
worker wears a fleece mitt with which the fruits are @ quickly rubbed,
and dropped into the proper one of six baskets, of which there is a
set for every two graders. The grades are designated as No. 1,
Fancy, Dills, Extras, and No. 2’s, while the sixth grade is discarded.
No. 1’s and Fancys are perfect cubes, differing only in size. Extras
are over size, and are not held to so rigid a standard of perfection.
No. 2’s or Choice are of the same size as No. 1’s and Fancys, but
are slightly off in form, or perhaps are slightly blemished. Dills
are perfect, but smaller than Fancys. The discard receives all mis-
shapen and otherwise blemished specimens.

As the baskets are filled, they are removed to piles, according
to grade, and are covered and labeled. After all of a given grow-
er’s lot has been placed upon the tables, the grading is completed,
parts of baskets are filled, and a tally is taken of the number of each
grade. This is also made by means of a slip and punch. The full
baskets are then removed to the shipping platform, and another lot
begun. Parts of baskets over a half are tallied as one, while minor
fractions are discarded.

Careful record is kept of each car shipped. These records are
filed in the office of the Association, where they are typewritten on
three duplicate sheets. The white one is kept at the office. The

638 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

other two, pink and yellow in color, are forwarded to the consignee,
with the request that fill out both and :eturn the pink, securing
the signature of the freight agent. This sheet, with the white one,
is filed for permanent record, and is invaluable in dealing with
claims.

The bookkeeping in the office is necessarily rather complex. Yet
the system of duplex tickets has done much to simplify it, and
to insure accuracy. Baskets drawn are charged against the grower,
while those returned are credited. _Baskets ‘shipped are finally
charged at actual cost. The pooling is based on the third ticket
mentioned, and is carried out each week. A special book is used for
this purpose. It has at the left a space for the initial and number
of the car, and this followed by a space for the number of baskets
of each grade, the net price received for this grade, and the total.
In this way, the actual net return is calculated, and is entered on
the ledger account of each grower who shipped that week. Checks
are then made out and handed to the grower. The actual cost of
packing, usually from two to two and one-half cents per basket, is
deducted together with a small commission. The salaries of the
manager, bookkeeper, and foreman are not included in the cost of
packing, and these, with other expenses, are paid from the commis-
sion. Each yeai’s surplus of commission over expenses has been
used in improvements. The Association is organized as a stock
company with $10 shares. As to results, this Association shipped
last season nearly 150 cars. Good prices have been received much
of the time, and fair prices all the time, including one or two periods
of glut, when other shippers were moving none.

I have now to present a plan of marketing which is decidedly
original, and which is being worked out by a Western New York
grower. This producer was a city business man, who has given an
increasing amount of his time to his gardens, until a year ago, when
he left the city entirely. His home being in Hast Aurora, he chose
the name “Sun-Rise Gardens,” and with the help of a home-made
manure green-house, he undertook the task of furnishing vegetables
of quality tc the housewife before that quality has departed from
them. His leading crop is Golden Bantam sweet corn. It is gath-
ered in the afternoon, and is brought to the packing house. If the
day is hot, it is placed on tables, over which play the sprays of sey-
eral sprinklers. After it is thoroughly cooled, it is closely graded,
and the best is packed in dozens in neat cardboard cartons, bearing
the following legend:

“ABSOLTELY RELIABLE

Away from Dust and Dirt
No Handling
Fresh from the Gardens
Sun-Rise Gardens
Golden Bantam Sweet Corn”

It also shows the date of shipping and the signature of the proprie-
tor. The packages aré placed in crates, and shipped direct to
grocers who handle the product regularly. The price received
throughout the season is twenty cents per dozen. The seconds are
consigned to commission merchants to be sold in the ordinary way,
while thirds are fed to the hogs.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 639

During the past season, Mr. Tyler marketed the produce of
thirty acres of Golden Bantam corn. At the time of my visit to his
place about the first of September, he had already marketed 12,000
dozen. In carrying out this work, Mr. Tyler has had some interest-
ing experiences. When he was about to make his first shipment,
he called a grocer by phone, and told him he meant to forward
some corn which was to be sold at twenty-five cents per dozen. The
ruling price at the time was nearer fifteen cents, and the grocer
hooted at the idea. Mr. Tyler forwarded the coin in spite of ob-
jection, instructing the grocer not to sell any for less than twenty-
five cents, and to keep none over until the second day. At the same
time, he assumed the risk, agreeing that the dealer would owe him
nothing for corn unsold. Only a few boxes were forwarded. The
next day, the order came for fifteen, and the next for an increased
quantity. Thus was the trade first established. Ever since the
hardest struggle has been with the retail dealers, to convince them
of the merit of the idea, and to induce them to give it a fair show.
During the present season, a retailer said to Mr. Tyler, “The corn
is fine, but the price is too high. You sell to me at fifteen cents,
and I will move double the quantity.” Mr. Tyler agreed to try it
for two weeks. Sales actually fell off, and back went the price to
twenty cents.

We might have taken up many other questions, such as those that
arise in connection with weights and measures, those pertaining to
the planning and management of local markets, the use of adver-
tising, commission sales, and the difficulties that are involved, and
an indefinite number of others; but these we must pass by for the
present. Leaving them behind, we must conclude that he who plants
well, grades well, packs well, and who conducts his operations on
a scale such that he may practice economy in @etail and that he may
command both labor and markets, will surely win. If he must
labor on a small scale and cannot work with his neighbors to secure
these advantages, he will certainly be crowded out by those who can.
Indeed, we see pointers here and there that indicate that he is even
now beginning his retreat.

THE GOOD SEED QUESTION
C. E. MYERS, State College, Pa.

(Note: This address was profusely illustrated with lantern slides).

There is probably no question confronting the farmer today that
is more worthy of study than that of good seed. We may fertilize,
cultivate, spray and irrigate, but if we do not plant good seeds we
cannot secure a good crop. We are too much inclined to believe
that seed is seed and disregard the fact that enclosed within the
seed coat are the potentialities of the future plant. If the seed

640 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

has not been produced by a good plant we cannot expect it to
produce anything other than what has been bred into it. It is doubt-
less true that it is impossible to discriminate between good and poor
seed by looking at it, but by growing the crop we can readily see
important differences. During the past four years the Department
of Horticulture of the Pennsylvania State College has been making a
study of the importance of seed in the profitable production of cab-
bage and tomatoes. The work includes both variety and strain tests.
in the strain tests the seeds of certain varieties are secured from
a large number of seedsmen in various parts of the country. <A ger-
mination test is made soon after the seed is received in order that
we may regulate the thickness of sowing. In a lot of seeds of one
variety secured in the spring of 1909, the germination ranged from 2
to 99 per cent. A high percentage of germination is not especially
impor tant, yet it should not fall below 65 for cabbage and in any event
it is highly desirable that the percentage of germination be known
because . of the reason just stated.

After the germination test has been made the strains of the va-
riety to be tested are sown in flats in the green-house.. As germi-
nation proceeds, notable differences will be seen in the relative vigor
of the various strains as will be seen by some of the slides which
follow.

This slide shows a flat of well grown plants ready for the field
planting. By careful control of temperature and watering vigorous
stocky plants may be grown. These are much superior to the leggy,
weak plants which develop where the temperature is too high and
watering too frequent. While the plants are in cold frames they
are gradually accustomed to cold temperature so that in case severe
weather follows the field planting the plants will not be injured.

During the past three years we have been making a variety test
of early varieties. These are of interest and value since some-
times new varieties of merit are produced. At the present time we
have fifty so-called early varieties in the test but it is doubtful if
there is sufficient difference between many of the varieties to identify
them.

In a slide which follows the variety Early Race Horse is shown
in comparison with a good strain of Jersey Wakefield. From the
illustration it will be seen that Race Horse matures several days
earlier than Jersey Wakefield. A test of other varieties shows that
Race Horse, xtra Early and First Early are identical. The tests
have shown that in several instances a well known variety has been
sent out under a new name.

The next slide shows a field of Volga. This is a rather new va-
riety which appears to be well suited to a limestone soil. It is mid-
season in time of maturity. The heads are round, solid, and desirable,
except that the head leaves do not fold across as much as might be
desired.

As previously stated, the strain tests are perhaps the most impor-
tant of the experiments we have been conducting during the past
three years. In a strain test of Jersey Wakefield secured in 1908,
which inclveded twenty-five strains, notable differences were observed
in the unifc rmity to type, and the time of maturing. Of the twenty-
five strains 1) the test several matured more than 90 per cent. of the
crop within ‘thirteen weeks of the time it was planted in the field,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 641

The plants of these strains were quite uniform and desirable. On the
other hand, four strains were very irregular, Jeafy and matured few
if any remarkable heads. The slide shows these poor strains as well
as the strains that matured early.

The work of 1908 showed that the question of strains was worthy
of investigation. The next year a new jot of seed was secured of the
varieties Jersey Wakefield, Charleston Wakefield, Early Spring and
Karly Summer, as well as several late varieties.

Of the thirty-one strains secured at this time only one is as poor
as the four previously mentioned of the test secured the year pre-
vious. The slide which follows shows a typical plant of this strain,
while the next slide shows an excellent piant of the Jersey Wake-
field variety.

This year at the time of making the first cutting the heads were
piled at the end of the row of each strain and photographed. The
series of slides which follow shows the variation in earliness of the
respective strains. The slide showing this table of yields is inter-
esting.

TABLE I.—Harvesting Record of Jersey Wakefield.

: ar =
si, ; oe 5
a :
ee s og 22
Record No. of Strain. ois i gee BS
: a AO l
mo 5 Ors yt
mo Ha 3 See aH
Shs = HES Se
a Ss ay a
ie EG Les) 3.79 189.50 56.15 | 6.75
eine Dir a tes, et nd | 2.21 110.50 32.26 | 6.85
See eee ens lh ne. ol a ee eee Dial 135.50 84.43 | 7.87
Nes EE es ES a ee en eee 2.36 118 00 31.47 | 7.50
Gir (Rca ese Bc) SB Se Sue te ear NS Seem rN 3.64 182.00 | 45.11 | 8.07
6 2.21 110.50 33.08 | 6.68
7 3.60 180.00 | 41.28 | 8.72
8 2.50 125.00 | 31.41 7.96
9 2.60 130.00 28.41 9.15
1.42 71.00 | 17.13 | 8.29
2.43 121.50 27.36 | 8.88
2.50 125.00 | 28.34 8.82
1.63 81.50 92.21 | 7.84
0.54 27.00 6.55 8.25
1.70 80.50 94.42 7.33
4.36 218.00 63.10 6.91
3.00 150.00 35.71 | 8.40
0.29 14.50 7.02 | 4.13
3.93 196.50 49.56 7.93
2.43 121.50 32.40 7.50
2.00 100.00 27.78 7.20
3.64 182.00 42.72 | 8.52
3.00 150.00 38.76 | 7.74
3.43 171.50 51.81 | 6.62
3.37 168.50 43.48 7.75
3.04 152.00 44,90 6.77
2.72 136.00 45.33 6.00
9.73 136.50 31.67 8.62
2.74 137.00 32.46 8.44
2.9 133.00 34.12 | 8.09
2.77 138.50 | 38.47 7.20
|

In this table we have compiled the yield per acre of each strain
for the first as well as the total cutting. From it we see that the
yield per acre at the first cutting varies from .29 to 4.36 tons. .
At the time this cutting was made the market price of cabbage was
$50 a ton. Thus in the one case the money value was $14.50 and
in the other case $218. This difference will readily be appreciated

41—6—1911

642 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Ly all who grow this crop commercially. The total yield per acre
ranged from 4.18 tons to 9.15 tons, or a difference of 5.02 tons. We
have every reason to believe that this difference was solely due to the
difference in seed.

From what has been said some may feel that we have been making
an attack of the seedsmen. Nothing could be further from the
truth. On the other hand, the work has been examined and heartily
approved by some of the best seedsmen of the country who are very
giad to secure any information as to how they can better serve their
customers.

During the past season while one of these seedsmen was visiting
the experiments he remarked that as a whole tew of the tests showed
the uniformity that is desirable. He pointed to one strain which
was very undesirable and commented on its inferiority. When I
told him that it was his strain he was very much surprised and
said although it was a great disappointment to him, yet he wanted to
know the facts He said that he had paid an extra price for this
seed with the request that the seed grower give him the best that
could be produced. Naturally he would be chagrined when the seed
produced the plants grown in this test. In justice to this seedsman
' may say that strains of other varieties secured from him have been
very good and his strain of Early Spring was next to the best in

the test. I have every reason to believe that he used his best efforts -

to secure good seed in each case but in the one instance he was dis-
appointed.

The test of Charleston Wakefield has been interesting in that
in many instances there is little if any noticeable difference between
it and the same strain of Jersey Wakefield. This is not especially
important since the Charleston Wakefield is of the same general
type, the chief difference being that of size (as it is a little later in.
luaturing) a difference which apparently is not always present.

The test of the variety Early Spring shows several strains that
are materially lacking in uniformity. This may be seen from the
slide.

The next slide shows a plant typical of one of these poorly bred
strains, while the next slide shows a well bred plant such as may be
found in some of the best strains. Several of the strains are a mix-
ture of one or more varieties. One is Jersey Wakefield, and two
are Early Summer. It is possible that some of these are due to
error, but in one case Early Summer is known to have been sold for
Karly Spring. Errors may be pardoned, but the seedsman who de
liberately substitutes without informing his customer of the fact is
deserving of but little sympathy.

The slides which follow show the relative earliness and yield of

the various strains. We see that in some cases only a few of the
fifty plants have yet matured heads, while in another case 49 of the

fifty heads were cut at the first cutting. The yield per acre of the
first cutting varied from 1.53 tons, as represented by the poorest
strain to 14.58 tons as represented by the best. The total yield varied
from 6 to 15 tons. The test of the late varieties has shown less
variation than is found in the varieties just discussed. <A fact of

interest, however, is that there is considerable difference between —

Strains and varieties as regards resistence to disease. Of the varie-
ties we have tested, Houser seems to be the most resistant.

¢

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 643

The work with tomatoes follows the same general plan as that
with cabbage. When the plants are transplanted the last time, they
are planted in three-inch paper pots. These pots are cheap, easily
made and have given very satisfactory results. The slide shows the
tools used in making them as well as a well grown plant. When
plants are grown by this method, they may be transplanted without
suffering any severe shock because of broken roots, or unavoidable
moisture condition in the soil. The pots are also desirable for use
in starting melons and cucumbers.

In the next slide we have a comparison of the yield and general
character of a test of 21 strains of Chalks Jewel tomato.

TABLE II. SUMMARY OF TEST OF CHALK JEWEL TOMATO—1910-1911

=]
a
$ $
me 5
S 4
3 ° 3S
| = has General Character.
N s
n
=|
2 e :
a co]
g = 3
& a ce
!
1| .25 tb. 15.3 tons. | Good.
2 | 25 14.7 | Good.
3 | -21 14.0 | Fair.
4 | 7 14.6 | Fair.
5 | -29 14.5 | Fair.
6. 24 12.9 | Good.
hs 24 13.6 | Good.
& -27 12.2 | Are Matchless.
9 ABs 11.0 Fair.
10 228 15.4 Mixed with Matchless.
11 | 28 15.0 Fair.
12 op 17.8 Mixed with Beauty and Matchless.
1% -26 14.2 Fair.
14 23 14.0 Good.
15 22 WIA Fair.
16 eB: 15.4 Fair.
17 oon 19.3 Good.
18 -29 20.5 Are Matchless.
19 26 21.3 Mixed with Beauty.
20 -26 19.6 | Good.
21 25 20.6

| Mixed with Matchless.

From the table we see that there is considerable irregularity as
regards the general character of fruit and vine as well as the mixing
with other varieties and substitution or errors. Of the twenty-one
strains in the test it will be seen that two are of the variety other
than what was desired, while four others are mixed.

Considering the yield of marketable fruit, we see that it varies
from 12.9 to 19.6 tons per acre. Here again, we have a difference
of 6.7 tons per acre due to seed.

As with the cabbage tests, the strains were grown under uni-
form conditions and the differences noted are apparently due to the
heredity of the particular strain in question to produce well.

It is probable that some growers may find it desirable to grow
their own seed. Where this is done, care should be used in making
the selection of fruits. In making this selection, the character of

644 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

the entire plant as well as the individual fruit should be considered.
The selection should be made only of fruits that are desirable and
which were grown on a plant which produced a large number of
these fruits.

To summarize briefly, we may say that the farmer may do much
to aid the movement for the production of better seeds. To do
this we must abandon the practice of trying to get seeds at the low-
est possible price. It requires considerable expense to produce high
grade seeds, and furthermore, well bred seed plants frequently pro-
duce fewer seeds than less desirable ones, hence the cost of produc-
tion is thereby increased. In the past the seedsmen have done much
in placing the seed business on a basis where it serves the farmer
well. If they are to maintain and improve this standard, they should
receive the support of every farmer and gardener.

The experiments have shown the desirability of securing seed
of a variety from more than one source. By securing from several
sources a sufficient amount for the next year’s planting and making
a test a year in advance, we may do much toward overcoming dis-
appointments which frequently accompany crop failures.

PEACHES

By J. H. HALE

You don’t really care to know how I got started. I don’t know
how much time you will want to devote to this subject, yet the question
my brother on the left asks is an interesting one. How did any
cf us get started; what has kept up the faith in us; what has made
it possible for us in Pennsylvania, New England or any other
state, to develop a successful peach orchard.

I was born in comparative poverty, and my father died when
I was only a year and a-half old, and left my mother with four chil-
dren and a mortgaged farm. When I was fourteen years old I was
at work, out by the month on a neighboring farm, at $12.50 a month
and board. Guess it was more than I was worth. It was a small
one-horse farm, and along in September I was sent more than a
mile from home, back in a clearing in the weods to cut and stack
up corn in an eighteen-acre field, which I own now, and have in
a peach orchard. They were jonesome days, working out there
alone. Eating my dinner one day on the sunny side of an old Vir-
ginia fence, there was a scrub peach tree, and on that tree there
were ripening and had dropped on the ground among the bushes,
a lot of peaches, bright red little fellows, an inch or so in diameter,
and to a hungry boy, delicious in quality, and as I lay on the ground

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 645

taking my noon hour under that tree, stomach full of those peaches,
a dream or a picture came into my mind—If the God of nature and
some careless man dropping a seed there, and it started and grew
into that tree, if there were peaches in that ground, why wasn’t it
possible for me some time in the future to get money enough to
buy a few trees of choice varieties and plant them in more congenial
soil, and wasn’t there an opportunity and promise there, and from
the savings of that $12.50, I bought the first 200 peach trees I ever
owned, planted them in a poor sandy side hill of mother’s little
farm and thus started my peach orchards that now hold, nearly one-
fourth million trees. That is my start, and if that statement is any
inspiration to any boy or girl that is seeking a chance, I can say
while at that time it was believed that commercial peach growing
was limited to a few favored regions in Delaware, New Jersey and
Michigan, and outside of that there was no hope for any thing but
occasional growth of trees—I can say since that time, from that in-
spiration that came to me, the inspiration that has come to hundreds
of others and the scientific knowledge that has come to us, it has
gone out so you may be almost in any corner of any state of this
Union, and yet can grow peaches and grow them successfully under
certain conditions; not in every field on every farm, but somewhere
almost in every county. This peach growing country is wonderfully
broadened out, so there are no more “peach regions,” no more peach
“seasons.” JI remember when I first thought of increasing my plant-
ings and going south, I thought we might get peaches on the mar-
ket in June or July, I talked with dealers who thought they were
wise, and they said people wouldn’t buy peaches any time; that the
time when people buy peaches is the last of August and early in
September; that is the only time. They said, “You might sell a few,
but to sell them in any quantity, it is nonsense,” and when I asked
them to take a little stock in the orchard to make it possible for me
to develop it, they shook their heads and said it couldn’t be done,
and yet today the great commercial peach months are June and July,
And yet we sell quantities of them in May; many in August, Sep-
tember and many in October. So the peach season of late August
and early September of years ago is now extended from May to
November, and it is possible by growing peaches in different sec-
tions in the United States, by the change of varieties and change of
methods of culture and methods of transportation, all those are fact-
ors that count. Perhaps the greatest factor in this enlarged peach
culture in America has been the bringing to this country of the
North China type of peaches, and of their seedlings that have been
developed within the last twenty-five years, a type of peaches that
are somewhat hardier, considerably hardier in fruit bud than the
old Persian type we grew prior to that. I think perhaps that has
been the greatest factor in broadening out.

The next factor has been the consolidation of great railway
lines of transportation. We talk about the monopoly of consolida-
tion, but if it hadn’t been for that, it wouldn’t have been possible
to feed the great American nation today. And then the building of
the refrigerator car. Some of you here present probably remember
the time when there wasn’t a refrigerator car line in America; when
there wasn’t a refrigerator car that you could have loaded your per-

646 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ishable products into if you had wanted to. Mr. Parker Earl, the
strawberry grower of Cobden, Lllinois, was the first man to grow
strawberries by fifty, seventy-five or one hundred cars, and to reach
out into markets further than Chicago, he developed the first re-
frigerator car for transporting his strawberries. The first refrig-
erator car was from Cabden, Illinois, to Detroit, Michigan. So that
has added very much to the possibilities of a wider distribution.

I don’t know what you want me to say about peaches. I could
talk for a week and tell you some things, and not tell many others,
but there are so many phases of the question, I hardly know what to
touch upon, and | think perhaps after I ramble on a little while,
questions that may come from you will be of more value than any-
thing I might say. I have made some notes here, but I don’t know
whether I will use them or not. |

Like all other products manufactured and cultivated and grown
aud developed, there has grown up with the greater production of
peaches, and the greater consumption also, the demand for better
peaches, for those of finer appearance, those of large size and those
of better carrying quality. But there is still a demand, and a grow-
ing one, for fruits of higher quality. I grow, as I say, on a large
scale; perhaps larger than anybody in America. I can tell the char-
acter almost of a community as to its culture and refinement and its
appreciation of high grade things if you will tell me whether
they buy white or yellow peaches. The demand for yellow peaches
comes from a low grade desire, and that for the more beautiful,
delicate, and more delicious peaches from a greater appreciation
of the refinements of life. If you are ever going to send any peaches
to your best girl, never send her yellow peaches. Send her white
ones. There is quality and character there that is worth considering.

To bring about high grade fruit means the selection of the right
varieties; means the selection of as good a soil as you can get.
The question of early culture in the spring, and thorough culture,
and no other crops growing between, are essential; and getting the
trees started at the word go. The question of the tree is an import-
aut one. I don’t know but I spoke yesterday a little slightingly of
the nurserymen. J didn’t mean to because they are essential in our
business. The idea that we can grow our trees as well as the nurs-
eryman can, is a mistake. In depending on the nurseryman for our
trees, we have gone to the extent of looking for cheap trees, and one
of the foundations of failure in many an orchard planting is at-
tempting to buy cheap trees, regardless of who grew them, where they
were grown, or how they were grown, so the question of the cost of
the tree shouldn’t enter into it at all, if we get the right kind of a
tree. The nurseryman, to meet the cheap trees we have demanded,
have had to grow trees as cheaply as they could. The honest nurs-
ery-man has been distributing a great many mixed trees, without
knowing it himself, and because you and I have wanted cheap trees.
The time is coming, it is here now, when some of the nurserymen
are selecting their buds from the best bearing trees, and there is a
ereat difference in the value of the trees. I am having it tested now
in some of my orchards, taking a block of some of the best Carmen
trees, counting the blossoms, the buds, the fruit, measuring them by
weight. If you could see those figures and see the productive value
of one Carmen tree over another, or all the different varieties we ;

ee eee

f

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 647

have, it is simply astonishing. Some of the nurserymen are doing
it in a small way, and others who will do it in the future will simply
want the buds from the best bearing trees they can find. There wil}
be a greater loss in propagation, but it will be a better tree, and the
man that is willing to pay for that tree will get his money’s worth,
and the man who thinks he can get off by buying lower priced trees,
will make a mistake. You cannot get too good a tree fer the foun-
dation of a peach orchard. I used to be in the nursery business, and
I am onto their curves. I am an orchardist now. A lot of us are
careless in handling our trees. 1 have shipped out in years gone
by a thousand good trees, five hundred to John Smith, five hundred
to Jones, all giown in the same lot, and in a few months time I
have a glorious letter from John Smith, praising me for the quality
of the tree, vigor of growth, and so forth, and a fault-finding letter
from the other fellow; he never was so stuck in his life; yet he filled
the holes full of good rich manure when he planted them, but they
had failed. Get the best trees you can get; pay what it costs to
grow them and a profit on top, but don’t expect the nuiseryman to
replace them, because you have been careless and they don’t live. If
he can prove they were properly packed and handled, it is up to
you to make them grow if you can. The culture of peach trees, the
thorough culture, the frequent culture of all the land in the orchard,
is more important to the peach than any trees that grow. There is
no tree that responds so quickly to a thorough cultivation or feed-
ing, or none that goes back so quickly for lack of it, as the peach;
therefore, the early months of the season are the months to cultivate
the peach orchard. And the growth of any other crops, everything
after the second season, is dangerous. I know there are men who
are good gardeners; who are able to grow clover liberally and plow
under, and by intensive cultivation can grew garden crops for a
series of years, but as a general peach orchard cultivation, give the
harrow. cultivator and plow and horse and mule an opportunity to
keep the ground stirred, and you will make the best orchard without
any question whatever. The question of feeding the orchards well,
we have had various notions about. At one time we thought nothing
but bone and potash would make a solid, substantial tree, and high
gerade fruit, and no stable manure whatsoever. We have learned in
later years that some varieties need a liberal amount of nitrogenous
food. Take, for instance, the Waddell, Hills Chili and Crosby, in-
clined to overbear, at all times hardy in bud, setting an enormous
amount of fruit, thin them as much as you may, and the chance is,
they won’t be thin enough. Those trees are rather weak in tree
growth, and a liberal amount of nitrogen or stable manure will
benefit them, but a vigorous growing variety, the Belle of Georgia,
the Carmen and Champion, would be ruined under the came condi-
tions, on the same soil, by a liberal use of stable manure, but as a
broad, general proposition, heavy applications of potash and _ phos-
phate fertilizer in one.form or the other, give the best results. For
many years, I depended on fine ground bone as a source of phos-
phorous. The last few years we are getting some wonderful results
from the use of basic slag, but I am not prepared to tell you today
to use basic slag on your orchard. I am not sure but what it is the

648 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

lime in the slag from which we are getting better development of
buds, better foliage through the growing season, where we have
used basic slag frequently, than where we have used any other form
of phosphorus, and I am satisfied phosphorus, potash and a moder-
ate amount of nitrogen are essential elements of building up good,
strong tree growth.

Again, the pruning is an important matter. Very close pruning
at time of planting; in fact, down to a single stalk, a well headed
tree with three or more branches to it, no forks, growing it to its
full limit the first year; after one year’s growth a cutting of two-
thirds or three-fourths, thinning out of crowding branches first, and
then shortening in the others, two-thirds or three-fourths the first
year, and then away she goes. Next year proper thinning out to
make broad, spreading head, a much less shortening process, one-
third to one-half. The third summer, if you Lave got the healthy
tree you should have, and feed and culture you should haye, you
will get an enormous growth, and if you will go in there in your lati-
tude, which is similar to ours in Connecticut, about the middle of
July or towards the first of August, just as vigorous growth has
about ceased, but before growth has ceased entirely, and cut out all
your crowding branches, shorten in the stronger branches—this is
done just before the fruit buds begin to form,—you will cause the
formation of an enormous amount of fruit buds on those trées.
That summer pruning is a shocking process, but it is a splendid
process to bring a peach orchard into bearing when it is able to bear.
Some of my scientific friends tell me that summer pruning is all
wrong, but we take the risk of winning out on it, and I have always
won out, since I began to practice the summer pruning of peaches.
Tt don’t know whether I want you to go and say, Hale tells you to
prune the third summer, but I have done it and made it very profit-
able.

The question of varieties perhaps you will touch by asking some
questions. The growing of fruit, as touched upon by the pvro-
fessor this morning, applies perhaps better to the peach than any-
thing else. We all have some things we pat ourselves on the back
for, and I am weak like the rest of you. I have done some things
in the way of marketing, I think I have dene better than any-
body else, so far as I know, and I am not telling this because I am
any more honest than any of the rest of you, but when my first
orchards came up to bearing, with borrowed money I went to New
Jersey and Delaware and Maryland as the peach centres and the
commercial centres, and studied their methods of picking, packing
and marketing of peaches. I went home with the lesson, and I
don’t wonder that their peaches didn’t pay some of them; they sold
too low in price. Whatever attempt at grading there was, sim-
ply to bring a few of the largest and best to the top always, and gen-
erally one grade of fruit as it came from the orchard, except a few
of the inferior ones thrown out, and if there were any big ones,
those were on the top. I went home convinced—I was hard up
then; there was a big mortgage on the place at that time, more
than the thing was worth—but desperate to get money, mean skin-
ning Yankee as I was, desperate to get money; it seemed to me the
only way to get money was to take those peaches and carefully grade

Pe
é
*
<
-
¢
3

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 649

them into size, and then | though if they were to be graded, how
wicked and crooked men are, and the only way to get it done was
to hire some girls. Women are more nonest than men. So we
hired some of the best girls we could get in the neighborhood to
grade those peaches into proper sizes, so that every package should
be honestly graded from top to bottom, and put up rounding full.
Then to print a label and put it on the basket. So far as I know,
I was the first man in America to properly, honestly grade peaches
all the way through and put a label on them, but here was the re-
sult,—I have bought labels which cost me 42 cents a thousand, and
as soon as I stuck them on a peach basket, I got 50 cents a piece
for them. So if Hale ever made any money in the peach business,
he made more of it at the start selling labels rather than peaches.

We have had our troubles in peach growing. The borers are
always with us, and probably ever will be, and perhaps the brown
rot and the yellows, and the only way to get rid of that is to pull
the tree out and burn it, and the borers, to dig them out and smash
their heads. Fungus tioubles until a few years ago we couldn’t
control, and the brown rot finally became so serious that Prof. Scott
spent years in its study, and in the different seasons when he was
studying in our orchards and propagating those cultures in my
house in Georgia, it seemed almost a useless task he had undertaken,
how year after year he patiently plodded on, and finally discovered
how to prepare the self boiled lime and sulphur which we now use
so successfully, makes it possible to grow scme of the commercial
peaches in a large way, in sections of the United States where they
were driven out of business by the rot, and since his discovery there
has been a wonderful forward march in producing firm, better keep-
ing and better colored fruit. Some late varieties are better in color.
That rot is now gone, and in going has taken with it a lot of other
troubles and brought us profit. The marketing of fruits, the mar-
keting of peaches—in the olden days they were shipped to a few
large central markets, and from there distributed within a reason-
able distance to other markets, the smaller towns and villages being
almost without peaches. There are towns, I suppose, in Pennsyl-
vania, of thiee and five and eight thousand inhabitants, that haven’t
a peach orchard in driving distance of it. But there is a great open-
ing there for the sale of fruit, direct to the consumer, in a small
way. There is a wonderful opening all over the country. I live in
a farming community, a town of less than 5,000 inhabitants, but
they are tobacco farmers, and buy our peaches and we don’t have
any cost for transportation, and they take the over-ripes, and when
we come to figure up at the end of the year, there has been three
or four thousand dollars worth of fruit sold at the packing shed.
So in every community there are people who will come and take
your fruit away. And no expenses of marketing.

Then as I said in regard to this small hamper business, when
we get the parcels post, we are going to be able to send small pack-
ages direct to families and get one package into the house today
and another tomorrow, and double the consumption by that method.
After we get beyond reaching the consumer direct from our small
orchard, the next thing is to reach a little further and sell to the re-

650 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tail dealer, so far as we can, and make a reputation for our goods,
so his customers will come day after day and call for our particular
brand, and while you may never get the extreme high prices as in
some big markets, you will never get the extreme low ones, and
there will be a high level of profitable prices which you can draw
upon from that retail grocer. I have one orchard in Connecticut
off to one side, where they are not used to paying high prices; they
will stand about so much. So when I am getting 50 per cent. more
in a far away market, I give the fruit to them at their price, then
when the drop came in the big markets we held the home. We sup-
plied them from it last year. 1 think we started selling at same old
price to the grocers at 75 cents per one-half bushel basket. We are
going to make them this year 80 cents a basket, while in the big out-
side markets we have to take 35 cents to $1. So you can make
most money in the home market, the moderate-sized grower, who
will take care of the market that is nearest, and always remember
your neighbors and friends are the best people to deal with. When
you have to go to a distant market, ship by rail a long distance away,
besides paying the freight, you must use the commission man and
pay well for his services. I have often been tired and hurt in horti-
cultural meetings to hear the wholesale condemnation of the com-
mission men. ‘There are a lot of crooks, not high-class commission
men, who go out about the country with pretty stories, soliciting,
promising you that they will do so much better for you, and the
man who is a little green sends a few to Jones and some to Smith,
and so on; a mistake always. Never ship to a commission man until
you have investigated him. Make up your mind certain markets
you intend to utilize, go there and look up the commission man.
You will have no trouble finding honorable men. Mean men show
it in their faces. So from a business standpoint, go and get into
direct contact with the commission man you want to deal with.
Find out what you want to about hin; tell him who you are. Say
te him, “Mr. Commission Man, come out with me and see the or-
chard.” He is too busy to go or it costs too much. No matter what
it costs, tell him you will stick by him if he sticks by you, and if he
won’t go this 200 or 500 miles, more or less, to your orchard, ask
him to please 1ecommend you to some other fellow down the street
who has more courage. Ten chances to one, he won’t recommend
anybody else. He will go himself. Take him to your orchard, let
him see how you cultivate your trees; how fine the fruit is; and
show him the nice new white packages you have, all regardless of the
cost. When you can buy one grade of package for ten cents a piece,
or something of cleaner, better and whiter wood for twelve cents,
don’t hesitate for the two cents. Show him those packages under
cover in the fall. Show him the details of your business, how you
gerade and pack, etc., and say, ‘Do you think you can sell those
goods if I get them to you in good order?” He goes home feeling
he has a personal interest in that orchard, and thus when the fruit
comes to market, and some one says that another dealer has some
as good, he says, “I don’t know, I have seen that orchard, I have
seen how that fruit grows and is packed, and I am going to get a
quarter more;’” and finally he gets the quarter more. Get in close
touch with the man you do business with. The meanest man you

No. .6. “DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 661

ever knew, if you get close to him and treat him right, will grow
to be a better man all the time, and will also help you to be a better
man. And the whole business is a mutual uplift. You cannot do
business any other way profitably and for a long time. Don’t dis-
courage the buyer who comes out to buy in the orchard. Encour-
age I’. O. B. sales as far as possible. Now, I am speaking of the
large growers; those who ship by the carload or quantity. If you
are shipping to market and getting 50 cents a package, and some
man wants to buy them at the orchard and offers you 45 cents, en-
courage him to come there with his money. That will encourage
others to come. Encourage the F,. O. B. buyer as much as possible.
You know where you stand, and when you go to bed at night, you
will sleep like a Christian.

PEACHES FOR PENNSYLVANIA

By JOHN P. STEWART, Ph. D., Experimental Pomologist, State College, Pa.

In commercial importance the peach is next to the apple at the
present time in this State. Its relative quickness of returns makes
it an especially desirable fruit crop. The industry is now best de-
veloped in the southern part of the State, where exist especially the
conditions of climate, elevation and soil that makes this fruit un-
usually regular and profitable in bearing. As a result, in certain
sections it has shown some remarkable values, $2,000 per acre in
gross returns having been obtained from considerable acreages within
ten years from planting. Some attention to peach production is
also given in the more northern sections of the State, though the
crop there is, of course, less certain and only the hardier varieties are
likely to succeed.

SOIL, PURCHASING OF TREES, PLANTING AND OTHER CARE

The soil for peaches in general should be somewhat lighter (sand-
ier) than that for apples, though with proper moisture conditions,
air-drainage and care, satisfactory results may be obtained with
certain varieties even on the heavier soils. The soil should be
thoroughly prepared before planting, at least as well as for corn.

In the purchase of trees, it is well to guard especially against
yellows, since it is apparently often transmitted in nursery stock.
This is probably best done by dealing only with nurserymen who are
thoroughly acquainted with the disease and who take proper care to
exclude it. This precaution is necessary, since the presence of the
disease on the young trees can often not be detected until one or
two years after planting. The trees on receipt should also be care-
fully examined for borers. One-year-old trees, of about five-eighths-
inch “caliper,” are best to buy,—better than “June buds,”’—and the
height is of relatively little importance.

44

652 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The other precautions in the purchase and handling of stock
on receipt are essentially as described for apples, pages 6 and 7 of
my Bulletin 106, though the root-pruning may be more severe with
peaches.

Peaches are planted 16 to 20 feet apart. Deep dead furrows
and a wire marked with the desired distances and long enough to
reach throughout the row are most convenient and satisfactory.
Three men, one to drop the trees and the others to plant, will thus
set from 50 to 75 trees per hour in good soil. The soil should be
well firmed about the roots, and the trees set slightly deeper than
they grew in the nursery. If soil ‘ ‘cups” develop about the trees,
they should not be permitted to remain, as they are conductive to
winter injury, especially on exposed western slopes. Peach trees
should be headed at about 18 to 24 inches, and from three to five
limbs may be used in forming the framework for the tops. In later
pruning, the main objects are to keep the annual growth well headed
back, thus avoiding undue increase in height, and to keep the tops
fairly open in order to secure light and ventilation for the fruit.

CULTURH, THINNING AND PICKING

As to cultural methods, peaches are generally considered to re-
quire more thorough and continuous tillage than apples. The till-
age and cropping methods described for the latter in Bulletin 106,
however, if thoroughly carried out, will generally prove satisfactory.

The proper use of fertilizers on peaches is a matter of some de-
bate. Judging from analyses, peaches are more exhaustive on the
land than any other fruit crop. But in spite of this, the value of
fertilization is questioned by some growers, especially if they are
making good use of cover crops. It is an interesting fact, however,
that in Niagara county, N. Y., on nearly 3,000 acres of peaches it
was found that over 87 per cent. of the acreage was receiving ferti-
lizer of some kind. Also the average return for five years from
those orchards receiving manure was $26 per acre higher than that
from the unfertilized orchards and the return from those receiving
both manure and commercial fertilizer was $46 per acre higher than
from the unfertilized. This would indicate that a judicious use of
fertilization should prove profitable in many cases. Care should be
taken, however, not to stimulate growth unduly and especially not
to prolong the seasonal growth so much as to prevent the entrance
upon winter with well-seasoned wood.

Thinning is essential whenever the trees are unduly loaded. It
is regularly practiced by all commercial growers. It enables the
fruit to attain proper size, aids in the control of rot and avoids un-
necessary exhaustion of the tree. Over-production and starvation
are among the leading causes of failure and early decline in the
average peach orchard. The thinning is done usually in the latter
part of June, after the “June drop,” leaving no peaches less than
4 to 6 inches apart, and removing especially those that are defective.

The proper time for picking ‘depends largely upon the time re
quired in reaching market. It also naturally depends much upon
the carrying qualities of the variety and the cooling and shipping
facilities available. The best color, quality and size are undoubtedly
attained by permitting the fruit to ripen on the tree. When con-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 653

siderable time must elapse before reaching market, however, this
is impracticable. In such cases, the fiuit should be picked enough
in advance to enable it to ripen in transit and approximately reach
its prime when it arrives at the market. The softening of occasional
specimens will aid in determining the right time for picking, but
more detailed directions can hardly be given.

IMPORTANT DIFFICULTIES

Important obstacles to success with peaches are yellows, brown
rot, and borers. Regular mounding and cutting-out is probably
the surest method of control for the latter and is most generally
practiced, though a safe and efficient covering would be most wel-
come and may be found in the sediment or sludge formed in mak-
ing lime-sulphur. It should be renewed whenever any important
breaks occur in the coating, however.

The mound or cover should be in place during the egg-laying
period, which extends from about the middle of June to the middle
of September in this State. The “mound” is formed. by dragging
up the earth all around the base of the tree to a height of 8 or 10
inches. Any protective covering should extend from about two or
three inches below the general surface of the ground to a height of
15 to 20 inches. It is also well to remember that most of those
that have been recommended are decidedly worthless.

In hunting the borers, which may be done either-before or after
the egg- laying period, it is well to have cheap labor go ahead and
remove the soil, with hoes or other appropriate tools, and reliable
men to follow and remove the “worms” after the bark has dried and
their discolorations become more evident.

YELLOWS

Peach yellows is an apparently contagious disease of unknown
cause, for true cases of which there is now no remedy. It is import-
ant that one be able to recognize its symptoms, however, in order
to remove the affected trees at the earliest oppoitunity and thus pre
vent its spread to those adjacent, with the resulting rapid destruction
of the orchard. The most prominent works of the disease are
premature ripening of red-spotted fruit, and tufts of vertical, wil-
lowly shoots, which appear on the branches or main limbs. Earlier
and less evident symptoms are as follows: In a well-cultivated or-
chard, part of an apparently healthy tree stops growing, the leaves
at the bases of its twigs droop, roll at the edges, and turn yellow
or reddish-green. Also leaf buds and blossoms may be prematured,
—the acceleration amounting in some cases to a few days only,
while in others it may even cause them to start in the fall.

The disease is reported as likely to appear first in wet and
poorly-drained areas; and most of the symptoms are apparently
likely to be aggravated by winter-injury or other checks, especially
checks to the transfer of food or starch. The recognition and treat-
ment of the disease would be relatively easy if it were not for the
fact that the same influences which aggravate the symptoms of yel-
lows s¢em able to produce a good imitation of the disease.

These imitations are usually curable by good orchard practice,
especially by heavy pruning and judicious nitrogen application. But

654 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the true cases are apparently only covered up temporarily by such
treatment and in the meantime are menacing the general health of
the orchard. The best procedure, therefore, is to eliminate so far
as possible, the influences that tend to develop the “imitation yel-
lows” by maintaining the best possible orchard practice and then
destroying on sight all cases that do appear, on the assumption that
they are true cases of yellows.

BROWN ROT, SCAB, AND CURCULIO TREATMENT

The control of brown rot also involves that of the curculio and
incidentally secures the control of peach scab or black spot which
usually mars or destroys so much unsprayed fruit. A very satis-
factory plan for this purpose is the one advised by Scott, of the
Bureau of Plant Industry. It is rapidly becoming the regular prac-
tice of commercial peach growers. With slight “modifications, the
plan is as follows:

(1) About the time the calyces (or shucks) are shedding, spray
with arsenate of lead at the rate of two pounds to 50 gallons of
water. In order to reduce the caustic properties of the poison, add
milk of lime made from slaking two pounds of stone lime.

(2) About three or four weeks after the calyces drop, spray
with 8-8-50 self boiled lime-sulphur and two pounds of arsenate of
lead.

(3) About one month before the fruit ripens, spray with 8-8-50
self-boiled lime-sulphur or with 1.003 lime-sulphur solution, omitting
the poison.

The use of the clear solution in the third spray is handier, cheaper
and avoids any important staining of the fruit, which may be
quite serious with the self-boiled lime-sulphur in the last spray.
The self-boiled is the only safe material to use in combination with
commercial lead arsenate in the second spray, however. Our present
experiments indicate that a strictly neutral ortho-arsenate of lead,
Ph38 (AsO4)2, is safest with lime-sulphur solutions, but even this
combination cannot be recommended unconditionally on peaches as

yet.
VARIETIES

The following list gives the principal varieties now in cultiva-
tion in the State, so far as the writer has been able to learn. It also
includes some varieties that, judging by their behavior elsewhere,
are of probable value here, and some that are widely known but are
rather undesirable, as indicated by the accompanying descriptions.
Further selection should, of course, be made on the basis of local ex-
perience and market. Six or eight varieties well distributed through
the season are usually ample for the commercial orchard. These

may well be selected from the following group of varieties, with the
aid of our descriptions given later, supplemented by local inquiry:
Greensboro, St. John, Waddell, Carman, Hiley, Champion, Belle,
Ede, Elberta, Stump, ‘Crosby, Fox, Smock, Iron Mountain, Stevens
and Salway. This group gives a succession from early July to
October, and the varieties are named approximately in order of
ripening.

The relative commercial value of the varieties is indicated by
stars. Two stars (**) indicate those considered fully commercial ;

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. | 655

one star, those considered limited commercial. The others may be
valuable commercially in some place when they are better known
or they may be useful in home orchards.

The indications are intended especially for the location in which
peaches are known to thrive. But even for them, local experience
and especially the season of ripening with reference to market con-
ditions may often require some modifications. Thus a variety may
do well in a certain locality, but not be profitable because the mar-
ket, at its season of ripening, is supplied with better fruit of another
variety, possibly from another locality. This accounts for the fact
that in some localities only those peaches ripening with Elberta or
later are reported profitable, while in others many of the earlier
sorts are very satisfactory. Study your market and fill the gaps
is a good generul riley

In the list, the hardier varieties,—those apparently adapted to
the more rigorous sections,—are marked with a dagger. All varie-
ties are named approximately in order of ripening, with the ex-
ceptions that the varieties in each of the following groups seem
from available data to be of practically the same seasons. St. John
and Bishop; Waddell, Lewis and Connet; Mountain Rose, Cham-
pion and Oldmixon Free; Niagara and Reeves; Ede, Bokhara and
Engle; Crosby and Chairs; Geary, McCollister and Smock; Stevens
and Salway. There is also more or less overlapping in season with
many of the other adjacent varieties.

Sneed. Karly July. White, cling. Tree has broad leaves; usually

a heavy bearer and small unless ‘thinned, low quality and not Valuable
Paucecially.

Victor. White, semi-cling. Rather resistant to rot. Much better
than Sneed in quality; entirely red when ripe. ;

Triumph. Yellowish-red, free. One of the extra early peaches,
of medium size and quality, probably suitable for home use or local
market, but usually not desirable commercially because of great
susceptibility to rot.

Greensboro. White, semi-cling. Tree very hardy and prolific;
probably the earliest peach of any material commercial value. Fruit
large, reported resistant to rot, but rather delicate textured for
distant. shipment and only medium quality. Pick when apex be-
gins to soften.

St. John. Yellow, free. One of the standards in Ontario and
also reported very satisfactory in Delaware. Quality good. Often
quite subject to rot, but this can be controlled by proper spraying.

Bishop. White, free. Reported one of the most satisfactory

early peaches in the mountain orchards of West Virginia. Fruit
large and very good. Worthy of trial in southern Pennsylvania.

Waddell. White, free. Rather poor grower, but very prolific.
Long blooming period and henre said to be jess susceptible to frost
injury. Medium in size and quality. Ripens too near Carman for
best success.

Lewis. Yellowish-white, free. One of the hardiest peaches and
much valued generally for commercial use. Fruit medium to large
and very good. Of Michigan origin.

Connet. White, semi-cling. Another hardy variety which is re
ported unusually satisfactory in the mountain orchards of West

656 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Virginia. It ripens with Lewis and is said to be fully as productive,
finer looking, and much freer from rot. Fruit large and very good.
Apparently worthy of extensive trial in this state. A seedling of
Chinese cling.

Carman. White semi-cling. Probably best of its season for mar-
ket. Fruit large and of good quality. Ripens early in August. Tree
very hardy and productive, one of the latest in blossoming.

Hiley. (Early Belle). White, free. Regular, but not prolific.
Good shipper, uneven ripener. Much giown in Georgia.

Mt. Rose. White, free. High quality, often irregular in size and
subject to rot; good for home usg¢ and local market, if picked while
firm.

Champion (Illinois). Creamy white, free or often semi-cling.
Among the highest in quality, excellent for canning, moderate bearer,
medium shipper. Somewhat susceptible to rot, but preventable by
proper spraying.

Oldmiron Free. White, free. One of the old favorites, but ap-
parently losing in favor in some parts of this State. High quality
and prolific, but reported as often dropping before attaining full
color.

Early Crawford. Yellow, free. A standard peach in many regions,
but apparently losing favor in this State on account of shy bearing.

Niagara. Yellow, free. Supposed to be a seedling or possibly
a bud-spot of Early Crawford and reported a heavier bearer. Fruit
equal to it in quality and of larger size. Considered promising,
though not sufficiently tried to warrant unqualified recommenda-
tion.

Reeves (Favorite). Yellow, free. Excellent quality, and one of
the old favorites, but often shy bearer; especially so on heavy soils.

Thurber. White, free. Prolific, good shipper; valuable where a
white peach is acceptable.

Belle (cf Georgia). White, free. Early and heavy bearer; re-
ported best of its season. Hardy in bud and very high quality;
Ripens in late August or early September and must be watched as
picking time approaches, as it ripens quickly.

Engle (Mammoth). Yellow, free. One of the best commercial

peaches in Michigan, being reported preferable to Elberta for profit.
Not sufficiently tried for recommendation.

Ede (Captain Ede). Yellow, free. Very productive and uniform
in fruit. Early in bearing. Excellent for canning; quality very
good.

Bokhara. Yellow, free. Said to be the hardiest desirable peach
in Iowa. Quality fair. Value in Pennsylvania unknown, though
apparently worthy of limited trial in the more rigorous sections.

Elberta. Yellow, free. The standard commercial peach and the
variety most widely planted throughout the country, though dis-
tinetly less valuable than some others in certain localities of this
State. Fruit very large and excellent carrier, but quality is only
medium. Quality, as well as appearance, is much improved by
proper maturing on the tree.

Chairs (Choice). Yellow, free. Another strong grower and often
tardy in bearing, but very satisfactory with increasing age in cer-
tain orchards of southern Pennsylvania. Fruit large and good,
tapering to apex.

) (wae %

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 657

Crosby. Yellow, free or occasionally semi-cling. One of the
hardiest in bud, and of high quality. Fruit tends to run a trifle
small for market, unless heavily thinned. Very heavy and regular
bearer.

Late Crawford. Yellow, free. An old favorite, grown across
the continent. Reported among the most prolific varieties in cer-
tain orchards of the State, while considered rather shy in others.
The successes are in dry, airy locations, with rather light soil and
thorough cultivation and other care. Said to be less satisfactory
than Early Crawford in New Jersey.

Ray. White, free. A relatively new peach of Mississippi origin,
that is doing ‘very well in Eastern Pennsylvania, especially with
H. S. Snavely near Lebanon. ‘Tree stocky, good grower and very
productive. Fruit larger than Belle and about equal to Oldmixon.
Flesh white to the pit, good quality, though not quite as good as
Oldmixon. Apt to ripen up quickly like Belle.

Stump. White, free. Very widely planted, and reported fine
in some places in the State, while in others it seems to be less suc-
cessful.

Fox (Seedling). White, free. Apparently one of the most de-
sirable for its season. Growth vigorous and somewhat tardy in
bearing. Fruit of medium size and quality.

Mathews (Beauty). Yellow, free. A strong grower, rather tardy
in bearing. Fruit very large and good seller, but reported shy
and generally unprofitable in the mountain orchards of West Vir-
ginia. Has done well with Dr. Funk in eastern Pennsylvania. Said
to be difficult to get true to name and is reported by some to ripen
after Smock.

Geary (Hold on). Yellow, free. Among the most profitable in
the orchards of D. M. Wertz, Franklin county. The soil there is
light, well elevated and has a good moisture supply. Fruit is firm
and of good quality. Closely resembles Smock in tree and fruit.

McCollister. Yellow, free. Another of the leaders in Wertz’s
orchard; closely resembles the next variety in character of fruit and
season.

Smock. Yellow, free. This variety and Salway have done best
in the orchards named aboye, and both are very highly recommended
by other growers in our leading peach sections. They apparently
do best in the conditions described for Geary.

Tron Mountain, White, semi-cling. Considered desirable in some
of the more rigorous sections, on account of hardiness. Quality
medium.

Stevens (Rareripe). Creamy white, free. Tree vigorous and up-
right grower, and rather tardy but good bearer. Fruit large, good
quality, and profitable because of lateness.

Salway. Yellow, free. One of the very best under proper con-
ditions, but not good on low or heayy soil. See discussion under
Smock. A very sure cropper and excellent market peach. Season
about same as Stevens, early to mid-October.

42—6—1911 -

APPENDIX

( 659 )

( 660 )

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT.

APPENDIX

No.

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE PENN-

SYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL-

TURE

*Report
*Repore
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report
*Report

Report

Report

Report

ANNUAL

State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
State Board
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department

of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
ot Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,
of Agriculture,

REPORTS

336 pages, 1877.

625 pages, 1878.

560 pages, 1879.

557 pages, 1880.

646 pages, 1881.

645 pages, 1882.

645 pages, 1883.

648 pages, 1884.

645 pages, 1885.

646 pages, 1886.

650 pages, 1887.

648 pages, 1888.

650 pages, 1889.

594 pages, 1890.

600 pages, 1891.

640 pages, 1892.

713 pages, 1893.

646 pages, 1894.

878 pages, 1895.

Part 1, 820 pages, 1896.
Part 2, 444 pages, 1896.
Part 1, 897 pages, 1897.

Part 2, 309 pages, 1897.

894 pages, 1898.

Part 1, 1082 pages, 1899.
Part 2, 368 pages, 1899.
Part 1, 1010 pages, 1900.
Part 2, 348 pages, 1900.
Part 1, 1040 pages, 1901.

Part 2, 464 pages, 1901.

Part 1, 1030 pages, 1902.
Part 2, 324 pages, 1902.

958 pages, 1903.
790 pages, 1904.
846 pages, 1905.
690 pages, 1906.
565 pages, 1907.
690 pages, 1908.
806 pages, 1909.
714 pages, 1910.
694 pages, 1911.

BULLETINS ~*~

No. 1.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 24 pages, 1895.
No. 2.* List of Lectures of Farmers’ Institutes, 36 pages, 1895.

No. 3.* The Pure Food Question in Pennsylvania, 38 pages, 1895.
No. 4.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages, 1896.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

( 661 )

662 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

No. 5.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 38 pages, 1896.

No. 6.* Taxidermy: How to Collect Skins, ete., 128 pages, 1896.
No. 7.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 68 pages, 1896.

No. §8.* Report of State Horticultural Association, 108 pages, 1896.
No. 9.* Report of Dairymen’s Association, 96 pages, 1896.

No. 10.* Prepared Food for Invalids and Infants, 12 pages, 1896.

No. 11.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages, 1896.
No. 12.* Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.

No. 138.* Report of Butter Colors, 8 pages, 1896.

No. 14.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 92 pages, 1896.

No. 15.* Good Roads for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.

No. 16.* Dairy Feeding as Practiced in Pennsylvania, 126 pages, 1896.
No. 17.* Diseases and Enemies of Poultry, 128 pages, 1896.

No. 18.* Digest of the General and Special Road Laws for Pennsylvania,
130 pages, 1896.
No. 19.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages, 1896.
No. 20.* Preliminary Report of Secretary, 126 pages, 1896
No. 21.* The Township High School, 24 pages, 1897.
No. 22.* Cider Vinegar of Pennsylvania, 28 nages, 1897.
No. 23.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 31 pages, 1897.
No. 24.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 19 pages, 1897.
No. 25.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1897.
No. 26.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 74 pages, 1897.
No. 27.* The Cultivation of American Ginseng, 23 pages, 1897.
No. 28.* The Fungous Foes of the Farmer, 19 pages, 1897.
No. 29.* Investigations in the Bark of Trees, 17 pages, 1897.
No. 30.* Sex in Plants, 17 pages, 1897.
No. 31.* The Economic Side of the Mole, 42 pages, 1898.
No. 32.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws, 30 pages, 1898.
No. 33.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 42 pages, 1898.
No. 34.* Preliminary Report of the Secretary, 150 pages, 1898.
No. 35.* Veterinary Medicines, 23 pages, 1898.
No. 36.* Constitutions and By-Laws, 73 pages, 1898.
No. 37.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages, 1898.
No. 38.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1898.
No. 39.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1898.
No. 40. Questions and Answers, 206 pages, 1898.
No. 41.* Preliminary Reports of the Department, 189 pages, 1899.
No. 42.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1899.
No. 43.* The San Jose Scale and other Scale Insects, 22 pages, 1899.
No. 44.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 62 pages, 1899.
No. 45.* Some Harmful Household Insects, 13 pages, 1899.
No. 46.* Some Insects Injurious to Wheat, 24 pages, 1899.
No. 47.* Some Insects Attacking Fruit, etc., 19 pages, 1899.
No. 48.* Common Cabbage Insects, 14 pages, 1899.
No. 49.* Methods of Protecting Crops, etc., 20 pages, 1899.
No. 50.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899.
No. 51.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 69 pages, 1899.
No. 52.* Proceedings Spring Meeting of Round-up Meeting, Farmers’ Insti-
tute Managers, etc., 296 pages, 1899. ;
No. 53.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1899-1900, 94 pages, 1899.
No. 54.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 163 pages, 1899.
No. 55.* The Composition and Use of Fertilizers, 126 pages, 1899.
No. 56. Nursery Fumigation and the Construction and Management of the
Fumigating House, 24 pages, 1899. ‘
No. 57. The Application of Acetyléne Illumination to Country Homes, 85
ages, 1899.
No. 58. The Chemical Study of the Apple and its Products, 44 pages, 1899.
No. 59. Fungous Foes of Vegetable Fruits, 39 pages, 1899.
No. 60.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899.
No. 61.* The Use of Lime in Pennsylvania Soils, 170 pages, 1900.
No. 62. A Summer’s Work Abroad in School Grounds, Home Grounds, Play
Grounds, Parks and Forests, 34 pages, 1900. ? 2
No. 63. A Course in Nature Study for Use in the Public Schools, 119 pages,
0

No. 64. Nature Study Reference Library for Use in the Public Schools, 22

pages, 1900.
No. 65. Farmers’ Library List, 29 pages, 1900.

No. 66.* Pennsylvania Road Statistics, 98 pages, 1900.

No. 67. Methods of Steer Feeding, 14 pages, 1900.

No. 68.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 90 pages, 1900.

No. 69.* Road Making Materials of Pennsylvania, 104 pages, 1900.

No. 70.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 97 pages, 1900.

oP Re nee eee
*Note.—Edition not for general distribution.

s

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF? AGRICULTURE. 663

No. 71. Consolidation of Country Schools and the Transportation of
Scholars by use of Vans, 89 pages, 1900.

No. 72.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 170 pages, 1900.

No. 73. Synopsis of the Tax Laws of Pennsylvania, 132 pages, 1901.

No. 74.* The Repression of Tuberculosis of Cattle by Sanitation, 24 pages,

No. 75.* Tuberculosis of Cattle, and the Pennsylvania Plan for its Repres-
sion, 263 pages, 1901.

No. 76. Co-operative Investigation into the Agricultural Seed Supply of
Pennsylvania, 50 pages, 1901.

No. 77.* Bee Culture, 101 pages, 1901.

No. 78.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1901.

No. 79. Rabies, 28 pages, 1901.

No. 80.* Decisions of the Department of Agriculture on the Pure Food Act
of 1895, 20 pages, 1901.

No. 81. Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylvania, 136
pages, 1901.

No. 82.* Containing the Law Creating a Department of Agriculture in Penn-
sylvania, and giving the Various Acts of Assembly Committed to the Depart-
ment for Hnforcement: Together with Decisions and Standards Adopted with
Reference to the Pure Food Act of 1895, 90 pages, 1901.

No. 85.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 132 pages, 1901.

No. 84. Methods of Steer Feeding; the Second Year of Co-operative Experi-
ment by the Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture and the Pennsyl-
vania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, 16 pages, 1901.

No. 85.* Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 102 pages, 1901.

No. 86.* Containing a Complete List of Licenses granted by the Dairy and
Food Commissioner, from January 1, 1901, to July 1, 1901, ete., 422 pages,

No. 87.* Giving Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs, 42 pages, 1901.

No. 88.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1901.

No. 89.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 195 pages, 1901.
90. Treatment of San Jose Scale in Orchard and Nursery, 33 pages,

No. 91. Canning of Fruits and Vegetables, 57 pages, 1902.

No. 92.* List of Licenses Granted by the Dairy and Food Commissioner,
193 pages, 1902.

No. 93.* The Fundamentals of Spraying, 35 pages, 1902.
94. Phosphates—Phosphatic or Phosphoric Acid Fertilizers, 87 pages,

No. 95.* County and Local Agricultural Societies, 12 pages, 1902.

. 96. Insects Injurious te Cucurbitaceous Plants, 31 pages, 1903.

No. 97. The Management of Greenhouses, 41 pages, 1902.

No. 98. Bacteria of the Soil in Relation to Agriculture, 88 pages, 1902.

No. 99. Some Common Insect Pests of the Farmer, 32 pages, 1902.

No. 100.* Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Division from
January 1, 1902, to June 30, 1902, 223 pages, 1902.

No. 101.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 137 pages, 1902.

No. 102. The Natural Improvement of Soils, 50 pages, 1902.

No. 103.* List of Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 67 pages, 1902.

No. 104. Modern Dairy Science and Practice, 127 pages, 1902.

No. 105.* Potato Culture, 9 pages, 1902.

No. 106.* The Varieties of Fruit that can be Profitably Grown in Pennsyl-
vania, 50 pages, 1902. ;

No. 107.* Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 62 pages,
1903.

No. 108. The Hessian Fly (never printed).

No. 109.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 208 pages, 1903.

No. 110.* Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Division from
July 1, to December 31, 1903, 248 pages, 1903.

No. 111.* Small Fruits, their Origin, Culture and Marketing, 66 pages,
1903.

No. 112.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1908.

No. 113. Methods of Milking, 96 pages, 1903.

No, 114.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 116 pages, 1903.

No. 115. Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Farmers’ Institute Managers.
and Lectures, 210 pages, 1903. F

No. 116.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1903-1904, 64 pages,

1903.
No. 117. Potash Fertilizers—Sources and Methods of Application, 46 pages,
03

No. 118.* Containing the Laws Creating the Office of Dairy and Food Com-
missioner in Pennsylvania, and also a Digest of the Acts of Assembly Com-.
mitted to his Administration, 62 pages, 1903. ee

No. 119.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 115 pages, 1903.

No. 120. The Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar, 46 pages, 1903.

*Note.—Edition not for general distribution.

ae

664 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

No. 121. Address of Hon. Joseph W. Hunter, State Highway Commissioner,
Delivered at Annual Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, January 28, 1904,
16 pages, 1903.
heya 122.* Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 52 pages,
No. 128. Chestnut Culture, 50 pages, 1904.

No, 124.* County and Local Agricultural Fairs, 10 pages, 1904.

No. 125. The Source and Nature of Bacteria in Milk, 41 pages, 1904.

No. 126.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to Aug-
ust 1, 140 pages, 1904.

No. 127.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 71 pages, 1904.

No. 128. Grape Culture, 62 pages, 1904.

No. 129. Alfalfa Culture in Humid Land, 64 pages, 1904.

No. 180. The Cow-pea in the North, 41 pages, 1904.

No. 131. Proceedings, State Board of Agriculture and Farmers’ Normal In-
stitute, 260 pages, 1904.

No. 132.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31, 70
pages, 1904.

No. 138. The Improvement of Corn in Pennsylvania, 76 pages, 1904.

No. 184. Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the State
Board of Agriculture, 152 pages, 1905.

No. 185.* Analyses of Concentrated Feeding Stuffs, 41 pages, 1905.

No. 136.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 8 pages, 1905.

No. 137. Proceedings. Spring Meeting State Board of Agriculture and Farm-
ers’ Annual Normal Institute, 216 pages, 1905.

No. 138.* Analyses Concentrated Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to Aug-
ust 1, 106 pages, 1905.

No. 189.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1905-1906, 93 pages, 1905.

No. 140. Sheep Husbandry, 69 pages, 1905.

No. 141.* Laws Relating to the Dairy and Food Division, 47 pages, 1905.

No. 142.* Analyses Concentrated Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to De-
cember 31, 61 pages, 1905.

No. 143. Poultry in Pennsylvania, 36 pages, 1906.

No. 144. Proceedings of 29th Annual Meeting State Board of Agriculture,
191 pages, 1906.

No. 145.* Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylvania, 51 pages, 1906.

No. 146.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1906.

No. 147. Market Gardening, 53 pages, 1906.

rig 148. Report of Bee-Keepers’ Association of Pennsylvania, 57 pages,
1 :

No. 149.* Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, August 1, 1906, 80
pages, 1906.

No. 150.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, for the year 1906-1907, 73
pages, 1906. ,

No. 151. Proceedings Spring Meeting of State Board of Agriculture and
Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, 190 pages, 1906.

No. 152. Fruits of Pennsylvania, 330 pages, 1906.

No. 153.* Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, December 31, 1906, 60
pages, 1906.

No. 154. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture for 1907, 158 pages, 1907.

No. 155.* Commercial Feeding Stuffs of Pennsylvania for 1906, 47 pages,
1907.

No. 156.* List of County and Agricultural Fairs for 1907, 10 pages, 1907.

No. 157. Proceedings of Farmers’ Normal Institute and State Board of
Agriculture, 210 pages, 1907.

No. 158.* Farmers’ Institutes for year 1907-1908, 78 pages, 1907.

No. 159.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers of Spring Samples, 69- pages,

No. 160.* Laws Relating to Dairy and Food Division, 69 pages, 1907.

No. 161. Papers Read at Farmers’ Institutes, 1906-1907, 124 pages, 1907.
No. 162. Breakfast Foods, 40 pages, 1907.

No. 163.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers from Fall Samples, 51 pages,

No. 164. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 1908, 210 pages, 1908.
No. 165.* List of County and Agricultural Fairs, 1908, 10 pages, 1908.

No. 166. Results of the Analyses of Paris Green, 6 pages, 1908.

No. 167.* Analyses of Commercial Feeding Stuffs, for 1907, 98 pages, 1908.

nual Farmers’ Normal Institute, 214 pages, 1908.
“No. 170. Farmers’ Institutes for Season of 1908, 84 pages, 1908.
No. 171.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to August 1, 1908,

‘74 pages, 1908.

No. 172. The Bang Method for the Repression of Tuberculosis in Cattle, 28 —

spages, 1908.
ee
” *Note.—Edition not for general distribution. ; : ;

No. 168.* Preliminary Report Dairy and Food Commissioner, 50 pages,

No. 169. Proceedings Spring Meeting State Board of Agriculture and An- —

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 665

No. 173.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31,
1908, 58 pages, 1908.

No. 174. List of Fertilizer Manufacturers, 1909, 32 pages, 1909.

No. 175. Analyses of Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 1908, 148 pages, 1909.
No. 176. Analyses of Paris Green, 1908, 31 pages, 1909.

No. 177. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 180 pages, 1909.

No. 178. List of County and Local Agricultural Fairs, 10 pages, 1909.
No. 179. Papers Read at Farmers’ Institutes, 1907 -1908, 105 pages, 1999.
No. 180.* Laws Dairy and Food Bureau, 69 pages, 1909.

No. 181. Timely Hints to Horsebreeders, 23 pages, 1909.

No. 182. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute and Spring Meet-
ing State Board of Agriculture, 231 pages, 1909.

No. 183.* Report of Dairy and Food Bureau, 57 pages, 1909.

No. 184. Farmers’ Institutes for Pennsylvania, 1909, 79 pages, 1909.

No. ee ae of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to August 1, 1909,

ioe}
~“]
hi =>|
jo)
og
(a>)
uf
he

No. 186. Swine Husbandry, 127 pages, 1909.

No. 187. Directory of Stallions Registered with Pennsylvania Livestock
Sanitary Board, for 1909, 86 pages, 190°

No. 188. Principles of Domestic Science, 42 pages, 1909.

No. 189. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31,
1909, 71 pages, 1909.

No. 190. The Potato: Selection of Seed and Cultivation, 62 pages, 1910.

No. 191. List of Fertilizer Manufacturers and Brands Licensed for 1910,
38 pages, 1910.

No. 192. Analyses of Paris Green for 1909, 38 pages, 1910.

No. 193. Proceedings Thirty-third Annual Meeting State Board of Agri-
ears. 192 pages, 1910.
res 194. Preliminary Report, Dairy and Food Commissioner, 40 pages,

No. 195. List of Agricultural Fairs for 1910, 10 pages, 1910.
No. 196. Commercial Feeding Stuffs of Pennsylvania for 1909, 186 pages,

No. 197. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute and Spring MBE COLS
of Board of Agriculture, 260 pages, 1910.
sale 198. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1910-1911, 84 pages,
1910.
No. 199. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Spring Samples, 72
pages, 1910.
No. 200. Skim-milk Cheese, 16 pages, 1910.
No. 201. Market Gardening, No. 2, 86 pages, 1910.
No. 202. Marketing Horticultural Products, 86 pages, 1910.
No. 203. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Fall Samples, 76
pages, 1910.
No. 204. Analyses of Paris Green, 1910, 34 pages, 1910.
No. 205. List Fertilizer Manufacturers, 37 pages, 1911.
No. 206. Preliminary Revort Dairy and Food Bureau, 37 pages, 1911.
No. 207. List County Fairs, 10 pages, 1911.
No. 208. Analyses Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 213 pages, 1911.
No. 209. Laws, Dairy and Food Bureau, 72 pages, 1a
No. 210. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 208 pages, 1911.
No. 211. Report of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, (Aptheus Fever), 72 pages,

No. 212. Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, (Spring), 111 pages, 1911.
No. 213. Proceedings Annual Normal Institute, 235 pages, 1911.

No. 214. Schedule Farmers’ Institutes, 1911-1912, 82 pages, 1911.
No. 215. List of Publications on Fruit Growing, 23 pages, 1911.

No. 216. Cheap Candy, 21 pages, 1911

No. 217. Grape Culture for Pennsylvania, 66 pages, 1911.

No. 218.* Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, (Fall), 77 pages, 1911.

*Note.—Edition not for general distribution.

666 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

FERTILIZER ANALYSES JANUARY 1 TO AUGUST 1, 1911

Since January 1, 1911, there have been received from authorized
sampling agents nineteen hundred and sixty-two fertilizer samples, of
which seven hundred and thirty-one were subjected to analysis. Pref-
erence is given to those which have not been recently analyzed. In
cases where two or more samples representing the same brand were
received, equal portions from several samples were united, and the
composite sample was subjected to analysis.

The samples analyzed group themselves as follows: 485 complete
fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 6 dis-
solved bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 129 rock-and
potash fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 51 acidu-
lated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 23 ground
bones, furnish phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and 37 miscellaneous
samples, which group includes substances not properly classified
under the foregoing heads.

The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are
as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for
indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the
conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2)
Phosphoric acid—total and insoluble; that is, that portion not soluble
in water nor in warm ammonium citrate solution (a solution supposed
to represent the action of plant roots upon the fertilizer), which is
assumed to have little immediate food value. By difference, it is
easy to compute the so-called “available” phosphoric acid. (3) Potash
soluble in water—most of that present in green sand marl and
crushed minerals, and even some of that present in vegetable materials
such as cotton seed meal not being included because insoluble
in water even after long boiling. (4) Nitrogen—This element is
determined by a method which simply accounts for all present, with-
out distinguishing between the quantities present in the several forms
of ammonium salts, nitrates or organic matter. (5) Chlorin—this
determination is made to afford a basis for estimating the proportion
of the potash that is present as chlorid or muriate, the cheaper source.
The computation is made on the assumption that the chlorin present,
unless in excess, has been introduced in the form of muriate of potash ;
but doubtless there are occasional exceptions to this rule. One part
of chlorin combines with 1,326 parts of potash to form the pure
muriate; knowing the chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the
potash equivalent thereto. (7) In the case of ground bone, the state
of sub-division is determined by sifting through accurately made
sieves; the cost of preparation and especially the promptness of
action of bone in the soil depend very largely on the fineness of its
particles, the finer being much more quickly useful to the plant.

The preceding paragraph sets forth the nature of the examinations
given to the several classes of fertilizers under the laws in force
prior to the present year. The legislation of 1909 has made needful,
however, some additional tests. Sec. 4, of the Act of May 1, 1909, pro-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 667

hibits the sale of “pulverized leather, hair, ground hoofs, horns, or
wool waste, raw, steamed, roasted, or in any form, as a fertilizer, or
as an ingredient of a fertilizer or manure, without an explicit state-
ment of the fact.” All nitrogenous fertilizers have, therefore, been
submitted to a careful microscopic examination, at the time of prepar-
ing the sample for analysis, to detect the presence of the tissues
characteristic of the several materials above named. The act of April
23, 1909, makes it unlawful to use the word “bone” in connection
with, or as part of the name of any fertilizer, or any brand of the
same, unless the prosphoric acid contained in such fertilizer shall
be the product of pure animal bone. All fertilizers in whose name
the word “bone” appears, were therefore examined by microscopic
and chemical methods to determine, so far as possible with present
knowledge, the nature of the ingredient or ingredients supplying the
phosphoric acid. It is a fact, however, well known to fertilizer man-
ufacturers and which should be equally understood by the con-
sumer, that it is, in certain cases, practically impossible to determine
the source of the phosphoric acid by an examination of the finished
fertilizer. The microscope shows clearly the structure of raw bone,
but does not make it possible to discriminate between thoroughly
acidulated bone and acidulated rock. The ration of nitrogen to phos-
phoric acid in a raw bone—and only such bone as has not been
deprived of any considerable proportion of its nitrogenous material
by some manufacturing process can properly be called “pure animal
bone”—is about 1:8; in cases where the ratio of nitrogen to phos-
phoric acid exceeds 8, it is clear that part, at least, of the phes-
phoric acid has been supplied by something else than pure animal
bone; but, inasmuch as nitrogen may have been introduced in some
material other than bone and no longer detectible by the microscope.
the presence of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the proportions cor-
responding to those of bone is not proof positive that they have been
supplied by bone. Finally, the differences in the iron and silica con-
tent of bone and rock respectively, afford means of distinction useful
in some cases; the usefulness of this distinction is limited, bow-
ever, by the facts that kitchen bone frequently contains earthy im-
purities rich in iron and silica, and that earthly fillers can legally
be used in fertilizers and are in fact considerably used therein both
as ““make-weights” and as “conditioners” or materials introduced to
improve the drilling qualities of the goods. The fact that the phos-
phoric acid in bone and rock are identical in character is probably
so well known as to require no detailed consideration in this con-
nection.

The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the amount
of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may put
upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the guaran-
ties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore, been deemed
desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by the manufac-
turer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such connection
with the analytical results that the two may be compared. An un-
fortunate practice has grown up among manufacturers of so wording
the guaranty that it seems to declare the presence in the goods of an
amount of valuable constituent ranging from a certain minimum
to a much higher maximum; thus, “Potash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a

45

668 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

guaranty not infrequently given. In reality, the sole guaranty is for
2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given for each brand in the
following tables, are copied from the guaranties filed by the maker
of the goods with the Secretary of Agriculture, the lowest figure
given for any constituent being considered to be the amount guar-
anteed. For compactness and because no essentially important faet
is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for soluble and reverted phos-
phoric acid have not been given separately, but are combined into a
single guaranty for available phosphoric acid; in cases where the

maker’s guaranty does not specifically mention available phosphoric
acid, the’ sum of the lowest figures given by him for soluble and re-
verted phosphoric acid is used. The law of 1879 allowed the maker
to express his guaranty for nitrogen either in terms of that element
or in terms of the ammonia equivalent thereto; since ammonia is
composed of three parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen,
it is a very simple matter to calculate the amount of one, when the
amount of the other is given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by
1.214 will give the corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount
of ammonia multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount of
nitrogen. In these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen.
The laws of 1901 and 1909 abolished this alternative and required
that the quantity shall be given in terms of nitrogen.

Many manufacturers after complying with the terms of the law,
insert additional items in their guaranties, often with the result of
misleading or confusing the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed
to those items only that are given as the law requires and that are
presented in these tables:

A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented
as follows:

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES MADE THIS SHASON

| 1 J .
= 2 g | ;
2 8 g 2 a
(>) bo] Lol Lo} Q
2 3 E E 3
| [e} o
2 2 E
Oo io A A (6)
Nimber of aAlalyses\) 2-2-2 ——-— se = eens 485 129 6 51 23
Moisture: per cent), 22ee ee ae eee 9.46 7.30 9.05 9.21 5.50
|
Phosphoric acid: |
MMO, joie Witte 5 ee osesece se esseeeas oes 9.86 | 10.86 13.00 15.93 22.86
Available sper Celie, 2oss-se2 sae ene eee eee 8.31 | 9.86 | 10.24 14.66 || ees
Insoluble sper cell... meee eee eee 1.55 1.00 2.76 1.27) 2-2 ees
Leyla else CHOlins Soe Pe See ee eee = 4.97 8.97 |o2-.scosn-|soccs cee
Nitrogen) per cent., 2=-------------=-------------— a LEIS: i ee peer E | 1368) (22 3.10
|
Mechanical analyses of bone: | |
Fine, ----------------------------------------|----------|----------|----------|---------- 50
Q@OaTSC. | sosece oo oe see wna ee a ee | en oe eee | ee 50
Oommercial valuation, --------------------------- 25.95 15.99 | 23.82 14.26 31.47
Average selling price, Sees i ea AAT eg 24.97 17.05 20.33 15.83 30.93
mmercial value of samples whose selling |
ere ISMaSOGMCAINCG ae nase te eee 25.89 15.97 | 23.82 14.25 31.47

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 669

SUMMARY OF INSTANCES OF DEFICIENCY FROM GUARANTY

4
SS r=]
= ae 3 ;
a, = =| i} <
BS a 5 z 8
Ls)
2 : S g
= S 1B Pe <
fo) ° |
= 3 a PA
S S Z 2 iS
oss) fa A A da)
Heticient in’ four constituents, /—-=------=--- == A ee er ce ee Re ge 2) A
Deficient in three constituents, ---.-----._-------- 12 EY | ake Se eas 3 ek Ee | Sn eres
Deficient in two constituents, ..--=.=------------- 59 (J eee | ad | Srey ee
Deficient, in one. constitutent, 2252. -----=-=2-==--= 147 28 1 1 11
Total number of samples in which deficiencies
OC CE eee 219 35 | 1 3 | li

The cases of deficiency noted during the past eleven seasons in the
composition of goods as compared with their guaranties, expressed
ip percentage of the total number of goods of each class analyzed,
are as follows:

PERCENTAGE OF DEFICIENCY 1906-1911

g 5 2 g 7 =
Fai SY Jes 2 ee ea tea cole cee eg | ect peagese patsS
eiiee is a lense lcs sta roa | Costa ipo a S
80 a oo ra oH vat bh 7) ae i)
A a3 A=) ee a — a af a = a
Lad 3 Leal 3 ue 3 = 3 u im ton
truley eed = ge eel t-te Ue ays
i) '
Complete fertilizers, ----_---- | 45.4 | 39.5 | 39.4 | 39.3 | 40.0 | 40.0 39.5 | 46.3 | 28.9 | 35.9 | 45.1
Dissolved bone, --.-.---------| 50.0 | 28.5 | 16.6 | 25.0 |150.0 | 16.6 | 25.0 * | 87.5 | 25.0 16.6
Rock and potash, Si Bah 2 42.4 | 40.0 | 43.7 | 49.0 | 89.0 | 38.8 | 86.2 | 30.4 | 25.2 | 37.0 PA leat
DISSOlVEd AOCKs= === . 5-2. -= =25- 28.8 | 25.6 | 19.5 | 27.0 | 21.2 | 28.5 | 33.3 | 19.5 | 4.3 | 6.3 5.9
Groung |pone, —=-==2-=225-=--5 49.0 | 14.7 | 18.5 | 27.8 | 38.0 | 40.0 | 20.8 | 38.4 | 29.17) 27.6 47.8
All classes except miscella- | | |
PC OUS ee a ah tase Sd 35.8 | 36.1 | 38.9 | 38.8 | 38.3 | 37.6 | 39.6 | 26.5 | 38.5 | 38.7

*Only two samples analyzed for which no guarantees are reported.

tOnly four samples analyzed.

A comparison of the average composition of all samples of com-
plete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the average
of the corresponding guaranties, for several seasons past, including
those of this season, follows:

AVERAGE COMPOSITION AND GUARANTY COMPARED

be ke

o Qo

Ay Ay

q

2 o

= S

B q

i 3

=) a

8 4

ro) rs)

2a aa
ov oo
> > oO
<q <q

Spring, 1906.
Phosphoric acid:

Potaly, 22. <c2n=5~ <= saan = en an nw nn a nn ee eae ow sea 9.73 9.21
AV ANAD IOI 3 20ssn5 sso stances ones a eee en See oe pene onan een | 7.88 qicvite
Potash, --.-..--.-.-----------------------=---=- = ---=-==.-- =< -----~------.------ | 4,21 3,95
INGGTORCMY fost jo 8 oon a oo a a ee nena e sense cee esas 1.57 1.53

670 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doe.

AVERAGE COMPOSITION AND GUARANTY COMPARED—Continued.

eee OOOO enn=eTleFle™e="eDweeeeee

Phosphoric acid:
otal econo ecctce SES ek ee Se ee a
Available
Potash,
Nitrogen,

Spring, 1907.
Phosphoric acid:
Total, (sacs t 25k west Sy te 7 Se pee In. a ec
Available,

POtgasli ys 4 a202 S223 Bs ae ee Re ee ee ee eee

NItPO SEN 5/9535 SSeS Ss ee) eg a a ey i ee

Fall, 1907.
Phosphorie acid:
Otal. 22-2 ss2 2s we et ee aa ee eee oe
Available) (2=-5<=sace2 ssa ee eee eee
Potash) = 2b esat ost Sse a hse sons So ee ee ne re ee

Nitrogen, 2 sacs an eo ee a ee ee ee ee

Spring, 1908.
Phosphoric acid:
Potal: 2. cose 23 eee Ss ee ee a nee ee, ee
Available,

Potash). (2-c22<833 52522 ee ie ee eee ee eee

Nitrogen) (2 S282 562-6 8 Be he Re en as a ee ee

Phosphoric acid:
Totals, o25 252525 55. eed se a a re ee
Available), -:----- 322222 sostesie- ee oe ee ee ee
Potash), =25s=2322-2-45 22S 8 ee ee oe we ee en eneees

Nitrogen, . (22s2502 23 ~ Sen So So ee ee see ane Soak nee eee neces

Spring, 1909.
Phosphoric acid:
SNC ea a a ae i rr a a

Availables) 225 5253 a 3 ee noe he a ee Se eae

Potash; . ase s soca sea ee ne ea a ee

IN TET OTN a a a ee

Fall, 1909.

Phosphoric acid:
YG eh pee a a

INSEL (0S ee es mec sce ac otnesee: Seance
INGRR ROY S| Bee eee ee ee es seen coe SSS OSS
Ot Amin re a a ee a

Spring, 1910.
Phosphoric acid:
NG G2 ee ee

PYENGINGS Aobecese =e oose ese ee secs See oS sees Se Soe Se Seas Sesetocces
IPOtaSh, <2--= == - <2 2a na a 3 ew ww a a os nw en een
INET Perham

Fall, 1910.
Phosphoric acid:

Total, ------------------------------ --------- - - +----~-- - ---0--- 0-22 --- 2 7 eee
Available, —=...---------------<-<----<< ~~ = << <2 oo enna nnn nnn =
Potash, -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Nitrogen, ------------------------------------------------------+-----------+---

Spring, 1911.
Phosphoric acid: :
Total, ..----------------22-= - ---- 3 <2 = = 2-3 2 = nnn nn wo nen nee wees =
Available, ------------------------------------.-----------------------------
Potash, ---------------------------------------------------
Nitrogen, ---------------------------------------------------------------------

Average guaranty.

Per

Average guaranty.

nn

———

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

671

It is of itnereste to note how closely the series of valuations based
upon the wholesale price of raw materials in the principal markets
during the most important buying season and upon certain average
allowances for expenses and profits on the part of the mixer and

jobber coincides with the retail prices later ascertained.

son for several seasons past is given below:

A compari-

COMPARISON OF SELLING PRICE AND VALUATION, 1906-1911.

Oomplete fertilizers:

1906,
1907,
1908,
1909,
1910,
1911,

Spring | se ose Seo eT a een eed Malar oe ee |

dE | SS eee ae ete eee Se eet De eee

BBLIN eS asa se ee ss eee ea co Oe eae
RAS pe ee ee ee
BDL Gt Son oe eee ee
5 Uf ea eee eee Ae) ee ere: ye en ea A
SEIN Dake 20-5 SS Cg ee ee
LUPE Se ee ee eae ne gee Yes pe Te CN hy eG
SPT Ps et ae ee Ss SE ee a
JOE) |aeel RS e l eee ee e f
BDIINe¢ 22s eet he el. oe eee oe

Dissolved bone:

1905,
1906,
1907,
1908,
1909,
1910,
1911,

Rock and potash:

1905,
1906,
1907,
1908,
1909,
1910,
1911,

Spring. ea" ts. Son ee Ok ee ee ee
Mian Tints ee te eee 2s ee eke ee ee ee
BDU S peacoat a te oS EL eee
TNS eG eS oe Se ee ae Pent ae en ee sre erate ee Ae oo
Springtieese nae eet 2 ee

SA te ee er ee ie tee ee

SUID eae wee ee eee ee

ROR > een eee ce ees a Set SL 2 ee es

Spring, Se EF ie is ies oo be SAR at Sms Ain aga

Dissolved rock:

1905,
1906,
1907,
1908,
1909,
1910,
1911,

[Spi best Ro Sea ea ee ee ee ea ee eee See
TL eee So ee ee ee ea ae SO oe oe NS en ee
[ei 2a vet =2a Mase miele Die deel l ee ie Saeed tera kare SURE oe ee Mey ene eS

MAL Se een ae ae oe eee ee tae eee Se ees el ta oho
Spring =~. Sees sie eee ater ae eet ce oa es Se
WAN | 2 2002 Se ee as ce eee ae ine So nS ee

SMUG: \ 2S. cae See ee ee eee at ee

Selling price.

ERSSERSRERS
SASSBReIeSe

SRBERES
BSSSREE

Valuation.

NESENRSRES
RUSSSReRRS

= WION
& 835

15.04
15.19

aba
BRS

16.24
16.17
15.94
15.50
16.08
16.34
15.99

13.86
13.51
12.98
12.09
14.72
14.67
14.92
14.86 |
13.62
14.02
14.00
14.15
14.26

Excess of valuation over
selling price.

|

Bee

St cateumeers
SSSRB4RSSNARGS

672 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

COMPARISON OF SELLING PRICE AND VALUATION, 1906-1911—Continued i

i=)
v
>
°
a
2
~
os
2¢
g , eer
= | oes
bo mn A
& 5 os
3 a ae
7) > <a
Ground bone: |
1905, epune: li IE Es a La La ee ne Ol RR een | pee 26.7 —2 36
FI Kame ee WE ARR TROVE Eley A SE a begs Mi ire ol 27.70 28.70 1.00
1906, Spring,” BED SP ee AON ee Bt” Mg ea TT Lid Gee) Ye 2 —=!79)
Faby See aaNe tes is ee Bs 27.80 || 99012 1.32
1907, Spgs ete See ae 31.55 29.64 —1.91
Da ee ees | Se eee 28.92 28.80 —.12
1908, Sprine: a eee 29.04 28.96 —.08
VAIN [ice 7 oe Sno ce BE a oe ee eee eee ae sak 28.18 27.90 —1.28
1909, Spring, eae et ee eee eee ok eee Ae piers Dany 30.70 | 30.28 —.42
1) ke ms SR A ss ed eek ee ee a ee aioe Sees 29.39 28.71 —.68
1910, BprinE, ee ee ae ee ae eee pees 30.19 | ee .08
1 ee ee ee a, Oe ER SECS 29.98 -10 1 Pah,
1911s Spring, Nec Seen ae ee Se ee oe ee nO 31.47 54
a OWE See et oo ee oe oe cee ea 31.17 | 31.18 O01

FERTILIZER ANALYSES AUGUST 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1911

Since August 1, 1911, there have been received from authorized
sampling agents twelve hundred and eighty fertilizer samples, of
which four hundred and ninety-eight were subject to analysis. Pref-
erence is given to those which have not been recently analyzed. In
cases where two or more samples representing the same brand were
received, equal portions from several samples were united, and the
composite sample was subjected to analysis.

The samples analyzed group themselves as follows: 292 complete
fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 3 dis-
solved bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 129 rock and-
potash fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 42 acidu-
lated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 25 ground
bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and 7 micella-
neous samples, which group includes substances not properly classi-
fied under the foregoing heads.

The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are
as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for
indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the
conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2)
Phosphoric acid—total and insoluble; that is, that portion not soluble
in water nor in warm ammonium citrate solution (a solution supposed
to represent the action of plant roots upon the fertilizer), which is
assumed to have little immediate food value. By difference, it is
easy to compute the so-called “available” phosphoric acid. (3) Potash

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 673

soluble in water—most of that present in green sand marl and
crushed minerals, and even some of that present in vegetable mate-
rials such as: cotton-seed meal, not being included because insoluble
in water even after long boiling. (4) Nitrogen—This element is
determined by a method which simply accounts for all present, with-
out distinguishing between the quantities present in the several forms
of ammonium salts, nitrates or organic matter. (5) Chlorin—this
determination is made to afford a basis for estimating the proportion
of the potash that is present as chlorid or muriate, the cheaper source.
The computation is made on the assumption that the chlorin present,
unless in excess, has been introduced in the form of muriate of potash ;
but doubtless there are occasional exceptions to this rule. One part
of chlorin combines with 1.326 parts of potash to form the pure
muriate; knowing the chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the
potash equivalent thereto. (7) In the case of ground bone, the state
of sub-division is determined by sifting through accurately made
sieves; the cost of preparation and especially the promptness of
action of bone in the soil depend very largely on the fitness of its
particles, the finer being much more quickly useful to the plant.

The preceding praagraph sets forth the nature of the examinations
given to the several classes of fertilizers under the laws in force
prior to 1909. The legislation of 1909 has made needful, how-
ever, some additional tests. Sec. 4, of the Act of May 1, 1909, pro-
hibits the sale of “pulverized leather, hair, ground hoofs, horns, or
wool waste, raw, steamed, roasted, or in any form, as a fertilizer, or
as an ingredient of a fertilizer or manure, without an explicit state-
ment of the fact.” All nitrogenous fertilizers have, therefore, been
submitted to a careful microscopic examination, at the time of prepar-
ing the sample for analysis, to detect the presence of the tissues
characteristic of the several materials above named. The act of April
23, 1909, makes it unlawful to use the word “bone” in connection
with, or as part of the name of any fertilizer, or any brand of the
same, unless the phosphoric acid contained in such fertilizer shall
be the product of pure animal bone. All fertilizers in whose name
the word “bone” appears, were therefore examined by microscopic
and chemical methods to determine, so far as possible with present
knowledge, the nature of the ingredient or ingredients supplying the
phosphoric acid. It is a fact, however, well known to fertilizer man-
ufacturers and which should be equally understood by the con-
sumer, that it is, in certain cases, practically impossible to determine
the source of the phosphoric acid by an examination of the finished
fertilizers The microscope shows clearly the structure of raw bone,
but does not make it possible to discriminate between thoroughly
acidulated bone and acidulated rock. The ratio of nitrogen to phos-
phorie acid in a raw bone—and only such bone as has not been
deprived of any considerable proportion of its nitrogenous material
by some manufacturing process can properly be called “pure animal
bone”—is about 1:8; in cases where the ratio of nitrogen to phos-
phoric acid exceeds 8, it is clear that part, at least, of the phos-
phoric acid has been supplied by something else than pure animal
bone; but, inasmuch as nitrogen may have been introduced in some
material other than bone and no longer detectible by the microscope,

43—6—1911

674 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the presence of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the proportions cor-
responding to those of bone is not proof positive that they have been
supplied by bone. Finally, the differences in the iron and silica con-
tent of bone and rock respectively, afford means of distinction useful
ordinary methods of analysis, the exact nature of the ingredients
used to supply the several fertilizer constituents, were capable of
certain determination. This is, however, possible to-day to only a
limited extent. The yaluations are therefore based on the assump-
tion that the fertilizers, are uniformly compounded from high quality
ingredients, such as are commonly employed in the manufacture
of fertilizers of the several classes. Consumers should carefully
avoid the error of accepting such valuations as infalible; they are
not designed to be used for close comparisons of single brands, but
only to indicate whether the price asked for a fertilizer is abnormal,
assuming good quality for the ingredients used. From this it is
clear that, except as high freights may require, the selling price of
a brand should not far exceed the valuation; but that a fertilizer
may be made of inferior materials and yet have a high valuation.

The valuations used during 1910 were modified for use during 1911
in accordance with the changes in wholesale prices of fertilizing
ingredients and to make the valuations more closely follow the sell-
ing price.

The following comparative statement shows tue valuations and
selling prices of the several classes of fertilizers during 1906 to 1910:

r=]
&
»
: § 2
3 as
: z
s 4 Wo
Fertilizers. << : og
3 < eB
- | ¢ | =
3 3 » | Ba
g | FI ae
=} 3 oD om Tt
Aa > NM aA
Spring, 1906.
Complete; ) 2206 2263 esses on eee oe eee a ee 412 24.76 23.55 1.21
Rock-and:potash);) 22-5: ccse2 55 22 a eee 99 15.19 16.17 —.98
Dissolvediboné. 1.025 Si ee ee 4 22.65 24.40 —1.75
Ground’ bone;6.... -J2ss22.< sea ee eee 34 28.23 29.02 —.79
Dissolved. rock. <222 2-244 2S eee eee 45 12.98 13.75 —.77
Fall, 1906
@omplete;. «2-2 252-=-+=—5- 266 22.99 1.87 1-32
Rock-and- potash, 71 15.06 15.76 —.70
Dissolved bone, - 7 25.33 22.06 8.27
Ground bone, --- pe mee so ee ine eee * 84 29.12 27.80 1.32
Dikgvolved srock ; #=*i---= =. 3 ee eee 43 12.99 13.45 —.46
Spring, 1907
@ompletas asa a re oe ee 424 26.84 24.60 2.24
Rock-and- potash, ES ee ee ee oe ee ee eee 103 16.63 16.94 —.31
Dissolved "bONC» (ass =a = nee ee 6 25.08 22.28 2.80
Ground (bone ease sen ee ee 27 29.64 31.55 —1.91
Missolyed, .1OCK 1) oe ee a ee ee ee 41 14.72 14.64 -08
Fall, 1907
G@omplete,) So ee a eee eee 280 24.59 22.71 -88
Rock=anG@-pOtash, saa. 2s sa nee a a 96 15.82 16.58 —.76
Dissolved DOG siete ee a a eee 8 27.61 22.09 5.52
Ground spOwe snes eee ee 86 28.80 28.92 12
48 14.67 14.76 .09

Dissolved rock, .-------=------<-==----==—==-------=-<=--==—~

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 675

q
=
»
2 a
3 om
a Be
g a
3s
Fertilizers. m . ao
oa Z g =I
° qa e Lo
= 2 er re
2 3 Be ae
g 2 5 ee
= a 3 ne
vA > R A
Spring, 1908.
(GOR DICLG tT Snare ee eee ene Low cares eee oe 455 26.23 25.69 54
ROGREANG-DOCASH 2.2 en eee an so aa en see eee 108 16.24 16.96 —.f2
TDA! WOT Se se ee ee 4 28.09 21.11 1.98
ARITA CL MO LIC cetera ee ee Pe pee on een 21 28.96 29.04 —.08
BRIS OIVEG RTO CMG 8 aot oe Sec oan eee ow eee ne eae ae eam 33 | 14.92 14,72 -20
Fall, 1908.
“Ot, LS eS ee eee os 287 23.88 | 22.34 1.54
POR ANO-DOLASM s 8 ie ste en seh ose eee nee setoee nec ee= Ses ae 104 16.17 16.43 —.26
Dissolved! DOCS ee a aw a ene 6 26.05 | 22.48 3.57
(GnoaG! [ees Soo eo ct eee es see eee 30 | 27.90 29.18 |, —1.28
DISSOLVE! TOCK,* 222-252 e oa ee se eae ewan 49 14.86 14.31 .55
Spring, 1909.
Crom plet@e. 2s = ee Son ae an oe ee a eee eae ene henoe 426 25.31 24.88 —.43
Raekeaned-potash, s225 22.2265 see ene oe ee eee 111 15.94 16.98 —1.40
THERGIVEGMD ONE «(a2 224 acta a aoe een ene eee eae 8 PALSY 22.25 —.68
iGrotea de DOME w= S- ae oo hone nt oe oa Seen ae eee 24 80.28 30.70 —.42
Mesolved TOCK.. p22. 362223 o- sea aa en eee ee eae ene meee 33 13.62 14.76 —1.14
Fall, 1909.
@oampletes =-2-252-s-< eS SLI S Lema ae wee ae 255 22.25 22.07 14
IOeRSANG-pOtASh, 222225 ots Woe ee ee ee 92 15.50 16.10 —.60
PIR EVEG ED ONC,) 2-34) as eee anne enone na ae eee 2 22.85 24.50 —1.65
(GREGG! [NOG 5 Sesee Se ae ee oe eee aaeensy % 28.71 29.39 —.68
IDV GIGS! RECA ee RE ee ee eee semis 41 14.02 13.86 16
Spring, 1910.
CONUS tos 2a ese aoe nee Soe pee eee caer renaee| | ESI) 26.63 25.26 | 1.37
LeGyeleprina HOU oe eo a ee 123 16.08 T7160 |e ets
DIRROVER DONE, ja sese en ee er ate ee rena ee 8 21.47 22.17 | —.70
Grounds DONG) t=. ee eee ee 24 30.27 30.19 | 08
IDISSOLVEO GPOCK,) 2— 20-2 aaa e eee eee eee a ee 47 14.00 14.56 —.54
Fall, 1910.
CSHiNGIG. (Sesdssoce Sess as ee ee oS eee 294 22.24 21.76 A&
RG CK=ANO-DOLASD is sen oe nee een ee aan eee a ; 109 16.34 16.38 —..4
PDRSROUU CCL NESTS pe eee ee 4 26.70 25.80 0
Grn DONC s see ea a ln eee enema aw ae aes 29 31.10 29.98 112
WRGineG!) Waldke” oo ssee oscar See peer eon eee are eee ze 32 14.15 14.01 14

The following statement from the weekly reports of the Oil. Paint
and Drug Reporter, of New York City, shows the average wholesale
prices of fertilizer raw materials from September 1, 1909, to Mareh
1, 1910, and from September 1, 1910, to March 1, 1911:

676 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

SUMMARY OF INSTANCES OF DEFICIENCY FROM GUARANTY

z

8 a

Fo os 5 ;

E | 3 |-8 | 2

oO uo] 2

3 | a | 2a ee

8 4 fe) fo) |

2 | 3 | 29) 2

1) & A A oS
Deficient in four constituents, ~--...---._--.-.- 1 |2--6- 22) 22 -- nasa) See eee ee
Deficiencies in three constituents, -------------- 1 | AU sae oe eee eee oe
Deficient inttwo Constituents. —- a - —e eeeee 32 12 | 2 | 3 1
Deficient: In one constituent; 2 2---22 22>" oe eee | 93 | 43 a | 2 4

3 | 5 5

Total number of samples in which deficiencies occur, -.--| 137 | 56

The cases of deficiency noted during the past twelve seasons in the
composition of goods as compared with their guaranties, expressed
in percentage of the total number of goods of each class analyzed,
are as follows:

PERCENTAGE OF DEFICIENCY 1906-1911

ee
o = oO : S a
sll 8). |S] ee)! bee See
"ei | 8) oe te) Se
8h oh bn bo bn 8h
a =F Sh pee 20 oS iB maaleces aye || c= rf
5 = = a 5 Z 5 a 5 ie Ee 3
Blog |B ome | Bele) a | ee) ee
ee. ieee ] | | ees | | |
Complete fertilizers, ---| 45.4 | 39.5 | 39.4 | 39.3 | 40.0 |¢40.0 | 39.5 | 46.3 | 28.9 | 35.9 | 45.1 \t46.9
Dissolved bone, --------| 50.0 | 28.5 16.6 | 25.0 {50.0 | 16.6 25.0 * | 37.5 | 25.0 | 16.6 |100.00
Rock and potash, ----- 42.4 | 40.0 | 43.7 | 49.0 | 39.0 | 38.8 | 36.2 | 30.4 | 25.2 | 37.0 | 27.1 | 43.4
Dissolved rock, -------- 28.8 | 25.6 | 19.5 | 27.0 | 21.2 | 28.5 | 33.3 |. 19.5. |. 4:3} (6.3 | 9b:0 | alee
Ground bone, --------- 49.0 | 14.7 | 18.5 | 27.8 | 38.0 | 40.0 | 20.8 | 38.4 29.17| 27.6 47.8 | 20.0
All classes except mis- | |
céllaneous,. ==22222---= 43.8 | 35.8 | 36.1 38.9 | 38.8 | 38.3 | 37.6 | 39.6 | 26.5 33.5 / 38.7 | 46.0

*Only two samples analyzed for which no guarantees are reported.
+Only three samples analyzed.
tOnly four samples analyzed.

A comparison of the average composition of all samples of com-
plete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the average
of the corresponding guaranties, for several seasons past, including
those of this season, follows:

AVERAGE COMPOSITION AND GUARANTY COMPARED

& hy
2S Ca)
ion iY
qi .
° i >
= | ri
s 3s
5 a
=
fo} i)
=)
° )
a0 ° ao .
av or
Ha a =|
£8 £8
<q <q

Spring, 1906.

Phosphoric acid:

OT ps ee eee po een ate os Deepa 9.73 9.21
Available) sacse sae ae a a a oe 7.88 gee
POUASh a a Re SSS Saasee ese 4.21 3.95
Nitrogen, eae te ain ee c : ie te te Lo eI 1,57 1,53

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

AVERAGE COMPOSITION AND GUARANTY COMPARED—Continued

677

Average composition. Per

cent.

Per

Average guaranty.

cent.

Phosphoric acid:
AUG Up) ES 28 eee eee ee ee ees
Available,
Potash,
Nitrogen,

Phosphorie acid:
UUs | Se ae ee Se ee ee eee
Available,
Potash,
Nitrogen,

Fall, 1907.
Phosphorie acid:
BROGAN! sooo scence on et a a ese)
Available,
Potash,

INIGEO Ren sis. 32 oon ae ae = ok Sse ee eee ee ee

Spring, 1908.

Phosphoric acid:
SEOGAIS -522-o* snesencnane sae ss aece Sas eee ee ee ee eel
AN EETUIEN] 1) (IR ec ee est ey ee ae
IR OUAB on toa = nee ee a a ae eee ee eee ee
Nitrogen,

Phosphoric acid:
EGE, ee Be eo ee es er
AXWELL GES ee ee pe eee

JECT te eee Se, a a ee eee

Nitrogen, -----«

Phosphoric acid:
ANGUS ee SI Se Se OS Se SE ESOS
Available,
Potash,
Nitrogen,

Phosphoric acid:
NOt LA ee ee a eee
Available,
Nitrogen,
Potash,

Phosphoric acid:
AMG if US ee a Se RO a ee eee
Available,

Potash,

Nitrogen,

ew wo nw wo a a nw = = en 3 oo nn w oy, van oe oe eee ee eee

Fall, 1910.
Phosphoric acid:
OPA a aa > oo Sent oe aca oe = eee ae
Available; 25.25 ose nee
JECT ERC ae Se cee Sere ee ee
BITTON ga we me a le oe

Spring, 1911.
Phosphoric acid:
of yay ips be ee ee ee a ae ee

YL ity Ree

TEAST EL PS ee Se Re eR Se Se

Nitrogen,

ew ww rr ww ww ee en 3 oo ne 3 2 oe en nn ee ee ene = pee a a - ee ee ee

678 ANNUAL RBPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
AVERAGE COMPOSITION AND GUARANTY COMPARED—Continued

ia

3 3
ey Ay
q :
8 RS
re) »
a FI
°

a a
A ix
o

o ®
to , oo.
gd ad
23 s3
4 <

Fall, 1911.
Phosphoric acid:
Total: on. --2scctes coin cok sate sep oe ee ee 9.59 9.09
Available,” i322 23ecses ee ee ee ee ee eee 8.20 7.87
Potash)" = =2-05 2 ee ee eee 2 eee 3.63 3.39
Nitrogen, 2222. 2S2 =e a ee ee eee waz 1.19

It is of interest to note how closely the series of valuations based
upon the wholesale price of raw materials in the principal markets
during the most important buying season and upon certain average
allowances for expenses and profits on the part of the mixer and
jobber, coincides with the retail prices later ascertained. A compari-
son for several seasons past is given below:

COMPARISON OF SELLING PRICE AND VALUATION, 1906-1911

Bs
=
°
qi
&
~~
= are
P as
8 . Pa
= q ay
a 2 © ay
bo = 28
E Ee 33
= Gi qo
n > &
Complete fertilizers:
1906, Spring, 23.55 24.76 plea
‘all, oS 21.87 22.99 1.12
1907, Spring, 24.60 26.84 2.24
Pall, j-= 22.71 24.59 1.88
1908, Spring, 25.69 26.23 64
Fale 22.34 23.88 1.54
1909, Spring, 24.88 25.31 43
Fall, is. 22.07 22.25 14
1910, Spring, 25 .26 26.63 1.43
Wa Ol aoes ee casea sees See ee ese ee ee ee eee 21.76 22.24 48
1911, Spring, 24.97 25.95 98
Mall 2 oc osteo shea oO ee nae eee eee eee eee 21.73 22.33 61
Dissolved bone:
1905, ‘Springs (252222282. cet ee ee ee ee 23.83 22.70 —1.19
DOTS ee ee ee tee SoBe Pe ee Sosa sbocetecos 24.78 25.85 if
if Uap dat ihett (ih se ee ee een ee soe er at tee Sea eek 24.40 22.65 —1.75
Fall, RIP eter eer as ee a pap ee
GR es iste hte Se ee ee Een eee ee ese senate See 22. Mi 25
fg NRREOY NDR SEIS E LIN sie WEA Pied Ate oy 8 22.09 rugs ee
100 SDN. ee c= oa ee ee ee ee ee 21.11 : ale
Fa eee Sn eS SS Se ee SE SSS SESE ae ap oe
Ass te bel 75 a ere = A F ——
a Fall. ee oe oe bee eee ee a ee ee een renee aoe et gs a
51) a ee oe ee Se ae. Se ee eco 22.1 2 _.
at ad SDE RE RIES SS SO Pg ERS eT 25.80 25.70 32
MING: 225-22 2- aoc ose b oe eee eer ee eae oan eee 3 M P
baer EE 24.88 21.51 —3.37

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 679

COMPARISON OF SELLING PRICE AND VALUATION, 1906-1911—Continued.

#
>
°
qa
e)
-
es
: 28
§ f a
=) 4 =
a x) °
> 2
z| 3 i
Ss cs
Rock and potash:
MRSS CLE ae Se ee ate Rann ee ee oa ee 16.11 15.49 —.62
15.97 15.04 —.97
1906, 16.17 15.19 —.%8
15.76 | 15.06 —70
1907, 16.94 | 16.53 cil
16.58 | 15.82 —.76
198, 16.86 | 16,24 —.62
16.43 | 16.17 | —.96
1909, 16.98 15.94 | 1.04
16.10; 15.50| —.60
1910, 17.16 16.08 | —1.08
16.38 16.34 | —.04
1911, 17.05 | 15.99 —1.06
Tot 1) Siete erate RINDI eine S28 TE ea een ee eee | 16.25| 16.07 —.18
| |
Dissolved rock: | |
TEED Ey (ey ure Loy ee Et ee rr 13.64 13.86 | 4
aL: 5 ae ee Tee OE ES 5 Se En et eee lp eee 13.51 1.30
1906; Spring, .-,=---==— 13.75 12.98 | —.7171
1 | i es 13,45 12.09 | —.46
HOUT ARN DTIBG ). 200 2 ee al cok oe ee ee 14.04 14.72 68
BRIE een ee ee ty A ee ee 14.16 14.67 51
AMOR RD ring 4 eens en cS te eee ee ee oe ee ap aver 20
ee 14.31, 14.86 55
ROOU MUS DTID Gs sea a a ee eae a one oe eee ae ere lied 14.76 | 13.62 —1.41
eee DEON EU Ip ane Pee ns ee ee OE ee 13.86) 14.02 16
ADIGSDTINGE., <<< 2c<= Sessa Sa ao a ee eee eee 14.56 | 14.00 —.5
WAN oe 22 oe hn one na eaceeelasee ee nee nee | 14.01] 14.15 14
OTE TIRE pa ee er nn cae ta ee ne a eee ee ee 15.83 | 14.26 —1.58
Ln a ae ee ee 14.00 | 13.78 22
Ground bone: |
1905, Spring, 29.08 26.72 —2.36
NE ec an ae ek 27.70 28.70 1.00
1906, Spring, 29.02 | 28.23 —.79
inl e 8 Me ene Mesa Ses tell sae ef ed IB 27.80 | 29.12 | 1.52
1907, Spring, 31.55 | 29.64, —1.91
DPA Se ae ee ee eee se 28.92 28.80 | —.12
1908, Spring, 29.04 28.96 | —.08
Bal oe ae Re saeco 28.18 27.90 1.28
1909, Spring, 80.70 30.28 | —.42
ial. 220 ee a eee 20.89 28.71 | Se
1910, Spring, 30.19 30.27 | 08
HAN 5), oc oe ee ook fe ae eae eee 29.98 | 31.10 | 1.12
1911, Spring, 30.93 | 31.47 54
oP a eye aE PS aie Eee eb eee os alae ers yee! 8 See) bis 31.18 .O1

OT

OFFICIAL DOCMENT. No. 6.

THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND EXPERIMENT
STATION

FACULTY

EDWIN ERLE SPARKS, Ph. D.. LL. D..
President of the College.

ALVA AGEE, M. §.,

Acting Dean and Director.

WILLIAM A. BUCKHOUT, M. S., D. Sc.,

Professor of Botany.

WILLIAM FRBEAR, Ph. D.,

Professor of Experimental Agricultural Chemistry and Vice-Director of the
Experiment Station.

HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph. D. LL. D.,

Professor of Animal Nutrition.

HUBERT EVERETT VAN NORMAN, B. S.,

Professor of Dairy Husbandry.

RALPH L. WATTS, M. &.,

Professor of Horticulture.

FRANK D. GARDNER, B. S.,

Professor of Agronomy.

THOMAS I. MAIRS, B. Agr., M. S..

Professor of Agricultural Medea tion and Superintendent of Correspondence
ourses.

CHARLES W. STODDART, Ph. D.,
Professor of Agricultural Chemistry.

JOHN P. STEWART, M. S. A., Ph. D.,
Professor of Experimental Pomology.

WILLIAM H. TOMHAVE, B. S. A.,
Professor of Animal Husbandry.

JOHN A. FERGUSON, M. A., M. F.,
Professor of Forestry. ?

JULIA CATHARINE GRAY,
Librarian.

CLETUS L. GOODLING, M. 8.,
Superintendent of Farms.

(681 )

682 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
MILTON S. McDOWELL, M. §.,

Assistant Professor of Agricultural Extension.

*EKLIZABETH B. MEEK, B. &., M. S.,

Assistant Professor of Bacteriology.

CHARLES F. SHAW, B. S.,

Assistant Professor of Agronomy.

CARL W. LARSON, B. 8, A..
Assistant Professor of Dairy Husbandry.

MARGARET B. MacDONALD, Ph. D.,
Assistant Professor of Agricultural Chemistry.

GUY CAIGEVIEN: Bass,

Assistant Professor of Experimental Agricultural Chemistry.

CHARLES F. NOLL, M. S.,

Assistant Professor of Experimental Agronomy.

JOHN W. GREGG, B. §.,
Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry.

BURNS O. SEVERSON, B. S.,

Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry.

KF. W. FAGAN, B. S.,
Assistant Professor of Horticulture.

W. H. DARST B. S.,

Assistant Professor of Agronomy.

E. K. HIBSHMAN, B. S§.,

Agricultural Extension.

+). BEN SHE BS) eA. Bs:

Instructor in Botany.

Weeki e er:
Instructor in Bacteriology.

RALPH A. WALDRON, B. §S.,
Instructor in Botany.

R. R. CHAFFEE, A. B., M. F.,
Instructor in Forestry.

J. B: BERRY, B.S:
Instructor in Forestry.

: W. R. WHITE, B. 8.,
Instructor in Agricultural Education.

Off. Doc.

*Absent en leave.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

JOHN W. WHITE, B. S., M. S.,
Associate in Agronomy.

C. E. MYERS, M. S.,
Associate in Horticulture.

WALTER B. NISSLEY, B. S.,
Instructor in Horticulture.

JAMES F. ADAMS, B. &.,

Instructor in Botany.

4

H. H. HAVNER, D. V. M.,

Instructor in Sanitation and Hygiene.

MILLIGAN C. KMLPATRICK.

Instructor in Poultry Husbandry.

EDWARD S. ERB. M. §.,
Assistant Chemist.

«REDERICK P. WEAVER,
Assistant in Agricultural Chemistry.

WALTER THOMAS, B. S.,
Assistant Chemist.

JOSEPH F. CLEVENGER, B. S.,

Instructor in Botany.

CLARENCE A. SMITH, B. §S.,
Assistant in Agricultural Chemistry.

HERBERT P. DAVIS, B. &.,

Assistant in Experimental Dairy Husbandry.

ERNEST L. ANTHONY, B. S.,
Assistant in Dairy Husbandry.

DAVID I. WARNER B. S.,
Assistant in Poultry Husbandry.

Ro Hs BEDI, Bes;
Assistant in Experimental Pomology.

P. W. CLEMMER, B. S.,
Assistant Chemist.

JAMES D. HARLAN, B. &.,

Assistant in Experimental Agronomy.

EARLE T. WILDE, B. S.,
Assistant in Hortieulture.

46

683

684 ANNUAL REPORT OF THR>

ALBERT R. BECHTREL, M. S.,
Assistant in Botany.

ALVA H. BENTON, B. S. A..
Teaching fellow.

JOSEPH, Fy COX, -B: 7S; A,
Assistant in Agronomy.

FRED M. CRAWFORD, B. §.,
Assistant Chemist.

FRANK P. KNOLL,
Assistant in Butter-making.

HARRY D. EDMISTON,
Laboratory Assistant.

WILLIAM G. MURTORFF,
Clerk.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. No. 6.
INDEX BY AUTHORS
Page
A
PM SO Ae HOUCAUIMNE PAMMOLCHATG.. cy.1-s.sjeepeife io «aris lokeieselel tele osctels) sinetenche 394
WOLGESTON ALE: AoMeCESSIVeetcoycporopaeusehe o Gis.c io: o basi Sikes a a ert een er 405
B
EP Mh Nein Lie The country life, SItUAtION, “ecm sates bisrs os eveh tee creer ers 236
BASSE MEO. bs Some, mistakes in fruity srowine, «2... sce ea ee sya
HISSentialls) Of \SPCAVAME hs cj. fovea sia ciete om ao seael aleiane Gouoyoc acevo s chalckerebenaenatens 579
IBUAYANIRID, Beets ~ SA IO hneisiie Seam mae coe moose Ooms ooGUooOomcbnoccoc 490
ANT” GHOSE RSS eis RE Oe ae eo aio rice renminNn one, SO c 559
EAN (GEINIEUATS, Am) @iddress, © sc 5.5 0-0 sc lereo-0 ae 5» eheus eee: oabeperel nuctnepsas 466
BOK OD R= Wire EC AINIKe SELViGrODNODIAS «y= cis iorooe ian cle excrete elercieisy arto eeerare 492
EEG Bnew. hie ProduchiOnmeOfesaniltarye mill Kom cyrseyar-tavel etter) tatelenelore 223
BMGEENG SS: cis Acs MArm! MANAGEMENT. hic ct.s ec oe cies oro ois teie Bierce ounterars aie 302
BOOMER esI= be Peach Culture; e226. 2 eis cs. « ce la alee 0 heal oi vorevornn eereee oie 372
UK CTNIEKOTOMUS TEINOMM AW HN Aken Ole IBYouRANONIIN, Goo goommacadsoocoddesc 447
C
CLINTON, DR. L. A. The present trend of agricultural education,’ 325
COCHHIG. PROB IW Ae An address: sisi. werent terete
Beef demonstration, Pi te Later APR IG Seiya Ry eh SS fie oA ey en Os oc ena oe 557
CONARD, DR. M. E., Report of Committee on Dairy and Dairying, .... 488
CRITCHFIELD, HON. N. B., (Secretary of Agriculture):
[BYE VOI (0) Dee eR eee I Ee Henan Sorte BO rei OOD Cum GOO ECO OS 3
Climatic: Conditions, ofs State... c emcee iciec oe eeron uel ee: 5F clseite Ste 3
Brincipal farm Crops 9 tol pets tert erect ere rarene ire acretete tae none 6
Midwinter Fair, Pittsburg, PML SOR tes Et os, RSS eae ee ae 9
Statistiessfor=Censistor WONOl sayacrenctrcnercts cies al tenckenel of sieeve ot omeliotate teatro 10
Demonstration WOE sc .<cerere ove shane rere eimesiet helalte omehete renee oerelierel ovakehewamone 18
Wo-operations TLECOMMeNded, 2/.sce aloes ele hero ols s oheloteie «#1 fe keratenaatats 19
Reportsof Bureaus of the Department, (2-2... sce de ne 21
BIST ETAT GCORUO Vee eats cc rs acecolacs seetara aeevsye ors Wome ois wendee raeieel Stone. 6, Slates eeegenre 29
D
DERR, J. MILES, Report of Committee on Cereals and Cereal Crops, 425
E
ELDER, ROBT. M., Address Fruit Growers’ Association, Adams County, 365
F
FARNSWORTH, W. W., Horticulture; past, present and future, ...... 253
FOULKE, MRS. JANE KANE, Essentials Of butter makingy cee sae 227
FOUST, JAMES, (Dairy and Food Commissioner) :
Report OL alcoves ta pele vare role ate (elesletelievct cys lesterne to rossloneNeye pensioner f tsteve iets 79
IMIG) BRUEEIEYD BO, noc caamedes onenonbocec pour cognbooUodedaarcde auc 79
Asie Tels Briel Gest), BOR Soanode aneodad CoC Odo 6 cob Tae OS 3 82
LETHON WOO OKA, (nS co TOO BADE GO ao Geer BODO lOOe OCD UOC GoGo. egjme cd io 85
Summary of work done, Ite A OA Otto D rer CATO On Coe o Dyan. O Pi: 86
Dairy and meat products, Wad 84 1 he Faas nates (aca PN Gee ME DS Ghote te thara) lake poled 89
Hirai sang Vveretable sprOdtuetSe eisrcisictsiei-\<)+1 «isis ole olele le ela wieveie) lesa eras 91
Srpimiary. Gl AlHICleS ANALY Zed, vila. 2. wats tas stato welcome cron shes 96
WaAseS eH LOLITA LOCE rater cate) <eey= fevers slices Pal chor potoustsuevaters) cisiiefielayel alike s(of=|aiefereh 105
Financial statement, There ddish Wil. ata tre fa Ge cH Na ote eee orate orator ent rele tecs, olersearane 110
FRAME, N. I., The Eastern Fruit Growers’ Association, its plans, ete., 419
FREAR, DR. WILLIAM, Low grade nitrogenous materials in fertilizers. 470
FULTON, PROMS EPs AD DIOAGISCASES).< sregets slo seus «16. ayele ells lain are alee 368
Some important diseases OLApDIES! ANd -PEACOESs ce. mal iecleiere teria 591
FUNK, SHELDON, A fortune in fifteen years, and fruit the TACCON Sere 251

( 685 )

686 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.
G
GARAHAN R: HH. -Harly cabbage, scsiNercare cle cite leveieiee lero oct
GEORGE; S.C, Har-marks (on the® farm, sn. sc... els ins clots eiere ieee eee
GREGG, PROE. J. W., Garden irrigation, 5... <0 ciee cosets ere cee eee
H
HALE: J. H., A-rambling orchard talk). 3... c.).\ac seme cciereis ete eee
PGA CHES) oi 5)505 55 See etceyp ola: a rescen,leoice win hlesictra colle Jags) oifeun, cates tat nits Re cee: ae a
HAMILTON PROF: JOIN, An address) <2 ..j.2%.50 see sei
HARVEY, DR. ISAAC A., Report of Hconomic Geologist, ..........5...
HARMAN, T. D., What’s the matter with the Pennsylvania farm, ....
HEDRICK, DR: U. PB: Size, color and quality. of fruits) 2-2. eee eee
Tillage: ‘and’ sod). mulch}: oe)-5 cerca ae amie ale eve ee ersne = Soko
HERR, J. ALDUS, The practical side of local organization in agricul-
11: ee en eo a Pte RRS EaE Cs a cchelth Oo G oe.
HERR, JOHN D., Report of General Fruit Committee, ..............
HIBSHMAN, E. K., Cultivation and harvesting of tobacco, ..........
HIESTER, GABRIEL, Commercial orcharding in Pennsylvania, as a
DUSINGSS ‘PrOPOSITION, = eceratale otek e caslale ne encrclensrctens tein eae kh een
HUNT, DR. THOMAS F., Observations in German agriculture, ........
HUTCHISON; 'G G; Report on Heeding) Stulis) see cer-t-t-eiae reer
J
JOHNSON, FRED. Some fruit pests and their treatment, ............
K
KELLOGG, PROF. JAMES, Report of Miscroscopist and Hygienist, .
KESTER, R. P., Some lessons we should teach. ....................-.-
KEINGHR, He C:;, Report) of Agiarist, esc esrete pelcteln crete oes ete tte
L
LEWIS, W. J., Business methods in marketing apples, ..............
LOVEJOY, MISS SARA C., The needs of the rural schools. ............
M
McCALDLUM, 9M. H.. Market eardemimgy ieee ciere elem <ie oye ore iol ols) thot neta

McCLAIN, HON. FRANK B., Address of welcome, Normal Institute,
McKIBBEN, A. L.. Report of Committee on Wool and Textile Fibers,
MAIRS, PROF. T.-I., Country schools for farm life, ................
MARTIN, HON. A. L., (Deputy Secretary and Director of Institutes):
Report) Of, Sais eee we oie oo): eyere tela eets ny eiisefe) © 6/0) oNello = eke shes eae ea
Schedule’ dates Of TOStitutes, | ec ..c cc siete olevenet o etenc te toreiey er one aitelt ieee
Annual Normal Institutes Pros aig ss mle nner ee ctel eke aie tel t-te ene
List of: County Chairmen 2 cen crmsei- cities cheieretetetsietcnetateenen fella +r eer
List of State Mecturerss. eo os ene teens oe orale let ele ate erley chet lo sie) tote te
Lecturers and their ssi mmemts ree aeje cere aieiells oisiel en > ise =)cle))cteuateteneneny
List Agricultural Societies, - 0.2... ce. s+ cee oe sin «alee >) eieieiaiene
Crop report: fOr HUG. ee erers a siete erelietene tay = cote, oe eit cle kel oka eee
Table comparisons of various products, .......-...--+seeee ee eeeee
A symposium: Management of Farmers’ Institutes, .............--
MARSHALL, DR. C. J., (State Veterinarian):
ReMOrt, Of, civetssierctons ss oa wuelecovenc ctenw elie oats ious hays lelel die tole seks cake eae me
Report of meat hygiene inspection, .........+..--. seers eee reece
Meat markets examined, 55. Seis oe eelea ot olo oiler oletee ete el tee
Slaughter houses examined. .......-.....2.-.0++eess9---eeoeerse
Report hhoresbreeding 222 ye sce che lose ols imine feicll-Nele) aos) nearer
Report practical farm’ Work, ©. 2 2... cen ore erie mieteoeie i= cl-pe)-)-a ne nee
Report contagious disease, ............see ee ee eee eee eee e eee eee
Report laboratory and research work, .......-.-+ee+-eesseeeeeeees
Report: milk” WY Siemey oa. ec ceo cee wo reeset walls oh ofl =| =) eset esa eee
Common” diseases -ot. UiviestO@ke rece e sc etenet ete tee lotro totale abate cuetsh tenet man
MENGES, PROF. FRANKLIN, Report of Entomologist, .............
MONROE, MRS. GEO. E. Farm sanitation, ..........-.---2e-seeeeees
MYERS, C. E., The good seed question, ...........eses eee ee ene ences

12
PHILLIPY, DR. W. T., Response to address of welcome, Normal Institute,

586

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

R

RICH SPROE TIAN LE Seba HHes poultry INGUStry, <2 ees es reels
ROBERTS, HORACH, Converting a run down farm into a paying

orchard and market garden,

SCHULTZ, J. H., Report of Committee on Fertilizers, ...........
SCOTT, MRS. ANNA B., A three-course dinner, .................
SA ae Darby PATI AG OTESSs. fe cls sjele: aio aveleiera isvece leas ele eueialens aiatone
STEWART, PROF. J. P., The influence of fertilizing and other fac-
tors upon yield, color, size and growth in apples, ..........

The making of concentrated lime-sulphur and its use on apples
ANG POA CHOSE ser trerererereins Gre ie ees wf eias'd: eho, arava, ale ecanatal scmete eerece eet
Reschess fore hennsvylvaniay i. '.i5 <0 royale anus rrr init iees

STODDART, DR. C. W., Nitrogen; its forms and sources,

SOMME WewAl eA STICUICUTAlL SCOlOSY.. .tacron o « sialemicie rie cohen eres

SURFACH, PROF. H. A., (Economic Zoologist):

REI OT Ga O latent aiaic eo sors cel sles yore aires (ais: Soo 5 wee Soe hee eraoue hy « Tonsmee torte rans
rErekOOUCOMC Es, easiest Wie nc 6 o/c ure Aa Oe ee
imvestizations ‘and. examinations, <2 24... .< ccs ee cesses sees
PUD CATIONS sy .. sei ciets eis oioorene aie roueai cnc aisle elecerte. > Rat nate epee eres
ANSVSCHON: OF MHUTSETIES). 55, sro.cccess, cre relcis ous) © eyetefotokere etenss cela olerenerens
Imspection sof Importedsstocks soe cele vere tererie loll ake eictar een
MHNSPECHOMROL OTC ATOR emicis ot ators coarse rtieiorslcia ate hy ea see ae
HGISE. Of PINSDE CLOTS os science cook 6. ecetienclere ere tose wrlekelelaaveyat nue a fevepere evecare none
WMEGMONStrAtIONS. © once + vee wieielein seteuseeeietes MPR GE CPLR OS. O
Work, of inspectors: (Dy: COUmtiOss ioe aires a crclt = oda oct ties ster ter
Report “of sOrnithologistiy, secrete eee eke eects ols ate cote eee
moe) first five yearsuol the: orchards secs ee ctele cle oteaenelen tenon tote

Ay

THOMAS, MISS SARA PHILLIPS, Gleanings from other countries, .
THORPE, FRAME N., The fruit farm as an investment, .........
TMMOON, (C2 J: Handling thecappleéncropir..j.ceci 2 ieeetesierere okt ttn

V

VAN NORMAN, PROF. H. E.. Computing rations, ...............

WwW

Wears: PRO AR. L. Asparagus Cultures eercicle oe crerens oe oles cele suc
WELLER, HON. JOHN C., Report of Committee on Roads and Road

17h k= Sa ert MEIER OSs che ah com erence oiaes GeO Ie. Cher che OES
WITLIIAMS, I. C., Report on Forests and Forestry, ..............

WITTMAN. W. THEO. Revort of Committee on Poultry,

WORK, PROF. PAUL, Marketing problems, ....................

YG

VOUNG. J. 2. Report of Committee om Miruilt, oor eine cere cleierels oie
YOUNG, A. P., Report of Committee on Livestock, ...............

I OREICS amerrer ere ieteuate eels ceria or niiclouavele S egszietle Maite Garmin teks Clann ear

687

501

431
485

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT.

No. 6.

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

Addresses:

A

Address. of. welcome; Normal Institute. 2.2.3 c.-)-1-eee eeee
Address;. response. to address of welcome .s. 15. 40<%)- 1-8 ee eee
Address of President Fruit Growers’ Association, ................
Address, Prof. John’. Hamilton,” e330... o.oo ee eee

Address, General Beaver,
Address, Dr. Sparks, ...
Address, E S. Bayard, .

© B 0 © 6s, vw © 6) © #60 04.10) 0.0 0: be. 6)e\.6 0 (8) © 1ehioliel 6 .e) ae) sini @nene

Address; Prof: “WA; (Cochels toicays Sis eo ores ss bie sade cane nea
Address,’ Dr: (N. C.* Schaeffer 5 23.5. G nies oc oe ica ate ae eee

Address, E. S. Bayard, .
APMTISt eLepOLG Ola serie eee

© «© 20 os @ 20 © 9.0 © 0 0) 0 CXS s se © ec) © 0) 6) «) o ehe eres ei alenene

Agriculture, report of Secretary, <ho 2h: ange os side See eee

Climatic conditions, ....

Principal farm. crops; 1914. oP... 265s» = dels ete eines ae :

Statistics, census 1910, .
Demonstration work, ...

@ @ © 0 66) 0 je, © 6 2 (0 6 6 6.0 6 2 0\'s « © ee @ $6» wife 0 siekelelnin eines

Better prices for farm) produce necessary cca <1 see ceieece eeee

Co-operation ecco.

@) 0) 0,0 ©1080 © 6 6.60.0, 01.6 © me) \e'\e)\s) 0)(e (ele! «(el whe oles lel si~ ul eae

Reports’ of Bureaus of Department, jaca seen ticle

Lessons we should teach
Specializing required, ..

9) Ola 0\'6 © re. (0) (0) ©) wile. 6] (6) 0 .@ =) 0. © ps) e! 0 {© (6.0) @\\8)_© @) 0) 6.0) Nie oupne

ele © ©) es 0.0 « 845 © ©) 0 (0) ce © 6 0) .6).0) © eo @, © (s)\0\.0) « (9) all>) =| el (ep atenim

Organization “amone farmers, oc Seeelecic/e o slsieierc caste oe een
Gleanines) from “other (countries: see serene icie cee canine eee
Practical side: of Jocal ‘organizations Im eae. se eee eee

Agricultural education, .....

The work of the Exneriment) Stations, sa... osor nee tere
The great demand for. feed; 2.2. ..2.6.ch0 4.66 hot wisl core eee
Vocational training needed: 3a. 006.22 oe on eee
Agriculture: in Germanys ObsenvationS#Oteee cri) ce cere ene eee

The lack of country life,

The ribbonslike: appearance of the countnys ~eclee es oer eee eee

The ooderoads. Giaeeee-

we (elfe| ee ee 6 6 © 50 0 6 6.6 Je 666 e © 0 e/a) 8 « 0s) s) 0) scel ne nene

Improved) farm “machinerys i402 secs oe wes oc. cre soe eres eee

Conservation of national

TESOULCES, 66:6 2 sic sess 08) o) ore) m aloe nol wie eeiet

Agricultural Societies. schedule -of dates, . 22.0.1 =. 12 inet tener

ADDON GUS sc cok cass ate ats oer ake
Apples handling of, 2 aa.4cce
Diseases Ohse t ecient
Transmissible diseases, .
Physiological diseases, ..

oie) © © © 0 0 0 0) 0 ©) © ae, 6 a) v0 0100) 0 0) © 0 0) «lsh eh) sia) ol) Se ean eme

© © 00 0; © = © 4s a)(0) 00] ©: \6) ¢ «<0 0 » w) e010 @ 6) 9\(9\ ¢) 600) os) een

o 6 6 6 0 0 © ee © 0) © éinlle: © 0+ 0 8 @) (6 a 6 6) 0.0) © ©) © sie) (one 0 lene manel

© 2) © © 0) (@ ‘s/la) 00)\¢ © © @ 0: ‘6 e: 8)» a/\e) 8) "6 «)s\o),01\8; 5, \s/ lo) 5) 's) oe eee

a atiel fa fo'iep lol ooo) ote ‘e+e Jajene. le ‘6 (6;'e) 10) ie) \& 10; je. m, (a)'m (e) wale isal sl ees Anil

Influence of- fertilizers: On) << 2h osc. ns. hae oom ine Oe eee ae eee

Location of seed types,

©) © 6) ae) 10, (0) 10-0) e:.0 ei 10. 6) 6) 16) 0; 10) 0 (@:0,70, ©. 10) (6) /v,@ (8) <6 @) a) (el 6) 1s (oe aiSnae

Eifect of fertilization on, Vield’ cases oa ee creel ere ee
Cultural methods and fertilizerswon wield) =-...5-. <1) eee

Correlation between yield
Relation of fertilizer on
A suggested formula, ..

and -erowth © 3....0. sete s+ hese eee
SIZE, Sirk wk cele ba. 0 oe bare nie Oe ee

Business methods in) marketing)... o6-45 5 sce nee eee

Asparagus, culture of, ......
Manleciesieacr ss ac saxccteee
Soils SiOTs feb het ocine ees
Seed selection for, ......
Plantine” ofietiocce ace
Care of plantation» =... ..
Marketinomotn treet

Berrlesiness iecckerteioe ot wteloamiens
Variety and how to raise,
Botanist, report Of, n- 2.
Ginseng and its culture,

© 6 06 6 6 6 0 « wee © © 06.0 6 2 a © © © (0) 6) 5\6 ole) 6).6 6 o) 6) ene ien= mem

ome « 2 «6 6 em 0 (6 8, © 0 10 8, (8 (0, (¢.0 ©» 0 10) 0. (9.0.70) -*, «i © \m.0\ ole ream

© cia «6 = ss le) © nie a0) s © 00) © 8 0 s).0\0 © 6,6 0 %e! » e.6) alle) a Uanenone

ee 0 © © © «ce «0 0 (op 0 @ ee © © e) 0.0 @ 00) * =e © 0 «6 Shela ee ieee

6.0 6,0 6 fe 0 0 & eve © eves, 0 00 6 0 6. © aioe ee © oe =) > eleieiw ae aam

Ble © 0) 6c «Ja ee 0 0) ee 0s © e\(e (00) 0 pic) .0| 06 © jee (ss olen esin eines

@: (ee ©; e/a. 9) o/s; 0/0 /e| ©) (5 ec) 6, 00! ou 0 (ole) ® (0,06 6 © w 6.¢)ale s/s) sens

© 8.6. (0) © © 0] 0) 0) 0),0).0| 6, ¢ 0,6).0 6 elle, 2 6 (6 (0) ©) © se) ulle)\) ene (> ©) a eele

ee ere ere eee eee eee ee eeeeeee eee ee seeeeeseeee

2 a) 6.8 a0 =) «0 m0 00 8 6 @ 0:6. 6 616 0 8 9s 0 © #186) 9 © 0) 68.0 a) elem

INO: 6:

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

But lerwm alkenes CSSCMULDIS MO. oceierciete sevice -c)s) le scereie, «13; aiehe ve, Sosy ots atancl evo ak ensleel enone
VCH Aden be wriullikepeewatysi che, ctsts x! syekciglansians wie award 0h enaiamer ere ctenel see terenenetene

The cream,

TUG), (CNT Rh Peper ayenctavie ais ckotetsiel se iavovebeierew oo a.e'cie sore ath stave evstensroleuotorentats

Cabbage care of early,
Uniformity of type,
Raising of plants,

is) se ehs) 7 (00) oie w ¢ = 0,6 ele dw 6 0 010 10,0 © ele) 0 6) 0,\0 0) « ole 6) eas svivlicl ele
eipeivete! trails, \9)\e) Shaws) eve..e sfe)\e [es \e\/e)'e/.0//e asp! ee «ie tele (ene Olé \br ele wie

Wrmlltivationy tof es ce eee eyo) vate) Sis oaks buss oleae coe eis: Soe em one ae ane hele eee

Cereals, report of committee on,

HISHIMALEd eDLOCMCELON Ss Msyat-.c ois ho olsuc Witte vei cPatte cree tata cre eres Cre neerctar
NSCTCAt WHEAL, TALIMIN ioe cis Siete a ale ls ecaicve dia, o eciiaie, Serepeie eee re ae

Benefit of Great Lakes to farmers in equalizing prices,
Lower

a Kelas Jello leleceiale

PrETSHE TALCS Srvolevs core s-srevsloia eos Sreteuere o.oo eheveiietale cate eleuenersuelehenenene
Cold storage a necessity,

ais (6) Be) 'elel.c\le a) \e. ee ¢) vies \n\/o\\e!e) 6 0 a) (eee! ai» \e)\0)te\tele)(e) 6)» ee) elle! «i wire.

NVI O TiS eel ApS libs, Me iecoi tata Bake tole nS Gham w.ls-in'e ccotate. syragentaamatevenawerchessiere Ie Renerewalee rere
SHVSLOIIS Ole SUOLAL Sa syeter states. crore lous Cudas Leroueieveseaos SIO ne encleds eels toue need emer

Country life,

TES SPCUAUVON,. aceite sc, c,sueude aussi owehal ah aoa eae oteg ere ter MTR ee ens

ihesaback tovthertarm “mMmOVemMent.s. -cccmusquereie cosas sie ten sore con ciemeietetae
hewtendency, Of the CiMes; aves ac decic seep eros ssnciche q akiatse ror
MH OwSIDIECt OL alTsy * oscars ese cess Rae ieinis © cla tue las alata) a Ayes cuemenemenae

The school,
Country schools,
Moulded too much after city,

S| n'a (w) @) © 0, odin; (m)/0 ta} 0|'s\ 6! (0: 6) «| \0)\6, ©)\0),/0].s)\e).0) 0) ©) 6 « <s)' «)'9) 4) © e118) 0,6: ©)\sle le) enel eh anacele

Vocational sStudies: ims ac bs np ace cuegerekoterclel sie acs Sus vol spelepeisiccecne tovewvesere
ASAHI DK eed DUE nei cernce MEAG Baa St.owd ae CS ola an cmiSied DOA Gao ot Gace
ron report for 1911, SAP ECE OO ot aOR od OO a oan Oe omora oC
Maple. of COMpaArisons: Of VaLlOuss PLOGUCISe ie perimeter kacioien-iene

Acreage and value of cereals and livestock,

Dairy and Food Bureau, report of Commissioner,
PNG MSAUSALS eaACl.) cers. ce suche cusuete ore

D

©, [a 16, 8: eae: 6, 10) (a) Sle jaylels! e) 6. 6) \016..6) sie (aie cs)s/9-s] (6) \e:

Thewmilk Aid “Cream ACU. ¢o.% ais Shte ie Sieve whe, 6 cteriche ce oho el ten eac ine omen onete
JETS Sb Crh aaa clo lc (ch ree a eee. aios SisicrnerS MGI. ao.cibia Hoc pwiacs oo Goo
Stmmarycot work Gomes LOD see sere cle eerste le crerenarotenenet at use nites deteeaeatents
WIV MO CUGES me care sce & «ie rosehe clove al che rarele) scues Stores hapstie aereme tole Rane tat eee ees
NVC Ae TIEOCUCES is) .5 crs elie Gros ins art oleae ometoue tye toils) < “vance are

Eggs,

a ele) eh wo 'a-.6 e) 0°10, 6. a ele! (a (0:08 0) 0) 6\ 0) 010. 6: 068 ©1616 0. © 6 ©) 6 0 \e)\er'6 ole 0.0 0) 0) mye) ere (oe) mae

HIG ANGE VELOLADIO: PROGUGUS sc crercis shore reteset oweitieerayePetetot eho tev ae) eet
ISHEE PEE S| BL aiCOT OG Kol ea aR KG ere OCLC Oa ERR RCL AORN ONG ct CRIT iis
LOMO V? AICO SY RUNDS pares taverns 15 redenetote cio rola iolione crane cle Glo orto) wirars wieegotens 10 oeeons
INGOT ERN Ken ATOLLS Mobsh le Ae eee cio cit odio Giois EIS GO,.01O POO ONE Atkc GRmerOIoe
Summary, of articles: analyzedsemmcriyenmtie itis aacietteseiseletctatelscacie tara
@ases: iterminateds © 5.2 Soyer xc eaeiere eeereteaoteao ee Oreo thedbemeys otevax crense tetanic
Hinancial statements: — 241 cs4.5 oo ces tere cists Siete te csercel ere spa cucye ete erator
DA boes, me OIA oe Cloprobeohhgxstss Oi, poslanooccagodanascoodccccubcuasooce
[Dahiey TehHOui, Cowaobiehaleysl Oi, Sysdiccoodaccocouadnssoonoocadooooscan:
Gioia TOA Ie Sin noondmacoendoodiocdeaa@oocudnosocnooadonocde
JPsHiitey (Oe jOMMOLReInM Wo) ONY CMKeIseAe Ran oonoagcnbogconcnoodasdando 20K
1Rea NORINCO GAIA IO CODE IORG Oo ODO OUI bio tonavaboooGocas pag 6 oc
PROTEIN sanOenely CNEL LYs. «5.5 .\s)2 ave <inicroveakoroi avon seeierel etctekens iehetomr rete at anne
(Ciihih MnO Galidsy ees omc enee Men catia eon oe Oo cob Socod a mognaeDS
Department of Agriculture, officers and employees, Pe tise tot ae ble Soe rs
IRC F, OI TOKURA seg sed douadonaU hoods ooQbadoou Toad aes ose:
Report of Wirector of Marmers? Institutes, 22.0... eet e
Report of Dairy and Food Commissioner, SPD er EE eta
[RYT OVI eee LCN Sb IE N MEN Ws Ren or circ oodiotmoeds donobo mg onucedoe $3
Report of Economic Zoologist, Ree ante eh e CiVA eT Malas MEN ec, tore
LAGE (ol mate) OOH ISP mie BRO ERO ec See Oo too ooo CAD WO Uraa mon DS thc
NIST OPMeDUlLEtiNs 2. cichecctsiere o secotnrerete Yakabe lta atahe vel iar staue, ctlmptcipyettai bt eee parenete
MomMesticCuscience, a) LATEe-COULSON GINM eT ms jai. ister ys sicha icles tailelaie halon re

FCOnOMicmZOOlLOSISt. LEDOT ty Obs car. -ieve te siele re ttsbelot iy ete)int oteneta tae seNeetahe tetatantstre
WORRARDOMGSTICOs hic cien.stonvs eres reve. 2 orole wieeate ee amtep ot ero neia tote tetene odo etene
Investigations, and examinations, |. 0.0.0 c20..00--- uber eons e eal
Descriptions and history of mites, SE PI eit Rath reer reece: che

Publications,
Lectures,

Silo et wliel a ee Sopa ec olske te sete evened elas soe e-em, 8) Seb elev clare «ide (ele wubee rene

@ dhe (a pata wualele 6) 0, (6, O's, 61.6 0 ele lpia tsleve (ols «a 0) 6.0 0:5 of 016 (eo wm. S10 lea sige 8008 «61 e

44—6—1911

2) (@\\0| 0. ©, 6) 010 © aye. 1¥) © oie «2 26 ce

690 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc
Page.

Tnspection Of MUTSCLIES, 32s: jo cveseve, avers. ieih te orewors ntatsletere ae eucha eiet eae 158
Inspection. of imported, plants) <...2 oc «w+ cis oteicinle sal teretenets eee 158
Making Inspections, sisi isacciecsie ss liere.siehs apsiinteieie! ep onele nie steno terete een 160
School’ collections ‘of specimens, ..2..%%.75<.cee ene 160
BreeGinge \CASOB). 5 occ srccee.cscis wseve cpe'Uin a erepete ane) eie Cue orsy tee rere 161
Inspection: Of “orchards; « 2iiec4. le ane octane eee eee 166
Listof; Inspectors, ~~... oe ket cone srdie alee aoes oh oe 168
DEMONSCVALLOIIBS .\ o.creieiers wrote alone reco¥s co voce SSaweloveis olabal eons oy eee eee 167
Work “by Countios,./2 sats. see < 5.0 wie aaus ola le toate « ireter a ageieel anne ene 170
Entomologist. report Of, 0a sis cise h aie euevocw dre ctaibiens Sle case osetol one ener ne een 4723
Destructive’ insects: prevalent, ~. 2.20.55. 502 2 was c cele s ocr 473
Dry season: destructive; fc. Foe ae es oe eee ee eee 47
The: Hessian): flys cuiinrsgs - has i one eee eee 474
Spraying “mixtures; (ices seis ss as ws coavaciene sie ale euete ene nee te ieee ee aan 476

F

Farm, some of the. ear-marks ‘on! thes (ee sie cto ce cle eiciehe elena 511
What are-some of the:ear-marks) ise. cs sacle cree ae) o eee eieea nce 511
What. is: the: true:aim) of farniime, Fis... 2. ~~ 6s cine oemre ee eee 512
Co-operation” of -home (and) farmers oe. ... 2. o.ctucie ekenen et 513
Harmer, what's the matter with the Pennsylvania, =...-.--2.-> eee 231
The: lazy farmer * 4s ciclsiaue cievere buns s oa ols tise eR ee eee ZoL
Lack: of “knowledge, .. .0cs2228 « bi ode asit owikid elias oe 234
Conservation; | i oictnee ie eee s Siete es woe i eee Hee ees 234
Pride in land OWNErSHIDP; 2 oss 4s heise ssc ces eee ee eee 20D
Lack of appreciation ‘of Jeadership; ©... .... <4. ss oe ieee 235
Harmers’ Institutes; report of Director, .22..... och soos eee ene 34
Number of Institutes held; =. 2: .3¢....2.2.0 see ae cess eae oe ee eee 34
Schedule-of dates of Institutes; > 5 5.c60.50¢ acc cee ce aoe eee 35
Program Annual Normal institute, 22).. shee s aco eee 44
List.of County Chairmen): . A. b.5ocemis os eee ere ene eee 47
sist of (State: Ibecturers; 2-2. sche. ners oes ercuseteie is ete ee ieieeaeee eee 48
Lecturers and their assignments. sw SR Sieve be aehoge Bh cE Cee 50
Papers read and addresses delivered at Normal Institute, ......... 220
Symposium: Management of, ~.<c4.60. 400.000 acnneeen ee eee 261
THE TiGCtUTOUS cues cso ais s cusqereree @ sisi w sieve guelark auaPere Seite ce eoSheneR Seo ee eae 269
The road’ Question, 2.0.50 oe ag cece une ae 6a vin eis Hehe seen eee 272
The-County Chairman. 22 3.40.-e ence ee eee OO ae 276
Movable: Schools, iane.cc «4 Seyee) oldie. 2 eee ee eee 284
Harm -management... cise cic osha selon ae an See ee EEE eee 302
The farnasplan, 2. oo dadetavah Sete ahelonecare eeateneich oe eee ora ere ae eee 3038
Yield ofsfarm crops! Per sacrey is oia0 actos cesclaa ase cle ey atsle toe oe eee 304
Rotationeok “Cropsio sow scree avon oo ence artuend «clase Os loka 304
Cover crops: for 2reen. Manure; +. 6.5 5.35 aaes oo aces «eee 306
ATI CGAIIPMIONt oe. Gaceve ete. c 0 wee eie dias cve seat etens evens eee 308
Style-of farm: buildings, 32... 0: 5.css.02. ney s« sae One eee 309
Records: and accounts. (sho s5 Jo cna oo oi oere Oa oe ee oe 310
WAT Sanitation 22 b.6 6 ccieie Sid acereve ciela.crorsione Oe ee ee eee 359
Feeding stuffs, report On) sh. 225 js nes 2 0 Mae ese es. ce ee eee 450
The question of feed and’ digestibility, 225.2250. .4-44-4- 42 451
Table: of analyses, ois ais.c oc noe oe oiots Saute dad SSNS eine ee 452
Work done by. the) Bureau of Chemistry, ji. soe. re eee 454
Comparative agricultural statistics}, 2... .2.-. 2-052) eee 450
Fertilizers, low grade nitrogenous materials, ......................+6-- 470
Report of Committee s0n .%s jejnc Soot Sie ne oie «2 were a ee 479
Analyses ‘of, January lvtovAugust 1, 1911) 22)... .5s-ee ee eee 666
Analyses August 1 -to December 31, U91 2.i24% soccer 2 ete ee 672
Morests, report OM, occ Sse8 5 ee rctatarre ere eo tree ares tore spac a ald or oll tee hate 552
State -reservations, s.5% sowie oc doe o ee Gras © oye. 0 a) ats, =) steed oayausi s/t arene een 552
Laws, relating thereto; <2 ses oeo4 Saisie bc wrte oer ehenelel o) olor ee eee 553
Fruit, A. fortune im 15 years, ©: cscs <c.scne a nave cite clehetore eee eke eee 251
Necessity for cold storage Of. 5. 5 i.e. dee scteicie 0 ota ee eee 405
Grading, packing and’ ‘selling: of, 3.5 dajie< oie cee ele te) eee 565
Yield Of; 1910 ce. cscs acid thas ae sia ere eee suet aie See 566
Prices. Of VOU sso ered ots iate se iaiiele oes siere sias hence a oreie eet Nee ee ee 567
Planting ‘of: trees increasing) 0.2. i.e. si. oe aloo lore ete het eee eee 568
Damages from 4 Pests, 2 acc gcc «oe Sie reue ashore ie eke wele eke c st ee ee en 569
Mruits; size, color and quality of, seccrrcroracisnecteteete) lates relearn 385
Popular fallacies! emarcdinie (yy. cuerpo islet (piel etoile nett eee eee 387
Quality sof, Tne aes See roteraiene tenor Vela eteclehekeuetetetyoten chew ere he eaten ene 388
Suggestions to- individual growers;) 255 5% eiccte se -leleteieistetert sie egeeet ere 389
Use. of Limme. Omi; orcas ee ctv ov a ol nies ory out encetac sts Panel saemel a on eneae ete nene 392
Diseases of apples anid peamsy eis spetesets <teceveel steele lysis etstelieeete teeters 591

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Millay e TanG esO Gemmell esses shee oe wie roie wo eo Mee io Scere
HiCCE OL LILA se sand sSOGeMMUICHNeIN cw .oe cee osc oe cc be ak
AGVANCAZES Ole SOME Mill Glinmerets aac ee. Sasic visica ssc encencunue

rule pesisvand their treatments =... jc os <6 2S ss oo be ces

CTADO MLS CCE ciel ce Penn aero elec rs ecene ss. cnc sis 5, ve ord, ors commons

Fruit Growers’ Association, the Eastern plan and prospects,

Fruit and Fruit Culture, report of Committee on, ............
EPRCUIUUL TY 2a ecye ines te toa pecs tee tee teva ore nic oops. /croielisne cscs areata oes

URC H mmD ET ES Ul OM ermetacrsrecoparctocegs tio 3) ete are sa is.atenelccakevenel oe ote Generel Re erte
FVESINCSBOLSeXPECLEMENUS® cacy. t).02is as ss foc ae cleinne wise Ue
Geolopys report.oL-Hconomic Geologist; ... 00.0... .0c+ses cee.
PEE Oem COATINGS 5. grea crust estate tien cial s,s ac overs anieee) ao ee
eHOSItSw Ola led Shaleh ere: osetmotoae cis ica eee Cee ee
PAMUETTIDATNUIRT] ie stapes coterie asthcke atteke aieatie cate blo ans De
FLEMIAEKS, KOT EATING < cteve, etic te Ne oy sic eco an eee bis en Cee
iReport of Agricultural Geologist, :2sesc.0. 4... oe oe one oe
SOS AN GS tRAbLAS 5 cit, aoneee taper ae eset Toe cnc Ace
TESCO Sr cItS: CULLTVALIONS! 2)2)seie. erie mete eee ek oe Oh ee ee

PN OEP CACHE Ne e)arare «- atricka bie. cele ejate, Phe acdoets Meroe ee ce ree enone
AMIE pe) 0) 000 Ee Renae eR fea he OR ERE EROS DN MRR CIn ore ker, 6 meee ose
Rhee chinninowor. trees Svs ss caress eee ne ee ele
Pickine wand smarkeLine -Otetrilit- eee) yo or oe cemeteries
Wantetics and SuccessessOf fruit), ©. coe s soe eee
PUGS, Sat. cnaccuer eee OPSee ee rhe ae CIs eee cae ee eee
ELUNE OUT A e s p cera ccst wie ayes witiess ees So ote el ete SEER ote EI RR TORE rowers
DESCRIED TIONG ed. cone Serera See eo eo en era etn oe ae Oe ee
PAS ROUT ULCAUEIN CL Gays oe icysce as ore oneneca cole (ete ieee eee Cate REA woes
Mezisiavion, report, of Committee OM. v2. 25 ose. scles elec e eee o
Lime-sulphur, its use on apples and peaches, .................
LOH CH PRODATALLODGNOT a lavas tot, euceertite cic lohete ead G ccsieietec c sustere ols
SS LV ah IN | WE Viraeee hen eeere reads, a Re RL Sic el yoccs oratorio telonese eee eve
lcivestock,, COMMON GiSCaSeS- AMON, wa some mc once e ose so cums
Costvor GISCASeS OL, eee -<-<cte cen leet ree tate oe ee ns hak
Eandlins “Ot GiSeaSes. (os. -yons sae ere Cee ne
Mysteries: of infectious *diseasesses- tee ce oe eee
Report Of Committee On,..'2 S22 carers oe oo eee ee
Prontaples production VoL, .foe ote oe tem enc Soleo ee
SSWATION SMAISIN S.- iets ciaiace so wiele ce. stes ietareme eternal oie ere he cea aoeoe

Market gardening, 5s OEE UC PTET CRO RRSP EL ORG he chen Ecru
SERINE ea Gall Yerkes: orto se late araic le een oe ae Oe eee
Cob MIMCEHOOSMOL PLOGUCELION,. (str. site ss eieie ors g ore oie teeiereeen ere

HACC EILOTIT SRO FP OP Pee tay SeaTac e overal cua Towaver tae ove ie et Caace ere re elas
Memorial Committee TEport Of, ..60.06.<s.2 cclncteciscs releMunides seen
Microscopist andeliyeienist, report. Of . 6.2. avecssseices veces cs:
Mal kee pO OU ChOM Ol SANTCAT Ys ut ¢:s:<t.sensrsie noes ce Weheeie mj lalelo ete » aleve

OC GHIG ETAT ETE ET OTUs Rape fe vc caire) oor oahu hon saaic loi teow) « tai Sa hegase lta

SEGUG Tica ATMO eRe Se oo oo gn cs craves eaneeopebAlsta) chose) Svatichon reel ae Wek uA oe

HOUNCSSROTACONUAMMIIMATION:, Of, ciciccs «-s10/ no oye a cbs elte c wie ore Sete cca

BAGte Gi alme Canim atION (Oli cs 6 ca kealecsc wae Soft che Gaels Oe eee

RAVCHESTOle UNE LEAN AD PATALUS, sis.s- nics vistas cee ven a eee ae
Mineralezysareporteot Mineralogist: 5.2... ucss-n ss 'os © fshclels ware ehrand

PrOdUcHOMsOMmeAnUOLACILG. COAL Be. cya co vera eevee <n clo AY easels

EROGII CAG er OleRG OKO taketiiy sid chic c/s mus tagshoue,.« one elavehe s Sibisteglaciewie =

PLOMUCHOHEORICOMIOUTTCLC:,- ca cc:ci0 010 wicieiivs o-« -e o wojateseelels: rere iere

Produchonr Gn sainera) PAintan so. fe. oes cess ee eee Sey eee

ed

Ler eirmustie. ae

sn Seles arte,

Siete: eile) sine

Chisels hela ie

che, (ohn) anleiwse

@) 0) |e bw, a) ste us,

wwe \ealai are

CAD COC Fin

eee enw ae

< w) 6) 8) leCere

692 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
Page.
N 8

Nitrogen, the forms and sources Of, 0 3c ccs «cnc oie ete ele ost one eienene anne 495

O
Orchard, ‘educating an, ©. 36. sceenbes cate eee en ite ae 394
Apple Sprouts, me eie een boa cobs Guat ote ones a eee oR eee 394
Size (of trees; a. Sassi os fhe ene Ree 395
Spraying? COSTLY) os. < cra espess ew dusuaandl o aueleie ajo) obensy seks lor ey eee 396
Packing. of frutt; °5 cc s3 cout ee eee oe Sd on oe ee 396
First fivesyears Of ol. sh cs fia fa eines se srovely suslee oomiarons et oleae 599
Rambling talk: OM). 5.5 sccccecote vse tiene taane eres le enoneyc eeba ened ete 604
Orcharding (commercial), as a business proposition, ................. 563
Ornithology, report of Ornitholozist; ease o.e os. ee ee eee eee 520
Birds unprotected, by Jaw, ogists one oes e wccle oss ele eee 520

12
Peaches; ‘cultivation’ Of. 025 oyea set sree Oa 3 bose ities Ce ee 372
SOM LOT! ois wm be 5 aie oS sere ale rd a sua wees yapeyoisheso, oq niece es, cheater ee eee 373
Migs) =) OREO ee eID Po mIC iN G.0 ce ona. 373
SPrayamgs ie.3 Sos syne Pelee ho Sik wea bw Daw. Se ae Oe ON 374
The: present ‘status of peach growing, ss4.> 526 «secre eee 644
Transportation facilities necessity to) SUCCESS; =. s---)-1-0 eres 645
Selection«of VariGtiesn 2c) 55. aia. 6 coveie cekrolio watts once ho eee ee een 646
Prue sos eras Sita, Bite Beste eS lve eR oaod eaten ee econo le see, oLllene tee eee 648
Troubles:-iM TOWNE «Offs cose. cacercte sreveier ola oretereie/eusicl oo neteke enone eee 649
Sellimey Ofso c okt wlewawihia wins sheioracee ere evevaniee ole ee Gee ee 649
Peaches’, for. ‘Pennsylvamiay: si ..ccc6-0 cere = + cee eon eee Poe eae oT ee 651
Soil: purchasing of trees: setc., oi-cciwisak ce. crests eel eee eke eee 651
Culture; thinning and! picking,” 2.4.00. 3s so cie arene cre tee cle cence eee een 653
DISEASES) OL, Sk sheicw 5 aileok ibe ie aise oS eos On te ee en 653
Wariletios::Of,- sic 2.30 de dk a eats he 8 ace erties ba ole CRO eee eee 654
Poultry,-as an: Industry (i nests cc oe coon te ioe ee eee ee 291
Constitutional vigor. required). 2..0:2..6catos anon een aoe 292
The variety “of pure DredsSy wv ss.is coe a6. 6 6 yes eee reese ele eee 292
Hxperiments:<1nj "oes s.6l:2 0a eae, coerodtierer oye ee On nes 293
Therselection? Of e228) (ci. clara eee Bo a eee 293
Methods .ofs feeding; (jciAe a tace os ines ocsie alec cet Aeiels, cient eee 298
Hee Sradinge,:\ 255 fs. ch hesttenere cs ae edie 24 ond Sele ecole ct ereiere eee 300
Report’ of “Committee Onl as fees viva od Biace: oe ohn og ee ee ee 434
Most active livestock organization in world, --2-.-.- 24 - eee 435
R
Rodds, report: of: Commitee: Ons. 6.5.4) se sete taco oes cache oe eee 429
Roda acts; 22.75 sie Sia eae SIS hae eee ese oneales oars cle ee cco een 429

Ss
Seed, ‘the question: of OOd,. oc ga sole Fs Sie crane wie exe ce eral oud fe tot ete toner earn 639
Experiments. it, 6) o.2 5 ek Shwe died oP nile ae oe ne cee SO ee 640
Marvesting ‘records. dc ides od ae sibs 0 eye pastel sl apa eee ee ee 641
Summary “Of tests, 6 ciic nace ele. goseyes sips alte telcos use ones otehe uous enone ate anennan 643
Schoolsisneeds) oferunal yee erste RE eS Mite Shico8 Gc uc o6 316
Home: economics and agriculture; joc see see) eee eee 317
Principles of . hygiene,” . . cc aced oe ccc aen escheat ee ees 318
Gonsolidated;.: 2. esd Shoe ne obi eee nn ee eee 319
Hquipment of school’ buildings, S25 2 jcc ecient 320
The NOoOnsluNnchiswes Sc Sais erdisene ios bss Be CR Oe 320
Schools for country (life, «<< ac jfccdec.3 6s 6 g.0 onan bo oteieas have ie mexerne ee eee 321
Vocational training’ ‘meededs (2.2... cian = oe ciensoicieiei ce pepetel tasks hee eee 329
Spraying’ essentials sOf, icles «/sayevegesaieve s oveye cuclie osorabel ese Mea ke tOlr ere ene eae 579
Upon: what success depends): ...5 occ 5 siee ape crete cuethe oleae eta ree 579
Time? o£ proper Application, fo. cia ciel tc ae een ee eee ene 580
Tniplements) cof} 1 ccoside wse.custeaeusvn sue. snecoyas Galieic aya ee euete ota Geet ei ten ees 581
State Board of Agriculture: office and members) of, 22 -e-- ere eer 421
Papers read at annual meetings sci.) seitalne irene aera ener ee renee 425

No. 6.

Report of Committee on Cereals,

Report of Committee on Roads,

Report of Committee on Fruit and Fruit Growing,
of Committee on Poultry,

Report
Report
Report
Report
Report
Report
Report

of Botanist
on Feeding Stuffs,
of Entomologist,

Report
Report
Report
Report
Report
Report
Report
Report
Report
State College, faculty of,

of Apiarist,

of Ornithologist,
of Mineralogist

State Horticultural Association, officers of,
Abstract of papers read at annual meeting,
Report of General Fruit Committee,

Tillage and sod mulch.
Tillage defined,
Sod mulch defined,
Objects of tillage,
Relative value of tillage,
Advantages of the two methods,

Tobacco, culture and marketing of,
Harvesting of,
Enemies of,
Curing of,

Veterinarian report of,

Report meat hygiene service, ..
Inspections during the vear, ..

Meat markets examined,
Slaughter houses examined,
Report horesbreeding,
Number stallions licensed,

Report practical farm work, ..
Report contagious and infectious diseases,

Actinomyces,
Anthrax.
Blackleg,
Glanders,
Hog cholera,

Texas fever,
Contagious abortion,
Report laboratory,
Research experiments,
Routine work,
Report milk hygiene,
Regulations and rules,
Schedule of work,
Dairies examined,
Tuberculosis in cattle,
Number tubercular cattle,

Vegetables, care of early cabbage, ..

Garden irrigation,
Marketing problems

of Committee on Fertilizer,
of Committee on Wool and Textile,
of Committee on Livestock,
Report of Committee on Dairying,
of Microscopist and Hygientist,
of Committee on Legislation,

of Committee on Memorials,
of Economic Geologist,
of Agricultural Geologist,
on Forests and Forestry,

8).aF eels ee eeke

ej_els (6) 5) o)/s/\s| s\ se © see,
=<) (ele).¢16 1919, 1¢) (6\<9: 6iks a0) e118 °| o
Slip} si /e)eisi.6\ «tle. auto) elise e) s)ie)\a jae
Ob cecteee e)

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

e)[e\ete)\e, eve we) a ovis @ 6) sc wre” aye) «ovale a) stipe leave
Cie ey a). levee) a) = fe, 00) ,8) ey sete (6) 0) evaa) apt of wl «1's ine tetas,
oie (9) ¢) (eo) 6 pe aye! os] =.relie elie
*) ©) e)\s) pl ie -a) eal 0./¢, eee is ae) © © \ehe) elie) ele jw Gsi ister sa
ein 6,,0) 0) 0) (0) ai)s!'eaim, aco) Chins/el.e alae siislie sve lereretalagia) =.= Gayle
©. {eRe 0: (0! a| \e) 'e 1a )8, 0 10, eo: #6, piel a \ni [mi a) oniaie) eilel 6) eae lisiia tele

©)\e) 8)e¢ee).0 © tele)» 6)! 8),6. 6/6 (e: ¢| e's) \e) eee! el eee (sale ete

aete! 6.6 \e/e0 efeke) «) 0) eis telelwiel wiekstelete/s) es) wiaietel ata ts

CEO COnC mC ch OF Cieteget Cechtechcmry Cetera Oo Ogee 5

Ce icy Han cA ces Pec CuO CRD icet J Oto ot Oe omc ot Oc

ajie) ¥))e) ©/ 16.0) 0\ so Fee) e\s)e «105 ace) lee e| alle) elelels iv welelsWellot »

a] atolis yn, ae’ eels le ko, olleile) 01610 le jajols/ 6 \e).e er) 07's) einticne ae

© wiles dee lelisliale (ele (o/\eh so 0)’ eiielinii=) si (es) o)fejlel.~\ ssl 161 8

ej ia}'ol,e) © elleiaeyollwiejinl/e/s* le) sulalte) sllaualbtpiele\e\is /ePlel el sie

CaOMOEC CNCL_O (COD) ICRC ytac’ Once stn. COLO. DEC GeOrOon Gr no

Obs) ee ec lale.i0,e\e:le) © | aleve © (es) a (0 wteLele alele sielelpie

8 (© 6) of /eehele © 0) ples) ease m! eo) vie 6,8 ie) age ba isawla erp ie

©) 6), ©, 60, ese) we\ 06, 6, 0).@).0) 9, 67, he 616) 6), ©) e7 is Kee is)lelepe) mire

aie) 0 (a6 0) ©, 6: ila al, ©) « fain! (s/(o) 6) oe) al win whale x wie) me iw)0 ve ne

p) (wil6) s\pe la), w) 6 \B)\e) ia) ele) /e elec) «Ye 6) sea) ee ea ae: eel el wie!

aif \ahe(tw) e)tes bite) evelveke us (aye) o1.60e vse epee) wie ma, Wee) Wiles

B\Bse) oL.@ ele tu io, obi wis) '« ve ble eral 6s Mie eidte 6 eee sala,

0, 4 Met oal 60,0! eels) (ole is) eo fel's| el etrs eben ey si'e a 6 dU er es, 6care) are

wid Seles) s eis 6. 6,6 5 © efais.6 619 vies « «8 f 6 © 9, a sl ee

694 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

WwW

Wheat,. fallacy: Of serGDy «.. «0:07: sietsigveu.uae athena a rete oh oe
Harvesting a great wheat farm, <.5. 0... .¢de.s «+08 cee
Wool, report of Committee on, MONS OO AGE Ob Or oo: 7
‘Fotal production (Of, od s:isc.00 «2s etuce aie et eee
TIM POTtS OF: A) e's anus oie. 2 -o:b buwin = a vip cheap oro, Finca oe 5 ae
Sheep and wool from 1840 to 1910, ..........

a 0 © e1s)e) 80's ss (oles 5) eee

3

~

Z
Zoology, report of Economic Zoologist, ..........scssecevceeerces

‘
-
—
_ 4 a
A v
% e.
: tty ea) ,
i
~
o
aie ula Ce
¥ :
ate i ha ee
At sis

¥ ‘ \ fea OY
i if +4 Lea sy
i ‘ $4 ¥
- fa
.
\
’
7
.
4 *.
‘
f
j
/
k
‘ .
‘e P
> +n
2m :
%
ay
se }
4
is
ve
Ty
Pie
ig ,
4 i &
; i
JESS
ea
Pe ;
% 6 ‘
OR! y
{
'
7 4 “
f '
4 Fo * : x ° ) {
: i } Ot
FoR Ra) } PL ae eM ICE EA
i) ‘ ' : WAM LPS ees
| ALTRI SA
aya Y s A CAN CTA \

ica

ce)
Peveocars 2c

ate

pascert
ms

Paaiede ss

we
$4)

Se
aoa

eis

ay
Ve

fl

ect seys

‘Shea

shige: