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Twentieth Annual Report

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA

Department of Agriculture

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1914

HARRISBURG, PA.:
WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER

1915.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. No.

PENNSYLVANIA
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

OFFICIAL LIST, 1914

N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary.
Stoyestown, Somerset County.

A. L. MARTIN, De’p Sec’y and Director of Farmers’ Institutes.
Enon Valley, Lawrence County.

‘M. D. LICHLITER, Chief Clerk.
Bellevue, Allegheny County.

E. C. FIRST, Clerk, Farmers’ Institute Division,
Harrisburg.

BERTHA H. SIEBER, Stenographer,
Harrisburg.

J. FRANK ZORTMAN, Messenger,
Etters, York County.

JAMES FOUST, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Altoona, Blair County.

MAY V. RHONE, Clerk, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Center Hall, Centre County.

WILLIAM R. SWARTZ, Messenger, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Duncannon, Perry County.

H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist,
Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County.

JOHN K. MUSGRAVE, Assistant Economic Zoologist,
Pittsburgh.

V. A. E. DAECKE, Clerk, Economic Zoologist,
Philadelphia.

KATHRYN P. FIRST, Stenographer, Economic Zoologist,
Harrisburg.

J. C. SIMMONS, Messenger, Economic Zoologist,
New Cumberland, Cumberland County.

C. J. MARSHALL, State Veterinarian,
Philadelphia.

T. E. MUNCE, Deputy State Veterinarian,
Washington, Washington County.

RUSSEL T. WHITSON, Clerk, State Veterinarian,
Lancaster, Lancaster County.

ADELINE V. GREATHEAD, Stenographer, State Veterinarian,
Harrisburg.

(1)

(2)

Q

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. No. 5.

L® AD:
eer, N ic A
TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE

SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE

Hon. John K. Tener, Governor of Pennsylvania:

My Dear Sir: In compliance with the requirements of the Act of
Assembly creating the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture it
becomes my duty to submit to you my report for the year just
closed.

In conformity with my custom in the past, this report, although
outlined at the close of the year 1914, will be found to contain some
matter relating to, and completed in the year 1915. For example, the
Farmers’ Institute work for each year begins in the latter part of
one year and closes in the early part of the year following; hence, in-
formation given concerning this work necessarily embraces parts of
two calendar years. Information also relating to the operations of
the State Board of Agriculture can not be given until after the annual
meeting of the Board, the proceedings of which have relation parti-
cularly to the work of the year immediately preceding the year in
which the meeting is held. The same is true of some other agricul-
tural associations, that have no direct official connection with the
Department, the record of whose proceedings furnishes much import-
ant farm literature that would lose much of its value it if were held
over until the close of the year during the early part of which such
meetings are held.

AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS IN PENNSYLVANIA

Ranking second in population, manufacturing, commerce and
wealth, Pennsylvania is justly entitled to the high position she holds
in the sisterhood of states. That she ranks fifth in the amount and
value of her agricultural products, is owing to the fact that a large
per cent. of her territory is mountainous, in which sections, much
of the surface is so broken and rough as to make cultivation dif-
ficult, if not impossible, and the soil is thin and unproductive.

In the southeastern section of the State, however, there are large
areas of land unsurpassed in fertility and general conditions fayor-

(3)

4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

able to cultivation by any portion of the United States. This section
embraces the counties of Lancaster, Lebanon, Montgomery, Delaware,
Chester and portion of York. Like sections of territory, that are
comparatively free from mountains, are found in the southeastern
corner of the State and extending along the western border to the
northern boundary. In other sections of the State, large valleys oc-
cur between hills and mountains, possessing soil conditions as favor-
able to agriculture as any of the sections of the State already re-
ferred to, and at the same time possessing, on account of their loca-
tion, very superior climatic conditions, so that in the agricultural
advantages they possess they are practically unsurpassed. In former
reports more complete reference has been made to these favorable
agricultural conditions, and this brief reference is repeated here for
the benefit of such inquirers as may not have had access to former
reports.

Added to the favorable soil and climate conditions referred to, the
great mining and manufacturing interests of the State have brought
to the door of the Pennsylvania farmer a market unsurpassed for
everything produced upon the farm, from the highest grade of animal
products to the lowest and most cheaply produced vegetables raised
for human consumption.

THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND THE WORK IT
IS DOING

Recognizing the importance of encouraging agriculture in the
State, the General Assembly of the Commonwealth passed an Act,
in 1876, creating a State Board of Agriculture, which, from its or-
ganization, became an active factor in improving agricultural con-
ditions in the State, and was, until 1895, the only active agency
through which the State operated to secure this end.

The recognized necessity for providing closer supervision of the
agricultural interests of the State and more efficient means of ex-
tending agricultural knowledge, led to the passage of the Act of 1895,
creating a Department of Agriculture and outlining the work it
should perform.

This Act did not do away with the Board, but provided for the
co-operation of Department and Board, which, to the mind of the
writer, has proved very efficient, producing results that could not,
without such co-operation, have been secured without largely in-
creasing the cost.

The work of the Department from the beginning has been two-fold:
First, the educational work; and second, what may be termed the
administration or police work with which it is charged.

It is the opinion of the writer that in both these lines of activity
our State is, in the organization and efficiency of its work, equal to
any, and superior to most of the states of the Union, :

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 5
FARMER®Y’ INSTITUTES

Of the educational work done by the Department, the first to be
organized, was that done by the Bureau of Farmers’ Institutes.
This work was started by the State Board of Agriculture before the
Department was created ; and has been increasing in importance
every year.

The State is now divided into five sections, and instructors suf-
ficient in number and qualified by both training and experience, are
sent into each of these sections going from county to county, where
the Local Managers, previously. appointed, have in advance made
arrangements for holding Movable Schools of Agriculture and
Farmers’ Institutes, delivering lectures and giving object lessons
and systematic instruction upon all subjects relating to Successful
Farming, Domestic Science and the Improvement of Rural Condi-
tions generally.

Each body of instructors is placed under the leadership of a com-
petent superintendent, and the closest. supervision possible to be
given by one person is given to the entire work of the State by the
Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, who is ex-officio Director of Farm-
ers’ Institutes.

During the last institute season, two hundred and twenty-nine
Farmers’ Institutes and seven Movable Schools of Agriculture were
held, which were attended by one hundred eighty-six thousand six
hundred and four persons, the great majority of whom were farmers
and their families; and during the time of their progress many re-
ports came to the Department of the efficient work that was being
done by the lecture force engaged.

The number of persons receiving instruction at these Movable
Schools and Farmers’ Institutes has been increasing every year since
the work began, and I doubt whether any of the work done in our
State for the education of farmers in the line of their occupation
makes as good return for the amount of money expended as is made
by Farmers’ Institutes.

A very important addition to the educational work of the Depart-
ment was made possible by our last General Assembly passing the
Act of May 14, 1913, authorizing the appointment, by the Secretary
of Agriculture, of ten persons, qualified by actual experience, to give
instruction in the science of agriculture and demonstrations of agri-
cultural methods at such times and places as seem advisable.

This work was organized August 1, 1913, to which reference was
made in last year’s report, and continued until December 1, of same
year, when it was discontinued for the reason that field work could
not well be kept up after that season of the year, and the persons
engaged in the field work were placed upon the Farmers’ Institute
force. During the year just closed every county in the State was
visited by some of the members of this body of instructors, where
practical demonstrations of approved farm methods or instruction
suited to the wants of the persons asking for the same, were given.
The subjects receiving attention by these special instructors and dem-
onstrators embraced Soil Improvement, Dairying and Animal In-
dustry, Poultry Production, Drainage, Water Supply, Vegetable and
Fruit Growing, Home Sanitation, Household Economics, ete. Re-
ports coming to the Department from farmers whose places were

6 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

visited, testify to their appreciation of this branch of our educational
work and the value of the service rendered.

An important part of the educational work of the Department
consists of special investigations made and the reports upon the
same which from time to time are published by the Department,
such for example as soil and climatic conditions in different parts
of the State and their adaptability to the production of certain crops,
farm buildings, including economy and utility of construction and
ventilation, breeding and caring for livestock, and a wide range of
other subjects of special importance to farmers.

Within the last two years an exhaustive survey was made, com-
pleted in 1914, of the soils found in the different localities of the
State, and investigation was made as to the specific crops to which
they are best adapted, the report of which, being too large for a
single volume, has been divided into parts, first and second. Part
First has come from the press and is now being distributed, while
Part Second is still in the hands of the State Printer*. This report
will be of inestimable value*to the agricultural interests of the State.

BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY

The work of the Bureau of Economic Zoology, to which has been
assigned also the special work of the Department in the line of
fruit production, is both educational and administrative. It is well.
organized and all its operations are conducted upon definite and
well defined plans, carefully followed out under the direction of the
Economic Zoologist of the Department.

Original investigations are made for the discovery of successful
means for suppressing diseases and destroying insect pests to which
fruit trees and fruit producing shrubs and plants are subject, some
of which are now being used not only in our own State. but are be-
ing recommended and used by Economic Zoologists and Entomolo-
gists in other states and countries.

Demonstration orchards have been established by this Bureau of
the Department in every county of the State, making it possible for
any citizen of the Commonwealth who is interested in fruit growing
to reach a Model Demonstration Orchard in less than a half day’s
drive from his home.

This special work was, so far as we are able to learn, originated
in this State; and while other states have since taken it up, there
are at this time as many such Demonstration Orchards in this State
alone, as there are in all the other states of the Union combined.

In order to be able to do this demonstration work in which ap-
proved methods of fertilizing. cultivating, pruning, spraying, etc.,
are shown, it was necessary, in the beginning to take under special
training a corps of intelligent men, who had the advantage of some
experience in fruit growing, until they became fully qualified for
the work they had to do. This force has been kept up by adding to
it new men from time to time to take the places of such as drop out.

During the last twelve years, all the orchards of the State, old
and young, have been inspected, the work being done with a view to
reach all classes of owners, from the wealthy farmer with ample farm
orchard and the extensive fruit grower with his commercial orchard,

a

*Part Two, since the above was written, has been published,

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. if

to the village or rural resident possessing little means and but a
few trees. No section of the State has been neglected, and help
was given to many people who were not conscious of the fact that
they needed help.

This work was followed up during the year, and reports of con-
ditions found by Orchard Inspectors were regularly made to the
office of the Economic Zoologist at the State Capitol, upon the re-
ceipt of which information concerning proper treatment for such
conditions was forwarded to the orchard owners or persons in charge,
care being observed to send no direction or instruction that is not
known to be accurate and correct.

In order to keep the Orchard Inspectors profitably employed dur-
ing periods of severe weather, when out-door work is impossible, a
system of lectures suited to public schools has been established, for
which special charts and specimens have been prepared and placed
in the hands of the demonstrators, and through the cooperation of
teachers, patrons and in a number of instances, County Superintend-
ents, this work has achieved such success and proved so valuable as
to make it, for some time at least, indispensable, and hence it was
continued during the part of the year that rural schools were open.

Teachers making collections of specimens for their school work
in all parts of the State were assisted during the year by the Bu-
reau of Economic Zoology, and specimens sent by them to the De-
partment were named and classified, while such other specimens as
this Bureau could supply were sent them to assist them in their
work.

All these lines of work were carried forward during the vear in
a manner quite satisfactory to the head of the Department.

The administrative or police work of the Department consists of
the supervision it has of the work of carrying out the provisions of
certain Acts of Assembly intended for the protection of farmers, and
other citizens of the Commonwealth, from injury arising from neg-
lect of land owners and others to observe certain duties required by
law to prevent the spread of insect pests, ete., and from possible fraud
on the part of manufacturers of, and dealers in, Commercial Ferti-
lizers, Commercial Feeding Stuffs, Linseed Oil and Farm Seeds.

The first named of these laws relates to the inspection of nursery
stock on sale in Pennsylvania, including the inspection of ail nurser-
ies within the State, and such nursery stock and other plants as are
imported from foreign countries and seeing that our State laws re-
lating thereto are complied with. This work belongs to the Bureau
of Economic Zoology and has received such attention during the year
as to practically preclude the possibility of the introduction into our
State of any of the destructive insects that are prevalent in other
countries.

BUREAU OF FERTILIZER CONTROL

The Bureau of Fertilizer Control has charge of the administra-
tion of the laws regulating the sale of commercial fertilizers.

During the spring and fall seasons of the year just closed, three
thousand two hundred and eighty-two samples of commercial fer-
tilizers were collected by agents emploved in this Bureau, of which
only one thousand one hundred ninety-four were subjected to chemi-

8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

cal analysis and microscopic examination to determine whether or
not the manufacturers of the same were complying with the require-
ments of the law. The remainder of the three thousand two hundred
eighty-two samples were not analyzed, for the reason that the agents
taking samples in different sections of the State could not be ad-
vised as to what fertilizers were being sampled by other agents, and
it often so happened that from two to ten samples were taken of
the same goods and in no instance were there more than three sam-
ples composited or made into a single sample for analysis.

Of the samples analyzed, but two fell far enough below the manu-
facturers’ guarantees to indicate criminal carelessness or fraudu-
lent intent, and in these cases prosecutions have been ordered and
followed to final determination. The only cases for the violation of
the Fertilizer Law that were prosecuted and terminated during the
year were for failure to register the goods as required by law.

I desire to call attention to the fact that in the analyses made of
fertilizers during the year just closed, the determinations made for
nitrogen content included “water soluble,” “available” and “insolu-
ble,” which is a departure from former practice.

More complete information in relation to this matter is given in
the Chemist’s Reports found in Fertilizer Bulletins Nos. 255 and 259.
See also full Report of Fertilizer Control work, pages

BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY

The laws regulating Commercial Feeding Stuffs, Linseed Oil and
Farm Seeds are administered by the Bureau of Chemistry, and close
supervision was given during the year to give to all concerned the
protection these laws are intended to give farmers and all others
having occasion to purchase these commodities. A canyass of the
entire State resulted in securing one thousand three hundred sam.
ples of Feeding Stuffs, two hundred and two samples of Farm Seeds
and two hundred and fifty samples of Linseed Oil, all of which were
subject to chemical analysis and microscopic examination.

Of the Feeding Stuffs analyzed, thirteen samples were found to
be not in accordance with the requirements of the law, in which
cases prosecutions were brought, twelve of which were followed to
termination and $600.00 in fines paid into the State Treasury.
The other case being against one of the twelve defendants that paid
fines, the Department consented to withdraw the case upon payment
of costs by defendant.

Eight samples of Linseed Oil were found to be adulterated, the
adulterating usually consisting of the addition of mineral oils. These
cases were prosecuted and fines amounting to four hundred dollars
were collected and paid into the State Treasury.

The samples of Farm Seeds were inspected by the Seed Specialist
of the Bureau of Chemistry and all were found to be of high grade,
very few falling in any degree below the standard fixed by law.

Inasmuch as this was the first year that the law has been in ef-
fect and the character of all the samples were such as not to indi-
cate fraudulent intent on the part of the vendors, they were notified
of the conditions found and their attention was called to the require-
ments of the law but no prosecutions were ordered.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 9
DAIRY AND FOOD BUREAU

The work of the Dairy and Food Bureau throughout the year was
characterized by the same energetic activity that has attended its
operations in the past. Four thousand eight hundred and eleven food
samples were secured by its agents, which, with a number of sam-
ples sent to the Bureau under such protective regulations as warrant
their correct identification, were examined during the year by pro-
fessional food experts, and one thousand and ten cases of violations
of the various Acts of Assembly that are enforced by this Bureau
were found and dealt with as these several Acts provide.

This statement not only shows the immense amount of work de-
volving upon this Bureau, but also the importance of this work to
the health of our people. i

The financial statement made in the Dairy and Food report
shows that the receipts of the Bureau for the year are in excess of
the expenditures to the amount of one hundred fifty-two thousand,
six hundred thirty-nine dollars and thirty-seven cents, which is
quite satisfactory to the head of the Department of Agriculture and
should be very gratifying to the Dairy and Food Commissioner.

The report as it will be found in full in the following pages is
worthy of careful study.

STATE VETERINARY SERVICE

By the provisions of the Act of Assembly creating the Department
of Agriculture, the State Veterinarian is an officer of this Depart-
ment, and hence it is proper that an official report of the veterinary
work done by the State shall appear in the Annual Department Re-
port, notwithstanding the fact that later legislation places the vet-
erinary service almost entirely under the direction and control of a
State Livestock Sanitary Board. The State Veterinarian, Dr. C. J.
Marshall, therefore, sent the head of the Department a compre-
hensive report which will be found in the following pages. This re-
port is full of valuable information, especially important to owners
and breeders of livestock, and is worthy of careful study.

BUREAU OF STATISTICS

The Bureau of Statistics, though in existence for but little more
than a year, has proved its importance and value by the good work
already accomplished.

The very satisfactory report of the Statistician, found in the fol-
lowing pages, relieves the head of the Department from the
necessity of saying anything in relation to crop production and other
local farm conditions that have been made matters of consideration
in former reports. A careful study of the report is recommended.

Full reports of the work of each Bureau of the Department will
be found in the following pages, to which all persons interested are
directed.

10 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

HELPFUL MEASURES NEEDED FOR FUTURE SUCCESS

These may be considered under two heads: First, such as are
dependent upon legislation, and prominent among these I would
name the following:

(a) A good State Fair under State control, if possible, but if not
possible, let it be under corporate control, the chief thing being
to have it.

(b) Legislative provision requiring certain valuable agricultural
statistics to be taken by township assessors, to be tabulated by Com-
missioners’ clerks and sent, at the proper season, by the County
Commissioners to the Secretary of Agriculture.

(c) Better public roads over which farmers may be able, at less
cost, to get their products to railroads and local markets.

(d) Stringent laws for protection of sheep, poultry and other
farm animals from injury from dogs.

(e) Rural high schools in every school district or township of
the State, in which the elementary principles of the science of agri-
culture are taught.

Second: Measures needed for improvement dependent upon farm-
ers themselves. These are practically innumerable, but prominent
among them I shall mention:

(a) More intensive farming. Better cultivation, including soil
preparation, seed-breeding and selection; also including harvesting
and preparation for market. One of the greatest mistakes made by
farmers of the present period is the attempt to do more than they
are able, with their limited help, to do well.

(b) Those engaged in stock breeding should discard mongrels,
and “stock up” with pure-bred animals, not all at once of course, but
by degrees as they are able. The cost of raising a pure-bred animal
is less than that of raising a mongrel, and its value to the farmer
in many instances is more than double that of the latter.

(c) More attention to construction of farm buildings so as to
provide for the comfort of inmates and minimize the cost of keep-
ing everything in proper order.

(d) Careful study of crop rotation, selecting only such as are
best suited to most available markets and soil and climatic condi-
tions.

(e) Some arrangement for giving to farmers’ boys and girls a
personal and money paying interest in what is produced, so as to
increase their interest in the farm and its operations, which is, in
my judgment, the most available means of keeping them on the farm.
Johnnie’s calf and dad’s steer when the buyer comes, will dishearten
the best boy on earth.

Such suggestions for improvement are not original with any one
man, but all, and many more that might be made, are apparent to
every one having experience with farm conditions and practical
knowledge of farm life.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 11

CLOSING WORDS

The 25th day of February, next, will complete a period of twelve
years’ service that I have had with this Department. These have
been years not only of earnest labor for the improvement of agricul-
tural conditions in our beloved State, but also enjoyment.

I have enjoyed during these years the satisfaction that comes from
the consciousness of being engaged in a work, intended at least, to
be helpful to others and the pleasure of being associated with a body
of co-laborers composed of honorable and highminded men and wo-
men, and inasmuch as I expect in a short time to retire from the po-
sition I occupy, I wish in this public way to acknowledge my obliga-
tion to all my assistants who have so ably and loyally helped me in
my official work and to the several Chief Executives that have done
me the honor of calling me to and continuing me in this work, as
well as to the many of my fellow-farmers whose generous confidence
and support have been more helpful to me than I am able to ex-
press.

I can not think that my successive appointments to this position
were prompted by any thonght on the part of the respective Goy-
ernors by whom such appointments were made, that I possessed any
special qualification above others for the place, but my thought is
that these continued appointments were the result of the generous
support given me by my fellow-farmers, resident in this my native
State. Nor can I think that support was given in the belief that
I was better qualified than many others who might have been called
to the place, but rather on account of the belief that being farm-born
and farm-bred I should be in full sympathy with my work and the
two hundred and forty thousand farmers of the State who were and
are more interested in the work of the Department than other citi-
zens of the Commonwealth.

As to how well I may have succeeded in discharging my official
duties while in this position I am unable to judge, and if I were able
to judge it would not be fitting for me to say any thing, but I think
that it is no more than proper that I should say I have endeavored
to give the State and her people, all of whom I love, the best service
of which I am capable.

Having attained an age at which | think it my duty to myself and
family to seek the relaxation that can only be secured in some less
responsible work, I have declined to comply with the wishes ex-
pressed by many of my farmer friends, both by letter and personal
interview, who have been insistent that I should be a candidate for
another reappointment. I have, however, not lost my interest in
the work of this Department nor in the well-being of those who have
been associated with me in it, to whom, as already stated, I feel
greatly indebted for the loyal support and able assistance they have
at all times given me. °

12 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

I wish also to express my appreciation of the kind treatment and
generous assistance I have at all times received from the public
press, and particularly the agricultural press of the State.

Very truly yours,
A Teh i
xe) ohlrl)

Secretary of Agriculture.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 13

TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF FARM-
ERS’ INSTITUTES FOR SEASON OF 1913-1914

To the Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture:

Sir:—I have the honor to present herewith the Twentieth Annual
Report of the Bureau of Farmers’ Institutes.

INSTITUTES AND MOVABLE SCHOOLS

The institutes for year ending June 1, 1914, have, without doubt,
developed a more wide spread interest in agricultural development
than any other year from their organization. The adverse weather
conditions met with the past winter season, together with the visita-
tion of contagious diseases, such as measles, scarlet fever, diphtheria,
etc., prevented holding meetings in many parts of the State. One
of the encouraging things noticed, as a result of our teachings, is the
adoption of well tried and approved methods by our farmers in the
various branches of farm pursuits within the Commonwealth. The
progressive farmer has brought into practice a more profitable sys-
tem of rotation of crops, embracing, for the central and southern
portion of the State, corn, oats and wheat, with one and not more
than two years using same field for hay crop, thus procuring a strong,
well established sod for plowing-in. By such practice the field is
supplied with humic matter, adding thereto to the power of holding
moisture and increasing the productive powers of the land by so
particular method of rotation.

In the greater portion of northern Pennsylvania the rotation is
shortened by eliminating the wheat crop and seeding the fields to the
clovers and grasses, following the oats crop, a method that seems
to be practical for that portion of the State.

Through the efforts of Farmers’ Institutes, the dairymen have
practically eliminated from their herds the unprofitable cows. This
result is accomplished by keeping a daily record of each individual
cow in the herd, together with careful feeding and management.
Through such method the more skillful dairymen have brought up
the yearly production of butter-fat to above 300 pounds per cow. Our
horticultural and orchard instructors have, by demonstration and
oral instruction, awakened such an interest in this highly attractive
branch as to place Pennsylvania as one of the leading states in apple
production. The successful apple grower practices an extensive sys-
tem of fertilizing, cultivating, pruning and spraying his orchard; he
also has a constant watch for such insect enemies as are destructive
to the trees if allowed to continue their activities unchecked in his
orchard for a considerable length of time, so that today the Penn-
sylvania apple is finding its way into not only the markets of our own
State but of other states, because of its formation, high flavor and
free from such diseases as are manifested in fruit from neglected
orchards,

14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

No industry within the State has made more rapid strides in its
development than that of poultry. To such extent has this industry
grown that we have today nearly 200 commercial poultry farms in
actual operation, most of which are developing egg production. At
these plants is placed in practice a most approved method of housing,
feeding and general care and management, resulting in the produc-
tion of eggs to an average value in many instances of over $2.00 per
hen. The farm poultry of the State has. possibly, in its care and
management, made a still greater improvement, such as clean, well
ventilated houses, the introduction of thorough-bred stock of all
varieties. The rural delivery service is affording a splendid oppor-
tunity for the farmer, especially the poultrymen, to reach the con-
sumer in towns and cities by sending packages of fresh eggs daily,
and farmers who adjust there products and market conditions to this
method are in the line of procuring greater profits for the products.

FARM ADVISERS

Possibly no legislation enacted within the last decade has provided
so efficient an agency in aiding the farmer in the matter of adopting
scientific and approved methods than that brought to him by the
Farm Advisers, who take up Crop Rotation, Soil Building, Plant
Growth, Dairy Husbandry in all its branches, together with Poultry
Management, Farm Drainage, etc., since there is no greater need
for development on thousands of farms within the State. The Market
Gardener and Fruit Grower has been fortified in his work; also the
co-operation in Buying and Selling Farm Products has directed thou-
sands of farmers as to the best location to market their products.
Home Sanitation is not the least important branch of this work as it
relates to the health, comfort and happiness of the farm homes in
Pennsylvania.

A slight idea of how this work is appreciated by the farmers of the
State and the good it has accomplished, we beg to quote a few sta-
tistics of its existence ending November 30, 1914, the date of which
the advisers enter into Farmers’ Institute work until the middle of
March. During the first 11 months there were visited 7,665 farms in
Pennsylvania, giving advice and counsel to there farmers on the in-
dustrial problems that confronted them.

Mr. E. B. Dorsett, Adviser on Co-operation, visited 45 counties in
the State, many of them several times, spending much of his time
in perfecting Farm Organizations, such as the Grange, Farmers’
Clubs, Unions and other farm organizations. All these organiza-
tions gave valuable assistance, and in return received many benefits.
161 public and 50 private meetings were addressed by him during the
season, the average attendance at these meetings was 150, making a
total of 30,000 farmers addressed. Through the medium of his work
many sales were made of agricultural machinery and implements
bought and sold. He supplied, approximately, 3.000 tons of fertilizer
and fertilizer chemicals at an average saving to the farmer of $5.00
per ton, 40 tons of binder twine at a saving of 24 cents per pound,
2,000 tons of feed at a saving of $4.00 per ton. These are only a few
of the many transactions in which the farmers were able to save
money. Fully 500,000 farmers were benefited directly or indirectly
by these transactions. In addition to buying and selling he gave as-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 15

sistance in marketing products—about 100 carload of potatoes were
sold, which yielded the farmer from 10 to 15 cents per bushel more
than he could have got at his local market; 100 cars of hay and straw
during the year bringing the farmer a net return of from $2.00 to
$4.00 per ton more than he conid have realized by selling to the local
dealer as well as many other crops which space will not allow us to
itemize.

Chas. G. McLain, Farm Adviser on Farm Drainage and Water Sup-
ply, has visited almost every county in the State laying out systems
for over 269 farms with the following results: In some cases the
drainage was very great and in all cases where his recommendations
have been carried out the benefits has been of such character that
the production has been increased considerably, proving that tile
drainage, when properly put in, is a paying investment. The differ-
ent kinds of soil in Pennsylvania requires different methods of drain-
age. In many cases a thorough drainage is necessary and in other
cases a random system is enough to accomplish all that is necessary.
He has laid out quite a number of systems for drainage of orchards,
and has been called into consultation as to planting an orchard in
such a way as to fit them for future drainage. Also advising farmers
as to gravity systems, some at a small cost.

Sheldon W. Funk, Farm Adviser on Fruits and Vegetables, has
worked in 46 counties of the State, making from one to 27 different
visits in a county, having made 550 visits to individual farms, and in
each case gave the farmer some practical advice that he was desirous
of gaining. He attended 50 agricultural meetings and demonstra-
tions and addressed 22,000 people at these meetings; also six county
fairs judging fruit and vegetables. At these meetings he would go
over the entire orchard, demonstrating the proper methods of pre-
paring the soil, of setting and pruning the trees or of spraying and
thinning the fruit. In other cases he would go over a well cared for
orchard and then through a neglected orchard calling attention to
the beneficial results of fertilizers, of tillage or of mulch, or again
showing the results of injury from insects and diseases. The brief-
ness of the report prevents us from entering more into detail upon
his line of work, which undoubtedly is an asset to the farmers of the
State.

W. Theo. Wittman and Frank Kline, Farm Advisers on Poultry,
have between them visited every county in the State, having more ap-
plication than they could fill, giving attention to 1,500 calls. The
personal calls have covered every phase of poultry keeping, from
showing a man how to set a hen or run an incubator or select his
stock to equip a large commercial plant and putting same on a pay-
ing basis; also lecturing before poultry organizations and other agri-
cultural meetings, with an attendance at these meetings of over 50,-
000 people, spending three weeks on demonstration car on L. V. R. T.,
making 20 stops and covering the entire system in Pennsylvania,
which reached many thousands of interested persons; acting as judge
on poultry at 14 different fairs within the State and furnishing
plans and selecting sites for poultry plants, amongst the largest
public institutions are as follows: Masonic Home, Elizabethtown,
Pa.; Odd Fellows’ Orphanage, Sunbury, Pa.; Cheyney Training
School of Teachers, Cheyney, Pa.

Prof. Franklin Menges and R. P. Kester, Farm Advisers on Soils,

2

16 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

visited quite a number of farms as well as public meetings, judged at
fairs, ete. The benefits of which can not be over estimated.

Dr. M. E. Conard and L. W. Lighty, Farm Advisers on Dairying
and Animal Husbandry, visited every county in the State, reaching
over 1,200 farmers, about one-half the farmers holding family meet-
ings for their neighbors to procure information during the even-
ings, taking up Cow Testing Associations, planning Dairy Barns, to-
gether with siloes, etc. Also serving as expert judges on livestock at
many of the County Fairs and Agricultural Exhibitions of the State.

Mrs. Jean Kane Foulke, Farm Adviser on Home Sanitation and
Household Economics, has been earnestly working among the farmer
wives, and has reached almost every part of the State with her de-
monstrations and lectures, having spent three weeks on Demonstra-
tion car on Lehigh Valley R. R., in Pennsylvania equipped for demon-
strating Model Beds, Model Door Yards, Model Bedrooms, Model
Septic Tank for sewerage for Rural Homes, Model Garments for
women and children, washing machine and other household equip-
ment that will help the farmer wife; also her work being in great
demand by the home clubs, civic clubs, private homes and schools.

When we realize that we have received over 1,500 commendable
letters thanking us for assistance rendered in supplying Advisers,
which have saved the farmers of the State thousands of dollars, you
can readily appreciate that this development of work certainly de-
serves the respect of the farmers of the State.

ATTENDANCE AT PENNSYLVANIA FARMERS’ INSTITUTES 1913-1914

The following is a complete list, by counties, of dates and places
where institutes, movable schools and special institutes were held
throughout the State for the institute vear ending June 1, 1914:

ily/

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

No. 5.

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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

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No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 23

MEETING OF FARMERS ANNUAL INSTITUTE.

PROGRAM.
First Session Convenes Tuesday Afternoon, May 26, 1914.
MR. F. S. BRONG, Saylorsburg, Pa., Chairman.
Call to omiee 1.30.

Address of Welcome, Hon. Chas. B. Staples, Judge, Stroudsburg, Pa.
C. L. Edinger, Burgess, Stroudsburg, Pa.

Response, Hon. A. lL. Martin, Director of Institutes, Harrisburg, Pa.
EK. B. Dorsett, Farm Adviser, Mansfield, Pa.

1. “BEEF PRODUCTION IN PENNSYLVANIA.”
Prof. W. H. Tomhave, Department of Animal
Husbandry, State College, State College,
Pa.

Tuesday Evening, May 26, 1914.
WOMENS’ SESSION
MRS. MARTHA E. MARTIN, Harrisburg, Pa., President.
Call to order 7.30.

1. “CLUB ORGANIZATION FOR COUNTRY GIRLS.”
Mrs. Linn J. Crawford, Cooperstown, Pa.

2. “SCHOOL HYGIENE.”
Miss Elizabeth Hughes Conard, Westgrove,
Pa.

3. “LITTLE THINGS.”
Dr. Hannah McK. Lyons, Lincoln University,
Pa.

4. “WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE IN THE FARM HOME.”
Mrs. Jean Kane Foulke, West Chester, Pa.

24 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Wednesday Morning, May 27, 1914.
MR. GC. S. MESSINGER, Tatamy, Pa., Chairman.
Call to order 9.30.
SOIL IMPROVEMENT SESSION

1.“FERTILITY REGAINED AND RETAINED.”
R. P. Kester, Newtown, Pa.

2. “LIME: ITS VALUE AND THE DIFFERENT FORMS.”
Prof. M. S. McDowell, Department of Agri-
cultural Extension, State College, State
College, Pa.

3. “HUMUS IN THDE SOIL.”
Robert S. Seeds, Birmingham, Pa.

4. “HOW NATURE MAKES SOIL.”
(Illustrated with lantern slides).
J. T. Campbell, Hartstown, Pa

Wednesday Afternoon, May 27, 1914.
MR. B. F. WAMBOLD, Sellersville, Chairman.
Call to order 1.30.

1. “PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF DAIRY PRODUCTS.”
L. W. Lighty, Hast Berlin, Pa.

i)

“HOW MUCH MILK PER ACRE AND WHAT GRAINS FOR THE DAIRY
COW.”
Prof. H. P. Davis, Department of Animal
Husbandry, State College, State College,
Pa.

3. “COMPARATIVE TYPE OF THE DAIRY BREED.”
Dr. M. E. Conard, Westgrove, Pa.

4. “COW TESTING ASSOCIATIONS.”
Prof. F. R. Stevens, Agriculturist, Philadel-
phia, Pa.

Wednesday Evening, May 27, 1914.
B. KF. KILLAM, Esq., Paupack, Pa., Chairman.
Call to order 7.30.

1. “THE VALUE OF VIGOR IN POULTRY.”
Prof. T. F. McGrew, Principal, School of
Poultry Husbandry, International Corre-
spondence School, Scranton, Pa.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 25

2. “PROFITABLE EGG PRODUCTION.”

(Illustrated with lantern slides).
Prof. H. R. Lewis, New Brunswick, N. J.

38. “TURKEY RAISING; HOW TO SUCCEED.”
(Illustrated with lantern slides).
C. M. Barnitz, Riverside, Pa.

Thursday Morning, May 28, 1914.
A. L. MARTIN, Director, Harrisburg, Pa., Chairman.
FARMERS’ INSTITUTE SESSION
Call to order 9.30.

This session as well as the afternoon session will be devoted to General Dis-
cussion for the development of questions relating to the INSTITUTE, MOVABLE
SCHOOLS and ADVISORY WORK, throughout the State.

Opened by A. L. MARTIN, Director.

1. “THE RELATION OF THE GRANGH TO FARMERS’ INSTITUTES ”
E. B. Dorsett, Mansfield, Pa.

2. “HOW CAN COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES BECOME MORE
EFFECTIVE IN-FURTHERING FARMERS’ INSTITUTE WORK.”
Prof. Franklin Menges, York, Pa.

3. “THE FARMERS’ CLUBS OF PENNSYLVANIA AS A FACTOR IN THE

WORK.”
T. H. Smith, Dunbar, Pa.

Note: It is expected that County Chairmen of Institutes and Institute Lecturers
will be prepared to enter into the discussion.

Thursday Afternoon, May 28, 1914.
FARMERY’ INSTITUTE SESSION (Continued).

Call to order 1.30.

4. “THE MOVABLE SCHOOL: WHAT TOPICS AND HOW SAME CAN BE
BEST DIVIDED IN ORDER TO MEET LOCAL CONDITIONS.”
R. J. Weld, Sugargrove, Pa.

5. “FINLD EXPERIENCH AND SUGGESTIONS OF FARM ADVISERS.”
(Five minutes each).
Chas. G. McClain, Brookville, Pa.
Dr. M. HE. Conard, Westgrove, Pa.
I. B. Dorsett, Mansfield, Pa.
Mrs. Jean Kane Foulke, West Chester, Pa
Sheldon W. Funk, Boyertown, Pa.
R. P. Kester, Newtown, Pa.
Frank Kline, Spring City, Pa.
L. W. Lighty, Hast Berlin, Pa.
Prof Franklin Menges, York, Pa.
W. Theo Wittman, Mt. Gretna, Pa.

26 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

6. “THIS PERIOD WILL BE DEVOTED TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF IN-
STITUTE WORK.”

Note: County Chairmen and Lecturers are requested to present their views as to
the best method to pursue in order to build up the work throughout the State.

(Five minutes allotted to each member).

Thursday Evening May 28, 1914.
MR. J. E. HILDEBRANT, Dallas, Pa., Chairman.
Call to order at 7.30.

1. “APPLES: STARTING THE YOUNG ORCHARD AND TREATMENT OF
BEARING TREES.”
Sheldon W. Funk, Boyertown, Pa.

2. “HANDLING AND MARKETING APPLES.”
F. H. Fassett, Meshoppen, Pa.

3 “TRUCK FARMING: THE MAN, THE BUSINESS AND THE CROP.”
C. C. Hulsart, Matawan, N. J.

No. 5.

LIST OF COUNTY INSTITUTE MANAGERS FOR THE SEASON

County. Name and Address of Chairmen.
/MGEIINE. goes Se aldo JOO OnOOG A. I. Weidner, Arendtsville.
JNIGRTEIN RY. Gas ecco obsboOT ACen Puihy mlm perical wns
INPITEAROMSS no deo ODOC OOOUIC S. S. Blyholder, Kelly Station.
SGAViGIe ckectteiscis ciers exec Oaiele'e . Walter C. Dunlap, West Bridgewater.
EMEORGM seca crake crclcis Se srstere 5 Wek. Biddle, Hiverett, “2.-D: No.2:
TVET ie a Re el .H. G. McGowan, Geigers Mills.
ICOM ERs wie oi cverstareietors .W. Frank Beck, Altoona.
leienyaliteOle. Lego aneoocDe omawOoG EY D. Kerrick, Towanda, R. D. No. 9.
IS WCK Sat icye wie steve oosisierescve sees ..B. F. Wambold, Sellersville.
TENA ous cron eo eOCR OA .W. H. Milliron, Huclid.
CHM OE), emer aibecamonid GOOO0 .l. J. Bearer, Hastings, R. D.
GAINCTIOMM wis Gaveie ties altiele cuore -R. P. Heilman, Wmporium.
(CHIT etal Gone eee oOricnorc Edward Lienhard, Mauch Chunk, R. D. No.
(Cen ls aolte ocho seaece Cnc John A. Woodward, Howard.
(CHiGEES ES age aacemes Epa aodne ..M. EH. Conard, Westgrove.
(CIEKDIO TN, See coo echo eas .J. H. Wilson, Clarion.
(Clear fi CUGan as ctefereye's ccs «rst suelo . Harrison Straw, Clearfield.
(Climo - 6 domino bn moc DOLOn ~Joel A. Herr, Millhall.
Columaipiamers-mieecciclaye eee .-A. P. Young, Millville.
CWrawhoOrd’s Seco cc cclee sisle ee .-W. F. Throop, Espyville, Pa.
Chui FENN, GaadogosobcdoD .T. J. Ferguson, Mechanicsburg.
IGGL Lipa eg ere ane ee eae i. S. Keiper, Middletown.
Delaware, ..... Se acaiaieiekerse .. Thos. H. Wittkorn, Media.
DINE 46 3 Ghee Ban QE OOOO On OOL .-John G. Schmidt, St. Marys.
LI Ot Saar eene ..-John J. Rouse, Wattsburg.
IDANVGIIRS, ob FabbomoDocaDuDOOT John T. Smith, Dunbar, R. D. No. 32.
OTS teen isiate orersuerore, cates .---C. A. Randall, Tionesta.
TEN RTT) 22 1 eo J. P. Young, Marion.
TIMMINS = A opener none ..- Frank Ranck, Hancock, Md.
(GiReeniG, saan mAs ooo on ..J. W. Stewart, Jefferson.
imGINe One, «1. cicie cess <1 ~-eG-. G. Hutchison, Warriors Mark.
MMC AMA shiek’. fee ens sace. -».9. C. George, West Lebanon.
JEMEVSOMN, = eile occa cies . Peter B. Cowan, Brookville.
RTA asters, Soiuie, oid os -.-eee Matthew Rodgers, Mexico.
FACKAWANTA£ 5 gcse ss sees ..e Horace Seamans, Factoryville.
NGAMICASTCE tre eee ieininere .-J. Aldus Herr, Lancaster, R. D. No. 4.
GA WIEIM CC seers outetece s:s ese ciecorstete .sylvester Shaffer, New Castle, R. D. No. 4.
HVCDATON', <"-.202-.00 oc cesses ee ..Edward Shuey, Lickdale.
MCU SI seer vecucts piciciaic sie cies eeloe P. S. Fenstermacher, Allentown.
WATT OLIN Mun ee erecta ee ls oie wie J. E. Hildebrant, Dallas.
MAVCOMITINE ccreeiareia. slaps one ees .-A. J. Kahler, Hughesville.
MIGINGANP a ac Sc.ste ceed eerste © ..-. A. Studholme, Smethport.
IMGT CORR umiatetssctrctcteere s-sie sere Wm. C. Biack, Mercer.
AVET AHI P oeeses octets ose Gi o.s a savs M. M. Naginey, Milroy.
WONT OC pretecustereiaesialsyslevsiele sare F. S. Brong, Saylorsburg.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

OF 1913-14.

ile

28

County.

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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Name and Address of Chairmen.

J. H. Schultz. Norristown.

Miles Derr, Milton, R. D. No. 1.
Messinger, Tatany, R. D.

. Eschbach, Milton, R. D. No. 1.
. Foster, Torresdale.

. Bower, Blain.

. Killam, Paupack.
. Crittenden, Oswayo.
Shoener, New Ringgold.
. Glass, Freeburg.

Weller, Rockwood.

. Warburton, Campbellville.
. Davies, Montrose.
. De Witt, Mansfield.

J. Newton Glover, Vicksburg.
W. A. Crawford, Cooperstown.
G. A. Woodside, Sugargrove.
Jas. M. Paxton, Houston.

W. EK. Perham, Varden.

W. F. Holtzer, Greensburg.
G. A. Benson, Tunkhannock

G. F. Barnes, Rossville.

Off. Doc.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 29

LIST OF INSTITUTE LECTURERS FOR SEASON OF 1913-1914.

Anderson, H. M., New Park, Pa.

Barnitz, C. M., Riverside, Pa.

Bell, R. H., State College, Pa.

Bond, M. S8., Danville, Pa.

Campbell, J. T., Hartstown, Pa.

Conard, Dr. M. E., Westgrove, Pa.

Card, Fred W., Sylvania, Pa.

Cox, J. F., State College, Pa.

Cornman, C. T., Carlisle, Pa.

Darst, W. H., State College, Pa.

Davis, H. P., State College, Pa.

Dorsett, E. B., Mansfield, Pa.

Fassett, F. H., Meshoppen, Pa.

Foulke, Mrs. Jean Kane, West Chester, Pa.
Funk, Dr. J. H., Boyertown, Pa.

Funk, Sheldon W., Boyertown, Pa.
Gardner, Prof. Frank D., State College, Pa
Given, G. C., State College, Pa.
Gooderham, H. M., Patton, Pa.

Goodling, C. L., State College, Pa.
Groupe, J. Stuart, Jersey Shore, Pa., R. D. No. 4.
Havner, H. H., State College, Pa.
Hibshman, EH. K., State College, Pa.
Hulsart, C. C., Matawan, N. J.

Kester, R. P., Newtown, Pa.

Johnston, J. B., New Wilmington, Pa.
Kline, Frank, Spring City, Pa.

Kraybill, H. R., State College, Pa.

Lighty, L. W., East Berlin, Pa., R. D.
McCallum, M. H., Wernersville, Pa.
Lyons, Dr. Hannah McK., Lincoln University, Pa.
Menges, Prof. Franklin, York, Pa.
Mitman, Howard, Hellertown, Pa.

Noll, C. F., State College, Pa.

Patton, W. M., Mosgrove, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
Phillips, E. L., New Bethlehem, Pa.
Putney, Fred 8., State College, Pa.

Row, Chas. A., Yardley, Pa.

Seeds, Robt. S., Birmingham, Pa.
Severson, B. O., State College, Pa.
Stevens, Prof. F. R., Philadelphia, Pa.
Stout, W. H., Pinegrove, Pa.

Tomhave, W. H., State College, Pa.

Van Noy, Leon Otice, Troy, Pa., R. D. No. 66.
Warner, David E., State College, Pa.
Watts, D. H., Kerrmoor, Pa.

Weld, R. J., Sugargrove, Pa.

White, W. R., State College, Pa.
Wittmann, W. Theo., Allentown, Pa.
Worthen, E. L., State College, Pa.
Wrigley, Paul I., Eddington, Pa.

30 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THE FOLLOWING IS A LIST OF SPEAKERS AND THEIR AS-
SIGNMENTS, SEASON OF 1913-1914.

H. M. ANDERSON, New Park, York County, Pa.

Date. Place. County.

Jan. (Ratna New DIRre;: \s\ateto es Cumberland.
Jan. SO eeieals Oakwill@,cs2 es scree a: Cumberland.
Jan. LOC sears Hogestowny. 32. iaese<- Cumberland.
Jan. 12- 13, bua amuse vais New Cumberland, Be Cumberland.
Jan. dv Fo I eee a Womelsdorf, ......... Berks.

- Jan. iN Gs Er Gh Aas ean a Wenterport;s, <see nen Berks.
Jan. 19- a cas aote Geigertown, ......+.-. Berks.
Jan. DMD Secon een ata vacksomwalds =. 22 an. Berks.
Jan. Dipset pee ts Bustleton, ace .e2e oa Philadelphia.

Jan. i a7) Uae elo ore Lewisburg, . circ. York.
Feb. Ba eave iccetelee ovanvalless iiss er York.
Feb. ES Gare ae Re Fawn Groves s.h0ss.- York.
Feb. GAigattere oe Red Mion, 4... t eer ose York.
Feb. OO Reis ei WD OVER acters te ee es tetee York.
Feb. i 13 ol Pare WeHS Vite Goes cisco. ee York.
Feb. WS Ua ee ii ele aes Vor Springs) sis a.)- ley Adams.
Feb. GEL, sesetiaccssnees Arendtsvalles ¢ 55.064 Adams.
Feb. Sal Oca extn HAEMGIG = 0 caste eee Adams.
Feb. DODD cote cee Scoulands cde sce nis Franklin.
Feb. 7 i re ee Marton, os 402.8 30s Franklin.
Feb. DO 20; Sc sis si6 Waynesboro, 50.2.5 - Franklin.
Feb. Vi Er tc BERNE ICI Dry ARUN, ces eee oe Franklin.
March DOs ave nnta ee MCG ions eter tuee mae: Delaware.
March Anas stators OMCORGM Valles een nism. Delaware.

R. H. Bell, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Dec. AU Sel Namaceea ae Pine Grove Mills, .... Centre.
Dee. Sf, Sane lick oe esi Rebersburg, ......... Centre.
Jan. DSi eee PC KSOMVILLG, 5, ete sc aehe Centre.

M. 8S. BOND, Danville, Montour County, Pa.

Dee. LF AWG Re Sass isch Sterling. x5 sis oahu aammmes
Dec. ATS CaN tenes Paupack, <2... seca Pike.
Dee. 1920 Peo Greentown; «cs ci veete Pike.

J.T. CAMPBELL, Hartstown, Crawford County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Third Section.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 31

Dr. M. E. CONARD, Westgrove, Chester County, Pa.

Will attend Movable Institute Schools Dec. 3 to Jan. 16, and Farm-
ers’ Institutes in Fourth Section from February 2 to March 17.

FRED W. CARD, Sylvania, Bradford County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Fifth Section( part one), from Nov.
28 to Jan. 3 and from Feb. 16 to Feb. 24; Fifth Section (part two)
from Jan. 5 to Jan. 24.

J. F. COX, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Date. Place. County.
Feb. Ik | ea aa ers New Bethlehem, ...... Clarion.
Feb. 1 Les WS Ae ee te Sie Oso mane ke oer LS Clarion.
Ieb. | Es OG ae ee BODIES Se alte ed 2% Clarion.

CHAS. T. CORNMAN, Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa.

Jan. LIES Oe Sie aL ae Bustletonmyo.c hes cos Philadelphia.
Feb. nO rere rigs sete POttSeTrOVes tee Sa vas Northumberland.
Feb. DUST) Ota eee MecHwensville, <2... 2. Northumberland.
Feb. TNO ae eR es Hxchamres 7. oo tice s.ale a Montour.

March i ees pA eat as Grovaian 2a hehe. .t a. Montour.

March Beets sicko McAllisterville, ........ Juniata.

March One ee teria Port Royale. sc. 5..28 Juniata.

Jan. 1 EOE ieee ate a nent CAMaACeNSiS 2/3 /cteeroers se Monroe.
Jan. Cu le ra aa Wet LAS FOr otron et sataoeacne ents Monroe.
Jan. 7 A NR Pa Ce Hey pt Malis eae cn deayet Pike.

H. P. DAVIS, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Noy. DODO pee iss | Enea 32h a el aire amas Greene.
Dec. | Bs ee ears eee SVCHINORE.© hiarss. aes fens s Greene.
Dec. So ARS ee ys Claysvilles 47 2sdextats Washington.
Dee. i gene eae Washimo tomte 2 55:56 cae Washington.

ik. B. DORSETT, Mansfield, Tioga County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Third Section from December 15 to
Dee. 28; Second Section Jan. 12 to Jan. 24 and First Section from
Jan. 30 to March 5. :

F. H. FASSETT, Meshoppen, Wyoming County, Pa.

Will attend Movable Institute Schools Dee. 1 to Jan 13; Farmers’
Institutes in the Second Section Dec. 8 to Dee. 11 and March 2 to
March 7; Fifth Section (part one) Jan. 14 to Feb. 14 and the Fourth
Section from Feb. 16 to Feb. 28.

3

32 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

MRS. JEAN KANE FOULKE, West Chester, Chester County, Pa.

Date. Place. County.

NOV. 25-26, cs noe ire PASTINGHIS Ser cord ste) sinesee fuevsvene Bradford.
Nov. 28-29 occa aroreehs TROIMNG; Bees ecco oe chess «eis Bradford.
Dec. 122, tice Cambonje8 sev ia Pies Bradford.
Dec. Seth, 1 Sty ae ANTON ees Rta ats dices hao Bradford.
Dec. 5:0, oe Fen @1s Ys, yiae sees re aie ea Tioga.
Dec. $952 noe Mamshteld ti55 2.0 en attes Tioga.
Dec. LOW. eens Mitchells Mills, ...... Tioga.
Dee. Dae awe, ee» MORAL srd-3is ole ces en eet Tioga.
Dee. 1 Fs eee WeellsbOroy “isch .292l Tioga.
Dee. 1 Rad HOPE rh th Westfield; i. ji tenet as Tioga.
Dee. TELS 2 eee iis: UV SSER ee chorc cai tocetet eerste Potter.
Dec. BIS Do) | ay eens Goldy ais ipee bos oe Potter.
Dec. Deer icc caps ots Sweden Valley, ....... Potter.
Dec. id EA | edo eee ee Woolrich’. ..\.sjissecans Clinton.
Dee st, Jame Wye oe Logvamtowny 2. 2 a Clinton.
Jan. Decree uren tesa ys Beech’ Creeks iisic5 iii 2s Clinton.
Feb. PAT Ey To yen aera Par Pinerun, 2: 52: eae as Lycoming.
March A AROSE AOS LAmestone,- 25 ./aeee se Lycoming.
March A fake this atthe Warrensyilless 25.0.4" Lycoming.
March Galicia cecdae: Hughesville. acc.2.26 Lycoming.

Dr. J. H. FUNK, Boyerstown, Berks County, Pa.

Jan. AS Eye are payee ET AN DC, eas cpete was acer Montgomery.
Jan. LT BCP ee nae Centre Point, \.5sosc6: Montgomery.
Jan. TOEZ OM Acta ke 5s Schwenksyville, ....... Montgomery.
Jan. 7A CP A ea Harleysville, a:..v.ies2 Montgomery.
Jan. yf a Kast Greenville, .....- Montgomery.
Feb. PAT} 1 ee eRe SPLiNetOwhs. .. oe. Bucks.
Feb. DELO ss ooo hs au Sellersville, .........+ Bucks.
March 7 ee ar Doylestown... 5.4... Bucks.
March ABD cn hagoeteed IMOVIE Gs. sh sy 5 sescenemeegs Bucks.

SHELDON W. FUNK, Boyerstown, Berks County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Third Section from Nov. 28 to Dec.
23; Second Section from Feb. 2 to Feb. 28; First Section Dec. 29 to
Jan. 22.

PROF. FRANK D. GARDNER, State College, Centre County, Pa.

March DOs Ere Se Limestone? < 25% sce Lycoming.
March ACD tees dels Warrensyille,. 225.2% Lycoming.
March TEL A oe nee Hughesville. = 22ceacae Lycoming.

G. C. GIVEN, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Jan } Re eee Weatherly, \..«.<cteieeee Carbon
Jan settee Aare Bie Creek, ...2.csseeee Carbon
Jan DARN aie, sreeste New Mahoning, ...... Carbon

No. 5.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 33

H. M. GOODERHAM, Patton, Cambria County, Pa.

Date. Place. County.

Dec. 1 el LS Ae yee nee Pleasant Valley, ...... Bedford.
Dee. Hae Geese sacle Soke ING We EABISS 6 cs oes pe Bedford.
Dec. WG Meoerckae Pe & cctiote OSterDUPeis a. 2525 2s se Bedford.
Dec. Pid eo |) tee Ne ea Pine Grove Mills, .... Centre.
WECR OU AM Le ce 5. ts EDEESDUL ES cos «cscs 6.65550 Centre.
Jan. ey Rp ee arene SHCKSOMVILIGS ooo fe sya Centre.
Jan. Fel Ts Oy YORE KReEPMOORS) disse 2s, 59 Clearfield.
Jan. Gare ect GOSHEN Sati c2 oso wie shee Clearfield.
Jan. -1)es | arene Rea RANIS oS e fog. os ar Clearfield.
March SU an he sc hs Maney Valleyi.. .7 «...: Sullivan.
Mirch yee el U2 es oes Gas eee OME ait ork nieces oD S50 Sullivan.
Mearelia 13-14 tt. 33:. Meshoppen, 25.0022 2a. Wyoming.
Mem chi ORG Gas 26% 2 coc Ponkhannoek, 7. 2,9 <1 Wyoming.

C. L. GOODLING, State College, Centre County, Pa.
Jan. 1 is Sore ere PRARLCTE eb aiehe erewa abage ayes Jefferson.
Jan. ree. he RUSSEL: oa ists cenot Warren.
Jan. MGM hee cies hs SUCAreTOVe.-*J222 <6 53 Warren.
Jan, A) A | eens Gttaville ca ter anetas Warren.
AT eect iy. eo sstho LM POPIUIM,. 2 Gon ees Cameron.

J. STUART GROUPE, Jersey Shore, R. D. No. 4, Lycoming County,

Nov.
Dec.
Dee.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
can:
san:
Jan.
Jan.
Jane
Jan.

Feb.
Feb.
Feb.

Dec.
Dee.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dee.
Dec.

K.

Pa.

DL acct were see West Auburn, ) 3.2750. Susquehanna.
ee ett aecoke SFOS eyes ratnarone cee te ye sein Susquehanna.
Bea ostoce age 10 jan South Montrose, ...... Susquehanna.
By eeaea foresee GAD SOTIS 5 aes 7-6a, «see yays Susquehanna.
Shu ene Oe FROME ales oie. as ica Wayne

11S Ce aak teehee ey Way erate 5 os, = ceri Wayne

1A IBS eheaeaineatsy Tey. PNT rors ge sete <a ays a 3,3 Wayne.

De Oxcue naire ne IMGETINOOETS once iccts o's '.6 Clearfield.
(Csi ae eee GOSHEN a cere nan hae 5 Clearfield.
D5) Ke eae IATEHAUS: 2) 5 c.creo8 a Clearfield.

Lae ae A se Bellwwo00ds.7o. eee Ao Blair.

ic iy a ae on Geeseytown, .......... Blair.

MG AT ie os Hast Freedom, ....... Blair.

H. H. HAVNER, State College, Centre County, Pa.

OOo tenes Ab (beni Crgss G accy ons she eas Crawford.

} 9g FS a ea PASTOR yt aces cs ee Mercer.

1183 2 Seer Jaekson Center, ...... Mercer.

K. HIBSHMAN, State College, Centre County, Pa.
BG ar a nwats ye May OWils ers 01.12 eine oor Lancaster.
ool epee mee eee, Mechanicsville, ....... Lancaster.

1 (hes Le aren MEU Z AL epee a. oto om aueys ot Lancaster.

Teles ao WTAE A ie, 22% gare cers Lancaster.

Lae sieceg = is oho IEG 004 O23 es a Lancaster.

1 (3) Nos Aenean Pea PACES eto i sites, xc ee Lancaster.
een weal Millersville icco3s 20.0% Lancaster.

74 | ESR et ae Bilnesbalie ee ratives cnt Lancaster.

ar 1914

34

Nov.
Dee.
Dee.
Dee.
Dee.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
lam.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.

Off. Doc.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE
CHAS. C. HULSART, Matawan, N. J.
Date. Place. County.
PEDO yo. sae 2 ss Middletown, 22 2.0. 6% Dauphin.
Leg ee GTA ress jee as) neste. erate Dauphin.
Sees eoaeia si ci GVeESTOWN 6... sate Dauphin.
EeOge ei es = NL ALV CO Wily a, tres. ae cool s Lancaster.
BOs r pee the Mechanicsville, ....... Lancaster.

MO 1A SS ayer hse | Oi wh W Arar ety ates Lancaster.

) sed les agama es Dy 0) 0 62 i: Parana Pe ee Lancaster.

1 ETE Otic eeaenenes Mampetery sa eee Lancaster.

1 Ee es eee Aree a Paradise seep eras cnet Lancaster.
DO tscc ceases peer Millersville; or. .s:ciie.cs Lancaster.
DOS heaeis Blue Bae. kak ose cue Lancaster.
SyGsccs «here eis aba Ss” aecreweterece sctccs cece Luzerne.

[Ric Sean ROWAN SMG yetecnc cre are Luzerne.
Sal dU alee oa Comyn eh amy o.oo x ccstere Luzerne.
Sse vere yee Weatherly, 2... 0. Wes Carbon.
See Sorters Big (Greeks atnss ce tee Carbon.

nt Ee Ls eae ere TPAD, aloes cs ace eevee vers Montgomery.

GIG EE sc lar Centre“ Point... Montgomery.

OED esters cine ss Schwenksville, ....... Montgomery.

TA EV A SE Harleysville; so. us: Montgomery.

DONG 6 wile iane a East Greenville, ...... Montgomery.

R. P. KESTER, Grampian, Clearfield County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Fourth Section.

J. B. JOHNSTON, New Wilmington, Lawrence County, Pa.

Nov iors AS aie eae ELouston tow, <2. 2s. s. Fulton.
Dec NSD e Mesto ease Baad oage os stilcueets eee eve, ah Fulton.
Dec Bape eae OFDISONIAS a cn cies is Huntingdon.
Dec BO eros ats McAlevys Fort, ...... - Huntingdon.
FRANK KLINE, Spring City, Chester County, Pa.
Dec: DOs. a cacriee ys Mary 00 Willy checrs tueista ete at Lancaster.
Dec. BO eet, edad Mechanicsville, ....... Lancaster.
Dec. TOS eee eeeaicr Bi oi & Ae asain ah ers ie RES Lancaster.
Dee. TOS ieee PTAA ore ooo. cl excl che = avs Lancaster.
Dec. 15a pee atte aM PELL: hoi hee se we Lancaster.
Dec. Pes. eee ATAGISE Carne wre ieee 0.8 ais Lancaster.
Dee: I Re Bete Maliersyille oe... os ate Lancaster.
Dec. DT ee Cea ge Mera es. easter « Lancaster,
Dec. Yb Bs | eae ae ee ae WOO EEN, 0 cee cis: che oa Clinton.
Dec. ol Jam. Wee ec act. ViGCANTOWD,. >... 5 20> «tas Clinton.
Jan. ere nce a tlc ease beech Creek, 2... s..0 a Clinton.
Jan. DeGree meees SE IMAIVS,' 5 cis a3 cote Ppa tll:
Jan. (ES Hee RAs IROESEW a face. «dsl estes te ates . Elk.
Jan. GMO aera ciaecs Ringgold, ........... sd eferson
Jan. 5 71S) a i am ali 3 BSERIUET tte 3c Ne ieee eee . Jefferson.
Jan. ART ae eee FRORSENL snes herd eae Warren.
Jan. IU Fd Lenten et Sugarerove, .. «asec Warren.
Jan. LOD eee te. WOTESVILLe, 0.2 2 aterm Warren.
Didmiee lena eres sisats Himporium,®.:. cee Cameron.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 35

Dr. LOUIS A. KLEIN, No. 36th and Woodland Avenues, Philadel-

phia, Pa.
Date. Place. County.
Dec. SAG ee etiate ae OMESLOW Tye ac aahclara © '- Lebanon.
Dec. BOMAR Saez nine Centerville, 255.2 cae ex Cumberland.

H. R. KRAYBILL, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Jan. 25) ear ae TewiasSberrys: asics se York.
Feb. Demy cait is atcha’ Groyod haha dU hee aera ror mngrtet York.
Feb. 2 a ean eee RWG FONE Bis, e605. > csjovaise York.
Feb. Geiriau. PCR EMO Mac Saw as5% 0: vis 58 York:
Feb. “1 I eons OVIETS 2.6 ether 5.2 a oy oe York.

L. W. LIGHTY, East Berlin, Adams County, Pa.
Will attend all meetings in the Fifth Section (part one).

M. H. McCALLUM, Wernersville, Berks County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Third Section from Noy. 28 to Dee.
13 and Feb. 18 to March 10; Fifth Section Dec. 27 to Jan. 15 and
from Feb. 9 to Feb. 14.

Dr. HANNAH McK. LYONS, Lincoln University, Chester County, Pa.

Jan. JUBA erie spamichiney bees ee ee Vanango.

Jan. Detain cete Wesitiielde icv. oc: oes Lawrence.

Jan. a ae ca eareag NWeEStields: teste amcrs sro. Lawrence.

Jan. Ota eerie Brushvalley. ic. 2-6 « Indiana.

Jan. (hes Seat BiG WAS VILE. Gs yc) <)ors 5a le Indiana.

Jan. ahs eter ISWELORs. ai2ts etches eho ee Butler.

Jan. GAD. oNatie esc GFeISLOWE OSA Yass 5 soe Cambria.

Jan. NES Pete's ee Bloonisburg.iach. eek Columbia.

Feb. Aree) be POLSOTOVE, Vca2 es antsinr Northumberland.
Feb. La ee oe McEwensville, ........ Northumberland.

PROF. FRANKLIN MENGES, York, York County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Second Section.

HOWARD MITMAN, Hellertown, Northampton County, Pa.

Dec. DALES! | Seca eee BaANGISDUTG, 2 elec ciao Perry.
Beeson amo l oa taper TOKESD UGE. Soe fan ee de Perry.
Jan. Dees too SURES PATNA OS ape ore t i reveconet as Lebanon.
Jan. DO. Sh wets « Schaefferstown, ...... Lebanon.
Ben eo tO. on. a2 (ESC 4 is (ee Lehigh.
Feb. | 2 kes [geen eee DANY Ratna ayn sins es Lehigh.
Feb. (5 be Beck a ae ING Wa ETO tac a Lehigh.
March 5 Sa eee Muney Valley,;......)..23. Sullivan.
MEMO Wem beli s a oes (Ole prerte atee on58. Snilivan.
TE aC ek FEA © Se Meshoppen.. <5 2). 3.<..2 Wyoming.

in IG Tele Nias eed 10 Yen Seer Tunkhannock, ........ Wyoming.

36 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

C. F. NOLL, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Date. Place. County.
Feb. AP ee oks Bad ont Ban OR ok sk, Goere eer Northampton.
Feb. LF ey oe Nazareln, ..a8\s sare eee Northampton.
Feb. Ora woos Cherry yvillesac sens ve Northampton.

W. M. PATTON, Mosgrove, R. D. No. 2, Armstrong County, Pa.

Nov. DASE ND as ate elas Houstontown, << .cc.. Fulton.

Dec: Here eee Masiene Bish ste ie eos cta olche nets Fulton.
Dec. OL ean ae Orbisomia, 5. 2a erat ees Huntingdon.
Dee. Oren a ak MeAleyys Port, -.....=.-. Huntingdon.
Dec. SO hces Se uciae Warriors Mark, ...... Huntingdon.
Dee. 15s Is Deezer ame Markelsburg, 2. 222044 Huntingdon.
Dec. dy) ka Fs oe Pleasant Valley, ...... Bedford.
Dee. U5 Kee ae eA NewoBarisou:c. canoe Bedford.
Dee. cl hs ra eve OSterDUTe. q srocene ei Bedford.
Feb. DOA hy acca oee « Plaingrove;*..c- 4+ «5 Lawrence.
Feb. PAD EVA TY ae ela Slippery. Rock). s:2. Butler.

Feb. PH Gr A eden cea tee Prospect,( ian 4.cio ee Butler.
March 2-3,........Jefferson Grange Hall,. Butler.
March BS ae ein ete Da ViONy cate hn See Armstrong.
March Go Ake EldertoOm. een: © 4.85a0. use Armstrong.
March Se ee ke Spring Churchvcn. a. Armstrong.

J. H. PEACHEY, Belleville, Mifflin County, Pa.

Nov. 28:29): diss eMiddletowns 2. Verh: Dauphin.

Dec Des ets Gratz cosccs sua seats Dauphin.

Dec. BAL eee Linglestowmi. 2.2... Dauphin.

Dee. HOw emagecoutene NAW LOM Mean Ae. o0 Shas Lancaster.
Dec. 29-30 s\ccgd ere Smuacksbung. Meese Indiana...

Dee Si5) Vane ile foe neces Marion Center, ....... Indiana.

Jame 22S) eee VV MUNG Ties Peete isis Wis oe: Indiana.

Jan. DO. icc stews Brushvalley. ... gc. aces Indiana.

Jan. (Corea ees A ANE Lewisville, 0. 5. Indiana.

Jams + [| Spates cae EEO DE eS kt iee ses Westmoreland.
Jan. WI Beatie meer Greensburg, .......... Westmoreland.
Jan. TAS rete: Seoctdales te. | 7 Westmoreland.
Jan. LGiee ees | ey 4b 6 Ea BOE ERE ef Westmoreland.
Feb. Se ai area om Mosiertown; ;.)...0cn- Crawford.

Feb. AR eee raat: Blooming Valley, ..... Crawford.

Feb. a (Cesc rare ie Conneaut Lake, ........ Crawford.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 37

E. L. PHILLIPS, New Bethlehem, R. D. No. 2, Clarion County, Pa.

Date. Place. County.
Dec. EOS ie Aran Mamsiteldia s .oacacuacs Tioga.
Dec. AOTC ey. Sete as Mitchells Mills, ...... Tioga.
Dec. spectra oe EO AG yee esc ¥en Riegel See Tioga.
Dee. lio d eee Wellsboro. 24220 se6 88 Tioga.
Dee. MMB are celine Wiesttteld yee ccrace sats Tioga.
Dec. 17 lhc nee WWVISSOS.5 2 8, ast. seas bu tant Potter.
Dee. 11 2 | espera maneest GOlGhetr ee te ne his arn cee Potter.
Dec. QD Dew ee tL aici tes Sweden Valley, ....... Potter.
Feb. Det tacit 2 ARO Mee eos nac atop Cambria.
Feb. Ae iva apepabsecnetss WECM SOUT 30s ad ile eye chers Cambria.
Feb. CE (a ee MEViey to wall it haat Mifflin.
Feb. QAO vipetrekh IMGT OW Sete ee ora were Mifflin.
Feb. 110 a I ree Beaver tOwil,, cic mj tarciel® Snyder.
Feb. ge) i ere Hr Ge WE cs Se crieeets eye Snyder.
Feb. IAC EPA: see IMGT TOs os Focaetk herent Union.
Feb. i ocd IN eee eae Waniveld:. -staaaey er Union.
Feb. 52) 151 SR eS ri RED UGK tales pcieakotera is Northumberland.

FRED S. PUTNEY, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Jan. 4 Hh) {| ime to er Miablertoi.) 0 a's <proc tes Allegheny.
Jan. 4 Wee a EA AS te WuIOIs ie, og cneneeane Allegheny.
Jan. si Oe ee ea ee Carnot: fecseeios seek Allegheny.

CHAS. A. ROW, Yardley, Bucks County, Pa.

Nov. Diy- AO teresa te AUNGTISS 2.4 ia ye cic eee eres 6% Bradford.
Nov. DO aca civ yas UO UNO, us, « copoversseeeesias Bradford.
Dec. LEP age auee se cae CANE yeh a es es tian ee hee Bradford.
Dee. Pe Sea ere POW eme eins is (ata scas aaah ote Bradford.
Dee. D-Op rete sta e « [bil WSN Sacer ee oemeee Tioga.
Dee. onl ope ee MVM SIR OLC Vita mora creteu are Tioga.
Dee. 10- ia, rere sctare Mitchells Mills, ....... Tioga.
Dec. 12, Mea ihe (NCEE arto eb nia cee One Tioga.
Dec. Rien pe ss WWelISHORO; wis soo ehasiet Tioga.
Jan. BGs ick s es Omford i.) saab eect. Chester.
Jan. i 7-8, 5 ee ee es NVESTOTIOVOis evo cr ciesnceette Chester.
Jan. QE a teres Byers, BPE Wits ir Cae a Vis Chester.
Jan. NO ea ear Cedarvailleses sas 4.-3) eas Yhester,

ROBT. S. SEEDS, Birmingham, Huntingdon County, Pa.

Dec. 3) UE Ue oe ae Oh Biol td Do aes ah ena eriounte Venango.
Jan. ] Eee esc WV GS MTONG Se. shicoaee Shae Lawrence.
Jan. Selo) eae Wallheemeers fetter. 3 hs Indiana.
an. Laie Sener See Brushvalley, 52). <{ Indiana.
Jan. Ge yaa Shs ] BPN SI Cree, oN aie ag Ge Butler.
Jan. SHOAL & AC EISPOW itwien eeceie, ohet a Cambria.
Jan. 13- 14, Sen ee Bloomsbury heii s.: Columbia.
Jan. 19- 20), 5, Sie BOS Wielleetes, Sipe Fo iso c/cie Somerset.
Jan. 91-22. Been tene MOMEESEi pe ones... os Somerset.

Jan. Dano Aes o cciinn whe Salis ouriyee ore cece seis Somerset.

38 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

B. O. SEVERSON, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Date. Place. County.
Dee. dS Us ae bam peter ews ie emeaeene Lancaster.
Dee. TELS eer. racine Paradise er nea artes Lancaster.
Dec. Mh alesis rik Millersville. 2.6 oS. 2 Lancaster.
Dee. A AB ws oso at Bhie Ball Pei. eee ses Lancaster.

PROF. F. R. STEVENS, Agriculturist.

Nov. DASE) OF re eR AERENS) nici 6 iad eee ee Bradford.
Nov. 2S 2G) Bee lek OMG s:Sohec aecttn ee tee Bradford.
Dee. Wee ees US A ec vaca ater es See eae Susquehanna.
Dee: Drapes weiss. South Montrose, ...... Susquehanna.
Jan. BEG a eke etevs WANA ears wion ae mates Luzerne.
Jan. (ice ane ie Rowan ine see. see ee Luzerne.
Jan. GalQ eee ewes ConynghamsSi4 Soa. Luzerne.
Jan. aE nae Weatherly; 2222.05 4 Carbon.
Jan. gS epee Stes si CO TCCKMS, cele rosa Carbon.
Feb. a UC) by (oa tees er Friedensburg, ........: Schuylkill.
Feb. AS ee aes Valley: Views 2e<.cees.. Schuylkill.
Feb. EL aera are ae Barnsyalle\ sete 3.00 Schuylkill.
March 5) | ea ewisto wil. :s a 4s wee Schuylkill.
March (ttt ss Muncy. Valley: 72.523 Sullivan.

’ Feb. 74 ood ire eee Colles) sc cc eres Sullivan.
Mareh: 13514. oe. 3. 6. Meshoppen; 4c: 5810... Wyoming.
Miameli LGU ons peyeiers Tunkhannock, 20... Wyoming.

W. H. STOUT, Pinegrove, Schuylkill County, Pa.

Jan. LESS GA pera. Saat Stare seco see Elk.
Jan. Tera ate ny eT IESE Ys Cec cts Pn eialne rs Elk.
Jan. 1 I | eens a Rime goldk ss. 0 ee ere Jefferson.

W. H. TOMHAVE, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Dec. atcigts Mergen wisteais Mechanicsville, ....... Lancaster.
Dec. LO, 3 eee TUL izes eee ene erento, Lancaster.
Dec. ds I een Ephrata secrete tte ss Lancaster.
Feb. TG Aiea ner cai Mercerteume ct oe 2 Mercer.

LEON OTICE VAN NOY, Troy, R. D. No. 66, Bradford County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the Third Section from Dec. 29 to Feb.
7 and Feb. 23 to March 10; Second Section Feb. 11 to Feb. 19.

DAVID E. WARNER, State College, Centre County, Pa.

Dee. B Ly ere rites cet MAaNMeOMS. 2. cick oe ee Bradford.
Dec. Fe cea AE Sara BEUOYs'c.08 2's oil Cee Bradford.
Dec. DeOl ers ae ADOT Dyce colic eo eee Tioga.

D. H. WATTS, Kerrmoor, Clearfield County, Pa.

Will attend all meetings in the First Section.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 39

R. J. WELD, Sugargrove, Warren County, Pa.

Date. Place. County.
Dee. Age Apache) ONES LO Wildy aol id's wales Lebanon.
Dee. EUs ae Wentervalle, 2..snd ae Cumberland.
Dec. ro hes fg Cee INeediIOre; “cron vaxes 6s Fulton.
Dec. 5 a le eee ere Wiestiields ii ouieareret ies Tioga.
Dee iN Gel ro aot RR ema WISHES Sra sata tet Potter
Dee. ODO ce oy oaks Gi dagen aes rome eck ond ae Potter.
Dee. Di Passer EE AS Sweden Valley, ....... Potter.
DWecgola ale tse. TAME, 3.5 ends wes Venango.
Jan. WA ie eR Westhieldiind 3:3 2s 28 Lawrence.
Jan. (Pekin, aaraer ee BinGlens en 4 ak eee aes Butler.
Jan. ERO ae iets ave GeIsto wie eaten ls eeu Cambria.
eA ad B22) SS I ec Bloomsburgs> 2a: wee Columbia.
W. R. WHITE, State College, Centre County, Pa.
Feb. 7S a Ea Wates Church 47 Erie.
Feb. 1 A a ae Miulilvillaces sens 4 ae « Krie.
Feb. Ot ee Lund yse bane eso... Erie.

W. THEO WITTMAN, Mt. Gretna, Lebanon County, Pa.

Will attend Movable Institute Schools Dec. 1 to Jan. 13; Farmers’
Institutes in the Fourth Section Noy. 25 to Noy. 29; Fifth Section
Dee. 15 to Dec. 20, Jan. 16 to Feb. 7 and Feb. 16 to March 5.

Dee.
Dec.
Dee.

same
Jan.
Jan.
Jan.

Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.
Feb.

Ii. L. WORTHEN, State College, Centre County, Pa.

tet ae seen ott cue FRC LCO Te esos said bce ee Washington.
0 UE il Drape ner oer | DUTT) 02 Oe ame eee orgs Fayette.
1 Psa [ee er ees SUN O Genes ei em ivionstt easier Fayette.

PAUL I. WRIGLEY, Eddington, Bucks County, Pa.

Bethan cise ct es ONL OTG Se deo eilear ee Chester.
(Sohn pene IWESLDTOVEs. correcta css t Chester.
SO eee ee cess ISVETS ooa.t a se cic rors Chester.

5 EN RS eee AO bee Cedarvilley Goce. ne Chester.

W. D. ZINN, Phillippi, W. Va.

OEMS ee acces AW UIEDTY BUG sents Race eee Pee Crawford.
1 Gl ae Pee HR raneler yy. (e ists aie a.s'e hs Mercer.
| ES She ie oat By Jackson Center; ...... Mercer.
MG Gs Sore esas MERC OI hc honk ane he Mercer.
Dos) cee penne Bethel Church, ....... Lawrence.

JA ae ae Herman Church, ...... Lawrence.

40 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dod.

LIST OF SPECIAL INSTITUTE INSTRUCTORS

A. R. Bechdel, State College, Pa.

W. M. Benninger, Walnutport, Pa.

M. N. Clark, Claridge, Pa.

W. M. C. Drake, Volant, Pa.

J. A. Ferguson, State College, Pa.

Dr. Wm. Frear, State College, Pa.

W. R. Gorham, State College, Pa.

J. D. Harlan, State College, Pa.

H. F. Hershey, Harrisburg, Pa., R. D. No. 2.
Joel A. Herr, Millhall, Pa., R. D.

G. G. Hutchison, Warriors Mark, Pa.
Prof. M. C. Kilpatrick, State College, Pa.
Prof. T. I. Mairs, State College, Pa.
M. S. McDowell, State College, Pa.
Mrs. Mary T. Monroe, Dryden, N. Y.

C. R. Orton, State College, Pa.

Frank P. Plessinger, Locust Grove, Pa.
B. Monroe Posten, Stroudsburg, Pa.

A. Woodward Stephens, Hoboken, Pa.
R. O. Umholtz, Sacramento, Pa.

J. W. White, State College, Pa.

DEPARTMENT LECTURERS

In so far as time and circumstances will permit, the officers of the
Department of Agriculture are desirous of engaging in Institute
work.

In order to prevent disappointment in the arrangement of pro-
grams, it is recommended that Institute Managers first consult the
individual whose services they may wish to secure, before placing
his name on the program.

Department lecturers come to these Institutes free of charge, ex-
cept that they are to be taken from and to the railroad station at
the expense of local managers. The topics which they will discuss
can be procured by addressing the following ofticers of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture:

HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture.

HON. A. L. MARTIN, Deputy Secretary and Director of Insti-
tutes.

JAMES FOUST, Dairy and Food Commissioner.

PROF. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist.

DR. C. J. MARSHALL, State Veterinarian.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 41

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES

It may be noted, that the County Fairs, in so far as reports have
been received, have generally had a successful year, with increased
attendance, added membership, applied for and received increased
funds from the State; also larger premiums paid for agricultural
products, and an increase in premiums offered for the coming year.

In the matter of expert judges, practically all the societies en-
gage no other. Games of chance and gambling have been elimi-
nated and the midway exhibition, where shows of doubtful propriety
have been in evidence, are rapidly disappearing and in their stead we
find high class arts exhibits, models of improved machinery, house-
hold utensils and agricultural demonstrations. Not only are the
larger fairs demonstrating the best agricultural methods and prac-
tices, but there has been organized within the last few years a num-
ber of societies that, in a local way, are accomplishing much for their
communities in the branch of animal industry; that is breeding of
better horses, sheep and swine. Among such societies could be
named, without reflecting upon the good accomplished by others, are
the Pen-Mar County Agricultural Association, Warren County Farm-
ers’ and Breeders’ Association and Hogestown Horse and Cattle
Show. These associations are quite local in their character and give
great encouragement to the average farmer in exhibiting his stock
and developing in the various farm communities a rivalry in the
breed of thoroughbred stock of all kinds.

The attendance for 1913 was 1,776,600, as compared with previous
year, 1,568,500, shows an increase of 208,100. Membership for 1914
is 16,069, compared with last year, 15,345, shows an increase of 724;
amount received from State fund, $45,833.62, as against $33,563.22,
shows an increase of $12,270.40; amount paid in premiums, 1913,
$157,961.77, compared with $134,377.74 in 1912, shows an increase of
$23,584.03; amount offered in premiums, 1914, $192,099.00, as com-
pared with $155,250.00 in 1913, shows an increase of $36,849.00.

Off. Doé.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

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No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 47

REPORT OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD BUREAU

Harrisburg, Penn’a., December 31, 1914.

Honorable N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture:

Dear Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a preliminary report
of the Dairy and Feod Bureau, of the Department ef Agriculture,
for the year ending December 31, 1914. It covers the operations for
the year and contains some details that may be useful for public in-
formation.

PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD COM-
MISSIONER

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

On the following pages is presented a general summary of the ac-
tivities of the Dairy and Food Bureau of the Pennsylvania Depart-
ment of Agriculture, for the year ending 1914.

The duties of the Dairy and Food Commissioner are primarily those
of enforcing the various laws committed to him for that purpose.

These laws are the following enactments:

Act relating to Adulteration or Coloring of Milk and
Cream, June 10, 1897.

Cheese Act of June 23, 1897.

Vinegar Act of June 18, 1897, as amended by Act of
May 21, 1901.

Oleomargarine Act of May 29, 1901, as amended by Act
of June 5, 1913.

Renovated or Process Butter Act of July 10, 1901.

Fresh Meat, Poultry, Game and Fish Act of March 28,
1905.

Fruit Syrup Act of April 26, 1905.

Lard Act of March 11, 1909.

Fresh Eggs Act of March 11, 1909, as amended by Act
of April (1; 1913.

Non-Aleoholie Drinks Act of March 11, 1909.

Ice Cream Act of March 24, 1909.

Pure Food Act of May 13, 1909.

Sausage Act of April 6, 1911.

Milk and Cream Act of June 8, 1911.

Cold Storage Act of May 16, 1918, as amended by Act of
July 7, 1913.

4 i?

48 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

LIMITS OF THE POWERS OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD COM-
MISSIONER

While the responsibility imposed by these laws upon the Dairy and
Food Commissioner are large, his powers are far more limited than
many citizens suppose to be the fact. Like other executive officials,
the commissioner is limited in his powers and in the nature of his
duties by the letter of the law. He has only very minor regulatory
powers under the Constitution of the State, as interpreted by the
Supreme Court. This is true even in those cases in which the law
itself appears to grant him regulatory powers. Consequently, he can
not, for the purpose of securing the special objects of the law, go
beyond the specific warrant of its provisions, and is commonly limited
by its prescriptions as to the mode also in which the respective laws
are to be enforced. These statements recognize the American plan of
Government, which should be known by every intelligent citizen. It
is, however, here set forth because of the fact that many correspond-
ents of the Bureau fail to understand that such limitations exist, and
permit themselves to criticise it for failing to adopt methods which,
to them, seem useful for accomplishing the objects of these laws.
Several of these matters of criticism are deserving of special mention
because, of the frequency with which they are presented and because,
also, of their importance upon other considerations.

“Why,” it is asked, “does not the Dairy and Food Commissioner
adopt a constructive policy, that is, a policy of aiding by its investi-
gations in the solution of the sanitary and related problems which
confront the manufacturers, producers, and distributors of foods in
consequence of the enactment of the food laws?” The answer is
simple. However desirable the adoption of such a policy on the part
of the State might be—and the desirability affords much ground for
debate—nothing is found in the laws establishing the Bureau as a
part of the public service, in those committed to it for enforcement,
or in the various appropriation acts providing for its maintenance,
affording any warrant for the provision by it for such service, or for
the expenditure of public money thereon.

Again it is asked, “Why do vou not tell us what labels we may use
without exposing ourselves to the charge of misbranding?” The
answer in this case also is simple. The law as it stands does not
empower the Commissioner to prescribe labels. He can only say,
“You may use anv label which is not in violation of the law.” Nor
can he, with justice to the public welfare, approve, in the absence of
official knowledge of the nature of the wares to be labeled, any label
proposed by the maker. It seems hard for many to understand that
the Commissioner is not the final judge in such matters, but the
Court.

The general requirements of the Food Laws may be briefly stated:

Foods must be sold for what they are.

They must not contain any injurious materials.

They must be sound.

They must be sanitary.

The purposes of these requirements are two-fold: The protection
of public health, and the prevention of fraud.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 49

There is far more probability, in the present development of food
production and food law enforcement, that foods may be unsanitary
as the result of the conditions of raw materials, manufacturing pro-
cesses or modes of handling than that they may be made deleterious
to health by the addition of injurious ingredients. In making this
statement, the great effort at large expense is not overlooked which
many up-to-date producers and distributors have made with the ob-
ject of securing for their products the highest sanitary condition.
The point is that, with the sole exception of the Cold Storage Act,
there is no legal warrant for any inspection by the Dairy and Food
Commissioner of the conditions under which foods are produced,
manufactured, distributed, retailed, delivered, or served; much less
any warrant for control against unsanitary conditions during these
stages by which the food is brought to the consumer.

In many of the American States there has been a progressive move-
ment toward the placing upon the several State Governments of the
duty of supervision for the purpose of securing sanitary safe-guards
in the business of food making and food selling and serving. In
Pennsylvania, Section 6 of the General Food Law of 1905 is the only
portion of our body of food laws, other than the Cold Storage Act,
that refers to sanitary conditions of producing and handling; ‘and its
terms are such as practically limit the proof of unsanitary surround-
ing methods of raw materials to the facts that can be established
from examination of the finished products, a kind of evidence that is
little suited to the purpose. Even when the fact of unsanitary con-
dition of the product is established the Courts may punish the seller
or the maker, if he can be reached, but there is no legal method by
which the public can be protected against the bad goods themselves.
They can not be legally seized and destroyed by any State official.
The sole exception to this statement, and only a possible exception,
is found in the requirement that bad eggs shall be denatured by the
addition of kerosene so that they may no longer be salable for food
purposes.

These statements concerning the foregoing questions about the
Pennsylvania food laws, are made to correct widespread misunder-
standing concerning the duties they impose and the powers they
grant to the Dairy and Food Commissioner.

POLICIES OF THE BUREAU

The chief policy of the Bureau is to secure the objects of the law in
the manner most suitable to protect the public health and prevent
fraud, so far as the legally established methods make it possible. To
this end the selection and organization of the personnel of the Bureau
and the direction of its current activities are shaped. The laws hav-
ing fully warranted the facts of food conditions, are from time to
time brought carefully to the notice of the citizens through the
courtesy of the press and by the distribution of monthly bulletins to

4—5—1914

50 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

a large mailing list. The co-operation of organizations of producers
and distributors is encouraged. These methods are supplemented
by resorting to prosecution of ail violators of the laws, as: the
laws themselves clearly indicate to be the legislative intent. Since
punishment is not, however, the principal aim, prosecutions are not
multiplied against individual violators of the law, unless they, by
continuing their offence, make it necessary repeatedly to hale them
before the Courts. Neither is it the object of the Bureau to collect
revenues. We do not regard the fines imposed primarily as a source
of public revenues, but hold that they should be regarded as a salu-
tary means of securing obedience to the law. If the promise and
conduct of the violator gives warrant for belief that the abuse shall
stop, nominal fines will serve. The Commissioner does, however,
hold that where the promises and conduct do not give evidence of an
attitude of obedience to the law, that merely nominal fines, upon con-
viction, may weaken instead of strengthen the executive in his en-
deavor to secure the objects of these laws.

ORGANIZATION

While other office publications set forth fully the staff organiza-
tion and personnel of the Bureau, it is believed that some comment
upon the organization of the service may be valuable in this connec-
tion. The Commissioner is represented in the various parts of the
State by a corps of carefully selected special agents, to each of whom
is usually committed the performance of certain duties for a specified
district; though, where necessary for special purposes, agents are
transferred for special service to districts other than that to which
they are assigned for regular service. Since the character of duties
called for by the several acts are similar in nature, it does not seem
necessary to allot more limited and highly specialized duties to any
of these agents, with the sole exception that a single agent is em-
ployed to make the required examinations of the books of cold stor-
age warehouses. The district agents have the duties of visiting the
stores and other food-selling and food-making establishments within
their districts, of securing by purchase samples of foods on sale, of
sending them, under sealed cover, to the proper technical experts for
examinations, and, in cases where the Commissioner so directs, of
acting for him either as the public prosecutor in cases where there
is evidence of violation of the law, or in cases where special com-
plaints ef citizens call for certain examinations.

TECHNICAL EXPERTS

The Commissioner is dependent upon technical experts for the
discovery of such conditions in the food samples purchased as serve
to indicate that they have been sold in violation of the law. Be

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 51

cause of the nature of the examinations required, these experts are
usually chemists. They must not only know how to make the neces-
sary examinations, but they must know what examinations are re-
quired for the great varieties of foods on sale, and they must also
be able clearly to interpret the results of such examinations. They
must understand the meanings of food names, must know the pro-
cesses by which the serveral kinds of foods are commonly prepared,
and they must be able in the presentation of testimony to court and
jury, if they are to be highly useful in the enforcement of these laws.
The policy of the Bureau has been to enlist the aid of chemists who
have had years of experience, and to continue in its employment those
who have proven efficient in these several qualities. In order that
the cost of such high class service might not be too great for the per-
formance of a large volume of examinations, the Bureau has se-
cured the services of the heads of commercial and institutional
laboratories located in different sections of the State. This policy
secures the most prompt delivery of perishable samples for examina-
tion, and the presentation of testimony in the courts with the mini-
mum of traveling expense. In order to protect the public interest,
the contract with these experts prohibits their undertaking any pri-
vate service in matters relating to food production, manufacture or
sale. The service performed is paid for not by salary, but by fee
fixed by schedule and rated according to the time and cost of the
examination involved. We believe that by the method above de-
scribed, Pennsylvania has secured expert service which, for quality
and economy, is surpassed by no other state in the Union.

The Bureau employs an experienced bacteriologist for certain spe-
cial service.

LAW OFFICERS

Owing to the highly specific character of the cases arising under
the food laws, it is often necessary for the service to employ in the
various portions of the State special counsel for the conduct of
prosecutions arising under the several food acts. For the same rea-
son, a general counsel is employed to advise the Commissioner upon
legal points, and also to aid in the prosecution of cases of special
difficulty or importance. These special counsel are employed not
usually by salary, but on the terms usually governing the private
employ of attorneys.

One of the problems always arising with a decentralized working
force, is to secure the co-operation of the force so that it shall work
uniformly and harmoniously in the various districts. To secure this
unification of service, the special agents are brought together from
time to time for the discussion of the details of their duties, and are
required to make frequent periodic reports of their activities of the
Commissioner, so that he may instruct and guide them therein. The
technical experts are organized as a Board of Chemists, which meets
periodically to consult upon technical matters pertaining to their
duties so that their service also may be unified.

52 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ACTIVITIES OF THE BUREAU DURING 1914

The detailed statements concerning the activities of the several
special agents, the examination of samples, the findings of adultera-
tion, and legal proceedings instituted during 1914 are given in the
appendix to this report; but summaries of these facts are presented
in this connection.

SAMPLES EXAMINED AND FOUND ADULTERATED

The number of samples collected by the special agents during the
year was 4811, which, together with 16 samples received from the
City Board of Health of Philadelphia, which were mailed to the
technical experts for examination, makes a total of 4827 samples
submitted.

These samples are classified in the list given below. The number
of samples examined belonging in the respective classes, together
with the number found to have been sold in violation of the law, are
set forth.

a

3 2

| 8 | 3 —_

Class Name. qg a g

Lite ame 2

Hag aie <=

5 S H S)

Z Z Z
IED ati beeresy ersteretaleieieicistais otal sYera oveieVale is ars aiaie asaratateloraqeletetevotaletatetcteteletett (che) afeters/atsterejatsiele/s}stcls 141 IEA eScoesosoc
JOT, “eicgnunno er oudeandac ad GoncodsOUd sc Oade sods aeednsauGHodS doddacod0 Gseade 11 6 5
(OHM ily emocguccado dabbondopdonacuoufocb dos0bodno “Up jacdbeapannpopeinnbageoduL 363 6 27
IW HIN. “sors Hedogco buss oocueanboendcanbacad so0bAc caanoponbeanac pHopEBsnoLanoEOne 2,135 1,931 224
(iyinehetONS, | Gaonouessegubobodonecouo) connCosoUGNoboue I bosueooKsbesasuod 47 23 24
ISTO AMaal TAMIR, Aghdoadtos odoAGoODo DOGUDbON OOUn Dono DdbOOECUDPOCUOSNaCeD a seaciobare 1
IE ars em ielaletete oi atorenataialareroloie eiarolerereininveleie\eretoreisleleln = operalet=\=tierolsjateisinvetarstelelataleleyeleraiaeYeletere 163 115 48
(Gayl Bankers FORGIVE Sodacocgbod qooudse doe gacdu dobar on oodvoocunendaods 96 12 84
IBWaS GeheS Soobeqgonudopndopou COO obo Dead connC eS oouGs 20 00o0 005000500000 15 1 14
iMthe KVAsia, coccoceodocudaosBHooolocooosucconoRosoodeSnanposDSdosckaabquae 15 6 9
tad. OWN | Sagscoasosncomoo es podondtanccoMssadubo nO OD oUdCnOaDedcooUgAeadouUE 271 184 87
AT he tei el lat/alatof clavate ovelele!slotetuele'=’s!=| \alelsinre/pfelsi=i ela, {siose(eis\elal={ulolefois]=l=/efelsivi=le)=\s/e/xieivie’=\s 10 4 6
In(Pnenien oliva: Giablh Sbogsequpeonos sodoucbon poco cad nUdoUdsoeandoouBodband 369 242 127
SAIS HG Ch Peele rete fase teers latatoceycheloraiesctele’iehalerayeiatareravetevate(aletele ere(ateieteteistetetstelefale\oleie’~ iain arefele 117 109 8
\iGinaeties adden oneaaons asoaudgc Aono oUUsoEsobEUodeanaon docnasgapuoseD soso OueOue Gail) Bsedscooon 66
MENS OOS eyecare eee ee eceos enietoie es cierotonsiolereletereteraterainre (sree elatetarctenateyererenera 990 809 181
4,827 3,909 911

The figures given in the foregoing columns are not exactly com-
parable. Those given in the third column represent not merely the
subjects of examination during the year 1914, but those in which
cases presented to the courts upon the chemist’s report of adultera-
tion, misbranding, etc., and found to have been sold or exposed for
sale or otherwise in violation of the law. Some of these samples
were purchased prior to 1914, and correspondingly some of the sam-
ples purchase in 1914 and reported by the chemists as having been
sold in violation of the law, have not yet been passed upon by the
Courts. It ought further to be noted that the list in the second
column includes 99 cases in which the retail vendors were pro-
tected by the guarantee of manufacturers or jobbers resident beyond

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 53

the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth, and includes no cases which
were the subject of adverse reports by the chemists, but in which
the Courts failed to find a verdict of guilty.

If the technical reports were made to correspond precisely with
the numbers of samples collected during the year, there is no doubt
that the proportion of adulterated or otherwise illegal cases belong-
ing to the several classes of food in the above table, would be some-
what altered. The figures given will serve, however, in a general
way, to indicate the general proportion which adulterated samples
bore to the total of those selected by the special agents. — It is, of
course, readily understood that the degree of representation by pur-
chased samples out of the total number of brands of food supplies
on sale in the State, is not uniform throughout these classes. Thus,
in taking samples of milk the sampling agents take samples from
every milk dealer in the districts visited, but not every case of eggs
on sale in the State is sampled, nor every lot of fresh meat or groc-
eries. In a very large proportion of the cases of samples purchased,
there is some special peculiarity of label, some new manufacture or
some question raised by purchasers or competitors that leads to the
selection of materials for examination; whereas goods that have
time and again been examined and found free from adulteration un-
der the law, are rarely included in the samples selected.

The condition of the several classes of food supplies examined will
be discussed with somewhat detail in later paragraphs of this report.

PROSECUTIONS ORDERED IN 1914

Number of prosecutions ordered for the year 1914 is stated in de-
tail in Table No. 3 of the appendix. The following summary states
the number ordered in the different months of the year past, and
also the kinds and number of the various classes of foods involved.

es ORDERED DURING BACH re ORDERED UNDER EACH

MONTH :

January, 62] Creammand smile wrerrctcve ae <eiers cirri 285
February, Pure LOG), treeless cece + seitestes ees eewins 223
M INon-alcoholiekdrinks:, Say. -cesoaccciese 152
CWoldstoragcew usenet ee ee 68

MGAWRCreamMA Meare acter eileet cokes or 59

LO Ldeise Tee ace am Ripa ey aera ieee teh 51

Oleomanreanim eres erriec eee 33

NWA CBA TM te cates plore sie sree use mee elmore 26

September, .. BUSA SOS cralorerce cite eravetelelart @eiereiote piverolenerers 25
@ctober,, ..-.- EXPUItHSYTUD;, fe cstorttertclbciock inate citieate 1
November, .. COGAN eS ES WER one ol IE ante aaa oes 4
December, CWHeeSel ial iia.uicaie ce oaarsece se ee reais 3
1

TNOLALS merece a tee cee nee aes 937

54 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THE MONTHLY BULLETIN

This Bureau issues in periodical form a monthly bulletin giving a
statement of the list of licenses issued by the Bureau during the
month, a list of the analyses for the same period, and tabulated state-
ments of prosecutions terminated for violations of food laws. These
formal statements are accompanied by editorial and other matter
informing the public upon the products, legal control, sanitary con-
ditions and uses of foods. This publication is issued to a list of
14,000 food manufacturers, dealers, and other citizens, and is made
the vehicle for legal announcements as they are made. The copies
of the bulletin issued during 1914 contained 848 pages, of which
203 consisted of matter other than official service announcements.

COLD STORAGE CONDITIONS IN 1914

In my annual report for 1918, reference was made to the diffi-
culties found in making consistent interpretations of the several pro-
visions of the Cold Storage Act of May 16, 1913. Several modifica-
tions of previous issued regulations were set forth during the cur-
rent year. The requirements of the law were better understood and
the difficulties of its enforcement were greatly diminished. There
remained, nevertheless, many difficulties. The number of licenses is-
sued for 1913 was 87. Two new warehouses took out licenses dur-
ing the present year, making the total number of license applications
to date, 89. Of these licenses, five were cancelled by request of the
owners a short time after they were issued, and 12 more firms have
failed to renew licenses for the period beginning August 14, 1914.
The total number of warehouses now under license is, therefore, 72.
Most of the warehouses that have withdrawn from the storage of the
foods enumerated in the Cold Storage Act have done so because they
concluded that, under existing conditions, the business was no longer
profitable. Most of these withdrawals were in the case of small
plants located in small communities in various parts of the State.

As previously stated, the number of cases successfully prosecuted
during 1914 for violations of the Cold Storage Act of 1918 was 838.
One of these was for failure to take out the license required; 64 of
the cases were for failure to mark cold storage products; two for
the removal of cold storage marks; one for re-entry into storage,
without official authorization, of food previously cold-stored; two for
storage of food beyond the legal time limit; one for selling as food
cold storage beef which had been stored beyond the limit, and the .
remainder, 12, for selling cold storage food as “fresh.” All cold storage
warehouses have been periodically visited by the agents of the re-
spective districts and are reported to have been kept in satisfactory,
sanitary condition and in satisfactory state of equipment for the
conduct of the cold storage business.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 55

A question of interest is, “What have been the effects of the Cold
Storage Act upon the cold storage business in Pennsylvania?” The
Bureau is in possession of no exact knowledge concerning the
amounts of the several classes of cold storage foods held in storage
previous to the passage of the Act of 1913. It is not known how far
changes may have been made in the storage business in anticipation
of the enforcement of the law, which was under discussion for some
months prior to its enactment in May, 1913, though not going into
effect until August of that year. The figures obtained from the
quarterly reports of the cold storage warehouses have been com-
piled for the dates given in the following table. The pressure of work
upon the office force during the past fall made it impracticable to
summarize the figures obtained from the reports of October 1, 1914.
The lack of parallel statements for the same seasons of the two cal-
endar years, makes it impossible to make an exact comparison. The
figures shown in the table do not point at all clearly to any pro-
nounced change in the volume of foods placed in cold storage sinc
this law went into force.

It has been clear that, in the present lack of entirely certain
means of distinguishing cold storage foods from those which have
been held without refrigeration for a period of 29 days or more,
the keeping track of goods that have been stored in Pennsylvania
cold storage warehouses is not sufficient fully to protect the public
from the sale of cold storage goods as fresh. It is doubtful whether
the situation can be made entirely satisfactory so long as surround-
ing states lack cold storage legislation and effective governmental
control against the abuses which these laws are devised to stop.

The volume of cold storage business conducted by the cold stor-
age warehouses of the State is indicated in a general way by the
following statement of the several cold storage foods held at periodic
dates through that year.

QUANTITIES OF FOODS IN PENNSYLVANIA COLD STORAGE WARE-

HOUSES
° ~~
& Z a
S = <i r
=| a . al z
EI z a = 8
Foods. & al al . S
ey Be Be rl =i B B
i 2 3 | to vo a
_ vat] | i] a oO
a 5 | i= S ®
| (=) ° <4 5 A
| | |
Meats: |
Whole carcasses:
CEM Seco re)oleinra aie wielc eia.slatsratomsi« Gieleletars Lbs 33,325 32, 256 17,591 382,860
WGEN A © 2acens00e0Bb coneeno0 s>copDODeODAn | Lbs. 11, 222 18,262 | *2,948 50, 080
OPH eer GING T AKI Nhe Wapopanooceneacda | Lbs. 142,596 40,793 28,021 474,175
18Uif, modonea don aOspebae sedoUeaneeDD | Lbs. 1,275 4,936 $2, 674 127,549
Parts of carcasses, classified:
So Soa saad Sane mC aOSREEAEOOnDADSS Lbs 376,136 501, 607 469,131 859, 904
Wiis Saaiice pnet CooC DOG AeA OnUnSODOCOC | Lbs 11,343 16,759.35 20,160 34.320
Lamb and mutton, ....-0.cccesssses | Lbs. 30, 285 106,830 64, 215 93,028
18 (io Paine EO ARCO BOL boocce DEAACOOT Lbs. 576,317 | 1,358,009 1,052, 041 1, 026, 435
Parts of carcasses, not classified, : Lbs 45, 655 186, 225 SSE ll Boopoacdoneo
Game MORNGS, pense one's [des ce oe eee Lbs 17,477 2,098 1,369 14,445
Game, packages, ND, | Posddnsouncne |i sboegacanena td || Gobincoapndan
MISH DOUTLE Siete terse ciateta ee as lelaicietaivicle =\elabolere Lbs. 3,341,487 | 1,304,418 1,591,843 3,684, 265
DISH pe PACKAGES 9 eicicicicts a isivielalsininieicicivin.nje)n(s19 ©) e\elelo Info || sosepancdood || seosadeosnge DORT) le ctateioaeteoatcle
Domestie poultry, pounds, .......-.....e0s Lbs. 743,772 | 3,253,475 2,064, 435 4,406, 218
ers poultry, packages, ........ssssoe. ROE “il cabind50q40celMonanusd0cG0 PAGAN ilecirs et cae
Mggs:
Nini SGD ee epaiteet oie fa olny <iei shal aisle wisreielo ain eistare Doz. 1¢, 664, 861 111,568 14,638,816 3,106,969
Broken, in bulk, ........+-..--++eeceeee Lbs. 239,821 74, 638.5 465, 889 .
Broken, in packages, IMIS. MN qesocadeciass Il edoonpehoen BIORBI. srorietotpeiate
Butter, in pounds, Lbs. 10, 445, 730 952, 6435 5, 070,923 3, 212,860
Butter, in packages, No. eorcleictevalelseto,cliliiveiete bietole,elefoe'= ART BLO | eee eniercice

~ *Besides 1,7514 packages. {Besides 27 packages. tBesides 188 packages.

b6 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MILK

As in past years, the samples of cream and milk examined have
constituted more than half the total number of food samples ex-
amined. Out of several thousand samples, the number of adulterated
samples, or samples falling below the minimum standard fixed by
the laws, was approximately 10 per cent. Of these, the departures
from normal were sufficient to show that one-third had been watered
and one-third had been skimmed; while, in the remaining cases, the
evidence of watering or skimming was not sufficient to establish the
facts of such treatment, although the samples contained less than
the standard amounts of fat or of milk solids. The average condi-
dition of richness of commercial milks in the State continues to
show an improvements over that existing before the enactment of
the present standard.

ICE CREAM

Of the 271 samples examined, about one-third fell below the re-
quired amount of milk fat, which was practically the only kind of
adulteration detected. In view of the exceedingly low standard
fixed for this class of foods, the large proportion of adulteration
found is especially deserving of condemnation. It may be added
that the deficiencies reported appeared after a liberal allowance for
error in sampling made because of the special difficulties of this
operation in preparing ice cream for analysis.

BUTTER

It is particularly gratifying that of more than 100 samples ex-
amined as to composition, not one was found to depart sufficiently
from the normal composition to warrant its being condemned as
adulterated. The examinations made for the enforcement of the
laws against adulteration does not, of course, involve any examina-
tions as to the grade of excellence of the samples purchased.

RENOVATED BUTTER

There is only a very small volume of this commodity now on sale
on the Pennsylvania markets, and the only prosecution under the
Renovated Butter Act was for selling without having first obtained
the required license.

OLEOMARGARINE

The condition existing since the passing of the amendment of
1913, more definitely fixing the color limit for this commodity, con-
tinues to be excellent. The special agents have continued diligently
to observe the color of the various brands of oleomargarine on sale
in the Commonwealth, and have found only a small number con-
cerning which there was sufficient question to justify the purchase
of samples for examination. The number of condemnations was 24;
nine for selling without a license; one for selling without the proper
stamp upon the package or wrapper, and 14 only because of their
being colored in the imitation of yellow butter. There has never
been a time since the first enactment of oleomargarine legislation

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 57

back in the ’80’s when oleomargarine was so universally sold for
what it is, has been so cheap relative to butter, and its sale so great.
In fact, the public use of this material is rapidly on the increase.

SAUSAGE

Out of the 117 samples purchased for examination, only eight
were condemned; three because of decomposition which rendered
them unfit for use as food; one because of the addition of sulphur
dioxid; one because of the addition of excessive amounts of water,
although no starchy binder was employed. The conditions as to
adulteration of this class of foods continue to be excellent, as com-
pared with the state of affairs existing prior to the passage of the
Sausage Law.

LARD

Of lard, only a small number of samples were examined during
the year, these having been selected because of some suspicion as to
their nature. Of these, four were found to contain some cottonseed
oil product, and one was declared to be an imitation.

EGGS

163 samples were examined to ascertain their fitness for human
consumption. In six cases, of eggs found in bakeries where they
had been or were about to be used for making cakes, the eggs were
found decomposed and unfit for human food. These examinations
were additional to those above reported in the paragraph dealing
with the enforcement of the Cold Storage Act.

VINEGAR

The product sold as cider cinegar still continues to show a large
proportion of adulteration. The principal adulteration continues to
be the addition of water to cider vinegar, and use of some sugar
containing material other than apple solids. The instances of adul-
teration found include several in which syrup vinegar was made from
substances other than syrup or molasses. The acetic acid used in
these adulterated articles was obtained chieflly from distilled vine-
gar. As elsewhere stated, 66 convictions were obtained during the
year for offenses relating to this commodity.

FRUIT SYRUPS

Fruit syrups exhibited, in nearly all instances of adulteration of
this product, coal tar dye, giving it a deceptive color; in one case
only was the use of artificial flavoring, instead of the natural flavor
reported.

NON-ALCOHOLIC DRINKS

Although the proportion of adulteration now found as compared
with that which existed before the passage of the Non-Alcoholic
Drinks Law, is greatly reduced, it is still disappointingly great. The
kinds of adulteration remain the same as in the recent past. Forty-

Ag ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

six cases of the use of saccharin; 36 of the use of artificial and decep-
tive colors or dyes; and 19 of artificial flavoring were found; and
two only in which alcohol was found in large quantities than should
be expected in beverages of this class. Misbranding continues to
be altogether too common, and 50 cases were found in which mis-
branding was satisfactorily established. The conditions with re-
spect to this class of goods are not so good as they were a year ago
when the examination of a large number of samples showed the al-
most entire elimination of saccharin as an ingredient.

SAMPLES EXAMINED UNDER THE GENERAL FOOD LAW

LY

Of the large number of materials examined to determine their
conformity to this general act, the variety is too great for detailed
statement in this connection. The kinds of adulteration will, how-
ever, receive special mention here. Condemnations of food because
of their being decomposed or generally rendered unfit for human con-
sumption were unusually numerous, there having been 51 cenvic-
tions for offenses of this kind, and the substances concerned include
a great variety: almond paste, almonds, beef, cheese, chestnuts,
chicken, cocoa, corn meal, English walnuts, figs, fish, ham, lima beans,
mackerel, milk, oranges, pigs’ feet, pork chops, rabbits and other
meats, potatoes, sausage, shad, tomato catsup, turkey and water
melon. The use of chemical preservatives has been very much re-
duced, but in the cases where the material has been given a tolerance
under the law, there were a number of convictions secured because
of failure properly to announce the presence of these preservative
materials, or because of the use of an excess beyond the limit of
tolerance. In 19 such cases, dried fruits containing sulphur dioxid
‘were sold without declaration of its presence; five of apricots, one
of fig and peach, and 19 of prunes and raisins; and there were 12
similar cases relating to the presence in excessive amount of sodium
benzoate; catsup (38); cherries, cocktail and maraschino, (3), and
sweet pickles (1), and Worcestershire sauce (2). No cases were re-
ported in which saccharin was found in this class of food materials.
The deceptive use of coal tar dye in foods, which normally contain
eggs, was reported in 138 cases; six of cakes and seven of macaroni
and noodles.

OLIVE OIL

Table oils sold as olive oil still continue to show occasional in-
«tances of cottonseed oil addition. Convictions were obtained is six
eases of this kind.

FLAVORING EXTRACTS

Flavoring extracts, for the most part, exhibited a good degree of
conformity of composition of the product to the declaration of the
label. In six cases only were convictions obtained, chiefly for mis-
branding, and in one instance because of the presence of coal tar dye,

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 59

CANDIES

The work of the year included examinations of a large number of
candies. In very few cases resinous glaze, once so commonly used,
appeared; in eight cases convictions were obtained for the addition
of starchy matter where sugar should have been expected. In all,
there were 35 convictions for adulteration of this kind of commodity.

FLOUR

A very large number of flours have been examined. Of bleached
flours, in 24 cases convictions were for the addition of nitrous
acid.

ee po COFFEE

During many years past the examination of package coffees has
shown a very good condition of freedom of these materials from
foreign additions. The sale of the whole coffee bean instead of the
ground material has, of course, made adulteration more difficult. Ex-
amination was made of the coffee sold at lunch counters, restaurants,
etc., the examination in these cases being made upon the coffee de-
coction of drink, rather than upon the raw material from which it
was made. There were 30 cases of adulteration established by these
examinations.

TIN SALTS

The very large use of tin-coated containers for the packing and
preserving of moist foods has raised a number of questions requiring
the very careful consideration of health officers. While tin is much
less soluble than other metals when left in contact with substances,
such as common foods, it is, nevertheless, not entirely insoluble. In
most cases, however, the amounts dissolved are small, and facts thus
far established concerning the influence of very small amounts of
tin upon human health have not been sufficient to warrant condem-
nation, which would have worked the practical banishment of all
tin containers from use for the foods. Such a wholesale change
would have greatly increased the difficulty of preserving foods, and
also very greatly increased the container-cost which the consumer is
obliged to pay as part of the price for the food he buys. Because
of these facts, condemnations of foods as adulterated because of
the presence of tin salts has been limited to those cases only in
which very large amounts, relatively speaking, of these salts were
found present. Two convictions were obtained during the past
year because of such adulteration; one in the case of salmon and
kippered herring, and one in the case of canned tomatoes.

GROCERIES

As a whole it may be said that the state of groceries continues
to show an excellent freedom from adulteration and serious mis-
branding.

60 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES

The last table of the appendix shows in detail the receipts from
license fees and fines for the year 1914, and the amounts expended
from the appropriation for the maintenance of the work of this Bu-
reau.

To afford an idea of the growth of the Bureau’s work during the
term of the present Commissioner, the following table shows the
number of samples analyzed, cases terminated, and the receipts
from license fees and fines, which have been paid direct to the State
Treasury, and on the other hand, the expenditures made under spe-
cific appropriations for the maintenance of the work of the Bureau.

3 Bain |
& a | c
S & g
Year. 8 g
B : 5
2 £ 2 | 3
a n 3 { A
a z 3 a
n 2) a=] <>)
MR ume tetee fete etetere aietayeterelalata(a\ela\elotelelaveintalefeleisietescleleteteietets 7, 400 664 $55,732 63 $78,455 88
{OOS MMM SE meee reas tha. cdinces sede de wets 8, 300 300 54,580 62 69,986 20
RD 0G eee eet Taiatia ecto icles wioeteictas msersetsiseaicler 6, 200 797 86,594 15 83
O10 Smeets ere eran ies cease cini-miTocegeam neice: 5,594 667 110,802 95 79,661 65
AG Ihe oes eine ase secs eck sa ctinecisasabenece 8, 200 1,029 120,993 48 :
O19 Maer eens ey ens 2, AUER. Saaieaictics utielats 7, 204 1,049 136,125 49 81,858 55
AGI Seen See ccs scones eae ascouneuissaisaleees 6,846 1,025 173,789 76 75,587 12
LTA Ar wee Gear Nh era ceca s lecininlecicernsie ates 4,827 1,010 225,910 78 78,271 41
54,571 6,541 $964,529 86 $625,585 96

This table shows that the receipts for the year 1914, which are
deposited with the State Treasurer for the use of the Common.
wealth, were $152,639.37 in excess of the expenditures, which. are
provided for by a special appropriation, and that for the entire
period of eight years the total receipts were $338,943.90, in excess
of the expenditures.

It may be worth while to repeat in this connection that the cost
of the service is about 12 cents for each $1,000.00 of food purchased
by the citizens of Pennsylvania, or about one cent annually for each
head of population. That statements such as those given above, are
not suitable to determine the value of the service or its efficiency,
has so often have been said in these reports, that it is not necessary
to repeat it in this connection. It is, however, entirely clear that,
in Pennsylvania and in other states of the Union, the introduction
of the system of pure food legislation has very greatly increased the
certainty of a citizen securing that food for which he asks when he
goes out to buy, and of his receiving it in a sound condition and
free from injurious ingredients. It is pleasing to be able to say that
the public, the courts, and the press continue to show a warm ap-
preciation of the importance of this work, and give to it an increas-
ing measure of cordial support.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 61
CONCLUSION

The Commissioner desires to renew his expression of obligation
to the Honorable John K. Tener, Governor of the Commonwealth,
and to Honorable N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, for
their continued support of the work of this Bureau; and also to the
Attorney General’s Department for constant interest and able as-
sistance in the legal phases of the work; and especially does the Com-
missioner desire to recognize most cordially the loyalty, intelligence
and skill of the various members of his staff, special agents, techni-
cal experts and general counsel, as well as the clerical force of the
central office; for without the assistance of all, the successful work

of the year could not have been accomplished.

JAMES FOUST,
Dairy and Food Commissioner.

MUA Dy
Sie: _

APPENDIX

(64)

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT.

SUMMARY

No. 5.

The following gives a list of articles analyzed by Chemists of this

Bureau during the year 1914.

Article.

DAIRY PRODUCTS:

MAK DUtter) 2... e sce ce ect ccna ciec cen ceseccccescernsecccccscecccsratevescrccoccseuise
Mile CONdeNSed se) o.lee mec): sein slate sielclele elslele(alele ein(eleilols|=/elelels1-121=)-)s[e1*/e/sie\~1v1e)e/e/s\v\e\eele}e\s/s\« nisl le\njeie
MiJK, CVAPOLAted, 2.2.0 ce ccc ce ce owe cc cee c ce necececccerctececesiccecccvessevcccceccce sees
Milk, SKIMMEG, .....2...-- 0.0 ccrcee cc ccs cece cece tenes cere ses eerecssercrcocccrctssecccess

OLEOMARGARIND, ......ccccesccccccccccccccccesecencccccsscessrscsceccessssecseseersenscencee
RENOVATED BUTTER, ......--scccccccecccrsecnccsccceccesccenecesssesecensssscescsecerentes
EGGS, (fresh, frozen, liquid, opened rpval ah ae), Sooancooouscodac noo soonocHoeooghdonoRTda

COLD STORAGE PRODUCTS:

Butter, ......ccccceccce cece ccee cere ccc eeenecceeccccseecssarencserecccctacsersceescceeceneces
CHICKEN, 22... cece cence ccc eect e tence eee ee cette ten cetessaneeestteetecseneseneteeseeeseeneeas

Fish, White, ...-...cccecceceeccte scene ener cc eee estesenteeteesestetecsesseceererersensenres
Food (NO name Given), .......-ssccccercerccccccccscccccrrnsccrcecsccersccssestsscccensces
ATTA eee eee acietelelolaisieieto/sieielsicle lo ojelelaletole(s/slelnvele/si«j=\ara)sivieleinla/a[e\=,e[e;n{ejsieisis\ele/eie(o/a/=/=is\0\s\0)sleie)s)s\eje(sjal=
igure DU ee MATEO Meet neie fen lere retain eletetsteteleta ole) =(aielalelolereiefelevelelolels(«/=\eiele\stclsye/e)s/a)e\ejs/=\s/s[n/e\s/ele(sfeloieis/s\sfals\ele
Ory ereicoia tein nelaisialelefviciera/ovelslcln «/sls/e/n|eieisjo\ein\e +/n1e/sleleis/0]00/0|0 s\e|s\s/aleisiein\w/sia].e\0|s\0)s\n10]e\0\s\e)o\s\/eleinisin(sinicie(s
Pork CHOPS, ....----cceccccccsecccrceccacsacascercecccecccnccccacsecasesecascssceccscssces cs
Sweetbrendsrandetian kasted Ka num ce ceiiettemcr cists nisie ole siataiemieteteleiotetsicieielsletniclsiolatetislcleleletsioteleleterela
TUrkey, .--cccccccsccccnccccceccecccceeeneecsseesesteensesecenenssesesseee esses eeeeeseseeens

Gake, Jelly roll, oo. ce cece ccc ee cence ne cen caacscenss-aseesersercncanniesiccccescecccserces

(CRG, REGED, oscccqaonoqace oud dsneodadoboUoDdosiamoo sutiSnS adHooadaoEddagdaonoodosalens

VEC, Giger, WENO “gacoodeoooago so soonondcoonadessnsacovodsonnoADaos doo sno nSdssodnocsdoS
VGN, GUOCTENID, dasconnasaseagsbobnoooopanosogenDeSouSsHed NE nO IaGNDODNS IOIDSONAeDSDHODeA
MEMO IEMIONG caccnusisoclericllesielelslerieleisinisie oboudonddtocsdeecadbacaraoguncnue cabacponnonsooeds
AG, (HO. TERR FARR) s cocnsqpcndsaocquqnons Hosen aedadedasousssoconNaDEQe JegonaceonAdSe
Silt,” Opie sii seaadecaboddacocouscdono pa suondade anpados sauoscdesosooenedanoosocoados
Arab, jacnKety tila ges Aoonqdoondcdooncoac Kon COO De CORDIC OHS de se eo con UCnenTcccsboconarce nbc
LEILO MRT ASTID CLT Veet iV OL nr vel clotale!clelalelete(oteletatalsiaveleratotostevaleretrietereialeieie) Vel atoleleveyeievelaiare)swninlotniel lershseiateinis
AG. “Einiawiieaay VERE opooonoccoontsodpudoounsononsonoonacds bedvonddocasdognousoadeDes
Pd GINS MCHOCOLAEC ic cia wicielo oieisieelareleleiaialelerolorelel=ts\ate\siateiel- Sap odundoddoddanecoahenoooaderébacacd

5—5—1914 ( 65 )

Number
Analyzed.

De
bo 68 CONS MEP

_

8 DWH ADR Coe tert hoe

EDO ee ee

iv]
roy

|

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

SUMMARY—Continued.

Off. Doc.

Article,

CANNED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES:

(Ope SREP WAbdosoounsosqouoconaneSpocbndn soso OUuDpooOU LOOM DaddaaunqonmCddGuEOs

@herriesssCocktadlmraccqcsnececclstlecmet eect a nsee aera tena ee ienete ee err erin tectr

Cherries, Maraschino, | EE ee eh SoS GH ABO GOR ROC oE AOE Onan oe och dacopo duacecasoncarducotonorooctr

Mincemeat,

Mushrooms,
lEGE EK | phggaacndooodbacoase
Peas, French,

iat adie (iii, TERN dotossddocsoseaocosadnoscoedodccro6ajeqn6 capt basensasSebonase |
Saterirrs atime cet ciecmicrieicters cteteinisteeretatere mies oc evateiosrie stein feterereiaetoeieteiicleteisleieieiete sietcieteteer tats |

ROI ALO SHE Pe cistele cre ce cicatere tele leteieroieiele elercleioteraoieict=ieicie eseversiotenctesotelose eietosietoreraetateiaisteien eteretetetetetclerieteneriars

DRIED AND EVAPORATED FRUITS:
IME CeOGil, eodapadonasc0do0 donbaacasah sds cons Ae podeso co suapsobSoccnCcassoeouosess |

JS, “GSS Ssenonasdoccanooonbosusunasona Le dqdddDon nous AnDUDATOBaDbOOcOE COOMBE DOCOGRC

NURS, “GGG ne SoonadsnoongendeogennscoscosGoo aD dOOh om we nos oUSDSadUD oDOdOROMoUeSSGuScaDNODCuEE
Letatel aay bata Sp Saa5uncaanouueqoodaqdGdc0nE caso duno pnNSd dob aandusasnamSeegnooAnS Osdcee

IRM) Gis Aousaadode aoudéanoas0dob0dESs 000 dodo onnG ODO DaSHG NON DD SDD DO SboDODOAsoOOsCES

CATSUP, OIL, PICKLES, SAUCES, ETC.:

Chinn, (@@ Whine Git), ccosncbadaqgassenasnocabeu popbpndonusHooonOsNo Non sboU sonaooEéee |

Gia AI, coeconsodoconsboscavo00gGnEn ans boan DopoULeeaen ooueba DES Aa DS boCDRICaOCdbee
PLOMROLAU ISHN eet tee otetetelatette inte balacie enelelsrarslofele late alayeiacclove alcteialevaraxelcta\efecol siete (asalsts atalarcvorstateteletelerete relete liars

APULEROL ea ee eg aL ice Monel ine alien nae eects ae |

OMe Salad sy eenmeer remem ceeteeteserticetsinieciiereteticiictelserrorreisioietacielctovaistietrienierorelaye sitesi tele reiete

PICIIER Seeeceeneeateeettaieeitee nese cieinetarioerenicfelistnioteloeistele islets inielaloleieleietetesieretet leacteiseerals |
BAS baly oeecnosons sadn acoDbbuoeeHesccen tee sips cooos oT pe dpaoonaLgoounacoaGDooebanen }

INO SIET EWES “bo deas sooacacangd0snoncobasooocnna so dnntosan aps oouaebanngadocdeacoonebododoss
IB SIGIR EGON Gaseubéacuocncdosesacbe one aS toda tao Sonoda dade ase pb Sn dcouogasanenuoSDOdes sc
LEU OG) AesAdaosacsaondeshdoduona soso aAneopoucEbaodSCee coon seonnadesandossonnboCCNaate
Saucessburntaonion eeceeeoen ert eat erence racer cela reetneee tere rnen rrr

PUTA (0] 1 10 Be Men Ane aides cep odoHoEowacces abasic aoospbnes desooobeeroopudons sopucconeecoanas |

COFFEE:

Cotlee Heups Ol, cacsekatea ecco elet cae eee Oe Tee Gk ata ee Meee Te otian ove eee ee eee |

(Gry FREES, GaeoScsomas od Hocooamacnesdaddasssooandos ede
Ch tig dil) Ss paondenaa adanooues soossuosunds covoedcdas bacuqaoudodsodaTdsacodesun son JonpHbes

RiOlarya(coiree: COMPOULG)- snare ectrccmemeecmerr iets oticeeeemeeinneetrnee ster mies

CONFECTIONERY:

(Chmilleil TEER, — suonaneco noe eanus oso pon Quod ododQUEDAo oA BoDEde nQoOnEDSUbaadooaudaOO SbadSso IONIC

ChimGhianl INEM Oy, = Ge onodona secon dgebapndiosodaanp gue oon HodaenBagonoUtig soos Sonas spoon asGNr |

(OPK 5 ths boo oc qdosusdano ss enappdeDe nooo {nos cde pode spas coUoooUDeUcTonoedsnases8sG.
OPinGiyS LIRRSR IES, qycobs ocean sadceo oon bounded ss ecsandduecmandosdssean odo Saascccasonscns |

Gand yar ICL yA aS pee tere steteys terete elolere efolalelelala’=lsteinte a(clelel=[ale]-(olelnlolol~|s[ols]a/aielajelo/a}e\ siete afe(oleTeteteiais(eselaletaieys
Chiikes Gayl?) ixeitSy pocosebocneoudoo cosnnseoDEneOscOseocbHnBODcaunsob aod oauaEDoSosaneTdN Soo
Candy, Jelly Eggs, ..... Biticlstavatartiele sisiaveleleisie[eisielsieicieisiarsie cls «:a/s\eivieve lei ioie sielioelneramineitemianston mittee ters
(Chih Aube 7 Borsagnooesodhosdsbouddnogumaocmodopposuaine pomodebodosadoncos copoosSdepnaséce
(Ohitih 75 ISOUEEISETE Sas assnoacogsonnnasaponoasecodoodnas capangsEs SAbeo cod SaDapeAonaneagcenoss
Cand yaw NOLASSEE THI MV ELI Thus tatete alc lalete elclol-lelols|alnieielai= atalolctereiavereieine eieieieieleteisisleietaieteteieiieieieteieie aie
Candy, Orange Creat Res ee vac ictalovetachs cisiaia)sislere oie loielote oisievsistaccteicictareatetereictaleletetisteraiotcte atelotlelete ete teres
(Ohh OE osonnsococonnogcboasseconeesoosnodnondsboda Seo oD oe ceASs ASO S0cendoeHuosse zonauo Snes
Chocolates, assorted, Beer ava ieestaininla ersieiainiove sis lara bia erie iainvaie whetelasoin oemta mestenie Teer reettarttiaei ieieterscies
COPA Gy EINE, Ssh sos50adndodocahs bbedsooaenonqonago onncadanosoonsoorossaaag en b00besC0s
Chocolate Candy, opanhocopadarepouungucdocsoonUnoooasbor Coo dondscosa son sodadotuodadssaans

Chocolate Cand Vaso alesse pmee sielsiciciesisisieivicicicleloieis\s cle elm sis weloteleterstnretctetelelelereiataiaieieieteiseieianisletelersisiete |

Chocolate Coated Almonds-Dates, (ii isi..< cies ser sis eleisicas sinrernivlsleloreieianivietaleiaiew ee vreni sles sieisisicwniclele
Chocolate Coated Cream Eggs, .........scceeseeceres San
Chocolate Coated Cream Cocranne Eggs

Chocolate Coated Mints, on foes 3 x é

Chocolate Rum Balls, .. aieleletelelalelatetejereisicleiere oielevs misielerstslaieteieteeteletetetetietsieletateieisvesieietetststotats
Chocolates, Russian, ........... ajeisie{o\e(e/e\ejeve ole\eiaialeteloajetalelsyaleisialelolsteretelavetetotelsearverciotate eleleicmleleie estore

Number
Analyzed.

WV Bd comm ereraae Rarescopics eee

Not watt eo coi

BB bk kD OT Pa fal Pak pak eh tt De eh 9 9

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 67

SUMMA RY—Continued.

Number
Article. Analyzed.

CONFECTIONERY—Continued.

ORGCOIMTOMWV LEU ea ciaciecicleateio ee atte coe inea erence inclcievoretoc cioeinie eleeteisraieciclele (erste (aleicieitsinncisiaterel stele
CWOCORNU EB ATi cotsrericvestelcislaiaccieisie cic iticiserclevore ioe etalon cicteiseieeiccicrole cere elcicistereicieioiniateietersiomie misie'e
Cocoanut Bonbons, ............

Cocoanut Candy, ao
(acorn? Ine Wor grapasneec cc be odduer com. ccnacdr Oo Er CHD OBO CETOOn GORrGn TEU coe eTenee
AE COT Cem CAT ypemtrerta rey cte/sie ciclersisteys cial ctaiaiesiclerelcle etotcre aioe ateintciasistaiercicteatoveyelovstelvislolsleve relafelsavoleysininie vole
MICOrICer@ AMG VAR ADIOS 5 cleciarrercie/-teccheleistolcce stelle ialaistais icin ela isicis siecerciaisis sini wiercisrejnisiovtiejereeielele sierelelsisieve
ION ERTTAD (CEUIGKS IERIE Sonpdocudsodcnovedddsdaltacotuc sneacnene do popeqooquoaeuonucHUEnpodooE
MGI COLICe | COUGHTD ODS saieteseie,cicisiele:sicietarelelalete foto's’ 1s ele) <ic\ale e1-1=\ejcie alu s[s/s)e)s\sie(eie)o\eieis 6/sie (si ciess aatsisiele’ eleisie
MOYCOLL CAs GIT LODS eiere sisterete cterstersleleiorere eicietateisiersieteieisiaisteicieveisie sinioleteisies icietereieielsleiera ose Cieizisteivisisiainte
Licorice Jelly Candy, .......... HOCOKeDODNONE UTS om ObOb DEW DON Oo OODO DODO noDUaO OO NGOOOCGAE
PicoricePriLozen Pes a (SUSAT- CORTE). eijeisicmec i= snacicicisiei=eisisweiciciniace sal cete Heielwielayeieievere iolalelsieieic es,
AIT CHW TO Dae rata favs cree oltoteielaiolcleswioie win syailsine\atavs. © Sra ve icles OTE aie iclate <p eiareie icin bole aialetolecs aisle wisioimsee iors
Marshmallows CHOCOTAEGS Oe ecto: siaicis (or cine en. cinis acta atetstararoro a eianis careainicie aarecieke claisine c aieeecovere
Nenra Chocolatesteccesmccc cerns nicc ne isisrimer ease ce cease eae iies cei nico om nchenst or eee eres
Oransemandeebemon> Candy “SlCGs rceerceca nase emcci ssc ciomes clone on ot cene eae sbenee
PEPPELMIN EWE AIS te ove cisco ceo icaicle ainislarteroeieareius aa icsiocele sirencete Telane eloisiasom ee naieeeeene
ROMA NOUGE tear ocleic les acl come meee cea ete cneateinte ake /nare akan cite rica eaemal ie onla alee Oetecieane
WHEE FCCP OZEN SEN Nate mts sie lcs cioceielae eeta ee a elann alate einierc tata ee ate loteale wea cisnitn ese cnenne |

Berorme

=

HOH eR REDO HOON

122

FLAVORING EXTRACTS:

IEG MOT. IUDTGMS coodsdoudceascdacononbsobcopgecun podcuad ce docnuadsepdundadadenet cosdocuues 11
ICDA Gy (OMT IS onpoddd Soup DOC OLbODaE ODO RE ce Sunn Do DUR MODE ab oOOer Cocubeounonaocaaaousnes 3
HIXtra Cl EINEM DDI. desccaarcisc waacicite seis cai nciac euasaciersinielcisie steleisloiseisiciecinnecione slemieaeie cies aie 1
NOX EAC CAMEL MSD ERI Vine a crcl tater ievertic ohctolcesicvelee cian rareiska stan Ne avelvustevcinrsveiniei ai cisistayeisvole/sieisiercuaiche ies eerststerate 1
OXET RC tae COO LOE COL a rncreveieiae einicie ie iciove s wilnvate einia/e caciaial ele aielatchaleterele ieleleie' a sleisiateiste/e ie oleieie’me recievers les ease 2
LUXECA CMS UEM WD CELYemme t cic aieisials ciiolsteloiete ate srormcicte ste rermielcioicicvausisrare rile mina aialterescceelemicleisteceieye siaiais 2
TEX CER CIM VATD TLL ember trciesiomeiiaeaieleliacysisicteclcissieisicicieciieinclecielersicieis stcieteiore sistarciatsleieisvesicisie 2

FLOUR:

(COMMREML ccddoaocucnedeesonundcebELedr veo oducqugsuEeoodEU donne cobonoCconcpOSoEne soncenebE 2
Flour, buckwheat, 5
IMGT SAX ED Guoesancuccocosece =| 164
Kako (cake flour),

FRUIT BUTTERS, JAMS, JELLIES AND PRESERVES:

IBUEEL OTA PDO set ravctele tay elste corer) oicteraielelel chal Serctot etal aia Sevele «vars telatosnterotclelearataletateloveleiovcnatelores seater reeiaie
ES TELL GT SpE CATT Lae cyctetatetatat et stoxotatet che ialelcto ateretaletclor cho) oisteieini clave avaley swcisten raisvayarsiolss aiaiatatel vie lela’ vis Salvoetatlsieiae
AHP ATI TL C—— EA CIUDOLY Viewecyy el staiccvalareiens eisvelerete cists clelsic enisialaia(er jelercicte ciolelelats im eleven cieraraioie leruiainicioiet
RUG LLY PMA PLE oem tetr tte ctaerarctate clos telescietetereveseie cite tai ckate tet oheiala ae ese ore alahot tema ene ra erateYoveia ale erent siniaf ats ais emieaioe
WOYAPAD DLC CULEAN Gear rcmteitetic re evaiaecNere ciate aiarsin acts toisirinloivte le mnintereimeraiaieicievo sis vielen wrolincaloeei las
ELVA C OLDS VLU DA DDIC pe tetsicissocccievsroxere clare Yolo lo elelaetee areleniorietov erate eo aieeelar oan iclbints loicle eiebisieecicle
AGE; Ota ks Ao Ui Goocaoudaocvaatocndnepocddenuaccdsoarcndunqoondececdds cebacsoEDeE
MeL yaa CLAN DOLE sere cereiselaiciaiclelejeieinicl clevors(oreinvetefatedsic(teicreinve cals teiciecelowe Daroletelcieacetels aise elena ere ainiasielenvoetee
ely GLUCOSE APPL Mera saretalaie cleleteyeiereietctclelcterstaysotel stat pele atevetete! coe ciotaversiaielotelotacia ote dint shototovnettoe are
IBVEBOnV.EH a ONELIY oie io cte/lcisiaislelelnl acto eiaielsielersreta sinister ciatelay cl sioiate Aarotniciieleite ela ceisler oan ae
Preserves, Corn Syrup—Tomato—Apple,
Preserves, Pineapple,
IPTeSCrvies;) Luin 0 o-t1e\ereteroiclerelsiel=
Preserves, Plum—Apple, .
Preserves, Strawberry,

Fn tk te ek ek ek ek ek ee DO OT

8

FRUIT SYRUPS:

IECI SR Te fa Gado ceg SAC HUDOU LOE HED ECOOL COG EGER CSU Up uo 6 NEO ED Tot ROE Nee ae ae Eee
ESI Ty OTSA / =. wR Ele CET CR APRA E BICC SIPS OLE CIO ESTER CRS TS EO i A ely a
\ETIITET. oe Guomonl pod mocosUperanocpUnOcUn CUO BONA SOU CUOCDU AOS Ba GNOSECE OCG HEU nET Spee onan aaa

Nowe Pow

bi

68 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

SUMMARY—Continued.

Number
Article. Analyzed.

HONEY AND SYRUPS:

RON GY eoeisteleisinierstoreieie store oleloinisierel= eleisetsietteleisieistoietomeistasieisiee nieteisieistetaistesloieree aleteletetels(elal=iciats= meteors 38
Syrup pebredkrastececrcee recs siscieerr Beveiefatareeleleineinissietereio
Shits, Ot, | cosbbadcoccsoosanyo0seosopogacsocsunsoesOLe
Shautos, Liye CH Om, | SondsdsooogospusopecesoonoaonueaGsod6
Syrup; Maple) <1... Staraiasereiaie Stele olaerete wre's eiovsiers wie teratcisieveleieisic sie etoile: eicinve omatarerae evdiciorsinnieleicieee
isyties BIO Sboadgoqnodsonudcadonaapddoans coucoNcUgoONOnbOasop ooo dN AaUtSS GadOUE sADDDNO DON
PS ase VCUIUN Lea mmete ts tereteveietatere ieorsiere Tate ecciolete stevclonia cterniclaietsaini eistereieieinereletetoteteie eiicterestcieicine nicteleietereimiels

WRT peo ee

ICH CREAMS:

Ice Cream, Banana,
Ice Cream, Bisque,

Ice Cream, Caramel,
TCOROLEA Me OMETIV ae cielelsiraiceciasitercineiciateleterste teletateieteiaiare
Ice Cream, Chocolate,
1G (ORGHIINS TORTI Pas ao badsbuooooceosnabsunos son dduolbodaouecuobo lore ooDUEBaHbonuDOUaSboRSOnbAdo
PCORCTEAIN® MNO UNAVOL LIVE) he te crcictsin sicieietereo iin eniclate ste ciotcrelais ciate attetste cieteretieeieleretetelerenreletereiee
Tces@ream a Maple yo. \ jae dinisisieic sioars cic aielels cise eiatemenisierela'eevcleisioaie sfojeisinisia slates enielelsloisine elcloelotemianie
teaiCream Maples NUtie cre ccc cctseanine lec ecccicieterineseiscmcernine cecisteccereciencne
TESIOresmneMAple=WiAINUE) oe scenic isieeine cemreciscioenaveecieparcleleisinists eieinivleleecleivictneretenicteeeereriets
TCORORG amy REACH iheiccle cies cieiniale siu-ersiclayole svete e clelereisioreelelon Cielsrelctetesolcieeictereioteiteveriele cictetas cieisrmmniticie
IGG Chenin lenis © Gaaodspddoncd sgdocsodoaldadcusondossgugudondc GoDUdconbecooda0as06es
TeerCresmime ASD DOLLY mere reiccinwrctemisincister ieee eielete cteiinte eiciaretelelelemistetevalcteiefevelcieverselejersieieisteieienteree
TeesCreamcrS trai DOLE Ve tice cielerctsiate ous cistelsinie cieicte = wis taisielalaletele ic eyoTelnfovelelaicinie’slevelelelele levels ercnvee eects
TCSTOLSMIT Va MTL poe tote cts ees rote eae oie lole ots olavelelotetel ols ereta 's/alciavelore cletelave ei cia loieieielersie mierecuasiciometeee eae

CX)
A OTR RO OTR HOO et

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ome

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FISH—CANNED, DRIED AND FRESH:

LAE “soosagacosspocecdaboguabboudoad Jan0000 0 Sans yoNoNosnUbosEacuDosUcoU COD EsO DOO oStoDDHeSa
Butterfish, ....... 50
Godfish™-Boneless ay cmmciechistecclecticicieeiet eines eeiclecist toi sloieleisieiesiol-ielot aici sie ieieleieieteisisiowieiaeieienine
Codfish wD ricd ie wencecceet ec tone een cee nisieoiereteisiem mine nciocitiseisecineiiseccmt triste eee
God FSH RIG Ltn pepe rere tors reietercieieisietocievereicin teste levers alot a toioieiateletefatetete elete/oieicle eteie/eleicioislsteieticieiolsie lee neisietts
Codishe Shredded, wictcr cwaiccircricteisee eeielesioiietoisim aclessioisinieleiniciereiefeistsivielvie siamese eee eintoieeie eiete
Meh TWEE nsdnappodaaccnoanngubodond ocd sono ssOddbaD Ando acces uoKaonnosagDDOOSbDORSCOOKar
PLOT TaN Gee retcrere serie alele teva amare eiaciniaye nite clots cat ielciieletsicie oreielatele eleverareloilereintainsieteiete siviomintsmaloreete lets
TOIT nS ep PELE wee ie cecilia clare cinicleisielale stonetelarave/eletelete eveiels (rele eieietsteoieiciele mieienectoreieieielet star itelerate
ENGI ree eed CEs CO io oyoimistel cote olaletctsveietsiorerstaieleinietaie minoteletereiaereioiae eisteisisterstelatat-teisteteisioisie olereisioneteTerstelstete
IMIS RAISE sbeagGeoncc peea psuO ROA eSon bono ddd bd Coc Sonn Ia.soAc nO naesnucoboSaod oe dDoarOadedor
Wy SHOT er Ore sia eles eyelestacce fore a crorsterevelarciavetsteroslolorers sieietalcreletevaloveleietsiarelcieieinisieleiatsiaretioletateteleeietoeteteieeriere
SAL MOM (CANIM) tele cleysistesieisietes oie reise lac isieisie eioeininicieieteeisieleieinctoieicieinicioteininieieicioiniciniersicieiciateinteisioiets
SiR TILED Saou nscebeEcueDo HaecCobEnboT dé soados AON onodeaneuaonauEcoTaanquuacuongacmococadsone

oO
es |

MEATS—CANNED AND FRESH:

wee e eee tees e eee tee ee eens sree set H ss eseereeseses= Heres eeseseeseeessseseererteseseses

Ly SOS, egorioadaddongoDbngedoaonboppaducendaasuccconoodeauGanade

. B
Oliveken ty Cooked eerste tele ereletetostatetele lal etolereteietolete/efalars alel=lelefeisrersisicjeceleisicrs a
CHleKens Meshes cece rae als ieisterelo elec sisiste).s/0/e oisso1s)eie sialeis c,ayo:s/o)eieyn wie al enisie misteieiors eiele o sicTeistetmreltiete
100 (ol AO Ba en GaGa db ano odo DHE aSOHA Ce UE CoEO Oo ASR O DET TOnEonoecen ancoonertioncatecocuebasodscsescan
Goat CSHOuldersotrme researc cin cltiels aie le'ssicisioJeiciejeversiafoic Saicisiee Deisioisieleeislomionicice nice oiemee eine
ALAM DUT SS LOM kee ae er ceterster esate ctateie oleic isievsintertieieis/ejelsicva'e's ciele fi Serslelererolnisre oleic miocteolemieictisie ee eee
ER sy ry sy OMIT CO ca teletaretelelata/aleraialeieleiettatalalainla/ole.slaleieie /eleie)n/e\e eis)\elojetelnicleislofelelsielelelsleistetetereleleteteiele sinistereietetate
Meat COOKCU mreneceiterirecdicieniciccie cies e§is'e'a\e 0iolnse)0/0 < wieinseve.wjelnic vere a iereieeislororsionerele oleic eerelotointetoieeteietete
pi Gehan ate. Goong cosas conOcD Ob COUR CORD DOCS OUEOOOe eo ndo Uo ance Su onnd cous odASupococe
Meat: (mol name teivien)) sarc cietareiaicle sv:cielete o's s.01e wjsisialeieicisie’sloje wiles nie mers eietetmetoote eoeon oie oce ee
IME OMS USE AOL Ww oreo <fetatorstaratasercleiarar(o!e'< ole/a\a'e(s/sieic'e\eleis|cicisizio evelsis aisnieciieinie eteie eine eeeiemiieteiseiaetee (eee
POLK ois sate Mornerienien seo cetneteisictectesisiern cei siare cess ie'sts Shale cists eb eieinig one ee Ene en eae eee enae
POrk: ANG) PBCANS yerisiets octeislluicte’s sieiaicisiciciv\niele clcivinlevuieeielele soleer tomelemeea ticemen tema ae ceeeenee
Bork RIMM Cys wicrcloec cincle cise aera eieletorcle.sieelsiaisiais aeheevoec ole ma eee Ome Ere tnenenotnnren
Ton sue Wa m DiS rc ectece elec cece vec civic cones soci ee cee een eens Bale ce eivcna ceric
Mubercul ots Meaty a accieissreieretess einisivie oie! state veils cis oss elgis oieioreeitere ote oie elete ocr ioe ee oe oem eee cee

Ll
BP ee crn ek en ee Ee at pak pk ae pa vk

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 69

SUMMARY—Continued.

Number
Article. Analyzed.
SAUSAGE:
AUIS ESIOOM se ctcietaic ic aivieinls clojeicis(olelofelaris/e/=\0)s]s[e/=/=(=(n1n1e qao6e 1
Sausage, Bologna, ...... sodoe 14
Sausage, Frankfurters, . Soc a6 10
Sausage, Fresh, .......- Sdanccao me 13
Sausage, Fresh Pork, 55
Cmca. (Grillidiss | Gedaseocusannoopacosnaboodoet od00 a0 SOD OOO BO0acoRsorS S000 1
Sausage, Half-Smoked, 2
Sasa ce mL Olisitemmeneneesicteie eaieleeiellelolalelelalelsteleloleleletaie|slelele\viel-l=in(0 cieeisieiete soao5s 1
Sausage, Vienna style, ..............seeeeeee wulsiseiee Sate evaicietoietarsiciceisiaeie siaieterebalese/eienie oS5000C 6
SAUBAZES = WIENER (ele ictalescto -1c1clciajeis'=/o/s\ele'e:eie(e\s\e\cicie Hoop ocdacboane nodadcssbnc dodadonanocdoseens 14
117
NON-ALCOHOLIC DRINKS:
ifi@liy (copcpaapooscousogemecbopomonco0oudS 1
Birch Beer, 19
“‘Cherry,”’ af
(Cia y RNAS IL *oaRecaconcncoquenspcene doen asodsUoseap pen sOcaOCoCn a 1
Cider, Champagne, ..........ccccscccecerscccccesceres sqooadoagsano NI GASsacosoondeasaS DEC 1
(Gila Zo ee aasacondconncouncubdcdts Jo005r6 JoooUdeoTaapeoo od dg JonooduceDoUdnube gene snes 6
18 ti) JIG. Sooncanccbasnoacdcunuge sob boo deneabocdnoeduSooGEdcu=snSo0e coo coodaqudoabassobdecone 2
apmiputen hited hAdsucesconcoseuoos nc 2oe- cen De cDOROdO pA noo SaeaooaC Gos oonadotoneasoyee 1
Ian, 9 bseccosababoods cosdecon vepponededabandosnec aeanse aGkeoobOaC Sposoodsecsasenetoass 3
IBS AftVeSs ABaacansocaonoaronTeocoseESCEanood sacscodoness.consocdes o20 Apadackasbeocsonobe 2
1B AMIGSE Seb haces osoaevdcconedoCnoEcoonpooponepooosEsaDSs 3!
CONG ECCT tea ceils state olsisie\sivie/~) eie.wlsleisieeie(elclelnieiele 2
Orangeade:) = en... 3
Orange Phosphate, 3
Poppe BILehy ieee FY
EG, IGT. ccc dasodnacodonooctoodnpcooonnacopescacad 5
Gye, (Orestes peseaboneecdcocce 2
Pop, Strawberry, 17
Cy ery nal Die on OSs oe dane Gadece Ae OdernOOOUue pocoonokonopcosecdoncacc aS cretteteiaiaiets Steleless cetera 1
‘“‘Raspberry,’’ 2
ROO EME COR steea ate anasto ates cle ciaiete eiste oiniol oteierelaisla ince sisieisinisieieicvelaicieiaisieeiaials eciciciacinaieieslosisteleisiainsiaicia’s 22
Sarsaparilla, 5
S@ib, BIGGH ORMNEG. siadccoooocenddencsedoscdooucnoopepaocoboecaccsne Sule euls slelejefes sissies (ereke ets 1
Ochre OH ELT Vere ecitaelnetasictotcleicietctetele ole eistels aiclotstotcisic ie sy cialestanistelolsieleisic alefelevsicictaisieie terior iaiaie 30
imi, (ERIE GSecespcadaococosocdodapnoo doco cen ded ounene cunonooTUaUUCOne daepeEodoUssanEdoC 12
PSG Med Gel TEC ereeaictareete fol elete eicleicicicie einietel otters) elels eiciereteicleleiietaleleiels|cte(elslalelelatelsistete\ci«\aisielelels/e/ciatets 2
SgGhi- (SRRITGE” casncoaasacnacoanccoocunnooboedacmbncocnedoocecooceaagccdon 2
Sodas Eenion ce --se-cesectee 59
Soda, (no flavor given), 20
SONG Ste OT NO pe op ora) stare nla ala\e lle lesalw\ stele ciefcietciele cicleitia'e nreielelelercictaleielsicie’e)s’aieje elselelevejeielelaisie’s aletsre sieve 28
Oda RCA CH I Sioce sc cicnciclnc ceicuclerieie acisiale nsislalavs wigis'aie ateisieye cisareis sie eisietevera’e 1
BOG abe ECar mere cre cctaeccccisin a aieiclac icicle (cle cisinveleleicistelstatersinleie eicivin cisisisiereie cine 1
Soda, Pineapple, 7
Soda, Raspberry, : 27
SCG. IGG scoccssooesoo0e0DOOdOe A006 2
Soda, Strawberry, 66
Of eMBV TUN ee layarcl stacey clettetstelcictelctetore steriniatstal sie: efeleievalare a aiefalaroieinsinis oiniwisiolete mictateioleor nase orescence 5
Soft Drink (no name given), ul
SWANK CY. cco secistcie s otajeict.vloie male's sisinre < P)
369
NUTS:
ATTRON GS ESN ENTER sa ercrcteeere alate iercistercieletelele/croleicinre COS US CCOBOEESSOS o ole\s)alere[ofelolerate(slainiaialsiete/e)aisiors o/s]etes 2
Hine Shey ain isa comes aces cee cles asic eee nte meen Gan tates ane nene stnocancosc 3
ERI CRON MUES voce oeciniselsinisicioisinsiate doe ee neeienieleicisiealouisinies ase7Ad6 ioilelalcisiceeio wes saq5csaq908 1
INTItSE eaTIXEG wreccncsosimeinee ice ccemicetelncderue Baahatetare erate cccinteletaernvans cieictoteisteiore aqaenoce sudaees 2
8
;| — —___—_—_—_ __ 7
SPICES, ETC.:
Ginn aMO Ne LNOUN Gy oiece/jecctnaislovs ste rel ocalnete atel crate me risiareicrevonienioree acarlaiciroeciconcwct ce ccinoncue: 1
Cloves, ground, ......... 1
Mustard, prepared, .... 9
Pepper, black, ground, 1
5
————

70 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

SUMMA RY—Continued.

Off. Doc.

Article.

VINEGAR:

Vinegar, Apple, ........ccece cee se cere erect tec e cnet et teenetetecesereseeesestesseccceeees
‘Wehner ies Bikyaly UdocasoodaccosooconecnacoacdoougeocaucoORaOaaned Haoonqoonce doqgosoaecgoneoT
Vinegar, Brown, Table Pickling, ..........cccccceee cece cece eeecce et ensesesscccarscrenes
Winery Ci Or ia ctrietats sicietetelatole relate eictateleletele ote o)slalvtetolnloto] stalin iw wrelelelol=islola}=\nieleielolel=l~inlsia)«/nl=islereistelsinlainle
Wine GATS DISTT S AS eo eaterele rete laietslelolofstelnioveleie1e 01> )-\e\[e{aielole|nla)sle\sioisiele)m\sto\el sls) clnlei~)=ie)=ie=:~/e)nt=islo(e]s\=\s\elsialele
Vinegar, Fermented Syrup, ........cccceeccscec ccc cc cece ec eceecreceesescccesccsecccccees
Wanewars) (MO PMAMe FeIV.EM) i © ciaetactataveteivlslotelclaisiclels!alaialefelslelniaie\elsyolelelelalefalel> e[ale(al=(nl«1elaisialelol=ie/s)= aGaC
Vinegar, Pineapple, .. 22.6. cccc cc ccc cc teense cence sscccr arses eccussveceneesvccecvcsscesinscs
SALINE STE OC i cto tal cicero late tetere lel wlotete tevete mtctetatetelaaretavele ofeletat=lelefotaletelatatelsetsteleverelatelelnlefelelefelsintelel=to]=tel=\=[<i=r<iate
WANG RAT SUS OT erase erste icisiale atelatetaletole ateYara|alnlaveln)olepet staal telelntale afovateteiafetaate] faim alelale]>/otainislefettoleiei=/e\x]s\etele
Vinegar, Syrup and Distilled, ..............ccccceccwcccccccccrecrcercnsecscercrcceseress

MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS:

Baking Powder, .......-ececcccccceececceceececec eet eeen sre eceecseteeeetesteccetsssececes
Brenicta stil COCs mrs cece lelcielelernc denis cietate atelarnlainielaterataletsfolefeleic(aie|slelstetsielsieielaletelote,ciclefe(eietelmieletelel=T=ielel=
Cabbage, heads Of, .........cccccccceccnceccssescecertescncenseecessecessecsecscsens xe
Chicken Qravy, ..--.0.2ccscccccecccscecccccer ener ce seccteracseccensceseesecseses

Clam juice, ..........-

GOV a Slay ct seteteate stoteretcte ete eiotetectolateta eta teke ola wtote ol clefo¥-Vohelsfaiefarevateraieielololelo\sletalefeyain(stelsieielsjeieiais[ale\s\~ 30
Cranberry Sauce, oo .cr. ccc e cect cece si cccc cece ncecccsciecsleessccesisenciscscrescevececees
DCSREL EME OW GET sie rrteteltesretetetelstelete ololaiensfareieroiateletavetaralelerelcielsinisfeletelojelal«Ivlols elelsisislol=lele]=!=/»isielsielolelo\elalsia[o)eis
DDO SN Ga DO eee eae leat eter ete ate stateraia enctaketate ole otetnlatetalebal cievaleleveletafetatetaielarelalstelelcielsietdieieia(clelstrYalcl<iel=letele(sfele
Gael PAD TICOES Sy otetetereie cietasstateyeal clades a) eleletetelchnlalatnlorninlefelehelolelelslsisinfalolaJal= e/s]siolle\sinls}eldjels/e\ele) =ielojeisisie(elelels\e
GREP ES a aeicloracictctccleletcleretalalelctele’s oleleretetoiclete atete aicleletaletecstetetelelolofelnic) sieinicl=!=(=o\s(ele/efelereta|e nleveleiele/eisTelelolelstels
Gerster taere ete cleat atc toletatnse elelese tata) siateleetstaratatetelereletelsteletelela(eletatelatelaseleletaselalelele ale) siv‘e\~ie(nis(e)sie/«iv/nleiate/e(e
FeenCren mi COnGRs eee ein cee cee als oreletotatetaratetetate olete olatetele lai ctelei=taTele,oicleleieleicfoleiclelc(oieisietateiniots
TACK NOS Ca OL LAIUG ce cteccyete eteteret tetettareretetokentetetehete etnteyavoteletsteteretsteleleyotet tele! icietalelateloletatefetatstelciaictaiclelsicte fats
DEM GMO WEI roe coraicte cieleleclete el ala ote oletelatalalstatotetcleteletetelala)sioi= ralet-Paletete]fale)elaie'siels\=\slee\eieie\aloielele\e eielslelele/sle
Telly Oui ck pe (peach eavOr) ppmet eet rtetetestetelelelstete cera Potato ele eleteretelefeteluletsielele)efaleleleral=ialeielete sieieleetetatele
SON V A nk a di dtclcla aleve wiaidiaial sehslatelere ninicyeyatereteletsrelaiel=\siaketal stajstaielalel dieveicialsletaie\eistalsiatelwiaiy/s/e\s(ele|p\=/eie\ele/s/eloleis ate
Tbe CEC Boosonaobes ors o bc bahaoGoSoO NC cOUDOODDODOO bObOSS CRU sOOSE GOORCONS Op ROOOOSUUSENON
INTRICA POUL Larera siete c)cictevae reetrrectonetotn eo sveisrayel otalolctoletateletoaketetelelotateasaTotstateielalayatatefetctetsteleitolateletetvleletsisintafers(ofete
IO STI IG Natirercte siatetavale nictete ate etal tote tstaletatwierelatetete lel fateteveistetatetstetaietetatsieietelelcietelet vain iatetatalaleietalaletscereletstotetetetaiste
INOOCTER ees iat rctcivcterctetetetete toler -ystetetcieisietete inte micvevoreicCeelatetetetaterotatet ata eleieteratetors|cteictelal-) Sateteleloleterstaieietarete
Postum, instant,
OLA TORR pice iatetarecrctcisiata a etelc olelalietetatctet sents ajciereieiclstelerste oinicloieicleierers\etslsielefelsistercicietetstcloictelaleratoleieierslerautciars
Quinces in. dvcnascmanccateaeassaosemee

Root Beer Tablets
SEpbR WAGE Soanseqoscco
Shredded Wheat,
Soft Drink Tablet, 50
ISDH STELEL aetenre celetetoloteo ciclo etstiatclelelaintel clerstatatelsloiaiatetetetelaleraioteisi eieioielslemeieisisieleinielelsteicieteteletstelsiateleielsietsie
Sugar, Granulated,
Sugar, Maples | Siscecctac cise cise wise ccecrsistaleivin slaiarsiSerelai store oleiniclate clalelale salayeiclelsisigiel-eieleje tm clem stetiage tafe
SDT ECT C Moeyetoretarelerole totciolatavolelevelatotetavoycletateletacstalateleleisieieccYataloteteteyercteisieisrsTateiejeretaysisieistateratelettstateiel stetetalatsiveste
WWiRTHE EBA ELET. procaine miecicicicteeier eetsiictereteletcretcistsicistcteis aiaiateictetetals afeleiore olietsialolefotefereteereteelaiatets
DVVSIELES SR COOIC A ciiteterstetote cletet<tetalelersretels oicleiwicr tel clevetatoteaciataratleteteretatelsleloisiatelevsletelsiststelelelsisteteletsieinieterniercietetere
V/A EOTINICTONIS| -ajcicvesslsvsis iterate wie ets ove ale wrsie ote aiove eve a mtaraveiatclave eioke fale eislclotale/e eletetalersieisrctntoretetelencieieteetotetelelete
NV STUT SI Gyaperctcreverssereressiatayerciatetsialtravetetat Nelote eislcfotoupYetey nichols (aieis ateietaletetaterstevorelaleieiatelatelctcicters sncitersveleiae ae eteiierete

Oleomargarine,
Renovated Butter ae
LO Fa Gone adaaau doce sacdOnopundea cas a0oSdgnbOCONO0e wis atars.o/syelsinia| eerie elerintetelelelninistefeleieiainiote Giclee ele eters
ColdtS conaeesPronmet ss aareteereterctetete telelaretoievalelelelaseieseleteie =\elel=lx\oiefe els (alela/aorainicleleleleleteteleteietorsteteteteimiaiatarsteinietsterstata
LVR IU BS nea oococondodos nontano Todcu bo conosdCa sobbUE SOneUt AdaG poOUDOn AD OdDASSemAnDOoDOOUNDENAC
OTC TE IS VNU sa eseieelete eietera tate eletotaletelateveralateteioteicle ptntsic:s/elaiore elvis ielcicle « sieieieicle eiate(eleieteteteteie ete ieieiomne steteinieteieteeistetareter
Ice Cream,
EUSSUT CUS wien co tats einteteterelescictetete aletetctete otek ioleretels are Sicte' si <\cis\ave)a\svelele s sieie cele re io aisle eyeieione ciate etete eet eecaleeiriotenine micieionic

|

ae

55

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 71

CASES TERMINATED

THE FOLLOWING TABLE GIVES A LIST OF ARTICLES ANALYZED BY
CHEMISTS AND FOUND TO BE IN VIOLATION OF THE FOOD LAWS,
AND THE NUMBER OF SAMPLES OF EACH PRODUCT ON WHICH
PROSECUTIONS WHERE BASED AND TERMINATED

COLD STORAGE ACT, 1913, IN VIOLATION OF

Cold Storage Beef, outlawed, offered for sale, ................ 1
Cold Storage Beef Kidneys, stored beyond legal limit, .......... 2
ColdyStoraze Butter. not properly marked; =... 2450-..50senee0 : 3
Cold Storage Chicken, as and for fresh chicken, .............. 1
Cold Storage Chicken, re-entered into storage as fresh, ........ il
ColdUStoraze bigest vas and for fresh) Cges)) 2s ccia. cits’ e + 2) cele cise o's 7
Cold Storage eggs, not properly marked, ...........c-cccccones 38
ColdeStoragesbish, as and: tor fresh fishis oieeeessecss sce occa. 3
Cold|Storace-Kish, mot: properly, marked: S.055 0 esc c ss coe os 10
Cold Storage Halibut, not properly marked, ...........ccccccoes A ee
Cold Storage Lamb, as fresh lamb, and removing cold storage

VME TICS eh ay ch oy ohastavoh ok aren) aya lev eked chawanclc evel aha, aiePose arb, 6 eh olers-a ole Si avaxerene
Cold Storage Livers, not properly marked, .........sc5.c.s.cee2
Cold Storage Meats, not properly marked, .....................
ColduStoragexMicats Outlawed s \o..yo scrote we oj cree. orci terete Pe eka yeianetevel ahs
Cold Storage Mutton, as fresh mutton, and removing cold storage

TatEA Yeo Win RN OG OO SE ONO OE DITLETONDIS DICIEDIO Ce RCO E TCR RCEEL Te
Cold Storage Mutton, not properly marked, ................----
Cold Storage Ox-Tails, not properly marked, ............2.....-
Cold Storage Pork Chops, as and for fresh pork chops. ........ z
Cold Storage Poultry, at wholesale, not properly marked, .......
Cold Storage Sea Bass, not properly marked, ...................
Cold Storage Smelts; not properly marked, s...-2:..20.-0++-0+-.
Cold Storage Turkey, not properly marked, ..................

Bee Re

DRE HE OHHH

ee)
is)

EGG ACT, 1909, IN VIOLATION OF

ES Spee C COMP OSCE sem atexcgetteia aces elovetes ss: 6 eioiete cel > onic: eeiers tele (ol sere alle’ eiere wl eceve

ATIC AK CS ee aon evcle ie ororeneere Om oneecelscorelo sve oretere ares

DTIG AUK CTLY, Am tetectolere eiecate arare’ holes (oie ciere ate natal

using in the preparation of cakes, .........

ATOM TE EOI OOGM. cetetenne ere si cterciee 6 eae crentece

LITE eet OLE OOM memeresetereinis hic cretoier es cletereras caver statene cia Stele serene 1
EORDECRUSEG Il DAKELY., ovo 5c.c sueterecc erovevee's
participating in the sale of, ............

DH WHE ee oo

bo
(eX)

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.

CASES TERMINATED—Continued.

FOOD ACT, 1909, IN VIOLATION OF

Almond Paste, containing worms; unfit for food, ..............

Nlanondsreshelledamuntitptonst codes aerial eines

Weimar, Chneh wavollohye, Weevil Tee HON, Sooccqncoggu0uooDo[

Apricots; anieds snot) properly, mankediy psc cteleceecierce ec S000

Goinimnbonuarer soUbolbe Cherelle, so ognocaoocohndeaocodsouuoer

Glace; containing sulphursdioxides see ceeeenies cece

Beck dccomposedsaumtitetorm ood nme erection

Bon Bons, containing cereals, ............- Move yove ussite’ cheats OR eIOT Oe

Cake, colored iwithvcoall tar dyey ot. cesar since ee eee

colored and having a frosting colored with a coal tar dye,

Cakes; assorted, colored with a coal tar diye, ..05.....s.0..20-

Cheese, wormy and decomposed, sold at auction, ..............

Cherries, containing sodium benzoate; not stated on package, ..

Chestnuts; decomposed and swonrmysmaoeer eee riie eee eee

Chicken:;’- \deComposed\s, * «sects ws stare craleree tele Sderear sie eich ainletere Mote enters

UMGES LOR LOOM, Mea thee sees e eiorecePerd © ouch aERee a etw Cesar sein tonal

Chocolate Coated Babies, containing a resinous glaze, .........

Babies e smisbramd Gadi sass eer cee detererete sisi cinic de to ieae cio rarer

Cocoanut Cream Beggs, adulterated, 2.5.52... 4ecse-

Mints), adulterated: ic .02e ccice aces « crattens cisieterder aeteve

Cocktail Cherries, containing undeclared sulphur dioxide, ......

Cocoany cround suntite Lome fOOUm ve. o.chasicl sa siersis eter aisiarorele eae deters

CocoanutPbone Bonspeadullteravedeucr -miccccisccstdecieiieeie cies eet

CONCAINIMSMCeREAl Shee < gectayscetese elenee che cisions

containine starch as) ayfilllere. ie. ssi cto elevemene

Coflee cad uliterate dis w saeeyemcwereertroe Poca acok sas cal ini 6 Lom erera o) Svskouenekche te tononege

Corn Meal, containing worms, bugs and webs, ...............

UNTER FOR STO OG careveronevencuecokcWeueusus cols iolece «dele Seniesa eer ee

Cream Chocolate Cocoanut Eggs, adulterated, ..............06.

Cup Coftee; adulterateads = aires. wes ciccs-eke ats Giews os oie efiieve tie eva jecetettey epehsnotor ene

DropiCakes, colored withvarcoale tanidyes 2 src seein teleretotare

M2). @CCOMPOSEMS, Wiese cd F dieters sieeicie es auchele atepe sleet sieiereuchalenoeeie taneloet sue

MOL, <EMCSIN Sy es costs tetetelerckesele ctenedesorevcte nus oy chououore) cual ctrel wckewoenevela rseefeire

limed:,, -as-and) for fresh: eosin so tie Naatin mv sictcler ore erie voreioneceremetens

rotten, as and: LoOrsiresh EL2Se occ sivvcistere whe cj aserehoraiehe oe aus

stale; as and) for Fresh JESS Sy ares i asevers yc, lape oo «ls pays evo etotaloncoreee cane

Lit Wal em oy Cen Hoy0'CG ree Greene eS Orel loco Ot TORO OOO UOC Oe

UE DAK OTs 5. ee recone oc encuslei ores eeetenehal leh eta Danone shore feve evevel oho ohebere

in the preparations Of (CAKCSh eerie cimieraerare nate

COldStonasenauntib LOT EOOds yey ie aes cyeieus eheie tess oe eieneicton rere

Hac Macaroni-econtainincncOale: bate) vrais. cere crac ieielel ener

Egg Noodles, containing no eggs, colored with coal tar dye, ....

artificially colored in imitation of eggs, .........

DineAh ioe Wye Mboes, Whats Woe Weyl” Goo ok aause odo ododscbdcoasndsoade

Figs, California, containing sulphur dioxide, not marked,

unfit for food, decayed and decomposed, .................

IMG, Gleecmnl noses!) coacaneoodaocochpaccougDdacaobooDoCONUOOOOC
Plour: containinesadded nitrous acids -)-)- 1-1-1 circle elie

IAM SA SCOTMMOSC Ae: Tyee da etre gos ssc vo lovsrsacd ve, ual a ova uens der eeeeekeletcherokersieloaele somone

Ham. Bologna MmisSbranded’, |. j.ccrsseicieye sete rerenneusiel mekiarennieeretaie

lEKoinene, EValvilliverneineels Goscagdanouopbus suoGuodCODOUNSOpODOGDOODO

TellyalaiconicesCang yaw adulterated weve rreri iterate tteieletotetneieterereie tien

2

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CASES TERMINATE D—Continued.

Kippered Herring. containing: Salts or tinSy Gees. so. ss )ssee cee
lemons Extract: miSsbTandedis soncesceciec sce oe ces octeciselelsosele es «
containing sbutea trace (ol lemon, 5.........<<

MICOLICE WIN IS DEAN GCMs e cesta oe tavecay ste aig coos oh oreo e: cca avevevoleiels ‘ers)0.as0) sveie tree 6.6
Licorice Babies, adulterated and misbranded, .................
AIMTDCACLONI I Olssrarctere ote ortiote cece cio ol aie. ei tcenahorels ea alee

IMISDTAN GES coc ta sreterchersiore a Thee ee eee Sve acieeecd

WHCOTICE Bay * CAG Ye. valctelaorahacs a ore tors tole arotehere eveh orator Oakeieeie alee aie
Licorice Beans, adulterated, Sis) ah dhaleta laetiet octane tar aletelera ai bueverchore sua velene ue
~ Sugarscoated. eimMitatiOnmrs ie <cctee creinerts eicie ste
WACOLICes Candy-ssNiSHERAN GEG y a snc cts ever erel he leas cre ete vere ore Sie stele sess
WICORICER COUN IMT OD Si users otcvcecs het claxav chor cette she ee tavotarsiore Siew. wie ue eicle: oe ee
Micorices Gums Drops, vadulterated’s” sso cic ecole a oc echo cies chevete- 5:6
adulterated and misbranded, ...........

AUS DAMM fe ates ee bicdae s scetete lee fevecuetee es

WicoriccM Sticks: aulMetlOn teen Soe recs sists oe cere tee eas
MimMaAw cans! swOnMyse, UN. LOT LOOG «cies iciscsieveceis © oleic a erokeieis overs
Macaronie artitically<coloreds serrci:s clacciercte oye clers ave ore’ ctoticre sree cckere
Macaroni, colored with a coal tar dye in imitation of egg
MTACATONT A Kazous terete ec omlels sierra cues areheieiete lets eittate vse alere oereie
Macaromiemconcainines coala tam Colom ecerieiecrniciiciceio se a aie cee es
Mackerel aG CCOMPOSCO),. acre chrcratctere cre ete orala she tose warels Sino ole. eto ol evens
Maraschino.. containing sulphur dioxide, a2. 202. bose cece
Maraschino cherries, containing sulphur dioxide, ............
Leads opie bale (2{0 new Ain. cee eure Sasi casa eRce eM eRe

MEA tr Td COMED OSCE) - seis secsve ceils one: Sievove o wite\e levee os wietene co Sigs bie reielelel sree e's @
fresh, decomposed and unwholesome, .................

Miecaterd CCOMPOSCO esc. 5i5 aoe a ctors.c i Sale ches otk Gldretaln ecolovartvceabe givare aie ale re
Meat, diseased, contaminated and unwholesome, ...............
Milk, not kept free from contamination; unfit for human con-
SUT UT OM ey rt ere eee rare cera ole ae ele rage eee clara orale says eins

Mutton lee of; unfitsforsfoodse ties ois Silene eee ats slows.s betetena loans
OliverOilmeaduliterated at: steve crocs ctoaiotete weenie © bieme eee ciate eee
Olive Oilxcontainin= wcotton) Seed Olly. .c..ctacusoee ce elec
Oranges, frozen and decomposed; unfit for food, ................
Ornanzer Cake scontaining scoaletar Colones © cae ceciices ceca ee ee
Oran ce xtrach samt SDRAM eda, cere tres ian Sctasweteleheie there starch era a. chores
CACHES Amare waAdWLLCrated sa vary. htak tore tere totereia) cue erotale sta elatete arc eats
containing undeclared sulphur dioxide, .......

notproperly Stamp ediyesvenie sarees eos ies cleo!
Pigs Feet, decomposed, using same in the preparation of pigs foot
dolly eer OO Tae tie tater eA aa tN ga.

Rin capple ebay OKs SAM GG ea csreyeis ols leckalctareys etelsvels otareronels eve icles sie
Pore taintedsandsunwinolesomesisnce mice). saclaeisicicsieinieleie isle cease
Pork chops. deCOmpOsedy ge cccroycsociste-cisreretetarsrereie ts Sees el ators etorabene tas
Potatoes; decomposed iy + pecs oa Guctercy cca coors sisvepetaie e's eel otie wigere ate eieelals
Prunes, containing undeclared sulphur dioxide, ................
IRaDbitsh. «decay eden via cytes tate crycverasiets. she cis wis lvoe rahe fete Slave s ehcietaveisitens
decomposed eandm putrid erect ee ieeriiateeaeieie eels
Sausage. decomposed; untityfor! foo0d!, se. sess. sce oles deck ccc eee
Shadedecomposed:s wnfiteforsioodseieriveces «tne sc cceclceeletce ca 6
Strawberry Extract, misbranded and containing coal tar dye,
Sweet Mixed Pickles, containing excess of benzoate of soda,

ae et

a

BPeEeP Ree eH wore

RPOrHrHEH wR DY HH

ee

74 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

CASES TERMINATED—Continued.

Tomatoes, canned, containing: salts Of fim, sj... «0. = lee cone 2
Tomato Catsup, containing excess of Benzoic Acid, ............ 1
containing excess of sodium benzoate and made
fromemoldy,smaterials. meee cece 1
containing excess of benzoate of soda and made
from decomposed materials, ........... 1
PUPKE¥ re GeCOMMDOSCO spe ate cece yale ieuayere ctoteeievension mercurous lo: he polcuoheveneharserene 2
decomposed and putrid), ....cmeee tock me cic sclersis elo wm eters 2
Vanilla Syrup, adulterated, .2...2.5-s<nees SOS Root 1
Watermelons, ~GECOMPOSeds wren ci cletsictersioroliele sl ckereserer ave cieie seeneloes 2
TOLCCM Se erro gave cates caxors love conetareneie ree taveyetane aus scevotCioeietene il
unfit: fOr LOO 5. c,<.2 ses Sasso lows oi Mav slnjeeee ike Seo TE 3
White Raisins, containing undeclared sulphur dioxide, ........ 1
Worcestershire Sauce, containing saccharin and benzoate of soda, 2
226
FRUIT SYRUP ACT, 1905, IN VIOLATION OF
memon Syrup, contaimine *coal tare dy: ao cicie <telalelelelsislelotebelederstaiol= il
Orange) Syrup, ‘containing, coal jtar dyes <7... semisiee ee ello ele ierie 4
Raspberry Syrup, artificially HNavoredsqve sec aciicisiele cloner S3 1
containing Goal tar wayie nm ormertt cei ceils 1
Strawberry Syrup, containing coal tar dye, ............-....... 2
9
ICE CREAM ACT, 1909, IN VIOLATION OF
ChoeolatesicesGream > slow mefat yo ssc cisess:0ej< 2's sisjate)eyoreisiepsiole oemetene 11
fee. Cream, “adulterated!s cic srs<Scispe tesetiere dees lois assy er wiehe) aero ete eveneere 1
lows in buttery fats tasccioc sm ae aise aie/s Sine cvere voter 21
at wholesale, made from skimmed milk, ........ 1
Strawberry. ice Cream low, ine pUtberetat pecracrericlciersictersien ie ienierer 3
Vanillavice Cream low anwbutter fats, .cis--caemiorei-Porsin keaton ereeaier: 50
87
LARD ACT, 1909, IN VIOLATION OF
Tard: vad ul tera ted es Givens terse ss voip iene) oter ctorateuctotetel be vayeusteletetedauecet rotenone 1
containing «cottonseed |e Ost src cys ss poieestwrstore oes oe ol oeerevatorense 2
containins Cottonseed product 1s .cicmsccjee als cco cle cretere re coats 2
AMA Gation sewer pee aro weitere ctaie Gre. fava’ ox ordvansdaehe, ones aeee 1
6
MILK ACT, 1911, IN VIOLATION OF
Cream sel owssiN a Diet Terabe ee 24 -<ye.c 0s: 0.<cae,0: «sede lever slaverston tae oeieteneterenete 27
Mill: sad ultenated imscrserstc sco stort uis «5d aut outom arto tee eencione PieriNer 12
lowainetateand total solids, ...c....44e:smeeereeie ieee 54
low, insfatvand ‘total’ solids: °skimmed aasaseemeeeeeeceeece 66
low in fat and total solids; watered, ......... sinleva nee 88
low in fat and total solids; skimmed and watered, .... 3

LOW GIN TAT Me) Seid éioilsic.. «dp andwia ese la ae ees ee 9

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CASES TERMINATED—Continued.

lomy iin, TES Weueel adabadecocoumsopuos Coop nOUpUUoOUOE
TWEE CRO eter ced ct ne tev cr clara sieve erair = Glee cia ook salohictoven0ys) s\sie) :atsvsislee.e%
LOWs INR OlIGS Ss Wik LOCO at ara stare ote cl cieioieie ols oie! eclc cielo cie cicieie’e «
low in fat and total solids; partially skimmed, ..........
LOWelletac ss DATEIAlLY: WALCLEG en apele aie «cis < stele isis ove eie)ecels ele
SIGH TMCU en WiALOT COs ara ctareletetcrerercle eratenc ie ie-c'oals'e «eveiclele’sisi's.s jos

NON-ALCOHOLIC DRINK ACT, 1909, IN VIOLATION OF

Bartomcontaiminevan CXCeSS! OL al COHOM. srlclerelelele'= wis aisicleic elere c/o ¢ ete
BinchMBeenr-+ COMbaIniNS ISVECMAMII oe tctale cs Silas lope eves wo eee ele @ on/ore
MISDLANG CHE] tases eee ee ae eae ere bre, Siekai edie Sle Os 8 ots

BINcChBe Opec OMANI Sa SA CCH ATT Is weve oi ores cl ceteilene (aveslo) etisyisi's.c lesa\siele el) e\e erevs
Blood: Orange Soda; adulterateds 5 csc ccc woes aacicls oss oa c1cis 01
Cherry Soda. acciicially (COLOTCUs) Sans cisciseciers|s cele e cle'e ee o/s) sielele
TMS DAM Oye he ete erecta eae Saeco an etate eieiote te levaliavensiievs

mispranded sand aAgdmiteraveds,” < sreicis <1 0.016110 0 clejsre «1

: misbranded and containing coal tar color, ......

Crease SOGAts ANISDTANGGG:,- icitcisie s ctevs ows ab erel'e weer oie ale: 8 eosisia Stare siaivie oe
CONAN "SACCHATIMN.- ecreci eters ele atele + cie.e spcuchejenoie eke

misbranded and containing coal tar Gye, ........

CrapemoOdasm MU SDUAM CEU ttc selon ieiercic cits estore eset sisiwsicletslerclis er asale ic
IODA eres CONLAININ Pye SACCMALIMNG muctelete enc 'erate clcteceistel ole levers) < ialelsceveaciss exe
Memons Soda CONTAIMINES SACCHATING oie wictercisis cls ee sieieleielciele + «wie sentene
MeMION SLOP, eCONLAIMINE "SACCMATIM eo cicte tvs «cles cleo elerelc cis oslereieye eens
enone Soda a MOL PLOPeLly. OAM Sd t tr. cue ou- isis ele acts clcie/el slic) eTersis) ois
Memon Sy PUP CONtAIMIN &) SACCHATIN, o-- <)> a ersleleievsletetellelelelel ersicle.e e1s
INGA SBECCr so IMISDrANGedh, seskieciso cio ceetere Scie s, oreis ereie elas sieves wisi’ gases
Oraneeader.contaimine COal bar (Gy Cy wie ciee ce sieicis aie ol siisiiel sic elesieie! oie
Orange Phosphate, artificially colored, ..............scceecceee
THISDILANG CUM Na creche etre a erarolelelanss ote sonclane,.c ele veyere

Oraneve! Sodarrantincially, COlOTGG™ Face aciere o sisic oo re eve ats we loieve.) 6 eusie
misbranded and adulterated), fo. ccc «one cis soc

misbranded and containing coal tar dye, ........

TNASDLANG CA He Vaxcic7- laters teletetetss, Savsie eG ele, w: avcieve 8) sie susi sv epedsve

misbranded; artificially colored and flavored, ....
MIsShrandedrandsCOLOREAS jes. iste! salle oere.s ehelesevetsi

OranzesPop ha containing SACCHALIM ys 1. cetieiaciee aisretehebe elcholele-crereaeiel ores
Orange Soda, containing saccharin and misbranded, ..........

Peach Soda, misbranded; artificially colored and flavored,
Pear Soda, artificially flavored in imitation of pear, ............
Pineapple Soda, containing saccharin, ........cccsccccsccvesee
Raspberry Soda, artificially Colored,” 2: nce os ve se escec ce eis gsles
artificially Navoreds) Gascrcleccee ses eens ses
COntaiInNINSsSACChaATiNG —-.c/<'o oe.ce oie « «sists erase
containing saccharin; artificially colored and
AVOCA Ras case ces cec cw Siisle tie bce sre nee s
MISHEANACA ME ser sale oe co sie ec oie ee cn oe wispn sls ia e-0%

misbranded and containing coal tar color,
ROOtRBeer, sCcOntainin a: SACCHATING bs. ort. ts acs ec baie ec heeele he eens
Root Beer Tablets, containing saccharin,
Soda Water, adulterated,
Soft Drink, misbranded,

BPrRrReE NO ND RF wR wwe

_

OHHENMDEHEEHENDEHED ND PRHP HEH WHH DH Hb SO

BM be Pp OPE

76 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

CASES TERMINATED—Continued.

Strawberry Pop, artificially flavored and colored, .............. 5
MMISDEAM CECH) eae Sere ss Sieve se cievs jave = Seevevavslerayejovetensversie 6
misbranded and adulterated, 2........0.ccen. 6
Strawberry. Soday vartificialiiy colored vaca ns acis ce iors ters eierclerele ee 2
artificiallyeiavonredpescuoes ice coc ete 2
artificially. colored and favored: =..-s..s0. soe 5
containing saccharinwee sees oreaniee ee 10
containing saccharin and artificially colored, 1
containing saccharin and artificially flavored, 1
containing coal tar dye and misbranded, 1
IM TACIOM OL ss eee Geese ve mstats ares horas oa tovorateve uatotonete 1
Weis: Beer; containinealconoleynncc soc nections Oars il
127
OLEOMARGARINE ACT, 1901, IN VIOLATION OF
Oleomarzarine, withoutea licenses serene eee to eee 5
at wholesale, without a license, .............. 2
serving without (a license). fein 1-1-1. siicleli> leslie 2
COLOTCO SS eens alors ove ete eke ca le olltaron oi oreral mare lereteleuew aiszere 4
colored in imitation of yellow butter, .......... 3
colored. 7as ands or butteneeer cere eee eee 7
as-and: for butters) notestamped) ).- ech oeee 1
24
RENOVATED BUTTER ACT, 1901, IN VIOLATION OF
Renovated Butter, serving without a license, .................. 1
il
SAUSAGE ACT, 1911, IN VIOLATION OF
Sausage. containing sad ded water w aactssteiciciccciecelatdlomierecieietetete ‘ 3
Pork, scontainine sil phurs@ioxid esse eile il
UN AiG TOT LOOM = cetera terete uanone ate octave rane cue tete roast Oereer ore 2
Mesh UNG ECPOR OO, ms tie crerhcntetese-svevete ote ocstev ane oie erate il
Vienna style, containing vegetable flour and added
WACOD ss | lavclanste vera oi'cre ovo one eistotoronsbetaval siere ie elever es oleaereveeneta 1
8
VINEGAR ACT, 1901, IN VIOLATION OF
Vinegars ciders sadulterated= eaacyee cco ao cites oe e demic e eee 35
adulterated sand: Colored nt. a.com nec sniereareeetier 1
containine sad ded) wialter,ap c-11a cise store os ote cele haan 2
consisting largely of syrup vinegar, .......... 1
Whichs was eqistilled! syimerzaris siete s ccieaetsriee 1
Vinerar cdistilledsaas, and torsciders wile@zare-eeeeieis rise icici esr 13
fermented syrup and caramel, as and for cider
VANCE AP nc tics cdot eeu eiare eas en teen 1
colored, for fermented syrup vinegar, ...... 1
for white vinegars saassce aoe orci 1
low in acidity and colored, for cider vinegar, il
Vinegar; “adulterated 5 9 3 ..<.s%ss.<:d)5 Sse n sebetecopem sites 8 eames tase 8
Vinewar,” “Watered, cis%. <x sals)siecciew sista oteloretevereneverstttaneiewelole clanerei ot Ane 1

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Cases terminated on the presentation of proper guarantee by the

retailer from whom samples were purchased, ............

Totalemumben OL cases terminated. so. .c sce. cece sc oe

RECEIPTS OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD BUREAU FOR THE

YEAR 1914

Oleomargarine Wicense Hees, wi c)osis cob dees slsne's $195,219
Renovated Butter License Fees, ................ 675
Colde Storage iCenSewW GCS es aic cic lehcrals ore receivers selene 3,650
OleomaTrSarines Mines 2h.) ..300 5 oc laiaieics custo savers lokavdvetere 2,253
Renovated Isuttere Mines.) 2a .lsch « asters «se cieia wiejele secs 145
COLMMSTOPASSEMMMCS inser rf suai cveterere sis sia wl eveieta Dele leere 678
MOOds MIN eSs VACEHOF LOOSE Metis cictc cies telaieiss re arn cueelos 9,087
MilkeMines® tA CET OLED ON) victateta te ostove cys csilod biases are 50
NKR NES eACt Ofsl OMe eis eee ake atncyaelcce oelerels 5,335
WANES ATE HMCSs ers iT estes nbeialcc eave cise cleelel s eleletelavsian 2,269
RATINGS ike cueveietodeca tote lchove. seca chaise or aketelelie wat Sie Matters. ates 15524
WoneAlcoholic rinks MINES), kis nice selesedciteoniersi ies 2,720
Sasa eed TMCS a aks eters ais Sys evele his oceania osausishivcad ooatele eicaaie 527
Hie onO cea) HinGst Aas os «ace idiss ohele Stake Seep 1,393
EAT GMCS Mess creten cet a Lalo Se desetoneie ince eer Rove Gueie. alee eure 253
GEA Ee VATU Dp OTINCS 5 Piers (oc bve, else! eheteyscareccheraseiwiexeiellers sielers 130

TOLAISERECEID ES AV othe cre shochoine she siavelaselere anes s $225,910

Total HO XpenaiMInesinaeic wats cies tesla aalel> wicks 13,201

$152 ,639

05
00
00
50
50
00
70
00
00
98
35
70
20
50
70
60

78
41

37

78 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF ZOOLOGY OF
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

To the Secretary of Agriculture:

Dear Sir: I take pleasure in herewith presenting to you my
Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Zoology of the Department
of Agriculture. During the year 1914 the work of this Bureau has
made satisfactory progress, giving proper attention to the estab-
lished duties of the office, and also embracing such new features as
in the course of the year were found necessary or advisable.

It is my pleasure to recognize the efficiency of the employees, and
to call especial attention to the interest shown by the field men,
or inspectors and demonstrators, in the successful prosecution of
their duties. Every person has apparently striven to his utmost
capacity to make the work successful in reaching the public in such
a way as to rendering efficient and satisfactory service.

The work of the Bureau has been prosecuted through various
channels, such as personal correspondence or letters, publications
in the form of both the Bi-Monthly Bulletin and the Weekly News
Letter, the Nursery Inspection Work, the Apiary Inspection Ser-
vice, the Inspection of Importations, the Public Demonstration
Work, known as Orchard Demonstrations, and additional orchard
work known as Supervision Orchards, as well as indirect Inspection
of Orchards and Farms for destructive insects and plant diseases,
with the addition of the Inspection of Granaries to detect granary
pests and give all needed assistance where possible; and also Lec-
tures, as well as Investigations, and the publication of results, and
such other means as appear to be desirable and efficient in render-
ing the best possible public service through this office as directed
by laws.

LETTERS WRITTEN.

By far the greater part of the indoor service of this office is in
the attention that must be given to personal correspondence. From
every county of the State we are liable to receive scores of letters
each day making inquiries concerning some possible outbreak of
pests, which must have immediate attention. We occasionally re-
ceive telegrams asking for immediate reply as to the treatment of
certain pests, the management of orchards, or the methods of meet-
ing certain difficulties. To all such communications, especially to
the letters, all detailed attention is given that is necessary to aid
the inquirers to meet successfully the conditions before them. In
all of our work we have striven toward an improvement in quality
rather than an increase in quantity in agricultural and horticul-
tural productions of this State, and this has meant the necessity of
constant effort toward educating the public in new or better meth-
ods of crop production, with special reference to pest suppression.

In order to give the instruction necessary to help individuals,
letters from this office generally must contain great details, and
consequently they not infrequently include several pages, but the

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 79

subsequent replies, stating the results of such careful personal corre-
spondence, show that the efforts are justified. When a man’s crops
are threatened by an outbreak of some pest it may mean the loss of
several hundred dollars to him to fail to receive promptly the de-
tailed information necessary for success. It is true that we have
printed circulars bearing on most of the subjects of the inquiries
which we receive, but there are always individual or personal con-
ditions that must be met by correspondence in addition to the in-
formation that can be given by the sending of printed circulars. It
is the personal element of our correspondence that keeps us freshly
in touch with the public, and keeps the office from dwindling into a
mere routine of answering letters by sending back printed circulars.

During the past year six thousand one hundred and forty-five
(6145) letters were written that were of such importance as to justify
keeping a record of them by copies in the records of the office. While
most of these were on topics pertaining to pest suppression, fruit
production, spraying, orchard management, etc., there were many
other topics discussed, and practically no subject of importance to
the farmer but that came to us for more or less comment or help.
We have long made it a practice either to reply directly to an in-
quirer, or tell him where he can get the assistance he needs. As
many inquiries are not of such character as to be answered from the
office of the Economic Zoologist, even though they be along familiar
topics, reference must be made to persons on institutions from which
replies can be given, such as the U. S. Department of Agriculture,
the U. 8. Pomologist, the State Experiment Station, the Departments
of the State College, the different Departments of the State Govern-
ment, the different Bureaus of the Department of Agriculture, and
even various State Experiment Stations making investigations along
the particular line of which such inquiry is sometimes made.

PUBLICATIONS

The Zoological Press Letter, to the newspapers of Pennsylvania,
and to all agricultural and horticultural publications that request
them, has been issued regularly throughout the year to the extent of
one thousand copies weekly. Each issue of this Weekly Press Letter
contains articles, each of about one-third column in length, and
treating some subject of timely interest or importance. It has been
the means of reaching the public in a most effective, immediate and
economical manner. For example, when we commenced to see evi-
dence of an outbreak of the army worm we prepared a Weekly News
Letter upon this subject, and reached practically all the newspapers
of Pennsylvania, thus many of them had the articles on this subject
in print even before the army worm made its appearance on the
lawns of their readers, or but a day or two thereafter. The economy
of efficiency of this prompt service was generally recognized through-
out the State, not only in the suppression of this pest, but also of
others. :

Another example of its timeliness and efficiency is in our recom-
mendation to use red cedar trees grown in this State for Christmas
trees instead of cutting the pine and spruce trees. This is because
the disease of the apple, commonly known as cedar rust, is spreading
in orchards especially in the southern part of the State; and, in fact,
is becoming quite serious in some orchards. It is known that it

6

80 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

has a necessary alternating stage on the red cedar in the form of the
cedar apple, and it is agreed by plant pathologists that if all the red
cedar trees were destroyed the cedar rust of the leaves and fruit of
the apple would be at an end. Hence the suggestion issued in the
Weekly Press Letter just before Christmas, to the effect that since
Christmas trees were to be used, it was desirable from an economic
standpoint, that they should be of the red cedar.

It is unfortunate that we do not have the authority to issue sev-
eral thousand copies of this Weekly Press Letter, in order to supply
the needs of individual citizens who desire to be placed upon the
mailing list, and it is hoped that the State will find it possible to
remedy this trouble in the future.

THE BI-MONTHLY BULLETIN

The Bi-Monthly Bulletin of the Bureau of Zoology was prepared
regularly, and, excepting for the unavoidable delays in the hands of
the State Printer, was issued regularly. The subjects treated during
1914 were as follows:

January-March, 1914, Vol. IV, Nos. 1 and 2, “Some Birds of Penn-
sylvania.” (Continued).

May-July, 1914, Vol. IV, Nos. 3 and 4, “Pests of Truck and Field
Crops. Report of Inspection of Nurseries and Importations. Dem-
onstration and Supervision Orchards.”

The calls for the Bulletins of this office, giving results of original
studies of the Reptilia and Amphibia of Pennsylvania, have con-
tinued in an unprecedented manner. From all the States of the
Union and all countries in the world have come requests for these
Bulletins from scientific workers. They have helped to create a
popular interest in these subjects such as never before existed, and
have been especially helpful to teachers, who frequently write to
us for more literature and for further information on the subjects.
It appears that it is quite desirable to republish in one volume the
set of our bulletins on the Birds of Pennsylvania, and another on the
Reptiles and Amphibians of this State; and it is to be hoped that
those persons who are interested in receiving the benefits of such
publications will see that the State Legislature provides therefor.

NURSERY INSPECTION

The Nursery Inspection service was originally the sole service
rendered to the public through the office of the Economic Zoologist.
It was and remains of fundamental importance. It is necessary that
the nurseries be inspected with the greatest of care by trained per-
sons to detect the presence of obnoxious insects and plant diseases,
and to prevent the dissemination of pests over the State. It was
found that the inspection during the growing season was not suf-
ficient, for the two important reasons that the leaves prevented per-
fectly satisfactory results of the inspection by the inspector, and
also there was a possibility of reinfestation or infection after the
leaves fell. Therefore, the nurseries are inspected also during the
dormant season. There is no State in the Union which has as many
nurseries as Pennsylvania that does as much in regard to a complete
semi-annual inspection of all of its nurseries as does this State. The
greatest care is taken to watch carefully for all traces of plant dis-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 81

eases and all forms of insects. When the least indication of any un-
familiar pest is found it is made the object of study until it is worked
out, as, for example, in our study and original publication on the
peach bud mite.

In addition to the inspection of nurseries we have made inspec-
tion of all greenhouses that grow florists’ plants for shipping by
mail or express, in order to see that these are properly inspected and
licensed, so they can comply with the Federal requirements, espe-
cially with the parcel post regulations in regard to tagging with a
certificate of inspection all such stock to be shipped or mailed.

The Nursery Inspection work has been chiefly in charge of Mr.
E. B. Engle, assisted by all of the orchard inspectors in whose dis-
tricts were any nurseries demanding attention. The report of this
particular line of service of this office is as follows:

NUMBER OF NURSERIES INSPECTED IN 1914

Counties First Second
Inspection Inspection*
|
JMIDIIES Soodeacouen peceocosCeCebCUnt Be DOnAOCEUDOCUOOGODOCO Scat cocrodcodsondcas | 19 19
3 3
4 2
| 2 1
| 1} 1
ILI Canemoeotecddoce
9 8
2 2
ah Wetiedoace cence a
1| 1
WSR EOI et folste ie cisleitaistecine aa ain cicinieie:sioisia'clolcsiotelalal sicie)e\e, sielulelere(e/alsle cretate(cleln'e |e. /<Je/s 14 12
(CIGD hh anboeséencocucralCoeb ae oGoreo SeaC LONGO CoOBe or soeee abde 2 1
Columbia, .... ade 3 3
Crawford, ..-..- | 9 1
Cumberland, .... aoe no5e sces } 1 1
Deanne aeAnqdocdeassor secan co nOOnUS0OGr DOL OND DOO COUnOnoNTNcdeacue baccoce abe 6
LDIGLAIGIRE:, “agacbc Hb bene daae SanoEoSOOOS GACT HUSCOOD SB CDOBUGL OD OOLOCO DION UnOooG 9 9
WIGS noes edanadddcscnoneccbae ne COOL EO SanUr Coaoctincauce on ecpanoruoe scarce 24 13
SSE Red AYN ete ere re cine sieiein oa oie) cfeleiero oleia[ale)=iavalareieletalataiatalefs(alete]e\alc|s'aieisiaicinielelelstete'e\eleleiere 3 2
Huntingdon, BoC a 1 1
dies” Goccoaan D | cisiscseccwecscsee
Lackawanna, ... 2 2
Laneaster, ..... nce EA 11 11
PEWTER Oey ttn nis isin ieicinintnia o cieicia clolele alele!ojn\alereiaieinlelstalelee[e\slele.e.e)vi01sle\sieiain\s\a\s\ela/e/s)ajeleteie 2 2
LGINAL, Gedoocsendacdsuccde Sen 000 S0ntOd0S0 CN SDBOOC DEC OU EO S000 Ins 5c aSoe008G 2 1
MANET OMe steele le to icleyaetelalereintoreinle oloferainieleie’alelaieleleletelers ofs/e\nlslele|s/e\elelwia's)ateinte/cleleleinieletelels 5 5
MSY COMM Pa a acai s civinic oitieivicinolclalpis e'e:6/e|cl<lo.aiv,e\s\einie\sjs\u/o 0 01010] 'esie'e/e\eisie(s/a(eeleiefa= lalsie Dil Pestaclaselatetsicre er ioe
FER COT acct celle =lsialaicieleielelelsia/<1s'afoleinlelols siclsiclelsl= 6c i 2
LU GGiiIeY SaeeqAGne 1 1
Montgomery, ... 16 15
Northampton, 3 3
SET Viale Step icloracisisietaleleivisle)a/«)q\sin)6 cleinieia(ele\«(ale eis e\niolels|a|x/sivlnla)e\e|vin/s\e'=\n)e\e's[olvjnlwictaleine)alseje 2 2
Philadelphia, 12 10
Lit Sogecodscejaqbeeedee TObEg COC UU BOI ddaOC OE OMe maCoC MEA CONSOAeEdoco6000 1 1
Sry ere secre eee wa osraiel seen dies win inte clelelais|«lelaicjelsisteisie'e/e s\sisl<i="sic\ere sieisieis siete 15 13
cece sceceeecces 2: Week ce erie eee 6
2 1
1 1
1 1
2 2
i 1
6 1
YOLK, ccc cece cece ce ccc ces cece ccreractesencecccscceescnssserecessecaccsssons 9 9
ERY Cea Vso ie tesa pur orate w @io'm a 0in) nial din ele’ eis[oimialels olnlelala\aloleis ciciole's njeisicinl>(mnio)=ja,0lsia\n el» 234 170

*The Second Inspection did not include those growing berry plants only.

6—5—1914

82 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PLANTS IMPORTED INTO PENNSYLVANIA AND INSPECTED DURING
THE YEAR 1914

Month Number of Number of
Packages Plants

CITT MAY, sone deidasonsodocaoouc bdobdoden ace na aonodcaEcognoCoSOdObCgNS00G00R00 202 659,177
GDN V oun cotinine acieisieictelsiatciciereresais ie repnieis tai octet rs nforsiate oroveleletaterete\sieiciere eieiatetslerete 503 742,496
Mies | Soo deoonnenees cnn snboe BopoduncepoaceosoUC Odea dbaooL beaacodoqsmac0D eS 1,956 679,993
PADD amare e rn rtratarareterateraei ae akctec ecole orera etotelalctalets cis ehare aislam aciorstelalvcieteinielersemcitoniee 1,151 176,896
INGER, dascosse Joocccssdecco goanconds0000co ds nocbanAasuoLgocooa Aan joonsoaosuEdS 310 10,374
ARs: ~ qoanddoqdudsdoacouocadsnanosopbAdcogcocpadopuabuocoLoocudcnuaguapaudone 30 1,075
aiitiay, pogqadoonopUEoee scone oppao noc SnddoCOuoctooUSadne coud Cod osdabSoScaboaNdd 8 52
Seay tenn re ears et tate ataet ale ater cles otal cbatelete)ateletote etaleletereletetet-teseletatateletslal-lereteleisiateteleietelcisia\ete 99 4,169
OCTODERE) (.itccacaemac sae ceisielcinicoe ales ericlciclemcieielaveietelelelelaisreieieininiee ere leverete oieveletersie tere 1,573 118, 485
INOVEMDEN: eevee cise s carsirenints ecmieniniors ine uiverccleleieloislets ersiaieal date eicielstereleleioinis eelesions 71 150,021
MCCOMDER A emcee treater ielckelsrctersiolerele oleate aieloherefele clcteislelele ieietalawiststetereicistetelersisieteterersinieiste 260 155,565
Miscellaneous, ..........-- Bletnlaveleteteroreiaictetetarercteejateloteretetrecistetstereteteteleieler celeeisieior 200 89,399

LUT OEY apto pare nacido cnebons aqaeeeoCe coronoducetancuccdospnbdosmsnesead 7,038 2,787,702

INSPECTION OF IMPORTED STOCK

It is exceedingly important that the great number of destructive
insect pests and plant diseases which are found destructive in cer-
tain parts of the earth be kept out of Pennsylvania by a strict and
careful inspection service of all importations of plants. It is not
desirable that our citizens be prohibited the advantages of import-
ing good nursery stock, or new or desirable varieties of trees, shrubs,
plants, seeds, bulbs, etc.; and to hedge our State about with strict
quarantine laws entirely prohibiting such importations would be
gross injustice to our progressive citizens. It is much better to
permit ready trade with all parts of the earth, but to inspect the
imported material as soon as possible after its arrival. This is
done by co-operation with the Federal Government. Use is made
chiefly of the orchard inspectors of the Bureau of Zoology for in-
specting importations of trees, shrubs, plants, bulbs, and often even
seeds after they arrive at their destination.

By a system of complete reports the office is notified concerning
the arrival of each shipment at port of entry, and its destination,
whether it be by parcel post, by express or by freight. The orchard
inspector in charge of the district to which it is consigned is notified
and gets into touch with the consignee, and just as soon as possible
after its arrival he goes to the premises and thoroughly inspects
the shipment. In some cases it may be only a few plants sent by
mail, but there is a possibility of the introduction and spread of
the fearfully destructive Brown-tail moth or Gipsy moth, or of such
diseases as the white pine fungus, which is destructive to the white
pine forests in foreign countries. It may be a box containing trees
or shrubs consigned to a private grower for the adornment of his
premises, or trees for planting in his orchard, or it may be a large
shipment of carloads of nursery stock by freight, containing tens of
thousands of trees. All such shipments are inspected with the
greatest possible thoroughness and most careful scrutiny; and it is
sufficient to say that this work, though laborious in the extreme, has
resulted in keeping out of Pennsylvania many serious pests that
otherwise would have been introduced, and which would have added
to the destructive agencies that are now at work reducing the in-

No. 5.

come of the growers

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

in this State.

83

Through making use of the

trained orchard inspectors in the different districts of the State the
expense of this important service is greatly reduced. A detailed re-
port of the inspection of importations is as follows:

INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES FOUND ON PLANTS IMPORTED DURING

Country in Which Plants
Were Grown.

HOLLAND:
(697,621 plants),

BELGIUM:
(113,436 plants),

FRANCBD:
(1,744,991 plants),

tee e eee wees

GRAND DUCHY OF
LUXEMBURG:

(198 plants), ....... 500065 -
GERMANY:
(27,324 plants), ........... noococe

THE YHAR 1914

Insects and Diseases Found.

Oyster shell scale,
Caterpillars (sp?),

Mite eggs,
Chermes sp.,

Eggs of lace-bugs,
White fly,
Soft scale,
Bagworm (sp?),
Aphids (sp.?),

eee eeeescesees
eee eee

Lecanium scale,
Mites,
Armored scale (sp.?),
Lepidoterous puz (sp.?),

Woolly“aphidsiy. se. osc.mecece
Juniper scale,

Diseases:

Fungus leaf-spot,
Pestalozzia sp.,
Canker,

Whites flys 2 t-cesccwins seciecn ete Sale
Aspidiotus heders (?), ...
Eggs of lace-bugs,
Mealy bugs,
Spider eggs,
Soft scale (sp.?),

Red aphids (sp.?),
Scale insects (Aspidiotus sp.?),
Lecanium (sp.?),
Red spider,
Aspidiotus (sp.?),
LUG be eBOO TOAD OCABOnATTDOORCE
Small red mite,
Egg-cases of spiders,

seen eres

eee
ween ewww eens

tee eee

Diseases:

Pestalozzia sp.,
Colletotrichum omniverum,

seer,

Woolly aphis, Ae
Eggs of rusty tussock moth, ..
Oyster-shell scale,
Scurfy scale,
Caterpillars and cocoons,

Dee e eee e es eseseee

Diseases:
Root gall and hairy root,

se eeee

None.

Soft scale,
Aphis eggs,
Small beetles (sp.?),

see eteeeeee

Host Plants.

Boxwood (20 shipments).

Rhododendron (3), Norway
maple.

Juniperus (2) and Abies (2).

Nordman’s' Fir (2), Pinue
mughus.

Rhododendron (3).

Azelea,

Palms.

Boxwood.

Norway spruce, Japanese maple,
Norway maple.

Boxwood.

Juniper (2),

Boxwood.

Boxwood.

Beech.

Juniper.

Scotch elms.

Rhododendron (5).
Rhododendron (26).
Rose linden.

Azalea (17 shipments).

Kentia, palms.

Rhododendron.

Auracaria (2), (2).

Rhododendron.

Bay trees (5), palms (7), Ken-
tia, Metrosideros.

Palms.

Palms.

Bay trees (4), palms.

Palms.

Kentia.

Vignes depleine terre.

Oriental spruce.

Thuja. (Arbor Vit).

palms

Rhododendron.
Aspedistra.

Apple seedlings.

Apple seedlings.

Lilac.

Crab.

Apple and quince stocks,
berries.

bar-

Apple seedlings.

Camellia.
Camellia.
Coniferous trees.

84

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

INSECT PESTS AND DISEASES FOUND ON PLANTS IMPORTED DURING
THE YEAR 1914—Continued

Country in Which Plants
Were Grown.

ENGLAND:
(113,608 plants)),. ©. << cnncsccmcces
SCOTLAND:
(33,006 plants)),, <<... <ccccsscsee
IRELAND:
(Cope TOES ‘oncanemscnosuce God
TL ATVASIGRYS:

(2025s PIANUtS) We iesicisisersclsleaiets soood
JAPAN:
GUTOOSMPIANIES) hy Ciseiieisistan’sletelsieieisie ;
CANADA:

(300 lbs. white pine seed),
BERMUDA:
(G2ZBplants) rer cemercilerecetciclelelese(e siete
ISLE OF PINES:

(2,167 plants),
TRINIDAD (B. W. INDIES):
(7,576 plants),

GUATEMALA:
(3 plants),

COLOMBIA:
(240 plants),

eee meter teers eeene

BRAZIL:

(500 plants),
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS:

(40 plants), ..... peonoocqooo0E boos

Insects and Diseases Found.

Mite eggs, ..... eisiviale ctaielsjelalsicinielerata 6
Diseases:

Fungus,

None.

Canker,

eer i

None.

Small white aphis (sp.?),
Lepidosaphes nuesteadi,
Aspidiotus ancylus,
Seale (sp.?),
Boring lanvaesscncrn
Insect eggs (sp.?),

see eeeee

None.

None.

None,

None.

None.

Cattleyea flies,
Spiders h.sacacieins cle soe metic entoe
Clocosporium cattleyz,
Volutella sphzriformis,
PV CHIGM MND. Moret cers ceivisis cease
Seale insects (sp.?),
Ants,

eee eencee

Mites,
Roaches,
Disease:
SOLtr lack iro. vlc seccwoeecsscce a
None.

Host Plants.

Abies.

Common holly.

Rose (2 shipments).

Thuja pyramidalis.
Cycas stems.

Orchids (3 shipments).
Orchids (2 shipments).
Orchids (2 shipments).
Orchids (2 shipments).
Orchids (2 shipments).
Orchids.
Orchids.
Orchids.
Orchids.

Orchids.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 85

INSPECTION OF FLORISTS’ STOCK

The Federal Postal Regulations are that plants can not be sent
by mail without bearing a certificate of inspection by a State of-
ficer, stating that they are free from injurious insect pests and plant
diseases. In this State there are large florists who ship not only
by freight and express, but also by parcel post. It is important
that their stock be inspected once or twice per year, and that any
pests found thereon be destroyed completely, and that the florists
be given certificates of inspection showing the freedom of their
stock from such pests, in order to permit the shipment of said stock
by mail when so desired. Proper attention is given to this service,
and greenhouses are inspected without charge to the owners, the
same as are nurseries. Of course, there are many greenhouses from
which shipments are not to be made by parcel post, and which, in-
deed, are not sending away their stock, but are selling it only locally,
and these are not regularly inspected, but the owners are given all
possible help in detecting and suppressing pests. It is probable
that a beneficial advance step in the suppression of the spread of
pests would be found in the requirement that all greenhouse stock
shall be inspected and certified to be clean before it can be offered
for sale at any time and place. This would at least help to keep
the pests off of house plants.

ORCHARD INSPECTION

One of the very important features of the work of the Bureau of
Zoology has been the continuation of the inspection of orchards in
the State of Pennsylvania. Tens of thousands of growers have had
pests that they did not recognize, and consequently that they could
not suppress. Many persons have produced such poor fruit that
they were discouraged, and thousands of orchards have been killed
by the San Jose scale or other insects or diseases. We gave a num-
ber of thoroughly practical men the special training necessary to
equip them for successful service in the orchard inspection work,
and sent them over the State of Pennsylvania with instructions to
inspect every orchard with the greatest possible care, and to report
to the owners immediately and directly just what pests (both in-
sects and diseases) were to be found, and also to report the same
to this office. When such reports are received here they are syste-
matically filed for future reference, which at times proves to be
very important. The respective owners are also informed by letter
concerning the pests that were found, and are given detailed printed
instructions as to how and when to treat them for their suppression
or for the prevention of further damage.

One can scarcely realize how tremendous was the task of inspect-
ing every fruit tree in every yard, garden, and orchard of the State
of Pennsylvania. It meant a personal visit by a competent inspec-
tor to two hundred and twenty-five thousand (225,000) farms, and
more than that many suburban boroughs and village premises, which
are not properly classed as “farms.” It, therefore, meant the in-
spection of at least five hundred thousand (500,000) premises, con-
taining tens of millions of fruit trees. To pass by or slight a single
one might mear to neglect an opportunity to discover the incipient
outbreak of some seriously destructive pest, like the San Jose scale,

86 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the Gypsy moth or the Brown-tail moth. Often a village resident
with but a few trees takes more interest in them than does a coun-
try resident, and earnestly seeks advice for their protection. When
this is not given he produces inferior fruits, or loses his trees, and
thus his property is destroyed. For example, the borough of Ship-
pensburg in Cumberland county was once known as the “Town of
Fruit Trees.” Practically every resident grew his own fruits on his
own limited premises. The San Jose scale came in, and spread more
rapidly in the town than in the country, as is always the case. It
soon worked havoe with the trees, until at the present time there
is scarcely one of the older fruit trees left within the borough limits,
and almost the fruit is produce where formerly there were hundreds
of barrels. Had this inspection service been started in time the
citizens there would have been taught to recognize and suppress the
pests that were destroying their trees. As it is, they can do nothing
more than to plant again with the knowledge that it is possible to
build new and better structures upon the embers of the old by fol-
lowing the directions that are now so readily obtainable. In this
new planting also they may obtain expert advice as to the best
varieties for home use, which is an important item for any person
planting trees.

The detailed orchard inspection service was undertaken ten years
ago, or in 1904. We have had only funds enough to employ an aver-
age inspecting force of about twenty-five (25) men. This gave to
each inspector a district comprehending more than two and one-
half counties. This inspection service was of course interrupted by
the orchard demonstration and supervision duties, by the nursery
inspection in his district, by the inspection of importations, and
by other special duties, as well as by bad weather; but it was con-
tinued with all energy possible.

A daily report was made giving the details of the inspections made
by each man. A record of this is kept in the office, showing just
where he was engaged, and the kind and extent of the service ren-
dered. An effort was made to complete the inspections systematically
by townships. This service was continued year after year, finishing
one county after another, until now it is completed in every county
of the State excepting six, and it will require but a few weeks to
complete the remainder. It has reached the people, and has awak-
ened them to a realization of what pests are present, and has given
them definite instructions as to how to suppress these pests and pro-
duce better crops. They have followed the instructions given, and
as a result Pennsylvania produced far more and better fruits last
year than ever before. In fact, last year she rose from as low as
about seventh in the relative rank of fruit production to second
only the first being the State of New York. Through such work as
this Pennsylvania is forging ahead. The results are unquestionable.
The rural people know this to be a fact.

It has been so long since the orchard inspection work was un-
dertaken that many new orchards have been planted, and the demand
for it is far greater than ever before because people know that it has
become more helpful. It has but recently been made to include the
inspection of grains in bins, potatoes and fruits in cellars, and pests
on farm and truck crops. It can well be developed along these lines
to reach much more than the orchard or fruit service. To do this

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 87

properly a greater number of inspectors is necessary, and to secure
the benefits of such service for our citizens a large appropriation is
needed. This Bureau should have for this work at least seventy-five
thousand dollars ($75,000) annually, as the present appropriation
is but forty thousand dollars ($40,000).

DEMONSTRATION ORCHARDS

We soon found in our work with pest suppression that many
orchard owners did not know how to use modern apparatus, nor how
to make and apply the insecticides and fungicides essential to pest
control. It becomes at once obvious that satisfactory results can
never be obtained by simply telling a man what to do. He must
be shown how, and we undertook a definite demonstration service
in an extensive way in 1904, although it was started in a limited and
imperfect manner by us, originally in 1903. At first the demonstra-
tors were required to drive through the country, taking with them
in a wagon all the material and apparatus necessary for making and
applying the proper spray liquids. This meant that they should
transport boiling kettles, spray pumps mounted on barrels, hose, ex-
tension rods, etc. We at first selected orchards belonging to public
institutions as the chief places for demonstration service. We soon
found by practical experience that better care was given to private
orchards, and that more definite records could be kept there show-
ing the comparative results of proper orchard management. When
we commenced to give demonstrations on private premises it became
evident that the owners of the premises should by all means own
and operate their own spraying apparatus, and conseqnently the
plans developed until now each owner of a demonstration orchard
must own his own apparatus, and furnish his own material, and
transport the demonstrator to and from the nearest railroad or trol-
ley station, and furnish him board and lodging while at his premises.
This he is willing to do, because he realizes that he is procuring ex-
pert service, and enough of it to fully pay for the expense that he
incurs. At the same time such arrangement greatly reduced the
cost to the State. This is the reason why we are able to have such
an extremely large number of demonstration orchards in this State,
together with the other extensive duties performed under the limited
amount of appropriation that is available. The total number of
demonstration orchards in this State during this year was two hun-
dred and eighty-seven (287). This is greater than the total number
of demonstration orchards, combined, in all the other states of the
Union. These orchards are selected in reference to their availability
to the public for the purpose of giving public demonstrations. The
date is announced several days before the demonstrator is to be
present. Posters like sale bills are displayed in the country, and
local papers are requested to announce the time and place of the
demonstration.

Our demonstrator always makes it a point to be present at the
appointed time and place, rain or shine. This year out of four hun-
dred and fifteen (415) public demonstrations that were scheduled
there were not more than five (5) at which the demonstrator failed
. to be present. The assurance of the presence of the demonstrator
gives the public confidence, and men and women attend these meet-
ings regardless of weather. When it rains a lecture is given in the

88 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

barn. In some instances the attendance has amounted to hundreds.
The visitors have gone home and practiced the methods of the dem-
onstrator, and have afterwards reported efficient results in pest
suppression.

As this is the fundamental purpose of the demonstrations we are
gratified to know that such results follow.

Notwithstanding the fact that the owner of the demonstration
orchard is required to furnish his own material and apparatus, and
transport and board the demonstrators, the demand for these dem-
onstration orchards is increasing continuously. However, as they
are solely for the purpose of reaching the greatest number of peo-
ple possible in a practical means of demonstration, we must limit
such orchards to regions where it is impossible for people to reach
other demonstrations with ease.

The demonstrator does real work when present in the demonstra-
tion orchard, and does not stop with merely giving theoretical sug-
gestions or directions. He makes the spray materials, and fixes up
the spray pump to show how connections should be made, and how
the hose is to be repaired and the nozzle adjusted. He prunes trees
from small to large, because pruning is necessary in good fruit pro-
duction, and is thus a part of his essential service. The pruning, of
course, is always done before spraying. He sprays trees, showing
how to make and apply the material to obtain the best results.

In many cases the results have indeed been remarkable. At the
Huntingdon Reformatory, for example, the Economic Zoologist was
present at a meeting in the orchard to study the results of proper
methods of pruning and spraying, when a large crowd of visiting
men and women walked carefully through the orchard searching for
wormy or defective apples, and failed to find two such fruits in each
one hundred specimens examined. In other words, the results of
spraying, with an ordinary barrel pump, were more than ninety-
eight per cent. perfect fruits.

Similar results were found in orchards in Berks county, at the
Berks County Almshouse, at Shillington, where similar demonstra-
tions were given. Unfortunately as the management of these orch-
ards changed hands, they were withdrawn from the demonstration
service, and we are informed that they afterwards perished from
the effects of pests.

There can be no doubt whatever of the efficiency of the demon-
stration service in the specific work that is legally authorized for
the suppression of pests. In every county of Pennsylvania there
are now dozens of fruit growers who recognize this fact, and who
would be unwilling to see the work suspended in their respective
regions. This service has done more than any other to insure the
great improvement increase in the quality and quantity of Pennsyl-
vania fruits.

We thought at one time that after two or three years it would |
not be necessary to continue the orchard demonstration work, be-
cause the citizens would not need it, and consequently would not de-
sire it; but the learner is always ambitious for more, and the prac-
tical orchard grower is the most interested learner of all, because
he can soon be taught the benefits of new and improved methods in
producing fruits of quality that sell better than those formerly pro-
duced by him.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

89

It is to keep up thoroughly with the times, and to keep informed
in the most efficient and practical manner of the progress that is be-
ing made, that the thousands of citizens of this State continue to
call for the demonstration service. The detailed report of this ser-

vice is as follows:

County

INGAMS, ce cela cleie scleese stiavcie ccc ce dloncic= ose cnsioe cele ccm sewarescissonalescicie odes
Allegheny, .---2.cc0-- ccc cccecerceseceecesreeecses reece tecccssscceccerceees
ALMStIONg, ---- eee e cece cece reece ence ett e enc cer eet cc sess eetseseesesesseees
Be@Aver, ..- cece cc cc cece ccc ccccscnccncncccseceescescerecccnetetectscessseeees

STATON Ne eee cisteesicletsis lee aisicieis is's/e,els ln, Sols cieis]a/s\0\e sie (s/eIsiai-le\s/elciole\sielieis(=/ole/sielvicis eleis
Bucks,
Butler,
Cambria,
Cameron,
Carbon,
Centre,
Chester,
Clarion,
Clearfield,
Clinton,
Columbia,
Crawford,
Cumberland,
Dauphin,
Delaware,

Erie,
Fayette,
Forest,
Franklin,
Fulton, 4
Greene, ......
Huntingdon,
Indiana, .....
Jefferson,
Juniata,
Lackawanna,
Laneaster, ......0-.
Lawrence, ......---+-
Lebanon,
Lehigh,
Luzerne,
Lycoming, ..
McKean,
Mercer,
Mifflin,
Monroe, ..
Montgomery, ...
Montour, .....
DNOTHELVEATIN TD EO TD cio olosersvetetel=Ieiovayeleloisiahe/aisic=iete eleleholerc)eielaleleicials\s <ia)ri=(«\v\arol=i=leieia|ofolvle)ntetas
Inieimsiveroeed bel Seenaoodshnacunesaoons anos doors oapnonoonTadeoscunsorosds
IRDoee Boor nnsdoodoos nes AnooScaudon dus OS 59000 UdooPabeec GoUgdUndoesoSOO doe.
PUA eI PWIA, oe se ceic eo os sic ols winieleig nivinloleie'e\e\c\els]e © 1 nein n'o\v elvisiv.cieieie = /sis\viciaje.n viv oie
IBIS ad apptcoce aden dcpnds cnbdconne sup pasuoddcoRndocsadconeoocuroedaupOooce ae
EAB ERT cta te ernceiote este fesciste) -seley=Ietelo\ stare tetateYola stale efelwiafais/«\eisis\eje in siricleisle/sin(ala\slelsleim(eleisiais
Schuylkill, patnccoaDA.oSaeponuubonsODGeocsDA
Snyder, .... sleteleleleletateleistacsraistarsts aodoasneshdadcoedecdns
NOMEESCE wee dece sis Sralaiaetelere ejetstotetelenistemiatatelofeletsls leis sielelelelaisisiee
niitliv Ghia Soanyoeceee Sib ioiate eialeratctatnintetateinieteleteisieieiarersiei-telosleretetersicie
SENG EATI ee me syatetetniaininre otsianiete sleronciateisiows oleic elatereicteteteiolelaieielstateleleieiciotslelsicleiele sieves
Tioga, Spaleteeiletetstetele ra tala ctate stetetstetsteteisteletelalsteivicis’a/telelslay=

Washington, .......
\WEEAIGL Sssing 46a jo dentbod den nodosa AAG OD SOO Se Omen aDN 5530 IDdAde Ig OOOODASTOG
Wien @GibINGL “Gane adedacnasdanenudetoduco oLacedoconos da daegcogebuncoudeda
\WWaGaithites, Gonadcnocie oduceoEDOUnDDOdaeD Sodoboonaa op anoncoseqonncddocdondosoee
VOS5 cocnncaododocsoocodsog acu odBdODAGooOROsoadoSogHosongglaone anbaouocoune

Number of demonstra-

tion orchards

—

DWRAVAW RAE RMWWH COIS DIN PONMAWWRWRAWNH EEA AN OTWH WHO PRN WHWAHOIWAWNY NTA AIIARAP OH

8
|

Number of demonstra-
tions held

8 et
ANAM rD

ba

=

WNHAVSIUNHOELWNOWWRATACNOANOW PD NMOWHOR HOH WwW PRE RDOHMOPIPNNDOWO

=

Number of demonstra-
tion attendance

90 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

During the year 1914 the number of orchard inspections by our
inspectors was fourteen thousand, five hundred and twenty-two
(14,522) ; the number of borough inspections was three thousand and
fifty-six (8,056) ; making a total of seventeen thousand, five hundred
and seventy-eight (17,578) inspections.

SUPERVISION ORCHARDS

The requests for the demonstration service became so numerous
that it was entirely impossible to meet it by the means at hand, and
individual owners of orchards, farms and truck fields insisted that
they had as much right to the presence and counsel of the demon-
strator on their premises as had their neighbor who owned the
orchard that was used for public demonstration purposes. Recog-
nizing in part the justice of their claims, and especially the serious
need of a service that could not otherwise be given, we devised the
plan now known as the Supervision Orchard Service. Under this
plan the demonstrator is sent to private premises to meet the owner
and inspect his premises thoroughly, to detect such pests as may
be present, and to point them out to him and tell and show him
what to do to suppress them, and then to take hold of the work in a
definite practical way, and show him just how to prune his trees,
how to make his spraying materials, and how to apply the same.

One of the important features of the supervision service is that
our practical expert gives to the owner a written outline directing
the management of the orchard for the current year. This gives him
a plan for work in regard to cultivation, sowing cover crops and
catch crops, fertilizer, pruning, spraying, thinning fruit, ete. The
inspector goes again to the premises later in the year and makes
records as to the progress that is made, and offers such additional
recommendations or suggestions as may prove of value in pest sup-
pression or in crop production. Records of all reports and recom-
mendations are sent to this office and kept on file, and then used in
future correspondence with the owners who ask assistance from us
at various times. It is no wonder that the number of supervision
orchards rapidly increased under such careful and efficient service.
The requests for us to give this service to others continue daily to
come to the office. It is almost the same as the work in the demon-
tration orchards, excepting that it is not used for public meetings.
However, many of the owners of supervision orchards take advantage
of the opportunity to invite their friends when the inspector is to
come, and there may be from two to fifty persons present at the
supervision orchards on such an occasion.

The supervision service bears directly upon the fulfillment of the
law authorizing this office to acquire and disseminate information
concerning the suppression of pests. It is the most effective means
of reaching the public in a practical way, and has done much to-
ward helping to improve the quality and quantity of the products of
Pennsylvania soil. During recent months we have found it advis-
able to enlarge the scope of the service in a very definite manner,
and include the supervision of truck farms, gardens, farm crops and
small fruits, with special reference to suppressing pests and pro-
ducing better crops.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

91

A report of the supervision work during the past year is as fol-

lows:

County

Number of supervision

orchards

Number of supervision

visits *

PALAU Sn eyeteale le ereinicsia ns elelolnieisieisloiels ois e/slelslolnic(elaie\o1ale\e/a\4/e[e 0)s\e)s/x\ajs/e\s/=\s1a\s\u1v1e\eie\aIsJe\nie]s]»/0\e\e\e\sie\elole.e
Allegheny,
Armstrong,

IBGE, adds adcpecoscdonnoode se ononsonaUouodTooDomAUoSonAG

Butler, SEDO ASD aS boR@pan las Faepaer Naver srecctaiein wleteeia,clolele alo eraseteit s,s ctabeinrevclara nts chatele srateraiets siaceisiete |

OPMNDSINE “GooacopooseeanaoccoccuedsoOCopnocooauuor cae coed ob on cedeaDsucdor cou bOoOCOedo0oS

(IMIS, docu souens adee cocado “voc dpoouecouAbbopoposocodcoHpusnesee sogUCbDE LosbondbOGoAe
CREM “Gasc50d scans ons ao ban tO SHOE EpHgOs Soqd0TOMDOT CO cou GodUn as 0Gbd 1p S7ODGnOnancoaT
Obes “aoesonbeces Beet coral rere aie aia Vaavala eistole elesetarals «| ©) elavale lclecatelele ajslarcyevelstateleleleiaisiave aie tele avers winters
GULF) Gis, cosanshoanqneeccose sus ayaede ddeEceULId500n09905 a0cen DoE Ee epacHpesebuoodusecnd
Ciiiwnwil, Asoansdacesocgseee sce Adpms do oodoon sono eonbOO Sevan aoasecanAdsBooSnHonospToeDcS
CATA AAGL Mosodho buddoot Duos gac6b sec oaneecd odo op DOnC OO MEeOBNaapon co gobo So p.OnOOOSnOCOpED
LOE padouaosh stone cndouse Joos nde ancaoodoeunge andose db bandsddsebadoIngpcodsondcnd.
ID CIES \ qdasagcieces Uooe A006 SeunpupOmU SeooScu HbbcoobodsaebanedaddcomboucosbaseodduC

Fulton, PHONG ee RPM SNE inf cayman Wan ate in RCIA aia, Mantle cee
Greene, ER eee ee Mies ase lsasictalalc/nelside ela elatobiad entiatotaarolsinvalsleoisielMeleeecalei cede
Huntingdon, ....... Petcare terete ated ate lada tate oka etatete pat ciate eretatete tn otel tole iatet sjalcteleyaie/e/ateteicleisiaisiere

INGIEOG, corosecacaatorasceobdc ooocouce bon sonnoCnoo Con ooDecendgaDEducoe doocopoobSDoOnOt
USUI, Cooscrmeosansodes scan coc abdco cuadagGup oso neosDEgaoUpoousAaposboodsoncagoggane

Juniata, .. ACAD BO CARO BOSCH DIESE NET SBS EBAG ae
Lackawanna, Ss
Waneaster,) cece asses

Lawrence, ond son dbooondoncaonDSe

NUDED, gnnodpaonoasobbasdsooss w0c0 05 boop RBOaNoude IAN Up bod angaDAocEOoosHD oad qoeOUAACE
MGT OOTY nmetateninne | pace nninie eeetoote onicln isle De isis nicieclotetotoloielaaieseicisinverc ntatnginnteicictelete wieleis
Miers, — soonodesasorDogeecaeas Joop da De OU AUC OnNES oU DUD AUA CODD DIO SGD DCO OHUSDGOOEMUOnOCOBO

IN DEEL RU PEG I eer aac crater cle Meraiarsiol areca h cigiarsvstctore eiaie-aieiass ela ars aiarecolole uinisiclerote\crdtuieistete vals ofalele oats @ |
Ree arena Hs quoaguc aGecadoade KASOnD LOS nacosenoodobbenode ab roUbenpo cadgoseogude

Schuylkill, Reena Tare etave ie ata Toveye re © ice sinvnetoleveie ele’ ele claceleelesetmsteicveselafeiel=)eielenaisiniaie atays\oleleleleieteiere)aleisisie’s

SERV RT tree areola cee ere tac rate etek Lata eee aiclols aie testa alas z/stoschatcetate:nisiotete aloie oincion Grobizisle ereloutwiccicwie
Somerset, ....... map OLacd SapUURA GOOD SOLUOOIOr GSO OTC SOOQDOORCTOTOD BHO: DOAECOpnT OD anpocaoe
SUPE y Save mmmrsrterctere sistorsin tree: sre cate carets riche ateteiere arch o clavsia’eisrarerehave ororsretals stale oiscotoletcialareravalstavele ciereis(e e's pieve's
Susquehanna, ........... Aran InGHd UC On OS COT DS UBI OCU nD One On CO GEOR ABOU J 0OdO DONC URIOOS

PREM Gp eames ete etcerofsteteiayerareletetatore oie eet iatalstinre(etotnietstereioveievajare’a sialoietela eiereieiataieieieactele aictstate mcvieis le ererelste(ersivics |

Washington,
Wayne, ......... B inate teratthe cra srekttersteloleve
Westmoreland,
Wyoming, ....
VOR ie laiassivicieleciciniaisinls stalin, dens

AbIaSeypeodan

m=
=

RSENS Reba SHS

BNBBRSESNS waa mwombbwssMesaan

8

Z| SENBBEBRoN eos on behets sRe Se RENN aot honaniatinaaatave eke Sese

*In the fall of 1914 all the supervision service was postponed until after the holidays in order to
try to complete the inspection service over er entire State. Thus, what would have been the fall

visits are not counted in this report.—H.

92 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

APIARY INSPECTION

The Legislature of 1911 enacted legislation providing for apiary
inspection in Pennsylvania. This became necessary because the
honey bees were becoming so diseased as to be annihilated in some
sections, and thus the State was deprived of an income of a million
dollars’ worth of honey, and the rural people were suffering great
inroads on their possessions of over a million dollars’ worth of bees.
The diseases of bees are readily discernible, and, in fact, are curable
by one who understands them. It is not difficult to teach an apiarist
how to recognize and treat bee diseases, but the man to give such
instruction must himself be a practical apiarist versed in a knowl-
edge of bees and bee diseases, and he must give the instruction by
the only effective manner possible, viz., by demonstrations.

With the wise co-operation of the Legislature and the Governor,
Pennsylvania passed a Bee Inspection Bill that has been pronounced
by the apiary experts in this and other states as practically perfect.
It properly placed the bee inspection in the hands of the Economic
Zoologist of the Department of Agriculture. Unfortunately, the
Legislature of 1911 did not appropriate funds for this inspection
service, and consequently little could be done excepting that which
was performed by voluntary inspectors. There were some advanced
beekeepers who knew the bee diseases and how to treat them, and in
their willingness to help their fellowmen volunteered their services,
and even paid their own expenses for the bee inspection work. How-
ever, this meant that the service could not be rendered systematically
and in a fully satisfactory manner, and the Legislature of 1913-1914
made a small appropriation amounting to only five hundred dollars
($500) annually for apiary inspection in Pennsylvania. It can be
seen that this is less than ten dollars ($10) for each of the sixty-
seven (67) great counties of Pennsylvania, and of course it is im-
possible to do a great deal with this limited appropriation; but un-
der all circumstances it is best to do what is possible. Three able
inspectors were appointed at a salary of three dollars ($3) per day
and necessary traveling expenses when away from their homes on
this service. These persons were as follows:

Mr. George H. Rea, Reynoldsville, Jefferson County, Pa.

Mr. J. O. Buseman, Germantown, Philadelphia County, Pa.

Mr. F. G. Fox, Pipersville, Bucks County, Pa.

Each rendered earnest service to the Commonwealth for the lim-
ited salary mentioned above, and as a result the apiary inspection
work was definitely started in the right manner.

It was found that in addition to the two important bee diseases
known as American foul brood and Black brood the bees of this
Commonwealth are troubled with the disease commonly known as
Bee paralysis, as well as by the Wax worms or moth, and by ants.
In many cases the owner did not know that he had such diseases
present, and in other cases he knew there was something of the
kind wrong, but was not specifically acquainted with the trouble
and did not know what to do, and in other eases they knew of the
presence of the disease but did not know the remedies.

The inspectors gave the bees proper treatment in shaking them
from the infected honey, being careful to destroy every drop of the
latter, and after getting the colonies started in clean hives found
that in nearly all cases the treated colonies were cured. In only

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 93

one case did the disease reappear after treatment, and in only one
other case did the treatment fail to effect a cure.

As the bees are so positively essential in the great plan of nature
for the fertilization of blossoms and the setting of fruits, it can be
seen that their value to this State amounts to hundreds of thou-
sands, or even millions of dollars in an indirect manner for the own-
ers of fruit trees, as well as directly to the bee-keepers for the honey
they produce. Pennsylvania, as next to the greatest fruit producing
State of the Union, can not afford to be without her bees. Promi-
nent fruit growers keep bees in their orchards for the purpose ot
performing their natural and important function of cross fertilizing
the blossoms and insuring the setting of the fruit. Contrary to the
popular opinion, bees are not injurious or obnoxious in cutting into
fruits or grapes. They only suck out the juices from damaged fruits.
The causes of this injury may be various, but the bees themselves
are not able to puncture the skin of the grape, and, in fact, may
render a valuable service to grape growers by sucking dry the broken
fruits, which otherwise would wilt and cause decay of the pulp.

There is no doubt of the tremendous value of the honey bee, and
of the great justification for the State of Pennsylvania to provide
well for the apiary inspection service. There have not yet been
funds enough provided for inspecting more than one per cent. of the
bees of this Commonwealth, and as the diseases mentioned above
are virulent in their action and quick in their spread, it is important
that an increased appropriation be made for this purpose, and that
the work of the inspectors and demonstrators be continued along
this line. The tabulated report of the apiary inspection for the year
is as follows:

' ' |
aE rll
= >
ore ea
= 8 = a
3 ° 3 3
a Cs)
County a “ & a
a] mn co f=] c
= © = S
Beep ee es eure jeg) 212s 3
2 3 2 on a a = 1h ® mo + 3
fa] & & i a 2 o = | = 2
52 3 = @ o =} = a o Ea 5
a a 5 A Q =) < wn A is) .o)
CE Roles sien aie ma eo s'e « 108 786 13 | 5 t1 5 3 fN Sacaca |) b0a050"|| dasa6c
@liester’ ec: sec cscess= 7 Ueil|, ceacen ||! aocebe SILI Seong ill ooncoGill Gaodob:|| aacccall) Setosa |laaeane
PIGIAWATC SH te ccciecieenic= 35 489 Bil daeoee | a |aandSo Biliveeineters 1 Mall cosaod
Lackawanna, ......... 1 FWY liao atafateph |teatciosel ore tl ateLarecateall Ministsieib allt (=(ncelatnioy || eleteiniai, |fils s(olwiaiell |iicisiets\eru’ |(ll-o(eie.d aa
IGA, “Ganadacbosdodee i} Beeecell oeodda ||! saagaodlonacGs |hocdoda |Pooddon, "teaco.1) ad008s, || pododce teac anc
Wiiidi tn oconpoenooounde | BY Raced 1ILOB sano” MaSOOonn| pceeddoll CEC osbs Lpbdcn oll NSpacanel | eabcced | Contam | create
Montgomery, ........- 33 B37-] Becooee 8 Fil! Sconce DE | Tere crete 2 2 | waseee
Philadelphia, ......... 182 | 2,073 Sailer §34 4 19 Hi ae 17 16
7
Wyoming, ........-.--- 3 OM ceoccad| osecca WW octdegs || Gadene |andeed || osadcp |acocgp || dancan |lsandas
SUR ELED SooguAcIaG 375) 3,953 99 18 48 9 26 32 3 20 16
135 A ee
64 other than Foul Brood. 35 f. b.
*Reappeared. fAll dead. §Moth. {Foul Brood.

LECTURES

The calls made by the public upon the Economic Zoologist for
addresses or lectures are really far more than one man can meet,
especially when he is busily engaged in office work. The indoor
demands of the office are such as to require as much energy and
effort as ordinarily would be expected of one individual with his of-
fice assistance, and the outside service means living at higher ten-

94 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sion, doing more work, traveling day and night, but at the same time
performing a service increasing in scope and efficiency such as one
should be ambitious to attain when possible. The public has a right
to request the personal service of such officials occasionally, and it
is helpful to the latter to mingle with the people of this State and
learn their conditions, needs and attainments from direct observa-
tion and experience. It would not be well for the chief of this Bu-
reau to immure himself within the walls of this office and attempt to
perform his duties through correspondence, publications and official
reports only. In considering the needs and duties of the office and
the work performed by the directions of the Bureau proper consid-
eration must be given to the time and energy required for the lec-
ture work at agricultural organizations, horticultural meetings,
fairs, before schools, granges, demonstrations before special audi-
ences, and elsewhere.

During the year the Economic Zoologist delivered thirty-four pub-
lic addresses, in some cases traveling two days, as to Erie and re-
turn, for the purpose.

The lectures by the orchard inspectors have been freely given, not
only at indoor public orchard meetings, but at public demonstrations,
and also in grange halls, school houses, churches and elsewhere, and
much good has been accomplished by this kind of service.

SCHOOL WORK

Many teachers interested in agriculture and the related sciences
have applied to this office not only for publications for their pupils,
but also for contributions of specimens and for aid in naming speci-
mens collected, for the loan of lantern slides on insects, bee-keeping,
birds, reptiles, amphibians, trees, spraying, pruning, etc., and also
for addresses to be delivered by representatives of the office, and
especially by the field demonstrators in schools in their respective
districts.

When the weather is too bad for the field inspection service our
orchard inspectors go to schools, and with the set of thirty charts,
made in this office, showing enlarged and colored illustrations of in-
jurious and beneficial insects, they give addresses on these subjects
that are very valuable and are much appreciated. By this means
plain facts concerning the fundamental principles of pest suppres-
sion have been taught to the pupils of the public schools, and the
hearty response from the County Superintendents, principals and
teachers has shown the high favor in which this work is regarded. In
fact several County Superintendents of schools have requested our
services at their institutes and special meetings, and some have co-
operated with the work of this office by requesting that spraying
demonstrations be given near their schools that are teaching agri-
culture, in order that the boys and girls could have an opportunity
to attend and learn the practical lessons to be given by the demon-
strator.

SCHOOL COLLECTIONS

For years we have been making a collection of insects and native
animal forms of all kinds, with special regards to agriculture, and
our entomological collection along this line is now one of the best

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 95

in the State or country. Records of data have been kept with great
care, and these are so valuable that investigators from the Federal
Government and some other states have applied to us from time to
time for records in our collection, in order to embody the same in
their publications, which they wish to make complete.

In making these collections of insects we desired first to make a
complete typical collection of the fauna of Pennsylvania for the pur-
_ pose of study, comparison and identification of others, and, second,
to preserve all duplicates possible for the purpose of exchanges, and
especially to place them in schools that could make proper use of
them. We are now prepared to make up collections of duplicates of
beneficial and injurious insects, properly labeled with both scientific
and common names, and place them in the schools where they can
be seen and studied and made useful, not only for teachers and
pupils, but also for the agricultural people of the district who may
wish to see specimens of certain insects of which they have been
warned, and for which they should watch carefully. We anticipate
great good to come from such school collections, and hope to see
this line of work pushed to the greatest extent possible.

IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIMENS.

The most important means for any school to obtain a collee-
tion is to interest the pupils to such an extent that they will collect
their own specimens. They, of course, will need help in the methods
of collecting and preserving specimens, and for this purpose this
office has issued a special bulletin giving directions in the taxonomy
or methods of preparing collections. When collectors send speci-
mens to us to name we are careful that they are named correctly,
with both common and scientific names, and that the full classi-
fication and names are sent to the collector. It is advisable for
persons wishing such aid to collect duplicate specimens that they
know are exactly the same species, keeping one, and sending an-
other to this office with the same number on each, so that they can
be named by referring to their respective number.

A collection made in the vicinity of the school is far more in-
teresting and valuable than one made elsewhere, and should be the
nucleus for more extensive collections. Under the conditions of our
aid, as outlined above, it is not difficult for teachers without a
technical knowledge of systematic entomology and zoology to get
their pupils to make collections of specimens, particularly of insects,
and have these properly preserved,: classified and named. There is
no reason why there should not be a good large collection of both
injurious and beneficial insects of the immediate surroundings in
every school where agriculture, zoology or biology are taught. In
addition to the help that this office gives in naming specimens, it is
willing to exchange or donate material for increasing such collec-
tions.

A LIST OF PENNSYLVANIA INSECTS

There is no one thing needed at the present time by students of
Pennsylvania entomology as much as a complete working list of
Pennsylvania insects. This should contain illustrations of types of
each important family, and state the characteristic marks or features

ft

96 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of each group, and give information concerning the food, habits, life
history and remedies of all species of economic importance. Such a
list when completed for Pennsylvanian species would contain the
names of at least fifteen thousand (15,000) species, and would make
a quarto book of six hundred (600) or more pages; but it would be a
vade mecum or working basis for future entomologists and biolo-
gists in technical work, as well as in applied entomology and agri-
culture, for many years to come. It should be prepared by this of- -
fice just as soon as is possible. In fact, we have the manuscript
ready for publishing on some groups of insects as outlined above,
and await only the appropriation necessary to complete the actual
listing, publication and distribution of the entire list. A bill provid-
ing for such appropriation was introduced into the last Legislature,
and had the strong support of the scientific men throughout the
State. The Aristotle Society of Philadelphia, for example, is an or-
ganization of interested entomologists making one of its important
objects the co-operation toward securing such a publication. While
the measure failed in passage in the last Legislature it is certainly
recommended again and hoped that it will be taken up in the next
session and will receive favorable consideration in every regard.

SPECIMENS RECEIVED

Correspondents sent us many specimens of insects, reptiles, am-
phibians, birds, mammals, plants, weeds, etc., in connection with
their communications and inquiries. Of course, such specimens are
not collected by expert collectors and are not well prepared for
shipment. As a result often they do not reach us in condition fit
for preservation, but, on the other hand, many arrive in such condi-
tion that they can be preserved properly in the collections. In all
cases they are identified accurately, and careful records are kept
giving the names and dates of collection, the name of the species, the
name and address of the collector or sender, and such economic or
biological records as should be preserved to give any important in-
formation in regard to the specimens received. These records are
occasionally useful for reference, as correspondents sometimes make
additional inquiries concerning specimens sent. This shows the im-
portance of what might be called routine clerical work, which often
proves to be valuable when properly used.

It is not sufficient for us to depend upon specimens contributed
by volunteer contributors and observers, as such collections would
be indeed but fragmentary, irregular, and quite unsystematic. It
is necessary for us to rely fully upon our own efforts to obtain fairly
complete collections of any groups of animals or insects, and for this
reason we assign to some employees the work of giving a portion of
their time to the collection and rearing of insects in order that most
careful records can be kept of their dates of appearance in each of
their various stages, and such other important facts as contribute to
the essential knowledge of the life history that must be kept in mind
in all practical methods of rearing beneficial species or destroying
those that are obnoxious.

As a result of the efforts mentioned above our collections have be-
come very valuable, and while we do not here publish a list of the
specimens received through the efforts of our own official employees
it is but right that recognition be made of those that have been sent

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 97

by correspondents. The list of specimens received in this office
during the last year shows something of the various species of which
inquiry is made and to which it is therefore proper to direct our
attention occasionally. These are as follows:

Anatis 15-punctata (Fifteen-spotted Lady Beetle).

Chilocorus bivulnerus (Twice-stabbed Lady Beetle).

Silvanus surinamensis (Saw-tooth Grain Beetle).

Dermestes lardarius (Larder Beetle).

Anthrenus scrophulariae (Carpet Beetle or “Buffalo Moth’’).

Alaus oculatus (Eyed Elater).

Lasioderma serricorne (Cigarette Beetle).

Amphicerus bicaudatus (Apple-twig Borer).

Lyctus opaculus (Wood-boring Beetles), adults in oak flooring.

Macrodactvlus subspinosus (Rose-bug or Rose Chafer), 10.

Lachnosterna larve (White Grubs).

Euphoria inda (Cetonia or Bumble Flower Beetle).

Plagionotus speciosus (Sugar Maple Long-horn Beetle).

Neoclytus erythrocephalus (A Long-horned Beetle).

Toxotus cylindricollis (A Long-horned Beetle).

Saperda candida (Adult of Round-headed Apple-tree Borer).

Obera sp. larva (A Round-headed Borer).

Typophorus canellus (A Leaf-Beetle).

Leptinotarsa 10-lineata (Potato-bug or Beetle).

Galerucella rufosanguinea (Red Leaf Beetle).

Hylesinus trifoli (Clover-root Borer).

Hemaris thysbe (Humming-bird Clear-wing Moth).

Phlegethontius celeus

Phlegethontius carolina

(Tomato Horn-worms).

Ceratomia amyntor (Four-horned Sphinx Moth).

Apantesis virgo (Virgin Tiger-moth).

Eacles imperialis (Imperial Moth).

Noctuid pupe (Pupe of Cut-Worms).

Aletia argillacea (Cotton Moth).

Leucania unipuncta (Army-worm), caterpillars and moths.

Papaipema nitela (Rag-weed Borer), larve.

Datana integerrima (Walnut Datana Moth).

Egg-masses of Hemerocampa leucostigma (White-marked Tussock
Moth).

Egg-masses of Malacosoma disstria (Forest Tent Caterpillar).

Egg-masses of Malacosoma americana (Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar).

Egg-masses and females of Alsophila pometaria (Fall Canker Moth).

Thyridopteryx ephemereformis (Larger Bag-worm).

Eurycyttarus confederata (Lesser Bag-worm).

Sibine stimulea (Saddle-back Caterpillar), 10.

Euclea indetermina (Slug-caterpillar).

Phobetron pithecium (Hag-moth).

Bucculatrizx pomifoliella (Apple-tree Bucculatrix).

Lepidopterous larve (caterpillars) boring in elderberry canes.

Lepidopterous larve (caterpillars) on morning glory.

Tchneumonid (Ichneumon Fly).

Melissodes sp. (A Long-tongued Solitary Bee).

Bibio albipennis (A March Fly).

7—5—1914

98 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

BIRDS RECEIVED DURING THE YEAR 1914

Porzana carolina (Sora or Carolina Rail).

Gallinula galeata (Florida Gallinule).

Agelaius pheniceus (Red-Winged Blackbird).

Mniotilta varia (Black and White Warbler).

Compsothlypis americana usnee (Northern Parula Warbler).

SCALE PARASITES

The subject of scale parasites continues to prove of tremendous
importance in Pennsylvania. There is no doubt of the fact that the
San José scale has been destructive over entire regions, country-wide
in extent, by the parasites of the San José scale. These are exceed-
ingly minute wasp-like creatures of different species, but all, as far
as I have been able to learn by careful investigation and rearing of
specimens, belong to the great order of Hymenoptera or wasp-like
insects.

We have given a great deal of time to the rearing and practical
dissemination of scale parasites as a means of suppressing the San
José scale, and have definitely succeeded in a remarkable manner in
this important work. We have not been greatly interested in the
identification of species for the reason that this has not been as im-
portant as some of our self-appointed critics would make others sup-
pose. For example, the most common species of scale parasite in
this State has been identified by one of the leading entomologists of
the country as Prospatella aurantu, and by another P. perniciosi.
When one of these prominent entomologists insists that it is one
species, and another insists that it is the other, and the parasites go
on destroying the scale. What matters it to us whether it be of one
scientific name or of another. The important point is to aid it in its
good work, and see to it that it is introduced into those parts of the
State and country which it has not yet reached, and let it do in the
orchards of other growers in the State just what we know it has
done in the large orchards belonging to the writer and those of his
neighbors for many miles around his premises.

In the Annual Report of the State Entomologist of New Jersey
considerable space was given to criticising our work with parasites,
for the reason, as claimed by the writer, that he was afraid we would
recommend the use of the parasites to the exclusion of the spray
pump. This was but a presumption on his part, as we never made
such a recommendation, although the fact remains that the writer
owns old apple trees that were once badly infested with the San
José scale, and were left entirely unsprayed for the purpose of obser-
vation and experimentation, and during the past year these same
trees produced fruits as fine as any produced in the country, which
were absolutely free from San José scale. In fact, there is no San
José scale to be found alive on any of these trees at the present
time, as it has been cleaned up entirely by the work of the parasites
alone.

We are prepared to emphasize the point made in the Annual Re-
port of this office for last year, to the effect that it is possible to
transport these parasites by mail or express to a considerable dis-
tance and introduce them into other infested orchards. We have
succeeded in introducing the parasites into certain orchards of

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 99

Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Virginia and New York, besides
several within the State of Pennsylvania. This was done with care,
and there can be no reasonable question of the success of the experi-
ment. It is certainly the scientific manner of fighting the San José
scale, and it is the most important piece of practical entomological
work that has been reported as having been done in America, or in
the whole world during the past year. A paper on this subject was
read by the Economic Zoologist before the American Association of
Economic Entomologists, meeting with the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, at Philadelphia, in December, 1914.
It will be published in the future issue of the Bi-Monthly Bulletin
of the Bureau of Zoology.
Respectfully submitted,

H. A. SURFACE,
State Zoologist.

100 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE STATE VETERINARIAN

Hon. N. B. Critehfield, Secretary of Agriculture.

Dear ‘Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the report of the
State Veterinarian for the year 1914.

With the exception of the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth dis-
ease there is nothing new or unusual to report. The ordinary dis-
eases that are present and rather common in Pennsylvania at all
times are tuberculosis, glanders, hog cholera, rabies, contagious abor-
tion, calf scours and joint evil. The losses from these diseases each
year are far too great. Much better results may be expected when
there is a more united effort put forth to stamp them out. We have
made progress in recent years in handling glanders and hog cholera.
There has been no remedy discovered yet that will cure either disease.
In glanders our progress has been made in the improved method for
diagnosis, while in hog cholera it has been in the vaccination for
prevention.

In former times glanders was recognized in horses only “when the
disease was far advanced. Before this stage was reached the
glandered animal may have passed the infection on to man, horses
and mules, which may have died from it before the symptoms had
attracted attention in the horse that gave the infection. Later the
mallein test came into use. This test was somewhat similar to the
tuberculin test for tuberculosis, but much less reliable and mistakes
were often made. In some cases healthy horses were condemned and
destroyed by its use and in others the test failed to reveal the pre-
sence of the disease. For the past few years we have been using a
combination test for glanders that is reliable in practically every
case. These tests are made jointly in the stable and laboratory. A
special preparation of mallein is dropped in the suspected horse’s
eye; at the same time a sample of blood is taken from the jugular
vein for laboratory examination. If the animal has glanders the eye
becomes inflamed in about twelve hours and clears up fully during
the next twenty-four hours. If the horse is free from glanders the
eye remains clear. The blood examination serves as a check on the
eye test. Both of these tests are extremely delicate and often will
reveal the presence of glanders in a horse perhaps a year or more
before there is a discharge from the nose, an open sore on the body
or any other observable symptom. Such an animal is often a greater
source of danger than one in the last stages of the disease for the
reason that no precautions are taken in the first instance and reason-
ably safe measures are practiced with the horse with the open lesions.

Where an open case of glanders is found in a stable, it is promptly
destroyed and all other susceptible animals are given the eye and
blood tests. In some cases from two to twenty per cent. of the non-
suspected horses fail to pass these tests. A careful physical examina-
tion may show no suspicious symptoms even to one thoroughly
trained in the diseases of animals, vet the State recommends that
they should be destroyed at once. They are appraised at a price not
to exceed $60 and destroyed. An autopsy is then made to see if the

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 101

condemnation was justified. About 300 such autopsies have been
made and no mistakes have been found. It is often difficult to con-
vince the owner that his horse has glanders when it is perfectly
healthy so far as anybody can see. The State could safely pay an
owner full value in every case where a mistake is made. The owner
would be more easily convinced at times if the State could pay him
full value if a mistake should be made.

Glanders is seldom seen in the rural section of the State. It is
much less common now than in previous years in the large cities and
should be exterminated entirely. This could be done rather easily
if we were not compelled to purchase horses from other states. It
was considered wise to close the public drinking fountains in Phila-
delphia during the past summer to prevent the further spread of
what promised to be rather a large outbreak of glanders. The dis-
ease soon subsided and the troughs and fountains were again opened
in the fall.

Much more security is felt now in raising hogs; the last census
shows a decided increase in our swine valuation—it is now $15,-
594,000, which is nearly double the valuation of 1900. Most of the
security has been brought about by a better understanding of hog
cholera. The disease would often wipe out a good herd of hogs in a
few days and the owner was helpless to prevent or cure the disease.
In anti-hog cholera serum we have a safe and efficient means of pre-
vention. Much more can be accomplished now than in former times
by careful sanitary measures. Most hog raisers know how the
disease is spread and can fight it successfully with sanitary measures.
More might be done in this line. There is a tendency to depend too
much on medicine and vaccination even by those intelligently in-
terested. Pennsylvania still uses the serum method of vaccination
alone and then only in infected herds. Many other states are still
practicing the simultaneous method and in most cases it will be ob-
served that the disease is more widely spread than it was before
vaccination was discovered. The simultaneous method of vaccina-
tion may be good for the individual breeder, but for the State and
country at large there can be no doubt of its being a menace to the
hog raising industry when it is used indiscriminately. In the simul-
taneous method of vaccination the virus is given to produce hog
cholera, then the serum is given to check the disease and make it run
a mild course. The nearer the victim comes to dying and lives, the
more sure are his chances for obtaining a lasting immunity. Every
farm upon which the simultaneous method of vaccination is used
may be considered an infected farm and the disease can be spread
from such farms in the same way as from a farm where the disease
has occurred accidentally. If serum alone is used in an infected
herd, the immunity is just as lasting as where the disease is produced
purposely by injecting virus.

The simultaneous method of treatment would not be so bad if its
use were confined to infected herds only. 1n these it is not necessary
for the reason that the disease will be contracted accidentally.
Where virus is used on sound and uninfected herds, the premises
become infected and should be looked upon as a menace to hogs in
the neighborhood. The more herds vaccinated in this way, the
greater the danger to the hog raising community, unless the system
is continued as far as the industry extends. The simultaneous

102 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

method of vaccination may be used safely under certain conditions;
these conditions cannot be followed profitably or safely at present by
the average hog raiser.

The State furnishes serum free to the farmers where the disease
exists. It must be used by one who knows the disease and has been
trained in administering the remedy.

Rabies is found in most all sections of Pennsylvania. It effects all
live-stock and occasionally poultry. Carniverous animals are the
most predisposed to it and are the ones that spread it. There has
been nothing new discovered in reference to handling this disease.
The laboratory diagnosis is considered positive. It is believed that
but few mistakes are made in ascertaining whether the animal was
or was not effected with the disease. Where a case of rabies is sus-
pected, the head of the animal may be sent to the laboratory of the
State Livestock Sanitary Board in Philadelphia and within twenty-
four hours the shipper can be notified definitely whether or not the
case is rabies. This information is frequently asked for and is of
vast importance in cases where persons have been bitten by animals
suspected of having rabies. There has not been as much rabies dur-
ing the past year as in some previous years. It is customary to kill
animals that have been bitten by dogs that were known to have had
the disease. The State allows no indemnity for damage done to stock
by rabid dogs. It is possible in some cases to indemnify the owners
for such losses from the local dog tax fund. It is also possible to
have the Pasteur treatment given to poor people and pay for it out
of the same fund. The most effectual way to control rabies would
be to destroy the worthless, homeless dogs. .This would be a blessing
to the sheep industry, as well as assist greatly in preventing the
spread of rabies. It would seem that there might be some just law
provided that would compel people to confine dogs that are kept as
pets or for pleasure and force the killing of those that are homeless
or uncared for.

Contagious abortion in cattle is still receiving much study.
Breeders are becoming more familiar with the way the disease is
conveyed from farm to farm and from animal to animal, and more
effectual sanitary precautions are being practiced in breeding herds.

A rather extensive experiment was tried during the past two years
in the use of medicated methyline blue as a cure for the disease.
Many inquiries were received in reference to the treatment which
had been mentioned in a number of the dairy papers. The treatment
was first recommended by Dr. Rich, of Vermont, and the State sup-
plied with medicine with instructions for its use. Some of our
breeders claim to have had good results with the treatment, but the
evidence collected altogether has shown to be of no practical benefit.
The most effectual method known for combatting the disease is in
the line of antiseptics. Considerable work has been done by the State
in reference to diagnosing the disease. It has been found that the
blood examination or what is known as the complement fixation test
will show the infected animals in a high percentage of cases. When
the diseased animals are known, can be isolated and kept under anti-
septic conditions, it is possible to keep the disease from spreading to
other members in the herd and advantage can be taken of the fact
that aborting animals usually develop an immunity. They seldom
abort the second time and it is very unusual to find one that aborts

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 103

the third time. Some may become sterile as a result of the disease
but after the second abortion they usually carry the calves to full
term. It can be controlled in herds by following the instructions
recommended in Circular No. 20, which is sent out by the State Live-
stock Sanitary Board. Breeders of valuable cattle are recommended
to adopt rigid sanitary measures for its control.

Many young animals still die each year with such diseases as naval
infection, white scours, joint evil, paratyphoid infection and calf
pneumonia. These diseases are practically all caused by the same
class of infection organism and when once they become established
in a here or in a stable, the losses each year in young animals is very
discouraging, as practically all cases are incurable and the fatality
is high. The only means of meeting the losses from this class of dis-
ease is in their prevention, and prevention can only be brought about
by a rigid system of sanitation or what is known in medicine as
surgical cleanliness. This can be brought about in a practical way
by isolating the pregnant animals, placing them in stalls that have
been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before parturition, and the
dam and young animal kept in such quarters for the first week. The
infection in each of these diseases is easily carried on the hands and
clothing of the stable help, on the body of the dam, in troughs or
buckets that have not been boiled or cleansed, and it is difficult to
explain to those who are not skilled in the science of bacteriology the
importance of thorough cleanliness.

These diseases, as well as foot-and-mouth disease, tuberculosis,
contagious abortion, etc., can easily be carried from farm to farm
in skim milk that is returned from the creamery as food for calves
or pigs. These diseases may also be carried in the cans from infected
herds to the creamery and thus infect the milk and other cans and
then be carried to various herds in the community. To meet the
dangers from spreading infection in this way, the last Legislature
passed a law requiring the pasteurization of skim milk, by heating
it to 178 degrees F. It is known that this temperature will kill the
organisms that cause these various diseases and that milk that has
been heated to this temperature can be fed safely to susceptible ani-
mals. During the last few months foot-and-mouth disease has been
spread considerably through creameries by infected cans and milk
returned to other farms as food for hogs and calves. In some cases
farmers have objected to handling hot milk and so far we have no
economical method for cooling milk promptly. For the reason many
of the creamerymen have been slow about installing pasteurizing
plants. An efficient method for pasteurizing skim milk can be in-
stalled in any creamery that is equipped with steam for less than
$15.00 and this form of pasteurization can be worked with a minimum
of expense and labor. The only criticism offered by most creamery-
men for not installing and using this method of pasteurization is the
fact that farmers object to hauling hot milk, and that heated milk
does not keep so well when they get it home. It is hoped that
creamerymen and their patrons will soon realize the importance of
pasteurizing milk that is used as food for hogs and calves and that
each party will co-operate in devising methods for pasteurizing, cool-
ing and keeping milk that will not be a means of conveying trans-
missible diseases from farm to farm. It is equally as important that
cans should be washed and properly sterilized at the creamery or
before they are returned to the patrons.

104 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Many good breeders prefer to separate the milk at home and sell
only their cream. In this way they can escape the danger of bringing
new and expensive diseases to their own premises.

The Blakeslee pasteurizer does its work in a clean, efficient manner
while many of the improvised methods are unsatisfactory. If the
milk is heated to 180°F. with the Blakeslee, run into clean vessels,
taken home in clean cans, placed immediately in cold water and fed
out of clean pans when properly cooled, there will be no trouble.
Milk that is too hot, too cold, or putrid, may cause digestive dis-
turbances, especially in pigs. Faulty feeding of this kind can be
overcome by a little care. In no case will the loss equal that caused
by feeding unheated milk which may have been infected with tuber-
culosis, foot-and-mouth disease, ete.

The great question of how to handle tuberculosis is still in an un-
settled condition. Practically speaking there has been no changes
made in the last year in reference to eradicating or controlling the
disease. During the first part of the year there was no money obtain-
able for paying indemnity on animals destroyed when they had been
condemned as tuberculous. As soon as foot-and-mouth disease oc-
curred in the State practically all testing for tuberculosis was
stopped, for two reasons: It was thought that the disease might pos-
sibly be spread by those making the tuberculin test and the money
available for controlling tuberculosis was much more needed in the
eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. For these reasons there has
been very little testing for tuberculosis done since the middle of
October, 1914. In the herds that were tested during the past year the
disease was not as extensive as in previous years. It is believed that
some changes might be made in reference to handling inter-state
cattle; the present law requires the tuberculin test on all animals
over six months of age that are brought into the State for any pur-
pose other than for immediate slaughter.

During the past year the State tested a great many young cattle in
Lancaster and Pittsburgh. These animals came from Canada and
the West. The percentage of reactions in such animals was very low,
practically all the condemnations were from the dairy breeds from
the State of New York. A reasonable degree of safety might be ob-
tained by requiring a tuberculin test on no animals under one year
or one and one-half years of age, allow owners the privilege of pur-
chasing young animals on a test if they desire to do so. It would not
be considered safe to allow dairy cattle to be brought in indis-
criminately at present without enforcing the physical examination
and a tuberculin test, but in a majority of cases the diseased animals
are found in mature dairy cattle. Tuberculin tests are not urged or
forced upon native herd owners and in no case can they be paid an in-
demnity for reacting cattle unless they are willing to comply with
the requirements of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. They are
required to sign an agreement before the test is applied that in case
tuberculous animals are found they will have them isolated or des-
troyed promptly; that the stable will be promptly and properly dis-
infected and that they will purchase no new animals and place them
in the herd until they have been tested and examined by a person au-
thorized by the State. These restrictions make it impossible for
dealers to obtain an indemnity from the State. Even with the re-
strictions as rigid as they have been, the applications for tuberculin

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 105

tests have been all that the State was able to handle with the amount
of money available. Some have felt that the appraisements are not
sufficiently high on cattle that are condemned for tuberculosis. If
the limit in price for this purpose is to be raised, it will be necessary
to obtain very much more money from the State Government to be
used in the work of eradicating tuberculosis. Whether it is advis-
able to make this move is a question. A physical diagnosis has been
advocated by some and principally by those who are opposed to
tuberculin testing. Very little can be accomplished in exterminating
tuberculosis where the physical examination alone is depended upon.
It is not possible for even the best veterinarians to pick out 5% of
the tuberculous cattle by a physical examination alone, and very
little headway will be made in exterminating the disease when 95%
of the diseased animals are allowed to remain with healthy animals.
In tuberculin we still have the most positive method of detecting
tuberculous animals. When properly applied it is accurate in more
than 95% of cases. The State has experimented considerably during
the last year with different methods for applying tuberculin. The
old subcutaneous form of application is still considered best, yet
good results have been obtained in many cases with what is known
as the ocular test, the intra-dermal test and the intra-palpebral test.
For making the last three named tests a special form of tuberculin is
required. Under certain conditions they are more reliable than the
subcutaneous test and the Veterinarian at the present time who is
thoroughly qualified and competent to test cattle for tuberculosis
should be familiar with and prepared to apply any or all of these
four tests, and in addition to using them should be able to make a
careful physical examination. The person who is properly equipped
to make these various tests, combined with a careful physical exami-
nation, should be able to detect tuberculosis in more than 98% of
the cases, and make mistakes in less than 2%. Where results so
good can be obtained it would seem advisable to develop these
methods to the highest possible standard and everybody concerned
use his effort to do away with the careless methods that have been
practiced in too many cases.

In the fall of 1908 there was an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease
in Pennsylvania. It originated in Michigan and was carried to vari-
ous parts of Pennsylvania by cattle shipped from Buffalo. There
were eight points of infection received about the same time. The
infection extended over an area of 100 miles in length and in the part
of the State where animal husbandry is most extensively practiced.
The infection was found on 100 farms. 1,320 head of cattle, 877
swine, 52 sheep and 3 goats were diseased or exposed to the infection.
They were appraised at $57,702.49, promptly killed, buried and the
premises were disinfected. The cost of disinfection averaged about
$100 per head. All told this outbreak cost a little over $86,000. The
Federal Bureau of Animal Industry paid two-thirds of the appraised
value of the livestock destroyed and cost of disinfection. The State
paid the balance. It required three months to stamp out the disease
at that time. The State was then free from Aphthous Fever for a
period of six years.

The recent outbreak was discovered on two farms in Lancaster
county and in one cow in the Union Stock Yards at Pittsburgh on
October 24, 1914. The infection has existed in something over 658

106 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

herds in 27 counties in Pennsylvania since that time. Infection was
carried from the stockyards in Chicago through Pittsburgh and Lan-
caster to various places in Pennsylvania in a period of less than two
weeks. Five days previous to October 24th we were notified that the
disease had been diagnosed in two counties in southern Michigan
and two others in northern Indiana. In the meantime our cattle
shippers, commission men and over eight hundred veterinarians
had been warned that the disease had been found in this country
and that all should be on the lookout for symptoms of Aphthous
Fever. In many cases infected herds were located and quarantined
before suspicious symptoms had been found. Seven administration
districts were established in the infected territory with head office
at Harrisburg. Each district was in charge of an experienced agent
of the federal and state government. The federal inspectors were
appointed agents of the State Livestock Sanitary Board and cards
of identification were issued to each so he could work under the
State law. About one hundred trained veterinarians were employed
by the federal and state governments. The work, expense, and
responsibility were shared about equally by each. The work of
locating and exterminating the disease was made easy from the
first by the mutual co-operation of commission men, dealers, rail-
roads, herd owners, local veterinarians, and the experienced officials
in charge. The first class helped greatly by furnishing free access
to records of shipments and sales. In many cases the disease was
recognized and reported by the owner.

This outbreak has been the worst calamity to our stock raising
industry that has ever occurred in Pennsylvania or in North
America. It was forced upon us with practically no warning and
came in the nature of a flood, earthquake or monstrous conflagration.
Something of the extent of the disease in this country will be ob-
tained from the following table, which was submitted by the Bureau
of Animal Industry:

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 107

No. 5.

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HASVOSIGd HLNOWGNV-LOOW HO NOILVOIGVUE AO MYOM WO SSHUNOUd YNIMOHS LNAWNALV.LS

108 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

We were fortunately prepared to meet the emergency. While the
experience is fresh in our minds we should decide on measures that
could be safely adopted to handle a similar emergency more effici-
ently if possible in the future. It is not safe to be unprepared for
calamities of this kind. Safe and sane measures are hard to pro-
mulgate and enforce during the existence of such a plague. In
times of peace we should prepare for war. The plan of extermina-
tion successfullly used in the outbreaks of 1902 and 1908 was
adopted in dealing with this one. As soon as the disease was re-
ported to the Board each member favored continuing the work of
extermination along the same lines that had been used six years
ago. The same general plan was followed by the Bureau of Animal
Industry in the twenty states in which infection was found.

It was first necessary to locate the diseased herds. Agents were
sent out at once to trace up suspicious shipments. When a diseased
animal was found all the cattle, hogs and sheep on the premises were
placed in quarantine. In all cases the diagnosis was confirmed by
the State and Federal agents. Both representatives were satisfied
that the diagnosis was correct. The disease and exposed cloven-
footed animals on the premises were then all appraised at their ac-
tual value and arrangements made for digging the burial trenches.
In some cases the work was done by the owner of the herd while in
other contractors did it. In either case the expense was borne equally
by the Federal and State governments. The animals were then killed,
covered with one hundred pounds of lime to each one thousand pounds
of estimated animal weight and buried in a grave seven feet deep,
seven feet wide and two feet in length in each mature bovine animal.
Next the stable was carefully cleaned and disinfected. The owner will
not be permitted to restock with cloven footed animals for ninety
days from the time the premises were disinfected. In the meantime a
farm to farm inspection will be made within a radius of three miles
from the infected herd and each susceptible animal will be examined
for any evidence of the disease. During this time the township is held
in quarantine and it is necessary to obtain a permit to move, hay,
straw, cattle, sheep, swine or hides.

In the beginning of the outbreak a quarantine was placed upon
the whole state. This precaution appeared necessary for the reason
that the disease was so wide-spread. The counties into which no
interstate shipments had been made between October first and
twenty-fourth were released from quarantine as soon as the records
of sales and shipments were traced. A few counties had received
such shipments and upon examination the animals were found free
from infection. These counties were promptly released from quar-
antine by the State but not by the Bureau of Animal Industry. It
was soon considered safe to release certain townships in counties
that had considerable infection. The disease was found in twenty-
seven counties. Some counties had but one or two diseased herds.
The counties that received the most infection were Lebanon, Lan-
caster, Berks, Montgomery, York, Bucks and Chester. The faimers
in these seven counties keep many cattle. It is their custom to pur-
chase feeders in the fall and finish them for beef during the winter.
Their purchases are usually made at the season of the year when this

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 109

infection occurred. At no other time could the infection have been
spread so extensively and rapidly.

Number counties in State infected, .... 0.00 ¢,0'1% 320% 27
INDMDEr OR CASes. In the BLALe ys .a.5% 65% oro mahen na 28, 6 0,0 658
Number of animals appraised:
A eae ey Nace cas heeds cha, ols as is ov otste maiajeie'o; 3 ojo 13,3438
PTR Eats es ov etre ie <uper nd she gauacoa:sha (ash a pila spain eeus ofan sine 313
BWNSERE ete ts er burch o's col ob a Ah eoaycnlid ae louie stain stab o (ots 6,996
MOWING Oh Ap PEAISCMIeN Ges 5 Pci. we Sete Ss bles els ace . $805,035 18

Aside from the expense, six hundred and fifty-eight herd owners
have been tied up and prevented from carrying on the winter’s work.
Traffic in cattle, sheep, hogs and crops has been practically at a
standstill in many parts of the state. In most cases people have met
the losses and embarrassment bodly and with but one purpose and
that was to get rid of the disease as soon as possible. In practically
every case the main objection or criticism was that it was too long
from the time a diseased herd was found till it was destroyed and
the premises disinfected. In most cases people were reasonably
patient in this respect. Some have wondered if a less destructive
method might not be used safely for exterminating the disease. This
is not to be wondered at when one considers that the death rate from
the disease is so low. It is known that practically 95 per cent. of the
cases will recover with no treatment except reasonable good care. In
a number of cases in the recent outbreak the affected animals had
recovered before they could be destroyed. The reason for taking
such extreme measures in dealing with this disease is not due to the
high death rate but to the fact that it is easily transmitted from
animal to animal and from place to place, and it does cause a de-
preciation in the value of the affected animals to the extent of about
$20 per head.

We realize that the disease is not highly fatal and that recovery
will take place in a high percentage of cases without even a learned
course of treatment. It is one of the most highly contagious diseases
of cloven footed animals and while the death rate is comparatively
low the losses to animal industry are considerable. The disease has
gained a foot hold in nearly all European countries and it is prac-
tically impossible for them to adopt our method for exterminating
it. It is necessary to hold infected herds in quarantine for some-
thing over three months. A recent investigator in the Netherlands,
where the disease is common, has shown that it costs practically $20
per head in each infected herd to handle the disease in quarantine.
This is the best they can do after many years of experience in trying
to control it by the quarantine method. Their expense is figured on
the loss in milk production, loss in condition of meat producing ani-
mals, loss from work in oxen, death from the disease and extra care
given to those that are sick. It is doubtful if a herd owner in this
country could afford to have Aphthous Fever in his herd for $20 per
head. This would not include the expense to the State and Federal
government for enforcing the quarantine. It has already cost $120
per head to care for the prize dairy herd at Chicago. If this method
were adopted there would be constant unrest in the neighborhood of
an infected herd, It would be necessary to increase the inspection

110 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

force to locate new centres of infection and prevent the disease from
spreading. The quarantined herds should be under constant Federal
or State supervision. Neither the State nor Federal government
could be expected to remunerate the owners for losses sustained dur-
ing the course of the disease. It has been demonstrated in all foreign
countries that this method will not exterminate the disease. We
cannot hope to do something that they have failed to accomplish. It
will take us years to develop Veterinary Sanitary Police Regulations
for handling Aphthous Fever by the quarantine method that is as
good as theirs. We cannot afford to even experiment with it. It
would be a calamity to the cattle, swine and sheep industry of this
country to have this disease get beyond our control.

Careful records were kept by Dr. Rudoysky of the average losses
from this disease in Austria. In 18,858 head of cattle on 91 farms
belonging to sugar factories, and 2,054 head on 802 small farms, the
losses from milk decrease, oxen incapacitated for work, loss of condi-
tion in all animals, natural death and compulsory slaughter amounted
to about $20 per head. He estimates an annual loss of over a million
dollars in Austria. This is a safe estimate for the losses each year
in the countries of Continental Europe. Infection comes from Russia
and other eastern countries where animal hygiene measures are
practically nothing and it passes rapidly westward to section of
Europe where veterinary police regulations are most perfect. It
has been practically impossible to exterminate Aphthous Fever from
the herds in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Austria,
and Holland for the reason that fresh infections are constantly being
brought in from Russia, Romania, Turkey, Siberia, ete.

The policy followed by many foreign countries is to adopt rigid
quarantine measures. No animals are killed on account of this dis-
ease unless they become worthless. For them perhaps this is the
cheapest and best policy but for people in North America where we
are surrounded by water and ice and the infection is brought in only
occasionally it seems best to continue the plan so successfully used in
past outbreaks. The disease cannot be considered as a source of
danger to man. Its principal importance is an economic question.
If property must be destroyed and animals slaughtered for the pub-
lic good the owners should be compensated for their entire loss pro-
vided it can be shown that the disease was brought about by no fault
of the owner.

Under the present law our Board is limited in amount of indemnity
that can be paid for animals that it is deemed necessary to destroy
to $70 for a registered bovine, $40 for non-registered bovine, and $10
for a sheep or hog. The United States will duplicate these amounts in
the present outbreak but some animals have been destroved that are
worth from twenty to forty times the amount allowed by law. Should
not the law be fixed so it would be possible to pay full value for such
animals when it becomes necessary to destroy them for the benefit
of the State or country? The diseases for which such extreme meas-
ures are necessary are but few. Aphthous Fever is the only one with
which we have had to deal so far. Rinderpest is equally as import-
ant and there is no positive assurance that our herds may not become
infected with it. The dangers from these diseases have increased
wonderfully in the past few years by the progress made in trans-
portation. ;

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 111

Rapid progress has been made in destroying the infection from the
present outbreak of Aphthous Fever. The payment for property and
stock destroyed has necessarily been held back. Under normal con-
ditions the Board had money sufficient to meet its obligations up to
June first 1915 when the present appropriation was to terminate.
The Board has now petitioned the legislature for $558,000 to reim-
burse the owners for losses sustained. Let us trust that the Legis-
lature can and will make the necessary appropriation so the bills
can be paid without delay.

The Bureau of Animal Industry petitioned Congress for $2,500,000
to pay its half of the expenses in this and other states. The appro-
priation has been made and is now available.

In the previous outbreak of 1908 all just bills were promptly paid.
For this reason it has been much easier to convince the people that
they would be paid for their losses this time.

Infection during the present outbreak was carried from the or-
iginal to other farms in a few cases. In nearly every place it was
carried in refuse and utensils from creameries to which milk from
infected herds had been sent. If the creamery refuse had been
pasteurized as required by law thousand of dollars would have been
saved and much annoyance prevented.

Every state should be prepared with laws, rules, regulations, agents
and money to fight Aphthous Fever, rinderpest and all other trans-
missible diseases of livestock. The fight should be determined and
persistent. A herd owner should not be a menace to his neighbors
and no state should send Aphthous Fever, hog cholera, tuberculosis,
glanders, etc., to other States to jeopardize their livestock interest.
This can be prevented to a great extent if each state will do its part.
It cannot be done without official supervision and a strong public
sentiment on the part of herd owners in favor of genuine co-operation
with federal, state and local authorities.

It is hoped that you will feel that the work of exterminating the
disease has been honestly and promptly done and that money will
soon be available for paying all just claims.

Respectfully submitted,

Cc. J. MARSHALL,
State Veterinarian.

112 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

FERTILIZER CONTROL

Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture:

My Dear Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the
Fertilizer Control of the Department, for the year 1914:

There were fifteen sampling agents employed during the year. All
but three of the counties of the State were canvassed, which resulted
in the securing of three thousand two hundred eighty-two samples
during the spring and fall seasons, of which one thousand one hun-
dred ninety-four were submitted for separate analysis. The re-
mainder were composited with like samples representing the same
brands and chemicals, and are included in the above one thousand
one hundred ninety-four samples to the extent of three samples of
each brand. The balance representing duplicates of those previously
selected, were discarded.

Where deficiencies were noted in the composited samples separate
analyses were made to determine the source of the same.

Summaries of the analyses made this year are presented as fol-
lows:

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES MADE SPRING, 1914

|

Ss qd =
+s 3)
| g & 2 2
| 2 5 z z 4
= c Na i z
a S) ° a
| 8 ct 3 z 5
} - — a
) a G o
{
INGUMbeT AOL VATIALY. SOS) a catateioisie:eieis/atotejsivicieisisteiepniclotsiaieveice 506. 131 4 30 23
MOISLUTE pERMCOM ben eleiloreissioscleleieicie sleteietoleteis sveisievelelele 8.85 9.09 6.89 9.21 5.11
Phosphoric acid: |
Ro PAPEL COM Ess Wiaiei- ele lslaleleclelcietelstei-eicietalers sie ereiete 9.31 | 10.63 15.84 15.53 21
Available per sCents. | yicitesisaamccnicierslciclicisicree 8.06 9.76 10.45 TAC AT | Ta ieeisite sine
Insoln bles ser COME. ae selelsieciaelaitesicecisieieieisidele 1.25 | 87 5.39 Ol etatete oceisintate
POtAShie Bpele CONGset ise teas tae mactles oink bielseiciosient: 5.67 AST ||| seiels cteteide'e |) sicte sretereloloters| netoinie oleae
Nitrogen:
ERO EAR DEL, ICON tis actos arccies oimeinie slolvistes steaieietrieteel¢ MAST eeicetorerers QOS Nihsicle wetetsrete 3.08
PAW ALIA DLC pen DOls COM Gen is sisioeiniestelelolsiesiolalelsierieisiate ee) | ahooconboo TO OBiI oiecyarstetere ete |inicsteeeaeieiete
Inactive insoluble, per cent., .......+e++eee SOali| hiclstaraistapetayere AN SaGadatesa || soncodcons
Mechanical analyses of bone: |
IDG See Gas caaodasnddbsosonsasuoabanbbane |)tootaosuna |) bostoadone |odsacqacad || Ssousco0c0 49.00
COTE jae GoM SocgsoponbosasooousboDnoOmaN ||, Gachotoors || sdacacbgve Roacporioosg \peraraaqans 51.00
WOMMeE CIA LVATATION © | rote ctelcisialsastelsicisiai-ieieielelsteleleis $26.93 | $15.60 | $27.28 $13.71 $30.15
Averdge Selling DWricey he etieerctetelelstseicietsiststeletelsl 24.72 st 26.25 14.48 31.43
SUMMARY OF ANALYSES MADE FALL, 1914
Number of analySeS, -.-...:-+scesscesccsersccves 281 99 2 38 23
Moisture, per Cent., ....cccsecerececcececsevscene 8.82 8.80 7.54 8.24 5.19
Phosphoric acid: .
Total, per Cent., <-.-cccececiec-corsscececccnve 9.84 11.18 11.95 15.52 23.37
Available, per cent., Snes 8.41 10.35 11.07 14.38 le cements
Insoluble, per cent., | 1.43 83 TSE) Sas cincel eee
Potash, per cent., ...... Scoogarcd6ag06 3.42 BATU noonaboons || conossiooar |.csocgacscc
Nitrogen, per cent., ....cccecccsecceeceeereeccees FY SGoansso56 Bes Menabego ope 3.40
Mechanical analyses of bone:
TAGS ela ctets tata oie tolets oiersicletete ate tenels a lelele\eie/sla{eiainialele eje/eisie:'|| .=:e/esoie\rjeleie,o\i||notelstatel=!=/eteleill Meiolaielsiafoleis{ai | Ufetvtscelsiaiainiets 55.00
WOOAT SON eietecteicicinte eraeiee elves eletelole late niefelel=\elafelorsze loterete! || ceiein'ols\ei=tereloMll sielapete{s weet | eeeee seen | cece eee 45.00
Commercial valuation,® ...v...cccseccecccscececes $22.64 $15.42 $19.02 $13.97 $33.45
Average selling price,* ..... I Mindosopacboopenasnns 20.83 15.21 16.06 13.78 32.20
}

*Dollars per ton.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 113

The reports of this work appear in detail in bulletins Nos. 255 and
259 of the Department.

Wherever the deficiency was found great enough and the character
of the goods indicated fradulent intent, the cases were marked for
prosecution.

A close check was kept upon all fertilizers sold in the State to see
that the law was complied with by registering them and paying
the necessary fees thereon.

After each sampling period a careful comparison was made of
the agents’ records with Department records and resulted in finding
a large number of mixed brands and chemicals which were sold in
violation of the Act requiring registration.

Notices were sent the offending parties, calling attention to these
apparent oversights and in every case where goods were so sold the
manufacturers or vendors registered the same and paid the requisite
fees.

This procedure, having brought about the desired ends, relieved the
Department from instituting prosecutions which would have in-
curred expenses that could not have been paid without interferring
with other more important phases of the work. When these brands
and chemicals were duly registered the samples were analyzed and
reported with other brands.

During the year four actions were brought and terminated for sell-
ing and having in possession to sell fertilizers which were not regis-
tered. Fines amounting to $75.00 were recovered and paid into the
State Treasury.

During the year one thousand eight hundred thirty-four brands
and chemicals were registered with the Department. Fees amount-
ing to $32,495.00 were received by the office and turned into the
State Treasury.

Returns of fertilizers sold in Pennsylvania during 1914 show that
an aggregrate of three hundred twenty-three thousand one hundred
forty-eight tons were consumed. These figures are not complete. To
this amount should be added certain inter-state sales, i. e. ferti-
lizers that are purchased in adjoining states and carted into this
State by parties living near border lines, also fertilizers ordered by
Pennsylvania consumers direct from non-resident manufacturers and
vendors who do not have the same registered for sale in this State
and without the manufacturers or their representatives soliciting
said orders, upon all of which no returns are made.

The remaining omissions are covered by delinquents who have
failed to make a legal return to the Department.

The uneasiness of the fertilizer market, caused by the foreign war,
first diminishing the supply of potash salts and finally cutting off
the supply completely, brought about an unusual experience for both
the manufacturer and consumer.

The Department realizing the importance of conserving such supply
as was available in this country, took the initiative and permitted
manufacturers to reduce their guarantees for potash without oblig-
ing them to re-register such amended brands, notice to be given of
such reduction, on tags attached to the fertilizer bags.

Many manufacturers took advantage of this privilege, while others
fearing complications of amending registered tradenames, discon-
tinued the sale of brands running high in potash, and substituted

8—5—1914

114 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

new brands for registration, which, in a measure, accounts for the dis-
proportionate increase in registration fees during the year.

During the year covered by the present report, the Department has
increased the scope of its fertilizer examinations with respect to a
point of great interest to the fertilizer user—the quality of the nitro-
genous ingredients in commercial fertilizers. It has, for a number
of years, been a matter of common knowledge that many fertilizer
manufacturers have been buying not only such nitrogenous materials
as are either directly available to the plant, or capable of prompt
conversion to a condition of availability in the soil, but also large
quantities of hair, hoof, leather, wool waste, peat and garbage tank-
age, which hold their nitrogen in combinations which the plants can-
not directly consume, and which are broken down to available condi-
tion in the soil with exceeding slowness. For the substances of the
latter group, most of them manufacturing wastes, the fertilizer
manufacturer pays a relatively low price, while the cost of a pound
of nitrogen in the substances of the better group is three to four
times as great as the cost of a pound of potash or of phosphoric acid
in forms of the highest availability. The method of analysis which
the Department has, for reasons of economy, heretofore required,
fails to distinguish the percentages contributed by these different
groups of ingredients.

To enable buyers to distinguish goods containing the lower grade
of nitrogenous ingredients, the Fertilizer Law was amended in 1909,
so as to require a declaration upon the fertilizer package when
leather, hoof, horn, hair or wool waste is present in any form. A
microscopic examination of the fertilizers was provided to discover
these materials, if present. In no instance, however, has any pack-
age found by the official sampling agents borne the required declara-
tion, nor has the microscope in any case shown any of the specified
materials to be present with the exception of minute quantities of
hair which might normally occur in animal tankage, a high-grade
ingredient.

The use, however, of these low-grade nitrogenous materials by fer-
tilizer manufacturers continues, as a matter of common knowledge.
Indeed, the manufacturers admit that such use is general; but that
these substances are so treated that they do not occur in the finished
fertilizers, but only their derivatives formed by the action of strong
acid upon them. For these derivatives, high plant food value is
claimed. The claim is, so far as the derivatives of the animal mater-
ials mentioned in Section 4, of the Fertilizer Act of 1909, are con-
cerned, but not with respect to those from peat and garbage tank-
age, is supported by the results of investigations made by Dr. Wil-
liam Frear, Chemist to the Department, at the Pennsylvania Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, and by Dr. Hartwell and his colleagues
at the Rhode Island Experiment Station.

The fourth section of the Fertilizer Act of 1909 does not speci-
fically include derivatives from these low grade animal materials,
in its decalaration requirements. In view, however, of the relatively
low cost of these materials, and also of the low cost of the treatment
they undergo in the manufacture of the fertilizer containing their
derivatives, the buying public continues to demand information of
their presence, as a means of gauging the fairness of the prices
charged for the goods, a matter quite independent of their agricul-
tural values,

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 115

To meet the demand for such information, as expressed in resolu-
tions adopted by the State Board of Agriculture, the most practic-
able way has seemed to be the application of a chemical method re-
cently devised for the purpose. The principle of this method is set
forth in the following paragraphs prepared at the request of the de-
partment by Dr. William Frear, Chemist to the Pennsylvania Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, by whom the analysis of fertilizers is
made.

“When a fertilizer is extracted by water, its most immediately
available nitrogenous substances are removed. Water dissolves the
nitrates, sulphate of ammonia, more or less of the nitrogen of the
high grade organic materials, such as dried blood, most of the nitro-
gen of cyanamid, and a portion of the nitrogen from wet-mixed or
acid,treated hair, leather, wool-waste, etc., but very little, if any,
from the low grade materials last named, when present in unacidu-
lated state.

“When dried blood, animal tankage, and fine ground bone are left
in contact with field soil, the soil organisms quite rapidly transform
most of the nitrogenous material over into ammonia and nitric acid.
The same changes freely occur when properly acidulated leather, hair
or wool-waste is exposed in the soil to the action of these organisms.
Whereas, the action of the soil organisms upon the hair, raw or rotted,
wool-waste and leather, raw, steamed or roasted, is very slow.

“The members of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists
of North America have, for years, been trying to find a chemical
method by which, in the course of an hour or two, the degree of ac-
tivity of the soil organisms upon these substances during a growing
season is paralleled. Among the methods tried is that proposed by
Prof. C. H. Jones, of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station.
The New England and New Jersey Experiment Stations have adopted
this method for use in their several states. The method depends upon
the fact that under certain definite conditions of analytical procedure,
alkaline potassium permanganate much more largely decomposes the
water-soluble portions of the nitrogenous materials of dried blood,
animal tankage, fish, horn meal, and the like, than it does the water-
insoluble materials of hair, wool-waste, hoof parings, leather, peat
and garbage tankage. The nitrogen is split off in the form of am-
monia, which may be recovered by distillation and its quantity de-
termined. The significant fact is not the quantity of ammonia thus
formed, for this differs greatly among highly available materials; but
the proportion which the quantity of nitrogen is the residual resist-
ant material bears to the total water-insoluble nitrogen. The differ-
ence of this kind are well shown in analyses recently published by
Jones.”

*Jour. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 4 (1812), 483-441.

116 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Nitrogen (Per Cent.)

1
| Water-—Insoluble CE!
see
Ege
Substance 2 % ge
S a
¢ geese
E p | 235 | 2
a 3 é oS | 33 S
= en] iS) og 4
5 S sat 3 o=8 Ss
= 5 < a fu Lt (fives
{EP ried Uploolspiseese eee sae saws cee 14.14 31 9.82 4.01 | 29.0 | 10.13
2. High grade tankage, </.....--c«» 16.06 3.87 4.28 1.93 31.1 8.15
SA Mish lsssndecctis chekboce ccenoen. 10.29 48 7.26 2.36 24.4 1.74
AS EOOL- MEA ogutaapitecontinceeceincericne 14.80 1.08 9.47 4.5 31.0 10.56
5. Base goods (wet mix), ......... 1.83 1.28 21 34 61.8 1.49
6. BCOttonseced mead Feiss cisieirinicyeie/eindaia 7.02 63 4.09 2.30 36.0 4.72
To CASTOR POMACE 9 ois lel o's cle eis ain'- <li> 5.28 -88 2.65 1.85 42.0 8.43
8. Medium tankage, ..............-- 5.65 9 2.85 1.61 36.1 4.04
9) (Bone: meal ees osc ceuec sens lessee 3.66 | 59 | 1.39 68 32.8 1.98
10a Treated dleather;ltcedse asic ore rine 6.54 -90 2.88 2.76 49.0 3.78
THAI TEC sea TNE ais cisicinici-leiacisicleietoinia 1.02 ul 12 -79 86.8 .23
12. Garbage tankage, ................ 3.16 | ot 84 1.% 70.0 1.21
IGS LECH “gor sececanocodaceassoddeGsonc 3.09 | .06 1.24 1.79 59.0 1.30
TAPE MOTH eMGaleis So accis a <teteleloteleterehs tate cto 2.69 81 75 1.60 638.1 1.06

“The behavior of mixtures of these materials with one another and
with the ordinary minerals of fertilizers, gave results closely corre-
sponding to those calculated from the facts for the nitrogenous in-
gredients when severally treated by this method.

“The fifth column of figures shows that, of the materials examined,
sixty per cent. or more of the water-insoluble nitrogen was active in
dried blood, tankages (high and low-grade), fish, hoof-meal (fine),
cottonseed meal and bone meal; from forty-two (42) to sixty (60)
per cent., in castor pomace and treated leather; less than forty-two
(42) per cent. in peat, wet-mixed base goods of ordinary composi-
tion, mora meal, garbage tankage and charred leather. The be-
havior of the water-insoluble nitrogen of cyanamid has been studied
by Mr. Cathcart, of the New Jersey Experiment Station, and found
to be highly resistant to the alkaline permanganate, less than one-
fifth being ‘active.’

“Ror the sake of condensing as much as practicable the more im-
portant facts of composition in the tables of fertilizer analyses, pub-
lished by the Department, the results for nitrogen are reported under
the headings, water-soluble, available, inactive insoluble and total.
To the figures in the ‘inactive insoluble’ column is affixed the letters
‘a,’ ‘b’ on ‘ce,’ according to the quality of the insoluble material, ‘a’
representing good, ‘b’ medium, and ‘c’ poor or low-grade material.

“Tt is needful to keep clearly in mind the meaning of the index ‘c’
as thus applied. Its presence does not suffice to indicate that the fer-
tilizer contains no readily available nitrogen, but merely that part
or all of the insoluble nitrogen is derived from law grade sources,
barring cases in which cyanamid is one of the fertilizer ingredients.
These low grade materials may be such as are listed in Section 4
of the law, or others in common use, such as garbage tankage, peat or
mora meal; and they may be, if of animal origin, have had their nit-
rogenous materials changed almost entirely to an available condition
by ‘wet mixing,’ which has, however, little improving effect upon the
nitrogenous constituents of garbage tankage or mora meal, and little
upon those of peat.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 117

“The use of such low grade materials is either to make the fer-
tilizer less likely to become sticky or lumpy, or to supply nitrogen
from materials that would otherwise be wholly thrown to waste. The
use of ‘conditioners’ for the former purpose is, in itself, desirable
rather than objectionable; but becomes obnoxious and unjust when
the nitrogen they contain in unavailable form is made the basis of
a charge at high rates to the buyer. The use also of low grade and
therefore cheap nitrogen supplies whose nitrogen has, by chemical
‘treatment, been made useful for plant food, is laudable provided the
materials are sold for what they are, instead of being sold at the
prices of the nitrogen in high grade nitrogenous ingredients.

“Tn cases where the inactive insoluble nitrogen forms a large frac-
tion of the total nitrogen, is marked by the index ‘c,’ the guaranty
does not exceed the available nitrogen by an amount equal to most
of the ‘inactive,’ and the selling price, corrected for freight difference,
is not considerably less than that asked for fertilizers of like gen-
eral composition but supplying nitrogen derived from high grade
goods, such as bear the index ‘a’ or even ‘b,’ there is reason to believe
that the buyer is subjected to unfair treatment.

“Section 1 of the Fertilizer Law of 1909 requires that the guaranty
for a fertilizer shall state ‘the percentage such fertilizer contains
of nitrogen in an available form.’ It is however, by no means clear
that the term ‘available, as used in the law, means precisely that
same thing that is meant by that term when used to designate the
sum of the water-soluble and active insoluble nitrogen, as determined
by the present method. For some nitrogenous fertilizer ingredients
always regarded as of high grade, such as dried blood, meat tankage,
and cottonseed meal, contains considerable fractions of inactive in-
soluble nitrogen when examined by this method. Until further no-
tice, therefore, the law will not be construed to require that the
amount of nitrogen guaranteed shall not exceed that present in a
form that will appear as ‘available’ by the alkaline permanganate
method now in use.”

For lack of funds the department has not been able to cover the
entire State in the fertilizer sampling work.

The fact that one thousand eight hundred thirty-four brands were
registered and only one thousand one hundred ninety-four found
and sampled by the agents of the Department, shows conclusively
that more time than four weeks in the spring and a like period in
the fall should be devoted to this work. The State having been di-
vided into fifteen districts, with an average of four counties to each
agent to be covered in this limited period, results in fertilizers be-
ing received by consumers before the arrival and after the departure
of the agents, and carted to points which the agents can not reach
without interfering with his itinerary.

When it is realized that but one sample is secured for each one
hundred tons of fertilizer shipped into this State, and further, that
more than six hundred registered brands and chemicals are not lo-
cated, it is evident that the field force should be increased and the
State re-districted so that each agent can give more attention to the
consumers’ receiving stations of his district, also allow him more
time to follow railroads, also to detect violations of the laws and
apprehend the offenders.

118 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

A more thorough canvass will prevent the appearance upon our
market of so many unregistered brands, which brands are not found
by the agents under the limitations to which the Department is sub-
ject. This statement is corroborated by the facts, that after each
sampling period large numbers of brands and chemicals are reported
which were sold in violation of the law, as referred to in another part
of this report.

It is important that provision for taking more samples be made,
which can only be done by extending the period for sampling work, *
at least along the lines of railroads over which past experience shows
that a specially large amount of fertilizers are shipped. Such ex-
tension of the work could be so directed as to lead to the discovery
of many brands the registration of which has been either evaded
or overlooked by manufacturers, thereby increasing the revenue for
reimbursing the State Treasury for the cost of the work, as well as
securing greater protection to the farmers of the State.

Respectfully submitted,

H. E. KLUGH,
Clerk of Fertilizer Control.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 119

REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY, FOR THE YEAR
1914

The work performed by the Bureau of Chemistry during the year
1914 has consisted of performing the chemical and microscopical
work and the administrative duties necessary, under the direction
of the Secretary of Agriculture, in carrying out the provisions of
the Acts of Assembly which regulate the sale of Feeding Stuffs, Lin-
seed Oil and Seeds.

The major portion of the work has been that of regulating the
sale of Feeding Stuffs made necessary by the larger appropriation
available for protecting the consumers of this commodity from pur-
chasing misbranded, inferior or adulterated feeds. Special Agents
of the Department visited 327 towns and cities in 61 counties of
the State and secured from dealers 1300 official samples of Feed-
ing Stuffs. In a number of communities visited samples were not
taken for the reason that it was deemed unadvisable to duplicate
the work or take too many brands of the same feed where it has
been found these particular brands were properly labeled and guar-
anteed in accordance with the requirements of the Law.

These samples were sent to the Bureau in sealed bottles and were
analyzed chemically and examined microscopically as to their chemi-
cal composition and for the ingredients claimed in each case, or
for possible foreign, deleterious or prohibited materials. Accompany-
‘ing these samples were reports of the Agents giving the information
found on sacks or attached cards. Reports of the results of examina-
tions were submitted to the Secretary of Agriculture and also sent
out to the Dealers from whom each sample was taken and to the
firms responsible for their manufacture or preparation. From time
to time as these reports were submitted to the Secretary of Agricul-
ture, they were carefully considered where violations were found to
exist and in those cases where it was thought an attempt to de-
fraud the purchasers had occurred, prosecutions were ordered.

It was found necessary to direct prosecutions to be made in 13
cases on samples which were received in 1914. These violations con-
sisted for the most part of false guarantees for crude protein, fat
or fiber, and for the presence of foreign or prohibited materials, such
as weed seeds. Twelve of these cases were adjusted by payment of
fines, only a small number of hearings being held, which amounted
to $600.00, this amount being immediately, after being received, paid
to the State Treasurer in the usual manner. One of these cases was
not pressed for a hearing for the reason that the evidence at hand
did not warrant such action being taken. In a number of instances
where minor violations were found to occur, especially in regard to
labeling, no action was taken by the Department for the reason that
the parties concerned showed a willingness to make the necessary
corrections in order to comply with the requirements of the Law.
In a few of these cases, where there was a slight variation in the
content of crude protein found, as compared with that guaranteed

120 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in Cottonseed Meals, the Dealers were reimbursed by the Manufac-
turers on the basis of 50¢ per unit for each ton of Cottonseed Meal
purchased. During the year, 9 cases were adjusted by payment of
fines where prosecutions had been ordered in 1913 samples, amount-
ing to $450.00. The amount of fines received and paid to the State
Treasurer, therefore, during the period covered by this report was
$1,050.00. The number of prosecutions ordered during the year was
about one-half the number ordered during the previous year which
is an indication that the violations are becoming less and less as
the work of enforcing the law and educating the Dealers in Feeding
Stuffs as to the requirements of the Law, continues. One of the cases
adjusted by payment of fine was the one referred to in our previous
report as still pending which had been returned to Court by the Mag-
istrate. The defendant plead guilty before the Court without the
necessity of a trial and paid the fine imposed by the Judge.

The character of the Feeding Stuffs now being sold in the State
as judged from the samples examined during 1914, shows a continued
improvement as to branding, labeling and their freedom from unde-
sirable by-products. The matter of weed seeds in Chicken Feeds
has continued to give us some trouble but the number of violations
in this respect are continually decreasing. One large manufacturer
of Feeding Stuffs, after considerable controversy and a lengthy hear-
ing with the Department Officials, finally agreed to eliminate weed
seeds from their products sold in the State without causing this
controversy to be adjusted by means of a-lengthy court trial. The
promise of this concern to comply with the requirements of the Law
in selling clean Poultry Feeds in the State is, therefore, highly pleas-
ing as it will make the number of prosecutions less and will also
obviate the necessity of continually securing samples of these brands
of feeds, making exhaustive tests on such samples and being con-
tinually on the watch for weed seeds in these particular brands.

During the year 236 special samples of Feeding Stuffs were sent
to the Department for analysis, as provided for by the Feeding Stuffs
Law. These samples were all analyzed for protein, fat and fiber
and results reported to the senders as soon as possible. In many
cases inquiries in regard to labeling and guaranteeing accompanied
these samples and directions were given in such cases as to the re-
quirements of the Law. The amount of fees for the analysis of spe-
cial samples received was $235.00, which was paid to the State Treas-
urer in the usual manner, from time to time, as they were received.
One sample was received and analyzed, for which no fee was re-
ceived, as the sender refused to remit the amount of charge after
having requested that the analysis be made. In this case no report
was made.

Early in the year a Bulletin of 189 pages was prepared covering
the work done during 1913. These Bulletins were sent to approxi-
mately 6000 Manufacturers of and Dealers in Feeding Stuffs and
others interested in the work whose names appear on our mailing
list. The usual number of registrations were also received during
the latter part of 1913 and the first few weeks in 1914, listing the
various brands of feeds which were to be offered for sale in the Com-
monwealth. All these registrations were carefully looked over and
in quite a number of cases requests were made for samples to be sub-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 121

mitted for examination before registrations were accepted. In a
number of these cases where the character of the feed did not meet
the standards required by the law, registrations were refused. In a
number of other cases registrations were returned with requests for
corrections, as the method of guaranteeing and labeling the brands
listed thereon were incorrect. It has not been the custom of the De-
partment to analyze chemically and examine microscopically a sam-
ple of each brand of Feeding Stuffs, registrations for which are filed
with the Department, however, wherever the method of guaranteeing
and the list of ingredients given appeared to be misleading or in
doubt, samples were requested for examination. As previously stated,
in several cases, Chicken Feeds were listed, which, upon examination
of samples, were found to contain large quantities of unground weed
seeds and accordingly registrations were refused for these brands.

It has been the custom to make a few check analyses from time
to time to compare our work with that being done by other Chemists
and the number of such samples examined, together with the sam-
ples examined for registrations and those sent in and examined by
special request where illness was thought to have occurred, amounted
to 104. Of this number there were 21 samples of Cottonseed Meal
and 21 samples of Cotton Seed analyzed for the Feeding Stuffs Con-
trol Committee, of which the Chief Chemist is a member, in investi-
gating the character of the Cotton Seed Meals being offered for sale.
A report of the results obtained on these samples were made to the
Committee and as a result of the work accomplished by all the mem-
bers of this Committee, recommendation was made to continue the
study of this problem for another year. It is expected, therefore,
that it will be necessary to analyze about this number of Cotton-
seed Meals during the coming season. The investigation of the com-
position of Cottonseed Meals is being made in an attempt to deter-
mine whether or not it would be advisable to establish a crude fiber
standard for this by-product feed. From the results already at
hand no conclusion could be drawn as to whether or not there should
be such a standard. In order to further investigate this matter the
Chief Chemist of the Department visited a number of oil mills in the
South for the purpose of obtaining what information could be had
as to the amount of Cottonseed Hulls or fibrous material left in
the cake after the extraction of oil from the cotton seed. This in-
formation, together with the results of the analysis of additional
samples of Cottonseed Meals, will be reported to the Committee at
the next meeting of the Association of Feeding Stuffs Control Of-
ficials. From what has already been observed on this subject, it
would seem that in selling Cottonseed Meal there should only be
one guarantee for crude protein, instead of the usual sliding guar-
antee ranging from 38.62% to 48.00%, and these guarantees main-
tained by the Manufacturers. If this practice were followed out,
considerable misunderstanding and controversy would be remedied
which might probably make it unnecessary to have two standards,
such as a protein standard and a fiber standard for Cottonseed
Meal.

During the year the number of official samples of Linseed Oil
obtained by Special Agents of the Department and analyzed was
250. The work necessary in analyzing Linseed Oil is an expensive
operation and owing to this fact, and the amount of money avail-

122 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

able for carrying on this work, it was deemed inadvisable to obtain
a larger number of samples. The results of this analytical work, to-
gether with the information furnished by the Agents and which ac-
companied each sample, were reported to the Secretary of Agricul-
ture and to the Dealers from whom the samples were taken and to
the Manufacturers or Importers where known. Eight of these sam-
ples were found to be adulterated with varying quantities of heavy
or light Mineral Oil, and prosecutions were ordered in 7 cases. The
remaining case is being considered and action will be taken against
the Importer, or party responsible for its sale in the State, if the
results of an investigation now being made warrants this procedure.
All but two of the cases ordered have been adjusted, without hear-
ing before the Magistrate, by payment of fines, amounting to $250.00,
which was paid to the State Treasurer, as they were received. One
case is still pending and advice has been received that the other
will be adjusted satisfactory to the Department. Eight samples
of Linseed Oil were found to contain turpentine and no action was
taken against the dealers in these cases for the reason that it was
evident from the testimony of the dealers and Special Agent, these
Oils had become accidently contaminated. There appears to be a
few firms who still persist in selling adulterated Linseed Oil and
it is hoped that as the investigation work continues, this form of
fraud will be stopped. The new Linseed Oil Law, under which we
are working at the present time, and which was passed by the Leg-
islature at its last session, has proved to be very effective for the
reason that standards of purity were established by this Act. The
results of analysis obtained upon the samples thus far received show
that these standards are reasonable, as Pure Raw and Boiled Linseed
Oil will come within the requirements of the Law, while samples
which are found to contain small quantities of Foreign Oils will fall
outside of these standards. A Bulletin will be prepared covering
the work accomplished during the year in enforcing the Linseed Oil
Law and showing to what extent Linseed Oil is being adulterated,
which will be sent out to those interested in this line of work. There
were only four special samples of Linseed Oil sent to the Depart-
ment to be analyzed as provided by the Law with the fee of $1.00
which is required to be charged. This amount of money was paid
to the State Treasurer.

The year 1914 has seen the enforcement of Pennsylvania’s first
Pure Seed Law, which was also enacted by the Legislature at its
last session, becoming effective January 1, 1914. The work of mak-
ing purity tests on samples of seeds in carrying out the provisions
of this Act, has been performed in the Chemical Laboratory of the
Department. Before the law became operative, the necessary seed
testing and other apparatus of the best type were installed and every
preparation made to do the work in a thorough and satisfactory
manner. The Department now has, in addition to this equipment, a
valuable collection of seeds for comparison and it is felt we are
fully prepared to do careful and accurate work. During the year
Special Agents of the Department secured from Seed Dealers
throughout the State, 202 official samples of seeds. These samples
were placed in specially prepared enevlopes and either brought or
sent to the Department to be tested. The Seed Law provides, in
addition to the securing of official samples for testing, that Seed

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ~ 123

Dealers or Growers located in the State may send samples of seeds
to the Department to be tested for the fee of 25c per sample. The
number of such special samples sent in to be tested for purity, to-
gether with the fee charged, was 376, making a total of 578 samples
of Seeds which were tested for purity during the year. This work
is necessarily tedious and must be carried out in a very careful man-
ner, and because of the large number of special samples received, it
was not thought advisable for the Special Agents to secure a larger
number of official samples. It is felt by the Department, from the
work already accomplished, that the Seed Law has been of great
benefit to the farmers and seedsmen of the State, as it has enabled
them without much trouble to learn the quality of the seeds covered
by the Law, for a small fee. The results of tests for purity made on
the official samples show that the quality of seeds being sold in the
State, as judged from these samples, are well above the standards
of purity set forth in the Law. The same conclusion can also be
drawn from the results obtained on the 376 special samples tested
during the year. Of the number of official samples received, 15 kinds
of Seeds covered by the Law, were represented, and in every case the
average of these tests for purity were above the standard for each
kind of Seed. Both official and special samples consisted mostly of
Red Clover, Alsike Clover, Alfalfa and Timothy Grass Seed.

A Bulletin is in the course of preparation which will give in de-
tail the results of all the work accomplished in carrying out the
provisions of the Seed Law. There is no doubt in the minds of the
officials in charge of the enforcement of the Seed Law that it will
work a great benefit to farmers and seed dealers throughout the
State, and will tend to raise the character or quality of the seeds
offered for sale. The fact that samples of seeds can be tested for
purity for a small fee will make it easy for those interested to de-
termine whether or not the seeds which are being sold or offered for
sale will meet the standards set forth in the Law and also will give
an index to as their quality.

Officials of the Department attended the annual meeting of the
Association of Feed Control Officials, held in November and took
part in the discussions. The meetings held by this body of State
Officials of the various states, engaged in Feeding Stuffs work, are
a source of valuable information. Definitions have been adopted for
nearly every product used for feeding purposes, and a better under-
standing of the many brands of feeds and their source of prepara-
tion, has resulted from these meetings.

The amount of money appropriated for the two fiscal years, June
1st, 1918, to May 31st, 1915, for carrying out the provisions of the
Feeding Stuffs, Linseed Oil and Seed Laws was as follows: —

GSCI or MUA Ome teat yee eco Somers so saree seas 2 $30,000.00
eats POU Oil avacte pairs hers nine ose ia/eois ote, * 4,500.00
(S071 aay te ign cs nak aoe eee 4,000.00

The amount of money expended to December 31st, 1914, out of
these funds were as follows:

eet SEMIS... ors o'er aie an Stor ciewa roe! se 8S carom « $20,722.39
\DriRe St 5 71 a eR AR erie, Sree ewer 2,686.11
BGO H peat ecec tes scerei ates cate sir are Aelaiars oo wine were 1,659.29

124 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The general office work of the Bureau has increased over that of
last year owing to the work necessary in carrying out the provisions
of the Seed Law, and it was found necessary to employ an extra
clerk, who has been taught to assist in the seed testing work. All
the members of the Bureau Staff have shown a splendid interest and
enthusiasm in performing the work which they have been called upon
to do, and great credit should be given to them in making possible
the completion of the year’s work in a highly satisfactory manner.

Respectfully submitted,

JAMES W. KELLOGG,
Chief Chemist.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 125

REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF STATISTIC

Harrisburg, Pa., January 1, 1915.
Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture:

Dear Sir:—I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the
Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Agriculture for the year
ending December 31, 1914.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

It will be observed that this Bureau is now only a little more than
a year old. Much of our work during the year has been of a pre-
liminary character. The early part of the year was almost entirely
consumed in completing an enumeration of the farmers of the State.
While this caused work and consumed time, it is a valuable asset
and permits the Department to reach the farmers in every section
ot the Siate

Considering that the Bureau is yet in its infancy and our office
force small, we think we have made a good start, and with proper
effort, we hope to improve its efficiency and usefulness.

ABANDONED AND UNOCCUPIED FARMS

Owing to the fact that much has been said and written about
abandoned and unoccupied farms in Pennsylvania; and many in-
quiries coming to the Department for information concerning this
class of farms, we determined to prepare and publish a bulletin giv-
ing this information to the public, providing, the owners of such
farms desired to sell the same and would furnish us a descriptive
application.

We had a notice to this effect inserted as a news item in nearly
all the newspapers of the State. We only received a little over a
hundred applications and these were of unoccupied farms. It is safe
to say that Pennsylvania has no abandoned farms.

The bulletin was given to the public during the summer and we
are pleased to report that we have had many applications for copies
of it as well as notices of a number of sales.

My thought is that we should follow the example of our neighbor-
ing states and publish a bulletin, during the coming year, not only
of unoccupied farms, but of all classes of cheap farms that are for
sale. We lkelieve this will be time and money well spent and will
improve the efficiency of the farmers of the State, and result in the
occupation of many of these farms by persons who will turn their
energy toward helping to meet the demand of our people for food
supplies in a more substantial way than is being done by the present
occupants.

126 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

CREAMERIES, CHEESE FACTORIES, MILK CONDENSERIES AND
CANNERIES

To meet a demand for information relative to creameries, cheese
factories, milk condenseries and canneries, this Bureau made dili-
gent inquiry in every county, borough and city in the State, through
the Assessors and otherwise. We have collected what is generally
cousidered fairly correct lists. These lists have been recently pub-
lished in bulletin form under the supervision of the Dairy and Food
Commissioner and are now ready for distribution.

SHEEP KILLED AND INJURED BY DOGS

It has been a well known fact all these years that the dogs have
been deterimental to the sheep industry of this State, but, so far as
we know, no systematic effort has ever been made to collect this
data to ascertain just how much the damage has been for any one
year. Through the County Commissioners’ offices, we secured the
necessary information for the year 1913 which is tabulated and sub-
mitted herewith in detail and made a part of this report. I desire
to add that from estimates just received from our correspondents,
there are only seventy per cent. of the number of sheep in this State
at the present time that there were ten years ago. It is very evident
that we need additional legislation to protect this important but
fast declining industry from the ravages of the dogs.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

No. 5.

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9—5—1914

130 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

CROP REPORTS

Starting with the month of October, this Bureau began the collect-
ing and compiling of monthly crop reports. ‘To prosecute this work
effectively, we started out to secure a reporter or correspondent for
each township in the State. We approached this matter with some
fear because we were asking that this service be rendered grat-
uitiously. However, I am pleased to report that up to the present
time we have secured about eight-hundred reporters and are adding
others to our corps from time to time. The persons that we have
secured are well qualified as evidenced by the reports already filed.
The detailed reports for the months of October and November as well
as the annual report are submitted herewith and made a part of this
report.

It is our intention to make crop reports monthly or nearly so
during the year 1915. The information contained in these monthly
reports will be used as the basis for our annual report relating to
the crops.

REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ON
THE CONDITION OF CROPS, OCTOBER 1, 1914

The following report is compiled from the returns received from
the official correspondents of the Department:

Wheat—KEstimated area harvested, ........ 1,312,000 acres.
Wheat—Product pervacre;, 222.5. 22. eo. =. 18.5 bushels.
Wheat—Total estimated product for 1914, .. 24,272,000 bushels.
Wheat—Quality compared with an average, 95 per cent.
Wheat—Crop of 1913 still in producers’ hands, 4 per cent.
Wheat—Damage by the Hessian fly, ....... 10 per cent.
Rye—Estimated area harvested, ........... 280,000 acres.
ye=—Product per. acre,” ..i<%.-. > om eee ne le 17 bushels.
Rye—Total estimated product for 1914, .... 4,760,000 bushels.
Rye—Quality compared with an average, .. 95 per cent.
Oats—Estimated area harvested, .......... 1,073,000 acres.
Oats——Product.. Per acres... cis. seriecds-< eee 29 bushels.
Oats—Total estimated product for 1914,.... 31,117,000 bushels.
Oats—Quality compared with an average, . 90 per cent.
Corn—Prospect compared with a normal

WIGUC Fis G.icts & wiats 4. tok aie ee ee a 95 per cent.
Corn—Cut for ensilage...c sem mem ae eral sk ene 10 per cent.
Corn—Damage by July storms, ........... 5 per cent.
Potatoes—Probable total yield compared

With last: “year icc oeeepeer see ees ts ates sae 90 per cent.
Tobacco—Prospect compared with an average

MICU cynie ote .c cece cas ROR eens. cat weed 95 per cent.
Pasture—Condition compared with an awver- ;

HOC Fer in See RRM ae. o cot thas sheng aN 85 per cent.
Apples—Prospect compared with last vear,. 150 per cent.

REVIEW OF CROP CONDITIONS, OCTOBER 1, 1914.

The estimated production of wheat in Pennsylvania for the year
1914 is 24,272,000 bushels, which is approximately 2,000,000 more
bushels than the estimated production of one vear ago; but it will

=. a ee

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 131

be observed that the acreage was slightly larger this year than last.
It appears that the average increase in production this year over
last is about one and one-half bushels per acre. The quality com-
pared with an average is 95 per cent. The Hessian fly damaged the
wheat considerably in certain sections of the State, particularly in
Berks and Montgomery counties.

The estimated acreage of rye for 1914 harvest is 280,000 acres. The
average production per acre is 17 bushels, and the total production
4,760,000 bushels. The acreage and production are about the same as
1918.

The acreage of oats for 1914 is estimated at 1,073,000 acres. This
is about 81,000 acres less than harvested last year. The total crop
is about 51,117,000 bushels. The average production per acre is
about 29 bushels while last year it was 31 bushels per acre. The de-
crease in production is largely due to the unfavorable condition at
the time of seeding and to the ravages of the army worm. The army
worm damaged the crop more particularly in the northwestern coun-
ties.

Corn prospects indicate about 95 per cent. of a normal yield. Our
reports show that the dry weather has materially affected the crop
in many parts of the State, yet in other sections there is a very large
crop. Further information will be given relative to the 1914 grain
crops in our November and December reports.

Reports indicate that the potato crop will be about 90 per cent.
of an average yield but is very poor in many counties.

Pasture is very poor due to the long drought which has prevailed
in nearly every part of the State.

Our figures show that the apple crop is 150 per cent. of last year,
but we do not claim that these figures are very satisfactory as in
many counties there were no apples last year, and, of course, it
would be impossible in those counties to make a comparison. How-
ever, the crop in 1913 was a very poor one while this year there is an
abundant crop.

Off. Doc.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

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134 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ON
THE CONDITION OF CROPS, NOVEMBER 1, 1914

The following report is compiled from the returns received from
the official correspondents of the Department:

Wheat—Kstimated area sown last fall, ...... 1,312,000 acres
Wheat—Sown this fall compared with last

VCE) cr rorerane hk eiela of aiwiin eae eel epee te beach ede cere 101 per cent:
Wheat—Estimated area seeded for harvest

GOL a re cere or cer sean See hs aoe, San oka 1,525.120 acres.
Wheat—Condition compared with an _ aver-

BCC Nae ae Setanta ane ea arate Mee ntact et Seay sy ses 94 per cent.
Wheat—Average date of seeding, .......... September 25.
Rye—HEstimated area sown last fall, ....... 280,000 aeres.
Rye—Sown this fall compared with last

VO CLT ee cote Tce) Perched ees osc ders eh hot Wave ete tease ace 97 per cent.
Rye—Estimated area seeded for harvest of

JESS Teas Ati se Seca a es ea ee SC Ag eS eae ee 271,600 acres.
Rye—Condition compared with an average,. 94 per cent.
Corn—Prospect compared with an average

VL eee Stile ct shea. oie i'n aa Cae MON eae 99 per cent.
Buckwheat—Prospect compared with an av-

CLACE Viel, by. Hs.) HOO See ee epee ae 85 per cent.
Cloverseed—Prospect compared with an

AVECACC WHE LC eae koi corsa ee eames cee eae 80 per cent.
Potatoes—Estimated area planted, ........ 268,000 acres.
Potatoes—Average product per acre, ...... 106 bushels.
Potatoes—Total estimated production, .... 28,408.000 bushels.
Potatoes——A frected. by Tit, sos pon oo wet ore 6 per cent.
Hogs—Condition compared with an average, 98 per cent.
Hogs—Number to be fattened compared with

Oar orckate.s spoke sia eye Rees taleie sal ores Se aloe e 96 per cent.

REVIEW OF CROP CONDITIONS, NOVEMBER, 1, 1914

The months of August, September and October were unfavorable
for crops in Pennsylvania. Our reports show that only one per cent.
more wheat was sown this fall than last year. This would only in-
crease the acreage about 13,120 acres. Because of the encouraging
outlook for advanced prices in wheat, it was the intention and desire
of the farmers of this State to sow a much larger area, but the long
drought prevented plowing and putting the ground in proper con-
dition for seeding. The wheat was sown very late this fall for two
reasons, first, the ground could not be gotten in proper condition
because of the drought, and, second, to evade the ravages of the Hes-
sian fly. The average date for sowing wheat in this State was Sep-
tember 25. The average date for sowing in the northern tier of coun-
ties was September 16 and in the southern tier October 2.

The estimated acreage of rye sown for the harvest of 1915 is ap-
proximately three per cent. less than harvested last year. Two things
served to keep the rye area nearly up to last year. One was the
ground could not be gotten in order in time to seed to wheat, and
rye was sown instead; and the other was, in sections where the fly
was particularly bad last year in wheat, more rye was sown this
year in lieu thereof,

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURH. 135

Corn prospects are good. The estimated acreage planted is 1,463,-
000 acres. Our reports show approximately an average crop. The
average crop for the years 1910-15, inclusive, was between forty-one
and forty-two bushels of shelled corn per acre and we believe when
our December reports, which will contain more definite information,
are received, they will show a similar flattering production this year.
Our reports show that the corn this year is well matured and is of
splendid quality.

Buckwheat acreage was about the same as last year. The dry
weather affected it materially and it appears that this year’s crop is
85 per cent. of an average.

Cloverseed was not a good crop. Only about one-half the counties
in the State report any production of cloverseed.

The estimated area planted in potatoes this year was 268,000 acres.
Our reports show that there is an average production of 106 bushels
per acre, which makes the total production 28,408,000 bushels. The
average production last year was eighty-eight bushels per acre. The
rot affected the crop to some extent this year, but very slightly in
most of the counties.

The condition of hogs is a little lower than the average. Number
fattening is 96 per cent. as compared with 1913.

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137

No. 5.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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138 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL-
TURE GIVING PRICES AND PRODUCTION OF FARM PRODUCTS AND
LIVESTOCK; PRICES OF FARM LAND AND FARM WAGES FOR THE
YEAR 1914 y

The following report is compiled from the returns received from
the official correspondents of the Department:

Cereals:
Wheat—Estimated area harvested, ........ 1,312,000 acres.
Wheat-—Product. per. acte, 26 3524. so eek 18.5 bushels.
Wheat—Total estimated product, .......... 24,272,000 bushels.
Wheat—Average price per bushel, ......... $1.03
Wheat—Total value of crop, ..............$25,000,160.00
Corn—Estimated area harvested, ......... 1,463,000 acres.
JOrh=—Product; per acres sc ee oe ee eee 4() bushels.
Corn—Total estimated product, ........... 58,520,000 bushels.
Corn—Average price per bushel, .......... $0.78
Corn — Total value Of Crop, east... stot aes $45,645,600. 00
Rye—Estimated area harvested, ......... 280,000 acres.
Rive Ee TrOauel PCr ACLs. and.nivc aaeacrss momen. eke 17 bushels.
Rye—Total estimated product, ............ 4,760,000 bushels.
Rye—Average price per bushel, ........... $0.83 bushels.
Rye—Total value of crop, ................ $3,950,800.00
Oats—Estimated area harvested, ......... 1,078,000 acres.
Ozts=—Prodiet;) perm Aerey 1s sas ee sae eee eee 30 bushels.
Oats—Total estimated product, ........... 32,190,000 bushels.
Oats—Average price per bushel, ........... $0.50 bushels.
Oats—Total value of crop, ................$16,095,000.00 bushels.
Buckwheat—Estimated area harvested, .... 280,000 acres.
Buckwheat—Product: per acre, .:..2:2.:..4 20 bushels.
Buckwheat—Total estimated product, ..... 5,600,000 bushels.
Buckwheat—Average price per bushel. ..... $0.76
Buckwheat—Total value of crop, .......... “$4,256,000 .00

Hay:
Clover— Price per tone. 6 ss seins Seals oiler $13.00
Clover—Estimated yield per acre, ......... 114 tons.
Pamothy—Price per “ton, 2 2on.eee ee $15.20
Timothy—Estimated yield per acre, ...... 14 tons.
Alfalfa—-Price per-ton,: ..\... Scams seats = $17.20
Alfalfa—Estimated yield per acre, ........ 21 tons.

Livestock and Poultry:

Horses—Averave (price on pea tse $150.00
Minles——A\ verace spree, si teeredeyesr-t- 7 21-6 o>. 156.00
Cows=—Averaee. pice mreerseraert-.> sa + sts 58.00
Ta mibs-—A vera Genin mrste ac cies. <lolvesruet ae 4,40
ig Avviera te iteeraiamers 20s -o0 ale oc ctor eee 4.75
Steers—Fat, average price per pound, ..... .08
Steers—For feeding, average price per pound, .06
Swine—Shoats, average price per pound, .. .09
Fat Hogs—Average price per pound, ...... 10
Chickens—Dressed, price per pound, ....... .18

@hickens— live, price per pound, <.).3.)-%.- 1 .13

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Ducks—Dressed, price per pound, ......... .18
Ducks—Live, price per pound, ............. 13
Geese—Dressed, price per pound, .......... ars
yeese—Live, price per pound, ............. .14
Turkeys—Dressed, price per pound, ........ 25
Turkeys—Live, price per pound, ........... 20
Fruit, Vegetables, Etce.:
Apples—Price per bushel, .. 20... .00..0-%% $0.52
Pedches—Price per basket, . cin. c2c cece oes . 86
Bears rice per. DUS), 7.2 sini cee as es es 80
Pens SPICE Per QUANG 6 ie bot stew wes ee os ee 06
Cherries -EriCe Per Quarts ws .ccc eee ee ss .08
Strawberries—Price per quart, ............ 0
Blackberries—Price per quart, ............ .08
Raspberries—Price per quart, ............. 10
Potatoes—Estimated area harvested, ...... 268,000
Poratoes—-Proguct persacre, 60... jee 5 106
Potatoes—Total estimated product, ........ 28,408,000
Potatoes—Average price per bushel, ....... $0.62
Potatoes—Total value GMECLOP anise 2 eee he op lh, 01.2,960-00
Butter—Price per pound, at store, ......... 31
Butter—Price per pound, at market, ...... 33
Milk—Wholesale price, per 100 pounds, .... 1.63
Milk—Retail price, per quart, ............. O07
iBos——P rice per dozen) 00.0. 6526 ns ees Jol
Tobacco—Leaf, price per pound, ........... 09
inoney—_ Price per, pound: oo os Sa. 16
Wool:
Wool—Unwashed, price per pound, ........ $0.21
Wool— Washed, price per pound, .......... . .26
Farm Land:
Farm land—Improved, value per acre, ..... $75.00
Farm land—Average, value per acre, ....... 50.00
Farm Wages:
Farm wages—By year, with board, ........ $235.00
Farm wages—For summer months only, .... 25.00
Farm wages—By day, with board, ......... 1.20
Farm wages—By day, without board, ....... 1.60
Farm wages—Whole year, without board,. 340.00
Farm wages—Harvest, by day, ............ 1.80
Household help—Female, with board, per
MEEK 1 a: tok ys, aid ete tronte amaalyis cushyrard aves 5s hae 3.00

139

acres.
bushels.
bushels.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

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DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

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148 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off.

Doc.

The following comparison of tables for the past nine years shows
the prices of the various products of Pennsylvania:

TABLE OF COMPARISON

awh godobuncoddode vadeaosbodbunoesaecG

BUCK WG a te paraicin's ote site cleiniotetate ctelnieieiste soe
ETRY CLOV EL oe encima cisiericaeriinte
Hay, timothy,
Horses, average,
Mules, average,
Cows, average,
Lambs, average,
Hwes, average,
Steers, fat, per pound, ............ AC
Steers, for feeding, per pouud,
Swine, shoats, per pound, .........
Hogs, fat, price per pound, .......
Chickens, dressed, price per pound,
Chickens, live, price per pound, ...
Apples, per bushel,
Peaches, per basket,
Bears; per bushel, <<. -..)-. eiete
PITS; Ser QUALC 6 asessemsetemieiecielorciee
Cherries, per quart,
Blackberries, per quart, ............
Raspberries, per quart, .............
BRotatoess pers bushels. cscs seeete
Butter, per pound, at store, ......
Butter, per pound, at market, .....
Milk, wholesale, per 100 pounds,
Milks Sretaily per wquart, ce. s-s-6 =o:
Mgrs Neri dozen) cae sole scieucls chica
Farm land, improved, value per

Farm land, average, value per acre,
Farm wages, by year, with board,
Farm wages, summer months only,
Farm wages, by day, with board,
Farm wages, by day, without board,
Farm wages, whole year, without

JE2ER canaogosopspooupassooodDosonoOS
Farm wages, harvest, by day, .....
Farm wages, household help, female,

SSSASSSHRERSSZERSRSES

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wo

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rN}
wes 1HSSsS

SRS

1908

wSgg

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eA aE RSSs
sag SESZSS BS

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ne
Reo PH
a4
Aas

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ses

1909

1910)

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SESS2S BS

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a

aeeo ree

23s

1911

eset
SERSSSSSSSSS3S

for)
—)

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23s

1912

1913

10

Aag H
SRSSSS BSSSRSE

aL RSaS

cr}
reg
wero
3ss
oo

Respectfully submitted,

1d, dak WU SILID
Statistician.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 145

Peeks kA AND ADDRESSES DELIVERED. AT
THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FARMERS’ NOR-
hee ENS EE UPe EEL DAT STROUDSBURG, PA.,
MAY 26 TO 28, 1914.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME

HON. CHARLES B. STAPLES, Stroudsburg, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am sure that it is a
pleasing thing to our community here to have in its midst any repre-
sentative body from the State of Pennsylvania, and especially is it
so to have a representative body of farmers, for Monroe county is
largely an agricultural district, and we know that “the first farmer
was the first man.”

When Pennsylvania is spoken of, the first thought in the mind
of the ordinary person is: “That is the State where they mine so
much coal; it is one of the states where they make so much cement;
one of the states that manufactures so much steel and iron, and
has thousands of miles of railroads.” They forget that Pennsyl-
vania also sizes up well as an agricultural state; it stands first, in
its production of rye, of which it grows a sum total of five million
bushels a year; second, in hay and potatoes; and, notwithstanding
the great territory in the West where they raise wheat, Pennsyl-
vania today is eleventh in wheat; and it should be a pleasing thing
to every citizen of Stroudsburg today to welcome you who represent
the farmers of this great agricultural State of Pennsylvania, and
I welcome you for them; and we hope that while you are here you
will enjoy what we call “a pleasant little town”; and we know that
when you get acquainted with our people, they will give you a pleas-
ant little reception.

It is not my intention today to talk to you about farming. I tried
that once, and talked about apple raising. I made what I thought
was a nice little talk, but when I got through a farmer got up, and
said that if they were to work along such ideas, they might as well
give up at once. I have not attempted it since. But there are sev-
eral things that I want to talk to you about because they have been
brought to my attention, and I know that you are interested in them.

One of them is the State highways. The reason I call them to
-your attention is, because I think that such a representative body
of men should take almost as much interest in the highways of the
State as they do in the production of crops, because we know that
good roads make a better market, a safer market, and an easier mar-
ket; while bad roads practically put the farmer out of the market. I
don’t know whether you gentlemen and ladies know much about it,
but the roads of our county, as they exist today, are a shame and a

150 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

disgrace, and I have no doubt that the same thing is true about other
counties. They are full of bad places. The small bridges are get-
ting in such astate that they are positively dangerous, and
these roads, instead of getting better, or even staying the same, are
getting worse, and there is nothing being done to make them better.
In the State of Pennsylvania today there are three hundred and
ninety-seven “state routes” as they are called, going from point to
point—from Philadelphia to Scranton, Wilkes-Barre to Stroudsburg,
for instance, and these were built for the benefit of the people, and
for the benefit of the farmers as well as the others. When you travel
on them you are in misery. You go bumping round, and it will soon
be so that no one will want to travel on them. The control of these
roads is vested entirely in the State Highway Department, together
with the Legislature, and the municipalities are prevented from hay-
ing anything to do with them. At every session of Court there come
complaints that this road or that is almost impassable. And here
is the disgraceful condition of the Auditor General of the State and
the State Highway Commissioner quarreling as to who shall have
the spending of the money that should be turned over to the proper
authorities for its proper purpose of repairing and maintaining the
State highways. And all the time the roads are getting worse. There
is a writ now before the Courts of Dauphin county, to show reason
why a mandamus should not be granted and the Auditor General be
compelled to order this money paid over to the State Highway Com-
missioner. If it is granted, the State Treasurer will appeal to the
Supreme Court, and that has adjourned for the summer. If there
is no other remedy, the Governor should call a special meeting of
the Legislature to make proper provision for the State highways.
These three hundred and ninety-seven State routes are crying for the
necessary repairs which cannot be made. Why, it will be economical
to call a special meeting of the State Legislature to appropriate
money to repair these roads. It would save money. I say again,
this is necessary. They made these laws, and put this burden upon
the people, and they should be made to fix these roads. The laws
should be so enforced that if the State Highway Commissioner does
not keep them in repair, he may be brought into the Court of Quar-
ter Session, the same as any one else. It is a disgrace to the State
to allow matters to go on as they are.

That is one of the things I want to talk to you about. Here is
the other one. I don’t know what you farmers consider the greatest
crop. There might be a diversity of opinions on that; in Lancaster
county, they would probably say, tobacco; in Monroe county, buck-
wheat, and I want to say that there is no county in the United
States where they raise as good buckwheat and make as good sausage
as they do in Monroe county. If you don’t believe it, come over here
and get a breakfast of buckwheat cakes and sausage some fine win-
ter morning. In another place, they might say rye, and in another,
apples; but I want to tell you people right here that the best crop
that Pennsylvania raises is boys.

I want to tell you that the roll of great names has inscribed upon
it the names of boys who came from the country. It is the farm, and
the family of the farmer, that makes the United States what it is to-
day. J don’t give the credit to the pure air, or the quietness and

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 151

absence of distractions, and that sort of thing. It is true they have
their effect. It is not due to a mind properly exercised, in a sound
body; the credit is due to the God-fearing mother who raises these
boys and sends them into the city, steeled against temptations, to
make of themselves what they do. There is no time when we need more
of them than today. Look at the conditions in Colorado, which are
next door to anarchy; look at conditions where the Socialists invade
the churches. I tell you that we have need today in this United
States, of the influence and teachings of these God-fearing mothers
upon the young men of today who are to go out into the world, filled
with zeal for their country and their God, to make of themselves
the great men of the future.

I have been talking of the boys; given God-fearing mothers, they
will take care of the girls. We men don’t know very much about
it; we leave it to the mothers; but if we took as good care to see
that the standards of our boys are all right as we de to see that the
chickens are all right, or the calves or the hogs are all right, we
would have a better crop of boys. We don’t any of us do that. I
don’t except myself, or I would not stand here and say this. I don’t
want to say it, but I don’t know any other name for it, than just
plain cowardice. Just as the sound of the cannon ball that was
fired at Bunker Hill echoed round the world, so will the influence and
inspiration of a good boy go round the world. Let us give a little
more thought to our boys. That is all I have to say.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME

By C. L. EDINGER, Burgess, Stroudsburg, Pa.

Ladies and Gentlemen, I welcome you. It affords me great pleas-
ure this afternoon to extend to you the freedom of our city. Do with
it what you like. You have come to what I think is one of the most
beautiful towns in Pennsylvania.

It is generally customary to extend to organizations of this kind,
the key to the city. But I succeeded a Democratic administration,
and they have not left a key for me; but if you visit our department
stores, our offices and our shops, I assure you that every courtesy will
be extended to you. And for the members who have not brought their
wives along, and may possibly get a little hilarious, I have instructed
the borough officers to deal gently with you, and return you to the
hotel, instead of locking you up. I want you to leave us with a
warm spot in your heart for us, and return again to our midst,

152 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME
HON. A. L. MARTIN, Director of Institutes

Mr. Chairman, Fellow-workers, Gentlemen representing the City in
which we are holding our meetings, and the County of Monroe: For
sixteen years past, it has been the custom of the Bureau of Farmers’
Institutes, in the Department of Agriculture, to hold an annual meet-
ing of this character. It has always been the custom in places where
we have gone, for certain persons to be selected by the home people
to extend to us an address of welcome. I am frank to say that in
my sixteen years’ experience I can think of no place that we have
visited, in which there has been extended to this organization a
more hearty and generous and uplifting welcome, than has been given
to us here in Stroudsburg. You have opened to us the best in your
town, guarded, of course, just a little, in the matter of taking our
delegates to places of safety at times, which was very considerate,
indeed, and for which we are very thankful.

Judge Staples, you have mentioned, in your address of welcome,
something of the conditions in Monroe county. You claim to be an
agricultural county, and properly so; but from the outside of some
of these places here, we hardly know whether we are in an agricul-
tural county or not. Still, we know that Monroe is an agricultural
county. And we know more than that. We know that not only do
you cultivate the soil, but you look toward the eultivation of the
mind and the soul. You are giving close attention to the education,
and the development of the better faculties of the child. This is to
your credit. And not only has Monroe county the reputation of giv-
ing attention to these things, but Nature has here placed natural
conditions that exist nowhere else in Pennsylvania. You are prop-
erly called “The Switzerland of America,” and I can say here that
among other things that induced these farmers to come to Strouds-
burg for their meeting, the beauty of Stroudsburg and its surround-
ings at this season of the year, had its part, and as we look at the
handwriting of Nature on these mountain sides, and in the beautiful
valleys, we will carry with us, when we leave here, memories that
will never be forgotten.

IT want to say a few words about some other things. We held in
Pennsylvania,—last year, over four hundred of these Farmers’ Insti-
tutes, with an attendance of something over two hundred and eight
thousand people. These institutes were devoted to the discussion of
some of the most important subjects now up for solution in the ad-
vancement of agriculture. What are these subjects? First, I put
soil building. The farmers of Pennsylvania—the farmers of the
world have before them the greatest problem of the day in trying to
feed their soils so as to inerease their productivity and keep them
from becoming depleted, and the farms from being added to list of
abandoned and worn-out farms. In Pennsylvania, not so much as in
some other states, we have seen this. Her German population is
wedded to the soil, and we have here some of the oldest landmarks

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 153

of agriculture in the country. You cannot have a good farm without
soil.

Then the next is, feeding the soil. And the third is home-making.
Throughout Pennsylvania there are approximately two hundred and
eighteen thousand or more farm houses, and who would there be
to build up these farm houses today were it not for the queens—the
mothers? We old farmers realize that we cannot make the homes—
did you ever try that?—without the tender touch of motherly care.
And second in importance only to soil-building, comes home build-
ing in our work. To this we devote at all our meetings, a large
period, under the title of “Home Economics.” In this way we touch
the social part of the homelife, of the school, and of the church. You
know my fellow farmers, those of you who live in Stroudsburg, and
those who live elsewhere, that the average minister has not yet
learned to pray for the farmer. He can pray for everything else,
and can enter into other forms of commercial life, or of business
life; but when it comes to praying to the good Lord to bless the har-
vest, it does not seem, in many cases, to meet the needs of the farmer,
and it does seem as though it should be made a special study to
learn how to pray properly for the farmer, and how the country
church should be made to minister to the farmer. That country
church should be made the centre of all the highest and best re-
ligious and social enjoyment. Without a good soil, a good home, and
a good country church, there can not be a successful agriculture,
and without a successful agriculture, there can not be a successful
nation. If the nation is to endure, its agriculture must be success-
ful, and to that end we are devoting our energies when we study
these great problems that come up before us in these institute meet-
ings.

Now, my friends, I did not intend to talk so long. You will ob-
serve by the hoarseness of my voice that I have been foolish enough
to contract a little cold, so I am glad to call on our Secretary of
Agriculture, who is with us, to relieve me, and address you, after
which we will hear from a large man, with a weak voice, which you
may possible be able to hear if you listen. Secretary Critchfield will
now speak to you. He has not very much work to do, having charge
of the Department of Agriculture, of which this institute work is a
bureau.

ADDRESS

By HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture

Mr. Chairman, Judge Staples, Burgess Edinger, Ladies, Suffra-
gettes and Gentlemen (I guess I have concluded you all): I think you
will agree with me that Mr. Martin is taking advantage of my ex-
treme youth in calling me out in this way, and it is not right.

154 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Mr. Martin says I have charge of things, and don’t work. Well,
it takes some one to be at the head of things, and look after them,
when there are so many bureaus; he has charge of the educational
work. Then there is the Bureau of Economic Zoology, the Pure Food
Bureau, the Livestock Sanitary Board, and various other forms of
activity in the line of agriculture, all come under the department of
which I am the head. Some one must take care of the machinery, and
see that it is oiled, and that it will do good work, and that is my
work.

I came up here to attend a meeting of the State Board of Agricul-
ture, which met this morning; and yet, I am interested in this edu-
cational work. You have heard of the institutes, and of the num-
ber of farmers that were in attendance at the Institutes last win-
ter, and of the character of the instruction that was given. The De
partment always tries to get good men for this work, and when
these men talk to you they are qualified by experience, and have
worked out these problems on their own farms. And by the grace
of the last General Assembly, there have been added to the list of
our instructors, Advisers, who will go out on the farms, and into
the homes, and look at the problems as they present themselves in
each individual case, and give the necessary instructions to over-
come them.

We are glad to have the State College, with its Experiment Sta-
tion, and the great Federal Government, with which to work in con-
junction, and look to for advice and assistance in working out some
of these problems, and by grace of the Congress of the United States,
men are now being sent out to study out new spots in which to
grow new crops, and to go into foreign Jands to find new crops that
can be raised on our American soils. Our State Department, as
Mr. Martin has already said, stands ready to co-operate with all
these forces that tend towards the success of agriculture, and also
to help the individual farmer solve his own individual problems.

I am glad to hear Judge Staples refer to the production of the
crop of boys and girls on the farm. In order to make good farms,
we must have these boys and girls just as well equipped for their
work on the farm, as are the boys and girls in the cities for their
work. We want them to understand the relation they sustain to
their fellows: we want them to understand not only the Fatherhood
of God, but the Brotherhood of Man, and the relation they sustain
to their brother men, and the relation the farmer sustains to his fel-
lows. We want them to know that they are not only the equal of
their fellows, but that the other men look to them for sustenance.
We want them to have that feeling of brotherly kindness to their
fellow men that is shown in the story of the man who went down
from Jerusalem to Jericho, and was beset by robbers and beaten
and robbed of everything he had, and whom the Jew and the Levite
passed him by in his distress; but while he lay there half dead, there
came a Samaritan riding down the mountain, and notwithstanding
that there was no communication between the Jews and the Samari-
tans, this man dismounted from his beast, and ministered to the poor
man, and when he had revived him sufficiently, set him on his own
beast and led him to the inn, where he paid the score, and told the
landlord to care for him, that he would pay anything extra there
might be when he came back. We want to teach our boys and

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 155

girls, not only a religion that ministers to those who have fallen by
the way on the road to Jericho, but we want to teach them how to
make the road to Jericho safe, and to take and keep the danger out
of the way of those who might otherwise be tempted to stray out
of the paths of rectitude and duty.

Now, Mr. Chairman, I don’t know that I have anything further
to say, and I am ready to turn this over to the small man from
Tioga.

RESPONSE TO THE ADDRESS OF WELCOME

By KE. B. DORSETT, Farm Adviser, Mansfield, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, your Honors, Members of the Institute, Ladies and
Gentlemen: I deem it both an honor and a privilege to respond to
the cordial words of greeting from the Judge of your Court and
His Honor, the Mayor. We are here not merely as representatives
of the greatest calling known to man, but as men and women actually
engaged in the tilling of the soil. In coming here we do not bring
with us any such exalted opinion of ourselves or claim to possess
that degree of knowledge as was claimed by our friend Pat, who
had been brought into Court, to be tried by a jury of his peers for
some breach of the law. The jury had been called and the trial
was about to begin, when the Judge turned to Pat and said: “Pat,
do you know any of the jurors?” Pat replied, “Yes, Sor, I do, your
Honor.” “Do you know as much as half of them?” asked the Judge.
“Yes, Sor,” replied Pat, “I know more than the whole bunch of thim.”
We are here with the full consciousness of the fact, that while
Agriculture is as yet but little understood by the masses, yet we
have in a greater or lesser degree, been responsible for the progress
that has been made during the last decade.

These men and women are here to discuss problems pertaining to
the farm, the school, the State and the Nation. We represent the
oldest occupation known to man. “Since God placed man on the
earth, Agriculture has existed. There is no occupation precedes it,
no other or association that can rank with the tillers of the soil.
Before literature existed, before governments were known, Agricul-
ture was the calling of man and all the fruits of social progress since
then grew from the brown soil. Agricultural toilers, therefore, claim
this precedence over royal dynasties and titles of nobility, that they
represent the oldest and most indisputable lineage, and hold a patent
that issues from the ancient gates of Eden.”

Of the three men first mentioned in the Bible, one was a Grazier,
one a Gardener and the other a Plowman. In after years these dif-
ferent occupations were united and today are known under the one
name as Agriculture. In early times there was much drudgery con-
nected with farm life, and the lot of the farmer was neither easy nor
congenial. Most of the work was done by hand and the few imple-

156 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ments that were used were of crude type. All seed was sown by
hand and threshing machines were unknown. The ripened grain was
cut with a scythe or a sickle and threshed with a flail or was tramped
out by the treading of animals. Muscle and brawn ruled during
the early history of agriculture, and farmers were not accustomed
to do much thinking or planning to better their conditions.

It is stated that the early Roman farmer spent four and six-tenths
days in growing a bushel of wheat, while in 1830 the same amount
of wheat could be grown under improved hand methods with three
hours’ work at a cost of 17.7 cents. At the present time, under im-
proved machine methods, the same results may be secured with only
nine minutes’ work at a cost of three and five-tenths cents. This
wonderful change in farm operations, has been brought about by the
introduction of improved farm machinery and the application of
scientific methods in farming. Much of the drudgery of farm work
has been eliminated and the cost of producing farm products has been
greatly lessened.

The Romans gave much attention to farming, and many of their
statesmen spent their leisure moments in the country. The poems
of Virgil, Horace, and other Roman authors extol the virtues of
country life and show the high esteem in which the farm was held.
As long as agriculture occupied this high place of honor, and as
long as they tilled their farms, they were a powerful people and
conquered all nations. But as soon as the farms were neglected,
the freemen flocked to the cities, and the powerful Roman nation
began to decay and soon sank into obscurity.

It may be safely stated that every strong and sturdy nation known
in history has been one in which agriculture has been the leading
occupation. This is true of our own country and it would be well
if our law makers would recognize this fact, when shaping legisla-
tion affecting agricultural interests. Our last Congress passed a
tariff law, which compels the farmer to sell in an open market and
buy in a protected one. The time has come, when the tariff should
no longer be considered a political issue but a business problem. A
Tariff Commission may not suit ambitious politicians, but it will
best serve the needs of agriculture and protect the great industrial
and financial interests of the country, A tariff for all or a tariff
for none should be the slogan of every farmer.

We are justly proud of our industries, and realize that the fact
that our railroads constitute the great arteries of trade and com-
merce. We recognize the fact that the natural resources of Penn-
sylvania are excelled by no other state in the Union. And yet,
Agriculture is greater than any of these, and the value of its products
nearly equals the combined value of all of them. It is an undisputed
fact that the success of all business enterprises, for the welfare of
mankind, depends largely upon the success of agriculture.

Such, in brief, is the character of the profession represented by
the men and women assembled here today. We accept your hospital-
ity and appreciate your words of welcome, and trust our coming
among you will unite us in a closer brotherhood, and that when we
have gone you will feel that we have scattered a few rays of sun-
shine across your pathway. Again, in behalf of my co-workers, and
in the name of the State Board of Agriculture I thank you for your
fraternal greetings.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 157

ADDRESS OF PROF. STEVENS

Mr. President, I am glad you called on me for a few words, be-
cause I am hardly prepared to speak at this time; we have not yet
been to the gas office.

I want to take this occasion to speak just a word or two on Agri-
cultural Extension work as it is carried on by the various agencies
that are engaged in that work. I don’t like to flatter people. That
is farthest from my make-up; but it is safe always to keep within
the truth, and I can, therefore, say that I think the corps of Insti-
tute workers and their leader are to be congratulated for the type
of work carried on by the type of men and women by whom it is
being carried on in this State of Pennsylvania. It has been my
privilege, in times gone by, to do work in other states of the Union.
T have come in contact with agricultural workers in other states, and
I have come into direct contact with them outside of their work, and
I can say without stretching my conscience in the least, that the type
you have here in Pennsylvania is second to none.

Now other agencies have come into the work. We have other
State agencies; we have a Railroad Department of Agriculture, with
which I am connected, and those of you with whom I have come
in contact the past five years know that it has been my wish to work
in conjunction with you, in the solution of all these farm problems,
so that we may do all that is possible for the advantage of each other.
That is, the railroad has been for some years in this extension work;
it is not to come in conflict with your work, but to parallel it—to
run alongside of it and in the same direction. As time goes on, and
funds make it possible for this great work to be extended, I expect
that our work will be more with you than in the past. In other
words, our work will be to assist you who are doing this work in
every way possible. To be explicit: we find conditions now facing us
which we cannot dodge. One of them is the extension of our work into
Federal legislation. That is effective in New York State, and it will
be in this State, by the appointment of so-called “County Agents.”
We want to work with them. We have placed these county agents on
our pay roll, where their work adjoins ours, in New York State, for
a nominal sum, and extended to them the courtesy of transportation
and a free use of our wires.

MR. SEAMANS: How much do you pay them for a month?

PROF. STEVENS: Five dollars a month—merely a nominal
sum and we have fertility tests, seed tests, etc., for them. Now
we want to extend to the workers of this State the same privileges
that we do to these County Agents; we want to keep in touch with
them more than we have in the past, in the performance of this
work.

Some question has been raised as to the reason for our interest
in this work; most of you here know what this work is. We have got
in touch with the purchasers in other lines of business but until
recently we have not come into contact with the farmer. The pros-

158 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

perity of the railroads is dependent upon the amount of freight they
carry, and this freight consists not only of manufactured articles,
but of crops; the more prosperous the farmer is, the more crops he
will have to be moved. This may not be a very high motive—it may
be a selfish one, but at the same time, it is a business proposition,
and we have learned a good many things by coming into contact
with the farmer and his problems, and it may be that we, on the
other hand, may be able to teach the farmer something, of which you
now know nothing. We are always ready to co-operate with you,
and to do our best to help you solve some of the problems which
confront you.

BEEF PRODUCTION IN PENNSYLVANIA

By PROF. W. H. TOMHAVE, State College, Pa.

Ladies and Gentlemen: I am sorry to be late getting to this
meeting, but it is not entirely my fault. The train was a few min-
utes late getting into Stroudsburg and I also felt that it would be
better for me to go to the hotel and get rid of some of the coal dust
and cinders which were picked up by me coming through the coal
regions during the forenoon. Even though I am late, I see that you
have been well cared for so far as material for discussion is con-
cerned.

The subject assigned me for discussion is that of “Beef Produc-
tion in Pennsylvania.” This is a subject that a few years ago would
have received very little consideration at a Pennsylvania meeting.
Conditions have changed, however, so that at the present time this
subject is given the consideration it deserves. The reason for it no
doubt is the present high price of meat, the comparatively high price
of finished cattle on the market and the high prices paid for feeders
during the past two or three years. These conditions have created
considerable interest in beef production, not only from the pro-
ducers but from the consumers as well. I believe these conditions
make it a worthy subject for consideration in the State of Penn-
sylvania.

The first question that possibly arises is, “Why are we interested
in the problem of beef production in Pennsylvania?” I might say
that the principle reason for it is that it costs a good deal of money
to buy meat; it is expensive to buy feeding cattle and the feeds on
our farms such as are consumed by cattle in the feed lot are given
a high value. We are also confronted with a shortage of beef cattle
such as has never been known in the United States or the meat pro-
ducing world. It is going to be difficult and it will take time to
overcome this shortage. The reason for the shortage of our beef
supply is due, in a large measure, to the fact that the production
of beef cattle has materially fallen off during the past five or ten

Wor-5: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 159

years and has not kept pace with the increase in population. This
is not only true of the United States, but also of the rest of the meat
producing world. We find that during the past ten years the popu-
lation of the ten leading meat producing countries in the world has
increased 9.9 per cent., while that of the supply of meat animal has
increased only 2.18 per cent. This, to my mind, is one of the reasons
why beef cattle have ruled high during the past few years and I
believe will continue to do so for some years to come. The difference
between production and increase in population is much greater in
the United States than any other country in the world. Since 1909
the population of the United States has been increased by about
2,000,000 while the production of beef cattle has been decreased
from about 52,960,000 to 36,060,000, or practically 30 per cent.

One of the questions that confronts us today is, ‘Why has Penn-
sylvania been on the decline as a meat producing state?” One of
the first reasons is that the farmers of this State felt that it was
impossible for them to compete with other sections of the United
States in beef production. This, combined with the increase in the
cost of labor, the price of farm lands and grain, made them turn
their attention to other lines of farming. We all know that a num-
ber of years ago Pennsylvania was one of the leading beef pro-
ducing states in the Union. This time is possible within the memory
of some of the men present today. As the tide of immigration moved
westward from this and other Eastern states, it became necessary
for the beef cattle industry to move ahead of it. The rapid increase
in population in other sections of the United States, and especially
that of the Far West, has materially changed conditions so far as
beef production is concerned. The cost of producing beef cattle in
Central and Far West has reached the point where it again is pos-
sible for the Eastern farmer to compete with other sections of
the United States. The thousands of acres of cheap grazing lands
in the West no longer exist. Many of these regions have been under
cultivation and are used for the production of crops of one kind
or another. The price of former cheap grazing lands has reached
the stage where it can no longer be profitably used as grazing lands.
All these changes will make it necessary for the production of more
beef cattle on small farms. © Since these are the conditions which
confront us today. I believe it is again possible to produce beef cat-
tle in many sections of Pennsylvania and do it at a profit. We should
also keep the fact in mind that the State of Pennsylvania has lost
none of its natural advantages for the production of beef which it
possessed more than a decade ago.

I stated a few minutes ago that beef production was most profit-
able where there is grazing lands; land that cannot, or at least
should not, be tilled. The State of Pennsylvania has a great deal of
land of this character, possibly half of it. I now refer to the rough
and hilly sections of the State; and as we travel through Pennsyl-
vania from one end to the other we find many places where farmers
are trying to cultivate the hillsides which, if devoted to the produc-
tion of beef cattle, would yield them better returns with less trouble
than they are doing at the present time.

One of the problems which naturally confronts the Pennsylvania
farmer, is the price that is to be realized from his cattle, whether the
price is such as to make it worth his while. I recently reviewed the
prices paid on the Chicago market and found that they had been

11

160 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

steadily on the increase since 1885. Grouping the market prices by
five year periods we find them from 1886 to 1891 the price paid
for all classes of beef cattle on the Chicago market was $4.06 per
100 pounds; from 1891 to 1895, $4.18; from 1895 to 1900, $4.56; from
1900 to 1905, $5.18; from 1905 to 1910, $5.80; from 1910 to 1913,
$7.30. This shows that during the past few years the price of beef
cattle has materially increased and the price is such as to make it
possible to produce beef cattle on the farms in Pennsylvania. The
decided increase in price on the Chicago market during the past
three or four years is a true indication of our present shortage of
beef cattle, and it seems to me that it is up to the Pennsylvania
farmer to at least try and help solve this shortage.

Some people seem to feel that the United States has reached its
maximum capacity for production. I do not believe that this is
true. I believe that we are capable of producing many more beef
cattle by adopting a better system of farming. Such system of farm-
ing will also make it unnecesary for us to import beef cattle from
Argentine or Canada. It is true that we are importing a small
amount at this time, but the quality of meat that comes into this
country is not good enough to compete with that which we are cap-
able of producing. It is true that these small importations, to-
gether with industrial depression, has had a demoralizing effect
upon the beef cattle market during the past few months. I believe
that this will be overcome and that we will again have a healthy
market for beef cattle in a comparatively short time.

Besides making use of the large amount of waste lands in the
State of Pennsylvania, it is important that our farmers produce a
better quality of beef cattle than they are doing at the present time.
Many of the beef cattle that are now bred and fed in this State are
inferior in quality and are not the most economical kind to feed.
We must not only consider the better type of cattle, but we must
study the methods of feeding and try to make beef more economically
than we have in the past. The high price of. farm feeds makes this
necessary. Twelve or fifteen years ago very little consideration was
given the economic side of beef production. There are very few
experiments that were conducted prior to 1908 that even considered
the cost of producing 100 pounds of grain. The cost of production
today is one of the most important items to consider. This means
that the cost of farm lands, as well as cost of feeds used, are im-
portant considerations. The Eastern part of the United States, and
especially Pennsylvania, has an unusual advantage in this respect
when it comes to the cost of production. We have an unusual amount
of natural rough and hilly grass land that is admirably adapted to
grazing. In the western part of this State there are many thou-
sands of acres that are unequalled for supporting beef cattle to
advantage. Much of this land today is complete waste and giving
no returns to its owners. Grass is the cheapest form of feed that
we can get for cattle and the best returns are made where cattle
can be grazed providing the land is not too costly. This is indicated
by the condition of the cattle from the blue grass regions in many
sections of Pennsylvania. Grass cattle have come to the Pitts-
burgh market from southwestern Pennsylvania in the fall of the
year equal to the short grain fed cattle from Ohio and other states.

We have another advantage that should not be overlooked, namely,
that of our annual rainfall. The annual rainfall for the eastern part

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 16i

of the United States is from 35 to 40 inches while that of the middle
section is 25 to 30 inches and the Far West 15 to 20 inches. This
shows that the Kast has practical)y double the rainfall of the extreme
West and 50 per cent. more than the Central West. This gives the
farmers of Pennsylvania an advantage that is not enjoyed by the
farmers of the western section of the United States. Climatic con-
ditions are such as to make it possible to feed any time of the
year. Our winters are not severe enough to interfere with cattle
feeding.

Another important factor is that of markets. Proximity to desir-
able markets is essential. Nearness to market means the paying of
less freight as compared with the central and Far West, when it
comes to getting our meat products to the consumer. People in
Pennsylvania have a market that is unequaJled for taking things
that are produced. There is a ready market for the fancy steer as
well as the common cuiter and canner. This does not mean that
everything produced .is done at a profit, but it does mean that the
market is ready to take a saleable product from the hands of the
farmer.

Another feature that should be kept in mind in making use of our
rough and hilly lands is that it will equalize our farming opera-
tions. It will be easier to till the farms in the State. If more farm-
ers would devote their time to cultivating the level or sloping lands
and getting the rough land in a permament pasture the net returns
from the farms-would be increased. The tillable lands could be
more intensely cultivated where livestock would bring in the re-
turns from the rough and hilly sections. It will also make it pos-
sible for the average farmer to work his farm with less labor than is
the case at the present time.

In the production of beef cattle it is important that we have
animals of the beef type. We have two distinct classes of cattle,
one that is bred for milk and the other for beef. If you are going
into the beef busines and expect to do it at a profit go at it in an
intelligent and business like manner. Get a foundation of good
beef blood. If your means will not allow the purchase of all pure
breds get some good grade beef cows and purchase the best pure bred
sire that is obtainable. The farmer who takes hold of this proposi-
tion in a business like manner cannot afford to waste his money
on scrubs or mongrels. If our farmers can be induced to dispose
of these “star boarders” it will mean more money to them and a
better class of cattle on our farms. Many farmers feel that they
cannot afford to pay $150.00 or $200.00 for a pure bred bull when
they have only 15 or 20 cows on the farm. If such is the case it is
desirable for two or three farmers to go together and purchase a
pure bred sire for their service. Such an investment will be one
of the most profitable ever made in a community.

In breeding beef cattle, the cost of production is an important
item. This is possibly one reason why many of our beef breeding
herds have been reduced during the past 10 or 15 years. The ques-
tion that now confronts us is whether it pays to keep a cow, for
the calf which she will produce. It is possible to do so if the cow is
economically fed and if breeding cows of the desirable type are
fed. In order to do this it will become necessary however for the
Pennsylvania farmer to feed his cows almost entirely on roughage,

11—5—1914

162 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of which an abundance is produced in this State. He must keep
down the cost of feed, labor, and shelter. If this is done it will
be possible to maintain a herd at a profit. To determine this point
an experiment was started at the Pennsylvania Experiment Station
in the fall of 1911. Ten pure bred Aberdeen-Angus and 10 Short-
horn cows were put on the experiment. We now have data covering
two and one-half years’ work which give us some idea of the cost of
maintaining a beef cow under Pennsylvania conditions. In start-
ing this experiment it was realized that a cheap feed of some kind
must form the principle part of the ration. Corn silage was selected
as the principal feed. It was believed that the farmers in nearly
every section in the State of Pennsylvania were able to produce corn
silage for feeding purposes. In addition to all the corn silage these
cows would consume daily, they received one pound of cottonseed
meal per head daily. During the summer months they were kept on
blue grass pasture. The table which I have here will give you some
idea of the results obtained up to the time the cattle were put on
pasture this spring:

DECEMBER 1, 1911 TO APRIL 26, 1914

3 Winters. 2 Summers.

JS SRNTS IGN We soil, so dgnccboscs posse sooqe geen aaododddnocatasoosas pense 154.3 206.5
ASO thetga Gul qyGea ike oe COS | onoonduonaoods 2607 sound ooaodo oTsooKEEoeS _ 1161.18 Ibs. 1209.83
Avena ce mtn lew El Pi te DELEON etefelersleleicifoisia¥=1o\svela i=l sfoteleie/<lata/ayeletelo al getsteteiceie}elalstale 1233.87 1250.94
(EDT ieee Bean SARC O Emr On a nees CoE manabapacac a dadribcaccnr adacercccanceeor sate 72.69 41.11
Average daily feed per cow:
AS EUITO see ereiovere evain ie <iose mer eyessvaralel ciate crorele aisiaveyelesstersietereseroiotelatalets e/ayereVetereterovererelcterets lever stant| fraterevsrersisie/ararers aical| Weaterc lsat tele Bettas
(Glyn (WE | ooaoapconodeaccononcd snaecoonobs ob cresadodnobboncounaondDoSCcuCe SSEZE +.” |Pste ateievesaratetetereete
Mottonseed “Mealy | soc keswecee aise clea cs, oan here ae A L201" © PON Ee Ne anetertietetetee
Cost of feed per cow, season, ..... 15.77 5.60
Cost of bedding per cow, season, WED VF Niewerecorcereneetrten
Cost of labor per cow, season, ..... d0¢ 3056 5000 : 2.35 76
Vialiieismiannre Sper cCO Wwe serereciels ie cintlaalewielclete sine clctetalclereiotoriereieteletvcreteicisiece er 3a Wend ancascoucas
INCELESt “Ont VAINE= Per! (COW pf ieiccncie eres bie aminlarsin —elelemsicierale ciate eveleve tie eccrereislefeiae 2.31 3.10
interest omeSheds And (SLIOSs Msciicie cc ciste oie seln le iotie sioner elsiclsinise siete cin oleleraieterae UE OW anooodndcrcooo
NGEVICE MOL SILO ye Ueislerejersleleie ste lsie cfaininlela(slo(atale orelelsi=inieinialotelsfeiais (oieye oletalers(einie siatetaieresist= : -75 15
INGET COSTE Of (COW (miciniciicissieiclesincienislolniele clelclotieletiniese sieeleiaeiore niet ccieisates 19.72 10.21
FEEDING STEERS, 1913-1914
Lot 1 2 3 4 5
ligabws. IshooseddpoonasbouormpondgecoucKoodeaccaniods Mixed Silage, Silage. Silage, Silage,
hay, corn, cotton- alfalfa | cotton- | cotton-
stover seed seed | seed
meal, meal, meal
bran, corn corn corn, corn
(jy eee |Mooscocecar. | Necebooatos [ite MLE) encore
(ear) hay
corn and
meal
Initial value perme wt yy | assy sister ctels salecteisle sioreisieie ois 7.45 7.45 7.45 7.45 7.45
ETAL Westy, ~ vacate cisiecreieiaisis wae seer 10916 11003 11118 10003 10960
Morale earings sheen ae sess tas Maes 2855 3085 2690 3152 3098
Average daily gain, 140 days, .................. 1.69 1.83 1.72 1.87 1.84
Motalwecost, (Of sheedva saree sees Oemchce ota eee $363.56 $312.37 $283.92 $333.54 $343.40
GOSTIOLLFOU SH Ae! oo) No aeeterepsrtayakaco top oe ate ote sae © $100.89 $108.97 $152.49 $128.34 $141.56
Cost Mor Fe CONCENERATCy tenaeacmi mates eco ssc cae eee $282.67 $208.40 $131.43 $205.20 $201.92
Cost per 100 lbs.—56 days first, ................ $11.82 $6.52 $7.02 $8.64 $8.23
Cost per 100 Ibs. gain last 84 days, .......... 13.43 10.12 9.82 10.58 11.08
Malie ofan pork, Merlo tiSkC,wicct mais leleea\e ereloistslersiiere 13.22 18.48 10.17 21.20 18.48
INGECESSAry eSGlIING WAIMES cnisise cic cicisee cletecieeioverleiaic 8.69 8.03 7.93 8.13 8.25
RatedevaluesatePittsburehy | sek inecctciisinacie cute 8.30 8.30 8.15 8.40 8.25
Ganon, loss sper Pewee seers —39 +27 +22 =E2T! Ile teeters

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 163
MR. FENSTERMACHER: Is that all the roughage they received?

PROF. TOMHAVE: Yes, sir; and blue grass pasture during the
summer. Corn silage was figured at $3.50 per ton and cotton seed
meal at $32.00 and $34.00 per ton. In the winter, the labor amounted
to $5.60 per head; through the summer it was practically nothing.

We permit the calves to stay with the cows until they are from
six to eight months old. A good beef calf that weighs four to five
hundred pounds, is worth more than thirty dollars today. The
average weight of our calves at the time of weaning is from four
hundred and fifty to five hundred pounds, such a calf is worth more
than enough to pay for the cost of maintaining the cow.

It is true that there are other things to be taken into considera-
tion. We must eliminate the cow that does not produce a calf, then
figure only from seventy to eighty per cent. of calves, so that the
cost of maintenance will probably be over forty dollars. On the
other hand, we are using a crop that would otherwise be unsaleable
and we find a ready market for an unsaleable product. I believe
that it would be advisable to add a small amount of hay, say mixed
clover hay, to the roughage, yet we have been able to observe no
ill effects because of its absence. The calves that these cows pro-
duced were all healthy and vigorous. It is true that some of the
cows get a little thin when they are nursing their calves, but that
is to be expected.

You will notice that we have made no allowance for depreciation
in value in this experiment. We have sold several of these cows and
obtained a good price on the Pittsburgh market. Cows weighing
twelve hundred pounds and fat will bring between seventy-five and
one hundred dollars.

One of the questions that comes up in the minds of many of our
Pennsylvania farmers is whether or not it pays to feed beef cattle.
In answer to this I might say that we kept an accurate record of the
cost of feeding 178 head of cattle that were fed in an experimental
way at the Pennsylvania State College from 1908 to 1913. During
this time these cattle returned to the college an average profit of
$5.00 per head after paying for the feed consumed. They returned
to the college 98 cents for every bushel of corn consumed. Some
years the cattle were fed at a loss while other years they made a
substantial profit. The man that expects to make money feeding
cattle must feed every year so as to be on the market with cattle
the good years as well as the poor years. I question very much
whether there is a farmer in the State of Pennsylvania who received
98 cents per bushel for all corn sold from the farm during this time.
Besides receiving this amount for the corn consumed a market was
found for a large amount of other products such as hay and silage
that could not have been sold to advantage. The fertility is also
returned on the farm.

164 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

CLUB ORGANIZATIONS FOR THE COUNTRY GIRL.

By MRS. LINN J. CRAWFORD, Cooperstown, Pa.

“Uncle Sam” has a large and ever-increasing family; his care and
his devotion to its welfare is increasing. He has been especially
solicituous of late years for us, who are the inhabitants of the rural
districts. The farmer is taught the best means of farming by lec-
tures, demonstrations, and bulletins. The farmers’ wife is not for-
gotten; she profits by her share of the instruction, and makes better
butter, is more successful with her poultry, and is becoming recon-
ciled to her new labor-saving machines. The boy has been inter-
viewed, exhorted, coaxed, and bribed to stay on the farm, and finally
the farm girl comes in for her share of the attention, and clubs are
being organized for her benefit. After all, the girl is the important
member of the family; the mistake “Uncle Sam” made was not to
begin with her in the first place; organizing clubs for her benefit
is the master-stroke of his policy, for I assue you, if by this new
plan of education he can persuade the girl to stay on the farm, the
problem is solved regarding the boy.

To educate our girl in the best sense of the word, we must give
her the opportunity to become such a woman as the inspired writer
pictures, whose price is “far above rubies”; who “looketh well to the
ways of her household”; whose “children rise up and call her blessed” ;
whose husband “praiseth her.” We must see that she develops along
the lines that insure character, poise and culture. We do not know
what powers lie dormant in her mind until we try to develop them,
and the more highly developed each faculty becomes, the greater
the increase of her power and skill to do well her life work.

The object of education is to develop the power of attending to
the right things in the right way. To teach the girl, we must bring
her mind into contact with that which has educational value, but
the subject must be made interesting to her, for without her interest
we can neither get her attention nor keep it; but with work that is
congenial to her tastes, the hours of labor speed profitably and
happily by.

Many reasons are given for the country girl deserting her home
for what looks to her the greater attractions and advantages of the
city. No use to tell her of the meagre wage, the hardships, the
drudgery, the little hall bedroom, the unwholesome food and insuf-
ficient meal, and the many temptations she will encounter. AI] she
thinks of is escaping the ceaseless monotony and round of toil that
does not satisfy her youthful aspirations. The real reason she leaves
the farm is because she has no vital interests there. You may think
she is interested in the things you are; you remember the old adage
you were raised on, “Satan finds some mischief still, for idle hands
to do,” and you proceed to give her work, regardless of her inclina-
tions as to kind. She may uncomplainingly wash the dishes three
times a day if she is a good, dutiful daughter, when the soul within
her loathes the very sight of a dish-pan, and rebels at the thought

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 165

of the disagreeable duty; yet give this same girl a plot of ground
she can call her own, and all the flower seeds she wants to plant, and
she becomes an industrious and interested person, her body growing
strong and vigorous from the use of the hoe. Or give her the choice
of some fancy material for a blouse, some bits of lace and pretty
ribbons. In this work her inmate sense of beauty is being gratified,
while her fingers are becoming deft in the use of the needle. What
the girl needs is a special instruction along the line of some con-
genial employment that will occupy her mind, satisfy her tastes, and
keep here fingers busily employed; something supplemental to the
general education acquired during the winter term of school; some
definite thing that she, of her own volition, chooses. Should she
join the country club organization, she can have the full liberty of
following the bent of her inclinations in choosing her work, and she
cannot go amiss, as all the club studies are made interesting and
alive by the efficient helpers in the State force of instructors whose
duty and pleasure is to assist her in all that tends to her best develop-
ment.

The club work teaches a girl to reply upon herself and her own
resources, and as the American girl is working toward independ-
ence, and the ability to be self-sustaining, it opens up a way; given
ideas, she will work out her own ideals. It is a well-known fact
that every idea seeks to realize itself in action, to get itself carried
out by the physical organism. Club work is prolific in ideas; the
girl will grasp them and carry on her work first for the pleasure and
profit of it, and then because she realizes that through it she is
serving her fellow-beings; it is not now the old monotonous round of
eating, working, sleeping, saving for no particular .purpose that
could be discovered by the girl, but it is eating wholesome things
raised by her own hand, working to a definite purpose, saving to
spend and enjoying each day more fully the results of well-ordered
living.

Life seems to give superior advantages to the city girl. The wider
social experience does give her more of a knowledge of people and
things. The isolated life of the country girl tends to an individualism
which retards the growth of her social nature. Country Club work
is the remedy for this; it gives something for a whole neighborhood
of girls to have in common; sociability is created and fostered by
club meetings where plans of work and methods are discussed; the
good-natured rivalry inspires and stimulates in the girl a desire to
excel; the telephone, parcel post, and good roads are all conspiring
with the Country Club to give the farm girl equal advantages socially
and intellectually, with hr city sister. The only complaint of those
who have been promoting this Country Club work is that it is hard
to get the country girl to take the initiative, and push the work
along. Those who go to the higher schools of learning and are
especially fitted to take the leadership, seldom settle in the coun-
try. There is plenty of natural ability left, but because of lack of
training in that direction, there is a hesitancy to assume the re-
sponsibility of organization and management of a club. Once started,
the clubs themselves will develop a working leadership among our
girls and women, so this must not prove discouraging to us. One
way to help develop the quality of leadership is to make the farm
girl feel her importance, not only her importance on the farm te

166 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

help make a cheerful home and comfortable housing for the family,
but her importance to the community of which she is a part. Let
her learn of her city sister social worker that some of her life should
be devoted to the welfare and social uplift of her own neighborhood.
She should help build up the appreciative qualities of life; she should
use her influence to counteract the narrowness and the habit of pay-
ing attention to trifles that our rather isolated and individualized
life has developed in us. She can do much to make her associates
feel that as farmers daughters they are part of a large social class
that has worth and dignity, that their work is honorable and their
future promising, and that the country has attractions that are
peculiarly its own, and together they will discover and enjoy them.
She should see that good reading matter is in circulation; such
reading as will keep the neighborhood well informed on all the
political, religious and social topics of the day, that there will be
no dearth of interest in the conversation of the social gatherings, be-
cause these topics will dislodge all personal matters, or a desire for
small talk. Such an influence in a neighborhood will have a ten-
dency to give an uplift of soul, and a sense of joy and satisfaction
in life worth the striving for.

In this Country Club Organization the girl learns to work to sys-
tematically and scientificially. Take, for example, the raising of
tomatoes: she will learn to manage a hot-bed, or cold frame; she
will learn the best type of tomato to grow; how to plant, cultivate,
spray, fertilize, stake and prune. She will learn something about the
soil she has to deal with, and the length of the tomato season; she
will learn how to harvest her crop, how to sell, and the best method
of preserving her surplus crop for winter use. Finally, she will learn,
in forming her little booklet of ‘How I Made My Crop,” confidence in
her own abilities; she will learn expresion, acuracy and neatness.
Painting the title page will bring out any artistic tendencies she may
possess. After such a training as this, no girl would want to go
back to the old slip-shod, hap-hazard way of doing things; her mind
has had a discipline which will enable her to choose what she shall
do, to concentrate her thoughts upon her work, and to use her in-
tellect as well as her hands to such advantage that her work cannot
but be successful. One of our humorists has said, “Nothing sue-
ceeds like success.” She will find this true.

The giving of prizes in this Country Club work is a most com-
mendable thing, as it not only stimulates a girl to do her best, but
can be made a means of further education. Cities are becoming
each year more interested in the work of the rural communities, en-
couraging the workers by arranging places of exhibit, supplying
money for prizes, and in every way possible co-operating with the
federal agents in the advancemeut of the work. Among the larger
prizes are trips to the State capital or to Washington, and what
country girl would not like such a trip, when they are housed in the
best hotels, taken to places of historical interest, to theatres and
through the various government buildings? <A year at a State Col-
lege is also a prize worth contending for, as that would mean a
course in Domestic Science, or any branch of study the girl may
choose of the studies furnished by the College. Last year fifty thou-
sand girls were enrolled in the Garden and Canning Clubs of the
United States, Think of the number of girls made happier in them-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 167

selves, and more valuable to this and the next generation through
this great work, and contrast this with the fifty thousand girls
claimed by the “great, mysterious world of oblivion”—fifty thousand
who simply dropped out of existence.

We can safe-guard our girl by giving her active and intelligent
occupation for her hand and brain; by providing a cheerful and com-
fortable home; seeing that she has recreation of a suitable kind, and
proper social environment; by giving her a wholesome view-point
from which to look at life: from this view-point will come a whole-
some living that will insure the girl the greatest contentment and
satisfaction that this life has to offer.

SCHOOL HYGIENE

By MISS ELIZABETH HUGHES CONARD, Wesigrove, Pa.

Ladies and Gentlemen: This may seem a peculiar subject to come
up at a meeting like this, but I want to give it to you as parents
and School Directors, from the view point of the mental and physical
development of the child.

It is impossible to get the best returns without the proper sani-
tary appliances. This is from a financial standpoint. It refers to
everyone who pays school tax. School tax is nothing more or less
than an investment, according to how it is spent. If it is spent in
good equipment, good surroundings—and by “good” we dont
mean elaborate, because elaborate appliances are rather a detriment
than otherwise—but when your school tax is well spent it brings
-you home as good results as any investment you can make. If you
have invested it poorly, then we have the other side of the question.
If your equipment is not of the best, the development of the child
is slow and he cannot do his best work, and the return is necessarily
small for the amount of the investment. The health and vigor of
the nation depends very largely upon the foundation we have laid in
school life. We cannot keep the child cooped* up in an unsanitary
room with poor air and uncomfortable seats, and get good results
in after life. We lay the foundation in the school room, and as
that foundation is laid, so will the after life of the child be. Upon
the foundation is built the whole structure of the child’s life. It is
estimated that a child between five and ten years of age, is worth to
the State $950; between ten and twenty, two thousand dollars, and
between twenty and thirty years, four thousand dollars. The aver-
age value of life of all ages is worth $2900. Now every time we put
our pupil in a school room with unsanitary surroundings, we are
risking an actual monetary loss; we lessen their earning power, and
reduce their value. Now, it is of little value without bodily vigor,
to endeavor to impart education. No doubt you think of many men
who with a poor body have accomplished great things, but even

168 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE . Of Doe:

they have not done what they might have done, had they had a
stronger physique. Hence we must see to it that we have the best
buildings, the best surroundings, the best equipment, to produce and
maintain the health of the child.

Some of the chief dangers in the school are, poor light, poor
ventilation, and the dangers that come from contact with other pu-
pils, which may to some extent be overcome. There we have the
danger of contagion and infection. Now, how can you, as citizens,
overcome these difficulties? Many of these things belong directly to
the directors and teachers, but they are not overcome unless you, as
citizens, know your rights and insist upon them. Dressler, one of
our best authorities on teaching says, that no mental training is com-
plete which overlooks the training of the body as well.

Now suppose that in your community your are going to remodel
your old building, or erect a new one. The same thing applies in
both cases. Now what are some of the things which you, as citi-
zens, Should consider? The first thing is the site. Where should
you place it? Preferably near the centre of population, but with
our improved means of travel, this is not so important as it once was.
It should be on a reasonable elevation because of the drainage, be-
cause of the ventilation, so that you can get away from the damp-
ness. You should purchase sufficient ground for a playground, so
as to provide for the physical development of the pupil. I think the
best authorities allow about thirty square feet of space to each
pupil. When purchasing, you should look into the future and take
into consideration the necessary changes that will come in a growing
community. The length of life of that property and the security of
your investment will depend upon how long that property is avail-
able for the purpose for which it was intended. You should know
how long it remains useful.

Then of what should you build your building? Preferably of
brick or stone. It is practically fire proof, and stands the stress
of storm and time, and is probably more satisfactory than anything
else. Every building should have a basement. Now, in the coun-
try, where there is plenty of room to spread out, why go into a base-
ment? It is needed for ventilation, needed for warmth, needed to
keep out the gases and to keep the air dry. It should be at least ten
feet high to sustain a sufficient current of air. It can be used for
storage purposes, and for a play ground in bad weather.

How many stories should you have? That depends upon the valne
of ground where you purchase. In cities, we have to go up. In the
country there is seldom necessity for more than two. If you in-
crease the height, you also increase the fire danger, and the noise of
the children in going up and down stairs.

Now we get to the most important part of the building, and that
is to the school room itself. Unfortunately, most of our buildings
have been planned for four large rooms, and then divided accord-
ingly. Calculate on how many rooms you will need in the life of
your school, and then get the best light possible, and cut your win-
dows accordingly. The school room is the place where the child
spends most of the time, so every care should be taken to make it as
comfortable as possible, and to have the best possible light. It
should not only be light, but it should be sanitary and well venti-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 169

lated. The plainer the better; little or no carving or anything that
will catch and accumulate dust, and make trouble.

What size shall the school room be? Not large enough to accom-
modate more children than one teacher can handle. The law requires
twenty square feet for each child, and also thirty square feet of air
space. Twenty by thirty by twelve and a half or thirteen feet will
accommodate twenty children very nicely, with a little more than
the exact amount of air and building space required by law.

Then the subject of lighting the school room, which is a very im-
portant question. The law forbids that the light should come from
the front. Unfortunately we find it does, in a good many cases,
and the child sits all day with the light shining directly into its
eyes. The light should not come to the right, because then the child
works all day in the shadow made by its hands, and we know that
a shifting or moving shadow increases the accommodation of the eye,
and is therefore injurious. The light should never come from the
back, but there should be five or six windows beginning far enough
back not to throw the light in the eyes of the child. If, for any
reason, it is impossible to get enough light from the left, some light
may come from the right, but never enough to overcome the light
from the left. It should not be low enough to strike the eye, but it
should go up to the ceiling, where it shines on the ceiling and falls
as a diffused light. There should be no arches, because valuable
light space is lost. Then, use large panes; small panes throw shad-
ows, and the loss in light space is equal to 20% of the entire light
space.

The walls should be plain, or painted with an unglazed paint.
Wall paper absorbs gases; paint is cleaner and more sanitary. There
should be plenty of blackboard space, but nothing between the
windows, so that the child will get the reflection in the eye.

What about the furniture of the room, and the desks and seats?
The seats and desks should always be adjustable. The child spends
many hours each day sitting before the desk. If they are too low or
too high, we get a position that will, in time, spoil the health of the
child. If they are too high, the shoulders are up, and the head in
a bad position, and it is hard on the eyes. When the desk is too low,
the body leans forward, the spine is bent, the chest is cramped, the
stomach is cramped, the circulation is interfered with, and the diges-
tion more or less stopped, and we wonder why the child does not
thrive, and we begin to look at home for the cause, when it is due
to the position that the child holds for several hours at school. If
the chair is too high, we have the same position as if the desk is too
low. Your desk and your chair should be made so as to be made or
lowered so as to suit the child. The top should be made so that the
incline can be changed. There are several desks now so made, and
they are not expensive. One of the dangers of the poor desk is to
the eyesight. Dr. Cohen finds that at nine years 3.5% of the chil-
dren are near sighted; at ten years, 20%; at eighteen years, 30%.
The longer the time spent at school, the more of them become near
sighted. The majority of children are born far-sighted.

Another question for us to take into consideration, is the plan of
heating. How should our room be heated? Some of our rooms are
under-heated, some are over-heated. It depends somewhat upon the
age of the child, but an average temperature of 68 to 70 degrees

170 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

would probably be about right, on the whole. In the cities this is
more readily accomplished; in the country, the school is very apt
to be heated by a large stove. This stove should have a jacket, and
if it is properly done, it can be so arranged that we can get ventila-
tion from the stove. The stove should not be in the middle of the
room, but in a corner. Under it there should be a duct to bring in
fresh air from the outside; round the stove should be a jacket. This
air goes up into this jacket and rises to the ceiling after it has been
warmed in the jacket, and is there diffused.

Every school room should be equipped with a cloak room, where
each child should be given a separate locker. Many children come
in from homes that are improperly ventilated, while others come from
good clean homes, and they should not be required to hang their
clothes where they come in contact with the clothing of children from
the other kind of homes. Many of the diseases are carried in that
way. Therefore each child should be given a separate compartment.

There are other dangers that come in from the home and from
the school. One is in the drinking water. I think there are schools
where the water is carried in a bucket, brought in and set in a poorly
ventilated school room, and a common drinking cup used by the
children. Tuberculosis and other dread diseases can often be traced
to the use of the common drinking cup. Because we cannot reach
every home, and some of them are not sanitary, the teacher should be
careful. At the first symptoms of any sickness, the teacher should
send the child home, and not permit it to come back except with a
doctor’s certificate; and when a child does show any symptoms of
any contagious disease, whether measles or something else, the school
room should at once be disinfected. The cost will be small compared
with the cost of checking the disease afterwards.

Then we come to the question of recess. These children sit in un-
comfortable seats for hours at a time, often without any change or
relaxation except at the noon hour. Many grown people are in-
capable of concentrating their attention on a given subject for more
than twenty minutes at a time; we should not expect it of the chil-
dren. Let the children get out into the fresh air for a short time
during each session, and you will soon see better results in their
work; or give them several little recesses or a few minutes’ gymnastic
exercises. Any teacher who thinks he or she cannot spare the time,
will find that even though it seems impossible to spare the time, it
will be well spent, and the better work the children do as the result
of it will more than make up for the time that is taken. It does not
take more than three or four minutes to open the windows and get
better air, and during that time give them a little gymnastic exer-
cise. They will all be the better for it mentally and physically.

Your room should be thoroughly cleaned each day and the dust
wiped off afterwards with a dampened cloth, so that it will not
fly round the room. The relation between physical health and con-
duct is very close. The preservation of health is very closely con-
nected with character building, and in order to make good citizens
we must look after both the physical and mental health of the children-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 171

“LITTLE THINGS.”

DR. HANNAH McK. LYON, Lincoln University, Pa.

First of all, Madam President, I wish we could go on with the
talk on school, because I think it is one of the most valuable talks
we will hear. And Mrs. Foulke is also to talk on such an important
subject; but I wish we could have a full and free discussion of this
school question; it is of such great importance. Nevertheless, we
must take up a smaller subject, and emphasize the importance of
“Little Things.”

We must learn how to take care of the little things. If we take
care of the minute, the hour will take care of itself. Again, there are
letters to be mailed, but the great United States Postoffice Depart-
ment, when there are three letters to be mailed, does not make it
three for five, but insists on the extra penny—three for six. The
letter must have that little stamp on it, or the carrier cannot take
it when it is dropped in the box. If we take care of the pennies,
the dollars will take care of themselves.

Then that little school out in the country. There was just an open
water bucket, and a little child with a little cold, drank out of the
common cup, dipped in that water bucket—nothing of any conse-
quence; but within ten days nearly every child in that school is at
home with tonsilitis, and sometimes it develops into something ser-
ious. Don’t let any one speak of “a little cold.” If we cannot get
away from this open water bucket, let us train our children about
the necessity of having each one its own drinking cup, and using it
only itself. Only, even then, it does not always work out our way.
My little girl came home one day and said, “Teacher drank out of
my cup today.” Now, I didn’t want to say anything against the
teacher, so I waited until the next day, and then asked, “And who
drank out of your cup today?” “Oh, Lilly and Jim and Howard”
and friends, Lilly and Jim and Howard were colored children and
they drank out of my child’s drinking cup! At that time there were
scarcely a dozen people who realized the importance of the indivi-
dual drinking cup, but the next year we had a teacher who was alive
to the necessity of this very important thing; and she not only
saw to it that each child had its own drinking cup, but there was a
little cup with a handle by which to hang it up, to dip the water
out of the bucket. That was three years ago, and still the children
forget unless it is impressed upon them again and again. You would
think they would remember; but they do not. It would seem a very
little matter for the patrons of the school to furnish a closed water
cooler, but they soon get out of order, and it takes a great deal of
water to keep the tiny brains working, and so we do not do it.

Again, it is just a little piece of linen, called a handkerchief; it
fluttered on the floor, and the germs fluttered in the air. Next day
the child was at home with a cold. It got worse, and the doctor
came and looked at her and said “take care of her.” The next thing
some one else in the family had “just one of those grippy colds.” A

172 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

little more care was taken, but the next thing another member of
the family, and then another, takes that “grippy cold,” until the
whole family has it; and then, perhaps, a neighbor comes in, and
goes home with it. And it all goes back to that little piece of linen,
called a handkerchief, that was dropped on the floor, and the cold
that was not properly cared for in the first place. I wish we could
learn to use our old muslins, when there is a slight cold, and then
burn them before they are dried. If we must use handkerchiefs, they
should be put in a basin by themselves with some disinfectant, and
then brought to a boil before they are put in with the wash; then
perhaps you may safely wash them, but I wish you would just use old
muslins and then burn them.

There is an epidemic of typhoid fever in town, and the milk has
been tested, and the water has been tested, and they cannot see where
it comes from. Tomorrow there is a new case, and the next day
another, and then another, until the town is full of it, and they can-
not locate the source. Finally, one day some one says, “I wonder
if it could be the dish-cloth?” And do you know, there are times
when there may be danger in that little dish-cloth? It is only a
little thing, and it is so easy, to put that dish cloth on and boil it out
regularly; put it on in cold water and bring it to a boil, and the
danger of that little dish-cloth will be overcome, and we can keep our
people well and wholesome. There are sources from which typhoid
may come into the home aside from the milk and the water. You
know there a number of kickers against vaccination for small-pox. I
suppose the people in this room are divided on the subject, but as
for me, I will take the risk of vaccination rather than run the risk
of taking small-pox. And so today they are successfully vaccinat-
ing against typhoid. In the United States army, where they have
been vaccinating for typhoid, they now have three cases where they
formerly had eighty thousand in a given time.

It was just a little tiny pain somewhere in the chest. The physician
said “just a little touch of pleurisy; you will soon be all right.” But
the result was that the young woman, just ready for her life work,
which included four years in a Medical College, during the summer
in the hospital for experience got this little tiny pain, and lost sev-
eral years out of her life’s work and was barely able to pull through
her examinations; and then comes the news that she has tuberculosis.
Now she is still alive, but she walks up and down the sanitarium, and
wanders up and down the State from one place to another, to find
relief where there is none. Friends, if they said “pleurisy” to me—
if they say “pleurisy” to you — do you know what it means? It
means that in ninety-nine cases out of every hundred, it comes from
tubercular inflammation? I did not mean to talk tuberculosis when
I came up here, but it has been brought home to me the last two
weeks. Every mail brings news to some one that some dear one is
dead. Today, coming up on the train, I watched a young man—I
dont know who—but I dont think he has very long to live, and his
sister or his wife—I dont know which—who was with him. She went
to the end of the train to take a drink, using the same cup from which
she had just given him a drink. What can be the result? You
should think that all that has been printed and taught on the sub-
ject would bring it home to them, but it does not. I feel very much
as one whom you all know said “We know just a little better than we

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 173

do.” Sometimes we wonder whether the message finds readers. I
have wondered about this, perhaps more than you have, and yet,
sometimes where we least think, the message will go home. I at-
tended a Farmers’ Institute, and one of the things we talked about
was the home, how to take care of it, how to disinfect it, how to
take care of the handkerchiefs, and that sort of thing. I went there
again, afterwards, and one of the women came to me and said “I want
to thank you for that talk you gave us before on how to take care
of the handkerchiefs, and the care in the little things; I have fol-
lowed it, and I have saved dollars.” ‘So I believe it is a simple mat-
ter to go on and say just the same things over and over again.

It is just a little fly in mid-winter. About the middle of February
there comes one of those nice, spring-like days, and the little fly comes
out and you think no more of it. It lives until April 15th, and here
you see the result:

ANSUIEAT US ute hOS9 Donde A og er ees deen ES Ae de rea Ge 1 fly
IN HYmEL Sterno cto ks Etats Sa aldte mela chevele eevee whieve 120
VUE yaeeo MLE 21 hots ant Pea a aici, raple ets ee ogre sakes 7,200
PICU! diac tyes Sagat se Sisters LSE a Macee tv © ake chee s 423,000
SUBLVgael (hGH Ok II Aha tin ge CAS ta rceane carts, kis ch 25,920,000
Be OE ae 4 eke oto Susi oa teeta Dats ecahelalieg 1,555,200,000
POTTS POD Ps tee eI ee No he re he 93,312,000,000
Se mrcmer sth gs a's ni t-tests sce Seni ole 5,598,720,000,000

This table is taken from the report of the Pure Food Commis-
sioner. J will not go into details, because you will not remember the
figures. Had we not better have killed that little fly on April 15th?
It is necessary not only for you and for me to kill this little fly,
but it is necessary for every one in the community to do so if we
want the community to be free from the danger of infection.

You and I believe that there is nothing in the world quite so
important as life, and how we guard life, and how we take care of
everything that will harm it. It is a serious thing when death comes
into the house, and yet, do you know, within the last two weeks I
have wondered if we value life as we should. Within the last two
weeks I visited the Philadelphia Baby Show every time I went
through the city. One of the things they showed was a light that
flashed and went out, and every time that light flashes a baby dies—
and I wonder—I wonder There was a picture shown there; a fly
came from a tuberculosis house across the way, through an un-
screened window where a baby sat. He lit on the baby’s bottle, and
contaminated his milk. This morning on coming here from Phila-
delphia, I could not resist the temptation, and went in again. I
said to one of the men in attendance, “How often does this light
flash?” He said, “Every ten seconds, and every time it flashes, a
baby dies’”—and then he added, as he figured it out—“not in Phila-
delphia alone, but in the whole United States.”

These little things! The flies are only little things, but they do
a great deal of harm, and as we go through life, we will find that it
is by looking after the little things that we accomplish the great ones,
that win the “well done.”

174 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE IN THE FARM HOME

By MRS. JEAN KANE FOULKE

There can be no subject of more importance to the well being of a
nation or state than the health and happiness of the individual men
and women who make it. To have health and happiness, we must
have good houses to live in, not necessarily fine houses, not ex-
pensive buildings, costly to build and costly to maintain, but we
must have houses properly built to meet the climatic conditions of
their environment and the occupations and needs of the people liv-
ing in them.

As the business of running the house is usually regarded as “wo-
man’s work,” the planning of the interior of the house at least. should
be governed by what is best and easiest for her. Only such plans as
will best facilitate her work, conserve her strength and surround her
with most convenience and comfort, should be considered. A house
to be a good house must be sufficiently well built to keep out the
winter winds and weather and the extreme summer heat. It must
have a dry, light cellar and a good tight roof with gutters and con-
ductors to carry the rain water away from the foundations. It must
have enough well fitted windows and doors to insure ventilation and
fresh air and sunshine in every room and hall. It should also have
some sort of heating apparatus other than stoves, a central system
such as steam heat, vapor, hot water or even hot air, but when this
last is used care must be taken that the air to be heated is drawn
from the fresh air out doors and not from the cellar. Incidentally,
I would say a certain heating system will be found cheapest and
best in the end as one fire can be made to do the work of several
and so save in the cost of fuel and labor.

When we have such a house we have what most people regard as a
good house, but to my mind and from my experience as a house-keeper
and mother and from what I know of other houses, “It is like the
play of Hamlet with Hamlet left out,” or like a human body strong
and well made, but with a weak brain. No house can be a good
home, I am not using the word home in its sentimental sense,—al-
though I own it is less likely to be a home in that sense also, if it
does not have a good pure water supply connected with it. And no
home can be a good home that does not have a sanitary way of car-
ing for the waste and the water that has been used by the house-
hold. I know I shall be met by the usual statement when I say this
“That the average farmer cannot afford to have these thing.” I say
in reply that it is not a question of the large expenditure that in most
cases is the cause of having the conditions we do in our farm homes
in regard to these matters.

It is due to lack of determination to have such comforts, such
necessities in our houses. It is due to a lack of planning for im-
provements in our houses and to the acceptance of the old way as
the only way. To the unfortunate idea, “that what is, is right,” when
in fact it may be al] wrong. It is a rare exception in Pennsylvania,

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 175

when a man cannot have running water in his home by his own in-
genuity or the use of his own brains and labor, if he chose to put
the brains and labor into it. Water can be brought by gravity into
many of our homes and wells and springs exist that are being used
for generations, that at small cost could be connected with the
house, the old oaken bucket and pump handle being anything but
things of the past. The water from them could and should be
pumped into tanks or reservoirs or better yet, air pressure tanks by
rams and wind mills, gasoline engines or motors and thus forced
into the homes of the farmer. Most of the digging and pipe laying,
much even of the piping and actual plumbing and connections could
be done by the man himself, if he only regards the result as worth
while. It does not need to be done all at once, indeed my advice
would be to “go slow,” so as to be sure of getting what we want and
the way we want it. But there is no reason why every house that has
a pump, well or spring nearby should not have at least a kitchen
sink with running water and a drain connected so as to give sani-
tary care to the kitchen waste at least.

This is the first step to what we farmers seem to regard as the
privilege of the city man only—a home with modern sanitary con-
veniences, bathroom, closets, washstands, sinks, ete. Three-fourths
inch pipe may be had for six cents a foot at wholesale or retail from
seven and one-half to nine cents, the price varying slightly from
time to time and according to quality used. When neighbors or
granges and clubs buy together, the price could be much reduced
by buying in large lots. First class gasoline engines with pump
may be had for from $50 and up while engines of a less high grade
may be had for as low as $20. A 500 gallon galvanized tank may be
bought for $70 and up to the large air tanks which cost from $100
up. Therefore, I hope before long that no man will have the face
to say, and that no woman will agree to it if he does, that they can-
not afford to have running water in their home. The United States
Government has lately issued a bulletin regarding this matter in
which it states that the average farm woman lifts a ton of water
daily as an item of her household tasks. Surely so much strength
and vitality could be better spent. So much that stands for youth
and energy, that might be used for better purposes, such as being
better mothers and better wives and neighbors,—better women in-
deed, is worth conserving. It is this sort of work that makes house
work “drudgery,”—that makes our girls want to leave the farm
homes to become business women, and that strikes at and destroys
the very root of human love and companionship between the hus-
bands and wives,—we become toilers and forget to be lovers.

Because our duty to our neighbors is as our duty to ourselves and
because the law has stepped in to see that we perform both these du-
ties, the question of what to do with the sewage or waste from our
houses, how to protect our own water supply and also our neighbors
from pollution, has heretofore been a very difficult one. In fact
until very recently, none has seemed to have any plan, that the De-
partment of Health could accept that was within the reach of per-
sons of moderate means. We were told of the endless dangers of
pollution from well and pump drains, from cess pools and privies,
from barn yards, pig pens, etc., but no feasible methods as to how
to avoid these risks and do our duty were suggested, none indeed,

12

176 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

except those that entailed great expense and work and care that
were prohibitive. At last, however, a theory has been worked out,
so that it has become a practical possibility and today it is as pos-
sible for every home to have a sanitary drainage or sewage system
as it is to have a water supply. Any man who is determined to have
healthful surroundings about his home may do so. What is known
as “the septic tank” has solved this problem.

I want to give you an idea of its workings and the simplicity of
its construction. It is an easy matter for any intelligent man to
build and construct himself such a sewage plant for his home at a
minimum cost, a system that can grow with his household needs
and that will very nearly take care of itself. The theory is so sim-
ple that it seems too good to be true and incredible that we have
done without it all these years when we needed it so badly. How-
ever, the septic tank is not a new thing. Various forms of it have
been experimented with for years with more or less success and at
least we have one that has been tested and found successful after
several years of use. I know of several in New York state and one
especially that has been installed for over a year, taking care of the
entire waste from two families, two bathrooms, three water closets
and three sinks, and has been entirely satisfactory. It was built
by a young farmer with the aid of two farm hands along with his
own work. There has been no odor from it and no surface discharge.
It cost, exclusive of labor, about $50.

I think the most satisfactory way to explain this system is to
show you some illustrations and explain its construction as I do so. I
will be glad to answer any questions and explain anything con-
nected with the illustrations that I can.

I am glad to tell you that this Department has reproduced a bul-
letin by Professor H. W. Riley, of Cornell University, at Ithaca,
N. Y., on the subject of drainage for Rural Homes, which explains
in detail the theory and workings of the septic tank system of drain--
age, giving working drawings so simple and plain that anyone can
follow them, plans for the sanitary drainage systems for the small
home, with only a kitchen sink and kitchen waste to care for, up to
a complete sewage system for a large establishment with modern
plumbing of every kind. This bulletin is the first of a series we
hope to publish that will be helpful to the rural homes and people
of the State.

Science has taught us that there are some bacterias that are
friendly to mankind and it is on the habits and peculiarities of two
of these that we must depend to make our septic tank sewage sys-
tems sanitary and successful. We must construct our tank so that
the anaerobia bacteria may live quietly in the dark, undisturbed by
any sudden jars or stirring or even by a swiftly moving current. To
prevent this, we must have the tank built underground and with baf-
fle boards which I will show you in the pictures. In such surround-
ings they at once begin their work of destruction and disintegration
of all the solids that go into the tank which process is generally
called “rotting,”—absolutely destroying them by forming them into
gases or liquid form so that when the gradual filling of the tank
ceases an overflow from the outlet, the effluent or overflow is ready
for the aerobic bacteria to continue their work of purification. The
aerobes do not destroy humus and this will settle in the bottom of

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 177

the tank and will only need removing about once in five years and
may be done with the ordinary threshers pump. This refuse should
be mixed with lime and chloride of lime and when dry may be used
as a fertilizer. These aerobic bacteria, as their name suggests, must
have air and sunlight to thrive. They live in the top soil not more
than twelve or fifteen inches below the surface and seize on the dis-
ease and filth that may have escaped their cousins in the tank and
gradually eat them up. The water eking away from the drainage
tile below the surface is prevented from washing by storms into
water courses so polluting them, before it is finally purified and
clean. It is nearly clean before it leaves the tank and its flow
through the tiles is so slow that the aerobic bacteriam bacteria have
time to finally purify it before it spreads more than a few inches
from the drains. By using the switch and slides I will show you
drawings of a very small piece of ground may be used in this way
for years, especially if a little lime is scattered on occasionally over
the surface to keep it loose and to let in air and light. It is not
recommended to place these tiles across a back garden but under a
lawn or in fields that will be cropped to farm crops such as grain
and grass. This is simply a precaution and may not be a necessity,
but it is wisest to be on the safe side.

INCREASING FERTILITY

By R. P. KESTER

It is not my purpose to give my regular lecture on “Fertility Re-
gained and Retained” to this body of institute lecturers and _ in-
structors, but rather touch upon a few points upon which we agree,
or should agree, that are of primary importance to the practical
farmer in the improving of the land he owns.

In the first place, I would like to say to every speaker and writer
on agricultural subjects, to use every proper means and occasion to
create and foster a popular interest in forestry. It is a lamentable
fact that so few people seem to have the broader vision by which
is shown the necessity of trying to make some amends to future
generations for the reckless waste of forests that has been practiced
in this country during the past two generations.

Few seem to realize the relationship that exists between a proper
balance of forest land and cultivated land to insure reasonably
permanent crop conditions that are favorable to success, to say
nothing of the intrinsic value of trees to man'ind in other ways.
Public interest in this subject is at so low an ebb that it would
be difficult to get a corporal’s guard to attend a meeting cn forestry
in the average neighborhood. Men are trying vainly to work suc-
cessfully steep and often stony hillsides when they would be better

J2—5—1914

178 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

planted to trees, and thus would erosion be prevented while moisture
would be conserved for use in the more cultivatable land below. A
great part of the land in this State is not suited to profitable cul-
tivation.

Another subject that needs public agitation, is that of farming
fewer acres and farming them better. The average farmer annually
plows too many acres to give them sufficient tillage and attention
with the labor at hand. Five acres in a crop well and intensively cul-
tivated, insuring a full crop, is more satisfactory and profitable,
than ten acres, but half worked and producing half a crop.

Another work of improvement that needs emphasis, is that of
drainage. A great part of the farm land must be underdrained be-
fore full crops can be grown. The retention of water for too long
a time is fatal to earliness, good mechanical condition, and best plant
growth. Too many farmers thing of draining only when there are
springs or spouty places, where as, any situation that retains water
too long, becoming water-logged, must be drained before it can be
profitable.

After disposing of surplus water the next great need in the aver-
age soil is humus. Greater emphasis needs to be placed and more
definite information needs to be given as to how, when and where
to grow cover-crops, aS well as what plants to grow. Crimson
clover, cow-peas, and soy beans for southern Pennsylvania; soy
beans, rye and vetch for Central Pennsylvania, and rye and vetch
for northern part of the State. In all localities a real, heavy grass-
sod occasionally. A good grass sod can be produced only by top
dressing, and holding it in grass at least two years. Added to all this
is needed the systematic growing of clover in the rotation. No man
can stay in business and buy all the nitrogen needed, and too many
farmers are buying too large a proportion of the nitrogen necessary
to grow their crops. Some legume crop must be grown regularly in
the rotation. It is only the soil that is filled with humus and in
good mechanical condition that gives best returns for the fertilizer
applied.

I believe that we are warranted in recommending the use of more
phosphoric acid and less potash. Official and individual experiments
are so numerous and well distributed that, except in the case of
sandy and gravelly soils, large applications of potash do not pay.

T am fully convinced that acid phosphate, i. e., the treated rock,
is the best carrier of this material for the average farmer to use.
Only those who keep a great deal of stock, producing large quanti-
ties of manure and using the untreated rock in stables and on ma-
nure pile seem to get satisfactory results from the use of “floats.”
There has been a great deal of agitation in favor of “floats.” The
past few years and so many have bought it and tried to use it as
regular fertilizer, only to be disappointed, that I feel it the duty of
Institute speakers to advise against it.

The maintenance of fertility on the average farm depends largely
upon stable manure. Stock-raising should be intelligently encouraged
in this State. The average farm is not maintaining as many head of
stock as might be made ‘profitable. Concrete stables and yards in-
stalled for the better care and conservation of manure is another
need on most farms. No more profitable investment can be made. ~

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 179

These are some of the fundamental things in soil improvement.
There are natural methods of building up soil that need more at-
tention. We have spent too much time on artificial and super-
ficial methods in the past. We need to talk less of percentages and
pounds of foreign material and look closer to Nature’s methods and
adopt them. Thus will we not only enjoy life more and find more
profit in agriculture, but be in the way of leaving the soil better
than we found it.

LIME—ITS VALUE AND DIFFERENT FORMS

PROF. M.S. McDOWELL, State College, Pa.

This question of lime has been discussed so frequently and thor-
oughly that IT shall endeavor to confine myself to one or two phases
of the subject. Mr. Kester touched upon the importance of get-
ting nitrogen in some other way than by buying it. Some exception
was taken to his statement. Possibly what he had in mind may be
stated in a little different way. All of you are more or less familiar
with the general fertilizer experiment at the College. This experi-
ment has been in progress for 33 years. There are five plots which
have received no treatment during all of this time. There are four
plots to which an application of phosphoric acid and potash has
been made every other year. The rotation used has been a four-year
rotation consisting of corn, oats, wheat, and timothy and clover. The
fertilizer has been applied to the corn and to the wheat. The fol-
lowing table shows the yield of these four crops from the nothing
plots and from the phosphoric acid and potash for a five-year period
during the later years of the experiment.

eo on
& “3
cs)
F ae
y- eo
q 2”
~ an
ae £3
oe oes
Zi em
Giiite Ghats Tien Ee Ascacesasupcondaccanba ore cerUsscos sqacncou HOPE nooed ASDAOOBOOr 26.6 51.4
Oi. Grea. iii scedeash cross gdb dsnancasnccrcegcn-honpoccecunoobeppedcdadsesna 23.4 34.4
\ihiaati feeoci [OHS ER BenpnoReeenabe coats’ 9 Casbaccor edo ncboentas scoC iC mneEEenne 10.5 19.9
Eel yA SOUINIOLS otiuteiofeicles oem sinte(sjelaic «/e\e[e|sin\e\5'e/v,no\elclaln wiv iatminlela'sloiuiainlele a(olepioislslsioiela)a/a’eisielcieje. de e-o'e 2329 4469

The object in calling attention to these figures is not so much to
show the value of phosphoric acid and potash as it is to emphasize
the importance of nitrogen. The fertility of the plots which have
received phosphoric acid and potash has been maintained through-

180 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

out the 33-year period. This has been done without the application
of any nitrogen, either in the form of yard manure or fertilizer. The
nitrogen has been maintained by means of the clover which ap-
peared in the rotation. Nitrogen is essential. There are three ways
in which it may be obtained: by growing clover or some other
legume, by using yard manure, by buying it in commercial form.
These three ways are all right in their place, but is it not good busi-
ness to get as much nitrogen as possible by means of clover and
through the yard manure? Buying in commercial forms may be
necessary to supplement that obtained from these other sources. It
is a case of getting what you can without paying for it. In many
instances it has become difficult to get a stand of clover. There are
thousands of acres in Pennsylvania which are not as productive
as they should be because of deficiency in lime. Clover and the
leguminous crops require lime. At the Cornell Station some years
ago an experiment with lime and fertilizer was conducted. <A poor
farm in the neighborhood was obtained. The farm was divided
into two parts, one of them which was limed and the other unlimed.
Different fertilizer treatments were then given to portions of both
the limed and unlimed series. The results were as follows:

: F
vo
= £ 2
¢ a is
a =) Hy
Bi MINOGH Ing ses dre,cjcsacesosele sare ciate is Se tnis sfesete: ote ats «wis wleye piansie olerajal ate wie) eelaisiete ciate sinvolstsisceyeieyerstsicyals\ala(ets 1824 3852
ALF PS RO asets br a chal anatsiw loves atelaseteisinte « cuntnts vole ¢ iatsbiciotehe late eicls sicto'eialele|cisid sisleiesie eet elsfetalemagermeleisioriete | 2349 4174
SU Ps Re IN erate crate cts oie rsswte Sraravoia oi eeTs wiaretors ates arctan wseletayectcielstode os atest ape wie aimee eraser tae eaeio | 2235 4085
Ube tons MM AMUres Pcs Sa ceeteicicaicle «ais cers eisverelora ciate laters toretaia cheiaiatelaietersiotentcts Pieveletetsisielelettreiercreeioetere 2091 4976

P—Acid phosphate, 100 pounds.
K—Muriate of potash, 50 pounds.
N—Nitrate of soda, 100 peunds

In every instance better results were obtained where the lime
had been applied. Not only was there an increase in quantity but
the character of the grass itself was changed. While on the unlimed
plats the clover was replaced largely by red top and sorrel, on the
limed plats there was a considerable portion of blue grass. Any
land, which, when seeded to clover tends to produce red top and
sorrell, should be limed.

Limestone, or carbonate of lime, is practically the only material
which can be used to sweeten the soil. When carbonate of lime is
burned a portion of it goes off into the air as gas and we have burned
lime or quick lime remaining. One hundred pounds of pure lime-
stone, if thoroughly burned, would produce 56 pounds of burned
lime. When water is applied to this burned lime it slakes. If water
is not applied to it, moisture is gradually absorbed from the air and
the same change takes place. If the 56 pounds of burned lime were
given just sufficient water to slake it, 6 pounds of hydrated lime
would result.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 181

DIRECTOR MARTIN: Will you permit a question relative to
the hydrated lime? What effect, if any, would time have on hydrated
lime if it were kept?

PROF. McDOWELL: I was just about to speak of that. When
stone lime or water-slaked lime has been exposed to the air, it finally
takes from the air carbon dioxide, the material that was driven off
by burning the limestone. The 56 pounds of burned lime would
increase in weight until it became practically 100 pounds. In gen-
eral, one ton of burned lime would require two tons of ground lime-
stone, or one and one-third tons of hydrated lime to furnish the
equivalent amount of lime.

A Member: If you apply burned lime and carbonate of lime, will
they act the same?

PROF. McDOWELL: If the limestone was finely ground it would
act as quickly as the burned lime. An experiment has been in pro-
gress at the Experiment Station for two years for the purpose of
determining the relative value of burned lime and limestone, as well
as the value of limestone in different degrees of fineness. The value
of lime is based on these factors; solubility in water, efficiency in
correcting acidity, nitrification, and growth of plants. The follow-
ing figures show the solubility in carbonated water as compared with
distilled water:

Rain Carbonated

water water

Parts per Parts per

Million Million

SITE OCU L IE Ga ame rrerelersieletere mnie ere aioe steveTs cher cinle ate ctete cleiwia’otalo\cle rele ~~ 8 sistaleislele(sleicloinim'sieinieiel« 2258 2201
GrOnAG ee lMeESTONC MLO MOSH) eae ete eterelote tele tafeleletele!eta\<lot= ie 1-1sleleietetetelolatsie sjeiniclnivicieia/al= 14.1 121
GroOnndLiMesto Hen GoUMEICN LN) eo acseeete tate elelsioeeea ite eisie oe «cle rain otalcidvc aleve als eistevetmere 7.1 66
GrOMMOMIIMENTONG (8) MESH) aereiot ucy-le cis «ilar nvarew cine blaisinvels eivintereiajelevaiete/elelerieleisic es 40

Limestone is practically insoluble in pure water, but when ap-
plied to the soil it is readily dissolved by the soil water. It will he
oberved, too, that the finer the limestone the more soluble it is.

The first function of lime, after being dissolved in the soil, is to
correct the acidity thus making the soil sweet. A very acid soil
was treated with different forms of lime and after one month the
acidity was determined. The following figures show the relative
value in correcting acidity. These figures are stated in percentage
of total acidity corrected.

PS AU NEV GM MED TYVG 9B ahs fo fare 27 vi0)=\2:eininieieloreievere etats as/a\ofayeralolsicfevolaysierer eters ct=tstetsletelercisisisi='+/ain\p\=ir\ersi=icio's weleiereisie s/e)etais\nie'els sieicis
GMMeMe A HESLOUE (100) THES) oye tate rern cinictetareialotetelelaralorentelatetet-felare ere loteiatataxaiolerele(-veinla slareieisclele/eloleie\aisiete(els/ajs\sie) ere
Groundmlimestone, (60) MeSH): o.cj00 em cscicu ceeccisue een ee STAR AGO COC DEI C Ee FOC SE oD aceon
Gioia lintent (Gy) TiC ks GooepnnosnOgesobHoos socridsoccGUDD ht Coc DUCE OU DOCON DD EUCUUGODOREOOeO
GiyenaGl Uinmesiaee (TRESS V Seboededoccoocoboers cS boccpencueebooUnL Dood aODaDuDoC ODOUGDUAE GBD BUGODe

pease
ww Deo

These figures indicate that the finely ground limestone has prac-
tically the same value as the burned lime, the difference being about
10 per cent. In case of the 60 mesh there is a difference of over 30

182 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

per cent. in the amount of acidity corrected and this becomes more
marked as the limestone becomes coarser.

When the soil becomes sweet nitrates are formed. This change
of nitrogen into a form in which the plants can use it, is called nitri-
fication. The following figures show the extent to which nitrates
were formed. These figures are stated in parts per million of nitro.
gen:

Phabvietsol hii Bre acoeonuerce bc oenodcocacLa laccopoac Cuisocndn dan aadccsesnebonannusasacobedoondoundoccghna | 143

Groundbylimestone, (100 oImeshi)|, ose ae acsciee carte rete Senate Pe eae ee oe ean ro | 82.9
Ground Wimnestone: (600 Mesh) au sacoe cece ccleetis ancvdlevsisloleiele vinci anak. ces cee meinen occ esanrebemc clerics 80.3

Ground limestone (8 mesh),

Ground limestone=(20. mesh) 2” .soeecacsccsaciicclesntecnaoa eater Oo re acters ce en ones aes | 37.

It may also be of interest to observe the results as gauged by the
growth of plants. Clover and oats were grown and the following
figures are based upon the percentage of increase over plats which
were not treated:

Clover Oats
i
SATIVA pL ULL gm tetove fate cole tereteteseletateteyereietateiaiatale te inioiol sietercheiatotteleietelstel totelehetctetaiseteletalctelstetetotelevenetetar 90.5 19.8
Ground limestone (100 mesh), .. | 87.6 19.
Ground limestone (80 mesh), ... 22.5 18.5
Ground limestone (20 mesh), ... | 5. glial
Ground limestone (8 mesh), 2.7 12.6

These experiments have not been in progress long enough to draw
definite and comprehensive conclusions. They do, however, seem to
show the trend. If limestone is used it should be finely ground, prob-
ably not larger than 60 mesh. The finely ground limestone will give
approximately as good results as burned lime although it is neces-
sary to use practically twice as much per acre.

Lime improves the physical condition of heavy soils and it is
some times true that burned lime will therefore have a better af-
fect than limestone.

HUMUS IN THE SOIL
By ROBERT S. SEEDS, Birmingham, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I want to say that I was
down at Bloomburg last week and talked on soil, and they kept me
on the platform all afternoon, and at the close of it, Brother Martin
said: “Come up to our round-up and give us the same talk.” I have
been talking soil for eighteen years, and am still on the subject. Every
man on the platform this morning has been a student of mine.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 183

PROF. MENGES: I’m glad I’m not going to talk this morning.

MR. SEEDS: So am J. After what the men preceding me have
said; you can see how much is left for me to say.

But to talk about the soil now, I don’t know where to begin and
where to end. I have no manuscript and no notes; but yesterday
afternoon when I heard the gentleman from State College talk about
stock raising, and the blooded sire, and the different kinds of stock,
and what they could do with it, I said to myself: “You can figure
along that same line in anything you do.” When you want pure-
bred stock, you do not use a mongrel sire; and when you see a field
that is full of humus, there you have your pure-bred soil. I want to
tell you there are lots of things that you cannot do in stock rais-
ing, and there are lots of things we cannot do with the soil. There is
no man on the face of God’s green earth that can take a razor-back
and make a hundred pounds of pork as cheaply as wtih a thorough-
bred. Down South, when they want to know whether a razor-back
is fit to kill, they lift him up by the ears, and if the body is heavier
than the head, he is ready to kill.

In soil-making, as in everything else, each one has got to figure
out his own problem:

“Tf all our joys and sorrows,
Upon the line were hung,

And each would take the other’s,
We would all cry ‘stung.’ ”

Now, what we want to do is to get away from the mongrel form
of soil, and get into the blooded class. Now, I remember when my
grandfather hauled out the old manure and grew the biggest crop
between here and Nova Scotia. Why? Because he was working
the humus out of the soil; so was everybody else; and when the soil
was exhausted, then they moved on West and opened up the West.
They had worked the food matter out of the soil, and it was de-
pleted and would not produce any longer. So long as you have
humus, you can control the moisture, and you can control the heat,
and you can produce crops. I took that old farm when no one else
would have it, and I have no boy or girl that would want to leave it
today. Why? Because I have put back the humus into the soil, and
made the old farm a fit place to live, and whenever I look at that
old place, and then hear some one say that farming does not pay,
I want to be shown; I’m from Missouri.

Now, when I walk over a farm and see places where alfalfa grows
about four times as thick as clover or timothy, I say to myself, “Why
not put the whole farm in alfalfa?” And I have been going over the
country from one end to the other, telling them how God made the
soil. I started out to get up a lecture on “How to make money in a
purely scientific way”; but finally concluded that the best way to
teach the farmer to make money was to show him how to build up
his soil. The whole thing is to get a ten-dollar bill, and to get it
as cheaply as possible. I have four boys and two girls, and I have
always needed money. You cannot do much with fresh air and pure
water. I went back thirty years and I was the first man to advo-
cate spreading barnyard manure on the top. They fought me up
and down the country, and they fought me through the “National

184 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

Stockman and Farmer,” but I fought it out, and I want to tell you
that the way to put productivity back on that farm is to put humus
there. You may talk all you want about the air being four-fifths
nitrogen, and your potash and your phosphorus; I know that when
I have the humus in the soil I can hold the moisture when Brother
Bond has the heat; and I know that when I have these I can raise
clover and get a better nitrogen than you can buy, and something
that will produce a better humus, and retain the moisture. I found
the other day, on the front page of the Presbyterian Banner, a pic-
ture of an ancient dam; through the archway you can see the ruins
of an ancient city. I started to tear it up, when my attention was
attracted by the picture; over the top of the archway the stones had
crumbled, and vegetation had begun to grow. That soil that had been
blown there had humus in it, and vegetation began to sprout. The
best way is to go back and let Nature help you. My boy has put
down a field in corn this spring that had been in alfalfa for fifteen
years; we had cut alfalfa from it three times every summer; that
field has never been manured; it has never had any commercial fer-
tilizer, and yet it is a better field for corn today than it was fifteen
years ago. Why? Because that soil has humus in it.

Prof. Hopkins and some of those Illinois people have been telling
folks that land in Illinois is worth $400 an acre. That may be, but
I would rather have a four hundred dollar man on twenty dollar
Jand, than a twenty dollar man on four hundred dollar land. Given
the man, he will make the land—or he will ruin it by taking off of it
more than he puts back.

I want this plant food because I want to make that home better
and better, so that we may keep our boys and girls on the farm. We
heard about it yesterday. There is no use in going over it again.
But I want to tell you, my dear hearers, that boys and girls have
poodle dogs beaten a mile, so far as I am concerned. That is why I
want an acre to produce more, and IT can do more than I could a year
ago, because I have Nature on my side.

HOW NATURE MAKES SOIL

By J. T. CAMPBELL, Hartstown, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen:I think most of you will re-
joice that I am not going to make my speech at this time. It was
not prepared for this Institute, and it consists chiefly of lantern
slides. Since it is so close and warm, and it will be necessary to
close up the room and darken it to deliver this talk, I will not in-
flict it upon you at this time. I will simply talk to you for a few
minutes on some experimental impressions that have come to me
in my work.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 185

What I know is based chiefly on practical experience, and much
of it was learned through mistakes; but our scientific men sometimes
make mistakes as well as other men—and I say this with all due re-
spect to scientific men—so perhaps you will not think the less of me
for this, even though I am not a scientific man.

The subject of “How Nature Makes Soil” goes away back to the
beginning of time, when the world came into being as a mere molten
mass, down to the present time, and all this time Nature has been
making soil, on this old planet of ours. We get the idea that the
making of soil is a thing of the past—of past epochs; I am fully con-
vinced in my own mind that soil-making is going on as rapidly today
as it was in any of the great geological epochs of the past, and it
is of great importance that we assist Nature in her work, and that
is where a whole lot of our agricultural work, and a whole lot of our
farming, has failed, because it is not in harmony with Nature’s
method, and so long as it is not in harmony with Nature’s method, it
will accomplish nothing.

How much of this land has been farmed for five hundred years?
Out in the western part of the State, it has not been farmed for two
hundred years. Up in Crawford county we have land that has been
farmed for thirty years, and is not producing what it should; it
produces plantain and other weeds. Why? Because the farmers
have not been in harmony with Nature, and with Nature’s God.
When I took up the question of farming some years ago, and put
everything I had on earth in that land, I soon found that the land
did not produce what I had counted on, and what I had to have to
pay for it. I interviewed my neighbors and they informed me that
my land produced as much as any other land there. So I con-
cluded that if I wanted to keep out of the hands of the sheriff I
must do something different from what my neighbors were doing,
and if you want to know how I succeeded, I invite you, all of you,
or any of you, to come to my home at any time and inspect my books;
they are always open to inspection.

Now, then, in order to help Nature make soil, there are _ three
things we must do. What are these three things? The first is drain
the land. Up there in Crawford county, on the Volutia soils, we
need to drain. Out in Western Pennsylvania there is good land to
be had for $50 an acre; in Northern Illinois they are demanding from
$350 to $400 an acre for the same type of soil. Why? Because
they have made farming a business proposition out there, and have
gone to work to help Nature make the soil. They have drained it,
and done their part in other ways. If I were to take that land in
Western Pennsylvania at $50 and spend $25 in draining it, and
another $25 in otherwise improving it, it can be made to produce
more per acre than the $350 an acre land in Northern Illinois. As
our friend Seeds says, it depends upon the man.

After you drain your land, the next thing is to give it a supply of
lime to sweeten it. The reason we have been successful with our
land is we drained it, and we limed it. Many a man today is spend-
ing money buying commercial fertilizer, and not getting results.
Why? Because his land is in no condition to get the plant food.

The whole thing hinges upon the economy of the thing. A man
can grow wonderful crops, and if he is not economical, he will fail
with it. The first problem that was brought to my attention was

186 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

not only to get results, but to get results at a profit. The whole
thing hinges on the organic matter in the soil. In our clay soils,
and in our Volutia soils, there are wonderful amounts of inert mat-
ter that the soil cannot make use of. Right here comes in the ad-
vantage of growing more plant food, and getting Nature to use the
supply on hand—putting the soil to work on it. Terry, in Ohio, ad-
vocated this, but he was twenty years ahead of his time. He never
saw the results. Why? Because the soil could not make use of it.
At the Ohio Experiment Station they find the same thing, and at
Urbana we find the same thing. I don’t know whether you like that
or not; but it is a fact that until we used lime, we could not get
the soil to use the organic matter that was in it. I might say that
since we used lime, we have had the results. If you don’t believe it,
my books are open for inspection.

The problem of the farmer is to get the organic matter. One
method is to seed with rye. I cannot go into details but simply
throw out these few remarks as pointers along the line. The hour
for adjournment is at hand, so I will stop right here. I thank you.

PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF DAIRY PRODUCTS

By L. W. LIGHTY

Why dairy? It is an easy way to keep the soil fertile. It is the
logical way to market many of the farm products that would other-
wise be unprofitable. It is a delightful way to make money on the
farm. Dairy products are the best and cheapest food for humanity.
Milk is the only natural complete food except eggs. It is an article
of food that will be used more and more as humanity becomes edu-
cated along diatetic lines. The babies must have milk. The in-
valids must have milk, and the rest of the folks will have milk
while the girls demand more and more ice cream. Butter is the most
easily digested of any wholesome food in our dietary. Cheese is

the poor man’s meat and he is rich as compared with the fellow who |

consumes a 75¢c tenderloin with the “tender” departed 12 years ago
or lamb chop with many interrogation points after lamb also six
years added to its life.

Ice cream is a good part of Cupid’s ammunition and goes fine with
the bunny hug and tango, indeed it always goes. The statistical
authority says two gallons of ice cream for every man, woman and
child in this country annually, but observation indicates that the
girls get most of it. Seriously, no people ever flourished and grew
powerful without the dairy cow as part of their national equipment.
As patriotic citizens of this the greatest nation on earth, it be
hooves us to seriously study and industriously develop the dairy in
dustry.

Rea Oh ve

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 187

Who should do dairying?: Or we might ask who should stay out
of the dairy business? If your farm, your land or your market is
not adapted to dairying or if you have a local market for some article
that gives you more profit better not devote the land to dairying. If
you hate the cow and the business, if you say, “I do not want to be
tied to the cow,” or if you had rather be “tied” to a cur dog, or the
corner grocery, or the old pipe and the grog shop, why that is none
of my business, but stay out of the dairy business because it will be
a miserable failure. If on the other hand it is your delight to work
with the dairy cows, study their ways and wants and supply them
intelligently you are the man for the dairy. If the cows have your
first attention in the morning and the last in the evening, if for the
betterment of that herd you can forego the yarn swapping grocery,
or the nickelodian and rise with the robin in the morn, be as indus-
trious as the ant and happy as the lark all day long you are cut
out for a successful dairyman. Get into the game, there is a for-
tune awaiting you.

What do you need to start dairying? The idea seems to have gone
forth of late years that the main thing the dairyman needs is barns,
stables and equipment galore. The sanitary stable with all its ven-
tilating contraptions, the wood-lined iron nickle plated swinging
stanchion, the water outfit, the overhead carrier, switches, cars, roll-
ing stock, ete., until bushels of dollars have been invested. Then we
must study scientifically balanced rations from books, bulletins and
tables until our head aches. All these are matters of importance
but not of the first importance by any means. Very often I am
appealed to to help plan an equipment and devise a balanced ration
and when I inquire about the cows I learn that they are quite a
secondary matter. They are good, bad and indifferent but mostly
indifferent. The owner fondly hopes that if the equipment is up to
date and the ration scientifically balanced the cows must make a
profit or bust. This of course seems ridiculous but it is true very
often. Many a man spents so much money on equipment that he
feels unable to make the required investment to secure the best
dairy stock. This is a serious mistake. It is hitching the cart be-
fore the horse.

We must have good dairy cows: Statistical authorities, who are
good guessers, I presume tell us a third of the cows we keep for
dairy purposes are unprofitable; but the cow testing association work
proves that about the half of the cows we have can not pay for their
keep. This is a serious condition and it is not a theory, depend on
it. Not more than one farmer in fifty knows what his cows are doing
in the way of production. A farmer keeps 20 cows, ten make him a
profit while the other ten make him nothing and loose him money.
This seems like a most ridiculous piece of business, but the great
majority of folks are pursuing this course in all seriousness and
without the least attempt to improve conditions. They tell me they
can tell a good cow by looking at her. Men who are otherwise sane
actually tell me this. When a superstition becomes deep rooted it
cannot be thrown off but must be outgrown. This is surely true of
our foolish notion that we can tell a profitable cow from an un-
profitable cow by looking at her. A campaign of genuine and funda-

188 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

mental education is of the utmost importance. I rode on the splen-
didly equipped milk train on the Lehigh Valley Railroad the other
day. On it were drawn to New York City nearly a quarter of a mil-
lion quarts of milk. The transportation company makes a profit
drawing that milk. Every handler and distributor of that milk
makes some profit, and the consumer gets it at a price that makes
it the cheapest food he can buy, while the man who produced the
milk by hard and continuous labor actually lost money on a third
to a half of that quarter million quarts speeding in that milk train
towards New York City. No wonder those farmers scold and use
harsh language and groan under the burden they are laboring,
though they do not realize that the remedy is in their own hands.

I am thoroughly convinced that no line of work before the exten-
sion workers, State and national, and the agricultural press, rela-
tive to dairy improvement is of as much importance as that of en-
abling the farmers to eliminate the unprofitable cow and put the
herd on a business basis. Without this the farmer goes floundering
along improving this, remodeling that but he neglects the founda-
tion of his business and the entire structure is in constant danger
of collapse.

The individual cow is the foundation unit of the dairy business:
The cow that will not pay for her keep cannot make us any profit.
This is so self-evident that a six-year-old will grasp it and yet
strange to say only one in fifty of us big folks do actually grasp it.
I know this is true because the other 49 continue to feed and keep
the cows that do not pay for their keep. How do I know this? Be
cause when we applied the test in Pennsylvania or any other state it
was proven true. Not one test told any other story. My daily ob-
servations shows it to be true. The endless growls of the dairy
farmers indicate its truth. Here are some cold unpleasant facts.
Let us take our bitter medicine and be done with. Two and a half
years ago the farmers in New Hampshire organized a cow testing
association comprising 26 herds, or 326 cows. The conditions for
an economic production from these herds were a great deal better
than the average because the cows were above the average. Before
the first year was up 103 cows were sold. These were so impossible
that no further account is given of them. A few died or dropped
out and 203 cows completed the year’s record. Of these 129 cows
made a profit of from $4.95 to $58.12 each. The other 74 cows lost
their owners from $4.14 to $42.95 each. Starting with 326 superior
cows 120 of them proved profitable when a real business test was
applied. Who is to blame if dairying is unprofitable? You answer
that question please.

There are two simple questions every business dairyman must an-
swer or he is no business dairyman. What does it cost to keep the
cow? How much income does the cow bring during the same twelve
months? A Chester county farmer told me it cost him only $18 to
find out that he was loosing $195 a year. Cheap education, isn’t it?

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 189

What does it cost to keep a cow a year?: Those 26 New Hamp-
shire farmers found when keeping a record it cost them as follows:

(HanTik OP URagG . Gepsdsqdesse bear Merce Oe et ne SIACO te aU oS ea OOr CHICO reece eric s | $73 03 |

TUNE GSTS | oc cacanc cco AUOSE SRE Be DODD SEES eo Ta CREE ne ne A = | 32 33 |
aes nies Sy gmESTLLCMMRP Oe ee y eayny eh Ae he's Se auciedyi cot myao.capnsnisiog be Weleis Qafae TAS
HOUSING ‘COWS, ..00--55:5- eee | 9 03
Depreciation on cow, 8 83 |

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ISG. wc osadeqoeudaosssco0etebauay6copno abanesdoseeDpbene scoueondpeounooepeoanses | 3 79 |
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(CREATE. 9 SNcne Bas dhepuacanbe care Ao Gb SCE Okara sdoOr 66s GOSeS Gane COSRREr EE coll RaEmamr an eae se $147 73
WN SAEa CRE Eee ete fete fotere sie leras ate er oPelere es cieeinYo cletereloietst<leiavors eis lo feolsc aivtetavelercfelefelesieisi)sisiereis ine ces | $15 00
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18 00
ISG Ce COM Er mlarelste cha fetetsieist ie teforeYoinic\ = sats Care oars vores ols steele; oiste elapere siatnioe «\stercke sieves \eleioyoye\a\e || fsisteis ators ayaisis’ero@ $129 73

I said hardly half the cows kept by the farmers for dairy purposes
do pay for their keep. The above test of superior cows shows hardly
40 per cent. of the cows paid for their keep or made a profit. How
can we dairymen solve this all important business problem on our
farm? Prof. Stevens will tell you later in the session.

The careful experiments made at the Maryland and Pennsylvania
experiment stations and some private experience points to a simpli-
fied sheltering of our cows. The open air cow stable may in a great
measure solve the problem of that terrible scourge of the dairyman
and breeder, viz: tuberculosis. Vigor and vitality induced by plenty
of pure bracing air may also help us to ward off some of the other
diseases that so often bring great loss to the dairyman. The sim-
plified method of mixing and feeding a balanced ration, as outlined
by Dr. Armsby and Prof. Van Norman of State College, enables us
to feed a balanced ration almost as easily as any other. If the
open air stable works out as favorably as all available data indicates
we can greatly reduce overhead expenses which kept increasing
rapidly as the years went by and the stable equipment manufacturers
increased and multiplied.

The business dairyman has had two distinctive business proposi-
tions in view: First, to reduce the cost of production; and, second,
to increase the selling price to a just and honest basis. Keeping a
record and weeding out all unprofitable cows, reducing the labor
and equipment cost, feeding a more efficient ration will help to solve
the first proposition. The second is more difficult and I am not sure
that we know just how to solve it. Every manufacturer in whatever
line he may work invariably makes the price for the product he pro-
duces or quit business, except the manufacture of dairy products.
Here the middleman or handler makes the price to the manufacturer
as well as to the consumer. The dairyman is patient and long suf-
fering beyond all the rest of humanity, but patience in this matter has
long ceased to be a virture.

The time is here when the producer of dairy products must look
after the final marketing of his products. Every other manufacturer
does this because it is one of the essential elements of successful
business. The fact is the farmers generally have not given the mar-
keting of their dairy products a minute’s thought. I lately visited
a section with a number of small towns. The farmers shipped all

190 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the milk to a large city nearly a hundred miles away and the mer-
chants had all their ice cream and much of the butter sold shipped
from the same city. I have a letter from a well-known man who
had to buy $5,000 worth of milk last year right here in Monroe
county, Pennsylvania, and every dollar of that money was sent up
to New York for milk. I wonder how many Monroe county farmers
are sending milk to New York?

Organization, must be the watchword of the dairymen in the
future. Organization, intelligently applied will solve nine-tenths of
the dairymen’s troubles. It will eliminate the unprofitable cow. It
will bring good pure bred sires into every community. It will im-
prove the quality of the product. It will search out the unsupplied
market and reach the consumer through the shortest possible route.
It will regulate conditions so the market will always be supplied but
never over-supplied. It will educate the consuming public to the
facts that milk and milk products are among the best foods in our
dietary; also very much cheaper and more economical than any
other comparable food. The cow testing association is the unit or-
ganization, it is absolutely essential first, last and all the time to
successfully produce and profitably sell dairy products.

HOW MUCH MILK PER ACRE AND WHAT GRAINS FOR THE
DAIRY COW

By PROF. H. P. DAVIS, State College, Pa.

I was very much interested in the card that has just been got-
ten up by the East Stroudsburg bank. It simply shows the interest
that is being taken along the line of helping the farmers by the busi-
nessmen of the community.

There are various systems by which we can keep up the fertility
of our soils; but I believe that the easiest one is by keeping livestock
and returning the manure to the land. I take it that the farmer is
in business for profit as well as pleasure, and I don’t think we want
to take all the profit out of the farm this year, or in five years, and
then let it go. That is a short-sighted policy, and one that is going
to break this country up, quicker than anything else, unless we do
something to check it. Now so far as livestick is concerned, I have
no argument at all with the man who wants to keep beef cattle.
They have their place, but I want to take up the question of the
dairy cow particularly.

Now, the dairy cow has claims on all of us, and I think that she
can be made a profitable investment both for her milk, and for what
she returns to the soil. Look at Denmark and Holland, and some
of the other countries of Europe where dairying has been carried
on for decades, even centuries and see the fertility of their soil, and
the general prosperity of the country. We have heard a great deal

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ilsil

for several years about the fact that it does not pay to farm. Why
is it? Is it the fault of the farm, or of the man who does the farm-
ing? I think the trouble is not with the farm, but with the man. We
will have to get over the idea that any one can go out and farm. It
requires not only industry and hard work, but it requires brains.
It requires a great deal of planning and business ability to carry on
the business of farming.

The first thing a man has to have to start the dairy business, is
cows. You say you can buy cows, lots of them, for forty or fifty dol-
lars. That is all right to start your herd, but there are localities
where men have made money by buying fresh cows, milking them for
a certain period, and then selling them, but I believe in the long
run this system will be unprofitable. Then comes the question of
breed. First of all, select a breed that is adapted to the market
which you supply. Fora milk market, the Holstein or Ayrshire, for
the butter or cream market, the Jersey or Guernsey. If a breed is
established in the locality, think seriously before adapting any other.
The average man starts in without any definite idea of this, simply
thinking he must get enough cows to start in the dairy business. The
result is, as Mr. Martin has just told you, one-third of the cows in
Pennsylvania are kept at a loss. In any mercantile business, would
you run for five years at a loss? No; you would begin to take stock,
and see where your loss was; so it is with dairying, you must take
stock, and get rid of the unprofitable cows.

Our dairy cows have not increased in proportion to the population.
Last year something like eleven million dollars were spent in this
State for dairy products, and yet the dairy cow has just about held
her own. When meat goes so high that the poorer class never use
it—I hope that time will never come—there will still be a market
for milk, because there is no better or cheaper way to secure the
nutrient protein than through milk and cheese. Therefore there is
bound to be an increased demand for milk and its products.

Now in any system of dairying, we must first establish a standard
and then try to live up to it. First, we must have a good dairy
cow. How are we going to get it? It is very simple; so simple
that even a child can do it. That is to keep an accurate record of
what each cow produces. You can get one of these little balance
scales and hang the bucket on it; it will take about ten minutes if
you milk twenty cows. It certainly is worth that small amount of
time to discover whether your cows are boarding or not. You say,
“T have a dandy good cow; she gives a bucket and a half full of milk
every day.” Yes, but how long does she continue to do this? For
six months, and then stops? Each cow should be charged a certain
amount for her feed, and that deducted before she is called a profit-
able cow. Thus we can determine the profit of each cow in the herd.

Next comes the question of handling the cow. At the Cornell Ex-
periment Station they have taken cows, and by careful handling of
them, have increased their butterfat yield from ten to twenty pounds
per year, making cows that did not pay for their feed come into the
class where they just about paid for themselves, and increasing those
that just about paid for themselves into cows that paid a profit. This
is just an example of what good management is able to do and J
believe that these results can be secured by most farmers.

13

192 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The first thing in the care of the cow, is careful feeding. If she
produces twenty pounds of milk it will cost you approximately ten
cents to keep that cow alive, and ten cents to produce the twenty
pounds of milk. If forty pounds is her production it will cost you
twenty cents plus ten cents to keep her alive, or thirty cents in all.
This is just to give you an idea of how the cost of production can
be cut down. You must produce your crops just as cheaply as pos-
sible, and produce just as large ones as possible, and the cheaper
you can produce your feed, the cheaper you can produce milk. At the
present time the producer has little or nothing to say as to how much
he shall receive for his milk. He sells to the milk dealer or cream-
eryman and takes what they are willing to give him. If that does
not suit him, he makes butter or something else. The one thing to
do is to cut down the cost of production, and then make more money
on that end of our dairy.

One point I intend to talk of, is the point of breeding. We should
have more of the spirit of co-operation. If we could get more of
that spirit of working together everyone would benefit. For example,
one man has a Guernsey, another a Brown Swiss, or Ayrshire or
something else. Now that may be all right, but when you have a
surplus, what is the result? You sell to the butcher, because no one
will come in and take the one animal that you have to offer. Your
neighbor is in the same position, but if you have one breed in a
neighborhood, you can find a buyer for all your surplus stock, and
have it shipped out in carlots. In this way much better prices can
be secured for all stock. Take Centre county, for instance, up there
in one neighborhood every one had Guernsey, and a buyer came in
from Ohio and brought up all their surplus stock, amounting, I
think, to three carloads, at prices far better than the farmer could
have gotten locally. It certainly paid these men to have the same
breed. Up in Bradford county very nearly the same thing occurred
with Holsteins. In every county the farmers that breed dairy cat-
tle should pool their interests, as they do out in Waukesha county,
Wisconsin, where they breed Guernseys very extensively. Two years
ago their sales amounted to something over a hundred thousand dol-
lars on surplus stock only. Their main business is supplying milk
for the city of Chicago. They tell men that in this county there has
been a start made in Ayrshires. I have not seen them myself, but I
think this is a county that would be very well adapted to Ayrshires,
and as I understand it, the market is mainly for milk. In the milk
business, Holsteins or Ayrshires will do very well unless you get an
extra price for your milk. If you keep your cows for butter, then
get Jerseys or Guernseys.

The next question is, How much milk you can produce per acre:
You can make any construction if you want, and you will find the
subject open to criticism. I will quote a few figures from the 1910
Census of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. The average Penn-
sylvania farm of eighty acres furnishes a good basis, if divided into
four fields of twenty acres each, and planted in corn, oats, wheat and
grass, would yield an average production of, wheat, 144 bushels,
oats, 294 bushels; corn, 34 bushels; hay, 2,400 pounds. This is a
very common rotation practiced in Pennsylvania at the present time.
Now, how many cows could we keep on this eighty acre farm? If
every bit of the crops produced were fed to the average cow of Penn-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 193

sylvania who produces 4,000 pounds of milk and 160 pounds of but-
terfat a year, some twenty-three cows could be kept with an excess
of energy. Should a ton and a half of protein be fed purchased in
some bought mill feed, seven more cows could be kept. Now this
system would not be profitable, for cheaper feed than wheat can be
purchased. It merely shows the possibilities under the average con-
ditions. By increasing the crop yields it will be found that the cost
of producing milk can be lowered considerably. We must watch
the corners so that the cows will be keeping us rather than our keep-
ing them.

It is a very important matter to most of us to determine the
cheapest feeds that we can supply the proper nutrients to our cows.
Nearly always the roughage is raised on the farm. This may be hay,
silage, straw, or corn fodder. Part of the concentrates are also
raised such as corn and oats. Now the problem is to secure certain
concentrates that will balance the home-grown feeds.

There are several requisites that a mixture of grains should have.
First. It should be economical. Protein and energy should be se-
cured at a low price. The importance of this is self-evident. Care
must be taken to see that the price per hundred pounds of the feed
itself is not deceptive. The only true price is that at which one-hun-
dred pounds of the protein or the energy can be purchased. Second. A
grain mixture should have bulk. In a loose, flaky mixture, the diges-
tive juices can permeate the feed easier and a greater degree of diges-
tion is accomplished. Third. Palatability is essential. A cow may
eat to some extent that which is not appetizing, but she never will
consume the large amount offered that she would otherwise. Feed is
the raw material from which the milk is made, and roughly speaking,
the more feed, the more milk, up to the limit of production of the
cow. Fourth. Variety is quite necessary also in the grain mixture.
By the use of several grains, a mixture can be made up that the cow
will eat for a long time without tiring of it. Fifth. Lastly, the effect
of the feeds upon the system of the cow. A balance must be struck so
that there will not be too much laxativeness or the opposite. A grain
mixture is made up to completely balance a ration when fed with one
or more roughages. Roughages may be divided into three classes, de-
pending upon their protein content. In the first group, timothy and
silage, corn stover, straw, etc. Mixed hay or any case where half the
roughage is clover, alfalfa cr other legume hay compose the second
group. The third group of roughages is composed of all legumin-
ous hays.

Roughage should be fed to the cows, all that they will eat up
clean. Then feed the grain mixture in the proportion of one pound
of grain for each three pints or pounds of milk. Corn meal furnishes
the basis of the mixture. It is a home-grown feed, and ordinarily
supplies energy the cheapest. Cottonseed meal, gluten feed, oil meal,
are three feeds that furnish protein cheaply, so that at least one is
usually used. A grain mixture, to possess the qualities desired,
should be composed of four grains. Corn, cottonseed, gluten and
dried distillers’ grains are four concentrates that can be mixed to
balance along with any roughage. At the College we feed mixed hay
and silage for roughage. With these we use a mixture composed of
275 pounds of cornmeal, 150 pounds of cottonseed, 200 pounds distil-

13—5—1914

194 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

lers’ grains and 100 pounds of gluten feed. This mixture fed in the
proportion mentioned above gives us excellent results. Bulletin 114 of
the Pennsylvania Station takes up this short method and every
farmer should have it.

The question of out-door treatment came up yesterday, but I am
not fully prepared to state results. The last three winters we have
carried on an experiment with dairy cows, the same as Prof. Tom-
have describes with beef cattle. We do not feel that we have carried
it far enough to give the results as final; we expect to carry it on
for two years more, at least, and perhaps more. We find that these
cows kept out of doors consume more feed, particularly more rough-
age, have better appetites, consume more water (and we don’t warm
the water) than the cows kept indoors. We find the outside treat-
ment requires a little more bedding. We find that the milk yield
of the cows kept outside does not keep up quite so well as that of
the cows kept inside. The decrease in milk yield for the winter
amounts to a little over a pound of milk for each cow of the outside
group more than the inside group. At the Maryland Experiment
Station they are conducting a similar experiment and they are
heartily in favor of it. In Maryland they are working it out on the
tuberculosis question, and there is no doubt that the outdoor cows
are very much benefited by their treatment.

ADDRESS OF MR. BURNETT

Ladies and Gentlemen: I am glad to be here, and as a representa-
tive of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, I am glad to have an opportunity
to speak to you. We are doing quite a good work along the line
of the Lehigh Valley Railroad; it is not a philanthropic work, but
one entirely selfish. We are endeavoring to get the farmer to pro-
duce more stuff to ship over our line. All this year I have been en-
deavoring to establish storage houses along our line where the farmer
can bring his apples and potatoes, etc., and have a man in charge
who can market them better than the farmer himself can. I believe
this would put an end to the high cost of living. I think that this
high cost is justifiable to a certain extent. There has been a bill up
in the New York Legislature to establish a large market house in
New York City to which the farmer can bring his produce; it would
have to be done on a tremendous scale, and I do not see how it
would benefit the farmer except that it would leave no question as
to the payment, but I think if we could establish these store houses
along the line, it would be a success. We have been working along
that line in New York for the past year, and working with some suc-
eess. I think the Grange and some of the other organizations should
take up this question. The first thing is to raise more stuff; the sec-
ond is to market it. The State College and Experiment Station and
the Farmers’ Institutes are doing all they can to help the first, and
the other end of it, I think should also be taken up.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 195

ADDRESS OF MR. JONES OF THE STATE HIGHWAY DE-
PARTMENT

Ladies and Gentlemen: There are several things in Pennsylvania
today that make it necessary for anyone from the State Highway
Department to have a great deal of courage when he goes about the
State, but I feel that I am in an audience of my friends, and I am
going to tell you plainly all about the deplorable condition of our
highways, and the condition of affairs in the State Highway Depart-
ment at the present time. I am not going to make any attempt at
a speech, as you will notice later on.

At the present time, the State Highway Department is laboring
under a lack of funds. There is at present $1,300,000 paid into the
State for the receipt of auto licenses. The recent Legislature ap-
propriated this auto license money for the use of the State Highway
Department, with the proviso that these moneys should be made
available at once, so as to avoid the necessity of issuing bonds. But
the Auditor-General and the State Treasurer, on some technicality,
refused to turn this money over to the Highway Department and
have carried the case into the Dauphin County Court, where it is
at the present time. And here is a statement that I want to make
as soon as I can possibly make it.

The Dauphin County Court is composed of men of very high stand-
ing and character, and if this court should decide that this money
should be made available to the State Highway Department, then
the parties holding it up, should be made to turn it over at once.
This decision may ‘be handed down this week; if it is handed down,
and this money is not handed over, then we will have reason to feel
that this party is not dealing right by the people of the State and
by the State Highway Department.

I sometimes hear a great deal about the autos tearing up the road,
and their reckless driving; but I want to tell you that the people
who own the autos are paying for their pleasure. I will give you
the figures on this, so that you may be able to judge for yourselves.
They have paid into the State Treasury this year $982,000. It will
reach a million dollars before Saturday. One million dollars for the
maintenance and construction of the State highways, the first five
months of the year, and this money tied up by a mere technicality.
I am not finding fault with Mr. Powell in protecting himself. I oc-
cupied the same position in Lackawanna county that he does in the
State. If I considered a bill illegal, I consulted my attorney before
paying out the money; but when protected by my attorney and the
order of the Court, I paid it out. And this is what they should do.

In 1912 we received from auto licenses, $592,000; in 1913, $862,000;
in 1914, it will undoubtedly reach the splendid sum of one million, one
hundred thousand.

Now the recent Legislature passed the new “Township Act.” It
gives the State Highway Department the right and power to send out
engineers to assist the supervisors to plan their roads, construct
grades and culverts, etc., get out blue prints, and all free of charge.
Tt was intended to get the State Highway Department and the local

196 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

townships to work in harmony, and I think it will bring about bet-
ter roads in the State. I have advised the supervisors, where I have
attended their meetings, to look into this matter, and take advantage
of it. They can do this better than the State Highway Department,
or at least as well, because all it requires is goor horse sense. I have
advised them to organize and come down to the Legislature, when it
is in session, and explain to them the necessity of better roads
throughout the State.

Now, gentlemen, if you know of anything relative to the highways,
that I can throw any light on, I will be very glad to answer any ques-
tion that may present itself. I know the deplorable condition in
which these roads are.

COW TESTING ASSOCIATIONS

By PROF. F. R. STEVENS

Agriculture is not exact, either as a science or an art. The great
problems of breeding and fertility and the certainty of irregular
weather conditions takes agriculture for all times out of the class
of exact business and places it for all times in that class of business
which is speculative. The time will probably never come when we
can depend on producing milk at a given price or oats at so many
cents per bushel. The problem of marketing at a given selling price
is difficult, but easy compared with the establishment of a producing
price. Agriculture is hazardous, but that fact is not warrant for
the hap-hazard methods employed by some of us.

My topic today is Cow Testing Associations, devised to increase
the profit in the sale of milk and its products. Much might be said
about the retail price of milk and the percentage of the price which
finally reaches the producer, but that is another story, I am to deal
with the cost of production.

Tt is true in a sense that a cow is a machine, but all cows were
not made with the same pattern. A cow can take a given amount of
food and with it produce a given amount of milk. The amount de-
pends upon breeding, care and feeding. The amount remains fairly
constant each year while the animal is kept in good health and the
profit depends upon the cost of feed and price of milk. Under the
present conditions it takes a pretty good cow to pay feed, labor and
interest bills. Labor has increased decidedly. The common com-
mercial feeds which are used in our dairy have increased in the past
16 years 69 per cent. as follows:

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. US el

Kind of Feed 1898 | 1913

ee EE |

Tiniitnay til, « peocpgnc onset cone Gog USTOOOLO eae cuUOBODE CD Coaco OOD SOuDOOnGCOo oar $16 00 | $31 00
(iw wet Bee oaanadcneeCnroods | 18 00 34 00
Gintene med), bacon. cdc. e-eice 16 00 32 00
GOETOMSCCH “MEA coos cee on we wc cae eccieecarsn eset cencsccccceccresecsesenance = 00 | 36 00
GOTT TG MORLS) eis clare sce o etk ea) clel> helo 0 viol slele'eiela\cla(eicininecrimclsiclula’aie\seinloin ole/elele/siecaivin/s vieielais 21 00 | 35 00
Wheat feed (bran), 16 00 | 30 00
Middlings (wheat), se 00 | 35 00
(Givsihitel Wipes oopspcoassocosdesodaee ane | 23 00 35 00
Boston wheat feed, iy 00 29 00
WA SGOG ACA ooo oi sieters civ tofen eis ciate minis ofa vlola caw vivioisicle\e sie 'n:0/a/eiecincccitinies'ees=citelneivie | 28 00 37 00

The increase in milk, according to Borden’s price has in the same
length of time increased 39 per cent. To be exact the price is here-
with given:

Borden’s Flat Price for Milk 1898 1913
ERSETEA CEE V peer errata aerate eleiatsiererciersteleicie's aieioisiels sia visisisleieisieialal=\sleistels\eislele(elels\e(s s.n's\e'sie.nleie $1 35 $1 16)
February, 13 1 65
MUU CRIT Fe ciecetcicte eaiclote rave bin dimtria's =rale)otelela)s|uicie sels, al = v'vicleeleuin\ele\a'4)n)510\9\aIe/vlvja,e.e'nie)e\c\a\e/e\ sie vais | 1 20 1 60
PASE racemose cteoeite ere nino cletele nie eictelele dlejsieieleinls aia cisie’iair'ajelelelelelvieisis)=\eVelvivlelee(eia\s\a\eie/n\e | 1 00 1 40
Eta ietboda qt on nde pa 3 CU ne Ob DACOD AOE DUD NOC CHDODOHUSOCOCICHOAG 85 115
TU “Soesepeas | 1 70 1 00
Afit ype Seae See 80 1 25
VANITS Uemer a os 1 00 1 35
September, 1 20 1 50
EI mae reese ete shale ats atafate pis ie/s'ehate) ein] cinialatajshalels/s)olelejalsfeparaltele\s stateiviclerointa 1 30 1 90
November, 1 30 2 00
December, | 1 35 2 00

It is clear then that cows which might have been profitable fifteen
years ago may now be kept at a loss.

There is no other vital factor connected with the production of
milk except that of profit. There is a very prevalent opinion held
by. too many farmers that the fertility and up-keep of a farm re-
quires a certain number of cows. This belief is so generally pre
valent that one of our great agricultural leaders recently made the
statement that in a large percentage of our dairies, milk was a by-
product. This theory is exploded. Every person working with the
soil realizes the value of manure as a fertilizer but it is not an es-
sential. Cover crops and commercial fertilizers may take its place.
In fact on many of the farms which have produced records in crop
production, no cows were kept or manure purchased. The fertility
was maintained by the liberal use of cover crops and commercial fer-
tilizer, and if our dairies are to be put on a fairly profitable basis,
we must keep in mind just one thing, namely, the profit in the pro-
duction of a quart of milk. The State Experiment Station at Geneva,
N. Y., has for some years kept very careful records showing the cost
of the production of milk. A herd at that station is made up of
Jerseys not entirely pure bred and is in no way an expensive herd,
one which any farmer might equal with moderate means by careful
selection and breeding of his cows and when he obtained this herd
he would be proud of it. In 1906 it was found that the best cow in
that herd produced one hundred pounds of milk at a food cost of

198 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

48.17 cents. With the poorest cow the one hundred pounds of milk
cost 154.1 cents. The following year, 1907, with the best cow the
cost was 60.1 cents and with the poorest cow 157.8 cents. In 1908
the cost for the best cow was 65.5 cents and the poorest cow 183.8
cents. One of the first cow testing associations in the East was at
Delhi, N. Y., formed in 1910, and they give some very interesting
results of that association work. For instance the creamery record
at that place shows that 535 cows in the Delhi Association have pro-
duced 270,179 peunds more of milk than 536 cows from the same
farms had before the association records were kept.

The Ithaca Association, in New York state, shows some very in-
teresting statistics through a series of four years as a result of the
Cow Testing Association. The following table shows the increased
profit over their feed:

LN N o* ~

S } 3 3

4a Z Zz i

& = ‘= z

vo o ov r-)

a} | ie0} | 0)

|

IDANS tea os ORR aie an er Ne eae chloe i cena EROS a ae | $18 04 $38 04) $22 86 $13 36
Wecond yar ee seen cake ee aloe ae, ene betes tae | 44 63 41 71 | 33 60 19 62
SD) ANCILOR AEC hy ie CRBS ES ln RRC RR MDT i 8 Solera te Se ae 36 02 48 32 | 57 40 50 59

TEEPE Ls Syste heh Pct yop RY OA <i in Rais Gas at ie eB Reel | 40 81 54 84 | 46 59 51 73

The difference between these cows was purely individuality. It is
very clear, therefore, that at the present price of milk the poorest
cow at the Experiment Station quoted above, together with several
others were being kept at a decided loss. They do not pay their own
feed bill alone to say nothing of labor and interest on capital and
depreciation. Facts such as these concerning every dairy should be
in the hands of the owner. It is a very easy matter then, to take
from the herd those which are unprofitable, retain those which are
making the profit and breed up the herd from the profit making cows,
headed by a sire that will increase their production in the offspring.

I know of only one way in which there is a hope of bringing about
this result, and that is by the formation of Cow Testing Associa-
tions. It is entirely possible of course for each farmer to make such
records himself, but the experience of years has taught us that the
average farmer is not included to attend regularly to such detail
work. However, throughout the country there is being organized
Cow Testing Associations which do give this information.

Cow Testing Associations are organized very simply by a number,
usually twenty-eight dairy farmers in a given locality and the em-
ployment of a clerk whose duty it is to visit one herd each day,
record the amount of milk from each cow, test samples of milk from
each cow and determine the solid content, compute the cost of feed
given each cow and so determine the profit from each. Repeated
records have shown that monthly tests of this kind and this aver-
age throughout the lactation period comes very close indeed to the
actual number of pounds produced by each cow each year. These
associations are usually successful in that they bring about the ex-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 199

change of opinions, discussions of the question of markets, most suit-
able breed of cattle and other problems, the solution of which helps
to increase the profit of the dairy farms. In the great dairy county
of Bradford, one such association was organized something over a
year ago, but in order to get the necessary 28 dairy farmers, it was
necessary for the agent to travel over a territory having a radius
of thirty miles. The benefits of this association were so clearly ap-
parent after the work was begun that others seeing the advantages to
be gained, applied for membership and two associations were formed
in that territory, making the work of the agent considerably less and
more effective. I beg leave to incorporate in this, some comments by
the clerk on this work which will be of interest.

“Since such a wide area had to be covered to organize the associa-
tion for its first year’s work, with but two or three exceptions only
the most progressive men in a community are in the association,
hence only a few of the so-called boarder cows are being found and
many of these have already been sold. Also, with only one or two
exceptions the 29 herds are either pure bred or grades headed by a
pure bred sire.” Therefore, the years testing work will be more to
show a man what are his poorest cows and what are his best ones so
that he may know when he increases his herd what cows to sell and
what calves keep. Another point in regard to the breeding is that
by having their cows tested, where they have a cow and her daugh-
ter both being tested, the farmer can note the effect of his sire. This
has been shown already several times, where the calf is better than
the dam, but the sire was sold for beef before the association started,
because it was only by testing that this difference was noted.

The statement is frequently heard that a one day’s test is not a
fair criticism by which to judge one month’s work. Edwin Wright
uses the same kind of scales as the agent and milks regularly, each
milking of each cow in his herd is weighed and recorded. One
month when his 24 cows were at about the best part of their lactation
period, he compared the one day’s average with Mr. Wright’s total
for the month and the greatest variation of any of the cows giving
600 to 1,000 pounds of milk in one month was 25 pounds. Some of
his cows giving a little above and some a little below the agent’s fig-
ures. Some farmers not in the association have a cow tested once or
twice in her lactation period, or maybe only once or twice in her
life and then tell their neighbors that this cow tests — per cent.,
but this may be far from what a cow averages in a year. For in-
stance the most variable tester in the association while giving over
twenty pounds of milk per day varied in her test from 31 per cent.
to 61 per cent. Of course this is the worse variation but it shows
how unreliable one test is.

I have found that a cow often is a boarder, not because she does
not have it in her to produce the milk or butter fat to pay for her
keep, but because of the man who feeds her. She may be fed a proper
amount of roughage but skimped in her grain, thus not bringing the
best out of her or else she may get too much grain which is out of
proportion to the amount of milk she gives.

The most economical producer of milk in the association have been
the Holsteins and the Ayrshires, while the cows that produce a
pounds of butter fat the cheapest are the Jerseys and the Guernseys.
Also the cows that are producing either milk or butter cheapest and

200 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

bringing in the greatest profit to their owners are those producing
the largest amounts. A cow producing ten pounds of milk per day
requires practically as much roughage as one of the same size pro-
ducing three times as much. It takes the same amount of milk
or butter fat from either to pay for this roughage, hence the cow
producing the most has that much left over and above that of the
ten pounds per day cow to pay for her grain and bring in a profit.

In a comparison of the roughages, clover and alfalfa hay have re-
quired the least amount of grain to be fed with them. However, there
is one exception. Mr. Howland has excellent oat and pea hay. He
fed good clover hay most of the winter and then he changed from
the clover to the pea and oat hay and on the same grain ration, most
of his cows showed a slight increase in their daily milk yield. Twen-
ty-five of the 29 farmers in the association have silos, but this past
year on account of the early frost there was not as much silage as
usual, and the corn crop had to be put into the silo before mature,
so that the corn silage did not show up as well as it would have if it
had been of a better quality. Every farmer with a silo has to use
some oil meal with his silage in order to make it laxative enough for
the good health of the cows. Most of the clover during the winter
of 1912-13 was killed by frost so that the dry roughage was mostly
timothy. When the silage was gone and timothy hay the sole rough-
age there was not as much of a drop in milk yield on the same basis
of grain as might be expected. That is, when they put enough oil
meal in the grain to make the droppings as loose as they were when
silage was fed. When the grain ration was kept laxative all winter
it showed to quite an advantage both in the health of the cows and
in their milk flow. Those cows whose bowels were not kept loose
being prone to occasional feverish udders, indigestion and in lower
milk yields. The point of keeping a cow’s bowels in loose condition,
both before calving and while in lactation cannot be emphasized too
much.

With four or five exceptions, the farmers used balanced rations,
either of mine or their own make up. These were all computed with
the ideas in view of bulk, palatability, variety, cost and healthful-
ness of the cow. Some of the practices of the farmers which go
along with good feeding and help increase the milk production are:

1—Regularity in milking.

2—Having the same milker for each cow all the time.

3—Regularity in time of feeding.

4—Keeping the cows well bedded.

5—Keeping the cows curried off.

6—Feeding salt daily or keeping it where they may have access
to it at all times, also water.

7—Kindness to the cows. ’

8—Allowing a rest of four or eight weeks between lactation
periods and feeding during this time.

This is the ninth month of testing and almost without exception,
the farmers are satisfied. A renter who was in the association at the
start, but since has left the farm said that if he had been in the
Cow Testing Association ten years ago he would have had a farm of
his own by this time instead of being a renter with scrub cows and
never improving them all this time. Another renter could not be

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 201

persuaded to join the first month when we still lacked a member. The
next month he joined the association and now is not only expecting
to join for another year, but has persuaded his father to join for
the next year. Since the association has started four of the farm-
ers have started to test their cows for the Advanced Registry.

Nearly every herd has its surprises. What was thought to be the
best cows in the herd are often proving to be only average cows, while
some cow that was little thought of is proving to be among the
best.

The association is now being organized for another year into two
associations where there was but one. It took three days to organize
on this side of the river and it will probably not take much longer
on the other side. Two of the things that have helped to make it
easy to organize for another year are, first, the stress laid on the
work at the Farmers’ Institute during the past winter, and second,
the advertising given the association by the county papers which
have published each month a list of the cows giving over forty
pounds of butter fat during the month. There are only five associa-
tions in the State. Next year over half those in the State will be in
Bradford county.”

I am speaking now to the leaders of the agricultural societies of
various parts of Pennsylvania, and I wish to urge upon you the
importance of this movement. I do not know of any one thing that
can be done that will tend more to increase the profits of the dairies
in the State of Pennsylvania. It will also start a trend of thought
among our farmers toward the detail financial side of farm work
which will be helpful to them in more ways than one. We face a
peculiar situation in forming any kind of an organization among our
farmers. They recognize the logic of argument in such matters as
those, but they are very slow in forming effective organizations to
carry a scheme into effect. The one thing needed to bring this about
is local leadership. In this matter, you who are constantly coming
in contact with these farmers must have judgment in the selection
of leaders. Those who are intelligent, successful and have the am-
bition and ability to organize and even them you will find it neces-
sary to actually begin the organization of these associations yourself,
seeing that a committee is appointed, that proper blanks are sup-
plied by the authorities and that the local work is well in hand be-
before it is turned over to the association officers to carry on. It
is a new line of thought to many of these men and it is necessary
to stay with them until they have begun the actual work and are
familiar with it. This means expense and time. It means patience.
too. So does anything worth while. But I wish to urge here to-
day a co-operative and systematic scheme for the formation of these
Cow Testing Associations throughout the State.

In this connection, I want to commend most heartily the action
already thoroughly begun in inducing the farmers of the hill lands
of northern Pennsylvania to infuse into their stock a goodly portion
of Ayrshire blood. One of the foundation breeds of dairying is to
adapt a breed of dairy animal to the various types of soil. For gen-
erations the Ayrshires have been bred on the steep hills and moun-
tains of Scotland and have therefore developed traits that make them
eminently fitted to this hill land. All efforts to increase the grade of

202 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
dairy animal is commendable. Scrub bulls ought not to be allowed

to exist. It is particularly desirable that we grade up our animals
with that type of principle blood best adapted to our locality.

THE VALUE OF VIGOR IN POULTRY

PROF. T. F. McGREW,

Principal, School of Poultry Husbandry, International Correspondence School,
cranton, Pa.

I wish to say first, Ladies and Gentlemen, that I am in favor of
Prof. Stevens’ Cow Testing Associations. When I was a boy, my
mother gave me a cow, and from the milk she did not take, I got
twelve and a half pounds of churned milk. This was one of the first
cow testing associations in Philadelphia.

I want to say a word to you about the importation of Chinese
eggs. Speculators are trying to prevent the people from buying
them by sending out notices that the eggs are not fit to use because
the hens have not been properly fed on a wholesome diet. Now don’t
you people get frightened about these Chinese eggs. Mr. Jaffrey, of
Berkley, California, has examined thousands of these eggs, and they
are just as good as any other eggs kept the same length of time. They
are fed rice and barley, which is called “puddy,” and corresponds to
the corn we feed our chickens. What they call barley is practically
the same thing we call corn. The ground on which they keep these
chickens is kept clean; they must keep it clean, or they would have
a pestilence, and they have enough English and Germans and Ameri-
cans at Shanghai to see that there is nothing allowed that would
produce a pestilence; besides, they have to use these eggs. I don’t
know whether you people here are for high tariff, or for low tariff,
but the fact remains that the tariff has been reduced, and eggs will
come in and corn will come in, and cotton will come in; and we
must adjust ourselves to the conditions as we find them. In our
school we have students all over the world—China, Japan, Africa
and everywhere; recently one of my Chinese students cut out of an
American paper that was wrapped around something we sent him,
a market quotation on the price of eggs; this he has tacked up on
the wall of his house, and he sells his eggs today according to the
market price at Philadelphia last January.

The first requisite in poultry husbandry is to get good, vigorous
stock; next, select with care; then put them in a clean, dry house;
feed them about a quarter less corn, but balance with oats, or wheat,
and give them alfalfa or clover hay, and that is all that is necessary
except to see that they are kept dry and clean and free from lice,
and you will have eggs to sell right along. A friend of mine out in
Dakota built a crescent shaped shed, such as they use out there
for their cattle in the winter. The chickens got in there one year

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 203

and laid so many eggs that he got scared. He tried it another year,
and they did the same thing. They liked the alfalfa that the cattle
ot.

; In May and June you are likely to have lice on the heads of the
chickens. You can tell it by the “peep” of the little chicks, and you
will find it very easy to get rid of them. One gallon of sweet oil will
save a million chicks.. If you have lice, you will lose your little
chicks. Use a few drops of sweet oil, and save them.

I have been asked to say a few words about poultry husbandry. I
was only sixteen years old when I joined my first poultry organiza-
tion, and my first dairy association. Get together in your organization
and talk things over and help each other. It will pay in your sales
next year. That is what we are here for—to help each other. Give
a helping hand to the man who needs it; it will repay you.

Among the misfortunes of the poultry business are the unwar-
ranted claims of its greatness, made without due consideration for
varacity and usually with purpose of selling you something that
you may have but little or no use for. You might start in the poul-
try business with a small house, costing on an extravagant basis,
$40.00 and twenty-five hens, costing $50.00, and by good manage-
ment pay the entire cost inside of one year, if the hens are good lay-
ers. If, however, you permit yourself to be led into needless expen-
diture, you will spend more than another hundred dollars on equip-
ment that is not productive. You and the hens will consequently be
kept quite busy for two years to pay for the needless expense, and
by then you will be ready to say “Poultry keeping does not pay.”
The truth is that there has been extravagance; twenty-five hens can-
not pay for their own keep and an expenditure of $140.00 each year.

A world wide booster wrote a short time since that poultry keep-
ing was a blessing to the farmer, because there was sold each year
in the United States, three billion dollars’ worth of chicken feed.
If true, which it cannot be, this would be almost five times as much
as the government census tells us is the total yearly value of poul-
try and eggs, and more than three times the estimate made last year.

Facts are what you want to know; and these are that poultry pay
better, dollar for dollar expended, than any other livestock. Mr.
Mapes, of Middletown, New York, claims that on his farm four hun-
dred Leghorn hens, valued at $2.00, each paid him better than did
$800.00 worth of cows, managed and fed by Mr. Mapes himself, who
is an expert with both hens and cows. We know that under certain
conditions cows in some localities will pay best, and that in other
localities the same would be true of the hens.

“How shall we make more money from our hens?” is a natural
question to ask. This question we shall try to answer. To gain im-
provement nothing is of equal importance with vigor, and for this
reason I have selected “Value of Vigor” as my subject.

In the growing of livestock of any kind very much more depends
upon the vigor of the stock than many imagine. The great prin-
ciple of breeding livestock of any kind lies in:

Hereditary vigor transmitted for more than three generations
through the most vigorous individuals.

The proper selection and mating of the most vigorous of all the
stock.

The proper rearing, care and feeding of the young stock.

The careful culling or selecting of the most vigorous of all stock.

204 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Professor Lewis has said that constitutional vigor means health,
activity, and vitality. A good hen is expected to lay in one year five
times her own weight in eggs and to consume thirty times her own
weight in feed. Without constitutional vigor this would be an im-
possibility. A hen at large will walk several miles in a day, hunt-
ing for food. If she has not the constitutional vigor to do this she
cannot stand the strain of such violent exercise and lay eggs as
well.

Next to vigor, in importance, is environment, which has consider-
able influence. Environment, to be the best, must sustain and im-
prove life. Lack of room, air, cleanliness, and proper ventilation have
the same effect on poultry as filthy tenement houses have on people.
Fowls that are vigorous and active and that have a sound constitu-
tion are rarely, if ever, afflicted with disease. A fowl’s physical
training, says Dr. Holmes, should begin with its grandparents. Scien-
tific investigators declare that they would not serve a fowl with a
crooked breast bone on their table, as this indicates lack of vitality,
and that they would not care to eat the meat of the fowl so weak
as not to have solid bone formation.

In the breeding of livestock of all kinds there needs to be a great
deal more of consideration given to it than is usually agreed to. The
English people have shown themselves to be the most perfect or the
most expert in the breeding of livestock of the highest character.
One, quite successful with several kinds of livestock, has said that
there is no royal road to success. Said he, “The only road to suc-
cess is a fixed resolve to continue irrespective of discouragement, un-
til you have succeeded in producing or in breeding a specimen or
specimens capable of winning continually in the keenest competi-
tion:

To be able to do this one must have a natural inclination for the
work and must, first of all, understand the proper formation of the
animal to be produced—must know when it has the proper propor-
tions and how to produce them.

It is rather peculiar, yet true, that the best of years ago of a cer-
tain kind of stock stamps its imprint on the product of the present.
For instance, the cow Lucky Farce, queen of Jerseys for her age,
owned at the Dalton Farm, traces fifty times to the great cow
Commassie and seventeen times to Eurotas, a noted dam and the
first cow to make a record of over 700 pounds of butter in a year. In
the same way the blood lines of a few individuals will be found
prominent in the greater part of all the heavy egg producers of the
recent American egg-laying contest. For instance, all the males and
all the females in a flock of more than three hundred, trace back to
the original pen of four hens that won the gold medal in England in
1911. This would indicate close inbreeding, but this is not at all
necessary, because one hen, the heaviest egg producer of all, was
separated and males only from that hen were used. The following
year only males from one of the other hens were used, and each in-
stance only the heaviest egg producers were used for producing
the males, and each male and each female bred from had the strong-
est constitutional vigor.

In a letter received last February from the owner of these flocks,
he wrote, “I wish I could send you two dozen males that we have
out in the brush. I must employ two boys to watch them all day

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 205

long to keep the cockerels from killing one another.” Whether the
hen was first or whether the egg was first makes but little differ-
ence. The common cause of their creation may be shrouded in mys-
tery, but of one thing we are surely positive and that is, that there
was natural vigor behind them to a perfect finish; and so long as
their existence clung close to nature they were strong and prolific
and they continued to produce their kind and character that chal-
lenged all nature for vigor.

If willing to accept the theory that the Gallus was the one origi-
nal of all poultry, you will find them now as strong and as vigorous
as it is possible for fowls to be, and to your surprise, perhaps, I can
tell you that some kept by Mr. Wood, of Washington, D. C., laid
quite as many eggs as did his other hens. To show the egg produc-
tion of other birds, some of them, quails, kept in confinement at
Storrs, Conn., laid 47 eggs and one laid 69 eggs in a season. When
you are told that the original hen laid but a few eggs, think of the
bankivus hens and the quails that are kept so their eggs may be
counted.

I trust that Mr. Barnitz will pardon my referring to his subject,
but it was my pleasure to visit the natural home of the turkey and
the prairie hen in Iowa during the early 70’s. There early one morn-
ing I rode to the brow of a hill and in plain view I saw scampering
before me several thousand wild turkeys, so strong and so vigorous
that it took the best speed of a well-trained hunter to carry me in
the saddle fast enough to reach the lower end of the hill and to
drive the turkeys back between four of us so we could view them for
a short time. The oldest of them did outrun the horse, and this
without drooping a wing. This was the vitality that nature delivered
to us not so many years ago and which we have destroyed in so
few years.

When a child I loved to go in the spring to visit my grandmother
and aunt, who lived in the hills of Jefferson county, Ohio; then and
there the turkeys and chickens did well. Two or three turkey hens
kept on the farm would accept the visit of the wild toms that an-
swered their calls and came to them. Almost every poult that was
hatched would live as did the young chickens and the greater part
of all the feed given them when young were the scraps from the
table and cornmeal moistened with milk and thrown to them in the
grass. Now, the young turkeys must have the most careful attention
and be coddled like hothouse plants and the greater portion of all
the young chicks must have equal care and attention.

We little think of the enormous value of small things. If, per-
chance, each of the three hundred million hens of the United States
would lay three additional eggs each year the amount received for
those eggs at 20c a dozen would be more than fifteen million dol-
lars—more perhaps than all the eggs produced each year in the
State of Pennsylvania. This can readily be accomplished by a sys-
tem of culling closely and breeding for vigor.

In one of the strongest papers written lately we found the follow-
ing statement: “No feeding formula has yet been produced that will
make a weak anemic hen lay a large number of eggs.” A strong
vigorous hen, on the other hand, will lay on almost any kind of feed.

206 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Breed for vigor and you are breeding for eggs and you will estab-

lish not only an egg-laying strain, but a strain that will lay hatch-
able eggs. Vigor is the first essential for a profitable flock.

PROFITABLE EGG PRODUCTION

By H. R. LEWIS, New Brunswick, N. J.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is with a great deal of
pleasure that I have been able to spend these two days visiting with
your Pennsylvania poultrymen. I have enjoyed greatly the trips
of inspection to nearby poultry farms under the guidance of Mr.
W. Theo. Wittman. I have come to tell you, with the aid of the slides,
of some of the methods which have proven most profitable in my
own state of New Jersey. New Jersey is, as you know, one of the
greatest egg producing states in the Union. We have more large
poultry farms probably than any other area or state of similar size.
There are four factors which are essential in the successful manage-
ment of a flock of poultry for egg production. These factors are
the man who manages the business, the birds who are the machines
used to produce the finished product, eggs, their house or environ-

ment, and lastly their food supply.
THE MAN

The man managing any business enterprise is really responsible for
the success of failure of that enterprise. Successful poultry keeping
is no exception to the rule. Hence a few of the requisites of the man
behind the flock are outlined here.

Poultry keeping is a business of details, and an efficient poultry-
man should be capable of paying close attention to details. It is
lack of this one quality more than any of the other which has doubt-
less caused most of the numerous failures in this work. The poul-
tryman should be conscientious and careful in this work, and a good
student and observer. He should make a close study of the habits
and condition of his various flocks, and should try to make the in-
dividual as much as possible the unit of study. He should be will-
ing to try new ideas, and to profit by the experience of others. Poul-
try keeping is today in its infancy, as an art when compared with
the other branches of animal husbandry, and new thoughts and
improved methods of feeding, housing and breeding are constantly
being brought to light. ‘New ideas are what make progress,” and
progress makes greater profits.

It is important to remember that success in a business requir-
ing constant thought and attention to the various details of manage-
ment calls for a natural aptitude or liking for the occupation. With
this natural love for the work, and a good practical training, the
production of market eggs should bring a good living to the poultry-

a |

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Os

-m ae a Ts
“i Se, ete aed a
a7 ;

Plate 2. Male, Showing Lack of Vigor.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 207

man, and a satisfactory return on the money invested. Phenonmenal
profits should not be expected. A yearly profit per bird of from
75 cents to $2.50 is, on the average, a safe estimate. The actual re-
turns will depend largely upon the market conditions and the price
received for the eggs. Where greater profits are realized than those
outlined above, much stock and eggs are usually sold for breeding
purposes at an increased selling price.

THE BIRD

The birds are the machines which are to convert the raw product,
“food,” into the finished product, “eggs.” Without an efficient and
well-balanced machine, this work cannot be accomplished at a profit.
The determination of the breed best adapted as a transformer of
raw material into the product which the market requires, should be
the first consideration. The most desirable breed for any given con-
dition is determined by two factors:

First. The extent of the business.
Second. The character of the markets.

In the first instance, where there is to be a large production, much
greater than can be disposed of locally, the total product should
generally be consigned to some reliable commission house in New
York City, as that is the best egg market in the East. This market
pays a premium of from three to eight cents per dozen for white
shelled eggs the year round. For this reason the extensive poultry
plant in New Jersey, producing market eggs should select one of the
breeds which lay a pure white egg. The Single Comb White Leg-
horn fulfills this requirement more nearly than any other.

In the second place, the poultryman producing usually in smaller
quantities for a home market where there is no discrimination be-
tween either brown or white eggs will get better results from choos-
ing one of the general purpose breeds. The Plymouth Rocks, Wyan-
dottes and Rhode Island Reds are good examples of this class. After
birds of this class have outlived their profitableness as egg producers,
their carcass brings considerable revenue when sold for meat pur-
poses.

If one is to be uniformly successful in egg production, he should
consistently try to build up his flock. This can be done by select-
ing only the best females from the entire flock, by mating them to
good, vigorous males, and by using this special mating as a breeding
pen from which all eggs for hatching should be saved. In this way
one will get a continuous improvement that could not be assured if
the entire flock were used to propagate the future layers. In other
words the time has come for the poultryman to pay more attention
to individual birds, and less to the flock as a whole, especially when
breeding for future producers. The practice of making special breed-
ing pens in this way is bound to result in time, in large, more vig-
orous birds, better layers and hence more profit.

(See plates 1 and 2).

Great care should be exercised not to include in these special mat-
ings for breeding purposes any birds which have had any poultry
disease. Some diseases such as Bacillary White Diarrhoea (Bac-

208 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

terium Polorum) are known to be directly inherited, others are
known to give to the offspring an inherited weakness which makes
them especially susceptible to that particular disease. This is
true of tuberculosis, diarrhoea, enteritis, etc. Still others such as
roup, catarrah and other general disorders weaken the birds con-
stitutionally, and make them unfit for breeding. Any bird once af-
fected with disease should be conspicuously marked so that it may
never enter the breeding pens.

When selecting the females for this special mating, special care
should be used to have only birds which are heavy producers. They
should be mature birds, pullets should never be used for breeding.
They should have rather long deep bodies and a vigorous constitu-
tion. Without strong, well-bred birds, a good egg yield is not cer-
tain, even with the most efficient management. Hence much time and
thought, and if need be, money, should be expended in the improve-
ment of the flock by mating and breeding.

The birds set aside for breeding should be so cared for as to pro-
vide for the production of fertile eggs in the breeding season, which
will hatch into vigorous chicks. They should not be crowded into
small unsanitary houses, nor should they be forced for a heavy egg
yield during the winter. The three factors which especially favor
the production of fertile eggs are exercise, which can be made com-
pulsory by supplying most of the feed in deep litter on the floor of
the pen; green food, which for want of beets or cabbage can be sup-
plied in the form of sprouted oats; and meat scrap, supplied liberally
(15 per cent.) during the breeding season, but not excessively prior
to the breeding season.

The saving of eggs for hatching purposes should begin about the
first of February. They should be collected at least twice a day, and
should be kept at a temperature of about 45 to 50 degrees. They
should not be subjected to great variations in temperature and
should be placed so that they may be turned daily, and protected
from the direct rays of the sun. The factor of temperature is espe-
cially important, for the germ (embryo) begins to develop at 70
degrees Fahrenheit. High temperatures start the development of
the germ, but if heat is not supplied uniformly it ultimately dies.
As a result of this, many eggs are later tested out as infertile. Eggs
for hatching should be selected with a view toward uniformity in
shape, size and color, the idea being to select toward the ideal type
of egg for the breed kept.

TIME TO HATCH

The time of year for hatching the chicks that are to be matured
for prolific layers should receive careful attention. The retarded
hatching of the chicks is very often the direct cause of partial fail-
ure, even among experienced poultrymen, for time enough is not given
the growing pullets to come to complete normal maturity before the
extremely cold weather commences in the fall, which is usually about
the last of November. The exact time for hatching will depend, un-
der average conditions, upon two factors:

First, the breeds kept.
Second, the method of growing and the condition of the range.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 209

The light, active Mediterranean breeds are much quicker grow-
ers, maturing on good range in from four to six months. They can
be hatched, therefore, later than the heavier breeds which require
about four to six weeks longer to reach maturity. The Leghorns can
be safely hatched from the midde of April to the middle or last of
May; while heavier breeds like the Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes,
Rhode Island Reds and will do better if hatched from the middle
of March to the last of April.

Success with the incubator calls for a knowledge of the principles
of incubation, and of the running of the machine, including the
proper care of the lamp, its daily filling, the trimming of the wick
and the maintaining of the flame at a height sufficient to furnish
the required amount of heat without smoking. The incubation tem-
perature is 103 degrees Fahrenheit. It should not vary in either di-
rection, and a rising of the temperature should be especially guarded
against on or about the fourteenth day. The eggs must be turned
twice a day from the third to the eighteenth day, and cooled regularly,
the length of time depending upon the period of incubation and the
temperature of the cellar. The eggs should be cooled longer as the
hatch progresses; in a warm cellar in the late spring, often as long
as 20 minutes during the last week of the hatch, and usually not
longer than the time required for turning during the first week of
the hatch. A good test is to cool the eggs down so that they still
feel warm to the cheek or back of the hand.

The question of sanitation in the incubator is very important. It
is desirable to wash the machine thoroughly after each hatch with
a 5 per cent. solution of creolin and to allow it to air for eighteen or
twenty hours. This will insure the next hatch against infection by
germs of white diarrhoea or of other diseases with which the for-
mer brood may have been infected, and the presence of which cannot
be determined until the chicks are removed to the brooder.

The question of supplying the proper amount of moisture to the
incubator, is often as perplexing as it is important. The final re-
sults of the hatch are determined to a great extent by this factor.
The amount of moisture required will vary with the season and the
character of the room in which the machine is located. Experi-
ments during the past two winters show conclusively that lack of
sufficient moisture is very detrimental to the hatch. Moisture can
be supplied in two ways, first by increasing the moisture content of
the whole room by sprinking the floor; and second, by the use of a
sand tray under the eggs. The greatest amount of moisture was re-
yuired in these experiments during the last week of the hatch, and it
was found desirable to raise the relative humidity at this time up
fo an average of from 55 to 65, depending upon the season. More
moisture was required in the summer than in the winter.

A GOOD FEEDING PRACTICE
Dry Cracked Grains Are the Safest

First 18 hours in brooder, supply an abundance of grit, shell and
fresh water with no solid feed. On the following day, first feeding,
rolled oats about 1 oz. to 25 birds. For the remainder of the second

14—5—1914

210 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

day and for the next five days feed five times daily the following
cracked grain ration on the floor of the brooder:

20 lbs. fine cracked corn.

25 lbs. fine cracked wheat.

5 lbs. pin-head oatmeal.

10 lbs. granulated milk. (fine).
3 lbs. fine charcoal.

As supplemental to this ration, feed:
Hard boiled eggs, once, daily.
Sprouted oat tops, twice, daily. (Small amounts).

On the seventh day start feeding wheat bran in hoppers, leaving
it before them for about two hours and omit the noon feeding of
grains. For the eighth to the fourteenth days:

Wheat bran constantly in hoppers and cracked grains four times
daily.

After the fourteenth day keep the following dry mash always be-
fore them, and feed grains three times daily:

10 lbs. wheat bran.
5 lbs. cornmeal.
5 lbs. sifted ground oats.

Meat scrap 5 per cent. to be gradually increased during the next
two weeks to about 8 per cent.

The above outline is especially valuable for feeding the first
eight weeks by which time the chicks will be large enough to eat
whole grains and a cheaper ration should then be used.

It is very desirable during the brooding period to allow the chicks
to get outdoors on the ground as often as possible, provided the
ground is free from snow or water, as they will do much better and
will be much hardier and more vigorous. As soon as they can get
along without artificial heat, without crowding, the same should be
removed.

SELECTION

From the time chicks are hatched until maturity, the flock should
be watched with the purpose of removing any birds which show
signs of weakness or lack of inherited vitality. It has been proved
by experiments that chicks which are naturally weak at birth will
never make profitable birds to raise to maturity, either for egg pro-
duction or for meat purposes. Therefore, it is a good practice to
examine the young chicks when they are about a week old and to
separate those which show lack of vigor. They should be kept by
themselves and developed for rapid flesh growth, and disposed of at
the squab broiler age. Another sorting out of the flock is made as
soon as sex can be accurately determined, or about the tenth week.
All of the males should be separated and those which are not to
be kept for breeders should be fed especially for meat growth. If
Leghorns are kept they should be sold as soon as the market will
take them for light broilers; for after that time, even if they are
strong and full of vitality, every pound of meat they take on, will
cost as much or more than may be realized for in the fall.

mks eee Sorran es < * fi : ‘

Plate 3. A One Acr

e Range where Seven Hundred Pullets were Successfully Grown to Maturity.

A Type of Summer Developing House, which Gave Excellent Results Under Intensive Range Conditions.

Plate 4.

New Jersey State

Curtain Front, [NTensive,Muctipce UNIT,

Y
LA ING House Unit Ca pacily 201202100 Byrds

Desicneo By
POULTRY DEPARTMENT

New Jersey State EXPERIMENT STATION.

FLOOR PLAN

H.R.Lewis

Plate 5. (Plan of Multiple Unit House). The Method of each Ventilization here
Shown, was First Devised by Poultry Dept. of Cornell University.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 211

SUMMER REQUIREMENTS FOR GROWING STOCK

After making these two careful selections the poultryman will
have a flock of strong, vigorous pullets, ten to twelve weeks old,
and the problem from this time on is to mature them to good laying
conditions at the right time in the fall.

There are four requirements which are essential for the most
economical and certain development. They are:

1. An abundance of range for growing stock.

2. Natural shade if possible, otherwise artificial shade should be
supplied.

3. Natural green food in abundance.

4, The feeding of dry mash constantly in large self-feeding hoppers.

(See Plates 3 and 4.)

THEIR ENVIRONMENT

If the best performance is to be expected from layers during the
winter, they must be given the most congenial surroundings possi-
ble. This means, first of all, that they must be kept in a house
which is suitably located and which furnishes the desired conditions
at a minimum cost. The location of the plant itself should receive
careful consideration, either in the case of prospective poultrymen
just starting, or of old plants in which changes are being made.

Given any desirable location, the following conditions should be
present in the poultry house:

The essential features of a good house are:

1. An economical but efficient construction.

Handy arrangements to make labor easy.

. An abundance of sunlight directly on the floor of the house.
. Plenty of ventilation without drafts.

. Freedom from moisture.

. Sufficient room for the number of birds kept.

. Protection against rats and other vermin.

ADP wh

The principles outlined above can be most economically worked
out to suit New Jersey conditions in a house conforming very closely
to the following type. Of the six different types of roof which
are used for poultry houses, the shed roof is the best, as it covers a
given floor space efficient and at a smaller cost than any other type.
The following plan of a shed roof house 20x40 feet is especially
suited to New Jersey poultry farms. Where it is desirable to keep
larger units than a forty foot house will accomodate, it is recom-
mended that the length be doubled, making it 20x80 feet with three
cross partitions, (one every 20 feet), instead of only one as in the
forty-foot house.

(See Plate 5).

The following description of the above plan shows the important
features:

Specifications for the Double Unit House: The outside dimen-
sions are 40x20 feet, sills to be 4x6, and to be bolted to a concrete
foundation wall eight inches wide and’twenty inches deep, which is

212 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

jaid on tamped cinder or crushed stone, the entire depth of the
foundation trench being three feet.

The shed roof type of construction is used with nine foot studding
in front and four and one-half foot studding in back. All studding
and rafters are 2x4 hemlock or yellow pine. A 2x4 girder runs the
length of the building supporting the rafters and itself being sup-
ported every ten feet by 4x4 posts, resting on concrete piers. The
plates should be made 2x4 material doubled and joints broken.

All outside walls and roof to be single boarded, preferably of
eight or six-inch tongued and grooved yellow pine; white pine can
be used, but is much more expensive. The roof and back wall should
be covered with a good roofing paper; all joints should be carefully
lapped and cemented.

The muslin curtains in the front wall are hinged at the top and
can be lifted up. The 3x5 glass sash are hinged at the side and
open as indicated on the floor plan. One window in each pen should
be so constructed that part of the wall will open when desired, thus
making a combination door and window. This will greatly facilitate
cleaning and filling hoppers, etc., in an extremely long house. (This
general arrangements of openings was first recommended by Cornell
University).

The dropping boards, perches, and nests are best arranged on the
back wall, the perches being hinged to the wall so that they may be
hooked up when cleaning, the nests being darkened by a hinged
door in front which may be let down when it is desired to remove
the eggs.

The dividing partition between the units is built of board and
extends from the back wall to within six feet of the front wall; the
remaining space is left entirely open. This protects the birds from
any drafts when on the roosts. When desired portable light wire
partitions may be used to separate the units. A large dry mash
hopper should be built into this middle partition. If four or more
units are built, it is only necessary to have a hopper in the center
of each two units, the other dividing partition being utilized for
nesting space. This hopper should be on a general style with a
wooden cover at the center. There is an elevated platform under
the muslin front which provides room for the water fountain and
grit and shell hoppers.

When the house is completed concrete floor should be laid, and
should consist of three distinct layers. First a layer of about six
to ten inches of cinders or coarse gravel tamped thoroughly to serve
for drainage purposes to keep the soil moisture away from the bot-
tom of the floor. Next a rough coat of concrete about four inches
thick, and over this a finished coat of two parts of sand to one of
cement, troweled smooth and rounded at the corners. Where there
is danger of much moisture coming up from below it is advisable to
put a layer of tarred building paper between the rough and finish
coat of cement. It should be nailed down with flat-headed nails,
and the heads of the latter should be left sticking out about one-quar-
ter of an inch to hold the top coat.

Such a floor is moisture-proof, rat-proof, vermin-proof, and easily
and quickly cleaned.

‘sueH 00% Aylovdeg “pejefdmog ssnoy WUQ «9 ARI

Sa 8a) ie cage Wy. Feu aee see ies

0 ate gm A am

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 213

The following list is a list of materials which will be required for
building a double unit as shown in the working drawings:

LIST OF MATERIALS REQUIRED AND APPROXIMATE COST
Lumber

Sills: 6 pieces 4x6 by 20 feet hemlock.
Plates: 8 pieces 2x4 by 20 feet hemlock.
-Posts: 2 pieces 4x4 by 18 feet hemlock.
2 pieces 4x4 by 14 feet hemlock.
Studding: 9 pieces 2x4 by 18 feet hemlock.
4 pieces 2x4 by 14 feet hemlock.
Frame for nests and dropping boards: 5 pieces 2x38 by 16 feet
hemlock.
Hight-inch tongued and grooved yellow pine boards for roof, drop-
ping boards, walls and nests, 2,200 sq. ft.
1x2 white pine for curtain frames and trim. 200 linear feet.
1x4 white pine for nests, 100 linear feet.
One bundle plaster lath for broody coop.
Nails: 10 lbs. 20 penny wire.
50 lbs. 10 penny wire.
20 Ibs. 8 penny wire.

PP PEOmIIN Due CDSE Di NE ADOVEs son cio sosie.s soa risked eS 32 $75 54

Roofing paper, 1,060 sq. ft. or 11 rolls at $3.00, ............ 33 00

Penraspeeny sas taxa at S200 Moet My OA See tease 8 00

Mushats-s@ ydsyrat 20) cents per-ydijr Jhis nev esk DLs cs 1 60

Hardware, as hinges, locks, tacks, hooks and wire, ........ 4 75

Foundation and floor:

Cement as passat O0- cents, i vverec oe als $17 50

Cinders or gravel, 30 yards, at $1.00, ............ 30 00

SELLA GT Re Bae eg ee 7 50
——__ 55 00

Total cost not including labor if concrete floor is put in the
house and cinders and sand have to be purchased, ...... $177 89
This gives a cost per sq. ft. of floor space of $0.222.
A cost per running foot of house of $4.44.
A cost per bird, allowing 4 sq. ft. per bird of $0.888.
Adding labor to this at one-fourth the cost of material, the total
cost is $222.36 or $1.11 per bird.

(See Plate 6).

SANITATION

Regardless of the type of construction of the laying house, if the
birds are to be kept free from disease and in a vigorous condition, it
is necessary to practice careful and thorough sanitation. This work
naturally groups itself along three lines, namely:

The droppings should be removed from the dropping boards when-
ever they are wet and give off objectionable odors. When by the use
of absorbents, the moisture can be kept from them they are not
harmful. It will usually be found most economical to do this clean-
ing at least twice a week during the winter.

214 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The litter on the floor of the house should be removed and re-
placed with fresh, clean material whenever it becomes wet, when-
ever it becomes finely ground and loses its property to hide the
grain, whenever it becomes soiled and mixed with a large quantity
of droppings. An inch of coarse sand should be kept on the floor,
and this covered with straw or shavings to a depth of about four to
six inches.

Poultry diseases, especially those of a contagious nature, can be
largely prevented by spraying the interior of the house four or five
times a year with a complete disinfecting solution. The following
is recommended as being very effective:

5 quarts cream of lime.

1 pint of creolin.

1 quart of kerosene.

This mixture should be agitated well and diluted with equal parts
of water and applied with a force pump through a spray nozzle. A
thorough application of this solution will accomplish three things
much more quickly and easily than if the solution were applied with
a brush.

First. A good coat of whitewash will be applied, thin, well spread
and put on with force into all the cracks and crevices.

Second. The creolin will kill ‘any disease germs which may be
present in the house.

Third. The kerosene will help to kill and drive out all red mites
and to a certain extent body lice. The former can be entirely con-
trolled by this formula, and the latter by the use of a good lice
powder in connection with the above solution.

Lice and mites are a severe drain on a flock of laying hens if
present in any number. Care should be taken not to let them get
established.

A clean house will mean more congenial surroundings and healthier
birds.

A COMPLETE RATION FOR LAYING HENS
The following is the New Jersey State Dry Mash and the supple-
mental rations which are designed for the complete feeding of lay-
ing hens throughout the winter. Such modifications as are neces-
sary for summer feeding and for different breeds are also de-
scribed.

MIXTURE NO. 1.—DRY MASH

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| <4 <q 2)
|
Wheat. beun,. J. 20 eee eee eco eer: an Soe Sud x eee | 200 380 $3 20
Wheat middlingsy) casweccccicer ince ocrcistrerctssisiole wiele cares clore/otemrneteeterele | 200 240 3 50
Growing: Oats, sites Cea oie aie ie aa chn ois a\8 an w cota olesslo oe iclegaletel eee | 100 100 1 65
Gluted edly. "65. sae. Oe MON eA ek. rua ee ea | 100 80 1 70
AVENE a Pe Sstslesc ise a cyokalare ctete oa tetttaratn vote levetaleleia's eyeicle/ercis, one a dievelelelaleteveneiate } 100 200 1 60
Meat. Serapy” eiscw cca connec nero telat relsrereibarsieve (viola: cise oie seis euelohe sieretetele | 200 176 5 50
1,000 1,271 $18 80

The average cost per 100 pounds is $1.00.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 215

This mash should be kept before the birds all of the time in large
self-feeding hoppers. During the moulting season in the fall it is
desirable to substitute oil meal for the gluten meal in the same
proportion to hasten the growth of feathers. As soon as the birds
get on green grass range, the alfalfa can be gradually omitted and
the meat scrap slightly reduced in amount. The extent to which
the above mash can be cut during the summer will depend upon the
character and amount of the range which is allowed the birds.

The mash as given is designed especially for the feeding of Leg-
horns; when heavier breeds are kept such as Plymouth Rocks or
Wyandottes, especially with yearling or two-year-old hens, the ten-
dency will be for them to take on an excess of fat. Under such con-
ditions it is the best policy to restrict the amount of mash eaten
by leaving the hopper open during the afternoon only, thus inducing
the birds to work during the morning hours for the cracked grain
fed in the litter at the morning feeding. The following modifica-
tion of the above mash will be found very economical for summer
feeding where the hens have considerable range and plenty of grow-
ing green food:

MIXTURE NO. 1 A.—SUMMER DRY MASH

Pay o
a u
eo
2 FE
Bd Bs b
Kind of Food a
E E
22 Senile, tee
betes he ates | 8
| |
VE RES RAINS oo ascresecasscteteietcreresarerslorareraraeohs eta laren oie Picrale m ornie Ewe Oe So | 200 380 | $3 20
VIER y= err Ci aS oe ie an Ea OE OR CIOCIC O CONE DOOD OBUCEOROCCOCAOOG 100 | 120 | 1 75
RRC UT Ta aan O28 Es ete stays oh see oa neat lacie wise arate ais clare Walsinrw ied eee 100 | 100 | 1 65
GEBIBECTIS LOCA GPa orcs crscrerersloic ele nicteidlareseint ciettiein eiotcioiave(aieie cies Sob eie sion cisiee eee | 50 | 85
WITH ESSTCIE TEL, \akin ds eaacaporlacodaon DOGECOr DE LOOneoaeadeaospbecpnnesonoe 25 21 75
| 475 561 $8 20
l

The average cost per 100 pounds is $1.70.

As a supplemental ration to the dry mash, the following grain
rations are fed. A scratching ration of whole grain is fed every
morning, both winter and summer, about 9 o’clock in deep litter.
Its primary object, aside from its nutritive value, is to induce the
birds to take a considerable amount of exercise. About 5 pounds
of this scratching ration is fed to each 100 birds on the floor of the
house or under some shelter where the litter is dry and where there
is protection from cold winds. The scratching ration is made up
as follows:

216 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MIXTURE NO. 2

] 2 g
oe A
Bs S
|
5 b b
Kind of Food = a
~ ~
5. Be.
Zs ao 8
< < 's)
| i |
WIRCAE Hus osrisatecne ate cee neiek ste siosen eis oe semen ducimecnieesie acme 100 | 58 | $2 20
OBES Perce eee tire oie eee Dae cect bate ce om Maa eee Re oe oe ieee ancahs 100 | 98 | 1 93
| —————— ee
| 200 | 151 $4 13
|

The average cost of 100 pounds is $2.06.

At 4 to 5 o’clock in the afternoon, depending on season, a night
ration is fed, composed of whole and cracked grains, at the rate of
10 pounds per 100 birds.

MIXTURE NO. 3.—NIGHT RATION

2 g
® 2
o 3
‘ E
F a b
Kind of Food = 2
| ~ ~
| A
6 ui 8a | ~
| <4 < | iS)
| |
(GRIME REL ay “oac uAsdcoasedceoy guoacotossde cuss agucbocconnooNeoescHc 200 120 $3 30
RUG a aA Re AM a ER gE a i Ie Oe ah oe ra | 100 53 2 20
DLV pene eigueocing eco eCRDE Co SUDO CC UDCODaNaTG sao oncLEndUBecnaonDoscnosony 100 98 | 1 93
BSI WROA Ua i ia iais esl oterate olcininaie ol inieinpe oats lainiotersini = nistaielolateieieisfelulniofnl=ninintofa}a\ete 100 66 | 2 00
500 | 337 $9 43

The cost of 100 pounds is $1.80.

It will be noted that by feeding a night ration as outlined, the
materials are supplied to keep the bird’s body warm during the
night. The above ration is designed for Leghorns. When feeding
heavier breeds, it is desirable to eliminate one-half of the cracked
corn and to substitute barley for buckwheat. During the summer
months a night ration of equal parts of corn, wheat, oats and bar-
ley will supply all the needs for Leghorns. A good rule to follow
in feeding the night ration is to give all the birds will eat and then
a little more so that there will be some left for them to work on in
the morning.

One great advantage of the dry mash method of feeding is the
fact that the birds are allowed to balance their individual rations
in large measure according to their particular tastes and require
ments. The feeding of some succulent material in addition to the
erain rations is very necessary for the best success.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 217

DISPOSITION OF EGGS

The poultryman who can successfully market his eggs after they
are produced will realize much more than the one who has not that
knack or who has not made a study of market conditions. In order
to get the most for the product, it is essential that the producer
study market conditions and requirements, and if possible, cater
to or meet them in as many ways as possible. Nearly all markets,
retail and wholesale alike, will pay a premium for a guaranteed
strictly fresh article, also for products which are graded according
to size and color and are uniform in shape. Most markets will pay
an increased price for eggs put up in a neat and attractive manner
in a substantial thirty dozen case with ordinary fillers. In some
instances it is found profitable to use the one dozen cartoons, and
by grading and guaranteeing the eggs at home, where they are pro-
duced, the poultryman with an extensive output can soon build up
a demand for his particular brand which will insure him a good
market at relatively high prices as compared with general market
quotations.

TURKEY RAISING; HOW TO SUCCEED

By CHARLES M. BARNITZ, Riverside, Pa.
(Illustrated With Lantern Slides.)

The turkey as a domesticated fowl has had but a brief history. In-
deed, in comparison with the chicken, it cannot really be called do-
mesticated, for this big bird still nests in the wood, roosts in the
swaying tree-top, roams far afield to find natural turkey-food, and
oft, at the call of the wild turkey-cock it flees to the woods and the
mountains, to ancestral allegiance and life. But the chicken is a
domesticated antique. It has been digging up gardens and making
the neighbors fuss and cuss for over thirty-five centuries.

The so-called domestication of the turkey began less than four
centuries ago, and while the chicken has been changed from the
natural to the artificial, has been converted from the little wild
jungle fowl into a creation radically different in habits, size, shape,
color, variety and productivity with the turkey, nature couldn’t be
reversed; it could not be taken from the woods and mountains and
changed into a machine to meet commercial demands; it could not
be raised on the canary-cage plan; and failure of men to note that it
is a fowl in its own class, with a distinctive physical constitution
that requires special food and environment, has put the United
States in the turkey graveyard belt, has knocked the turkey popula-
tion in a single decade from 6,594,095 to 3,668,708, and where for-
merly big, chesty, red-headed turkey gobblers “sassed” you from
nearly every farmyard gate, today but thirteen per cent. of our 5,579,-
525 farms produce turkeys, and of these, all but six, at the last cen-
sus, decreased in product.

218 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

TURKEY HISTORY AND ORIGIN

Columbus did not discover the turkey. The Archives of Spain de-
clare that Pedro Nino found the first turkeys, known to Europeans,
in Northern Mexico, and bore them across to Spain in 1500 as souve-
nirs of his trip.

MEXICAN WILD TURKEYS (See Fig. 1).

This was the Mexican Wild Turkey, two other varieties existing,
the Northern of our own woods and mountains, and the Ocellate of
Honduras, South America, the latter never domesticated and having
plumage like the peacock. The ancient ornithologists called the big,

‘baldheaded bird “turkey,” which at that day signified “foreign,” and
had no reference to its origin.

In 1524 some of these Mexican birds were taken over to England,
and in the meantime the Cabots had discovered the Northern wild
turkey, while exploring the North American Coast and had borne
them across to England as curiosities of the wonderful New World.
It was soon discovered that the big-breasted bird, as a holiday centre-
piece, beat the stuffed piglet; it was bred on the big estates, and an
Englishman mated a Northern gobbler and Mexican hen, and off-
spring from this breeding was brought over to America by settlers
and became the foundation of our domestic turkey tribe. We know
not how long this strain was bred before it was brought over, but it
is declared that this fowl is identical with the English Black Nor-
folk of today.

The Northern wild turkey hen pranced down from the woods and
mated with this English mixture, and thence came the Bronze Ameri-
cas, largest and most popular turkey. From Black or Bronze. as a
sport, came the White Holland, which crossed with other Bronze
White Sports has made it almost as large and strong as the Bronze.

Other varieties are the Naragansett, which is two-thirds Mexi-
can and one-third Northern blood; the Slate, half Black and half
White, Holland: the Buff. a sport from Black or Bronze; the Bour-
bon Red, half Bronze and half Buff, and the Black, which is sup-
posed to be the same as the English Black Norfolk, the first domes-
tie strain. ;

NORTHERN WILD GOBBLER (See Fig. 2).

Thus from two species of wild turkeys have come seven distinct
varieties in color and size, especially, much different from their wild
ancestry.

The largest wild turkey on record, shot in Pennsylvania, weighed
forty-two pounds, but the average size was fifteen to twenty-five
pounds. A Bronze turkey-cock, exhibited, weighed sixty-five pounds,
and a Texan tom, only ten months old, reached forty and one-half
pounds. Craze for color markings has been detrimental, but craze
for unnatural size has made many birds flabby—weak breeders—and
is one reason for high mortality among poults,

Fig. 1. The Mexican Wild Turkey.

2. Northern Wild Gobbler (Audubon).

Fig.

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No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 219

SELECTING AND. MATING BREEDING TURKEYS

In selecting breeders and mating them, wild turkey habits should
be considered. In early spring the wild turkey love season is on.
There is a great gobbling in the tree-tops. The wild turkey-cocks in
all their glittering sheen prance and puff themselves up and spread
their fan tails before their lady loves, and after much flirtation and
many bloody battles between rival cocks, the victor selects a single,
sometimes two mates, and they seek the deep brush to nest. But
the nature faker has made a Mormon of the turk, has given him a
harem of as high as twenty or thirty females, when from two to
eight is enough for him to naturally take care of. In the fall the
wild turkey mates separate, the gobbler going one way, the hen the
other, and their offspring scattering through the forest and all tak-
ing new fresh blood affinities in the spring. This tip to avoid family
circle mating was not taken by thousands who are now confirmed
turkey pessimists. They bred father and daughter, brother and sis-
ter, mother and son, and their process has driven more nails into the
turkey coffin than any other. Many farmers varied the program by
swapping gobblers with the next farm, or the farmer five miles away,
but they forget that their fathers and grandfathers had done this
for years before them and they also forgot how far turkeys roam,
how flocks mix afield, and how many nasty mixups farmers had over
their ownership in the fall.

A turkey hen has been known to travel nine miles to hunt a mate,
in the breeding season and this careless trading of birds has made
wide areas inbred and has made much of the turkey tribe an easy
target for the deadly black-head germ. Two gobblers kept with the
same hens often fight and invariably interfere with each other at
pairing, and as a hen’s whole season’s laying is fertilized at once,
no poults may result.

(See Fig. 3.)

As to size, medium is the market call, and very large birds make
poor breeders. To increase size, use large hens rather than heavy
gobblers, as the latter often fail to fertilize eggs, may die during
strain of breeding season, and often rip the hens down the sides at
pairing. Two gobblers may weigh the same and be like as two peas
in a pod, but close examination may show one fat and flabby, small
of bone, done growing, and incapable of fertilizing eggs or giving
strong poults,

A good breeder shows a bright eye, large head, strong beak, big
throat wattles, long, strong neck; back broad, curved, sloping grace-
fully to tail; wide, full, round breast: strong big wings, heavy drum-
sticks, long, thick shanks and big feet set wide apart. The body
should be like an egg, big end front, and the turkey-raiser should, in
particular, strive to produce much breast meat, the turkey’s chief
charm to bring the big price, and the epicure’s delight. Our draw-
ing (Model Male Shape) has been pronounced by prominent turkey
raisers in England and America as correct for shape.

The wild turkey with its natural environment, free life, fresh
blood and natural turkey food, matures in a season, but the tame
turkey, on account of nature- fake breeding and feeding, is not really
matured in less than two years, the mating of young, immature stock

220 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

being the cause of many failures with turkeys. Many farmers quit
raising turkeys because they had nothing to raise them from. They
sold the best birds they raised at market and kept the scrubs for
. breeders, and, of course, these fizzled out.

(See Fig. 4.)

Male and female should not just be mated; they should match,
the hen, of course, being more refined than the male, as females gen-
erally are. But how often we see puny pullets mated to a grand
turkey-cock, or a miserable, immature little tom leading a flock of
big, rangy hens. The idea that such a one-sided mating will cover
a multitude of weaknesses, lack of vigor in particular, is an over-
worked hot-air fancy.

“From nothing, nothing comes,” is a maxim that applies to working
out problems in flesh and blood just the same as to the sums on the
blackboard.

FEEDING STOCK TURKEYS

Those who claim that turkeys should be fed the same as chickens,
show their ignorance of the subject. A comparison of their respec-
tive digestive systems, observation of their respective feeding habits,
and the large mortality among turkeys when they are fed on the
chicken plan, certainly prove such nature-fake methods wrong. The
common hen seems to have been made over into a machine to grind
feed, manufacture eggs and to put on flesh to meet the market de-
mands of this commercial age. She has a great capacity for grain
and a powerful digestive apparatus. Some consider her a sewerage
disposal plant that can work over the worst rot into the pure pro-
duct. It certainly is surprising what a hen can eat and yet sur-
vive.

Not so the turkey. The turkey cannot be kept on the hog-pen plan.
When yarded with chickens and fed on the same ground, it soon
succumbs. It cannot be denaturalized, and its system abhors filth.
A post-mortem shows the turkey’s crop more delicate, and the tube
or stomach between the crop and the gizzard, longer than that of
the chicken, and the gizzard and intestines also not of such strong,
coarse structure.

(See Fig. 5).

Nature thus intended that the turkey should subsist mainly upon
protein and not fat-producing carbo-hydrates. It needed the blood,
bone, muscle, stamina, thick-feathering, to stand the exposure of the
wild and the strength of wing and fleetness of foot to escape its
many enemies. These qualities are found in protein, but not in
grease-makers. Wild turkeys live mostly on protein found mainly
in worms, insects, chestnuts, pecans, wild grains, seeds, berries, and
green food. Many farmers instead of copying the wild turkey ra-
tion, by balancing protein and carbo-hydrates, have fed corn ex-
clusively in winter. Instead of finishing market turkeys with a
milk mash, they have fattened them on corn, and the majority, in-
stead of separating the breeders, have fattened them right along
with the others, and then wondered why they raised no turkeys the
next spring. Much corn fed to stock turkeys causes over-fat, which
makes a flabby fowl, blocks the digestive system, crowds the viaduct,

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No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 221

causes, soft-shelled eggs, weak poults, liver diseases and death. A
good grain ration for winter is equal parts red wheat, oats, and
corn in litter, supplemented with a moist, crumbly mash of two parts
bran and one each of wheat mids, and ground oats, wet with sweet
or sour milk. Steamed cut clover, or alfalfa, sprouted oats, waste
apples, raw potatoes, beets and turnips should be fed.

Let it be remembered that turkeys on range do not germandize and
work for every bite they get; therefore have a scratch shed for them,
where they may exercise for their feed and may be housed in extreme
weather. Furnish charcoal and grit and feed, just enough to keep
them in good condition, and no more.

TURKEY POULTS—THEIR HATCHING, BROODING AND FEEDING

To raise young turkeys to a splendid maturity for market and
for breeding, one must follow Nature. When Mother Wild Turkey
goes to nesting, she is seldom found by furry or feathered foes. She
steals away from her gobbler also, as he has a growing appetite for
turkey eggs and young turkey on the half-shell. She creeps under
the low pines and fragrant vines and ferns and fallen tree-tops, and
there lays her creamy, speckled eggs in the black, damp forest mould,
and covers them with her soft feathers and wide wings and warm
breast, and sits in shaded silence and dreams of the downy bird
babies to come. It is a clean, cool, pure, beautiful nest, and the
natural moisture from the sweet, rich earth, aids the perfect incuba-
tion of her eggs.

The Creator did not intend the turkey to brood in a band-box. But
the nature-faker got busy. Some one’s great, great grandmother,
think to improve on nature, rolled a barrel out of the cellar, and
placing dry straw therein, set tame Mother Turkey thereon. (See
Fig. 6). What a difference between this and the forest nests. What
a trial to sit in a hot, dry barrel for a month, especially when the
barrel gets bughouse, as such often do.

The nature-faker now went a step further toward the turkey grave-
yard by giving the turkey eggs to the lousy, scabby-legged cluck to
hatch, and made her step-mother to tender little turkey poults. This
was simply over working Nature—a greedy trick to get more turkey
eggs, for Mother Turkey generally lays more eggs when her nest
is robbed. But such egg-machine tactics spell failure. The more
eggs, the smaller; the weaker their internal structure; the less fer-
tile and the less livable poults.

Our picture (figure 7) shows the natural turkey oviduct, which
produces but twelve to twenty eggs per season, the mother generally
hatching and raising but one brood. The nature-faker gives the first
clutch of eggs to the cluck, and then after the turkey is weary of
laying, condescends to give the natural mother the eggs that have the
least chance. Thus he spreads his turkey hatching over the whole
summer when lice are thickest, heat kills and stunts, and good turkey
starting food is dried up.

But the first clutch of eggs gives best poults; spring is God’s
natural time for turkey poults to kick the shell, for then nature is
most prodigal with turkey-poult provender, the youngsters revel in
it, and get a fine start before heat scorches turkey vegetation and
kills off the best bugs and wigglers. Besides it must be remembered

222 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

that the turkey is a large fowl. It must have time to grow large
and strong before frost, and this, unnatural late hatching prevents.
A dunghill hen is not constituted to hatch and mother little turkeys.
Her own egg is much smaller than the turkey’s and to incubate this
big egg, she has a lower hatching heat than the Mother Turkey.
She is a louse incubator and is so bughouse that she cares not if they
crawl from stem to stern and her lousy feather-bed is not large nor
sanitary enough to accommodate the growing poults, which soon
lift her off her feet, and, then, in a month, induced by her favorite
rooster, she goes to laying and leaves the poults to be cared for by
the bungling human who nature-faked the job. But Mother Turkey
was created for this work and her wide wings and warm breast and
soft, deep feathers, give her babies roomy shelter until they are big
and strong and in full plumage and fly upward and roost with the
birds. Then, too, what does a chicken know about feeding little tur-
keys? She is a scavanger, and has become so depraved that she will
stoop to anything to catch the early worm. Her first act in the tur-
key tragedy is to drag the sweet-voiced little poult into the cozy barn-
yard, to dig them a meal of filthy maggots, vile worms and germs,
and to teach them to drink from the cow-tracks in the microbial
mess. Then she leads them to the old slat corn-crib, the chicken
confectionery, and stuffs them with grease-maker, and from there
she takes them to the filthy hog-pen, where if the hogs don’t get them,
the microbes do.

But with good old Mother Turkey, how different Her downy
darlings are not born in a dusty nest under a lousy, scabby-legged
old cluck, but in the fragrant wood, or in a dewy nest among the
wild flowers and tall grasses; and they open their wondering eyes,
not on an old red mite, or rat-hole hen-coop, but on God’s sweet, beau-
tiful world. And their natural mother trills them away from bung-
ling humans and filthy barnyards to green hills and fields afar,
where natural turkey-food abounds, and there, amid shady dells and
daisies, and crimson clover and crystal springs, they mature into
the beautiful birds the Creator intended them to be.

FEEDING TURKEY POULTS

To feed little turkeys successfully, we must follow Mother Tur-
key’s plan. Sit on the fence and watch her feed them in the field.
She finds a bug here, a worm there, a clover-leaf yonder, and how
the little fellows run to get the tid-bits she offers. What is she
feeding them anyhow? She is feeding them protein, the builder;
protein, that life-giving principle, that constituent of food that
makes red blood and muscle. (See Fig. 8).

This builder, the main food of most bird life, is found in almost
pure state in insects, the favorite food of turkeys; and a flock, as
they march in line across the field, make a clean sweep of bugs and
wigglers; the pestiferous grasshopper and army-worm being their
especial delight.

The difference between Mother Turkey’s feeding method and that
of the nature faker is—the latter feeds mostly carbo-hydrates, instead
of protein, and the difference between protein and carbo-hydrates
is that one builds, and the other fattens and makes heat. That’s
why thousands of turkey poults die early in the season and thou-

Wig. 8. In Nature’s Way.

Fig. 9. Feeding Turkey Poults.

No. 5. - YBPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 223

sands of big birds die in the fall; it is excess of carbo-hydrates. The
little fellows are stuffed with cornmeal, and the big birds go into
the corn fields and stuff with deadly green corn and they wade into
the buckwheat; for buckwheat is a fattener, also, and in the end,
that’s the end of them.

Towards Thanksgiving the farmer drives his flock in, off the
range, where they have exercised after every little bit of food they
got, and the tid-bits were mostly protein, and he proceeds to fatten
them by the allopathic corn process, instead of finishing them by the
better, safe and sane milk-moist mash. A» lot of them kick the
bucket. Then the neighbors and the horse doctor pronounce it tur-
key cholera,—black bead,—and the death of the big birds is shrouded
with mystery. All you have to do is cut one of the victims open, and
there you will find an over-sized, mushy liver, covered with spots.
That solves the puzzle. The turkey’s weak spot is the liver, and corn
sooner or later hits the spot.

The farmer’s big birds taken off range are not accustomed to grain,
to food in large quantity, and especially to rich, concentrated food
like corn, which breaks down the digestive system. A reasonable
amount of grain is good, if so mixed that protein and carbo-hydrates
are balanced, but the trouble is the majority of those who have failed,
tried to build turkey skeleton and make blood, muscle, organs and
feathers out of grease-maker.

Farmers don’t follow this plan with hogs. When Mother Sow pre-
sents a litter of pretty pigs, does the farmer start right away to
feed them corn, the great fattener? Not by a long shot. He depends
on Dame Sow to start them on high protein sow’s milk, and when
they are weaned, he tries to mix a substitute of milk and by-products,
high in protein, to build a big hog. Indeed, he starts this before they
are born. He feeds this great essential, protein, before their birth,
for he knows the mother’s system demands it, and he feeds it after
that her milk may be rich with it, and he knows that sows that are
deprived of protein, have such a great craving for it, that they often
will eat their pigs without any compunction of conscience. After
the hog raiser has built a big hog skeleton and covered it with mus-
cle and meat, and butchering time approaches, then he begins to
throw in corn, the great grease-maker to cover that hog with a thick
layer of lard.

Now, if a farmer can’t build a hog out of corn, why does he try it
with the turkey? Look over the list of farmers’ wives who are con-
firmed turkey pessimists, and you will find the vast majority of them
mixed up a batch of cornmeal and slapped it down before Mother
Turkey’s coop, and there it soured in the sun. This was flavored with
red-hot pepper,—a remarkable concoction for brand-new babies.

For feeding little turkeys, first select the right feed and then han-
dle it with care. You must not just feed, but feed to build. You
must select a ration strong in ash, to make bone, and strong in pro-
tein to make blood, muscle and organs, for this is a natural turkey
grower, and the turkey is a big bird, the giant of the turkey tribe.

FEEDING TURKEY POULTS. (See Fig. 9.)

Let the poults sleep and keep warm for thirty or forty hours after
the hatch. That gives them time to digest and assimilate the egg
15

224 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

yolk which they draw into themselves shortly before they come from
the shell. Don’t start them on hard-boiled egg. It is too rich and
indigestible for a new-born babe, and besides a little turk is full of
egg when it hatches, and is nothing but an egg walking around on
legs, anyhow. Aim at variety, and watch Mother Turkey’s style of
feeding.

The lousy, scabby-legged cluck is a gormandizer, and her plan of
feeding turkeys is to stuff them to death. But Mother Turkey hands
them a mosquito here, a gnat there, a June bug from away across
the field, and expects several of them to make a meal off a single
grasshopper. Mother Turkey’s advice to the turkey raiser, and it
ought to be framed: FEED LITTLE BUT OFTEN.

Thousands of little turkeys are fed to death. The little birds are
so cute; they squeal like little pigs and chase the farmer’s wife
around and make her believe they are starving to death, and she
pities them and feeds them a little more, and soon they stand around
sleepy, with ruffled feathers; they drag their feed, drop yellow ex-
crement, and then off they fly to turkey heaven.

Select the right feed, handle it with care, and feed little but often.

Oats is our best-balanced grain between carbo-hydrates and pro-
tein, and is rich in ash, the bone-builder. Feed dry. Steel-cut pin-
head oatmeal is a fine turkey-starter, and hulled oats and chipped
oats as they grow older. Don’t substitute rolled oats for oatmeal;
it causes intestinal troubles. After waiting for the yolks to digest,
throw them a little oatmeal and fine grit the first two feed days. The
third feed day give them fresh cottage cheese and dry sweet bread-
crumbs, equal parts. The fourth feed day, give them dry sweet bread,
dipped in milk and squeezed almost dry, for breakfast, oatmeal for
dinner, and equal parts cottage cheese, bread-crumbs and fine chopped
lettuce for supper, and a little oatmeal between meals, but never
fill them up. The fifth day, broil an egg, and add equal parts bread-
crumbs and fine-chopped tender onion tops for breakfast; one egg
to every eight poults. For dinner feed oatmeal; for supper take equal
parts cottage cheese, bread-crumbs, and fine-chopped tender dande-
lions, and oatmeal between meals. The dandelions is a fine tonic,
and the onion tones the liver, disinfects the digestive tract, and kills
the intestinal parasites to which turkeys are much subject.

This menu is not arbitrary, and much depends on the feeder’s
judgment and’ he must study his birds and handle them and feel
their crops and decide much by the actions and condition of his
birds. He must select the right food and then be careful not to
feed too much of it at any time. Let oatmeal, old red wheat and
hulled oats be the standby grains and give then sour milk often.
The little birds need only be fed long enough to get a good start,
and then Mother Turkey will take then out where natural turkey
food abounds and do the rest. A light feed of red wheat at night, or
bread dipped in sour milk will get them in the habit of coming home
in the evening, and thus skunks, weasels, owls, and two-legged bird
burglars will not have so good a chance at them and you will know
how the birds are getting along.

TURKHY PESTS—LICE

Lice on turkeys are mostly found on head, neck, thighs, on wing-
quills and the fluff. The fluff having highest temperature, is the louse

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 225

incubator, and poults and chicks, pull for the fluff to avoid being
trampled, and there they get the big dose of bugs.

Head lice are worst, as they suck blood. The others eat skin,
scruff and feather material, get on the nerves and rob fowl of sleep.
Fowls fight lice with dust, this entering their breathing pores and
smothering them, but some birds are negligent about their dust
bath. Gobblers and roosters are too proud to get down in the dust,
and for obvious reasons have more bugs than the hens. Turkeys have
less lice than chickens, but sitters, being at a disadvantage, should
always be dusted with a louse-killer; tender, helpless poults and
chicks as well. Mother turkey should be dusted before you give her
the eggs, ten days later, and the first day of the fourth week. This
ought to catch all the old and new lice and bring her and the poults
off clean of vermin. A very cheap, sure killer is made as follows:

Five pounds plaster paris.
One pint gasoline.
One-half pint crude carbolic acid.

Mix liquids, stir thoroughly into the plaster, screen over news-
paper, let stand two hours and can for use. This is best for adult
fowl; should be worked down to the skin, and the hen should be
kept from the nest a few moments, as excitement and smell of pow-
der may make her void. Not much powder is necessary and it will
be found a number one disinfectant. Persian powder is best for
poults and chicks. It is harmless, and if pure and fresh, knocks lice,
fleas and many other insects dead. Turkey raisers should avoid
erease, afi it is apt to kill poults as well as lice.

GAPES

The gape-worm gets many poults and thousands of chicks each
season. And old theory declares the gape-worm is hatched by the
earth-worm. We leave this wiggler theory for our Government high-
brow microbe hunters to wrangle over. We know that ground pois-
oned with chicken manure and soaked up with rain is a sure gape-
worm hotbed. So to prevent gapes, simply keep chickens and turkeys
on clean soil. Gape-worm remedies that are fed are gold bricks. The
worm is not in the digestive tract, but in the windpipe, and what kills
it must be breathed. The quickest and surest way to kill gapes is
simply to get a small box and partition it to hold a brick on one
side and a bunch of poults on the other. Have a lid with glass over
the birds, so you may observe their actions during the process. Heat
your brick; pour on it some carbolic acid, and when the poults have
breathed enough of the vapor, taken them out, and watch them spit
up the worms. This cure is sure.

TAPEWORM

The turkey is in particular subject to tape-worm, and these often
kill birds almost ready for market. There are six now known species
that affect poultry, the intestines being their particular feeding and
breeding ground. z

A tape-worm eggs does not hatch in the fowl. The eggs are dropped
in excrement and then taken up by slugs, snails, worms and crust-

15—5—1914

226 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

aneans, and in these their immediate host, they change to larvae,
and are swallowed with their host by the fowls, in which they develop
to an adult worm. Damp, filthy ground and foul pools are special
promoters of these and other worms that infest poultry.

Symptoms are rather akin to tuberculosis. The victim eats heart-
ily at first, then loses appetite, ruffles plumage, drops wings, stands
solitary, has intense thirst, straddles legs, gets fits, voids frequently
yellow, blood-streaked feces, and wastes away to death, Segments
may be found in excrement, but a sure way is to diagnose is to slit
intestine in water and worms will be found hanging there. All
excrement should be destroyed, and houses and runs where affected
flock frequent, should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.

An easy cure is to get the birds hungry and feed a mash fragrant
with garlic or turpentine. This also kills the round worms and
flukers that infest poultry.

To hit the spot quickly, use a rubber tube and pass a tablespoon-
ful of turpentine mixed with the same amount of oilve oil down into
the crops of adult turkeys, and repeat next day, if necessary.

Deadly Turkey Blackhead (See Fig. 10)

The denaturalization of the turkey in a failure, and nature fake
methods have so reduced the fowl’s stamina that it has become prone
to disease; the chief disease that is killing millions of turkeys an-
nually, and threatens to exterminate the turkey tribe, is turkey
blackhead.

The prevalence in this country is shown by the fact that but thir-
teen per cent. of our farms produce turkeys, and all of these but six
have decreased in production.

Canada, Mexico and England are also swept by the plague.

Farmers call this disease “cholera” and while fowl cholera shows
certain of its symptoms, there has not been an epidemic of fowl
cholera in this country for fifty years. All poultry takes fowl
cholera—even wild birds, but blackhead is restricted to turkeys and
has two particular symptoms which proclaim its presence. The
liver and caeca are always affected. The liver is greatly enlarged,
gorged with blood, mushy, and covered with yellow and brownish
spots, which are centres of diseases, deeply embedded and swarming
with micro-organisms. The caeca are two pouch-like organs that
spring from the union of the large and small intestines, and, as with
the appendix in man, their function is not known, but it is supposed
they simply afford more absorbtive surface.

(See Fig. 11).

The blackhead microbe first attacks the caeca. They gzeatly en-
large, are plugged with yellow, cheesy matter, and yellow water, their
walls greatly thicken, often break, and the surrounding membrane
is inflamed and full of clotted blood. From the caeca, the germ is
conveyed to the liver, and the disease follows a course from a day to
three weeks in poults, and longer with adults, according to the
stamina of the victim.

It attacks young and old turkeys, is especially prevalent in mid-
summer, and when a victim begins to ruffle its feathers, drop its feet,

BARWITZ. | oA :

Fig. 10. Dying with Blackhead. Last Stage.

‘PIO SAU OL NO Wolf BOVEY PLOWPRVIY “TL ‘Sq

5 + 2 as $ = &
Fig. 12. The Blackhead Liver.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 227

and drop that yellow, contagious excrement, an immediate post-mor-
tem will show the liver and caeca beyond repair and treatment fu-
tile.

For ten years we have eordied this disease among young and old
turkeys. We have killed and opened them in what some would call
the incipient stage, and we have allowed both old and young birds
to linger along until at last they died. While the first were not so
emaciated as the last, their livers, caeca and intestines had about
collapsd, the crop, stomach and gizzard being in fair condition.

(See Fig. 12).

Our conclusion is that there is no remedy but prevention for this
deadly malady, for, while one may occasionally patch up an old tur-
key, the disease remains. The bird simply becomes a germ distributor
and finally succumbs.

We are aware that the Rhode Island Sag ee Station recently
announced that sour milk is a sure cure for this disease. It may be
they have a brand of sour milk peculiar to that state, of strange and
wonderful curative qualities, for the Pennsylvania brand has been
fed to turkeys for years and years, and still they perished.

It is not many years back that Rhode Island, after much experi-
ment, declared the infusion of wild turkey blood, the turkey tribe’s
salvation. We believe that the turkey may be brought back to its
early stamina and farm flocks flourish as of yore, by a return to
natural methods, the Government co-operating with the turkey rais-
ers, by conserving the wild turkey for their use, and likewise in-
structing them on natural methods with turkeys. The states have,
with few exceptions, totally ignored the turkey raisers; but few
agricultural colleges teach turkey culture, and we have yet to see
a program for “Farmers’ Week” anywhere, where turkey breeding
was discussed.

Chickens compose ninety-five per cent. of this country’s poultry
population, turkeys, geese and ducks, composing the small remainder,
and falling back in breeding because their production has been little
encouraged by Experiment Stations, notwithstanding they are profit-
able and add to the food supply. Pennsylvania may bring back those
grand flocks that once graced her farms and added to her revenue, by
instructing her farmers on this subject, and by conserving the wild
turkeys that still remain, for the infusion of new blood.

We hatch trout fry for the fishermen, to replenish the streams for
their pleasure. Our great State is propagating tadpoles to promote
the bullyrum business, and recently there was issued a very eloquent
bulletin on “Conserve the Skunk.” But are skunks and bullyrums
more important than the delicious turkey? Should the hunter be
allowed to kill any bird that is of service to the farmer, adds to
the charm of the natural scene, or promotes the love of the beautiful
in nature? Is it not more worthy, and the duty of this great State,
to make it a crime, at any time to kill wild turkeys, and to establish
wild turkey reservations, where this, the only species of poultry
native to America, may be propagated for the distribution of wild
blood and eggs, so that the perishing turkey tribe may be built up
and the farms of Pennsylvania may again be graced with magnificent
flocks, as of yore? We preach much on conservation; here is another
fine opportunity to practice what we preach.

228 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ; Off. Doc.

TRUCK FARMING: THE MAN, THE BUSINESS AND THE
CROP

C. C. HULSART, Matawan, N. J.

I have often wondered why Mr. Martin placed me on this program.
The only deduction I can make is that he had to have some one to
fill in the period; but even then I cannot understand why he should
select a Jerseyman who is located between the two great States of
New York and Pennsylvania. It reminds me of a little story I
heard of a teacher who asked a boy to define the word “sardine.”
The boy said: “Sardine is the meat between two pieces of stale bread
which is called a sandwich”; and that is what New Jersey is—the
meat between two pieces of stale bread. If it were not for New
Jersey, the outside world would pretty near starve to death. I would
not give thirty cents for the man who would not stick up for home.

I began farming thirty years ago down in Jersey where they can
only farm one side of the ground; here in Pennsylvania you can
farm both sides of your soil. Truck farming means good business
ability as well as good crops. Most people think that any one can grow
truck crops. In my section of the country I have seen a good many
of them try it. About twenty years ago most everybody got the
asparagus fever, and they all began to grow asparagus; instead of
starting in ona small scale, most of them put out twelve, twenty, and
even forty acres, and the first thing you know the potato bugs made
their appearance in the potato fields, and the harvest came, and no
one could look after the three things at once, and something had to
suffer, and the people went back to their old style of farming.

The man who wants to go into truck farming must go into it on
a small scale, and must handle on four or five or six acres the equiva-
lent of the crops grown on forty acres in general farming. He
wants to understand all the requirements of the crop he wants to
grow, and their profits. In fact, I don’t know of anything that re-
quires a greater general knowledge both of crops, and of what are
the market requirements for them, than truck farming. Several things
are required of truck crops when they get to market; the first one of
them is probably palatability; again, they must please the eye. Un-
less they are pleasing to the eye, the buyer will not be attracted to
them, and after he has bought them for their pleasing appearance,
unless they please the taste as well, he will have no market for them.

The first thing to find out is, whether your soil is adapted to the
kind of crop you wish to grow, or not. In my section ef country,
there is a creek dividing the town; on the north side, the soil is a
heavy clay loam; on the south side, it is a light clay loam, running
partly to sandy. Now out of this has grown what is almost a trag-
edy. Men on the north side are trying to compete with men on the
south side. The men on the north side grow large quantities, but
it comes in a week or two later than the same thing grown by the
men on the south side, and earliness is a prime requisite in market
gardening. I can only compare truck farming to running for a train.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 229

You have to start on schedule time. No matter how cold and incle-
ment the weather is, or how late the frost, you must start in time,
no matter whether you are going to use a greenhouse or a hotbed. On
the first of March I was snowed in in Berks county, but when the
proper time came the plants had to be transferred to the garden.
When the proper time comes to gather the crop, Nature usually fa-
vors the man who got his plants out at the proper time, and the man
who failed to do so is the man who says farming doesn’t pay.

Two things the market gardener must bear in mind are: First,
earliness; second, volume of crop. In a measure, it is practically im-
possible to get a maximum crop with extreme earliness. It is al-
most impossible because of the conditions. Nevertheless 60 per cent.
to 75 per cent. of a maximum crop will pay the farmer better in the
long run than 100 per cent. to 115 per*cent. crop later on. Take
tomatoes, for instance. The first tomatoes in the market usually
run $4.50, then $3.50, $2.50, and finally come down to 75c or 50c, and
you can readily realize that when a fellow is two weeks behind, he
cannot get the price. I went through my early tomato field the
day before I started for here. The object of the tomato grower is
to get them into full bloom before they get into pollen; if you set them
out before that, the blossoms will fall off. More than half of these
plants have on two, three, four or five little tomatoes. Now that
plant is loaded for work, and the fertilizer can be handled alto-
gether different from what it would be provided there is no fruit
there. Now, if there were no fruit there, and the farmer gave it a
liberal application of soluable plant food, it would go into leaf and
vine, and it would be some weeks before it would come to fruit. When
the fruit is on the vine, the plant is trying to do double duty, and
we can afford to put on fertilizer quite liberally. Now we can begin
to grow quantity so far as it is consistent with earliness.

The next thing we want is quantity, and with that we want
sweetness, succulence, palatability. The only way you can get that
is by feeding. Yesterday morning I was very much interested in
hearing about soil fertility, and I can subscribe to everything that
was said, and I am going to put this much emphasis on one of the
points that was used. We can use all the manure that the farmers
of Pennsylvania can get right on our green crops, and then make a
failure unless we have water. Ninety per cent.—yes, 98 per cent. of
the crops we grow—tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, ete., are all water;
and we are only giving two tons of dry matter to a ton of water in
strawberries. But you take a good, clean, pretty berry and put it
where the passerby can see it, and nine times out of ten he will halt
and look at it, and once he halts to look at that box of berries, he is |
lost, and he buys it and takes it home; it appeals to his eye; but if
the sweetness is not there. you will have hard work to sell him
again. With the cantaloupe it is somewhat different. He cuts in it
with his knife, and if the palatability—the flavor is not there, he will
not buy it. There is nothing to attract the eye, in the first place.
When you go to market you have to have palatability—eating quality,
and that can only be gottén by feeding, and sunshine. What is the
reason that Rocky Ford, Colorado, grows a better cantaloupe than
we can grow in New Jersey? It is because they have ten days of
sunshine in a week, while we have only three or four. You fellows
are laughing, but that sunshine out there does not belong to the

230 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Union—it works overtime. The only way we can make succulence
and palatability is through sunshine, and when we make plenty of
leaf surface to catch that sunshine, then we are reaching out in the
right direction. First, get pure bred seeds, and then feed them all
along the line.

The man who starts out thinking he will feed his crop with compost,
is about as successful as a man who will tie a peck of oats to the
hind leg of a horse and then expect him to get fat. Every little root-
let draws up sustenance. Where does it get it? Right there on the
ground. I remember when men used to dig up their manure, and
then dig a little hole, fill it up and cover it and then expect the
plant to thrive on it, without loosening the edges. There is many a
farmer in New Jersey and Pennsylvania today who is doing just
as his father or grandfather did. Now every particle of soil has
some food in it, and it must be broken up so that these little root-
lets can get it. The way to get this plant food into tomatoes and
cantaloupes, ete., is by a side dressing. I am a nitrate of soda crank,
because it has carried me through life for nigh three score years. I
was one of the first men who used nitrate of soda. I have made some
mistakes, and most of them have been on this basis. Most men
make mistakes at times; it is through them that we get our experi-
ence. Some of us go on the principle that if a teaspoonful of medicine
every three hours will cure you, three teaspoonfuls an hour ought
to do it sooner, but it sometimes kills, instead of cures. Nitrate of
soda gives us increased vegetation, but too much vegetation is inju-
rious to the product of the plant. What you want is to get enough
nitrate of soda to start the plant growth, and then let the fruit
develop.

Now, to make my proposition clear, I want to say that the mar-
ket gardener realizes that he must be in the market early; so he
starts in with nitrate of soda and gets the plant tangoing all over
itself, when all that plant needed was soluble plant food. The re-
sult is that the farmer is three or four weeks late with his fruit.
All his growth has gone to vegetation. He should have given it a light
does of nitrate of soda, and started it growing, and then if neces-
sary, given it another light dose or two. But the farmer says, “That
is so much work; I want to do it at once, and get through with it.”
But that does not work in market garden crops. Last March I put
a litle nitrate of soda on my plants. I found little tomatoes on them
and knew that the plant had something else to do than to form vine,
so I put on nitrate of soda, about a hundred and fifty pounds to the
acre. I am increasing that now to two hundred pounds.

We must not only get the fruit to grow, but we must get it to
ripen, so to ripen it we put on soluble phosphoric acid; that will
ripen it. I know that to be true from experiment after experiment.
Now there was a discussion here yesterday morning as to the merits
of floats and acid phosphate. I am an acid phosphate man, first,
last and all the time, because we have soluble plant food from the
moment we apply it, but when we apply floats, we have to make it
soluble first. Now you apply phosphoric acid, six, eight hundred or
half a ton to the acre, and with reasonable care such as the market
gardener gives his plants, I will guarantee that your fruits will
ripen regardless of the weather.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 231

Let me give you a little incident that happened eighteen or twenty
years ago. I had a field that I considered a pretty good one, but I
got three hundred pounds of nitrate of soda and some acid phos-
phate and get some six or eight hundred pounds drilled into the
ground and harrowed, and was late in getting my produce to market.
I have learned since that acid phosphate is not to be applied except
in small quantities, just as you would take medicine a teaspoonful
at a time. Don’t give your soil more than it can take care of at
one time.

When you get me on this subject I am liable to talk too long. I
have the reputation in Jersey of having talked at least one man to
death. I don’t want to do that here. But just one word on market-
ing. We market in New York. A man who starts in the business
of market gardening, at first find whether he has a profitable market
for his produce.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTE SESSION

ADDRESS

By A. L. MARTIN, Director.

Now, my friends, you will notice that the remaining sessions of
this meeting are devoted to the interests of the Farmers’ Institutes
of the State and the Advisers’ Bureau. I will not take time now for
any continued remarks, but will simply say that our Institute work
this year has, to some extent at least, progressed. So far as attend-
ance, at least, is concerned, it has been the banner year. We have
spent about twenty-two thousand dolars on the work this year, and
have had Institutes in every one of the 67 counties of the State. The
attendance was over 208,000, and I think we are safe in saying
that the work has been appreciated. When we take into considera-
tion, further, that the interest manifested in these meetings has ex-
ceeded anything in previous years—and I am in position to know,
after having been in the work of directing these Institutes for six-
teen years—we can but realize what a hold agriculture has taken,
and the necessity of carrying to the farmers of Pennsylvania the most
approved methods of doing this great work as we find it today. We
take fresh courage when we see the appreciation and the welcome
extended to us in this great work by the farmers of Pennsylvania.

I remember sixteen years ago it required courage, and some diplo-
macy and the greatest amount of tact to get permission to hold a
Farmers’ Institute in some of the counties not very far from here.
Today there are over a thousand applications for Institutes that
cannot be filled. Why? Not because we have not the men and
women who would be willing to go out into the counties all over the
State, but because we have not the money to carry this work for-

232 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

ward at the pace that is demanded. It is impossible to hold three
or four or ten Institutes in one county on twenty-two thousand dol-
lars a year. Don’t you see it? I believe that some of your County
Chairmen say, “I believe that Martin is a stingy old fellow; why
can’t he be liberal with us, and give us the Institutes the people
want?” But that is where you make the mistake, for Martin would
like to give you all more of the these Institues, but he is handicapped
by lack of funds. Perhaps our next Legislature will be a little more
generous with us along this line. Our last Legislature, and the Leg-
islature in the past, have been exceedingly kind to us, but there are
so many other calls for help in Pennsylvania that this great Insti-
tute work must divide with.

The last Legislature was kind to us. We received not only forty-
five thousand dollars for two years’ Institute work, but they con-
sidered another and far-reaching question—that of the Farm Ad-
visers. After a thorough consideration of this question, they ap-
propriated an additional forty thousand dollars and provided for
the employment of ten advisers, whose work it is to visit the farms
of Pennsylvania and give to the farmer the counsel and advice he
needs to work out his own individual problem, and the best methods
to be adopted on that particular farm. These ten advisers were
divided into different sections—two to advise on soil fertility and
and crop rotation. If there is anything that is of greater importance
in Pennsylvania than any other thing, it is crop rotation. That does
not apply to the single farmer or market gardener, but to the gen-
eral farmer. Then two other advisers were appointed for one of
the greatest of Pennsylvania’s industries—livestock and animal
husbandry. And then, again ,another great interest in Pennsylvania,
and one that is causing our neighboring states to stand up and look
over the fence into Pennsylvania, —the poultry interest. I am not go-
ing to talk about this in detail, but simply point to the poultry inter-
est as a unit—as one of the interests that makes Pennsylvania stand
out as one of the great poultry states of the Union. These advisers
are always busy men. Then we have another line, about which Mr.
Hulsart talked to us so interesting and instructively this morning—
market gardening and fruits. One man has charge of that work, and
another has charge of another important problem to the farmers of
Pennsylvania—farm drainage and water supply. The importance of
this was shown when the soil was discussed yesterday. There are hun-
dreds of acres which, if properly drained, would add much to the farm
land and become a source of income to the farmer. The man who has
charge of this work is a practical surveyor and engineer, who is also
a farmer, and knows what is required of a proper system of drainage
for the farm. And then, in line with this, and of equal importance, is
the question of household sanitation; this includes everything that is
included in the farm home, and is in charge of a lady well equipped for
the work, whose duty it is to go out into the different homes of the
Pennsylvania farmers, and there help the women of those homes to
work out their own individual problems relative to the life on these
farms.

There is at present before the people of Pennsylvania, and of the
entire country as well, a serious problem, arising out of the high cost
of living. Out of that condition has come the necessity for co-opera-
tion in farming, and in marketing the products of the farm. Can you

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 233

have a problem that appeals so entirely to all classes? When the
farmers of Pennsylvania learn, as learn they will in the various
schools of Pennsylvania, they will learn to work together and to grow
the crops best adapted to their soil and climatic conditions and the
market demands of the nearby cities of this great Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, then we will have near these great market centres
storage places where the farmers of Pennsylvania may take their
products and have them properly marketed. To this end we have
also an adviser whose duty it is to look after the possibility of co-
operation in the various communities.

During the five months that this Bureau has been in existence,
these Advisers have made 2,555 visits to the farms of Pennsylvania;
they have been busy giving advice and counsel to these 2,555 farmers
on the individual problems that confronted them. The lady engaged
as Adviser in Economics has been called on by home clubs and civic
clubs, by private homes and schools. This lady, Mrs. Foulke, has
prepared a circular on “Water Supply and Drainage in the Farm
Home,” copies of which are now here for distribution. You will all
want one.

My friends, I have already talked too long, but my heart is full
of this work, and the farmers of Pennsylvania have given me, and
the Department of Agriculture new vigor and courage in the work
by their hearty co-operation. Now, my friends, the discussion is
open, and let every one ask questions and take part in this short
Institute for the benefit of the Institute workers and Farm Ad-
visers.

ADDRESS OF MISS LIPPINCOTT

Mr. Ball usually does the talking at meetings of this kind, but he
is unable to be here. I was very much interested in what Mr. Mar-
tin said regarding the proper marketing of the produce of the
farmer. When I took this position last June under Director Cooke,
he said he would be very thankful if I could do one thing, and that
is, try to cut down the cost of living. That is a big program. The
first thing I had referred over to me was the supervision of the mar-
kets of Philadelphia. The two municipal markets need attention;
they are not anything to be proud of, but until councils give us
money to do something, I fear we will have to be satisfied. The
next thing was the establishment of markets in the suburbs.

What I am trying to do now is to establish a market in the su-
burbs to which the farmer can ship his produce direct without the
intervention of a middleman, excepting railroad or transportation
facilities. You cannot get away from that unless you are within
driving distance. And that is what I am working for at present—
to reduce the transportation of produce to the city. My idea is that
the farmer put his produce on the trolley car and ship it into the
city, and then have a proper person sell it for him. The farmer can-

234 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

not be a specialist in selling and also in producing, and my idea
is for him to employ a person at a living salary, and as a further in-
ducement or bait, add a commission. I have in mind a place of twelve
stalls, and as soon as I can get the farmers to send in their stuff there,
it will be established. It is in a thickly settled part of the com-
munity, and it is not a municipal building, so we will not have to
ask councils for the money. When I get several farmers to try out
this experiment—for it is an experiment, and we do not know how it
will work out—but when ten or twelve farmers come to me and ex-
press their willingness to co-operate, we will establish this municipal
market. If it succeeds others will be established. If you are will-
ing to come in and try it and put up with the hard times an experi-
ment always calls for, it will be the beginning of the solution of the
market problem.

Another thing will be the use of the parcel post. Now that is not
any more of a solution than the other, but it is a beginning. In the
recent move of the Postoffice Department regarding the distribution
of produce through the parcel post, Philadelphia was left out. I
was sorry at first, but I am rather glad, because I will be willing
to play the part of the postmaster has to take the other way, and
I will take more interest in seeing you are protected than he prob-
ably would. Now I am willing to take the names of farmers who are
willing to ship by parcel post, and to give them the names of people,
who so far as I know, are thoroughly reliable.

Mr. Anderson has kindly made mention of this in his paper, the
“Pennsylvania Farmer,” and I hope the farmers will come forward
and show that they are willing to co-operate with this new munici-
pal market and make a success of it.

THE RELATION OF THE GRANGE TO THE FARMERS’
INSTITUTE

By E. B. DORSETT
THE GRANGE AS AN ORGANIZATION

In order that we may have a better understanding of the objects
and principles of the Grange, it becomes necessary to relate some of
its early history. Like all organizations that have moved the people
of a state or a nation, or performed a work that has brought untold
blessings to mankind, it has a history. It did not come into existence
by chance, nor did it spring up, as a mushroom, over night; but it
came as a ray of sunshine out of the darkened clouds that hung over
this country during the Civil War. It came at a time when industry
was paralyzed, our fields laid waste, our buildings burned or de
stroyed, and agriculture was at a low ebb. It came as though in-
spired of God and guided by His Providence.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 235 |

When the last scene of that great drama of the Civil War was
being enacted, something happened which led to the organization of
the Grange. When the terms of peace were being carried out, Grant
stood at the head of the Army of the Potomac, and Lee at the head
of the Army of the South. According to the terms of peace, all the
munitions of war, were to go to Grant, the victor. Everything had
been carried out to the letter, except the distribution of the horses.
When these were reached, Grant hesitated a moment, then, turning
to Lee, said: “Tell the men they may keep their horses; they will
need them in their spring’s work.” Out of the sentiment expressed
in those words, grew the Grange.

After the armies had disbanded, and the men had returned to the
places they once called home, President Johnson began his great
work of Reconstruction of the States. During four years of strife,
feelings of the bitterest enmity had been engendered. Often brother
had been arrayed against brother, father against son, and now that
the war was over, the bitterness and enmity remained. President
Johnson soon saw that if he was to make this one country, one in
which but one flag, and that “Old Glory” should be recognized, he
must do something to bring those “Boys in Blue” and the “Boys in
Gray” into a closer brotherhood. With this thought in mind, he
called into his office a young man, employed by the Commissioner of
Agriculture, by the name of O. H. Kelley, and informed him that he
had been commissioned to go into the South and study agricultural
conditions. He was instructed to visit the farms, the homes, and
make careful note of what he saw, and report the same at Wash-
ington.

In obedience to his instructions, he was traveling along a Southern
road one morning when he came to a beautiful farm house, one that
had escaped the ravages of war. In the yard in front of the house
was a typical specimen of Southern manhood. He was so impressed
by the imposing structure of the building and the manly appearance
of the man in the yard in front of the building, that he approached
the gate and said “Good morning, sir.” The man looked up and
saw at once that his visitor was from the North and turned his head
and refused to return the salutation. The young man was deter-
mined to know the reason, so he pressed still farther forward and
said, “Sir, do you mind telling me why you refuse to speak to me?”
Again the man looked up and said, “Certainly not; my father was
killed by a Northerner and I made a solemn vow to God that no
Northerner should ever cross my threshold.” He then glanced at a
charm that hung from the watch chain of the young man. On the
charm he saw an emblem which instantly brought to his mind a cer-
tain pledge that both had taken, though separated by many, many
miles. He hesitated a moment, then approaching the gate, swung it
wide open, and extending his hand said, “Come in and welcome,
brother.” Then and there, at the little farm yard in the sunny South-
land, the Grange was born.

Time and space will not permit me to give a complete history of
the Order under discussion. Suffice it to say that its cornerstone is
fraternity. Its object is to develop a higher type of manhood and
womanhood among ourselves. Its principles are heaven-born—as
broad as the universe, as high as the heavens, and as deep as the
ocean. It is non-sectarian, non-political, and seeks the greatest good

236 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to the greatest number. Such, in brief, is the history and character
of the order, whose relationship with the Farmers’ Institute I am
asked to define: “Education of the Farmer One of the Chief Objects
of the Grange.”

The Grange being a farmers’ organization, it has always been in-
terested in the education of the farmer, and more especially in that
which pertains to agriculture. Since the organization of the Grange,
more real progress has been made in agricultural development than
had been made during a period of two hundred and fifty years pre-
ceding its birth. In many localities high schools have been estab-
lished, and a better system of common schools has been fostered,
while within the Order, a knowledge has been imparted that has
gained for the farmer a prominence that was heretofore unknown.
Men have been fitted in the Grange for the platform, the press, the
Assembly, for Congress and for statesmen. The Grange has become
the Farmers’ High School, his college, and his university, as it gives
strength and culture to those who were not able to secure it else-
where.

NATIONAL DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ESTABLISHED

One of the first important acts of legislation secured through the
influence of the Grange was the establishment of a National Depart-
ment of Agriculture, to be presided over by a Cabinet officer, known
as the Secretary of Agriculture. The first resolution, introduced by
M. D. Davies, of Kentucky, was passed at the session of the National
Grange held at Chicago, Ill., in 1876, and reads as follows:

“Resolved, That American agriculturists demand that they shall
be recognized as a real factor in this government by the establish-
ment of a Bureau of Agriculture, to be presided over by a Cabinet
officer, who shall organize the same on a plan to be devised by the
wisdom of Congress, which shall embrace, to the fullest, the agricul-
tural interests of 20,000,000 of the people, and whose counsel and
advice shall have due weight according to the same, on matters af-
fecting the agricultural people, and, also, our public affairs gen-
erally.”

Similar resolutions were adopted by succeeding sessions of the
National Grange, and committees were appointed to see that the
desired legislation was enacted. Much opposition to the resolution
soon developed in Congress, and the fight was a long and bitter one.
The measure was opposed because it was said to be “Legislation for
the protection of special interests.” Others said “We have here the
spectacle of a large class of people, already strong in material re-
sourees and abundantly able to protect their own interests, clamor-
ing for the elevation of this department and for the dispensing of
special favors to them. The request is not made by the real agri-
culturists of the country, nor by any relatively larger number of
men engaged in that business throughout the land.” It was called
“an illegitimate child of the Government.” In reply to this asser-
tion, Congressman Hatch said, “If this department is an illegitimate
child, then let the Forty-sixth Congress of the United States do the
greatest act of its official life and legitimize this child of Agricul-
ture. Illegitimate! If it be so, it has done more for the country
than any other child born to it since the Declaration of Independ-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 237

ence. It is the foundation of our wealth, the cornerstone of our pros-
perity, and the fruitful source from which we derive our richest
and surest revenues.” Time and space will not permit us to follow
this measure through its entire career, but suffice it to say that
after twelve years of determined opposition by its enemies in Con-
gress, it became a law in 1889, and for the first time, Agriculture
was recognized as a profession by our national government. I have
narrated this bit of Grange history because a its close relationship
to the subject under discussion.

About the time that the fight for dadlonal recognition of agri-
cultural interests began in Congress, the Bureau of Farmers’ Insti-
tutes was inaugurated in this State. This was due largely to the
influence of the Grange, both State and National, which had awak-
ened in the farmers, both in and out of the Grange, a desire for bet-
ter agricultural methods and some practical instruction that would
be of assistance to them in their farm operations. The Grange has
been the pioneer in fostering agricultural education and in impart-
ing instruction direct to the farmers. It has also been a potent
factor in securing needed appropriations for Institute work, and
for our own State College. Wherever it has shown its hand, its
influence has been felt. No other organization has been as potential
with the Legislature in securing legislation in the interest of agri-
culture, as the Grange. She leads, but never follows. Her motto
is “Onward”; she never goes backward.

RELATIONSHIP DEFINED

While the Grange has no jurisdiction over the Farmers’ Institute,
nor no votes in its management, yet she wields an influence that is
far-reaching. The relationship of the Grange to the Farmers’ Insti-
tute is not unlike that of the Normal or Training School to the
teacher. She recruits the ranks of the Institute Instructors as fast
as they are needed. Look over the list of instructors engaged at
present, and you will find that fully eighty per cent. of them be-
long to the Grange; and, if modesty did not prevent, I would add
that the best of them, all belong. Go into the Grange halls scattered
throughout the State, and there you will find young men and women
discussing questions pertaining to the farm, the home, the school, the
State and the Nation, in an earnest and intelligent manner. There
these young people will get a training that will be invaluable to
them when they go out into active service to tell others of their suc-
cesses and their failures. They may not be able to express their
thoughts with the same accurate grammatical construction, or give
the same rhetorical expressions as the college trained man or wo-
man, but they usually make themselves understood, and their mes-
sage is generally accepted. Thus these two great agencies for pub-
lic good have been, and are, working hand in hand for the general
welfare of the people; each working toward the same end-—that of
creating a permanent Agriculture and establishing a higher type
of citizenship in rural communities.

WORK OF THE INSTRUCTOR
The work of the Institute Instructor today consists not merely
in imparting knowledge pertaining to agriculture, but must, of
necessity consider all factors that enter into the various activities

238 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of life. I know that this is contrary to the general belief of the
people at large; as many there are who believe that all the Instruc-
tor has to do is to teach the farmer how to produce more to the
acre. Increased production is one thing, and getting adequate re-
turns for the thing produced, is quite another. Two factors which
make for success or failure on the farm are the cost of production
and the expense of distribution. It is of but little use to teach the
farmer how to increase his production, improve his flocks, raise
the standard of his herds and better the condition of his orchards, un-
less the additional time, labor and energy expended shall bring to
him and his family increased comforts and happiness.

The problem for the instructor is how to raise the general level
of the farmer and his family. In other words, we must attach more
importance to the human side of agricultural progress, and this will
have a profound effect upon the work of all the agencies for agri-
cultural education. As home life on the farm is of greater import-
ance to rural happiness and contentment than the production of
crops and stock, it becomes necessary that we should teach more
of those things having something of a human element in them;
then the movement will gain in strength and favor. -The work of
the Institute has been so divided that where two evening’s sessions
are held, one is to be devoted to the school, and the other to the
home.

EDUCATIONAL NEEDS

At each educational session, questions pertaining to the school
and the education of the farmer and his children, are taken up and
discussed at length. Statistics show that out of every 500 rural
boys and girls, only one ever enters an agricultural college. Only
five in every one hundred rural and village children ever reach the
high school. Furthermore, taking the entire number of boys and
girls in the United States, only six per cent. ever go beyond the
elementary schools. Hence ninety-four out of every one hundred
boys and girls in the United States finish their education with the
district school. This means that a large army of boys and girls
leave the school each year at the tender age of fourteen. In order
that the great army of boys and girls, who cannot go to our Agri-
cultural College, might be reached, there grew up an insistent de-
mand, emanating largely through the influence of the Grange and
the Farmers’ Institute, for the introduction of agricultural instruc-
tion in our rural schools, and the establishment of High Schools
where such instruction might be pursued at greater length, thus
keeping the boys and girls in school for a longer term of years. The
recent acts of the Legislature pertaining to High Schools, Vocational
Training, and Agricultural Schools or Departments, are the most
far-reaching of any ever enacted. Pennsylvania now has a school
system, and a set of school laws that cannot be surpassed by any
state in the Union. Every school board in the State should take
immediate steps to establish schools and courses in accordance with
the provisions of the Act, thereby giving them benefits and privileges
granted to but few boys and girls in the United States.

When all this has been done, when agriculture has been, and is
being taught in all our rural and high schools, the work of the Insti-
tute Instructor will not cease, as this instruction must be carried

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 239

to the great mass of farmers in order that they may put into prac-
tice the most improved methods in farming. The work of the
Farmers’ Institute is a vast one, and its possibilities, and money
needed to carry it on, are so great as to make the teaching of agri-
culture within our agricultural colleges almost insignificent in com-
parison, for we have several thousand men actually engaged in agri-
cultural work on our farms for each boy that is being taught in our
own State College.

THE HOME

No session of the Institute creates more interest or is productive
of more good than the one pertaining to the home. The immortal
Grady said, “The home is the strength of the American Repub-
lic.” It is important then that more attention should be given to
the home, and all that pertains to the home. The home is the
source of all that is good, and much that is bad. From the homes of
today must come the men and women of tomorrow. Make the home
life right and the church life and the school life will be right, and
when these are right, any State or Nation has a citizenship of which
it may justly feel proud.

CONCLUSION

The work of the Grange and the Institute in the past has been
pleasant and harmonious and I trust that it will continue to be so
in the future. While each has a specific work to do, yet the end
sought and the results obtained, are in the main identical. I should
like to see these two great forces for human betterment bound more
closely together. I believe the time has come for a federation of
all organizations that work to promote the human welfare. There
should be no working at cross-purposes, nor pulling apart, but all
should work hand in hand in building up strong agricultural com-
munities and in establishing a permanent agriculture.

HOW CAN COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES BECOME
MORE EFFECTIVE IN FURTHERING FARMERS’
INSTITUTE WORK?

By PROF. FRANKLIN MENGES, York, Pa.

Pennsylvania is the oldest agricultural state in the Union, with
the exception of, possibly, Virginia, and the oldest county, and
county organization in the United States was organized in Penn-
sylvania in 1787, and if I am not very much mistaken, it was organ-
ized in the city of Philadelphia, and the members were Quakers. Now
T do not know just what the association was; Mrs. Lyon can probably
tell you. I have been unable to get very much of its early history,
but it is the oldest county organization in the United States. The

16

240 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

next one that came in, I am not sure about, but suppose it was
organized in Chester county sometime during 1840, and from that
time on until the present time there have been organized through-
out the various counties of the State, a large number of county and
township agricultural societies. In 1852 the first Agricultural Col-
lege was organized in Pennsylvania. State College was founded at
that time. It became one of the first of a line of pioneer agricul-
tural colleges in the nation, and during that decade more agricul-
tural societies were organized than at any time during the previous
history of the State. And now, my friends, I have come to my
own time, and will tell you what has been done in that time.

In my own county of York, the first agricultural society was or-
ganized in 1854. The purpose was to encourage competition be-
tween the neighboring farmers. Now, I can’t talk about 1854, but I
know that my father was one of the competitors in a plowing con-
test conducted by the York County Agricultural Society. The man
who could strike the straightest furrow was awarded a prize. There
was quite a competition, and there was some mighty straight plow-
ing done. They could beat me all to pieces, and I suppose the rest
of you. There were a number of competitors, and the award was
something to be proud of. I don’t think my father got the first
prize. He didn’t; he got the second. There were some mighty
straight furrows turned, and they did not have any stake to go by,
either.

Then another thing they did was to bring their own country
horses and run a country horse race. You and I might smile at
that, but do you know, it put something into that community which
has been building up to the present time. Now, gentlemen, where
did this emanate? Why, from the farmers themselves. Down around
the central and southern parts of the State—I am not so sure about
the Northern part—there were organized the first agricultural so-
cieties. Mr. Rodgers could refer you to societies that have been in
existence for forty years— .

MR. RODGERS: Yes, and more.

PROF. MENGES: Yes, and more, and they have done a wonder-
ful amount of good and have been successful. That competitive idea
between the various farmers of the county, to produce the various
kinds of crops and exhibit them at these various societies and or-
ganizations, is an excellent one. I am very sorry to say that there
are a large number of them that have gone all to pieces, but do you
know, my friends, that they did not begin to go to pieces until about
1886, when farm products became so cheap that emulation was not
worth while. I believe I could bring up some people here who
could testify to that statement, but I am not going to call on them.
T am old enough to know some of that myself. Farm organizations
did not begin to go to pieces until farm products became so cheap
that emulation was not worth while. Some of these organizations
owned very valuable property. I am not here to exalt York county,
but do you know what the property of the York County Agricul-
tural Society is worth today? A million dollars! Every acre is
worth eight hundred dollars. I am not sure what the Allentown
property is worth— .

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 241

THE MOVABLE SCHOOL: WHAT TOPICS, AND HOW SAME
CAN BE BEST DIVIDED TO MEET LOCAL CONDITIONS

DR. M. BE. CONARD, Westgrove, Pa.

Ladies and Gentlemen: I didn’t know I was to be called on to
speak on this subject, and I hardly know just how to present it, al-
though Mr. Weld and I have talked it over a great many times. I
know that he had a better report formulated for presentation here,
on such changes as might suggest themselves as being desirable, than
I can give you. These schools have been in service for a number of
years, and I think I am correct in saying that there is an increased
demand for them. Am I right?

DIRECTOR MARTIN: Nearly double.

DR. CONARD: It seems to me that it is a better procedure to
discuss special topics a little more thoroughly than can be done in
the Institute. At a regular two day session of the Institute there
are certain things that the community wants discussed—corn-grow-
ing, stock breeding, or some particular thing, and it seems impossible
to completely cover the subject in the time allotted to it. If, how-
ever, a man from the Department of Horticulture could go on in
advance and talk to them for two days, and then the dairyman fol-
low for another two, these subjects, or any others that the com-
munity might want, in the same manner, could be discussed in de-
tail. We sometimes find ourselves cast on dry land, where we can-
not do much good, because the community is not interested in our
particular subject. Is that so, Wittman?

MR. WITTMAN: No; I can’t say that I find it so.

DR. CONARD: Well, perhaps that is not so in poultry, but it
is so in dairying, and it seems almost impossible to create an in-
- terest in dairying where it is not a logical thing to discuss. We
have felt, at times, that it might be advisable for the school crops
to be divided, so that the dairy end of it could go into the dairy
district, and another end of it into some other district in the same
manner; or at Jeast have the two follow each other up, so that there
might be time to discuss the subject in detail, but we feel that it
might be better to send each interest where they are called for. The
subjects to be discussed would have to be regulated somewhat by
the community. The dairy people might discuss butter-making or
milk shipping, as to locality. If they were away from a railroad
where they have no facilities for shipping their milk, it would be a
mere matter of turning it into stock raising; where they have good
shipping facilities, it would be more logical to discuss it from the
milk shippers’ standpoint. Each department could be conducted
along the same end. I don’t know; I think I would suggest, per-
haps—Mr. Martin only spoke to me about two minutes ago, and I
have not had time to get this thing in my mind yet—but it seems

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242 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to me that the production of beef might be taken up in the butter
district, or where milk-producing does not interfere. There are sec-
tions were the people would like to ship their milk away, but it is
too expensive, or it depends upon the women; in such communities
beef production might be an advantage, and I suppose a good stock-
man could be placed on the list. Two days seems like a long time
to devote to one subject, but when we get at it, it seems too short.
We have sometimes discussed taking two days at one point, and
then taking the other three days in another part of the same com-
munity and finish up.

FIELD EXPERIENCE AND SUGGESTIONS OF FARM
ADVISERS

1. MR. McLAIN: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I want
to say that I am the “rooky” of the bunch, to use the military ver--
nacular. I was enlisted last August, and consider myself very awk-
ward, indeed. During that time I have answered seventy-five calls,
from the last of September to the beginning of April of this year.
These calls have been of various kinds. The majority of them have
been on the drainage question. That has covered probably sixty of
the calls. I had also a number of calls inquiring as to the possibili-
ties of water supply, seeing what could be done with the various
cisterns on the place in the matter of getting a water supply from
one of them to the house. Then the water courses on the farm, what
could be done with them, and how to handle them. Then I have been
called in on the question of water power. I think that will come
in after while, because it will furnish the power for a dynamo and
a pump. This morning I heard something new—irrigation.

In most cases I find, in my work, that the farmers are not pre-
pared to go ahead with the work. They are calling me more to find
out the possibilities of drainage, and how to do it, with the expecta-
tion of going ahead in a very short time and doing the actual work.
It covers the various kinds of land—sometimes creek bottom land,
sometimes hillside land, sometimes right on the top of the hill. This
sounds ridiculous, but there are many places in Pennsylvania where
you find swamps right on the top of the hill. They want to find out
what good drainage will do, what it will cost them, what kind of
drain to put in. That has been the scope of my calls.

My suggestion would be that every Institute lecturer, every County
Chairman, and every one connected with agriculture should talk this
in your neighborhood. That is the way to find out. It is a new thing,
and they don’t know what it means. They ask me “what are your
duties?” and I explain to them that my duty is to look over the pos-
sibilities of drainage, and advise them what kind of a drain to put
in and to make the necessary survey for them, and then they are
ready to talk of their troubles. I usually advise a tile drain, be-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 243

cause I think that is the best. Then they ask about machinery, and
if it is to be expensive to them. Then I explain to them the ad-
vantages of a water supply, and what a sub-soil plow will do.

After this meeting is over, if any of you want any information
about it, I will be glad to give it to you. This is a new department,
and I want you to tell your people about it, and write to either
Director Martin or me. I am always on tap.

2. DR. CONARD: My calls have covered a pretty wide range of
occupation, I should say; all the way from planning a large dairy
barn, for probably two hundred cows, together with silos, etec., and
working plans for the same, down to where I traveled eighty miles
and back again, to tell a man to turn his pigs out. They were not
thriving, and came pretty near dying, and all they needed was to get
out into the air and on the grass.

DIRECTOR MARTIN: Well, if you saved that herd of hogs, the
time was not lost.

DR. CONARD: Yes; his wife was there, and she said she would
see he did turn them out; but if that man had had just a little more
sense, he would have known that much himself. His wife said she
told him that was what they needed, but he would not turn them
out.

I have been consulted about constructing silos, building barns, re-
modeling old barns, regarding the right kind of a sire for the herd;
helping to select it; helping a man select a lot of heifers for the pur-
pose of making baby beef, down to going into another state and buy-
ing a herd of cows for a man who wanted to start a herd. Now,
while I have been busy—I want to be busy—I could have done more
work than I have done. Some of these calls, it has been necessary
to go back two or three times. At present I have a barn that I am
looking after for a man who wants to put up and knows nothing at
all about it. He is a dentist, and I have to plan and look after the
whole thing for him. I am even going to make and mix the concrete
for him.

I think that after while we will have a whole lot of business, and
perhaps more of these calls than a man can well attend it.

3. MR. DORSETT: The three great factors that have been and
are the most potential in promoting the welfare of the farmer, and
making his farm operations more successful, and in adding comfort
and modern conveniences to his home, are education, organization
and co-operation. My work as Farm Adviser consists in promoting
these three great agencies for the general welfare of the farmer.

Education is that which fully acquaints a man with his business;
a preparation for complete living. It may be gotten from books, it
may be obtained through actual experience in conducing farm opera-
tions, or it may be a combination of the two; but however it is ob-
tained, the farmer must have it if he would get the best out of life
and make the most of his opportunities.

Organization is a joining of forces; a getting together. As an in-
dividual the farmer is helpless; but joined together with his fellows
he becomes a power for good in all that makes for his success and

244 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE . Off. Doc.

happiness. Organization is the beginning of progress. It is that
agency that has been most powerful in making this country what it
is today. It is much easier for the Department of Agriculture to co-
operate with an organization than with an individual. Organiza-
tion thus becomes a necessity, and the farmer who refuses to associ-
ate with his fellows not only stands in the way of his own success,
but becomes a stumbling block for other.

Co-operation is defined by Holyoke, as “The equitable division of
profits with the worker, capitalist and consumer concerned in the
undertaking.” Co-operation means literally a working together, and
in its widest sense would include nearly every act of man in buying,
selling or producing to gain a livelihood. The farmer co-operates
with the miller when he raises wheat, and the miller with the baker,
when he makes the wheat into flour.

Government enterprise is often called “paternalism” to discredit
it, but it is nothing of the kind. It is true co-operation. We, the
people, manage certain things ourselves, for our own benefit. The
co-operation is coerceive because the co-operation of all is required;
hence it must be under the control and management of the govern-
ment.

That co-operation is destined to become an important factor and
a recognized necessity in the agricultural, industrial and economic
world, is the thought and belief of some of our most informed read-
ers and thinkers. But the principal reason to suppose that co-
operation most ultimately succeed is that it alone brings about such
a union of labor and capital as to prevent perpetual industrial war-
fare, and that cannot forever be tolerated. It may be further said
that it alone is compatible with the ultimate complete triumph of
Christianity. Co-operation means Brotherhood, a working for and
with one another, not against one another.

The fundamental object of co-operation is to change the present
social and commercial system. It does not contemplate a time when
everyone shall be enrolled in a productive association, but it does
look forward to a future in which the dominant relation in industrial
life shall not be that of master and servant, but that of fellow-
worker. While co-operation seeks to make the material things in
life, production, buying and selling, wholesome and honest, it does
not stop there. Its object is to work out in practice the true rela-
tions between man and man, which can only be done by frank ac-
knowledgement of the ground upon which human society is based;
and that is, that we must be fellow-workers and not rivals. Breth-
ern of one family, to whom, indeed, the great inheritance of this earth
has been given, but only on condition that it shall be used and en-
joyed in the spirit and according to the will of Him who created it.

My work includes the organization of Clubs, Unions and Granges,
and in giving such assistance as I may be able, in co-operative pro-
duction, buying and selling. I shall be pleased to give personal
supervision whenever possible, and such other information as will
be of assistance to the farmer.

4. MRS. FOULKE: My work brings me in contact with the wo-
men, and it is a very much more difficult thing than some of you
imagine. It is not easy for one woman to start out and tell another

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No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 245

woman what to do, particularly about her own house and her own
affairs. Women are not in the habit of taking advice from any
other woman on how to conduct their own affairs. I am not trying
to make myself out a martyr, though; I like the work; it appeals
to me very strongly because of its immense possibilities—because it is
so far-reaching—because the need is so great.

It was not so easy to start out; I had to make other women feel
that I was really trying to help them; that I deeply sympathized
with them; that I had had all their problems to face; that I was a
woman, like themselves; that I had had a little child; had had a
home; that I had been poor; that I had to work, and was still work
ing, and that it was simply a case of two heads being better than
one, and that a sympathetic heart went with it.

You would be surprised to know how these women answered this
appeal. They confide to me all their trials; they ask my advice on
all kinds of questions—not only household economics, but how to
manage their husbands; how to take care of their children; I have
had to introduce women to each other in the same neighborhood—
home bodies, homesick, heartsick women, longing for friendliness.
The women of the small towns are different from the country wo-
men; the country woman finds she is different from them; these must
be brought together, because each has something that she can give
the other. I have gone into Women’s Clubs, and induced them to
go out into the country and get the country women to join them;
they need the diversion, and the stimulation that comes from a
broader intellectual life than they get in their isolation; often the
country woman may not be able to get to the club meeting because
there is no conveyance ready to take her there; then the town wo-
man can send her auto—and is generally willing to do so, if the mat-
ter is brought to her attention; otherwise it may not occur to her.
Or perhaps the club can go out to the house of the country woman
for a meeting, or that a few women from the neighborhood, where
they can bring their sewing, or their babies, if necessary, can run
in upon each other and spend a few hours, discussing the same things
they were discussing at the club. They talked about “rural uplift’;
now I tell you we don’t want rural uplift from inside out; we want
it from outside in. We want the town woman and the country wo-
man to belong to the Federation of Clubs and to have a common sym-
pathy and interest in common topics. I have talked to Community
Clubs in four large cities. I have talked to civic clubs, and I have
talked to the girls in colleges; I have talked to the Pomona Grange,
and I have tried to impress this one thing on all of them—that they
will all be better for going out and helping each other. If these
women would only exchange confidence on their way of doing things,
every one of them would receive new ideas, and this question of sani-
tation would soon be solved. I have tried to impress on these girls
at the colleges and schools that they are only better than the others
because they have received a better education to heip others. I have
talked to Normal Schools, and they are all going out to help some
one else. JI have talked to small classes in rural communities on
. Domestic Science, and have tried to send them out with this same
idea of passing along the helping hand.

I have had husbands to appeal to me to get their wives the medical
attention they needed and could not get in the country; have had

246 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

mothers appeal to me to get their children into hospitals; I have
written several hundred letters and have some now awaiting reply.
I have tried to put my whole force, my whole life into this work; its
possibilities are unbounded, and its inspiration is absorbing.

I am trying to raise $650 to pay off the mortgage on a farm in
Chester county, so that they may keep their little home. I am rais-
ing funds for a tubercular patient, and for a children’s hospital. I
have women appeal to me to know how to take care of the baby’s
bottle and how to cure a smoky chimney. How to take care of a
half-grown girl; how to manage their husbands (of course I can al-
ways tell them that). Appeals from women who are physically in-
firm and whose husbands love them dearly, but don’t know how to
help them. I cannot begin to tell you what I have done, nor the
range of these appeals, but I want to go right straight on.

5. MR. FUNK: Fellow Institute Workers: As many of you
know, I was brought up on a truck farm, and I thought I knew what
a year’s work was, but I have just found out. I worked harder these
past few months than I ever did in my life; answered several hun-
dred letters, made several hundred calls, worked all day, and often
late at night. Although the work has been very hard, I have en-
joyed it very much, and I hope I have done some good. My line, as
you know, included both orchard and small fruits, and I have also
done some greenhouse work. You people who do not travel over the
State of Pennsylvania would be surprised at the great number of
demands in the fruit business. Men get the fever, and stick a few
trees in the ground, and then go and sit on the back porch to wait
until the fruit ripens. They don’t know the first thing about their
trees; I often have to do their pruning for them to show them how
to do it. I have done some Institute work along this line, but find
that this new work is more satisfactory in every way. It brings you
right on the ground, and it seems to me that the farmers of Penn-
sylvania must all come from Missouri, they don’t want you to tell
them; they want you to show them. It is a whole lot easier to go
out into the orchard, and show a fellow how to prune his tree, than
it is to tell him, and when I go into the orchard, I often find two,
or three or four fellows there, who want to see how it is done, and I
go ahead and show them.

Now, things have not always been satisfactory. Dr. Conard says
they don’t always take his advice, and they have not always taken
mine. Suppose they got too busy; but when I came back, they were
ashamed to go out into the orchard. In many cases I have done
very well, but not in all cases. All things considered, I have done
very well, and have done a great deal of work, and there is still a
great deal to be done. Sometimes I can make two, or three, or even
four calls in a single day, and in that way cover a lot of ground,
which makes it very much safer. You can do a great deal more work
without working any harder.

6. MR. KESTER: To state what I have been doing, and how
many times I have been called in, or how many letters [ have an-
swered, would take up entirely too much time, so I will simply say
that I have been exceedingly busy both in correspondence and per-

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No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 247

sonal work. It is a work that has many features—some of them
serious, some of them amusing, some discouraging, some encourag-
ing. For instance, the other day I had a letter from a man to whom
I had given good advice in reference to putting out an alfalfa field;
he said he was sorry to say he had not met with much success; he
had followed the advice of his neighbor instead of mine. It is one
of the things we are up against. Those who are engaged in this
work of improving agriculture, should use every effort to interest
the public in the success of the farmer. We should enlist every edu-
cational influence—State College, the County Institute, and every
educational agency that can be secured.

I divide farmers into three classes; first, the prosperous farmers
who are doing well. They are on the alert, and make use of every
means to advance themselves. They take in every farmers’ session
at State College; subscribe for the farm papers, their names are on
the bulletin list, and they read them when they come. They are do-
ing well. They are getting information and using it, and I must
admit that it is from men of this class that most of our calls have
come. It is not letting any cat out of the bag to say this, but it is
something to think about.

The second class is composed of the farmers who are holding their
own, but are not making much headway. They don’t acquire their
knowledge at first hand; they are slow to take advantage of what is
offered them, but after a little while they begin to look over the
fence to see what their more progressive neighbor is doing, and
then go and do likewise. They just about manage to hold their own;
their sons and daughters leave home. The sons and daughters of
the first class do not leave home; they stay at home and become
farmers. This second class never read the farm papers, except possi-
bly the story on the back page; they never have time to read the bul-
letins, and they make no headway.

Then there is a third class that is simply holding on. They are
the ones who claim that farming does not pay, and they don’t want
their sons and daughters to become farmers. They are the grumb-
lers, the people who have no time or inclination to take up with the
means of an improved agriculture. I will not say how large a pro-
portion of farmers consists of this class, nor how long it will sur-
vive. In agriculture, as in everything else, it is a case of the sur-
vival of the fittest.

Now, I am not a pessimist, and my experience for eight or nine
years in agricultural work, is that the first class is constantly in-
creasing every year, and that is what is forcing Pennsylvania ahead
as an agricultural state. The second class advances into the first
class, and the third class will either be moved up into the second
class, or be forced out of business altogether.

How shall we increase the vigor of the second class, which is now
passive? How shall we reach the third class, or is it worth while to
try to reach them?

7. MR. KLINE: In my work as a poultryman I have been very
well received by the farmers throughout the State, and I don’t think
there is a farmer in the State whom I visited that I can’t go back
to. I find we can reach a man far better in this way than we can

248 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

through Institute work. At Institutes we have men who complain
to us about certain troubles, but when we get on the ground, we find
it is quite different from what it has been represented to us, and
we can give them direct help by getting on the ground. In many
cases I have to get right down on the ground and help them. I don’t
hesitate to pull on overalls and go into the poultry house to help a
man. I do it at home, and I see no reason why I should not get right
into the poultry house to show a man how to keep out the lice. I
find on these farms a whole lot of men who are given credit for know-
ing a whole lot more than they do. I think that many of our fail-
ures are due to people who don’t know what they are about. And I
also think the number of failures is not greater in proportion than
in any other business. Many farmers are today making a good living
out of poultry. It is a favor to me to go and hear a man, and give
him all the assistance I possibly can, and show him how he may
make a success of the business if he works. The poultry business
is deceiving to some people. They think all they need to do is to buy
a few chickens, throw a little feed, and bring in the money. They
are the men that fail. At home in my own plant I have to work a
good many hours a day. I am willing to.go not only to the man
who runs a large poultry farm, but to the man who is raising a
few chickens in his back yard, because, after all, they are the people
who need it most, and they often develop into large poultry farmers.

8. PROF. MENGES: Those of you who are acquainted with
Pennsylvania know that we have about as many varieties and types
of soil as any station the Union can have. Geologically, we begin
with the lowest formation, the Potsdam Sandstone, and we go up
and up and up, until we reach twelve hundred feet, or over, and
reach the Volutia. I could enumerate the various strata from which
we derive our soils, but I do not suppose you would know very
much of them by the time I got through. Now, my friends, the soils
of Pennsylvania differ just as much as the sources from which they
are derived. The Potsdam Sandstone, from which the South Moun-
tain soils are formed, is the first of what is called “Geological For-
mation, Number One.” It is an entirely different sandstone from any
other sandstone in the State of Pennsylvania. It has lime in it, and
a considerable amount of potash. Going a step higher, we have the
Medina, Oneida, Oriskany, which is the dividing line between the
Silurian and the Upper Devonian Age, and finally, you come into
the coal measure. You have this type of soil in Southeastern Penn-
sylvania, and I am of the opinion that it is the only good potato
soil in the entire State of Pennsylvania. Some of you are raising
potatoes on other types of soils, but you are not raising the pota-
toes you would raise on the Potsdam soil. Then you have the Cam-
bian Limestone; they have that in Lancaster county, and there you
will find the dairyman and the corn farms. If you want to go into
the dairy business, you ask Conard or Lighty to tell you about that;
T can tell you some of the crops your type of soil should raise, and
what type you have if I know what part of the State you are in.
Now, Mr. Fenstermacher raises potatoes on Hudson River Shale.
They are good potatoes, but you will probably buy your potatoes
from Dr. Funk, who raises them in Potsdam soil.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 249

9. MR. WITTMAN: Now, instead of talking about the work 1
have done, or the work I am going to do, I am going to do some work
right here. I am going to ask this association to adopt a resolution
that next Monday shall be “Rooster Day.” The National Associa-
tion of Poultrymen have fixed Saturday, June 6th, as the day on
which all male chickens not absolutely required for breeding pur-
poses, shall be killed, and I propose that we get just a little ahead
of them in this State, and make next Monday the day. The reason
why hundreds of thousands of eggs will be rendered unfit to eat in
a short time, if this is not done, is because fertilization has begun.
The Governor of the State of Missouri has officially declared Satur-
day, June 6, as “Rooster Day,” and I move that we officially desig-
nate Monday, June 1, as “Rooster Day” in this State.

APPLES; STARTING THE YOUNG ORCHARD AND TREAT-
MENT OF BEARING TREES

By SHELDON W. FUNK, Boyertown, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is good and hot enough
this evening. Many of you people have heard me speak along this
line, and I don’t want to rehash things, so I am going to change my
subject a little tonight, and have a little round table talk, instead of
talking to you on the treatment of bearing trees, and tell you some
of the things I found out in my experience as Farm Adviser. As [
understand it, the purpose of this meeting is to compare notes and
see what we have gained out of our experience as Farm Advisers. It
seems to me that the horticultural peopje get along just a little bit
better than the other fellows, although I really believe we all agree
pretty well, and will agree still better as time goes on.

The average lecturer has said too much about the pleasure and
profit of growing fruit, and not enough about the hard work, and
yet there is a whole lot of hard work connected with it. As I go
over the State of Pennsylvania, I find men who stick their trees in
the ground, and then do nothing more. I think the Institute lec-
turer should dwell more upon the fact that there is a whole lot of
hard work to be done by the man who wants to succeed. It is very
easy to plant trees. I know of men who were planting so many as
twelve thousand trees in a single year, and they don’t have any ex-
perience at all. I know of men who are planting ten, fifteen, twenty
or twenty-five acres as an experiment. That is a pretty big experi-
ment, and one that is not likely to turn out profitably. Everywhere
I have gone, I have found neglected orchards. There is not much
work in planting trees but every year the work is tripled, and every
year they fall behind, and every year we are getting more insects
to fight. It is a whole lot harder to grow fruit today than twenty
years ago. The Codling Moth, and the San Jose Scale, and a whole

250 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

lot of other pests have come since then. And all you fellows have
been growing for quality; you all know that when you feed into
a horse, you do so at the expense of vitality, and it is the same with
a tree; when you feed for quality, you do so at the expense of vitality.
And that is just what is the matter with the orchard.

The first thing in starting an orchard, is to select a proper loca-
tion. That is one thing we have perhaps not properly impressed
upon the men who go into the business. I was out looking at one
orchard yesterday, set right down here in this valley, where it will
not get the proper sum or air. When we start out, let us start out
on a small scale, with a few trees, and then spread out. And the
first thing we want to do is to set our trees just as far up the hillside
as we can.

Next thing, how about the soil? Some of us know something about
the soil, and some of us don’t know very much. When a man calls for
me to go out and see whether apples, or peaches or plums will grow

in a certain place, I don’t look at the soil; I look at an old tree. If ©

I find an old apple or cherry tree doing well, I know the new trees
will do well, and it is the same with the peaches.

HANDLING AND MARKETING APPLES

By F. H. FASSETT, Meshoppen, Pa.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: The subject assigned me is
one of the most important that confronts the fruit grower today. I
wish it was possible for me to give you a solution. I can only sug-
gest some things that we may do to enable us to get more out
of the dollar that the consumer pays for our product. We can grow
them, but we seem to fall down when it comes to marketing them.

Tn handling apples, we should commence early in the season. The
trees should be properly pruned, sprayed and fertilized. Thinning is
another operation that is not practised as much as it ought to be.
Growers who have properly thinned can see the advantage in this
operation. We can secure more bushels of salable fruit, and the
tendency of trees where thinning is practised, is to bear annual crops.
Apples should be thinned to abont four inches apart. This thinning
should be done right after the June crop; the latter part of June
and the fore part of July is the best time to thin.

The best time to pick apples is a question we do not all agree on.
Some handlers claim that apples will keep better in cold storage, to
be picked just before they mature. To pick at this time, it seems to
me we lose too much. We lose in size, color and quality. When we
sacrifice quality we are sacrificing one of the strongest points the
East has over the Western grower. We believe that the apple should
be fully matured—that is, hard ripe; that is, just before they com-

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No. 4, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 251

mence to mellow. I think they will keep better and be of much
better quality. All the experiments that have been tried go to prove
this.

We should so handle them that we may get them into our packages
without any bruises; in other words, handle them as though they
were eggs. There are some tender varieties that it will pay to use
gloves to pick them. with. We ought never to use any package to
pick them in that is not rigid. One of the best is an oak-stave half-
bushel basket, with a swing handle, and a hook on the handle to
hang it on the ladder or on a limb. Apples should not be piled on
the ground, because the ground will cause them to sweat and ripen
up and we lose much of the keeping quality. A good way is to have
a sorting table in the orchard. One of the best tables has a canvass
top with no sharp corners to bruise the fruit. If we use a packing
house, then the apples should be drawn at once to the packing shed,
that we may pack them at once and get them into cold storage as
soon as possible.

An experiment was tried in Adams county to determine the in-
fluence on the keeping qualities. Some were placed in cold storage
twelve hours after picking; some thirty-six hours, and some one
week after picking. It was found that the ones that only twelve
hours had elapsed between the picking and storing, kept much bet-
ter. The longer the time between picking and storing, the poorer
they kept.

It looks as though all our fruit centers would have to have these
cold storage plants, and by all means make them co-operative. If
it pays companies to maintain cold storage, it will certainly pay
the grocers. We want to eliminate as many profits on our products
as possible.

The kind of packages that are best depends largely on the markets
we cater to. If we seek a retail market, or the ultimate consumer,
then we should use the smaller package. The box or paper carton
would be best. The barrel seems to be the most logical package
for our Eastern apples, with the possible exception of some of the
tender varieties.

The grading of our fruit has more to do with the value of a crop
than the package. We must learn to make all the fruit in a package
uniform in size and free from all blemishes. We, in Pennsylvania,
must get a little more honesty in our grading. Very little fruit in
Pennsylvania is properly graded. Too often they are faced up with
nice apples, and filled with culls. This condition exists not only in
Pennsylvania, but all through the East, and until we learn to pack
our fruit honestly and have them uniform all the way through the
package, we will have to take the skim milk prices, and the Western
grower will get the cream—not because they are not as high quality,
but because the Western apples are uniform in packing. These ap-
ples vary only one quarter to one-half inch in size, while a barrel of
Eastern apples runs from two and a half to four and a half inches in
size. The Western apples have a brand or stamp on them that
means just what it says, and a dealer never thinks of opening these
boxes to see how they run, but simply looks at those marks and can
guarantee them as marked. We, in the East, have failed in this,
and we must establish a brand or stamp and then stand behind them

‘

252 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

with a binding guarantee, and then we will be able to drop out
western competition. We ought to spend some time in the markets
in which we expect to sell, studying the conditions, and become ac-
quainted with the man who handles apples, and study just what
kind of packages sell the best. We can pick up many useful facts.

One of the things that keeps the price of apples down, is the plac-
ing on the market of poor, wormy apples, covered with fungus dis-
eases, and unfit for food. We must learn to utilize them at home by
working them up into applebutter, jelly, or in vinegar, whichever
will pay us about as much, and the market for our good fruit will be
much better, and more apples will be consumed.

In the West, Fruit Associations and Exchanges handle the bulk of
the crop, and have been very successful; one of the reasons is that the
apple production in the West is confined to small valleys, which has
made it much easier to form these Associations. Our conditions are
different, and it seems hard to get our Horticultural Societies to
take hold of this marketing end. Our production is scattered all
over this state; hardly a county but what has some large orchards.
Few counties have a large section devoted exclusively to fruit like in
the West, which makes it hard to get together. The fruit belt of
Adams county comes nearest to Western conditions, and we have
been looking for a number of years for our friends in the Adams
County Horticultural Society to take hold of this marketing ques-
tion. Why not? Bedford county formed a marketing association
some years ago: just how successful, I do not know. The plan seems
ideal and TI believe the East must sooner or later adopt this plan.
We must organize just a little closer and learn to co-operate together
in order that we may get our share of the consumer’s dollar. We
have every advantage. We have the soil and climatic conditions
whereby we may grow the very best apples in the whole world, and
we are at the very doors of the best markets. We must give our
marketing closer attention and we are bound to succeed.

=u

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 253

MEMBERS

OF THE

Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture

FOR THE YEAR 1915

MEMBERS EX-OFFICIO

HON. MARTIN G. BRUMBAUGH, Governor.

HON. HENRY HOUCK, Secretary of Internal Affairs.

DR. N. ©. SCHAEFFER, Superintendent of Public Instruction.
DR. EDWIN ERLE SPARKS, President of the State College.
HON. A. W. POWELL, Auditor General.

HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture.

APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR

John H. Stephens, Hsq., Johnstown, Cambria County, .......... Term expires 1916
Mrs. Jean Kane Foulke, West Chester, Chester County,.......... Term expires 1917

APPOINTED BY THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE POULTRY SOCIETY
UME HE Or MVVALEIMA sia rere erste’ creroe sleters visisineieisiasivelere ANen tow fens arowisieretoreatetorlols siniere 1917

APPOINTED BY THE PENNSYLVANIA BEER-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION
PAC MVV CLIN Ol rrr ras, ciesercists eterere:clera ciayeseyaie’e| s/aiSiorsis Sielecetsieyers Bebanons, -aciaceotenia cones 1918

ELECTED BY COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES
Term expires.

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PAllleohenty-mueeces sscaeces Oj), Ihe dennis Sococodcedoc Cordopolisn Reece sec 1918
AREIMSERONG 5) lelecie ovine sine = S. S. Blyholder, ....... Welly, StAtiON,. -2.cec ste. casas 1917
PFOA ETS eae sare crema Walter C. Dunlap, ....West Bridgewater, .......... 1917
Beeditordien ss acciaaeisectsreo si Wine. Biddles = pisses: IDGREES SBSeuOR Uo acon eetocae 1918
SOLS sfonss wire cle avelntereien H. G. McGowan, ...... GeizerspMUll ss. saccccccemaccs 1916
aviators aieityerecs ele wreleteis Wien Wranke Beek ja. .<-fesicl- PAT O OT AY pa crore crarasavsroetersieteserstene 1917
ett ee HD. Kerrichey eecescrts DROWANG Rey ccs cco one aoe oe 1916
IBIICKS eee oer ccc eee B. Wrank Wambold;-7.sellersyille, .... 20s: 0s+« 1917
tle ras - secasie saree. ciieis.a.6 Wants Es Million. BIG meeeieyeracieisc eteraae b osicioiars« 1917
CAME Arete ercveeo clove siete Dena dicy Bearer oascsacice EVE'S GIT 88g ole sie cfoteseieiievsicisiera sere 19!

WAMELON ys ictrcesiaccess > Ree. Hellmane seensecce iT eahING VaAssoseedeonpadsode 1916
Carbone nicarcsinceeses Edward Lienhard, ...... Marrehi@hunk ese sseiensecce 1917

Pentre ym asiscse ses peer OUM A’. WOOO Ward paces SELOW SEO. ciccind cio sictelscicte sss 1918

254 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

. Term expires
(Hest ersee san iteereteeetisi- sooudli by JOG COLTRI We acoccounne IWIESESTOVE:.1s.cc0a:sines chicleitemelets 1918
Glamor pec ercleleiseissisi<' Je, WWallSOn)wrereetereritete CVATTOMS = ce sis dieveie « c orereetelaereee 1916
ClesseneIGl, sodoaacchoceoe Harrison Straw, ........ Clearfield. 22sd:auisc deeeecente 1916
(Civ, 45656o0q0000GK00 Joel Av welerr essere ecerr EVE a ee ctecepayetssaversle siceatciave selene 1917
Columbia. - --eere -e- A.) SPE YVOUDe eect MGR VIR G 5 Sirs srcroye cre.scai siete weer eile 1916
@rawiord, <cocccss+ecs Wi. (Rae Ehroop ya. sais HISD Y;Ville. pss casednatsroe enmeniee 1918
Cumberland, ......eeeee Albram) SBOSleriy scicieleicieeer Garlislete ccna 1916
Dauphin, ...---+++++eeee: W. (So Weipers essen == Middletown s::-cac onsen acess 1917
Delaware, ...--ceccceeee THOS] SEliemWACEKOING mete o VLCGIa. me rere eee eeneeeaine 1917
[DRS woasebassoudcunScoCOr John M. Wittman, ...... St. Maryss: ocsccsccidwovee sear 1916
Hrie, ..-ceseeceeceeeeress John J. Rouse, ....... sWiattsburg; .io60.caseseceneee 1916
Fayette, ...-cseeeseesees JohmeEs ‘Smithy... ces Dunbarts sss. e comes eres 1916
Worest ; . césu cements sie Arete ke eeictew cu ee aaeiea sce ee ci oe ee
Franklin, ....scessceeees: Tf, IRs. VOUS; caseoos00cs Marion); -ic.bcaeins teieo ote 1917
Fulton, ...-cceeecccecces Mrank Ranck; .2..+.0-e.° Ftanicock. Mass. sesceeseeees 1916
Greene, ...-e-eeeeeeeeees (OB PIGATIEZ TS a ratcterseteretevefare Garmichaelsmeeneaeeeeee eee 1916
Huntingdon, ...-.--++++ George G. Hutchison,... Warrior’s Mark, ............. 1918
UNGIANA, seecee cc riee <1 So Ge Georges cass eects West Webanons ca-cecseeneere 1916
JefferSONn, ..seeeeesceeces Peter bs Cowan... --. Brookville; — cece ccs -iseceeyrs 1916
ARLENE YS Sooqan0do0ed0C --. Matthew Rodgers, ...... IMI@XICO |i is trays ota cre ieteeereteeeens 1918
Lackawanna, .-----++e+es: Horace Seamans, ...... Hactoryvailles ‘ccteasceneeeeeee 1916
Lancaster, .....e.ssseee ALR INGE 8 Gidey a Seoaoneso BWanGaster, (j\2 5 cass eiocsetleee 1917
LAWIFeNCe, ..seeeceeeee: Sylvester Shaffer, ....... New. (Castle ve.<.2hewsosseoeee 1916
Lebanon, ...c.ceeeesces ot. ©. Snavely, s2.-.<0-- Cleona’, | s,asdo2. 5 Secseiss some 1916
Lehigh, ......sseeeoee -a0P. S. Menstermacher, i). Allentown =|... «seers 1918
LLUZerne, ...ceccrccccces: Aa 1D\5 Isha eis Goopodn Dallas)’ 2.5 Shcl's Sere oer 1918
Lycoming, ......-+esseeoe: ING Ale USIMGs SeoauosndC. Hughesville; 2. c.se-eeeceeee 1918
INTIME aiemetere clelerete cletsleleistele E. A. Studholme,....... Smethport,. -.2cc-ceeeee eee 1916
Miencerey secicisisiete cliente Wat OspeblalGki Ss nsssectsices Mercer, (sch. ot ooccte one 1917
Witiiltis Qseoccnapacqqeodc (Cig dU Eastside. meamsgooce eewistOwn, =-r oseck oe eee 1918
WGI, Gassaodouedoad0D 16. Silos LBRO. Gooosod tole AVL OLSDUT D5 ocr: are aise crores 1916
Montgomery, .....--cce-- John Hi. Schultz, <-...- INOPristOwlh,= ...-esesceeeeeere 1917
IMontouryel ceria. cincilee: Jie Males SD errs, cetecr cele Milton's, oetsick one eee 1916
INGrasovoyowgos Gosaagdnos @z Si Messinger ec. c anc cre TTatamy:; <écieaclnerccwren ee cements 1918
Northumberland, ......-.1. A. Eschbach,......... Milton, (Ri: Dig senaacccmanaee 1916
IRerisysmesericicer-leceletersiere vee Olark Mi Bower, ee-ienic Blain. seccas Wares Gernartoeeeee 1916
Phaladelp hia were rctetetelerelelen Wavide HUSt ieee Philadelphia; 0526. u.ceeseeece 1916
iE, soduoscoussoLeccUaae ley ee Silbmiee Soneencode Paupaek, joao essere 1918
OEE CT ameter fetete late ofetaralole nicl ofeictcloveroi siete tole elelolerotalalatotototetarey ofaretatatalelotelatel=tateretataistetetatsteotet ait le atti
Saotlell, aasoanncsonn. John Shoeners jac... New Ringgold,” Sassss-neneece 1916
Sime, Ssesoboecucn05 eiase s ‘aruys avers’ cele le us avel fatale evSinve Sieve o Ca asepe slecele, s/eie,ci'are socore rol evel aioe eee teeter
Somlerse@tisyuccisicteloiciaiele/cls/eler Ikobert) We oltre. cet Boswell, <cdce2 copenwo eae 1917
Sibbivein., shensé6dccodcnq000 G. Eugene Bown, ...... Morksvilles, < csciscecctemeeernee 1918
Susquehanna, ......ccee- Frank A. Davies, ..... -WLONtLOS@,, soid<icwct ws ciseeeitene nee 1916
WIG Og aiee a siete lelaieteictetstelare atelnroyeys ©. He Dewitt;. & scans se Mansfields -scc:cascnernes cee 1917
LWirihils Boschacsocaodae -..J. Newton Glover, ..... Vicksburg: cvseccsc cee Eee 1917
WenangoOs .niccersiasicic meen WANs cA Ora wilordsasescu Cooperstown), ...<. 4: <eoe eee 1916
Wiest pocaboaG0G000500 Riss, Weld),- .icccmeeeces Sugargrove, caeececcche eee 1917
Washington, ...sccccsce AS. Mi. Paxton secedesee Houston, Josiieenoccemecnconen 1917
AWiBVNO ss cris ccrleccisrecciser ss Hae Peéerham’s, Seciacctes VATAEN, dice ccjestescwintelocre eee 1917
Westmoreland, ......... Wise Hy. cEloltzerseasccnct Greensburg, i.02s..csceeeeteele 1916
IWVAVONUIN Pian ieeicle siete crasisiaie 2G. A Benson; ocaes eee Tunkhannock, ~..; .;.<. sesso 1916
orks) eect ase ice ASAECHOD + Geo. EH... Barnes, sacce sce FRossville; «csesc.s.ccwec seman 1917

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 25

OV

OFFICERS

PRESIDENT
Hone Martin G. Brumbaugh, <2 .c-c-.ccc-ccccnccnscecsccsevcces Harrisburg

ih, IDs Uaeatak” GesanacaqaducnodlspecHDocoCOUsdOCOOOUONSODOCOOUOC Towanda.

Tj. IPs Waris) pada daopcodaceecce.cubecder aoc dcooecCoceuoreocuuer soe Marion.

), TEs TDYAWAES SasdacosonoconDoec oun oo cpodd doce cqnodCocnocUGrOoS Mansfield.
AECUTIVE COMMITTEE

IS\., Slo Ina ties Son capoconcovoeoadecen aoucadnnc doneoDadoCDnnOoGe Kelly Station.

Eee Seen eCNSLE HM ACHEI sy cris ciavelsieie!sloleloeicis /alalsiais o aleisie s/e/e'e\claisinleleisie\slsie'e ¢ Allentown.

RCVipeme Osu bel Cem traettetrs ta tarorers ate rclotehe siete ciate atatotctete/atstyla'olsnsialetoloie’s istetelece's Mercer.

G. IP. IBARIOS,. béccsaeshoe dednoaasoccaopaposeU opadpDoanmoancaUnnor Rossville.

iBlayiys, TRG (ea INE Weblo Su deisoadon Op GSnUDS OCOD COCOCO OOO Tons. Geiger’s Mills.

NU PMU IO ES (SWEIS pacer stars cista cerale ters c ole ererorsieus! are a'o,0) lero) ois/ejale,6/s.c slars'e,6,'\0'ere"s Blain.

Nila ep LEC aGiy Madd duos GoneOone OOS ChE Onn DOU ODE DOO CUDECOORDOOE Mexico.

Tigi, Sing anaes. Sagadosdadadanncconboos oc CoooebeconoocEDdcoaocaLrae New Ringgold.

Ne Bb. Critchiield, Secretary, Eix-officio, *.......2:0...scesescee Harrisburg.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE, CONSULTING SPECIALISTS AND STANDING
COMMITTEES AS REPORTED BY THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Jj. 18s S@nili, saaGedhadaoedS oseceotboordoc conc sgduce 2oncocodaEe Norristown.
BNA le ACP EN EIU e mea reraterer yar a.’ tensiete srelereistereiers) oteleforaicis srele sieteleseirtnievelelolecctevetar: Miullhall.
Nine COs LS La Coleco ome ere cae tote caries sxelrart: a /aye oye aUatatars rier e's talateve arate, ciaters einte Mercer.
LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEER
MO Ge IGG OW ATI conve iors: stores eteterssnte o's ols ors ayelereisis b'sjeieie wieieiecoleteraisie sio'e Geiger’s Mills.
SDSL EMV VS ILO LIE Sie a cle croncic ateteiere ole a sroreieve)siatciate eislars (a's elcisiaisrernualeteisise Boswell.
SMES PES VOLO OT sera rariorcis ciate eras = sisteusroleteta sore sisiciste otsleiaveiehs e-crctarelaceve Kelly Station.
erm Wensterma Chere. -csicc.eerisis socrciaie = «\sis/e(elo,s!cie/c/ovelsinia isles ele viele e's e ULLEN COW.
iat Lhew, ehOOZELrsiats socio sce cles ae aS Nce soe ercinicle aiavere claicteloiolclea'scieicle iat Mexico.
COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS
dn JNIGHE) 8 (is dye Sep aondnonc coc ccc O CORSO AOE DOnUCoCocere conor non Lancaster.
Woles soln, AswVWiOOUWALGs cc cise cmcsnlccsaets sialsle aiereajelns/o. siete caisisisie's hie @ Howard.
Eee Mee BAG Tsun creyeevaete alos ota oie iels cseteseisver> etotei (ea aiptole’sisichals crs <tolaje winweieie-« Paupack
Ganwes (Gb shia nhs An ascoononcsussesnbcoone Solon noe eatcoa aac or Warrior’s Mark.
SOV CO PEED | 9 Glee cpr a cy Saiclere Mey lolon isle oisib eis oni oke Ws GOs eieewhaee ears .Mercer.
CONSULTING SPECIALISTS
PS OEATIISE Ss ccrctaie’< ceictetevere sine bisieieinie Profs Bye Daher... cue. es State College.
IPOMOLOPISE, ciaciciets= =le/elate cieleiaie @hestersd MEysons, - orce cs. cess Floradale.
Ghemiste 2 sc. fos. beac eee Sea VV AI HIE CAT co nickels sinie'eie'ae State College.
Vet. Surgeon, ......sccceccenee ys CO. d-Marsnall, 20.02... Harrisburg.
Mann EA TTAT i lacicc a sieicerseciete aise eets Drs Sea Gee IRON enc. sate tceeeee Harrisburg.
Microscopist and Hyzienist,. eee AIBC, Kept C0 ol ee Harrisburg.
Hincomologistuiesnsccesceonecsen's Prof melon A re SUTLACOS rice ese - Harrisburg.
GRRSHERDIOTIALS oo 5's ails sore csone cis om , Dr. Josepne Malpfus) cosc.2- 520 Haresbure:
Meteorologist, .-----+++++eeees Prof. W. G. Owens, .......... Lewisburg. .
raTInIe Bsn Cees. ccde's PR Ope Kdlingerse ec se os exe Liverpool.
Economic Geologist, .........+. Prof. earee Halberstadt, ain ae Pottsville.
Agricultural Geologist, ........ Nifeme = LSS 2) See anna Pinegrove.
Forests and Forestry, .........irvin C. Williams, .......... .- Harrisburg.
Meeding SEMIS caicio es islescivicieie'e'e Ges Gal butchisonee -pecees cesses Warrior’s Mark.

SaISeANANCOTODPN,) occ e cscs ... Prof. Franklin Menges, ....... York.
a4

256 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

STANDING COMMITTEES

CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS
Wa Wards useimhard mmc cistciciccleieciecieteieievereielere cheieleietetelorefovietslersisiciaieisie's Mauch Chunk.

Cole wieAv mW OOGW ALG ciclereialecieisre ciclelciersiclereloietereloinierelcleioleie’ fotstererereters Howard.

FRUIT AND FRUIT CULTURE

iH eeeAW SS bud Moles eases ceycteerererersaieisis oars ei mielsisverelave,sityeleiel 'cco siste\e/s/aia.¢ 01s Smethport.

is. Jiramke \Wernliiilee oosoupadcasaecgodoondbdDUoaAsooo0s adodeo DSN Sellersville.

eS RIS LONE weno ce rete eles ere ST eae ove srasenal wv eon role aiote ae toreresteretas Saylorsburg.

Sn Gel CONE O muereterers te talote eleva tereleteteiele oleiolereietelsiclelelel clelaisteielateteretetelelntsteretere West Lebanon.

Wis shen OOD surtercrs tee cletelete te ois cleo Nereleiacieraincia/s syaielay sieve iaieierelorerereiersisisrels Espyville.

WaeuDheo., Wittman, scisae covets cersictotcrersveieret oie ciareietai oiotovere eteveye oreieieters Allentown.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 257

PAPERS READ AND ADDRESSES DELIVERED AT
tae THIRTY-PIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING | OF
fee PENNSYLVANIA STATE. BOARD -OF AGRI-
CU ikea EE DyAd HARRISBURG. PA. JANUARY
2652705 N DZS e1915.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS

By J. NEWTON GLOVER, Chairman.

The premature reports of the enormous crops for 1914 failed to
materialize as fully as predicted by the authorities at Washington;
though crops yields are 9% larger than last year, but nearly 8%
under that of 1912. The continued wet weather in the spring de-
layed oats seedings, and it was followed by hot and dry weather
which made spring crops less than first reports promised, yet more
favorable weather later helped make a better yield by 2% than the
ten year average. Prices for grain started lower than in 1913, but
the war in Europe raised the price of wheat from 75 cents to $1.30
in 5 months.

WHEAT

This crop was covered with snow a good part of the winter and
looked well in the spring, making a good growth of straw later and
filled well, giving an average yield for this State of 17 bushels,
while the yield for the United States was 16.7 bushels, against 14.4
bushels as the 10 year average, showing the seasons have been more
favorable, or that farmers are producing more per acre. Black rust
did much damage in the spring wheat states, lowering the yields
there, and the Hessian fly was responsible for some damage in our
State. The average price for 1914 was 96.2 cents against 77 cents
for 1913 crop, and the estimated yield is 891,950,000 bushels in all.
On account of the increase in price due to the war, about one per
cent. more acres were needed than ever in this State, but the dry
weather in autumn and fear of damage by the Hessian fly, wheat
seeding was delayed and the soil not as well prepared for seeding as
usual. More acres of corn stalks were seeded to wheat than formerly,
since more silos were filled with corn which left ground ready for
disking and seeding to wheat on a seed bed favorable for a good
wheat crop.

CORN

“Corn is king of crops,’ and receives more attention than any
other crop, because of the many ways it can be used for food for
man and beast. The crop was 2,672,804,000 bushels for the country,
or an average of 25.8 bushels more per acre than last year, while 63.7
cents was the price on an average. Though our State stands 14th

17—5—1914

258 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in production of corn, yet the average yield is 39 bushels of shelled
corn, which is higher than that of most of the great corn states.
There was much soft corn in some sections of the State on heavy
clay soils which had not been plowed in fall or early spring before
the dry spell began where there was not enough moisture to germ-
inate seed, and it did not grow till rains came in June. Greater care
is being taken in selecting and testing seed corn to get an even stand,
as advocated by the agricultural press and institute instructors.
There are about 17,000 silos in this State, of which 17% were built
last year, and farmers realize that this is one of the best ways to
care for this crop for either beef or milk production or for a suc-
culent feed for brood sows and chickens.

OATS

The oats crop of this country was 1,141,060,000, making an aver-
age of 29.7 bushels per acre or nearly the same as 1913, while the
price was four cents more per bushel. While this crop is not always
a profitable one in all section of the State, as so much depends upon
the weather when it is filling, yet it fits into a four-year rotation
nicely, and the crop can be removed in good time to prepare a good
seed bed for wheat, or in some sections, grass follows it well where
wheat is not grown largely.

RYE

This State ranks 4th in production of rye, with an average yield
of 17 bushels per acre, and it is sold at an average price of 75 cents.
The fact that it yields more straw and grain on thin soils than
wheat and can be seeded later than wheat, is one reason why so many
acres are grown and it makes a good cover crop in corn stalks which
otherwise would lie bare. In the production of buckwheat, Pennsyl-
vania ranks first, with an average yield of 18 bushels per acre, or a
crop of 5,180,000 bushels. The yield of our State was 3 bushels lower
than the average of the United States, due to the hot, dry weather
when filling.

HAY

More acres are devoted to grass than any other crop in Pennsyl-
vania which gives us second place in production of hay, or 4,146,000
tons. While the hay crop was not nearly so good as the 1913 crop,
on account of dry weather during the growing season, yet the yield
for the country was better by nearly one-tenth of a ton per acre and
the price $1.30 a ton less. On account of the continued dry weather
during summer and autumn, pastures were short, and stock had to
be fed dry feed earlier than usual. Very little clover seed was
made, as the second growth of clover was short and not well filled.
The hay crop having been cut short by dry weather, very little tim:
othy was left for seed as compared with the previous year, though
much seed was held over on account of lower prices for the 1913
crop.

POTATOES
In the production of this crop our State stands sixth, with an

average yield of only 88 bushels per acre, and they sold for nearly
80 cents per bushel, while the average price for the country was

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 259

about 49 cents, and the yield 1094 bushels. Blight and beetles were
not so much in evidence the past year as to make spraying so neces-
sary as other years.

On the whole it was a good year for the American farmer, and the
war in Europe made better prices possible than otherwise could have
been realized, and it is a case of one nation’s loss being another’s
gain. But the American farmer is learning to rotate his crops so
as to get a legume or clover crop every few years, instead of follow-
ing corn after corn or wheat after wheat, as they tried in the spring
wheat states till their soils got so full of foul seeds that they had
to change their rotation to get in a cultivated one to kill weed seeds.

One of the hopeful and encouraging signs of the times in agricul-
ture is that more students are taking the agriculture courses in
college and more business men are buying farms as a business pro-
position, while the average farmer is trying to grow crops more
profitably, not because he wants to have more money to buy more
land to grow more corn. But farmers want to make more money to
enable them to have in their homes the comforts, cenveniences and
pleasures which will make them and their families better contented
and happier on the farm, and to some extent stop this exodus of the
best blood to town to enjoy some of the advantages there which
farmers should try to have in their homes or in their neighborhood
by working together as a community along that line for which their
soil or section is best adapted.

ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR BRUMBAUGH

J am not, of course, in a _ position to discuss this as
a presiding officer; but if you will allow me that courtesy for
a minute, I should like to say a word or two as bearing upon it.
My thought would be that any action now either favorable or un-
favorable to the report of this Volunteer Committee would be un-
wise, just as I take it that any report by the trustees of State College
this afternoon would be unwise. If I may make the suggestion, I
would suggest notifying the trustees this afternoon that you have
the committee of this body willing to confer with a committee of
their body to work this problem out and in that way take the ini-
tial step for conference and not take an initial step of absolute
declaration of your purpose. In other words, I think it is always
good, brethren, to hear both sides of the case before you make up
your mind as to the disposition thereof.

That is merely a suggestion in passing. If such a committee were
designated here, it could carry this report or any other matter that
would be presented here to the committee of the trustees of the
college, and since you have exactly the same interests at heart that
they have, surely you could get together in that way. That prob-
ably would be the most satisfactory to both of you and perhaps to

260 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the best interests of agriculture at large. That is simply a sugges-
tion in passing. Now I don’t want you, dear brother, to make any
motion on that.

Now I want to say something more if you will allowed me: First,
I have an important series of conferences up on the Hill in a very
few minutes and shall be obliged to vacate the Chair and ask the
man who really ought to preside to come into his own; but before
doing that I just want to say a word or two to you. In the first
place, I should like you to read with considerable care what I said
on Tuesday last on the subject of agriculture and make that, if you
please, at some time during your session, the basis of some discus-
sion here. If what I have said there is not the thing that ought to
be said I trust you will be frank enough to tell me so, because I
have no pride in the language and no pride in the thought expressed
there whatever. What I honestly tried to do was to say to the
people of Pennsylvania that the agricultural interests of this Com-
monwealth are so vital to its whole population that everything that
the wisdom and the experience of our people could do should be
brought to bear in the solving of the agricultural problems of Penn-
sylvania.

As you very well know, we have had a growth of agricultural in-
terest. Legislature after Legislature has created department after
department. I confess to you very frankly that I don’t know what
these different departments do. I don’t know how many of them
tramp on each other’s toes. I don’t know how many of them leave
wide gaps of untouched service between their different functions.
Perhaps you don’t know, but this I know, that first of all we should
make a clear demarkation between the teaching functions in agricul-
tural administration and the purely administrative functions in
agriculiural education, and having drawn that line we should turn
to each field of endeavor and organize it into a scientific and efficient
service to the farmers of Pennsylvania. If there is a duplication of
clerical effort to a conflict of clerical services, let us eliminate that.
We are not here to create offices and to take care of a Jot of political
accidents. We are here to make the money from the Treasury of
this Commonwealth reach back into the farm and bring a larger
crop of food from the soil to the whole people of Pennsylvania. (Ap-
plause).

Now you see, therefore, that this thing requires at every step, the
most careful, the most accurate, the most considerate attention on
the part of all of you who, by law, have to do with this problem
and see whether we cannot work out a program of efficient adminis-
tration and efficient instruction that will actually meet in the largest
way and at the least cost to the people, the interests that we all have
at heart. Now you have heard one report read here; you will hear
others. Do you think it is a satisfactory showing, good as it was,
aside from one or two problems? We are getting about $18 or $20
for an acre of Pennsylvania soil. Is that a fair return? Count out
of that the cost of living, the cost of production of that amount of
foodstuff, and see what a pittance remains. I make the definite
statement that it is easily within the reach of the people of this
State to double the output of each acre in Pennsylvania in ten years
if we want to do it. Now take your pencils and figure what it would
mean to the farmers of Pennsylvania; what it would mean to the in-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 261

dustries of Pennsylvania in the cheapness of the food of our toilers
and in the enriching of those who produce the food back upon the soil.

My friend who recently came to this country from Belgium and
traveled over it in a prov isional capacity, pointed out that the thing
that impressed him wherever he went was the terrible waste of our
people. We throw away almost as much as we save of the products
of our industry and the bounty of our soil. I was completely mad
the other day when I saw a fellow selling apples from a huckster
wagon with a half-bushel measure, all kinds of apples mixed up,
as we Dutch would say, “verhuddled,” until you did not know
whether he was selling Northern Spies or Ben Davis or rotten
apples or sound apples or good apples or bad apples. Of course he
got nothing for them and he did not deserve anything, selling them
in that way. I think we should begin with a study of the soil and
follow that with a study of seed and follow that with a study of
treatment of that soil for the reception of the seed and following
that we should trace the growing crop until it reaches a point where
it is fit for the market; then study the method of marketing and sell-
ing, tracing that thing out step by step and at each step, reducing
the whole procedure to a scientific thing and you will find that in-
stead of 35% of the market price of your food stuffs going back to
the farm, 50% or 60% would go back to the farm. Why, next to
the automobile business, the most extravagant business in America
to-day, is the marketing of our farm crops. We are throwing away
with the air of prodigals the very wealth that ought to go back in
terms of better treatment and enrichment of our soil.

Now I was born on a farm, I am not talking to you from a text-
book; I am talking to you from a hillside farm, which, at points,
was so steep that when apples fell off the trees they alighted in the
public road at the foot of the hill. I know something about this thing
and I know what I am talking about for the central counties of
Pennsylvania, and I wish you would make it, as a body here, a
matter of scientific study and then those of us that are committed
by you to the important task of organizing the service for the
farmers ought to take these various activities and organizations that
are working for the farm, and organize them into the largest and
most economic service we can possibly have in Pennsylvania.

I want to say to you very frankly that I have in mind some treat-
ment along that line of this problem and I want your co- operation
and your considerate judgment upon the matter when once it is suf-
ficiently matured to lay it in proper form before you. I am just
glad to be here, to look into your faces for a minute, to sit in this
Congress of important men and entrusted with a vastly important
service, together with the one woman who belongs officially to your
family, and to tell you that always and everywhere, every one of us
from your Governor up, should stand absolutely steadfast for better
treatment of the soil and better conditions on the farms of Pennsyl-
vania. (Applause)

262 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ROADS AND ROAD LAWS

By P. S. FENSTHERMACHER, Chairman.

The question of good roads, from an economic standpoint, is one
of the greatest questions before the American people to-day. The
Nation’s commerce begins with the township road. Any system of
roads and road laws that loses sight of this unit as the beginning
of all road improvement and sees only a Lincoln or scenic ocean to
ocean highway, or one to connect two distant sections of the State,
will be more sentimental and ornamental than practical. We believe
that a system of highways connecting the rural districts with the
nearby market towns and railroad stations, will be a great uplift
to agriculture and also to the consumers of all farm products.

The New York State Highway Commission is working out a plan
for a system of twelve thousand miles of highways, rearranging its
county systems so that there will not be any section of New York
State outside of the Catskill and Adirondack Mountains, that will
be further away than five miles from any improved state or county
highway; and eventually intends to build connecting links in these
five mile breaks, so that every man in New York State will have a
road twelve months in the year. Former Governor Glynn of New
York, in one of his messages to the New York Legislature, has said
that macadam roads were costing New York on an average of $12,000
per mile to build, and $1,000 per mile per year to maintain, and at
the expiration of ten years, it was necessary to resurface them at
a further expenditure of $6,000 per mile. Governor Glynn did not
mean that these excessive construction and maintenance costs were
due altogether to political corruption or contract jobbery, but that
macadam roads will no longer withstand present day traffic. I have
cited New York State merely as a neighboring example, showing
that with all their millions of bonds issued, the road problem with
them is not yet solved.

Here in ours, the Keystone State, a proposition just as gigantic
confronts us. Our percentage of improved roads is only four per
cent. or three thousand four hundred and seventy two miles, out of
a total of eighty-seven thousand, three hundred and eighty-six. What
are we to do? Shall we construct roads that are not going to stand
present traffic conditions, or shall we build permanent highways
that, although somewhat higher in initial cost, more than balances
in the matter of maintenance. We are all aware that it will be
many years before even all the main highways are permanently con-
structed, and that, for a generation at least, most of the highways
and byways of the State will remain what are termed dirt roads.
It has been amply demonstrated that these dirt highways can he
made excellent roads eight months in the year and passable the
other four months, by following just a few simple rules in road main-
tenance.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 263

First. Proper drainage.
Second. Sufficient crown to shed water.

Third. That the Road Drag, properly applied, is the most ef-
ficient and economical implement with which to maintain a dirt
road.

An expert on modern road construction has given me the follow-
ing figures as to original cost and maintenance costs for the types
of pavements now being constructed throughout the country, all
based on the per mile with a width of sixteen feet.

INITIAL COST MAINTENANCE
Macadam, $8,000 to $11,000. After 2 years, 10%.
Brick, $15,000 to $18,000. After 5 years, less than 10%.
Concrete, $12,000 to $14,000. After 5 years, less than 1%.

With all the experimenting that our State Highway Department
has done with macadam, it has been demonstrated that it cannot
construct such a road that can be economically maintained. Too
long has the State been building such roads at a great cost, and
without any provision for their timely maintenance, allowing them
to go to rack and ruin. And whoever was responsible for this, was
criminally negligent.

As to the brick method of road construction, we. find from a re-
port of the Milwaukee County Highway Department, from a sec-
tion of the State of Wisconsin where, for a number of years, many
different kinds of paving roads have been built, the subject as they
are to heavy motor traffic, as well as to a large tonnage carried in
horse drawn vehicles, our highways demand a surface which can
withstand the greatest amount of abrasion. Water bound macadam,
or gravel, is out of the question, brick or macadam foundation is un-
satisfactory, and if laid on concrete foundation, becomes too ex-
pensive. In similar manner, bituminous macadam, or bituminous
concrete, is unable to stand up unless placed on a permanent founda-
tion, and the element of cost therefore arises again.

Also, the other types of block payments are excessive in cost. In
sections of our own State where bituminous macadam or bituminous
concrete roads have been constructed, it has been found, when built
to a width of 16 feet, to be very objectionable from both the stand-
point of excessive cost, as well as not being a suitable road for horse
drawn traffic, the surface being too smooth and hard so that horses
have no footing and are unable to draw more than half a load up
any slight grade, frequently slipping and falling down upon stretches
that apparently have no grade. A beautiful well built road of bi-
tuminous concrete construction situated in the eastern part of the
State has become a motor speedway, horse traffic making detour of
miles to avoid using it on account of danger of injury to horses by
falling. Also, in the same section, a bituminous macadam construc-
tion across the South Mountain, the same difficulties have been ex-
perienced, horses having no foothold, being unable to draw half the
loads as before the road was improved. The complaints against this
method of surfacing becoming so numerous that the plans for com-
pletion of this road have been changed to a macadam and it has been
thus constructed.

264 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Referring again to the report of the Milwaukee County Highway
Department, they give the following as the reasons for the selection
of concrete as a paving material.

First. Durability.

Second. Low maintenance cost.

Third. Cheapness and availability of materials.

Fourth. Simplicity of construction.

Fifth. Low initial cost.

These all resolve into a question of economy which, when combined
with ease of traction, smoothness, non slipperyness, cleanliness, and
sanitary qualities, make concrete as nearly an ideal pavement for
rural highways as could be devised for Milwaukee county. We be-
lieve that similar results can be obtained in Pennsylvania, through a
properly constructed concrete pave. With mills for the manufac-
turing of cement, and with other materials for concrete work near
at hand in all sections of the State, this method of road buildings is
certainly more economical and practical than the imported asphalts
required in the construction of the bituminous surfaced paves. To
increase the efficiency of the paved roads, and also, reduce their cost
so that it will be possible to construct roads of this nature through-
out the entire state, we recommend that a plan for road building
somewhat similar to the old time turnpike, with eight foot pave con-
struction in the center, allowing for an additional eight foot of
macadam on one side, and eight foot of dirt road upon the other
side, giving a total road bed of twenty-four feet, suitable for all
manner of traffic, at all the seasons of the year:

Ditch.
8’ Macadam
8’ Pave
8’ Dirt
Ditch.

For reasons of safety, utility and economy, we further recommend
that no road should be improved that is of less width than twenty-
four feet from ditch to ditch. Whatever system, or kind of mater-
ials, for building of improved highways are selected, the aggregate
cost will, for all time to come, be a severe drain upon the revenues
of the State.

We heartily endorse the recommendations of the Special Road
Committee for the purpose of devising ways and means to build and
maintain the highways of the Commonwealth, as reported and
adopted at the Stroudsburg meeting of the State Board and printed
in Department of Agriculture bulletin No. 253. We would call
special attention to the third item, which recommends, “a pay as
you go” policy, and as opposed to a bond issue, feeling confident
that the revenues of the State, properly applied, are sufficient to
carry on this work. We believe that the indiscriminate appropria-
tion of the State funds for all manner of educational and charitable
institutions not owned or controlled by the State, many of which
could, by proper management, be made self-sustaining by the muni-
cipalities in which they are located, is both wrong in principle, as

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 265

well as of doubtful legality. We believe the appropriation of the
State funds to any educational or charitable institution under sec-
tarian or denominational control, to be unconstitutional, and that
it is time to call a halt. The results of such aforegoing mentioned
legislation have been vicious and demoralizing, being a constant
temptation to unscrupulous persons to apply for State aid for the
establishment and maintenance of such institutions, a new crop being
born and aided at every session of the legislature through the dis-
gusting log-rolling manipulations to secure the passage of a bill for
their support.

As to road laws, in an address before the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, by Logan Waller Page, Director of
the United States Office of Public Roads, the Pennsylvania Highway
Department was cited as being one of those in which millions are
wasted through political manipulations. This being a serious
charge, with no specific acts mentioned, it may be well to quote more
of his address in order to see in what he states a parallel of the con-
ditions as many of us may have observed them. Mr. Page’s refer-
ence to this State and its political road building was part of a
general discussion of conditions throughout the country. The Ameri-
can people, he said, just build up a wall of protection against poli-
tical meddlers in all branches of public service. We have in our
public road system, if it can be called such, approximately, 2,300,000
miles. The people, as a public corporation, are consenting to the
expenditure of about two hundred millions in a haphazard attempt
to make this rash endeavor pay. That itis a losing investment, con-
ducted on lines directly opposite to thése of the best managed pri-
vate corporations, is an established fact. It is estimated by “experts
that every year the American people lose at least fifty million dol-
lars because of their careless supervision of the traffic facilities; it
is the lack of definite responsibilities which bring about the failure
of the local work, and State supervision seems to be the first and
most effective step toward obtaining satisfactory road conditions. To
safeguard against the many evils confronting the people of the
state in planning their systems of road management, the following
is offered by Mr. Page:

“First, the appointment in each unit or substation that number of road
officials necessary to do the definite duties and placing upon these men the
distinct responsibility for the work done.

Second, some arrangement should be made whereby the road officials shall
give the roads systematic and continuous attention instead of the irregular
care which has proved so costly in the long run.

Third, the requirement of necessary qualifications which the road official
must possess to discharge his duties efficiently.

Fourth, the demand that the incumbent of any road office shall be ap
pointed because of his qualifications in this way eliminating those who are
more able as politicians than as engineers.

Fifth, road officials would serve best the people if the term of office was
limited by merit and not terminated at regular periods.

Sixth, provisions should be made for a careful study of traffic needs in the
various localities, so that political considerations may not be the deciding
factor in the location of road improvement, distribution of appropriations
and appointment of needed officials.

The people should have a strict, clearcut, civil service legislation, appli-
cable to the entire road system in each state, which would give them the
necessary power to recall incompetent officials.

Most decidedly, all subordinate positions should be filled by rigid com-
petitive examinations, without regard to party affiliations.

266 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Perhaps, however, the most effective measure of safeguarding the state
highway department from the destroying influence of politics is to place it
under the general control of a commission. This commission should be non-
partisan, non-paid, constituted partly by appointment and party ex-officio,
on which would be represented the educational and scientific institutions of
the state, the appointive members alone being laymen. :

These men should be trusted to select the chief technical officials without
prejudice and with due regard to their qualifications.”

Coming from such high authority, these advanced but common
sense views upon this great question, are certainly worthy of care-
ful consideration. We believe that their application will bring
about a new era in the State’s highway construction and manage-
ment so that before many years, Pennsylvania’s reputation for good
roads will be redeemed.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUIT AND FRUIT CULTURE

By W. F. BIDDLE, Chairman.

Mr. Chairman and Members of the State Board: The apple crop
of 1914 will go down in history as one of the largest, the yield being
about 20,000,000 bushels. With this large yield, thousand of bushels
went to waste for the want of a market. We have found that part
of this waste could have been prevented had there been a canning
factory or evaporating plant in easy reach, or had they followed one
of the two established systems of retaining soil moisture, or thinned
their fruit. The long and severe drought, which covered nearly the
whole area of Pennsylvania, influenced the undersize of the fruit.
There are a number of fruit growing sections that ought to have
canning factories. There is a demand at the city bakeries, restau-
rants and hotels for canned apples, with the variety named labeled
on the can. Much of this waste may be traced to a lack of co-opera-
tion among fruit growers. It is our duty to see that nothing is
wasted when there are so many hungry to be fed. Too large a per-
centage of the fruit growers are not careful how they handle their
fruit at picking and packing time: then when their fruit is put on
the market along side of that of the careful and efficient grower, he
receives from $1.00 to $2.00 less per barrel on account of their care-
lessness.

Now it pays to do things right. The last season there were apples
sent to the Philadelphia market by some of our Pennsylvania
farmers and fruit growers that were not honest and straight. There
was no uniformity in size and color. In several cases I believe the
object was intentional deception. Improper methods of displaving
fruit have been practiced on several occasions. Great care is taken
to have the large and highly colored apples placed in such a position
that they can be seen and at the same time hide the undersized ap-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 267

ples. Upon investigation I found that these persons must each year
hunt new buyers for their fruit. It is with some effort that I make
these conditions public, but they are nevertheless facts.

PESTS

In many sections of the State the San Jose scale is held in check,
in others it has practically destroyed the orchards and very little or
no effort was made to prevent their destruction. The Aphis, during
the past year have done a great deal of damage in the State. These
can be kept under control by spraying just as the buds open. The
Codling moth is the one that is causing the careful grower a great
deal of concern. For the man who can put up the 100% clean box
or barrel is the man who gets the premium. We have found that in
many cases the spraying is done by the “get done quick” method.
This is a waste of time and material. If you do not want to do it
thorough, you better not do it at all.

OVERPRODUCTION

The cry of overproduction is still ringing loud over the country.
From a report given me it is estimated that there were 40,000,000
less trees in the United States in 1910 than in 1900, against an in-
crease of 20,000,000 in population in the same length of time. As our
population increases just in such proportion will the consumption
increase, provided we give them clean and straight fruit. Fruit
tree planting in Pennsylvania is growing less. There will not be as
many planted this year (1915) as there were last year (1914). From
what I can gather if the present rate continues in the year 1920,
50% of the present farmers’ fruit trees will be dead. In the State
there are many places where whole orchards are bad from lack of
proper care. So it behooves us to control the scale, codling moth,
aphis and all the rest of the enemies of the fruit grower.

It is always the one that sticks to it that wins in the end. I know
that the practical, up to date and efficient orchardist is the one that
will win. From what I have learned | believe that in every estab-
lished fruit county there should be an information bureau, whose
business it would be to ascertain where apples, or other fruits, can
be handled to best advantage, and to keep the growers informed as
to the prices and to assist in establishing a standard for the county,
and then maintain that standard by being honest. There were only
a few counties reported less than 100% and some as much as 500%.
100% indicates last year’s crop.

The peach crop was heaviest in the southeastern part of the State,
Montgomery reporting 2,000,000 baskets. In many of the other coun-
ties the crop was a total failure. In some places peaches sold from
$1.25 to $1.60 per basket, but in some orchards they were as low as
25 cents per basket. This confirms me that this Board ought to de-
vise some means whereby the over supply could be sent to other
counties where the supply is not sufficient for the demand and sold
at a reasonable price to the consumer and at a profit for the grower.
Mr. L. W. Lighty quoted October 17th that he saw peaches sell at
$1.50 per basket 54 miles from the orchard where they were bought
for 30 cents per basket. I believe we would be of much benefit to the

268 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

grower if we can help him solve some of these problems. There is too
wide a gap between the producer and consumer and there has been
no bridge sufficiently strong to span this abyss. The foundation is
bad and when either party attempts to cross, down goes the bridge.
So it is with the consumer or producer if either one tries to take ad-
vantage of the other.

REPORT OF THE BOTANIST

By PROF. FRANK D. KERN.

In making this report, your speaker has some misgivings. In the
first place, he has not resided in the State long enough to feel thor-
oughly acquainted with the problems offered in such a diversified
length of time that a report of this sort would be expected.

Botany is a broad and fundamental subject. As a division of
science there comes under the head of botany much information
which is of interest and importance to the agriculturist; but it is my
experience that few people who want such information know where
to look for it. This point is well brought out by an examination of
correspondence. If a man wishes information about farm animals
he has a pretty good idea that he should consult someone interested
in animal husbandry; if interested in farm crops, he looks to an
agronomist, and so forth. Questions, however, which ultimately
come to a botanist are pretty likely to be asked of someone else first,
or addressed to a general board or to an institution. This is not
strange, after all, for botany deals with plants in all their phases.

While it does not represent any industry, it is very closely related
to several. Forestry and horticulture are very much dependent on
botany. The whole problem of soils and their handling and fertiliza-
tion is related to the physiology of plants, which is but a phase of
botany. Bacteriology, dealing with a particular group of plants,
may now seem very distinct, but it is simply a split from the general
subject of botany. Scientific plant breeding has been developed be-
cause of an outside demand, but it owes its methods and rapid ad-
vancement to the fundamentals coming directly from botany. The
latest and one of the most important phases of botany deals with the
diseases of plants. This phase we know as plant pathology. While
there is some tendency to separate it from the mother science, I
think I may say safely that it is still to be considered as belonging
to botany.

To be more specific, I may now treat briefly some of the practical
botanical questions which are of general interest as is evidenced by
the character of our correspondence. In the first place, I may speak
of the requests which come to us to name and identify plants; the
species are likely to be anything from grasses to trees. Very fre-
quently the specimens are entirely inadequate, being fragmentary

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 269

and injured. I should urge everyone present to assist in this matter
by advising, whenever opportunity affords itself, that carefully
packed, ample, representative, specimens accompany requests for
determination. While many of the plant identifications are purely
general, a large percentage of them have to do with plants which are
recognized pests, or weeds. Usually these are accompanied by re-
quests for information concerning methods of eradication of control.
Here the domain of the botanist gradually shades off into that of the
agronomist.

Concerning the question of eradication of weeds, I cannot im-
prove upon the statement of your former botanist, that “there is
ordinarily no quick, shorthand way of getting thoroughly rid of
pestiferous weeds.” I am sure, nevertheless, that all of us have felt
much encouraged over the developments in recent years of spraying
in this connection.

You will be interested in hearing, I am sure, that there has ap-
peared during the year, the publication of successful results in the
results in the control of wild garlic. This investigation has been
carried on at the Indiana Experiment Station. The spray material
used is a petroleum product sold by the Standard Oil Company
under the name of orchard heating oil. It is a complete spray, kill-
ing all vegetation which it strikes, and not a differential spray like
iron sulphate, which kills weeds but does not injure the cereals. The
results are very promising.

Closely allied to the subject of weeds is that of poisonous plants.
We have had during the year several inquiries concerning the eradi-
cation of poison ivy. It has been logical to suggest the pouring of
some chemical solution about the roots of the plants. One corre-
spondent reported back to us that he had good success with strong,
hot brine. In this connection, it might be interesting to point out
that the usual bad effects from coming into contact with poison ivy
may frequently, and perhaps usually, be avoided in a simple man-
ner. It consists in thorough washing, with the aid of some good laun-
dry soap. If the washing is not delayed too long after contact with
the ivy, the chances of poisoning are very much lessened.

Questions relating to seeds are also constantly coming up and these
are frequently of a botanical nature. Questions concerning the pur-
ity and germination of farm seeds have been considered, commercially,
so important that the last Legislature saw fit to pass certain laws
on the subject which, I believe, are administered by the Secretary
of this Board. Reduction in yields of cereals, particularly oats and
wheat, are often due to smuts and other diseases which are carried
over from year to year on the seed. The spores which carry them
over are microscopic and are, therefore, not detected by ordinary
methods of examination. The presence of such diseases is in reality
just as much an adulteration as is the presence of the weed seed,
and the result is many times just as serious. The carrying over of
such diseases is all the more lamentable since the seed can be dis-
infected easily and cheaply. I refer to the formaldehyde method.
The seed is sprinkled with a solution of one pint of formaldehyde to
forty gallons of water, covered with sacks or burlap for two hours,
and then raked out and allowed to dry. Every farmer should treat
all unknown seed of oats and wheat, or all seed from a crop which
was smutty or diseased.

270 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

A large number of inquiries are received every year concerning the
possibilities and problems along the line of the cultivation of me-
dicinal plants, and the past year has been no exception. His-
torically, the cultivation of such plants is really one of the oldest
agricultural industries in the United States, and yet the progress
has been very slow indeed. Fortunately there has been some ex-
perimental work and we are able to offer some suggestions. We per-
haps have more inquiries concerning ginseng than any of the others.
We have a circular (No. 28) from the State College which we fur-
nish to all making inquiries along this line. We have also been
making references to Bulletin No. 27, of the Pennsylvania State
Board of Agriculture entitled “The Cultivation of American Ginseng
in Pennsylvania,” but I am not certain whether this is still avail-
able. In the past there have been two reasons why the cultivation
of drug plants has been necessary (1) the growing scarcity of the
wild sources of supply and (2) the possibility of improving the
plants so that a more uniform and increased quantity of drugs may
be produced. During the year the outbreak of the European war
has cut off the foreign supply of many crude drugs and has forcibly
brought to our attention the necessity for increasing our domestic
supply. We are very much in need of further investigational work
in order to take care properly of the inquiries and to encourage this
industry in the way that its importance would warrant.

We are receiving also a steady stream of communications regard-
ing mushrooms. Some of these refer to the edible or poisonous prop-
erties of wild forms and some refer to the cultivation of the common
mushroom of the markets. We are doing everything to encourage a
proper and safe use of the wild mushroom crop. In addition to the
identification of the specimens, we give out by letter many sug-
gestions. It is our aim to have people learn and become acquainted
with some good sorts and to have them leave all others alone. There
is absolutely no test for determining the bad or undesirable sorts so
that they can be cast out of a miscellaneous gathering. One should
never eat any kind with which he is not familiar or which has not
been identified by someone who knows. It is possible to learn to
know the species just as one learns to know flowers or birds. A
lumberman does not accept trees because they have certain char-
acteristics, or reject others on such grounds, but he insists on know-
ing the kind of trees. This same thing must be insisted upon with
regard to mushrooms. In certain parts of the State mushroom grow-
ing is an important industry. The people who are in the business
frequently find their crops affected with pests and diseases. Many
other people have heard of the possibilities along mushroom grow-
ing and are seeking information.

As in the matter of drug plant cultivation we are in need of more
experimental work. In our own State we have no publication on
the subject and can do no better than refer our correspondents to
Farmers’ Bulletin No. 204, United States Department of Agriculture.

Regarding the matter of plant diseases I will not have time to
make more than a few brief references. Protection of crops from
the ravages of parasitic diseases is one of our most important agri-
cultural problems. The fundamental idea of the control of plant
diseases is prevention. The practical work of prevention is based
on facts mostly accumulated by patient scholarly investigating, ex-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 271

perimenting, testing and improving. These investigations must con-
tinue. While it is important that demonstrations of known pre-
ventions be made, it is much more important that studies concern-
ing causes be pushed vigorously and continuously. Our correspond-
ence shows that there is a large demand for information along the
line of crop protection. The members of this Board can do a great
service by assisting to create public sentiment in favor of proper
legislation for inspection, quarantine, and provision of funds for in-
vestigation.

REPORT OF POMOLOGIST

By CHESTER J. TYSON

Another year has gone by since our last report. For the past
month or two, various organizations of apple growers have been
holding their annual meetings. In looking over the programs of
these meetings, one is impressed with the fact that more and more
attention is being paid to the business end of apple growing. This
does not mean that all the problems of production have been solved;
but it does point to the fact that the difficulty of selling the abundant
crop already produced is in nearly every mind.

The year 1914 has been a hard year for apple growers. There have
been occasional hard years in the past, and there may be many more
of them in store for us. There is one encouraging side to such lean
years. They may discourage some people from planting trees who
have been carried away by the glamour given the business by some
magazines and a few, so-called, farm papers. Taken as a whole,
Pennsylvania had nearly double as many apples as in 1913. The
crop was very well distributed and very few real crop failures have
been heard from. The latter half of the season was severely dry in
most sections, and this fact, coupled with over-full trees, has re-
sulted in smaller than average fruit. Serious damage from hail
has been reported in several places, and serves to remind us that
after we have done everything we can to produce good fruit, we are
still subject to the whims of Nature.

Among the serious orchard pests of which we hear most this year,
are green and rosy apple aphis, canker worms, sooty blotch and pear
blight, particularly that form affecting the trunk, near the crown.
Marketing conditions, except for early fruit, have not been right.

The usual apple buyers were noticeably absent during the Fall,
and very much more than usual of the apple crop went into storage,
owned by the grower. Two causes entered into this condition; many
buyers were fearful of the future, and those who would have bought,
found that the banks were not willing to back them. Market con-
ditions picked up somewhat in December and large stocks of apples
were moved then, but the holiday season was dull and conditions

18

272 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

have grown worse rather than better since that time. Tremendous
stocks of fruit are still held in storage, particularly New York,
Baldwins and boxed apples from the north and west. Both of these
classes of fruit are selling already at prices that cannot show profit
to the grower. Baldwins at $1.75 per barrel, with 87 cents charges;
large western Staymans and Rome Beauty at $1.25 per box, with
82 cents charges, hardly can pay the cost of production.

Three prime causes have entered into this condition. First, the
crop has been more than liberal throughout the whole country, with
a few minor exceptions, more than one-half greater than 1913, and
even a little more than the heavy crop of 1912. Second, the war in
Europe, both directly by cutting off exports to Germany, and in-
directly, by taking so many vessels out of trade that shipping facili-
ties to England are unusually poor, has seriously crippled foreign
trade in apples. To be sure, a good many apples have gone to Lon-
don, Liverpool and Glasgow and have brought fair prices there, but
only limited space has been available on refrigerator steamers and
ordinary space has proven very unsafe for apples, for they have both
frozen and overheated while crossing. So while the prices reported
from the other side have been fair, some of the net returns have
been very disappointing. Third, it is very doubtful whether the
large crop and the loss of export trade combined would have had
such serious results if our own country’s industries had been going
full blast, all hands working full time with lots of money to spend.
Some of these things are beyond our control, but I have felt that a
survey of them was worth while at this time, in the light of a few
things we can do to help the future of the apple industry.

Here are a few points that need most careful consideration. We
are right now facing the results of “over planting,” all of which we
have been talking for years. To what extent are we, each one of us,
responsible for this over production? Have we spoken conservatively
of our business when asked, or have we gone about boasting of the
splendid returns and the ease with which we have secured them? It
is an absolute fact that thousand of men have planted hundreds of
thousands of fruit trees for the one reason that they have been
unintentionally deceived as to the golden harvest to be reaped. Some
of these trees will die of neglect, some of them have died. Many of
them are alive and bearing fruit. Let us take this lesson seriously
to ourselves. If we speak of returns, make sure that we speak in
terms of net, not gross, amounts. Imagine if you can, a manufac-
turer of silks, shoes or automobiles, boasting of the profits of his
business to the end that his hearers will wish to become his com-
petitors. The cases are nearly parallel.

And this leads us to my second point. What do we know about
cost of production? How many of us know what a bushel of apples
really does cost. How long would a large manufacturing enterprise
continue to live under severe competition without rigidly figuring
all costs? In the season just passed, competition has been keen,
business conditions have been dull, and unless we have learned to
figure down the cost, we have lost money.

My third point has to do with an entirely different matter, and yet
it may touch us as closely as either of these. This seems to be the
age of legislation. Our legislative mills grind out a never-ending
grist of laws—some good, some bad—but we must be governed by

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 273

them. Good laws can help our business; bad laws can put us out of
business. Let us stand firmly for the passage of laws which are just
and fair to all. A fruit grading and branding bill will be offered in
the present legislature. Let us see that this bill is shaped to meet
the needs of our fruit growers. Amendments will be offered to the
weights and measures act of 1918 session. Let us see that these
amendments really improve the act, then get behind them in no un-
certain way. It is manifestly unfair to demand in any law that a
definite weight be given for a standard bushel of apples. Bulk for
bulk, apples will vary nearly ten pounds to the bushel, depending on
varieties and stage of ripeness. All of these things point to the real
business end of our business and carry out the thought with which
TI opened this report.

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST

By DR. WILLIAM FRHAR.

THE POTASH QUESTION.

The farmers, truckers, orchardists and florists of Pennsylvania
have come to use very large quantities of commercial fertilizer. The
cultivated areas of the State are being more intensively farmed, so
that, although the expansion of cities and towns, the outward move-
ment of industrial plants, and the abandonment of occasional out-
lying farm enterprises near lumbering operation, when the timber has
been cut off and worked up, have very slightly reduced our farm acre-
age during the past decade, the demand for fertilizing materials has
increased. Our systems of animal husbandry are also undergoing
a very considerable change. The pasture is being used less, the barn
more, and new manure saving devices are more generally used. That
means more manure, to the head of the livestock kept, that is avail-
able for plow land. On the other hand our numbers of livestock are
decreasing, not only relatively to our increasing population, but ab-
solutely.

For fifty years, manure has been more and more substituted by
commercial plant foods. The possibility of such substitution to-
gether with labor scarcity, and the increasing uncertainty of direct
profit in the finishing of beef cattle, has doubtless had much to do
with the gradual decrease in farm animals as compared with the
total farm areas. In many cases, the system of farm management is
such as to place only a minor dependence upon stable manure and to
use commercial fertilizers as the direct manurial supply for half or
more of the crops. That is one of the reasons why our annual bill
for commercial fertilizers is running up from seven to eight millions
of dollars a year; and also why we look with concern upon any
change in economic conditions that seriously affects any part of the

18—5—1914

274 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

fertilizer supply. Time was when besides manure, the more soluble
part of which carries a relatively good proportion of potash, wood
ashes gave us about the only other supply. But now, we burn coal,
instead of wood, and that domestic supply has all but disappeared.
Cottonseed hull ashes became somewhat prominent, but the New
England tobacco growers took all that the South would sell.

Practically all the potash in our fertilizers has, for years, been the
product of the governmentally controlled German potash mines.
We may approximate the quantity of these salts consumed in Penn-
sylvania on the basis of our annual fertilizer tonnage reports to the
State Department of Agriculture and of the average composition of
the several classes of mixed fertilizers analyzed. These figures, for
1918, together with those for potash salts sold unmixed to the con-
sumer, are equivalent to 30,771 tons of high grade salts, together
with 3,362 tons of kainit sold as such. Of course, it is not meant
that the potash of mixed fertilizers all comes from high grade salts.
Much of it doubtless was introduced in kainit and other lower grade
products. These figures represent 14,300 pounds of actual potash.
The potash salt imports such as are used in fertilizer manufacture
were, in 1913-1914 equivalent to 250,000 tons of actual potash. From
which it follows that we use one-twentieth of the total import.

The war, when it broke out, found most of our manufacturers quite
well stock with potash salts, but the problem for the future
was dark and difficult. The call to arms had, according to credible
information, cut down the producing capacity of the potash works
to one-half the normal. Germany had always used herself a large
fraction of the output. Her supervision of agriculture was as much
a part of her war plans as that over her arms factories and trans-
portation facilities. With the growing prospect of a long war ahead
of her, it was uncertain how much of her diminished product she
would reserve to insure her food supplies for the coming year. Al-
though England declared no blockade, her dominant fleet cut down
ocean transportation, the use of mines increased carriage risks and
ocean insurance and freight rates went up correspondingly. To meet
this situation the principal fertilizer manufacturers decided to eke
out the potash supplies in hand, and to do it by cutting off the
direct sale of potash salts to the consumer, and by making no fertil-
izer that contained more than 3.5% of potash. In latter August,
September and October, sales of potash salts were here and there re-
ported at prices of $100 to $120 a ton for muriate. Many of the
manufacturers remixed the goods already put up for the market,
though the time of contract delivery as only two or three weeks dis-
tant. The Department required proper notice to the consumer of
all cases in which, in consequence of this conservative policy, the
potash supply in the goods was reduced below the previous guaranty
of the brand in question.

The net result of these conditions was not a large number of
modified guaranties, but a very marked reduction in the number of
brands offered for sale. The average richness in potash of the com-
plete and rock-and-potash fertilizers examined in the Fall of 1914
was about 1% less than for the Fall of 1918. Because of the sale
of Spring stocks and the failure to remix in all cases, the average
potash richness of these two classes of goods was considerably above
the 3.5% maximum fixed by the manufacturers; but there were few

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 275

samples found of potash salts on sale. By the first of August much,
of course, of the Fall buying by consumers had been contracted. The
selling prices show no increase in cost to the consumer of the potash
he bought last Fall.

What, however, of the coming year? These long nights, when
angelic dreams of $2.00 wheat and maybe $1.00 corn bless the
farmer’s bed, it is joy-destroying to have a spectre of potash famine
appear in the near background—a real spectre such as the news
might well create, that, in October, our imports of muriate and sul-
phate of potash were only 600 tons, as contrasted with 17,000 tons
in October, 1913; of manure salts, 1,225 tons vs. 18,416 tons; and of
kainit none vs. 56,000 tons in 1918. In December, Atlanta, Balti-
more and New York talked about $73 to $75 a ton for muriate, but
there was not much to sell. Arrivals in port were few and small.
But the week ending January 15th of 3,020 tons of muriate, 685 tons
of sulphate, 693 tons of manure salts and 50 tons of kainit were re
ceived in New York from Rotterdam chiefly consigned for the most
part directly to fertilizer manufacturers, besides other receipts in
other ports, and the consideration that the manufacturers by dimin-
ishing Fall deliveries were enabled to carry over some of last year’s
stock for this year’s use, ought at least to soften some of the potash
famine spectre’s alarming effects.

But at the best there must be a great shortage. A 3% maximum
for potash is now the line fixed. Still, our new supplies of potash
salts probably cost our manufacturers more a ton, and we may ex-
pect to give them some of the hoped profit on the wheat we have held
for the highest price; and we may well ask how we can economize on
potash use. By no means try to economize by buying worthless or
very poor substitutes. There couldn’t be a better time to push the
sales of powered feldspar, phonolith, and stone meal fertilizers. But
even now is not a good time to buy them. They probably do the
plants a little good, but not enough to put back into your pocket the
dollars you spend for them. It would be a good time to develop, if
we could, our own potash supplies. The government is hunting for
concentrated deposits like those at Stessforth, Germany, but has yet
found nothing enough like them to pay working. We are assured
that the kelp drifting upon the Pacific Ocean contains enough potash
to furnish our supply; but we are not told that it can be furnished at
ruling prices.

Some of our ablest capitalists and chemical experts are studying
earnestly the possibilities of chemical conversion of the potash
locked up in feldspar, aluminite and similar minerals, but have not
yet found a way to do it to economic advantage. It is, however,
an excellent time better to save your liquid manure, and to get your
manure more evenly distributed in the field, and used where it will
count most in cash returns; and it is a very good season to use the
best seed, and to cultivate thoroughly and at the right time. It is
worth while, also, to ask whether you have been getting back all the
money you have spent on potash for your general farm crops—I am
not talking especially about potatoes, truck and tobacco, but of
grains, grasses and even fruits. Of the various Eastern soils upon
which field experiments with fertilizers have been made, compara-
tively few show potash as the food element chiefly efficient for the
common rotation crops. Usually rock and potash gives a better

276 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

yield of these soils than does acid phosphate alone. But very, very
often the extra gain is not enough to pay for the potash.

Remember, I believe in potash fertilizing, but I believe also in
good judgment in using this aid. So 1 do not believe in the economy
of buying low-grade fertilizers; but also, I do not believe that potash-
rich fertilizers are needed for every crop. Perhaps, too, we can use
something else with the potash that will make a pound of the potash
do more work. The Rhode Island experiments conducted for years
‘ on their acid granitic soil, previously limed, showed that sodium
salts, sulphate and common salt, helped out the potash. They
couldn’t do all the work it did, but apparently they would do part
of it. Also, if we have been putting on dressings of potash for years,
has it all gone off in our crops and drainage? By no means. It
doesn’t leach out easily from loams and clays. Most of what the
crop doesn’t get, stays in the surface layer of such soils, and remains
there, at least a large fraction of it, if we may judge by Rothem-
stead’s experience, in a very fair state of availability. If the plant
cannot get it out, sulphate of soda, nitrate of soda, sulphate of mag-
nesia, land plaster or common salt may assist. On acid lands, how-
ever, I would commend liming with the sulphate of magnesia. Lime
itself, magnesian or non-magnesian, will help to liberate this potash,
but neither the caustic lime nor crushed limestone is as efficient for
this purpose as the salts above named. The coming year may give
the American farmer a good excuse for climbing out of his fertilizer
rut, and trying in practice more of what his experiment stations and
those of other countries have been discovering for him.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON DAIRY AND DATRY PRODUCTS

By DR. M. E. CONARD, Chairman.

In reporting the condition of dairy and dairy products in Pennsyl-
vania, at this time, I find it difficult to obtain definite data, that will
give a correct idea of statistical conditions. The number of dairy
cattle have been steadily decreasing for the past 15 years as a na-
tural result of increased population, together with a supply of dairy
cattle that were too cheap to be appreciated and properly cared for.
It would seem that increased population and demand would stimu-
late production; but first the surplus beef, veal and milk had to be
consumed, then increased production follows as a necessary result,
and not until then. We have passed through this epoch and are now
feeling the need of increasing our stock and output to meet the grow-
ing demand for human food.

We were, in 1910, nearly 400,000 cows short of 1900 census report,
and had about 40% more mouths to feed; and we do not think the
conditions are any better to-day as to numbers. A little calculation
will show that if every available heifer calf should be raised to ma-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 277

turity, it would require nearly nine years to regain the numbers of
dairy cows that existed in Pennsylvania in 1900, and yet no provi-
sion for the increased population. Isn’t it time that something ef-
fective was being done to stimulate animal husbandry in Pennsyl-
vania? We think so. We think the tide has turned and that there
are more calves being raised the past two or three years, but not
nearly so many as should be. We believe that not only the numbers
but the efficiency of our dairy cows should be increased by more in-
telligent selection and raising of calves. The rapid advance in the
price of dairy cows, we believe, is not a calamity but a blessing in dis-
guise. It has the effect to stimulate the business dairyman to better
and more thoughtful work, to make the average man better appre-
ciate his cows and breed and select better stock, and it is to be hoped
it will; and it evidently has put many of the shiftless farmers out
of the dairy business.

I will not take time to discuss market conditions, amount of sup-
plies, prices and the like, because I do not regard that to be the vital
point in the dairy business at the present time. The intelligent
business dairyman finds a reasonable profit in the present market
and the man who is shiftless and disregards all modern and advanced
dairy methods and sanitary requirements must do business at a loss,
mend his ways, or get out of business. I feel that, facing a growing
market, and for better and safer milk and butter to feed the rapidly
increasing number of mouths, the vital question to be answered, and
to be answered quickly, is how are we going to meet this demand?
How is Pennsylvania going to do her share and reap her proportion
of the profits of this deal? It will be met and if we do not do it,
some other territory will.

There is not an agricultural section in Pennsylvania where, with
a little well directed intelligent effort, the amount of dairy products
could not be doubled in three years and redoubled more easily in the
following three years—and there are lots of people who are only
waiting “for the necessary information and proper encouragement
to make the effort, but they do not know what they are waiting for.
“Animal Husbandry” is a branch of agricultural instruction that
has been sadly neglected amongst our Pennsylvania farmers and
greatly to their disadvantage and loss. For want of just this class
of instruction, the Pennsylvania farmers as a whole, I believe, have
done more destructive than constructive breeding of livestock. The
largest part of the livestock is managed by people who have never
enjoyed the opportunities for obtaining such knowledge as is now
obtainable and cannot avail themselves of present opportunities.
They are generally people who cannot benefit by class work but must
depend largely on object teaching—preferably at their own barns,
thus getting the principle and its application both at the same time.
It is difficult to teach a man facts through his imagination, who has
always been accustomed to dealing with the stubborn visible facts.
Now we feel that much of the future success of the dairy interest
of Pennsylvania depends very largely upon the better distribution
of knowledge pertaining to Animal Husbandry, so we urge that there
be more effort made through all of the many teaching channels to
impart a practical and appropriate knowledge of the better use of
livestock on our farms. A better understanding of the advantages
to be derived from the use of pure breed sires, what a pedigree and

278 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

milk or butter record stand for, how to select a breed best suited
to our local and climatic conditions, so as to get their maximum pro-
duction, the kind of stabling, care and feed best suited to the breed
selected. How to produce a better article and at a lower cost, and
how to put it on the market in proper shape, then the demand and
price will adjust itself.

I want to emphasize the importance of the proper selection of
breeds for location. That is something that has been sadly neglected.
I don’t know that it has been taught very much. We have a widely
diversified climate in Pennsylvania and in the eastern part, near
Mason & Dixon’s line, quite a mild winter. Go to the northern tier
of counties and we have it pretty rough and pretty cold. There are
breeds of cattle adapted to both of those conditions and it is im-
portant if we want the best results to get the right animals in the
right place. Pure breed dairy cattle are very artificial; they are
the result I know, of man’s ingenuity in the way of breeding and
selecting and also climatic conditions where these breeds are created.
Now when we take them out of those conditions and put them in
reversed conditions, opposite conditions, the artificial features ac-
quired which are the dairy features, will naturally be the first
features to lop off or to be disposed of and a rapid degeneration goes
on. We have not given that enough thought. We have a number of
good dairy breeds and from them every section of this State can be
supplied with cattle that are well adapted to climatic conditions.
A little bit more thought, a little bit more study along that line
would avoid a great many failures.

The mixing of breeds is another thing that T think we do wrong,
we mix the large and the small breeds, thinking that in one genera-
tion we can do what has been aimed at for hundred of years by
getting a happy medium that would give a larger quantity of richer
milk, or some feature of that kind. Now that is destructive breed-
ing and not constructive. I thank you for your attention. I won’t
take any more time.

REPORT OF VETERINARIAN

By DR. C. J. MARSHALL

With the exception of the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth-
disease, there is nothing new or unusual for the State Veterinarian -
to report to the Board of Agriculture for the past year. This dis-
ease will be considered at a later meeting. The ordinary diseases
that are present and rather common in Pennsylvania at all times
are tuberculosis, glanders, hog cholera, rabies, contagious abortion,
calf sours and joint evil. The losses from these diseases each year
are far too great. Much better results may be expected when there
is a more united effort put forth to stamp them out. We have made

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURHE. 279

progress in recent years handling glanders and hog cholera. There
has been no remedy discovered yet that will cure either disease. In
glanders our progress has been made in the improved methods for
diagnosis, while in hog cholera it has been in the vaccination for
_prevention. In former times glanders was recognized in horses only
when the disease was far advanced. Before this stage was reached
the glandered animal may have passed the infection on to man,
horses, and mules, which may have died from it before the symptoms
had attracted attention in the horse that gave the infection. Later
the mallein test came into use. This test was somewhat similar to
the tuberculin test for tuberculosis, but much less reliable and mis-
takes were often made. In some cases healthy horses were con-
demned and destroyed by its use and in others the test failed to re-
veal the presence of the disease.

Fur the past few years we have been using a combination test for
glanders that is reliable in practically every case. These tests are
made jointly in the stable and laboratory. A special proparation
of mallein is dropped in the suspected horse’s eye; at the same time
a sample of blood is taken from the jugular vein for laboratory ex-
amination. If the animal has glanders the eye becomes inflamed in
about 12 hours and clears up fully, during the next 24 hours. If the
horse is free from glanders, the eye remains clear. The blood ex-
amination serves as a check on the eye test. Both of these tests are
extremely delicate and often will reveal the presence of glanders in
a horse perhaps a year or more before there is a discharge from the
nose, an open sore on the body or any other observable sympton.
Such an animal is often a greater source of danger than one in the
last stages of the disease for the reason that no precautions are
taken in the first instance and reasonably safe measures are prac-
ticed with the horse with the open lesions.

Where an open case of glanders is found in a stable, it is promptly
destroyed and all other susceptible animals are given the eye and
blood tests. In some cases from two to twenty per cent. of the non-
suspected horses fail to pass these tests. A careful physical exam-
ination may show no suspicious symptoms even to one thoroughly
trained in the diseases of animals, yet the State recommends that
they should be destroyed at once. They are appraised at their ac-
tual value and destroyed but the State cannot pay more than two
thirds or $60. An autopsy is then made to see if the condemnation
was justified. About 300 such autopsies have been made and no
mistakes have been found. It is often difficult to convince the owner
that his horse has glanders when it is perfectly healthy, so far as
anybody can see. The State could safely pay an owner full value
in every case where a mistake is made. The owner would be more
easily convinced at times if the State could pay him full value if a
mistake should be made. Glanders is seldom seen in the rural sec-
tion of the State. It is much less common now than in previous
years in the large cities and should be exterminated entirely. This
could be done rather easily if we were not compelled to purchase
horses from other states. It was considered wise to close the pub-
lic drinking fountains in Philadelphia during the past summer to
prevent the further spread of what promised to be rather a large
outbreak of glanders. The disease soon subsided and the troughs
and fountains were again opened in the fall.

280 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Much more security is felt now in raising hogs; the last census
shows a decided increase in swine valuation—it is now $15,594,000
which is nearly double the valuation in 1900. Most of the security
has been brought about by a better understanding of hog cholera.
This disease would often wipe out a good herd of hogs in a few days
and the owner was helpless to prevent or cure the disease. In anti-
hog cholera serum we have a safe and efficient means of prevention.
Much more can be accomplished now than in former times by care-
ful sanitary measures. Most hog raisers know how the disease is
spread and can fight it successfully with sanitary measures. More
might be done in this line. There is a tendency to depend too much
on medicine and vaccination even by those intelligently interested.
Pennsylvania still uses the serum method of vaccination alone and
then only in infected herds. Many other states are still practicing
the simultaneous method, in most cases, it will be observed, that
the disease is more widely spread than it was before vaccination was
discovered. The simultaneous method of vaccination may be good
for the individual breeder, but for the State and county at large
there can be no doubt of its being a menace to the hog raising in-
dustry when it is used indiscriminately.

In the simultaneous method of vaccination, the virus is given to
produce hog cholera, then the serum is given to check the disease
and make it run a mild course. The nearer the victim comes to
dying and lives, the more sure are his chances for obtaining a last-
ing immunity. Every farm upon which the simultaneous method of
vaccination is used, may be considered an infected farm and the dis-
ease can be spread from such farms in the same way as from afar,
where the disease has occurred accidentally. If serum alone is used
in an infected herd, the immunity is just as lasting as where the dis-
ease is produced purposely by injecting virus. The simultaneous
method of treatment would not be so bad if its use were confined to
infected herds only. In these it is not necessary for the reason that
the disease will be contracted accidentally. Where virus is used
on sound and uninfected herds, the premises become infected and
should be looked upon as a menace to hogs in the neighborhood.
The more herds vaccinated in this way, the greater the danger to the
hog raising community, unless the system is continued as far as the
industry extends. The simultaneous method of vaccination may be
used safely under certain conditions; these conditions can’t be fol-
lowed profitably or safely at present by the average hog raiser. The
State furnishes serum free to the farmers where the disease exists.
It must be used by one who knows the disease and has been trained
in administering the remedy.

Rabies is found in most all section of Pennsylvania. It affects all
livestock and occasionally poultry. Carnivorous animals are the
most predisposed to it and are the ones that spread it. There has
been nothing new discovered in reference to handling this disease.
The Laboratory diagnosis is considered positive. It is believed
that but few mistakes are made in ascertaining whether the animal
was or was not affected with the disease. Where a case of rabies is
suspected, the head of the animal may be sent to the Laboratory of
the State Livestock Sanitary Board in Philadelphia and within
twenty-four hours the shipper can be notified definitely whether or
not the case is rabies. This information is frequently asked for and

OE EE

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 281

is of vast importance in cases where persons have been bitten by
animals suspected of having rabies.

There has not been as much rabies during the past year as in some
previous years. It is customary to kill animals that have been bitten
by dogs that were known to have had the disease. The State allows
no indemnity for damage done to stock by rabid dogs. It is possible
in some cases to indemnify the owners for such losses from the local
dog tax fund. It is also possible to have the Pasteur treatment
given to poor people and pay for it out of the same fund. The most
effectual way to control rabies would be to destroy the worthless,
homeless dogs. This would be a blessing to the sheep industry, as
well as assist greatly in preventing the spread of rabies. It would
seem that there might be some just law provided that would compel
people to confine dogs that are kept as pets or for pleasure, and
force the killing of those that are homeless or uncared for.

Contagious abortion in cattle is still receiving much study.
Breeders are becoming more familiar with the way the disease is
conveyed from farm to farm and from animal to animal, and more
effectual sanitary precautions are being practiced in breeding herds.
A rather extensive experiment was tried during the past two years
in the use of medicated methylene blue as a cure for the disease.
Many inquiries were received in reference to the treatment which
had been mentioned in a number of the dairy papers. The treat-
ment was first recommended by Dr. Rich, of Vermont, and the State
supplied the medicine, with instructions for its use. Some of our
breeders claim to have had good results with the treatment, but the
evidence collected altogether has shown it to be of no practical bene-
fit.

The most effectual method known for combating the disease is in
the line of antiseptics. Considerable work has been done by the
State in reference to diagnosing the disease. It has been found that
the blood examination or what is known as the complement fixation
test will show the infected animals in a high percentage of cases.
When the diseased animals are known, can be isolated and kept
under antiseptic conditions, it is possible to keep the disease from
spreading to other members of the herd and advantage can be taken
of the fact that aborting animals usually develop an immunity.
They seldom abort the second time and it is very unusual to find one
that aborts the third time. Some may become sterile as a result of
the disease, but after the second abortion they usually carry the
calves to full term. It can be controlled in herds by following the
instructions in circular No. 20, which is sent out by the State Live-
stock Sanitary Board. Breeders of valuable cattle are recommended
to adopt rigid sanitary measures for its control.

Many young animals still die each year with such diseases as navel
infection, white scours, joint evil, paratyphoid infection and calf
pheumonia. These diseases are practically all caused by the same
class of infectious organism, and when once they become established
in a herd or in a stable, the losses each year in young animals is
very discouraging, as practically all cases are incurable and the
fatality is high. The only means of meeting the losses from this class
of diseases is in their prevention, and prevention can only be brought
about by a rigid system of sanitation or what is known in medicine
as surgical cleanliness. This can be brought about in a practical

282 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

way by isolating the pregnant animals, placing them in stalls that
have been thoroughly cleansed and disinfected before parturition,
and the dam and young animal kept in such quarters for the first
week. The infection in each of these diseases is easily carried on the
hands of clothing of the stable help, on the body of the dam, in
troughs or buckets that have not been boiled or cleansed, and it is
difficult to explain to those who are not skilled in the science of
bacteriology the importance of thorough cleanliness.

These diseases, as well as foot-and-mouth disease, tuberculosis,
contagious abortion, etc., can easily be carried from farm to farm in
skim milk that is returned from the creamery as food for calves or
pigs. These diseases may also be carried in the cans from infected
herds to the creamery and thus infect the milk and other cans and
then be carried to various herds in the community. To meet the
dangers from spreading infection in this way, the last Legislature
passed a law requiring the pasteurizing of skim milk by heating it
to 178 degrees F. It is known that this temperature will kill the
organisms that cause these various diseases and that milk that has
been heated to this temperature can be fed safely to susceptible ani-
mals. During the last few months foot-and-mouth disease has been
spread considerably through creameries by infected cans, and milk
returned to other farms as food for hogs and calves. In some cases
farmers have objected to handling hot milk, and so far we have no
economical method for cooling milk properly. For this reason many
of the creamerymen have been slow about installing pasteurizing
plants. An efficient method for pasteurizing skim milk can be in-
stalled in any creamery that is equipped with steam for less than
$10 and this form of pasteurization can be worked with a minimum
expense and labor. The only criticism offered by most creamerymen
for not installing and using this method of pasteurization is the fact
that farmers object to hauling hot milk, and that heated milk does
not keep so well when they get it home.

It is hoped that creamerymen and their patrons will soon realize
the importance of pasteurizing milk that is used as food for hogs
and calves and that each party will co-operate in devising methods
for pasteurizing, cooling and keeping milk that will not be a means
of conveying transmissible diseases from farm to farm. It is equally
as important that cans should be washed and properly sterilized at
the creamery or before they are returned to the patrons. Many good
breeders prefer to separate the milk at home and sell only their
cream. In this way they can escape the danger of bringing new and
expensive diseases to their own premises. The Blakeslee pasteurizer
does its work in a clean, efficient manner, while many of the im-
provised methods are unsatisfactory. If the milk is heated to 180
degrees IF. with the Blakeslee, run into clean vessels, taken home in
clean cans, placed immediately in cold water and fed out of clean
pans when properly cooled, there will be no trouble. Milk that is
too hot, too cold, or putrid, may cause digestive disturbances es-
pecially in pigs. Faulty feeding of this kind can be overcome by a
little care. In no case will the loss equal that caused by feeding un-
heated milk which may have been infected with tuberculosis, foot-
and-mouth disease, etc.

The great question of how to handle tuberculosis is still in an un-
settled condition. Practically there has been no change made in the

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 283

last year in reference to eradicating or controlling the disease.
During the first part of the year there was no money obtainable for
paying indemnity on animals destroyed when they had been con-
demned as tuberculous. As soon as foot-and-mouth disease occurred
in the State practically all testing for tuberculosis was stopped, for
two reasons: It was thought that the disease might possibly be
spread by those making the tuberculin test; and the money avail-
able for controlling tuberculosis was much more needed in the eradi-
cation of foot-and-mouth disease. For these reasons there has been
very little testing for tuberculosis done since the middle of October,
1914. In the herds that were tested during the past year, the dis-
ease was not as extensive as in previous years. It is believed that
some changes might be made in reference to handling inter-state
cattle; the present law requires the tuberculin test on all animals
over six months of age that are brought into the State for any pur-
pose other than for immediate slaughter.

During the past year the State tested a great many young cattle
in Lancaster and Pittsburgh. These animals came from Canada and
the West. The percentage of reactions in such animals was very
low, practically all the condemnations were from the dairy breeds.
Tuberculin tests are not urged or forced upon native herd owners
and in no case can they be paid an indemnity for reacting cattle
unless they are willing to comply with the requirements of the State
Livestock Sanitary Board. They are required to sign an agreement
before the test is applied that in case tuberculous animals are
found, they will have them properly isolated or destroyed promptly;
that the stable will be promptly and properly disinfected and that
they will purchase no new animals and place them in the herd until
they have been tested and examined by a person authorized by the
State.

These restrictions make it impossible for dealers to obtain an in-
demnity from the State. Even with the restrictions as rigid as they
have been, the applications for tuberculin tests have been all that
the State was able to handle with the amount of money available.
Some have felt that the appraisements are not sufficiently high on
cattle that are condemned for tuberculosis. If the limit in price
for this purpose is to be raised, it will be necessary to obtain very
much more money from the State Government to be used in the work
of eradicating tuberculosis. Whether it is advisable to make this
move is a question.

A physical diagnosis has been advocated by some and principally
by those who are opposed to tuberculin testing. Very little can be
accomplished in exterminating tuberculosis where the physical ex-
amination alone is depended upon. It is not possible for even the
best veterinarians to pick out 5% of the tuberculous cattle by a
physical examination alone, and very little headway will be made in
exterminating the disease when 95% of the diseased animals are
allowed to remain with healthy animals. In tuberculin we still have
the most positive method of detecting tuberculous animals. When
properly applied, it is accurate in more than 95% of cases.

The State has experimented considerably during the last year
with different methods for applving tuberculin. The old subcutane-
ous form of application is still considered best, yet good results
have been obtained in many cases with what is known as the ocular

284 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

test, the intradermal test and the intra-palpebral test. For making
the last three named tests a special form of tuberculin is required.
Under certain conditions they are more reliable than the subcu-
taneous test and the veterinarian at the present time who is thor-
oughly qualified and competent to test cattle for tuberculosis, should
be familiar with and prepare to apply any or all of these four tests,
and in addition to using them, should be able to make a careful phy-
sical examination. The person who is properly equipped to make
these various tests, combined with a careful physical examination,
should be able to detect tuberculosis in more than 98% of the
cases, and make mistakes in less than 2%.

Where results so good can be obtained, it would seem advisable
to develop these methods to the highest possible standard, and every-
body concerned use his efforts to do away with the careless methods
that have been practiced in too many cases.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FERTILIZERS

By JOHN SHOENER, Chairman.

A year ago, when the Executive Committe honored me with the
appointment of Chairman of the Committee on Fertilizers, I prom-
ised them to make my report from the farmer’s standpoint. The
subject of Commercial Fertilizers is an important one to the farm-
ers of Pennsylvania, as it has considerable effect upon their bank
account. Next to the cost of labor, the fertilizer bills are the farm-
ers’ largest item of expense. The use of commercial fertilizers is
continually increasing. In my own section, it has doubled within
the last five years. Hay always brings a good price, labor is high,
and competent help scarce at any price. This has induced the
farmers, in many instances, to reduce their livestock and increase
the use of commercial fertilizers. Where most of the crops are sold
from the farm, they carry with them a large amount of plant food
which they have taken out of the soil. This can only be replaced
by hauling manure back to the farm, or by the extensive use of
commercial fertilizers. Where the farmer lives close to a city and
can get the manure cheap and fresh from the stable, the hauling of
manure would probably be the best method to keep up the fertility
of the soil; but comparatively few farmers are so situated, and the
intelligent use of commercial fertilizers together with green ma-
nuring lime is to be recommended.

Much of the money expended for fertilizers is wasted in buying
low grade fertilizers which are sold on their brand names and the
long double column of figures showing the analysis; where, if the
manufacturers were required to print the actual number of pounds
of available plant food of the constituents contained, and the sources
from which they were derived, the ordinary farmer would, at a

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No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 285

glance, see what he was buying. No farmer would buy 1—7—1 fer-
tilizer, if he knew that a ton contains only 163 pounds of nitrogen,
derived from a very low grade of material, 140 pounds of available
phosphoric acid, derived from one-half ton of 14% acid phosphate
and 20 pounds of actual potash, derived from low grade kainit. All
the plant food contained in such a fertilizer can be bought under
ordinary conditions for $8.25; and yet with an attractive brand name,
hundreds of tons of this fertilizer are being sold throughout Penn-
sylvania at prices as high as $25 per ton. Fertilizer manufacturers
tell us, that such low grades are put up especially to fill a demand
for a cheap fertilizer. The intelligent, prosperous farmer will not
buy it, but the fertilizer dealer will sell it to the poor uninformed
farmer at prices two or three times as high as he could have bought
the same plant food in a high grade fertilizer.

I would recommend certain changes in our fertilizer law. First,
the repeal of Sections 1, 2 and 3 and the enactment of the follow-
ing :—

Section 1. Be it enacted, etc., that every package of commercial
fertilizer sold, offered or exposed for sale, for manurial purposes
within this Commonwealth, except the dung of domestic animals,
lime, marl and wood ashes, shall have plainly stamped thereon the
name and address of the manufacturer or importer and his place
of business, the net weight of the contents of the package, the actual
number of pounds in a ton such fertilizer contains of nitrogen in
available form, of soluble and reverted phosphoric acid, of potash
soluble in water and the sources from which these ingredients are
derived. Provided, that no other figures be stamped on the package
except the per cent. of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in an
available form, may be stamped thereon in three figures only.

Section 2. Every manufacturer or importer of commercial fer-
tilizers, as specified in Section 1 of this act, shall, on or before the
first day of January of each year, or before offering them for sale
within this Commonwealth, secure from the Secretary of Agricul-
ture, a license to sell fertilizers within this Commonwealth, for which
he or they shall pay the sum of twenty-five dollars ($25).

Section 3. Every manufacturer or importer of commercial fer-
tilizers shall, annually, at the end of each year or before the first
day of January of the following year, file with the Secretary of
Agriculture an affidavit showing the number of tons of fertilizers
sold within the Commonwealth during the last preceding year; and
he or they shall pay or cause to be paid to the Secretary of Agri-
culture, the sum of ten (10) cents for each and every ton sold within
the State during the last preceding year. Provided, that all moneys
so received and all moneys received for license, as provided in Sec-
tion 2, shall be immediately paid by the Secretary of Agriculture
into the State Treasury, for the use of the Commonwealth. Second,
That Section 5 be so altered and amended as to comply with Sec-
tions 1, 2 and 3 and that the penalties as now provided in Section 5
be increased.

I would also recommend that special examinations be made of
nitrogenous fertilizers, so as to determine the available and the
inactive or insoluble nitrogen present in all fertilizers where the
manufacturer makes a guarantee for nitrogen, and that a sufficient
appropriation be made to carry on the work.

286 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

I would further recommend that in the tabulated analysis of
commercial fertilizers of the Department of Agriculture, the actual
value of plant food contents be given instead of the computed com-
mercial value. By that, I mean the value of the ingredients con-
tained, at what they could be bought delivered at any railroad sta-
tion in the State, in carload lots for cash. There is a marked dif-
ference between the value of plant food contents and the computed
commercial value as given in the Bulletin. The cost of the plant
food elements contained in commercial fertilizers increase from the
time they leave the wholesale commission house, and by the time
they reach the farmer, who buys in small quantities froin the lucal
dealer on time, the cost has doubled and trebled, if low grade fer-
tilizers are bought.

By co-operative buying of the various materials and intelligent
home mixing, one-half of the money expended for fertilizers by the
farmers of Pennsylvania, could be saved. The intelligent farmer is
in a position to know better what his soil and his different crops
need, than the fertilizer manufacturer, many of whom have never
seen a pound used on the farm. He can mix his fertilizers to suit
any crops or conditions. In case of a quick growing crop, he can
get his ingredients from sources that contain the plant food in the
most available form. If it is a slow growing crop, he can get his
plant food from sources that are not all at once available, but that
become gradually available as the plants need it. Where, if he buys
ready mixed fertilizers, he does not know from what sources the dif-
ferent elements are derived or when they become available. Farm-
ers, who mix their own fertilizers, use higher grades of fertilizers,
than those who buy ready mixed goods, and consequently grow
larger crops.

During the year 1914, 340,000 tons of commercial fertilizers were
used by the farmers of Pennsylvania, for which they paid ap-
proximately $8,000,000; of this amount, not more than $3,650,000
went for materials; $680,000 for mixing and bags, $680,000 for
freight; and about $3,000,000 for officers’ salaries, dividends, travel-
ing salesmen and local agents’ profits. The average price to the
farmer was about $23.00 per ton for an average analysis of about
1—8—4. This fertilizer contained plant food worth last year less
than $18.00. There were instances where it was sold by local deal-
ers for $30.00, a 5—6—6 for $60.00, a 14% acid phosphate for $20.00,
and a 0—6—3 for $17.00.

No farmer can afford to pay such prices for fertilizers and the
farmer who pays such exorbitant prices knows very little about them.
If the laws could be changed, as recommended in this report, and
the actual value of fertilizers given in the bulletin, farmers would
soon learn what to buy and what to pay for them. The fertilizer
manufacturer would have to adjust himself to new conditions and
the dishonest manufacturer would soon be out of business. There
would still be a good honorable business for the honest manufac-
turer. He would no longer be bound down to a licensed brand or
brands, but would be at liberty to sell any analysis that the farmers
wanted, and under the new law, they would know what they were
getting. By cutting down some expenses, such as high salaries,
traveling salesmen, local agents, and long term credits, and sell
direct to farmers in carload lots for cash, the farmers could get

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 287
their fertilizers ready mixed, better than they are able to mix it

themselves, and still have just what they want and at reasonable
prices.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WOOL AND TEXTILE FIBRES

By JAMES M. PAXTON, Chairman.

Sheep were raised in the earliest times for their pelt and without
regard to the wool. They were the earliest domesticated of any of
the wild animals, and this domestication, together with the breeder,
has changed the character of the animal very much. At the present
time there are but few wild sheep known. History tells us that
God’s chosen people had all their richest attire made of the product
of the sheep, and of the Jewish maidens holiday attire being woolen
garments made from the finest and softest wool.

By consulting statistics we will readily understand why the pro-
duction of wool has been the one purpose which our sheep breeders
have had in view. Beginning with the year 1825 we find wool sell-
ing at seventy-five cents per pound, and the average price for twenty-
five years from that time was fifty-four cents per pound. Begin-
ning with 1850 we find wool selling at an average for the next quar-
ter of a century of over fifty-five cents per pound, and during the time
from July, 1864, until the following spring, it sold for $1.00 per
pound. No wonder breeders were stimulated to produce wool.
About this time the American Merino sheep was produced, which
as a wool producer, has no successful rival. Beginning with the year
1875 we find for the next 12 years fine wool sold at an average of
only forty-one cents per pound, and from that time to the present
the market has drifted downward until now wool has become so
low that sheep raisers are paying more attention to the produc-
tion of mutton. Sheep raising does not seem to have been under-
taken on so large a scale as perhaps it should, as sheep yield a
double return—meat and wool. As a meat-food animal sheep have
never been sufficiently appreciated in the United States. They are,
however, of very great value and must be classed with swine and
poultry as the most available animals to supply meat for home
use on the average farm, as they are readily slaughtered, the meat
can be kept without difficulty, it is nutritious, wholesome and palat-
able when properly cooked.

Sheep are more prolific than most farm animals, the increase be-
ing 100 per cent. or better in some cases. Government data shows
an alarming decrease of livestock in recent years. The receipts of
sheep at six of the leading markets for September, 1913, and 1914,
show a total decrease of 501,686. There is a world shortage of
sheep. The population of the world has increased near 30 per cent.
in the past 15 years, but practically no increase in the number of

19

288 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sheep, and six of the leading markets of the United States show
that the receipts of sheep in 1914 was 777,134 less than in 1913, and
in fourteen markets including those just mentioned we find a short-
age of 950,000 sheep. With the European war on hand and the
armies being followed by bands of sheep for food, it is quite to be
expected that the 118,600,000 sheep now owned by the warring na-
tions will be almost exterminated before the war ends. Besides the
increased demand for wool by these nations, large orders for army
blankets and clothing have been placed here by the French Govern-
ment. With the present prospects of a wool scarcity and the fact
that we have a vast amount of land here in Pennsylvania well
adapted to sheep raising—rough hills too steep to cultivate—that
should remain in permanent pasture and are not as yet infected with
parasites—I would urge all farmers to raise some sheep. It may be
the time of large flocks in Pennsylvania is past, but now is the
time for a small flock on every farm.

A sheep bred exclusively or chiefly for wool must necessarily be
valued in proportion to the value of the fleece. The wool of a pure-
bred Merino of any value should stand at right angles to the skin,
presenting a dense, smooth, even surface on the exterior, opening
only in those natural cracks or divisions which separate the fleece
into masses. These masses should not be small in size or they in-
dicate excessive fineness of fleece, (a quarter of an inch is the limit
in this respect) nor too large, lest the wool be coarse or harsh. The
length should be such as combined with thickness of staple will give
the greatest weight of fleece. Medium wool is generally in greater
in demand than fine wool, and is more profitably produced. Two or
three inches is probably the most desirable length of fleece for
profit. The wool should be sound, that is, of even strength from
end to end, of the fibre. It should be highly elastic and wrinkled,
curved or wavy, the number of these curves or waves to the inch
is not so much a test of excellence as their regularity and beauty of
curvature. The softness to the touch in handling is an excellent
test of quality so much prized by manufacturers.

Much space you say is given to the Merino sheep in this report.
The Chairman of your Committee represents a county which the
Merino sheep made famous as the first and best fine wool producing
county in America. The latest available reports show the county
clip of wool to be around 1,000,000 pounds and the market quotations
28 to 30 cents per pound. In November, 1914, at Buffalo, Washing-
ton county, during one session of the Farmers’ Institute, 22 sheep
owners present reported having on hand 3,670 sheep, and it was
also stated that within a radius of eight miles, 5,000 sheep were
owned. The last census showed that 196,000 sheep were owned in
Washington county. It is the prediction of your Committee that
many of the boys now being reared on the farm will remain there
and raise animals to restock the nations now at war, and a great
future is in store for the Pennsylvania sheep man. We give the
following reasons why most all Pennsylvania farmers should raise
a few sheep:

1. They will thrive and do well on the rough hillsides better than
any other of our farm animals.

2. They are the cheapest means of eradicating weeds on the
farm.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 289

3. They are more economical to feed than any other farm
animals.

4. They do nut require much labor and bring good returns.

5. They add fertility to the farm acting as nature’s manure
spreader.

6. The prospect of the foreign demand for sheep and wool caused
by the European situation will make the business even more profit-
able.

FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE SHEEP BREEDERS

We would recommend that the present dog law be amended so as
to include the following provisions:

First: That the assessor be required at the time of assessing the
property of every property holder of his district, as now required by
law, to make diligent inquiry as to the number of dogs owned, har-
bored or kept by the person so assessed; that such person so assessed
shall pay immediately to the township assessor the sum of $1.50 for
each and every male dog or spayed female dog and the sum of $3
for each female owned or harbored by him or any of his family. That
the said sum or sums shall be paid on all dogs over three (3) months
of age. That the assessor shall make a memorandum of any dogs
on any premises that are not claimed by the owner of said premises.

Section 2. It shall be the duty of the assessor at the time pay-
ment is made by the owners of dogs as herein provided, to deliver to
each of said owners a metal tag bearing a serial number correspond-
ing with the number on the receipt issued to said owner as herein
provided; and said tag shall also have impressed thereon the cal-
endar year for which such tag is issued; said tag to be not less than
one inch wide or less than one inch in length; and the general shape
of said tag shall be changed from year to year.

Section 3. It shall be the duty of the assessor to publish in two
county papers a list of the dogs so assessed giving the name and ad-
dress of the owner of each dog, together with the sex of each dog
and the number on the tag issued therefor: Provided, in the event
there is but one paper of general circulation published in the county,
then it will suffice if said list is published therein.

Section 4. If upon the publication of the assessor’s report, any
reputable citizen of such district shall furnish conclusive proof to
the County Commissioners of three or more dogs in the community
that were not reported as assessed, the County Commissioners shall
be required to make an investigation of the accuracy of this asses-
sor’s work and see that the penalty of the law is carried out for
such failure either of the assessor or owner to make a true report.

Section 5. Upon completion of the assessor’s report the County
Commissioners shall be empowered to call upon constables or state
constabulary to kill all dogs not wearing a license tag regardless of
whose property they may be on; Provided, however, that before such
action is taken they give due notice through two or more papers that
such action will be taken following a certain length of time which
time shall be sufficient for any to secure the license tag for their
dogs who have not done so at the time of the assessor’s report. Fur-
ther, that upon conclusive evidence of three or more dogs running

19—5—1914

290 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

at large in any district or community, the County Commissioners
shall be required to employ someone to kill any unlicensed dogs in
such community.

Section 6. That it shall be the duty of every person owning or
haying in charge any dog or dogs, to at all times confine such dog
or dogs, to the limits or of his own premises or the premises on which
such dog or dogs is, or are, regularly kept: Provided, That nothing
in this act shall be construed to prevent the owner of any dog or
dogs, or other person or persons having such dog or dogs in his or
their charge from allowing such dog or dogs to accompany such
owner or other person or persons elsewhere than on the premises on
which such dog or dogs is, or are, regularly kept.

Any persons violating this provision shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor and shall be fined not less than two nor more than
fifty dollars, one-half of such fine to be payable to the officer or other
person furnishing the evidence upon which such owner or other
person having such dog or ieee in his charge is convicted of such
violation.

REPORT OF MEMORIAL COMMITTEE UPON THE DEATH
OF GENERAL JAMES A. BEAVER.

It is not given to very many of the sons of man to win high title
as a commander of valiant warriors, distinguished consideration as
an executive statesman and general commendation as an adminis-
trator of justice from the Appellate bench of his native State. To
have richly earned the right to wear the several titles of General,
Governor and Judge in so important a civic body as Pennsylvania,
and to have worn each of them so worthily as to have won the gen-
erous approbation of his fellow-citizens, places the life of the man
whose accomplishments these were, almost as far above eulogy as
it is beyond criticism, and lays upon him who has been called to
pronounce its memorial a difficult though gracious task. Such a
man was James Adams Beaver, and such were his achievements. If,
however, the recital of these successes or even their most extended
amplifications were to be the limit of the memorialist’s work, it
would be but illy done; for the character of which they were, at once
the sequel and the exponent, furnishes the larger and richer field of
exploration.

Large as James A. Beaver may have loomed in official life, he was
larger as a man; a manly, courageous, just, kindly man, of wide in-
telligence and broad views; of strong faith, bright hope and abound-
ing charity, as exemplified by his work; and from his early youth to
his last day, a man who walked uprightly before his God. While yet
in his very early manhood he set for himself a worthy purpose, es-
tablished reasonable standards of living, strengthened his self-con-
trol and found pleasure in such self-development as would enable
him to be of service to his fellow men.

a5 oe pe oeegil

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 291

Probably the most distinctive attribute of General Beaver’s char-
acter, if, indeed, it were not its very keynote, was his exalted con-
ception of the duty, and more particularly the joy, of service; ser-
vice to his family, service to his neighbors, service to his town, his
State, his country, and service to his Lord. Only those who knew
him best realized the keen delight he felt in doing something for
somebody or even anything for anybody. However arduous may
have been any duty required of him, whatever may have been the dif-
ficulties of any task assigned him, he undertook it with undaunted
courage and large faith and its accomplishment, if accomplishment
were possible in the best way and to the best purpose for which his
physical, mental and moral powers equipped him, was certain.
Whether, as a second lieutenant, drilling the “awkward squad” of the
“Bellefonte Fencibles” before the outbreak of the Civil War; as a
colonel guarding the cross roads at Spottsylvania Courthouse, or as
a general fighting his brigade and losing his leg at Ream’s Station;
whether as councilman or burgess of his home town or as Chief Exe-
cutive of his native State, financing the relief of the Johnstown
Flood victims; whether as a prep student at the Pine-Grove Mills
Academy, as member of the graduating class of Washington College,
or Chairman of the Governing Board, and sometime acting President
of Pennsylvania’s great State College; whether as a student at law
in the office of his future father-in-law or a dispenser of justice from
the Appellate Court of his State; whether teaching in his home
Sunday school, counseling the Y. M. C. A., serving as ruling elder
of his own congregation or moderating the National General As-
sembly of his loved Presbyterian Church; the same cheerful spirit,
optimistic energy and absolute integrity of purpose, spurred him to
give the very best service of which he was capable. He represented,
whether as “Farmer,” “General,” “Governor,” or “Judge,” the
highest type of American citizenship devoted to service.

It was not the least of the many distinctions which came to this
all-round man, nor was it the one which he least esteemed, that from
the time he was commissioned lieutenant of the “Bellefonte Fen-
cibles,” in the late fifties, by the then Governor Packer, who was
himself a native of Centre county, until for the last time in his note-
worthy career, he received re-appointment as member of this body
from Governor Tener, he held a commission for every Governor of
the State, excepting of course, himself. By the commission as Goy-
ernor, received direct from the people, he automatically became, for
the first time, a member of this body. His after service on the Board
began with a commission from Governor Stone and was followed
by those of Governor Pennypacker, Governor Stuart and Governor
Tener, which latter remained in force until the Grim Reaper brought
him his final commission, commanding him to “Come up higher.”

It is by warrant of these commissions that we memorialize him
to-day. These appointments and the commissions they carried with
them, were by no means complimentary; for be it known that as a
farmer, in his private life, a practical farmer of his own farm, he
was governed by the same characteristics that exhibited themselves
in all his work, whether as soldier, executive or judge. His large
abilities and fine successes as a practical farmer were the efficient
reasons for his several appointments as our earnest and efficient col-
league. That high conception of the duty of service which governed

292 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

his actions in all other walks of life, gave him such an appreciation
of the soil as, excepting only the mind and soul of man, the most
important of God’s creations, as comes to but few farmers; and led
him to give his best efforts to the problem of not only maintain-
ing its power to produce, but even more strenuously to the greater
one of increasing that power in each successive year. Justly proud
as he was of his fine crops, he experienced a more real and lasting
satisfaction in the fact that each rotation of crops left the soil
better than it found it.

Of his devotion to the agricultural interest of the State as a mem-
ber of this body, it is almost superfluous to speak in this presence,
for it was patent to all. His clear, strong advocacy of measures
which met the approval of his judgment, or his spirited objection to
any which did not so justify themselves, were alike in keeping with
his views of best service. His cheerful, frank manner, fine voice, en-
lightened judgment and clear reasoning were among the best assets
of the Board, and we can but deplore their absence. In ripeness of
years and fullness of good work he was gently ferried across the
Dark River, and while we regret his departure from among us, he
views with clarified vision the brightness of the glories which,
while here, he could see only through his uncompromising faith. The
epitaph which would best befit his resting-place would read: “He
stood four-square for service to his Creator and his fellow-crea-
tures.”

SUPPRESSION OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS

By DR. H. O. GILL, New York City.

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I think the first thing I
ought to do would be to square myself with those present. Your
Chairman has introduced me as an authority. Just as soon as any-
one assumes that title or assumes the title of an expert, he is in
trouble for the reason that they will quote an authority on page
so and so and ask you if you believe the doctrine laid down by that
authority. Now I don’t want you to ask questions along that line.
I am simply an ordinary, everyday, practical veterinarian, with an
experience of many years, although I may not look it.

We have a subject, tuberculosis, the suppression of tuberculosis.
It is a subject that has been threshed out from time immemorial and
it seems even at this day not to be clearly understood. It is not
clearly understood for two reasons. The first reason is that many
scientific, technical gentlemen try to enlighten the general public
by using technical language. To-night I am going to try and, as a
matter of fact, will avoid the use of all technical Latin terms or
words.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 293

Why do we want to suppress tuberculosis? That is the vital
point; why do we want to do it? So far as tuberculosis, transmit-
ting that disease to the human family, they tell you that pasteuriza-
tion will do away with that danger. Now then we get back to the
economic proposition, we get back to your own welfare regarding
your cattle, and the question is, do you want to breed and keep on
breeding tuberculosis among your cattle? You can make your herd
more profitable if you have a perfectly healthy herd, a herd not only
free from tuberculosis, but free from every other disease. The
product of those cows will command a higher price, and it has often
been said they want us to do these things, but they won’t pay for it,
and I want to tell you right now that they will pay for it, you
ean compel them to pay for it. Why do they demand improvements
and conditions that increase your expense for the production of
milk, unless they are able and willing to supply a remedy, which is
to give you more for your product.

Now, then, again, your cattle are worth more money if they are
tuberculosis-free, so that I could continue pointing out where it is
to your advantage to eradicate tuberculosis from your herd if they
have it or to keep it out if they haven’t got it. You all know that
tuberculosis is a specific disease; therefore, it must be caused by a
specific thing, and in this instance it is caused by a living organism,
a micro-organism, and an organism that is not apparent under ordi:
nary circumstances to the naked eye; but, nevertheless, it has to
live and it has to eat, so to speak, to live. As a matter of fact, its
habits are identical with the habits of a human being; I won’t say
identical, but they are somewhat similar, physiologically. Now, to
have tuberculosis, you must have the seed of tuberculosis just as
you must have the seed of a peach tree to develop peaches, to grow
peaches or to grow a tree. You cannot have tuberculosis unless
you have the specific cause of tuberculosis; Now remember that.
Tuberculosis does not arise from filth or dirt or bad ventilation
or unsanitary conditions of a barn; it cannot; it is impossible; you
must have the seed of the disease.

Now, the question is, how are you going to get rid of this seed?
How are you going to get rid of tuberculosis? The only one way is to
detect the seed on your premises, in your cattle, and get rid of it.
How are you going to do that? As I told you, this organism
grow and all it needs is the proper soil, all it needs is fertile soil.
It is planted just the same as anything else; but it has got to have
the soil to grow; if it does not have that soil, it won’t grow and it
won’t develop. You can grow this organism outside of the animal
body; you can grow it in a laboratory; you supply this seed with
favorable food and put it in an incubator at the temperature of the
body and leave it there, and these minute microscopic organisms
grow and thrive and they practically eat up the food that you
put there for them and the result is that they have waste products
just the same as a human being has waste products.

Now these waste products are utilized in the detection of tuber-
culosis in cattle. These waste products, treated in various ways,
which I will not go into, are what is known as tubercular; it is the
product of the growth, the artificial growth, of the tubercle bacilli.
Remember this organism is grown; you’ve got to get the organism.
First, you have got to plant it in a media upon which it will feed,

294 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

upon which it will develop favorably, and then you can see these
what were originally microscopic organisms, you can see them
grow, because there are many millions of them in a flask of culture
upon which these bugs are grown, and then they appreciate them-
selves, they get together collectively; but you cannot see one with
your naked eye, you have got to use a microscope, and then they only
appear as a very slight rod. Then we have this by-products of the
growth, you might say, of these tuberculosis organisms, which is
tuberculin. It is a well-known fact that tuberculin, when injected
subcutaneously into a cow, is the best diagnostic agent we have for
the detection of tuberculosis. Now you all know that a tuberculous
cow, except when she is in an advanced stage of tuberculosis, does
not go around with a sign on her that “I am tuberculous.” It does
not give you, under ordinary conditions, any notice that your cow
has tuberculosis; but, nevertheless, she may, and she may be able
to disseminate, to breathe out the seeds of this disease which, when
taken up by another animal, that animal might develop the disease,
depending, of course, upon certain physical conditions of the animal.

There is another way which has been advocated, of late, to a very
great degree, as a sort of a way to suppress tuberculosis. But sup-
pressing tuberculosis, in my mind, is not eradicating tuberculosis—
and that is by a physical examination of the cow. All of you who
have associated with cattle daily, I should say, are familiar with
what svmptoms a cow affected with tuberculosis in an advanced
stage, should present. Many of you have no doubt put the cows in
the field, the dogs have run the cattle, and you would see one cow
hump up her bag a little and go “Hoo, hoo, hoo.” You know that
is a case of tuberculosis in that cow; you can’t get away from
that; you know it just as well as we do. You know that peculiar
cough, that peculiar sound of the cough. You see the expression of
the cow. You are better able to notice and appreciate that expres-
sion than a stranger, because you see that cow every day, or if not
every day, occasionally, and you say to yourself, “There is some-
thing the matter with that cow; what is it?” That is a physical
case of tuberculosis; you do not need a veterinarian to diagnose a
case of that kind, you all diagnose them, yourselves. It is a com-
mon practice that when you see a cow come in, down like that as
many have done in New York State, they call in the butcher and
get $15, $18, $20 for a cow like that and away it goes and it is lost
sight of.

The CHAIRMAN: What becomes of it?
DR. GILL: I don’t want to go on record, I don’t know.
A Member: We didn’t hear what the question was.

DR. GILL: The question was what do they do with cattle of that
kind? I am sorry to say that in New York State we haven’t any
State Meat Inspection Law, so there are perhaps opportunities for
cows of that kind to be killed in the country abattoirs or slaughter
houses, and probably they use the good parts of the meat, I don’t
know, I don’t believe they would use the diseased part. I want to
say that it is a physical impossibility which has been demonstrated
time and time again for any ordinary man, upon a physical diag-
nosis, to pick out all of the open cases of tuberculosis. When I say

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 295

open cases of tuberculosis, I mean cases where the lungs are affected
with the disease, the result of the invasion of the tuberculosis or-
ganism and that communicates with the bronchiae and bronchial
tubes and through the nose to the exterior and is capable of breath-
ing out the organisms.

The CHAIRMAN: Is it possible for any one method to detect
all of them, Doctor?

DR. GILL: Why, the tuberculin test comes the nearest and I think
that it gets nearly all with a very few exceptions, but when there is
an area in the lung, we will say, as large as that, located within
the chest and in a part of the lung that is remote from the free
surface of the ribs, it is almost impossible to get any sound that
would indicate that the cow had that lesion at that, or in that re-
mote part of the lungs, and many cases of tuberculosis that are
generalized are in such a state with the nodules, little grape-like
nodules, distributed all over the covering of the intestines and the
lining of the abdominal cavity, the covering of the pleura, the chest
and the heart sack, the pericardium just studded with tubercu-
losis nodules—those cases I have known to have been missed by the
so-called physical diagnostician, so that you see that it is not a real,
practical way of determining whether or not your cattle are affected
with tuberculosis. If you find one acute case, it is safe to say that
you have got more, there is no question about that, but I mean that
it is impossible to pick out all of the spreaders.

Now, mind you, I am not speaking about all the cases, I say all
the spreaders, all the cases where there are lesions in the lungs
having a communication with the exterior. You know that cows
do not expectorate. You know that they have an accumulation of
mucus plus tubercular organisms in their throat, but instead of spit-
ting, they swallow. They swallow their excrementitious matter from
the throat and it might appear very funny to you for me to say that
a cow with an open lesion in the lungs would spread the disease
by spreading the organisms, but if you had seen, as I did at the
University of Pennsylvania—I think Dr. Marshall will bear me out,
and Dr. Pearson was there—some years ago they made a gauze
mask, put those masks over non-tuberculous animals and _ tuber-
culous animals and allowed the animals to breathe through this
gauze. Then they took the gauze to the laboratory and were sur:
prised themselves; I think they found the organisms in nearly every
instance, showing how the disease is disseminated, how quite pos-
sible it is for an animal to breathe out these organisms and if
breathed in by a neighboring cow which is in a susceptible condi-
tion, that cow would be affected.

Now that brings up a point that always struck me from that
time, and I have applied it practically, and that is to have good ven-
tilation in a barn; not only good ventilation, but a constant dis-
turbance of the air, a current of air just to overcome that possi-
bility of the concentration of these exhaled organisms from an in-
fected animal, so that the air will disseminate them and lessen the
possibility of the other cows taking it.

I don’t know whether you follow me in that statement or not,
but there is ventilation and ventilation. You may have ventilation
enough but no current of air. You may have what you think in

296 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

your stable are plenty of inlets and outlets and still they may not
be arranged so as to create a current of air. You may have your
air stagnant; but you raise your outlet 15 or 20 feet and it will
take your hat up, there will be a great circulation of air; there is
where the mistake is made.

Never be satisfied from a theoretical plan. I have seen theoretical
plans followed absolutely and still you got no current of air or if
there was any current it was in the opposite way to that from
which we are expected to go. Apply your own good common sense,
put another piece of stove pipe on your outlet, a piece 6 or 7 feet
long, and you will be surprised to see the result, it changes the
whole situation, creates a current, and that is what you want in a
cow stable. You don’t want to have your cows closely confined in an
excellent stable; you may build the finest cement barn with good
tight windows and a cold winter’s night you come in there and the
cows are nice and warm, but there around the windows and on the
wall is a condensation of moisture which is an indication that that
stable is very, very badly ventilated, and that is one of the causes,
in my mind, one of the most potent factors in the contributory
causes to the spread of tuberculosis, the confinement of the air in
a barn.

Now that gets us back to the tuberculin test; that seems to be the
bone of contention; it may be because it is more or less compli-
cated. It may be because it required application, very close ap-
plication of the operator, of the tester. It requires the cleanest sort
of observation, so as to be able to determine just what caused a
sudden elevation and dropping of the temperature during the pro-
cess of testing. There is a cause for all those things. It may not be
due to tuberculosis, but there is a cause for these irregular tempera-
tures.

Now then, in the first place, we have got to get our tuberculin.
as I spoke of, we have got to get good tuberculin and we have got
to have fresh tuberculin. Mistakes have been made by using tuber-
culin that had deteriorated, that had been in a warm closet or a
desk drawer or on the mantlepiece or in the barn for an indefinite
period of time. Don’t take any chances like that, because you can-
not expect to get any results. Do not use any of your left-over
tuberculin, get the fresh stuff. Upon the quality of that tuberculin
depends an accurate result, and it means money to you if a mis-
take is made.

The next step is to see that the cow receives the dose intended. If
you want to give a certain amount of tuberculin, you want to be
sure the cow gets it. If you give just two-fifths of a cubic centi-
meter, which is a very small amount of tuberculin, it is almost an
impossibility to get it all out of your needle, to get it all into the
cow. Therefore it is well to dilute your crude tuberculin, to take
two-fifths of a cubic centimeter of tuberculin and add enough water
to make five cubic centimeters, and then if you lose any of it, it
is an infinitesimal amount and will not affect the result at all; but
if you inject two-fifths of a cubic centimeter of crude tuberculin and
lose an infinitesimal amount of that, it does affect your dose unless
you give a double dose.

The next thing is to inject the tuberculin into the cow with the
least possible annoyance to the cow. How are you going to do that?

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 297

By using a small, sharp needle, and see that your needle is always
sharp before introducing it into the cow. I have, in many instances,
had my attention called by the cow itself to the fact that tie needle
was dull; I knew the needle was dull from the way the cow acted,
and upon examination I found that was the case, and, therefore,
used a new needle. So you want to have a good supply of real good,
sharp, small needles, not a large needle, and you can go right along
with very few exceptions, where you have fractious cows. Of course
when you inject into a cow, she will pay no attention to you if she is
familiar with you herself, or she will pay very little attention to
you if you are dressed according to the habit of the barn, and it is
a matter of very little work to inject.

The next thing to do is to have a good syringe, a syringe that don’t
kick, a syringe that don’t leak, a syringe that has not laid on the
shelf a long time and dried out, one that when you use a little pres-
sure on the piston to force out the tuberculin, it don’t kick back
so that you can’t tell how. much you are giving. Now I should have
mentioned before about taking the temperature before the injection.
Of course you have got to take temperature and take them sufficiently
long to determine the mean normal temperature of the animal, and
you want to take temperatures at times of the day corresponding
with the temperatures the next day so as to compare them and note
any difference. If you should only take a night temperature before,
we will say, and run along until the next night, you are not able
to compare the temperature before and after at the same time, so
it is always best to take the temperature in the morning, take the
temperature at noon and take the temperature at the time of your
injection; and if you can take it oftener than that, why so much
the better.

Now the question comes, the most important part of the whole
thing appears, and that is the after-temperatures, the temperatures
following the injection of tuberculin. You know that if a cow is
tubercular, you expect a rise in temperature; I am not going into
the details or the technique of this, because I might get too deep
in the bacteriological side of it, therefore I will keep out, myself.
This tuberculin is injected into the cow for a certain reason. What
is it? That reason is that that tuberculin is supposed, when in-
jected into a cow affected with tuberculosis, to create a systemic
disturbance of some sort. That disturbance is evident to a more
or less degree by an elevation in temperature. Now I want to say
right here that it does not make any difference to what degree that
temperature goes, if it goes up at all, if it goes up a degree, there
is some cause for it; and if you cannot find any other cause than
tuberculosis, it is tuberculosis and you have got to figure that it is
tuberculosis.

Now just how long do you expect it to be before you get a re-
action? Well, I might qualify that by saying: How long would
one expect before he gets the maximum elevation of temperature or
reaches the height of the reaction, so to speak, because it’s got to
go up? It may surprise you to know that I have seen that at the
twenty-fourth hour, and only the other day I noticed one the twenty-
second hour. The temperatures were absolutely normal up to the
eighteenth hour. The twentieth hour there was a little movement
of the thermometer in an upward direction. It continued and we
eighteenth hour. The twentieth hour there was a little movement

298 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

this to show you how essential it is to take the temperature at regu-
lar intervals from the moment of injection right straight through to
the twenty-fourth hour, and then some more if you can.

Every owner of cattle, every herdsman should become familiar
with the use and readings of a thermometer, and they should con-
tinue the temperature findings, to be absolutely certain, right along
every two hours after injection, do it themselves if the veterinarian
does not do it. The veterinarian must sleep, you know, but in the
intervals you can take the temperature and I want to cite an in-
stance that happened. I directed a veterinarian to test some cattle
and he came back after taking the temperatures up to the eighteenth
hour, or he telephoned me—that is the regular requirement in our
State, up to the eighteenth hour. There were circumstances sur-
rounding these cattle which were such that I wanted to be ab-
solutely sure about it, and I wanted them taken up to the twenty-
fourth hour, so that I had to ask the owner of the herd to take
the temperatures himself. He was a good, practical man, had often
bought cattle and made the test himself and was in position to
judge whether the test was made right, and he did it and we got
a generalized case on the twenty-second hour; the temperature be-
gan to rise the twenty-second hour; he took it the twenty-fourth and
twenty-sixth hour and it stayed up about two hours and a half, and
we slaughtered the cow and it was a case of generalized tuberculosis.
I simply want to show you, but this illustration, that where an ani-
mal is saturated with tuberculosis and tubercular products, that it
places that animal in an immune condition so that it offsets the
fact of our injection, our ordinary injection of tuberculin.

Now those are the cases we might miss. And there was a cow
that to all appearances was a perfectly healthy animal and she was
in that herd, capable of spreading the disease. Now we will imagine
that you have picked out all your reactors and you have gotten rid
of them.

Now the next thing to do, and in my mind the hardest proposi-
tion, is to keep out the seed of tuberculosis. You must remember
that you must liken this seed or this organism to any other seed
or organism; it can be carried around, it can be carried by the
wind, it can be carried by the manure, it can be carried by hogs, by
chickens, by anything that moves or is moved which has come in
contact with the specific cause of the disease. You have many in-
stances of that in the agricultural line, as far as the moth is con-
cerned, for example, and a few other of those vegetable parasites.

ADDRESS OF MR. STEVENSON.

You know I can’t even get under way in five minutes. I have no
desire to hold anybody against their will; but I think this question
is of such importance to the breeders of cattle, that we ought to take
a night, if necessary, in order to acquire any information about it

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 299

that we can. There is one thing to be said against the advocates of
general tuberculin testing as now applied under the law—if it is a
good thing and will accomplish the purpose of eradicating the dis-
ease or of keeping it out of our State, why not apply it to every
herd in the State—get rid of all the reactors at once? Now, by not
doing that, they admit that it will not accomplish what they claim
for it, that it has absolutely failed to accomplish what they claim
for it, and I am going to cite you one or two little cases, only, because
of the limited time at my disposal. An institution in my county
between January 1, 1913 and August, 1913, built a new, modern sani-
tary barn; lots of sunlight, twice as much as there would be in this
building, bought in the adjoining county 97 cattle, subjected them to
the tuberculin test by veterinarians of their own selections, one of
them a relative of our State Veterinarian; not a reactor was found;
all were pronounced sound. They were driven across the country
about 80 miles, assembled in this new, modern sanitary barn, kept
free from contact with any other cattle. There was no known method
of known communication of the disease, and in April, 1914, they were
again subjected to the tuberculin test by another veterinarian and
36 reactors were found. They were slaughtered and pronounced by
the veterinarian, a very competent gentleman and, | think, thor-
oughly honest, as 1 think Dr. Marshall is thoroughly honest—found
by him to show lesions of the disease. Four others, not reactors at
any of the tests, these two prior test were slaughtered later and
three of those were found with lesions of the disease. They were held
until October—the remaining 57, again tested, and, gentlemen, there
are 22 left. There won’t be any left after the next test or two.

Now that is the method of eradicating tuberculosis, but you eradi-
cate the herd and annihilate it when you do it. Dr. Moore had pre-
cisely the same experience reported in an article in the American
Veterinary Review by Prof. Hastings with whom I had my first con-
troversy in Hoard’s Dairyman. Ninety seven animals were sub-
jected to a semi-annual test for four years and out of the 97, i9 were
left—a pretty good showing too.

Where are the cattle coming from? Where are you going to get
your milk from? Where are you going to get your future dairy
cattle, if you slaughter the animals that react? And a great many
that react are found to be perfectly sound, found to show no lesion
of the disease after reaction. I have right here in an envelope—if I
had all night, I could give it all to you—a report from our State
Veterinarian as to the animals tested—animals imported into the
State of Pennsylvania and tested in 1914 at Pittsburgh, Lancaster
and other places—27,000 animals, is my recollection, of which num-
ber 305 were found to be suspicious. That is a class that don't exist
when they test our animals for interstate shipment; they are either
reactors or non reactors, they are not suspicious. Three hundred
and five were suspicious and of that 305, on the re-test, a large por-
tion were found to be sound. Two hundred and sixty reactors were
found and slaughtered. Fifty-three showed negative autopsies; 20%
were sound according to the post-morten examination.

IT want to qualify that a little bit; I will admit that in our autopsy
the veterinarian may not find physical evidences of the disease in
the post mortem and yet the animal may have had the disease. A
layman’s knowledge don’t go quite as far as that of some of these

300 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

pseudo scientists who use a miscroscope and so on. All honor to the
fellow that is an honest investigator, as was Prof. Kopp, but I
despise the man who is not an honest investigator and does not give
us the actual results of his experiments—all the facts and factors
that make them up; not his conclusions, as did Dr. Moore when he
made the stockyards in Chicago and became offended at me when I
made a contradiction because I did not publish his letter. I did not
publish his letter because it had four flat contradictions in it. If
the test did the business, we would all welcome it with open arms,
as I did in my graded herd until I had proved that it was a failure.
Animals tested in January were re-tested in May, when they said
sufficient time had elapsed to give them a second test, and out of 12
animal reacting in January, only 8 of that 12 reacted in May. It is
accurate? Were they sound or were they unsound? How are you
going to tell? This we know—those that have been stamped as re-
actors and some of these gentlemen say ought to be branded, have
gone into barns under the reacting of Bang’s system, stayed there
nine or ten or eleven or twelve years and it apparently perfect con-
dition, performing all the functions of the dairy cow, four good
quarters to a mighty goed udder, making high official and semi-of-
ficial records, producing a calf every year, and lived there till they
were 16 and 18 years way past the ordinary age of the common dairy
cow when she is discarded and goes to the scrap heap. That I have
discovered in two reacting barns, one maintained by the State of
Pennsylvania at Media, and I say we ought to demand, as citizens of
Pennsylvania, a book, if it’s as big as Webster’s, the Encyclopedia
Britannica or the Century Dictionary.

We ought to have a detailed report of everything that happened at
Media. It rests with us; we can get it if we demand it, and the
first appropriation that ought to be made to the Livestock Sanitary
Board ought to be made for the purpose of giving us the facts they
have been unearthed. I have a lot of respect for Dr. Gill, he has
handled this thing in a very moderate, fine manner. If we could get
all the veterinarians to apply the tuberculin test as I believe Dr. Gill
would apply it and as I believe that Dr. Marshall in person would
apply it, we would welcome it, but you cannot find them, they are
not on the map. The editor of a leading dairy paper stated “I think.
that we’d better call off this tuberculin test.” There are a good
many institutions turning out young men to take a squirt gun in
one pocket and a bottle of tuberculin in the other and go around pre-
tending to eradicate tuberculosis, but they don’t eradicate it, that’s
the trouble. Prof. Hastings, a very fair, broad minded gentleman,
with whom I had my first controversy, came back to me in a letter
and said the tuberculin test is not 98% accurate, the most you
can claim for it, in my experience, is about 86%. He says the Tuber-
culin Congress stated that tuberculin will not always cause a re-
action when the disease is in incubation; when the disease is started,
and, third, when the disease is extensively generalized. But that
Tuberculin Congress did not add, what Prof. Hastings did, that it
often condemns perfectly sound, healthy animals. I will admit that
in that case the veterinary who made the test probably read the
signs wrong. The veterinarian may mistake sometimes a rise in
temperature due to another cause for a reaction; I think that has
often been done and that Dr, Gill will agree with me on that pro-
position.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 301

How are you going to eradicate it from your herd and have your
tubercular-free herd if the disease is as easily communicated as Dr.
Gill says—blown in on the atmosphere from your neighbor’s pasture,
blown into your barn or carried in by some person? How are you
going to have your tubercular-free herd unless the tuberculin test
is applied to everybody, and then, if you do that and pay for the
slaughtered animal, old Pennsylvania will be in the bankrupt list
and so will New York. This thing has cost us in Pennsylvania, in
appropriations—I haven’t been able to find out how the money was
all spent—since 1895 when the first Act was introduced, about
$1,750,000 in appropriations to the State Livestock Sanitary Board.
I make the assertion that we have derived no benefit in preventing
the introduction of tuberculosis into the State of Pennsylvania from
all our laws and all the appropriations spent by the Livestock Sani-
tary Board for that purpose, but we have given to a lot of honest
breeders of pure bred cattle, a bad reputation, which we had no right
to do. In place of attributing the reaction, when cattle are tested
after arrival, to the true cause which in most instances is the ac-
knowledged limitations of the test, they say that that man was a
crook. I have heard the former President of the National Holstein
Association, whom | believe to be just as honest a man as I claim to
be—and by the way I claim to be just as honest a man as stands
in the State of Pennsylvania, that’s my own opinion of myself, you
know—I think it is an outrage to state, because an animal reacts
after shipment—and I never had such a case, I am not hurt yet,
personally, every animal I shipped has pleased my customer and he
has come back for more, there is one of them here now that came
after a second one, and not one has given me any trouble, but I know
that my experience will probably be that of other men, so I publish
in the back of my catalogue, “Send your own veterinarian to make the
test; you assume the moral responsibility for the incorrection and
inaccuracy of it; don’t take her if she reacts, but leave her on my
premises and nobody is going to brand her, she is going to stay there
as mine.

We have been humbugged as much by immature legislation on a
subject we know so little about—I don’t say that these veterinarians
are humbugging us, I don’t say that there isn’t anything of truth
in the discovery made by Kopp of this tuberculin lymph, because I
am inclined to think that where all the care and judgment and in-
telligence so ably discussed by Dr. Gill and so very ably discussed by
Prof. Hastings in a bulletin recently issued by the Wisconsin Ex-
periment Station. I was glad to hear Dr. Gill, if I understood him
correctly, state that this is purely now an economic question for
the breeder himself, that the protection of the consumer of marketed
milk is assured now by pastuerization; is that about right, Doctor?

302 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF MICROSCOPIST AND HYGIENIST

By PROF. JAMES W. KELLOGG

A report by your Microscopist and Hygienist to this body which
would impart information on subject suggested by the title given
your Specialist is called for and should be presented at this meeting.
Because of the fact that other specialists of the Board are to speak
on sanitation and allied subjects, and also because it has been im-
possible to devote special study to hygienic questions, it seems proper
that a report should be made to you, gentlemen, covering the work
of enforcing the new Seed Law in which we have been engaged dur-
ing the past year. Because of the newness of this work, it is felt
that a report showing what has been accomplished thus far would
be of special interest, rather than to devote time to a subject which
can be commented upon by others.

Pennsylvania’s first Pure Seed Law was placed on the statute
books as a result of the agitation on the part of members of the
State Board of Agriculture, seed growers and officials of the De-
partment of Agriculture, to improve the quality of seeds being sold
and grown throughout the State. At the 1913 session of the Legis-
lature, a bill was presented by Representative J. H. Wilson, which
was passed and approved by the Governor, April 29, 1913, which be-
came effective as a law, January 1, of the following year. The Sec-
retary of Agriculture was charged with the enforcement of the law
and the laboratory of the Department was accordingly called upon
to perform the necessary duties under its provisions. Proper equip-
ment was installed in the laboratory and the service of a competent
expert employed to make tests for purity on the samples which were
collected by special agents or which were sent in by residents of
the State.

The Seed Law establishes standards of purity for 21 kinds of
seeds and prohibits the presence in the same of dodder and Canada
thistle in excess of one seed in 3,000. It imposes a penalty for sell-
ing any of the seeds stated in the law, which do not meet the stand-
ards of purity, provides for the collection and examination of sam-
ples and for the testing of special samples of seeds sent to the De-
partment, making a charge for such tests of 25 cents each. These
standards of purity range from 75% to 97% as follows:

Medium red clover, ...... Trifolium pratense, ..< 2.212 /F.csieeeee 97%
Mammoth red clover, ....Trifolium pratense, ....-:........... 97%
Crimson €lover,) <2. . acres Trifolium incarnatum, 9. o5. so asaeee 97%
PASTE aah ee ict i oyehes ons eaten chars Medicago: Sativa; 22). Ain. Vast sae 97%
MM OGH YS TASS. ccsecs oe core Phieam pratense) soc 5o2). 8 eee 97%
PSA OV Morac Grate wise oa artis 6 Hordeum vulgare, i...35 8 oe ae 97%
RSDOLGG ato vate swiss os Triticum aestivum Spelta, ........... 97%
BVA eevee ae os age Bae Triticum aestivums <3... soso eee 97%
Buckwheat; .i's..<05. 65s Fagopyrum Fagopyrum, ............ 97%

Oatsere cantar ss « ees AVeNH SATIVA) 6 aes pcan s¥iere. cae ae 97%
3

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 303

RVs sattioisats celts oes os 2 SG be PCCLEANO eva iets coe cis sca cle ss 97%
Alsike clover, aes -'3 5): ss. Prirolimim Wy PTiduMis. he. es 95%
iRerenmaaleryererass: 4... LOMUM PErenmne 52.5. ee kk 95%
German millet,’ . 0.5... 6. Ghacvocwloa mtallCd, = basses eee ols sss 95%
Hungarian millet, ....... Chactoehonwtalieas i a eee 95%
Winite- Clover;t. 2/6. sc METHOMUMN TEPENS es oscil. sc ccce + eos eee 90%
hed Top Srass,... 36. 6s. «2 AOTOSIS DOD, ree cals eae be wis Sele ae 85%
(solid or hulled).
Canadian blue erass, +o. Od COMPLeSSa, os. estes ee a 75%
Orchard erass, 2055008: Dactyliselonmieratay ces fs 2s > 75%
ieniucky blue Srass, --'.. Od Pralensis, .2.5. 002.065 bose ss sos 75%
ined Lop (unbulled)s o>... Agrostis alba 2610.02 eee: 75%

Dodder and Canada thistle are prohibited from being present in
excess of 1 seed in 3,000.

In testing seeds for purity, a careful selection of samples is of the
most importance in obtaining results which will correctly represent
the quality of the stock of the seeds or of the shipment being ex-
amined. Your attention is, therefore, called to this matter in order
that if any of the members of the Board desire to have seeds tested
or to direct others in getting this information, special care can be
taken in securing special samples. If the seed is in sacks, bags or
other large containers, samples should be taken from several differ-
ent places, thoroughly mixed and the following directions carefully
followed: Fate

AMOUNT OF SAMPLE: 2 to 4 ounces, carefully secured and rep-
resentative of whole lot.

ENVELOPES: Should be used and carefully sealed.

ADDRESS: Bureau of Chemistry, Pennsylvania Department of
Agriculture, Box R, Harrisburg, Pa. The name of seed and address
of sender should be also included.

CHARGE FOR PURITY TEST: 25 cents is the fee charged and
it should be submitted with sample in the form of a certified check,
money order or cash. If cash is sent for one or two samples, it may
be inserted in the sample of seed with safety, if the envelope is care-
fully sealed.

After the seed tests have been completed, reports are sent to the
senders stating the name or kind of seed received, the percentage of
pure seeds, foreign seeds and inert matter, the presence of freedom
of dodder or Canada thistle, together with a receipt for the fee
charged. The following explanation of what is meant by pure seed,
foreign seed and inert matter will be of assistance in judging from
the reports received the character of the samples examined:

PURE SEED: Consists of the seeds under examination only. If
for example, red clover is being tested for purity, the percentage of
“pure seed” represents the amount of red clover seed present by
weight in a given quantity.

FOREIGN SEED: Includes the amount of all other seeds present
which differ from the kind of seed under examination.

INERT MATTER: Includes all materials other than pure and

foreign seeds, such as less than half parts of seeds, broken stems,
dirt or any other foreign material.
20

304 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

During the year just closed 202 official samples of seeds were col-
lected by special agents of the Department from dealers and seeds-
men located in the State. These samples were all tested as required
by the law and reports sent out to the parties from whom the sam-
ples were obtained. In addition to this there were 376 special sam-
ples sent to the Department for purity test by seed dealers and seed
growers located in the State; thus taking advantage of the provision
in the law for finding out whether seeds which were to be offered for
sale would meet the established standards for purity.

The results of the seed tests made during the past year have been
published in the form of a Bulletin, No. 258, which will be sent
to any one desiring a copy, if they will kindly send their names to the
office of the Bureau of Chemistry. This report shows the tests made
on each sample of seed examined and goes into detail concerning the
work. It will be unnecessary at this time to attempt to give this in-
formation. It will be of interest, however, to include in this report,
a summary or an average of the purity of the official samples of seeds
examined, as follows:

AVERAGE PURITY OF OFFICIAL SAMPLES

@ b
a 5E
e| § .
n > 5 i
Name of Seed % ° a & $
@ 3
H & S a |
2 £ cy
bs) ot »
E 5 2 2 z
3 & 5 5 g
vA mn Ay & —
Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct. | Per ct.
TICGU TOG, Acodsadodceddodadoadoe JoonpnOdusSoodonodaosnnonoer 73 97 98.9 0.7 0.4
CrinisOmmclOvier weer ctieesceisaiete sertttaicisteei tel tielep ee aiteteletsterere 7 | 97 98.5 0.5 1.0
PAM fo ical met te etetetcteisicfatete ote ote saeteasiele atersteinicietseieteieistemmioeersieisicreiciseas 20 | 97 99.6 0.1 0.3
Timothy grass, ele | 33 97 99.1 0.5 0.4
BArle yar tee ceeieeiosetels 2 97 98.3 1.5 0.2
IBtCK wheal tome stasis clo 3 97 99.3 0.2 0.5
OMS. Sancosncendssacaror coun Obes bZUaAOU dob eericoORDUCOODUOEOL 4 | 97 98.8 0.3 0.9
Alsike clover, 30 | 95 96.5 2.8 0.7
erent dleany Cw SC ASS wae aeielelemineta(leia selaeterarenteieretetreateistaistets 3 95 95.9 | 2.2 1.9
(eye ante WendbecoreouLaoopacousducospodccobucudobooUd 6 95 98.1 | HES 0.6
Hungarian millet, ........... 3 95 97.5 1.7 0.8
\igiive “Gif | bovsosdouccoaoac 9 90 94.9 4.0 Det
Red Top grass (hulled), ... 2 | 85 89.9 0.4 9.7
Oddieivel eI Godaccdosoacopocosoncooeue oponsanenosodosoDOCD 6 | 75 78.3 1.5 20.2
NAMA AA WES TE, Shoqndorcnco0c sppaSunSQdancUbOTOOBOrGL 1 75 82.3 0.5 17.2
WO Pall eres ete iniata sie oie clara einte cielo aiele e\crstaleiacieteleloieetstarcistetelareicteleiats/a 202 5|| riescisretetere! |) matersrerereter ll) Sncvsearen | Meee eee

It will be seen from the above figures that in every case the aver-
age test for each kind of seed was in excess of the standards of
purity, and in only a few cases the actual test ran slightly under the
required percentage.

It, no doubt, will be of interest also to learn something of the
methods employed in testing seeds for purity. This work is rather
tedious and takes considerable time and care, if accurate results are
to be obtained. The methods which we use are essentially the same
as those employed in the Seed Laboratory of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture and other well equipped laboratories. Be-
cause of the lack of complete information on the subject, no stand-
ards for germination were included in the Seed Law and, therefore,
germination tests are not made by the Department. ;

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 305

After the samples of seeds have been received in the laboratory,
they are given a number and separately examined. The official sam-
ples collected by special agents are received in special seed envelopes
and those samples which are sent in by dealers or seedsmen located
in the State are placed in envelopes for this purpose and properly
labeled and numbered. Each sample is thoroughly mixed and sub-
divided until the amount necessary for a test is obtained. A mix-
ture of seeds cannot be uniformly mixed in the same manner as can
material resembling flour, meal or mixed feeds, for the reason that
heavier and smaller seeds have a tendency to separate from the lighter
and larger ones, and, therefore, the portion of the sample to be tested
must be secured in a manner to overcome this tendency of the seeds
to become segregated and improperly mixed. A mixing and dividing
apparatus is, therefore, used to obtain the proper results. It con-
sists of a revolving funnel shaped hopper into which the whole sam-
ple is placed and by means of a set screw and disc to regulate the de-
livery of the seed, by revolving the hopper with the rotating crank,
the sample is thoroughly and accurately mixed and delivered equally
divided through V shaped delivery tubes into two receptacles. In
this manner the sample is sub-divided until the required amount is
secured which varies with the size and weight of the seeds under ex-
amination from 1 to 30 grams. This amount is carefully weighed
on an analytical balance, all weights being recorded to the fourth
decimal part of a gram.

The weighed portion of the sample is then separated into pure seed,
foreign seed and inert matter by the aid of the eye or lenses and oc-
casionally assisted by means of various sized sieves, as the case de-
mands. In the case of small seeds where light chaffy material is
present, and especially in the case of grasses, which contain chaff,
pieces of stems, leaves and other foreign material, a preliminary
separation is made which is effected by means of an electric blower.
This apparatus consists of a long glass tube, one end being bent at
right angles, the other end being covered by a fine meshed cloth,
an air blast and a receiving jar. The weighed portion of the sample
is placed in the glass tube resting on the cloth in one end, this end
being inserted in the blast pipe and the other in the receiving jar.

The air blast is turned on the light chaffy and inert material is
blown over into the receiving jar, the heavier portion of the sample
remaining in the tube. The final separation is made by placing the
divided portion thus obtained on a white paper-covered table, es-
pecially made for this purpose, and by means of the eye and lenses
separated into pure seed, foreign seed and inert matter as in the
case of samples which do not require the preliminary air blast separa-
tion. These portions are weighed and the percentage of each esti-
mated.

If the presence of dodder or Canada thistle is noted or suspected,
the complete sample is examined and the proportionate number of
these seeds to the whole number of seeds is estimated.

If at any time any of the members of the Board desire information
along this line of work, or any other work which is being done in the
laboratory of the Department of Agriculture, we will be only too
glad to give all the information which we possibly can. Our labora:
tory is always open for any of you gentlemen, and we shall be pleased
to have you call and inspect the work of testing seeds for purity.

20—5—1914

306 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

REPORT OF ENTOMOLOGIST

By PROF. H. A. SURFACE.

The year 1914 was marked by many peculiar entomological condi-
tions worthy of record in the State of Pennsylvania. In the begin-
ning of the year, if we had investigated all of the granaries and
mills in the southeastern part of the State, we would have found a
serious and extensive infestation of stored grains by the little pest
known as the Angoumois grain moth, which, however, is one of the
five or six different species of insects commonly, but wrongly, called
the “weevil.” Great loss has been experienced from this pest during
the past year, and in fact more than ever before, chiefly because it is
gradually reaching into new regions, and farmers at first do not
recognize it as a very destructive pest, and, therefore, do not give it
the attention that is necessary for its control. Tens of thousands of
dollars worth of property have been destroyed by it. For example,
we know a prominent farmer in Lancaster county at the present
time selling his wheat for sixty cents per bushel to feed to chickens,
because it is so badly infested with the larvae of the Angoumois grain
moth; when were it not for this pest, he would receive about two and
one half times that price. The means of prevention is to thresh the
crop early, to get it out of the straw as soon as possible; and the
remedy is to fumigate with carbon bisulphide by pouring this liquid
over the grain in a closed bin, at the rate of one pound for each one
hundred cubic feet of space occupied.

Early in the season came reports of canker worms defoliating the
forest and fruit trees in the northern, central and western parts of
the State. The wingless female ascends the tree from her winter
abiding place, in a cocoon in the soil, and lays her eggs in irregular
bands around the twigs, or in patches on the bark. She can be kept
down by proper banding or by painting the trees with Tangle Foot
preparation; but this must be done early before the frost is all out
of the ground. The very young canker worms are easily destroyed
by spraying with standard arsenate of lead formulae.

White grubs or “grub worms” (Lachnosterna larvae) were exceed-
ingly abundant and destructive both early and late in the season.
They became so destructive to lawns late in the fall as to destroy
the grass entirely, causing it to burn brown, and cutting off the
roots so that it could be rolled back like the sheared fleece of a
sheep. There is an effective means of preventing damages by this
pest, where ground can be cultivated, and that is to plow the ground
in the fall, and run across it two or three times with a disk harrow
set to cut deeply but not to scrape nor turn too much; or stir it
deeply with a spring-toothed harrow. Cultivate it thus as late as
possible in the fall and as early as possible in the spring, and post-
pone the planting until late. On a farm one of the best means of
getting rid of the white grub is to turn the hogs into a sod field where
the pests are found. Remove the rings from their noses and let them

NRT Naa it te a hl Slits ny

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 307

root. Some persons will be surprised to see what an amount of soil
they will turn up in a short time, and likewise what an immense
number of white grubs will be destroyed by them. There is just one
important point to bear in mind in this regard, and that is that a
very seriously injurious spiny-headed intestinal worm has its alter-
nating stage in the white grub as one of its hosts, and in the hog
has another of its hosts. In other words, when hogs eat white grubs
they are liable to become infested with seriously injurious internal
parasitic worms. This only happens when the same ground is used
for hog pasture each year or every other year. It is easy to avoid it
by making sure that there is an interval of at least two years be-
tween the pasturing of hogs on the same ground. We are at present
performing experiments for the extermination of this pest by the use
of gases and poisons in lawns.

Cut worms were very bad early in the season, and took their toll
from the crops of orchards and fields. They, too, can be prevented
by late fall plowing and subsequent deep cultivation. The cut worm
has a life cycle of but on year, while that of the white grub endures
for three years. Cut worms are easily killed by poison bran mash.
Fifty pounds of bran and ten pounds of shorts can be mixed with
one-half pound of Paris green or dry arsenate of lead, and enough
old strong molasses added to give it an odor, with enough water to
dampen it slightly and make it cohere. Someone has suggested the
addition of two or three grated lemons to give an odor to attract the
pests, and experiments have proven this addition to be successful,
although we know where some of our German farmer friends in
Lancaster county successfully treated entire corn fields for cut worms
without the addition of grated lemons or oranges. This poison mash
should be scattered over the ground just as thinly as possible. Ten
pounds will prove to be enough to kill the cut worms on an acre if
spread thin, but there is no objection to the use of more. A very im-
portant point is that if scattered quite thin over the ground and
broken up into small masses, it will not kill domesticated fowls or
birds, even if they should eat it, as there will not be enough poison
in a small quantity such as they might take, to affect them. Two
Lancaster county farmers who followed our directions in doing this,
reported that they cleaned their corn fields of cut worms, while
others replanted the second or even the third time. By a small pinch
of this at the foot of each young tree the climbing cut worms can be
killed, and by scattering it where young plants, such as cabbage
plants, are set the cut worms are destroyed. We have killed as high
as nine cut worms around one cabbage plant in one night, finding
them dead in the morning.

The most serious and conspicuous outbreak of pests on lawns of
this State was by the Army worm (Lucania unipuncta). This is a
species of cut worm which is present every year, but does not always
increase to such numbers as to “march” or maye from one feeding
place to another, and then receive the common name of “Army
worm.” Its damage was terrific to the lawns and gardens in nearly
all parts of Pennsylvania, eating away the grass in a single night,
until what was a beautiful lawn during the previous evening was but
a brown bare patch of ground the next morning. The inspectors of
the Bureau of Zoology were early on the job, and showed how to
control this pest by spraying with arsenate of lead or Paris green,

308 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

according to the standard formula. It was readily proven that it
was not necessary to go to the trouble of digging ditches and pit-
falls, or other contrivances, to destroy the army worm. Spraying
was satisfactory in results for those who watched and did it in
time.

The most remarkable piece of practical work in economic entomol-
ogy during the year, was the successful artificial introduction of the
enemies of the San Jose scale, now commonly known as the scale
parasites, into scale-infested orchards in certain parts of Pennsyl-
vania, aS well as in other states. The natural way of suppressing
all pests is by their parasites, and the Economic Zoologist succeeded
in finding the parasites in great numbers and in rearing and dis-
seminating them, so that they were effective in destroying the scale
in orchards to which they were thus introduced. As a result, trees
which previously bore fruit entirely unfit to be seen or used, pro-
duced this past season as fine fruit as was ever grown anywhere.
There are specific cases where such fruit was borne on trees that had
previously been infested with San Jose scale, but never had been
sprayed for this pest, and which were cleaned up entirely and solely
by the parasites.

An account of this successful introduction of parasites was pre-
sented recently by the writer to the American Association of
Economic Entomologists, meeting with the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, at Philadelphia, and from the scores
of professional entomologists assembled, there was no dissenting nor
criticizing word.

The following is an example of many reports that have been re-
ceived, stating the results of this beneficial distribution of scale
parasites: Within the past few days different states and countries,
even as far away as Australia, have made requests for shipments of
parasites in the hope of suppressing the San Jose scale in their
orchards as effectively as they have done in those of Pennsylvania.
When this subject was first mentioned a few years ago, it was
thought to be a hoax, but it now proves the cause of the disappear-
ance of the San Jose scale over vast areas, embracing several coun-
ties in Pennsylvania. But to the brief time of but fifteen minutes
allotted to us for this report, mention of certain other important
pests can not here be made, but we should not close without refer-
ence to the pests of the household and livestock.

It appears that the roach bug or Croton bug frequently occurs in
houses and is quite annoying. A Franklin county correspondent
wrote to us that he was having indescribable trouble with this pest.
T recommend dusting fresh powdered borax in abundance around the
floors and cracks, and especially pumps and sinks, in the pantry, on
shelves, etc. He tried this, and within a few days replied that the
effect was as if magical. He could see many dead roach bugs, but
no live ones were left.

Pigs often remain thin and stunted, the hair becomes long, and
ears droop, the animals loose appetite, are inactive, and spend much
of the time rubbing themselves, and finally may get the “thumps”
and die. A careful examination would reveal great numbers of hog
lice on them, which could have been killed by the application of
equal parts of kerosene and grease, such as old lard. Insect pests
and mites in poultry houses have been destroyed by spraying thor-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 309

oughly with the boiled lime-sulfur solution. More and more this
material is coming to be recognized as the greatest insecticide and
fungicide, as well as germicide, that has ever come to mankind. It
is to the credit of the State of Pennsylvania that we faithfully stood
by our convictions in the early recommendations of this material,
until now, without exception, every state in the Union, and every
civilized country on the face of the earth has come to recognize it
and recommend it as the best material to use for destroying pests,
whether they be insects or diseases of trees, or the insect pests and
disease germs of poultry or livestock, where they can be met by
spraying or washing the surroundings with any solution.

REPORT OF ORNITHOLOGIST

By DR. JOSEPH KALBFUS

Through some misunderstanding and entirely without my know-
ledge or consent, it appears I have been appointed to a position
upon the State Board of Agriculture, that I am entirely unfitted to
fill; and while I may know something about the habits of birds and
the benefit of their life-work, I am not an ornithologist, and should
not be placed in a position wherein I am expected to teach what I
do not know. And I herewith most respectfully request that another
be selected to fill this place. I surrender unconditionally.

In my journey through life, I have, to a limited extent, observed
the actions of birds around me. In early life it was my privilege to
cross the plains of Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, and the territory
north of these points, along the Rocky Mountains, and to there wit-
ness the lighting of untold myriads of grasshoppers on vegetation,
to the absolute destruction of every growing thing. I have seen the
army of birds, including many families and species, at work feed-
ing on grasshoppers and know what the birds can do.

One of the great mistakes made by the majority of our people re-
garding birds is that they apparently do not understand that each
family, and frequently each species of birds, has its special work to
perform, and that while at times perhaps the majority of the
feathered tribes may feed upon particular and abundant insects, the
most of our birds have a special liking for some peculiar line of
food, and confine themselves to this particular food as long as pos-
sible.

We have in Pennsylvania six kinds of common woodpeckers, each
kind feeding in the place peculiar to its species. The flicker, one of
the largest of this family, is the most terrestrial of the family and
takes the most of its food upon the ground. The majority of the food
taken by this bird during his stay with us is composed of ants. The
ant is the greatest protector of plant lice or aphids, insects that are
said to produce their young alive. The ant is said to carry these

310 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

creatures, that are almost incapable of locomotion, below the frost
line in the fall, to carry them out in the springtime, and to place
them on growing things, where they can secure needed nourishment,
the ant getting from the aphid an excretion known as honey dew.
Just as the farmer keeps his herds, his cattle, his sheep, his pigs, for
profit, so the ant keeps and cares for and defends its army of honey
dew producers. Along comes the flicker and destroys the ant, with
the result that the aphid having lost its protector, or caretaker, falls
a ready victim to some of its man enemies, or dies of starvation.
No farmer can afford to have a flicker killed on his property.

Again, the cuckoo, one of our shy birds, one that builds its nest
in thickets and moves about so quietly as to be but seldom seen by
men, and the oriole, that builds its nest in the open, attaching its
hanging house to the tip of the most delicate swaying branch of the
elm, by the roadside, or near our homes, constantly in view and
singing almost continuously during daylight hours, have the same
food preferences. These two birds, of apparently widely diverging
dispositions, are the only two birds in this State that make a spe-
cialty of destroying hairy caterpillars, of which the caterpillars of
the brown-tailed moth are a striking example. They seem to have
been intended by the great Creator to do a work for you that but
few birds try to do, or could do, if they did try.

Audubon, writing of this disposition of these two birds long ago
said, that an examination of the stomach of either the cuckoo or the
oriole, during the summertime will show same to be lined with hair.
And this was so; but the hair in the stomach of these birds was not
a growth of the stomach, but, instead, was the hair of the cater-
pillar that had fastened itself in the lining of the stomach of the
bird and remained there until dissolving by the juices of the stomach.
You get a splinter into your flesh, and soon there is inflammation,
followed by suppuration. Nature is trying to throw out the offensive
substance and unless this is done, there may be serious trouble. One
hair in the lining of the stomach or in the stomach of the great
majority of birds would surely cause trouble, and many hairs, so af-
fixed, would undoubtedly lead to serious trouble, perhaps death.

These two birds appear to have been created to do a special work
for you, that other birds cannot do, and it is just so with all our
birds; some on the ground, some on the trunks of trees, some in the
branches, some feeding on insects found in one part of a tree, some
on another kind of tree, some in the air, some in the water, but each
family and species, no difference where found, having a specialty,
and doing a work for you that no other bird tries to do. And just as
the community in which yuu live is prosperous because of many men
doing many things, so the bird world means much or little because
of the presence in reasonable numbers of a variety of birds, rather
than a large number of any species of bird, each one doing its own
particular work.

When the farmer and his wife, his sons and his daughters, under-
stand what the birds are doing for them and see to it that birds are
accorded that protection they deserve around their premises; when
houses are put up for the bluebird and the wren and the nuthatch,
and such other birds as will live in houses; when birds are fed during
the wintertime as they need to be and should be; then, indeed, will
the dawn of a better day be at hand, and we can well say, figuratively

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 311

speaking, “The winter is over and gone and the voice of the turtle
is heard in the land.”

As an illustration, read what Edward Howe Forbush, the lead-
ing Economic Ornithologist of New Ingland, if not of the world, re-
ports under date of August 10, 1914:

“T have been looking over the destructive work of the army worm in
this State. While the worms have been quite destructive in Wareham,
Massachusetts, they have done no harm at all on my farm. In fact,
you would never know from the appearance of vegetation that there
was a worm on the place. I have taken extra pains this year to at-
tract the birds, and they have eaten a great many of worms. Thirty
or forty rods away from my place, the worms are beginning to be
destructive, and in other parts of the town they have done a good
deal of harm. They have done no appreciable injury on other farms
where I have put up nesting-boxes in quantities. In Martha’s Vine-
yard, the army-worms have cut corn crops to the ground. It is rather
significant that the worms have done the most harm where poisons
have been used to check them. Where no poison has been used, and
where the birds have been attracted, the worms (although very numer-
ous) have not done very much harm. On the State reservation, where
the Heath hen has been protected, and where a great many nesting-
boxes were put up this year, birds were very plentiful, as the boxes
were nearly all occupied, and they were feeding on the army worm in
large numbers. Recently I saw here quite a number of Heath hens
apparently feeding on the army worm. Where poisoned bran was used
in trenches to kill the worms on a large estate formerly owned by
Professor Shaler, very few birds were seen, and we had several re-
ports that dead birds had been found along the trenches, but I got
there about a week too late and did not see any personally. I hear
that a good many blackbirds and robins have been poisoned and that
quail have disappeared where the poison has been used.”

Quail are among the few birds that destroy potato bugs, and for
this reason alone their presence should be encouraged on every farm.
In addition to this, they undoubtedly destroy untold numbers of
other insects and vast quantities of weed seeds, and will surely make
a full return to the farmer who may scatter feed for them during that
time when the world is covered with ice and snow, when poor Bob-
white and his family are suffering from hunger and about to die of
starvation. A little grain placed where these poor dying birds can
get it will mean more to them than the expressions of sympathy that
could be extended to them by all the people of the county in which
they are located. Put yourself in their place and think of what cold
and hunger would mean to you. A piece of suet or tallow, or a shin-
bone of a freshly killed beef, fastened to the trees around your home
or in the orchard will surely be appreciated by the hairy and downy
woodpeckers, commonly known as sapsuckers, whose specialty is the
destruction of the codling moth, and the chickadees, and nuthatches,
and other winter birds, that, through the destruction of harmful in-
sects and their larvae, overlooked by the summer birds, will repay
many times over any outlay of either time or money you may make in
this direction. I know but little about the structure of birds, or
how many feathers each species may have in its wing; but do know
our wild birds are necessary to your happiness and success as farmers
in Pennsylvania, and I beg of you to help the birds to help you.

Ornithologists, for reason of better understanding and study,
divide the wild bird world into orders, families, genii, species, and
sub-species, etc. One of the orders is known as “Raptores,” and in-

312 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cludes all predatory birds that wear feathers. The lifework of some
these birds belonging to this order is considered to be beneficial
while the lifework of other is decidedly injurious. When a Gos-
hawk or a cooper’s hawk or a sharp-shinned hawk even threaten to
strike your poultry, you are out after him at once with a gun as you
have a right to do and should do. The fact that one of these birds
lives in your neighborhood means possible death to many of your
fowls and loss to you. The death of the birds means safety to the
entire brood, and profit to you. And my idea is, that this unfixed,
varying thing, covered by the word “profit,” is what most farmers
are trying to secure. City folk, of course, have no such countryfied
ideas. They are above that; they are actuated by other motives. To
my mind there are various birds described by ornithologists, and
then some, and I am fully satisfied that many of our real predatory
birds are entirely without feathers, and that many of them live and
roost in cities, each one of which is to my mind far more injurious
to the interests of the man who labors on the farm with his hands
than all the order of birds wearing feathers that may come upon his
property, and classed by ornithologists as “Raptores.”

I shall not attempt to enter into a consideration of the numer-
ous and varied happenings that lead me to this conclusion, and shall
consider but one line of many that I know of, by way of illustration:
The dairy interests of the Commonwealth, in the aggregate, amount
to considerable and the cost of maintaining a dairy is no small charge
upon the farmer. You own your cattle; you paid for the land upon
which they graze; you paid for the lumber, etc., used in the construc-
tion of the buildings in which they are housed. You labor early and
late to supply the food for the maintenance of your herds, you milk
the cows, you do such other things as may be needed to keep your
cattle in condition, and send that milk or its product to the markets,
through the middleman. Milk lost through souring or from any other
cause is your loss. It is estimated that it requires the product from
at least three cows to keep one cow. It is also asserted that not
more than one cow in three really makes a return of “profit” to its
keepers. It is up to every farmer to save at every turn, to be able
to make both ends meet. He skimps and twists, wears old clothes,
goes to bed at dark so as to save the cost of oil, in some instances
eats what he could not sell, and is forced to place his product that
he may have for sale in the hands of the unclassified bird from the
city, whose sole object is, as he tells you, to help the farmer.

This bird, and his fellow birds, form a company, and call it a
Creamery Company. Your milk is tested at these places, and you are
paid the minimum market price according to the presence of butter-
fat as shown by the test applied at that place. I know of a man who
has been collecting data regarding this matter for some time. Upon
one occasion the milk from one cow, taken at the same milking and
well mixed, was divided into two parts, each part as tested at this
creamery, and showed a marked difference between the two tests.
At another time the morning’s milk, after being thoroughly mixed
showed, as tested at the creamery, a certain mark. The evening’s
milk treated in the same way showed a certain mark, while portions
taken from the same milkings and cans and sent to a Philadelphia
chemist, one of the best testers of milk in this State, showed the
morning’s milk at the creamery, and the evening milk to have been

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 313

seven-tenths above the creamery tests. The uniform test for the two
milkings was eighth-tenth above that given at the creamery, the
Philadelphia chemist saying in his report that the milk presented
to him from this dairy was the most uniform presented for examina-
tion for some time.

Again, I myself took occasion to visit this creamery in question
and saw men bring in a can, one-half or three-fourths full of milk,
and take away full cans of skim milk, not counting the froth, for I
saw these men dip off the froth with their hands, so that the can
might contain more good solid skim milk. I know that many men
who bring no milk at all to this creamery carry away buckets and
cans of skim milk. In this interest I visited State College, and
talked at other points in the State with various chemists in an ef-
fort to be absolutely right in this matter and from what I hear I
am led to believe that sulphuric acid being exposed to the air for
some time, deteriorates from one cause or another, and cannot bring
the result desired or expected by the man who has milk to sell. One
young gentleman, a student at State College, told me, in attempting
to carry on his work during the college vacations, he had to visit
six or seven drug stores in a certain county before he was able to
secure “clean sulphuric acid” such as he knew he must have to get
the correct re-action. When I asked him what he meant, he said,
“Acid to bring the true re-action must be pure, and if pure will be
as clear as water. Many of the preparations offered me were smoky,
really opaque.” Investigation along that line convince me that this
idea is correct, that tests made through the use of acid not up to the
standard is simply guess work, and a farce.

I know of sev eral instances where milk that would have gone to
this creamery became sour, and was churned by the farm “people.
The return secured in butter being considerably above the return
that would have come had the butter-fat been separated at the
creamery. I know about the claims made by creamery managers re-
garding the weight of water and salt, ete., in the butter, as com-
pared with butter-fat alone, but “am from Missouri” and cannot see
where any harm would come to creameries, or to farmers, if a suf-
ficient number of men was added to the working force of the Dairy
and Food Commission of Pennsylvania to enable them to have in-
spected in all ways the various creameries of this State. If a farmer
happens to water his milk instead of his cow, he will most likely get
into trouble, and I believe the producer of dairy products is just as
much entitled to protection as is the consumer of such products.
Again, I believe it would be well to compel every creamery in this
Commonwealth to establish and maintain a system of mechanical de-
vices through which the farmer would have returned to him every
pint of skim milk belonging to him. This means “profit,” it is his
right, and is a question entirely outside of the price he may secure
for his milk. It seems to me that the time has come when every milk
producer in this Commonwealth should take down his gun and go
after the unclassified predatory bird. I thank you.

314 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

REPORT OF METEOROLOGIST

By PROF. WM. G. OWENS.

The relation of meteorology to agriculture is the subject upon
which I have been asked to speak. Meteorology is defined as “that
department of natural philosophy that treats of the phenomenon of
the atmosphere, especially those that relate to the weather and
climate, their relations to each other and the laws to which they are
subject.” It would seem at first glance, that farming had nothing to
do with these subjects; but a closer inspection will make it evident
that the weather and climate control the precipitation and drought,
and frost being determining factors upon every farm. The subject
has been broadened by use, and in the government meteorological re-
ports, I find discussed such subjects as “Domestic Water Supply;”
“Hard Water and Cooking;” “County Pollution of Wells;” “Sewage
and the Farm;” “Deforesting the Cause of Floods;” “Period of
Plant Growth,” and kindred subjects. This opens a field which is
of vital importance to the farmer. Both the State and Federal
governments have established observation stations within their ter-
ritories where systematic records are kept and sent to the head
office. These data are systematized and the results can be obtained.

There are two classes of reports; one by paid observers which are
telegraphed daily to headquarters, giving the direction of the wind,
temperature precipitations, barometric pressure, and any other
phenomena which would help the head office to determine the move-
ment of storms, frosts and floods. Weather charts, maps and warn-
ings, are sent out daily to those districts most nearly affected so that
the farmer and shipper can take care of his products and get them
to market in the best condition. These warnings, of course, affect
some classes of farmers more than others, as there are some crops
which can be protected from frost or other misfortune and thus
saved. Some of these warnings are said to have saved hundred of
thousand of dollars in some districts.

The other class of observers are the voluntary, or, as they are
now called, co-operative observers. These get no remuneration and
make daily observations which are sent in duplicate to State head-
quarters, and they send one copy to Washington. These observa-
tions include maximum and minimum temperature and the tempera-
ture at the time of observation; amount of rain or snow in the last
24 hours; amount of snow on ground at sunset; direction of the
wind, character of the day, time of killing frosts, thunder storms,
halos—solar or lunar, ete. Just lately the Pennsylvania observers
have been asked to report especially the forms of halos and to note
the angles and appearances of sundogs, ete. I was also asked to in-
clude earthquakes and tremors, but as I have not noticed any in the
last twenty or twenty-five years during which I have been observing,
I do not think that will be difficult. All these observations by hun-
dreds of stations are made to learn, if possible, the laws as well as
to make possible the forecasting of the weather,

* fe a a oe:

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 315

By following the weather forecasts in the daily papers, we all
notice how often they miss it. But it is claimed that they are right
about 90% of the time. Most people would question this figure; but
I think if you will follow up the matter you will find that the fail-
ures generally occur when the prediction is “local showers” or some-
thing of that kind. That means that there will be many showers
over a very limited area, and of course in the same area there will
be many places where it does not rain. Here is one place where the
farmer can increase his information and can predict the weather
more successfully than the weather man. When there are general
storm conditions extending over large areas, then uniform weather
prevails. It may be clear or it may be rainy; but where local condi-
tions prevail, mountains and river valleys, direction of wind and
other circumstances will determine whether there will be rain or
frost in a certain locality. By long observation and the keeping of
careful records, the individual can often forecast more accurately
for his locality than a person not acquainted with local conditions.
It may be that weather conditions are repeated from season to season
or by cycles of years. During last year I heard of two New England
institutions that wished to hold out-of-door celebrations. They
looked up the weather for a number of past years and found that
there were certain weeks when it was generally fair. They picked
out one of these periods and in both cases they had good weather.

Now I do not wish to leave the impression that I think it would
be possible to always determine when there would be sunshine; but
there may be times when the weather is more likely to be fair in
your community than at others. If there are such times, would it
not be possible, in this age of plant breeding, to have crops ripen at
such a time that good weather might be expected ?

How can the farmers care for the water after it has reached the
farm. There are two uses for water on the ordinary farm: That
which is used for the animals and that which is used by the plants.
These subjects are often discussed by the meteorological writers.
The farmer often fails to give these subjects sufficient attention;
Generally, I think, because he has not studied the subject. We all
know that a great amount of water is necessary for the growth of

~ plants. In Pennsylvania about 40 to 45 inches of water falls an-
nually. This is more than enough to raise any crop that we plant,
yet we often have poor crops for lack of moisture. By studying the
influence of trees on certain parts of his farm, he might be able to
plant them in such localities that they would hold the snow, pre-
vent the winds from uncovering the fields and sometimes even re-
moving the soil, and in other ways help hold the moisture till needed
by the crop. Plowing in fall or spring is often a determining factor,
depending on the lay of the land and the character of the soil.
Knowing the time at which the precipitation is likely to occur, there
is no one who should be so well prepared to know how the soil should
be handled as the intelligent farmer.

Another point is the drainage. What kind of water is the farmer
passing on to his neighbor or. if he is a careful man, what kind of
drainage is his neighbor passing on to him. As we heard last night,
if the farm above him has tubercular cows, the creek which runs
through his farm will certainly be contaminated; and we all know
what that means for his herd of cattle. But more important still is

316 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the water used at the house. Too many dug wells stand in the door-
yard where the kitchen slops are often thrown, only to ferment and
multiply disease germs which are carried into the well. Cesspools
are often located near the well or on a more elevated position so that
the drainage runs toward the well. In the limestone regions there
are usually fissures through the rocks where the water can flow with-
out being filtered through sand or soil. This is a fruitful source of
contamination. As the country becomes more thickly populated and
as our wells are used for a longer time, the drinking water is apt to
become more and more exposed to contamination, and the time may
not be far distant, in some localities, and may have already come in
some places, where all drinking water should be boiled.

REPORT OF APIARIST

By H. C. KLINGER.

The year 1914 will go down in agricultural history as a failure in
honey production. A few sections in the south and west report a
fair crop. Bees wintered well and came out of their winter quarters
strong and ready for a good harvest. Prospects for a good crop were
bright but did not materialize. The earlier blossoms, such as fruit
bloom and locust, yielded nectar as usual; but when the clovers
came into bloom a sudden drought set in and continued until the
blossoms were too far gone to be helped by the return of rain. The
honey carried into the hives during the early spring was consumed
in brood rearing and bees lived from “hand to mouth” until late
in the season. In many sections of the State fall flowers, such as
the asters and golden rods, were more abundant than usual, and if
it had not been for these plants, many beekeepers would have been
compelled to feed sugar for winter stores.

Peculiar as it may seem, the manufacturers of supplies did a good
business. The great record bearing crop of 1918 cleaned up all the
supplies on hand and the earlier prospects created a demand for
supplies never known before. The majority of beekeepers have a
stock of goods on hand to last for another season. National legis-
lation, which affected bee-keeping during the year, has been the
operation of the net weight law. This has produced some incon-
venience and has augmented the tendency to change from producing
comb honey to that of extracted. This, in conjunction with the effect
of the European War will cause extracted honey particularly, to
become lower in price. South American and West Indian honey,
which formerly went to European markets, is now being dumped on
our shores and competes with our extract honey. Bee-keepers should
continue to produce comb honey since it is the finer product and
commands a better price.

St een

a

ey. ae ee eee

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 317

The year 1914 has seen the installation of another school of agri-
culture in the United States—that of the State of Minnesota. This
school has an annual appropriation of $5,000, and is separate from
every other department of education. There are a number of similar
schools and others giving departmental instruction in agriculture
now in different states. lIowa, Oklahoma, Texas and Massachusetts
each have State agricultural instruction, and the Dominion of Canada
has a school at Guelph, Ontario.

What of the Keystone State? A practice not entirely new, but
novel in its experience, has been more extensively carried on during
the past year than ever before—that of migratory bee-keeping. A
number of Northern bee-keepers sent their bees to the South last
winter and brought them back again at the beginning of the North-
ern honey flow, thus practically making them work all the year
round. The A. I. Root Company, of Ohio, sent a carload of bees to
Florida in November, 1913, and brought them back last June. The
shipment to Florida was one car of 300 colonies. The return ship-
ment consisted of three and one-half cars of bees. The result of the
experiment was an increase from 300 to 650 colonies and 460 three
frame nuclei besides 13,000 pounds of tupelo honey and the draw-
ing out of 6,000 additional frames of foundation into nice combs.
During this last fall two carloads were sent to the Dismal Swamp,
in Virginia, in which the honey bearing flora is similar to that of
Florida, and the season nearly the same. The result of this second
venture is anxiously awaited by all practical bee-men. Another com-
pany, of Canton, Ohio, sent a carload to Appalachicola, Florida, in
the fall and to-day they advertise two carloads of increase for sale.

The work of inspection of foul brood diseases has been carried on
with success, considering the limited funds at command. The work
is limited to the expenditure of $500 per year. This is inadequate.
Repeated calls have come in from various sections of the State asking
for inspection, but these had to be turned down because there were
no means at hand to send any one. If the fight of this dreadful dis-
ease is to be carried on with any measure of success it will be neces-
sary to have an appropriation sufficiently large to employ several
competent men during the working season until the entire State is
covered by inspection and the disease is under control.

The value of bees to the farmer and fruit grower is coming more
and more into proper recognition. The once-held idea that bees
were an injury to blossoms and fruit is thoroughly exploded and no
longer held by intelligent persons. It is not only evident that bees
are important to the fertilization of fruit, but it is now generally
admitted that they are indispensable in the development of perfect
fruit. In the summary of an address delivered before the Massa-
chusetts Fruit Growers’ Association, by the Assistant Pomologist,
Prof. W. W. Chenoweth, is the following:

“1, All tests and observations agree that many varieties of fruit
are unable to set a crop of fruit when limited to their own pollen.

2. Some varieties are partially self-sterile and a few wholly self-
sterile.

3. All investigators agree, that as a rule, the fruit resulting
from crossing, even in self-sterile varieties, is larger and better de-
veloped than self-fertilized fruit. Foreign pollen furnishes greater
stimulus to growth.

318 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

4. All evidence at hand contradicts the theory that wind renders
any dependable assistance in cross-pollenation among orchard fruits,
while it does emphasize the importance of the honey bee as an agent
in rendering this great service to the fruit grower.

5. It has been shown beyond dispute that spraying open blossoms
with arsenical poisons is injurious to bees. Also one runs the risk
of injuring the unfertilized open flowers, in addition to leaving thou-
sands of poison cups which kill the goose which lays golden eggs.”

At first and for many years the idea prevailed that bees were
inimical to the fruit grower; then came the time when it was real-
ized that the bee-keepers’ and the fruit-growers’ interests were mu-
tual; now it is proven beyond the adventure of doubt, that bees are
absolutely necessary for perfect pollenation of certain kinds of fruit
particularly that of the apple. The famous Repp Brothers of New
Jersey, with 800 acres of fruit, say they would as soon dispense with
spraying as with bees, and if they even fail to secure any honey, they
claim they pay for themselves many times over. Lastly, reports
have been made from different sections that bees were poisoned and
in some cases whole apiaries wiped out by injudicious spraying. Not-
withstanding the teaching of years, there are yet individuals so ex-
tremely ignorant and foolish as to spray trees while in bloom. Teach
it. Speak it from the housetops. Cry it out in the streets. Get it
into the heads of the unlearned, that NOTHING IS GAINED by
spraying while trees are in bloom. A definite and emphatic law
should be passed to stop this pernicious practice.

REPORT OF AGRICULTURAL GEOLOGIST

By W. H. STOUT

As the time approached to prepare a topic for this meeting, I
formulated in my mind, and later made notes until I had prepared
what was intended to pass into history as a brilliant classic on the
past and present of Agriculture. Upon receiving notice that the
time assigned me, about 15 minutes, from 11.45 A. M., when every-
body is hungry and getting ready for dinner, I had to revise, con-
dense, reconstruct and abbreviate until little remains but a dis-
jointed part, after cutting out so much. Some may even think it
might have all been cut out except the title.

Jdgs. 12,5: Ephraimites could not pronounce like the men of
Gilead, so there were slain 42,000.

Just what to offer on an occasion like the present without repeat-
ing what has been said before, taxes one’s mind, and to present it
in an acceptable manner before an intelligent audience like the one
assembled here is no easy task. Sometimes listeners are over sensi-
tive and critical which adds to the embarrassment. It is not con-
sidered good taste nor genteel to use the personal pronoun in writing

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 319

or speaking. However, personal experience and knowledge obtained
in the pursuit of a calling or occupation should be of more value
than that absorbed from others at second hand, or from theory. If
it happens that the personal pronoun appears in this paper, it is not
with a design of vanity or egotism. Depending upon one’s own re-
sources after graduating from our early common schools, after seven
three months’ terms, afford little mental training and a poor equip-
ment with which to meet the struggle for an existence or a place in
the Sun during three score years plus ten and four,

Knowledge is power and a foundation upon which to build is a
valuable asset if the building is not neglected after the foundation
is laid. Reflecting upon all the dangers passed through during the
time allotted us in Scripture, it makes one shudder to think of the
dangers of the measles, whooping cough and more fatal afflictions, in-
eluding earthquakes, reptiles, bacteria germs, flies and mosquitoes.
It is quite surprising that any remain to tell the tale after eat-
ing and drinking flies so many times. It seems necessary to pinch
one’s anatomy to find whether or not the spirit and the flesh have
not parted. We have been told before now all about the independ-
ence of farm life, the ease and comfort enjoyed; swinging in ham-
mock under the blossoming apple tree, where the bees hum in happy
contentment, where the birds chirp and the butterflies in gaudy
colors flit to and fro sipping nectar from the fragrant blossoms;
how the auto speeds to the seashore or the yacht sails us over the
briny deep; how the office seekers love us before the election and
“cuss” us afterwards; how the banks are overflowing with deposits
and money lenders standing on street corners offering loans on first
mortgages to 50% of the value of property, then hypothecate the
bonds with the U. S. Treasurer, getting currency for the same to
loan to the people, getting the interest from mortgages on one hand
and the discount from borrowers on the other hand.

Forty years steady practice in redeeming an exhausted farm to a
productive condition and more than fifty years observation at vari-
ous times while traveling over Penrisylvania, New Jersey, Delaware,
Maryland and a little in other states has taught me some things
useful. From ocean level to more than 2,000 feet elevation in vari-
ous directions, from the hot sands of the sea coast to the cool breezes
of the high plateaus, evidence climatic differences according to ele-
vation and the variations of soils indicate the best suited locations
for various crops. Trending northeast and southwest, the mountain
ranges, hills and valleys run parallel, forming long stretches of the
same soil. From the present time to the long past there are more
than forty distinct deposits of clay, sandstone, shale, limestone,
conglomerate, muck, peat, glacial and volcanic deposits, each differ-
ing from the others in texture, and fineness from solid rocks to
particles of dust. These contain some eighty known elements of
which, however, a few are of importance in agriculture, only seven
always essential for crop production being, nitrogen, phosphoric
acid, potash, lime, iron, sulphur and magnesia. The latter is con-
tained in some lime-and is regarded as injurious to plants if used
too freely.

The problem of soil fertility is confronting farmers in many of the
older states and is becoming manifest also in the Western and North-
western States where the soil was once considered inexhaustible;

21

320 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

where, not long ago, manure and straw were considered as an en-
cumbrance. it is now found a valuable asset. Even commercial fer-
tilizers are found useful. Nearly all the states use more or less
commercial fertilizer, and the entire country, as shown by the latest
statistics, uses to the value of $137,360,000 worth in one year. Penn-
sylvania reports 340,000 tons used in 1913, which, if valued at $20
per ton, amounts to $6,800,000. It costs the farmers about haif the
value of the potato crop, at fifty cents a bushel, or the value of all
the apples for the fertilizer used. Adding to the fertilizer account
the cost of manure and lime increase the expense very materially
to maintain the fertility of the soil which naturally reflects upon the
high cost of living. To transport the fertilizer used in this State,
in 1913, required 34,000 cars of 20 tons each, and the average freight
rate is $2 per ton, the railroad collects $680,000 for transportation,
aside from other material and the increased crops produced by its
use.

The railroads found the promotion of agriculture a bonanza and
encourage it by running instruction trains over their lines, even en
gaging experts to promote the industry which is, however, not done
out of charity or benevolence. If instead of appealing to the Inter.
state Commerce Commission for permission to increase freight and
passenger rates to and from the farms, it would benefit the general
public and save the companies the expense of operating expensive
outfits on their lines to teach their employees and town folks agri-
culture. It is really surprising the interest manifested in agricul-
ture by merchants, politicians, lawyers, doctors, bankers, railroad
officials, promoters, organizers, demonstrators, rural up-lifters, ex-
perts, surveyors, engineers, economists, instructors, theorists, road
cranks, magazine scribblers, even daily newspapers from the office
on the top of sky-scrapers, fulminate full page editorials ridiculing
farmers and their methods because the farm products are not equal
to those of England, France, Holland, Belgium, Germany and other
countries that are densely populated and whose farmers are poor.
The pitiful conditions now existing in those foreign countries appear
to indicate that civilizaton is reverting into savagery. Belgium was
one vast market garden without fences, boundaries being marked by
little trenches. Now it is practically ruined. The women and chil-
dren perform much of the labor on the fields in foreign countries; a
condition not to be envied, but coming here as sure as fate under pre-
vailing political and economic conditions.

FARMING THE FARMERS

The woods are full of self-sacrificing patriots, and more are con-
stantly incubating to gain a place on the State or National pay roll
to avoid the drudgery of farm life and draw salaries from two to six
thousand dollars a year and expenses. Some of the economists, see-
ing a worn out piece of machinery in a field, from a palace car
window, or an auto car, get the inspiration for a topic to preach a
sermon from the platform on the shiftlessness of farmers, their in-
dolence and ignorance. Because of the limited income of $1,500
average farm, a farm out of which to meet all expenses, the farmer
has less for himself than a common laborer; yet they are chastized
for having unpainted buildings, no lawns, no bathrooms, and none
of the modern conveniences of the millionaire agriculturist. The

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 321

sum total of the value of agricultural products in this country of
vast area seems immense in figures; but it is all consumed from year
to year, and calamity howlers already anticipate starvation in the
near future unless farmers can be encouraged to produce more. This
little word of four letters has such an attractive, enticing, inviting,
tempting, seductive sound that it has become the shibboleth of poli-
ticians, lawmakers and office holders by which they thrive and con-
quer if accompanied by the dollar mark. More appropriations, more
salaries, more crops, more privileges, more power, more boodle, more
graft; while the word less is forgotten, appearing only when labor
and farming interests are involved.

The fact that farming is not remunerative commensurate with the
investment and labor employed, and it is too strenuous an occupa-
tion as an investment is evident. You may sing and shout at the top
of your voice, “Stay on the farm boys, stay on the farm:” they get
away at the first opportunity and will continue unless conditions are
modified. If those who advise other to stick to the farm would seek
employment on the land and prove what they preach, it would be an
encouragement to those who seek other occupations, crowding into
towns and cities to find more congenial employment. Double the
crops and give them away, as for instance the cotton, potato and
apple crop, at less than cost, it is no incentive to produce more.
Were it not for the misfortune of the eastern hemisphere, grain to
day would unquestionably be selling at panic prices. Practical farm-
ers understand that the larger the crop removed, the more fertility
is lost to the soil; that if one bushel of grain removes 25c. worth, two
bushels remove 50c. worth. They also know that much of an article
is often worth less than a smaller quantity of the same. This fact
was forcibly demonstrated when the controversy about the money
standard was an issue, when 420 grs. of silver in a trade dollar was
worth about % as much as a standard silver coin with only 4124
grains. In this case government law regulates the value, while the
value of crops is regulated by the law of supply and demand. The
adoption of the gold standard was the most cruel and damnable law
ever inflicted upon the people, which will prove itself by and by.

Notwithstanding the views expressed in this topic, there never was
a time when the opportunities in agriculture in some directions were
as favorable as the present, for a young man of good address with a
diploma and a title of Prof., Doctor, or an abbreviation such as B. L.,
Ee tele enete . Wee Ee. Es BS. 8., 2. Ge 8), FAs Ss.
F.L. S., E. P. S., M. P. S., ect., to which sometimes D. F., would be
appropriate. Equipped with a diploma, a few strips of litmus paper,
a little hydrochloric acid, a few text-books on agriculture, some bulle-
tins, Prof. Bailey’s cyclopedia of agriculture, a good memory, a little
Latin are the passports of remunerative positions under the State
or National auspices.

Not long ago discussions were long and warm about Canadian re-
ciprocity, when the farmers’ market was to be extended and a re-
ciprocal trade established for farmers to obtain cheap lumber,
pickets, lath, and toothpicks. Cheap mowers and reapers, cutlery
and tropical fruit, and best of all, cheap wire fencing. President
Lincoln did not understand the farmer’s mentality when he spoke of
fooling the people: some all the time, some part of the time. and all
the whole time. Since other interests are so much interested in agri-

21—5—1914

322 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

culture, it would be only fair to reciprocate by sparing some experts
to send among railroads to each economy; to the mine operators to
advise them to operate full time and double their output; to the
steel trust and manufacturers to teach them how to create prosperity
by peddling their product over the countrylike farm produce or place
it in the hands of commission houses. It would be good policy and
economy if State and National administrations, would engage time
keepers and restrict pay to the time of actual duty and not pay the
time to high priced officials; $10 to $25 per day while they are away
fishing, hunting, attending political meetings and electioneering. It
would pay many times the cost of maintaining time clerks and faci-
litate public business.

It is hardly fair to mention present conditions without reference to
the past. It is not so very long since farmers were regarded as low
class citizens and treated as serfs and slaves. The rulers of nations
and governments who claimed to rule by Divine right made vassals of
their subjects and the tiller of the soil a menial of low degree. Since
the settlement of this country, those who escaped from monarchial
rule and persecution devised a more liberal form of government, sup-
posed to be founded on the principle of equal opportunity for all and
special privilege to none. It is only within recent years that we
heard of agents of Divine providence backed by Morgan influences
and tainted money as guardians and protectors of the working class
of. these United States. The same influence and agencies it seems
now propose to take the farmers under their protective wings and
dictate under what laws and regulations they may conduct their
affairs or themselves. Looking back to the time of the spinning
wheel, the knitting needle, the hand loom, the cradle and scythe and
hand rake and the flail, to homespun and Kentucky jeans seems a
far ery. The old log school house in the corner of the forest where
wild beasts yet roamed is of this generation. The square room with
a ten-plate wood stove in the center, and the seats ranged along the
sides facing the wall, where boys and girls from seven to twenty
years of age assembled studying and reciting in the one class, the
studying of German lessons, of inspiration and morality from the
Testament and the Book of Psalms. Handicapped for want of
teachers to teach English, it was only remedied when so called
Yankee teachers could be secured for a small salary and the privilege
of “boarding around” from family to family under all sorts of con-
veniences and inconveniences. No three dollar a day hostleries to
reach after midnight where menu cards, pretty servants and silver-
ware are such an attraction to public servants on the payroll of a
State. The time of rye bread, mush and milk, fat pork, N. O.
molasses, cowhide boots for men and women, frequently barefoot
from early spring to late fall, causing stone bruises and missing toe
nails to mourn over are almost forgotten by this generation.

Those were the good old times when wheat sold at fifty cents a
bushel, potatoes at no price, hay $5 to $8 per ton, eggs a dozen for a
fi’ penny bit, or ten cents a score, labor 50c. a day. The high cost of
living was not a troublesome question, neither were woman suffrage,
local option, prohibition and trust and trust busters agitating the
people. Whisky of the good old kind (rve and apple) sold at five
cents a quart and was considered a necessity, especially in the harvest
field, along with big fat cherry and raspberry pies, onions, radishes,

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 323

pickles and rye bread for lunch. The crops raised on virgin soil
would now be envy of the most eloquent modern institute speaker on
soils, soil fertility, cowpeas, soy beans, crimson clover and alfalfa.
There were no breakfast foods, canned beans, canned salmon, pressed
ham, fried potatoes, canned corn, tomatoes, beans, post toasties, corn
flakes, shredded wheat biscuits and other costly luxuries to create
the high cost of living. The butcher, baker and grocer did not visit
rural districts daily and the laundry man taking the farmers’ linen
would have had to travel over an entire township to secure enough
shirts, skirts and collars for a half day’s washing. The things now
so convenient and costly create idleness and evils that are reflected
in divorce proceedings and family feuds. In the past as in the pres-
ent some families raised boys that were incorrigible and too lazy
and cunning to work; these, if it could be afforded, were sent away
to an academy and to college to become the pride of the neighborhood
as doctors, lawyers, professors, legislators, bosses and aristocrats by
virtue of a diploma and divine right.

Things were different before that race destroying innovation, the
auto, was introduced. So long as husking-matches, snitzing parties,
country dances and spelling-bees were a feature in rural affairs,
there were fewer maiden ladies and bachelors abroad in the land.
To-day the farmer dares to rub up against the elite of society even
to the “400,” and to discount them in good sense, intelligence, moral-
ity and the economy of nature. Farmers are preservers of the
human race, although they may be tolerated as a necessity and re-
garded as a necessary evil, and disturbers of the criminal cunning.
It is time that they appreciate their importance and unite in a com-
mon cause for their own betterment, in the interest of universal
peace, and the alleviation of the distressed at home and abroad.- It
is time to protest against the uncalled for activities of a class of self-
constituted guardians of agriculture and rural affairs, and against
the centralizing in expensive departments and an army of super-
numeraries not desired, never asked for or demanded. There were
no petitions circulated and signed by the people to have inflicted on
the tax payers, a horde of hungry aspirants to public employment
tumbling over one another for the coveted prize.

It is becoming so with all the departments, divisions, agents, in-
spectors and law that one cannot feel safe to make a concrete walk,
behead a fowl, kill a calf, or catch a fish, without a permit for fear
of conflicting with some restraining authority or provision emanat-
ing from the mind of someone whose experience and mental training
was derived from watching the shadows of towers and tall buildings
in some city office, before a roll top desk on a revolving chair. It
would make a very interesting picture if the thoughts of those who
manifest so much concern about agriculture could be photographed
and displayed on a reel as moving pictures and the motive back of
their activities analyzed. If it were possible to open the cranium
and close them without injury, to study the convolutions of their
brain, the blood corpuscles coursing through their bodies, and the
composition of their brain cells to learn the proportion of nitrogen,
hydrogen and oxygen, it would possibly show an excess of one of the
gases, an abnormal condition conducive to farmomania an indis-
tinguished germ producing an epidemic. “Farmonania: A mental
aberration, a hallucination, a phantasy, a brain storm on rural

324 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

economics.” Realizing fully that the reflections in this topic will by
a few be regarded as emanating from an obstructionist and fault
finder, the facts are unchallengeable with which the general public
will agree, especially practical farmers.

Agriculture is a gamble and superlative industry reflected in all
lines of business, in stock exchanges and financial centers. While
the world stands in awe at the destruction of life and property in
Europe, the hand of charity is extended to the suffering, at the same
time a class of unchristian and uncharitable few are beginning to
speculate in business on the future and even present demands, hoping
to profit from the most cruel, unholy and uncalled for war in the
history of the world. It is hardly to be expected that impoverished
countries and dead people will be good customers:

“May every year but bring more near
The time when strife shall cease,
When truth and love, all hearts shall move,
To live in joy and peace.
Nor sorrow reigns and earth complains,
For folly still her power maintains;
But the day shall yet appear,
When the might with the right and truth shall be;
And come what may, to stand in the way,
That day the world shall see.”

REPORT OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST

By BAIRD HALBERSTADT

A perusal of the excellent inaugural addess of Governor Brum-
baugh, upon assuming the reins of government, indicates very plainly
that a complete reorganization of the several departments of the
State has become a necessity, and that it is his desire that such re-
organizations take place without unnecessary delay, so that a better
conduct of the business affairs of the Commonwealth may be in-
stituted promptly. It is his further desire, that for every dollar
appropriated by the State, its citizens shall receive a full dollar’s
worth. That this change will involve the State Board of Agriculture
is quite probable, but to what extent and in what direction the change
will be carried out can as yet only be surmised. It is patent, how-
ever, that the new Executive desires the elimination of all orna-
mental or useless officials in all departments, and that the money
hereafter to be appropriated shall be used to the very best advantage
or as he has aptly said in his reference to “Our Farms:” “The
funds for the advancement of our agricultural interests ought to ex-
press themselves much more largely in wheat, corn and potatoes and
less in clerical and other forms of routine service. Let us legislate

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. B25

for the farmer rather than for the office holder.” In this, the Goy-
ernor deserves and should have the hearty support of, not only every
farmer, but likewise that of every well meaning citizen of the Com-
monwealth.

Seven years ago, without either my knowledge or consent, the Exe-
cutive Committee of this body elected me one of its Consulting Spe-
cialists, assigning to me the work of the Mineralogist and later elect-
ing me Economic Geologist. As such, it was my province to be at
the beck and call of any farmer in the State for the identification of
minerals and advice along geologic lines. During these seven years,
many letters asking for advice, etc., have been written to me from
various parts of the State. Each ‘and every one of them has re-
ceived prompt and careful attention, and was answered as fully and
as explicitly as if they had been sent to me by regular paying clients.
For this service, not a dollar was either asked or received, nor have
I been remunerated, for postage, stationery, clerk hire or for the
return charges on specimens forwarded for examination. Several
cases have been brought to my attention, wherein farmers at the in-
stance of others, have taken advantage of this gratuitous service by
writing for information, and later, giving it to Gers! who could and
should have paid for the professional services rendered. Should it
so happen, that the staff of Consulting Specialists be abolished, the
writer will have no regrets, but will retire with the satisfaction of
having conscientiously performed each and every duty assigned to
him, and that, if his advice has been followed, he has effected a saving
of thousands of dollars to the farmers of Pennsylvania by advising
them against prospecting for minerals in localities where there was
no probability of finding them and by repeatedly warning them
against men claiming to be experts, some of whom assume mis-
leading titles without any warrant whatsoever. In fact, the State
offices they claim to fill do not now nor ever did exist.

Numerous instances have been brought to our attention, wherein
farmers and others have been badly advised and now mourn the
loss of both time and money. Investigations of these has brought
out the fact that some were dune to incompetency upon the part of
the adviser, others to a lack of knowledge on the part of the prospec-
tors, while in others, there was a decided element of fraud. In one
case, it was found that farmers were being solicited to buy stock in
a coal mine not far from the Capitol. Of this operation, I made, at
the request of some clients, a thorough examination, after which I
was shown an elaborate prospectus that had been prepared by the
promoters of the scheme. At the time of my visit. I met there some
farmers and business men, who had gone to investigate this wonder-
ful (?) operation. A few moment’s investieation sufficed to show
that carbonaceous deposit was not within the Coal Measures and
that any attempts to mine the deposit wonld result in financial
disaster. This conclusion has since been verified and the $15,000
sunk is gone forever, unless the experience was worth it and will be
profited by, for these men, like the boy who fooled around the busi-
ness end of a mule, don’t look auite so well, but they have a good
deal more sense. We have also been called upon for opinions as to
the probability of finding petroleum in paving quantities in Lehigh.
Schuylkill, Carbon and Luzerne counties. Our advice was unheeded.
Wells were sunk but no oil was found, nor was there the slightest

326 | ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

possibility of finding it in these localities, nevertheless thousands of
dollars were expended in drilling and the dupes of the promoters are
poorer but wiser men. From talks I have had with the farmers and
others in many districts or sections of the State, I am inclined to be-
lieve that a great amount of money is wasted, annually, in Pennsyl-
vania in the injudicious selection of fertilizers. By this I mean, that
in many cases, complete fertilizers that have given good results and
entire satisfaction in one section are selected for use in other sec-
tions whose soils are markedly different in structure and composi-
tion, the selection being made solely because good results were ob-
tained elsewhere. Because a certain brand of fertilizer gives good
results in the Lebanon Valley, it does not follow that results equally
as good will be obtained by its use in the valley of the Schuylkill,
for the reason that the soils are dissimilar in structure and composi-
tion. In other words, it might be said, that a medicine for one dis-
ease is being used, while the patient is suffering from one entirely
different. The chemist is able to analyze soils and tell you the exact
amount of each constituent, but as far as I have been able to learn,
he is unable to tell how much of it is available or in condition to be
absorbed by the plant. About the only thing left for the farmer to
do is to make plant tests; a method that requires a number of years
to carry out. A second plan is to make what was called basket tests,
requiring but a month at the most to complete. The value of this
method is questioned by some well informed men, while others
equally well informed give it their unqualified approval. All, how-
ever, agree that the results as shown by this method are much surer
euides than the “farmers’ guess” in the selection of a fertilizer.

It must be patent to all observers that avoidable waste due to the
lack of care of the barnyard manure is enormous. Dr. Van Slyke
of the New York Experiment Station has estimated that the loss to
the farmers of the United States from this source alone exceeds seven
hundred million ($700,600,000) dollars, annually, or the value of a
crop. Perhaps some of this waste is unavoidable; the greater part
of it, however, is avoidable. The value of the wasted material is
seemingly fabulous, but when the case is investigated, it will be
found that the estimate of Dr. Van Slvke is not only reasonable but
is based upon facts and figures, that can be relied upon. These
figures are almost fabulous and the losses appalling.

Let us examine into the matter and we will see that the results are
not overdrawn and that it is “a condition and not a theory con-
fronting us.” The United States Department of Agriculture has
estimated the annual value of manure of livestock, if preserved, per
animal, as follows:

FROTSO IMO NUEG oo. ses ae ee ate eee eee $27 00
Catlle- manures 9 i Yenote cree eae ss eine 19 00
[EP yRRI ENON SE neice SSE i Ain oraid: 12 00
Sheep MANGES, ci.0 > can asta eters eine ae eee 2 00

The losses due to exposure through leaching, washing away and
evaporation are tremendous, as has been demonstrated by Roberts in
his experimentation extending over many years, and Dr. Taylor has
published tables showing the percentages of loss in both gross weight

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 327

and in plant food, as well as the financial loss. The first table gives
the losses in horse manure placed in a pile and the second is of cow
manure. They are as follows:

TABLE NO. 1

| oi
zc :
E ¢
Fs = E
: &
é Bo a
coy os
fa
z BE A
a iF
4 | a 3
SOTSE (GG. seottedssctocdaconcdondapoasmoc coc dpnccanaancueqodescusocodod | 4,000 1,730 57
INT ERG Ayia s 2 6 Ba soo BAcint ano OdUdOOS DOO IOEdOUCOoce CO BBe OCDE Oooo: BOUEEUEAaaapeece 19.60 7.79 60
SOR peril Camere) ee ree teste iaicisrercicteleiote naraistie aistelalaiciseldisislelac eal picieisjsinia sie eeisiarein 14,30 | 7.79 47
GTS Hae cee caeoo tec cline cena cieeisicrcjeiemiciseialcietclo'a widaaje|stolslnigeisit.e gale salto aeidislcats 36.00 | 8.65 76
Wit EE GDET EON. toes cas seis cin cinsoe aie seieisjcitisials org vise a cusisls\eiaiciese svies\cieoe cleleeiaslos $2 80 $1 06 62
TABLE NO. 2
eae
3 =
3 #
& | gi
: Bi
d | ga | ¢
| a £25
fa
E Bones
2
< A 4
RPGR EME TO Ea eseina teictels alaiaielsiste ciriala elaieicie aioe sicls alicia efcin ei aiclesinteleinte’s steiatnin: cialclelelaiove 10,000 6,125 49
PRUE RANE CTR ret gaa ete =o ioeintat a ape otal ial etatatere’ Swiaisteioietaieln ste: sletsistala!cte\p oreiciste/al ara'e'e/cleicic! Caieia'e's 47 41
ISG IG OG MeO, Gogscenrer cog, Cheoddut CooaTOCC AOnLas Ante OSnOenOOCEnE brccads 32 26 19
IETS A pesca sen cone e DAOC COMES C ECOL Co SRE UD DOOR CES OO HE DONE COC LORE: E HbaGre Gane 48 44 8
Mitinen Pere LOM cette cataceadiesisie Seals cowinacccie races sia mcieisleeenesesecsanec case $2 29 $1 60 30

While on a trip last summer, I visited a farm where the farm house
was modern; it is well heated, the owner has his own gas plant, hot
and cold water, and, in fact, all modern conveniences. The barn
and outbuildings were in splendid condition, in fact, one would have
judged the owner to have been an up-to-date, prosperous farmer. A
further examination developed the fact that he had an old fashioned
barnyard in which the manure was thrown, when removed from the
barn, seeping between the stone wall between it and the highway,
and ultimately finding its way into and polluting the creek was
found a stream of rich brown liquid, the drainage of his barnyard.
Based upon the following prices: Nitrogen at 18 cents, phosphoric
acid 5 cents and potash at 5 cents, that liquid or drainage from this
manure heap was worth $10.40 per ton. That man was not only
losing money, but was, unthinkingly, perhaps, seriously polluting a
stream of good water. Each ton of drainage from a manure heap, it
has been estimated, contains thirty (30) pounds of nitrogen, two (2)
pounds of phosphoric acid and ninety-eight (98) pounds of potash.
In striking contrast were the conditions found on the farm of my
friend and colleague, Mr. William H. Stout, on his “Fairview Farm.”
His manure pit is a wagon with a tight box, a concrete gutter at the
rear of the stalls conveys the liquid excrement to a tank. Every day
or two, the manure, after the liquid has been poured over it, is hauled
out to and deposited where needed on the fields, and this is done the

328 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

year around. The solid and liquid manure from the hog pens is drawn
into a concrete tank and mixed with an absorbent. All the droppings
from the poultry houses are carefully preserved. Mr. Stout was, I
believe, one of the first, if not the first man, in his section to spread
the manure on his fields at once, instead of throwing it out into a pit
or barnyard, where it would again have to be handled a second time
in loading. It was due to these saving methods, that Mr. Stout was
able to transform a wornout farm into a productive one; to increase
the yields of his fields from one-half ton to three (3) tons of hay
per acre, and his yield of wheat from nothing to twenty (20) to
twenty-five (25) bushels, his oats to twenty-three (23) bushels, corn,
seventy (70) bushels and potatoes to two hundred and twenty-five
(225) bushels per acre, and these on fields that, in his first year,
the crops were practically a failure. Another thing he did was to
lay five (5) miles of stone and tile drains in marshy fields; the re-
sult is that he is cutting three (3) tons of hay per acre, where before
nothing would grow but swamp plants and grasses. Here is a
farmer who works with his head as well as his hands, a practical
scientific farmer, as it were. Without the reading and studying of
scientific works, government bulletins and farm journals, he could
not have accomplished these results, but would have given up in
despair.

The government, Federal and State, are doing more for the farm-
ers than for any other class of citizens. By an expenditure of a
few cents for postal cards, the Department of Agriculture will, with-
out further expense, send to any farmer in the country a practically
complete library on agriculture and cognate subjects for the ask-
ing. The time has gone by, when the farmer is looked down upon,
if he ever really was, for the public, as it becomes more highly edu-
cated, will appreciate how great a factor the farmer is in our lives.
Without farmers, famine would be upon us. The farmer of to-mor-
row must know much about science if he would succeed. Our fields
have been robbed of much of their fertility and this must be restored
if this nation is to survive. Many farms, now worn out and aband-
oned, must be restored, or we will be unable to feed the rapidly in-
creasing population of non-producers. The enormous exports of
grain and of livestock to foreign lands will cost this country dear
in the end, for, as that great Agriculturist Chemist, Justus von Lie-
big, has observed: “The manure produced in the course of farming
is not sufficient to maintain, permanently, the fertility of a farm;
it lacks the constituents which are annually sold in the shape of
grain, hay, milk and live stock.” A few days ago, a dispatch ap-
peared in the “public press,” setting forth that 40,000 horses had
been sold in the West for exportation abroad. That single ship-
ment of horses will cause a loss of over $1,000,000 to us in the value
of the manure they would have produced during the present year,
had they remained in this country.

I have observed here, that I have served as one of your Consult-
ing Specialists without financial remuneration, and willingly, for
the delightful associations with you all and the warm and lasting
friendships I have contracted among you, pay me infinitely mure
than any financial reward, and should the staff of Specialists be
abolished, my only regret will be in the breaking off of our pleasant
official relations.

No. 5. 5 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 329

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVESTOCK

By WILLIAM C. BLACK, Chairman.

“A condition and not a theory” confronts us. The people of
Pennsylvania are in a dilemma. They can choose either horn; to
soon become vegetarians or to breed and feed on their farms more
meat producing animals. The population of the United States has
increased 20 per cent. in the last decade and the number of meat-
producing animals has decreased in about the same ratio. The
spread between meat production and meat consumption under exist-
ing conditions, must become wider and wider as the years go by.
Not only the United States but the whole world is facing a famine
in meats, shoes and warm clothing. One county in Pennsylvania
has increased 151 per cent. in population in the last 20 years. In
my own county, on what was a farm, in three years, was built a
town of 9,000 people. It is predicted that when this European war
is over there will be a great influx of immigrants to the United
States. The large increase in population is almost entirely of the
consuming class. Under such conditions it is not surprising that
only plutocrats and high salaried people, such as County Chairmen
of Farmer’s Institutes can afford meat for dinner.

When the “powers that be,” ordained that we should have Free
Trade in the United States, the stockmen were paralyzed. They
saw vast numbers of livestock crossing our northern border from
Canada. They saw vast fleets of merchant vessels, loaded to the
gunwale, with meat from Argentina and Australia; they saw our
meat market demoralized and our livestock men ruined. What has
been the result? The year 1914 has shown the highest average price
for livestock ever recorded in the United States. The shortage in
Canada is greater than in this country. During 1914 at one time,
cattle sold higher in Toronto than in the United States. During
the first three months of free trade, there came across the wide
waters enough meat to make one dinner for each person in the
United States.

The causes of the high prices of meat are many. I mention but
few of them. The sub-division of ranges into farms, and ranches
for so-called dry farming. The overstocking of the ranges until they
carry but a small! per cent. of the livestock formerly carried. The
large increase in the dairy industry, which is a negligible factor
in the meat supply; the high cost of incompetent labor; the slaugh-
ter of the innocents, roaster pigs, veal calves, baby beeves; the
greatly increased value of land in the corn belt, and the consequent
high cost of feed. The telephone also adds to the high cost of meat.
The resident of the town sits in a cozy room and orders by telephone
a pound of steak or a small roast which is delivered by a high sal-
aried driver in a high price motor truck, and the account is charged
on the butcher’s book by a high salaried clerk. When the bill is
rendered, it is not surprising that the head of the house curses the

330 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

beef trust, the railroad corporation, the butcher and all down the
line even to the livestock breeder, who is quite sure is getting rich
too quick.

The condition is alarming; what is the remedy? Animal hus-
bandry and agriculture are indissolubly linked with national pros-
perity. We must replenish our herds from within our own borders.
No other source is available. In the beginning we must retain for
breeding purposes all suitable females, and use sires of good blood
and feed generously. Breed and feed are as inseparable as were
the Siamese twins. Our herds and flocks can only be replenished
by Nature’s slow process, and an expert sent by the United States
Department reports that not before 10 years can beef production
become normal. Save the innocents and care for them until they
reach a reasonable degree of maturity, not selling pigs as roasters
but as more mature animals. A neighbor had a sow that produced
ten pigs; another had one which produced twenty-four at one birth,
but that is another story. The ten pigs were sold as roasters at
eight to ten weeks old for $30 or an average of $3.00 each. Had
these pigs been kept approximately one year old, either one of them
should have produced as much meat as the ten roasters and would
have sold for as much money, and would have paid a good profit
on the feed consumed. Lambs are sold, when weighing from forty
to eighty pounds. They should be kept one year longer and the best
ewe lambs retained as breeders. And the culls and wethers sold
furnishing a much greater quantity of meat, and having paid a good
profit on feed consumed. Calves of the beef breeds and their grades
should be kept until maturity, when they will furnish many times as
much meat as will veals, and will pay a good profit on feed con-
sumed. I have not counted the labor for caring for the stock, as
any farmer who wishes to retain fertility on his farm will furnish
the labor for the manure for the feed consumed.

It is essential to success that only pure bred males be used and
these should be of individual excellence coupled with a good pedi-
gree. The choice of a breed is a matter of individual preference and
environment. In many cases environment is the controlling factor.
There is no best breed. There is no battle of the breeds. There is
no conflict between breeders of the Jersey and Guernsey and Hol-
stein, of Angus and Hereford and Short-horn cattle. There is no
conflict between breeders of long wool, medium wool or merino
sheep. No conflict between breeders of black hogs and white hogs.
Let us then as breeders of livestock, not in conflict with one another,
but in solid phalanx, shoulder to shoulder, make one grand effort
in a war of extermination against the scrubs.

The future looks bright to the livestock breeders in Pennsylvania.
Success depends on his efforts. A vast population must be fed. Penn-
sylvania has, within her borders, resources sufficient to meet the
demand. May the farmers and livestock breeders of the Keystone
State seize this opportunity and secure for themselves millions in
money and largely increased fertility for their farms.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 331

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON POULTRY

By W. THEO. WITTMAN

Gentlemen: It would appear that some quite radical changes have
occurred in the poultry situation in the State within the last twelve
months. The most outstanding of these is the slump in the fancy
poultry business. Of the some hundred and ten poultry associations
in the State, something like one-third dropped their annual poultry
show this year. And while it is difficult to arrive at exact figures,
it is very likely that at. least an equal per cent. or about one-third
of the entire number of poultry people terming themselves “fanciers”
have quit as such. Also those associations that did hold their an-
nual shows found, with very few exceptions, it is even more difficult
than nsual to come out on the right side of the balance sheet. This
condition of affairs is due to several causes, the details of which
would consume more time than is allowed this report. Summed
up, and in its final analysis:

THE GENERAL PUBLIC IS MORE AND MORE INTERESTED
IN POULTRY ONLY SO FAR AS IT WILL LAY EGGS AND
GROW POUNDS OF MEAT AND ONLY A COMPARATIVELY
SMALL NUMBER WISH TO KEEP AND BREED POULTRY AS
A “FANCY.”

The more progressive of the poultry associations have introduced
monthly lectures and demonstrations and others have had them
every afternoon and evening during show week and have found that
they are well attended and a great deal of interest shown. As an
example: At Pittsburgh Show last week with lectures every after-
noon and evening the hall was crowded every session. The next
big change in the poultry situation is as a result of the European
war. This war has removed all fear that, with the tariff taken off
eggs, our markets would be flooded with foreign eggs; for even after
a few months of war the big European poultry growing nations,
Belgium, France, England, Germany, etc., have practically wiped
out their enormous poultry stocks and with the end of the war,
Europe for a while at least, must be an importer of poultry and
eggs instead of as formerly, as exporter.

Another change in our poultry situation is the rapidly growing
acceptance of the fact that poultry, just like other farm animals,
can be bred for production. In consequence, a big demand has
‘sprung up for stock that has avowedly been bred to lay eggs. Penn-

sylvania breeders of this kind of poultry have found trade very brisk,

and in some instances, at least, egg farmers carrying thousands of
hens have already sold in advance every egg for hatching, their
flocks can possibly lay this season.

Again, the poultry people of the State feel that at last perhaps
they are in a situation, where they can introduce a bill before the
Legislature creating a Bureau of Poultry Husbandry as part of the

332 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE - Off. Doc.

Department of Agriculture and carrying other features, with some
hope of success. For the people of the State are hungry for re-
liable poultry information and reliable poultry service and having
had a taste of it as provided by the Bureau of Farm Advisers and
by the poultry associations, they want to have and will have more
of it, and deserve to have it. Prices for poultry and eggs this last
year have been good average for the year: Eggs, 31c per dozen; live
poultry, 18c a lb.; dressed poultry, 18¢c per Ib.

ADDRESS—DR. SPARKS

It is awfully good of you, Mr. Hutchison, and men and women
of the Board. This meeting comes at an unfortunate time for me in
some particulars, because it is held simultaneously with the meeting
of the State College Trustees and they have long sessions, especially
this year when we are looking forward toward the legislative ap-
propriations. The Governor presided yesterday afternoon and you
people will be interested, I think, knowing that in his opening ad-
dress the burden of his remarks was how the College can be of
more service to the farm producer in garnering his crop and in
getting it to the market, and I think we are all to be congratulated
on having’'a man who, himself, though in recent years a city man,
nevertheless has not forgotten his early life in the country and who
is making such an effort to study the rural problem and the prob-
lem of the rural resident in order to improve matters generally.

I think we all feel a little bit sad in this meeting to think that
the Secretary who has presided—not presided, but acted as Secre-
tary for so many years, is approaching what seems, from his side
at least, to be the last meeting that he will be with us in his official
capacity. It has been my great pleasure to have him on the Board
of Trustees of the Pennsylvania State College in the six years I
have been connected with the School, and I should be false to every
dictate of fairness and judgment if I did not say that, nothwith-
standing the busy official life that he leads in the Department, he
nevertheless, has found time to attend nearly every meeting of the
Board of Trustees of the College, and those of you who have been
to State College know that it is not an easy matter to reach there.
We have a Penitentiary six miles away which I believe is more ac-
cessible than the State College. The journey up there and back con-.
sumes some little time, and yet the Secretary has always found time
to be there and give us the benefit of his judgment in matters per-
taining to the School of Agriculture and to the Agriculture Ex-
periment Station, and, in fact, to the entire college, because he is
such a broad minded man that he realizes the fact that the student
of agriculture ought to come in contact with the student of other
lines of work so as to give him a broad view and make him a man
of the world; because on the farm he has had to come in contact

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 333

with the commission merchant and with the shipping agent and
all the various lines of work, not alone the cultivation of the soil,
but other lines as well, including the fertilizer man.

Now I have no speech to make except simply to pay this little
tribute to Secretary Critchfield and also to speak of the interest that
Governor Brumbaugh is taking in our agricultural work, and to
say that the State College and Experiment Station, so far as its
agricultural interests are concerned, continue to stand in the hope
of being useful in all possible manner to the agricultural interests
of the State.

The Smith-Lever Bill, as just passed, has vast possibilities. It
makes one tremble almost at times to think of what that administra-
tion will amount to in a few years, and if we can get that in the
right channel, it will be the most beneficial to the taxpayers of Penn-
sylvania, and that is the last desideratum, that is the thing we all
want to do, and with that and the present conditions altogether,
it seems to me that the future of the agricultural interests in his
State seems to be especially bright and promising and hopeful, if
only we can find a way to the market, if only the ambitions of cer-
tain foreign rules—if only this intangible thing they call the balance
of power, for which they are killing men and piling up an enormous
national debt—and what does it amount to in the end? You and
I believe that it is not worth the death of one soldier, the most igno-
rant, cheapest, meanest soldier that dies; it is not worth that, and
we shall be fortunate of course if we can keep our neutrality and
keep out of it, but we shall find our market hampered to a certain
extent, and I, for one, cannot believe that it is a wise thing to try
to starve out the enemy by bolting our own front door. We tried
that one time, in President Jefferson’s administration, in order to
keep neutrality or try to avoid getting entangled in the Napoleonic
Wars, to avoid feeding the enemy of one nation and offending another
nation. We put an embargo on our vessels. Within one season
the crops were piled up in the warehouses; business had become
stagnant, and while trying to starve out the enemy, we were starving
ourselves.

REPORT ON FEEDING STUFFS

By G. G. HUTCHISON

As your Specialist on feeding stuffs, I beg permission to make a
report to this body concerning the condition of the feeds sold in
Pennsylvania and the work done by the Department of Agriculture
during the year just closed. It is well known to you all that there
has been a marked advance in the price of the many feed products
throughout the country since early last fall. This condition has

334 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

caused an advance in the value of selling price of the various grades
of commercial feeding stuffs offered for sale in our State. Because
of this situation, therefore, there has been a temptation on the part
of some feed manufacturers to discover and use some cheap by-pro-
ducts for use as ingredients in feeds, which perhaps has little feed-
ing value, in order to take advantage of the rise in market value in
feeds and also, if possible, to offer for sale feeds at less prices. We
are glad to report, however, that the majority of manufacturers are
complying with the requirements of the law and co-operating with
the Department in its effort to keep the character of feeds sold in
the State of good quality and properly labeled.

In order that you may know of the amount of work accomplished
by the Department in enforcing the feeding stuffs law, it seems
proper to include this information in this report. During the year
1914, special agents of the Department visited 327 towns and cities
and 61 counties of the State and obtained 1,300 samples of the vari-
ous brands of feeding stuffs found being offered for sale. All these
these samples were sent to the Chemical Laboratory and analyzed
chemically to see if the guarantees were properly given; and they
were also examined with a microscope to find out if the ingredients
claimed were really present in each case. Foreign or impure ma-
terials were also looked for and where such were found, in addition
to the ingredients claimed, a report was made to the Secretary of
these findings, together with the results of examination of all sam-
ples, and also included in the annual feed bulletin. A number of
towns and cities were visited where samples were not taken, as it
was found by the special agents that the feeds being offered for sale
appeared to be properly labeled and guaranteed, and also because
it was thought unnecessary to get too many samples of the same
brand or class of feeds.

The character of the feeds, judged from the samples analyzed in
the Laboratory, was good and the number of feeds found adulterated
was less than formerly, which goes to show that the rigid enforce-
ment of the feeding stuffs law has been of great value to the farm-
ers and consumers of feeds in our State. The number of prosecu-
tions necessary for misbranding or adulterated feeds gets less and
less, each year. However it is still necessary to keep a watchful eye
on all the various brands of feeds which are being sold, otherwise
there is likely to be a number of brands of adulterated feeds sent into
our State. This work is especially necessary because there are 20
states, some of which have no feed laws at all, and some of which,
while they do have laws, the ingredients of mixed feeds are not
required to be placed on sacks or attached cards. As long as this
condition exists there will be feeds sold in these states of inferior
quality and we must be continually on the watch to make sure that
they do not get into Pennsylvania. One such case occurred during
the year where a molasses feed was shipped from a western state to
one of our feed dealers which contained 25% of ground peanut hulls.
The Chief Chemist of the Department, who has been appointed by
the Federal Government as a Special Agent of Pennsylvania, was in
a position to report this case to the Federal authorities who im-
mediately got samples of this feed and took action against the
manufacturers in the West and thus this form of misrepresenta-
tion was stopped so far as our State was concerned. We now have

——

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 335

reason to believe that no such adulterated feeds are being sold in
the State. As a matter of record, I will include with this report the
list of towns and counties visited by our special agents and the
number of samples taken in each, which I will not read, but which
will be included in the proceedings:

COUNTIES VISITED AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES OF FEED.-

ING STUFFS SECURED. —
No. of
County. Places. Samples.

INGE; ATG SAS GOO ICe OOICIIE RCI. 1—TiEtleStOWDs, «sie ss cies Soon 7
2—New Oxford. cides ccascsoas dee aul
3=—WaSt: Berlinee sects sierste cat cesar 1
A= — Gecrysvuree: yaiiesewe sae Semiee es 12
5 Ben Geravillere Weichert eeiee 0
G—-Bizlervillesee occ 6 boas Seteee 0
t— ME SRErRYStOWlesacie clones ss oecie 0

PRGEAUS. | iatetnin ais)ere <ivtgseiec Pate 31

PAU CEO T Yast. beyerayetave ovcie = ehavere let eVerere feiss sepa = ETL CAIEM an ayes arciwraleicea Os as wes 1
Hi PANY RS] CNET ee ei Ia ee eee 22
D CALNCLICt aed es se eieis eo wie eee
AK Wallin SPULS ee cccirs ee coe ooo
D-—_PrAGdOC Kn heen dates ooo
Ga Aspinwall iy serciays cicetenistexctoe cee
(—-PrACKENDIGS Gaia stscere onsets stec oe
S— Bre Seville oir csc econ soca
Bal Laas calles or tice cich cate APCS ea

0-H ZeD Gta mes eres tttersti aac
LS ELOMEStC AG Parae Grecies tcl cece
2 NIGIRKCES DOL here acon ence ee ohte ee
13—-NOGEnY Braddock, ce. lene s
AK APLC TNMs eeortene tore tote for stare retate rasta
5 WARING GUN 2,» 8.0 se mieerchy eens
16—Wiestlnlizabeth, s.r cern bics «

| oooocoooooooonwnowou

MROLAD Ss cratoieie rete oclelo esters crore 4

IAPTSTTON 24. Se acters ses Mericteneverstyerstenes. Bagh eee acne ser siehay Sevan ere seekees
Pe Nt Sy ot evaileyia) slecateresele lehejl eters %e\el\evee

D— ECC CA DUT ereiavetelcietare orem ere cices

A HOT Ue OLEYearorers Oices ecverstonteioieicce

5H HT eCnORts tas cicsioe sek aioe ee

OrRANWCO >

TREE ES -idiowin eichaicies Od Ser RorChOe CRRA COE if ENOCHES LOT Sema ctseccctelorenore toteeiorsiar 6
i—al sisvhiee Jali Goa cH O Cae Gone Ce 7
S——-New Brighton, re enctonysvers sucrorcie 4
4—West Bridgewater, ........... 2
B= AMDT Cle ara torches etc derae 0
G—— BEAN ELE cccushra severe eile is heate 0
dae LN COG OM yeas aiabcte: sveveraiciaieherss ctct eee 0
3 MON a CAtEt ea Senet clas aaa 0

19
9
1
0

SUL ercne ate re nto hats «raisins
Bedford, no. so aaisieim © em a eeeiein ars area Pa ESOGEOIE OL gi preimiotcn «oi ora oo olw o's: S/sic.nuexe

ae MELE L UMN ic cbsfsi ste cies orsic cw Gielinc
Sa EN LOM nese ter heacioncin aoc te leas

22

336

Bradford

Butler, .

Cambria,

Cameron,

Carbon,

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

County.

> fee ee eer eeeeeeseeeseseeeseeene

ey

eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eeee eeee

eves eece sre ec ec e eee eee ee eee ese

Places.
1—Reading,

38—Fleetwood, .
4—Womelsdorf,

5—Birdsboro, ..

6—Mount Penn,
7—Topton,

Total,

1—Altoona,
2—Bellwood,
3-—Gaysport,

4—Hiollidaysburg,

5—Juniata,
6—Tyrone,

i—Canton,
2—PTOVA acwenes
3-—Towanda, ..
4—Athens,
5—Sayre,

sce ee

6—Wyalusing, .

1—Quakertown,
2—Doylestown,
3—Chalfont, ...
4—-Newtown, ..
5—-Perkasie, ...
6—Richlandtown

1—Butler, .....
2-—Harmony, ..
3—Marssy «ia acts
4—-Fivans City, .

1—Johnstown, .
2—South Fork, .
3-—Hbensburg, .
4—Patton, .....
5—Carrolltown,

1—Emporium, .
2—Driftwood, ..

1—East Mauch Chunk, }
2—Mauch Chunk, §

3-—Lansford, ...
4—-Lehighton, ..

see

2-—Kutztown, ..

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S\ e je) e) asa)ie. (6) (¢ sells wih enes mis

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C6 26) ¢u |e) 5,0! © 00) ©) 6 eee
i (01 @ 6. \0,ne) elle, 0.6) 01s mi aL evleta

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o))6 (eae 6 se) («6s =) «le sits
2?
) 010 \\e eile fe! @jieliete. «ein sven
#) © (el ls[ue. |) 6)\e! «mallee eliel sie

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Doc.

5 (ove
ples.

—
eooor ws

County.

ere eee eee ese eee esses eee ese ee ee

Chester,

cere eee ee nese eee ere seseees

Clarion,

Sei] Cle) aerey.e, vile; 6/8) /w (6 (els lewis) sie fee) eles) e)

Clearfield,

Clinton,

ecco cec cece eec sree e ces eee ee wr eens

Crawford,

Pe

Cumberland,

ee)

22—5—1914

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

No. of

Places. Samples.
EP PIP SDUT Sy aierecisys\ave-oreiars ovale ere 7
Da ENO WIT ere enetetntatele a Oilscve! eyes favlseuevess 4
O—BEOLOMTCR Tacos sels crctsrcte ses 8
A=W NION WALES: since cciaere sie sieves ere 0
GEAR ste tA stove, bans eo eugene 19
1——WOATeSVILLOs ajc ae actsrercioth sie sete 9
J—PATKOSPUTE Gus <ieiercrc se cieie so ors se 5
S=——Wiests Chester, secrets neo ciccayetel sae ay
4-——WCStETOVEs, 5 i. co scceie 0 ules ors 8
5—Downingtown, ......--ssceeee 5
G==Pa lie oe ierae crete crsiese! ore) asellenstatetocctors 10
TAS CMU ore os Savors eisiialeborons, Cracow folere 0
SAV ONGAl Cea ric sae cao st ences 0
9—Kennett Square, ............. 0
EWEN n 5 Ba BaO OOS OCC: 0
1i——PhHoenixvallere s scjcieeis corso elecersie 0
1'2—-POCOPSON sneer 0
MOC NIE) SEAR eo Bern eka on 48
ji=— Oltzh allel a mere nociais aniG EO Gn Ce 7
2—New Bethlehem, ............. 0
S=—WAST META, Nsooticwice + ciecsieere cle 0
ROCA er era cree criereestciorercwere cate a
HILT S OMY Mrckecs cue ara Siosie cusketars aieeoke 2
2—WallaGetOm, sentsas etca ee secretne 5
S—=DUBOISK Fara desi Cisole tae ieee 8
A (SOALMONG, y d.cheis nerae aisle sie erie rotons 0
5H OUEZ MAIC) co acroctotorsacrorne entre 0
6——OSCeOlaer ea eiee Gove ees seers 0
RO talliAce ey. vara vcusnayyavecereas nore oko 15
i ——IWOCKe HAV cei scisertelehaernars 13
Palit BUDD Th ee NPR ei ier ey ai 0
SCM OVOse ocr t ouleists. vartoctercrs 0
MO tale mayen retavers trace te aietoe 13
ES han all te eos pete a eee ae deo eee 10
2—IGIMNESVALTOS, fesierecves orc cs nies oreerere 11
3—-Conneaut wake ou. css. cere aero 0
Aa TVG eCOW In, seen cre cee eee 0
5 SPLINE DONO” secu clea clo oe oe 0
Otay were eeitcinte Caro oie Dero 21
1i—Mechanicsburg, .............. tf
2 CATIN SLO ame vcaiocvce a ctiee eee Cae ae 8
SNOWING Sanco sad acceso bleonoens 4
4—— Shippensburg, <.<2.2.sss<cc+s se 8
Da WEMNOVTM Or nreciets sree ck ne cere ha es 0
6—Mount Holly Springs, ......... 0
PL OLAIP guevereic lorie susie ein itis erere bare 27

338 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

County. No. of

Places. Samples.

AUDI ge Warenedetevereda revere hevoiete tea etela aareretetete 1 EVA TIS DUT rete. ate-oavevererereevaiersiciers
2——Millersbure 32. s<.cetemicen oo

o—Hummelstowmn),. 2... cceee eee

A——THHI PRS DPITSs veers o.cle.cielere’o so orate

5—Middletowms 2006 cece ee teas

6—Penproolkes tannos tere e iene

==StCeLtOms 0 cones ieee co one eee ne

a
ol

POCTA WANE 3p ysceayetee Wie wna) Seite a aes DMC OI s.-o'se.0ls lniescveiole are ete cote orenere
2——MOTCOME ss cieverene svsve: giarsrerchouate oratoreke
BS WaALthmMonres sasemo cee eee

Bae re cule oevsviuansperek cake mane eee 1 RIGSWAY. 5 oecsierie cio esn suse ee
2 Stas MATY SE! eicauies avec ome eee
aA kolavaeOioinee Goggogounoaacaec

[= loa pasa
Es sala ease wplooorrne

TOGA Ys arcreue gece leneuetcnernvesortcretene

IFO perenctroric orsrene Pane tenst hoe one elton ote iiesa auc eve e roams jE 1 = aaron Sen Rain ie icc 0
2—Wesley ville; 25 scbseecemeaee
3 Belle; Valley , ~ c.ic-.sserovovevensFone onotere
A COTTY ere seo ees oO Oe:
5=—GiITara,. «scissile tereioo me were eee
6—Union*City, <2. sees ae oetee

ay
oooo;s7-)

Total ais Sock ceeeereeaen 24

BUA CLEC no cateraice.) siresras sublsi-aatle era Sterenerereten eve 1——Union tow seraerescrorereisiecie sere
2—Bellevernons. 4.2 swe chee mec
3—BrOWNSVilles se cose eee
4—Connellsvillle@: 2 30. esse eto
5b=Din bars swiss. Goes eee
6=Pair chance... diene cece

OHAGIECNCASHIC,.. co eec sverccanoraserenctere SO
3—Mercerspure (sceencuee ooo

GNGETIC he taetapetahotereloherat ona Glavtete cart atcieteierenehs 1—Waynesburg,

OOO roy. Oy Gy od

10
0

0

0

0

0

10

Hircedma esl as Siersvca neces chevsror torent pores ncicie iokevs oon —Chambersbunee .-. ec eouee eee 15
0

0

15

3

3

éNoeolh Per or acho r cue mectiss hc

Punting don,. ss. ceils cee beeen ee 1—Mapletoms, « c.i00 se aieire ete
2—Hlntinedon: 22... sac eee
3——MountaUmion. 2oanoesricne amet
4—PoOtersmunes aii puis on eee

Indiana. G26 See citeecwtepelciede ctecokttn sere 1—INdiaNa , c wiucs as dee eee e Oe
2-—Blairsville,” oo...2a cmon

=) 3—Homer City... cnc avers oe eee

4—-Blacklick, s.ioe.c6 oh nc siera seiner

5==Clymers, “eid onscuste cocker ete

6—Creekside, 2564.6. 405.meee ee

%(—Saltsburge-| sled le iecole ee

_
es Faahaen

4
fs)
=
2
=
tl
~

—— ee ee

ee eee

eo

eee ee

No.

Jefferson,

Juniata,

Lackawanna,

Lancaster,

Lawrence,

Lebanon,

Lehigh,

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

County.

alle, elke) a); ©),a)/a) miele ef.e) 610) (a (o\9!\0 6 elas «e!'e

Clipe 5 je ea sea «| oe 16 ea je) el Dials Ceres e\ e-'s

Sjelelse \slelee) ee ©) 6 e180) s) 5 0: 0) siete le

© {e\e--w a ©, 0) # @ere 4am (S01 oe, ahelaale <¢)e

ew ei e196) |e) 6b) wiie\ (6) 0,0! a0 /¥ 160,18 5¢\\e\\o) 8) 60s

aifajieije (eel wits) sv @)\e).e .¢ ee) «6 0 ele) s'0)6\.0 6.8

<r ap 2 e = a:@ «,*, 6 eo Slelels 6 eleece

339

No. of

Places. Samples.

1—Reynoldsville,
2—Brookville,
3—Landsey,
4—Punxsutawney,
esl Suilers IRI U ARE © aioe ces cRH COLOR
6—Brockwayville,
7—Falls Creek,
8—Summerville,
9—Sykesville,

Bi @)s, © 6 0 @ 0. 6.¢\s 06.4 019
ey
ee |

eee ee eeeoeseene

ce ae
‘eiiate eo) (es, 6 a 9: ee 0) «\6) 0\\0
ey

Ce

ee ee ?

1—Miffiin,

ee}

ee D

tS Cra COM ns cre ieee teres oka oveieietsteleve
2—Carbondale,
3—Dunmore,

eT

ocewM oo] Wo wolooooC OUR

BSE oO OOO ERO IOS 18
f= aATICASTON oon avers css cause eiaierelaretere
2—Blizabethtown,
3—Quarryville,
Bey AND aie Redes ens ah ak ako. bokoierorevere are: srarele
5—Christiana,
[aoe CANN VA ME ener Paatence norma eae
7—Manheim,
8—Columbia,
QE Phmataye seis coereeie aeacielee «

iO == MGOUINttr ON 5 peroic a ercberernrerers earelolete

TING we EVOMAam Gl = 3. ca ctw eraccteverersiereve

12-—Strasburg,

ee

ee |

Ce

COCCI a CCM eae

1—New Wilmington, ?
2—Neshannock Falls, §
3—New Castle,
AN WOOG. Citys yeecis ote eneratele eters
5-—South New Castle,
6—Mahoningtown,
7—-Wampum,

ou

OAC ORO CC) ChOnC ara! ity

re
s) 4, eye's) 9) e),e\ 6).01 le) el.6. (6

i—Palmyra,
2—Lebanon,
a ONE OMAN are ia ewe olen a oie oletoersuere
4—_Myerstown,
TA WGitl. GBR ae ocr So Un Bae
6—Annville,

7—Jonestown,

ce
©; ‘che! 6, a) 6, 6)(¢, 010, eee ol efeleie

|

Sika (9\ce}\e) ssa ele «, whe 66 0).¢.¢

S16)» a) ee sae D6 8a 8 6) 6s «© oa

1—Allentown,
2—Bethlehem,
3—Catasauqua,
BTN UI ee Vere satel che eterevere oe ccele eae
5—South Allentown,

COCR aCe Ch Oe COO

i oy

eee eee eee eee eee ene

ey

340 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

No. of
County. Places. Samples.
TUZCTINMG pee repeterorel or chole ie eehsl ocaos ee aes 1=SWallkkes-Barre:, .c 2s oo evo cus onion 30
: QW ZIV soho wo ie esave tas) Slacans ate wieren cues 9
OS NAMTI COKER, occ cyevsteie oeretenctetelerenere 8
A— HORLEY MOLDS wave sns-ssciau re osneuette 0
5— IIMS SCO, > sis orsie rove ee si sve wine letcrerene 0
G6—NESCODECK. Vactined oiele tie cosine exe 0
N—=PItESEOM Ire ceraitie te Avice arene 0
8-=Plymouthy. as..ccohis oe oer cee 0
9—Shickshinniy;, 2. eee 0
"Total, cewc Oona ere oe 47
ILAGOMINE, GoroosoaancomonupoonUUGT 2 ——_ Williamsport. S.ccc cc > crrctere tere 13
2 NDUNCY Fae Sedans © wid: sndeelelevavetel eres 7
3—Antes Fort, lv
4—Jersey Shore, §
5—Montgomery,. .ee.c cs sc ceeereene 0
6—South Williamsport, ......... 0
TOtal, eo as seis ee eee 26
INICRCCATI oy ctovcte crcl elavereteve scl ol aveve|overereiel « 1-—-Bradtord), c ccvc si scletere sreveer electors 18
2—Smethports aiccs.toowle eee 4
3— Port Allevany;, (octets eistenenete 4
AKAN 5. as ezereieiercierere os sierotereereete 14
5 BNGred 5 ss. Sse coroetere creer 0
6—Mount Jewett, 32.5.2. care 0
TOtal shee hei aeeee eee 40
IVIGTICOTie- -ats-a) ciotesoteh vite wie shor siahs (Stcueyaecetatatnuens 1=SSharons 2s.50. 6 oe eee ee eee 9
Q=—MArTrellls.. screen caccewe oe 4
3:—Greéenwille; 9 <.cche. sd cee 0
5—JamestowmNs. <0 ocste + oe 0
GSMercers sas east oe aoe eee 0
i-—Sharpsville> seas eos eee 0
Total: 2 iwc eee 13
L DU1bU Ae Ge Ree a Oe DODO Oe s ocr one onaont I -LiGWiIStGWits, | 2)s.scis tel ee 14
2 MCV CYUO Wil), ro: on cies ieee 0
o—Newton diamilton, 52-2 sen kener 0
Total, foc adse sank eee 14
TAOS ae ey OI ONG oor 0.5500 SIODELS 1—East Stroudsburg, 1 __....... 8
2—Stroudsburg,
TOtA Se eenscele veelnae ieee nee 8
MIGMEBOMNGAF, Boontoacocooounv omens SJE HES MONA Gaodadoncdaoducd00oc 10
2=-LIANSAAIG 5. ciecie 5 6 eevee ayers NG ial
3—Conshohocken, «.ccs-sec cede 66
4——Norristowns. 2... 2262 eee 7
5 Md eer Hall, ac50s ccccca ener
GS—Ambler, sic eses: oad teetene sees 6
T—JeENnKIntown; % a. .oset eee 0
8—Hatfieldy wiactere ao jaa eee 0
9—North Wales); se000<0- 0 eee 0
10—Royersford ,. c.c%.ces enone 0
11—West Conshohocken, .......... 9
12—Glenside,, .<.. dec dslasclaw ase eae 0

Total, ss6s30.0<<.s. 0a 46

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 341

No. of
County. Places. Samples.
iNOmaceyoyfona SpascocoqcupoUODmOo UO 1—South Bethlehem, ............ 6
a ASUOM pn pereteeie sisienc ers, 616 wisi"o ave sels 12
S——BeunTeMemy st sac cvectciele eve ere oats. c:< 0
4 SIatimetOnme vemiisteedets cole sed cite 0
OCA amet rata tno er jelcvctete trast sielete 18
NOMI NTIT TAINO. Sopp ocpesoaedoaodo0lT = SUITMIOUI es) ecors ane rene avs ese 3 Shae avers 15
2 SIVAN O KAS ere «tee icisiece: sletets oe eve 11
SMILES. fers aie cate a eielniele cre cae eave 8
4——Moumnt Carmel, <a .<reee sees c
5—Northumberland, ............- 0
G—= WiatsSOntOwI- ccs corstcre vse atelole 0
TOtA areca sees clara Saetmensis 34
EGUAy,. “Abnidseeone saocpoooUdc oc ppoua if Mier StOwalleecmctols aii tie serene 2
rae SWIRL Caer atteiist a eyatesorsicie 1s sverevne 0
SNE WIDOLGH: «a cteretrereres ot eens oleic 0
EROLAIBS Akipe chases ee chs hoes 2
michel Gageswoseeoanosmaacoudc f——Philadelphiamenc.s oc. emiericns ere 2
MO Dae Prec retor ae ot aero 2
IBIStAIe. Clo OD OO DIOL Tn ena ioe OOS Il —-Coudersporbtea ascii acters ere 11
2 WLVESESH) wegen Busts eee 0
De OLA uarsccretaci te ot sccyoncnec ine teconre ut
SHTR(HGIES | gusthers ceooeee Ocoee e DCCC ea 1 Selinisenovien a. erieeaccr es cece s 2
2—-MidGiepuress.sloe eee oe ie ae 0
PRG EEN a nyckerens.eilelers etcetera ckenioe 2
SOMeTSELY Totes e Silt ils ata souls eae ae ave af Walt OUD GIRO serene cve eines ara ehotesel ere 10
eA NGO) Oe ae eo og Recto A BEG 3 CeO 0
FOLALS sl vagetares oie Sichog ons Coe eas 10
SUSduehamiai cree ev arcles oles scckeranays « IESG MEO, conecanioe casdnosaceb 11
2-Hallstead), Sees sacte oo ee wee ee 0
SING PIVIEILONG) 1s. .Peaneicate-ole eich cone 0
AR ATT ORG teed stevens, Sots ee eee id ats 0
cd BE Bra ae as ce ea nO me 11
BDSM OSTA dol ste P ora asxe lena Ye casita awe aan NotomsWeledes eves LS WieStMOlOt ay oe ere cae terete are 10
2=-WVCMSDOTO SY ante Gane te ais Oh 19
3——BIlOSS DUES Mw.ssiste aiors ac ceo 0
AR HPL aM Guy sauces recctonctes Siethiciic. keene ese 0
Fe IT OR VA Oper ep eee 0
6——Wawiienceville ss sores eee 0
lea OSCCOlA ME Cyne. neha seas oe 0
SN OS mae custay- cotton eo ache cotter 0
MR OCA iste ts peter tecn re ate cee 29
WERT Ban od od ae ee en ae Shas TSS WASDUTR En os cic a a ccctate eciccs. eee 6
VCSEL MVEDIGONG Ss.ctetsrert carole cts Gob a 6
Sa VET NUE ee 5 susveieves euc.a-eiciavseae 16 4

HECK CL Uemiracrstccaiese) etches ic eitrareia cele 16

342

Venango,

eee eee eee ees e ee ereere eee eens

VUATT OTM sect, Sisvaic. o ucsereter araveuelsyeuche te yekononeuehocs

Washington,

ee else. \6\ s\\e (ss) 6} 016) vue, «)e) 6.6) 078: (pels

eee eee esr eee eee see eseese ses eset

CC

Ce eo |

CC

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Places.
1—Oil City,
2—Franklin,
BS HIMTEMEOMG, 2% ars Sem ate aneve atalelte levees
A= "ROUSE WUILG Wess eversiei cieie ie wrcrals nistove
5—Siverly,

et

eoeee ere eee ee eee ee oes

eee esee reese eee eee eres

Ota ase seis ih eee ele ee slerene
1 WATT eN nus ciebicisrenctensvetsseisvercnegerenoters
2—Youngsville,
38—Columbus,
4—-Sheffield,

ee
eeeer ees e ese ses sene

ey

Ce ee ee

1— Washington,
ZU SEO ie iverevavevets stele rere ete eaet
3a Charleroi eves crite
4—-Monongahela,
= DONONA Ara) dora inclecs ial arote: eraxchelorsheiee
6—Canonsburg; co.cc cwclsmmsceelnee
7—South Canonsburg,
S=—ODCEMS,. aibcare cyare wie cress ovorsrenecevoueters
9—West Brownsville,

eee ereec eee eee ee eee

eee eee s eee eee eee

eee eee eons
oe 8.05610 e ee enare

1—Honesdale,
2—Hawley,

Ce

ary

eerece eo ese eeseeesese

1=—TatrOpes,, oi o2. eae wee oe See
22—GreeNsPUNEs) occa --cce.ctere eerietee
3—Mount Pleasant,
A= TTR WAT 9 co. bes 6 oe) ewe see mss) 0's corte kee
5—-New Stanton,
6—Scottdale; .sccsee ae coca
i—New Kensington, ......s...20-
8—Parnassus,
§9—Monessen,
10—Jeannette,
11—Bolivar,
D> DERRY 5 occ cre yess Grote? etarclo erento ere
13—North Bellevernon,
14—-South Greensburg,
15—Trafford,
16—-Manor. 20% se cscs 2 ac eee
17—Vandergrift,

eee eee eee eeee

©) .0'\s| 9! 6) \0).0 0: 6) 8 =) © paw is ie

—— — er ae

cD

© © \s © «6 @) 6 6:0 6) 6 0) 6)6 ss) 8,6

ey

eee ere oe see

i |

Cc 6 6 6 «0 0 em 6 0 66 « e

nn
pay

i

1—Meshoppeni,.-s< s05.¢¢-n.s eres
2——Mehnoopany.. 2.54 66 os eee eee
3—-Tunkhannock,

1 Vor ke SS ERG Seis ab oth eee
2—Hanover,
3=—Dillsbure jos 3 cutinde one. eee

4-—=Glen” ROCK ix évites.o0 ee Sees aie

ee

Total,

rT

Grand total,

ee ee eee ee ee eee

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 343

It will be of interest to you gentlemen to learn some of the prob-
lems with which the Department has been confronted during the
past year. In former reports I took up the subject of the analysis
and composition of the various feeds being sold on our markets. This
information has been from time to time, also published in our annual
builetin, therefore, I will not take up your time by again going over
this subject in detail. This information can be obtained by getting the
last Feeding Stuffs Bulletin No. 249. In watching out tor foreign
materials which might be used as ingredients in mixed feeds, the
chemists identified a by-product, which was in the form of a light
colored finely ground substance, as being vegetable ivory. It was dis-
covered that this product was the ground residues or borings and
cuttings from the manufacture of buttons from the ivory nut. This
nut resembles true ivory in its color and texture hence its name, and
it grows on a specie of palm tree in South America. This ground
up button borings, from what we could learn, is likely to be put into
mixed feeds and sold in states where they do not have a rigid en-
forcement of the feeding stuifs law. It has no feeding value what-
ever, and as a result of our finding out the character of this ma-
terial, we are now prepared to identify it if it is ever used as an
ingredient in feeds sold in our State.

Another product that certain dealers tried to sell in our State as
an ingredient in mixed feeds is a substance known as “Peat” and
which in some cases is called “Humus.” This material is dug out of
the bogs and lowlands of the West. Feeding value is claimed for it
when used or mixed with molasses in these kind of feeds. As a re-
sult of the investigation and study of this material, the Department
has refused to register feeds containing it or to permit its sale in the
State for the reason that as it contained approximately 13% of in-
soluble matter. It was not believed to have any feeding value.

Another problem to which considerable attention has been given
is in keeping whole weed seeds out of chicken feeds, as required by
the law. The character of chicken feeds sold in the State is getting
better and better each year; however, there has been a few brands
found which contains them. And in several cases it was found neces-
sary to take action against the parties handling them. As a result
of this work, and after a conference with the officials of one com-
pany, it was finally agreed by this company to keep whole weed seeds
out of their chicken feeds which were being sold in the State without
causing a lengthy court trial to be held to settle the contention of
the Department. The promise of this concern, as well as of others
who sell chicken feeds to comply with the requirements of the law,
will tend to make this class of feeds better than ever before. It will
also not be necessary for the department to analyze so many samples
of this brand and be continually on the watch for this form of viola-
tion. One class of feeds with which we had considerable trouble
early in the enforcement of the law, was the so-called molasses feeds.
A few years ago these feeds contained large amounts of whole weed
seeds and other adulterants, but at the present time this class of
feeds sold in our State are practically free from whole weed seeds.
The various kinds of grain screenings that are usually used in the
manufacture of molasses dairy feeds, and which contain varying
amounts of cereal grains and weed seeds, are now being finely
ground, pulverized and in some cases bolted before they are used.

344 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

The usual name given in labeling this class of feeds, which contain
this product, is ground screenings meal. The process of grinding the
screenings to a fine meal, destroys the germ and thus prevents germ-
ination. Screenings meal will analyze from 15% to 17% of protein,
and therefore contains considerable feeding value.

For the information of purchasers of this class of feeds, the law
requires that the ingredients be named on the sacks or attached
cards, so that when these feeds are offered for sale, their composi-
tion as well as the analysis can be found out by reading the informa-
tion printed on the sacks or cards. We have had a little trouble
with the method of guaranteeing cottonseed meal” In some cases
this feed was found to contain excessive amount of cottonseed
hulls, but the number of meals containing hulls which are sold are
becoming less. Purchasers of cottonseed meal should pay attention
to the guarantees given which are often misleading because of the
so called sliding guarantee, as for example,—38.62% to 43.00% or
more percentage of protein. Where such guarantees are given, the
higher figures are not often met and, therefore, it is recommended
that in buying this product you should base the sale on the lower
guarantee, as this figure will usually be met without any trouble.
The Association of Feed Control Officials, as well as our department,
is investigating the method of guaranteeing cottonseed meals. The
Chief Chemist inspected a number of cottonseed meal plants in the
South in an attempt to get some information on this subject, and it
was found that in the majority of cases the protein content could
be controlled and the guarantee given maintained. The result of this
inspection will, undoubtedly, help to make uniform the guaranteeing
of cottonseed meal and it is hoped the manufacturers can be per-
suaded to give only one guarantee for this product and thus prevent
confusion and misrepresentation where the sliding guarantees are
given, as is the case in many brands now being sold.

Registrations for practically every brand of feed sold during 1914
was received by the Department. The total number of registrations
received was, approximately, 625, representing 2,300 different brands.
In a number of cases in these registrations, when received, where the
method of giving the ingredients, or where it was thought that the
feeds were not free from weed seeds or other materials, samples were
asked for from the companies and carefully examined. In a num-
ber of cases registration was refused for certain brands which con-
tained by-products prohibited by our law. In other cases they were
sent back for correction, with directions for stating the true guaran-
tees and compositions. We have had a number of requests for the
digestible or true feeding value of a number of mixed feeds, and in
some cases, this information can be given. In the majority of cases,
however, digestion experiments have not been made on many of the
by-products used in mixed feeds and, therefore, in such cases where
this information is not known, and where the amount of each in-
eredient used in a mixed feed, and the analysis of same, is not
known, this information cannot be accurately given. A number of
digestion experiments are being made, however, on many of the by-
products used for mixing feeds by our Experiment Station and in
other states. It is honed that in the near future the results of this
investigation will be in such shape that the true feeding value of
most of the feeds can be estimated more accurately than can now be
done.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 345

You, no doubt, are aware that we can analyze samples of feeds for
any of you gentlemen where it is suspected the guarantees are not
met. We are ready and willing to at all times give you all the in-
formation on the subject of feeds which we possibly can. If any
feeds which you gentlemen buy does not look good, send a sample to
the Department for examination. We want your hearty cooperation
in this work, so therefore, do not hesitate, at any time to call on us
for information.

Before closing, I desire to call your attention to another problem
with which the Department is confronted. Samples are sent to the
Department Laboratory, from time to time, which are suspected of
causing illness to stock; and in these cases it is seldom found that
the trouble was due to the feed. If any of you gentlemen have any
cause to suspect illness or death from feeding any brand of feed, you
should get a veterinarian to make an examination of the stock, as
in many cases, it has been found that the trouble is caused by some
form of illness rather than to the feed being used.

ADDRESS OF DR. THORNE

It is always a pleasure to me to meet the Pennsylvania farmers,
and especially to meet this Pennsylvania State Board of Agricul-
ture, who have shown their interest in the practical work of the farm
in so many ways. Your conditions over a large part of your State
are quite different from those in Ohio, and yet you have in north-
western Pennsylvania, conditions very similar to those we have in
northeastern Ohio. The results that we have attained, therefore, in
our northeastern Ohio location, on the soil selected there are of con-
siderable value to the farmers of northwestern Pennsylvania. Our
conditions do not so nearly represent those of eastern Pennsylvania
where you have more limestone in your soil than we have in eastern
Ohio, but our station has been allowed to adopt the policy of extend-
ing its work over all the typical soils of the State or over the principal
typical soils of the State, through the means of test farms or county
experiment farms located in different parts of the State. We have
been able, therefore, through this medium, to reach some of the
larger types of soils in our State as well as the one on which the Ex-
periment Station itself is located, and it is by this means that we
have been able to check up and tally the work done at the central sta-
tion in such a way as to many times modify our judgment and cause
us to go slow in announcing results. And on the other hand, to feel
the more sure in some cases that the results attained are of general
application.

It seems very much like carrying coals to Newcastle to come into
Pennsylvania and talk about liming the land, for our traditions re-
specting the use of lime on the land came into Ohio, carried by the
Pennsylvania farmer when he came across and settled in our State;
but 25 years ago the use of lime on the land was practically unknown

346 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in Ohio. A few farmers had, in a desultory way, made some experi-
ments, but Ohio settlement began a long time after that of Pennsyl-
vania and the Pennsylvania German, when he came into eastern
Ohio, left an old soil, one that had been in cultivation for a century
and came on to a new soil lying in the forest, and he found that on
this new soil the conditions were such that the treatment required
was very different from that of the soils he had left, and, therefore,
his ideas respecting the use of lime were modified and that use
gradually disappeared from the State, so that I don’t suppose that
100 tons of lime had been used in the last 10 or 15 years of the period
ending 25 years ago.

So thoroughly had we become possessed with the idea that the soil,
that all ordinary soils possessed sufficient lime for all purposes, that
in planning the experiment with fertilizers and manures at the Ex-
periment Station 22 years ago, we did not think it worth while to
make any provision for testing the effect of lime and left it entirely
out of our calculations. We had been allowed, after having spent 10
years in learning how to experiment on the location at Columbus,
we had been allowed to move the station to a new location, to select
a land that seemed to us, from our past experience, especially adapted
to the purposes of field experiments, and we there laid out a series of
experiments in the use of fertilizers and manures in the hope of
learning how to better maintain the fertility of a fairly fertile soil,
how better to recover the fertility of wasted soil, for it had been
possible for our farmers, in the brief period they had occupied this
land to tremendously waste its natural stores of fertility. The farm
we selected for our purposes—and we made the selection because we
had been criticized for work done on a more fertile soil on the score
that work done on that soil at Columbus was not a sufficient guide
to the farmer who was living on the poorer soils of the State, there-
fore we took the paius to select a soil that had been robbed of its
fertility by previous management, and we succeeded in securing a
farm that had been entered about 90 years ago by a Pennsylvania
German family and subjected to the thorough husbandry which
the Pennsylvania Germans knows so well how to exercise for some
fifty years, during which time an excellent stone house had been built
and a large barn and other improvements made showing that the
land had been a fertile soil in the beginning. At the end of that
period it was sold and purchased as an investment and for 25 years
after that it was rented, and when it came into our possession, it
showed every evidence of having been despoiled of its fertility; an
old meadow upon which we located some of these experiments had
been in timothy for several years until nothing was left gradually
but five fingers and a few scattering weeds. The wheat stubbles on
other portions of the farm were thin, showing a light growth of
wheat. We started there and experimented in the growth of corn,
wheat, oats and timothy in five year rotations, giving five tracts of
land to this work in order to grow every crop each season, and we
started with the use of both fertilizers and manure, using different
combinations of fertilizers and different applications of common
open barnyard manure, a system of economy practiced by the farm-
ers of Ohio at that time.

Dr. Thorne then read the following paper:

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 347

LIME AND COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS IN THE MAINTEN.
ANCE OF SOIL FERTILITY.

By DR. C. E. THORNE, Wooster, Ohio.

In 1893 the Ohio Experiment Station began a series of experiments
in the use of fertilizers and manure on a tract of thin, sandy clay,
lying over shaly sandstones from which it had been largely derived,
and which had been brought to a very low state of production by
three quarters of a century of exhaustive husbandry.

In one of these experiments, corn, oats and wheat are grown in
succession, one year each, followed by two years in clover and
timothy mixed, making a 5-year rotation. Five tracts of land of
three acres each are devoted to this test, each crop being grown
every season. The tracts are divided into plots containing one-tenth
acre each, and different combination of fertilizers or manure are ap-
plied to the grain crops, the clover and timothy being left untreated.
Every third plot has been left untreated since the beginning of the
experiment.

In planning this experiment no provision was made for the use of
lime. At that time the work of field experimentation was in its
infancy. The Rothamsted experiments in England had, it is true,
been in progress for some forty years, and the experiments at Penn-
sylvania State College for ten years, but in neither of these tests was
there any evidence that lime was needed, and the assumption seemed
to be warranted that the supply of lime, like that of iron, sulphur
and several other necessary elements of plant food, might safely be
left to take care of itself.

But very soon it was observed that the clover crop was misbe-
having, the harvest which should have been chiefly clover, consisting
mainly of timothy, with sorrel and other weeds. The difficulty was
at first ascribed to spring frost having destroyed the young clover
plants, and we attempted to remedy it by making two sowings. One
spring we sowed three times, and assured ourselves that we had a
good stand by careful inspection, and yet when the harvest came the
clover was not there. We accused the fertilizers of contributing to
the trouble by their failure to add to the organic matter of the soil
as does manure; but we found that even on the manured land the
clover was not a good crop, although much better than on some of
the land where fertilizers were used, or on that left untreated. Every
year there would be spots of fair clover, which would be larger when
rain was abundant and smaller in seasons of drought, but there was
never a satisfactory stand, no matter how well the land was fer-
tilized or manured.

In 1900 we decided to try the effect of lime, and began by spread-
ing quicklime at the rate of a ton per acre over the west halves of all
the plots, fertilized and unfertilized alike, the plots being 16 feet
wide by 164 rods long and running east and west. The lime was
applied to the land as it was being prepared for corn and was stirred
into the surface with harrow and cultivator. The corn was harvested

348 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

separately, but showed but little effect from the liming, and the oats
and wheat crops following showed so little effect that the limed and
unlimed halves were not separately harvested; but when the clover
crop came around the effect of the liming was unmistakable.

Some of the results of this work are shown in the table, which
gives the average unfertilized yield for all the land and the average
increase from a few of the treatments for 18 crops of corn, 11 of oats,
9 of wheat, 12 of clover and 8 of timothy which have been separately
harvested on the limed and unlimed land since the beginning of
the liming.

FPRTILIZERS AND LIME ON CROPS GROWN IN ROTATION.

| | |
|

. n

gl Seale

Treatment SI £ < < Ss

= iS Co Si

= e va

=) a © KS ¢

a + =| S &

i=) oS —] —

o } E ‘Ss E
Untrettedusyield per Cle. eieiciac le cietelemicieiisisieotasisieciaiaieteieless)<)< 24.9 Pelee} 13.2 1,348 2,459

Treated: Increase per acre

IGG NOW eykarssaabosennd cdconhosoUnonnennasacUsdcdbogEoco 8.5 3.5 raat 539 641
IPHORPMOLMS Ma lOTI gig cretetere ntetelelelatsterelofalelefela[eserel-toletcelnfetaale etetelela=te 7a) 9.8 10.6 8.0 452 391
IPHOSPROLUSHANG MLN Esmee eerie rine lcleteiieieveeleicereetcleieclereicieiers ce | 17.6 14.3 10.9 1, 233 1,242
PHOS PHOTUS PANG POLASSIIMI were steretpsiclelcvelereieiaw cieieoisieeieieioiciniers alate 15.5 8.7 880 707
Phosphorus, potassium and lime, ...........seeeeeeeees 26.0 ibs)ait 11.4 1,963 1,569
Phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen!, ............-.+..- 22.6 21.0 11.6 812 654
Phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen and lime, .............. | 33.1 Ppa | 15.4 2,118 1,972
whieh svt HoWhOeh, sGacqasoaopuapada canoe oundbAcsnndocendoncodec 31.0 nya b 1622: 2,187 2,23
Sarysl peokseye yy LbateW MhteyDy VAG sp ossandopaononomob00COpUDoCbnRO 38.1 16.9 19.0 3,215 3,371
WiMevOVED LER eMIZers Feist ete eieissieieiwinieiaisiolsiclel-falerelete\osaivieleiniarn'eie]e | 8.4 2.7 3.0 1,049 1,037

‘Nitrogen in dried blood. q
2Manure is applied only to corn and wheat. The chemical fertilizers are applied to corn, oats
and wheat.

VALUE OF INCREASE, COST OF TREATMENT AND GAIN PER ACRE.

LJ

2 #

o o

B A

=a ie :

k:| 3 g

< E Bea Ve

E : s | &

¢ o

» i=!

3 Eg Sele

a iS) a S
ID sayy) (oy eX PanGqEaes Godone Doo oT do abEdodnoracbodonbaiadesoncoeasCdocce $13 41 $5 00 $8 41 $8 41
HOSPHOLUG LONG mea etlatstate ere leletelstelalevelaiasateieisteletatelstetstcleretetele(tetatets ele tert= 20 64 2 50 pie Dl beecovs
PROS PHOGUS AT wl rm Chelmer crete leratetere nteteteie loletatetotatatelolete te legeteteteralcrelalatereteleletolel=ts 36 84 7 50 29 34|- 11 20
PHOSPHOLUS ANU PO CASS UM eee ete elotetelaetele(aleretetefolalatelelnieleleioirtetelelelaisiel=tetelel=i= 20 65 9 00 FALLS conosnoc
Phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen, ...........sseeeeeeseeeesees 48 42 14 00 34 42 12 77
Phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen, ..........cecccereeeeeceeree 37 23 17 45 LOT Sal Rerterassete c
Phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen and lime, ............+--...00-e 59 97 22 45 87 52 17 74
VEU WEAN “Eocecens s4ubocer conosco nopcencpraoodannecsaur cogsdg0dacaC 58 91 432 00 PAT ES adeas
WATE IN ATUTe NAM Ce TENG umeeeiclelelelelectetalers!<felatele\erelotetel=ictetsicieisteleteleleleistetsia/al= 76 62 87 00 39 62 12 71

8Computing corn at half a dollar per bushel, oats at one-third of a dollar, wheat at one
dollar and hay at ten dollars per ton.
4Counting manure at two dollars per ton.

The table shows that the lime alone has materially increased the
yield on the unfertilized land, the gain from lime alone being nearly

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 349

as great as that from phosphorus alone in the corn crop and consider-
ably greater in the hay crops.

When the liming has supplemented the use of fertilizers and
manure, it has maintained in the grain crops practically the same
additional increase over that produced by the fertilizers that it has
given on the unfertilized land, while in the clover and timothy the
liming has produced nearly twice the increase on the fertilized or
manured land that it has on the unfertilized land. This point has
been very conspicuous as the clover has been inspected in the field
each season. It has been plainly evident that lime alone is not suf-
ficient to maintain a full growth of clover on a soil so depleted of
other elements of fertility as the one under this experiment.

Next to the hay crops, the corn has profited most from the liming,
as shown by the last line of the table, and this is what would be ex-
pected on the basis of the composition of the crops, for while a crop
of clover contains ten times as much lime as an equivalent crop of
wheat, it contains only about 44 times as much as an equivalent crop
of corn.

However, the lime content of the oats crop is twice as great as that
of wheat, and timothy contains about one-sixth the lime found in
clover, so that the composition of the crop does not fully explain its
requirement of lime.

On the other hand, when we study the conditions necessary to the
maintenance of the work of the micro-organisms of the soil by
which the soil nitrogen is converted into forms available to the crops
we cultivate, we can easily understand why clover should be first
and corn next in profiting by the use of lime. For unquestionably
the chief function of lime in the soil is not the direct feeding of the
crops we cultivate, but the support of the nitrogen-gathering and
nitrifying bacteria, by combining with the nitric acid which it is
their province to produce and holding it in a form at once harmless
to its producers and suitable for absorption by the growing crop.
When the lime supply of the soil is deficient the nitric acid accumu-
lates until it becomes toxic to the organisms producing it, the soil
itself becomes acid, and the fixation of nitrogen ceases or is ma-
terially reduced.

An acre of corn or of clover contains twice as much nitrogen as
an equivalent acre of wheat. Corn is able to secure this large quan-
tity of nitrogen because it grows during the summer months when
the nitrifying organisms of the soil are most active, and because the
cultivation of the corn assists these organisms in their work by ad-
mitting air to the soil, while clover gathers its nitrogen through the
aid of the bacteria inhabiting the nodules on its roots. To both
classes of organisms an acid soil is unfavorable, and the statistics
of crop production in Ohio show that the yield of corn is several
bushels per acre lower in the sections where such soils prevail than
in the regions where the soil is underlaid with limestone.

Wheat, however, is comparatively indifferent to soil acidity. The
largest wheat yields in Ohio are found over the sandstones and shales
of the northeastern counties, where the soil is generally acid, a fact
which is chiefly due to the larger use of fertilizers in these counties.

The lime was first used in these experiments at the rate of a ton
of quicklime per acre, but during recent years finely ground raw

350 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

limestone has been substituted for the quicklime. Limestone is a
combination of calcium or more commonly of calcium and mag-
nesium with carbon and oxygen. When the limestone is burnt its
carbon combines with part of the oxygen and goes off as carbon di-
oxide, the carbonic acid gas of the older chemistry. This combina-
tion constitutes nearly half the weight of the original stone, so that
it requires approximately two tons of limestone to carry the amount
of calcium and magnesium found in one ton of burnt lime; and since
it is impossible to grind the stone to as fine a powder as that pro-
duced by burning and slaking we should use at least two tons of
powdered stone as the equivalent of one ton of burnt lime.

In slaking, lime absorbs about one-third its weight of water, so
that it requires a ton and a third of hydrated lime to carry as much
calcium as is found in one ton of burnt lime.

When exposed for a long time to the air carbon dioxide is absorbed,
and the lime reverts to its original condition of carbonate of lime.

Lime is not required by all soils, and when used in excess may
cause loss instead of gain. This is shown by the experiments at
Pennsylvania State College, the soil of which overlies limestone, in
which two tons of burnt lime applied every 4 years, in a rotation of
corn, oats, wheat and clover, has caused a reduction, instead of an
increase, in yield, except when used in connection with yard manure,
when the yield was somewhat greater than from the same quantity
of manure used in the absence of lime.

One of the effects of lime is to cause a rapid decomposition of the
organic matter in the soil by fostering bacterial action, and when the
lime is not supplemented by manuring or by such use cf other fertil-
izing materials as will favor a larger growth of crops, and therefore
of crop roots, the stock of organic matter nay be so depleted as to
reduce the yield of the land. Where ground limestone was used in-
stead of burnt lime, in the Pennsylvania experiments, there was a
small increase in yield.

In pot tests at the Ohio Station, made on a very acid soil, the
yield fell off when burnt lime was applied in excess of seven tons per
acre, although ground limestone was used up to twenty-five tons per
acre without any sign of injury.

These results show the fundamental importance of lime in the
maintenance of fertility, because of its great effect on the clover
crop; but also show that lime cannot take the place of other fertiliz-
ing elements, but can only perform its full service when associated
with phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen, all three; no one of the
four can be omitted in the treatment of a soil which has been de-
pleted of its fertility of such exhaustive husbandry as had the one
under this experiment.

Tt does not follow, however, that it is necessary to add lime to all
soils. Attention has already been called to the small effect of lime
on the soil overlying limestones at Pennsylvania State College. The
Ohio Station has a test farm in western Ohio, where the underlying
rocks and limestones, and where experiments with fertilizers, manure
and lime have been in progress for eleven years. In these experi-
ments, fertilizers carrying phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen are
producing practically the same effect that has followed the use of
similar fertilizers at the main station, but the increase from lime is
comparatively insignificant.

_——

_o

GI eR wri

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 351

JOINT SESSION OF BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, PENNSYL-
VANIA BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION, PENNSYLVANIA
DAIRY UNION, PENNSYLVANIA HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN AS-
SOCIATION AND ASSOCIATED POULTRYMEN OF PENN-
SYLVANIA.

MEAT CUTTING DEMONSTRATION

PROF. TOMHAVE: If you have a question to ask at any time,
don’t hesitate, and you will find, as we get along, there will be
times when somebody will have to work on this platform. I may
be able to get Mr. Bayard to do all of it; if I can, I can keep on talk-
ing, but there may be times when I have to make some cuts and
you can talk. I can answer questions just as well as not, and if
you find, as we go along, that it takes a little extra time, and we
apparently may be wasting some time, don’t get excited, and we will
try and give you something that will interest you as you go along.
If anyone has come here with the expectation of seeing a demonstra-
tion, so far as skill and swiftness of cutting meat is concerned, I
am afraid he or she is going to be very much disappointed, because
I am not an expert at this cutting business, and for that reason you
will have to endure with me. I believe, however, there are some les-
sons we can learn as we go along. Furthermore, I believe it is
something that we should be interested in, at least to some extent,
both as breeders and as meat consumers.

You have heard during the past day or two and during the past
two or three years, we are more or less concerned today about our
future meat supply. During the past ten or twelve years the sup-
ply of meat animals in the United States has very rapidly decreased.
In the meantime, the population has increased at its normal rate.
The result is that today the meat producing animals on the farms in
the United States are far below normal. The result is that we have
high priced meats and there seems to be an apparent world short-
age of meat. I prepared a table a short time ago to illustrate by a
curve the relation between the increase in population in the United
States and the supply, or the increase or decrease in meat animals
since 1870. I found that from 1870 up to 1900, the four lines, namely,
a line of population, a line for swine, a line for sheep and a line
for beef cattle, practically ran parallel in an upward trend, but from
1900 to 1907, there was a check in the three lines representing the
number of meat producing animals. We find that since 1907 there
has been a further decline in all three lines, but especially so far as
the number of meat animals is concerned, and yet the line represent-
ing increase in population has increased at approximately 2,000,000
souls per year. That means that we are today up against a very
serious problem so far as our shortage of meat producing animals is
concerned, and it is going to take some time before we can again get
back to our normal supply.

23

352 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Now, we are not only concerned today with the problem of pro-
ducing meat animals, but we are also concerned with the problem
of making the most economical use of the meat animals after we
have produced them, after they go to the packer and go to the con-
sumer. While we must consider the producing end of it, yet we
should also be familiar with the finished product. I have a number
of times made this statement, that I believe our farmers and breed-
ers do not know as much about the packers’ business as they should;
they do not know the finished product that they are preparing on
their farms. They know a good beef animal when they see him
and have him on their farm, but they have no conception of the car-
cass that the butcher and packer gets from the animals they sell.
and if there is any one particular line along which we should make
some effort to educate or enlighten our people, it is in the matter
of know more about the kind of carcass that the butcher or packer
gets from the animals which are produced on the farm. You know
as well as I do that when you sell a carload of steers, a carload of
hogs or a carload of sheep on the market, that you may not get the
top price, and especially so in cattle, between the top price and the
lower scale, ranging anywhere from $1.00 to $3.00 per hundred
pounds. Now, there must be a reason for it. The butcher and
packer buys every animal on its merit; he buys the animals on the
basis of what it will give him after he has taken the hide off, put
it in his cooler, and is ready to sell it to the retail butcher, and
those are some of the things that we should know something about.
The reason for the decrease in the number of our meat animals has
been stated so often that I am not going to take the time tonight
to dwell on that one point.

I am going to call your attention to one thing, however, and that
is, when it comes to the matter of production or the matter of put-
ting on the market, I believe we are wasteful. We are putting upon
the market in too many instances animals that do not carry fat or
finish enough to command the best price, and they are sold at a loss
by the farmer. In other words, if he kept those animals and fed
them a little longer, he would make more money; the carcass of such
animal would be worth more money to the butcher and packer, and
besides that, we would get more pounds of meat to overcome our
present shortage.

Now, there are several things which the packer considers when
he comes to buying a carcass. Jn the first place, he buys everything
on the basis of 100 pounds live weight; he buys on the basis of
quality. and on the basis of dressing percentage to quite a large per
cent.; in other words, we find that beef cattle when slaughtered,
will dress from 42 per cent. to 65 per cent. to 68 per cent.; or, in
other words, they will give us from 42 to 68 pounds of meat for every
hundred pounds of live weight. Now, those cattle come in this lower
scale, those that dress the lower percentage are the ones that sell
on the low scale, so far as market price is concerned. You will
find that the average run of steers and heifers in good condition will
range 55 per cent. to 60 per cent.; those extremely well finished, very
fat, run up as high as 65 per cent. to 68 per cent. That is not all.
An animal on foot carries a given amount of frame or bone, so that
the animal that dresses 42 per cent. on 45 per cent. or 48 per cent.
for every 100 pounds live weight carries just as many pounds of bone

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 353

as does the animal that dresses 55 per cent. and 58 per cent.; in
other words, when the butcher or packer buys an animal that is going
to come in this class of higher dressing percentage, he gets that many
more pounds of edible meat than he can get from one that dresses to
the lower percentage. Now the two carcasses that we have here
tonight, one is in just as good condition, an excellent market carcass,
one not overly fat, one that possibly could stand a little more finish,
yet it is considerably better than many of the carcasses we get. The
other is a carcass that comes from an animal that should have re-
mained in the feed lot at least three to five months longer. That ani-
mal would have been more profitable to the owner, more profitable to
the packer.

As breeders, we must bear this fact in mind, that you cannot
take any old thing and make a good meat animal out of it. A meat
animal inherits its possibilities from its sire and dam. If you are
going to grow beef, you must have upon your place a good pure bred
sire that has been bred for beef production, and the same thing is
true on the female side. You will find that when these characteris-
tics are inherited from the parents and by judicious care, economical
feeding, you can produce beef of the right kind and can do it ata
profit. The two carcasses we have here tonight—one is a heifer and
one a steer. Some of you will say that is not altogether a fair com-
parison, but I have taken the precaution to make it fair; that is,
the best individual or best carcass tonight is the heifer rather than
the steer.

It is through the kindness of the Bengam Packing Company that
we can have this material for demonstration work tonight. I be
lieve they appreciate the lessons that we can get from these carcasses
and they are only too glad and willing to permit us to have the
meat. They also gave me a few figures relative to these carcasses.
The live weight of the steer was 993 pounds; dressed, 49 per cent.;
not quite half. The live weight price was $5.57 a hundred pounds.
The cost of the carcass as it is here tonight, after deducting the
labor or charging the labor, deducting the value of the hide and
the fat, cost them $10.76 for a hundred pounds, dressed carcass. The
heifer, live weight, was 1165 pounds; dressed, 544 per cent. The
animal cost $6.50 on foot. The carcass cost them $11.14.

Now let’s go back and see what the farmer got for these two cattle.
It is true, that cattle at the present time are not selling for what
they have been selling during the past year, and market conditions
are demoralized, but the comparison is the same; it would not make
any difference whether they had paid 8 cents for one and 7 cents
for another, the comparison would be the same. The light steer re-
turned $55.31; the heifer, $75.72, or a difference of $20.41 on the
two carcasses, and there is a difference of a hundred and some
pounds, I haven’t the figures here, but that would mean a difference
of $11.84 for the additional weight which the man put on the heifer;
in other words, he received $11.84 for every hundred pounds of addi-
tional weight that that heifer carried. In other words, we can as-
sume that if that farmer had retained his steer, kept him in the
feeding lot and fed him up to the stage that he fed that heifer, he
would have received $11.84 for every 100 pounds of live weight that
he would put on over the 993 pounds. When you figure that he
would have fed that animal farm grown feeds, he would have gotten

23—5—1914

354 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

a good price for that feed, economical feeding, he could feed 75
cents corn, $3.50 silage, $15.00 hay and 385 cents cotton seed meal,
and produce those additional pounds for less money than he would
have spent for it; in other words, it would have been more economi-
cal for that farmer to have kept that animal on the farm, and be-
sides increased our meat supply.

The lesson we can draw from this is that there are too many thin
cattle coming on the market at the present time, and, as a matter
of fact, at most times of the year. Animals should stay in the feed
lot and be finished out more. The difference in the value of the
carcass per hundred weight is 39 cents. Look at it from the packer’s
point of view, buying these two animals at $5.57 and $6.50; this car-
cass over here costs the packer only 388 cents a hundred more than
does that carcass over there. From an economical point of view,
from the point of view of the consumer and packer, this is by far
the cheapest carcass on the weight basis, yet everyone concerned was
benefited by putting out a carcass of that kind. The difference in
live weight is 98 cents between the two—nearly $1.00 a hundred.
I wanted you to have those figures so we could know what we are
doing. I am going to take these two front quarters first and I want
to call your attention to one or two things; in selecting animals on
foot for meat animals, we try to get them well developed over the
rib and over the loin and to have well sprung ribs, to have that
flesh well carried down over the ribs. There is a reason not only
from the point of view of the farmer, but the packer, and he is the
man who should not be lost sight of. We sometimes find that animals
that are not so well flesh, over the ribs and over the loin, will prob-
‘ably make just as many pounds of gain in the feed lot as will an
animal well formed or well filled out in these respects. What does
that mean? That means that that animal is putting the fat on its
side and on the part of the carcass where we don’t get the value of
the cuts, and the result is that from the packer’s point of view, it
is not economical and he pays less for that sort of an animal. What
he wants is to get a large amount of rib, a large amount of loin, or
he wants to get that body weight or dressed weight in the ribs and
loin so far as possible. The reason is this, that out of the ribs and
out of the loin we get the high priced cuts or the most desirable
cuts from the commercial point of view. That chart over there illus-
trates that point. We find that on the market that the weight of
the two loins from the beef represents about 17 per cent. of the total
weight of that carcass. They represent, however, 33.66 per cent. of
the value of that carcass. The round represents 23 per cent. of the
weight and 19.67 per cent. of the value. The chucks, which come, as
you notice, out of the fore quarters toward the front of the carcass,
a cheaper cut, more bone, more tissue, represent 26 per cent. of the
weight and 18.31 per cent. of the value. The plates and other cheap
and inferior cuts in the lower part of the carcass represent 13 per
cent. of the weight and 9.01 per cent. of the value. The flank, an-
other cheap cut from the lower part of the carcass, represents 4 per
cent. of the weight and .89 per cent. of the value. The ribs, another
high priced cut, represents 9 per cent. of the weight and 15.47 per
cent. of the value. The shank represents 4 per cent. of the weight and
1.49 per cent. of the value. The suet represents 4 per cent. of the
weight and 19.01 per cent. of the value; so that the packer has an

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 355

object in view when he buys an animal which has well developed
ribs and well developed loins, and we must get these things by breed-
ing if we are to supply him with that kind of an animal; that is
the reason there is such a difference in animals on the market. He
is willing to pay more money for animals that carry the weight in
the desirable parts of the carcass.

Now, the question probably arises, “Why is this meat more desir-
able and more expensive?” The reason for it is that it represents the
tenderest part of the carcass and that portion which carries the
least amount of bone. You will find that whenever you get a rib
out of the center of the carcass or a piece of the loin, as you notice
on that chart, you will get a tender piece of meat, providing it does
not come from an inferior or old animal. Now, in cutting meat
commercially, the butcher and packer makes it a practice to separate
the cheaper or thinner cut of meat from the thicker or more expensive
cuts of meat. We say we want the animal with well sprung ribs;
that gives more surface and more place to put natural flesh. We
want him to carry that natural flesh well down over the ribs instead
of running at an angle and becoming thin, because, whenever that is
the case, the butcher and packer can get a longer rib and it gives him
a higher per cent. of that high priced meat, and that is the thing he
is after, and he is perfectly entitled to it, because it is a legitimate
way of cutting.

Now, the first thing to do is to remove the shank, as indicated on
that chart, and we do that so that we can get at the plate a little
later on. Now there is a piece that goes for soup bone. I am going
to cut the shank oft the other one and you will find in these two
carcasses, as we go along, that one carries fat enough in practically
all parts of the carcass to make it tender, make it juicy and give
more pounds of edible meat with every ten or fifteen pounds of meat
that you buy. You notice even in the shank now that the thing
that we want is to have some fat with the lean. Too many, I am
afraid, want all lean. Now, you cannot buy all lean meat and get
tender and juicy meat; you must have fat and lean mixed together
in order to get quality, in order to get flavor and in order to get
tenderness. Comparing these two carcasses, for instance, there, you
have one that is practically all lean, this one carries not only fat
over the outside, but you notice that the fibre has spread in it some
fat. What is the result? The result is that the bundle of muscle
fibre in this carcass has been forced apart, that the bundles are
forced apart over here, while there they are in close contact, and the
result is that that piece over there is tougher than this one. The
thing that makes meat tender is the fat that it carries in addition to
the lean, and an animal you put in the feed lot will start and put
a little fat on the outside, he will put some fat on the inside after
he has supplied the outside; then he begins to spread it between
these bundles of muscle fibre, and that is the thing that gives you the
thickness in the feed lot, it is not that you are putting on a lot
of flesh. When you put him in the feed lot to fatten, you are putting
on fat rather than any amount of flesh. The animal inherits his
flesh naturally. This carcass has fat over the outside, has some on
the inside, and has it distributed through the bundles of muscle
fibre, whereas, that one over there is practically bare over the en-
tire carcass.

356 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

I want to give you a chance to look at the side of these two car-
casses. There is what you want to notice. I want you to get the
comparison of these two carcasses, so far as the outside is concerned.
There you have fat on the outside, and on that one over there in
practically every place the bundles of muscle fibre are showing
through; it does not matter where we make a cross section, where we
cut the carcass, you will find that is the truth. I am going to re-
move the prime ribs of both carcasses. Now, the place to cut the
prime ribs from the plate will depend somewhat upon the thick-
ness of the carcasses. We generally cut where the meat runs the
thinnest or keep this bundle of muscle fibre, which we want to use
for roasts. When an animal is fleshed over the side, over the ribs,
over the side, the butcher can cut you the ribs longer; that is the
reason we want that conformation of the beef animal on foot, and
you cannot take any old animal of any description and type and
make a good meat animal out of him. This is an economical and
convenient way of cutting a carcass, though not the only way.

Now, there is a cross section of that plate. Take the plate from
the other quarter. We want that thickness carried well down over
the side. You will notice when we come to these two carcasses,
this one over here is considerably thinner. You can see for yourself
the difference that exists in these two cuts of meat. Notice there
all along we have plenty of fat, enough to make it a good, tender,
juicy piece of meat, even though it comes from the plate, whereas,
in this carcass you have little or no fat, which is bound to make
that piece of meat tough; yet a great many people go to the market
and will buy this piece of meat and then think they are buying meat
economically; they are buying more bone and a much poorer quality
of meat. You notice, further, that there is only a difference of 38
cents a hundred pounds, so far as the packer’s price is concerned,
between this carcass and that. The packer paid 93 cents a hundred
pounds less for that animal than he did for this one. Now, from
his own personal point of view, he paid too much money for that one
if he bought this at the right price. If he bought that at the right
price, he bought this too low.

Now, the next cut is to remove the prime ribs. I am going to take
off the seven ribs, because that will give you some idea of what
this portion of the carcass looks like. In cutting meat, there are sey-
eral rules that we try to follow, so far as possible. One of them
is to separate the higher priced or the thicker cuts of meat from
the thin or inferior cuts of meat. The second is to cut across the
grain of the meat so far as possible, and the third is to use your
knife in cutting meat and use the saw to cut the bone
because if you try to cut the meat itself with the saw, you are
going to gnash it and tear it all to pieces, and if you try to cut
the bone with your knife, you will find that the knife will not
hold an edge, and besides that, you cannot make a smooth cut. That
plate may seem like a suggestion to a kindergarten, but it is not, it
is something that a great many people don’t stop to realize. We
are cutting every one of these cuts, making every one of these cuts
in identically the same place. You can see for yourself the dif-
ference that exists. This, of course, is a somewhat smaller carcass,
yet I could not possibly cut it down lower because it does not pos-
sess near the thickness, even there, that this possesses.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 357

Furthermore, you notice the difference in the shape of that bundle
of muscle fibre as compared with this. Here you have a V-shaped
piece and this line runs almost straight to the tip of the vertebrae
down to the side of the rib. In this you have that arch that we de-
sire in the ribs of animals for the feed lot or butcher. Then notice
the wonderful sprinkling of fat in that lean. That is the thing
that gives you volume, gives you tender or juicy meat, and the thing
you should always look for when you go to the meat market to buy a
piece of meat and when you are killing an animal for your own use
at home; don’t take the poorest but take one that is well fed, well
finished, and then you have something that you can enjoy and relish.
We have here a higher per cent. of the weight of the carcass than we
have in this case, yet we have been fair, we have cut this down
just as low as we can possibly cut it without getting too much of
the thin meat. You will find that that same thing exists throughout
the entire carcass.

I am going to remove the lower portion of the shoulder, so as to
show you that no matter where we cut, that same relation is found.
You will notice there nothing but lean and bone and no fat. Now,
let us make a comparison of the ends and make a comparison of
these two; notice that beautiful bundle of fat all the way through,
fat distributed in that lean gives you the thickness; no matter where
you cut the carcass, you will find that same condition exists through-
out; yet here is a carcass that costs within 39 cents a hundred pounds
as much as that carcass over there; so you see that the packer also
buys a carcass of this kind and sells it at a loss, or if he does not
sell it at a loss, the consumers that buy the meat are not buying
economically. This much must be said: I personally would much
rather take a piece of meat from a carcass of this kind that was cut
from the plate, from this piece right here, than to take a piece of
meat from the prime ribs of this carcass. In the first place, I could
buy it for considerable less money; I would find it tenderer, more
juicy, more palatable than the piece I get right here, because there
we have fat in addition to the lean and it is a more inferior cut and
you can buy it for less money; now if you will bear with me for a
few minutes, I want to fix up one or two pieces of meat. Possibly
somebody has some questions by now. If you have, fire away.

SECRETARY CRITCHFIELD: Where does the piece that in
some localities is called “shoulder clod” come from?

PROF. TOMHAVE: It is this bundle of muscle fibre right in
there. When you get a shoulder clod, we cannot follow this method
of cutting, and the shoulder clod, generaly speaking, is taken out of
thin carcasses not suitable for cutting roasts and comes right out
here or right back of the shoulder where there is a clear bundle of
muscle fibre that you can strip from the bone, and that is what is
known on the market as the shoulder clod. Now, are there any other
questions? Another thing you should bear in mind, holds true with
all classes of meat animals, and that is that the tenderest meat is
found in the center of the carcass, namely along the ribs and the
loin. The further you go towards both extremities, the tougher be-
comes the meat.

SECRETARY CRITCHFIELD: Well that is probably owing to
the fact that there is where the dogs make their attacks.

358 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

PROF. TOMHAVE: I don’t know how much the dogs have to do
with it, but the reason is, I think, that the bundles of muscle fibre
along the back contain very little cartilage and connective tissue;
they shorten towards both extremities, have considerable more carti-
lage, bone and connective tissues, due to the fact that there is much
more articulation than there is along the loin and the rib. There is
practically no articulation there at all.

A Member: What is the age of those carcasses?

PROF. TOMHAVE: 1 cannot tell you exactly so far as time is
concerned, but both are young carcasses. I would imagine from the
appearance of the bone that neither is more than 20 or 25 months old.
They are both young animals, as you notice from the color of the
bone. We can always tell whether or not a piece of meat comes from
a young or an old animal by the appearance of the bone. You find
that at the tip there is always more cartilage and the bone is more
porous and red in appearance. As the animal grows older—an old
cow for instance, you will find that that bone, when the backbone is
split, it becomes hard, white and brittle. The same thing is true
when you cut across the bone at any place, it has the appearance—
notice there that red appearance—that is an indication of youth in
a carcass. The same is true there. In an old animal, that bone is
very hard and white.

A Member: Does the breed of the animal affect the color?

PROF. TOMHAVE: Very little, so far as beef breeds are con-
cerned. When you get to dairy breeds, you find that you have a
yellowish bluish color, but so far as the beef breed is concerned, it
makes little difference.

A Member: Does the protein have something to do with the color
of the meat?

PROF. TOMHAVE: It always does; the protein is necessary in
order to develop the muscle; you cannot get the muscle without
the use of protein.

A Member: I have killed several Jersey cows myself and get as
nice, white meat as anyone.

PROF. TOMHAVE: Id want to be sure about that. I have
killed a good many Jerseys, and although they were fed just like the
rest of the cattle, I did not invariably find that underisable color.
No matter what you want to do with the carcass, the combination
of flesh and fat will always give you the most desirable cuts of meat,
no matter what it is used for, whether it is used for hamburger or
anything else, you get a much better quality of hamburger from a
good carcass than from a poor or inferior carcass. Now I am going
to play the role of butcher. I am going to ask you a fair question
and I want you to be fair with me; suppose you come into my shop
and want to buy a roast for Sunday dinner; I am putting these two
out, I have them right on the table like that, and this is labeled 12¢
a pound and this 14c a pound; how many would take the one on the
right hand side? Let’s see your hands. How many would take the
one on the left hand side? Let’s see your hands. How about the

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 359

other fellows? Well, there’s a few that would take it. Well, how
many know what I did? I took the ribs out, yes.

A Member: That assistant of yours knows.

PROF TOMHAVE: Well, now, I'll tell you what I did; I took
that plate or inferior cut from the good carcass and I have it in my
right hand; I took the prime ribs out of the poor carcass and I have
it in my left hand. How many would buy this in preference to this
if I were putting the two out at the same price? How many would
take this? Well, there are only one or two and one of them is a
dairyman anyway; I know that. But you will find that so far as
buying economically is concerned, you can buy almost day in and
day out at your shop or any other meat market, this piece of meat
for considerably less money than you can buy this piece, and I per-
sonally would much rather take this from a good carcass than this
from an inferior carcass, and it seems to me that the lesson this thing
brings home to us—suppose I had taken this piece and taken out
about three ribs and cut them off, why, you would have a beautiful
roast and there’s a big difference between the two. You notice that
is thin, very little meat on the outside, a higher percentage of bone
than we get in this rib right over here. Are there any other ques-
tions about the forequarter? We will have to move along or we
will not be able to get through.

A Member: Which of those quarters would have the most weight
of bone?

PROF. TOMHAVE: This one over here would run four or five
per cent. more edible meat than we would get in that other one. You
take your two animals, for instance if we dissect them, take out all
the bone—there’s very little more bone in this carcass than in the
other one. In the other case it is simply a question of putting on
the fat. This one is carrying and building up muscle tissues that
is not present there. There is more bone in the other one; there’s
four or five per cent. more edible meat in this carcass than the other,
so there is a higher percentage of bone over there. You will find
that the same general relation holds true so far as the hind quarters
are concerned. Here again we must remove the inferior pieces or
the cheaper cuts of meat from the thicker or more expensive. Now,
if you go to the meat market to buy a piece of flank or buy a piece
of meat that has that little gland present, don’t send the meat back
and tell the butcher it’s no good, because wherever you find a vein
of fat in the animal’s body, you will find one of those glands. It
may be very small, but it is here; in that bundle of fat we always
find one that is comparatively large. Coming to the question of
tuberculosis, for instance, the statement is made that tuberculosis
may be found in any portion of the beef, for instance, except the
hoof and the horns. Sometimes when it is impossible—when you
don’t find the presence of tuberculosis in the lungs, glands on the
lungs, on the mesentery, you may find them in some other portion of
the carcass. When you find this gland filled with hard calcareous
matter, that’s the kind you want to refuse and don’t buy it, and don’t
use it. If vou slaughter that sort of an animal and find those con-
ditions present in an animal that is slaughtered on the farm, don’t

360 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

use it because that is an indication of tuberculosis; but when that
gland is perfectly smooth, as this one is, it is all right.

Now you notice in the case of the hind quarter, you have present
the udder. When you sell a dressed carcass to the butcher, a heifer
carcass, don’t cut it off—that is, if it is a cow, don’t cut it off, because
he will know you have taken it off, so as to try to deceive him; you
can’t do it anyway and you are simply disposing of some of the
weight of the carcass. You notice we have one little gland there,
and there is the other, similar to the one I showed you in the other
carcass. Wherever there is a vein, you will find those glands pres-
ent through the entire carcass. That flank is about 50 per cent. fat
and connective tissue. The rest of it is a comparatively tough piece
of meat, yet notice here, comparing these two flanks cut in exactly
the same place, that you have in this one more quality, more fitness.
Notice the way the fat was forced through those bundles of muscle
fibre—how it has forced them apart, which give you volume, gives you
tenderness in that piece of meat, so that it don’t make any difference
what part of the carcass you make your cut in, you will find that
same condition true. If you go to the market to buy a flank steak,
this is the piece you get, this pear shaped piece that lies under the
udder. Now I am going to cut the loin from the round as indicated
over here. Rump and round together make what we call commer-
cial loin, and the loin is the full loin. There are different methods of
cutting that, but we shall cut so as to make the cut almost parallel
to the back of the round. Now the place to cut this is just at the
rise in the pelvic bone and feel for this bone right there. Just cut
in front of them and then almost parallel with the back.

A Member: Have you any idea of the weights of those two car-
casses.

PROF. TOMHAVE: No, I could not get those figures. They
were bought from different parties; no doubt the better carcass cost
more money but the man got more money for it. He got $11.84 more
for every hundred pounds put on over the other one, assuming they
were both in the same condition at that weight; $11.84 for every 100
pounds put on over the 900 pounds of the other one. I want to
bring these two together so as to make the comparison. You notice
that no matter where we make our cuts—see we have taken the loin
from the round, cut identically the same place; look at the difference;
sirloin steak in both instances. How many people in this audience
would not pay five, six and eight cents a pound more for meat of
that kind compared with meat of this kind. I think everybody would.
How many would be willing to give me 30 cents a pound for this if
I sold this at 24 cents? How many would take this at 24 cents in
preference to the other at 30 cents a pound? Just one man. Well,
I’d like to be near when he got to chewing this. This is the kind
we sometimes get at hotels and restaurants where they don’t pay
very much for meat. This is the kind you get when you order a good
sirloin steak. Now the porterhouse steak comes from the center of
the loin. Unless you are anxious to see the porterhouse steak, I am
not going ot cut it. How many would like to see the porterhouse
steak? How many would not care to see it? I don’t know what
to do.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 361

SECRETARY CRITCHFIELD: Don’t cut it if you don’t care
to; you have told us where it is located.

PROF. TOMHAVE: It spoils the loin. I want you to notice one
thing; not only do we have that difference when we make our cross
section, but let’s compare the two. There you have the outside of
the two, no matter where we cut, no matter in what portion of the
carcass we work, we always find that difference; that is the reason
that this carcass over there is so much better than the other one.
Notice that layer of fat there. I want to call your attention to one
thing, however, this animal was kept in the feed lot and fed until it
was very fat, you would found rolls of fat over the outside We
want that fat but we want it uniformly distributed over the outside
of the careass and well mixed in with the lean, then it becomes a
commercial product. When we get it in lumps and bunches on the
outside, the butcher and packer must sell it as rough tallow. When-
ever you get a heavy bunch of fat on the outside over the rib or
back of the rump, it means that the butcher must cut that off and
throw it into the tallow basket and it goes for four or five cents a
pound; whereas, if distributed evenly over the loin, it goes for 35c
a pound.

SECRETARY CRITCHFIELD: Is it possible for the butcher to
tell how that fat on the outside is distributed before the animal is
slaughtered ?

PROF. TOMHAVE: Absolutely. You can tell by running your
hand over the outside of an animal or even look at him, whether the
fat is evenly and uniformly distributed. You ought to be able to
tell exactly what is under that hide, and you can only learn that by
practice and observation. You take the hide off of an animal and
observe the carcass—

A Member: Doesn’t it make quite a little difference how the
animal is fed—it’s putting on fat?

PROF. TOMHAVE: Most decidedly. This one here received
possibly nothing more than a maintenance ration, was never fed more
than enough to keep up the minimum rate of body growth, to say
nothing of putting on a surplus amount of flesh and fat.

A Member: I mean having it in chunks—doesn’t it make a dif-
ference whether you feed a balanced ration?

PROF. TOMHAVE: Oh, no, that is an inherited tendency.
A Member: Entirely?

PROF. TOMHAVE: Almost entirely. You can eliminate that
by breeding and selection. I want to call your attention to an-
other thing. Meat is tough after the animal is first slaughtered, no
matter how choice an animal you have. It takes four or five days
before there is a breaking down of the muscle fibre. There is a
chemical change that takes place in that careass that makes the
meat tender. Now, in order to do that, in order to keep that car-
cass in good condition, you must be able to let it hang a week or
ten days or even longer. Carcasses sometimes hang three or four
weeks, before they are disposed of, but a carcass like this would be

362 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

all dried up, there would be too much evaporation; the moisture in
that carcass would be entirely gone; you would lose too much in
weight. This carcass that has fat on the outside, you can hang it
in the cellar, leave it there a week or ten days or two weeks. and the
meat improves with age, becomes tender, there is no evaporation of
moisture because the fat holds up that moisture in there, and even
though it ages a little bit, sometimes when you see this mould grow-
ing on the outside, take a dry cloth and wipe that off. That removes
it absolutely and you have a piece of meat that is tender.

Another thing, I notice the difference in the quality of the kidney
fat in the two carcasses. This kidney fat accumulates before the
animal puts fat on the outside. You will find when an animal
starves to death and all the fat is gone, you will find that the last
fat that disappears is that which is found around the kidney. Notice
the difference in the covering of those two. You have more kidney
fat. It is true that that is cheap and inferior compared to the loin,
but you cannot get the good loin and good rib and finish without
getting that kidney fat in the carcass. Another thing, 1 want you
to notice the difference in the quality of fat in these two. Notice
there how brittle, pretty near as good as butter, this fat is; it is
better than some butter. This other fat is springy and tough and
has no quality. So it does not matter what portion of the carcass
you have worked on, you will find that that same difference exists.
Now we will not cut the line further; you can see the two ends over
there. Notice that difference in the thickness and volume, that
beautiful meat there, and on the other side you have no marbling at
all whatever. By marbling I mean the intermingling of the fat.

SECRETARY CRITCHFIELD: ‘Tell us where the tender part of
the round is located.

PROF. TOMHAVE: I will cut across that just in a minute. The
tenderest portion of the loin is right in here in this porterhouse
or the small loin end; we have there the sirloin muscles on the out-
side and the heavy tenderloin muscle on the lower side of that verte-
bra. The bone steak that you buy is what is commercially known as
the porterhouse steak. Some of you buy tenderloin steaks, oc-
casionally buy it in the hotel; some of you ordered some for supper
tonight; you thought you gave yourself a treat, but I’d a good deal
rather have a sirloin than a tenderloin steak, because tenderloins
are never taken out of carcasses of this kind, they are taken out of
the cutters and canners carcasses and the chef is permitted to do
the rest. He uses the larding needle and all the rest, but you are
not giving yourself such a treat as you think you are.

I want you to notice the outside of the round. Here again we
have that difference in covering. Notice that difference in covering.
Here we have no covering at all, whatever. That has some fat; that
is not covered as much as we would like to see it, but you will again
find that the two extreme ends of the carcasses are covered last;
you will find that this portion is the last to be covered in a good,
choice animal. It’s the same way with the front shank. I don’t
believe I will cut the round to give you the cross section, because
they like to sell the round just as I have it cut here, but in answer
to Secretary Critchfield’s question as to which portion of the round—
well, I will cut the poorer one, I will not cut the other one.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 363

The CHAIRMAN: We don’t like to cut these, because the gentle-
men furnish this meat without any charge.

SECRETARY CRITCHFIELD: It is not necessary to be cut;
just tell us which side of the round it is located on.

The CHAIRMAN: We don’t like to spoil the meat any more than
we have to.

PROF. TOMHAVE: In removing the rump from the round to
get your round steak, cut just below this pelvic bone and parallel
to it. Now this portion right here is the best portion of that round.
This heavy bundle of muscle fiber without very much cartilage and
connective tissue—this bundle is smaller, more cartilage and con-
nective tissue than you have on this side, but if you were buying
round steak and wanted the best cut out of that round, the nearer
you could buy it in the center of this round, the better the cut. In
other words, the first two or three cuts from the round are inferior
as compared with the fourth, fifth and sixth cut and from there on,
as you get down this round, you will find they become tougher on
account of this large amount of cartilage or connecting tissue that
binds this together. As you get down here, you will find that it be-
comes almost half cartilage and that it is very tough as compared
with the round.

Now any questions you would like to ask about the beef, I will be
glad to answer. If you have no questions, we are going to proceed
to cut the side of hog which Belcher & Company kindly furnished us.
There are a number of different ways of cutting a pork carcass. Most
of you may have your own ideas along this line, may have your own
method, and no doubt it is a good one. I am going to cut this car-
cass tonight by what is known as the commercial method of cutting
pork carcasses, as the packing house method. That is the most desir-
able, the n-cst economical method so far as the packers are con-
cerned, and it certainly should be the most economical and most de-
sirable method of cutting for the farmer, because the packer has
spent years in working out these problems. Every cent or two that
can be saved on a hog carcass runs into hundreds of dollars through-
out the year when you consider the large number that are being
killed. A great many farmers, after the hog has been slaughtered,
insist that the carcass must be cut that same day. Now I do not
believe that there is a man here that can make a 200d, smooth, uni-
form cut in a warm carcass. I have never been able to do it and I
do not believe you can do it, because it is too loose and too flabby.
Now you are not so busy that it is necessary for you to get through
with that operation that same day. If butchering time comes and
your neighbor is helping, slaughter your hogs in the morning and
his in the afternoon and go after it the next day and cut the carcasses
after they are thoroughly cooled and the meat set. A carcass should
always be thoroughly cooled before it is cut up into retail cuts and
before it goes to the curing vessel, and we also want it firm and
well set.

I requested them to give me a side of hog leaving the head on the
carcass, splitting it right through the center. How many in this
audience, in splitting your hog carcasses, split it right through the
middle of the backbone? Tet’s see your hands. Quite a number.

364 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

How many split it on each side of the back bone, to take out that
backbone, or chime as you call it? Let’s see your hands? Well, the
majority. Now my contention is that this is not an economically
way of cutting that pork carcass. You will say “yes, but I must
have that backbone, I want to boil it.” All right.

SECRETARY CRITCHFIELD: Need it for sour krout.

PROF. TOMHAVE: Yes, very true, but I will show you a little
later on, if you take that loin out, take out what is called the com-
mercial or packers’ loin, you have more of that meat and you have
prepared that loin in a way that it can be used for a roast or for
chops and it is used economically. Nature has provided every ani-
mal with two sides, right and left. If you split that animal directly
in the middle, you will find that the entire carcass is protected on
the outside by the hide, there is a thin vellum that separates the
two sides, goes down the backbone and down the lower line. If you
split that carcass exactly in the middle, you will find that you have
left that thin membrane covering all the edible portion of the car-
cass. I will show you later on why I want you to split it down
through the center of the backbone.

In removing the head, we want to cut about an inch back of the
ear. You notice it is very easy to remove that head if you do that;
try and strike that atlas joint. If the carcass has not been split
before the head is removed, you can always strike it. If that cut
comes around there just about an inch back of the ear, you will find
the atlas joint and head can be taken off without any trouble. That
head is used for head cheese, sausage, baked beans or whatever you
want to use it for. We have in this carcass the leaflard or kidney
fat. I asked them to leave the entire carcass intact, which they did,
but when you are slaughtering animals for your own use at home or
those you are going to sell to the butcher while the carcass is warm,
start right at the point of the rib and pull out this leaf lard. There
are two reasons for it. One of them is that it comes out so much
easier when the carcass is warm and it also aids in cooling the car-
cass.

Now you probably raise the question, you will say, “Well, it may
be all right if the butcher wants it, he is entitled to it, but it is to
his advantage to remove it, lift it out, spread it out so that it can
cool thoroughly. You will find that you will have little or no trouble
with soured loins or soured hams. If this kidney fat is
left in as in this case you will find, especially in heavy
hogs, that it has a tendency to hold the heat in the loin and in the
lower portion of the ham. The result is that frequently that sours
and spoils. It is all right for the butcher to have it, he is entitled to
it and you should supply him with it, but pull it out, cool it thor-
oughly, and take it with the carcass, and in spreading this out on
the table, put the portion next to the flesh portion of the carcass up.
The side that has the thin vellum of membrane should be next to the
table. Here again we follow this general method of cutting, namely,
that the cutting across the grain of the meat as far as possible,
separating the cheaper cuts of meat from the more expensive. Gen-
erally speaking the shoulder is cut from the middle, between the
fourth and fifth rib, but that cut may vary, depending on the amount
of loin you want, and if you want a large amount of loin, you can

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 365

cut a short or smaller shoulder. If you want a large amount of
cured meat, you can cut between the fourth and fifth or fifth and
sixth rib and in that way get more of that meat. There you have a
cross section of the shoulder, fat on the outside, that spinal column
split practically through the middle. Notice the way that bundle of
muscle fiber there is protected. If you cut that on the outside, you
would cut right through the center of that and spoil it for roasts
right here, and much more so when you come to the loin. Now this
shoulder may be cut into what we call a long shoulder or it may be
cut into what we call a short shoulder or calf cut shoulder. But
before you put this into the curing vessel, remove the rib from the
inside of the shoulder.

A Member: What does that hog weigh?

PROF. TOMHAVE: I couldn’t tell you, I couldn’t get the weight
of this hog; I didn’t tell the manager to get it for me, so I don’t have
it, In removing these spare ribs, cut as close to the rib as possible.

The CHAIRMAN:You don’t sandpaper the ribs like they do in
our town?

PROF. TOMHAVE: Well, you can’t blame the butcher for cutting
them that way, because he gets more money for the shoulder than he
does for the spare ribs. Now these are what is known as the neck
spare ribs or the most inferior ribs that we can get out of the car-
cass. Those that we get from the middle are choicer and more de-
sirable. Now don’t put this shoulder into the curing vessel just as
I have it there, but remove the scrag ends and use them for sausage
or for lye. To put a shoulder into the curing vessel just this way,
you will find these scrag ends, after they are through the curing pro-
cess, have been smoked, become hard and dry and have been wasted,
so take your knife and trim the shoulder neatly. The idea is to re-
move the scrag edges as much as possible. Also remove some of the
heavy fat that is found over the back of the shoulder. Now notice
how much better that shoulder would be to go into the curing vessel
than if you leave the scrag ends and square corners there.

A Member: Do you always leave it that thick?
PROF. TOMHAVE: Yes sir.
A Member: Isn’t that liable to dry out? sae

PROF. TOMHAVE: No. because the deeper you go into the rib
you are in the lean constantly and it will keep on drying till you
get to the fat and you want to leave as much of this lean on as pos-
sible. We leave a covering on the outside of this shoulder. See?
Remove the shank in this manner. There is your shoulder ready for
the curing vessel. You can use this shoulder for fresh meat, for
shoulder steak or for a roast. Very often the top of the shoulder is
eut off as illustrated in that chart and we have what we call the
shoulder or Boston butt, and then trimming up the balance of the
ham gives us what we call the calf cut shoulder; I should not say
nam. If we cut about a little better than a third from the top
down, that will give us a short shoulder. Now you notice there we
have a covering of fat on the outside. That should always be re-

366 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

moved and used for lard, if you want a large quantity of lean meat;
and in the packing house they are frequently cut this way. Here we
have the butt fat, this is what you get if you buy Boston butts. The
top of the shoulder is what is commercially known as the Boston
butt, and is used for roasts or used for steak or chops, but when you
buy this, you should not pay as much as you pay for the chops out of
the loin, because it is an inferior piece of meat as compared to the
loin portion, because it comes from the front portion of the carcass.
The fat then is used for lard. Now if you were to cure this, we want
to trim up the edges the same as we did on the full shoulder. There
is your calf-trimmed shoulder; a small piece, very convenient for a
small family. If you want a large amount of fresh meat, that is the
way to trim them it gives you a small shoulder.

Now the next step is to separate or cut the ham from the middle.
Now there is no set place to cut that. If you want a large amount
of ham, you can cut pretty well towards the loin. If you want only
a small ham and a large amount of loin, large amount of fresh meat,
you can cut it fairly well back. The place for the back cut depends
entirely on the condition of the trade. When the fresh meat trade
is strong, when there is a heavy demand for loins and the cellars are
fairly well filled with hams and there is not so much demand for
hams, the packer is going to cut the loin long, cut lose to the ham,
but when there is a strong demand for hams, he will cut them longer,
especially if there is not much demand for loin. Remove the lower
portion of the flank in that manner when you make you cut across
here. Do not come across at this angle but cut on this angle, and if
the cut is made right back of the pelvic bone at an angle of 45 de-
grees, this portion is left on the loin and can go as a commercial
loin if you are selling it on the market, and it gives you a pound or
a pound and a half more of marketable meat. Suppose we cut across
there—this would not be fit for chops or roasts and it would have to
go for sausage meat. Now that ham is partially trimmed. I remove
some of this fat, just enough to keep the outside of the lean covered.

A Member: What would you call that, a bacon type of hog?

PROF. TOMHAVE: No, this is the lard type. A hog that carries
as much fat over the back in proportion to the amount of lean is a
lard type. Notice the large amount of fat; it would take a con-
siderably larger hog that this one, the bacon type, to carry that
amount of fat over the outside. In heavy hogs these hams are fre-
quently skinned; in other words, when there is more fat on the out-
side of the ham than the cured meat trade demands, that is trimmed
off and goes into lard, because it is more economically used for that
purpose.

A Member: What breed of hog is that?
PROF. TOMHAVE: I presume it’s a Berkshire.
A Member: It hasn’t got a Berkshire head.

PROF. TOMHAVE: I will let you speculate on that; he has got the
short, chubby ears. Now here you have your ham in this condition.
Sometimes in heavy hams we find that it is necessary to take out
this bone, but in a medium sized ham in this size, it is not necessary
to do so. Now I want to call your attention to this one point; you

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 367

notice how well that bundle of muscle fiber along that backbone is
protected; notice this spinous process covering it—this fat on the
outside. Now, when we split down the side of that backbone, that is
just about where you make your cut, isn’t it? Or do you cut down
a little bit further like that?

SECRETARY CRITCHFIELD: About there.

PROF. TOMHAVE: All right now, that’s what you do; then you
leave the entire backbone in one piece; you have a small amount of
meat on each side; you haven’t a piece that you could carve when it
comes to the table, because the vertebras are held intact. Further
than that, you put that piece of meat in the oven to roast it and you
will find that instead of having the juices in the meat when you get
through, they are in the dripping pan and that bundle of muscle
fiber is hard and dry, because the whole thing has been opened up
and you are losing a large amount of nutrients, besides which you
are reducing the palatability of that piece of meat.

Now, take that heavy bundle of muscle fiber right there; it is ex-
posed and if you put it in the curing vessel it comes out hard and
dry and you are not making the most economical use of that piece
' of meat. Now, then, in curing meat we want to expose as little of
the lean as possible; the lean portion, such as the loin, should always
be used as a fresh meat product. There is a certain trade, and it
is very limited at that, English trade, that demand that sort of a
cured product with just the center of the backbone taken out, but
that comes from a light hog and there they cure the hams and the
bacon and the shoulder all in one piece or sometimes with the
shoulder removed. ‘There is a very limited trade that demands it
and the packers to-day are cutting the hog’s carcasses by taking out
the commercial loin because it is by far the most economical method
of cutting it. The way you do that is to separate the loin, as indi-
cated on that chart, from the bacon strips or the middle right there
where we find that break in that bundle of muscle fiber, and make
that cut something like that on that end. On the other side, we cut
just below that heavy bundle of muscle fiber, then make the cut
parallel to the backbone, with the result that we have here the loin
with its fat back. Don’t take this and let it go into the kitchen in
that manner, don’t take your knife and cut or chop off that end or a
roast or whatever it may be and ask the good housewife to use that
for a roast, because there is too much fat there and in this day and
age we don’t require, we don’t care for as much fat as our fore
fathers. This fat should be taken from the back of the loin and cut
up for lard. You will find that the average farm home never has any
over-abundant supply of lard. Take that fat off the back of the
loin, just leave enough there for a covering and put it in the lard
kettle and you will get more out of the carcass and the housewife will
appreciate it a good deal more and you will find that the youngsters
will not be compelled to cut off this piece of fat and put it at the
side of the plate, which they are bound to do if you try to make them
eat it.

A Member: When we take that middle strip out, we get it all at
once.

24

368 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PROF. TOMHAVE: We will come to that in a minute and I will
show you where you are losing out. In the packing house they have
what they call a draw-shade that takes this fat off of one piece that
is made to fit the back of the loin. Since we don’t have one of those
here, we will have to do the best we can with this knife, but when you
remove this and must mutilate one or the other, mutilate the fat
back portion because that is going into the lard kettle. I left a little
too much fat on there.

SECRETARY CRITCHFIELD: The Jack Spratts are not all dead
yet

PROF. TOMHAVE: I know, but they are too few and far between.
Now you notice here we have the fat back taken off, nothing but fat,
just a little sprinkling of lean there, but notice how much better it
is to put this into the lard kettle than to try to make the boy or
girl or even yourself eat it. You don’t care for it, some of you may
think you do, but you really don’t.

A Member: We used to.

PROF. TOMHAVE: Yes, but you don’t any more. Twenty-five
years ago you would think nothing of taking that whole loin and _
cutting a piece off and eating that fat, but you don’t eat it to-day,
you have passed that stage. Now here we have a commercial loin.
I am sorry that I haven’t a small cleaver, I asked for a cleaver and
they sent me a splitting cleaver, but we will get that all right. Now
there you have that beautiful bundle of muscle fiber over the back
of the loin, protected from every side. Notice this rib on the inside,
this spinous process there that layer of fat on the outside. You can
put that into the oven and roast it and retain all of these juices, but
if you cut right through there, you have mutilated that beautiful
piece of meat, you are putting this choicest portion of the carcass
into the curing vessel, drying it up and wasting a very choice and
palatable piece of meat, whereas, if you leave it in this manner, you
can prepare it for roasts, you can prepare it for chops, and put a
piece of meat on the table that you can carve with pleasure. When
you cut this cut, as you say you do, you have the other side in ex-
actly the same condition. The result is that these vertebrae, held
together as they are, it is impossible to get to them and separate
them so that you can carve through and cut across the grain of the
meat. Your wife will tell you that the way to carve meat is to cut
across the grain of the meat. If you were to carve this loin, you
would want to cut across this way, but you cannot do it where that
line is left entirely intact on both sides.

Now, what you want to do is to take a cleaver, if you happen to
have one, and if you do not, take a hatchet or take an axe and just
break through the back of these vertebrae. You notice there in one
place where I cut in too far, the muscles are all cut so that when
you put that on the table and start to carve there, you can get
through that rib, which is impossible if that loin is left intact. You
can sear this end, turn it around and sear the other end, put it into
the roasting pan and there is absolutely no chance for the juices to
escape, and when that pork roast comes on your table, you will have
something you will relish; it is not hard and dry. All the moisture
it contains is kept in there, and that is what we want and that is

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 369

the thing that makes a piece of roast desirable. If you were to cut
this up for chops—now another thing, just think how much more you
would enjoy a nice pork chop like that than to have it cut off there,
with that bone in the center coming from both sides, a little piece
on the outside, a very small amount of meat there and mostly bone,
have a pick a little off on each side; but when you have this chop all
intact, look at that beautiful bundle of muscle fiber, how much more
attractive it is, and you will get more enjoyment out of it and cer-
tainly you are making a much more economical use of the carcass
than where you split right down the backbone.

Some of you are interested to know where the tenderloin is found.
There, notice that beautiful piece of meat. This is the portion that
comes right out of that portion of the carcass and corresponds to the
porterhouse steak of beef. Your heavy bundle of muscle fiber or the
sirloin muscle on the outside, the tenderloin muscle below that bone
—notice how that is separated. If I’d cut a little further down there,
we would have that same T-bone we get in the case of steak.

SECRETARY CRITCHFIELD: That is what we eall the fish.

PROF. TOMHAVE: Yes tenderloin is a nice piece of meat, I ad-
mit, but you get so much enjoyment out of eating it when you eat a
sirloin and tenderloin together.

A Member: When you put the tenderloin in sausage, how do you
cut it then?

PROF. TOMHAVE: You don’t want to put the tenderloin in sau-
sage; take the trimmings, the more inferior parts, for sausage.

A Member: Down our way, practically all of it is put in sausage.
PROF. TOMHAVE: The whole hog?
A Member: All the tenderloin.

PROF. TOMHAVE: Then you are putting into sausage the best
piece of meat you are getting out of that whole carcass.

A Member: It makes better sausage meat.
PROF. TOMHAVE: I’d rather have mine fresh.
A Member: What part do you put into scrapple?

PROF. TOMHAVE: Generally trimmed portions, portions from
the head and pieces of that kind go into scrapple, the trimmings.
When you remove these ribs, cut just as close to the ribs as you pos-
sibly can. There are what we call the prime spare ribs. If you want
to buy spare ribs, these are the ribs to buy rather than those I took
from the neck, because these are more tractable and other choicer
ribs. You notice here there is that beautiful layer of lean over the
outside. Very often people will insist on putting meat into the cur-
ing vessel with these ribs left on. Take them off, remove them from
the middle portion, because they can be used to such better advant-
age while fresh than where they pass through the curing stage. Be-
for you trim this up, put it into the curing vessel, take a flat instru-
ment of one kind of another, take a cleaver and flatten it out. In the
packing house you probable notice they have a hydraulic press that

24—_5—1915

370 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

comes down and straightens out every one of these side pieces, be
cause there are bound to be wrinkles running lengthwise on the out-
side of that pork carcass from hanging up, and those you want to re-
move, but don’t get the idea that you can remove wrinkles that run
up and down the outside of the hog in that manner. You will find
when you have wrinkles running up and down, back of the shoulder,
that you cannot get rid of them. You will not only find them on the
outside, but when you cut the bacon strip, you will find that there’s
an unequal distribution of fat and lean and that is the thing that is
objectionable. If you want a large amount of bacon, just square up
the edges in this manner, take off this lower strip. Now this will all
go into the lard and sausage. Here you have the bacon strip neatly
trimmed. Leave that in one piece or cut it into two pieces just as
you like and put it into the curing vessel. You notice at this end,
this flank end, there is not as much lean as there is on this end, con-
sequently the choicest portions of the bacon comes from this part
from which the ribs have been removed for premium bacon. Take
medium weight hogs and cut the bacon short to about there and this
goes for salt pork and that gives you premium bacon that will sell
for three or four cents a pound more on the market.

That completes the work of cutting the pork and the beef carcass,
and I hope that I have not detained you too long. I don’t know what
time it is, but I want to thank you for your indulgence and your
patience.

A Member: Say a few words in regard to curing.

PROF. TOMHAVE: There are a number of different methods of
curing and possibly some of you have a better method than I know
of. In brief, first of all, your meat should be thoroughly cooled.
That is the first essential.

A Member: It is not desirable to let it freeze?

PROF. TOMHAVE: No. sir, the freezing of meat and keeping it
frozen does not injure it, but don’t freeze a pork carcass that is to
be put away to be cured unless it is necessary. It won’t hurt it if
you freeze it and keep it frozen until you cut it up and thaw it out
and put it into the curing vessel. It is not the best thing for it, but
alternate freezing and thawing of meat breaks down the muscle
tissue and causes the meat to become flabby. Cool the carcass as
rapidly as possible have it firmly set, trim the pieces of meat up as
these are trimmed, and it will be ready for the curing vessel. The
recipe that we have so many of us used and have found satisfactory,
is one made up, 8 to 10 pounds of salt, 2 pounds of brown or granu-
lated sugar and 2 ounces of salt peter for 100 pounds of meat. That,
dissolved in 4 gallons of boiling water. I will give it again so that
if any of you want to take it down, you can do so. Eight to 10
pounds of barreled salt; 2 pounds of sugar, brown or granulated, and
2 ounces of salt peter. That is the mixture for 100 pounds of meat.
This is to be dissolved in 4 gallons of boiling water. That solution
is then set away and allowed to cool: In the meantime, take some
salt and rub the outside of your meat. Suppose this is a piece you
want to cure; take some salt and thoroughly rub it on the outside,
so as to draw out any particles of blood that may be near the surface
in this meat. Some of you may wonder why we want to use these
various ingredients. The use of salt is a means of preserving; that

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 371

is the reason we use it in such large amount but the action of salt
alone on meat has a tendency to harden muscle fiber, and for that
reason we use the sugar. The addition of sugar has a tendency to
soften the muscle fiber and besides to give it the sweet taste. The
use of the salt peter is not as a preservative; it is a preservative in
itself, but we use that very small amount, two ounces for every 100
pounds of meat, as a means of retaining the natural color in that
meat. You will find that salt not only has the astringent effect of
hardening the muscle fiber, but also removes the natural color of
flesh and that is the reason we use the salt peter. We leave it in the
liquor five to seven weeks, that is long enough, five to seven weeks,
depending on the size of the piece. That is for a brine cure. If you
prefer a dry salt cure, we use the same combination except that we
don’t use as much salt. We use five or six pounds of salt instead of
eight to ten, but personally I prefer the pickle cure because it re-
quires less attention after you have put it into the curing vessel.
With the dry salt cure you must rub the meat at the end of five or six
days. Although it is a quicker method of curing, yet it is not quite
as economical as the other method of curing.

A Member: How long do you let it lie to cure it dry?

PROF. TOMHAVE: Two or three weeks; it cures quicker that
way than the other.

A Member: Why do you boil the water?

PROF. TOMHAVE: The reason is that any foreign matter that
may be in the water coming out of a pump or spring will generally
come to the surface and can be skimmed off, and boiled water is
more sterile than water directly from the pump. Beside that, you
have dissolved your ingredients much quicker than you can in cold
water. These are the minor reasons for it.

A Member: Do you put it on the meat while it is hot?

PROF. TOMHAVE: No sir. Always have the solution thoroughly
cooled before it goes over the meat. You will find that four gallons
of water is enough to cover 10 pounds of meat if thoroughly packed
in a barrel or jar. If you do not have the meat thoroughly sub-
merged, add a little more water to it. Put boards over it and a good
clean stone and you should have little or no trouble with your meat,
and put that vessel in a cool place where it will not freeze or become
too warm.

A Member: Does it make any difference in the quality of the meat
produced by rather hard feeding?

PROF. TOMHAVE: It depends upon the feeding, of course, and
the surroundings. Filthy and undesirable conditions in a small lot
would be undesirable as compared to a larger lot with greater free-
dom and more sanitary conditions, but the quality is based on breed-
ing and feeding rather than environment. If the animal is well
taken care of in close quarters, there will be very little difference, so
far as quality is concerned, though an animal in the feed lot needs
to be taken care of just as much as an animal used for breeding
purposes.

372 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

A Member: That is what I meant; shouldn’t it have exercise?

PROF. TOMHAVE: Yes, exercise has a tendency to do that to
some extent, but to what extent we don’t know.

MR. STEVENSON: Couldn’t you do that by forgetting to feed the
hog every other day?

PROF. TOMHAVE: I am afraid not. The hog is like the human
person, he wants his meals as regular as you want yours, and for
that reason he should have them.

A Member: Does it do any harm to stay in pickle a longer time?

PROF. TOMHAVE: No, it does not. Are there any other ques-
tions? If there are no further questions I want to thank you.

REPORT ON FORESTS AND FORESTRY

By MIRA C. DOCK.

Owing to the very recent date of my appointment to this honorable
Board, I ask your permission, to accept from me instead of a report,
a memorandum on projected work, which I hope will receive not
only approval, but valuable suggestions from the Board.

The memorandum relates to both general and special means of re-
foresting waste farm lands and hilly woodlands in our State. Every
one who travels considerably in our State has doubtless observed the
increased extent of cut-over hill lands, as for instance the north and
south boundaries of the Chester Valley, and other rich agricultural
valleys; the increased number of washed and gullied fields in the
rolling farm lands of Dauphin, Northumberland, Huntingdon and
other central counties, and also the vast destruction by means of
sleet, storms and floods in recent years, of trees bordering streams.
The general work for which I ask your approval is active co-opera-
tion with the State Department of Forestry in promoting a move-
ment for extensive and general re-forestation of private woodlands
under the provisions of the Auxilliary Forest Act of 1918, copies of
which are appended:

No. 269.
AN ACT

To provide for the assessment and taxation of auxiliary forest reserves, and
the collection, distribution and use of the taxes collected therefrom.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That all surface lands which may
hereafter be classified and set apart as auxiliary forest reserves, in
the manner provided by law, shall be rated in value, for the purpose

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 373

of taxation, not in excess of one dollar ($1.00) per acre and shall
continue to be so rated so long as the said land remains within the
class designated as auxiliary forest reserves: Provided, however,
That if the said surface land be underlaid with coal, iron ore, oil,
gas, or other valuable minerals, said minerals may be separately as-
sessed. The assessors in the several districts in which such lands
are situate shall assess such lands in the manner now or hereafter
provided for the assessment of real estate for purposes of taxation,
as if they had not been set apart as auxiliary forest reserves, and
shall make their returns to the county commissioners in like man-
ner as is now or hereafter may be provided by law, subject to ex-
ception, appeal, and final adjustment.

‘Section 2. Upon receipt of assessment returns from the various
assessors, the county commissioners shall reduce, in their records,
to a sum not in excess of one dollar ($1.00) per acre, the assessment
on all those lands which shall have been placed in the class known
as auxiliary forest reserves, in accordance with certificates filed witb
them by the State Forestry Reservation Commission, and the original
assessment returns made by said assessors shall be preserved.

Section 38. Whenever timber, on land which is included in the
class of land known as auxiliary forest reserves, is about to be har-
vested, the then owner of the timber on said land shall give a bond
to the county treasurer in twenty per centum of the amount of the
estimated value of the timber to be harvested, and to be approved
by the court of the county, conditioned to pay to the county treas-
urer, within ninety days after harvesting, ten per centum of the
value of the trees immediately at and before the time of harvesting;
which amount shall be ascertained by statement and return, under
oath or affirmation, furnished in triplicate one to the county com-
missioners, one to the county treasurer, and one to the commission,
immediately after harvesting, by the then owner of the land, setting
forth said value; which sum thus paid shall be divided and distri-
buted by the county treasurer of each county—to the county, and
to the poor district, the road district, and the school district of the
township in which the auxiliary reserve is situate, pro rata, based
upon the last assessed millage of taxation for county, poor, road, and
school purposes within said taxing district.

Such sum of money when ascertained to be due as a tax by the
filing of the foregoing statement and return, under oath, and, as here-
inbefore provided, directed to be paid to the county treasurer by the
owner of an auxiliary forest reserve, shall, from the time of such
filing, be and remain a lien upon the land of such owner until pay-
ment shall have been made: And be it further provided, That all
moneys received by the boards of supervisors shall be appropriated
exclusively to the opening, maintenance, and repair of the public
roads now or hereafter passing through or into said auxiliary forest
reserves, or upon which said reserves now or hereafter may abut;
and, in the event that no public highways pass through or into said
reserves, or none of said reserves abut on such highways, then said
moneys shall be used for general township road purposes.

Section 4. Should the county commissioners be dissatisfied with
the return made, as hereinbefore provided in section three thereof,
the court of common pleas of the proper county, on petition of the
commissioners, shall appoint a board of three appraisers, who shall

374 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

go upon the land in question, estimate the quantity and value of the
trees immediately at and before the time of harvesting, and make a
return thereof to the court, which said return shall then be made the
basis upon which each owner shall make payment to the respective
county treasurers, unless changed upon appeal. The said appraisers
shall be duly sworn or affirmed before entering upon their work, and
either party, if dissatisfied with the report of the appraisers, shall
have right of appeal to the court of common pleas of the county,
within ten days after such report shall be filed and notice thereof
given the owner. The said appraisers shall be allowed their ex-
penses and a compensation to be fixed by the court, both to be paid
by the county commissioners.

Section 5. In case of the removal of said lands from the class
known as auxiliary forest reserves, prior to the maturity of the
timber, and without payment of the tax of ten per centum of the
value thereof, as provided in section three of this act, the county
commissioners shall, on notice from the commission, ascertain the
amount of the taxes which would have been paid by the said owner
on the original assessment, before the reduction provided for in sec-
tion two of this act, adding legal interest from the date when each
tax payment would have become delinquent. The said commissioners
shall likewise ascertain the amount of taxes which have actually
been paid upon the land in question, adding legal interest upon all
such payments from the date when paid, and certify the result
thereof to the county treasurer, who shall then proceed, in the
manner provided for the collection of county taxes under general
laws, to recover from such owner the difference between the two
amounts, with costs. Such difference, so ascertained to be due as
tax as aforesaid, shall be and remain a lien upon the land of such
owner until payment shall have been made.

Tf such Jand shall be so removed from said class after the due
cutting of a matured crop and the payment of tax thereon, the owner
shall, in that case, not be liable for such past assessment but the land
shall thereafter be liable to assessment and tax as all other land not
classed as auxiliary forest reserves.

Section 6. This act shall take effect only beginning with assess-
ments made for the purpose of Jevving taxes for the fiscal year one
thousand nine hundred and fourteen.

Approvep—The 5th day of June, A. D. 1913.

No. 270.
AN ACT

Providing a fixed charge on land classified as auxiliary forest reserves; and
the distribution of the fund thus set aside for school and road purposes.

Whereas, By existing law the State forest reserves are subject to
an annual charge of two cents per acre for the benefit of schools,
and two cents per acre for the benefit of roads, in the respective dis-
tricts in which said reserves are located; and

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 375

Whereas, It would be a hardship to withhold from school and
road districts the taxes which would otherwise be collected from
land classified as auxiliary forest reserves; therefore,—

Section 1. Be it enacted, &e., That all lands which shall hereafter
be classified as auxiliary forest reserves shall be subject to an an-
nual charge of two cents per acre for the benefit of the schools, and
two cents per acre for the benefit of the roads, in the respective dis-
tricts in which said reserves are located. Said charge is hereby made
payable by the State.

Section 2. The State Forestry Reservation Commission shall cer-
tify to the respective school districts and road districts, throughout
the Commonwealth, in which auxiliary forest reserves are located,
the number of acres thus set apart and classified in each district,
and the charge against the same; and shall, furthermore, certify to
the State Treasurer the number of acres as aforesaid, and the charge
against the same, in favor of the respective school and road districts.
The State Treasurer shall, upon the approval of the proper warrants
of the commission, pay to the several school districts and road dis-
tricts the amount due the same from the Commonwealth, as derived
under this act.

Approvep—The 5th day of June, A. D. 1913.

No. 284.
AN ACT

To classify certain surface lands as auxiliary forest reserves; to prescribe
the terms and conditions for their continuance in said classification, or their
withdrawal therefrom; and to provide for the expenses attendant thereon.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That in order to encourage the
growing of such trees, now existing or hereafter produced, as will at
the proper age be suitable for merchantable forest products, whether
such be of natural reproduction or from seed sown, or trees planted
out, or all combined, all surface land which may be set apart accord-
ing to the provisions of this act, and exclusively used for growing
such trees, is hereby constituted a separate and distinct class of
land, to be known as auxiliary forest reserves.

Section 2. When any owner of surface land desires to have such
land placed in the class established by section one of this act, such
owner shall notify the State Forestry Reservation Commission of
his desire in manner and form to be prescribed by said commission.
Said notice shall contain a description of the land, its location,
boundary, area, and character, and shall state as far as practicable
the species, character, and condition of the trees growing thereon,
and whether they are of natural reproduction or are from seed sown
for the purpose, or have been set out of said land, or all combined,
and such other information as the commission may require. If,
upon receipt and consideration of this notice, the commission shall,
in its discretion, deem the conditions such as to warrant action on
its part to determine whether such land should rightfully be placed
in the class established by section one of this act, it shall cause the

376 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

same to be examined by some person learned in the practice and
principles of forestry, and a report made thereon, and if, upon re-
ceipt and consideration of such report, it decides that such land
should be placed in the class established by section one of this act,
it shall so declare and certify to the commissioners of the county in
which said land is located.

Section 3. Upon receipt by the county commissioners of such
certificate of the commission it shall be their duty at once to place
said surface land in the class established by section one of this act,
and keep the same therein until the trees growing thereon shall, in
the judgment of the commission, become sufficiently large and suit-
able for merchantable forest products, or the land be devoted to
other purposes: Provided, however, That the certificate of the com-
mission shall not become operative to place said surface land in the
class established by section one of this act until the owner of said
surface land has agreed, in writing, with the commission to care for
the trees growing thereon, according to the instructions and direc-
tions of the commission, up to such time as such trees become suit-
able for merchantable forest products; and if any such owner at any
time fails to care for the trees growing on said land as agreed with
the commission, and due proof thereof is made, the commission may
remove said surface land from the class established by section one
of this act. In case of such removal, either through failure of the
owner to care for the trees or on his expressed desire for removal
before the trees shall have been cut at maturity and tax paid thereon,
the county commissioners shall, on notice from the commission, pro-
ceed to recover from said owner, for the use of the county and town-
ship, by an appropriate action at law if necessary, the difference in
the amount of tax which would have been paid by the said owner at
the rates established for the years for which recovery is sought and
the rate provided for auxiliary forest reserves, with costs of suit, to
be recoverable from the time when such land was placed in the class
of auxiliary forest reserves. And the commission shall remove said
surface land from the class established by section one of this act at
any time that the then owner shall, in writing, notify the commis-
sion that he desires such removal. The commission may, in its dis
cretion, at the time said surface land is placed in the class estab-
lished by section one of this act, require the owner to file with the
commission his or its bond, of such kind and amount as the commis-
sion shall deem reasonable and sufficient to secure the obligations of
such owner under this act.

Section 4. Whenever trees growing on said surface land have be-
come suitable for merchantable forest products, the commission
shall, at the request of the owner or on its own motion, make an ex-
amination of said land, and designate for the owner the kind and
number of trees most suitable to be cut, if, in the judgment of the
commission, there be any, and the cutting and removal of said trees
so designated shall be in accordance with the instructions of the
commission.

Section 5. If the owner of said surface land faithfully carries out
the instructions of the commission with regard to the remoyal and
marketing of such mature or other trees, as may be designated in
the instructions of the said commission, and shall immediately re-
plant other trees of valuable species, or so protect the young growth

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 377

that the said land may immediately become covered with young
forest growth, and does so with the approval of the commission,
then such surface land shall remain in the said class, established by
section one of this act; otherwise, the commission shall notify the
county commissioners that the said land is not being maintained in
accordance with the written agreement of the owner and the instruc-
tions of the commission, in which event the county commissioners
shall immediately remove said land from the class established by
section one of this act. All expenses attendant upon the examination
of the said surface land by the commission shall be paid for out of
the moneys appropriated for the maintenance of the Department of
Forestry, in like manner as other expenses for maintenance of said
department are now paid.

Section 6. The owner of the said auxiliary forest reserves shall,
at all times, have the right to remove therefrom trees, or portions of
trees, which may be killed by fire, thrown or broken by the wind, or
injured by other natural causes; and shall, under the direction of
the commission, be privileged to make necessary thinnings or re-
moval of undesirable species of trees, in order to improve the condi-
tion of the remaining trees; and, under the same direction, may be
privileged to remove therefrom such timber, from time to time, as
may be necessary and essential for use upon the neighboring cleared
lands of the said owner, for general farm purposes.

Section 7. Any tract of land while remaining in the class of aux-
iliary forest reserves as above provided, may, nevertheless, be sold
or incumbered by or through the owner thereof, but no sale or in-
cumberance, whether voluntary by the owner or involuntary under
any statutory or judicial proceeding whatsoever, whether of any
State or of the United States, shall effect a discharge of any obli-
gation imposed under this act, and said land shall be removed from
said class only in accordance with the provisions hereof.

‘Section 8. That all acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith
be and the same are hereby repealed.

. ApproveD—The 5th day of June, A. D. 1913.

These Acts relate more especially to tracts of considerable extent,
such as the hills mentioned above, from which, as a rule, all valuable
kinds of timber have been removed, and which, in many instances,
are decreasing in value from lack of care, which adoption of the
Forest Acts would insure them.

The special form of re-planting, for which I ask your approval and
suggestions as to how a movement can be urged forward, is the plant-
ing of nut trees, either hickory or walnut, on lands adapted to them,
of white oak and ash on stream borders, and of red and rock oak,
especially the latter, on the rocky hill-fields of many, indeed, most
portions of our State. Fine examples of the rapidity of walnut
growth can be seen on the Fox Estate, Clarion county; along Penn’s
Creek, near Glen Iron, Union county; of ash, growths of four feet
per annum have been noted at Asoph, Tioga county. The growth of
hickory is slow everywhere, but because it is slow we should plant
it all the sooner. Red and white oak grow very rapidly in some
localities, and rock oak on the dry soil of steep hills in Adams county
grows like a weed in height. I am indebted to the Hon. S. B. Elliott

378 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

for the exhibit of a plantation of Norway Spruce planted by him in
1867, and which in 1903, at the age of 36 years were 65 feet high. I
have seen these trees and they are now really monumental in size.
Another exhibit is a white pine grove of trees now 6 to 12 feet high
raised by me from seed gathered in 1901; they are good but not ex-
traordinary. The third photo is of Colorado Blue Spruce, with white
ash in the background in one of my own nursery rows. These trees
are raised for experiment, and from my own experience, I urge every
one who lives in the country to start this spring to raise their own
trees, with which to improve with valuable species some now worth-
less corner of their woods, or to bring variety and a new interest into
their planting. But that we shall all co-operate earnestly to promote
a re-foresting movement in our State is my earnest hope. We have
the land and the machinery and all we need is the will to do.

REPORT ON SOILS AND CROPS

By PROF. FRANKLIN MENGES

This is a new departure with the State Board of Agriculture.
We have had reports on well nigh all agricultural and allied sub-
jects, but so far as I have been able to learn, never a report on soils,
climatic and crop adaptations.

The State of Pennsylvania has as varied soil and climatic condi-
tions as any of the Eastern states. The southeastern part, more es-
pecially the counties east of the South Mountain, with an elevation
nowhere about six hundred feet above tide, have a growing season
ranging between the last killing frost in the spring and the first kilt-
ing frost in the fall of 200 days, while in the same altitude, on Somer-
set county, at an elevation of 2,200 feet, the season between killing
frosts averages only approximately haif that of the southeastern sec-
tion; and west of these high elevations in Fayette, Westmoreland,
Washington and Greene counties the growing season is approximately
one-third to one-half longer than on the high plateau of the Allegheny
Mountains. With these shortened seasons, the crops raised in
Somerset county and the crop rotations followed are very similar
to those of the southeastern and the areas west of the Alleghenies.

The question at once arises, Is this practice the best or is it justifi-
able and will it bring the best results, or can we utilize crops better
adapted for these higher elevations and cooler climate and can we
devise a rotation of crops by means of which advantage can be taken
not only of the season between killing frosts of hot weather plants
and the season when plant juices of cool weather plants no longer
freeze in the spring and until they begin to freeze in the fall and all
growth stops? Plant growth is nothing more than the storing up of
sunlight, and there are varieties of plants which can store up sun-
light during cool and eyen frosty weather or until the plant juices

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 379

freeze, while others cannot endure cool nights, the plant juices of
which congeal and are permanently injured by the lightest frost.
All the varieties of wheat, winter and spring rye, oats, barley, spelts,
are cool weather cereals, while all the varieties of corn and the sorg-
hum are hot weather cereals. Red alsike, crimson, sweet, white and
numerous other clovers, together with some varieties of alfalfa,
Canada field peas and a large variety of other peas, and some beans,
are cool weather legumes, while mammoth clover, some varieties of
alfalfa, the various varieties of cowpeas, soy or soja beans, belong to
the warm and hot weather legumes. In many of the sections re-
ferred to both the cool and hot weather cereals and the cool and hot
weather legumes are indiscriminately raised.

As previously stated, plant growth is a process of a storing sun-
light and the farmer, therefore, through the agencies of the plants he
raises, is a storer up of sunlight in such a condition that it will
furnish the largest amount of the most available human nutrition;
and the question will ere long be, What plants will furnish the
highly available human nutrition in the largest quantity under the
varied climatic and soil conditions. Wheat and corn are first among
the cereal grains as gatherers and storers of large amount of avail-
able human nutrition containing, especially wheat, all the elements
of nourishment required by the human body, the former a cool
weather crop which starts its growth in the fall of the year at a
season when corn will no longer grow, and starts in the spring, weeks
and sometimes months before corn is planted, in fact develops and
ripens a crop by the time corn gets well started. A climate in which
the temperature during the season of stalk and grain development
ranges from 65 degress—80 degrees Fahrenheit, with an amount of
moisture that will produce not a luxuriant, weak, sappy stalk but a
stiff stemmed, strong one is the most favorable for the production
of large yields of high milling quality wheat which will make a large
quantity of flour of a fine bread making character, while the tempera-
ture most favorable for the development of a stalk that will produce
and ripen the largest yields of corn, ranges from 80 degrees to 98 de-
grees Fahrenheit during the greater parts of the months of the
middle of June, July and August, with a rainfall of from six to eight
inches during this period, is the most favorable for the production of
large yields of high feeding quality of corn. The luxuriant growth
of stalk in which too much energy is put into straw and not enough
into grain is usually due to too much rain and sunshine, or at any
rate, too much moisture and a temperature at which stalk growth
can go on, which is the case in the higher elevations of Somerset
county, with favorable cool climate but with an excessive rainfall
reaching 55 inches during the year because of which the rain accom-
plishes what the heat and moisture do in other sections.

But soil conditions favorable for the production of a superior
wheat are equally as important as climatic. The warm early farm-
ings, sandy loams and loamy soils derived from the Potsdam sand
and micaceous rock of the South Mountains also produce large yields
of high milling quality wheat, because these soils are warm with no
excess of rainfall and not an excessive water holding capacity.
Plant growth begins early and the wheat plant is grown and the
grain developed during the cooler days of early June and ripened
during the middle of this month, while in the cooler loams, clay

380 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

loams, and clay of Cambrian limestone origin, a luxuriant straw
growth is made, the grain developed later and ripended during the
latter part of June and early July and an inferior milling quality
wheat produced by soil types that will yield a superior quality of
corn, an illustration of soil and climatic adaptation for different
cereals.

Bradford, Tioga, Susquehanna and Wayne counties have similar
climatic conditions as those prevailing on the elevated areas of
Somerset county with a smaller amount of rainfall which makes
conditions here more favorable for raising the cool weather cereals,
such as wheat, than Somerset county, a crop which formerly was
grown in these counties and which with the right agricultural me-
thods could at this time be successfully raised and it seems should
be raised because of its value as human food. But oats is without
question the best adapted cereal for these northern and higher
elevated areas especially where the rainfall exceeds 40 inches and
where this cereal can, with right agricultural methods, be made to
yield from 50 to 70 bushels per acre it should occupy the leading or
advantageous position in the rotation because such a yield can
likely be made to produce a larger amount of human food by con-
verting it into milk and butter than the average wheat crop would.

The areas between the northern and these higher elevations on
the Allegheny plateau and north and west of the southeastern sec-
tion, including the following counties: Franklin, Cumberland, Ful-
ton, Bedford, Perry, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Juniata, Snyder, Union,
Montour, Northumberland, Columbia, Lycoming, Clinton, Center and
Blair. Wherever the soils are derived from the limestone, the shaly
limestone, the shaly Hudson River exposures, the limy Clinton
shales, the Salina limy shale, the lower Helderberg limestone, the
limy Marcellus, with a few areas of the Chemungs, are agriculturally
among the best combined corn and wheat growing soils anywhere in
the State. The agricultural soils derived from the sandy strata
of the Hudson River, the Clinton, the Chemung and the Catskill for-
mations are among the late fall or warm early spring farming soils,
many of which can be plowed wet without injury and prepared early
and planted with crops which will ripen during the early summer
so that here late fall sown, early summer ripening crops can be raised,
followed with a dry weather soil improving crop to be followed again
in the fall with an early summer ripening crop so that in these poorer
soils rotations can be arranged that soil improving crops can be
made to follow or be raised with soil exhausting crops.

If, therefore, in these poorer soils a combination of soil improy-
ing and soil exhausting crops such as have previously been enum-
erated and adapted to dry and wet soils, hot, warm and cool climatic
conditions can be put into rotations so that it will accomplish what
all rotations should, namely, produce the largest quantity of human
food while at the same time the productive capacity of the soil is
increased, then certainly in the more fertile areas in all sections of
the State these soil improving and soil exhausting crops can be com-
bined that so far as crops can improve soils, which according to my
opinion are the greatest factors in soil improvement, a great step
will have been taken toward a permanent agriculture in Pennsyl-
vania.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 381

REPORT ON INSECTICIDES

By J. D. HERR, Lancaster, Pa.

The term insecticides is used to designate that class of substances
which are known to react fatally upon insects. Of these substances,
standard works upon the subject treat upwards of 150 separate
chemical compounds and many times this number of formulae, not
including secret or proprietary preparations, as being useful in com-
bating injurious insects. There are no doubt others still which would
also be effective for this purpose, but the expense of using them on
any large scale would be prohibitive. A very small fraction of these
substances will be embraced in this report for the reason that my
time does not permit of even a brief mention of the relative merits
of a large number, neither is this necessary, for, as a matter of fact,
only a few are available for use in a commercial way, for, any
chemical substance to be utilized in the struggle against parasitic
insects ought to respond to the following different requirements:
(1) To destroy the parasite or arrest their evolution in the least
possible time. (2) To poison the parasite without at the same time
injuring the host plant and to preserve its properties for some time.
(3) To be cheap so that their use on a large scale will be economical
and profitable.

Of the substances available there are less than a dozen possessing
these qualities, but by the use of these man is fairly well armed in
his combat with insects for the possession of the fruits of the
earth. Of these substances the following nine in number are used
in 98 per cent. of the operations directed against insects: (1) Paris
green; (2) Arsenate of lead; (3) Bordeaux-arsenates; (4) Lime-sul-
phur solution; (5) Soap; (6) Emulsified oils; (7) Tobacco; (8)
Hydrocyanic acid gas; (9) Carbon bisulfide gas. It is but the truth
to state in this connection that there still are a number of insect
pests which the combined wisdom and ingenuity of the most learned
entomologists and chemists have as yet been unable to control.

HOW INSECTICIDES ACT

Insects are destroyed either by means of internal poisons applied
to the parts on which they feed so that the poison is ingested with
their food, or by materials which kill by their action on the external
surface of the insect. The nature and habits of each insect there-
fore determine the agent to be used in controlling it. Mandibulate
or biting insects are combated by the use of stomach poisons while
haustate or sucking insects are destroyed by caustic or gaseous sub-
stances.

PARIS GREEN

Pure Paris green is composed of copper oxide, acetic acide and
arsenious oxid, chemically combined as aceto-arsenite. Commercial
grades often contain many impurities, but the National Insecticide

382 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

law of 1910 as well as our own State law, stipulates that Paris green
must contain, as its active agent, at least 50 per cent. of arsenious
oxid of which not more than 34 per cent. is in water soluble form.
As early as 1872 Paris green was used against caterpillars and in
1878 it was first applied on apple trees against the codling moth.
Soon after this date it became recognized as the most efficient treat-
ment for phytophagous insects.

In 1896 over 2000 tons of this material were consumed in the
United States, by far the greater portion of which was used on po-
tatoes to kill the Colorado potato beetle. It is still largely used in
the potato field applied in the dry state either pure or with a dilutent,
by means of bellows early in the morning while the foliage is wet
with dew. It does not, however, lend itself so well to use with
liquids as it settles to the bottom of the spray tank and violent agi-
tation is necessary to keep it in suspension so as to insure an even
application. Moreover it does not stick very well to the foliage, be-
ing easily washed off by the rain so that repeated applications may
be necessary to get the desired results. The high percentage of
soluble arsenic in its composition makes it liable to injure the
foliage especially when added to solutions containing copper, soap,
or ferric chloride. For these reasons its use on fruit trees has been
replaced by the safer and more adhesive arsenate of lead, and even
on vegetables and field crops, arsenate of lead seems to be preferred
by the grower.

ARSENATE OF LEAD

It is only in recent years that arsenate of lead has come into use
as an insecticide. In 1893 Mr. I’. C. Moulton, while working for the
Gypsy Moth Commission of Massachusetts, first suggested its use
in the extermination of the gypsy moth to replace Paris green, which
could not be applied at sufficient strength to kill these caterpillars
without seriously injuring the foliage. It was found that lead arse-
nate was entirely satisfactory and it has been the standard arsenical
insecticide since that time. It possesses important advantages over
Paris green, of which are the following: (1) It is not so injurious
to the foliage on account of its being less soluble. (2) When sprayed
upon leaves and fruits, it forms a thin film which is quite adhesive,
often remaining on the plant throughout the entire growing season.
(3) It remains in suspension better, requiring less agitation to in-
sure even and uniform application. (4) It can be mixed with copper
and lime-sulphur solutions without injury to foilage. (5) It forms a
white, visible coating where it has been applied.

Chemically, lead arsenate may be either triplumbic or plumbic
hydrogen arsenate. The triplumbic arsenate of lead is prepared by
combining normal sodium arsenate with either lead acetate or lead
nitrate. If any disodium arsenate is present there is then formed
some plumbic hydrogen arsenate. The commercial product usually
consists of a mixture of these two forms, the proportion depending on
the purety of the raw materials and method of manufacture em-
ployed. Arsenate of lead is usually sold in the form of a thick paste
but recently the dry powdered form has been put on the market. The
National Insecticide Act of 1910 stipulated that arsenate of lead
paste must contain at least 124 per cent. of arsenic acid, of which

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 383

not more than ? of 1 per cent. is soluble and the water content not
to exceed 50 per cent. The best grades of lead arsenate contain a
somewhat higher percentage of active arsenic oxid than provided
for in this law, and these pastes are usually in a finely divided phy-
sical condition so as to be readily mixed with water and remain in
suspension for a considerable time. The arsenate of lead powder is
double the strength in arsenic oxid as the paste so that only one-
half the amount by weight of powder is necessary to use. If the
powder is fine enough to remain in suspension in water, it gives
practically the same results as the paste. Otherwise the paste is
to be preferred.

BORDEAUX-ARSENATES

It is well known, in pest warfare, that very often at the time
arsenical sprays are applied to kill insects, certain fungicides also
are indicated, and for a number of years it has been the custom with
the grower to combine the arsenical with Bordeaux mixture, the
most widely used fungicide, thus applying two agents at one opera-
tion. The commercial houses were quick to see the advantage of
putting on the market a dual purpose spray in concentrated form,
accurately compounded, which was ready for use and would require
no expert to mix. This has resulted in numerous brands of com-
bined insecticides and fungicides sold under various trade names,
many of them at exhorbitant prices. The active constituents of all
these is none other than arsenate of lead paste and Bordeaux mix-
ture paste, the latter of which consists of copper hydrate and calcium
sulphate. When manufactured under the supervision of efficient
chemists these preparations are ideal for use when a double purpose
spray is indicated, especially on potatoes and garden and truck crops
generally.

LIMEH-SULPHUR SOLUTION

The lime-sulphur-salt, or so called California wash, was originally
developed as a dip for the control of scab on sheep. It was first
used as an insecticide on fruit trees in 1886 at Fresno, California.
In the east the first orchard trees were sprayed with lime-sulphur-
salt solution in 1894 with negative results, and it was not until the
year 1900 when Prof. Marlett, of the U. 8S. Bureau of Entomology,
used it under favorable weather conditions and secured excellent re-
sults. Since that time the use of lime-sulphur washes under various
formulae, with and without the salt as an ingredient has spread over
the entire United States until now in point of tonnage it exceeds all
other insecticides combined. It is recognized as a specific against
all scale insects with the exception of the Lecanium scales and is
perfectly harmless to trees of all classes during the dormant state.
Just as the salt which was originally added to this mixture was
eliminated because it lacked insecticidal virtue, so also the excess of
lime in the original formulae was reduced to more nearly the quan-
tity which would combine with the sulphur in the boiling process
in order to reduce the amount of sediment or sludge in the finished
product until at the present time the demand among consumers is
for a strictly clear filtered solution which will run readily through

25

884 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

the nozzle of the spray pump without clogging and more intimately
coat the infested surface of the trees. While the services of a trained
chemist are not required to mix and boil say 100 pounds of sulphur
with 50 pounds of lime in 50 gallons of water, it seems the majority
of growers prefer to purchase the concentrated lime-sulphur solu-
tion from the commercial manufacturers who are prepared to secure
a uniform strength which may be diluted with a given proportion of
water at the time of spraying.

The chemical re-action taking place in the manufacture of lime-
sulphur is really an intricate matter, and the object of the manufac-
turer is to obtain polysulphides-tetra sulphide and pent-asulphide of
calcium—and thiosulphate of calcium, in the highest possible per
cent, as these are the only ingredients in lime-sulphur having any
insecticidal value. These can be determined only by means of a
chemical analysis and are not always indicated by the hydrometer
test. There are on the market many brands of concentrated lime-
sulphur solution, analyzing anywhere from 27 per cent. to 33 per
cent. calcium poly-sulphides and 1 per cent. to 3 per cent. calcium
thiosulphate.

SOAP

Soap solutions are useful insecticides for killing plant lice and
other small, soft bodied insects. The so-called whale oil or fish oil
soaps are usually recommended for this use. Many of the commer-
cial brands on the market contain impurities as they are usually by-
products from the manufacture of other materials, and so are very
likely to injure young tender foliage. An excellent fish oil soap can
be made after the following formula:

(CAlISHIOY SOGR isto. eeie tel ces a aenedae 6 pounds.
AAT: 1 We) eee, Sse VER lel RS ale heute OMI cpa mR 4 gallon.
AEST OU Ere oe icteae onset shes cee eeeeaatee abe iorer tals 22 pounds.

Dissolve the caustic in the water, add the fish oil and stir briskly
for 15 or 20 minutes. Soaps are useful not only for their direct ef-
fects upon insects but also by increasing the efficiency of other
sprays. Three to five pounds added to 100 gallons of arsenate of
lead spray liquid, will tend to prev ent settling and the same amount
added to nicotine solution will increase its sticking and spreading
qualities.

EMULSIFIED OILS

Emulsions are oily sprays in which the minute globules of the oil
used are suspended in water, a condition brought about by the addi-
tion of soap. Kerosene emulsion is one of the oldest of our contract
insecticides. The action of these oils when applied on the insect is
to cover them with a hermetically sealed film which produces suf-
focation. To this action the soap in the emulsion also CORI aes
The usual formula for making kerosene emulsion is soap 4 pound,
dissolved in one gallon of hot water into which is stirred ‘two gal-
lons of kerosene. This stock solution contains about 66% per cent.
kerosene. Using this as a basis any per cent. strength of oil desired
in the spray, may be applied. Commercial miscible oils are made

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 385

of petroleum oils in much the same way as kerosene emulsions, ex-
cept that phenols are added and vegetable and animal oils are used
with potassium or sodium hydroxide as an emulsifier.

There are now on the market a number of these miscible or soluble
oils used against all scale insects and the eggs of many insects pres-
ent on the trees during the dormant state. For the lecanium scales
they are the only specific. The best of these oils are effective when
diluted with water in the proportion of one part to from 15 to 19
parts of water. Applications should not be made when the tem-
perature is below freezing nor while the trees are wet with snow or
rain. Trees are less susceptible to injury just before the buds start
in the spring.

TOBACCO

The principal alkaloid in the tobacco plant is nicotine, which is
a violent poison to most insects and their larvae, and because of this
it is one of our most useful insecticides. Pure nicotine is a colorless
oily fluid, slightly heavier than water, of little smell, but of an ex-
tremely acrid burning taste, even when largely diluted. It is per-
fectly soluble in water and is entirely volatile. Commercial tobacco
preparations have been on the market for some years and contain the
active agent nicotine in the form of nicotine sulphate which is non
volatile. The most widely used nicotine preparation is “Black Leaf
40” and this is the standard of strength which the manufacturers of
other preparations have followed, containing 40 per cent. nicotine
which is equal to 51.8 per cent. nicotine sulphate. Nicotine solutions
may be used alone or in conjunction with miscible oils, lime-sulphate
lead arsenate, soap and Bordeaux mixture.

FUMIGATION

Hydrocyanic Acid Gas. The fumes of hydrocyanic acid gas are de-
structive of all animal life. This gas may be used to destroy insects
wherever the parts to be treated can be enclosed in an air tight
chamber. For generating the gas, use of cyanide of potash (98 to
100 per cent. pure) 1 oz., Sulphuric acid 14 fluid ounces, water 3 fluid
ounces for each 100 cubic feet of space. Pour the water in a wooden
or earthen vessel, add the sulphuric acid and lastly put in the cyanide
and leave the room immediately.

Carbon Bisulphide. This is a colorless liquid having a pleasant
odor when pure, but is almost always fetid because of the impurities
commercial grades contain. It is very volatile and vaporizes at ordi-
nary temperatures quite rapidly. When mixed with air it is ex-
plosive and should therefore be kept away from fire. It is very ef-
ficacious as an insecticide especially for use in treating stored grains
or any infested substances packed in tight receptacles and insects
living underground. The gas being slightly heavier than air, dif-
fuses into all crevices and spaces below the point at which it is gen-
erated. It kills insects by asphyxiating and paralyzing them. Use
one pound of the liquid to every one hundred cubic feet of space or
one hundred bushels of grain in the bin and $ lb. per square yard
injected into the soil.

25—5—1914

386 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA BREEDERS’ ASSO.
CIATION AND DAIRY UNION HELD IN BOARD OF TRADE
BUILDING, HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 26-28, 1915.

PASTURES

PROF. E. D. GARDNER, State College, Pa.

Gentlemen: When your committee made up this program, I know
they selected an important subject; but just why they selected me to
talk on it, I don’t know. I am sure that I would not have selected
the subject for myself. I know that it is bad form for a man to as-
sure you he knows nothing about the subject, and then try to talk
about it.

This country has not developed pastures to any great extent. We
find a dearth of literature on the subject, and at our Experiment Sta-
tion we have done very little experimenting on pastures. The main
source of reliable information is through a few farmers who have
observed the results of practice.

The grazing of stock is probably the oldest agricultural practice
known to man. We find reference to it in the Bible; in fact, it is
stated that the son of Adam was a grazer of flocks, although his
brother tilled the soil.

Coming back to modern agriculture, we find that England has
been noted for her good pasture for practically a thousand years.
They have given a great deal of attention to the subject, and have
fine pastures, the very best land often being devoted for grazing pur-
poses. In this part of the United States we feel that we cannot af-
ford to devote to grass, land that is of very high value. In fact, that
we must till all the land that can possibly be tilled. It is not only
a question of how many dollars you can make per acre, but how many
dollars you can make per man, and you can often get larger returns
per man in devoting much attention to hay and pasture than you can
from time spent on high priced crop.

One reason why we have paid so little attention to the growing of
pasture is that we have had for many years a large tract of plains or
prairie land, as free range and men could let their cattle run there,
with no labor or other expense than was involved in bringing them
in at the end of the year; so there was little need of developing pas-
tures. But conditions are changed. These lands, once used for
ranges, are being broken up into farms. The drier portions which
were used for grazing have been over-grazed, and the grazing capa-
city largely reduced, so that the rearing of livestock is coming back
towards the East, and there are opportunities here for developing
pastures.

About 60% to 75% of the land in the East is not devoted to farm
crops. What is that land doing? The forests have been cut off;
there is very little merchantable forest left; the land is too hilly or

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 387

rocky to be farmed with profit. What shall be done with it? At
the Experiment Station, we realize the necessity of doing something
with just this kind of land, but we lack the means and the men to
undertake the investigations necessary to enable us to advise what
should be done. We need a special appropriation for such investi-
gation. A large part of this land, if we just know how to do it,
economically could be turned into pasture. Much of it is too steep
and rocky to grow potatoes or anything of that kind, but if it could
be turned into pasture on which to graze cattle it would become pro-
ductive and profitable.

The amount of grass and hay produced in the United States ex-
ceeds any other crop. I do not except even corn. And the money
value exceeds that of any other crop. I believe we make more profit
per man on livestock than on anything else in agriculture, and live-
stock is dependent upon grass. You all know the old Flemish pro-
verb: “No grass, no cattle; no cattle, no manure; no manure, no pro-
fit.”

Wherever agriculture is most highly developed, livestock is most
firmly established. Look at England, for instance, and how we go
over there to find blooded stock, dairy and beef cattie, horses and
sheep of the highest type, and even swine. Even Germany has much
livestock, and so we find in all the countries where agriculture is
most highly developed, there livestock is firmly established. So I
believe there is opportunity for us in the northeastern part of
United States, especially on those lands that are not bringing in any
returns. In this country, labor is high priced and land is cheap, and
it seems to me that where these conditions exist, we ought to be
able to grow pasture to advantage. As I said a moment ago, it is
not only a question of returns per acre, but a question of returns for
the man working on that acre. Land in pasture requires little labor.

All that is required for pasture is a soil that will grow grasses
and clovers. In return, these will enrich the soil. In the South,
where they grow corn and cotton year after year; in many places
you will find the red clay subsoil sticking out on the top of the soil,
because they grow corn and cotton from year to year without grow-
ing grass. In many places in Pennsylvania, you will find the same
thing. No soil can be cultivated year after year without growing
grass, except by wearing out the soil. It is necessary to grow grass
in order to keep your soil in condition to cultivate it profitably.

We have very little data on the return per acre of pasture or the
relative food value of pasture as compared with the same when cut
for hay. There are a few experiments along this line which would
seem to indicate that there is a larger yield when grass is allowed
to mature, but in other cases we find equally goed resnlts when used
as pasture. In allowing the animals to graze, they get. first, more
protein; second, grass is more digestible than hay, third, it is more
palatable; and fourth, the animal gets it through its own labor,
rather than through the labor of man. We find, therefore, in many
eases, that it is more profitable to have grazing lands, than it is to
have hay fields. Another thing we might mention right here is that
when the animal keeps the grass cut for grazing, it also puts the
manure right back on the soil, thus reducing the labor to a minimum.
Many farmers could easily put forty or fifty acres in pasture, and
cultivate the balance of their farm with the some profit and less

388 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

labor. But the question right now seems to me to resolve itself into
a question of procedure. What character of lands may be econom-
ically seeded down to pastures? At Cornell, the Roberts pasture,
which has been in continuous pasture for about twenty years, with
a variety of grasses, is on a very steep slope, which, but for the
covering of grass, would have eroded, or washed away.

Dr. Waters, when at the Missouri Experiment Station, conducted
some experiments on pastures and the cost of producing beef in that
part of Missouri, and be found that with steers pastured at 75c. per
head per month, a gain of 1.65 lbs. per day was secured and he found
that the cost on this basis was as low as $1.60 per 100 Ibs. of gain.
You may think this is too low. At $1.00, per head per month for
pasture a gain of 1.85 pounds, daily was secured at a cost of only
$1.90 per 100 lbs. of gain. These prices may be exceptionally low, but
they show what has been done. In the winter, he got a gain of 5.40
Ibs. per bushel of corn, and in the summer, when they fed grass with
the corn, they got a gain of 6.8 pounds for bushel of corn. In other
words, he got a greater return per bushel of corn when the steers
were on grass than he did in the winter time when fed hay.

In an experiment in Illinois, when I was there some years ago;
we had two acres of blue grass in each of two plots, on each of
which we kept two steers. On one lot we kept two steers on two
acres of land, without any suplementary feed and they kept in good
condition and made good gain. On the second two acres we kept two
steers and two shoats. The steers of lot two were fed a half bushel
of corn daily, and the shoats followed and picked up the corn that
the steers dropped. Both steers and shoats kept in fine condition,
and in the fall the shoats that followed the steers in the summer
made gains at the rate of fifteen pounds of pork per bushel of corn.
That gives vou a little idea of the capacity of the pasture, a steer
per acre, plus the shoats. An average acre of pasture is expected to
produce one hundred and fifty pounds of beef vearly.

T wish to call you attention to some experiments in Virginia con-
ducted by Prof. Carrier, and described in Bulletin 204 of the Virginia
Experiment Station. <A field of twenty acres was laid off into eight
equal plots. The tests, covering three years, included, alternate and
continuous grazing and heavy grazing, and harrowing and discing.
On these eight plots the gain for an average of three years was 160
pounds of live weight per acre annually. For the heavy grazing it
was 190 pounds and for the light grazing it was only a little over
half as much. No narticnlar henefit was derived from either discing
or harrowing. Light grazing encouraged the encroachment of weeds
in the pasture.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 389

FEED SELECTION
PROF. F. S. PUTNEY, State College, Pa.

Gentlemen, and Members of the Breeders’ Association: The topic
on which we are to speak this afternoon is Feed Selection. It is a
a hard thing to teach an old dog new tricks. I have been talking
on feed selection for the past year and a half, and it has occurred
to me that I might talk of something you are not interested in. The
time this afternoon, is to be equally divided between the next speaker,
Prof. Thorne and myself. I will talk to you for a little while, and
leave a part of the time open for questions, so that you may also get
what you are interested in.

We are a poor excuse for farmers unless we make some provision
for our families. Every farmer has a right to store up something
for his old age, and to provide for his family as he goes along. Sc
the farmer has a right to make some money, and one of the ways he
can make it is in the matter of feed selection.

I have here a chart prepared by Prof. Noll, and it has occurred
to me that I might use it, which you will notice, shows the results
of a thirty years’ rotation of corn, oats, wheat and hay.

AVERAGE ANNUAL VALUE PER ACRE OF CORN, WHEAT AND HAY,
GROWN IN A ROTATION FOR THIRTY YEARS.

a o
— uw
£ S
°o
E eae ee
5 roy
2 E
z= n a}
aI | EE
gs pos aS
Pe eo | ES
A iS =
DAE resets teie wlelata breve lave ota oioIoe « Biateinio/eVeterore nicVerwvelere/ wie e\nie/sia’a(avs a\e,ejele:eie)«’sis{alesercisiaiere Gate 200 2,124 $28 68
PORTS yale cece delete ta oso seic a oie ene ata ratero’elcteietite’s clea sia aisltviabiaitavielcicie.s scies wid satel e ole bs 121 1,175 14 34
VVIiGHS consaeéanbobcocons ds dc HO bbDOaSDNORCOR A COCOn I BOb CUD COTA COLOne Ame nOOGd 115 1,352 18 72
TE, PRC DOLE OROOU DC OSCE Or COME OSE COOP NODC one nODS OF CREED SCORnOC Sep eemerObOd 133 1,221 17 18

You will notice that corn produces the largest amount of diges-
tible protein, and gives us the largest value per acre, as well as the
largest amount of energy. It is good practice to look for the largest
amount of nutrients per acre in the selection of our feeds that we
raise on the farm.

Now, one of the points to bear in mind is that there is no energy
in the cow herself. She is simply a machine that makes energy from
one feed or another. Proper feeding comes from the proper selec-
tion of your crops. This means that the farmer should grow the
crop that will give him the most energy, and the best value.

The following table from Bulletin 114, of the Pennsylvania Ex-
periment Station, shows us what becomes of the feed eaten, and the

390 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

result when the cow is fed too much, and also when she is fed too
little.

WHAT BECOMES OF FEED EATEN.
WHEN FED TOO MUCH
Maintenance. Production.
1000 lb. cow. 20 Ibs. 4% milk.

WHEN FED JUST ENOUGH
1000 1b. cow. 20 lbs. 4% milk.

WHEN FED TOO LITTLE.
1000 lb. cow. 10. lbs. 4% milk.

The first section of this shows what happens when she is fed too
much; the middle diagram when she is fed just enough, and the
lower one, when she is fed too little. The animal takes care of her-
self first; that is natural; and when she is not fed enough to take
care of herself and produce milk, her production goes down. Self-
preservation is the first law of nature, and motherhood is often a
stronger motive. A cow produces milk because she expects to take
care of her calf and raise it. After she has fed the calf, if fed suf-
ficiently, she will put on fat against the time when she may need it.
It is the same with us. Nature provides for all animals in the
same way.

Now, what can we feed the animal to provide for her, and to
provide for production, and in case of young, to provide for them?
First, something succulent. We know that when we put that cow out
on grass, she will increase in production if she is a milk animal, or
in fat, if she is a flesh animal. Then in winter we can feed silage,
from twenty-five to forty-five pounds, carrots, turnips, rutabagas and
beets. Silage can be raised cheaply. Roots are rather expensive.
Potatoes affect the butter fat, and other things have various other
effects. Dried beet pulp is good. They can be moistened, so as to
be palatable to the animal and make a fair substitute for a succulent
feed. x
This chart shows the relative value of the different feeds in the
matter of producing protein or energy.

COST OF PROTHIN AND ENERGY PER WEIGHT.

| Sib 3;
& mn
. n (=)
r=] n £ mu be
Ss | = = s
= E 2 =
e Sl
<7) ro) 2 S >
Ge = si =e
© Ke 2 5
Ro, ~ | Bo = ta
Zn oO o 2 o®
& S the Zz ‘s)
| f
Oil EG, coomcédencece or ceeseetecece nut seeseccecct tae $2 50 1.80 $694) 26.53 $ 47
SSG aha feore Gaul aeh aio mae hoaanie vapieolaiataa Ao eae Ve eames 3 50 eBSibe. 19:88 | 16.56 1 06
Fis Ci (ecg 1 cee ae ay ie ge hele Aelia eae tea 14 00 5.41 12 94 34.74 2 01
iicesd UN in Sens Seb Fhe aero cc tenet eee oe 18 00 3.73 21.44 34.15 2 34
CETL re ace ee ee oolw ac sn otarane eeacea ane Oenee 20 00 6.79 14 70 88.84 112
Fo eae hr ery Cee eek? MS Sh Sree Pe, fo i ean eee oer 30 00 21.93 6 79.20 1 39
Cis tgik ReCi NCR ec seek tae aes hae one Soe cnns Soa aT 3200) 35.15 | 4 55 84.20 190
Colter efOed Tac secs Fo Rtodede cacccetecepeincasetedacmaodees | 2800} 19.75} 7 02 79.32 1 76
CU rile eae dete ce eae seie iradatevasaricasis dad un amceeanon 3 | 36 00 | 27.54 6 53 | 78.92 2 28
rath 9S erence ddece serve coceravaasa de ceddesdeduccwecdondevec 24 00 10.21 11 7% 48.23 2 48

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 391

You will notice that corn stover is one of the best feeds, and a
cheap source of energy. Three to four pounds per day of corn stover
is sufficient. Then comes clover and alfalfa; these are ideal, and
every farmer should have one or the other. If you feed silage from
twenty-five to thirty pounds, as | have suggested, corn stover from
three to four pounds, corn from three to four pounds, and top off
with hay, from four to seven pounds, you will have an excellent mix-
ture. If it is timothy hay that our cows are called upon to eat, about
five pounds will be sufficient; if it is alfalfa hay, it would be about
seven pounds. Clover hay, it would be about six pounds. It is like
with us; if their feed is palatable, they will eat more of it. These
grain mixtures are usually selected with different purposes in view;
first, to produce the cheapest form of energy; the second, to produce
the cheapest form of protein; the third is variety, and the fourth
palatability. In a general way, we must say that the four grains pro-
duce the best results, because the cow likes the variety and will give
the best returns.

The prices on this chart are not necessarily correct for the present
time. Prices are probably higher today than they were when this
chart was prepared, but you can easily figure out the ratio for your-
selves. It is not primarily the cost of a ton but it is the cost of 100
pounds of protein and 100 therms of net energy which determine
the true cost of a feed.

You will note by this chart that the cheapest form of protein is in
cotton-seed meal; and the cheapest form of energy in the corn stover,
but out here you will find that the very cheapest is corn at $1.12.
Corn and corn stover are the cheapest forms of energy at these prices.
The second one on the list is silage. The three forms of corn are
the cheapest source of energy.

Now, then, what shall we have for bulk? Here we have bran at
$24, and Ajax at $50. Wheat bran seems to have more feeding ratio
than the protein and energy given on the chart would indicate. Then
we must look over the chart to see what we need for variety. There
is gluten, which furnishes protein cheaply, but energy .at a higher
price. It is necessary to keep the cows’ bowels in proper shape, and
for that purpose, both these feeds work every well.

Most of you are familiar with Bulletin No. 114, of the Experiment
Station, on the “Computation of Daily Rations,” which covers this
subject thoroughly. What I am saying this morning is more in the
form of a few points for you to carry home and think over.

In the winter time, when you want the best results, you will have
to feed some succulent food, some roughage, for bulk, and some con-
centrates. Coming down here on the train this morning, I heard two
farmers discussing the question of feed. I heard one of them say
that when he fed silage, he never fed corn in his grain. Now, the
chances are that that man is making a mistake, because corn is prob-
ably his cheapest source of energy. Largely because his corn in the
silage is no reason why he should not have some in his grain. It is
estimated that three pounds of silage equals in value one pound of
hay; in feeding the ordinary cow six pounds of clover hay, and thirty
pounds of silage, is equal to fifteen pounds of clover hay. In addition,
a succulent food produces an additional flow of milk. It is worth
while to study the value of the different feeds in composition as well
as in dollars and cents. During Farmers’ Week, so many men spoke

392 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of the value of them of wheat bran, but in figuring it out, I found
that many of them were feeding a ration that was deficient in ash.
This subject of ash is one that most of use have given very little
thought to. Now, all feeding stuffs consist of water and dry matter,
as you will see by this chart.

ALL FEEDING STUFFS CONSISTS OF

Water
{Ashes and inorganic matter
DRyg Matter, jcc caisivseien ere (eee WIA tere. crercce's { Protein
Nene or other extract Nitrogen
Carbo-hydrates ........ free extract
| Fibre

Now, we may think that so long as the animal gets enough water,
it will be all right, but as a matter of fact, if we feed it in form of
succulence, we get better results. In dry matter, when the animal
burns it, it gets some ash. Now, if we multiply per cent. of nitrogen
by 6.25, we get the protein.

In a properly balanced ration, the animal gets water, the right
amount of protein, fat and nitrogen for extract.

I think it would be well to look for a moment at the following
chart. This chart shows the percentage of water in the different
feeds. The first column represents the minimum amount, and the
second the maximum.

AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF WATER IN THE DIFFERENT FEEDING

STUFFS.

Minimum | Maximum
OU-DEAKIN SU SCCUASN. enrereoisiere aie 'oieteleleleiete otctele lore ete tole ete eicte oleialeieiale ie eieleiete late ele intesele\efelet etm \erere i 10
CURA = DNOMIIGCES Shaver ar-tetelctatctere silarslerelete ete stereters rs iets eletereielehclerelaiataiereteledelstereteletcreveictereie eletevorste 6 11
Cerenlarains, Weyaccceesceiacnoeiie ca anise ectasane sateeiitnareciniace 8 13
MET VAP NOGITCES mrerrecn lect late siete itcicleietorcvete otclesotsinvelnietereretecsToleereibictercteletermieceleietstsi sfecieteieistatele 6 15
NTT OT OC CL So weretalereteters elcrstateiristclersictelertatetersinisictsinie laisse ntetelersteleiereiesietshoieisieretareeieiateterelsteistersiare 7 15
Simi Rabsndodoaducnopsaaab as nocuason dnad sobacanaccosubodbbanooapoMadsooaDoss Jaded. 7 15
WEF UMINOUSH SCCUSH ME ceoeeeice eeloeersisie ceietlelcteicle aialeleloleters nlelctelaietoelatatersicicielaisloisialeleysimistelsveisis 11 15
ET TIAA OWES ED Viseiteter =totetoteie tereyatetaioleyetere)=faia(ercls\eielotelersisieetetelelstelet“iehstaloiclalarey= 5 21
INOH SIE UMIIMO US MLA Vien Micarte cietcielnnietoieieterscoicisieleretetareiste ie ciais cictere(ereloletsicistere 6 28
Packinghouse by-products, 6 34
Stoversisandetod ders tareemcieioic set ceciem cleiscieceiversiisisrcieteacinicleieieieieicrelercissiatcrele\eicie sicieinsie(e 30 52
OMG FESO So ésoqncadaccusespscoanoogoondeuoDob ac cupaDecooroodoocsoosHNUNSODS 61 81
ME SUIMINOUS MAS CULES simsinneecielereleveloe ei ciefeialntecatnlofersietetstetalaleieletelelacels elele|sietctsies=icletelatelsrelatersicts 71 85
Pn RGM Bo koorednnecgnosanspdoncnpeccsoasooUD 50 90
Roots and tubers, 66 92
Wille Gravel serullble Pons eSweyoheOess 9 = son socodaucuosy GpooRacoooDMsacoONdoC~ a5 saceotcooaDe 74 94

Frozen corn, in order to make the best silage, should be moistened.
Theoretically, you could make an old, sour silage; practically, it
works out all right, so far as my experience goes. Put on all the water
you want, and it will be all right. If it does not seem to have a proper
effect on the bowels, a percentage of linseed meal might be fed with
the silage to keep these cows in a good condition. We tried it at the
College this fall, and we found we had to increase the linseed meal in
order to keep these cows in good condition.

Chart No. 6, which we will now look at, shows the amount of crude
protein in the different feeding stuffs.

———

a eae

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 393

AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF CRUDE PROTEIN IN THE DIFFERENT
FEEDING STUFFS.

Minimum | Maximum
Roots and tubers, ......ecceeseeeeee eee ee ence et eeee tees cence ceeesee teen ne cer scene 1 3
Pasture. STAINS fy <</sris/icecee sates 1 4
Milk and milk products, . 1 4
SSEESEWIS Gg) cle cleieccicisicis cisivie'cjacteieis 3 5
SS TUT or es acre eteier atonal ote ol cforera\cis/olefoleieloic(elelelsialeinl=l-levslaisin/e'v/aisia/s\s\s\e(sielolria\sie\*\ ls{airieleis)=isis)s(4)elele\=i0(s(0:e\6 1 6
eae Ghaal oT Ge hy Gocogeqodgacesouenodnnacondaccudsuonoononngadocontoccabononus 2 6
Leguminous Pastures, .....ee.seceseeeee eee e reece ese tet tent eee cece settee eee en tenes 2 6
CEmanll fSytiES bosoooosdaganocaoscoundo0n oo ecbeoOnBUdcUaredSogduEcedbdocepcoadsedus 7 12
Non-leguminous hay, 5 16
Mill products, ...... 7 18
Leguminous hay, AAaniC eee wAbe 10 18
Oil-bearing Seeds, ........ccsceccccecncccccvcrcessscreccccee= Hodusonscondonoadtiond 16 23
DVETIID VSP O UCTS SE roves nte relate lence. 610 070) 0j01+ ales \o)01e,n\o\e eie/n\ele sie.0 sieieirie + 0\s/0\01s/v\s,elsisleio(ee ©. cinjsie sis\ae 2 34
LEZUMINOUS SECEUS, .....c.cccrcccececscccccercnescscsrssseeteeseceeececesceeecerees 20 34
Gil ye PEON MCES aim smene fretna mete eine aerelele(sicleralale clnjulelclaieis s'els|olei~/n «/e!=Is1m1=1nlelelafo(a(e/o,sie(ele\aisleio'e,6 16 48
Packinghouse Dy-Products, ....--.cecececcccccccscerececccerccsececccscescecscces 21 $4

On an average you will find that a feed rich in one ingredient will
be poor in all the others. It is the same with men. We cannot hold
more than just so much. If rich in one thing, we will be deficient in
the others. Therefore it stands to reason that if the feeds we grow are
deficient in protein, we must buy it. This chart shows that those pro-
ducts that are high in water are low in the other elements.

Here on chart No. 8, you will see the average amount of nitrogen
free extract in the feeding stuffs.

AVERAGE PER CENT. OF NITROGEN FREE EXTRACT IN THE DIF-
FERENT CLASSES OF FEEDING STUFFS.

Minimum | Maximum
Milk and milk by-products, 4 5
Packing house by-products, oo de fo 7
Leguminous pastures, ............ ae es 5 14
ASUURC Me LASS CS pm fateetele to latetons ololetetencierete ole tetetaleinieielefareleiciateKelaisieiatelelotefateleleveleieleiorersieleisiotereiniers 7 29
GHEE SE COS ceme inter a tetefaletetatatelelelelatatetaletatetateveheter=Tolebet=l-1s]-1-seleietstajav olelel=telalatelelelsiole'cle elsielstsiete 21 25
SMES icotcenasonaqodsanosnoosgnDeds Sor dodo Denso oonD bo oHacoodpotooSdDeOooRCnOS 7 26
ALOOTA AMC MELT CES sume rer aietelerot Tele etersretsictetaiel arate ere eloitleloteisteietelalsielaterieraictclsre e aiewsiely eiclentereiciotcine 5 30
SHG VErs esi t OC OLB ater eeicie nrets cieteielereis ie ela apeyalcinieiaseleteinleleleleisieveletevers(aysinizinvelelewinisicine siewere 20 37
Oil by-products, s0a5 3605 14 39
Leguminous hays, aad acne SA at 44
SIEIEEY. ooeceadopoeconoaod ears DGaG Go Teas! 47
Ore LOUIE TI OTIS ULV Sema rte tere ietelesin ce teiaie aialnietsleteleloinraleleielstele)eiareintereiate/nreieyoreiatera(alere iss ineteceste 25 55
MEO aT OU SESECO Somes ielotsinie sists eieisisteiereistelersinislereiereinteieralnieistarttcreietereietareletetelelelsisioinie stesisisiatelsicie 28 55
IT, loen vehi -casononoonddonoou nous casAgUenno db UodanooddoDnDOdocoDnetoboncaes 35, 67
(COERGH “anh speccesocecbdagdos sands snd sonosdidodtacdconeecaonecdoncuonasconnodse 59 7
MTN, TORCGINEE Cogzcbourode sadvcaon scopo cab ooUD DU dcaDdDoDodunuocadosanouUdeaabGOCUG 67 78

Wherever we get a great many cell walls, we are getting a great deal
of fibre. Think that over, and you will see that I am right.

Now, I notice the time is going fast, and I will simply call your at-
tention to this last chart, in order that we may have time for discus-
sion.

394

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

CHART NO. 10

Off. Doe.

MINERAL MATTER IN 1,000 LBS. OF REPRESENTATIVE FHEDING

STUFFS.

Name of feed.

Total ash, Ibs.

Cotton-seed meal,
Pea meal,
Dried brewers’ grains,
Malt sprouts,
Corn stover,
Timothy hay,
Red clover hay,
Alfalfa hay,
Cow pea hay,
Wheat straw,
Oat straw,
Corn silage,
Mangels,

Rutagagas,

as
eee eee eee eee ee ry
Commerce rere reece reese weet nates sera eeeeresseseseeessees
ee a
Se i iy
were eee w cere cere ete t weer e eee eeseseseesssesen
ee i ii
Se
eee eee eee eee ee ry
Se rit
ee ee
SSeS eee ee
Perec cme e sre cc erence esae set esrecceesesteeseseseses
SSS eee ee ee ee er ry

ee er ee

Ni COOL

Rube COlen CaS oe ten bo lce sb

eRe TAD
ooooocococeco

lbs.

Potash,

Fh bt pat

EO 62 SIRS ICE SO EO NOON ON 088

CoN ION 6 OS @ 0-1 DD 08 08-1 -]

—

a

=

7 a oO

5 2 3

= a

a o a

Lo} 8 °

& S| a
0.2 0.3 Wek
0.4 0.6 6.5
0.5 1.2 7.8
0.6 0.7 7.9
@.4 wey, 26.9
6.8 4.6 6.88
wits BaGo 5.48
0.38 1.8 0.24
0.2 6.2 12.27
1 17 13.46
6.5 4.3 9.10
0.8 8.5 14.15
1.2 21.6 1.67
1.9 43.1 10.11
2.5 12.7 aes
0.6 2.4 23.85
bye 3.6 28.81
1.0 2.8 pooc
0.4 1.8 0.22
0.7 1.4 0.13

Most farmers claim that wheat bran at any price is the cheapest
feed. But you will notice that we have here quite a number of feeds,
and that corn is cheaper than wheat bran. Another man will say that
dried brewers’ grains is the best feed; and another red clover hay;
but look at the alfalfa hay and at the cow pea hay. In one experiment
wax cotton seed meal was fed for the effect on the butter until the
cows got the ricketts and they had to stop it and put in some ash.
These are all things that should be considered in our feed selection,
particularly where the cows do not get out to pasture, as is the case
at State College. We have some cows there that have not been out in

pasture for nine years, and yet we have kept them healthy.

PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF PLANT BREEDING

By PROF. C. EH. MYERS, State College, Pa.

(This address was delivered with lantern slides.)

livery organism is the result of two forces, environment and hered-
ity. By environment is meant that which has to do with immediate
surrounding of the individual as soil, air and water, and by heredity
is meant those factors which determine the specific nature of the in-

dividual in question.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 395

Each of the factors mentioned are of primary importance to the
complete development of every individual. They are interdependent,
and the highest degree of perfection is seldom reached unless they
work in harmony.

In the past most of our efforts have been directed to the improve-
ment of plants and animals by changing and improving their environ-
ment, and the work has not been done without a considerable degree of
success. However, improvements which arise because of superior en-
vironment are of short duration, and are usually accompanied by
considerable expense, while improvements due to heredity, though pos-
sibly expensive, are usually more or less permanent. Thus we may
increase the yield of our corn or wheat crop several bushels per acre
by the application of a fertilizer rich in available plant food but the
result will be for the year only, while if the increased yield be due
to a superior strain of seed which produces a larger crop because of
heredity, the high yielding character will be transmitted from one
crop to another through succeeding years.

It is probable that more systematic attention has been devoted to
the improvement of plants since the year nineteen hundred than was
done in all the previous history of the world. Doubtless the greatest
impetus to the work was the rediscovery of Mendel’s law of which we
shall speak in more detail later. Much interest has been aroused in
the subject of plant breeding through the work of Luther Burbank,
until at the present time his name is a common household word. The
work of Burbank has served to bring the subject before the general
public. Unfortunately, however, due to the efforts of over zealous
journalists, many persons have been led to consider his work as magic,
or else that he was running opposition to the Creator, and that his
“creations” were of economic importance to an extent scarcely within
the bounds of the most fertile imagination. As a matter of fact it is
nothing of the kind. Practically all of the results obtained by Bur-
bank or others, when carefully scrutinized, are relatively simply and
conform quite closely to well known principles. Much of the success
of Burbank is due to the fact that he works with immense numbers.
It is possible that some of you have heard of some of the beautiful
varieties of lilies he has developed, but doubtless you have not heard
that of half a million plants only fifty were retained for further pro-
pagation, the others being destroyed. Likewise many of the positive
results in plant breeding, about which the public hears so much, have
been obtained only after an immense amount of painstaking work
about which the public hears nothing. The practice of reporting only
one side of the story has led many persons to become interested in
plant breeding, later to give up in disgust, when they found that their
efforts were not crowned with immediate success.

Variation is an inherent fact of all organisms. No two individuals
are exactly alike. Thus the passerby looking at a field of wheat may
say that the plants are all alike, but the careful observer will find
that while in most instances there is a general resemblance between
the plants, yet no two are exactly alike, and at infrequent intervals a
plant may be found which is distinctly different from any of its
neighbors. We thus have two kinds of variation, continuous, that in
which they occur but rarely such as would be illustrated by the dis-

396 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tinctive wheat plant. By some this last type of variation is desig-
nated as sports or mutations. The fact that variations occur makes
improvement possible, however, the manner and extent to which they
occur is of fundamental interest to the plant breeder, and to a large
degree is dependent on the method of reproduction.

All plants are reproduced by one of two methods. In one, the sez-
ual method, the plant goes through the seed stage previous to which
the flower or blossom performs an important function. It is this type
of reproduction which is most common in the general farm and garden
crops with the exception of potatoes. In the asexual method of re-
production, the characters are transmitted from one individual and
generation to another by parts separated from the parent plant as
in the case of grafting fruit trees or in potatoes when tubers are
used.

The plants which are reproduced by the sexual method are further
subdivided into those which are self-fertilized and cross fertilized.
In the first class the same blossom contains the essential male and
female organs, and are so constructed that fertilization with foreign
pollen is almost or entirely impossible as is the case of the wheat
plant. In the second class the plant bears two kinds of blossoms,
male and female as in the case of the squash or the respective blos-
soms as regards sex are born on separate plants, as may be observed
with respect to asparagus. Again the plant blossoms may contain
both the male and the female organs but the construction is such
that fertilization with other blossoms is essential to seed development
as is the case with cabbage. Wherever foreign pollen is essential to
the development of seed the plant is said to be cross fertilized, of
which the examples cited are typical. It will readily be appreciated
that variation will be much greater in individuals which are re-
produced sexually than those which are reproduced asexually. This
may be illustrated by the Baldwin apple which was found as a
chance seedling in Eastern Massachusetts in 1742, and which has
since been propagated by budding and grafting until the number of
Baldwin trees doubtless runs into the millions, yet the general Bald-
win characters are present whether the tree be grown near its an-
cestral home or hundred of miles away. It is true that there will be
some slight variation due to local environmental conditions, but in
general the Baldwin characteristics predominate. Wikewise in the
ease of plants which are self-fertilized as wheat, the variation is re-
latively slight, and once having selected a superior strain or plant
which is superior because of heredity, no further attention need be
given to maintaining its purity. On the other hand, plants which
are cross fertilized as corn or cabbage produce marked variations in
succeeding generations because of the mixture of other plants each
of which has a different parentage.

With the foregoing facts in mind it is evident that when undertak-
ing the improvement of any crop one of the first points to receive
consideration is that of the nature by which variation arise, and the
extent to which they may be utilized to secure the end desired. Ob-
viously plants which are reproduced asexually are less variable than
are those in which the sexual method is involved. Therefore, once
having discovered a promising variation, it may be rapidly multi-

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 397

plied in many instances by division of the parent plant as was the
case with the Baldwin apple, the Concord grape and the Seckel pear,
each of which originated as a sport or mutation and were later pro-
pagated. The same may be said with respect to the Gano and the
Northern Spy which was discovered as a chance seedling more than
one hundred years ago. Also the Roxbury russet and Jonathan,
each of which have added material to the apple industry of the
country. Sometimes a branch of a tree differs materially from the
general type of the parent tree and thus arises a new variety as is
said to have been the case with respect to the Gano, Black Ben Davis,
each of which are said to have originated as bud sports from the
well known Ben Davis. Also the Red Gravenstine originated as a
bud sport from the regular Gravenstine.

Plants which are self-fertilized are quite satisfactory material with
which to work in the attempt to produce improved varieties or
strains. By isolating and propagating the chance varieties, com-
monly called sports or mutations, new or improved sorts may be de-
veloped. It is this method of plant improvement which has gfven
to the world the Fultz wheat. This variety was first discovered as
a plant possessing striking pecularities in a field of Lancaster red
by Abram Fultz of Mifflin county, Pennsylvania, in 1862. The
plant was saved and from these selected heads was developed the
Fultz which at one time was quite popular. The same method was
involved in the development of the variety Gold Coin, which was
found as a sort in a field of Hybrid Mediterranean by Ira W. Green
of New York, who by five years of selection and propagation in-
creased the yield about ten -percent.

In the field of the vegetable gardener considerable improvement
has been made by the selection and propagation of chance sports.
It is said that many of the varieties of tomatoes originated by the
Livingston Seed Company were found as variations in their fields of
well known varieties which were being erown for seed. Likewise the
variety Enormous was found as a variation in a field of Stone by
Mr. Meese of Lancaster, Ohio. Again the Earliana is the result of
competition on the part of truckers living in the vicinity of Sweeds-
boro, New Jersey, who tried to excel each other in getting on the
market with the first early fruits. At State College we have made
some progress along this line of selecting for earliness and yield, at
the same time taking into consideration the general character of the
fruit. The result of this work with Earliana is shown in the fol-
lowing table. It will be seen that with respect to both earliness and
productiveness we have made considerable improvement when com-
pared with the commercial seed used as a check, and which, in this
case, was the best obtainable as was shown by our previous strain
tests.

398 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

TABLE 1.
AVERAGE TEST OF EHARLIANA

SL 3
° £ £ 5 +
a &
~- ue
=| 2 x cs] 3
Cy i] (3) = 8
I CI e L&
<9
Record Number. B be a
De On oO B
S) a a ® o
w 43 re ieee: es
eS Loe 3a oP SS
cs oo oe RY BS
| 77) P77) os os
< BR ro) 64

The Department of Agronomy has been conducting some experi-
ments with wheat with respect to selection to improve the strain as
may be seen by the next table.

TABLE 2.

COMPARISON OF PARENT VARIETIES OF WHEAT WITH BEST SELEC-
TION.

Ay. Yield 1913-14.

ROL AD Gs ae etercie olor cierciseteierieieloisiaie'e siels eiaicfeieiniminte aivicleis cic oretereio nicletamiaratcrereletetoreleieraieie efetaiatere eteretaterete
Reliable s selection 19-09 As & i aie ie asia ieyeie «rol vinieyuiatelcloivlare sinisiaroin/oe@ Gielopen tievale conicieoaeibie al syd. civic mich
Relay lesselec clon was- Udo messyelectsvateteclaerstel clots orate taveroisievele aletctereletelarsrsl enim nici eraletsietcreietarciote sietersiniare
Dawson’s Golden Chaff,
De G:C. selection 25-08, o.c:c-.-.<
D. G. C. selection 120-09, oot Be
Wit CASTOR ae occas cece cies tiraeien cietacle sects niciicis eie.s tieseicieleloioriareieleieloteleicioiae’eltie(aieiaroletnielointctateys
Fulecaster selection 44-09,
Fulcaster selection 50-09,
Fuleaster selection 63-09,

sassneeese
00 OTD ONO boo ja
z

From the above table it will be seen that the selection of Ful-
caster has given an increase over the parent of nineteen percent.,
while the other selections have yielded slightly less.

Potatoes are a desirable crop with which to engage in plant im-
provement. The method usually employed is generally known as
Tuber Unit. In it the tubers are cut in four pieces as nearly uniform
as possible and planted one piece to a hill, each four hills being
designated as a unit. At harvesting time the yield of the respective
four hills are thrown together and the result compared with that of
other units. In an experiment of this kind now in progress of the
Department of Agronomy, there has been an average increase of 45
per cent. for the best five selections grown the past season, as may
be seen from the following table:

e
=
fr
_

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 399

TABLE 3.
GAIN FROM TUBER SELECTIONS OF POTATOES. TWENTY SELEC-
TIONS FROM TWO HUNDRED SEVENTY-FOUR SELECTED TUBERS IN
1912.

1913 1914
Ten hill plats. | Rows sixty-two feet.

Yield of parent Variety, ....-ccceeeececsceceeeess eer eecesctces | 10.3 lbs. 91.8 Bu. per A.
Ay. yield Of Selections, ......eceeceeeeeeceseeercececcecccecrres 14.5 lbs. 118.7 Bu. per A.
AVCTAZE ZAID, ......c cee ee ceca ccc ccrecccncccscsccesccccccers tees 42.0 % 27.0 %
Highest gain, .......ccccescceeccsccenccceccsccecescensensececrs | 103.4 % 47.4 %
Ay. gain of the best five im 1914, ..........eeseereee eee eeeees 60.2 % 44.3 %

Plants which are cross fertilized are usually quite difficult mater-
ial with which to work. From the fact that two individuals are
concerned in fertilization and seed formation, and that the same has
been the case indefinitely, it is easy to see that the individual plant
is really a collection of the characteristics of many plants to a
greater or less degree. The difficulty of controlling pollination is
not a small one, and this having been accomplished frequently with
pollen of the kind desired, and in case fertilization does take place
the plant may or may not show the desired combinations. It is true
that in some cases of cross breeding, we get a blending of the char-
acters of the respective parents, while in others only one parent
shows its influence on the progeny.

It was not until 1900 that anything definite was generally known
concerning the method by which certain characters are inherited. At
that time the work of Gregor Mendel, an Agustinian monk, was redis-
covered. He did his work with peas and reported it to a society in
1865, but it attracted little or no attention at the time and was
almost forgotten until 1900 when it was rediscovered. Mendel, as a
result of his careful work, which extended over a period of eight
years, show how peas possessing certain distinct characteristics when
crossed will produce in their progeny certain characters with math-
ematical accuracy. His work has done much to place the science of
breeding on a firm basis, as well as to stimulate interest in the sub-
ject so that today we have Mendelian characters and ratios for both
the animal and every gradation from snails and mice to man, includ-
ing both the animal and the vegetable kingdoms. The work is faci-
nating and its results will ultimately be of inestimable value since to
a large extent it makes possible the conducting of breeding work
with a considerable degree of mathematical certainty.

Another fertile field of plant breeding is that of breeding for
disease resistance. For example, it is estimated that the leaf blight
of the potato diminishes the value of the crop more than $36,000,000
annually. Associated with this is the indirect expense due to preven-
tive measures as for machines, fungicides and labor. Again it not
infrequently happens that the disease reaches proportions such that
it becomes necessary to abandon the industry as was the case with
respect to the rust on asparagus. It was introduced into this coun-
try in 1896 and in a few years had spread from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, in many localities completely destroying the industry. Sprays
of various kinds were tried but without positive effect and many

26

400 ANNUAL RHPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

growers gave up in despair. A few growers, more observant than
their neighbors, noticed that sometimes a plant would be found in
the infected field free from the disease. These were later isolated
and through the co-operation of the Bureau of Plant Industry of
the Department of Agriculture, have been used as the basis of de-
veloping resistant strains. This work has been effective to an extent
almost beyond the expectations of the most optimistic.

The history of the grape industry here and abroad is rich in in-
spiration for the plant breeder. Early settlers attempted to intro-
duce European varieties but almost invariably they were overcome
by either the phylloxera, which attacked the roots or the mildew on
the leaves. The native varieties had become immune to these para-
sites but they were generally undesirable from the standpoint of the
horticulturist. In some way, however, these pests were introduced
into France and threatened to destroy the wine growing industry
because of the ready succeptibility of the European varieties, and it
was not until someone discovered the possibility of grafting the
European varieties on American roots that the injury due to the
phylloxera was overcome. It was also found practicable to hybridize
with the resistant American varieties and thus successfully combat
the downy mildew. Thus was the grape growing industry in both
Europe and America first placed on a firm basis.

Within recent years the truckers of Wisconsin have suffered great
loss from the attacks of a disease known as the “yellows” on their
cabbage. Spraying is impracticable, but with the aid of the scien-
tists of the Agricultural Experiment Station they have succeeded in
developing an immune strain. Sometimes plants are found which
are resistant to disease but are not desirable from other standpoints,
but they may be used for hybridizing and their disease resistant
properties transmitted to the progeny where it is sometimes possible
to combine it with other desirable characters. This was done by
Biffen, an English plant breeder when working on rust resistant
wheat. At State College, we have in progress an experiment with
cabbage in which we are attempting to produce a disease resistant
strain of Danish Ballhead by combining it with a rather inferior
variety but which is resistant to disease.

In conclusion, we may say that plant breeding will not have reached
its fullest development until the general farmer and gardener, as
well as the scientist, becomes interested in the work. In the past
much of the work of economic value which has been done has been by
persons other than professional scientists. Riley, the Indiana farmer,
who bred the Boone county White corn, was an ordinary farmer and
not a scientific experimenter, yet the one variety he developed is to-
day being grown extensively over a dozen corn states and has added
thousands and thousands of dollars to the corn crop of the world.

Much has been said and written concerning the tendency of boys
and girls to leave the farm. Let them become interested in plant im-
provement, the boys in field and orchard crops and the girls in vege-
tables and flowers and the difficulty will largely be overcome. At
the present time probably no field of human activity offers greater
opportunity for interesting work and reward than does the field of
plant breeding. The surface has scarcely been skimmed, and when
pursued with intelligence and energy, success is almost sure to
follow.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 401

LIVESTOCK AND SOIL FERTILITY

BY DR. C. E. THORNE, Ohio Haperiment Station, Wooster, Ohio.

Gentlemen: In what I said yesterday—I talked a good while—I
meant to call attention to the experiment at your State College
which takes rank as the earliest, most thorough and complete ex-
periment in fertility in the world. Started thirty-three years ago,
on a very comprehensive plan, it has continued from that day to this
without interruption, its only object the study of the use of ferti-
lizer, it has passed comprehension in value. That the results ob-
tained there, in many cases, differ from those obtained elsewhere, is
not at all a matter derogatory to the experiment, but, on the con-
trary, they are finding in this work that no two soils give exactly
the same result; and they are finding, also, that it is necessary to
conduct these experiments very carefully, and then compare the out-
line of an experiment on one type of soil, with the experiment on an-
other type of soil.

I was very much interested this morning in a paper I heard up-
stairs—I was up there the early part of the morning—on the varie-
ties of Pennsylvania soil. That paper was of the utmost value to
the Pennsylvania farmer, because you have a larger variety of soils,
and more different kinds of rock, and farm under different conditions
of rainfall and temperature, such as exists probably nowhere else in
the world and have a question of fertility and soil maintenance to
work out, such as exists probably nowhere else in the world.

Lime—There was a good deal said about it in the past. These
experiments at your State College were conducted upon a limestone
soil, as it was at that day. The experiments were conducted at a
time when the whole work of field experiments was still in its in-
fancy, and they had to go it blindly. They were in a state where it
was customary to use large quantities of Jime—very large quantities,
as compared with what is recommended today; and their experi-
ments were of untold value in showing the foolishness of using too
much lime. Now, where they applied one ton of lime every two years
in a four years rotation two tons of lime every four years—and no
other fertilizer. the result was that this large application of lime on
a limestone soil brought about a decrease rather than an increase.
Just that same thing would be likely to happen to an ordinary
farmer, and he would not know why his crops were falling off. On
the other hand, where two tons of ground, raw limestone have been
used alternately with six tons of barnyard manure, there has been
a marked increase over the use of the manure alone. One thing that
was learned as the result of that experiment is that it is necessary
to use lime in connection with other fertilizer. Lime cannot be used
alone if we wish to keep up the fertility of our farms.

You cannot be proud enough of this work, supplemented, as it is,
by other similar work in your State.

Unless I limit myself by a manuscript, I am apt to talk too long,
so with your permission, I will read what I have to say, at least in

26—5—1914

402 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

part, supplementing it from time to time as I go along, with what
occur to me as being of interest to the subject before us.

“When Nature is left to itself, the soil does not lose, but gains in
fertility.’ The annual growth of vegetation falls upon the land,
covering the growths of previous years, which are gradually incor-
porated with the soil through the processes of decay and the action
of worms, ants, and other burrowing insects and animals, each year’s
growth adding to the total stock of available plant food a little fresh
material, which has been wrested from the rocky particles in the
soil by solution in water, and by the work of micro-organisms and
other agencies to which we apply the term “weathering:” so that
each succeeding springtime finds the soil of the wild forest or prairie
a little more fertile than the one before.

It would seem that if the land were pastured, or if all its produce
were fed to the livestock and the manure returned, a similar increase
in fertility should take place, and many farmers practice the keeping
of livestock with this end in view; but a little consideration will
show that there may be losses of fertility from the stock farm
closely approaching those of the farm from whieh all produce is sold.

The growing animal is constantly building a skeleton, which
serves as a framework to support its vital organs. This skeleton is
composed chiefly of two elementary substances, both obtained from
the soil, namely: phosphorus and calcium, united with each other
in the combination known as phosphate of lime.

Where animals are grown upon pasture, therefore, and then sent
to market, there is a steady drain from the soil of these two ele-
ments. The losses of nitrogen and potassium will be relatively
smaller, because there is constantly some restoration of nitrogen
from the small amount of combined nitrogen annually brought down
in rain, and from the much larger mount which may be secured by
the nitrogen—fixing organisms in the soil, while the amount of
potassium carried away is extremely small, and is usually com-
pensated by the weathering of the large supply of this element found
in most soils.

If animals are pastured for milk production instead of for growth,
the draft upon the bone-building elements is still greater, as is
easily understood when we watch the rapid growth of a suckling calf,
and a good dairy cow will produce enough milk in a year to raise
two or three calves.

It is during the winter months that the great losses in fertility
occur in livestock husbandry; for then not only are the phosphorus
and calcium of the feed drawn upon for skeleton-building or milk
production, but unless the manure is very carefully saved there will
be large losses of nitrogen and potassium also.

Thinking farmers have long realized that these losses must be con-
siderable, and several experiment stations have studied the question.
At the Ohio station we have endeavored to learn how much of the
fertilizing elements contained in the feed it is possible to recover in
the manure, and what the losses in this manure are under different
systems of handling. When cattle were fed on cemented floors, we
were able to recover in the manure three-fourths of the nitrogen and
eighty to ninety per cent. of the phosphorus and potassium con-
tained in the feed and bedding, but on earth floor, though fed under

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 403

cover, the losses during six months feeding were sufficient to have
paid half the cost of cementing the floor.

When manure from fattening steers has been exposed for three
months in an open yard, in piles ten inches deep, it has lost forty-
four per cent. of its potassium, thirty-two per cent. of its nitrogen,
and fourteen per cent. of its phosphorus; the loss of phosphorus
being lighter because the element is chiefly voided in the undigested
residue carried in the solid excreta, whereas the nitrogen and potas-
sium are chiefly found in the liquid excreta. Being already in liquid
condition these elements are more readily carried out by leaching
than the phosphorous.

In planning the soil fertility experiments at the Ohio Experiment
Station, the ordinary farm practice of twenty-five years ago was
taken as the standard. At that time it was a common practice
among the more careful farmers to grow the cereal crops in a more
or less systematic rotation of corn, oats and wheat, followed by
clover and timothy mixed, the grass crops being allowed to stand
‘only two years by the better farmers, though many would sow the
timothy a year or two and then pasture it for one or more seasons.

It was customary to stack the straw in open barnyards and feed
the livestock of the farm around these straw stacks through the
winter, throwing into the yard the manure from such stock as was
stabled. Usually the barnyards were not cleaned out until after
harvest, partly because of the rush of work to get the crops planted
in the spring, and partly in order to let the cornstalks and straw
become more thoroughly rotted, so as to make the manure easier to
handle. There was a very prevalent opinion that the well rotted
manure was most effective, and that it would waste if exposed to the
sun, and many farmers, in emptying their barnyards, piled the
manure in small heaps over the field, to be spread ahead of the plow.
Some, however, had discovered that manure loses only water in
drying, and that a top dressing of manure, after the land had been
plowed of wheat, was not only particularly good for the wheat, but
also for the clover and timothy following. There may have been a
few farmers who practised hauling the manure directly from the
stables to the field and spreading it at once, but their number was
exceedingly small.

In planning these experiments, therefore, no provision was made
for the use of fresh manure, but it was taken from the barnyard and
applied to both corn and wheat in a five year rotation of corn, oats
and wheat, one year each, followed by clover and timothy two years.
The manure was plowed under for the corn crop, because of the inter-
ference of trashy manure with the cultivation, but was applied as
a top dressing to wheat. Two quantities of manure were used, eight
tons per acre for each crop, on one series of five plots, and four tons
on each crop for another.

Alongside of these plots were others receiving different quantities
and combinations of chemical fertilizers, and it soon became ap-
parent that the fertilizers were running away from the manure, even
when they carried much smaller quantities of the necessary elements
of fertility. For example, Plot 18, was getting eight tons of yard
manure on corn and wheat, or sixteen tons for each rotation, esti-
mated to carry 150 pounds of nitrogen, 32 pounds of phosphorus,
and 112 pounds of potassium, while plot 14, which was fertilized on

404 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

corn and wheat only, was receiving only one-fourth this quantity of
nitrogen, half as much phosphorous, and two-thirds as much potas-
sium, and yet at the end of the first five-year rotation, the total in-
crease on Plot 14 had been greater than that on the manured plot.

This outcome was altogether contrary to our expectations, for we
shared in the common opinion that the chemical elements in manure
should be as effective, pound for pound, as those in fertilizers, and
that manure should possess a further advantage in its physical effect
upon the soil.

We therefore undertook a more thorough study of manure, by
starting a series of experiments in which manure taken directly
from the stable to the field and spread at once is compared with the
manure which is thrown into the barnyard and allowed to lie there
for several months before it goes to the field. This work has been
continued for eighteen years, and the outcome has been that the
manure which has gone directly from the stable to the field has pro-
duced increase greater by twenty per cent. as an average of five
duplicate comparisons, than that which passed through the barn-
yard.

These field experiments have, therefore, fully confirmed the chem-
ists verdict respecting the loss which manure suffers through ex-
posure to the weather; one chemical analysis having shown a loss
of fourteen per cent. of the phosphorus, with still larger losses of
nitrogen and potassium during the short period when the manure
was exposed.

That the losses are very much greater when the manure lies in the
barnyard until August, instead of only until April, cannot be
doubted. But the loss which manure suffers from exposure to the
weather is only part of the loss which is experienced under the ordi-
nary farm practice. Attention has already been called to the rela-
tively large draft upon the soil phosphorous in the growth of young
animals and the production of milk. In grain farming there is a
similar loss of this element; for as the plant matures about three-
fourths of its phosphorus is transferred to the grain and whether
the grain is sold or is fed, this phosphorus, or a considerable part of
it, is carried off the farm. The result is that a relative deficiency of
phosphorus is soon shown in the soil, and if enough manure is used
to make up this deficiency, there will be a considerable waste of
nitrogen and potash.

For these reasons the experiments in which fresh manure and
yard manure were contrasted were so planned as to show the effect
of reinforcing the manure with phosphorus, by mixing it with acid
phosphate, or with the crude phosphate rock from which acid phos-
phate is made, these materials being added at the rate of forty
pounds per ton of manure, the crude rock being ground into the fine
powder called floats.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 405

THE REINFORCEMENT OF MANURE

| Net value of

increase.

Increase per acre.

3
=|
Manure and Treatment. a ca
. °o
2 PB ak eo | :
= ~~ —. (3) ORxe
- a = baat
8 S a hi He
5 a a3 oA
s) E | oy oe Ay
| |
RVs eI CP EDLC Osi ce 5 lotsa lorercis ove:e(0'cro.e alaie cis olesietaie ee siaie wrctarele ayers 19.8 9.5 | 890 $23 85 $2 98
MEreéshiy UDEPCA LCG | eur deaasc joc cic toien vedic sci eicgiecnecelb interes 24.0 10.8 1,470. 30 15 3 77
BYP eee ANT ieee ODER TU ayojsia,ciaiale rei oicis(aclaleieleieiais cic: eitieisis tare mjaeis «i eiew-sins | 25.2 12.5 1,637 31 78 3 97
HES AN a HOWEN Wires ae voce cidacistersene cies eerclule@areiateeloe baiset ee | 31.5 14.7 2,396 | 40 93 5 11
Ward anid Acid spHOSph a CC d ectercic c}qice oaisiesiianine sic ate Caiinneric 31.4 1523 1,904 | 33 67 4 83
Hrashn and acide phosphate, Siciscsss.sesswessees sesedoe ces Fame ter 16.1| 2.583] 44 26 5 58
AV eCraP eS MNMANMre CG) VICI. 90 scissile cicis collec) ais islo-teieveevoieivleinisiain | 34.3 11.5 | 2,117 AgnC wae

Valuation: corn, 50e per bu.; wheat, 80c per bu.; hay,$10 per ton.

The manure is applied at the rate of eight tons per acre to corn,
in a three year rotation of corn, wheat and clover, each crop being
grown every season, and the table shows the outcome of eighteen
years work. In computing the net value of the increase the cost of
treatment is deducted, on the basis of the cost of the materials in
bulk carloads, which would be about $7.50 per ton for floats and
$11.50 for acid phosphate, or about 15 cents per ton for manure for
fioats and 23 cents for acid phosphate. No allowance is made for
the extra labor of handing the larger crops produced by the treat-
ment, nor for the additional value of the straw and stover.

When the experiment was begun, it was expected that the floats,
while it might be slower in action at first, would eventually produce
the larger effect, because a ton of floats carries about twice as much
total phosphorus as a ton of acid phosphate, but this expectation has
not been realized. On the contrary, the acid phosphate is gaining
relatively on the floats, as shown by the comparison below of the
value of the produce of a ton of manure in these experiments for the
first three rotations, or nine years, compared with the value of the
nine years following:

INCREASING EFFECTIVENHSS OF MANURE

Value of increase

3

per ton of °

manure. -

roy

=|

: 3 8

Manure and Treatment. Lo) 3 =)

° om o

a be n
3 x

roa 5

Lo} HoH

= 8 I

a ) a
ie. =

& mn o

regia tng Clad spNOSpliatter cero cane urclele -(cnlwntreieiete sleleaieeteieeeeineiaiemie cictemice cle

Yard, untreated, 70

Fresh, untreated, 5 07

Yard and floats, 3 4 35 5

Fresh and floats, 4 82 5 40 8

idee ard) ACI) PNOSDHALES Fore cisiclotalc/<isielorale/elein/a/alsinla(a/cloloteretelelalsiateleloreisieieis siniavevers cies 4 20 5 66 1 46
5 07 5 97 | 0 97

406 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

The table shows that under all the treatments the manure has
produced a greater effect during the second period than during the
first. This has been partly due to the use of lime during the second
period, but aside from this, there has been a steady increase in the
effectiveness of the manure from the earlier years of the test, such
season’s results, as a rule, having raised the average for the entire
period of the experiment.

As between the two carriers of phosphorus the superiority of the
acid phosphate over the floats has been greater during the second
period than during the first.

It will be observed that the untreated manure has made a greater
relative gain than either of the phosphated manures, though still
far behind them. This fact, and the gain of the acid phosphate over
the floats, may possibly be due to an increasing demand for nitrogen
in the soil. In untreated manure, nitrogen is found in considerable
excess over phosphorus, and the treatment with acid phosphate has
a tendency to conserve the nitrogen.

Acid phosphate is made by mixing sulphuric acid with the raw
phosphate rock. When mixed with manure, and the heap begins to
heat, with evolution of ammonia, there may be a decomposition of
the phosphate resulting in the formation of sulphate or phosphate of
ammonia.

Our experiments have shown that a ton of manure, reinforced dur-
ing accumulation with phosphorus, and taken directly from the
stable to the field, may produce increase in ordinary farm crops to
the value of five dollars and more, over and above the cost of its
treatment. It would not be fair, however, to say that the ton of
manure is worth five dollars, for parallel experiments have shown
that one dollar judiciously expended in chemical fertilizers may
produce an increase in the same crops to the value of two dollars,
and that there may be an increasing effectiveness following the use
of such fertilizers very closely approximating that observed in the
use of the manure. Hence we conclude that the value which should
be placed upon manure in comparison with fertilizers, should be
about two dollars and a half per ton, which would be approximately
the value of fresh cattle manure with bedding, if we rate it nitrogen,
phosphorus and potassium at the price at which they may be pur-
chased in such fertilizing materials as tankage, acid phosphate, or
steamed bonemeal and muriate of potash.

The feeding experiments of the Ohio station have shown that in
feeding cattle on cemented floors we may expect to recover about
sixty pounds of manure and bedding per day for one thousand pounds
live weight, or about two pounds for each pound of air dry substance
in the feed. This would amount to about five tons of manure for
six months’ feeding.

In our experiments in the use of manure, we have obtained an
eighteen year average of 67 bushels of corn, 27 of wheat, and 23 tons
of clover hay from an application of eight tons of phosphated fresh
manure to the corn crop, the whole amounting to nearly eight and
a half tons, including the stover and straw, and the yield is steadily
increasing. This is being done on land that, when left continuously
unmanured, has produced by 36 bushels of corn, 114 bushels of wheat
and 2740 pounds of hay.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 407

It would seem, therefore, to be easily possible to organize a system
of farm management which would maintain a high state of pro-
ductiveness for a long time without the purchase of any artificial
fertilizer except some carrier of phosphorus.

Over in England they experimented for twenty years with manure,
and at the end of thirty years they were still receiving benefits which
they could not have received from unmanured land. Manure is much
more profitable than chemical fertilizer, as they demonstrate it over
there.

I might mention, also, that we have been able to find no danger
to animals by the use of acid phosphate.

ADDRESS OF MR. HARTSHORNE

Gentlemen: I can probably appreciate your disappointment in
not having with you the President of the Holstein-Friesian Associa-
tion. You will have to listen, instead, to one of the “has-been’s” ;
this world has too many of them; and now you are going to listen to
one of them. I cannot give you the talk that Mr. Aitken could; he
is a lawyer, and a polished speaker; that is the reason he could not
be here. I am merely a farmer—a “cow-man,” and at the Holstein
meeting yesterday one man had the audacity to tell me that no one
would ever have known me if it had not been for the Holstein cow.
I do not resent that, because I am such a good friend of the Holstein
cow, that I feel rather proud of it. The Holstein cow has permitted
me to come down and talk to you today; she has permitted me to
preside over the Holstein-Friesian Association. It is not ability to
talk or anything else that has permitted me to come before you to-
day; it is because the Holstein cow permitted me to get down beside
her and show that she was an animal worth raising. ‘So, if I cannot
talk to you like Mr. Aitken could, I can speak a few words about
the Holstein cow and about the pure bred animal. Naturally my
talk will lean towards the Holstein cow, because she is my favorite.

Now, what are pure bred animals? They are animals that have
been bred all through their ancestors toward a certain type; they
have been bred for so long in that way that they have transmitted
to a certain degree these characteristics which have been in the mind
of the breeder.

I want to say something to you today which will show you the
reason for having a pure bred sire, and pure bred cattle.

Now, then, if the animal has been bred for a long time toward a
certain type, she will transmit those qualities to her offspring much
more easily than a grade, or one not bred to a definite purpose. If
we want to make a success in life we must have a definite purpose in
view, and if we want to make a success of farming, we must have a
definite end in view, and the man who starts breeding animals will
not be successful if he does not go about it with a definite end in

408 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

view. That is the reason why I recommend a pure bred animal. She
will do for him the thing he is looking for, and the thing he has
planned.

There are two principal things that cattle are bred for; the one
for beef, and the other for dairy purposes. Then, again, there are
special interests in the dairy business; some of us want to make
butter, and others to go to the market with our milk. For the but-
ter, we have the Guernsey and the Jersey, and for producing the milk,
we “have the Ayrshire and the Holstein; they produce the milk which
is the best balanced ration for the human ‘family. The Holstein or
Ayrshire milk is not so rich in fat, therefore it is more easily di-
gested, and it contains more of the proteids, and therefore the human
family will thrive better on their milk than on the milk of the Jersey.
The Jersey paid for my first farm. We had a small Jersey cow. I
had some chickens, and the skim milk came in very good for the egg
production. I sold my butter and fed my skim milk to the chickens
and poults. I have also owned Ayrshires and Guernseys, and while
these animals have their place, and do their work, when it comes to
selling milk, I made up my mind that the Holstein is the cow for
me; and also, when it came to selling her, 1 had more demand for
her in the market. And it is the Holstein cow that has helped to
leave the little old back hills, and come down into the beautiful
Shenango Valley—one of the richest and most fertile valleys in the
State of New York. Therefore I would be ungrateful if I did not
stand up for her. She has enabled me to give up riding” in the little
old-fashioned high covered wagon, and now I can ride in my auto and
T can ride behind a good team of horses when I want to use them, and
it is all because of the Holstein cow; she has enabled me to get on
in the world, and I would be ungrateful if I did not stand up for her.

And what I have done every man can do if he has a little snap
and push in him. Some years ago a young man caught a coon on
the way to town. He didn’t know what to do with it, so he decided
to give it to the boy who showed the most intelligence. He asked one
of the boys, “What are you, a Democrat or a Republican? 2?” The boy
said “I’m a Republican.” “Why?” “Because pa and ma are Repub-
licans.” “What are you?” he ‘asked the next boy? “I’m a Demo-
erat.” Waa are you a Democrat?” “Oh, because pa and ma are
Democrats.” Then he asked the third boy; and he said “Mister, I’m
anything to get that coon.’

Now, ‘there is a moral in that little story. If we want to succeed
at anything, we must do anything that will help us to succeed at it,
if it is work night and day, or anything else, so long as it is honor-
able and upright. If it means get up before daylight to milk your
cow, do it —anything that will not bring disgrace upon yourself and
family.

Then, again, there is another important thing. Don’t be anything
because pa and ma did it or said it. I know of no man who respects
his father and mother more than I do, but when it comes to leaving
home, no man will succeed if he does a certain thing just because
pa and ma did it. A man must decide for himself, and not be afraid
of good, sound, hard work. We want to use our brains with our
hands—br ains and brawn goes together in making success, and you
don’t want to depend upon brawn altogether, anymore than you do
without it altogether. Drive your business; don’t let it drive you.

‘
5

oe ea

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 409

It is the man who drives his business that makes a success of it,
whether it be breeding cattle or anything else.

There is another thing that comes in breeding cattle or anything
else, and that is right stock. See that you have the right stock. It
is just as true of the young man starting out in business as it is
of breeding cattle or anything else; you must have the right start—
have the right starting point. When a young man gets down it is
mighty hard to get the upward start again. It is easy enough to trip
and fall down, but hard to get up again. It is the same in breeding
cattle. It is easy enough to get the wrong start, but mighty hard
to build up again after you have started wrong. I am thankful that
I had the right start. I did not have the advantages of the young
men of today; I did not go to an agricultural school, but I did read
the papers, and came to see where good animals were an advantage.
Don’t think it is necessary to go out and look for a good record, or
pay a high price, but look for a good constitution and good blood.
If you don’t get a good constitution, you get a wrong start.

A dairy cow is only a machine to consume the roughage on our
farms, and turn it into food fit for the human family, and you want
a good, strong machine to stand up under the strain for it is a tre-
mendous strain to take this roughage and convert it into food
fit for human kind. And at the present price of feed
and labor you must have a good, strong machine to make it pay. This
was brought home to me in the State of Iowa when I was traveling
there. This State is passing rapidly from a beef state to a dairy
state, and they are trying to breed dairy animals on a beef strain.
The State of Iowa is also a very high-priced state, so far as the price
of land is concerned, and I don’t see how any young man can suc-
ceed there, taking the high-priced farms and trying to do what they
are doing there now. Of course, the man who has his land can work
it with these animals, but the young man just starting out must
have better animals in order to keep his land.

I was told by the Dairy Commissioner that one-third of the ani-
mals pay for their keep; one-third do not pay for their keep, and
the other third make a profit. So it is necessary to have better ani-
mals, and the people are beginning to realize it more and more.

I know it is getting on towards dinner time, and perhaps I had
better not talk much; it is hard for people to listen when they are
hungry. I could talk for a long time about the advantages of the
Holstein cow; it is the thing for which I came down.

In breeding cattle we are doing something that will influence our
children and our grand-children, and what I want to impress on you
is that we should stop breeding only for present dollars and cents,
and breed something that we can hand down to our children and their
children—cattle they need not be ashamed of and we need not be
ashamed to pass on. Better not hand down so many dollars. I be-
lieve that the man who has these two ends in view will succeed better
than the man who has not one of them in view.

In New York State a noted herd was sold not long ago. They were
of a fine strain, but it was freely said that the man who bought them
would realize his mistake. They brought enormous prices, but they
were inbred to such a degree that they had lost their vigor.

410 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

CO-OPERATIVE BREEDING AND TESTING

By A. M. GOODMAN, Dairy Division, Washington, D. C.

The first thing, to my mind, is, are we satisfied with our dairy
herds? I fear that too many farmers are, and yet on all sides we
hear dairymen bitterly complaining that the prices of commercial
feeds are exorbitant, and that the price of milk and other dairy
products are not high enough to enable a farmer to make a living.
I do not deny that feed is high, nor that the price of milk is low,
when considered from a standpoint of their food vaiues, yet so long
as we expend our time and our energy railing about the prices of feed
and milk, we have not advanced very far from the stage where we
were crying for the moon. It does not seem to me that any man is
justified in finding fault with the conditions under which he is work-
ing, until he had done all in his power to help himself, nor do I be-
lieve that in going about any improvement one should center his
thought on the methods that most closely approach the impossible.
In other words, why should we worry about the price of feed, if we
are not studying the economical use of it, and why stew about the
price of milk, when we are milking many cows that do not produce
enough to pay for the feed they eat.

The returns from the herd may be increased just as much through
reducing the cost of production, as through the increase of the sell-
ing price. This method of getting increased returns may not be so
exciting, but it is much more sure.

Undoubtedly, the first thing to be done is to give attention to better
cows, and while we are working on this, to study means of more
economical feeding. I am not going to try to tell you where to buy
better cows, for I do not know where good cows can be bought, ex-
cept for very high prices. The original source of dairy cows is not
the cow dealers’ yards, but the dairy herd. If we want good, produc-
tive cows, we must raise them. Breed the best cows we have to the
best bulls we can get the use of, and raise the female offspring.

Before we do this, we should be very sure which are the best cows
to raise from and what is the difference in value of some of the higher
producing cows. The only way to know which are the best cows in
the herd is to weigh and keep records of the milk and amounts of
feed for each cow. That cow is best which converts most econom-
ically the largest amount of feed into milk and butterfat. Most
people who have never kept records of their herds believe that they
know the best and poorest cows in their herds. however, every day
records of the production of herds are showing that even the best
dairymen can not tell within fifteen thousand pounds how much milk
a cow gives in a year, even when they milk the cow daily.

This may seem ridiculous to some of you; but think of your own
cows. Did the cow that stands by the door give 8,500 or 10,000
pounds of milk last year? Did the cow at the other end of the stable
give 5,500 or 7,000 pounds? Do you know that 1,500 pounds of milk
at $1.80 per ewt. is worth $27.00. How much did it cost you to feed

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 411

these cows last year? Did it cost you twenty-five, fifty, seventy-five,
or a hundred dollars each?

If a man cannot answer these questions, I fail to see how he can
claim to know much about his herd.

You may say that weighing and testing is all right, but it takes a
lot of extra work, but the men who are doing it will tell you that
they spend no time so profitably as that devoted to weighing milk,
studying rations and keeping their records.

Probably the two men with whom you do the most business are the
feed dealer and the man to whom you sell the milk. You keep an
aecount with these men, or at least, they keep an account with you.
The cows handle all these goods when they convert the feed into
milk. Isn’t it a business proposition for you to keep a record with
them; not with the herd, merely, but with each individual? If you
hire three men, so you keep an account with all of them? No; you
keep an account with each of them.

As already suggested, this work takes considerable time if prop-
erly carried out. This one objection is being rapidly overcome
through the organization of co-operative cow-testing associations.
A cow-testing association is a little organization of twenty-five or
twenty-six farmers, who own together four or five hundred cows.
The Association employs a young man who has had farm experience
and special training in dairying—a man who can make the Babcock
test, and compute rations.

This man weighs the feed and milk of all the cows in the Associa-
tion, tests the milk of each individual cow for butter fat and keeps
a complete record of all the feed consumed. He also watches the
feed markets and studies the analysis of feeds, so that at any time
he can figure out the most economical feeds to buy. The operator
or tester spends one day a month with each herd, if the herd is not
over thirty cows, and on departing, leaves with the farmer a com-
plete record showing how much every cow has produced; what the
product sold for, and how much it cost to feed each cow. You will
agree with me that it means a good deal of monotonous work to keep
all these records. That is the reason the average farmer does not do
it; he considers it too much bother. By having the work done in this
co-operative way, there is no bother, as the tester does all the weigh-
ing, testing and record keeping. The important thing is that the work
is done. The cost of this work is found to be about $1.50 per cow per
year. You will say, “why shall I pay a man to do what I can do just
as well myself?” Do you do it? Do you keep a record? Most of
you do not. You hire men to milk and plow, and help with, don’t
you? You can do all these things. Isn’t it more important to hire
two men, if necessary, to keep the record, than to saw wood.

There is not time to take up the feedings that have been made
through the cow-testing associations, but I wish to say before leaving
the subject that up to July 1, there were seven such associations in
Pennsylvania. They were located as follows:

PP OTIIA LEAS CUAL Gsm ere efejaiciciote! oeis/e'aleis}a'elet=\s\craataipraetetarefele Maret ierseieleeiereteteietsrcictcie rotate ieintaie svete sia loversiorsiemineveleie (started 1910)
DUD Guth 1515 CO; Will aiietcfetatety cise cin nelle olele levels sioiele)oisiciatairieleie uistetelatereleleteteisrtersleieiietate oielsfotereiarel-icicistoye =taveleieiv-aielals\sieioie (started 1911)
(CORES. BonobanpGOnecOnohooGo deOROHOnOG IpAaCO OD SO ueDOCo DOUST0 COCO Sn TODO NOCOde aa HUSOROD OECBaCUTGOn (started 1913)
Ara Tair /oMenaretetsystataretavateiere felsic aielcieveieieleia teieictsiatareteialaxelerareicin clove etsists ters felsteltasickersiaUsnaiaietatsie aisicfere oi mieselelt\aisisjalelele:x'o's (started 1913)
Lara IG. | bea dorhann pECoHe OOO OC ECOUE OER ACCC CUCDME COctb’ COU OCCU Oq UOC OL OOE OCCT OOEU Cron E a eOOE (started 1913)
SURI SK; Goorabpedocseuococcoqbos+ cpnce condac snecnoccdsebtoaduncocr Ciceneqdoconndcanccoodckc (started 1914)

ANIME, Re ccoaandoboen OBC BUODEOLDUOOPEUOOSCD Loeriogdbs Sob ogd so on onbnne coCoeer oat AO DUS DAOUeOOOO0O5 (started 1914)

412 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

I would like to go into details regarding these associations, but
our President referred to the fact that he hoped my talk would have
an end, and I am just a little afraid of that cue he’s holding so
threateningly. I have never been where I “got the hook,” although
I have often heard of it; but I want to refer to the fact that at the
same date (July 1), there were a hundred and sixty-three associa-
tions scattered throughout the dairy states of the country. Through
these associations hundreds of men have learned that they had been
keeping cows year after year that did not pay for their feed. They
have learned that they have wasted many dollars in feeding some
cows; that the production of their herds was many gallons of milk
less than it might have been because of feeding unbalanced rations
and under-feeding some cows; that many pounds of butter fat had
been wasted in skim milk because their separators were not properly
adjusted, or a screw had slipped; that they were paying high prices
for mixed rations when they could mix their own at a lower cost.

The members of the oldest association in this country have doubled
the profitable production of their herds by studying their record and
following the lessons that they teach.

The cow-testing association is the most efficient, economical and
workable way in which to increase the returns from the dairy herd.
The cow-testing association deals chiefly with improvement through
the female side of the herd. The selection of good cows is not all in
the development of the herd. That the bull is half the herd is an old
and well-established statement. I want to call your attention for
a few moments to the difference in bulls as regards their value as
sires. For example, I will take table records of two bulls of the
well-known Jersey herd of the Missouri College. The first of these
bulls was Missouri Rooter.

Below is given a summary of the record of his daughter and their
dams.

w
i)
ao
. Re
mn
q 2
3 3
A | A
PASVETA OO, STEN: AV MOL Come cveleialsetoreierecetararsre a lvete a eratcrat ops otaiete eraiorete aie ecaiaiciers pine vaictarIevcte mietieeteioe 5380 4381
AV.ETA TES PDE AGEN.) TAT iy cerisleicicinerstelawieiotelalelaicisiaioietratele wlereiale/aleicre erermiercinistanterisioieveleiee eereale , 4.95
AV ErAS OUD INEECT VASLO GS Jerseeuse wie mtovsieiaralerelopstayeleiciavateteis onc etsipieieislereveehe bscieiatcleniorersine icici mene 234 216

The bull that I will compare with this one was Missouri Rooter
3rd. The record of his daughter and their dams are as follows:

a

=

2

. a

nD

| q 2

3 3

A A

AV CUAP MINER AVL Ol Oe wicerecisiclstctssayess/sjelsia)sielajave)sie/>'ola(eicteis wYayalerarcielajeisieleraateainicie eon cence machete 4775 6005
AVELA SCR POM ACEM Es Les erasers crelasaiaisiajsimieisyerwiorevsicis(acolo) n\sieteie syelniese (aicratetctotolonertor elt ioisictotioninincioeters 4.97 4.80

AVENE LE EAE MV LOLG So rcichereiciojerslorwiescioieroiaieleraiote;atelaieiessfeta,alaiave tele olelatele’=Iatolorsversieiortere tenia releterersrainiorerye 238 4

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 413

This bull was developed in the herd, and as his value was not real-
ized, he was sold before his daughters came to milking age, and no
record was left as to what became of him. Every day valuable bulls
are meeting with this same fate. I often have my attention called
to a string of fine heifers, well made and uniform, and learn on in-
quiry, that they are of the same bull and also that the bull was sold
because there was danger of breeding his daughters back to him. I
am not here to advocate inbreeding, but when one has paid a good
price to get a good bull, why sell him before his value is known? The
only way to prove a bull is by a comparison of the records of the
production of his daughters and their dams. When a bull shows by
his offspring that he is capable of getting daughters that are better
producers than their mothers, he can, without doubt, be made by
means of the most marked and rapid progress in the improvement of
the dairy herd. If such a bull is owned in a large herd, he will be
used on fifty or sixty cows each year, and his daughters bred to
other herd bulls. In the care of the small herd, the bull question is
one of the big problems and many farmers are breeding their cows
to anything that will get them with calf. These men could have just
as good bulls as any breeders if they would co-operate a little.

There are a number of useful methods of co-operative breeding.
The simplest form is for two farms to buy bulls of the same breed,
but unrelated, and to exchange bulls at the end of two years, or
when their daughters are old enough to breed. The same method
may be extended by having two or more farmers own one bull to-
gether. The most co-operative plan, however, is what is known as
the bull association. This consists of a number of farmers who own
about two hundred cows and who are intent upon developing the
same breed. The cows should not be too widely scattered. The as-
sociation buys four bulls. The territory covered by the association
is divided into four sections of breeding blocks, and one bull is sta-
tioned in each. At the end of two years the bull in block one is
moved to block two, and the bull from block two is moved to block
three, and so on around the association. By this means each bull
may be left in service for eight years with no chance of being led
back to his daughters. There can be little doubt that during this
time there will be discovered one or more hills that will be of out-
standing merit and which shall be kept so long as they are sure
breeders.

A bull association may be financed either by the sale of stocks, or
the payment of the bulls may be secured by the individual notes of
the members. The advantages of such an association are,

1. Owners of small herds have the use of first class bulls.

2. The cost of same is reduced.

3. Bulls are retained until proven, and if meritorious, throughout
their natural period of usefulness.

4. A community is given a name for its livestock and buyers are
attracted.

Though the bull association is a well established part of the agri-
cultural system of the Scandanavian countries, they have not been
developed to any marked extent in this country. However, they are
young, and like the cow-testing association, have the support of the
far-sighted breeders of the State Colleges and the Dairy Division.

414 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

At the present time these associations are located as follows:
Maryland, 1; Wisconsin, 1; North Dakota, 1; Vermont, 1; Minn., 1;
Michigan, 10.

Now, I appreciate just as much as any of you that I have rambled
over a very large subject. Are there any questions?

APHTHOUS FEVER

By C. J. MARSHALL, State Veterinarian.

In the Fall of 1908 there was an outbreak of the Foot-and-Mouth
Disease in Pennsylvania. It originated in Michigan and was carried
to various parts of Pennsylvania by cattle shipped from Buffalo.
There were eight points of infection received about the same time.
The infection extended over an area of one hundred miles in length
and in the part of the state where animal husbandry is most ex-
tensively practised. The infection was found on one hundred farms.
One thousand three hundred and twenty head of cattle, 877 swine,
52 sheep and 3 goats were diseased or exposed to the infection. They
are appraised at $57,702.49, promptly killed, buried and the premises
were disinfected. The cost of disinfection averaged about $100 per
herd. All told this outbreak cost a little over $86,000. The Federal
Bureau of Animal Industry paid two-thirds of the appraised value
of the livestock destroyed and the cost of disinfection. The State
paid the balance. It required three months to stamp out the disease
at that time. The State was then free from Aphthous Fever for a
period of six years.

The recent outbreak was discovered on two farms in Lancaster
county and in one cow in the Union Stockyards at Pittsburg on Oc-
tober 24, 1914. The infection has existed in something over 630
herds in 27 counties in Pennsylvania since that time. Infection was
carried from the stockyards in Chicago through Pittsburg and Lan-
caster to various places in Pennsylvania in a period of less than two
weeks. Five days previous to October 24th we were notified that
the disease had been diagnosed in two counties in southern Michigan
and two other counties in northern Indiana. In the meantime our
cattle shippers, commission men and over eight hundred veterinarians
had been warned that the disease had been found in this country and
that all should be on the lookout for symptoms of Aphthous Fever.
In many cases infected herds were located and quarantined before
suspicious symptoms had been observed. Seven administration dis-
tricts had been established in the infected territory with the head
office at Harrisburg. Each district was in charge of an experienced
agent of the federal and state government. The federal inspectors
were appointed agents of the State Livestock Sanitary Board and

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 415

cards of indentification were issued to each so he could work under
the State law. About one hundred and fifty trained veterinarians
were employed by the federal and state governments. The work, ex-
pense and responsibility were shared about equally by each. The
work of locating and exterminating the disease was made easy from
the first by the mutual co-operation of commission men, dealers,
railroads, herd owners, local veterinarians, and the experienced of-
ficials in charge. The first class helped greatly by furnishing free
access to records of shipments and sales. In many cases the disease
was recognized and reported by the owner.

This outbreak has been the worst calamity to our stock raising in-
dustry that has ever occurred in Pennsylvania or in North America.
It was forced upon us with practically no warning and came in the
nature of a flood, earthquake or monstrous conflagration. Something
of the extent of the disease in this country will be obtained from the
following table, which was submitted this date by the Bureau of
Animal Industry:

27

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

416

OO i

“OAITB SP1OY Pod}ooJUL 9 JNOGVo
‘y10deI JSBl JB VAT[BV Spi0y
0¢ UBY} SSeT “HAOM 04} dn Sutivsjo A[pider o1e d[qQuR{{Vae s10}D0dSUT JO JoquINU Sujsvatou, *9}BJg SIG} UI SBM Sd]BIG Po}IUQ 9Y} UL UoOPoaJur [TB JO %op Jnoqy+
‘uO SUIOS [[]JS SSBAUBD OSNOY-0}-asNOW ‘“paje_dmoo UOPJOBJUISIP PUB Pata YSNBIS Spioy [[B suBemM SITs
*POATOAUT 938} JO BIIB 9} BMITXOIddB MOYS 0} JOPIO UI WAATS 93B}S OVE UL SeTj}UNOD JO JOqUINN,

*peje[dur00 19} GSNVBIS OL TZ 682 'F 692 'T F9L'T GS2°T. 1g OL w Peewee meee ere tere sees ee eeeseseseessese® *UISMOOST MAM
*peqyetdmo09 eee € Z0L eee . eeee Z0L I 16 88 . “- . eee 10} ZUTYSB MA
*pozardurop | «"** £ as cL : ee 61 T I 00 SOOO Sac aN
‘pezatduioo seyjunod Z | oT 9 198 ST. aNg T ToL 98 & g “pavisy epouyt
*.Pejo1dm00 ATIBAN | 18 09 968‘2T | 999‘9 } 692 690‘IE | #49 & 19 ces “erueayssuued
“pezetdurod ATIVAN | 02 $8 TIL‘OL | #92‘ I 699‘ 402‘ 691 T8 88 PRUE oS eee OLN O)
*pozyerdunop | Ts G8 668 ‘8 19% z 09 0Lss gg IL 19 trotters SHOX AON
*pozeTduroy | **** OL 196 rae oes 9 SPL 8 g 04 stress (Kostof MON
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*‘peyatduro,) | 9 Nie 999 ‘T IL ee 182 80F‘T z 8 18 BEBIDSOCON HO | eHow) AN
“‘pazotdmios §=oyySnvyg | gz cg 8oL‘h iG? f200° 08 6206'S 98% GT £8 Fees : ue oS eee eas POLI
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*pozaT duro | TT z OLb‘T T&S yess 161 PPL 68 Or 44 : Trosesseets SpuUBPAIByy
*pezerdurop | IT 2G CLP ‘T Teg sets vsisie LT8 68 6 61 ee eae OFS Sy
“dOT}aTduI0. §=IBIN | OT 81 269° TSC iste | hace a3 616 a3 9 66 ea oe es ead AAO T
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*fA[pIdva SuyssoaSo1g | gp OIT SGL‘98 | L8S‘TS | IT 109 £99‘FL | ¥8h 69 Z0L pice a oe eS TOUTED
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ASVASIG HLAOW-CGNV-LOOW 40 NOILVOIGVUA FO MUOM WO SSHUNOUd YNIMOHS LNAWALV.LS

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 417

We were fortunately prepared to meet the emergency. While the
experience is fresh in our minds we should decide on measures that
could be safely adopted to handle a similar emergency more ef-
ficiently, if possible, in the future. It is not safe to be unprepared
for calamities of this kind. Safe and sane measures are hard to
promulgate and enforce during the existence of such a plague. In
times of peace we should prepare for war. The plan of extermina-
tion successfully used in the outbreaks of 1902 and 1908 was adopted
in dealing with this one. As soon as the disease was reported to the
Board each member favored continuing the work of extermination
along the same lines that had been used six years ago. The same
general plan was followed by the Bureau of Animal Industry in the
twenty states in which the infection was found.

It was first necessary to locate the diseased herds. Agents were
sent out at once to trace suspicious shipments. When a diseased
animal was found all the cattle, hogs and sheep on the premises
were placed in quarantine. In all cases the diagnosis was confirmed
by the state and federal agents. Both representatives were satisfied
that the diagnosis was correct. The diseased and exposed cloven-
footed animals on the premises were then all appraised at their ac-
tual value and arrangements made by digging the burial trenches.
In some cases the work was done by the owner of the herd, while in
others contractors did it. In either case the expense was borne
equally by the federal and state governments. The animals were
then killed, covered with one hundred pounds of lime to each one
thousand pounds of estimated animal weight and buried in a grave
seven feet deep, seven feet wide, and two feet in length for each
mature bovine animal. Next the stable was carefully cleaned and
disinfected. The owner will not be permitted to re-stock with cloven-
footed animals for sixty days from the time the premises were disin-
fected. In the meantime a farm to farm inspection will be made
within a radius of three miles from the infected herd and each sus-
ceptible animal will be examined for any evidence of the disease.
During this time the township is held in quarantine and it is neces-
sary to obtain a permit to move hay, straw, cattle, sheep, swine or
hides.

In the beginning of the outbreak a quarantine was placed upon
the whole State. This precaution appeared necessary for the reason
that the disease was so wide-spread. The counties into which no
interstate shipments had been made between October first and
twenty-fourth were released from quarantine as soon as the records
of sales and shipments were traced. A few counties had received
such shipments and upon examination the animals were found free
from infection. These counties were promptly released from quar-
antine by the State, but not by the Bureau of Animal Industry. It
was soon considered safe to release certain townships in counties
that had considerable infection. The disease was found in twenty-
seven counties. Some counties had but one or two diseased herds.
The counties that received the most infection were Lebanon, Lan-
caster, Berks, Montgomery, York, Bucks and Chester. The farmers
in these six counties keep many cattle. It is their custom to pur-
chase feeders in the fall and finish them for beef during the winter.
Their purchases are usually made at the season of the year when

27—5—1914

418 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

this infection occurred. At no other time could the infectiop have
been spread so extensively and rapidly.

Number counties immstate mn tected s: js. isc ces wsinis wi tevcocrapesierarerae eee wena oe otce arsaincramenneiee 27
Numb eriGgfonerdseinip ti ew ss Late src ec ici cies oe ee lane are eter ee eee ae eran Tne Tere RLS 627
Number of animals appraised:
(ORTH Go. SE CUCU ERGO U DED ADOSS CCUCOEA CEGRRIAS tee core in ao Mcon aH rab een Aaoee ante Ac 13,088
IGG 8 aAccoOe COROT S SCORE DEEUnEoprErecaticreaconoccaddcacercarnoddadheecbeos csodaosoree 313
SS WV Comes erm avetataiatelterelelete leis eieieieiniersie etaialeletereieinie steeinieieenieine erie lelnininieictaieticeniecisineeiienenn 6,871
—-— 20,272
ATHOUN TH OLeADDIAISCMENE,— aid « vai<reteysereisics claic cis apeieislonivins Gein eierisciaieicwialacisie slew idee oie neenice onan $787,573.18

Aside from the expense, six hundred and twenty-seven herd owners
have been tied up and prevented from carrying on the winter’s work.
Traffic in cattle, sheep, hogs and crops has been practically at a
standstill in many parts of the State. In most cases people have
met the losses and embarrassment boldly and with but one purpose
and that was to get rid of the disease as soon as possible. In prac-
tically every case the main objection or criticism was that it was
too long from the time a diseased herd was found till it was destroyed
and the premises disinfected. In most cases people were reasonably
patient in this respect. Some have wondered if a less destructive
method might not be safely used for exterminating the disease. This
is not to be wondered at when one considers that the death rate
from the disease is so low. It is known that practically 95% of the
cases will recover with no treatment except reasonably good care.
In a number of cases in the recent outbreak, the effected animals
had recovered before they could be destroyed. The reasons for tak-
ing such extreme measures in dealing with this disease is not due to
the high death rate, but to the fact that it is easily transmitted from
animal to animal and from place to place, and it does cause a de-
preciation in the value of the affected animals to the extent of about
twenty dollars per head.

We realize that the disease is not highly fatal and that recovery
will take place in a high percentage of cases without even a learned
course of treatment. It is one of the most highly contagious dis-
eases of cloven-footed animals, and while the death rate is compara-
tively low the losses to animal industry are considerable. The dis-
ease has gained a foothold in nearly all European countries and it
is practically impossible for them to adopt our method for extermina-
ting it. It is necessary to hold infected herds in quarantine for some-
thing over three months. A recent investigator in the Netherlands
where the disease is common, has shown that it cost practically $20
per head in each infected herd to handle the disease in quarantine.
This is the best they can do after many years of experience in trying
to control it by the quarantine method. Their expense is figured on
the loss in milk production, loss in condition of meat producing ani-
mals, loss from work in oxen, death from the disease and extra cars
given to those that are sick. It is doubtful if a hard owner in this
country could afford to have Aphthous Fever in his herd for $20 per
head. This would not include the expense to the State and Federal
government for enforcing the quarantine. It has already cost $120
per head to care for the prize dairy herd at Chicago. If this method
were adopted there would be constant unrest in the neighborhood
of an infected herd. It would be necessary to increase the inspection
force to locate new centers of infection and prevent the disease from
spreading. The quarantined herds should be under constant Federal
or State supervision. Neither the State nor Federal government

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 419

could be expected to remunerate the owners for losses sustained dur-
ing the course of the disease. It has been demonstrated in all foreign
countries that this method will not exterminate the disease. We
cannot do something that they have failed to accomplish. It will
take us years to develop Veterinary Sanitary Police Regulations for
handling Apthous Fever by the quarantine method that is as good as
theirs. We cannot afford to even experiment with it. It would bea
calamity to the cattle, swine and sheep industry of this country to
have this disease get beyond our control.

Careful records were kept by Dr. Rudovsky of the average losses
by this disease in Austria. In 13,858 head of cattle on 91 farms be-
longing to sugar factories, and 2,054 head on 802 small farms, the
loses from milk decrease, oxen incapacitated for work, loss of condi-
tion in all animals, natural death and compulsory slaughter,
amounted to about $20 per head. He estimates an annual loss of
over a million dollars in Austria. This is a safe estimate for the
losses each year in the countries of Continental Europe. Infection
comes from Russia and other Eastern countries where animal hy-
-giene measures are practically nothing and it passes rapidly west-
ward to sections of Europe where veterinary police regulation are
most perfect. It has been practically impossible to exterminate
Aphthous Fever from the herds in France, Belgium, Switzerland,
Italy, Germany, Austria and Holland for the reason that fresh infec-
tions are constantly being brought in from Russia, Roumania, Tur-
key, Siberia, etc.

The policy followed by many foreign countries is to adopt rigid
quarantine measures. No animals are killed on account of this dis-
ease unless they become worthless. For them perhaps this is the
cheapest and best policy but for the people in North America, where
we are surrounded by water and ice, and the infection is brought in
only occasionally, it seems best to continue the plan so successfully
used in all past outbreaks. -The disease cannot be considered as a
source of danger to man. Its principal importance is an economic
question. If property must be destroyed and animals slaughtered
for the public good the owners should be compensated for their en-
tire loss, provided it can be shown that the disease was brought
about by no fault of the owner.

Under the present law, our Board is limited in amount of in-
demnity that can be paid for animals that it is deemed necessary to
destroy, to $70 for a registered bovine, $40 for non-registered bovine
and $10 for a sheep or hog. The United States Government will
duplicate these amounts in the present outbreak, but some animals
have been destroyed that are worth from twenty to forty times the
amount allowed by law. Should not the law be fixed so that it would
be possible to pay full value for such animals when it becomes neces-
sary to destroy them for the benefit of the State or country? The
diseases from which such extreme measures are necessary are but
few. Aphthous Fever is the only one with which we have had to deal
so far. Rinderpest is equally as important and there is no positive
assurance that our herds may not become infected with it. The
dangers from these diseases have increased wonderfully in the past
few years by the progress made in the transportation.

Rapid progress has been made in destroying the infection from the
present outbreak of Aphthous Fever. The payment for property and

420 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

stock destroyed has necessarily been held back. Under normal con-
ditions the Board had money sufficient to meet its obligations up to
June first, 1915, when the present appropriation was to terminate.
The Board has now petitioned the Legislature for $558,000 to reim-
burse the owners for losses sustained. Let us trust that the Legis-
lature can and will make the necessary appropriation so the bills
can be paid without delay.

The Bureau of Animal Industry petitioned for $2,500,000 to pay
its half of the expense in this and other states. The appropriation
has been made and is now available.

In the previous outbreak of 1908, all just bills were promptly paid.
For this reason it has been much easier to convince the people that
they would be paid for their losses this time.

Infection during the present outbreak was carried from the origi-
nal to other farms in a few cases. In nearly every place it was car-
ried in refuse and utensils from creameries to which milk from
infected herds had been sent. If the creamery refuse had been
pastuerized as required by law, thousand of dollars would have been
saved and much annoyance prevented.

Every state should be prepared with laws, rules, regulations,
agents and money to fight Aphthous Fever, rinderpest and all other
transmissible diseases of livestock. The fight should be determined
and persistent. A herd owner should not be a menace to his neigh-
bors and no state should send Aphthous Fever, hog cholera, tubercu-
losis, glanders, ete., to other states to jeopardize their livestock in-
terests. This cannot be done without efficient official supervision and
a strong public sentiment on the part of herd owners in favor of
genuine co-operation with federal, state and local authorities.

It is hoped that you will feel that the work of exterminating the
disease has been honestly and promptly done and that money will
soon be available for paying all just claims.

The following order of general quarantine adopted by the State
Livestock Sanitary Board, January 27th, 1915, supersedes the order
of general quarantine adopted December 30th, 1914, and shall be-
come effective February Ist, 1915.

“The fact has been determined by the State Livestock Sanitary
Board and notice is hereby given that Foot-and-Mouth Disease which
has been and is adjudged and proclaimed by the said Board to be of
of transmissible character, exists in livestock in certain sections of
Pennsylvania and it is deemed advisable to release from quarantine
all territory in Pennsylvania except the counties of Lancaster, Leb-
anon, Lehigh and York, and also the townships of Berwick, Cone-
wago, Germany, Hamilton, Mt. Pleasant, Oxford, Reading and Union
in Adams county; Franklin, Penn, Reserve, Robinson and Ross, also
the Boroughs of Bellevue, McKees Rocks, Aspinwall, Avalon, Ben
Avon, Ben Avon Heights, Braddock, Crafton, Edgewood, Emsworth,
Etna, Green Tree, North Braddock, Rankin, Swissvale, Thornburg,
Turtle Creek, Verona, Westwood, Wilkinsburg, also the 14th, 20th,
23rd, 24th, and 26th Wards, City of Pittsburg, in Allegheny county;
South Beaver in Beaver county;

Albany, Alsace, Bethel, Brecknock, Caernarvon, Cumru, Green-
wich, Heidelberg, Lower Heidelberg, North Heidelberg, Hereford,
Jefferson, Maiden Creek, Marion, Maxatawny, Muhlenberg, Ontelau-

es

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 421

nee, Penn, Richmond, Robeson, Rockland, Spring, Tulpshocken,
Upper Tulpshocken, Washington and Windsor in Berks county;

Bedminster, Bridgeton, Durham, East Rockhill, Haycock, Hill-
town, Milford, New Britain, Nockamixon, Plumstead, Richland,
Springfield, Tinicum, Warrington, West Rockhill and all territory in
Buckingham and Solebury north of the Doylestown and New Hope
Pike in Bucks county; East Penn and Mahoning in Carbon county;
Birmingham, East Bradford, West Bradford, East Brandywine,
West Brandywine, Caln, East Caln, West Caln, Elk, East Fallow-
field, West Fallowfield, East Goshen, West Goshen, Highland, Honey-
brook, Londonderry, Londen Grove, Hast Marlboro, West Marlboro,
East Mantmeal, West Mantmeal, Newlin, East Nottingham, Lower
Oxford, Upper Oxford, Penn, Pennsbury, Pocopson, Sadsbury, Thorn-
bury, West Sadsbury, Upper Uwchlan, Valley, Wallace, Warwick,
Westown, West Whiteland and Willistown in Chester county; Madi-
son in Columbia county; Lower Allan, Monroe, Silver Spring, South-
ampton and Upper Allen in Cumberland county; Conewago, Derry,
East Hanover, South Hanover, West Hanover, Londonderry, Lower
Paxton, Swatara and Lower Swatara in Dauphin county; Aston,
Bethel, Birmingham, Concord, Darby, Upper Darby, Edkmont,
Haverford, Marple, Middletown, Lower Providence, Upper Provi-
dence, ‘Springfield, Thornsbury, and Tinicum in Delaware county;
Antrim, Greene, Peters, Montgomery and Southampton in Franklin
county; Fairfield and Loyalsock in Lycoming county; Granville,
North Derry, South Derry and West Derry in Mifflin county; Doug-
lass, Franconia, Frederick, Upper Gwynedd, New Hanover, Upper
Hanover, Hatfield, Limerick, Marlboro, Montgomery, East Norriton,
West Norriton, Perkiomen, Lower Providence, Upper Providence,
Salford, Lower Salford, Upper Salford, Skippack, Towamensing and
Worcester in Montgomery county; Anthony, Derry, Limestone, Ma-
hanoy and Valley in Montour county; Bethlehem, Forks, Hanover,
Lower Saucon, Palmer, Washington and Williams in Northampton
county; Jackson, Jordan and Lower Mahoney in Northumberland
county; Center, Miller, Oliver and Wheatfield in Perry county;
Branch, North Manheim, South Manheim, Pinegrove, Reilly, Tre-
mont, Washington and Wayne in Schuylkill county; and Allegheny,
Derry and Upper Burrell in Westmoreland county, including all
cities and boroughs located in the aforesaid area.

Therefore, the State Livestock Sanitary Board, under authority
conferred by law does hereby establish a general quarantine through-
out the aforesaid area, including all cities and boroughs located
within the said area, subjecting to said quarantine all cattle, sheep,
other ruminants and swine, also hay, straw or similar fodder, hides
and skins.

The said quarantine area is divided as follows:

(a) Closed area: All territory within a radius of three miles of
an infected premises that has been disinfected for less than fifteen
days.

(b) Exposed area: All territory in a township or municipality
beyond the limits of a closed area, also all townships or municipali-
ties containing infected premise that has been disinfected for less
than thirty days.

(c) Modified area: All territory not included in a closed or ex-
posed area,

422 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, First: The movement of cattie,
sheep, other ruminants and swine or within any closed area is ab-
solutely prohibited, and the movement of dressed carcasses of such
animals, the hides, skins, or hoofs of such animals, and all hay,
straw or similar fodder may be moved only on official permit.

Second: The movement of cattle, sheep, other ruminants or
swine from or within any exposed area is permitted for immediate
slaughter after inspection and certification, and into which such
animals may be moved for any purpose; also from which the move-
ment of dressed carcasses of such animals, the hides, skins or hoofs
of such animals, and all hay, straw, or similar fodder may be moved
on official permit.

Third: The movement of cattle, sheep, other ruminants or swine
from or within any modified area is permitted for immediate slaugh-
ter without inspection, and into which such animals may be moved
for any purpose; also from which the movement of dressed carcasses
of such animals, the hides, skins or hoofs of such animals, and all
hay, straw or similar fodder is permitted without any restrictions.

Fourth: All permits must be taken out in advance and must be
held by the person in charge of and accompanying the animals, and
must be kept available for inspection. If shipment is made by rail,
the permits must be attached to the waybill.

Fifth: When cattle, sheep, other ruminants or swine are trans-
ported within or from any exposed or modified area, clean and dis-
infected cars or conveyances must be used. AI! such cars or other
conveyances must be cleaned and disinfected before being again used
for any purpose.

Sixth: All receptacles, cars or conveyances used in transporting
hides, skins, or hoofs from one point to another within or from any -
closed or exposed area must be cleaned and disinfected before being
again used for any purpose.

The movement of hides, skins or hoofs in cars or other conveyances
that contain other merchandise, is prohibited, unless said hides,
skins or hoofs are in a covered, water-tight receptacle.

Seventh: Collecting carcasses of cattle (including calves), sheep
or swine, also hides or skins of such animals at farms situated within
any closed area is prohibited.

Eighth: Public sales or exhibitions of cattle, sheep, other rumi-
nants or swine within any closed area are prohibited, and in exposed
or modified may be held on official permit.

Ninth: Shipments of cattle, sheep, other ruminants or swine into
Pennsylvania from sections now under Federal quarantine in the
State of Illinois, including the Chicago Stockyards, for any purpose,
are absolutely prohibited.

Tenth: No cattle from points outside of Pennsylvania will be
permitted to enter Pennsylvania for purposes other than immediate
slaughter.

Eleventh: The general quarantine proclaimed hereby supersedes
the general quarantine proclaimed December 30, 1914, shall become
effective February 1, 1915, shall be maintained in force until officially
revoked by the State Livestock Sanitary Board, and for the purpose
of identification shall be known as Form 168.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 423

Violation of any of the foregoing orders will be prosecuted accord-
ing to the Act of July 22, 1915.

(Signed, ) STATE LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD,
By C. J. MARSHALL,
State Veterinarian.”

OFFICERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA JERSEY BREEDERS’
ASSOCIATION.

President, W. C. Norton, Dalton, Pa.
Sec’y. & Treas., A. K. Heath, Paoli, Pa.

OFFICERS, OF THE PENNSYLVANIA BERKSHIRE
BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President, Henry Fielden, Newton Square.

Vice Presidents, George T. Van Norman, Langhorne; Dr. Vallie
Hawkins, Fawn Grove.

Sec’y & Treas., D. Buckley, Broadaxe.

Board of Trade Building, Harrisburg, Pa.
Thursday, January 28, 1915.

At a meeting of the Sheep Breeders of Pennsylvania, the following
organization was effected:

On motion of Mr. J. F. Lantz, properly seconded and duly carried
in the regular way, Mr. R. M. Munce was elected temporary chair-
man.

The following gentlemen were found to be present: R. M. Munce,
Canonsburg; J. F. Lantz, Harrisburg; Fremont Bowman, Philadel-
phia; W. G. Black, Mercer; George Stevenson, Waverly.

On motion of Mr. Lantz, properly seconded and duly carried in
the regular way, Mr. Munce was elected President, and Prof. Sever-
son of State College Secretary and Treasurer. Prof Severson had
been present, but was obliged to leave before the organization was
affected.

On motion of Mr. Lantz, properly seconded and duly carried in
the regular way, the President was instructed to appoint an Execu-
tive Committee, to consist of five or more members, and to include
the President and Secretary. The following gentlemen were named
on the Executive Committee: R. M. Carrons, Washington; George
Stevenson, Waverly; IE. A. Weimer, Lebanon; G. R. Herd, Genesee;
Fremont Bowman, Philadelphia; Franklin Smedley, Frankford; the
President R. M. Munce, and the Secretary, Prof. Severson.

424 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The following gentlemen were nominated for membership: G. R.
Herd, Genesee; W. C. Black, Mercer; Fremont Bowman, City Farms,
Philadelphia; George Stevenson, Waverly; J. F. Lantz, Harrisburg;
J. M. Paxton, Canonsburg; Franklin Smedly, Frankford, Philadel-
phia; Samuel Evans, Frankford, Philadelphia; Drs. Ray and Devlin,
Oakford; A. K. Heath, Paoli; R. M. Munce, Canonsburg; E. A.
Weimar, Lebanon; R. M. Carrons, Washington; Prof. Severson,
State College.

After effecting this organization, the Association adjourned to
meet again at the call of the President.

PENNSYLVANIA BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President, E. S. Bayard, Pittsburgh,

Secretary, George E. Stevenson, Waverly,

Treasurer, J. F. Lantz, Harrisburg.

Chairman Livestock Breeders’ Department, Hon. W. C. Norton,
Harrisburg.

Chairman Plant Breeders’ Department, Prof. C. F. Noll, State
College.

STATE DAIRY UNION.

President, E. M. Bailey, Pittsburgh.
Vice President , W. R. Gorham, Muncy.
Secretary, C. W. Larson, State College.
Treasurer, W. E. Perham, Pleasant Mount.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE POULTRY SOCIETY.

President, Hon. Edgar A. Weimer, Lebanon.

First Vice President, W. Theo. Wittman, Allentown.
Second Vice President, Hon Geo. T. Weingartner, New eee
Secretary, J. D. Koons, Treichlers.

Treasurer, Chas. F. Rosenow, Norristown.

PENNSYLVANIA POULTRY BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.

President, Frank McGrann, Lancaster.

Vice President Hon. Edgar A. Weimer, Lebanon.
Secretary, W. W. Deissler, Chestnut Hill.
Treasurer, Fred H. Cook, Beaver.

APPENDIX

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT.

*Report
*Report
*Report
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List

APPENDIX

of Publications of the Pennsylvania
Department of Agriculture

ANNUAL REPORTS

State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State
State

Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
Board
State Board
State Board
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department
Department

*Edition exhausted,

of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of

Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,
Agriculture,

( 427)

336
625
560
557
646
645
645
648
645
646
650
648
650
594
600
640

1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1883.
1884.
1885.
1886.
1887.
1888.
1889.
1890.
1891.
1892.
1893.

pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
pages,
713 pages,
646 pages, 1894.

878 pages, 1895.

Part 1, 820 pages, 1896.
Part 2, 444 pages, 1896.
Part 1, 897 pages, 1897.
Part 2, 309 pages, 1897.
894 pages. 1898.

No.

Part 1, 1082 pages, 1899.

Part 2, 368 pages, 1899.

Part 1, 1010 pages, 1900.

Part 2, 348 pages, 1900.

Part 1, 1040 pages, 1901.

Part 2, 464 pages, 1901.
Part 2, 324 pages, 1902.
958 pages, 1903.
790 pages, 1904.
846 pages, 1905.
690 pages, 1906.
565 pages, 1907.
690 pages, 1908.
806 pages, 1909.
714 pages, 1910.
694 pages, 1911.
558 pages, 1912.
684 pages, 1913.
pages, 1914

428 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

BULLETINS

No. 1.*Tabulated Anaylses of Commercial Fertilizers, 24 pages, 1895.
No. 2.* List of Lectures of Farmers’ Institutes, 36 pages, 1895.
No. 3.* The Pure Food Question in Pennsylvania, 38 pages, 1895.
No. 4.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages, 1896.
No. 5.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 38 pages, 1896.
No. 6.* Taxidermy: How to Collect Skins, etc., 128 pages, 1896.
No. 7.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 68 pages, 1896.
No. 8.* Report of State Horticultural Association, 108 pages, 1896.
No. 9.* Report of Dairymen’s Association, $6 pages, 1896.
No. 10.* Prepared Food for Invalids and Infants, 12 pages, 1896.
No. 11.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages, 1896.
No. 12.* Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.
No. 13.* Report of Butter Colors, 8 pages, 1896.
No. 14.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 92 pages, 1896.
No. 15.* Good Roads for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.
No. 16.* Dairy Feeding as Practiced in Pennsylvania, 126 pages, 1896.
a 17.* Diseases and Enemies of Poultry, 128 pages, 1896.
18.* Digest of the General and Special Road Laws for Pennsylvania,
el ines 1896.
No. 19* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages, 1896.
No. 20.* Preliminary Report of Secretary, 126 pages, 1896.
No. 21.* The Township High School, 24 pages, 1897.
No. 22.* Cider Vinegar of Pennsylvania, 28 pages, 1897.
No. 23.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 31 pages, 1897.
No. 24.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 19 pages, 1897.
No. 25.* Farmers’ Institues in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1897.
No. 26.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 74 pages, 1897.
No. 27.* The Cultivation of American Ginseng, 23 pages, 1897.
No. 28* The Fungous Foes of the Farmer, 19 pages, 1897.
No. 29.* Investigation in the Bark of Trees, 17 pages, 1897.
No. 30.* Sex in Plants, 17 pages, 1897.
No. 31.* The Economic Side of the Mole, 42 pages, 1898.
No. 32.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws, 30 pages, 1898.
No. 33.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 42 pages, 1898.
No. 34.. Preliminary Report of the Secretary, 150 pages, 1898.
No. 35.* Veterinary Medicines, 23 pages, 1898.
No. 36.* Constitutions and By-Laws, 73 pages, 1898.
No. 87.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages, 1898.
No. 38.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1898.
No. 39.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1898.
No. 34.* Preliminary Report of the Secretary, 150 pages, 1898.
No. 40.* Questions and Answers, 206 pages, 1898.
No. 41.* Preliminary Reports of the Department, 189 pages, 1899.
No. 42.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1899.
No. 43.* The San Jose Scale and other Scale Insects, 22 pages, 1899.
No. 44.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 62 pages, 1899.
No. 45.* Some Harmful Household Insects, 138 pages, 1899.
No. 46.* Some Insects Injurious to Wheat, 24 pages, 1899.
No. 47.* Some Insects Attacking Fruit, etc., 19 pages, 1899.
No. 48.* Common Cabbage Insects, 14 pages, 1899.
No. 49.* Methods of Protecting Crops, etc., 20 pages, 1899.
No. 50.* Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899.
No. 51.* Tabulated Anaylses of Commercial Fertilizers, 69 pages, 1899.
No. 52.* Proceedings Spring Meeting of Round-up Meeting, Farmers’ In-
stitute Managers, etc., 296 pages, 1899.
No. 53.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1899-1900, 94 pages, 1899.
No. 54.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 163 pages, 1899.
No. 55* The Composition and Use of Fertilizers, 126 pages, 1899.
No. 56. Nursery Fumigation and the Construction and Management of
the Fumigating House, 24 pages, 1899.
No. 57. The Application of Acetylene Hlumination to Country Homes,
85 pages, 1899.
No. 58. The Chemical Study of the Apple and its Products, 44 pages,
1899.

*Hdition not for general distribution.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 429

No. 59. Fungous Foes of Vegetable Fruits, 39 pages, 1899.

No. 60.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899.

No. 61.* The Use of Lime in Pennsylvania Soils, 170 pages, 1900.

No. 62. A Summer’s Work Abroad in School Grounds, Home Grounds,
Play Grounds, Parks and Forests, 34 pages, 1900.

No. 63. A Course in Nature Study for Use in the Public Schools, 119
pages, 1900.

No. 64. Nature Study Reference Library for Use in the Public Schools,
22 pages, 1900.

No. 65. Farmers’ Library List, 29 pages, 1900.

No. 66.* Pennsylvania Road Statistics , 98 pages, 1900.

No. 67. Methods of Steer Feeding, 14 pages, 1900.

No. 68.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 90 pages, 1900.

No. 69.* Road Making Materials of Pennsylvania, 104 pages, 1900.

No. 79.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 97 pages, 1900.

No. 71. Consolidation of Country Schools and the Transportation of
Scholars by use of Vans, 89 pages, 1900.

No. 72.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 170 pages, 1900.

No. 73. Synopsis of the Tax Laws of Pennsylvania, 132 pages, 1901.

No. 74.* The Repression of Tuberculosis of Cattle by Sanitation, 24
pages, 1901.

No. 75.* Tuberculosis of Cattle, and the Pennsylvania Plan for its Re-
pression, 263 pages, 1901.

No. 76. Co-operative Investigation into the Agricultural Seed Supply
of Pennsylvania, 50 pages, 1901.

No. 77.* Bee Culture, 101 pages, 1901.

No. 78.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1901.

No. 79. Rabies, 28 pages, 1901.

No. 80.* Decisions of the Department of Agriculture on the Pure Food
Act of 1895, 30 pages, 1901.

No. 81. Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylvania, 136
pages, 1901.

No. 82.* Containing the Law Creating a Department of Agriculture in
Pennsylvania, and giving the Various Acts of Assembly Committed to the
Department for Enforcement: Together with Decisions and Standars Adopted
with Reference to the Pure Food Act of 1895, 90 pages, 1901.

No. 83.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 132 pages, 1901.

No. 84. Methods of Steer Feeding; the Second Year of Co-operative Ex-
periment by the Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture and the Penn-
sylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, 16 pages, 1901.

No. 85.* Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 102 pages, 1901.

No. §86.* Containing a Complete List of Licenses granted by the Dairy
and Food Commissioner, from January 1, 1901, to July 1, 1901, etc., 422
pages, 1901.

No. 87.* Giving Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs, 42 pages, 1901.

No. 88.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1901.

No. 89.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 195 pages, 1901.

No. 90. Treatment of San Jose Scale in Orchard and Nursery, 33 pages,

No. 91. Canning of Fruits and Vegetables, 57 pages, 1902.

No. 92.* List of Licenses Granted by the Dairy and Food Commissioner,
193 pages, 1902.

No. 93.* The Fundamentals of Spraying, 35 pages, 1902.

No. 94. Phosphates—Phosphatic or Phosphoric Acid Fertilizers, 87
pages, 1902.

No. 95.* County and Local Agricultural Societies, 12 pages, 1902.

No. 96. Insects Injurious to Cucurbitaceous Plants, 31 pages, 1903.

No. 97. The Management of Greenhouses, 41 pages, 1902.

No. 98. Bacteria of the Soil in Relation to Agriculture, 88 pages, 1902.

No. 99. Some Common Insect Pests of the Farmer, 32 pages, 1902.

No. 100.* Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Division from
January 1, 1902, to June 30, 1902, 283 pages, 1902.

No. 101* Tabulated Anaylses of Commercial Fertilizers, 137 pages, 1902.

No. 102. The Natural Improvement of Soils, 50 pages, 1902.

No. 103.* List of Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 67 pages, 1902.

Se == =

_Hdition not for general distribution,

430 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

No. 104. Modern Dairy Science and Practice, 127 pages, 1902.

No. 105.* Potato Culture, 9 pages, 1902.

No. 106.* The Varieties of Fruit that can be Profitably Grown in Pennsyl-
vania, 50 pages, 1902.

No. 107.* Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 62 pages,
1903.

No. 108. The Hessian Fly (never printed).

No. 109.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 208 pages, 1903.

No. 110.*Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Division from
July 1, to December 31, 1908, 248 pages, 1903.

No. 111.* Small Fruits, their Origin, Culture and Marketing, 66 pages,
1903.

No. 112.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1903.

No. 113. Methods of Milking, 96 pages, 1903.

No. 114.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 116 pages, 1908.

No. 115. Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Farmers’ Institute Managers
and Lecturers, 210 pages, 1903.

No. 116.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1903-1904, 64 pages,
1903.

No. 117. Potash Fertilizers—Sources and Methods of Application, 46
pages.

No. 118.* Containing the Laws Creating the Office of Dairy and Food Com-
missioner in Pennsylvania, and also a Digest of the Acts of Assembly Com-
mitted to his Administration, 62 pages, 1903.

‘No. 119* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 115 pages, 1903.

No. 120. The Applestree Tent-caterpillar, 46 pages, 1908.

No. 121. Address of Hon. Joseph W. Hunter, State Highway Commis-
sioner, Delivered at Annual Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, January
28, 1904, 16 pages, 1903.

No. 122.* Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 52 pages,
1904.

No. 123.* Chestnut Culture, 50 pages, 1904.

No. 124.* County and Local Agricultural Fairs, 10 pages, 1904.

No. 125. The Source and Nature of Bacteria in Milk, 41 pages, 1904.

No. 126.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to
August 1, 140 pages, 1904. ;

No. 127.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 71 pages, 1904.

No. 128. Grape Culture, 62 pages, 1904.

No. 129. Alfalfa Culture in Humid Land, 64 pages, 1904.

No. 130. The Cow-pea in the North, 41 pages, 1904.

No. 131. Proceedings, State Board of Agriculture and Farmers’ Norma}!
Institute, 260 pages, 1904.

No. 132.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31,
70 pages, 1904.

No. 133. The Improvement of Corn in Pennsylvania, 76 pages, 1904.

No. 134. Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the State
Board of Agriculture, 152 pages, 1905.

No. 135* Analyses of Concentrated Feeding Stuffs, 41 pages, 1905.

No. 136.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 8 pages, 1905.

No. 137. Proceedings, Spring Meeting State Board of Agriculture and
Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, 216 pages, 1905.

No. 138.* Analyses Concentrated Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to
August 1, 106 pages, 1905.

No. 139.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1905-1906, 93 pages, 1905.

No. 140. Sheep Husbandry, 69 pages, 1905.

No. 141.* Laws Relating to the Dairy and Food Division, 47 pages, 1905.

No. 142.* Analyses Concentrated Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to
December 31, 61 pages, 1905.

No. 143. Poultry in Pennsylvania, 36 pages, 1906.

No. 144. Proceedings of 29th Annual Meeting State Board of Agriculture,
191 pages, 1906.

No. 145.* Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylvania, 51 pages, 1906.

No. 146.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1906.

No. 147. Market Gardening, 53 pages, 1906.

No. 148. Report of Bee-Keepers’ Association of Pennsylvania, 57 pages,
1906.

*Rdition not for general distribution.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 431

No. 149.* Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, August 1, 1906, 80
pages, 1906.

No. 150. Farmer’s Institutes in Pennsylvania, for the year 1906-1907, 73
pages, 1906.

No. 151. Proceedings Spring Meeting of State Board of Agriculture and
Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, 190 pages, 1906.

No. 152. Fruits of Pennsylvania, 330 pages, 1906.

No. 153.* Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, December 31, 1906,
60 pages, 1906.

No. 154. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture for 1907, 158 pages,
1907.

No. 155.* Commercial Feeding Stuffs of Pennsylvania for 1906, 47 pages,
1907.

No. 156.* List of County and Agricultural Fairs for 1907, 10 pages, 1907.

No. 157. Proceedings of Farmers’ Normal Institute and State Board of
Agriculture, 210 pages, 1907.

No. 158.* Farmers’ Institutes for year 1907-1908, 78 pages, 1907.

No. 159.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers of Spring Samples, 69 pages,

No. 160.* Laws Relating to Dairy and Food Division, 69 pages, 1907.
No. 161. Papers Read at Farmers’ Institutes, 1906-1907, 124 pages, 1907.
No. 162. Breakfast Foods, 40 pages, 1907.

No. 163.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers from Fall Samples, 51 pages,

No. 164. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 1908, 210 pages, 1908.
No. 165.* List of County and Agricultural Fairs, 1908, 10 pages, 1908.
No. 166. Results of the Analyses of Paris Green, 6 pages, 1908.

No. 167.* Analyses of Commercial Feeding Stuffs, for. 1907, 98 pages, 1908.
No. 168.* Preliminary Report Dairy and Food Commissioner, 50 pages,

No. 169. Proceedings Spring Meeting State Board of Agriculture and
Annual Farmers’ Normal Institute, 214 pages, 1908.

No. 170.* Farmers’ Institutes for Season of 1908, 84 pages, 1908.

No. 171.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to August 1,
1908, 74 pages, 1908.

No. 172. The Bang Method for the Repression of Tuberculosis in Cattle,
28 pages, 1908.

No. 173.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31,
1908, 58 pages, 1908.

No. 174.* List of Fertilizer Manufacturers. 1909, 32 pages, 1909.

No. 175.* Analyses of Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 1908, 148 pages, 1909.

No. 176. Analyses of Paris Green, 1908, 31 pages, 1909.

No. 177. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 180 pages, 1909.

No. 178.* List of County and Local Agriculture Fairs, 10 pages, 1909.

No. 179. Papers Read at Farmers’ Institutes, 1907-1908, 105 pages, 1909.

No. 180.* Laws Dairy and Food Bureau, 69 pages, 1909.

No. 181. Timely Hints to Horsebreeders, 23 pages, 1909.

No. 182. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute and Spring Meet-
ing State Board of Agriculture, 231 pages, 1909.

No. 183.* Report of Dairy and Food Bureau, 57 pages, 1909.

No. 184. Farmers’ Institutes for Pennsylvania, 1909, 79 pages, 1909.

No. 185.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to August 1,
1909, 87 pages, 1909.
* No. 186* Swine Husbandry, 127 pages, 1909.

No. 187. Directory of Stallions Registered with Pennsylvania Livestock
Sanitary Board, for 1909, 86 pages, 1909.

No. 188. Principles of Domestic Science, 42 pages, 1909.

No. 189.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31,
1909, 71 pages, 1909.

No. 190.* The Potato: Selection of Seed and Cultivation, 62 pages, 1910.

No. 191.* List of Fertilizer Manufacturers and Brands Licensed for 1910,
38 pages, 1910.

No. 192. Analyses of Paris Green for 1909, 38 pages, 1910.

No. 193. Proceedings Thirty-third Annual Meeting State Board of Agri-
culture, 192 pages, 1910.

*Bdition not for general distribution,

28

432 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

No. 194.* Preliminary Report, Dairy and Food Commissioner, 40 pages,
1910.

No. 195.* List of Agricultural Fairs for 1910, 10 pages, 1910.

No. 196. Commercial Feeding Stuffs of Pennsylvania for 1909, 186 pages,
1910.

No. 197. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute and Spring Meet-
ing of Board of Agriculture, 260 pages, 1910.

No. 198.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1910-1911, 84 pages,
1910.

No. 199.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Spring Samples.
72 pages, 1910.

No. 200. Skim-milk Cheese, 16 pages, 1910.

No. 201. Market Gardening, No. 2, 86 pages, 1910.

No. 202. Marketing Horticultural Products, 86 pages, 1910.

No. 203.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Fall Samples,
76 pages, 1910.

No. 204. Analyses of Paris Green, 1910, 34 pages, 1910.

No. 205.* List Fertilizer Manufacturers, 37 pages, 1911.

No. 206.* Preliminary Report Dairy and Food Bureau, 37 pages, 1911.

No. 207.* List County Fairs, 10 pages, 1911.

No. 208. Analyses Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 213 pages, 1911.

No. 209.* Laws, Dairy and Food Bureau, 72 pages, 1911.

No. 210. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 208 pages, 1911.

No. 211. Report of Foot-and-Mouth Disease, (Aphthous Fever), 72 pages,

No. 212.* Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, (Spring), 11 pages, 1911.
No. 213. Proceedings Annual Normal Institute, 235 pages, 1911.

No. 214.* Schedule Farmers’ Institutes, 1911-1912, 82 pages, 1911.

No. 215. List of Publications on Fruit Growing, 23 pages, 1911.

No. 216. Cheap Candy, 21 pages, 1911.

No. 217. Grape Culture for Pennsylvania, 66 pages, 1911.

No. 218.* Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, (Fall), 77 pages, 1911.

No. 219. Increasing the Winter Yield of Eggs, 92 pages, 1912.

No. 220.* List of Fertilizer Licenses Granted for 1912, 40 pages, 1912.
No. 221.* Preliminary Report of Dairy and Food Commissioner, 46 pages,

No. 222. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 190 pages, 1912.

No. 223. Analyses Commercial Feeding Stuffs for 1911, 172 pages, 1912.
No. 224. Commercial Table Syrups and Molasses, 98 pages, 1912.
No. 225. Report on Linseed Oil, 1911, 32 pages, 1912.

No. 226.* County and Local Agricultural Societies’ Fairs, 1912, 10 pages,

No. 227.* List of Licensed Veterinarians in Pennsylvania, 1912, 36 pages,
No. 228.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1912-1913, 74 pages,

No. 229. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, and Spring
Meeting State Board of Agriculture, 206 pages, 1912.

No. 230.9 Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, (Spring), 1912, 98 pages,
1912.

No. 231. Partial List of Owners and Breeders of Registered Livestock in
Pennsylvania, with Registration of Stallions for 1910-1911, pages, 1912.

No. 232. Law Bulletin, Dairy and Food Bureau, 1912, 66 pages, 1912.

No. 233. Practical Side of Local Organization in Agriculture, 16 pages,

No. 234. Analyses Commercial Feeding Stuffs (1912), 227 pages, 1913.

No. 235. Beef Production, 250 pages, 1913.

No. 236. Linseed Oil Report (1912), 11 pages, 1913.

No. 237.* List Fertilizer Manufacturers (1913), 40 pages, 1913.

No. 238. Proceedings Annual Meeting State Board of Agriculture, 210
pages, 1913.

No. 239.* List County and Local Fairs, 1913, 10 pages, 1913.

No. 240. Supplementary Report, Dairy and Food Commissioner, 56
pages, 1913.

No. 241. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, 302 pages, 1913,

No. 242. Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, 88 pages, 1913.

*Bdition not for general distribution.

No. 248.
No. 244.
No. 245.
pages, 1914.
No. 246.
No. 247.
No. 248.
No. 249.
No. 250.
No: 251°
No. 252.
1914
No: 253.
No. 254.
No. 255.
1914.
No. 256.
1914
No. 257.
No. 2658.
No. 259.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 433

Schedule Farmers’ Institutes for Penna., 76 pages, 1913.
Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, Fall, 65 pages, 1913.
List of Fertilizer Manufacturers and Importers, for 1914, 40

Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 282 pages, 1914.
Preliminary Report, Dairy and Food Bureau, 82 pages, 1914.
County and Agricultural Fairs, 8 pages, 1914.

Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 1913, 190 pages, 1914.

Soils of Pennsylvania, Part One, 481 pages, 1914.

Law Bulletin, Dairy and Food Bureau, 102 pages, 1914.
Abandoned and Unoccupied Farms of Pennsylvania, 48 pages,

Proceedings Farmers’ Normal Institute, 190 pages, 1914.
Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania for 1914, 72 pages, 1914.
Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Spring, 1914, 94 pages,

Creameries and Cheese Factories of Pennsylvania, 32 pages,
Soils of Pennsylvania, Part Two, 286 pages, 1914.

Seed Report, 1918, 36 pages, 1914.
Commercial Fertilizers, Fall, 1914. 66 pages, 1914.

*Edition not for general distribution.

98 5.1914

434 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

FERTILIZER VALUATIONS, 1914

The object of an official valuation of commercial fertilizers is to
enable the consumer to judge approximately whether he has been
asked to pay for a given brand more than the fertilizing ingredients
it contains and market conditions prevailing at the time would war-
rant. It is clear, therefore, that no attempt is made in this valua-
tion to indicate whether the fertilizer valued possesses a greater or
less crop-producing capacity than another fertilizer; but only whether
it is higher priced than another of the same general composition.

For this purpose the valuation must be so computed as to include
all the elements entering into the cost of a fertilizer as it is de-
livered to the consumer. These elements differ with the conditions
of sale. Sales to consumers fall chiefly into two classes: (1) Those
made directly from the jobber or manufacturer to the consumer,
without the service of a local agent or dealer. Such sales are usually
in relatively large lots for cash. (2) Those made through a local
agent or dealer. These are most commonly made in relatively small
lots and often with arrangements for deferred payments.

In some states, the valuations are so made as to represent sales
only of the former class. In Pennsylvania, however, the principal
volume of sales is of the second class, and the method of valuation
has, therefore, included the additional cost elements involved in
this mode of sale. The several cost elements or factors may con-
veniently be grouped as follows:

1. The wholesale cost of the ingredients.

2. The jobbers’ gross profit on the sale of the ingredients; this
includes office expenses, advertising, losses, ete.; for the purpose of
the present computation it may be assumed that the sum of this
eross profit and the wholesale cost of the ingredients, is equivalent
to the retail price of the single ingredients near the wholesale mar-
kets in ton lots of original packages for cash.

3. The expense and profit of mixing: This item applies only to
complete fertilizers, rock and potash, and ammoniated rock; not to
dissolved or ground bone, or to dissolved rock.

4. The expense and profit of bagging.

5. Agents’ commission: This item includes not only the commis-
sion proper, but every advance in price due to the sale of the goods
through an agent in small quantities on time, rather than directly
to the consumer in ton lots for cash.

6. Freight from the wholesale market to the point of delivery.

The valuations for 1914 are based:

1. Upon the wholesale prices from September 1, 1913, to March 1,
1914, of the raw materials used in fertilizer manufacture, the quota-
tions of the New York market being adopted for all materials ex-
cept acidulated phosphate rock and ground bone.

2. Upon an allowance of 20 per cent. of the wholesale prices, above
mentioned, to cover jobbers’ gross profit.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 435

By adding the 20 per cent. allowed for jobbers’ gross profit to the
wholesale price of the several raw materials, the retail price in
original packages at the jobbers’ warehouse is obtained.

Since the amount of the several valuable fertilizing constituents
in the various raw materials is known, it is a simple matter to de-
termine the corresponding retail value per pound of the valuable
fertilizing constituents yielded by each raw material. A schedule of
these pound values affords a convenient basis of computation of the
value per ton of various fertilizers, whose composition is ascertained
by analysis.

The values assigned, for the present, to the other elements in the
cost of the fertilizer at the point of delivery are:

3. For mixing, $1.00 per ton.

4. For bagging, $1.00 per ton, in all cases except those in which
the article was sold in original packages; the cost of the package be-
ing, in such case, included in the wholesale price.

5. For agents’ commission, 20 per cent. of the cost of the goods
f. o. b. at the jobbers’ or mixers’ warehouse.

6. For freight, $2.00 per ton; the cost of the freight in lots of
twelve tons or over, from the seaboard to Harrisburg, averaging $1.88
per ton.

The following valuation of dissolved South Carolina rock illustrates
the method:

Phosphoric Acid. % Weight per ton.

Noa AEST ee oer eee eee oe ease ssi enisceas Sceomaaenen 14.00 | 280 Ibs. at 3c, .... $8.40
HERG ONS:, | ondossodadonconpceoossnonpmosonogeoUcnonsaeneboooeOUeSounaC 1.00 | 20 Ibs. at lie, ... -30
Leia! YanGin Vile Gre creed wale, | cagomnopcossvadaeneasadpaodonoodas || 10se6550 || Scasacosespoceusaacn 8.70
JESSIE, | cocadeapacoenns sno as accoccOnoncD code Go dsODe dann dodeceoaosan os Il cososcbesh ocoseEc snopoonoodonn 1.00
(CHET SLIT: Coe EOI, Seah ite Rlavhoeley SaoanpoooscoUdonondodods |tosd0sane |) cosoodbncooopoeousac 9.70
FONTS (COMMIMISSION | QUEL (COI Ese ms cielaiasic's)e!a.<isiele\oln10\=|s/0\0)n[s/=le/e]e/a]s\» ejeioi)\| (ofefe(alv/a(aie)\||Lelolnjatalalatalaletele/a/elsteieta’sle 1.94
IEEE HE ae Tees enn RR Te OE re MING NNN sc Dhoni ein vee el Oma Asien | Sete een coe seamen 2.00

Commercial ellie JEP HOM. codemocdacikptcocassooanscccooogass ||-caopsads |hnocaccoceapocuacéeoe $13.64

It is not to be expected, of course, that the valuations thus com-
puted will precisely represent the fair price to be charged for a
brand in each locality and in every transaction. Market conditions,
competition, distance from factory, all introduce minor variations.
Nevertheless, to make the approximation reasonably close the aver-
age valuation of a given class of goods ought to agree closely with
its ascertained average selling price. Whenever such an agree-
ment is no longer obtained by the use of a schedule, it is evident
that the schedule of retail values of the constituents, or the added
allowances for mixing, etc., requires revision.

It is needful to note here another factor greatly affecting the prac-
tical accuracy of these approximations. Their computation would
offer little difficulty and their usefulness be far greater, if, by the
ordinary methods of analysis, the exact nature of the ingredients
used to supply the several fertilizer constituents, were capable of
certain determination. This is, however, possible to-day to only a
limited extent. The valuations are therefore based in general on the
assumption that the fertilizers are uniformly compounded from high
quality ingredients, such as are commonly employed in the manufac-

436 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ture of fertilizers of the several classes. Consumers should care-
fully avoid the error of accepting such valuations as infallible; they
are not designed to be used for close comparisons of single brands,
but only to indicate whether the price asked for a fertilizer is ab-
normal, assuming good quality for the ingredients used. From this
it is clear that, except as high freights may require, the selling price
of a brand should not far exceed the valuation; but that a fertilizer
may be made of inferior materials and yet have a high valuation.

The valuations used during 1913 have been modified for use during
1914 in accordance with the changes in wholesale prices of fertilizing
ingredients and to make the valuations more closely follow the sell-
ing price.

The following comparative statement shows the valuations and
selling prices of the several classes of fertilizers during 1909 to 1918.

8
“us
é Be
a PE
cys I eH
Fertilizers. 3 3 °8
3 q >) os
H gs € A”
~ to 7]
E : g 56
= q =
5 ei > bare)
A e n A
Spring, 1909.
Gem plete tresertasitate stole eretatetstaldters ote ole teicie isterelateleloletelstesoln iota clejeietaielelere 426 $25 31 $24 88 —.43
Rock-and-potash, rae 111 15.94 16.98 —1.2
Dissolved bone, 8 21.57 22.25 —.68
Ground bone, 24 30. 28 30.70 —.42
Dissolved rock, 33 13.67 14.76 —1.14
Fall, 1909.
@ompletetmmetcep ire eciitesie slate eleisielelereietciateietailetsvetstateroislereretclstaretats(e 255 22.25 22.07 -14
ROck“and= POLAah Means Wea eee eee eee eee 92 15.50 16.10 —.60
IDNeSolhasl een. “Eroqnssodaosonesoncdsc boon specs oquaSsecnpdoodsna 3 22.85 24.50 —1.65
Ground bonene sccaeceecceeeen ce Abanonn ecoondcooepcuEccoo0edaD0d’ 26 28.71 29.39 —.63
IDISSOLVCOUELOC Bisietceiciseletsine ieee ate ere(ale lie letov eral iofe ofeletalefevelntatalaietelel(ateyore 4) 14.02 13.86 16
Spring, 1910.
Completers Leros aces eee wok cane decie waa eee uameenaaenen 436 26.63 25.26 1.37
Rock-and-potaghyurccneiiccisecterisig siecle nen cielaeisislelelsielesrerele s|atetale 123 16.08 17.16 —1.08
Missolvedmbponen wasmcmice sokiebictarcllclcem ere cee citelsleleteiseretdicielsleleteiels 8 21.47 22.17 —.70
(Ghuntetil (eortsy | Sor.cneonteodpe saneconnucse epodocddoce cogduEsourcon 24 30.27 30.19 08
Dissolvedu nOcks ii cccmeccieacenceciciseslacwiselessicieetelaniclecisnalsteinaes 47 14.00 14.56 —.66
Fall, 1910.
Completes kre csietereietnemiclerels wie eigen aie lctecwrere ie 294 22.24 21.76 -48
Rock-and-potash, Kodo ee 109 16.34 16.38 —.4
Dissolved bone, 4 25.70 25.80 —.10
Ground bone) eseccces <= 29 31.10 29.98 1.12
Dissolved rock, 32 14.15 14.0 14
Spring, 1911.
Mommpletey weer cic cteterectae clelatcts clerslstareretetele cievetelelelalelelsloiptet=i-Yerevelnveinyiel> 485 %.95 24.97 98
ROGEANG=pOtASHy We jciereseiei cfeinte wlelstctelotel=(elaiajetajelelolelelelala\o(ale\s(elaiviels]einis\a 129 15.99 17.05 —1.06
ISSOLVEM MDOM Eu reer icici slelniaierois\sleichara ote leynielaiotelelsletelalcleleleletelsleleinistai=ia/e 6 23.82 20.33 3.49
Gronnd pone ws cece ccwlecietetewie cic etevcieleretelere cle ate letele weletoe reroute olersiolerace 28 31.47 30.93 54
WISSOlv edierO GK emote nwicciiierele somieicioedeteissiesialeletetete sical ofelsielelelaferea 51 14.86 15.83 97
Fall, 1911.
WMOmMpletercw riser ae cyetelarsielSereteiatele rele eve ovate aceictererokal sielencreretoneieteleteiatelnvehe (ete 292 22.33 21.73 60
oO Gkeand= potash peers tee acietle eraser ele tetera clete eieetersTefclereliatetetetataretetets 129 16.07 16.25 —.18
DISKON VER DOME, § bec daccieiae oc ieicie o\sieielelclslete mrotelaie'e'e s(ain(e’elolelte diejsie’el>/eiel= 3 1.51 24.88 —3.37
(Cia hiGllennts. ostonodsdocnBEeeDooo Wet. deadaochendoodsadpnenocdes 25° 31.18 $1.17 OL
Dissolved = wockss tetera os cae cies els, c/</alolorale oileleravaleier feletorstarire 42 13.78 14.00 22
Spring, 1912
Complete ar cae cta acters store sleyatereiere © tot cfarate!oicha\sialetofaieis/-Lslelo(olel tate tayniayeialele 470 27.24 27.64 -40
TROCK=and=potash, iets. cs. mnie sien eas aane aca baspobodsooarnas 137 16.26 18.27 2.01
Dissolved mbpONe Naser e eee ellie cee melsieiciciele cic e/seinielelelnlelelet-ievslelsiatens's 4 18.92 20.94 2.02
GONG OMe Mes a rei lars sratotare retels(aitintofol Ue sielovsss/efoteia bre/pinto tele ieiele welelatsts 24 33.26 32.81 55
WDISNOLVEU sO Gka rerio ctetsiccisiaicisin ts elsiotela)o\aleleteteleielicle(steisielielelsie'eleleini= 43 14.0 14.69 49

ee

No. 5 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 437
qa
i=)
3
PA Es)
® Fi
a Ps,
8 el
Fertilizers. $ g oH
3 5 I 33
hy s =|
v ~ on o
Q 3 q ~ae|
E 3 5 ge
=) a ir} oH
4 e N i=)
Fall, 1913.
WOMPLEERS | Siajaciarsicnisierai ste cieisteinleieysnls Seles sicleie sinictelelcta eines aiaie stelsioia’s sine 288 23.49 22.16 1.33
ECR ASIA IO CASE oreo otter eats oteielotersetelelelsl=leelsistalercieini<iinterereialolstaicleloielore 124 16.55 15.88 67
DSSOLV CO DONG: iieiistatelcisie cis clataiciotciociele slcicietercie nicle ciate ote eleleleicicietarcterelo 4 25.50 | 23.80 1.70
Grote pONe seta tan ciecccnisieniaseinacaceenistesiialnioedelsceecisaineiaciee 28 34.84 30.55 4.29
PVISSOLV CUR OCHA lalate tersiaieleinfele ereterceletlelaiavele oa otelelctelelalo’setalelela\etelete rate 42 13.92 13.80 12
Spring, 1913.
MGOMIPIG Lenmar ram ctetseenielelarele clclstal-Teleinicia cicicialeicle creralelstele aiale[elo/eratetalaisicve’elera 531 26.44 2.08 1.36
Rock-and-potash, | 140 16.52 16.75 —.23
Dissolved bone, | 4 21.63 18.55 3.08
CEOUNG OM Coe ajetetotstaeters/atere alers (olainiaisia aie aie/eleiale(elel ele laratels eisielcielsieleleleiaie 32, 32.50 | 33.86 —1.36
Dissolyed rock, 43 14.25 13.96 -29
WO plete accion lala iclersieinior ale cls nisielolectalete]~retolelelojeloisivieiaisle cislerevele'elole 292 24.36 21.92 2.44
Rock-and-potash, 140 16.85 16.25 -60
Dissolved bone, 6 24.26 24.75 —.49
Ground bone, ..... 36 32.63 31.12 1.61
Dissolved rock, 40 13.70 13.51 19

The following statement from the weekly reports of the Oil, Paint
and Drug Reporter, of New York, shows the average wholesale
prices of fertilizer raw materials from September 1, 1912, to March
1, 1913, and from September 1, 1913, to March 1, 1914.

ae pee; oe
Fach weit ee
er en ri ie
» = »_
BOE eel te
| a Bis oI
| oO oO
on oH b-| re
Substance, Amount Priced. af 2s : By
| Ee ar 3
Bos
° ° o8
or or” 7]
Saf eos Bee
5 on)
eer es BAB
< <
Salphateyof ammoniany occsccce =o ccenee clociecee OWE Marercteiieereieies wielcieieierere crete 2.560 2.200 | $9.5
onthe fOr SOO Apscodecuucdannepocongndcacsouna Giyibseegotscersteteieee mek deacies 2.560 2.290 89.5
Dried blood, H. G., ..... Unit (2% Ibs.) 2.736 3.110 113.6
Concentrated. tankage, Unit (20 lbs.), 2.40 2.76 115.0
Rough Done, <5. 2 c.<ce. TON viccissiclcizsies 23.2 23.25 100.0
Boneymealy Cacccncecnis RON Metetiecicene 29.25 29,25 100.0
Fish guano, dry, ato- Unit (20 lbs.) 3.113 3.31 106.3
IPHOSPHATEETOCK, LECTIN cm estes cietcisisisleiclciclelsis'eicieteieie(e WH GaoopudHagodocndoodaGG0O 5.25 5.2 100.0
ACIG SPHOSPHAte;, <cecececsicciiesccic joorccscctiacenn UWiohs (A UeENG, coobascoodaoo 525 -525 106.0
Dole P Manure SALES wsccmecacce ecient ccreellaccc UNO Ae Sosaadarascondoecduacoo 24.95 24.97 100.1
SiipMAtewOM pOLashiveraicceseecosesenekiccece Gnecl Akane: Spdsaucconsconmuoscosuse 46.80 47.156 100.8
Rear Pan ofan er ctelersrcieyeiniciuvoretotoimiciein si siotoioecisiaie' so Sleteleleie ER OTIME creelncieieterricisistcicsictestelelsteiere 8.45 8.425 99.7
Muriate of potash, .........-.sccse. noogoocenead 4 No) Se SCO BCOR OOD SODEECOOOLEe $8.55 38.356 99.5
Sulphuric acid, 66 degrees B., ......ccccceecs Owibsemerseeteciseiceeisivieeiarinciee.s 1.05 1.05 100.0

|
|

In ammoniates such as dried blood and fish guano, the unit is of
ammonia, of which 82.25 per cent. is nitrogen; in acid phosphate the
unit is of phosphoric acid (phosphorus pentoxid).

There has been a decided rise in the prices of some of the organic
ammoniates, and a decrease in the cost of nitrogen from inorganic
sources.

Phosphate rock, sulphuric acid and acid phosphate show little
change in prices compared with last year.

438 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

According to the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, (Vol. 85, No. 3,
Jan. 19, 1914) the German syndicate has fixed the schedule of whole-
sale prices (per ton of 2,000 lbs. net) for 1914 as follows:

Muriate of potash, 80 to 85 per cent.—80 per cent., .... $39.07

Muriate of potash, min. 95 per cent.—80 per cent., ...... 40.75
Muriate of potash, min. 98 per cent.—80 per cent., ...... 41.65
Sulphate of potash, 90@95 per cent.—90 per cent., ...... 47.57
Sulphate of potash, min. 96 per cent.—90 per cent., ...... 48.14
Double manure salt, 48@ 53 per cent.—48 per cent., ...... 25.04
Manure salt, min. 20 per cent., actual potash in bulk, .... 13.58
In bags of 200 Ibs. net; no charge for bags.
Hardsalt, min. 16 per cent., actual potash in bulk, ...... 10.87
Kainit, min, 12.4 per cent., actual potash in bulk, ...... 4.36

Potash Imports: The Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com-
merce states that the potash salt imports for 1912 and 1918 were as
follows:

1912. 1913.
Wirtstyr (WTC R)h. Moponanbasacconcte gbOUerBnaCadOd Oo COCO ToUCObNadaTOnU Aouad sondoo0osHES 483,744,601 | 450,731,995
SUT PH ALSY LDS) ei wratatsscicvarstetoterovojetclapesotecctnlete efatajetal le ole/a/a]s:o(elalo]sin\oln\efsle\s(ayemfelsi=(aieloleleiaia\stelsiefoleie 99, 626, 582 95,748,145
Rea OLODS) pep icteiete aiaeietieie eierstere sles oioleio nicioiete efoleiclei=tainielajniatunlsiaceis'ela a(oleteloints(eleeieletstelsiarsintare 485,132 466,795
Manure salts (TOMS); oi. ca cctwewcieccccenceccniiegscieenines riciiveeivelsisisicvceias viele sie sss 192,738 171,802

Composition of Raw Materials——In order to form a correct idea of
the cost per pound of the fertilizer constituents of these materials,
it is needful to determine their composition or, in other words, the
quantities of valuable constituents each contains. The following
table shows the composition of raw materials used in the manufacture
of fertilizers. Few analyses of these materials, with the exception
of ground bone and dissolved rock, have been made in Pennsylvania.
The figures in the following table include the averages of the results
of analyses made in Connecticut, New Jersey and Massachusetts
during the past year, except in the case of ground bone and dissolved
rock phosphates, where Pennsylvania results alone are included.

Composition of Non-Acidulated Fertilizer Ingredients, (Per Cent.)

=|
g 3
a

| “=

B 8

Substance. R=

4 a

° 5 °

3 a 3

83 2 g a

QN ° na Coal

ae B $s s

Bo = ) iS)

a | a | Ay | &
Sulphate of aMMOnIa, -... 2... cece cceeesscevcccerccseccoones 9 20.62 | ceeeeeeeee | ceeeeeeeee
INGErate Of ISOM S, cle csreisiaieiniele/<isleraiaielnlelsiel-sololsiefolclele = -iplelaieleisieisIsi</sfals 62 D532. eraperetetavetn| Wi cesie eee
Dye eb jeibyl Ea sshogononenoouge donoocobdr DopLacoone onceDOnDOrC 13 AO 71 |= sicwicchern avoramll aneiareeretats
GOUT HOHE sf ta cforc alates oletereichorcizla (ole loleis ale ol eleleite eleieiaterereielelaletniel= ate mteim 58 3.61 | .--s-.e eee 22.86
CICS oo hbononealoudesosonadeadsn Hnannonacosbogpopuccoonad 47 Hees Apadcan sue 14.25
CRiiul SHR) | seat onbqodseesencodolboasEEnCoboodsoqsuJoUsoossorc 39 ATH eadaacanss 6.496
Cottonseed mmealerccsma camels cstes wl-lalateteicietinie ates stateieleislelnteielatalstelaietete 295 6.58 |. sins verers cell Maia ate
Sulphatecon (pot asiyy wer cise = cstrisle = o10/oin alewinir nie ni=.e)e ele/einlaleia/nlalelsiele DSi | iciete's aioe 495617] itelacterescrac’
Muriate of potash, ........seeeeeseeeeeeeeeeee entre tenes eetees ERR oaecdsocdc OR STEN! Ooesion seo
RAUL ome eae cree aie sieiciaiaine ie nis ele einie alatinicc niciaisieia wislaiseetermeintastels Pell Sonanee ane 13.276 || Gite olorcters

Double sulphate of potash and magnesia, .......-+-.+.-+eee 16 \Pogdsssqas6 Mh TIAN a nedecece

—— a ee a

ee ee ee ee ee

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 439

Composition of Acidulated Fertilizer Ingredients. Per Cent.)

ze
: x)
os s}
g 3 2
a 3
As a
: 3 A
e g ) 5
A
ba ra) = 5
2 “ ce) Be
gE 2 g £
Zz a g Z
eee |
PPT SRORV CO me OTe aie erelete rete artes aicietote el sintel fel aieoaiatete reicvelecete ia eieiok tel elzvainiei= 10 14.91 4.51 1.59
DISSOlVed a PNOSPNA tC LOCK om cteielercisleiere srsia'eletsiniaicr=(eleieielaiaisia 12) tote ave 79 15.60 Orel) Gaedotoons

Cost per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents.—With the composition
of these raw materials and their price per ton, hundred weight, or
other unit of measure as a basis, the wholesale cost per pound of
the valuable constituents can readily be calculated. In many cases
the ammoniates are quoted “per unit of ammonia,” the term unit
being equivalent to per cent.; in goods sold by the ton of 2,000 Ibs.,
the unit is equal to 20 Ibs., and 20 lbs. of ammonia contain 16.47 Ibs.
of nitrogen.

In the case of refuse bone-black, unacidulated the mean, 28.25
per cent. of phosphoric acid, is assumed to represent the average
material on the market.

Phosphate rock is sold by the ton of 2,240 lbs., and on the basis
of the bone phosphate of lime it contains, with drawbacks for in-
jurious constituents. Bone-phosphate of lime contains 45.8 per cent.
of phosphoric acid; therefore, each per cent. of bone phosphate in
a long ton is equivalent to 22.4 lbs., and contains 10.26 Ibs. of phos-
phoric acid.

In the wholesale trade, dried blood, azotine, concentrated tankage
and hoof meals are usually sold on the basis of ammonia, disregard-
ing the phosphoric acid present.

Insoluble phosphoric acid in dissolved rock is likewise omitted
from consideration, contracts being based solely upon the “avail-
able” phosphoric acid; nor in rock phosphates is any claim made for
the small quantities of nitrogen and potash they contain, nor in dis-
solved bone for the potash present.

Under these conditions, the wholesale cost per pound in New York
of the valuable constituents of such materials as furnish but a single
fertilizing element, these materials being assumed to be in the state
of preparation and in the packing in which the manufacturer pur-
chased them, are given in the following table; also a figure repre-
senting a fair retail price at the factory, the materials having under-
gone no change in treatment or packing and the allowance for ex-
penses and profit in retailing being 20 per cent.

440 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

Wholesale Cost per Pound of Fertilizing Constituents, New York.
1. Ingredients Supplying One Constituent.

3 &
a m
rs) =a
an
: a
g &8
Materials. Constituents Valued. Zz 5
3
z | _s8
Eo ge
Sulphate of AMMONIA, 2... cc cecceccccscmecccccen WHERE, Gednagesacoosusccoo00ede 14.54 17.45
Nitrate Of SOda, .---...c.scscccescscsccccccscnce INPRO, -coposnocuacr pesosicesoac 14.94 17.98
yeh [IO SoocenasandosoosoosDesosMododOnOOn Cg )| INBNE RFS Soogosaosoes eo ans000nD0R 18.88 22.66
Concentrated! tamKagen c-ieclcc. cielss\einia/elvlsie's Ted NITPOS EN was sce coeateion nn ne 16.75 20.10
Phosphate rock, Tenn., 78 per cent., Phosphoric acid, total)* ....... 66 -79
Acide PHOSPU ATOR ieee tlt leiclelassiniete iat --| Phosphoric acid, available, .... 2.62 3.14
Double sulphate, of potash and) magnesia, <2.) (Potash, oo cccec.sccsseeoenne cece 4.60 5.50
Shijolonhys Ore jan esssqongodcooedone neocdoogOn IRMIERING Fo oaandedonncudebaodsoba5a 4.74 5.69
CAT ee reine ei cislcsieloinicicinccleieleisiaieicieisisiaiciclevete woe OLASDE ecinmatenrcncisinee vec n cee bme 3.06 3.67
I Geisunde Ce POMEL, “oops cok unggscpocKs anoLONOOOONE Potash sipeoses aerator ae et eeecs 3.76 4,41

*The prices of phosphate rock are f. o. b. at the respective points of shipment, not New York.
The prices for potash are taken from the schedule of the syndicate, and those of the remainder
from the Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter.

The quotations for bone are given without specific reference to
quality, so that it is impossible, from these data, fairly to apportion
their several wholesale values to the nitrogen and phosphoric acid
contained in this material. As compared with tankage, the general
tendency is to assign a higher commercial rating to the phosphoric
acid in bone, and to the nitrogen, a rating not very different from
that given in tankage.

In former years, the value assigned to the bone nitrogen has been
the same as that quoted on crushed tankage, ¢c. a. f. Baltimore. In
later years, quotations for both crushed tankage and ground tank-
age have not been available, and for that reason, the value of bone
nitrogen is based upon the quotations for concentrated tankage.

In earlier years, quotations on ground tankage have been about
5 per cent. in advance of those on concentrated tankage; also quota-
tions on crushed tankage were on an average 12.67 per "cent. in ad-
vance of those on eround tankage. Increasing the price of concen-
trated tankage by ‘these percentages, we have $3. 27 per unit of am-
monia as the value assigned to the nitrogen in bone.

This is equivalent to $3.97 per unit of nitrogen.

The average composition of the ground bone and bone meal sam-
ples analyzed last year in Pennsylvania was: Phosphoric acid, 22.86
per cent.; nitrogen 3.61 per cent.

The prepared bone contains less fat and moisture, and often less
nitrogen than the ordinary rough bone, but these differences tend, in
a measure, to neutralize each other. Assuming for the rough bone
quoted in the New York market the same composition as the bone
meal sold in Pennsylvania, and for the value of the nitrogen $3.97
per unit, as previously stated, the values per pound of the several
constituents would be:

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 441

Wholesale Cost per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents, New York.

II. Bone.
3 &
8 g
a
Materials. | Constituents Valued. iI ey
| o or
ea Lol |
| 3 aS
= ee
are ag
Hie se as
PLOUSH DONE gsi toeeclstclelsleicicieisisis(niclciaicis ele sisie'selsleiale oa INOELOSENG: Vee tiie c sisicsecceacinces 19.85 23.82
Phosphoric faeidy, <(t.jcieiewicacieicias 1.94 2.82
Gronnd bone aiecciceccecicisissslecisisielseineeine baisieeiee INTEPOP ENING cin semtes coniewsae aces 19.85 23.31
Phosphonicy acid yy en jccmierisics clcae | 3.25 3.94

Valuation in Neighboring States.

It is desirable, from all points of view, that the schedules of valua-
tion throughout a district in which similar market conditions pre-
vail, should differ as little as possible. It has been our practice in
the past, to conform our schedule to that adopted after very careful
cooperative study of the market conditions for each year, by the
New England States, New York and New Jersey, except where the
peculiar conditions of our markets have been made the valuations
diverge too largely from the actual selling prices, as in the case of
ground bone and dissolved rock phosphates. The schedules for these
States for 1903 and 1914 are as follows:

Trade Values Adopted by the New England States and New Jersey.

Cents Per Pound.

Values in 1914 in per
cent. of those in 1913

4 =
z a
Nitrogen:

METAL EU LON sree etslctetsiers ofelatXere(ete eo rs|elai-lainlolaceinieleyejeia(atetelereiaic 18% 164 89.2
Im ammoninm ‘salts, 2.020. sc0cccercs Doe seeeeeesees é 184 164 89.2
In dry and fine ground fish and dried blood, 500 112.6
Unefine bone Ane MEAN KAS One ree mejeietieteteieteles oieistsinimininieisielnieieleletsisleisie\eleioie orale 19 213 113.2
TNNCOATSeH HONE ANGE LAMK APCS ieteiorecieincls i elelete ninfeleleteloinin'eleyereiererelsleteieieisieiaieiele 15 174 116.7
Mini edmeLerillizers mec ceteeceeeteccicnsrineioeiaseel cer cla ceieninetesior 19 194 102.6

Phosphoric acid:

WVERtee ROLES, "oagagapocs Gudodounosa s0gRdcdODNoSODCoGDOnEaDEN S00 50D00000 43 44 100.0
Citrate soluble, ........+.+sesceeeeseaes JondencagLunagoooes vies 4 4 100.0
In fine ground bone and tankage, .. acd 4 4 100.0
Tne coarser DONeN ANG! tan KA Se ye ctet erent ieiclelata)eieletelalnioleleialateielelviolelsieiaisisleleisiel=ia 33 3h 100.0
Tht) mph asl agdenglqary, GROG pooqnoccocnqcuddocondocongncoundoondee 2 2 100.0
Potash:
PE LONMSELEee) LLOMI MAMELA Geen ctetbielalelolatel<lalate’s'si=lnis)olaloleial=talelelote!=lalolaleleiniei=lelele 4 6 6.2
AAS “MUTIate, ......nccccccccccccscvescecaecscncvcvccrsaceceeserieccecrons 44 4 94.1

442 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

Valuations in Pennsylvania.

For reasons stated on the previous page, the New England schedule
has been followed in the case of mixed fertilizers and dissolved bones.

In the case of the dissolved rocks, the wholesale prices of raw
materials used in their manufacture and of the available phosphoric
acid itself, having shown no material change, the values used in the
Pennsylvania schedule for 1913 are continued for use during the
present year.

With respect to the potash and nitrate salts, the experience of re-
cent years has shown a growing increase in the proportion of the of-
ficial samples that represent direct cash purchases in large quantities.
The result has been that the commercial valuations, based upon the
conditions and costs of sale in small quantities, through local agents
and on time, came to be, in a large fraction of the cases represented
by these salts whose analyses are reported in the miscellaneous group,
strikingly higher than the selling prices quoted. For this reason, it
has appeared needful to proceed, hereafter, upon the assumption that
all potash and nitrate salts sold unmixed as such, have been pur-
chased at what are virtually jobbers’ prices plus freight, and to adopt
corresponding pound values. In the case, however, of potash and
nitrogen in mixed fertilizers, the computation will be made as hereto-
fore, upon the assumed basis of sale on time, in small quantities and
through local dealers.

Buyers who are interested in the comparative jobbing prices of
other materials, will find the data in the preceding pages.

The entire schedule adopted for use in this State is presented in
the following table.

Pennsylvania Schedule of Values for Fertilizer Ingredients, 1914.

Per
Pound
Nitrogen:
Nirvee ATLL OTN ATS UME eumereitevetete eter stelereta eters lojetdere’stateleletereleTatoleletevereiatoter=totaietatalc/atereltalo/ teteteratatatatetetsietetelteleierareyt 164
IGT URE NKAC dean appusndor ce cone lvoSoasongonndolnabadagoooDGoD so uaganodaqauasodoeqocpoAnadcor 164
lin paaie, Ghaleol Jk onl, GUE. SaandooososonsooodonpooneooNSS DUaHOUdU DOOD HAKObosHgageDddOHINOCC
UmeMiiK ed eet ex biluzer sec te cites loteretetaiecate clots erate coaievsY lal siete raielesat=tatafatetare?elalete/eteieofetatezetetatetstayotetatereleteletetetevsters 19
In fine ground Wome and tankage, 2 o-oo. escie eee ciejenicieicinmiais = sis 0jainis/«/=\ele\e/e{e/e\e\0\+ 0)s\s/e)siniv sivis)ela alee
iba) Gopi Voary ohh PVG soo oaccdecaproncndoocopo soo coos. code do obudoOMBCUbOrngbecc6 15
Phosphoric Acid:
Available cin DONG ei eLtAli Zens gw arse elaleiciaia’=\e1elelelats)alolateisinie lel stela\eleieley=ialslate(a|s (cls) e1s)=]~/«ic)etu\rielsfalarainlataler=yate 43
Available, in rock fertilizers, 22... c.c0cecesesccccscnceesrerrsiescnins soe ccscecsrerecrsieses
Insoluble in ammonium citrate, in bone fertilizers, ........2:.ceeeeseeeeseseeceerecaces 2
Insoluble in ammonium citrate, in rock fertilizers, ..........sssecseeerccreecesssesseves 14
In finembonewtankavewandatishs mcewecnece cccic secretes steclelicrecieictetsleiosteisisteleterateleretelstereeteciets 34
Tn COATSe! DOMME Fam iT ASN ile ele ie oles cle lee ete leis ele ie fot=lelarels ole elererais everayolotetal ertieterer slate eietetetereteretaleyetet=teter= 23
Potash:
In high grade sulphate of other forms free from muriate, ..........:eeeeeee cece cece eens 5
ING) hs EhRey, | Gao ouontcn dn soodconasoULOUnS capo Ooo OenOUTOODBUON Godab CoMAndonDoU do CenoGOOGaNONe 4

Potash in excess of that equivalent to the chlorin present, will be
valued as sulphate, and the remainder as muriate. The analytical
tables frequently show little or no potash reported as sulphate, al-
though the full percentage guaranteed is reported present, and al-
though the manufacturer has guaranteed that it was introduced as

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 443

sulphate. This discrepancy between analytical report and guaranty
may be due to the rule of practice stated in the first sentence of this
paragraph, and not to any act of bad faith on the part of the man-
ufacturer. The rule of practice is adopted chiefly for the reason that
plants injured, like tobacco and sometimes potatoes, by an excess of
chlorin, is injured equally, whether the chlorin be introduced as
muriate of potash, as common salt, or as magnesium chloride. At
present prices for the two potash salts, muriate and sulphate, the
only weightly reason for introducing the more costly sulphate, is
to insure the purchaser of tobacco and potato fertilizers against pos-
sible injury by chlorin. Under our system of valuation, the manufac-
turer must exclude chlorin from every source to gain the valuation
advantage from his use of sulphate of potash.

In certain cases where specific claim is made by the manufacturer
that potash has been added as carbonate, potash in excess of that
equivalent to soluble chlorides and soluble sulphates will be valued as
carbonate.

Nitrogen in mixed fertilizers will be valued as derived from the
best sources of organic nitrogen, unless clear evidence to the contrary
is obtained.

Phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers is valued at bone phosphoric
acid prices, unless clearly found to be derived from rock phosphate.

Bone is sifted into two grades of fineness: Fine, less than 1-50 inch
in diameter; coarse, over 1-50 inch in diameter.

The result obtained by the use of this schedule does not cover the
items of mixing, bagging, freight and agents’ commission. To cover
these, allowances are made as follows:

For bagging, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on all fertilizers, except
when sold in original packages.

For mixing, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on complete fertilizers
and rock-and-potash goods.

For agents’ commission, an allowance of 20 per cent. is added to
the cash value of the goods ready for shipment.

Yor freight, an allowance of $2.00 per ton on all fertilizers.

444 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

FERTILIZERS ANALYSES JANUARY 1 TO AUGUST 1, 1914.

Since January 1, 1914, there have been received from authorized
sampling agents two thousand and ninety-four fertilizer samples, of
which seven hundred and fifty-one were subjected to analysis. Pref-
erence was given to those which have not been recently analyzed. In
cases where two or more samples representing the same brand were
received, equal portions from several samples were united, and the
composite sample was subjected to analysis.

The samples analyzed group themselves as follows: 505 complete
fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 4 dis-
solved bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 181 rock and
potash fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 30 acidu-
lated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 23 ground
bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and 58 miscella-
neous samples, which group includes substances not properly classi-
fied under the foregoing heads.

The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are
as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for
indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the
conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2)
Phosphoric acid—total and insoluble; the latter is, that portion not
soluble in water nor in warm ammonium citrate solution (a solution
supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon the fertilizer),
which is assumed to have little immediate food value. By difference,
it is easy to compute the so-called “available” phosphoric acid. (3)
Potash soluble in water—most of that present in green sand marl and
crushed minerals, and even some of that present in vegetable ma-
terials such as cotton-seed meal, not being included because insoluble
in water even after long boiling. (4) Nitrogen — This element is
determined in such manner as to ascertain its total quantity and
also, beginning with the present season, the quality of the organic
nitrogenous material present in the finished fertilizer. The fertilizer
is washed thoroughly with water, which removes the nitrates, am-
monium salts and almost all of the cyanamid nitrogen, and the
soluble organic nitrogenous materials. These are not separately de-
termined, but are grouped under the name “water-soluble nitrogen.”
The quantity of water-insoluble nitrogen is directly determined, and
by difference between its amount and the total nitrogen, the water
soluble nitrogen is calculated. Another portion of water-insoluble
material* is treated with alkaline potassium permanganate, which
attacks the nitrogenous organic substances present, and converts the
more active portion into ammonia, which is distilled off, determined,
and its nitrogen calculated as “active insoluble nitrogen.” The “inac-
tive insoluble nitrogen” is then computed by subtracting the active in-
soluble from the total insoluble nitrogen. The term “available nitro-
gen” as used in this report, is the sum of the water-soluble and the ac-
tive insoluble nitrogen. It is equivalent to the total nitrogen less the
inactive insoluble nitrogen. In high grade organic nitrogenous mater-

*This determination has been omitted in all cases where the insoluble nitrogen is only .2 per
cent. or less.

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 445

ials, among which, from its behavior with this treatment, must be
included horn meal, the percentage of inactive nitrogen in the insolu-
ble nitrogen is usually under 40 per cent.; and the ratio of inactive
to active insoluble nitrogen in such materials is usually less than
60:100. On the other hand, in the case of low-grade nitrogenous ma-
terials, the proportions of inactive nitrogen are much higher. The
separations effected by these methods are therefore of great value
in distinguishing whether the insoluble nitrogen is derived from high
grade materials, or from low grade substances such as garbage tank-
age, peat, mora meal, unacidulated hair, leather, etc. There is,
however, one fertilizer ingredient rapidly coming into use, whose
presence may lead to erroneous conclusion, if judgment is based
solely upon the facts ascertained by the foregoing method, namely,
cyanamid. This substance contains from 13 to 16.5 per cent. of ni-
trogen, of which 12 to 14.7 per cent. is soluble in water, by the mode
of treatment used in the alkaline permanganate method; and, of the
1.0 to 1.7 per cent. of water-insoluble nitrogen, less than one-fifth is
active; so that the ratio of inactive to insoluble nitrogen is about
80:100. Owing to its tendency to reduce the availability of the
phosphoric acid in acid phosphate mixtures, limited quantities only
of this ingredient can be used advantageously in mixed fertilizers.
Nevertheless, in cases where low grade sources of nitrogen are in-
dicated by the foregoing method, it would be needful to determine,
by supplementary tests, whether or not cynamid may be present to
account for an undue proportion of inactive, insoluble nitrogen,
before concluding that such excess of inactive nitrogenous material
is attributable to low-grade nitrogenous constituents. It is desir-
able to keep in mind at this point the fact also that certain widely
used low-grade nitrogenous substances, such as garbage tankage,
peat and mora meal, are not included in the list of substances whose
presence requires specific declaration under Section 4 of the Fertilizer
Act. (5) CHLORIN—this determination is made to afford a basis for
estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as chlorid
or muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made on the
assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has been in-
troduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless there are
occasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin combines
with 1.326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; knowing the
chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equivalent thereto.
(7) In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-division is deter-
mined by sifting through accurately made sieves; the cost of pre-
paration and especially the promptness of action of bone in the soil
depend very largely on the fineness of its particles, the finer being
much more quickly useful to the plant.

The legislation of 1909 has made needful, some additional tests.
Section 4, of the Act of May 1, 1909, prohibits the sale of “pulverized
leather, hair, ground hoof, horn, or wool waste, raw, steamed,
roasted, or in any form, as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of a fer-
tilizer or manure, without an explicit statement of the fact.” All
nitrogenous fertilizers have, therefore, been submitted to a careful
microscopic examination, at the time of preparing the sample for
analysis, to defect the presence of the tissues characteristic of the
several materials above named. The act of April 23, 1909, makes it un-
lawful to use the word “bone” in connection with, or as part of the

446 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

name of any fertilizer, or any brand of the same, unless the phosphoric
acid contained in such fertilizer shall be the product of pure animal
bone. All fertilizers in whose name the word “bone” appears, were
therefore examined by microscopic and chemical methods to deter-
mine, so far as possible with present knowledge, the nature of the
ingredient or ingredients supplying the phosphoric acid. It is a fact,
however, well known to fertilizer manufacturers and which should be
equally understood by the consumer, that it is, in certain cases, prac-
tically impossible to determine the source of the phosphoric acid by
an examination of the finished fertilizer. The microscope shows
clearly the structure of raw bone, but does not make it possible to
discriminate between thoroughly acidulated bone and acidulated rock.
The ration of nitrogen to phosphoric acid in a raw bone—and only
such bone as has not been deprived of any considerable proportion of
its nitrogenous material by some manufacturing process can properly
be called “pure animal bone”—is about 1: 8, in cases where the ration
of nitrogen to phospobric acid exceeds 8, it is clear that part, at least,
of the phosphoric acid has been supplied by something else than pure
animal bone; but, inasmuch as nitrogen may have been introduced in
some material other than bone and no longer detectible by the micro-
scope, the presence of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the proportions
corresponding to those of bone is not proof positive that they have
been supplied by bone. Finally, the difference in the iron and silica
content of bone and rock respectively, afford means of distinction
useful in some cases; the usefulness of this distinction is limited,
however, by the facts that kitchen bone frequently contains earthy
impurities rich in iron and silica, and that earthy filler can legally be
used in fertilizers and are in fact considerably used therein both as
“making-weights” and as “conditioners,” or materials introduced to
improve the drilling qualities of the goods. The fact that the phos-
phoric acid in bone and rock are identical in character is probably so
well known as to require no detailed consideration in this connec-
tion.

The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the amount
of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may put
upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the guaran-
ties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore, been deemed
desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by the manufac-
turer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such connection
with the analytical results that the two may be compared. An un-
fortunate practice has grown up among manufacturers of so word-
ing the guaranty that it seems to declare the presence in the goods of
an amount of valuable constituent ranging from a certain minimum
to a much higher maximum; thus, “Potash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a
guaranty not infrequently given. In reality, the sole guaranty is for
2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given for each brand in the
following tables, are copied from the guaranties filed by the maker
of the goods with the Secretary of Agriculture, the lowest figure
given for any constituent being considered to be the amount guar-
anteed. For compactness and because no essentially important fact
is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for soluble and reverted phos-
phoric acid have not been given separately, but are combined into a
single guaranty for available phosphoric acid; in cases where the
maker’s guaranty does not specifically mention available phosphoric

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 447

acid, the sum of the lowest figures given by him for soluble and re-
verted phosphoric acid is used. The law of 1879 allowed the maker
to express his guaranty for nitrogen either in terms of that element
or in terms of the ammonia equivalent thereto; since ammonia is
composed of three parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen,
it is a very simple matter to calculate the amount of one, when the
amount of the other is given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by
1.214 will give the corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount
of ammonia multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount
of nitrogen. In these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen.
The law of 1901 and 1909 abolished the alternative and required
that the quantity shall be given in terms of nitrogen.

Many manufacturers after complying with the terms of the law,
insert additional items in their guaranties, often with the result of
misleading or confusing the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed
to those items only that are given as the law requires and that are
presented in these tables:

A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as
follows:

Summary of Analyses Made this Season. (Spring 1914).

—

|
; ; |
2 a S 2 FT
© 5 3 = =
< = 5 P ZS
a i ) i} =I
a Seal ae E
ic) ° -_ coal ra
2) | faz} io) | Q 1}
INumper Of) ‘ANalySess, Se -veiarsaiiste cvs ovesciclore ree aiesn/ciela sie slerowaeelae 505 131 4 36 23
MGISEnTe mi pChuCeni- merece nace omsciinecsoerrestices 8.85 9.09 6.89 9.21 5.11

Phosphoric acid:
TOTAL DER? CON Gia kacreis eins aaiesiewlettesinsisdeaisnsiceacincee ce 9.31 .65 5 +5
Available per, Centiycascecmise teint ceisie sicislsieles a000ds 8.06 9.76 10.45 14.47
1.5 84
5

eee enee

Inisolubless* per: “Centre o-ciscodsc couse ameeeotenseesseecs 87 ees ee SBo0n60ce
IPOtashs per=COl te a. ccc sere cisco eo eros tion soeceie cule tei eae 67 CETHE Wen sdoonan SpcoaGobanl seacocaccd
Nitrogen:

RO Pale PO Ie COME rait-2 cred coterie nese aees Gina tinisiamie ieiaie esis ial Gaus ny Aaa e coe 2.38 3.08

Available, per cent., BEAN | anno ape 2.38 3.08

Available, per cent., as DAG ace erste Ee See teen ine siecen

tadetivesinsolubles per (centeseca-cccisses soe redsisioes oer ae. \| Ranooeon de oaocaAdos ! SoaccHcn

|
Mechanical analyses of bone: |

ONT Tala otf "Se Boat po oe GoDTOO HOOOSRAD COMBN GOES OST InT hl NaGen crocn BCAnRAaes Pifeleietereteforeie hwatsreteyeyaeais 49.00

OHATEE.S ELM CEM Eau as ie inet ace os iersioinie er manne einem omen Ristinecice.|hanesewan Pinarooes Paeceaonn 51.00
Gommercial Fyalnations* ar35 pees dacaocs ce cise tons concieneay $26.53 $15.60 $27.28 $13.71 $30.15
PO CLUITIE EI COS, mers fore iels ete tia ola) \aijo:aisisinrs atcie biv/aipe Aaercelotne Seeiecons 24.72 16.79 26.25 14.48 31.43

*Dollars per ton.

“For the purpose of indicating more specifically to the eye, cases
deficient in guarantee, an asterisk has been affixed in the analvtical
tables where the ingredient has been found less in quantity than the
manufacturer guaranteed. Too great emphasis should not be placed
upon very Slight deficiencies, because very slight imperfections in
mixing and slight variation in analysis are practically unavoidable.
The asterisk has been used, therefore, only in cases where the de-
ficiencies amount to 0.2 per cent. or more, except where nitrogen has
been guaranteed in amounts not higher than 1.0 per cent. in which
case an asterisk has been affixed where the deficiency amounts to 0.1
per cent. or more.” :

29

448 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composition

observed this season, including only those cases in which it amounted
to two-tenths per cent, or more, were as follows:

Summary of Instances of Deficiency from Guaranty.

|
B |
o
S a |
S| 3 2 | x
u a= =| 3)
g Sir tes : g
fo)
2 EI 3 3 S
2 = = Le |
a é 3 5 Ey
i) ee A a o
Deficient in four constituents, 6 0 0 G 0
Deficient in three constituents, ; BiH Nisfoleceverste-!| Wareiercieiaererd USereterele evel me eteeiiate
Deficient in two constituents, ........ 4 pocoun = 39 WD oanoacde By veselerereie
Deficient in one constituent, ............. 550 129 25 2 4 11
‘Total number of samples in which deficiencies occur,.... 167 35 2 7 11

The cases of deficiency noted during the past eleven seasons in the
composition of goods as compared with their guaranties, expressed
in percentage of the total number of goods of each class analyzed,
are as follows:

Percentage of Deficiency 1909-1914.

> S sa AQ oO a)
z 2 5 > & =| 5 ) S Ea) g
S al 2 a >

= a bh a on ad tb di oF a) a

2 te ee a ae ee ee

ee eee oe ce ce pec meena mmr mean. |

a e a B- | ao cs 2 e B & | a
Bs ea EC mE ERE a elo RMN SOP RON LMR SEE
ilizer, ..| 39.5] 46.3/ 28.9 | 359| 45.1| 46.9 | 99.0] 36.8] 32.8] 96.0) 933.1
Bet ihonen ee be *| 37.5 | 25.0/ 16-6/100.00| 50.0| 50.0] 50.0] 66.7| 50.0
Rock and potash, ...,| 36.2| 30.4] 2.2| 37.0] 27.1| 48.4] 33.6| $8.9] 26.4] 46.0] 26,7
Dissolved rock, '..... 33.3| 19.5| 4.3 | 63] 5.9| 11.9 | 12.5] 16.7| 20.9] 22.5] 93.3
Ground bone, -....--- 20.81 38.4] 29.17| 27.6] 47.8| 20.0 | 29.2] 32.1] 25.0] 22.9] 47.8

xcept

All ACiCnDOUs, ory Rte | gn6|\26.5.| 32-6) 98-7) 46.0]. 86.0) S537 90.4) anu mee

“Only two samples analyzed for which no guarantees are reported.

A comparison of the average composition of all samples of com-
plete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the average
of the corresponding guaranties, for several seasons past, including
those of this season, follows:

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Average Composition and Guaranty Compared.

449

=
inal he
o
=f | a
pcet|
5 ,
ec site
a | A
a 2
i eles
Byes tee
En Sp
ee | £8
oo oo
bo J
4 <q
Spring, 1909.
Phosphoric acid: |
veel ie Asostedor 9.83 8.98
Available, ..... 8.07 7.66
POERSHEN) aes akideisaeice 5.07 4.89
INTETOSEN | oe neice s0econdeGHuoOne ae 1.67 | 1.60
|
Phosphoric acid: | |
Motel eeteivere pietatatttel tata Sia at eictelslete eve ieceveloieisisteistncr-toisicieisveicievelnokeainis, © plete edt tote) a] fs wie nie seistenetainve(= | 10.13 9.34
AVailable, w.ccceccccceecsne on Jadoo onadooAdooonasoD NASD SondNONe AD sOROSOgNDON IOS aoRINO 8.27 | 8.08
Do Lach se ee ee ecare ceee Me MMSE ihe RE Ree N Ee dake sougtanig ae acloaeec sepia dat We eaeeit eS kts
DHARGHN, cooonoan noes cooD0De dou adn adsonades GoonBdoCLocds pad nu SoU aNIDRD ADDO a nOseDIOD BON 1.33 | 1.26
|
Spring, 1910 |
Phosphorie acid: |
‘EOEAL a ee de sn 6.3% | 9.80 | 8.80
Available, |e a Sh S6hln 786%
Potashyene eee cisc ae | 5.20 | 4.68
INTETOR ETS ieee aieic- = ocntasonodaqdopcaasabadoujsonodoo eb nad doBUoMnabobodbooSEscnOOAnDsoceDS | 1.63 1.66
Fall, 1910. |
Phosphorie acid: |
COCEIIN, 1g SAEP as Ue BR TAN aM BOE oa Boee LqRC nee eae aa oH ete SARs SOU nner 9.72 8.80
Available, 8.26 7.62
TG EAST MIR is cNRe cocti ate rete wal rene ese caste oon atoinicaesus Malate cole Deisiae oe eAoar atialalars aeeicts | 5.20 4.68
MPEG. (SobcbaSooandancs acc onoohe boonteocSesu Coen uasoBonDE coSuauodaouadaddan cagpeddocnnG 1.63 1.60
Spring, 1911 |
Phosphoric acid: |
ARCEMIS See oeghnor 9.68 | 8.96
A Available, 8.31 | 7.86
ei Apo epooododad | 4.97 | 4.65
INDErOR en Ueccceccece= | 1.53 | 1.54
|
Phospkorie acid: |
SOLAN wecle atctcisl<is | 9.59 | 9.09
Available, 3120 1.87
(ROG. eee EBA Rs Scie SaOB AAS ES oe CE Ry ae Rin” ADRS ys Bi Re eC OE PAGERS allergen
Nitrogen, 12 1.19
Phosphoric acid:
Motaleoe ssc. noored patio dsnosasbooSsocveoosc ogo babomedobee cenooDbD Osco CansionnedUtemoodoorS 9:51 | 8.82
LS ERT GL © Goonposccesddo BAM REIB COR Cre EGO RICA nce Tone Ane CEA ce ocace rected 8.09 | 7.78
IRM ENS | Gooaancncsae Soon g0eGOCCROBOD UL --seneegdad anon dosasqponna sedoscenoDebegae docuardvene | 5.34 | 5.05
INDENO SENG Fats crastatelojelei sie Jano sao Le oe c opoDUg ond GOOHCOMOnOSJosOCeaaDUDbODHUddNAOOD IDC ORNL, 1.56 | 1.58
Fall, 1912. |
Phosphoric acid: |
PIO LAD reece terrretenctteeetenieeloieiets/cclniecclenelavereitate ota cateeataeersve srsiele iepatctste la asevercveltelaieval sseravoieiolalet tere stele sieved 9.20 3.07
MPT OIGD. Savcacesadco sooghodous Hoqupobab bone Lodospc do dbadonnon SonUctOnaanpoosoe deere. | 8.28 | 7.83
FED eL Saeed si ae sicra aseresere te arate Poke re ee ese a ta testecanlevas eraUatoe aia om he eyarernisoierainacatinraierereisreiera sre eeyamoe ete ete ieee» | 4.06 | 3.57
NENG OM),f wees se nieete seme see since elee cela selene Gia Setiew s Hi shine tae coe sane mleem beni cemenrers | 1,28 | 1.30
Spring, 1913. |
Phosphoric acid:
IBOtALS ee teeeters Risers kos SR Sts tat octet Rat ATR ee yoeiese ye ae SS Tome iad Sepvjala Sonieinve, 8 ale clea gi area 8.92
a Avallable, Berchet chara efskeraiatoiclevetstereiciever acces erovafelsiae rassp a\aresetata = cyesore giatorejaevtiors ease Spacereysjacatele lela eiaiaxens 8.11 7.37
OEE eodasecns naecodoscosnanocnosenboosesdo tnbbdoor oidoncseb ae cunadedonnaJCeonUAUDOsDaCacc 5.41 5.17
Nitrogen, ..... CAC TROD OOO TOO ODD OO TUGt OCC IC ORTOGUOUEDGOF Ee DOODODC CROCE COCR OCCT EAD 1.61 1.62
Fall, 1913.
Phosphoric acid:
Gy fal nenooceEnbod 9.86 | 9.09
ae Available, : 8.06 | 7.83
ELST cea icin clase sla clalatotere enix welarerate wiercintelasc viola RYO tials inlevolels oyalevorn miata: etpiaietalolergis a sieveresbtsle avetoloraie svete nates 4.28 4.27
INHBEOB OID Be Sec cecosdinoees 1.47 1.35
Phosphoric acid: |
MOTEL Waan,cees serakacatetototstatets tol careite iets tetetelotalstaia al atotes stevar=istebal tatale fa leiatay etait hcbeieds tele niaisialetetatats (aie etet ale)» | 9.31 8.71
PRCV ATLA DION, © Sisceiavais eietate musteteperiae erietheminieteieinole [ote nielare aictelntelera te miele ciarene alatosten vata ye eimisiets olesate 8.06 7.65
LEGS. pAcadepeaacganodo se c60scnDoUnadonbdsonsesndos:enctdeb andy 2endopanddduasooebsoocn Neue 5.67 B.52
Inkl maps Byaaoeroc Gonboedoocaoctcscnonaos sop coddanour HnsDsbasoeat Gv ooo abdoocncouo ODODE 1.81 169

29—5—1914

450 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MATERIALS USED IN FERTILIZERS.

The sampling agents report no case of declaration under the re-
quirements of Section 4 of the fertilizer law, nor has microscopic ex-
amination shown any decisive evidence of the presence in any fer-
tilizer of more than accidental traces of any of the substances speci-
fied in that section.

On the other hand, the results of the examination of the condition
of the nitrogen in the complete fertilizers by the alkaline perman-
ganate method affords much that is suggestive.

To keep the tables down to convenient size, the percentages of ac-
tive insoluble nitrogen found have been omitted. ‘They can be com-
puted, however, from the figures given, by deducting from the total
nitrogen the sum of the soluble and the inactive insoluble nitrogen.
The ratio which the active insoluble bears to the inactive insoluble
nitrogen being the principal indication the method as here used gives
respecting the character of the organic nitrogenous ingredients of
the fertilizer, the index letters, ‘a’, ‘b’, and ‘c’, have been affixed to the
percentages of inactive insoluble nitrogen, to indicate the ratios be-
tween the active and inactive insoluble in the several samples. Cases
in which the active constitutes three-fifths or more of the insoluble
are marked ‘a’; two-fifths to three-fifths, ‘b’, and less than two-
fifths, ‘ce. The New England Stations used the terms ‘good,’ ‘doubt-
ful’ and ‘poor’ for these respective classes of cases.

Of the 503 samples examined this season, 83 belong to class ‘a’, 336
to ‘b’, and 84 to ‘ec’.

It is needful to keep clearly in mind the meaning of the index ‘c’
as thus applied. Its presence does not suffice to indicate that the
fertilizer contains no readily available nitrogen, but merely that part
or all of the insoluble nitrogen is derived from low grade sources,
barring cases in which cyanamid is one of the fertilizer ingredients.
These low-grade materials may be such as are listed in Section 4 of
the law, or others in common use, such as garbage tankage, peat or
mora meal; and they may, if of animal origin, have had their nitro-
genous materials changed almost entirely to an available condition
by ‘wet mixing,’ which has, however, little improving effect upon the
nitrogenous constituents of garbage tankage and mora meal, and little
more upon those of peat.

The use of such low-grade materials is either to make the fertilizer
less likely to become sticky or lumpy, or to supply nitrogen from
materials that would otherwise be wholly thrown to waste. The use
of ‘conditioners’ for the former purpose is, in itself, desirable rather
than objectionable; but becomes obnoxious and unjust when the
nitrogen they contain in unavailable form is made the basis of a
charge at high rates to the buyer. The use also of low-grade and
therefore cheap nitrogen supplies whose nitrogen has, by chemical
treatment, been made useful for plant-food, is laudable provided the
materials are sold for what they are, instead of being sold at the
prices of the nitrogen in high-grade nitrogenous ingredients.

In cases where the inactive insoluble nitrogen forms a large frac-
tion of the total nitrogen, is marked by the index ‘c,’ the guaranty

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 451

does not exceed the available nitrogen by an amount equal to most
of the ‘inactive,’ and the selling price, corrected for freight differ-
ence, is not considerably less than that asked for fertilizers of like
general composition but supplying nitrogen derived from high-grade
goods such as bear the index ‘a’ or even ‘b,’ there is a reason to believe
that the buyer is being subjected to unfair treatment.

Section 1 of the Fertilizer Law of 1909 requires that the guaranty
for a fertilizer shall state ‘the percentage such fertilizer contains of
nitrogen in an available form.’ It is, however, by no means clear
that the term ‘available,’ as used in the law, means precisely the
same thing that is meant by that term when used to designate the
sum of the water-soluble and active insoluble nitrogen, as determined
by the present method. For some nitrogenous fertilizer ingredients
always regarded as of high grade, such as dried blood, meat tankage,
and cottonseed meal, contain considerable fractions of inactive insol-
uble nitrogen when examined by this method. Until further notice,
therefore, the law will not be construed to require that the amount
of nitrogen guaranteed shall not exceed that present in a form that
will appear as ‘available’ by the alkaline permanganate method now
in use. :

In many of this season’s samples, however, the quantity of nitro-
gen thus available is found equal to the percentage guaranteed. On
the average, the ‘available’ nitrogen found was 1.49 per cent. the
total, 1.81, that guaranteed, 1.69 per cent.

452 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

FERTILIZERS ANALYSES AUGUST 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1914.

Since August 1, 1914, there have been received from authorized
sampling agents eleven hundred and eighty-four fertilizer samples, of
which four hundred and fifty were subjected to analysis. Prefer-
ence was given to those which have not been recently analyzed. In
cases where two or more samples representing the same brand were
received, equal portions from several samples were united, and the
composite sample was subjected to analysis.

The samples analyzed group themselves as follows: 281 complete
fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen 2 dis-
solved bones, furnishing phosphorous acid and nitrogen; 99 rock-and
potash fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 38 acidu-
lated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 25 ground
bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and 7 miscellaneous
samples, which group includes substances not properly classified
under the foregoing heads.

The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are
as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for
indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the
conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2)
Phosphoric acid—total and insoluble; the latter is, that portion not
soluble in water nor in warm ammonium citrate solution (a solution
supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon the fertilizer),
which is assumed to have little immediate food value. By difference,
it is easy to compute the so-called “available” phosphoric acid. (3)
Potash soluble in water—most of that present in green sand marl and
crushed minerals, and even some of that present in vegetable mate-
rials such as cotton-seed meal, not being included because insoluble
in water even after long boiling. (4) Nitrogen—This element is
determined in such manner as to ascertain its total quantity and
also, beginning with the present season, the quality of the organic
nitrogenous material present in the finished fertilizer. The fertilizer
is washed thoroughly with water, which removes the nitrates, am-
monium salts and almost all of the cyanamid nitrogen, and the
soluble organic nitrogenous materials. These are not separately de-
termined, but are grouped under the name “water-soluble nitrogen.”
The quantity of water-insoluble nitrogen is directly determined, and
by difference between its amount and the total nitrogen, the water-
soluble nitrogen is calculated. Another portion of water-insoluble
material* is treated with alkaline potassium permanganate, which
attacks the nitrogenous organic substances present, and converts the
more active portion into ammonia, which is distilled off, determined,
and its nitrogen calculated as “active insoluble nitrogen.” The “inac-
tive insoluble nitrogen” is then computed by subtracting the active in-
soluble from the total insoluble nitrogen. The term “available nitro-
gen” as used in this report, is the sum of the water-soluble and the ac-
tive insoluble nitrogen. It is equivalent to the total nitrogen less the
inactive insoluble nitrogen. In high grade organic nitrogenous mater-
ials, among which, from its behavior with this treatment, must be
included horn meal, the percentage of inactive nitrogen in the insolu-

*This determination has been omitted in all cases where the insoluble nitrogen is only .2 per
cent. or less. ‘

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 453

able nitrogen is usually under 40 per cent; and the ratio of inactive
to active insoluble nitrogen in such materials is usually less than
60:100. On the other hand, in the case of low-grade nitrogenous ma-
terials, the proportions of inactive nitrogen are much higher. The
separations effected by these methods are therefore of great value
in distinguishing whether the insoluble nitrogen is derived from high
grade materials, or from low grade substances such as garbage tank-
age, peat, mora meal, unacidulated hair, leather, etc. There is,
however, one fertilizer ingredient rapidly coming into use, whose
presence may lead to erroneous conclusion, if judgment is based
solely upon the facts ascertained by the foregoing method, namely,
cyanamid. This substance contains from 13 to 16.5 per cent. of ni-
trogen, of which 12 to 14.7 per cent. is soluble in water, by the mode
of treatment used in the alkaline permanganate method; and, of the
1.0 to 1.7 per cent. of water-insoluble nitrogen, less than one-fifth is
active; so that the ratio of inactive to insoluble nitrogen is about
80: 100. Owing to its tendency to reduce the availability of the
phosphoric acid in acid phosphate mixtures, limited quantities only
of this ingredient can be used advantageously in mixed fertilizers.
Nevertheless, in cases where low grade sources of nitrogen are in-
dicated by the foregoing method, it would be needful to determine,
by supplementary tests, whether or not cynamid may be present to
account for an undue proportion of inactive, insoluble nitrogen,
before concluding that such excess of inactive nitrogenous material
is attributable to low-grade nitrogenous constituents. It is desir-
able to keep in mind at this point the fact also that certain widely
used low-grade nitrogenous substances, such as garbage tankage,
peat and mora meal, are not included in the list of substances whose
presence requires specific declaration under Section 4 of the Fertilizer
act. (5) Chlorin—this determination is made to atford a basis for
estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as chlorid
or muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made on the
assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has been in-
troduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless there are
occasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin combines with
1.526 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; knowing the chlorin,
it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equivalent thereto. (7)
In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-division is determined by
sifting through accurately made sieves; the cost of preparation and
especially the promptness of action of bone in the soil depend very
largely on the fineness of its particles, the finer being much more
quickly useful to the plant.

The legislation of 1909 has made needful some additional tests.
Section 4, of the Act of May 1, 1909, prohibits the sale of pulverized
leather, hair, ground hoof, horns, or wool waste, raw, steamed,
roasted, or in any form, as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of a fer-
tilizer or manure, without an explicit statement of the fact.” All
nitrogenous fertilizers have, therefore, been submitted to a careful
microscopic examination, at the time of preparing the sample for
analysis, to detect the presence of the tissue characteristic of the sey-
eral materials above named. The act of April 23, 1909, makes it un-
lawful to use the word “bone” in connection with, or as part of the
name of any fertilizer, or any brand of the same, unless the phosphorie
acid contained in such fertilizer shall be the product of pure animal

404 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

bone. All fertilizers in whose name the word “bone” appears, were
therefore examined by miscroscopic and chemical methods to deter-
mine, so far as possible with present knowledge, the nature of the
ingredient or ingredients supplying the phosphoric acid. It is a fact,
however, well known to fertilizer manufacturers and which should be
equally understood by the consumer, that it is, in certain cases, prac-
tically impossible to determine the source of the phosphorie acid by
an examination of the finished fertilizer. The microscope shows
clearly the structure of raw bone, but does not make it possible to
discriminate between thoroughly acidulated bone and acidulated rock.
The ration of nitrogen to phosphoric acid in a raw bone—and only
such bone as has not been deprived of any considerable proportion of
its nitrogenous material by some manufacturing process can properly
be called “pure animal bone”—is about 1: 8, in cases where the ration
of phosphoric acid to nitrogen exceeds 8, it is clear that part, at least,
of the phosphoric acid has been supplied by something else than pure
animal bone; but, inasmuch as nitrogen may have been introduced in
some material other than bone and no longer detectible by the micro-
scope, the presence of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the proportions
corresponding to those of bone is not proof positive that they have
been supplied by bone. Finally, the differences in the iron and silica
content of bone and rock respectively, afford means of distinction
useful in some cases; the usefulness of this distinction is limited,
however, by the facts that kitchen bone frequently contains earthy
impurities rich in iron and silica, and that earthy fillers can legally be
used in fertilizers and are in fact considerably used therein both as
“make-weights” and as “conditioners,” or materials introduced to im-
prove the drilling qualities of the goods. The fact that the phosphoric
acid in bone and rock are identical in character is probably so well
known as to require no detailed consideration in this connection.

The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the amount
of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may put
upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the guaran-
ties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore, been deemed
desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by the manufac-
turer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such connection
with the analytical results that the two may be compared. An un-
fortunate practice has grown among manufacturers of so word-
ing the guaranty that it seems to declare the presence in the goods of
an amount of valuable constituent ranging from a certain minimum
to a much higher maximum; thus, Potash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a
guaranty not infrequently given. In reality, the sole guaranty is for
2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given for each brand in the
following tables, are copied from the guaranties filed by the maker
of the goods with the Secretary of Agriculture, the lowest figure
given for any constituent being considered to be the amount guar-
anteed. For compactness and because no essentially important fact
is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for soluble and reverted phos-
phoric acid have not been given separately, but are combined into a
single guaranty for available phosphoric acid; in cases where the
maker’s guaranty does not specifically mention available nhasnhoarie
acid, the sum of the lowest figures given by him for soluble and re-
verted phosphoric acid is used. The law of 1897 allowed the maker
to express his guaranty for nitrogen either in terms of that element

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 455

or in terms of the ammonia equivalent thereto; since ammonia is
composed of three parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen,
it is a very simple matter to calculate the amount of one, when the
amount of the other is given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by
1.214 will give the corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount
of ammonia multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount
of nitrogen. In these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen.
The laws of 1901 and 1909 abolished the alternative and required
that the quantity shall be given in terms of nitrogen.

Many manufacturers, after complying with the terms of the law,
insert additional items in their guaranties, often with the result of
misleading or confusing the buyer; the latter will do weli to give
heed to those items only that are given as the law requires and that
are presented in these tables:

A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as
follows:

Summary of Analyses Made this Season.

=i
e
Ss a
a Ei © a
bu — =| 3)
2 a 5 2 I
2 z = 3 8
a S ei = =
Qa n °
g 3 8 a 3
iS) a= A a Oo
INTIM per Of ANALYSES: Aenisciciccneinciieise sisi sieicleis'cieles 281 99 | Zz 38 23
MGISENEG ASPET s COLE ietine sc iiscisetiectee e ainitibioleiclers(sieiere 3.83 8.80 7.54 8.24 | 5.19
Phosphoric acid:
Totaly SPer i COME acc -focictseweleisde ckeclawwesiees 9.84 11.18 | 11.95 15.52 23.37
Available, “percent... 22. ccaeiecssnes ee cee ees 8.41 10.35 11.07 PAE SB oa. delenietsete
Dnsoluble’ @ per "Cention pasccprenciy letiaoe esse 1.43 83 88 Ue Soanacona
Potash per Cent eee as ccc ctiel are cileioteereieateeistociale sieves | 5-42 SED Ry slsreleissa- arated [tn arovstereerslope st || retoclemraie ernie
INitrocen pers Cente ter cssaamnisteeie nsec essa UBEi) Saas odor: | Stl enonoedons NiGcagqccass
Mechanical analyses of bone:
BES Oe mate ehetetcierele cletercteratetetc iste terete Tole leycloruniatelaterstoveror’ |fesicarstajc\efotatel ll evaisieis\otelareton | talaiststowstsiatete alt asain sicistcteions 55.00
OGRE RE erases ores esiesoreretentetetole aia atoteretete io cin alate mal ttetatcialeratarota ce ||h-erstetetctareroicien’ [bo mnererorarstetererabilt: evstncelobustersye 45.00
Commierczai Valnationss osc cte ateciicea setcleesniee claice $22 64 $15. 42 $19 02 $13 97 $33 45
Averace selling? Pricey Was asae cists cee vlesiescsilecerne 20 83 15 21 16 05 13 75 32 20

*Dollars per ton.

The European war brought fertilizer manufacturers face to face
with a serious difficulty just before the time had arrived for the
filling of the fall trade orders, namely, the cutting off of the supply
of German potash salts, the sole commercial source of fertilizer
potash for the northern United States. The manufacturing trade
made a re-adjustment to eke out their potash stoeks by reducing the
guaranties for certain brands rich in potash, by withdrawing almost
entirely their offers of potash salts for home-mixing, and by greatly
increasing the prices of these salts when sold for that purpose. Where
sufficient supplies of a brand were already mixed, no changes of
guaranty were made. Those brands with changed potash guaranty
that are represented in this season’s analyses are indicated by the
printing of the potash guaranty in italics, in the analytical tables
following.

No change has been made in the potash values used in calculating
the “commercial valuations.”

456 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The average potash percentages, commercial valuations and selling
prices for the brands analyzed in the fall of 1913 and during the
present season, are as follows:

1913 1914
i
a a
/ | a a
oe Po)
| ° °
a ry
ge. Sings 2 Z
2 | a @ a
ee H BY = 34
Betials g
OG iva s)
Potash, per) Cent: 5 cicjewi-\s <0 saath Bribe ay 4.28 4.10 3.42 3s
Commercial valuations, misters $24 36 $16 85 | $22 64 $15. 42
Average selling price, 152 16 25 | 20 83 15 21

The average potash percentages in the 1914 fall goods are about
one per cent. less than in 1918 fall goods, and the selling prices are
correspondingly less. This means that, for the fall trade of this year,
the manufacturers have not materially changed their charges for the
potash contained in mixed fertilizers. The selling prices of the com-
paratively few lots of potash salts found upon the market and re-
presented by figures in the table of miscellaneous analyses show,
on the other hand, a very large price increase, though by no means the
highest of those here and there given this season for such materials.

It is deserving of comment that the deficiencies in potash are not
greater in number than in preceding seasons.

For the purpose of indicating more specifically to the eye, cases
deficient from guaranty, an asterisk has been affixed in the analytical
tables where the ingredient has been found less in quantity than the
manufacturer guaranteed. Too great emphasis should not be placed
upon very slight deficiencies, because very slight imperfections in
mixing and slight variation in analysis are practically unavoidable.
The asterisk has been used, therefore, only in cases where the de-
ficiencies amount to 0.2 per cent. or more except where nitrogen has
been guaranteed in amounts no higher than 1.0 per cent., in which
case an asterisk has been affixed where the deficiency amounts to
0.1 per cent. or more.

The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composi-
tion observed this season, including only those cases in which an
asterisk has been affixed, were as follows:

Summary of Instances of Deficiency from Guaranty.

tay |
o
is a
3 | att el ee
ha j ~ a ' ca) '
A allok ene Ute | Cae fet:
® H ua) Lo} Ko) £
3 | 2 Bote | 3
2 M 7 3S a
5: 8 2 | = 2
‘s) Bet che | A | S
it |
Deficient in four constituents, 1 0 0 0 0
Deficient in three constituents, 1 2 0 0 0o
Deficient in two constituents, 20 °8 0 0 0
Deficient in ‘one constituent, ..-..-........----+0 52 24 0 7 if
Total number of samples in which deficiencies
QUoie) Coodcansonosuns aLeadcnddsodaoncgonsobcos sans 94 34 0 ff iy

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 457

The cases of deficiency noted during the past nine seasons in the
composition of goods as compared with their guaranties, expressed

in percentage of the total number of goods of each class analyzed,
are as follows:

Percentage of Deficiency, 1910-1914.

o ol St rl = |
& 2 & S| a & $8 a x
= 5 - Ss C - S : &
oo d 80 0 to a b a
& es & =f & aS = a =
a 3S i a A Sh e A Cc
mM & nm I Qa nm I nm fe
Complete fertilizers, .......0.-..e00 28.9 35.9 45.1 46.9 39.0 32.3 36.0 33.1 | 27.1
Dissolved Mibone mescem sme smiee cece cons 37.5 25.0 16.6 | 100.00 | 50.0 50.0 66.7 50.0 0.0
LeGyote Peel PGA. 4ageeonscoconeccoucd 25.2 37.0 20.1 43.4 33.6 26.4 46.0 26.7 35.8
IDISSOLVEMOG Kenia cele eie teleeinic orciniaisierae 4.3 6.3 5.9 a GPE 12.5 20.9 22.5 23.3 18.9
Ground Mone enecciiercincereose scene. 29.17} 27.6 47.8 20.0 29.2 25.0 22.2 47.8 | 31.8
All classes except miscellaneous, 26.5 33.5 38.7 46.0 36.0 30.4 35.0 32.0 | 28.0
i |

——)

A comparison of the average composition of all samples of com-
plete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the average

of the corresponding guaranties, for several seasons past, including
those of this season, follows:

Average Composition and Guaranty Compared.

fa | he
-) )
| Ay Ay
lee
; 3 ie
Ree ae
Q u
lg 5
oS te
| 2 2
to.: ons
| 6 | €8
oo oo
a) bo
eae
Spring, 1910.
Phosphoric acid:
BRED Meme tetera tet ratslerors feta wie elela(olelavoroterniciaraievareloinieleieletetajsis, ste’ eisisieieialolsis’ais]e\aieie eieveleisisierernieteieowaisie Gite 9.80 8.80
PAY Aad SRDS Coemmmcetete etote stars, casce nee Siar otuie aioe erie eratohe wae anelereveveie shard agateveie ctw Vere city o es rainalo tm ecoche wie aeiacinles 8.26 7.62
POUR SH Us oh oecteerelcte Nemec cte vas occvete ale iste a: Seles covinloo, cielsuplo sate stetmnieaiesccicls oe spinieled stereia a wivussslnie wie sale wiene 5.20 4.63
IMIMRUEGI pga boot as ogedce.Jo nmap ou CoDeor on crmoUUanaoCoE Abed HncgocogbooU Roo Cabenb ASU Gnricen 1.63 1.60
Fall, 1910.
Phosphoric acid:
EOE ie ate ole peyecare ease eee ei mteton etna cfonee sue ovctet sare atelevatecel aca/a,5 ayalaseieyciene evsta’oratalacpielayeinis sibe S aidie.e leis gieeiene 9.72 8.80
Available, . se0s aieisis See ee ere all 8.26 7.62
IPOEASH eects ee cis! lole Seon as ss 5.20 4.68
INFENOSEN SA ascetics phar 1.63 1.60
Phosphorie acid:
Uva eile: [3 SRA Ra ce Batic c om ncoac BOaceuCO CUOCAeT AOU CDEC COCR CO COnSFCe tar rDOr rT ORDTECRGr acer 9.86 8.96
Available, 8.31 7.86
LEO TAN nop cade onOdeEOonod aouonne ode rarndacosonunr can dood a cencaodeTed aot cacao Errerobcrc 4.97 4.65
MUERTE. | Gad CO OOCED BAL CA TA HOD OD AOAC LUDO Ob DAGUOOL O GOTT SCO EODU CHRO US Gee TOUCHES USER Ice 1.53 1.54
Fall, 1911.
Phosphoric acid:
OCT. Ce eC Or BREESE D ODE OR RCI TRIO oD JERE One DOC ICID eC OCT te COAEr Oe Hoe SOG ee aEenE 9.59 9.09
PAS ERAN SUSE Ste sr 7A wis Seas Sess’ olaveforsranel cig mreel ocala te eal atole telalal=raisfsve epeepscraie icles caer alee Ba siete eraimelors overs 8.20 7.87
OES S Lemme Petes pete one 0a Geo ons ss vane shia sunita vases chorale mete oioters ake ete ietee ists mrawictomnistaina. i ec uevetmartis, cies ols 3.63 3.39
INTE GO OMG Mile Cette elateic ce wc iete ols,x a ninte sic 6 vi s}arelhera’alare.ete etopera pin mis nieve sinaatere ns Mele alee danas ash emesis 1.12 1.18
Spring, 1912.
Phosphorie acid:
SIG 2:0 by de cope RAR CROCE Ae eOCREE eHOPE EOC Gre nici GUO CC OA OCC SHOE COCE SCD SEIOr create 9.51 8.82
Available, sf ee 8.09 ere)
LYMETISH TL) An sococabe cUocead a0 AaneBUUrOELOOOGOdEbr oe - 6.34 5.06
INR GaGa GhbE doce de Ado COROCUReaDONHoCuare 1.56 1.63

458 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Average Composition and Guaranty Compared—Continued.

ta *
a
ies B
na
3 g
g 5
= bo
&. | &
ae 2a
ov ood
bo ro
pee | E
Spring, 1913.
Phosphorie acid:
TINO EDN Sectare nta'overs ltoje eis interes tovelcvssalaiso avatars ters larove's Gis ote stare otetafola orers efela tae aievevetaravsyaevoieis aVetcisloreisiare rs 9.71 8.92
ASV ALIEN Ovrom cpicten cheimmicictaicrorsictera clclovaietsie vein etctelatelaretatleielevelewstare terete oie latererielnnciesteioisiolelee elemsie mares 8.11 7.37
DOLASH eee ire siarciolese's clots era arsiwsalesd chastele.e(ccelotelouetereiviate elstateiaiale olcrovelavetore ecaraiacerevetuieteis eieretsic lovee slotline 5.41 5.17
INET OPED i ere cts cre rolcisiclo nis cislercloseTeleiesetatetotaletorste w'evc cersvatelal lara stators ele nisteverelere intersiaaletaiates ieteereramierers ionic rotaietale 1.61 1.62
Fall, 1918.
Phosphorie acid:
HINO Tae are oielsiieiaseiofeleeseioteiows ose ctetal sl siniersterefotsre aistevereicristerteiets = voleisiansios aicicie-ainieracisteciaciaelioeisisinie ss 9.86 9.09
AC SALAD] Gs capatctcveceterscrteretete co nie at ekeote clara eve vayeraretaraiesere berate csulevareyelcbatevsyatsievaieustei sien Teraveralen crave’ asimtvaleiatas aa 8.06 7.83
PIG EAST G Fe cynic save elercaletein cn oeetesa cic ete /aretalereraveteke rains area as chaye ete: ars aC Saiane cle ereiareeatesne os ahoeaacteea tare 4.28 4.27
IMMA Saeco asbos donde ateoodsabdobdasddasapasdsdccboundoodanaasD0bo doe) donb cusoouonadnaor 1.47 1.3%
Spring, 1914
Phosphorie acid:
“iE SAaddodwontCon sono SapAC so =Sooo Uno A o HDOnSHoSpooouoU sooELChaeeosHaboocA Sag csdccoood 9.31 8.71
Available, 8.06 7.83
BG taAS hie cecacieispimisinclauinre acto epic tnciejecte mies tarroetatceteien entero 5.67 5.52
INDUCE, Saeonoooadsasnosonses CACC UDO OnAdoS SoU CoO OORabeOUC DOL GoTorbactodocesod 1.81 1.69
Phosphorie acid:
AMG | soncoagodHacadcoadadoos DOTA OHO ODOC OCD AENO OD oAnCe and do GoudueNs GUodoCUCeOborOg0 9.84 9.25
ASVRUM ALOR Sees eicincscie cratche eet oareln Oe che = wisieTelahs inte rerotaalcle ae aoe oe nist tia Teak iced hc raratateletatakoreteratarstomeere 8.41 8.00
BPO CASTS Ucfrin sects cise aie slaleie cre avavessla thatemieimvosaie ossleerssssvepetale eg tate ateteie nical chaye/suspolniphe- aia aiaveyststelstelase miseleyeteyere 3.42 2.99
INPEEOS OTS nists opsiet mice sete mice aieietaichaca Shore’ drataharnle Seta wisle si tracer orele nlc Ripe ie era sloraimiantie eis iniaia oielabeeiata eievatass 1.29 1.27

It is of interest to note how closely the series of valuations based
upon the wholesale price of raw materials in the principal markets
during the most important buying season and upon certain average
allowances for expenses and profits on the part of the mixer and
jobber, coincides with the retail prices later ascertained. A compari-
son for several seasons past is given below:

Comparison of Selling Price and Valuation, 1910-1914.

Excess of valuation
over selling price

o
=
hu
Bs 8
- g
3 G
mM -
Complete fertilizers:
1910, Spring, 35.26 26.63 1.43
saWal eee 21.76 22.94 48
1911, Spring, 24.97 25.95 -98
Fall, 21.73 22.23 -61
1912, Spring, 27.64 27.24 —.40
1913, Sprin 25.08 26.44 1.36
Fall, 21.93 24.36 2.44
1914, Sprin 24.72 26.93 2.21
Fall, 20.83 22.64 1.81
Dissolved bone:
OT OSS OPI ei eiarctensisra oe ccctevelsre Seva s aisles <iclero cise) cela tera casieererafolteeieremilentarcte 22.17 21.47 —.70
aoe eer fate 25.80 25.70 —.10
1911, 20.83 23.82 3.49
24.88 21.51 —3.37
1913, 20.94 18.92 2.82
1913, 18.55 21.63 3.08
24.75 24.26 —.49
OTA, USE 3 Pace terescrersiahoss cic ecleiaisstolel sialevetelece/otetereieretat ere ajesinre elsieieietaretelciovasrele mee 26.25 27.28 1.03
WEP UD sc ciese sie tissatix cre varetec oialoia,arcraiare efarave ere jo. axeve apais rete arateiuseeiaisteteisceare oheistee 16.06 19.02 2.9

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

459

Comparison of Selling Price and Valuation, 1910-1914—Continued.

LOPES OTATL SS wir aya’e' sc ats nose» o(evein, aie ele aNerevche caletalensioralneie slaieiricis cictove evel aieteieiotciorte eave
SHAUN Gioicinseloieieieroln orarersuctnlerevsiereratermierets oie rele cketa ete ateisions ecroaieioe tenia niaiaate sie
POT ES DELI an cisyayalcscteistastecae eee eee Cee e anon ee STC Ece een
Hae rcroicloreiteieiw/o-sasemerere See ae ecto micteTaersraialats biniele cle eleteleleea ee incine
It ied os] USL s BoQoosrcGnO Un OAD oGouner con tuGn ase Nobo anuocertocemrononeae
ADIEU NS PLAT Bc hinscrcioerelniarate nie eloieiay ela lala niolaeis alain cle oe Mawaencteslanie iamowat ea
1914,
Dissolved rock:
10,
1911,
1912,
1913,
1914,
|
Ground
1910,
1911,
1912, |
1913,

1914,

Selling price

Valuation

Excess of valuation
over selling price

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. No.

INDEX BY AUTHORS

B

BARNITZ. CHAS. M., Poultry raising; how to succeed, <............-...
BLACK, Ww. Cs, Report of Committee onwbiveEstOck,: ciei.s sis -1s)ei2 2 cleve wie ecictere eins
BRUMBAUGH, *GOVERNOR, Ata d AT CSS se a Nope cats! soy oran-Voroece ator siaienees caste eiaers alan
BURNETT, MR., An address, Fe SORT DOC OS DEO CEN en SBOE ero Shae

CAME BHU pei. ee oOwanabuTepmaKeS SOll!s be. cee aec)roe co cinerein ooo et score «oe
CONARD, MISS ELIZABETH HUGHES, School hygiene, ................
CONARD, DR. M. E., The movable school; what topics, and how same can
besbestrdividedstotmectlocaliconditionss, oc. > sccices accel: ose ciaccee cess
Report of Committee on Dairying and Dairy Products, ................
CRAWFORD, MRS. LINN J., Club organizations for the country girl,
CRITCHFIELD, HON. N. B., (Secretary of Agriculture):

TESTO WOES. SAR anee aU adn Dab ROO OOOO Ont GOCE TT aa OO Ate are Sane nes
Aerie tural COndIbIONS» OL MEennSylvaAmial. (cle nicr «oc « alee eislstsic sis sleccicler=t
hes DeparimenteanG wih tadttSeG OMe ars cryeielc.> cicteveicie cis ciejelele ocer= cleterclticleiare
Addressid elivered= Norm ale ssi SGVEMEC ie sett icicle iereiore le « cfoic ee acct sielele\ecete's ote< clare
D
DAVIS, PROF. H. P., How much milk per acre and what grains for the
dairy COW TT Tate ereTobal er akel soaks, cc atatt abe or sate orobat selacey Metelaratora Srallewice hick-e 2. saya
DOCK, MISS MIRA CereReport on Horests; and sMoresthy.esescc cecal -
DORSHD LE b-s Response to addresses of welcome, Normal! Institute,
The relation of the Grange to the Farmers’ Institute, BP ea ne ee cick
Factors potential to promote the welfare of the farmer, ilu Hanno Doe
H
EDINGER, C. L., Address of weleome, Normal Instiute, ..................
Fr
WASSH LE heehee Handlinevand marketing apples ac cscs siceiy-\ehcidaae ao ser

cee ee P. S., Report of Committee on Roads and Road

ee CC CC Ce re

weer ee reeset ere ee sores eres ersereeeesesesesseerseesreerseeeeseersreeres

FOUST™ JAMES ,( Dairy and Food Commissioner):
Report Cie ein SRG aero Bane ROD ODO ROO Dace Ge Ce ECO HE ee ener
Limitations of the powers of the Dairy and Food Commissioner,
IPolverest ols they MB UTEA poe etelactlete ctl ore ore etiosiowsiboe pane eeees
INGE VAELeES COL (LNG) POUT Ulies art ioteiare efi latelarecravacycre oe ico mialercare & ereis a reicilqyeiorin eiave
IPrOSCCULTONS) OLAECLEAs he cot ieee eee ee OAS tele eins een tice:
SoldmiStoraz es Gon GitTOnG,.« reterereichetetsione totals acres Ses eyaietare oie hain ara wraisttia iotelelsle oie.
Summanynof-articles analy sediy <tc n cites celsears cto e or cen nie ies carsete nen
(GHIGSSIiGN tara. i 2s Ae een RAE § Chg ercticts cichn DIENT Bian oe er ee Sea Cees

EER Aa) eevee heeportsonm © NGMISt erm nace rete cleo ert cine oioie ees

FUNK, SHELDON W.., Apples; starting the young orchard and treatment
OL GMa VATI PTET COS sp srie too ate oie ia loeese wine emo ee spe erin cio ieiato oleae sSiicae cedaaweeee

151

bo
aoa
oO

462 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.

G
CUAL DINER Hy De AS ELITES stun rors ctoeerc terete at telene te ceretotosts (eto oi e/-e1 olay oledet otters ee eteters
GILL, DR. H. O., Supression of bovine tuberculosis, ....................
GLOVER, J). NEWTON, Report of Committee on Cereals and Cereal Crops,
GOODMAN, A. » Co- “operative breeding mand! testingeen.. a+ acier ieeee
H
HALBERSTADT, PROF. BAIRD, Report of Economic Geologist, ........
HERR, PROF. JOHN Des Report ON “UNSC CHGIMES et toe mtecsiccls cette ene
HULSART, C. ee Truck farming ; the man, the business and the crop, ..
HUTCHISON, Go Report on Feeding Stuffs, BOM Seay os Pa tate one CEC
J
TONES, ie Ac wAmrad adresse ad.cckecmios sear ancss = anvere palsitlemtoresia eerste crete
Kk
KALBHUS: DRE JOSHPEHy sReportrot. Ornithologists mec.-mcsebeeeearrrs
KERN PRO he Ds. Reportrotebotamist ecceeaaceia. lorie ella
KELLOGG, PROF. JAMES W., Report of ‘Microscopist and Hygienist,.
KESTER, R. P., Increasing fertility, BOISE OO OTE TROD OOS BOE
KLINGER, Je rene Report of. ATA TIS ty eaaccris oticiscee one eine ioe ois eorteataer ee ein ereeoe
L
IWS a He Re, krotitableege, production. .acnccire se taeatiite ciel eee
LIGHTY, L. W., Production and marketing of dairy products, ............
EIPPINCOTE; MRS? 5 An address), a.s .cejeii0 ccrtewye miele neeeiciece sieversitons seremiereeion
LYONS, (DR CEAINNA McK, Wiittle him esi re rasrtjae clare icstacreieta eine rere
M

MARTIN, HON. A. L., (Deputy Secretary and Director of Farmers’ In-
stitutes):

LE) ofoygn(0) REPEC Aeron Onad Gara oe ODD ome OaropeaDer oo cee rele oc
Institutessand Movablem Schools cases eoee eee ee eerie eee
ME Tastee: i hats) cee anon Se cr ertmonoe anton e seaunemncacsne aconeden:
Attendances at Wnstitutess: soc. nce Doccs cme lees «corinne Oar eerie neers
Mist Gounty ~Chairmens toncshereocscnase ter ote cet eer ees eae ee eee ear
Tist OE: LeGturerss ) 2 ees cettte 6 oes Se eee Sess he SNe oie cae oes eat eae
Speakers, and “their “asstemnrents, 224, so smias oe roca oa eet ene ne
List Agricultural ‘Soctetiess: <1 ./< sensi seracin-1e sects asi hel ae aieistemrie eee eee
Response to address of welcome, Farmers’ Normal Institute, ......
Win’ AAT ESS: 2:5 reais aravere at ttesh ra! aiece-tyele Gia aie eel ele ere el cielele ae syay er ehclors te iaoeie noha ee eee
MARSHALL, DR. C. J., (State Veterinarian):
Report: Of 5 ais cneadce sais eae clas «ote tavaioin's aisle ie iionios. ots aol Mere nied eR OE EE
Outline of; foot-and-mouth-disease, 1914 eee oe. oe er cer eles tials esieteiee
Statement showing progress of its irradication, ............ssseseeeeees
Report as Veterinarian, State Board of Agriculture, ..................
A PhthOuUs LEVers, (Sais e sese Seacsce & cies cioceveye inser chalerareratocs oretataverenwnetelela cs ays lo alate: vatenehehoutee
McDOWELL, M. S., Lime—its value and different forms, ................
McGREW, PROF. F. F., The Valnerot VisOr 31) POULtrYS So. ceeere eee

McCLAIN, CHAS. G., Field experience and suggestions for Farm Advisors,
MENGES, PROF. FRANKLIN, How can Agricultural Societies become
more efficient in furthering Farmers’ Institute work, ................
Report om *Soilsjand’ ‘Crops. bscce Nee teocccre sicieeciaisiecreres tee octamer ae

OWENS, PROF. WM. G., Report of Meteorologist, .................+.-.-

P.

PAXTON, JAMES M., Report of Committee on Wool and Cotton Fibers ..
IONE es ERO RS ae S., Heed: selections «ccscacascerses selec sta aie (o's a erates

Doc.

195:

314

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

R
RIDDLE, WM. F., Report of Committee on Fruit and Fruit Culture, ......
Ss
Due enObrive S., Humus in the.soil, -.csesteeeeree een ee fete ces
SHOENER, JOHN, Report of Committee on WMORETIZACESE eee vice aieis cis" ces
SPARKS, BR. An AUALESS 55. claBa cole ee cere erento celoseis)s wee eeee ees
STAPLES, HON. CH ARLES B., Address of welcome, Farmers’ Normal
Institute, SCO oe eas | So conc conc aSn0 CD USEC CON DH GO COR OD Cr aIsErion
STEVENS, PROF. F. Riz Antaddressmeanecee were settee one octets bees a es
Cow testing assoc iations, Dobe b dnb ao ae 6 060 doo b DOB ISRO BODE Eo ee
STOUT, W. H., Report of Agricultural Gamage, 2yasecencce anne ae aeeeae
SURFACE, PROF. H. A. ‘ (Economic Zoologist):
Report (1 SBN BOG CoG ooo wc BOSC 6.0 O NUT ER OOH E te COC ia eee
INTEESET ys INSPCCLIONS me Ee PPE nic: Decne rin cneccisis2s ate te calnawe sweetie es eaveee
WemonstrationMOLcn ina smmrerrmeti tr eles ers vie cas Sales he sisdiocjsc oars slidclnckiears
Supervision oOrchantigaeeeprte eer tices 6 oo sate ck so ties hie ame a Bacco eiraets
ADIALY aS DECHIONM MEE Pe Tok ercticiarctayaice oes dso mie tartans ae ole alterna Sera Ras
Report ombirtaniol OStstameece nen aan ce ovr hors oo tones Se ene a ae ohio han
AY
THORNE, DR. C. E., Lime and commercial fertilizer in the maintenance of
Gril ERDIFLELIINCS St PRS cack tires Gel cea Nera ee wae entra ae Ce ml Pince Pd
Livestock and feralit pot ieroyalah calor ata eayauer akan Att a oa caesar satens rake a ee dee ee
TOMHAYVHEH, PROF. H., Beef production in Pennsylvania, ............
Meat cutting rien Eon aes ou sta sage saa ar vane uy eae eter eee holeteh eh ee aiReee oTa
TYSON, CHESTER J., Report of BRomplogiste reenter ree
WwW

WITTMAN, W. THHO., Report of Committee on Poultry,

30

463

266

331

OFFICIAL

DOCUMENT. No. 5.

Addresses:

Address of welcome, Hon. C. B. Staples, Normal Institute, ........
Address of welcome, C. L. Edinger, Normal Institute, ..............

Address,
Address,
Address,
Address,
Address,
Address,
Address,
Address,
Address,
Address,
Address,
Address,

Address,

Acriculturessreporteol ssecretaryven cosets cnceein co sone cic Coren ennee
Agricultural conditions of the SUCH ry Cee a SORE resem c ee rere tciec an °

The Depa
Farmers’

Bureau HWeonomic Zoology, SS aa re ona oe oon eter eon oo De04
Bureaul MertilszersiControle cach eocsiscien cess eek hence een ener
Bureauvok CHEMISE yes ce sac ce eae ae lusts eid save winds atorestevais lepers ee ae
Bureau Dairy cand) MOOG wish cow eed saat eoeceso noe he rnelel oelerae Ol ncran ieee ne
SitatemVieterima rye CrviGe sen css cic seies:< eilern cis wld cree tein a) ais Oi eeeaee
TS WPCA STATS ELGH 5 OF Seer Wore slates oie ie cis axe averc aie si avaeiore er evo avo ee Geechee eet
FACIp fltimensuressmeed ede, ce As ave ccsvstetsceie s16 shovels lsteveleieicvaenels misters keta chemietcte exetetens
Agricultural Societies, how can they become more efficient in furthering

Farmers’

Aphthous Fever,
Progressema deri Tera iGaevOWl, wrecc cain nic. cvstele eisier sre crclene coon alsiotessuerstoretencteyatrchareerete

Epidemic
Policy of
Apiary inspecti
Apiary, report

Vil Uevot bees etOmfarm CESS wei eite oie oe ores aioe cinns Aeros lero hetetettoaie ere

Aippendixae ee:

Apples, starting

Handling

Beef production

AWS (oKs(suapt el Revd <1 K 200 Pe A Re EE Or RSE Siaisis cM iencicrOr cele chr COG ola oO G0

Problems

Greater possibilities im (Ui Sig: cc sac cmemciewecro traces icra ele eee eae

Importance

Harm “home .clubmassociatigns,) saa tacicre cts cc: ocbs-iete cil ncla eser eereerrate

Botany, report

Mhequestionsol: SCCdS,. (css job Gace sslne aeete clale eerste ra scovarsteoietelerelabalecenevet eral cker ste Ieee
PT anit GISCASES 583. s\ocru.c-S ye: < wi toenails slavoue, Seiahataceie ara ete ave eerolio tes archer eh eieioraiere rata el teeta

Cereals, report
Chemistry, repo

INDEX BY SUBJECTS

A

Response to addresses of welcome, Hon. A. L. Martin,......
Fronds INA GBCritchieldy. > pees aa ceeer ate eet os oot eee
HUB Fp ORSGbis eve Saree ecc eae aoe AE Cen
Toler EUS LEV.EDS aioe cece hmastet TATE eee
Ni Gr ee) BSP cLa 4 6 aby meee Oem) RUMOR ea hoe ein) etal ee cet SR AA ori
TA) AU VOLES sh parc tencscyoretors lake ti votre es ae aoa Cte ee ee
ElOne eae lie “Martin, EE ee eee Pa A eh td ROO a oon eS
MESS SEED DEN COE gs cieck oto cs tae Sete rence DEES e oe eA eee
Governor Brumbaugh, TES Nee Ren aE AGE aks Ue tS A SG iol
Mira Stevenson nett mintacc ein creme ote cel cee oe nee
Dire MS Parkes e Gir tec erccs se eicio sree See ee ee Eee ee en ee

Miran bats hl Orne dar ats sce siee ence cc rae oI arAIS aie eee ete

rtment and the work it is doing, Fdacsiesetheter nim Wee taes eh cicie eee eee
1 helo} Gh AD) Cee Acero taae Pate ine aoe PA OOo cdiCD nani ieee conc

AT SG IEG Sie scacsdes aie cacotinr a tori ariel Sicha as Som mar Sevan see aT sete hee oT Ore
TE POLE OM Mae ese eeaiove onernigeaas ols icie ehaue a eae aie sieaatatn eyslercvet keel oe Re eeas

OL LOUD Bons Set Se Pee ore SE ee es te IE Ee eae
Sita te muives £0 Clee OBI ye oye sarees ev eetorcatelevealelists acis)-ee cies Ero

(i) ae ne EA PA Py ae a ie ea Ree mn ater es Socio soe
OE? AMA TISE 2 stars rorarcisvers rein cist cuerohe SUNGLG oes Seles cnenreIe Reet tee eer

ele tw sce 5 ns © es cleo 00 6 08 0 0 ee 6 0.0.0 6.66 000 6 0.0 00 & © 816 8/8 .0.0 0) vie 0) 00/0 6 m0. 6, 6) 60 0 nine

a young orchard and treatment of bearing trees, ............
and) marketing: OL 5: sauce te sci eins pereaceisins @.8 sie «pele, foiiah eres

in, PennsylVanrariqacec ce es cane aoe ee ee ee eed Oe eee Ene EE
to be considered , Re Anne Sate Ee SE OS ae maeO CaO.
e of breeding and cost of producing beef cattle, ..............

OLVBOtaMISt,. LER Rls co eRe ation eliteteege oat ade le ao ont ees

Oe eR OR A nee mye EAN RRS ee ALIS Oe Mamas tn tS 0 oe
rt of Chief Oh Scine| Mern Ae EPROP Eas neces TOS oR oa eE peer cos

Dairy and ood Bureau, report of Commissioner,

Economie Zoologist, report of,

Farming, increased fertility in,

Farmers’ Institutes, report of Director,

5 {iy DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURH.

D

Preliminary report,
Policies of Bureau,

Activities of Bureau,
Prosecutions ordered,

SAS) ET Cem ae torae Me e eicietercisis cveteteeos ase cilais sca sinietotste-ctureleyeeteyoat ereiotalieiajovsioleieleie = wits
SUMMaryeolaaeuClesm ama ly Zed. —ceherstercislejeistale tsetse te roreretcr «| tele ratavera <lonepess lo
WASES SCOTTI AEC eee et eteakerie oc ore ich cloiecereretei'sonerolahel ouerets atersisiclereielers?aisie sioiecs:siote
Dairying, production and marketing of dairy products, ..................
Wihtitismecessany tor -00dGalisy COWS. ii -telele cielo -)oieleieininls olele ajeierelatele =
AVM shiokiasliEMl Coy ramoanenomonco cE Doon mOnROaretc ABH OD Do OHO OSHA be oor
OOStLO MIKE SPPAUCO Wea iV tees esate rotate ecole peta ol ters dexskanegoetene teers ors
How much milk per acre and what grass fed to dairy cow, ........
Cowates ting ASSOCIA LIONS ares tereietoiee cesta ckelelrtorciaieeiateroieieneiescrelonsio\cl scale)
HUES ULESHOEECSTEITI Oars ie eine ene Stee Se tae oleae eyaiain astererotavecarog misters
Report oksCommibteet ome: caer worcilene csiseies cistersels ciclo cleo Sleyele ele sitve «
Department of Agriculture, oflicers and employes, ...............e+e.00-
FEPOREMOLMSC GREEDY muctsit ctectatereictrciae cioteneioiatees aicions of ereraic o oletarerctereistals ote
Report of Deputy Secretary and Director of Farmers’ Institutes,
ReportioneDairyeand ood Commisstomerre ye -iloatlelalelaicle stele aievele
oO Git, eonannne AoMoncicy BobgusoqdosocoounonpeuboousboeToborS
ISCO: GE WensiiMels oooosacddbacduonoccocupoceseandcuanoecodaane
ReponiaomWerculizers ©ontrolemacce tm s ecrtaticeelenecce soieacteersicte
Reports ofebureaueot Chemistry. cer mijelrysisittcilsls 2-1c\')s'=sicie1 > sie aie
INGO Gre JAW Ot SHNTEMES, Sooadboodoccn00ssq0encbo0Unsocecodad
TASte of ANMUalls TEPOESs ers sevscclecislteeteyclerieie cleiwleke snals syebeicter iatevaieie) sraye ele
MGT S CeO: | UML TITS ores chem oeeseee vesonereuee eke reierehetece pe avore toy ald favsls ret afaloue/eitre\eiels tao chee
E

Nursery inspection,
Inspection of imported stock,
Orchard inspection,

Supervision orchards,
Apiary inspection,
School collections,

Factors potential to promoting the welfare of the farm,

Institutes and movable schools,
Farm Advisors,
~ Attendance H'armers’ Institutes, 1913-1914,
Program Annual Normal Institute,
List of County Institute Managers,
List Institute Lecturers,
Speakers and their assignments,
Special Institute Lecturers,
List Agricultural Societies,
Papers read and addresses delivered at Normal Institute,

Limits of power of Dairy and Hood Commissioner, ...............

i ee acy

Cold storage Conditions, ....-....0..-0. ss cesses cere ee iner recesses
RE CELPES MAM OME PCN ONEUIES sosisciccsteicieicts. sie sie coh eieleieiete fel siavele ela/sis oreleas nrere

Denon stra lonmOLGMandSe aevxeci-raus cisclerclewe cities vicloe, se 2 aleie eis ce tsreanierere e

i i

Salem parasite spre rirrereic ete versialers clase cieisciclsis ove eisnereratera ore ieis eens eresielers

i ee er er er er errr ery
Oe CO er i i eC i eee ii ae ar ers
eC ee CC i a ee i eC re er ad
ee i ee i ee ee |
emcee meee tr estos ese sees eee sess e recess reses

settee

eee eee

eee eee

wer tee

see eee

wee eee

settee

eens

settee

eee eee

see eee

eee eee

eee eee

ween ee

sees

we eeee

ween

Session of Annual Normal Institute devoted to Farmers’ Institutes,

Relation of Grange to,

How can Agricultural Societies become more efficient in furthering
RITES dae LTS ELE UTES uncleye ecrchasiera chen ncicrorerstaebac ar ove ain veloretictarcieis Slaitiravess

Movable Institute Schools, topics for,
Farm Advisors, suggestions for,

Address, Dr. M. EX. Conard,
Address, Mrs. Jean Kane Foulke,
Address, Sheldon W. Funk,

Address, R. P. Kester,
Address, Frank Kline,

30—5—1914

Farm Advisors, address, Chas. G. NGI OC ee RP eo EX
TAREE Src. DINE ) SHERI Jove Too oa lle eet nn Ce

omens

eee ee

eee eee

seen

eee een

466 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Address; Prot, WiranklinvMeneeseasnsesetsacic cas cos «a seia tec oe eee 248
Address, W. Theo. War ira ate weearceete eres iss ose ions 3.6 hese ORE Ee 249

Farm homes, "water supply and drainage AMM ee Meee sf Seeyeeata dasa itvare /cyelcpoeys eee ee 174
The importance of the septic tank, SOR HON Soe ree A, nb Soa Ne Ree 175

Feeding stuffs, reoprt of the Chief Chemist, EE Oe A DEER Moe oaks 119
Report on, State Board of Agriculture, Bae SSO ORO De OR DO Ok 333
Counties visited and samples ‘secured, BU Tece veut ere eat SicieiatBaroka as Ge rT Eee 335
Eeroplemssracinc: the Wepa rimentemeneeeeaiserinecat cee: co cen coer 343
Feed selection, Peet eras Cie cee CLR een rune ees mee we reas OR! OT | 389
Average percent. of water-protein and nitrogen-free, .................- 393

HMETMLIZETS!, SPE POLE MOMS bc iaates eicooe brelacc Se telat nae ORO eae ae Le 112
Summary okvanalyses unades. sca sec on niet eictcioin irae ees me en ae 115
Repovt rofy Ghemisiies <3 erase or ia cee ne te ee oe ne 273
Report of Committee On, State: BoardroreAeriGulGunes: ss-ceepeeeeaaes 284
Changesvof Jaw -referredator. sacisvos ce alae ine ei ene eee eee 285
Recommendations. suggestedic ssc cescnics oie oe sae se lett inion et clcr tee eee 285
DS EDEISEIGS go ays scvareteod actos oe erie sonia cre PLease er SINE Oi eee nee 286
Valuations for DOA secrets anc ancl eters Gio eee Cee ee LTE Arad ET ET Oe 434
Analyses of (Spring), SE ee ee Ao es ae A Ea ee PO OANA Wen ce shee 444
Amailyses tof (Ball) in scree arcickeootercsorcterteie roa a oe connote ice aS ee 452

MGRESthy.4. LEDOL OM se ctereeiavccottevcissectote ote oe etoloiete yoke eietorei tore rere ER OTe LD eer 372

Ei te TOP OTL HOT crsia ccaes Gist, otc tans SOO Petro Ne ae Toe ole SETAE ia a ree ae 266
WPGSES sere ovate os eiers ot ols a sles toletaniovaye iain eratosioiaio nolo delet ae eae eee eae eae 267
Over=prodiuehiOnien mca son oe eon CRE Ee Cae een 267
Report ol Pomologist. sit x. Aceoas cvecmiorseisiecrsects site ae Pee mra Ene ene 271

G

Geology, -report of AcrenltiiraleGeoloristhan.cescce cee oteea ete seen en eee 324
Reportok Heonomie=Geolocist. asset nee cee ene ee eae 326

(SherGranve- its relation vou bh arimers institutes; sss eeece tee cose eee to mene Eeee 234
‘TherGrancerasanvoreani zations. sacs nec ent hoes see een eee eRe 234
Metworksor whe sNationadls Grange tees sorcae cote one cece eee 236
Relatonshipadetineds © ania sstiese ns oy claeeere e cccisie tale See ea an eee 337

I
Insecticides report Oni her at ak goed ea atac. cect eee en oro ot ake Oe eee 381
L

Tame, its’ value and: different “forms, 2.2.00. signe nc’ nae etmieleitenelsiee eee 179
"Lime and fertilizer in the m aintenance of soil fertility.) tte eae eee 347
Ohio= Station. ‘experiments, <.os.ccs5neseaa tagens oslae eee eee eee 347
TBa ble ON.) CTOPS ee tic Leese aceiat iss patito Shale atcha ts Seotone CMa ol Sena hee ee a 348
able valtiatlons ste we see ctocle cca ie a acioeren nia ae a ele esi iele eee aE 348

Bivestock. report.o£ Committee von)... 3255.90 2 cicseme seen eee eee eee 329
Causes: Of highs PricevOh roe ssseas eo weer e chien OL Raiceis i nsls roe ee eres 329
Relation stossol fertility: Asctereminckierc coran eicetare sisteaetatelels rotator a er eter ten here 401
Plannine vol “experiment... csemeccottr er oie tec eee ae ee ee eee 403
Co-operative breeding and testtne.) --c.4.-)-c cee eee er eee 410
Summary wl TECORGSs:, cessrscsceeeteceiectentice ctoeens soe alee eae ere Pree rena 412
Advantage of bull-assoctations;.s. n= Ge sce e cele teers a entero 413

M

Meat. cuttingsdemonstraiion. 35 63 aecusic sem ceroe ations sities 2 celeriac ie cee 351

Mieteorolozy., neport-of Meteorolozistys.s-co.sasemess tee al ce eee eee 314

Movable schools'+ acne fac cadcic otto shee sind coe nace eee orotate, ote area 241

N
Nursery inspections ch. <ascc cewek bes Sia sk See ERE ei ee eee 80
O

Of eialy Msbs) Seas Fe aera c e Soe cia ie ee ee eee Oe ee m

Orchards s*inspection@ok, pk... wo: decease eee ee one yen CRETE eee 85
Demonstratyon soso sae ce teehee Poe OO eee ee 87
Sido isi gis) 0) Pear Ace eae Eeerinrn on Gunn Mem aee Nocs Gs cosaae eben 90

Ornitholozy. report of Ornithologist, 2 -snueee ores eceeeee cee eee oe enrae 809

Birds vofePennsylvaniad | is coos. eetiemechiiae Dales a OEE Sie ee

No. 5. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 467

}e
Sie See eR TOIT erase oe oar fos yas 2s nicis aie cele. eo ausin egerereiettomiele Sisce't sie.cle isle sls we 6 386
Pennsylvania Breeders’ Association and Dairy Union, proceedings of, ...... 386
Pennsylvania Berkshire Breeders’ Association, officers of, ..................5. 423
Pennsylvania Sheep Breeders’ Association, officers of, .............. 2s eeeeeees 423
Pennsylvania Jersey Breeders’ Association, officers of, ..............2-eeeeeee- 423
Pennsylvania stares oclety ot Poultry, officers of, soles. acc cicesiele ciewle oles 424
Pennsylvania Poultry Breeders’ Association, officers of, ...................05- 424
Pennsylvania) ay mnans, eOLGeLS OL 5s. ,<ys,c1e. sessilis il Plejo ciese oe Sotcial dle eisle e\0.0 etejere viata 424
Pennsylvantaebreeners: Association, officers: Of, <eepiie: soem 2 - eles ciel cmisie 424
legmrdlncwc, SGMOE ON TENN Pee seer ony ode daeeeeseds ne Ee eREran son Conon orton ¢ 202
Plant feedine> principles and practice OFF... cic- ci corte oc acls wieleie occa visisle -\s calc cle’ 394
GUSSRS) Gunval Cait TIS Oia See Heer atte cinco chste oat Oe aes SOS RCo OAD ECOOGTIIO DOCCB ODE 398
IPrOnraulemmec eer WTOUMCHOMn® wee cise 2 ree facie) ne ete cielaie’s ctr onus, «oleloleiofets stelefefelals 206
JE POURS ove GR oaan ene span ne boc esau eeboredc Conn e DCS RO BORO EEoCoan Sons 206
4 Nie). Sania So ee OETA o Lea CRC CO Sen Om rae A ioaaneaae 206
UU MPGs |viRG ls, ee SScSod DAD OGEC GA DEO Clone GOO C DECC Oe SAO RA OTR a CG OCHO 207
FUR eto ECE Clie eet cerca cee ose racer eatery eral ara toes iis av oneisvs fevaysi= ieloteketofapoele avers 208
SETS EC ire ere eae eae aera ee fede te inte fnveas ere cueasalcisiusta Dfevateiaae afotorstaye 210
Thins: DOUIk AT JOU amy cao eoo LoSe Coan arer eo oD oaen oasaToCmadodt ns faucccondc 213
Iesnincoee oie Jk pleie Vein oo pacnencdnn aon EdbeDboenoguto{cauODUOACUoT 214
RepoRtao rn OOninineteenOMmms =a ae ty arr iel- stersyeracls: fs se terersieic is eve stateleietsierolare 331

R
Resolutions) deaths or Genera eb onvieraie serctear ce ioiam chicos occ cod «cleats cle iets « ofe 290
Roadspere portioLl@ommilbtee ones serrate eae ota asin o- Caren since ee secur cet 262
vate CONSECIICELONM mec er terAner TCO meee inte ais eros oc sinigis Sew eins tceeinaen 263
WONCHETOREO Tete eee ee D aicteie Sig nie Dewmare ac ble tinne asian 264
Systems Olerorademanagenen tamer cre ccc cee ce ta al ac scee scare ned ec wars 265

S
SENOS TOTES OS 58 Zo oe naae oa ede o CERO CHO ROTO DEE OE COSC TOn TE SOSn en Ener tern 167
IPTODE AS Albay app eM GSwereCUIT eds: . 2 ss isjoe cools aisiese Slecealac cree esse 167
IDA SETS SO UMEES CHO OISMpre er iT Naso ore ois cae e etopal ote colors: csvave. Bvonsuarapslardls ecovea 168
RGus our |HUMMGTIAG. © 5 Sob bod SOS DOR DT ORO re Re Ren eee 168
it hlesbhimes mies 20 lesliierer mer r rats tn cise nie cus ice t nieae's Rawls g close nioe ook 171
Need law MeMACHITEM RO emer seni wey soci stins sae ae hee a ae Sane Fed or REO INE SG Uh. 302
Starr dimes ta Olas CO ee tents t een he ore cers cin AS cicbavatete ae ars |i eeastatsa Sun cee 302
ANS ATG Gi CE” Goa oc Sabo O Ue AOC EE ee CIS ICI aT ICE IES 303
ASHERGISS (OUFAIB, pobt CaO OU REL Oe See Oe SII te eee OnE Fenner rae 304
Sir SPEED LTUEI SUT eRe en tricia ears oe arse eiaicte citer ale clolere om iets sled a Giae Halonen Seowes 182
PECL) ge EP eae PTae MILD ED CEES tat rer an cco tee Moar oe cet rss aes fais ics sce: ot UE SCs tie hete Bee. ¥ c/o Si ecmelelaie oo aitore 182
Sor Sean aecho US ERED OLE TONE antes ltricice ae cite cs lec ah solos ea oo sistas sale tmetomneoee 378
state Board of Agriculture, officers and members of, ............0c0eesecso0> 253
EP IPeIS ees ea CeA MMT tle VMCEEMIUCe os acrtisare sisieloiaik 6. oi hots oie oe ewan eerio ean 257
Report of Committee on Cereals and Cereal Crops, ...............2.00- 257
Report of Committee on Roads and Road Laws, ................cecceees 262
Heportom@ommittee: on rut and BHrart Culture; 6222.00c0.06--ce ss uc 266
LED OG ROLES LAUIDIS teri mrcrera sy skal eye aVeroreieete Gian evan ee Sak Be ER cro niGhe eae 268
dEUS ONE GUE LEO TaRvO NOTH es ey orci pene Ca ROTOR NG Ce TIES CR TROT CR Re Sea eee ee er 271
EWE OTs tae am IR OTST nee roy: ©, ots Sue, stehate foto erage: al oiua pieVora yo ala. cle oat trod ota Shei wea 273
Report of Committee on Dairying and Dairy Products,................. 276
eporivotethemVereninaniare ce osc cites caitecctiectee.ce «clacie po clee ge ogee rcsrek 278
eporiOre® OmmMicee OM VMEEEIMZELS) tess cemecwriccmioe ns 6 clon anise volewtie 284
Report of Committee on Wool and Cottom Fibers, .................s000- 287
Report of Memorial Committee on General Beaver, ...................- 290
EDO le MNCL OSCODISEIANO ERY STCIISt 2 ititscnic'oms:cc.s aise ocles coniclojae sp ptccinr deol 302
EpOLtsOr the chin tomOlo gist, ety scrac < cirniee eacci coe ete e vaineis vee nie ere ys 306
Heporisoiethec@rniChologist, ater arate pero a eee ie ohe hate ao asin iver eieis o autores 309
FREDOREROE. VWESLEOLOLODIS Lets /a A creremtieerepiitscs ace No ee mein ae ene 314
ECT ORLEO DPA D LBTAS piocet eon ep pee ten ae etetnore cs -n8 Seis o ate cima te ee ote ie awe 316
RepormomA gr eultural Geologist sseiecsyer aor sein nee calcite demure 318
Goria een CONOMTEGY GCOLOZISh, seat sereietaae ie tore eine oe oe enero ee 318
Ee DO Raia OOmMmMittee: OM TlVeStOCKs.oc.cm cass crce fenk cine cis oe wale ovonvoeieus 329
Tepreseo mOaommitbee On. EOULE yn. s- ccd sinsias ce tance semen rue ote tea nuiiecele 331
Report oL-committee on Meeding Stuffs, .occseccescascces cess seccccsc ccs 333

Joint Session of Board of Agriculture, Breeders’ Association and Dairy

WOME so 6 Ste OEE EE eR Ca Ee OE eee EE ee a aE 351

468 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ieportsonmMorestSsand: sWOrestityanmemrcmeee ee oe ieee noes
Reportony soll sudan Oropsen ce ere mete eece ace chioenien eae eine
‘ Reportaonelnsecticrd esis hancercria sien oe rie Ae eee ee ob oetnnclh: ie eohee
Statistics TeEpone otis catistlClant.. scrk see ete eet enero ea creo on ee eee
WVOn Ob SESE ales othe cco tiase ecazevsisie Sette totale create otatelnarcle Mia kovave Oe ee ane
Statistics relating totthe killinesokisheeprrcpecceaecencioee rs cee on eres
Crop areporty senate. cee ra aera suri nace rn iaist She Sie rae meee chats ates tha cats ere mete
eviews ob crope conditions... October Walla saa ance ace oe acces
Iveportiot the, production) of nw hea tease -nee arene cteeeee eae coe
Report ol crop conditions.» November ts Gites ae eeee cence sate
Report of area and condition of wheat, rye and corn, November 1, 1914,
Report for year, giving price and production of farm products, etc.,

Crop Vepores LOVES poe k asses eters Cravesekolere Sse ravsverc erste oe (oidivaye oe rete aeons ote tote Misiieme
TRaAblenoe «COM PaALisOnSsa.ce snce cehionte clue meh he Eee tee eae ee eee
Te
Trickwtarmine. the man, che business andthe (cropae wa. dasee sree ieee
Rurkeyeraisin ee een cee es ipgc ome oso R pene as see c oes Ack as R edo ner aa
iRubercul osis® pbovinesrepressiOuMmOl tc actreecice acc coe e ciceeise ene ho Teen eter
V
Veterinarian, report of, ......... gv ebsescleniecaens genes ejoegocensnsesgegcusons
Report to State Board of Agriculture on various diseases, ..............
WwW
IWiooltsreport or Commibteecony os.c-o oe eeeee ee ecinsacemeeneinie sistas eae eee
Z
FOOlOSISty LEPOLE Os sche csecais > coe aoeeieiciers Naeme oe meee ees ae arneenre germane

100
278

287

78

NON
ANY

Lb ira y
SOAR UT NAL a
th AY
v H)

( 1 1 Cue
Ht ny ANNE 3 i

A

a

00258 5717

sresayesrecnrsrore~

natin bpgecctoronne tensig-eapogserarscht minrartenecmsiagtG arerry ane 1
aoe peregngrer segettpeccrenmene ef :
Bite Sparborst:ioproacereertocnrogoesercrrpe@rerers
Weotertesrserserecece-sperporce: repo

To ae hehe tae
pees sopee he slehers
Trosetse sespeemrpesmtnep Howe fleas py or)
‘3 Losvenoste et mas letet
aetinleyertrlecep phocarsteenses eens eco PhS oan tes?
one J Avteets aves tine wad 4b ior AA ge regen &
Weitesinsceostclost in +

ae