tie i + etait mipdeisd 83 pS Gite pease} pspeeeys ities — thay ites i] nie speraiscstety seeseet hl eacitenl peal aS if if Sieteret nt irrsstsotal Sap + Se it a a + i sraudelitrorstet broasitt iit ne sea magi +7} "1 it tte Lee ores rs ae 3 tat + + i Tt ae Date goin DPargngparatater Strtesette ; a Riticmcltenerecacgtetet: : isithiise 3 7 = pesperenel het tes : Sistas ee : : : recat earennes 2 * “ 5 ie whe 2 aad chads si & seve batgtet i 7 oR pret nes 583 i ~ oa pannel 236s meyers a 3 4" 7 pe! 7 ore he ) ED Nee store Bran sented ester peststicier feel : Ieet ore shee : Fitheert : aah Sata sestenes i Treethgh = Sarg aces Singer eee aie tae ieee = Sis aeserne iis eeebaae ei ae $3 9 $2 > caese prec roca sts - * = apeoe — > at nowewr 5 ca 9 bageenst Series ceases tit inn i :: at Reimto Er Tiare praca Peapeterire atl rreeeast ter foeat ai ISSUES ‘s yeaqmeee 5 Twenty-first Annual Report PENNSYLVANIA Department of Agriculture \y N ~ > y S N N| ft WL 1915 HARRISBURG, PA.: WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER. 1916 OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. No. 6. PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICIAL LIST, 1915 WE C. E. PATTON, Secretary, Curwensville, Clearfield County. CG. BE. CAROTHERS, De’p Secy and Director of Farmers’ Institutes, Washington, Washington County. M. D. Lichliter, Chief Clerk, Bellevue, Allegheny County. BE. C. FIRST, Clerk, Farmers’ Institute Bureau, Harrisburg. BERTHA H. SIEBER, Stenographer, Harrisburg. J. FRANK ZORTIMAN, Messenger, Etters, York County. JAMES FOUST, Dairy and Food Commissioner, Altoona, Blair County. MAY V. RHONE, Clerk, Dairy and Food Bureau, Center Hall, Centre County. WILLIAM R. SWARTZ, Messenger, Dairy and Food Bureau, Duncannon, Perry County. H. A. SURFACE, Economie Zoologist, Mechanicsburg, Cumberland County. P. T. BARNES, Assistant Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg. Vv. A. BE. DAECKE, Clerk, Bureau of Economic Zoology, Philadelphia. KATHRYN P. FIRST, Stenographer, Bureau of Economie Zoology, Harrisburg. J.C. SIMMONS, Messenger, Bureau of Hconomie Zoology, New Cumberland, Cumberland County. C. J. MARSHALL, State Veterinarian, Philadelphia. T. E. MUNCE, Deputy State Veterinarian, Washington, Washington County. ir RUSSEL T. WHITSON, Clerk to State Veterinarian, Laneaster, Lancaster County. , ADELINE V. GREATHEAD, Stenographer to State Veterinarian, Harrisburg. (1) ANNUAL REPORT DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Off. Doc. JAMES W. KELLOGG, Chief Chemist, Harrisburg. L. H. WIBLE, Statistician, McConnellsburg, Fulton County. J. HERBERT THOMAS, Chief, Bureau of Disbursements, Harrisburg. W. R. DOUGLASS, Publicity Director, Harrisburg. H. E. KLUGH, Clerk of Fertilizer Control, Harrisburg. OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. No. 6. TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE To His Excellency, Martin G. Brumbaugh, Governor of Pennsyl- vania: Sir: In compliance with the act of Assembly, creating a Depart- ment of Agriculture of Pennsylvania, I have the honor herewith to submit my report of said Department for the year 1915. Agriculture is the oldest industry and farming the greatest science in the world. Yet, too frequently, have the tillers of the soil lost sight of the scientific feature of farming, thereby depleting their lands through worn-out methods that should have long since been eliminated. Pennsylvania agriculture in the nineteenth century, for more than forty years underwent ereat stress and trial in com- peting with the newer states in the Great West. It had been the leading state in agriculture and led the procession of the Common- wealths of the Union. But Pennsylvania lost its distinction through causes that grew out of the great westward movement that took from the State tens of thousands of its best and wide-awake farmers who were drawn to the broad prairies of what are now Indiana, IIli- nois, Iowa, Kansas and Nebraska. There, the rich soils recompensed the tiller with great crops, produced with less labor, which were moved eastward and entered into competition with the eastern pro- ducer, who, with more labor and greater cost could not compete, hence the farming industry, on account of low values, languished. Conditions, however, have changed. A too constant tilling of their soil weakened the productive power of the lands of the West; also the home consumption became greater, so that the competition in the East was not so marked, and agriculture in Pennsylvania took on new life. The crisis is past; and under new conditions, with a wider knowledge of the science of farming, the eastern farmer is readjust- ing himself to meet the twentieth century problems. One of these problems is THE TREND TOWARD THE CITY Possibly the greatest problem that confronts the American farmer is the drift from the farms to the cities and industrial centers. And for half a century this drift has been going on, increasing rapidly (3) 4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe in later years. Warnings have been sounded from time to time, but they have gone unheeded. In 1880 thirty people in every 100 lived in the city; today fifty out of every 100 live in these great centers of population. Of this number, one out of every twenty are from the farms. Hence only one-half of our population are producers and the cther half consumers; whereas, in 1880 the producers outnumbered the consumers free to one. So far as Pennsylvania is concerned, in 1891, 51 per cent. of the people were rural; today from 35 to 38 per cent. of the total population of our State is rural. It is estimated at the present time that 11 per cent. of our population are on farms. Hence the need of increased interest in agriculture is apparent. The causes for this drift is lack of conveniences, attractions and social enjoyment in the country that are found in the cities. If these causes were removed, the tide would turn “back to the farm.” It is the inequality of country life that has sent our young men to the cities where many have failed or have fallen through temptations that are so marked in crowded industrial centers. Another problem confronting the farmer is THE LACK OF GOOD ROADS One of the greatest items of expense to the farmer is that of trans- porting his produce to the markets, or to the line of railroads or steamboat landings. The Bureau of Public Roads estimates that more than 350,000,000 tons are hauled over our public roads each vear with an average of an eight mile haul, and at an average cost of twenty-three cents per ton per mile. The railroads handle the same produce on hauls of thirty miles and less at two cents per ton per mile, and where the haul is 150 miles or over it is made at a cost of one-half cent per ton per mile. The same authority states that it would not cost more than thirteen eents per ton per mile if all the roads of our country were such as they should be, thereby saving to the people one quarter of a billion of dollars every year. The Office of Public Roads is the authority for the statement that in the United States only 247,490 miles of the 2,273,131 miles of roads, or 10.9 per cent., are surfaced, while all the rest are mud roads. A rather humiliating showing. It is stated that of all the civilized countries on the globe, America has the poorest roads. In natural wealth, in agricultural products, in the manu- facture of steel and iron and in the number of miles of railroads the United States stands first; but in roads stands last. France, with her system of roads, saves to the agriculturist. two- thirds of the expense of America in transporting farm products to the line of railroad or steam navigation. The lowest cost of hauling the produce from farm to market is in Hanover, the average running being about four and one-half cents per long ton per mile; in Italy, nine cents; in France, eleven and one-half cents; in England, twelve cents. Thus in the United States the farmer pays from forty to ninety-five per cent. more to carry his products from the farm to the nearest railroad station or river landing than the farmer in Kurope. Here is presented one of the causes which drives farmers’ boys and girls to the overcrowded cities. If the State had good roads it would stop this drift. Make it possible in inclement weather as well as in No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 5 good weather for the boys and girls to go out on pleasure bent or on business, they will prefer to remain on the farm amid its health- ful and moral surroundings. “BACK TO THE LAND” SLOGAN The battle-cry, “Back to the land” is the slogan of the hour. It is told on the platform, preached from the pulpit, is the subject of editorials and everywhere is heard the refrain, “back to the land.” Much of this cry are mere platitudes; meaningless. If this great country is in earnest in shouting “back to the land,” it will give the young people a square deal. Improve the surroundings of the farm home; construct good roads and thus induce the young men by attrac- tions, to leave the thronging multitude of our cities and return to the home of their fathers. The State should discourage the rental system by adopting some method of credit system whereby the tenant farmer can purchase from the owner who has retired to the city a farm, and thereby build up an interested farming constituency that will give the land better tillage and thus insure better and larger production. There should be a system of marketing the products of the farms without the presence of the middleman that will bring more money to the preducer and, through the dealer, cheaver prices to the con- sumer. Co-operation should be the watchword of the hour. Let organiza- tions co-operate for mutual help and protection and thus bring in a new era in the farm community. Make it possible for the farmer to carry on his farm by supplying him with money. SCARCITY OF FARM LABOR Could the problems, noted above, be solyed and this trend to the city be stopped, one of the greatest difficulties now confronting the farmer, scarcity of labor, would be removed. From all sections of the State there comes to the Department appeals for farm hands. While the wages for farm labor has, to some extent, been increased, the supply cannot be met. The abnormal development of our chief resources has brought about this scarcity. Our great deposits of coal and iron are being taken from Nature’s storehouse with such prodigality, amounting to wastefulness, that a ereat army of men, both native and foreign born are required to carry on these industries. Some of our philanthropists have endeavored to meet this difficulty of scarcity of farm hands by inducing immigrants, coming from the farming sections of Southern Europe, to settle in the country and take their places on the farm. ~ Laborers sent free of cost to the farming sections soon tire of country life and in a week or two leave and turn to the cities to engage either in mill work or in the uncertain occupations of peanut vendors or Similar lines. Our own State has 51,105 tenant Pemnrers or about one to every fourth farm, and about 50.000 farms are mortgaged. The greatest number of tenant farmers are found in the Southern States, the highest being Texas with 219.575, with Pennsylvania standing eighteenth. With the exception of two Western states, the Kevstone State has more tenant farmers than any other state north of Ma- son’s and Dixon’s Line. 6 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. THE CONCENTRATION OF WEALTH Has some bearing on the farm question and affects the farmers, not only in depriving them of the young men who are drawn into these great industrial marts to supply the immense market for clerks, ete., but by bringing about a concentration of land owner- ship and increased tenant farming. It is clear, from observation and the study of political economy, that the number of poor and destitute people are increasing in this country and that the number of private fortunes are growing larger. The conditions that affected many countries of Europe, especially England, have been trans- planted to this country and for a quarter of a century this concen- tration of wealth has gone on until we have outstripped every nation on the globe. Statisticians have declared, that as far back as 1890, one per cent. of the people owned over one-half the nation’s wealth. In 1900 it was estimated that 440 corporations owned $20,000,000,000 of the $90,000,000,000 that represented the wealth of this country. And such is this money-mad trend and mania for merging gigantic interests, that today a less number of corporations possess a greater amount of the money of this land than fifteen years ago. And should this continue, according to one of the greatest corporation lawyers and political economists of this country, in 1950 fifty thousand per- sons will substantially own the United States. This alarming tendency of the times, more or less, affects the farm- ing industry of the United States by the concentration of land owner- ship and the increase of farm tenantry. In some of the states one- half or more of the farms are operated by tenants. Laws that will correct some of the abuses of the tenant system on one hand and in- crease the efficiency of same system on the other hand will, to a great extent, give an uplift to agriculture. FACING THE SUNRISE In the face of all the difficulties confronting agricultural devyel- opment in Pennsylvania, a few of which have been briefly enumer- ated, as a State, a better day is dawning. On every hand there are evidences of this uplift. The large number of our young men at- tending agricultural schools, fitting themselves for agricultural activity, is a gratifying evidence of this trend toward better things. The wonderful increase in the demand for agricultural literature and the increasing number of farm journals published indicates the drift of the thought of the people. The increasing demand for more farmers’ institutes and for the advice and helpful suggestions of the farm advisers and the large attendance at farmers’ meetings demon- strates the fact that there has come to the farmers of the State a great awakening in all lines of agriculture. In short, agriculture today is more talked about, written about and thought of than ever in the history of the past, which augers well for a greater future in this the oldest industry on the globe. We are facing the sunrise of a brighter day in the people’s industry—the great life-preserving occupation of the world without which all other industries would fail. Pennsylvania is essentially an industrial state. Three-sevenths of all the iron and steel in the nation is manufactured in the old Keystone State, while from fifty-two to fifty-four per cent. of all the coal in the United States is mined from our almost inexhaustible No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7 storehouse of this valuable mineral. In other industries, such as oil, gas, limestone, iron ore, cement, rock and slate, Pennsylvania ranks well with other states of the Union; and to such an extent has _ the attention of the people been turned to these mighty industries, that in the minds of many, agriculture is looked upon as an after consideration and there is a failure to realize its intrinsic importance and magnitude. CEREALS The statistics shown in detail in the report of the Bureau of Sta- tistics, incorporated as a part of this Annual Report, indicates the distinguished position Pennsylvania occupies among her sister states in the importance and value of her agriculture. The values of the five principal cereals grown in the State during 1915 were more than the national average for these crops. And so great was this average increase that it has attracted wide-spread attention. Pennsylvania farmers produced, in 1915, 2.3 per cent. of all the wheat, corn, rye, oats and buckwheat raised in the nation; and these same cereals were worth 3.9 per cent. of the value of the nation’s crops which were estimated at $3,295,433,000, while the State crops were worth 12.5 per cent. more per bushel than the average price value of the country’s crops, the total value of the five cereals named being $95,932,420. Corn was king in 1915, ranking, in production, twentieth in the United States, with a yield of 54,792,000 bushels, harvested from 1,520,000 acres, valued at $41,641,920; wheat came next, ranking ninth in production, yielding 24,928,000 bushels, raised from 1,312,000 acres, with a total value of $26,174,400; the oats crop exceeded the production of 1914, the yield being 438,095,000 bushels, harvested from 1,094,460 acres, valued at $19,823,700, and ranking fourteenth in the Union. In the production of rye, Pennsylvania ranked fourth in the nation, with a total of 271,600 acres grown, yielding 4,672,000 bushels, valued at $3,971,200. Buckwheat, however, led all the states of the Union, ranking first in production, the vield being 5,540,000 bushels, raised from 277,200 acres, with a value of $4,321,200, the production being 35.1 per cent of all the buckwheat raised in this country. As usual, Lancaster county, in value of production of all farm products, is not only the banner county in the State, but leads every county in every state of the Union. Other crops in the State show healthful advance. Pennsylvania is sixth in the production of hay. The crop in 1915 was 3,558,000 tons, valued at $56,572,200—the most valuable of any farm product. Potatoes ranked sixth in production, the number of acres planted being 273,360, yielding 20,502,000 bushels, the total value of which is $16,401,600. Including tobacco, hay, potatoes and the five cereals noted, the acreage devoted to staple crops of the State were 7,797,120, with a total valuation of $173,473,720. LIVESTOCK In some instances there has been slight increase in the number of livestock raised in the State and in other cases there has been a decrease; however, the livestock industry forms an important part of the State’s asset. The approximate total value of the livestock on the farms of Pennsylvania according to the report of our Statistician 8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. is $167,848,000, classified as follows: Horses, 596,000, valued at $72,116,000; milch cows, 952,000, estimated value being $52,836,000; other cattle number 644,000, valued at $18,676,000. There were re- ported at the close of 1915, 46,000 mules in the State, with an esti- mated valuation of $5,868,000. Milch cows have increased one per per cent. over 1914, which is gratifying when it is known that in 1914 15,000 cattle, largely milch cows, were slaughtered on account of the epidemic of the foot-and-mouth-disease. There is a slight decrease in the number of horses over the preceding year, owing, doubtless, to the large number being shipped to the battlefields of Europe. The number of swine in the State is 1,186,000 valued at $13,974,800. But little change is noticed in this industry, it remaining about the same. In the epidemic of foot-and-mouth-disease in 1914, 13,000 were killed. There is a lamentable decrease in the sheep industry—there being 860,000. In 1900 there were 1,102,000. The Pittsburgh Dis- patch, in an editorial, thus expresses the cause of this alarming de- crease: “The very active and alert Department of Agriculture of Penn- sylvania, issues a report which is of importance paramount to mere statistics. The very kernel of it, or the meat and the wool of it, is that mutton-loving dogs, which sleep by day and gorge o’nights, have so preyed on the flocks of those animals most beloved in poesy, both sacred and secular, that farmers are being discouraged from producing for the market the toothsome spring lamb or the mature freshlings which produce fleece more precious than the Golden Fleece of Jason, and meat from times incomputably ancient has been so delightful a thought for the domestic table.” Here is the beginning and ending of the story of the decline in the sheep industry in Pennsylvania, that at one time was the leading State in the Union in sheep raising. The thousands of prowling and worthless curs that infest the State has brought about this state of affairs. Stringent laws should be enacted against the useless dogs, and I would respectfully request your Excellency to impress upon the next Legislature the necessity of passing a measure that will protect this great industry. The tens of thousands of acres of our unoccupied lands would be a paradise for sheep raisers and form one of the most valuable assets of the farmer. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 9 WORK DONE BY THE DEPARTMENT BUREAU OF FARMERS’ INSTITUTES AND FARM ADVISERS As an educational agency, the Bureau of Farmers’ Institutes has made phenominal advancement in the past fifteen years. At the opening of the Twentieth Century, there was in the State a pro- nounced apathy concerning the institutes held under the direction of the Bureau. Thousands of farmers, at first, failed to see the im- portance of scientific and practical instruction in the maintaining of the soil and the cultivation of agricultural products, hence they did not see the necessity of attending the meetings of institutes, claiming that they knew as much about farming as the speakers furnished by the Department. They followed the traditions handed down by their fathers, farmed in the old way until their acres pro- duced less and less of the staple crops, having practically worn out their land, depleting it of the constituent elements that go to make good soil. Because of this indifference manifested to learn new methods, the early institutes were but meagerly attended and the interest shown by those who did attend was correspondingly indifferent. However, the Director of Institutes did not become discouraged, but continued his progressive and aggressive policy and supplied the best men who could be secured to go before the people with a newer agriculture, hased on scientific standards, practically expounded in language and terms that could be comprehended by the average farmer. And what is the result of this persistent endeavor upon the part of the Department through this Bureau? So great has been the up- lift along all lines of agriculture, that everywhere in the State there is a gratifying demand for institutes and movable schools; and where the attendance fifteen years ago were by the hundreds, to-day the thousands throng the buildings where the meetings are held, in many instances, to their fullest capacity. The roughest weather or dis- tance does not dampen the enthusiasm of the farmers of the State, but, with their families, they sit for hours listening to the corps of efficient men employed by the Department to impart instruction. In the progress of the work, instructors who did not measure up to the standard were taken from the force and men more active, who kept in advance of those who were to be taught, were supplied. These instructors, students in up-to-date agriculture, entered upon their work thoroughly equipped to perform their duties. They were se- lected for high standard of efficiency, men of such mental caliber and training as to quality them to discuss the various subjects assigned and answer all reasonable and proper questions along their special lines. As an evidence of the mighty uplift in agricultural education, the demand for institutes cannot be met with the present appropria- tion, and from several of the counties the farmers are asking addi- tional institutes from one to four days. 10 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The report of the Director of Farmers’ Institutes and Farm Ad- visers, finds its proper place in this Annual Report, and the reader is referred to the valuable information therein contained. As stated by the Director, during the season, ending July 15, 1915, there were held in regular institutes and movable schools 1,162 sessions, with an attendance of 183,400. There were in attendance at special in- stitutes 18,118; harvest home picnics for which State lectures were furnished by the Department, 32,600, making a grand total of 216,- 000. FARM ADVISERS This important line of work for the imparting of agricultural education is comparatively a new feature of the Department, and is under the supervision of the Director of Institutes, the report of which is a part of the general report of the Director, wherein a brief resume is given of the work accomplished by the corps of ten ad- visers, especially employed in their various lines but nine months of the year; the balance of the time being given directly to institute work. : A perusal of the report gives but a slight idea of the good accom- plished by these experts of the Department. The results of their personal visitations to the farms and ‘homes of the State cannot be estimated; and, coming as they do in direct touch with the individual, - the instruction they impart is invaluable. The co-operative feature brought to the people by the expert on Co-operation in Farming has been of untold benefit to the 30,000 and more who were addressed at the 161 public meetings and 50 pri- vate gatherings. The farmers of the State are awakening to the neces- sity of co-operation, not only in the buying of equipments required in carrying on the farm industry, thereby saving thousands of dol- lars to the tens of thousands of farmers directly and indirectly in- terested, but in the sale and marketing of farm products, thereby bringing in a net return of more than can be realized by the ordinary methods of disposing of the proceeds of the garden and farm. The farmers of the State are awakening to the needs of proper sys- tem of drainage, and many inquiries come to the Department as to what methods to adopt to best benefit low and swampy lands. The expert on Drainage and Water Supply visited 269 farms, giving suggestions as to methods to adopt, and much commendation of his work has reached the office by letter and otherwise. Reference to the report gives a brief outline of the conditions that exist in the State. The two branches, market gardening and fruits, within the past ten years, has taken a prominent place in the agricultural life of the Commonwealth. The demands for the services of the expert, there- fore, on Market Gardening and Fruits has been unusually great. In all, he visited 550 farms, attended fifty agricultural meetings and demonstrations and came in contact with 22,000 persons, delivering addresses along the lines in which he is specially engaged. The remarkable interest taken in Poultry Husbandry in Pennsyl- vania is unprecedented in the history of the State and the unusual number of requests coming to the Department for information on No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 11 this “farmers’ side-line” has brought to the people of the State two of our most successful and trained poultrymen to serve as Advisers on Poultry. These experts have visited every county of the State giving attention to the wants of poultry raisers; also have addressed meetings, some of them very largely attended, on the subject now uppermost in the thought of the people. The experts on Soils and Farm Crops have been busy in their line advising farmers how to obtain better soil and larger crops. Under their instruction, old methods of farming are being discarded and newer forms of cultivation of the lands are coming to the front. Twelve thousand farmers have been reached through the helpful agency of the advisers on Dairying and Animal Husbandry. As a result of their visits, there has come a marked improvement in the replanning of farm operations, the erection of buildings and the sanitary surroundings of the farm structures and the beautifying of the premises. The homes, where the wives, mothers and daughters dwell, have not been neglected by the Department; but the expert on Home Sani- tation and Household Economics, the only lady on the force, has met and mingled with women of the homes of the State imparting help- ful instruction, thereby lightening the burdens of our women and bringing them in touch with a thousand-and-one things that has ‘brought sunshine and cheer to many a housewife. All told, 7,665 farms of the State have been visited in about nine months time by the corps of Advisers. None can estimate the great good that has come to the farmers by the instruction given by these men and one woman. DAIRY AND FOOD BUREAU The Commissioner has submitted a detailed statement of the opera- tions of the Bureau for 1915, which, to be appreciated, should be read in its entirety. All past records of the Bureau are shown to have been broken. The same vigilance in administering the laws charged to the Department for enforcement was observed and the same faithfulness that has characterized the work of the Commis- sioner and his employes for years was shown. Outside of the pro- tection against disease and accident, there is no more important work than that of protecting the people of the State against adulteration of foods or those tainted or otherwise unfit for consumption. The slogan of the hour is, “Save the Babies; and there has been a State-wide as well as Nation-wide agitation on the subject and lovers of childhood are awake to the saving of the children. Being the most important food for children, and, in many cases, the only food up to a certain age, the purity of the milk supply is of paramount importance to the health and life of the babies. The Dairy and Food Bureau has given special attention to the milk production of the State, particularly looking after adulterations and whether it con- tained less than the standard amount of butter-fat or solids. Fifty- one hundred and ninety-three samples of milk were analyzed by the chemists of the Department and nearly 500 cases terminated because of adulterations of this product or having less than the standard 12 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. amount of solids. In 230° cases the evidence and tests showed adul- terations of original composition of milk by watering or skimming, or both. One very remarkable statement is made by the Commis- sioner: That but one case of added preservative (formaldehyde) was found; whereas, eleven years ago there were found in the samples of milk gathered, 600 cases of formaldehyde preservative. There has been a marked increase in the number of oleomargarine licenses issued for the year—in fact for nine years this yearly in- crease has been going on. As an evidence of the successful operations of the Bureau, nine years ago, in Philadelphia, there were but three dealers who had license to sell oleomargarine; in 1915, there were granted to Philadelphia alone, 300 licenses to sell same. This large increase in the number of licenses was due to the vigilance of the field agents in prosecuting dealers selling oleomargarine for butter. Last year the activity of the agents in apprehending violators of the pure food laws has been more marked than before; and because of this activity, there has been an equally marked improvement in the foods of State. During the year the chemists of the Department analyzed 8,939 samples of various food stuffs, in which were found the following violations of the pure food laws and for which prosecutions were made: Milk, 625; coffee and chicory, 2; cold storage goods, 75; eggs, 17; miscellaneous foods, 175; ice cream, 8; non-alcoholic drinks, 76; oleomargarine, 16; renovated butter, 2; sausage, 25 and vinegar, 101. IT would call your Excellency’s attention to two laws that should be on the statute books of the Commonwealth to make complete the laws of the Department in the carrying out of the purposes for which the Bureau was established: A Sanitary Law which would apply to creameries, cheese factories, condenseries, canneries or other places where foods are manufactured for sale. The other measure T would call to your attention, is a law prohibiting the sale of adul- terated or misbranded alcoholic liquors. BUREAU OF ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY The report of the Economic Zoologist is published as a part of this Annual Report, in which is given, in detail, the work of that Bureau. The collection of insects, both beneficial and injurious, as classi- fied, is considered equal to the best in the State, and are arranged by the Entomologist so that they can be seen and studied, and many take advantage of the opportunity, especially school children. The field work of the Bureau has been carried on by the Orchard Inspection Service, and it is worthy of note, that during the year the first orchard inspection begun eight years ago was completed this year. Orchard demonstrations were continued, there being held during the year 262 public demonstrations. Ten hundred and fifty-one visits were made to individual orchards by the inspecting force. The nursery inspection work has been pushed with vigor, every nursery in the State receiving at least two visits during the year from No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 13 our inspectors. The magnitude of this feature of the Department is apparent when it is to be considered that there are in Pennsylvania, 251 nurseries. Your Excellency’s attention is called to the detailed report on bee- keeping, the first full report on this most important industry ever made through this Department. Besides the regular work of the Bureau, much activity was given to the study of obnoxious animals, birds, rabbits and other animals and the preservation of beneficial species. Special emphasis has been placed on the construction of bird nesting boxes and the people of the State, especially the schools, are becoming deeply interested in procuring shelter and food for our birds. REPORT OF THE STATE VETERINARIAN AND SECRETARY OF THE STATE LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD By virtue of his office, the State Veterinarian is the Secretary of the State Livestock Sanitary Board whose reports for the years 1914 and 1915 are incorporated in this Annual Report of the Depart- ment. Owing to the extensive outbreak of foot-and-mouth-disease in the fall of 1914, and in view of the immense work it entailed upon the Board, for its suppression, it was deemed inadvisable to issue a report for that year, hence the reports of the operations of the Board for the two years are combined. There is a misconception abroad throughout the State as to the purposes and work of the State Livestock Sanitary Board; that its work is or should be specifically directed to the protection of public health, notwithstanding the stupendous expense such a course would entail, running into the millions. The primary and essential duties of the State Livestock Sanitary Board, as expressed in the law charged to the Board for enforcement, is to protect the health of domestic animals and the conservation of the livestock industry. The work of the Board, as in other years, was carried on under six divisions, the division of Meat Hygiene being the first to be ireated in the report. It is a matter of note that the Meat Hygiene law of Pennsylvania, approved in 1907, was the first State Hygiene law enacted in the Union, and to-day is the only State that has such a law on its statute books. In this respect Pennsylvania has taken high ground in protecting the people of the State from dishonest and unscrupulous meat dealers in placing upon the market diseased and unwholesome meats. The elimination of filthy and undesirable slaugh- ter houses and meat markets comes within the regulations of the law. It should be noted, in the enforcement of the provisions of the law, that the agents of the Board are not expected to do police duty, to act as detectives in their work; but are expected to act in the capacity of advisors, to spread the gospel of sanitation and cleanliness and to show the difference between diseased and unwholesome meat and the sound and wholesome product. This course pursued by the agents is salutary and. proving effective in removing unsanitary conditions erm. » & a3 a o@t-ts 14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. and in the marketing of meat that is fit for food. The State Live- stock Sanitary Board is on the eve of a State-wide movement for clean slaughter houses and meat markets, and in the next report the results of this movement will be apparent. The following number of animals, carcasses and organs examined, together with meat products, during the two years, indicates the wide scope in the work of the Board: Number of animals examined, ............ 18,217 Number of carcasses examined, ........... 69,497 Number of sorgansvexamineds) .2.0@ cnr 86,666 Meat and meat products examined, ....... 2,103,254 pounds. A detailed report of transmissible diseases of animals appears under that head. This is the most important work of the Board, and close attention was given to the ordinary diseases that may be transmitted from animal to animal. However, the most transmissible disease of all ruminants and cloven-footed animals is the foot-and-mouth dis- ease, from which, as an epidemic, the State suffered great losses dur- ing the latter part of 1914 and the first part of 1915. The first case was found in the State on October 29, 1914, and the last case dis- covered was on April 25, 1915. However, there was a general quar- antine on some portion of the State extending 265 days. The infec- tion occurred on 788 farms. The total amount of money used to suppress the scourge, and exterminate the disease was $668,441.66. This, however, represented but a small part of the losses that this disease caused the people of Pennsylvania. In fact it is not possible to estimate, even approximate in dollars and cents the amount of loss to those engaged in raising or handling livestock, farm products, ete., through the loss of business caused by restrictions, embargoes, ete. According to the summary of Aphthous Fever in 1914 and 1915, the epidemic affected 34 counties of the State, causing the loss of 788 herds, representing 15,120 cattle, 11,035 swine and 375 sheep. Hog Cholera, one of the transmissible diseases of livestock, ex- isted in 52 of the 67 counties of the State, though not in virulent form, scarcely affecting two per cent. of the whole number of hogs raised in this State, which were in the neighborhood of 1,150,000 in 1915. The number of hogs examined in 1914 and 1915 were 31,980, of which number 8,529 showed symptoms of the disease. The num- ber of animals vaccinated in the two years were 24,545. The deaths resulting from Hog Cholera previous to vaccination were 6,004 and after vaccination, 5,131. The almost complete control the State Live- stock Board have of this disease should be an inducement for the farm- ers of the State to engage in swine husbandry which shows such good results as a money-maker. The rabies situation in the State is reported to be much improved. The very prompt action of the Board in rigidly quarantining local- ities where the disease was found reduced very materially the num- her of cases of rabies. From the statement submitted it is learned that the number of cases reported in the two years were 492, number of animals quarantined, 3,312, localities quarantined, 33, number of ae killed, 2,339 and the number of persons bitten by rabid dogs, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURDE. 15 Tuberculosis of animals is the most generally distributed of the transmissible diseases, and is common to man and animals; and has been found in birds, fishes and reptiles, and in rare cases, in horses. But, as a disease, its greatest economic importance in relation to agriculture is the extent it is found in cattle and swine. It is worthy of note in the summary submitted by the State Veter- inarian, that for twenty years since the creation of the State Live- stock Sanitary Board, the number of herds tested with tuberculin were 14,363; number of cattle tested, 192,310; number that reacted, 24,408 and the number of herds found to be free of tuberculosis, 7,174. BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY The Bureau of Chemistry has reached a high standard of profi- ciency. The quarters in the Capitol being cramped and lacking proper facilities to carry on the increasing and additional work that de- maned more apparatus, the Board of Public Grounds and Buildings fitted up at considerable expense, a building in the Capitol Extension, formerly used for school purposes and equipping same with up-to-date apparatus, the Bureau was transferred late in the year and is ready to meet the additional demands on the Laboratory in the examina- tions of Paint, Putty and Turpentine, and of Lime in accordance with the acts of the last session of the General Assembly, the enforce- ment of which is placed with the Secretary of the Department. The question of feeding domestic animals is of great importance, not only in unadulterated feeds, but in the constituent elements that enter into digestible feeds. In earlier years livestock were not fed with a view of the feeding value of the feeds; to-day that is the problem confronting dealers and consumers, and next to unadul- terated feeds, the composition of feeding stuffs cannot be estimated. With the usual alertness in detecting adulterated feeds and feeds below standard, the Bureau, though its agents and chemists, have rendered the State valuable service. The feeding stuffs law of Penn- sylvania is considered the best in the Nation, very frequently quoted, and many of its provisions have been incorporated in the laws of other states. The purpose of the act is not only to detect spurious feeds or those unfit to be fed to animals, but is educational. It is the purpose of the Bureau to give facts to the citizens of the State as to what feeds they should buy and those of greatest value for special lines of feeding. The report of the Chief Chemist shows that the general character of the feeding stuffs sold in 1915 was good. Fifty counties of the State, embracing 293 towns, were visited by the Special Agents of the Bur- eau, and 1,264 official samples of feed obtained. There were over 1,- 600 different brands of feed registered. It was impossible for the Bureau to ascertain the correct figures as to the number of tons of feeding stuff sold in Pennsylvania, as some of the larger firms refused 2 16 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc to give the data; but by a careful search it is estimated that more than 600,000 tons were sold in 1914. This estimate indicates the enormous trade in food for the animals of the State. The usual careful examinations of the samples gathered were made in the Laboratory to ascertain if the guarantees were properly made; they were also microscopically examined to learn if the ingredients claimed were really present in each case. These critical examinations show that the number of feeds adulterated or not up to standard are erowing less and less each year. This excellent record is due to the vigilance of the agents and chemists of the Bureau, who are ever on the watch for feeds unfit for animals. The citizens of the State can be assured that their interests are looked after by this Department which is pledged for the protection and betterment of the citizens. I am sure your Excellency will be gratified with the most excellent service rendered the people of the Commonwealth by the Bureau and its official family. The provisions of the Linseed Oil Act were carried out as far as the funds would allow. The act passed at the session of the General Assembly of 1915, regulating the sale of Paint, Turpentine, and Putty, the enforcement of which has been delegated to the Secretary, is another evidence of the purpose to protect the people of the State from spurious materials that are palmed off on an unsuspecting pub- lic as genuine. The presence of this law on the statute books of the Commonwealth will have a healthful influence upon the manufacture and sale of these materials. In carrying out the provisions of the law regulating the sale of seeds, 221 official samples were secured, representing 19 kinds of seeds. The object of the Seed Law is to improve the quality of seeds which are sold in the State, to protect consumers against purchasing seeds which are impure and which contain noxious weeds, by pro- hibiting the sale of seeds which are inferior in quality and below standard. The appropriations in carrying out the provisions of the yarious acts which the Department is charged in enforcing is entirely insuf- ficient to properly carry forward the Bureau. It is impossible to make a thorough inspection of all the articles enumerated in the several acts, and I would respectfully suggest to your Excellency to recommend to the next session of the Legislature appropriations suf- ficient to enable the Department to further protect the consumers of the State in materials that are spurious or inferior in accordance with the intent of the various acts charged to the Department for enforcement. BUREAU OF STATISTICS This Bureau was created in 1913, hence is yet young, but shows much vigor. Statistics are generally regarded as “stale” reading; but there is no better way to indicate progress than by comparison. Reference to the report of the Statistician indicates sufficient evidence of the progressive policy of the Department in bringing to the people of the State, in succinct form, what crops Pennsylvania raises, amount of each, and the prices received for No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 17 same. The data does not come to the people once a year, as formerly, consequently was of no benefit whatever, but monthly and fresh from the hundreds of responsible collectors in every county of the Com- monwealth. I am glad to state to your Excellency that these monthly crop reports and the other data published in connection therewith has attracted Nation-wide comment and has been favorably spoken of by many in the State and through the public press. In an edi- torial in one of the leading newspapers of the Commonwealth the editor referred to the magnitude and value of the various crops in the State as published in the Crop Reports, and that the Bureau had done more in one year to inform the people of the food supply. than was done in a decade previous. The Bureau of Statistics, through its monthly livestock, crop and market reports and the publicity that is given them, acts as an agency to bring the consumer and the producer together for their common good. The statistical reports show the production and price of farm products in the various townships of the State and afford the commission agents, and all other buyers information that leads to the farmer finding a market for his produce. This fea- ture is being enlarged upon each month and promises to be a big help in solving the marketing problems of the farmers of the State. The report with its valuable information and comparisons finds its place in this Annual Report of the Department. There are two things I would call to your Excellency’s attention in the report of the Bureau: First, to the immense values locked up in farmers’ home fertilizer, manure, coming from the farm alone, the approximate pro- duction of which is shown as $14,322,000. This is a great asset to the farmers of the State, which costs but little, and adds very largely to the maintenance of the soil and the increased production of the staple crops of Pennsylvania. The people of the State have been slow to see the importance of this great fertility agent and its proper conservation. The second statement taken from the report of the Bureau, to which IT would eall your attention, is the very complete data relating to the killing of sheep by dogs in 1914. No comment is necessary as the report shows the State-wide loss that comes to the farmers of Pennsylvania. Two important publications were published as bulletins of the De- partment, prepared and compiled by the Statistician, viz: “Un- occupied Farms for Sale in Pennsylvania,” and “Creameries, Cheese Factories, Milk Condenseries and Canneries,” in operation in the State. Another bulletin, giving a more complete list of farms for sale in the State, is about ready for the printer. This publication gives a description of over 300 farms for sale located in fifty-six counties. . COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER The fertilizer control work, as usual, has been directly under the supervision of the Secretary, who has charge of the administration of the laws regulating the sale of same. The tonnage reported as sold in the State during the year was 316,319 tons, valued at $8,500,- 2—6—1915 18 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 000.00. The registration of fertilizers showed 1,488 brands, bringing into the State Treasury in fees of $25,365.00. There were 2,454 samples collected during the year by 13 agents who canvassed their districts twice during the year. Legislation is needed in an amended fertilizer law changing the manner of collecting the revenue from a fertilizer tax to a tonnage tax. As there is a growing tendency of the general trade to reduce the number of brands, thereby resulting in a loss of revenue to the State, a tonnage tax would stop this reduction, as the tonnage re- mains from year to year normally the same. THE AGRICULTURAL COMMISSION As per Act No. 240, approved by your Excellency, May 18, 1915, a State Commission of Agriculture was created. Upon this Commis- sion were appointed representative citizens of the State, representing the various lines of agriculture, who have entered upon their duties in studying the whole subject as it relates to the Commonwealth. Since the appointment of myself as the Secretary of Agriculture, but two meetings of the Commission have been held, hence nothing of importance has been done, excepting to outline the policy of the Department and to discuss the great problems that are to make for a greater agriculture in Pennsylvania. The personnel of the members of the Commission reflects credit on your Excellency’s judgment in their appointment, and with their co-operation the Department anticipates branching out on new and yery important lines which we believe will be for a great uplift along all lines of agriculture in the State. BUREAU OF PUBLICATIONS During the year 1915, the Department issued 11 bulletins, Nos. 260 to 270, both inclusive. The demand for Department reports and bulletins is very great, each year showing an increased interest in agricultural knowledge over the preceding year. Requests come from the schools of the State for literature along agricultural lines, and many High Schools use the bulletins of the ‘Department in ‘class study. Since 1899, 15 annual reports, aggregating 13,000 pages and 228 bulletins aggregating 20,165 pages have been published. During the same period there has been distributed to the people of the Com- monwealth, various states of the Union and foreign countries, about 550,000 copies of the Department publications. This number does not include the annual reports distributed by the members of the Senate and House of Representatives, aggregating in 15 years about 210,000 making a total of 760,000 copies of reports and bulletins sent out for the information of the people in agriculture and allied subjects. Neither does the above number include the monthly bulletins issued by the Dairy and Food Bureau and the Bureau of Economic Zoology, from which has gone out during the past 15 years at least 1,000,000 copies making a grand total of more than 1,760,000 of copies of literature for “the benefit of the general farmer, trucker, fruit grower and producer of livestock, ete., distributed during that time. There are on hand at the present time for distribution more than 100,000 publications. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 19 CONCLUSION Having been connected with the Department as its executive of- ficer less than three months, it is apparent to your Excellency that i have not been able to study the great problems that confront agri- culture in Pennsylvania and to arrive at any definite conclusion as to what is needed to develop and expand this great industry. My time thus far has been occupied in a partial reorganization of the work of the Department and refitting and rearranging the rooms. The Bureau of Publications has been created thus centralizing the dis- tribution of bulletins, etc.. under one head. A Bureau of Disburse- ments has been established, where the accounts of the Department and all the Bureaus, under the immediate supervision of the Secretary, are kept thus simplifying the methods in the keeping of receipts and expenditures. ; On entering upon my duties, I found a lamentable ignorance of what the Department stood for, and but little reference made to it in the public press. In following up the aggressive policy inaugurated, a Publicity Bureau was created, from which is issued a Weekly Press Bulletin released every Monday and sent to more than 900 newspapers and agricultural journals of the State containing concise statements of what the Department is doing and giving to the public the thought and suggestions of our best informed experts. These suggestions, coming first-hand, go each week to the tens of thousands of homes giving advice and counsel on every subject that in any way is related to farm and home life. The work of this Bureau is yet in its in- fancy, but from reports obtained, a marked interest has been aroused and the public press are requiring the articles sent and many have made favorable comment on the new departure. In conclusion, I wish to express my appreciation of the courtesy you have shown me and the thoughtful interest you have manifested in the operations of the Department and the great farming con- stituency back of it. I have the honor to be Sincerely yours, CHARLES E. PATTON, Secretary of Agriculture. 20 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF FARMER®S’ INSTITUTES’ FOR SEASON OF 1914-1915 Harrisburg, Pa., January 1, 1916. To the Hon. Charles E. Patton, Secretary of Agriculture: Sir: I have the honor to present herewith the Twenty-first An- nual Report of the Bureau of Farmers’ Institutes. During the past year the Farmers’ Institute work was under the supervision of Hon. A. L. Martin, who resigned, November 30. Therefore, it gives me pleasure to make the following report: INSTITUTES AND MOVABLE SCHOOLS There were held the season ending June 1, 1915, in the different counties, 456 days of Institutes and Schools, divided in 1162 sessions, the total attendance at which was 183,400; attendance at Special In- stitutes, 18,118, harvest home picnics, 32,600, making a grand total in attendance of 216,000. Movable schools, continuing three to four days each, were held in three counties, consisting of Columbia, Montour and Cambria. These schools have continued to teach and demonstrate lessons in dairying, horticulture, poultry, domestic science and home sanitation; as a result of which a marked improve- ment may be noted in dairying by the use of the Babcock test, the unprofitable cows being eliminated from the herd, barn sanitation and conveniences are taking the place of old and unsanitary methods. Horticulture as developed by experts is being practiced by thou- sands of farmers in the State with very satisfactory returns. As a result of teaching poultry at our Farmers’ Institutes the farm poultry of the State is being rapidly improved, the old mon- erel hen is supplanted by the thoroughbred stock, fed and housed in such a manner as to bring profitable results in both egg produc- tion and poultry for the market. In home sanitation and domestic science, health conditions and the preparation of foods, also high phase of social life on the farm and demonstrations in cooking as illustrations of convenient kitchen equipment were successfully dis- cussed. FARM ADVISERS To give a slight idea of how the Farm Advisers are appreciated by the farmers of the State, and the good they have accomplished, we give herewith a few statistics of their existence, ending Novem- ber 30, 1915 (the date on which the Advisers enter into the Farmers’ ~ Institute work until the middle of March, 1916). During this time 7.665 farms were visited, advice and counsel given the farmers on the individual problems that confronted them. The lady engaged as an adviser on Home Sanitation and Household Economics has been called for by Home Clubs, Civic Clubs, private homes and schools. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUL'TURR. 21 The Adviser on Co-operation in Farming, Mr. I. B. Dorsett, visited 45 counties in the State, many of them several times, spending much of his time in perfecting farm organizations, such as the Grange, Farmers’ Clubs, Farmers’ Unions and other farm organizations. The nature of his work makes it imperative to work with some or. ganization, and in most sections of the State he found the best medium to extend his work and bring him in contact with the farm- ers at the least expense was the Grange. In other sections he found that the Farmers’ Clubs, Farmers’ Unions and the American Society of Equity were valuable agencies through which to work out his co-operative plans. All of these organizations gave valuable assist- ance and in return received many benefits. 161 public and 50 pri- vate meetings were addressed during the season. The average at- tendance at these meetings was 150, making a total of 50,000 farm- ers addressed. Through the medium of his work many sales were made in agricultural machinery, and implements bought and sold. If space would permit we could name more than 500 organizations that bought and sold through his co-operative efforts. He supplied approximately 3,000 tons of fertilizer and fertilizer chemicals at an average saving to the farmer of $5.00 per ton, 40 tons of binder twine at a saving of 24 cents per pound, 2,000 tons of feed at a saving of $4.00 per ton. These are only a few of the many transactions in which the farmers were able to save money. Fully 50,000 farmers were benefited directly or indirectly by these transactions. In addi- tion to buying and selling, he gave assistance in marketing products. About 100 carloads of potatoes were sold which yielded the farmer from ten to fifteen cents per bushel more than he could have got at his local market, 100 cars of hay and straw during the year bringing the farmer a net return of from $2.00 to $4.00 per ton more than he could have realized by selling to the local dealer as well as many other crops which space will not allow us to itemize. Charles G. McLain, Farm Adviser on Drainage and Water Supply, lias visited almost every county in the State, laying out systems for over 269 farms with the following result: In some cases the drainage was very great and all cases where his recommendations have been carried out the benefit has been of such a character that the produc- tion has increased considerably, proving that tile drainage, when properly put in, is a paying investment. The different kinds of soil in Pennsylvania require different methods of drainage. In many cases a thorough drainage system is necessary and in other cases a tandom system is enough to accomplish all that is necessary. He has assisted in laying out systems for drainage of orchards and has been called into consultation as to planting an orchard in such a way as to fit it for future drainage. In some cases laying out drainage en hilltops which would seem quite unnecessary, but these hills were overlaid with a hard pan or some impervious substance, and, ef course, the water had to be gotten rid of in some other way than evaporation, and the only way to carry off this water was a system of drainage. He has been called upon quite often by the farmers living in river bottom land where drainage is very necessary as the land along the banks of the river is higher than back next to the hills, thus holding the water and preventing early working of the soil. This is a con- dition that exists along all the rivers of Pennsylvania to a large 22 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. extent and it is our purpose to arrange for meetings at points of this kind and explain to the people just what they should do to over- come these conditions and bring this rich river bottom land into a good state of cultivation. In water supply he has been called to a number of farms and found conditions demanding different recom- mendations, some needing gravity systems at a small cost and some at a considerable cost; others could use the hydraulic ram and still others have to use either a gas pump or windmill with storage tank, also giving advice along sanitary sewerage. Mr. Sheldon W. Funk, Farm Adviser on Market Gardening and Fruits, has worked in 46 counties of the State, making from one to twenty-seven different visits to a county, having made 550 visits to individual farms, and in each case gave the farmer practical advice that he was desirous of gaining. He attended 50 agricultural meet- ings and demonstrations, and addressed 22,000 people at said meet- ings, and attended eight County Fairs judging fruit and vegetables. At these meetings he would go over the entire orchard demonstrat- ing the proper methods of preparing the soil, of setting and pruning the trees or of spraying and thinning the fruit. In other cases he would go through a well cared for orchard and then through a neg- lected orchard calling attention to the beneficial results of fertilizers, of tillage or of mulch or, again, showing the results of injury from insects and diseases. The briefness of this report prevents us from entering into detail upon his line of work. However, we would mention such men who are extensively engaged in horticulture and who look to Mr. Funk for expert advice along his special line, i. e., E. L. Cressmen, Quaker- town, Pa.; Dr. H. Walters, Spring Mount, Pa.; John McGowan and Ambrose Slichter, Elverson, Pa.; Edward Leinhard, Mauch Chunk, Pa.; William B. Farrell, Frankford, Pa.; and D. J. Engle, Beaver, Pa., as well as many other farmers of the State. The above named gentlemen are splendid farmers, but, as above stated, look to Mr. Funk to keep them posted on fruit and market gardening develop- ment. W. Theo. Wittman and J. T. Campbell, Farm Advisers on Poul- try, have visited every county in the State, having more applications than they could fill, giving attention to 1,500 calls. The personal calls have covered every phase of poultry husbandry and poultry keeping from showing a man how to set a hen or run an incubator or select his stock to equipping a large commercial plant and putting same on a paying basis; also lecturing before poultry organizations: and other agricultural meetings with an attendance at these meet- ings of over 50,000 people. Mr. Wittman is especially at home as judge of poultry, and in this capacity attended fourteen different Fairs within the State, furnished plans and selected sites for poul- try plants. Amongst the largest public institutions visited are as follows: Masonic Home, Elizabethtown, Pa.; Odd Fellows Orphan- age, Sunbury, Pa.; Cheney Training School for Teachers, Cheney, Pa. Prof. Franklin Menges and Mr. J. T. Campbell, Farm Advisers on Soils, visited quite a number of farms and addressed public meet- ings. Prof. Menges was kept quite busy during the summer months judging at County Fairs, farmers’ picnics, ete., the benefits of which cannot be estimated. A few of the meetings addressed are as fol- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 23 lows: The Dairy Township Farmers’ Club, Westmoreland county, Scenery Hill High School, Scenery Hill, Pa.; Shearersburg High School, Shearersburg, Pa.; Agricultural and Horticultural Society of Lebanon county, Lebanon, Pa.; Pleasant Hill Grange, Gratz, Pa.; Corn Growers’ Association, West Chester, Pa.; also attending County Fairs with soil exhibits. The above are a few of the hun- dreds of public meetings attended, which space will not allow us to itemize. Dr. M. E. Conard and L. W. Lighty, Farm Advisers on Dairying and Animal Husbandry, visited every county in the State, reaching over 1,200 farmers; about one-half the farmers holding family meet- ings for their neighbors to procure information during the replan- ning of farm operations, remodeling and improving farm buildings, facilitating the marketing of products and urging the organization of cow testing associatious were thoroughly advised. Also planning dairy barns for over 3,000 head of cows, together with silos, etc., working out plans for same, advising concrete construction upon the farm, serving as expert judges on livestock at many of the County Fairs and agricultural exhibits of the State. Mrs. Jean Kane Foulke, Farm Adviser on Home Sanitation and Household Economics, has been earnestly working among the farm- ers’ wives and has reached almost every part of the State with her demonstrations and lectures, demonstrating with her equipment, model beds, model yards, model bedrooms, model septic tank for sewerage in the rural homes, model garments for women and chil- dren, washing machines and other household equipment that will help the farmers’ wife, the benefits of which cannot be estimated. When we realize that the Department of Agriculture has received over 1,500 commendable letters thanking them for assistance ren- dered in supplying Advisers, which have saved the farmers of the State thousands of dollars, you can readily appreciate that this Bureau of the work is reaching the place among the educational forces in agriculture. Our Annual Normal Institute was held at Conneaut Lake, May 25- 27, 1915. This meeting was attended not only by Managers of In- stitutes in the various counties of the State, and practically all State Lecturers, but representatives of agricultural societies, local Granges, Farmers’ Clubs and Farm Bureaus, and was the means of unifying much of the instruction given by the lecturers this year. Not only so, but great encouragement was given our lecturers in the work of developing greater thoughtfulness among the farmers of the State. Herewith please find program which reveals, in a more condensed form, the subjects that were so thoroughly discussed by competent instructors at this meeting. 24 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe FARMERS’ ANNUAL NORMAL INSTITUTE. PROGRAM First Session Convenes Tuesday Afternoon, May 25, 1915 MR. W. F. THROOP, Espyville, Pa., Chairman. Call to order 1.80 P. M. j fee of Welcome, James E. Reany, Exposition Park, Pa. Hon. R. C. McMaster, Adamsville, Pa. J. T. Campbell, Hartstown, Pa. Response, Hon A. L. Martin, Director of Institutes, Harrisburg, Pa. L. W. Lighty, East Berlin, Pa. 1 “COMMUNITY BREEDING.” Prof. Helmer Rabild, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 2. “DISEASES OF FARM ANIMALS.” Dr. ©. J. Marshall, State Veterinarian, De- partment of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa. Note:—This Institute will be honored by the presence of Governor Brumbaugh, unless prevented by official duties. Tuesday Evening, May 25, 1915. MR. WM. C. BLACK, Mercer, Pa., Chairman. Call to Order 7.30 P. M. 1. “AGRICULTURE AND THI PUBLIC SCHOOLS.” Prof. L. H. Dennis, Expert Assistant in Agri- cultural Education, Department of Public Instruction, Harrisburg, Pa. 2 “CENTRALIZATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS.” E. B. Dorsett, Mansfield, Pa. 3. “THE COUNTRY CHURCH; ITS RELATION TO AGRICULTURE.” Rey. B. Monroe Posten, Pottstown, Pa. Wednesday Morning, May 26, 1915. MR. WM. A. CRAWFORD, Cooperstown, Pa., Chairman. Call to order 9.00 A. M. 1. “A, DEFINITE PROGRAM IN BREEDING FOR EGG PRODUCTION.” (Illustrated). Prof. James EB. Rice, In Charge of Poultry Husbandry, Cornell University, Ithaca, INS N'Ge 2. “FORTY POPULAR VARIETIES OF POULTRY.” (Illustrated.) W. Theo. Wittman, Allentown, Pa. Wednesday Afternoon, May 26, 1915. Note.—This period will be devoted to social recreation. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 25 Wednesday Evening, May 26, 1915. MR. ARCHIE BILLINGS, Edinboro, Pa., Chairman. Call to order 7.30 P. M. 1. “THE DRAFT BREEDS OF HORSES.” (Illustrated.) Dr. Carl W. Gay, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. 2. “THE PENNSYLVANIA BEXPERIMENT STATION, ITS WORK AND LESSONS.” (illustrated.) Prof. R. L. Watts, Dean Experiment Station, State College, Pa. 3. “THE RELATION OF BIRDS TO AGRICULTURE.” (Ilustrated.) Prof. Wells W. Cooke, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Thursday Morning, May 27, 1915. MR. J. T. CAMPBELL, Hartstown, Chairman. FARMERS’ INSTITUTE SESSION. Call to order 9.00 A. M. THIS SESSION WILL BE DEVOTED TO GENERAL DISCUSSION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATTERS RELATING TO THE INSTITUTE, MOVABLE SCHOOL AND ADVISORY WORK THROUGHOUT THE STATE. Opened by A. L. Martin, Director. Thursday Afternoon, May 27, 1915. MR. S. S. BLYHOLDER, Kelly Station, Pa., Chairman. Call to order 2.00 P. M. 1. “SOME ORCHARD INSECTS AND THEIR CONTROL.” F.. H. Fassett, Meshoppen, Pa. 2. “PROFITABLE APPLE CULTURE.” Sheldon W. Funk, Boyertown, Pa. 3. “POTATO GROWING ;:SHEED SELECTION.” Daniel Dean, President, New York Potato Growers’ Association, Nichols, N. Y., R. D. INO ws. GENERAL DISCUSSION. Thursday Evening, May 27, 1915. WOMENS’ SESSION MRS. MARTHA E. MARTIN, Harrisburg, Pa., President. Call to order 7.30 P. M. 1. “WEFICIENCY IN HOME MAKING.” Dr. Hannah McK. Lyons, Lincoln University, iba bo “BHDUCATION IN HOME ECONOMICS.” Miss Sara C. Lovejoy, State College, Pa. 3. “SONGS THAT LIVE.” Mrs. Rose Morgan, No. 400 Convent Street, New York City. 26 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. LIST OF COUNTY INSTITUTE MANAGERS FOR THE SEASON OF 1915-16 County. Name and Address of Chairmen. AdaMShy sce ssccce eabiicccecssAs Le VWelaner.-Arendtsyille: Aller hemiyaih. ss. crierecriwleniesion ate C. L. Hood, Coraopolis, R. D. No. 3. ATMStrongi we eseeee se eee eee S. 8S. Blyholder, Kelly Station. 1BYer IA OLA Onna UD anEnerton cic cade Walter C. Dunlap, West Bridgewater. Bedford), Aja detrei ate Ie oo ae W. EF. Biddle, Everett, R. D. No. 2. IB OLKKS),. thas c:0 wisiereevereleitalteionerelororerstcte H. G. McGowan, Geigers Mills. Blair st. ..cetewstdacer occa seer W. Frank Beck, Altoona. Bradford; socctmaseeesten meaner F. D. Kerrick, Towanda, R. D. No. 9. WB UICKS 5.0 ci araisc oaleeins Dee eaters rete B. F. Wambold, Sellersville. Butlers. siissne stem tistnstereeeemteon W. H. Milliron, Fuclid. @ambria)s ics. nec csee epee een L. J. Bearer, Hastings, R. D. Oamerons) tiesenaeee ee one R. P. Heilman, Emporium. Carbon} h saciee. So totee ative Edward Lienhard, Mauch Chunk, R. D. No. 1. Center’ A106 Sos eerie cere John A. Woodward, Howard. Gentres .seccscechcei ease eee M. EH. Conard, Westgrove. Clarion, .cacateecmne een eens J. H. Wilson, Clarion. @learfield,” .3.,..cadsoetete ene Harrison Straw, Clearfield. Clinton: -s. <2 Geena hee cee Joel A. Herr, Millhall. Columbia, <.cjeeeeaece cerrreisiers A. P. Young, Millville. C@rawiord|, Srcsecost se ocousesce ...W. F. Throop, Espyville. @umberlandeesnerecrnctccrecic T. J. Ferguson, Mechanicsburg. Daiwphim,, vere sro serss vies ce ce wawiiesters E. S. Keiper, Middletown. Welawanee-ccceesstc ccs cts Thos. H. Wittkorn, Media. WK sa terteitosicss tite e ac coenneee John G. Schmidt, St. Marys. [WGI Os GS ah acre cre SAT ART SASSH dO” Archie Billings, Edinboro. Ray etter Gers accicc ssi oe cesses John T. Smith, Dunbar, R. D. No. 32. TROLESUE ee aa asiiciees cise ee ince ©. A. Randall, Tionesta. iDimialidbhny eee caonoosussoscoscopadls lego Gombivss Meta Milton aenaeks coe eee oe ee Frank Ranck, Hancock, Md. Greenesie. cca: doesn coh oc eee We Stewart. me eierson:. mtg don, aeersrec ee: (ccc G. G. Hutchison, Warriors Mark. 3 biG bts bot eens ace PEERS SORES S. C. George, West Lebanon. Melerson ead cee Assen cen oe cine Peter B. Cowan, Brookville. Weekawannas ssp eee eer Matthew Rodgers, Mexico. Lebanon; oe eee te eae oon Horace Seamans, Factoryville. Wehiguets ctcse joka hls oe SR Edward Shuey, Lickdale. WGUZEING. cored asc ein oan P. S. Fenstermacher, Allentown. lay, COMIN oat eerste ose coe rete J. E. Hildebrant, Dallas. Wie edna Wy et .can ey te Sonica aie A. J. Kahler, Hughesville. Niereer- sone nee ee ot ceases BE. A. Studholme, Smethport. IMGHERLINS Acre oe wre ee ce tai oes Wm. C. Black, Mercer. Monroe s -it tess hence ates F. S. Brong, Saylorsburg. Montgomery, ...................0- H. Schultz, Norristown. Montour s (yo. sici.c ssicca'canteorabioes a Mules Dern Malton ky-al) aaNO-w- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 27 County. Name and Address of Chairmen. MME AINE PLOM si Wet cterielasisis « sisieie’e jee C. S. Messinger, Tatamy, R. D. INontinimberlands cccceccesecce I. A. Eschbach, Milton, R. D. No. 1. niadelphiay, vec saccececescccess David Rust, Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia. ONT UR Ta rcegielaisivisle.s.cusierolaivive a viacie C. M. Bower, Blain. 1ETIADS, 6 hoot ee B ADO SOC E IGE Cor RIarr B. F. Killam, Paupack, ATULOD uieicrareicleisinieic tials c ess clveasee >A 1. Oritcenden;. Oswayo. Selon lls Viaseiacepeminee danecnos John Shoener, New Ringgold. SUTPU LET iibets cle's%s cicisic:e s ciae ot lewis nei K’. F. Glass, Freeburg. SOEREMTNO Data iere cislclegs g (4 sereiseei es 69-0) TOME IAT 6 eee CRB | _ 6L1 P g z Sav ameean apse) UL BING nerets Qzodaaqzuag | 14 g g v4 Same) ey OnleeP OMG IAT OODHEDONOS Uy cahereyii, SOOUROUOOUUOUOEL =>: cys ¢ iF T v z OEE O Os petse SORXG 0 st ‘MIoTpe treess *(Teroedg) S&T g g (4 eed DOG SONT *** 9409 spueTaq io 9 § g 4 Ripe OlsO ac AON ‘AOTIBA PUBLIequINO 16 € q & Soames LS Oe cAON BODOOON OT hAGC. 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M. S. BOND, Danville, Montour County, Pa. Feb. DOPOD siesneehte Linglestown, ......... Dauphin. Feb. DADO sensi oe Halifax, mic seks he eee. Dauphin. Feb. 262s ere te 6 ees RAL ate te RN OAL Re Dauphin. J. T. CAMPBELL, Hartstown, Crawford County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the First Section. FRED W. CARD, Sylvania, Bradford County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the Second Section from Noy. 11 to Dec. 24; Fourth Section, Feb. 1 to Feb. 11, and the Fifth Section Feb. 15 to March 13. DR. M. E. CONARD, Westgrove, Chester County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the first Section Nov. 25 to Dec. 22; Second Section Jan. 20 to Jan. 26; First Section Feb. 12 to March 9 and Movable Institute Schools from Jan. 4 to Feb. 9. PROF. WELLS W. COOKE, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washing- ton, D. C. Jan 1 SE ar eer Little Beaver Grange ENR Secunia hee ackerses Lawrence Jan Oishi Bulent i ste eo Butler r) Jan. oe ies ya es Weslo Geatetc 2 ors. eaten, Crawford. Jan. iall= 12. Bn ee Lottsv ille, noc Seog Warren. Jan. SEO ee ere aertcte: Benton ate aie ee ae Columbia. Feb. gO eee eee Valorie se eT ail eee est eens Montour. Feb. 8-0, eee McConnellsburg, ...... Fulton. W. H. DARST, State College, Center County, Pa. Jan. Pd (oH an er ona: Atma Vinllies © ais, <3 oo. cee ee Lebanon, Jian. 09 OF od atarae CO ACIELS LO Willsws wees Lebanon. Jan. DARA yi be oot VOuesinonwne AAs soedg se Lebanon. E. B. DORSETT, Mansfield, Tioga County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the Fifth Section. F. H. FASSETT, Meshoppen, Wyoming County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the First Section Nov. 13 to Nov. 25; Fourth Section Nov. 27 to Dec. 22; First Section Feb. 19 to March 9, and Movable Institute Schools Jan. 6 to Feb. 11 No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 37 S. L. FAUST, Hoboken, Allegheny County, Pa. Date. Place. County. Noy. i is 5 &: eae ee FUOG ETS VIGs auetond en we Greene. Noy. Petes dace rE NEDO VCUS ote cst in, oocuer nes Greene. Nov. ile ae gees meet ATTY eek suse force “co.cc tei eo" Washington. Nov. Baer gers. er <.s SUA Gige gavereiansins, Jan. Date. Place. County. J Serer FROGESTOWD yon cies sents Cumberland. (So le Son Little Beaver Grange ET a epee et iataseke Ps, o. 2 "..- Lawrence. Toes. ap stathatntle PS UUGLONS ers cucger a ocotpSti st hubmois Armstrong. ‘et ate ak ane ae Worthington, .........Butler. LBS Seca th. -2 WVESTEOTO scout... cesar c Crawford. MOT 25 Shaner TE OUS Wal Oeste Manca tme cs oks Warren. 11S 3 BAS Crean AY iAile aw O(N C0 [re Oo ae ee Butler. Haye Gh at os es oie Packsyille xsi grs crass 6 Butler. 12 SE eS eee Vi, OV AINE no Sts an otshevedei din ee-+ Lawrence. LE Dea New Wilmington, ....Lawrence. ae ee are ESCM OMe et cin cael eke ees Columbia. Dishes ee sh aa ene EO ds ecco easton Union. RAYMOND S. SMITH, State College, Centre County, Pa. Jan. Jan. Jan. March March March March Betas oh Mu thersburge secs sees Clearfield. Catenin Sock Curwensville, a0. ..... Clearfield. a aae ie rence Mite hOiar 102 «etme rears Clearfield. W. H. STOUT, Pinegrove, Schuylkill County, Pa. ADE acces Remi lene eae e earns Pere Berks. Pose, Oe aaa eae Genireporit oe eee Berks. eters Bailiye ee Sik ck We iach Berks. Sel eae ear ee Geieertowil: > ooo ee sk: Berks. VERN T. STRUBLE, Athens, R. D. No. 24, Bradford County, Pa. Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. 1} EO eas aa ASTI VUES Parag dee ot se Re « Lebanon. Dee etd = COACH eCLSlLOWM, ses tis Lebanon. DARA Tere i alegre MOMESTOWNi = edocs codes es Lebanon. a PCS Setseen Basie Berliners ya. ascckveterase Adams. ai eT eet Bendersville, .........Adams. el Noes ers Sea Hunterstown, ........Adams. SOR eres IRGSS Vien eres ae ser hore Vork. eG Slelrsse ater BTU NIS) On Ih Of Scam ces ieee eee York. 12a eran ats ee Manchester: 2055299 2.38 York. i Us Hoyo amape eta Wocanyille. cnn -esere ols York. TALS es ate Maw Groves esse ict. York. PROF. W. H. TOMHAVE, State College, Centre County, Pa. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. oA Ree cee WVESTRONG se Ar cep qcienss 3. Crawford. 1 [SSS 0 ea ae ie Beniton=: aca chee eee. Columbia. esi cims cara aa « Pleasant Corner, ..... Lehigh. RO rte in ee A CUM SICS o Selected sore Lehigh. LEON OTICE VAN NOY, Troy, R. D. No. 66, Bradford County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the Fourth Section Nov. 13 to Dec. 22; Jan. 18 to Jan. 23; Feb. 12 to March 4 and the Third Section Feb. 1 io Feb. 9: 42 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. D. H. Watts, Kerrmoor, Clearfield County, Pa. Will attend all meetings in the Third Section. JNO. W. WHITH, State College, Centre. County, Pa. Date. Place. County. Feb. 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" upydned LoVe “sny ‘t+ "CMOIPPIA | 00 0098 00 SIP ‘T 00 000‘T 1&2 | ayrua § 000‘8T reseeeereeerses SOOTTBIOOSSY JIB UMOPTPPUN | °°°°*** ‘upqdned on FO “ydeg tereees “OTSTIIBO | 00 001% 00 009°T | 00 000'T o9 att | 000‘ 22 ‘gjunog purpteqmung Jo 4jPo0S [eany{Notasy | °° ‘PUBLTequUINy F 1098-06 ‘say ‘aA0IN SULBUTIEAN Ge ieee eee oe Tataeiasciarerececerswi|| wietwrajerelmsaiayel (Oia) aarseretateis) |(Ker'o o'e/a sein iete 000 ‘00T “ossy UOMIqIaxm Wot 9} 81 si0}UT siasuBay |*** ‘puBiiequing OI-L ‘“ydag teeeees " SOTTTASDILT | 00 000'S 00 000‘Z 00 000'T | 008 ou | 000 ‘& + ‘YOIROOSSY ABT [Bang[NopIsy HooD WO | --7"" ‘ploy MBs Ce eeoeeeee | eee reroes eecceuterelee ‘moT}BIOOSs ¥ [eing[NoWsy av qnBoun0y seeeee ‘p1oJMBID ‘peprep jon |** ‘qed UO} TISOd xg sect aseecees | coereccvsses | Srsenceres 48 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. REPORT OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD BUREAU —_——_——— Harrisburg, Pa., December 31, 1915. Hon. Chas. E. Patton, Secretary of Agriculture: Dear Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the Dairy and Food Bureau of the Department of Agriculture, for the year ending December 31, 1915. It covers the operations for the year and contains some details that may be useful for public in- formation. THE PENNSYLVANIA FOOD LAWS In the paragraphs introductory to my preliminary report for the year 1914, I presented a list of the fifteen laws, then in force, for the enforcement of which this Bureau was held responsible. These laws were of three classes: First. A General Food Law providing against the adulteration and misbranding of foods in general. Second. Special food laws making particular provisions covering the sale of milk, cream, cheese, renovated butter, oleomargarine, ice cream, fresh meat, poultry, game and fish, lard, sausage, fresh eggs, vinegar, fruit syrups and non-alcoholic drinks. Third. A Cold Storage Law covering the operations of cold stor- age warehouses, the storage of certain foods therein, and the sale of these foods after such storage. The Legislature of 1915 has but slightly modified the body of laws above referred to. The Act of June 8, 1911 established a minimum standard of milk of three and one-fourth per cent butter-fat and twelve per cent. of milk solids, but an amendment dated June 2, 1915, has further provided that, in cases where the butter-fat content of milk is not below three per centum and the milk is otherwise pure and wholesome, the Dairy and Food Commissioner shall not institute legal proceedings against the producer or vendor of the milk in ques- tion if said producer or vendor shall furnish a satisfactory affidavit that nothing has been added to or taken from said milk. The Act dated May 5, 1915, regulating the sale of chicory mixed with coffee has been added to the list of the laws with whose enforce- ment this Bureau is charged. No. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 49 RELATION OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD BUREAU TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE The first step in the history of this Bureau was taken by the dairymen and farmers of the State when, at their urging, the Legisla- ture created the office of Dairy and Food Commissioner and made it a branch of the service with which the State Board of Agriculture was charged. Prior to that time, there had been several laws upon the statute books regulating the sale of oleomargarine and provid- ing against the adulteration of cider vinegar and the sale as such of various artificial substitutes for this orchard product. These early laws had comparatively little effect in preventing the abuses they were designed to correct, largely because there was no executive officer made specifically responsible for their enforcement. It was the aim of the farmers and dairymen to have the office conducted by a man familiar with the farming and dairying industries and in touch with the methods and conditions of these industries. The first Dairy and Food Commissioner was the Honorable Eastburn Reeder, who was appointed by the President of the State Board of Agriculture in 1893. When, in 1895, the Department of Agriculture was created at the desire of the farmers of the State to furnish an agency more compact and capable of closer co-ordination with the other executive officers of the State than was possible in the case of a body so large as the State Board of Agriculture, the office of the Dairy and Food Com- missioner was made subordinate to that of the Secretary of Agricul- ture, and the Dairy and Food Bureau was created as one of the major divisions of the Department of Agriculture. Honorable Levi P. Wells was the first Dairy and Food Commissioner appointed by the Gover- nor under the reorganization. The farming and dairying industries of the State have continued to maintain a deep interest in the work of this Bureau, have co-operated with it in its endeavors to secure a betterment of the food sale conditions, and clearly regard it as chiefly an agency for the safeguarding of important farm industries. Every branch of the State service presents a variety of relations and aspects, and there are frequent differences in opinion as to which of these should be regarded as that upon which the organization rela- tions of the agency should chiefly be based. Such differences of opinion have been expressed with regard to this Bureau; but it is respectfully urged that, in view of the history of this branch of the State service, any change in its departmental relationship would be 4—6—1915 50 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. regarded by the farmers of the State as divesting them very largely of the values which they strove to gain in securing the creation of this Bureau in the Department of Agriculture. DESIRABILITY OF EXTENSION OF PRESENT FOOD LAWS It will be shown in later parts of this report that, since the first enactment of the General Food Law of 1895, a very radical improve- ment in the condition as to freedom from adulteration of the foods sold in Pennsylvania markets has taken place. The addition of undesirable preservatives and of deceptive and possibly injurious colorings has largely disappeared. The label descriptions of foods are less frequently deceptive. The sale of imitations and substitutes is, with rare exceptions, made under properly distinguishing names and label statements. The chief point of criticism remaining, relates to the conditions of production, transport, handling, exposing for sale, and delivering to consumers of the various food products, and to the occasional use of raw and partially finished food materials that are diseased, more or less decomposed, or otherwise undesirable for similar reasons. Undoubtedly the most important development in the food control work of many of the states of the Union in recent years has been the extension of the Service for the purpose of securing the public from the results of the use of unsanitary materials and from the prepara- tion and handling of foods under unsanitary conditions. It is true that paragraph six of section three of the General Food Law was designed to secure the public against unsanitary conditions in food manufacture and handling. It might therefore appear to the casual reader of the General Food Law that its provisions are adequate to secure for the citizens of Pennsylvania the same measure of benefits that the sanitary food laws and regulations of other states, such as, for example, Indiana, Louisiana and North Dakota, are affording the citizens of those com- monwealths. A careful investigation of the General Food Law in these respects must, however, very promptly lead to a different con- clusion. As a matter of fact, under the Pennsylvania Food Act of 1909, the history. of the raw materials and the conditions of prepara- tion and handling must be determined solely by the examination of the finished article after its sale to the consumer or to the Bureaw’s agent representing the consumer. The discovery of the facts that should be known is necessarily very incomplete where the means of discovery are so limited, and this phase of the food service in Penn- sylvania is, therefore, much more inadequate than that which is given by many states to their citizens through their food control agencies. The man who is careless in making the foods that others are to eat, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 51 inclines to sneer at a declaration of need for cleanliness in this connection. He says that what people don’t know won’t hurt them; that the offense is rarely against the health in any considerable meas- ure; that mere sentiments alone are concerned and that it would be a pity to disturb ignorance so blissful to the ultimate consumer. But civilized beings are not satisfied with the rude kitchen and table manners of the savage. The civilized man’s eating is not merely a mode of getting bodily nutriment, let us say. In the well-conducted home, the table is the center of good cheer and no food will be welcomed to the menu as to whose sanitary quality and history there is even remote suspicion. Where food is domestically produced and prepared, the cleanliness and soundness of the food and of the utensils used in its preparation are matters of prime importance in every well-conducted household. The people have a right to expect and to make sure that when their food supplies are produced and more or less fully prepared in centralized factories, the conditions of soundness and cleanliness shall be maintained just as much as they would be under the eye of the skillful housewife. Undoubtedly, rea- sonable legislation designed to secure these conditions is regarded as desirable by the average consumer. It is not here meant to imply that the general conditions of food production ‘and handling are gravely unsanitary or that exceedingly undesirable food materials are used in preparing the staple products. There are, however, many individual cases where the buildings in which foods are manufactured are gravely unsanitary, where the care of the persons of the employes is not what it should be, where water supplies are unfit, where there is undesirable contact of the persons of the employes with the food materials, where the foods in course of preparation are not adequately protected from dust, flies, and other contaminating agencies; and the existence of shops handling food wares in ways undesirable from the sanitary standpoint, is a matter of everyday knowledge. The far-sighted, enterprising food producers and food vendors realize that the existence of such establishments has a disproportionately large effect upon public confidence in all foods that are not homemade, and that the result is a considerable reduction in the volume of the trade which they would otherwise secure. While they very naturally object to laws and general state- ments which may reflect upon the conduct of their own establishments, many are desirous of having offenses existing in less carefully con- ducted factories and shops, reduced. As specific instances of this attitude upon the part of progressive food producers may be cited the resolution adopted by the Pennsylvania Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers in favor of the enactment of such sanitary measures as shall correct the abuses in certain small ice cream factories in densely populated parts of our cities; also the report of the Committee 52 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. on Sanitation of the National Canners’ Association, which urges sanitary legislation much more drastic and rigid than any Food Commissioner in America has ventured to propose. What is needed is additional power on the part of the Dairy and Food Commissioner to supervise the conditions of production, manu- facture, sale and delivery, and, so far as it may be necessary, to safe- guard the soundness of materials and the sanitariness of surround- ings essential to the production and delivery of clean, sound foods. Surely the policy of adopting modern methods for the prevention of undesirable conditions is more rational than the condemnation of products after their appearance upon the markets, for the former method conserve the food supply, the latter tends to waste it. In this connection, I welcome the opportunity to call attention to the progress made in some of our sister commonwealths in the elim- ination of unsanitary conditions in food manufacture and sale, and to note that these improvements have been secured without recourse to more drastic procedure of the courts. The food agents in these states visit not to punish, but to help. The introduction of methods of scoring factories, warehouses and shops as to sanitary conditions and the publication of scores, have developed a wholesome competi- tion between food factories and food shops without the need for re- course, except in very rare cases, to legal proceedings as a means for obtaining obedience to the law and the marked improvement in sani- tary conditions. There is no good reason for believing that the same policy would not be likewise productive of desirable results in Penn- sylvania. Under this policy, the Food Commissioner, cooperating with the food producing and selling interests, does little more than promote the organization of these interests for their self-improve- ment. It is true that such a policy would be an innovation in connec- tion with food control work in Pennsylvania. Constructive work on the part of the Dairy and Food Bureau has in the past been prac- tically impossible because there has been no legal authorization of such action and no financial provision for its maintenance. There is much ground for a complaint of injustice on the part of food pro- ducers and sellers, when statutory offenses are created by laws of very general scope, without some balancing provisions for assistance to the producing interests in solving the new problems raised by the new requirements. An attitude of reasonable consideration and help- fulness on the part of the State toward those whose business is sub- jected to those requirements should, it seems to me, appeal to every sensible citizen. It may be objected that the suggested legislation would entail large additional expense. But experience elsewhere has shown that most of this work can be performed without any increase, or at least No. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 53 any large increase, in the number of agents required for such service as is already performed in Pennsylvania by the Food Bureau. All that is necessary is, in some cases, a little additional expert service and the careful instruction and organization of the working force for their added labors. The result elsewhere has been a marked gain to the public with very little additional cost and, where the policy has been constructive, with no serious demoralization of the producing and selling interests. Quite the contrary, the attitude of these interests has been one of welcome for the construction policy, which has won a more hearty cooperation for all the work of the food law executive. There is another department of the food service, using the word “food” in its broader sense, which is at present lacking the neces- sary authorization for satisfactory control, namely, that comprising the production and sale of alcoholic liquors. It was undoubtedly the intention of the framers of the original General Food Law of 1895 that that law should act in the case of liquors as well as of foods, to guard against adulteration and misbranding, but a flaw in the title of the act gave ground for a decision by the Supreme Court, a few years later, that arrested all action by the Bureau to prevent the adulteration and misbranding of these commodities. There is certainly no sound reason why abuses of this character in the case of liquors should be any less condemned and less guarded against than in the case of foods, for both are articles of human consump- tion. The status of the production and sale of alcoholic drinks is now a matter of worldwide discussion. Whatever the public decision may be upon questions of local option and prohibition, it is clear that the fact of the present agitation upon these matters of public policy, should not be made the ground for the non-protection of the public against adulteration and fraud in case of alcoholic drinks so long as their use continues. I would respectfully urge that proper steps be taken to reenact the legislation necessary to prevent adulteration and fraud in the liquor trade. EXECUTIVE ORGANIZATION The history of American police laws has shown the existence of a marked tendency to subdivide between numerous isolated offices the responsibility for the enforcement of laws dealing with the same subject matter. This tendency has various reasons for its existence. But the adoption of this kind of provision for dealing with subject matter of a single broad class necessarily results in much duplica- tion of labor, overlapping of responsibility, executive confusion and jealousies, and a lack of proportion in the treatment of such matters as a whole. The same reasons which have operated to produce this 54 ANNUAL REPORT OF THER Off. Doc. condition of affairs in other commonwealths, exist also in Pennsyl- vania. It is earnestly urged that the opposite policy has proved in general more efficient and economical and far less vexatious to the interests under control than is the case where representatives from separate branches of the State service visit and demand atten- tion, one after another, from the same factory manager or store keeper. FEDERAL RELATIONS When the passage by Congress of a National Food and Drugs Act was under discussion, the first argument in favor of such enactment was that it would assist in unifying and harmonizing the bodies of food control law and regulations in the several commonwealths. In fact, the Food and Drugs Act of 1906 has been copied literally in many of the states and much of the confusion existing prior to that date has disappeared. Absolute uniformity in the laws of the sey- eral commonwealths upon any subject is, however, rarely, if ever, attained. Many are of the opinion that absolute uniformity would stand in the way of progress and improvement. On the other hand, there can be no sound objection to the cultivation of such cooperation between the National and State agencies that shall reduce confusion, strengthen advantageous policies and give to all the benefit of the knowledge and experience gained by each. I desire to express at this point my appreciation of the service which the United States Department of Agriculture is performing for the food control officers of the several states through its newly established office of State Relations, which is serving as a clearing house of information useful to food law officers. LEGAL OPINIONS The discussion of this part of my report would be incomplete with- out reference to matters of general interest which have been made the subject of opinions by Deputy Attorney General William M. Har- gest, in reply to questions addressed to the Attorney General from this office. The first of these opinions relates to the question, “whether a merchant holding a license to sell oleomargarine at retail can take orders for this product in cities and towns other than the one designated in the license, and fill such orders by delivering the product by vehicle or otherwise,’ a question of grave importance under the Pennsylvania Oleomargarine Law. The second opinion is in relation to a question of the limits of application of the Pennsyl- vania State Food Law where the commodity is also subject to the provisions of the National Food and Drugs Act. Several years ago in the case known as McDermott vs. Wisconsin, the United States Supreme Court handed down a decision determining this matter No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 5d in relation to a particular case, and in so doing expressed certain principles that should govern the interpretation of this opinion as applied to other cases. This decision has lead to considerable difference in the judgments of various legal authorities, and for the guidance of the Dairy and Food Bureau the question was referred to the At- torney General’s Office for an opinion, which was prepared by Deputy Attorney General William M. Hargest. These two opinions are pre- sented in full as papers Nos. I and II of the appendix to this report. The matter of the latter opinion is so important in its relation to the general question of the police powers of the State, that it should interest every citizen. SUMMARY OF THE BUREAU’S ACTIVITIES DURING 1915 The organization of the Bureau has been little changed during the past year, and the methods of operation found successful in the early years of the service, have been continued with little modification. In the immediately following paragraphs is presented a summary of the Bureau’s operations during 1915. Such matters of detail as require mention will be reserved for a later section of this report. During 1915, the chemists of the Department analyzed 8,939 sam- ples of various food stuffs and there were 1,165 prosecutions ter- minated for violations of the food laws. The several classes of materials on account of whose adulteration or misbranding these prosecutions were instituted are as follows: Milk, 625; Coffee and Chicory, 2; Cold Storage foods, 76; Eggs, 17; Food, 176; Ice Cream. 41; Lard, 8; Non-Alcoholic Drinks, 76; Oleomargarine, 16; Renovated Butter, 2; Sausage, 25; Vinegar, 101. There was a large increase in the number of oleomargarine licenses during the year, due to the vigilance of the field agents in prosecuting dealers selling without license. The receipts* of the Dairy and Food Bureau for the past year were $279,055.40, as against $225,910.78 in 1914. This money has been deposited with the State Treasurer for the use of the Common- wealth and is shown to be $193,154.04 in excess of the expenditures, which are provided for by special appropriation. In the following table the numbers of samples analyzed and of cases terminated, and the receipts and expenditures during the period beginning with 1907 and ending 1915 are stated: *For a classified statement of receipts and expenditures, see Appendix V. 56 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. Le] g 5 2 rs o & 2 Year a g BR | 5 a £ | g 2 at 3 1 a, n a} a : 2 z 5 D é) | ee a | | 7,400 664 | $55,732 63 | $78,455 88 8,300 300 54,580 62 | 69,968 20 6, 200 797 86,594 15 83,700 00 5,594 | 667 110,802 95 | 79,661 65 8, 200 1,029 120,993 48 83,083 15 7, 204 | 1,049 136,125 49 | 81,858 55 6, 846 | 1,025 173,789 76 75,587 12 4,827 | 1,010 225,910 78 73,271 41 8,939 1,165 279,055 40 | 85,901 36 63,510 | 7,706 | $1,243,585 26 | $711, 487 32 | | It will be seen from these figures that 1915 has been a record year with respect to each of the items included in this table. It would be an error to judge that food adulteration and misbranding ure increasing because the number of cases terminated has been greater in 1915 than in any preceding year. The condition of the food market shows exactly the opposite to be the fact. The increas- ing number of cases is the result, in part, of the increased number of examinations; in part, of improved methods of examination whereby defects that previously eluded proof, can now be established with certainty; in part, to the increased experience of the agency force; and, in part to additional legislation that has defined some of the offenses more specifically. While the major portion of the time of the Bureau’s experts has, as in the past, been devoted to the current examination of miscellaneous food samples, as they have been received, it has been found possible to provide for two investigations of a more gen- eral character. The first of these was undertaken for the purpose of better enforcement of the Milk Law and was assigned to Pro: fessor C. B. Cochran, of this Bureau. This investigation related particularly to the comparative composition of the milks from dif- ferent breeds of cows, with an additional study of the composition of butter, particularly in relation to its water content. The results of these investigations appear in Bulletin No. 268, of this Department, written by Professor Cochran, who has brought together in it not only the results of his own work, but the work of other American milk investigators relating to the same subject. This bulletin will be of value to every food analyst and should be of interest to all milk producers and vendors. The second investigation deals with tomato ketchup and was made under the direction of Dr. C. H. LaWall, of this Bureau. Its purpose was to make a general survey of the condition of the tomato No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURD. 57 ketchup on sale in the State with respect to the use of preservatives, saccharin, and artificial colors, the concentration of the ketchup, its acidity and the presence of moulds and bacteria. The results of this survey are printed in Bulletin No. 272. The condition of this very generally used table sauce was found to be gratifyingly excel- lent. MATTERS OF SPECIAL COMMENT AS TO ADULTERATION IN PARTICULAR CLASSES OF FOODS In the foregoing summary it was stated that 8,939 samples of var- ious foods were analyzed or otherwise examined. The numbers of samples of the several classes of foods are grouped in accordance with the laws under which they were examined, and are as follows: ESE LOTS pit -reptse pcdanel anak ebb ors %e (s/ ofo's 0 eT als 263 SRHCORG icky haptey cides siuiieiasle th sil ws oietdeee ate te 5 OTH SHC Te Toa Ae EOE ORCC SE Oe gen PP ae CR REE 1,025 PVE Ue Poem opto ities see VE eo ard whale a woe es hs 5,198 alge StOrave ne rOdU Cts syn .cwstone «' Bod SOMA ATM Gm 5 fei Vivaro SySa sia oirdie alee is sebrete ave 65 FLCMOM ALE PELE CCI eatotecsyassters rors’ sla" ola bel'st Soetens, ale 2 SNA DCMS Eterna ote Gig. 5 katie 5 Wadd baie’, SE hela 62 ‘YTD Tes cc 2 ann A 371 LE OYOXG Ves saa A oe Ra RR eae) 9 Foods. 2 3 5 & g 3 a Z a a 2B ~ e - As — wo 1d 10 its} S 5 ES & 5 Pp al no no hen! | | Meats: | Whole carcasses: | BGChe saiscl- acvoicincticee saictowuteaie wu cdainecielelerete Lbs. 883, 623 | 31, 300 | 164,957 | 588, 685 WG Bes soboan dauaooupeuodoAuodnddsnnodenc Lbs. 14, 856 15, 014 31, 824 | 82 Lamb and TUTE LOM spoeersisiere’cteiotetetetefeicisietaicints | Lbs. 256, 843 | 85,926 | 70,881 241, 002 FLOSS. Falstcigcion szGicsieeistelinoas mieatetelsi cecum Lbs. 539, 362 | 277, 462 | 60, 606 369,421 Parts of carcasses, classified: | | IBCGL neo ee- oebciciinacreticsin smiinteieie ae Lbs. ak 520; re | 1, 151, 422 | 958,536 787,966 WiG aE yaar teyareselre core ictore erste tele ieiereave etoiein clersleretere Lbs 6,4 25,563 36,159 47,796 Lamb ANC MU GLOM aie alereleterelereietereilelolesietelere Lbs 87° 623 | 33, 468 23, 242 67,4385 RODS Wisc kc cle eects a loses mars atentelereatonion Lbs 1, 255, 695 | 1,102,643 | 592,311 823,817 GT OF Bierce iscys saree iain H-O-WorceToasted= Wheat” Wakes secs ci cisics «.01s(eiciersieie ele oivie)ereleie.e eia\ci= = =\0ie/e\e is e]s\e-0[0\vlajeluis OV ANMMRUSES s 1 satcicisiere stetavere oleic tereicvoketc eielorelelole\s/olels\eselolelevetayaleeralaiabeletele\stelslel sole) »(e!e//\e1a\a[erereleaialwlale peters Honey Crisps Toasted Corn Flakes, ...........cceceeccccccec ce tececccscecccsccrstseces | WETSCY WCOLM WIA ES se ole cic ole stata stale oie tore ore aioieis eleforesdierelelelorsieialaleletelolstste's)clele\ lee! s\ele!sisiate/olaloralelo(orelatata JELSCY WERE MAKES Meese micriemte cre clot mireleletelenaleretereloisiels cievols stsvoreieleveiinfsleleiateselelelere/slelela[sfetelelelsistale Kellogg’s Toasted Corn Fakes, ...........0 cs cccccccc scene ccecncescscrccecccterseccsccs Mother’s Crushed Oats, Mother’s Wheat Hearts, Monarch Rolled Oats, ..........- Malt Breakfast Food, ............ Maple Bip alles ser ces cicetstereretalescvainre cleratiove ele) Meictevajeteloieresaietoielelsietersiolessictei-isrcl-isielats(e(ele Maple Flakes, Whole Wheat, Toasted, Medal Brande @orn W1aKeS o> cc icnisiets afeiciscieieleicieistelere[el-\elelateiersieletereisielosiaieinleleisieteieisfelsloreisterelois(s(olelatai= Nation ales Qatari: tiene coe oa saeco ee ee cen ema Racal eee Se | INAPIOMAIE POMC Oatse rer tate cicteleieccre ete ole lovclareteieloleleictelebeleieie res eielnieleteielo sisieteleteletelclolstoielslereisloieielelelafetete Onward® Brand “Rolled! Oats oe screreciow cieisieieieieleieie'c)e/seleiw let=aslevstopela wietelelevelainie ee|sls nefelelohatefaiatetel= Oat Males eae ee cas retoeie sr oaleeiaists rom wiorelaroreietete ciatotshercVacinisteteresrohsusieiera opafeleToresrar sterol sastetstelecers elbsisletsitekays Oriental GRolled TOats sees cacacwiste cele cieiswsnste nine eeisisiersieteleiarapetaiereicievelete efelcielelatetoterefatelosetelereleleticcols Te Old Fashioned Scotch Brand Oatmeal, Parched: WarinOses. csc cose ccc ct icle visisielclelsisisieielens ovelniels 0 sia\eieiore'sl ~lalejaisivisie sYoleieleralelsleieleialelsiwlele es elala Rearled= Barley cscs scececsccteliclis Pettyjohn’s Breakfast Food, Ost. SROaS ties tin mcicisisistciceiscleiets POSERTAV ELM ISDOCIA Gy Aatetete stars ciefotsncieicieleleieinieie’elerelotlelae PEM ELOMIN GS merce cece cicciceelealeleeiestorsieieieleteisteiefeieioieisweunteistsretelciersisle ate Premier’ Oat Blakes, 5.0). nce cee. c.ccicinie siete sic.ccisiece eicie.sis)sicieieiis e\viae.s sieivinisicioieivia eieielsivioelviee oles Princess Royal Rolled Oats, ........cccceecccsccccecccscecccrccressecscescccsescevereces PUMPER UC see cen este cise eietoretslota/elo\olatelolareinta's| ofofete\eievelniofeyeieler> latnfersintelacerstojalefe(aislojarsialeiste aaadaed | Purity Brand Rolled Oats, .......sccceeeseeceee cee cree sees eeecseeterreserseneseeteeeees | Quaker Corn Fakes, ......... cc cccscc cece ess cccencctsrcnsscccecacecstsecvecssrvacesrnres | Quaker! Gorm: (Putts ureter crcmiatelere slower sieletajetarelorelotaveteoferateyevaiel vices oletare otereleveto]s/alslerete/elalelelaferaqelalators Quaker Puffed Wheat, FR MINDOWAAOAES. cence creiciciclerotstelerateclercistolelelerevelevaletst=\/eisia cisls/-retalatn’vlslere(ojelatela\sieiejeleyeielelerefolsrajsiajuieielale[oia)s Ralston Wheat Food, 5 ROWE EO Rts yaaa isisiciaciecisisis)eretelay> 3 Satisfaction Oat Flakes, Saxon Rolled Oats, Saxon Wheat Food, ee Res SOrVUlss, bie eretoterolelstetel=)ate/ofelornic\aYoroletolalele\aroTeloleialafolelefeleiefetsjele(alelatererejefersierestsieelsyarels Servus Corn Flakes, Shredded Whole Wheat, Silver Flake Brand Corn, ....-.cccccceecieecccccccccsccccsccsscccccecssccsresseresces t08 Sunbeam Crushed Oats, .....-...ccssccccccccccccecteccnceecseteeccearenesecesereeereesen: Toasted Corn Flakes, .....--cccccccccccccccc cece sents teesccennccceceesteeeertereseens os Toasted Rice Fakes, ©... cece vec cc os viele vie cice Decisiece viele cies cis viele cers cieevicee ss sisisieiecseitioe Trix Breakfast: MOOG. cacccociicteletteieistcicieisicisloteleivtsielelaieistelelcleleie’=(afeleiei\~.0)0{s|a\eiejeje)sisieiaininl»)s?ololelulviele Un-gro-Co. Rolled Oats, ...-..cccecsecccrsccceeseeecerseteeseeteeteetcessseecceeeeeterce se Uncle Sam’s Health Food, ....--..ccccccccceccceccccceccescceecssereceestetsecccssceses Victor Toy Oats, ...cccccecceccccecccccesensneceeseeccetestecseeecsnesecacserececesecceses Washington Crisps, Corn, Weidman’s Pressed Oats, Wheatena, ....... Maleleisisleteleieterals ao Wheatlets, ...ccccccccccccccsccecceccescececrensceccesecsecrcrcrsscercssecrorscetenerstsene Canned Fruits and Vegetables: RGATIS el areie co's ole\ciaco'e esejeleleceneseieressislezsielsfesetersieyelcietese[+)iess/afe\eseiioielaieya)acoieys\efnintainieinaraze eels simiesmisiore\isTeveioisl® GHELrIES, veces coer ce cece cce cesisiceieceecs oes ves 00+ s\sleeaiceenieleees Cherries, Cocktail, ...............- Be iti facicia wlemencie aeeaolsieetereiete Cherries, MA&raschin0, ........ceeeee cece eet eee ceeeee sents eeeeee GOTT | raat alareleiw eta eleleteis/ose,sjeie /e,oicye vicse}eteleislalAelnielalalessiersiele apeieyatnlelnin\s\nlel*|viesoleve nleeiecoIn nisieelc lel lele gels Mincemeat. “Sccccrislcciecsisjcicceisseisiecue secelalererereseiavs emia sinistsjeisiainjs)siehere/exejpvoxeloiaisisisis malorei=lrie|sscaciatvieie islei® MMUSHTOOMES, “suis noccweye aie. «isiclarnieicleteiciee sle'a\efoleloieie\efale)a/einieisloyeleiei=,oiaie)sinjel~/varei=]=/o)mptkesetntnlel=so(cin lara teres clon PGA | Conner eieniclnie ciomicle a slelelvisseieicieisis)s(eleja)s\efelel=t=(olelelalsToietaieyzpelstelsyejet=iernisial= or sieoleso(srel"y= sLereTeof=ic ere ieicrale Off. Doc. Number Analyzed PR pe kk pak kk ek pk kk fe kk tek pi Pa eh pl peak ek pk peak et pak keh pel fed peak pt fk fk fa bk fet ek fk fet fe pk et be fet bed beh he ek Et ped ek bet bt et pt pk fed fed ket ft ne Mee oHoe No. € DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURDE. 89 SUMMARY—Continued. Number Article Analyzed FOOD PRODUCTS—Continued. Canned Fruits and Vegetables—Continued. MEOH OMEN TI ILI autre lcretciatistelc aie niciercislSterninielstercicie, etereisisielcnie’s mhsialcaisia cle sre esbiciniale cttretheieiniciaisieiiaisiorers ale PinGapnleeeecc cc se coco SOG SESTIOHEDOGRCAC NGA SRDOE COG REEEO Sab MBtaee miter oie icc eae | Rhubarb, Te) Dried Fruits: LATE LATE «< “GagObO COCO BBB Ce cl ODOR ODO E DEO DCOGAOD DOC OEED OCHOO OAD DC MBDOO SC GS DeOOG COERBTOGCETocEeS g LEEDS pon nedb Doe DD REOCO CODD OGRE CUB D RE DOB DOOOD BORO COUR ED COSCO CROCC CoS Hen ihr itn Meta nam 1 Catsup, Oil, Pickles, Sauces, etc.: Catsup (no name given), Catsup, Tobasco, Catsup, Tomato, Clit, Clana SopoRdUOEsa Ode od cO TORCH CHO SBD ROBOTS TOUNa ELS DOSe CES AOC OMT oneneCome ne eUoecne Cone CAB RT Fo SE TET) © Wrst crcrete toscte terror claves tevole elaic/o(oretav ere) slacalalals e(o: oi clots Ceronetessiatejale atevelel arsievesYaiclele’a os aPneieieinis ee Gherkins, Sweet, Horseradish, .... India Relish, .. Oil, Cottonseed, OL, COUN Gk: Gormnbac Bae obs poe RB USS OSC UB GbE E Odo an Oc OREO OtIne Cone Ene TAOS ODES Cr cn Bpea sec oper Pickles, Dill, Pickles, Sweet, PC RACH SVC Le OLOOKS aareia sie aisle etsiaicietociniefe elepeptaletereiteiclarele cieteielere aiciotelotcisiolcieinenciolosieein cease Pickles, SVC Cater VEC CD ela cites rcreye arcue seis iotcvetlefoyelo vey spcvetatevetetsieteloselrolersis overs cYors cicjatele stste/stcisicie/stefeiete sera Pickles, Sweet, Spiced, BESS SOO TODO L OOD HOD COSC IDY EO CTESB Oe TC en CEE BOE MEO DrE Ee Gre acer SSE TN Cream COIN cennesinreittat erase rsiasarcioiejc take tare scaateatore retetel sens levoie reletetelavavarerele eievsinie/efale elersierareicleveloiessisisieleieeseiere. ee PSU Cem Om CUO frmn te rspeseterocroarciatictereromre eclalerernie eisic! hate care eiateinparsvele stetaiosave cisictelat sleveisielolelsleistatersioiolsfa/wieia PHUCE ME LOMA LOM Serccceiianiceiciocsersctomnlec eloinin oicie siacienicinetietlncisinvereicieisistere wieisieinislalow cicervemteielelers Sauce, Worcestershire, Salad Dressing, Salad, Onion, Salad, Tomatoette, rm nwo = wo ~ i i ar HHH eee IN ROI OHH Coffee, cups of, Coffee, compound, Z MONS Pets YO FLINCH rad avore aretei sine eierevelavarelcteleicleiaictcfere sveis cicieisisieyeiereielslelse)ela/eveleiaie) sietelefola sjelelelore/slelelalejefelatois sie 10 Coffee, pulverized, Hight O'Clock Breakfast Mixture, PED ETETINIU MMR esol eatecehctote eta CoTcta fav ote toto ieletotesolelesaroievalal/eLetets?sl i i} NMR row 354 porto a San i~7) is) ee es No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 73 SUMMARY—Continued. Number Article Analyzed [Eri VINEGAR—Continued. Vinegar, Tarragon Flavor, 1 Winegar:) Whites w.cecssecsscs mele ae 16 8 8 Vinegar, White, distilled, AOC é ROLE ATUL L Oem VV IIE © pcrietalclersreie sictelclelersiaislclalictelelsjctelelelelejeloieiciaterc\s/aleleretelcieis(eleleielele e/s’eletelcielojolerehjeleiere | MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS: ASTTIOWAy JEDGUG, sédasadooducénanacdopsadppaccbadsapenosonassuae ad seas Sueenubascaropccopnacc PANTPILC Hou Ietetcic ctafaicistcleisinreta(eisicietciorcls! cis ictermietale(oleleisicisicisTercisiolvetchoveayo\cisisislerele.cfeloloisis nteleisieTele.» ofelelolate virielpiste LSS TEGO RS — Godonedserocoopadcboduasbaadd onadoonuceqaccny couccoonoUucooLOpRSoeandoHpodcd Canning Compound, NOITESRE RR EES era cieel elele cisrersioclniclore cieretolotein ielesereselaietele elaisisielereleleicleiclcieieicleiciciefelelarefsicisivie\eleieisiciets slajeleleisiels (ONAN “os accastesaoseAocepEboddsosuloceesJOnEOOOD Ss G0conds snOaHS os te coco nbODoonoOOOpADpOOOeOdS Cocoanut, shredded, | Codfish Cakes, Codfish ablets, COG) odadbadcoss Egg Macaroni, Egg Noodles, . HH erm ONTO Clee cereisiciele icici ieisicieteieieleleiciaicle eisisictoicinieiorietetele cisisiviciniciieloietelc ateeiieterleeicieistersielsleleleistersiels | Glace Apricots, GIA CEMMNT Ee Owl AN Cw LVeM)/mcleleciststetele ciefaictalsleiefeyefaloielejelereletelefel=eieictelaTelsistevel-lalelete ololersleletere}sie/ 3,650 00 This TRING sdphostoop ato seen coen aap dar Cover orn cadAeccn can en Ree eeACeecnreT 1,675 00 NAN CONGO Cw Linke HIneS) fi isaac tens nieta scutes picaiateictesiclelaecre ctsalsg sidelerans 1,517 45 DSSS G MPL IMOS | Settee ae oreleerstahars Geos cToicpote ie Mist eletee sietelsis stelsielsisfs, scars se e.5iie, ai 1,340 60 WileomMaArearine MiNEss| iekitacshis seeclas ct Mat doneccien es Mee No Sed BOA Sao aoe 1,120 00 MUO LES LOLA POM IUIN CS totter ceioicise ae ps sclalele Giovars el sTett ov ieee Siero qe siniebloreiw o's svewsjerniele! sieve 1,086 80 Tren Giron TTS Sabie dd de 5S Gad aoe Annee Goce en CS an SB RenE OOSae. 16s Tope me 960 00 Renovated SULtEr MICEMSCMINCeS, eel sacewe os orice pe vis ofed colawinsieiwials sts sievelees 600 00 ASME OG EP Srere tortor: eheete eit ekaisies vie cis lores oie obsiciate ste cle alntie relate state cleicitve siw's's ais etets 207 10 PERO VALE MES ULLET ELITES tartrate cltte cores oa aie Wale ls ohctchelapessiore svsinus wielovets elelelere 200 00 TPIT SRR Os USOT et Gete EOI. OS SOS GLE OOF a a Been eich S SON aE RCE aaneeee 63 50 MUSEO MANIC NT COM Vee MIT OS p patere rs hein cietetotars ceo ciais) inte 1a) cies lofoneel stelovmie ethepeis dys atone. cle 50 00 HOLA MENECEIPTSIELOMs LHEN VATS scrscisscis ciciarsiersicleies aiclels.c\sieieistetciave oisieleleselers $279,055 40 AMOUNTS EXPENDED FROM THE APPROPRIATION FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF THE WORK OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD BUREAU OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1915 Slernicalmandes LENOLTAD h OLS septate cisreicteretel eels vetera sieve reieisuels oyeiesisierelewnieie oveisks $8,551 50 Syanchall. Avacais? -Spllewiasig “gags atcadenedhoncecsbooad spose dobaapapeouusoonuene 26,127 50 PALCORNe YS aA SSIStATIC GAM Gs DECIA ere oy. ote i steiclelslcierolole ninie «vie alele'e/aleicisieveieis.«.e eis « 9,714 39 Whaniists aServicesm and MLXpPENSCSi as ce sense iciecicc tects oemerecieisine sere ciate 18,459 25 Enforcing Cold Storage Law, ........ Be SOP DUC CERO CE OHO Coonone sae 8,246 23 Rravelunparand eA cents se DIX PeMSeSc gscr ijn cis icle aisles elelsiele herein icles elelelelae 14,802 49 Rote xpenGi tUcesplOnMunewy CAI aise ct. potete clone o/a)cielel alain cise cletaitisic = $85,901 36 80 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. LEGAL OPINIONS OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Harrisburg, Pa., February 3, 1916. Hon. James Foust, Dairy and Food Commissioner, Harrisburg, Pa.: Sir: Your favor of January 25, requesting an opinion of this De- partment as to whether a merchant holding a license to sell oleo- margarine at retail, can take orders for the product in cities and towns other than the one designated in the license, and fill such orders by delivering the product by vehicle or otherwise, is at hand. The oleomargarine law of May 29, 1901, which was amended by the Act of June 5, 1918, P. L. 412, provides in Section 1. “That no person, firm, or corporation shall, by himself, herself, or themselves, or by his, her or their agent or servant, nor shall any officer, agent, servant or employee of any person, firm or cor- poration, manufacture, sell, ship, consign, offer for sale, expose for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell, oleomargarine ........ unless such person, firm or corporation shall have first obtained a license and paid a license fee as hereinafter provided.” Section 2 provides, in part: “That any person, firm, or corporation, and any agent of such person, firm or corporation, desiring to manufacture, sell or offer or expose for sale, or have in possession with intent to sell, oleomarg- arine, butterine, or any similar substance not made or colored so as to look like yellow butter, shall make application for a license so to do in such form as shall be prescribed .......... which applica- - tion, in addition to other matters which may be required to be stated therein by the said Dairy and Food Commissioner, shall contain an accurate description of the place where the proposed business is intended to be carried on .......... if the said application is sat- isfactory to said Dairy and Food Commissioner ........ he shall issue to the applicant or applicants a license authorizing him, her, or them to engage in the manufacture or sale of oleomargarine ...... such license shall not authorize the manufacture, sale, exposing for sale or having in possession with intent to sell, oleomargarine, butterine, or any similar substance, at any other place than that designated in the application and license.” Strictly construing the second section just quoted, it would seem to require a license not only from every person, firm or corporation engaged in the sale or manufacture but also from every agent of such person, firm or corporation, but the language of the first section No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. SI indicates that when the license is obtained by a person, firm or cor- poration, such license shall authorize the agents, servants and em- ployes thereof to manufacture and sell oleomargarine. Under the provisions of this law it is clear that both the person and the place are licensed. It is also clear that oleomargarine could not be sold by an unauthorized person at an authorized place or by an authorized person at an unauthorized place. In order to bring the sale within the terms of the statute, it must be made by a person who has been licensed, through himself or his agent, and from a place which has been licensed. The license issued to a person, firm or corpor- ation, does not authorize an itinerant business in oleomargarine. This act must be construed to carry out the Legislative intent. Manifestly one of the purposes of the Act was to have the oleomargarine business under the inspection and supervision of the Dairy and Food Commis- sioner. If a license were a roving commission to permit taking of orders in other cities and towns other than one designated in the license, it would make inspection or supervision by the Dairy and Food Commissioner extremely difficult. If such a scheme could be followed, one person might take out one license for an entire county and transact his business by means of traveling agents taking orders therefor, or even extend such business into other counties. It might be an unreasonable construction to hold that every clerk of a retail dealer who has a license to sell oleomargarine, must be also licensed because the act says that every agent of such person, firm or corporation desiring to manufacture, sell, offer or expose for sale, oleomargarine, shall make an application for a license so to do. Where a clerk or employee, in the regular course of his business is taking orders for other goods and along therewith, and as incident to such business takes orders for oleomargarine to be delivered with the other products, such transactions may fairly be covered by the retailer’s license. On the other hand, it would be just as unreasonable, and do violence to the Legislative intent, to say that under this statute, a license to sell oleomargarine at retail, would permit the agents of the holder of the license to travel around into other cities and towns for the purpose of obtaining orders, even though the orders were to be filled by subsequent delivery from the place licensed. No such legislative intention can be gathered from this statute. The language is: “Such licenses shall not authorize the manufacture or sale ........ at any other place than that designated in the application and license.” To be more specific: If a retail merchant, who holds a retail oleo- margarine license, has regular clerks taking orders for groceries, and orders for oleomargarine are taken along with other orders, by 6—6—1915 82 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. such regular clerk or employee and the oleomargarine is marked and set apart and the name placed on each package, in the place licensed, and delivered as and when the other goods are delivered, such a transaction would be within the license of the retail dealer. It may be that there are retail dealers in cities whose regular trade extends into outlying districts. In such instances sales made, as above indicated, on orders taken in such territory, would be within the license. But I am of opinion that a license to sell oleomargarine at retail does not give the holder thereof the right to send agents and can- vassers to take orders, especially for oleomargarine, into territory into which the business of such retailer would not ordinarily extend, particularly into other cities and towns in which there are other sim- ilar licenses. Very truly yours, WM. M. HARGEST, Deputy Attorney General. OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL, Harrisburg, Pa., November 19, 1915. Hon. James Foust, Dairy and Food Commissioner, Harrisburg, Pa.: Sir: Your favor of recent date was received. You propound the following question: “Tf a box containing two or more dozen bottles of catsup, properly sealed and labeled in conformity with the National Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, and shipped from another state to a retail merchant in Pennsylvania, is opened and the bottles placed upon the shelves of the store for sale, and upon purchase by an agent of this Department and on analysis, the catsup is found to violate the Pure Food Laws of this State, can the Pennsylvania laws be enforced?” With your request you submit a copy of a letter of the State Food and Drug Commissioner of Indianapolis and an opinion of the At- torney General of Indiana, all to the effect that there can be no interference with a grocer who sells to his customer a single bottle of catsup, if it complies with the National Food and Drugs Act, even though it violates the laws of the State, when such bottle of catsup was a part of a shipment from another state and originally packed in a larger case or box. Your inquiry and the correspondence submitted are the result of a misconstruction of the case of McDermott vs. Wisconsin, 228 U. S. 115, 57 Lawyers Edition 754. The impression prevails since the opinion in that case, that a state cannot enforce its pure food laws against single, sealed packages of food misbranded or adulterated No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 83 according to State laws, if such single packages comply with the provisions of the National Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, (34 St. at Large, 768, Chapter 3915, U. S. Comp. Statt, Supp. 1911, page 1354). This impression is not justified by the decision itself. - The precise questions in that case were, First. Whether the word “package” as used in the Food and Drugs Act was limited to “original package” as understood in interstate commerce, or whether it included the goods upon the shelves of a local merchant for sale. Second. Whether the Wisconsin law, which required the goods to contain the exclusive labels provided by that statute, and, in effect, prohibited the labels required under the National Food and Drugs Act, was beyond the power of the state to enforce. The plaintiff in error, a retail merchant in Oregon, Wisconsin, was convicted of violating the Wisconsin statute because he had in his possession with intent to sell and offered for sale, “Karo Corn Syrup” which was not labeled according to the Wisconsin law pro- viding that “the mixture or syrups designated in this section shall have no other designation or brand than herein required,’ etc. He had purchased from wholesale grocers in Chicago twelve half gallon tin cans of Karo Corn Syrup, the shipments being made in wooden boxes containing the cans, and when the goods were received at the store, the cans were taken from the original boxes and placed on the shelves for sale, at retail. The cans were labeled in accordance with the National Pure Food and Drugs Act. That act provides, as stated in the opinion of McDermott vs. Wisconsin, page 130: “And as to food, if it shall be labeled or branded so as to deceive or mislead a purchaser, or purport to be a foreign product when not so, or, if the contents of the package as ori- ginally put up shall have been removed in whole or in part, and other contents placed in such package; or, if the package fail to bear a statement of the label as required, or, if in package form and the contents are stated in terms of weight or measure, and they are not plainly and. correctly stated on the outside of the package; or, if the package containing it or its label contain any design or device regarding the ingredients or the substances contained therein which are false or misleading in character, the food shall be deemed misbranded.” The Court, speaking through Mr. Justice Day, said: “That the word ‘package’ or its equivalent expression, as used by Congress in sections 7 and 8 in defining what shall constitute adulteration and what shall constitute misbranding within the meaning of the act, clearly refers to the immediate container of the article which is intended for consumption by the public there can be no question. And it is sufficient, for the decision of these cases, that we consider the extent of the word ‘package’ as thus used only, and we therefore have no occasion, and do not attempt, to decide what Congress included 84 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe in the terms ‘original unbroken package’ as used in the second and tenth sections, and ‘unbroken package in the third section.” Within the limitations of its right to regulate interstate com- merce, Congress is manifestly aiming at the contents of the package as it shall reach the customer, for whose protection the act was primarily passed, and it is the branding upon the > package which contains the article intended for consumption itself which is the subject matter of regulation. Limiting the requirements of the act as to adulteration and misbranding simply to the outside wrapping or box containing the packages intended to be purchased by the consumer, so that the importer, by removing and destroying such covering, could prevent the operation of the law on the imported article yet unsold, would render the act nugatory and its provision wholly inadequate to accomplish the purpose for which it was passed.” The Court also said, page 135: “In the view, however, which we take of this case, it is un- necessary to enter upon any extended consideration of the nature and scope of the principles involved in determining what is an original package. For, as we have said, keeping within its Constitutional limitations of authority, Congress may de- termine for itself the character of the means necessary to make its purpose effectual in preventing the shipment in interstate commerce of articles of a harmful character, and to this end may provide the means of inspection, examination, and seizure necessary to enforce the prohibitions of the act.” And on page 1386: “To determine the time when an article passes out of inter- state into state jurisdiction for the purpose of taxation is entirely different from deciding when an article which has violated a Federal prohibition becomes immune. The doctrine (of original package) was not intended to limit the right of Congress, now asserted, to keep the channels of interstate com- merce free from the carriage of injurious or fraudulently branded articles, and to choose appropriate means to that end. The legislative means provided in the Federal law for its own enforcement may not be thwarted by state legislation having a direct effect to impair the effectual exercise of such means.” The Court held that Congress could employ the means to keep interstate commerce free from misbranded articles, even to an in- spection on the shelves of a retail grocer after the goods had been removed from the “original package,” as known in interstate com- merce. The Court also held that a State statute which interfered with such supervisory power over the avenues of commerce was an excessive and illegal exercise of the State’s power. This is the full extent to which the case of McDermott vs. Wisconsin goes. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. §5 There is no Pennsylvania pure food statute which excludes, or requires the obliteration of, any labels placed on foods under the United States Food and Drugs Act, nor is there any Pennsylvania statute which interferes with the inspection by the Federal authorities of goods either in original packages, or upon the shelves of retail merchants. The precise question then, is whether a Pennsylvania statute: may be enforced even if its provisions go farther than the Federal law, but do not interfere with the operation of the Federal statute. Referring again to the much discussed case of McDermott vs. Wis- consin, it is seen that the Court was careful to say in terms that the regulations of Congress would not prevent enforcement of similar regulations by a state for the protection of its people. Mr. Justice Day said, page 131: “While these regulations are within the power of Congress, it by no means follows that the State is not permitted to make regulations, with a view to the protection of its people against fraud or imposition by impure food or drugs. This subject was fully considered by this court in Savage v. Jones, 225 U. S. 501, 56 L. Ed. 1182, 32 Sup. Ct. Rep. 715, in which the power of the state to make regulations concerning the same sub- ject matter, reasonable in their terms, and not in conflict with the act of Congress, was recognized and stated, and certain regulations of the state of Indiana were held not to be in- consistent with the food and drugs act of Congress.” Again, on pages 133, 134: “Conceding to the state the authority to make regulations consistent with the Federal law for the further protection of its citizens against impure and misbranded food and drugs, we think to permit such regulation as is embodied in this statute is to permit a state to discredit and burden legitimate Federal regulations of interstate commerce, to destroy rights arising out of the Federal statute which have accrued both to the government and the shipper, and to impair the effect of a Federal law which has been enacted under the Constitu- tional power of Congress over the subject.” The essence of the decision is found in these words, pages 182-134: “To require the removal or destruction before the goods are sold of the evidence which Congress has by the food and drugs act, as we shall see, provided, may be examined to determine the compliance or non-compliance with the regulations of the Federal law, is beyond the power of the state. The Wisconsin act which permits the sale of articles subject to the regulations of interstate commerce only upon condition that they contain the exclusive labels required by the statute is an act in excess of its legitimate power.” 86 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. The question you propound is practically settled by the case of Savage vs. Jones, 225 U.S. 501, 56 L. Ed. 1182. That was a suit to restrain the State chemist of Indiana from enforcing an act of that state relating to concentrated commereial feeding stuffs. It was alleged that the Indiana act which required certain labels to be affixed to the package, disclosing in part the ingredients and also required that certain stamps, purchased from the state chemist, should be attached as an inspection fee, interfered with interstate commerce and also because Congress had legislated upon the subject by the National Food and Drugs Act, its jurisdiction was exclusive, and therefore the Indiana Act could not be enforced as to packages received from outside the state and sold by the im- porting purchaser in the same packages. The court held that the act was not an unconstitutional regulation of interstate commerce, and also, as stated in the syllabus in 56 Law. Ed. 1188, that: “Congress did not by the passage of the Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906, for the prevention of adulteration and mis- branding of foods and drugs when the subject of interstate commerce preclude the enactment of the Indiana Act prohibit- ing sales of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs in the orig- inal packages, unless there be a compliance as to inspection and analysis and the disclosure of ingredients * * * * * * * and with its incidental provision for the filing of a certificate, for regis- tration, and for labels and stamps.” Mr. Justice Hughes, writing the opinion of the Court, said, page 524: , . ‘The State cannot, under cover of exerting its police powers, undertake what amounts essentially to a regulation of inter- state commerce, or impose a direct burden upon that com- merce.” (citing many authorities). “But when the local police regulation has real relation to the suitable protection of the people of the State, and is reason- able in its requirements, it is not invalid because it may in- cidentally affect interstate commerce, provided it does not conflict with legislation enacted by Congress pursuant to its constitutional authority.” (Citing many authorities). And on page 526, quoting from Plumley vs. Mass., 155 U. S. 461, he said: “Such legislation may, indeed, directly, or incidentally affect trade in such products transported from one state to another state. But that circumstance does not show that laws of the character alluded to are inconsistent with the power of Con- gress to regulate commerce among the several states.” Again, on page 529: “The object of the food and drugs act is to prevent adultera- tion and misbranding, as therein defined. It prohibits the - No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 87 introduction into any state from any other state “of any ar- ticle of food or drugs which is adulterated or misbranded, within the meaning of this act.” The purpose is to keep such articles ‘out of the channels of interstate commerce, or, if they enter such commerce, to condemn them while being trans- ported or when they have reached their destinations, provided they remain unloaded, unsold, or in original unbroken pack- ages.’ ” And on page 5382: “Can it be said that Congress, nevertheless, has denied to the state, with respect to the feeding stuffs coming from another state and sold in the original packages, the power the state otherwise would have to prevent imposition upon the public by making a reasonable and non-discriminating provision for the disclosure of ingredients, and for inspection and analysis? If there be such denial it is not to be found in any express declara- tion to that effect. Undoubtedly Congress, by virtue of its paramount authority over interstate commerce, might have said that such goods should be free from the incidental effect of a state law enacted for these purposes. But it did not so declare.” In the case of Simpson vs. Sheperd, 230 U. S. 352, 57 L. Ed. 1511, the Court said: “State inspection laws and statutes designed to safeguard the inhabitants of a state from fraud and imposition are valid when reasonable in their requirement, and not in conflict with Federal rules, although they may affect interstate com- merce in their relation to articles prepared for export, or by including incidentally those brought into the state and held for sale in the original imported packages.” If the state can, as decided in Savage vs. Jones, require an ad- ditional label disclosing ingredients and also stamps covering cost of inspection to be attached to the original package, without uncon- stitutional interference with interstate commerce, or with the opera- tion of the National Food and Drugs Act, it certainly can enforce its own laws when food in violation thereof is offered for sale by a citizen of the state to other citizens of the state, even though the food was imported from another state. It is therefore clear that the pure food statutes of the State of Pennsylvania which do not interfere with the labeling provided by the National Food and Drugs Act, or with the inspection of the Federal authority under that act, do not even incidentally interfere with interstate commerce. There is another consideration. The enforcement of the pure food laws of the State practically begins where the Federal control ends. In the case of McDermott vs. Wisconsin, it is said in the opinion, page 136: “To make the provisions of the act effectual, Congress has 88 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. provided not only for the seizure of the goods while being actually transported in interstate commerce, but has also pro- vided for such seizure after such transportation and while the goods remain ‘unloaded, unsold or in original and unbroken packages.’ The opportunity of inspection enroute may be very inadequate. Jhe-real opportunity of government inspection may only arise when, as in the present case, the goods as packed have been removed from the outside box in which they were shipped, and remain, as the act provides, ‘unsold. It is enough, by the terms of the act, if the articles are unsold, whether in original packages or not.” The Pennsylvania statutes usually contain the language making it illegal to “sell, offer for sale, expose for sale or have in possession with intent to sell,” any adulterated or misbranded article of food. The Federal statute follows the goods from another State into Pennsylvania and on to the shelves of the retail merchant. When the goods get upon the shelves of the retail merchant the State in- spection begins. There is no conflict of authority. The enforcement of Pennsylvania laws against goods on shelves of a retail merchant, is not even an incidental control of interstate commerce, nor is it any interference with Federal inspection. I am aware that this opinion does not appear to be in harmony with the case of Corn Products Refining Company vs. Weigle, 221 Federal Reporter, 998, and the decree entered in that case which is before me, but not reported, certainly is not in harmony with this opinion, but there is no case in the United States Supreme Court which has gone to the length of the case just quoted, and, as I under- stand the decisions of that Court, the case of Corn Products Refining Company vs. Weigle has gone farther than any other case in that it completely ousts state inspection of goods that were once in interstate commerce, if such goods happen to be labeled in conformity with the National Food and Drugs Act, and prevents the operation of any state statute upon such goods, even as between a retail resident dealer and the resident consumer of the state. I cannot agree that the passage of the National Food and Drugs Act has such sweeping effect in de- stroying the police power of the state. Therefore, specifically answering your inquiry, I am of opinion that after purchase and analysis of a bottle of catsup from the shelves of a store of a retail merchant in Pennsylvania, such catsup is found to violate the pure food laws of this State, such laws may be enforced even though the catsup has been shipped from another state and is sealed and labeled in conformity with the National Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1906. I return herewith the correspondence submitted with your request. Very truly yours, WM. M. HARGEST, Deputy Attorney General. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 89 REPORT OF STATE VETERINARIAN AND STATE LIVE- STOCK SANITARY BOARD FOR 1914 AND 1915 Harrisburg, Pa., January 1, 1916. Owing to the extensive outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease that occurred in the fall of 1914 and continued up through the first part of the following year, it was not possible to get out the report for 1914, or to divide the report of the work done on foot-and-mouth disease during the two years. It was, therefore, considered advis- able to combine the two reports for 1914 and 1915. There have been some changes in the Board during the time. Ex- Governor John K. Tener was ‘President of the Board. up to January, 1915. At that time he was succeeded by Governor Martin G. Brumbaugh. Former Secretary of Agriculture, Hon. N. B. Critch- field, was a member of the Board up to October 15, 1915, when he was succeeded by Hon. Charles E. Patton. The latter was elected Vice-President of the Board on December 15, 1915. The work was handled as in other years under six divisions, as follows: Meat Hygiene, Horse Breeding and Management of Farm, Transmissible Diseases, Laboratory and Iny estigation, Milk Hygiene, Auditing. T. E. Munce, Deputy State Veterinarian, directed the work of Meat Hygiene up to August, 1915. At that time S. E. Bruner was given charge of this work and tuberculin testing. Horse Breeding and Management of the State Farm was in charge of Carl W. Gay. It was necessary during the year to dispose of the herd of reacting cattle that had been kept under investigation for several years. Most of the work at the farm was for the purpose of producing hog cholera serum to be used in the State. R. M. Staley had charge of the work of handling transmissible diseases. There was no change in reference to this work with the exception of that made necessary to control the unusual outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease. J. B. Hardenbergh continued in charge of the Laboratory, and, as in previous years, his work was devoted principally to preparing such biological products as tuberculin, mallein, anthrax vaccine, ete., also in laboratory investigations of such diseases as rabies, glanders, abortion and many others in which it was difficult and im- possible to make a diagnosis in the field. 90 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. W. S. Gimper continued the work of Milk Hygiene. In former years Dr. Gimper had charge of tuberculin testing and milk hygiene. It was found that the tuberculin testing would go better with the Division of Meat Hygiene for the reason that animals condemned for tuberculosis are killed under inspection. It has been necessary in the past few years to bring prosecutions against persons violating our laws. It required much work to in- vestigate these cases and see that the evidence is properly collected and arranged in such form that it may be given over to the District Attorney for prosecution. This work has been assigned to Dr. Gimper in addition to the work of Milk Hygiene. In connection with the work of Milk Hygiene, many local Boards of Health have desired laboratory assistance. L. A. Klein, Dean of the Veterinary School, University of Pennsylvania, has continued his services without expense to the Board along this line. Much valuable information has been obtained in reference to Milk Hy- giene in this way. The Board is charged with the enforcement of the laws pertain- ing to Meat Hygiene, stallion registration and transmissible dis- eases of animals. These subjects are all managed from the central office, but the work in the field is divided into ten districts with a man in charge of each. Any trouble that occurs in his territory is handled by him or referred to the central office for adjustment. It has been found that much better results can be obtained by men familiar with the territory, the characteristics of the people and the nature of diseases most prevalent in that section. The Board had a great deal of work at Pittsburgh and vicinity. For this reason it was found necessary for the past few years to maintain an office at the Pittsburgh Union Stockyards. Up to August, 1915, this work was in charge of P. K. Jones, who was suc- ceeded at that time by H. W. Turner. Much of the work at the stockyards has to do with handling interstate shipments. The following is a statement of the number of animals received and ante-mortem examinations made at the Pittsburgh Union Stock- vards from August 15, 1915, to January 1, 1916: Cattle. 3:55 2k a eee ea es 48.316 HOGS) 7 ac sab Sosa HS OC RR ns eee 443,721 Sheep} 4274 woe ee eee 5 babe w heteariade eat bee 171,190 Calves, ise Sees eRe a a eke eee 18,087 681 314 Another office is maintained at the Lancaster Stockyards. This work is in charge of Joseph Johnson. D. E. Hickman, West Chester, has charge of our work in the southeastern part of the State. Otto G. Noack, Reading; H. R. Church, Wilkes-Barre; A. O. Cawley, Lewisburg; M. P. Hendrick, Meadville; Ira Mitterling, Hollidaysburg, and John H. Turner, Wellsboro, have charge of the work in their respective districts. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 91 It is believed that an ideal arrangement for handling the work of the Board would be to have such an agent in each county. Under the present arrangement the territory is too large. However. the general plan is working out satisfactorily and in the future it may be possible to divide the State into smaller areas and thereby ob- iain more efficient service. The Auditing Division was in charge of M. C. Butterworth. MEAT HYGIENE. The Act of Assembly, approved May 25, 1907, P. L. 187, was the first Meat Hygiene law placed upon the statute books of any state. It was changed while going through the Legislature and lost many of the essential features contained in the original bill. It was a beginning, however, and an effort was made to enforce it. It did not require long to find out that it was weak, nevertheless, much good was accomplished in its enforcement. Nothing was done in the way of new legislation for the succeeding five years, for the reason that it was desired to give the law a thor- ough trial and study the subject of Meat Hygiene legislation from a practical point of view and collect information that would be useful in drawing a new law. The data was gathered and incorporated into a bill which was presented to the 1913 Legislature, but failed of passage by a few votes. Practically the same bill was introduced and passed the 1915 Legislature and was approved by the Governor, May 28, 1915. It is under this law we are now working. It is still the only state Meat Hygiene law in this country and about as fair and practical as can be drawn to take care of all branches of the business. There are just as many straight going, conscientious men engaged in the meat business as there are in other lines of trade. A just Meat Hygiene law should give as much protection to the honest and tidy butcher as it does to the public which uses the meat. Honest meat dealers do not place on the market diseased or unwholesome meat, neither do they keep their establishments dirty. The honest, clean class of butchers do not have to be watched to keep them going right. In the meat trade there is a class of un- scrupulous, untidy, careless fellows as there is in other forms of industry. It is against this class that the consuming public and the reliable dealer must be protected. The man who tries to do right, invests capital in making improvements and installing up-to-date equipment that can be easily kept clean, should not be compelled to compete with those who are unequipped, unscrupulous and sloy- enly. Working with this idea in view, the new law was constructed. It defines what constitutes an establishment. This is important for the reason that the question is sometimes raised as to whether this kind of wagon or that kind of structure, and how much ground adjacent, are subject to the provisions of the law. It was an established practice, particularly in the rural sections, for butchers to keep hogs around the slaughter houses to eat the offal. Some places were so conveniently arranged that the offal was shoved out of: the back door where the hogs were waiting to receive it. Hogs were allowed to wallow under the slaughter house. 92 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. A hole was provided in the killing room floor through which the offal was pushed to the hogs below. This was a simple and inex- pensive, yet insanitary contrivance for taking care of the by-pro- ducts. It is now unlawful to feed offal within two hundred feet of a Slaughter house. All meat dealers have been more or less annoyed by prospective purchasers touching and handling meat displayed for sale. It took a tactful butcher to correct such an abuse without offending his customers. This act makes it unlawful for customers to touch or handle meat displayed for sale. It goes farther and requires meat to be screened against flies and animals. An investigation was recently made of the meat stands at five city market houses, and not a single stand was equipped with screens. A public meeting was arranged with the butchers at which this subject and other pertinent matters were discussed. The result has been that practically every stand in the city is now provided with screens. A move of this kind has been started at Harrisburg, Lancaster, York, Altoona, Williamsport, Columbia, Hanover Curb Market, Sunbury, Mt. Joy, Lebanon, Chambersburg and Waynes- boro, and will be started soon in other places. Complaints have been received from citizens that certain persons gather up dead animals and feed them to hogs. Under the old law there was no way to stop it so long as evidence was lacking that the animals had died from dangerous disease. The present law makes it a misdemeanor to place on the market meat from hogs to which have been fed dead animals. It formerly required more time and expense to close an unsatis- factory slaughter house or meat market. It can now be done in a few days. By simplifying the procedure and shortening the time for closing them every interest concerned is benefited. The owner of the plant is helped because he knows what has to be done and the length of time he has in which to do it. His competitor is as- sisted for the reason that he is not obliged to compete indefinitely with the careless slovenly fellow. The State is benefited because it saves time and money, and the public is the gainer because what is beneficial to the three interests, is good for it. The new law covers such matters as sanitation, the sale of diseased and unwholesome meat, the appointment of agents, defines their duties and provides for the adoption of regulations. Our agents are not expected to go about as policemen and detec- tives or to be compelled to resort to gum shoe methods while doing their work. It is desired that they act in the capacity of advisors to spread the gospel of sanitation and show the difference between diseased and wholesome meat and a sound product, and the dangers that result from the lack of sanitation. We aim to encourage co-operation between the meat merchants and those charged with the enforcement of the laws, and to discour- age the practices that lead to prosecution. About one-half of the meat placed upon the public market in Penn- sylvania is inspected by the Federal, State or municipal govern- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURBE. 93 ments. The remainder is slaughtered under varying conditions without inspection. In ten months the ten State agents condemned 540 whole carcasses, 9,854 organs, such as livers, hearts, etc., and almost 6,000 pounds of meat and meat products. If a small force of men find in the large and scattered territory such an amount of diseased and unwholesome meats, there must be much more sold Without inspection that should be condemned. The State constitution gives cities and boroughs authority to es- tablish and maintain a system of meat inspection. Much attention has been given the subject of a form of inspection for municipal authorities and local Boards of Health that would give the most satisfaction with the least expense. In practically every instance it has been recommended that each city or borough should establish its own inspection. After a trial of the various systems it has been determined that the most practical and economical plan is a public abattoir at which all slaughtering can be done under proper in- spection. This would give the municipality control over its meat supply. Unfortunately many towns have a limited water supply and an inadequate sewage disposal system, and the local officials in many places where such necessities are provided have adopted ordinances and regulations which forbid the erection and operation of a slaugh- ter house within the city or borough limits. The butcher is thus compelled to go outside of town and conduct his business away from water and sewer connections. In such cases he selects the best site available which is usually in some out of the way place. The loca- tion of his slaughter house may be near a creek or a spring where he can get a limited amount of water to practically cleanse the car- casses, but it is seldom sufficient to do a thorough job or to properly cleanse the slaughter room. He is unable to obtain proper drainage and a sanitary disposal of the refuse and offal is difficult or impos- sible. Operating under such conditions and without proper super- vision there is always a temptation to keep hogs to eat the offal. This plan is not only insanitary but is bad economy for the reason that many such hogs develop cholera, tuberculosis, ete. The con- tents of the stomach and intestines are often placed in a pile close to the slaughter house where it makes a bad smell and an ideal breeding place for flies, and other bacteria carrying insects. A copy of the new law has been mailed to each butcher in the State, calling attention to sections 3, 6, 9 and 10. A placard which reads as follows was also sent: “The Touching or Handling of Meats and Meat Products by Pro- spective Purchasers and Other Unauthorized Persons is Prohibited by Law under Penalty of Fine and [mprisonment.” The rules and regulations are being revised to conform with the new law and will be ready for distribution in the near future. The new Meat Hygiene law is working well and the further we proceed with it the more evident is the necessity for it. The following is a summary of the animals, products and estab- lishments examined during the two years: 94 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. ANIMALS, PRODUCTS AND ESTABLISHMENTS EXAMINED DURING 1914 AND 1915. 1914 1915 Sates aoc aise neers ce ae 5,835 2,791 SITES Hele ener es Sacer oes ones Saad aEeened saos cee 1,531 616 Sil) ihc cece os eices eres a eters oistels erate iso. cees eslepeletarseiisiajele eens 5,256 2,188 12,622 5,595 @aittles reac c sh lawns hhenean oeaioee Seite oes an Pe 148 SS WW TT Oyster ee auaters res STM Piers o Mince ieee Sse ee mime 72 220 Number of carcasses examined: (OF HH oi cules Sete Acro ere A Hn ARGO Eoo eS Dense 19,499 13,740 SEEDS aa os b taticreke ie a elem taalar Siow eerie aren EE aes 5,089 4,272 Siw Os Clee eit aa SAS AIS oe ie eee Sint ECCS ne ee eee 15,755 11,142 40,343 29, 154. Number of carcasses condemned: Cattle ree tebe teh eT eee ae ea ee ee 453 204 Sheep's terdscew cette aoe ine atsic bre eae aociann sila aie ners 44 14 SWING; escelee heheh cic oar eerie ite cee ae 43 872 540 1,090 INumberxofcorgans sexaminedeemccies: ice ee eee eee 52,932 33,734 Numberyof organsapassedss sssaateeree eet eee eee 43,078 29,499 INumbersof oreansecondemmed=-sma seen 2 se eee os 9,854 4,235 Meatiand Meat) Productssexamined.) ©. .st+ s-seb sees te cate. 1,383,514 Ibs. 819,739 lbs. Meat; and) Meat Products passed), ...-6. sec serecoeeeeeen ck 1,377,632 lbs. 811,225 lbs. Meat and Meat Products condemned, ....................-- 5,882 lbs. 8,514 Ibs. SLAUGHTER HOUSES. MEAT MARKETS. (err Number Defective. Number Defective. u t 1 iy or 3 4 4 4 Counties. 3 = ® Lo} F ® ® I Fa ® | g A 5 as 8 g S q o qa. S| o sie ot a om a ‘ r-5) 3 8 Soren Bg a 22 » os a Zz Si Sa 5 Bie 2 = a “3 ae 4 “8 ae 5 ar ac 5 ae aa Z. fo) 2) 7 j=) °o AGAMS nes San eutesesee teen cok ee | 21 4 0 12 | 0 0 Al egN EN Yi Wiedtescacwaes ase vencicotione | 112 10) 1 | 556 50 4 ATMStrOny; FMA Sasser eee cee | 47 | 10 1 | 124 19 0 Beaver, 74 | 5 3 132 | 10 0 Bedford 85 3 | 2 | 129 | 8 0 Berks, 67 3 | 0 34 1 0 Blaine cise cttece snes eeen eee eee 473 | 2 0 552 | 2 0 Bradford, 33 2 2} 48 3 0 Bucks, 24 2 | 0 31 | 0 0 Butler 60 5 0 96 1 0 Cambria 383 17 1 723 | 143 1 Cameron 0 0 | 0 11 0 0 Carbon, 5 0 | 0 22 | 1 0 Centre, 38 3 | 0 66 | 0 0 Chester, 66 2 0 $2 | 6 0 Clarion, 11 4) 1 59 | 4 0 Clearfield; ) ..0d ce tae ctiee ne moenee 2 6 0 140 | 4 0 CUn tony oi sccceactenacenee eee 8 1 0) 84 | 0 0 Colum bia ys ida scean a actromaine aitacce eis | 26 0) 0 86 0 0 CTE WLOLs Mesentodeae conrocodeotrertnc chee 19 0 | 0 42 0 0 Campberlandy, poccwcces seca as | 1 0 | 0 0 0 0 Dan pHIMey eee. cco carde cue ceo 56 1 1 84 1| 0 DCTS WAGs? 0h. larecctianee ceils co eieeceten 47 at) 0 104 5 0 UR se tatisate aicceeiehionsem scone shinee oor | 5 0 0 | 55 | 0 0 STL Wawclelefelciereisierccsisnem ersteissinetei cis eee | 96 0) 0 39 1 0 Ray EEE One. eT ee ane pers ge eas | 57 5 | 0 268 | 6 0 MOLESES F chase cos singe asionwlonn wate ee 4 0. 0 18 0 0 I ETNC MET oe Shae ayenscie rere eiietee ciao itive rewieere | 50 17 | 0 79 | 35 0 ULtOMS haiscicerctecrertcieeeioretrne tnre vieloioererties 4 | 3 | 0 1] i 0 No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1) SLAUGHTER HOUSES. MBPAT MARKETS. Number Defective. Number Defective. Counti ; 5 8 E ¢ a 3 E 2 = E z eo s 7 B 3 s I $ Bai A $ Bai 2 5a | 2 oa nw a Ww pe. it ae 28 5 oe 38 3 =8 ae 2 Hg ae 5 av as 5 ae ae Z o ° Z. ° ° CLccnnt 0. AR ereeee sc eee eee eeneee | 11 | 0 | 0 19 | 0 0 Huntingdon, 25 | 3 | 0 | 86 6 0 MehaAy 055s. os waeasc: 18 0 | 0 11 | 0 0 Jefferson, : 30 | 2} 0 130 | 0 0 Juniata, 11 0 0 10 0 0 Lackawanna, 19 3| 1 97 4 0 Lancaster, ae : 423 27 | 0 276 8 0 Lawrence, -.....-. : 15 3 0| 132 | 4 0 MUCTETION Mt ciacic civ'svaestavsacieaceuss« 102 9 0 85 11 0 RESP GPTRMMR ie «cso, cictaboeccs: Feo 52 cc ieiale erase isle cece 32 8 | 0) 62 | 7 0 SROUMG RN nein cial shina “neceeis sbdeesded 78 | 2 | 1 280 | 1 0 Econ; Motemichs oa Aairn baie aaniaes > tiames’s } 68 | 3 0 116 | 0 0 SLT “Eclb\oostdggncocoobcupseseaaee } 8 0) 0 57 | 0 0 PARRCOP Ee ii eo clsinist canine coke eee eects | 23 3 | 0) 132 a 0 DU ee feie crars 25s (Gots se 1s Sia are Se lovers eleieesje-eis | | | : | a ci SUE Se eae ea | | 0 0 °9| . 0 EOD EI ONY Tea tos algicia.c jeisiss in'sre -'ejdie oes 192 | 6 as 200 | 14 0 MPOMEDUT Rees iccecsdas cimeewcacees! | 13 | 0) 0| 35 | 0 0 INOEERAIN DEON 8 ile cp nic yowes once tae wceecd | 43 | 3 1} 102 | 2 0 MiG MEME RIAN eile sis. sfoi5.<.-\s/siajelcte asec | 134 | 9 2 | 448 0 0 ELEVATE ERs. Taek incl scecseleoawrite 15 | 0) 0 i8 0 0 POTIUEMERON TINTS Mercier ols, (ese e clave 699°T GOs? | STL'T | 88 | S36 rai z ra z z | € z L z h | T 02 or (ed ras ras é 0 ip 0 I 8 | T I 0 i 0 I 0 8 g 8 g I |% z OT z 9T I | I | T i! | T T I 199s 003*T | S948 Lea'T 88% S0T 0 g 0 g 0 L 0 oT 0 91 0 b & 0 & 0 T 0 8T % ST G3 9 p i 0 it 0 T 0 ST PPL ST LPL g | 68 0 é 0 g 0 | 0 9 0 9 0 8 08 £9 28 $9 | && BG g 02 3 08 é | F 0 |? 0 7 0 i Lg |9 Lg 8 g G O9T iS 29T & | 6 | 2 y z 9 4 g G z +1 £ as & HS 0 9 0 OL 0 |g 0 6 0 | 6 10 i & 0 g | 0 I 0 1% AT. 1% ST 8 é u 0 i | 0 |T 0 I 0 |T 0 i 0 4 8 aa 6 T § & 0 b 10 | 1 0 0 ¥ 0 v 0 T 61 & 1% 9 z | ¥ 0 | 0 g 0 é ix | TL 9% | oh éI ) 0 I 0 it 0 | T | ST6L FI6T ST6I FIGL Cl6l | ¥FI6T | . AyrBotsdqd UlOTIVAT WIT pourmexg poay10dey peysaL sTeulUy s[VUIUy 898M JO ‘ON ‘sTBIOL, tetereeees SOX ** "TOP SUIYSB MA ‘PUL[AIOUT Sd WA sereeere CORR AL teteeceeee ep SorT ‘nuuBrlenbsny secre “TIDTYAR TOS teeeereees CaqiOg ‘erqdpapeligd tretererees 8 RT IaT “es “To, dub YyIALON ‘pus [LAI QUINTZION vrree *XTOULOSIUOW * *SUTUIOO AT sts “OUOZINV] ‘nounqe', * *“SNU0I MOT + *793SR0uB'T ‘BUUBALBYIUT treeeeees §QUBIPUL UW YURL ves) “oqo cur scoop dante see SOragT ‘QIVAMLTOS ‘arqdned vescee Ff PdOTABIO: sees ‘MrayaRalO mercies + "193899 ‘Woqivp “Blaiquieg “sxpong “* “‘projperg teeeeeeeees Hiprey ‘Syed ‘ploypeqd ‘Kuo SoTL ‘SUIBDY sotuno09 SYHAaN VITO No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 105 ANTHRAX Anthrax appeared in 19 counties during the year 1914 and in four less during the following year. A greater number of vaccinations have been made than in previous years; not because of an increase in infected farms, but for the reason that owners adjoining infected premises were advised to have their stock vaccinated. In several instances, where a stream of water was judged to have been the source of infection, the stock located on both sides of the stream was vaccinated. With a single exception the eleven hundred animals vac- cinated on seventy-five farms in 1915 were protected from infection. In 1915 twelve hundred and five head were vaccinated on seventy- seven farms. No deaths from anthrax followed vaccination, but fif- teen head died before it was done. It is highly gratifying to note that the annual spring vaccinations are meeting with marked success. in the suppression of this disease. The same method of vaccination, namely, that perfected by Pasteur, has been employed as during previous years, and we shall undoubt- edly continue its use until some more practical or efficient method has been found. It is claimed that success has been obtained by the use of anthrax vaccine No. 2 simultaneously with the injection of an anthrax serum prepared from horses immunized against this disease. This method is being investigated and, if found practical, it may be substituted for the plan in use at present. It is said to be less dangerous and has the advantage of being administered in one instead of two doses as is necessary with the Pasteur method. A total number of 39 specimens of suspected anthrax from differ- ent sources were forwarded to the laboratory for examination. The majority of these specimens consisted of one or both ears of the dead animals, shipped in mason jars. The examination consisted of: 1. Examination of smears of blood. 2. Examination of 24-hour cultures on agar agar. 3. Diagnostic inoculations. Past experience has shown that the anthrax bacillus is too easily confounded with the non-pathogenic bacillus subtilis to permit of a diagnosis on microscopical examinations alone and for this reason we usually wait for twenty-four-hour cultures before rendering a report. The following table shows the number of herds and cattle vaccin- ated and the results: 106 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. ANTHRAX No. of Animals Dead Herds Vaccinated Previous to | Following No. of Animals Vaccination Vaccination Counties | | | 1914 1915 | 1914 | 1915 | 1914 | 1915: ..| 91914 1915 I Ricciltw ait dete ath ee a C, vig i | | IBGRES eo ecanc coca emesis ctian sae | 1 2 9 | 19 | 0 | 0) 0 0 Bradford, 4 6 109 | 144 20 3 | 0 0 BUCkKah My a.) ) 4.4 0010/6 0008 0 eee 9se/e sislalnra eee e1e\e © 0/8 @.0\.0 00 010, 00 \010 010 0-6 0100 6 06 0.0 0006 0 00.0. 06 0.010 © 2 0s © 0:0 0.5: 0 6 \¢ 6 0/0 0 6 6) 00.0 '¢ «010.06 6p ee 4c) 0sle 0 0 eleleisiaie) under suspicion of being affected with or having been exposed to the disease known as aphthous fever or foot and mouth disease, a dangerous contagious disease. You are hereby forbidden to remove from said premises any of the above described animals, or any animal, material, article or thing that is likely to or may convey contagion. This quarantine remains in force until it is revoked by authority of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. You will be governed by the following regulations of the State Livestock Sanitary Board: 1. Cattle, sheep, goats, and swine under quarantine on account of foot and mouth disease must be kept absolutely and wholly separate and apart from all other animals and all other animals must be kept wholly apart from quarantined animals. 2. The quarantine is extended to animals other than those originally quarantined, if they are permitted to come in contact with quarantined animals or to enter quarantined premises. 3. Persons caring for animals quarantined on account of foot and mouth disease must not, under any circumstances, come in contact, either direct or indirect, with other cattle, sheep, goats or swine. 4. No animals shall be allowed to run loose or free on or near quarantined premises. This regulation covers domesticated animals of all kinds, including dogs, cats and oultry. . 5. If there are pigeons on a farm or on premises quarantined on account of foot and mouth disease the pigeons shall be killed or they shall be confined on the said quarantined premises until released by authority of an agent of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. 6. If domesticated animals, dogs, cats, poultry or pigeons are kept at liberty or allowed to go free so near quarantined animals or premises that they constitute, in the estimation of an agent of the State Livestock Sanitary Board, a menace to the efficiency of the quarantine, such animals may be confined and placed under quarantine. 7. Milk from diseased or exposed cows or milk produced in or on quarantined premises shall be placed in milk cans, or other receptacles that have covers that fit tightly. Formaldehyde shall be added to such milk in the proportion of one pint of formaldehyde to thirty quarts of milk. The eover shall then beplaced on the can or receptacle and the milk and the formaldehyde shall be allowed to remain in- the cow stable, undisturbed, for not less than eight hours, after which it is to be poured into a pit dug in the manure pile and covered over with manure. The agent of the State Livestock Sanitary Board may authorize other safe methods for disposing of such milk. 8. There shall not be removed from quarantined premises, without specific per- mission in writing, from an authorized representative of the State Livestock Sanitary Board, any material, article or thing that is likely to or that may convey con- tagion, and, in particular, there shall not be removed from such premises any milk or milk products; diseased or quarantined animals; hay, straw, fodder, grain or other feed; manure, stable or milk utensils. 9. Horses that are to be used must be kept in a stable separate from the buildings and premises under quarantine. Before removal to such stable, the horses shall be thoroughly cleaned, their feet and legs shall be disinfected and the halters and harness shall be disinfected, under the supervision of an agent of the Sate Livestock Sanitary Board. 10. Persons caring for quarantined animals must not convey or permit the con- veyance, from the quarantined premises, of articles, materials or things that have been in contact with or are contaminated by or that may have been contaminated by diseased animals 11. All unauthorized persons are forbidden to enter quarantined premises or to come in contact with diseased or exposed animals, or with any object or thing that may have been contaminated by, or from, such animals. Your attention is directed to the following part of Section 15 and Sections 17 and 39 of the Act of July 22, 1913; Section 15. * * No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 121 A special quarantine may be established and maintained whenever any domestic animal or poultry shall be affected with or exposed to any of the diseases enumerated in section nine of this act or any other disease of domestic animals or poultry now or hereafter adjudged and proclaimed by the State Livestock Sanitary Board to be of a transmissible character, or there shall be any animal or poultry which it is deemed necessary by the State Veterinarian or any other officer or agent of the State Livestock Sanitary Board to have examined or tested. The State Veterinarian or any officer or agent of the State Livestock Sanitary Board shall have the power to establish and maintain any special quarantine. It shall be the duty of the State Veterinarian or any officer or agent of the State Livestock Sanitary Board establishing a special quarantine to post on the building, structure, pen, coop, car, vessel, vehicle, field or enclosure wherein the animal or animals or poultry quarantined are confined or contained a notice declaring the quarantine, a description of the animal or animals or poultry quarantined and of the premises where quarantined and of the duration of such quarantine. Such quarantine may continue for such time as the State Veterinarian or the officer or agent of the State Livestock Sanitary Board establishing the same may deem advisable to accomplish the purpose of quarantine. * * * * Section 17. It shall be unlawful for any person to tear down or deface or to destroy any notice of quarantine posted by any member, officer, agent, or employee of the State Livestock Sanitary Board, or to remove or destroy, wholly or par- tially, any portion of a building or tree or fence whereon the same shall have been posted. Section 39. Any person, firm or corporation that shall violate any of the provi- sions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall for the first offense be sentenced to pay a fine of not more than one hundred dollars. For each subsequent offense such person, firm or corporation shall be sentenced to pay a fine of not more than five hundred dollars, and in addition thereto such person or each of the members of the firm, or each of the directors of the corporation, as the case may be, -with guilty knowledge of the fact may be sentenced to undergo imprisonment in the jail of the proper county for a period of not less than ten nor more than ninety days or either or both at the discretion of the court. C. J. MARSHALL, Read and posted State Veterinarian. Agent of the State Livestock Sanitary SSNS OO EE eee OTT oe ste Board. The plan for revoking special quarantine was contained in a form letter, which was sent to the owner of each herd that was slaughtered. The letter follows: “Mebruary 24, 1915. “Dear Sir: We take this means of advising you that the premises occupied by your diseased animals are still under quarantine on account of foot-and-mouth dis- ease and will remain so until the individual quarantine order is officially revoked, even though our general quarantine may be removed from the area in which your place is located. “No cattle (including calves), sheep or swine are to be placed on a quarantined premise without specific permission from an agent of the Board authorized to supervise the restocking of infected premises. This permission is not given until sixty days have elapsed from the time the premises were cleaned and disinfected. Not more than two animals, and preferably one, are permitted on the premises for three weeks. These animals are under quarantine and are examined by agents of this Board every three days. If at the expiration of three weeks no evidence of foot-and-mouth disease is observed, a few additional animals may be added from time to time under our supervision. The matter of fully restocking cannot be taken up until ninety days from the date the disinfecting was finished, and then only in case we are satisfied that all danger of reinfection has passed. Before per- mission is granted for restocking your premises, it is most important that manure, litter, ete., in and about the barn and barnyard be removed and spread on an isolated field where it will be plowed under this spring. The barnyard should then be scraped, heavily limed and allowed to stand. “When you are ready to restock we would suggest that yeu eommunieate with our nearest branch office, or with this office direct.” Our records show that infection occurred on 788 farms, while the report of the Bureau of Animal Industry shows that 904 herds were destroyed. The difference is probably due to the fact that the State did not include the animals destroyed in slanghter houses among 122 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. the number of herds reported on farms. Another discrepancy per- haps is due to the fact that some herd owners had diseased animals on two or more farms. Our Board counted these as one infected herd while the Bureau reported each as a separate herd. No statis- tics have been complied which would show the vast number of animals examined in this way. The largest number of infected: herds was found in Lancaster county in which 192 herds were destroyed. Berks county stood next to Lancaster with 125 herds destroyed. The disease extended from Philadelphia to Erie. Very little of the State escaped the original infection. It was necessary in all cases to examine not only the stock in the infected herd but all herds within three miles of every infected herd. In most cases these herds were examined five times or more before the territory was released from quarantine. No rec- ord was kept of the vast number cf herds examined in this way. The Federal Government and the State had over one hundred men engaged in this work, and in no instance was there a suspcion that the dis- ease had been spread by any of these agents. This speaks well for the careful work done and the thoroughness with which the disinfection of the clothing was carried out, and should give herd owners more confidence in the future that the disease will not be spread by men who understand the precautionary measures that are necessary. Pennsylvania experienced considerable difficulty in controlling the spread of the disease from creameries. Since 1918 we have had a law which made it compulsory for creameries to pasteurize all skimmed milk returned as feed for calves and swine. Jf this precau- tion had been more generally observed much loss from foot-and- mouth disease would have been prevented. It was necessary in a few cases to close creameries entirely to stop the spread of infection. The disease was spread to a certain extent by owners themselves and by people going from farm to farm for various reasons as vis- itors, exchange of labor, livestock buyers, men buying hides and those dealing in dead animals and various kinds of farm ‘produce. In the beginning of the outbreak the disease was carried to a few herds by the local ‘veterinarians who were not on their guard, had not equipped themselves with a rubber outfit which cou'd be properly disinfected before and after examining cattle, and in their daily practice. How- ever, aS soon as they realized that we were dealing with a serious cutbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, they observed all necessary pre- cautions. On account of the publicity given the disease by the agricultural and daily papers as well as by circulars from the departments, stock owners and all other parties interested in livestock soon became familiar with the disease and how to prevent its spread. This had a very beneficial influence on controlling it. In the beginning of the outbreak some diftic ‘ulty was experienced in destroying herds and disinfecting premises promptly, for the reason that so many herds were affected with the disease at the same time and it was not pos- sible for the agents to attend to them in all cases as soon as should have been done. During the fall of this vear, there was an extensive drought in Pennsylvania. This interfered greatly in digging trenches for the burial of slaughtered animals. In some cases it was neces- sary to use dynamite, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 123 Much of the disinfecting was done during the coldest weather of the winter, when the manure and earth in the barnyard was frozen to a considerable depth. Considering the condition of the weather under which the disinfection was done, the results were unusually good. Of the 904 premises disinfected, but five showed infection when test animals were placed upon them. Pennsylvania was extremely fortunate in many ways in being so well prepared for handling an extensive outbreak of this nature. The 1913 legislature provided a law for handling the transmissible diseases of animals, that was believed at the time it was adopted to be ideal and since has proved efficient in all cases. This was a codi- fication of the laws under which the Board had operated for a num- ber of years, and in every case gave abundant authority for handling this outbreak safely and promptly. Without this authority, our work would have been badly handicapped. In most cases owners submitted willingly to the requirements of the Federal and State laws. No injunctions were taken out to interfere with the progress of the work, and in only three places was it necessary to call upon the State police to enforce quarantines or destroy livestock in accordance with the requirements. Special credit should be given to Ex-Governor John K. Tener, Governor Martin G. Brumbaugh and Attorney General Francis Shunk Brown, who gave all the support and assistance possible to eradicate the disease and protect the citizens of the Commonwealth from fur- ther infection. Had it not been for the strong stand taken by Goy- ernor Brumbaugh and Attorney General Brown in reference to haul- ing livestock across the State, there is no doubt but much more dif- ficulty would have been experienced in checking the spread of the disease. The co-operation from all sources was commendable; but special credit should be given to the railroads, stockyards companies and shippers. Stockyards companies’ disinfected their premises several times and at their own expense. One company in particular paid over $47,000 for work of this kind. The different railroads dis- infected each of the small shipping stations to which infected stock had been received at their own expense. The various railroads co- operated fully in following the regulations of the Federal and State Governments. All of their agents were supplied by them with the regulations and they were instructed to comply with the require- ments fully and much assistance was given the work by such agents. It is impossible to mention individually each practicing veterinarian and regular agent of the Board who deserve recognition for their loy- alty and untiring efforts in the work of eradicating this disease. Many veterinarians left their more lucrative and pleasant practice to go to another section of the State to assist in the work. These men, as well as our regular agents, worked long hours, in many instances on holidays and Sundays, under the most trying weather conditions. Their work is appreciated by the Board and, we trust, by the live- stock interests of the State. The Board is especially grateful to the members of the Legislature for the generous manner in which they appropriated money to pay for the herds and property destroyed. At the time the outbreak occurred there was about $77,000 in the treasury of the Board. This was soon exhausted. The State’s share 124 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. of the appraisements promised the owners of livestock amounted to nearly $360,000. As soon as the outbreak occurred, the Board dropped all other work. The agents and assistants devoted their whole attention to this work from the time the disease was discovered until it was exterminated and the quarantine removed. 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FIGL CT6T | FIGT OATPBFON pasor4s9(] pourjuRien? pouljuRreny aq 0} pozBajs pojr0dexy ueijIgq suosieg s[emlUy SOT} ROOT sjeuluy "ON -uomed 3nq pe10d | gaseQ aaAtjIsog ‘ON | -9Y SesBgQ “ON | “HIOX “SULCION AY *pUBlAIOULISO A teteeeee HOON BAA ‘THOPSULYS AY see TOTIBIAL ‘OsuUBUO A beteeeeereeees Sood ‘BS0LL ‘Buurygenbsng “* Yosrem0g sane ‘zapAug *‘THEITAnTS “Brydjopeligd ‘puv[ioquingyI0ON “* ‘To ,durByqION beteseeeee” nopUO * £1903} UOJ reseseeeereee (QQTUOT rereeeeeeeees “OTTTAT *sotyunog 143 a. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURI No. 6. TONDO O MINS “Nd: ‘GEL-IFL osvd UO oTqQe} YIM poulqmioo osed sty} UO v[qUy, ‘1BJOL eT g I 'L OL | ayia | Naele chen Geir hers | es sigs eas Se) a ee RegePoa eee I se plo ee [4 elses | oy i]s g |2 |k |2 ABN tady [emuy GI6l ‘AUOLVUOAVI— SUIAVU 10 144 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. DOURINE Dourine or equine syphilis is a transmissible disease of horses conveyed from animal to animal by copulation. The true cause of the disease is a micro-organism known as trypanesome equiperdum. The disease is supposed to have come originally from Syria and Asia. It has been spread to nearly all horse breeding countries. The first appearance of the disease recognized in this country was in DeWitt county, Illinois, in 1882. It was found in a stallion im- ported from France. From him it was spread to a number of brood mares and stallions in that section. Recently the disease was found in some of the Western states and had become quite widely spread before it was recognized. The United States Bureau of Animal In- dustry has the outbreak well under control. There is no cure for the disease and it is handled by quarantine and slaughter of all infected cases. The first symptoms usually show on the generative organs. Red spots, vesicles and ulcers appear. There is a constant desire to urinate and the patient shows an increased sexual desire. Later eruptions appear on the skin and this is followed by paralysis. The disease runs a long course—usually from three months to two or three years. It usually proves fatal. If symptoms of this kind should be observed in breeding horses, the condition should be reported promptly so a diagnosis can be made before the disease becomes widely spread. Up to the present time the disease has not been recognized in this State. The danger of infection is greatest in imported stallions and in brood mares from the northwestern part of the United States. TUBERCULOSIS The report on tuberculosis is intended primarily as a resume of field work; but no doubt some persons will be interested in it and the tuberculin test beyond statistical records. During the past twenty years or more, this subject received so much attention and has been given such wide publicity, it would appear that all livestock owners should be well informed. Such however is not the case as we frequently find owners who have little or no knowledge of this disease, and others, who on account of im- proper information, do not realize its economic importance. Many persons regard our work in the control of bovine tuberculosis as being specifically directed to the protection of public health, and demand such radical measures as would inflict a serious hardship on the livestock industry. Doubts have been expressed as to the utility of tuberculin testing only a small percentage of the cattle population of the State and permitting the large remainder to fur- nish milk and meat products for human food. A conservative estimate has been made of the expense attendant upon a state-wide tuberculin test of dairy cattle and destruction of all reacting animals. The cost has been placed at upwards of five million dollars; in addition there would be a loss to the owners of about one and one-half million dollars above the amount of indem- nity which could be paid by the State under the present law. This estimate does not include beef cattle and swine, in which classes of animals, tuberculosis is also of serious importance. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 145 The primary and essential duties of the State Livestock Sanitary Board, as expressed by law are, protection of health of domestic ani- mals and conservation of the livestock industry. It is through the medium of these primary and essential duties that public health is secondarily protected. It is this point that we desire to be thor- oughly understood by all livestock owners; also that we wish to ren- cer them every assistance within our jurisdiction and resources. We cannot render free veterinary service in all cases of animal ailments for the reason that it would be too expensive for the State and it would be an injustice to veterinary practioners who have pre- pared themselves for the profession and pay an annual license to the State. But we are always glad to co-operate with the attending veterinarian by personal service or the use of our laboratory. Our duties are largely limited to handling dangerous transmissible dis- eases which are enzootic and occasionally become epizootic. Tuberculosis has never reached the proportions of an epizootic and probably never will, owing to its slowly progressive nature. But it is found to varying extent throughout the entire State. In the thickly populated dairy districts the percentage of affected animals is relatively large, while in other sections it is of irregular occur- rence. In the dairy districts, where the economic importance of the disease is more fully realized, much attention has been given to its control by the use of the tuberculin test. This has made its extent in such districts more apparent than real, as compared with other sections where the test is rarely em- ployed. Although tuberculosis was not identified as a specific in- fection until 1865, it is not a new disease. Professor V. A..Moore in his work on the Pathology of Infectious Diseases of Animals states: “Tuberculosis is one of the oldest diseases affecting cattle of which there are any identifying records. It seems to have been known to the Jewish people during their Egyptian captivity and the ecclesiastical laws for many centuries contained numerous en- actments against the consumption of fiesh of tuberculous animals.” It is a transmissible disease common to man and animals, and has also been found in birds, fishes and reptiles; only in rare instances has it been found in horses and mules. Sheep are susceptible and will contract the disease if directly exposed to virulent infection, but under ordinary conditions enjoy a high degree of immunity. Its greatest economic importance in relation to agriculture is the extent to which it is found in cattle and swine. The disease does not arise spontaneously; every case has been caused by infection from a previous case. The causative factor is a microscopical germ which has been named the “bacillus tuberculo- sis.” This germ gains entrance to the body and lodges somewhere in the tissues where it propagates and destroys healthy tissue by the irritant poisons which it execrates. The principal ways in which the germs gain entrance to the body are: Through the air, by breath- ing and by contaminated food or water taken into the digestive tract. Another mode of infection which is of less importance is through the medium of diseased sexual organs, either by copulation or during gestation. Only in comparatively rare instances does a tuberculous dam infect the offspring before birth. Such a mother may have 10—6—1915 146 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of) Dots. healthy offspring at birth, but may impart to her progeny what is termed a tubercular diathesis or an hereditary predisposition to contract tuberculosis if exposed to the infection. There are other predisposing conditions of body and environment which contribute to the development of this disease. A weakened physical condition due to insufficient or improper food, insanitary housing, unusual exposure to inclement weather and the drain on the system of dairy cows caused by heavy produc- tion of milk, will undoubtedly cause lessened resistance and assist in the development of the disease after infection occurs. A damp, crowded stable with insufficient light and ventilation, will prove a veritable hot-bed for the propagation of tuberculosis. While it is apt to be found in virulent form in such a place, it is also found to a lessened degree in properly constructed and well kept barns, due to failure to take proper precautions against the introduction of the infection. There are no positive characteristic physical or clinical symptoms of tuberculosis in the living animal. Any symptoms shown by a tuberculous animal may be exhibited by other diseases or caused by some derangement of physiological functions. For this reason diag- nosis by physical examination is uncertain except in advanced cases. The onset of the disease is always unobtrusive and it usually pro- gresses so slowly that no hint of its presence is given until some vital organ has become seriously affected. An animal may be in- fected in very early life and the disease remain latent until maturity. During this time the presence of the disease cannot be determined except by use of the tuberculin test.. Any organ, or any set of or- gans may be attacked by tuberculosis; consequently in a considera- tion of suggestive symptoms, we must have regard for the normal functions of various organs in order to note physical changes which may be the result of impaired function. An exaggerated importance is usually attached to the presence or absence of a cough in a suspected animal. In many instances, farm- ers will not entertain the idea that a cow may have tuberculosis unless there is a noticeable and persistent cough. On the other hand they will have grave suspicions of any cow which exhibits such a symptom. When we consider the numerous causes from which a cough may arise, the fallacy of accepting this as a constant or char- acteristic symptom is apparent. Coughing as a symptom of tubercu- losis is only exhibited when the lings or some other portions of the respiratory apparatus are effected. Even then it is not the loud, deep and frequent cough, which the layman naturally expects to hear, but rather subdued or repressed and infrequent; except in the later, advanced stages of the disease, when the animal may be racked by violent and continuous spells of coughing. A tuberculous cough is more apt to be noticed in the morning when the stable is first opened or when the animal is forced to exercise. Cows do not usu- ally appear to cough up anything, but it will be noticed after cough- ing that they swallow, which indicates that some material has been raised from the lungs or air passages into the throat or mouth. While cows do not usually eject any coughed up material, many tuberculosis germs may escape from the mouth with the saliva in a fine spray or be discharged from the nostrils. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 147 When an animal does not respond to proper food and care, and is persistently unthrifty and thin, with no apparent cause, we may sus- pect tuberculosis, especially if there is a history of tuberculous contact. The appetite may be normal or even excessive, but the animal does not gain in flesh in proportion to the amount of food consumed. Unthriftiness and emaciation are not always attend- ant upon advanced cases of tuberculosis. Recently a_ registered Shorthorn cow apparently in prime condition, weighing 1,700 pounds, was found after slaughter to have generalized tuberculosis. A registered Holstein bull, which dressed nearly 900 pounds was found to be similarly affected; in both cases there were no positive ante- morten symptoms and the presence of the disease was not sus- pected until revealed by the tuberculin test. Such cases, while out of the ordinary, are not at all rare. A gradual enlargement and hardening of the lymphatic glands, especially of the throat and udder, is frequently noticed and is often the first symptom which causes the suspicion of tuberculosis. Sometimes enlarged glands in the throat or chest region will cause attacks of “bloating” by pressure upon the gullet. Scouring is usually only present when the disease has attacked the bowels. Persistent scouring which will not yield to treatment, justifies a suspicion of tuberculosis, but the diagnostician should bear in mind the possibility of other causes, especially Johne’s dis- ease which is also known as chronic bacterial dysentery. The first appearance of tuberculosis in the udder cannot be de- tected by physical examination, but after a time hard lumps may be felt in some parts of the glandular tissue after milking. A cow with udder tuberculosis is a dangerous factor for the dissemination of the disease to both human and animal subjects. Tuberculosis in hogs is usually not revealed until after slaughter. Its detection by physical examination and study of symptoms is more difficult than in the case of cattle. The intradermal tuberculin test has been used on swine to some extent with good results. They almost invariably contract the disease by ingestion of infected food. The chief cause of tuberculosis in swine is the feeding of skim milk und separator slop from creameries and cheese factories. This cause can be largely removed by heating the milk sufficiently to destroy the germs. Section 33 of the Act of July 22d, 1918, requires the opera- tors of creameries and cheese factories to pasteurize skim milk and separator slop by heating to at least 178 degrees Fahrenheit before returning the product to patrons. Another source of infection is feeding upon the droppings from tuberculous cattle. A high percentage of tuberculosis is found in hogs which have been fed upon refuse from slaughter houses. A pig which has contracted the disease from a tuberculous mother inay show marked symptoms of intestinal disturbances. It becomes stunted, pot bellied, thin and has a general unthrifty appearance. The appetite becomes variable, there is usually diarrhoea, bloating and sometimes vomiting. The course of active tuberculosis in young pigs is usually short, but may extend over a longer period in older ones. When the disease is localized and not sufficiently advanced to seriously interfere with the body functions, there are no noticeable symptoms. . ; 148 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ; Off. Doc. Should the lungs become involved the breathing may become quickened and labored, with a dry troublesome cough. The lungs are seldom the first seat of attack but become affected after the dis- ease has made considerable progress in the abdominal organs. The lymphatic glands, especially of the lower jaw and throat are fre- quently found affected, with no lesions in other organs. In one of our large abattoirs, out of a day’s killing of about 6,000 hogs, 652 head were found to be infected only in the glands of the head and intestines, 26 head showed extensive lesions in other organs causing destruction of the carcasses. The importance of this disease must be considered from three points of view, first, loss to the owner; second, effect upon the available food supply; third, the danger of communication to human beings. The owner may sustain a gradual loss extending over a consider- able period of time, by reason of the diminished milk production from certain of his cows in which the disease may be gradually ad- vancing. The loss becomes evident when an animal dies of the dis- ease or when an apparently healthy animal is slaughtered and found to be so badly affected as to be unfit for food. When we consider the value of the many thousands of animals that die from this disease and the carcasses and parts of carcasses which are annually condemned, its effect upon the food supply must be apparent, as all such losses must ultimately fall upon the consumer. The danger of communication to human beings is largely through milk from tuberculous cows. The many investigations which have been conducted in connection with infantile tuberculosis, leave no room for doubt that infected milk has been the cause in a large num- ber of cases. It is also thought that a number of cases of the dis- ease in adult persons could be reasonably ascribed to infantile in- fection, the disease having remained latent for a period of years. If tuberculosis was an actively progressive disease exhibiting marked symptoms, it would no doubt receive prompt attention and vigorous measures would be applied for its control and eradication from every herd. Its insidious nature is one of the features which render it difficult to combat. It attacks its victim without any manifesta- tion of its presence until serious damage has been done. The most effective means, thus far discovered, for controlling this disease is the periodical application of the tuberculin test. This test, while not infallible, is remarkably accurate and has been uni- versally adopted for the detection of tuberculosis in cattle. It is the most valuable diagnostic agent thus far discovered and its value has been increasingly established with its extended use. Tuberculin in the form used for the subcutaneous method of testing, is a con- centrated liquid which contains the toxic products of the tubercle bacilli, but not the bacilli themselves. The bacilli are planted in a specially prepared culture medium and allowed to develop until the medium becomes impregnated with the products developed by the activities of the germs. This medium is then sterilized at a temperature above the boiling point of water in order to kill the germs, which are then filtered out. The resulting product, being absolutely sterile, cannot produce the disease, nor will it cause any derangement or show any ill effects when injected into a healthy No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 149 animal in normal condition. However, if the injected animal is tuberculous, a decided rise of temperature will follow within a short time after the injection of the tuberculin. The subcutaneous tuberculin test is applied by first determining the normal tempera- ture of the animal to be tested. This requires the taking of at least two preinjection temperature measurements, at intervals of two to three hours. The proper dose of tuberculin is injected under the skin with a sterile syringe, preferably between the hours of 8 to 10 P. M. The measurements of the post-injection temperatures should begin not later than eight hours after injection and continued at intervals of two hours until the 24th hour if the fullest information is desired. If the injected animal is free from tuberculosis, there will be no decided increase of temperature and no deviation from the usual appearance and actions. In the case of a tuberculous animal there will be a raise of temperature usually noted at from the 8th to 10th hour, and which reaches its greatest height at from the 14th to 18th hour. In the case of a typical reaction there will be an increase of two or more degrees up to a temperature of 104 degrees and above, in some instances the temperature may read as high as 107 degrees. The amount of increase or the height of temperature is no indication of the extent to which the animal may be affected. Occasionally an animal will give what has been termed a “suspicious reaction,” that is, the increase will be less than two degrees and the temperature under 104. In’such cases it is not advisable to positively condemn the animal unless there are some physical indications of tubercu- losis, but it should be held for a retest at from 6 to 8 weeks from the date of the indefinite test. Notwithstanding the proven efficacy of the tuberculin test, it has been subjected to unfavorable criticism, chiefly because applied by incompetent or careless operators and under unfavorable conditions. Its use has become so general that many persons have empolyed it without a careful study of the physi- cal phenomena which cause the reaction to the tuberculin. Conse- quently they are not prepared to avoid extraneous conditions which may interfere with accuracy, nor can they attribute the proper causes for apparent but not real failures. Tuberculin is a delicate diagnostic agent which brings about the reaction by acting upon the heat centers of the nervous system through the medium of the tuberculous material which is present in the body of a tuberculous animal. These heat centers may be influenced by other factors, and all such causes, so far as known, should be avoided when applying the test. From careful study of many thousands of tests by various investigators, it has been determined that the test when properly applied is accurate to an extent of 98 per cent. The two per cent. of apparent failures may be attributed to various causes which can- not always be definitely determined. Among these we may mention: 1. An impotent preparation of tuberculin. 2. When the tuberculin is applied during the incubative period of the disease. 3. When applied to an animal in which the tuberculosis lesions may be temporarily arrested, healed or encapsulated. The causes for apparent failures may be divided into two classes, which we may designate as positive and negative. A failure in the 150 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. positive class is one in which the animal is judged to have given a positive reaction but no lesions found upon post mortem examina- tion. It should be remembered that the usual post mortem examina- tion of cattle is macroscopical and not microscopical. It is not made primarily to determine whether or not the animal was tuber- culous; but to determine the availability of the meat for food. If the lesions of tuberculosis are microscopical in size or located in the meninges, bone marrow, intramuscular spaces or other places which are inaccessible for gross autopsy, they will not be found and an apparent failure will be scored against the test. Other apparent failures of this class may have been caused by the application of the test when the animal was not in proper physical condition to re- ceive it. An animal should not be tested during periods of sexual excitement; when in advanced pregnancy; shortly after parturition ; when in a feverish condition; or when any physical cause or condi- tion of environment would tend to irregularities of temperature. A negative failure is one in which a tuberculous animal is judged to have passed a successful test. Failures of this nature are not discovered unless the animal is retested or slaughtered within a short time. They may be attributed to any of the four causes pre- viously mentioned, but in many instances of this nature which we have investigated, it was found that faulty technique or carelessness in application was probably the real cause. In other instances there were reasons to suspect intentional tampering to defeat the object of the test. After all, we must concede that there are a few cases of apparent failures which cannot be satisfactorily explained, but when we consider the remarkable accuracy and good results attained it is evident that the tuberculin test is a most valuable agent in con- trolling and eradicating bovine tuberculosis. The ocular and intradermal methods of applying the tuberculin test have not as yet come into general use, but are largely used to corroborate the results of the subcutaneous method, especially in cases of doubtful reactions. For a number of years it has been customary for the State Live- stock Sanitary Board to extend financial assistance to owners of cattle which have reacted to the tuberculin test. The funds appro- priated for this purpose have never been equal to the demand. About July 1st, 1914, the available fund had been depleted to such an extent that it was necessary to place restrictions upon the payment of in- demnity. Early in November the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease brought the work of tuberculin testing to a close and it was not resumed until June, 1915. For these reasons the number of cattle tested, both native and interstate, was somewhat less than the pre- ceding years. The following tables comprise a Summary of the two years’ work: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. No. 6. peut doq -WNU UO pesEq Idk] UIT -WRX9 puR poejso} a g oL i LF £9 1g I re 9 61 1Z 1T £92 6 £ ra OF OF 9 8 F ft b &Z [ | f@ £6 OMe ca Gee Ree | tress eeeee | Gp sg (A ge | SFP 9 & | &L 5) ef |g : = 4 ) = fe e B B F i) we i=?) 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ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 154 z8°9 Bei aes +0'L +29" SL's Bro eat +E8°SS +00°6 T8°S #ee"s Iq pout -mnU UO pasted Ise}JUIIOgT pue pajsez -MIBX9 srt OOO HONG peumepuos Jeqminu [v}O7, UO BUIMIBXS [ROIS -Aqd uo peuurepuod 4 N oquin 480} UIpNo104q -n} UO pPsuMepuoD sequin = I pourmexo pue pejse} 9f}}vo JequINy L Ajpeotséqd Bo JEequUINN any 1uexo peu IaquUnN AyTBots Lyd spicy peurmexe pe}se} 9]}}B9 Jaqumnu [v}0J, AATAHAAVEONAMHAHANHN ar x non ddan oo ~ 1 p9}se} Spiey aequinu [v}O,, oO IDiIWDAInANAA poset, e138) “ON ‘TRI0.L teres OHO * “Sururod AA *pUuv[e1OUl}so AY SUS Ane * QuABAL ‘MOPSULYSE AA “Ud11B AL ‘OSUBUVA Dalelersiatee ‘aotuy) “BOOLL *BUUBYONDSUS Ratiicce “UBAIT[OS ‘joSIOWOS BisfoKe a wlalnlerderazate' essa perce ehecri= ‘yapsug TUWEILAN TOS SHO CaeC * *799}0d ‘viqd[spelyd ‘£110 q *puBlloqmnyyI0ON ondaddasaccas “doiduByIION *AL9U1034 WO FT “Ino} UOT ‘VOIUOTY “UND CDP CH ‘UBayOW ‘Surmoo AT ‘qudezVy alisertiatiarsie Mae noslentlole at eiaia 6 ‘ysIqory ‘moukqo’] ‘QOUIIMB'T ‘1aySBOURT | | sorjunop | ‘ penutzqo)—STISOTAONH A AL No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 155 ' ' = ' | t 3 3 i Tn nD wv : 2 2 z | & s u o S 3) Year, 3 = Tae S 3S 3 | ahaa 2 a rs) al a qe ro) ro) | 6 | C | ° ; | wz | (4 | az | Zz Ss | | 432 | 5, 430 | 1,191 187 | 21.9 + 626 7,613 1,099 | 298 14.4 + 582 | 6,516 1,062 220; 17.8 + 429 | 6,443 | 1,107 158 17.1+ 651 8,473 | 1,314 254 15.5 + 545 8,662 | 1,203 2 13.8 + 375 6, 066 1,024 | 142 «16.8 + 337 5,573 1,060 132 | 19.02-+- 322 5,159 891 114. «17. 04++ 529 7,774 1,179 290) 15.1 + 733 7,079 | 981 262 | 13.8 + 402 7,153 | 950 177 | 13.2 +4 501 7,083 1,137 264 14.6 + TATR. + Groh Cost GROSS Rea lea aie car tr nei free eet 1,085 | 13,288.) 1,810 617 | 18.6 + Lt. -lovacBoegadesipacsupes GaEaonapEpnOepobdpodsos speanoDase 1,109 13, 403 | 1,334 685 9.95-+- [dhe gegbecs Sse aa REM SB AAedesecm action coat ar cepa otic clerin tcc 1,534 20,534 2,424 898 | 11.31+- TOSS lank SaRSEE RSs Cee re SENOS teen to eerie ete 1,308 | 17,101 1, 3:6 | 931 | 7.87-+ aR EER Rare rte tec eaten era ai diwicidinitih eintelermie'Wie e- aeiewle(aic Se wieinielnis 8 0.0°we 410 | 1,252 15,901 1,017 $00 | 6.77-+ ab eae MCER feet ce tce stat ara see. «Joh sale ofese’ cis in cTo\ers) cis. e/asc\siotapeta Biais.e),chel s/o ees 880 | ab Pa bly SLD ltetarststelaters 5.46+- Total for 20 years, 14,363 | 192,310 | 24,408 7,174 | Average per year, 718+ | 9,615+ | 1,220+ | 377+ | CATTLE IMPORTED INTO PENNSYLVANIA From January 1, 1914 to December 31, 1914 : = ; 1 2 n oq pate Ze aS | = | OB | ov 8 Wiper rer = Bs g Ody Lo) Qa Ae 8 = <3) 1.) A ‘ Omthle tested: Defore Shipments oe ioe Sees cicie te cceceeweccsccs 10,557 163 | Not shipped. MUM EMLOMELOS LOM sco Gp OAIEC ASCOT 8 oc sis ciereisiriatesse «calaleisivie|aioloisjoiaic/e/crelaiele sis 12,552 76 | Slaughtered. Gare mes tedmat iE EESDUL EH cor. ~ | ——_—_—_—__| —_——— -—~— | eH Pehl | E | 2 | | be : | | S el | s Reacting Cattle | 2 & | | 8 Weepleah se lo ote 1 : ere ok) | £2 |8)8e| 2) 2 |S] zy] § ; 2 oa Q oo =) a % BD a cs) area e 3 as Z Se ae ees 5 1 fy Zz ie= i.e) | A, | Z|, Aa 1 = —_—_—_---— | \ | i] t I | ) NRL, aS aa84 anor BedoC ey Ge ORO AOC a gaE Done | 678 23 178 | 22 22 0 0 | 564 | 173 | t | Note:—Fourteen (14) cattle killed by owner or died on premises. LOCATIONS OF LESIONS 955 Autopsies Glands ' Glands. | | be Sa rey | | | | | | 3 | np 4 q | Balt ilies sence 5 5 = 1 nm a E So ed Se mea aS | 2 3 5 med ‘7 ° = 2 u rs | — a g o | 5 = 5 a ia a io) | FQ | a | al | ion | Ay = aa a | | | | | | 197 | 604 668 | 517 | 154 | 135 28] | 22 | 22 | | | { PROSECUTIONS | County 3 | & = » | > n Ss) | =A cipal a | 2 Chester, 10 | Guilty Chester, 10 | Guilty Chester, 10 | Guilty Franklin, j 10 | Guilty Mercer, J 10 Guilty Mercer, y 26, 37 | Guilty PADRE ELUDES ROR eR Re ies cre te cs pee cinia (rorapc plaviosnle ielefeictel~!s ©. ticsala\cte May 26, 1897 37 | Guilty LAS DE o onebyOonondo do psoon sab oocoeCOUSORonebeUbporceuCcrodes WEMELA TE arte! |irawiltctarre ster | Guilty MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES Under miscellaneous diseases the Board is called upon for assist- ance in handling many transmissible diseases not included among those reportable. We have 322 files filled with correspondence in reference to this class of diseases. While the Board is not charged especially with their control, it has authority to adopt whatever measures appear necessary to prevent or control all diseases of live- 158 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. stock, including poultry. In some cases the losses from non report- able diseases are of as much or more economic value to our live- stock interests as the diseases mentioned in previous part of the report. This is especially true of abortion. This disease is widely spread all over the country and the eall for assistance from herd Owners is increasing from year to year. ABORTION The disease is principally confined to cattle, yet in certain parts of the State it causes considerable losses in horse breeding sections. Abortion of one species of animals is not transmissible under nat- ural conditions to other species. In cattle it is produced by the bacillus of Bang. In mares by other forms of infection. Abortion may exist in more than one species of animals at the same time on the same farm even though the causes are different. Abortion in cattle is by far the most important in our domestic animals. It is doubted if any disease in animals in Pennsylvania is of more im- portance at the present time. The bacillus of Bang is found readily in the stomach of the foetus, the foetal envelopes and the vaginal discharge. It is also found in the milk of an infected cow. It is spread principally by the vaginal discharge, the foetus, the foetal envelope and milk. It is most often carried into the system of a susceptible animal by the digestive tract. Some believe that the organism will not live long in the body of a non-pregnant animal. Up to recently it has been difficult to make a true diagnosis for the reason that there were but few external symptoms of the dis- ease and these were not manifest till a short time before abortion. Since the organism was discovered and it is known where and how to find it there is but little difficulty in establishing the fact of a positive diagnosis. In addition to this it has been proven that a diagnosis can be made on an infected cow by a physical examination, the agglutination test or the complement fixation test or a combin- ration of the three. During the year 326 blood samples were ex- amined at the laboratory for this purpose. These tests are of some practical importance where it is desired to know which animals are infected. There has been nothing new discovered during the year in the line of treatment. The Board conducted quite an extensive experiment with the medicated methylene blue treatment and has concluded that it with the carbolic acid treatment is of no value. We have had several successful demonstrations of the value of local antiseptic treatment. There is no doubt but what the disease can be controlled in this way if the plan is carefully and faithfully followed. It will not work, however, if the responsibility is passed on to the average laborer employed in other work about the herd. It must be carried out by an intelligent, faithful, trusty man, with special training and knowledge in this line of work. It is hoped that some more simple form of treatment may be discovered in the future. At the present time there is nothing of practical import- ance to recommend to owners of native infected stock. In valuable breeding herds it may be advisable to undertake treatment. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 159 SPOROTRICHOSIS Sporotrichosis or what was formerly diagnosed as epizootic lym- phangitis in horses is of rather rare occurrence at the present time. Of four suspected specimens sent to the laboratory for diagnosis dur- ing the year three proved to be positive. No quarantines were placed during the year on account of this disease. It has been learned thal the disease does not spread from animal to animal but from wound infection in much the same way as actinomycosis is carried. The disease responds readily to the prescribed form of treatment if begun early in the course of the disease. If begun late there is but little hope of a cure. ; FORAGE POISONING Forage poisoning, so-called cerebro spinal meningitis, or the Kan- sas horse sickness, has occurred in isolated cases in various parts of the State. The true cause of the disease is still a mystery. It is supposed to be due to a mould or fungus growth that is most likely to cevelop on forage. The first symptom usually observed is an in- ability to swallow. The animal appears thirsty and tries to drink but cannot swallow. The patient becomes paralyzed in a few hours and is unable to get up or stand if placed on its feet. Death is pretty sure to follow in from one to three days. There is no specific cure for the disease. When it occurs in a stable the well horses should be removed to another stable at once and the food and water changed. In some cases it appears that it may have been caused by drinking water that had a large amount ef decomposed organic matter in it. One should also avoid feeding food during the heating process or that which contains mold. En- silage or cut corn stalks are especially dangerous for horses. Other species of animals are seldom afflicted with this disease. Feed that will cause the disease in horses may usually be fed to cattle with im- punity. Owners and veterinarians are requested to report all cases of this disease promptly to the Board and all assistance possible will be cheerfully given. JOHNES DISEASE Bacterial dysentery, or Johnes disease, is found in cattle occa- sionally. It is most common in imported channel island cattle. It is characterized by a persistent and uncontrollable diarrhoea. It is a chronic disease. An animal may recover from a few attacks but eventually it succumbs. The disease should be suspected where a mature boyine animal develops a persistent diarrhoea and loses flesh rapidly during the attack. It may recover after considerable ema- ciation has occurred but each subsequent attack becomse worse. The disease is not wide spread in the State but there is no cure for it at the present time and when a positive diagnosis has been made it is best to destroy the animal and disinfect the place occupied by her before other cattle are allowed where she has been. The following table shows some of the other miscellaneous dis- eases of animals investigated by the Board: Tt 160 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES Sy Eee aD BY LABORATORY DURING Pneumonia, Strep. & Staph infection, Trichophytosis, Toxelmia, Enteritis, Supurative Aly. periostitis, Exanthema, Cirrhosis of liver, WAV splat ecco stata deli sekote sicutane Apostamatous splenitis, Multiple hematoma, Occlusion of large intestines, Suffocation, Congestion of lungs, Hydrocephalus, Distemper, Infectious abortion of Coli bacillosis, Pyometritis, Dog typhoid, Traumatic pericarditis, Cystic kidney, Strangles, Susp. actinomycosis, Total, MARES, | Nasri. Cow Horse EU ie eh Gy ~ 5 2 2 = B 5 = A q 16) iS) a faa) adaen| aU Googud 1 | weeeee | veers . oe S ltete koe [ice ah aaa 8 jcc econ | aetea eee caaett diel een Meee Rona Weosacodlanco 1| 2 1} Ai |) eee Ree 8 Seo rl ermeeeal entice eoeKebos Miscoae lh xccsoc eineen| | ie asechlecaeeulecee ee alee a EDEN Co) sock dak NRE ted ol er Ser kee Perea MAO Ie lo) AN. Cane, ||oasode | sdcons | aoocc «| seecee | esivies 1 Heaou| ALi]. SSM Naseer bceo'| oP leseceon: acne each eteacere all ators iecare 2 de eer se see ear] Bec eoe wisie(el ||| ceferecelole, fh = s\n\elere {|| weleieieis | stoet|Miasdee | aakeaces 6 Eg irae lo Tee iS hl SNR, eae Re Be (Ce a ni Es ae 4 | 1 | 12 | MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES INVESTIGATED BY LABORATORY DURING Horses Cattle 1915 Calf Monkey Shiivaciie Sp onodoareeraaacc leteyare, Gastro-enteritis, woes Mycotie enteritis, ....... ipa sea Catarrhal enteritis, Metastatic abscesses, Encapsulated abscesses, . Cystitis, Suspected calf cholera,.. Coli bacillosis, Cystie ovaries, Ectopia viscerum, Fat necrosis, Suspected aphthous \ Neto ocOsuEaopEdeaanaboC | Suspected glandered tis- sue, Amorphus, fe- | er Re eo RINE Probable hemorrhagie septicemia, Parasitic infe determined), ction (not Bac. necrophorus, Intoxication, Streptococcic infection,.. Para phlegia, Peritonitis, Septicemia, Mammitis, Suffocation, Suspected abortion, Bacteriolgical tion negat tio examing- ive to abor- n BAaG Probable food poisoning, |.... si Fok Alenia No. 6. MISCELLANEOUS DISHASHES INVESTIGATED BY n ) o [=<] q S) Rh Negative to bacterial BARE NYE CUNY ss iu iess\ ‘stn ets |= Fetes | I G00 ifs 1 l¢ | 97 eat stesecnee) tannin oy z I rete | teense |g I ly 9% Bp | G99 test etceett crete reese ‘SUV op aoe \t @ tT siete Bagoca. |G z 12 02 ST seeeee OTady | jee |isisheueiahs Rese ne te eeee . |? | 3 92 OIL ee ee i *qoavyy Porm nm acre [orreee | ceeeee | one oD Or i 2 OPL + ‘saenaqayr | t g | It ee eee eeeee see | sees 16 essa IZ cg ‘ ® i=} | au SI | ™ | | | | | ‘CI6L ‘KUOLVUOAVI LY CUNINVXA SNAWIOUdS JO UAAWON No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 163 MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS EXAMINED BY LABORATORY, 1915 specimens Meat Hay Water Gluten Muscle PEPE TUTE M tetarciora € cisielste's feats sale erdhiale dictede’ dois’ «ie NS ese. wel | Mem eteree tacttetete | atetate oI Meatecelersenf vanYerd's «pil sare arcs JUICE SERS CARAS BSc BR OUSTU ADE DOC DOUE ODOC OGEm Roeiciac se aaarcronl (errr neh Orel Wetesce Wl ekerorers 2 Neg. to meat poison, | eS TARDE MIAL LOI Wa (ci. iccocis Save cle efslecaicle’etaictelere'et |'"steinis SY] caren wisi Bo | ean cal eae ctee | Sascene| cater mee ares REE nt Lea NI SDI ci) ccc: ele vuscicls cis savcleieletaiaesre te! fl tetetotaeet[iacberele, via DP retrace ore tel foe d eben sate eortercrarlll ze telovel HPC MGRA MN NCEA TLV.E mia. de gate uicicae sa carte caleivul|toictelsinc’)|, iareiotes lie eibisne 11) RRe toga Rasossen| feboose | Meecaas GIP MICU ED ATULCLOSS e Giccacictarcayjasiee cisieloe ctaistarse lll GlvlsiegcRatistee ['reeeeloe | eisamer Ss Wik cerabcet| sar acre all Py erctete ERIN Onn" RRR Bom occas cabo DOE OonOaron| MOOrG eal macraic Dil fs todara moboone boat San eacBoge.| Pace CRN ONOG OLS AMISM, OC, cis, ciaisle rete cinieisie sels cj stelete ee oeerael mete loach Terstecel® oop earsisyoleve: /Teclee eicte Sa oteicictae Wire] trauma, ....:.....<- sieier= ainteroia lMeLtepelots | Inoc. negative, ........... Pewenl\epber IWesvete:orereefy ielersreras|| peicrere ms SDS caratareverey jl stite roteign | eteiteraie No good for exam., | Exam. negative, PARASITIC DISEASES The parasitic diseases of animals should receive more attention than they have in the past. It is strange that owners seldom give any attention to internal parasites except worms and bots in horses and these are of practically no importance. Much more trouble is caused in horses by the various worm and bot remedies than by the parasites themselves. Lung worms in calves and lung worms and stomach worms in sheep are important. Young animals are often killed by these para- cites and if proper measures are not adopted a large part of the calf and lamb crop will be lost. In calves these parasites live in the wind pipe and its branches and they cause a form of bronchitis or what is sometimes called hoose. It is most liable to occur in the late fall and the owner frequently reports that his calves were left out in bad weather and caught cold. They cough and have a mucous frothy discharge from the nose, lose flesh rapidly and may die in the course of a few days. In lambs somewhat similar symptoms may be observed from lung worms, yet they are more liable to be affected with the stomach worm or both varieties. If so they become unthrifty, poor in flesh, pot bellied, mucous membranes are pale and bloodless, the bowels are loose and death is quite sure to follow. These parasites are about the diameter of a human hair and less than an inch in length. They can be seen easily with the naked eye in the mucous in the lung or mixed in with the contents of the stomach. They are more likely to be propagated and spread on wet pastures and they will remain alive from year to year on the same premises unless measures are adopted to destroy them. The following table shows some of the parasitic diseases, their hosts, etc., found in specimens sent to the laboratory: ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. 164 aq 0} ATPXT JOU 1B soziseird quog ‘manTTaYyIIde po, BIjoyxe JO sepoyaed puw s *‘[BIIayvUL Yous ul punoy quos palap Surioype May B YIM SITBY JO PoyJSISUOD ‘BUTILOR GOS JOF POULUBXY oq O}F paqyiimgns [eVIw}eM 9} JO jSOUL 4Rq} JORT oY} OF oNp ATPe}qnopun S~ SITE ‘SSUIGBIOS UIYS JO SopIsvavd 0} aATJVSou Sasvd JO JaquINU ol} e}OU TIM NO dA0g Vx | | | ‘SISBINOB i d ‘stso,Su01}8 [Buryse}uy ‘stsoyAsuo0ajs Aavuomjnd zw [BIpUOIg ‘SISBIUOR], ***prmoumMeud 2 siyIqouoIq SNOULUMIO A *salqvog * ‘SISO[ASUOI]S [VUl}Se}UT ‘sornsdeo 25 stress fsoqrseipd 0} dATVRSON ‘ISBOSIP AVINPON ‘ST] 119] U9-O1]SVS SNOULIMId9 A sIsoustIq tenes te ee esse eee eeeeeeeeeneeeeees UBTTORT, ‘tnjR}Uep BuI0SOSseYydos9Q ‘snangolm sntésu0i}s ‘UINI[TOS BIUeRT, i ‘snxoptaied snp f{Su0s pene eee eee eens *SINS-[loqBoS so}doo1eg ‘minuInba BIO ISBII[VS ‘paululia}ap JON “SON ‘ross ‘UIMUUBIGqUIO[OD BuToysdsBy dose teveeeeeesereees “'STIBOSE W BIULL See ee ee Se d]ISBIR *SSBOIBD * *ssBo1Bp vee ‘*ssuny *syuetseg ‘SSBO1RD sees *SSurdBios Uys "t+ *souT}seqUl MO1 ‘aoIso1 [RUB TMO1 ceees *SSutdeios UlyS« ‘soutjsoqUy ‘ssBorep [BII9} LIV FI6L DNINOG GALVOILSHANI SUSVASICG OILISVAVd 165 eC EECEM SS (oy OV TTCORETS pee eee eee ee ereeeteeeeees SSISBIOR DL 2 ‘sovIsvasd 0} aAT}BSoN tereeeeee (STS BTUJULULO EH tes eeeeeeeeeeeee “SBISBUIqOO | we eee cers ec se seen ee ‘SISBIUOL,T, | Ses teis Paice g BAUE EDU Ga Scailiel| sseeeeeccece SOSBOSIP IBINPON ‘YOI} ToAvy SBXOT, | teeteeees ‘gisprimasy |" * ‘stsopAsuoljy |* beseeeeeeeeeeees SgtgorssuodyS | betteesseeeereeeees “Stgproaty, | * ‘sozIsvavd 0} OAT}RSON |° cs *SISBLINAX() . teeeeeeeee tyr, daayy |° "* ‘StsopAsuodyy |* Oe ‘ssun'y trettreeereeeeeers UATTOg a t ‘sSurdtios ulys teeeeees CoapuTSapur si Jeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeees SoopadEL * *Ssn[BYydso00u0st1} SISBIWIqOO™ |°°'s*"**e et’) ‘SauTgsojUy ak eae * ‘uInUtUaBs urMiplAdrg |*** i sees “SurIO AA scecerecesos SIlOy SHTBYdeo0UNIO |*t--°°******e “SBaTquIOD ATE *MINURIqUIN[OD BUIOJSODOYdOSe() |*** POOL O I A Esha ha hfs lod ¢ “+ ‘snjeruuus sndorvsinyy |*** * ASHORE i BTIOLBUOAY (BPOCOLOT Omit eae mune nn es ee RTO TO LOLRS ‘ss “QUVUl[[Bs SnSsskuvuorde(] |*** cree ‘SOUISCIBG * ‘snjioj}uoo snyouomevyy |*** ‘rs “SSBOIBD, ** *snjq0oju0o sniyououreRyy |*** aries) “SSR T at) ‘+ ‘SITTOOISSBdO BIUOBT, |*** suitors US UT LOMAG sssieivievie = SOATT BSG : *sSutdvdos ulyg on ‘soplosiysvur slunAXG ee *SULIOA\ errees Ssnurao snSeydopayy frets TOO AN on ‘snja0}U00 snyouourevE |**" BIOUTTO OOO UIC iOr Lic) *Sod0uL tettteeeeeeeeees fo Stay “* SSISUMMIU} Ud * “So[SBoul Joos, tereees | QodSRur puoLt,, teeeeeseeees SgTaseraIggtd |" sess ‘TorqBoSs soJdooiRy *snodagipid snurdoj Bue Fy srees* *STAOG SNOIIOIYSAL) *t* *STAO SNdjSeO0 OBAIBT sree SopidBo Sayoopoqoy joss ** “ssuTdBaros ulyS se cbcccenie. “SSUTARLOS UlAS toseeeeees ‘S3nTquioo JIE] betwee e eee wees ene “USsold . seen wees “peo ‘suuinsuo} uo,AYMoYoIAy, ‘+ ‘sSurdeios ulys oy “QATJBSON . . ‘ssutdeios UINS ‘sniydaourdpod snooooourqoen |** DUS IDOOOWON TEV Y LTE ess) ‘UNAO[NOTTJOF Xopowrayy |orceett sts ‘sBurdBsos uryg beseeeeesteeee COTIOMSUTY | “s'* "SoqisBisd 0} OATJVSON |* ** “‘9sBasID PIZBPAH |* * ‘osuvur AB[NOTTIOW |* DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. xO doays os10H SISOUSBI(T SOJISVIV [Bp 10} BT CI6l DNINNG GULVOLLSAANI SUSVUSICG OILLISVUVd 166 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. TUMORS Animals are afflicted with tumors of various kinds about the same as are found in man. Some are malignant, others are harmless so far as the usefulness or life of the animal is concerned. It is not pos- sible in most cases to make a positive diagnosis on the various kinds of tumors without laboratory assistance. During the two years the following tumors were diagnosed at the laboratory: | | | | | | | | | | | | | Diagnosis Determined Cat Cow Horse | Chicken Rabbit Hog | Dog | | | | operas oe ae a | | | | ympho-sarcomar, 2 84.0 -jese) qerce esis ooeccenoor 1 erect Rhadbomyomay,~ Se... .... 9,376 25 Miscellaneous, ........... 5,044 79 172 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. CLERICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS EXPENSES Including services and expenses of agents and sup- plies for the Harrisburg, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and, TMancasternsoicesscrrrticecsclins america releases 51,236 58 STATE FARM Labor, seed, fertilizer, supplies, etc.,................. 10,857 52 (Out of this amount $5,548.55 was spent for hog cholera serum production at State Farm.) Total disbursements January Ist, 1915, to January Ist, 1916,....... 739,507 31 Balance onshands sanwanryl Styl Ol Ge cscarcatse ciate cir etetercieie $119,759 17 (Miscellaneous money deposited in State Treasury during the year, $195.62.) Note.—Total cost of foot-and-mouth disease beginning with November, 1914, to and including December, 1915. Gattlerdestroy.edye ac eis c ewits aise wise sees ea isle wien ates $452,981 35 IBFOpPErty” CEStLOy. ede g sce. octets oie cise ia cranny ets cle nicksseteieins ay 41,029 34 Disinfectants) an GwpUMPSs. serecis -cviics a+ oeteisiierelets sicieres ier PASS -7/7/ Unslalled labor. (Oisimbectin peas. stress at eee cee 25,053 44 Buia eee cc sh. Giants onseeee hs Says yo erate eis 16,195 89 Livery in connection with burial and disinfecting,..... 2,935 29 Sup plress = iets nceeoeeaceicietaiensc sie cts w stsloune ereiaretoionete sic sePentietes 4,453 83 SOE VAGES eicloe oc INSeG Ieee oo rae ce fare eee aD De coee Sune stofarea aie ' 55,605 40 Bx penses:f icc ccciscrtiaane cre asboreaee @ abet ale hap eter shee fokih 44,298 54 @lerical. expenses tiese me siiecs Mein eo eek Reese > apa = 10,965 26 Miaigcellaneouse ces ccs seirae moe ee ene cram ela net ere Se orets 6,209 55 MO EAN ES OS Charen Rte cise cals sisters Srepenstate fe totein sate ele se eee ohne) ea ER $668,441 66 Explanation.—There is a difference of $52.65 between the total of foot-and-mouth eradication as shown by note above and by the total as shown by the 1914 and 1915 financial reports. This is occasioned by a duplicate payment with the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. The money was refunded to the State Livestock Sanitary Board, redeposited, and rechecked making the total cost as shown by note above $52.65 more than the total as shown by the financial reports of 1914 and 1915. TUBERCULIN FUND Balance on hand January Ist, 1915,.................... $4,091 23 Expenditures—Services, expenses, laboratory SUP DIVES, “CECE, « ected Svcs SOR eo ee 4,080 97 Unexpended: balance, ince ov aes sao tiers Seer td Teen oe $0.26 Account closed. INTERSTATE INSPECTION Balance’on hand January. st; 1915) sacs wees cece eee $4,504 25 Expenditures—Services, expenses, miscellaneous, 1,952 67 Unexpended balance reverting to State Treasury,............. $2,551 58 Account closed. RABIES Balance on hand January Ist 19lb. cece cerem es eee $4,972 72 Expenditures—Services, expenses, ad- VELEISINIES (Scjachsarere eae ee ole wicteisvats $247 77 Transferred to indemnity and expense fund wAprileothh 1 Olosepaseeeeasee ee 1,500 00 1,747 77 Unexpended balance reverting to State Treasury,............. $3,224 95 Account closed. MEAT HYGIENE Balance on hand January Ist, 1915,...... $18,917 44 58,000 00 Pe i ee ee No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 173 Eixpenditures—Services, expenses and RUPP DITES ameter averse s cate stele vette ie calete’ ots $29 ,341 83 Transferred to indemnity and expense EUV SEAT Othe el OM geri cretere's «jis. 2 6 4,500 00 Unexpended balance of 1913 appropria- tion reverting to State Treasury,... 256 26 34,098 09 Balaneevon Nandy ANUALY mists GIG... saosin ceecicdae Je crceiie tieiee $42,819 35 Note.—Deposited in State Treasury, violation act, May 25th, 1907, $5.00. HORSE BREEDING Balance on hand January Ist, 1915,........ $2,462 89 Appropriated by the 1915 legislature, June TDi 7 AG Ser notes ot cen cmene rent ee 6,000 00 A NOY ATE aes Biers ek ene RS alee Ro a $8 ,462 89 EXxpenditures—NServices, expenses and URIS TOS ite, «cata taveces cakes Mopeie oes iive eeleys $3,812 38 Unexpended balance of 1913 appropria- tion reverting to State Treasury,... 415 07 4,227 45 Ipslance on handy JanwuanyalstsclGlGrc ssc nce t tikes cece ces es $4,235 44 Note.—Fees for the enrollment and licensing of stallions, deposited in State Treasury, $2,626.00. Respectfully submitted, C. J. MARSHALL, State Veterinarian and Secretary State Livestock Sanitary Board. 174 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of Doc REPORT OF THE ECONOMIC ZOOLOGIST. Hon. Charles E. Patton, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa. Dear Sir: I have the honor to submit the report of the Economic Zoologist for the year 1915. The. services of the Bureau of Zoology -of the Department of Agri- culture have been rendered through the two branches of (A) Office Work and (B) Field Work. I have reason to believe that they have given highly satisfactory results to all persons concerned and have stimulated the interest in pest suppression according to most modern methods, curtailing the loss of millions of dollars worth of agricul- tural property in this State, and especially resulting in better or- chard methods which have given fruits of very high quality. A detailed report of this Bureau should, therefore, be given under the following respective heads: (A) OFFICE WORK The office work was continued during the year by the usual force of employes. Mr. John K. Musgrave, of Pittsburgh, resigned as Assistant Economic Zoologist in order to devote his attention to advanced professional studies, and Mr. P. T. Barnes, of Harrisburg, was appointed Acting Assistant. Mr. Enos B. Engle, of Chambers- burg, continued as Chief Nursery Inspector, with a desk in this of- fice, and other office employes are as follows: Miss Katharyn P. First, of Harrisburg, Chief Stenographer; Miss Helen M. Nesbit, of Lewisburg, Stenographer and Account- ant. Miss Mary E. Evans, of Harrisburg, Stenographer; Miss Annie L. Boyer, of Harrisburg, Clerk in Charge of Files and Reports; Prof. V. A. IX. Daecke, of Harrisburg, Clerk in Charge of Collec- tion and Scientific Identification of Insects; Mr. Harry B. Kirk, of Harrisburg, Assistant Clerk in Charge of Collections, Investigations and Inspections, and in Charge of Pho- tography ; Mr. Albert Sawyer, of Harrisburg, Assistant, aiding in the work of Mr. Kirk and Prof. Daecke; Mr. J. C. Simmons, of New Cumberland, Messenger. (1) CORRESPONDENCE The chief feature of the office work has been the correspondence as shown by the fact that during the year 7,377 letters were written in this office, which were of sufficient importance to justify copies being retained, besides tens of thousands of circulars and mimeo- graphed letters. Most of these were personal letters in response to letters of inquiry which are kept on file in such systematic manner as to be found for immediate reference. The range of subjects of this correspondence is remarkable, as it includes almost all_ topics to which the mind of man can turn; but our method is to refer to specialists all subjects not within our professional scope. We make a special effort to help inquirers find the answer to their questions when not within the field of our own profession, and this service seems to be particularly valued by our citizens. All letters are indexed with a double index; one giving the name 4 No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 175 of the writer and the other the subject or subjects. Although we issue many publications, it becomes necessary to meet the needs of individual inquirers through a very specific and often voluminous correspondence. It can be seen that the correspondence of this of- fice must, according to its specific nature, be much more extensive than general business correspondence. (2) FILING Systematic filing of letters, index cards, literature and reports of inspectors demands considerable attention. It should be remem- bered that the reports of the orchard inspectors, nursery inspectors, and those of the apiary inspectors come to this office for the atten- tion they should have. This necessitates extra correspondence in sending out to owners of orchards or apiaries statements of pests found, literature on methods of their suppression, and also the proper filing of these reports in systematic manner. Likewise re- ports of the work done in the demonstration orchards and super- yision orchards are filed in order, and in addition to this service record is kept of all expenses of all employes, and of all services daily rendered by each person not engaged in the office work. We also receive all Bulletins published by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and by all the State Experiment Stations, and other Departments of Agriculture, and indeed most such literature from other countries. This must all be scanned in order to keep up with the times in most modern methods of pest suppression, and must also be filed and indexed for future reference. At this office we receive the Index Cards of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture, indexing all literature of the Federal Government and of the various Experiment Stations. These likewise are filed, and accessible to all interested persons, as it is very valuable and important, being, we believe, the only file of such Index Cards be- tween State College and Philadelphia. (3) COLLECTIONS This Bureau has one of the largest collection of insects, both bene- ficial and injurious, that is found in Pennsylvania, and one of the very best collections, in regard to carefulness of preparation and full data, that is to be found anywhere in the world. Eminent au- thorities have said they wished they could afford such system as we started in this collection, and have endeavored to maintain. It is very important that we have a full collection of the insects of Penn- Sylvania in their different stages, also showing the work they do. Daily we are liable to receive specimens which can best be named by comparison. Until the name is ascertained we can not cite literary references, nor find statements concerning the habits of specimens in question. The collection is very valuable. It is also used in con- nection with illustrations for educational addresses, photographs for publications, and exchanges with other collectors, especially with high school teachers in this State. It is our earnest desire to see it made as complete as possible at an early date. In this connection we have run a series of breeding cages, and have worked out the life histories and habits of numerous species of insects of importance. We have bred several species of parasites of the San José scale, and have reared other insects which could not otherwise have been deter- mined. The breeding cage work in the insectary is very important. 12 176 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. (4) INVESTIGATIONS But little time has been found for investigations, yet it is neces- sary to make certain experiments and investigations along certain lines in economic entomology. New insecticides are constantly com- ing on the market, and our citizens are making inquiry concerning their value. We can not answer such inquiries without personal experiments, as many of the materials are too new to have been tested and reported by other persons. For example, we found last summer by practical test that the dry sulfur compounds on the market for spraying are quite liable to burn the foliage of plants. Many persons reported to us disastrous results from the use of such material, which, in general, is not lime- sulfur compound but soda-sulfur, and hence very caustic. In our investigations of life histories and habits of destructive insects, one of unusual interest was taken up. This was the Red Leaf Beetle (Galerucelia cavicollis). The results of these studies are described in the following Press Circular: “NEW PEST ATTACKS FRUIT TREES. Important discoveries in the habits of the Red Leaf Beetle, re- cently found in Pennsylvania, have been made by Zoologist H. A. Surface of the Department of Agriculture. Professor Surface after exhaustive investigations has been able to report on the native food plants, habits and remedies of the Red Leaf Beetle, which formerly were not known, and which have never before been published. The insect has been very destructive in several counties in the northern and central portions of Pennsylvania, feeding upon foliage of cherry, peach, apple, pear and some other trees, shrubs and plants. It has been proven that the native food plant of the mature beetle, as well as its larva, is the Pennsylvania fire cherry (Prunus Penn- sylvanicus). The larvae do not feed on any other kind of plant, but they completely defoliate the wild fire cherry, which is the species of wild cherry with small fruits hanging in clusters on bunches, which are red in color when ripe. In the mountain districts from the central part of Pennsylvania northward this fire cherry grows very abundantly, and it is in this region that the Red Leaf Beetle has proven destructive in the past two years. An important practical point is to be noted, that while the mature beetles feed on the leaves of many kinds of trees, espe- cially the cultivated cherry, peach and plum, and sometimes upon apple and pear, they do not lay their eggs upon these cultivated trees, laying on the fire cherry only, and the larvae of this species of beetle have never been found damaging any other kind of plant than the wild fire cherry. The life history of this insect was worked out by the Department of Agriculture through representatives of the Bureau of Zoology, and was found to be as follows: The beetles in the early part of the summer feed on the leaves and crawl down the trunks of the fire cherry trees to or near the surface of the ground, where they deposit their eggs at the base of the tree trunk, and on the surface of the ground and in rubbish. After a few daws in the form of the small yellow eggs there hatch dark green grubs, which climb the trunks of the trees, feed on the leaves, molt and become lighter in color. As they complete their growth they go down to the soil to pupate or No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 177 transform into beetles. The mature beetles come forth in the fall, climbs trees again, and feeds for a short time, and then scatters to places of safety to spend the winter, chiefly in rubbish, and such other places where it can find protection. The fundamental or best general remedy, is plainly in the destruc- tion of the fire cherry trees, but the best local remedy consists in spraying with one ounce of arsenate of lead in each gallon of water, whenever the beetles or their larvae are destructive. As the fire cherry tree is of no economic value, there would be no loss in its destruction to get rid of this new pest, which has already effected considerable damage to the fruit interests in the northern and cen- tral portions of Pennsylvania.” (5) PHOTOGRAPHS AND SLIDES It is necessary to preserve in a photographic form much of the important and interesting material coming to this office. As we are called upon to write for publications or to speak before the public, it can be used for illustrations either in Bulletins or as slides. We are gradually accumulating one of the very best collections of im- portant photographs of pests and their work, and horticultural subjects. Mr. H. B. Kirk has taken a special interest in assisting in this work. The plates and photographs are numbered and filed in systematic order, and under my directions many slides have been made for illustrating lectures. We appreciate the co-operation of other officials in the Capitol Building in providing room and equip- ment for this important photographic service. (6) PUBLICATIONS The publications of the office of the Bureau of Zoology have been in the form of the Bi-Monthly Bulletins of the Bureau of Zoology of the Department of Agriculture, and the Weekly Press Letter and occasional articles to newspapers and other preiodicals. In the Bi- Monthly bulletins were published the chief articles for the publi¢, discussing various subjects in horticulture, pest suppression, bird preservation, tree planting, better fruit production, fumigation and others of general and practical interest. Requests have been received for these bulletins from different states in the Union and different countries, showing that they have been appreciated. - We have made it a rule to publish nothing that was not correct and practical. Our bulletins on the agricultural value and the preservation of birds have been especially helpful to teachers in high schools and to high school pupils in the construc- tion of bird boxes, and have set forth various devices and sugges- tions for feeding and protecting the birds. The Weekly Press Letter was issued regularly with a view toward publishing timely information, chiefly in regard to orcharding and pest suppression. At the close of the year it was discontinued be- cause these subjects were embodied in the Weekly Press Bulletin of the Department. Some of them were republished in more perma- nent form in the Bi-Monthly bulletins to meet reauests from our citizens who desired these short articles in such manner that they can be preserved. Occasionally a correspondent or an orchard inspector reports an outbreak of insect pests, or some other special topic upon which the 12—6—1915 178 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. public requires information in some particular section of the State, and on such occasions special articles are prepared and sent to the newspapers in that region. (7) PUBLIC ADDRESSES There is a general call on the Economic Zoologist for public ad- dresses before organizations of various kinds, and as he regards this as one of the important means of meeting and serving the public he accepts such invitations as far as other duties will permit. During the year 1915 no less than 35 public addresses were made, 12 of which were illustrated with lantern slides. These were on various topics in relation to economic zoology, entomology, horticulture, wild life protection, pest suppression, bird preservation and others of a kindred nature. (B) FIELD WORK GQ) THE ORCHARD INSPECTION SERVICE The orchard inspection service has been one of the most important features of work undertaken at any time for our agricultural people. Men trained to recognize pests, and to know the needs of orchards, went systematically through the orchards, and, in fact, inspected absolutely all cultivated trees, bushes and shrubs, whether on a small area or large, for the purpose of determining what pests were present and helping to instruct the owners as to what to do to over- come them and produce better fruits. Each orchard inspector gave a written report of his findings to the owner of the premises and also sent a copy to this office. We in turn wrote to the owner sending him circulars of information on the subject of the kind or kinds of pests that were discovered. Where help was needed incidentally on some feature or orcharding, it was freely given. In many cases own- ers found that their properties were infested with very serious in- sects, such as the San José scale, of which they were not formerly aware, and in other cases they found that the insects present were not as important or destructive as they had believed them to be. The methods recommended resulted in better fruit production, and an awakening to higher possibilities and better general results. The important fact is to be reported that during the year 1915 the first orchard inspection work in the State of Pennsylvania was completed, after a long, steady pull, by earnest and faithful inspec- tors, during a period of eight years. During this year inspections were made that completed the following counties: Allegheny, Berks, Crawford, Fayette, Washington and Westmoreland. The accompany- ing maps, showing the spread of the inspection work over the State are very interesting. It must be remembered that it took twenty- five men eight years to do this work. During this time each man was constantly going to new territory and overlapping his old terri- tory only to the extent that was necessary to keep up the work in the demonstration and supervision orchards. During this period of change it was possible for several new pests to come in the terri- tory first inspected, and it would be much better for the growers of crops if there were funds enough to employ a force large enough to complete the inspection at least once every four years. (2) DEMONSTRATION ORCHARDS It was necessary to maintain the services in the older established Demonstration Orchards, and also to establish many new ones. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 9 The people saw the benefits of this demonstration service as never before, and instead of saying they had enopgh, they called for more. During the year we had 262 public demonstration orchards, dis- tributed in the different counties as follows: FHS PE, SAA athlon les Sos les eleld ais . ME MeAMGASteIM ans oc, coin PScincetteas sicetee « 5 PAMeehenyay fo + <2 oi-j-f OillbAwrence, ifs. 43 tan. eet. LeCTAS OS. LPs 3 JAIN PST 01) SO an Dae ARORA OOD aeeeenOee GL ESD BTON For. com niek - fla ere a ET Ae 3e 7 SEEIVRLGR foteic os iat wipe sielevs ste visinls siete s chs Oh MaCHip hints dt. ethos cr selite ae} oie Ae sas 1 SRGTORGE pie < silts st fientss elle tjtddie ms sie « Tp iGleuzerne sity. ike. dhe. . See 3 RETR UI ee eae ip ge ele oS isls domeuleds pie Gi y. comming shies rages as teivess cet 4s oes 6 SIE Mat clare Ray ote sikaasise cin afer syetoragnsisp SS | MCINGATIOb. c.f as cao fee cla etonta ook 4 PEMTEPC POLO Es 5 -F a vis 'o}n to s.b le c.e alata olele. siete DABVLET Ger At hs ttic BA a eee ced eis cA ans 8 Tesi 227 SRE BOeind eee aa OEE DCOL ot Fay Mies Perel te aie eee echis, Sass « 2 NE TULLE TR erie aetel sates = siacta ay fio a)ore'sisteis wiele J Monroe sg) ass ca tetan tec iessecisicnd Ace losers 4 CHIC nye Sl Se Aaa aneanaecs GHSNMOn te ONVesy ses 5 oct caste oiscsatietereiers ese.0. 010 3 ‘COUT Ti See Hee nace nan acoRnOnOce pl onto MT eves ss laa ee sole cl heiches Selec 1 (CHud Soir ae Reece eran aoe arene o Die Nionenam ptons: ast oe snide lacie eras 5 ‘Ce St GSGr eae eee teteoneonscaccd 2 pNorthumberlandsy ncks-ee sari. a - 4 GHORLED, 25 oi) 56 6 Feds woe Sb wie eles CHI Peat raid Mae ede sere wie Sete cre ate 3 (Cllarions, § a eee ae eee pene aoe ere B.|pe ad AP CL DIG, Soe oy ote 4s estes see ee} 2 Ra leremesttOl ll tart ye scr fe tsies ercieiserereYoueicvelsls MPs DEMIGG ye citata sate. « etoete Sicinne Tome ici Laan» 2 CUnTOWs (34h a eae he anoDOSALBAD Me POtteIe. x PCAs eer ach wise ha citer 5 ’ Cunlltoi zal OG ee ees, cgncenie tee Cae Perea eae Maps chuykalll yy vee eee onset ots eee 6 AGreenyyfondiae eects ono a ciccitisoute cn's a0ie DR SNY Gere dragon wrasse scaieaeee cece 3 tM heniande ha wes cathe Me clic de et sigtcens DUS OMEESEti rn eee etree ocean U DY ycl tN ones oA or, Soe hpid Snack aoc BS} | Men OUbT 220 0 be Bees Sate tat NAAT eRe eae init ] NSIS TIP tS igh eee as DBE Oa Snetecoe DU SUSTUGHANMD » sy. Aes) Lita cases cence ee 4 le pySoo eae Goon Renee Dee B aaraCrnes 1 A (cl Rakha ies a RA ey ores, ven Wi ban 8 TONES ve ng oo se bel aap Sees adtae.a Sane AH WEIMIONG aioe stcctee Aetea as os ote eee 2 HEE VOLEC Scotter Bie oi otslcnseioisssisjere om clara eas GiMenameo.t ho yte ast Le tes cane a 6 GRO eA eas ceo csileistas so Naoie'ss e's Di WR OM ort crscct nrc oa cys. across eas 4 Tavita iva § ee eee OP eee aa IOVS INN STONE ee eet css eet ec 5 pal renee ecto ye cess eco « eetcisc rie: wrap = Sha whe a AWisyaierrens seat hye eee ee 8 (Gineene Ah Sa peteesenecaeianesnaousene SO: PVMeStIMOLelLan Gs .sccaseh-ee ie cirenian 7 Is imines at Oe LAee padoeeeSOOCSErABESOpbE ShBWay Onin mete eee te eee ee 1 1G WSs Ga OPS BOB SAORI ic AbleVorkes Peet shiek. eee che eee eek obhineees 5 Elis EHESES OMM eae har stiadi tassios ota foocessisvele sincere 4 ISSUE a oneast SRE pe eee x on cose 2 =< Nisa ce ua ANVIL LY ask )s tetas 5.55, wlare Sialots abies 4 EM ObaETa ks ht SR cope treat otee es 262 In most of these orchards public meetings were held showing methods of pruning and of making proper insecticides and fungi- cides, and also applying the same. The chief material used for the dormant spray was lime-sulfur solution, either home-boiled or com- mercial. In every orchard we made enough to show the methods of preparation. These consist in using two pounds of sulfur for each pound of fresh lime and for each gallon of water. The lime unslaked is put into the kettle, and enough water is stirred with the sulfur to make it pasty, and this is poured over the lime, and enough water is added to slake it. The fire is started, and some more water is added and the boiling continues. It is then boiled from one-half to three- quarters of an hour and allowed to settle, or is strained and stored for future use to be diluted with the hydrometer test to specific gravity test of 1.03, which is generally about one part of the concentrated material thus prepared to seven parts of water. This formula is only for dormant ‘spray. As a spray material, when in leaf, we used on the pome fruits (apple, pear and quince) one gallon and one quart of concentrated lime-sulfur solution in forty-nine gallons of water, thus making a fungicide for spraying on leaf and fruit, and to this was added one pound of dry arsenate of lead, or two pounds of arsenate of lead paste, to act as an insecticide for chewing insects, such as the Codling moth, Tent-caterpillar, Bud moth, Grasshoppers, Canker worms, Webworm, Curculio and others. This application was made just after the petals fell, and again in a month. 180 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. “ On the stone fruits we used only one quart of strong lime-sulfur solution in forty gallons of water, adding the arsenate in the pro- portion mentioned above. For suctorial insects, such as the Red bug, young scale insects, plant lice, leaf hoppers and other suctorial insects, we used one ounce of commercial tobacco decoction, and one- quarter pound of soap in five gallons of water. We found also that by spraying apple trees just after the green tips of the leaves com- mence to show on the buds, using the strong lime-sulfur solution, we killed the apple aphids which had then hatched. For the very best possible results we recommend an extra fungicidal spraying, espec- ially for apple scab, about the time the blossom clusters are separat- ing, but before the petals open, and another about the latter part of July, which is about time for spraying for the second brood of the Codling moth. There has been no one feature contributing so greatly to the speedy improvement and quality of Pennsylvania fruit as the work in the Demonstration Orchards. Buyers of fruit sought these orchards for fruit which was properly treated, and hence they knew it was good. In some places they bought only the sprayed fruits, and would not even look at the fruits in unsprayed orchards. (3) SUPERVISION ORCHARDS The call for service in the Demonstration Orchards was so great that it was quite impossible to reach all of them; hence, to give in- dividual service we found it necessary to maintain a supervision system of orchard management by which we went to the premises and spent at least a day with the owner showing him how to pro- ceed, and going over the entire subject of his orchard, writing out a plan of management for the year, leaving a copy of the same with him and sending another copy to this oflice for filing and observation. During the year service was given in 1051 Supervision Orchards dis- tributed in different counties in Pennsylvania, as follows: ING ENE Shannon OSUnase GUOSOGROODUUC NSH alan CASCET psrersticioieeielslelete wleleteloieloveretetaletare 28 fee heniya peseerccionicle ) B—824 Chester County. By ec ANNES EEO UG ppecint scee iceman ecaseen sce Gna On Game etait cess | B—795 Wes SEI tDD OVER Portia cero ccen et dee cicinee vier IBCEW YIN ste soar esi | 40 | B—839 ‘hie Morris! Nursery) © Oss actiedeiont ic ebnine ee Wiest Chesters,-25-+ | 150 B—702 The Conard & Jones Co. PSO er ASE eae West Grove, ...... | 30 B—662 ihegbingeeron@onards@or peeiaeceece sae eniee West Grove, ...... 12 B—660 hes Ralkestraiw ick ylen@On seer. "achanicsburg, ....| 40 | B—726 ‘lige: JOP" 8 Soy hhesctance aoncs do CUNO oaan STE Gump balls cosa 3} B—879 | | Dauphin County. WME SS EERTINS ETS sect ois ccs.e cya stoueie (ee aero ssceveas ote isbes Middletown, ....... | OyM eye lu The Berryhill Nursery Co., .................- Harrisburg, 2...- 3. - | 25 | B—641 PIRGHEETAR ODIO EG ait nevelohce sleistere bie enejeionseiee ecto ‘iddletown, ...... 2 | B—739 (Gj), TEs ILO Sao BaOnea Set Cn Deemer aanaicis Penbrook, 5. era. 0): 41| B—610 BOTTLE Za ee VULLOT? 512 vors’e stele. cr ctoele cease oiee)e) ole evs stele: ove |) Middletowm, ». <10.-(3...,| 1 B—742 (Ol, 12S pial Bp Aaa Fea ee ean ad TE ae lala xen yaciecie re ove 7 B—740 Tea@inins dfs MiGiltontg poaggabccs aed ano Seiononce one | Hummelstown, .... | 1 B—746 TPAC ERIOOUS ack Sarina coe taivenine etemicte s oretcevale EL ATTISDULG Fcc steraerero 1 B—555 CATAN?Tea is aa) TC) ea aera ear ge | Middletown, ....... | 4/ B—743 RUPP AOR (OTIS ERAT 0, So ois wo sie etiersicietvels cinemje aot aves | Hort unter. ssn sc ie eos B—644 Delaware County. Mrssbilizabeth Supplees ...:.ccs.curs faeces Collingdale, (22) ic. 5 | B—790 Ti. dio Gia gien Secs uni caks oR OROA Sa anormman cre | Concordville, ...... 3) 4B—836 iter ee SOL bers: cA canietis toc geisce se tiocic otic s eels os Pel Wasivaedin mete coieisrrteal cs atom B—847 WOE SP eL PILOLG ua see iaorsae acs cei u sere cee alll SEATS OWES, ceesterecce 4, B—782 Ug em rent CUGSSEG);,2 cfarcieas actovetiole™ sie crea ia's.s (eitaverftords om seccte. 15 B—790 POMC ITONET ios ccc ce cacroasiass sadness Maver A Eh pegs aued. 15 B—791 ial, IEl, Lag hsebpebndaade sthend scrapedesesenne | Nowtown Square, 5 | P—R02 GUOMIGOCHIMAN 26 5c) merase cot haa cmiln cise aes iAVallingford.).:.2... 2 | B—860 YAMS DOLLOLES criss siclesicis \ieiercie aie wieiviole eis\ere's ers | Collingdale, 2.2.5.2. 4, B—769 Erie County. wm. Tp EM tOTINGe SS Oley acest incr veurceuctsrsters s sholaye | North Girard, .... 3. B—869 RGM TOLO Passe tie aie ccctsleicters cise scree s © sls | Worth: Girard’ ..2..2 24! B—S853 EN MPEURATIGS 6 CSCALG 1) casoencc ces atebasaiee ee es IDR Ss Seem eae 3| B—705 Bauer Floral Co. BOR Sahin Gist sece aR No Rieiae Beis PDC cere are arionatee tees 4) B—754 APOE en DS Pessoa cd Susierce Retr merercncre mustevon ws mics Sik LPSARVOTUT RG aches outs oid «5:4 | i} B—700 TEL (Cle. 1B ICR rine Biota mt DSi s a PLCE RE | A EabiA we 7y Rose aeRiedas 10 B—709 Lake Shore INUIESERICS Maat ce eee (eCrimeaindee sys srseri a cicie ne 10 B—711 DATED ERIM (LET etna sectavclg nic cterele cic le Gacitese.cceuciesties |) North; Girard) .).../.:. 5 B—701 *Leon D. Moore, LN ROT TE OT EL OE SAE Wen (@Omry mie cee Metta cames 2 B—706 RIPEN NOUN Gs orcrerneete ae ck as erie oases ee North Girard, ...-. 63 | B—854 SRV PEROISLOM tr eerere ceisay cece cane pice orcs satis alates iaNorth Bast, .22... 1 B—757 TMM TUTOR CO! oc okt ce seek Salen ees Girard’; eres oye Tonle —=k08 GEES EBOESCIS Gok srs catie neice ee eee aO ek Se viele ols INGrths Masts ri nodes a tise meikesine North Girard, .... | 2 | B—855 DAUM ASIAN G Elie sinc taverns sratvece ene ctaictows hae" che ace eee North Magimr......: 4, B—856 PING LITI ES Pisa cee eee eee ohne olen! North Masten oles a. +} B—758 SPN IMOUNS Sry nye creas cain. ccclelo ote gjetes sie's e eraceelege wie | NOAA BRISA donoquee 1 B—857 Meriromli ays CHIUGOLES ccs cieccicenicie sells oe ts Genes esate WOE Oe rerteesla iene 3 4| B—749 Jiao & LER Cie pop po neaDODOne Hos C ab Sen uODoESe ae Brie, Neteceen sistent. iors 4 B—756 PR Re tS SILVErtOl,! sc .avecarcec cous eee cess North: Girard,’ s2.2 | s.. 6s . | B—697 PAS OC E OV seturies clatvie!s) aicte © ae eee pene 15 John C. Wester, 8 I0S DOO AO ODN SDC DOOD SOCaaC| Germantownls <2...) <. Potter County. iBEre Renn hee.) t,o dnl. cocica cesses eee .| Coudersport, ...... ae *Grow berries or small fruit plants only. B—420 Special B—792 Special B—793 B—780 B—780 3-854 B—683 186 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. | =5 5.5 oO 4 < So) Snyder County | *Geo. W. Beaver, R. D. No. 4, .......0c0000. | Middleburg, ....... 5 | B—821 *Jno. EF. Boyer, R. D. No. 4, NERS sterclate stele | Middleburg, ....... 8 B—820 BGO DLEese ise be css alae cette et ake Helelstonetedslsis | Mt. Plesant Mills, . 2 B—826 Wie Flan COCK oh asntres sc ccicre ete tierce siottctetale’s | sDDalmacia, tens enaeae 14; B—829 “OWin DS faWoneies chonpoboocanosyopydesodoedcn dc | Swainetords “sa carer 3 | B—822 BSS Shafer: tiecnes s cae doesn aetrs ete eetetalel] Port Trevorton, 4 B—801 SWlias. Staucer;) Bs Ds sNOns Miesiecean ott sve) Ort LET eVvOLtOls nace] 2 B—800 ae SE eChiist wake aINOns 2 mice aetlee-rre | Port Trevorton, 1 | B—828 IMG SE Ornberg er sence sctcric setraaarneceiae Ma eter ee Middleburg; ........ 1 | B—823 Heme Witmer, RR. Di Non2seceetks ee ees | Port Trevorton, : 2 B—825 *WeeS. Shafer). DANG sda rie 2) Ree SS | Port Trevorton, ... 23| B—819 BEE AY. Shafer, R. D. No. il; cue eee | Port Trevorton, ... 14| B—827 Susquehanna County. | Pi) SANE. Samatilir, prsyceaeecsiems etter fotos cho Tererate ca ciatets oh het Heart Wake: sossssce 7 | B—809 *Geo. P. Sprout, R. D. No. 66, .........5- peMlontrose acest | 4 | B—808 | | Tioga County. | ‘ SETOmMer {Bs TETOWEs «<1 ve. ete ee oats lec ists heb ateiate lWeellsboros, osaseesce 24; B—684 Penna. Dept. of Forestry, Paul H. Mulford, INOTESEER © aids tools Se aie «cle eetotiatea iets ater et Asa phievasccnacere 13 | B—798 Union County. C. K. Sober (Nursery near Paxinos, North- | umberland=*Co Dh ead sacme some det sittasl sl olelele ewisbures, asses: 43 | B—747 Warren County. — | DADE sam bli, ace crag annette cto cet tetclete ois Youngsville, ....... 2 | B07 Washington County. Geos iV anderslice, oases cincehncte ste a eiciators toters atete le Monongehela, ...... | ote arers B—744 Wayne County. ABT VER “Myler x 2 le cictetots cokes oa eto chetane ote tere eke iotetosatete Damascushes.see eee Spe. B—774 CGhastl'G. Curtis’ Corts Acgccc he meeted oe sateen eriecte Galicoon) ING Yrs sealer B—773 Westmoreland County. Joseph “Thomas; sete soetestts te ee cae tee ae | Greensburg, ....... : 4} B—710 PE7Oldephonse sas sas sare eal a eee piece (re dSGat ty, © saan acs sere 8 | B—877 Wyoming County. | Win = ECS“ EGE, PIE, INIOGe eign soto rtorcicu ution wercPoe ate | Tunkhannock, ..... 34) B—851 BAAS... (Hitencock; 2. isthe con teetien oe ctate | Macey valley s5 cise siicrere | 4| B—735 AW? HY. PShhoemak eres nr atclacars lami rete arts | Wacey:valll eyes cterrercte 4 B—738 Eugene Underhill (Nursery at Spring Hill, | Bradford Co.), 1904 Chestnut St., Philadel- | jO}a0t FREI ea Eee ed Atcha ma ee Ba | Philadelphia, ...... 2, B—729 PU AS. Hassett sidis os swtrsle chica nnaremetties ae eter Meshoppen, ........ 14/ B—730 Gis, JAC. bile | isc Se eis Oe sins ca toes | Waceyvillet soe 1 B—735 York County. | Warde bl dcher,! a5: 22%, . aseihahtnen ce se avciettaheioehters ELAN OVER See sanioee er 1 | B—691 John PELerse ys. cs Shieh ates asi emit +l ISLE WATEStOWIIS feces Ili ceshioe B—752 Patterson SNursery: ©0055. .naa. cet. eerie Stewartstown, ..... | 6 | B—689 Geo. SH a Steins pases... oe tttee @ Reel ae leyeretertetere Hast Prospect, .... | 64 | B—761 Wis So UNG weontersie tctcto tions cis 05 ave, teen (‘MG@lenrock, 2s... 2852 te 6 B—832 BYERS (Cremer) terry acest eee eeeaecece rateleratcloreeee tal Hanover. neces a sees 1 B—751 PMS Grralle ys operons Sea ote oh osts otovahetsienshe 4 edielinonk-vanes eae 4) B—690 D7 OS! Auchey @uSon ee es ee slacker | Efanoversete ss ontcees 1 | B—751 *Grow berries or small fruit plants only. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OIF AGRICULTURE. 137 TREE DEALERS Tree deniers who make a business of buying trees from various sources and selling them again must file with this oflice a statement of the nurseries from-w hich they expect to obtain their stock. We then learn if these nurseries are inspected and licensed in their re- spective states, and if so the dealer is granted a certificate authoriz- ing him to sell and ship such inspected nursery stock in this State, provided it is fumigated before being sent into Pennsylvania. The following is a list of Pennsylvania tree dealers and agents licensed to sell in this State during the year ending December 31, 1915. It does not include regular nursery agents who represent a single firm, but is a list of tree dealers, as defined above: 2g 5 Ss h & aw ° ° Z j = a Sart ae | °. 7 7a ¥ whi. oe iy Soa ee Allegheny County. Duquesne Tree and Shrubbery Co., ...........-..) | Pittsburgh, seh tie Re ea! a PNIATIBES eAEL OE OO sc sa orca eters te ete aia cae opsratatercrctehereraiayelerele artisburg hee rte cae | O47 at Devereaux, LOSTOHIONS Hi Vreeek startet PACV Allon sul Gan ae, TS ert 876 W. MMS OGIRCORG sees eisireonni nals tines aieiert ie di dreuslees Sranaiete | Castle Shannon, ........ 945 Er ne Miller, 1923 Gerret Stag et ane even ek. ne o eNO EESDUPEH Se i foe ces 882 SNE SPREE ELIS GT Se Poaterasavareretae ore shee ie crore sts tarnvaye)evsbebavctctarere alateyans fr BIMSWOrthioniterien teens 922 Charles Honess & Son, 539 Forest Ave., .......... | Belllevires tscrerslerere oa baciess 919 J). Zimmerman, 6624 Penn Ave., .........-22+s2% Pittsburgh, Start tees eo 917 Mark WH. Head, 230 Rodgers Ave., ................ PIS ell evTeMd tecrsroc stereos | 908 Kauttmean sros., Dept. Stores, Imc., ....2....5.. hele oir Oa: Gooooungoococ 845 PINE EMOTE HG EOO na cas eatccicisis dele tiers seats sierwloe eietwe cies Pittsburgh, aon oe eee te | 865 3 an Graper, Brandt, Harmony and New Castle | + DORR RRR OUOGadn cic bcac aoonan COR REDE En EcE Creare ln Berrysvillejraseeinecesce. - 860 ow. Smithi@o.,,. Keenan Building, o...n66 6c. = Pittshurcliy eecenasenee | 840 Gee obele AS a DAO IE EDA ALE Bt An Crean nine eae Rittshurehee. sence sen: cee 942 Rear & BaeciCon is eb id caeccwmede ane vee Pts burgh -.ictaetite aetee 837 Pittsburgh Tree and Seed Core Oleoveennr Aver, 7 ItiSbUTe Mee. coe cece s cee 927 eee ORRONGNSEGIN COON. «cis. sivie cig. oso sieicict swieieeiticrs selec oss Pattsburehiives... 2% +200 = 946 Armstrong County. RE eT SER ar Hye LINO PDT Sia iaraeve te oie lepesermie avo wine [Lay CONS: Were iercie wore note ee 848 Beaver County. PUPIL PEMLR PRED AIG sol. are, ie ctaietsie/oreudisre's cteleiais cia!.clc:a:Ghetetetet ele: ete |) Beaver Wallse vos... | 904 TL. Gl, Villa it gece q patie aoe agnns Sen eee Tane IWMENPOLE BOIS. ce freee cre 858 EL. . Gutermuth, Ee Teale ie aie hre rete Sure os || PROCNESLED,: «ees atilck oa os | 948 ca. Els Chiatitd VAs Se Reso cde es Soar G Scene Etna Aner mrrr egRROCHESTOT tice sfutscelsareieie’ 877 Bedford County. | (1D 6 ISIE a GES Rc Re ts cele oe ee ls INGWalParintttatcee. cs ie 890 Berks County. M. E. Smeltzer, 131 W. Greenwich St., ........ WIR GAMING WI cin wccle.ce es | 899 PREECE LI LCLDEL DIS. 7 kreivooeee ek s salnw eaves aves owen Redding yack Gace se 895 Beard | N. McKinney, REMEeeD MINORS Us wens tree Sinking Springs, ....... 910 Pee Ey INV VAC ATINAM Som sisters cia chetriese0:+)alersimsntaierelaleie eleiec « Boies villas ions <\eercteio << 949 Blair County. | PTE MV VEDIC OO ra etarchic cratshis ckatale wl stvs el aisivareelelerw Seiclavsie’s ATEOONG woe cle ole careieiersic 903 Bio Cie AU NS Se id ORC Ce Ine Aer ener eee Wake MOontetinces -. .,.<'es wc | 925 Bucks County. one enttar Cla yiaeke = JH IDS INO dD.” scars sles vivole's Wovlestowilsiidc .- + asses | 888 Quakertown Plant Co., C. EB. Bartholomew, Pro- HDT LCT setetore tare ctersevevoicis is. « sie: Sie vies sisi vee steele Cen’ s QuakertowNsiscsc scence 898 188 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Butler County. Off. NW SIO Pe AILGY,. Sarees cet cetee ees Mstne Sekoe diorontdasiehlaptete Slippery. Rocka Geor SW sola nate teas taster inemncmciasiicos wicieaios Hyans City 25-85 Carbon County raat Nie Ofte 20 oie tatevedes gioteraic ior ere ws lelisisie sin wor eie elerete aus ehightons. seseeeneeeee Chester County TOLM AAT COM s fe rechstects es psiste siete crave stoeicyele weeee's erate olen Malverniss sacar cnenticee Clearfield County. Warnes 1G a OTLE Si ean ctotarcsereta cto (steve ol eeeos aie iaioto into ciatereletsisiee Du. Boiss> Seen Clinton County. Wishes RRL CHILO M giiovatcicteicretaveeie ole wrertiabartoeieseu iiss ie erstetere lock Havenseqs.s-eeeeee Crawford County. Je Ar MRS IATs oe sch ciate tea Sete eeic oe See ces Ne eee Meadville seis) 2. ete Beep: Maynard, WOOF Grants? ose ciockic ce eek see eeell Meadvallems, tgs sore J a (SHU Meee Raion Oons cases ES atrclaacrsacae | Guy's Mills) acnseeeer ING ven areca GCNSONS sigs o eaten iesteuieeia see se ee eee Conneautville, .........+ Cumberland County. | eras Hy eB eo ers hs ci prarere is lorerecsteiate fisiownale eicineisntereie omens Camp ES nc acspeietites 1D) <7 Cue 845) 9) Omang amoroch CoUso ena Aen teea es aaine | Shiremanstown, ........ MO WSETAR- SONG Wee ee oie eat eS RT e Fe eb sitio woe Siaveaia bm are >» Carlisle: : se sce kenemcee DAH). Yiblagkellleee’.-cavesacieetdetinn so hooieie sailor aise seine | Carlisle saj3-ihe scene | Dauphin County. : (AS Ee Shreiners 2080 Ne 4th Gam cetecin telecon isha \peelanrrSburgist cnt seer Geo ee Greens walt sci. 6 sore os olereslsinisisjersiewelelersiajere | Hummelstown, ........ RAGA. Woods, OISUN S GERIS Cate. cro s ctweinre otelsreieleictte SEfarrisburgs «1c. eesee dfn lito cee ahs Cay I bilevdn, Sits, Goascanesoccssonseas Tarrisbureey -cerecseseee Rol Mess Seeds COjx,, seen tote eo eeseinidie eines ene sHarrishurees paseeeeeeene Erie County. Wm. Keefe & Son, 409 Mrench St; - 55-00. cc-c-c00 6 PIGS 0 Cee ee eee (Oe dk p AU DI Ones du tyke ee aes coe EI: ) Plateas Ah... kates caer C. F. Amidon, ING IDRIS Soqocdecssoc Lakeside Co., ) Ginards arene esc cin Ale Waynesboro, .......... Lackawanna County. ules Mire, MOVAPIC SS ole iclats oleiats’ eine eseiefelsinie)eiatate's s iets eietoioie «|| MICHA TULO Di Gat pelmera iver ier ieee . J. Noble, 723 Columbia Ave. oF eR NORE eon abn | Seramton;. | ace «cece r E. Butler, Na eie aera ecal a obatatorine erat eter Mee siete eve etoete Dunmore, Se eos Got Lancaster County. Amos. De Herr a5l0 Wi. Onange! St; .¢.-.cece cance Taneasten, snieeceen bees Damiiel SGahn gl Os a scrrtintn cet sletentawiciarsioys ee cinicle ciehce ete Warrettal.) Gees saan ae Lebanon County. Sam elise «MIO yer ae iencecvestecheroteieet nie ie esateisiciano araleiele Miy.ersto witha tose cee Lehigh County. Samuel lel seh o visasden wee eciterietines dear sence ae Alllentowmlensc.seceeee Luzerne County. J. Ds Anderson: & ‘Son'; oi 5cc.nccn « see oats » aketon, ...!.. Doe. No. of certificate. | Re) S 896 924 928 873 No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Lycoming County. ROTI GTM TO Sym tee ors ciel aleve, or0;s(o, sie) s'e,s:6:ss2.010'4/e\e/s ole sialoisie's Wallramisports cesses sits McKean County FH SMES UITIEO TS Seeheictore csersinial ie(ore cisteio) sie «ele cisis/o!siois cjcfeisiciaeio| ISTAGLOLO setae ace antenours Monroe County. Pe smuev oll Ne Sth Sts, sicekcuss.s ase ces sce ecias Simondsburge. .-seee cess AEVOVAHTIENDEESCIS, scarce alee «sect same ee ce hemes | Es) Stroudsburg.) s2...s: Montgomery County. The Property Owners’ Improvement Co., .......... He enllyniys ee icetaetee croohe VTP ELEN ELOISCON Gls «craic vie scerelersineinw sialeletneecsiele's | Pottstown esse sch oceecsy Northumberland County. eT eBMR EAT otras icles cle Aeie aie sine vie cldinice Secssc decades Montandons 2a APA PEG US Cater tezioiche oc recciove clclele's als'aleinie u's Fw e's slavele'a'sls Milton) Mesa. oe cose Philadelphia County. “g ; SEM WLI Tere OlOtHICT sw seic eco asis wesc cs cne ceeebece Philadelphiggs he... Moore Seed (Cisn Dabs Gab botab DOL O OR OR OOOO COREE CDEor Philadeliphias geese ceeeere | J. R. Giffen, 5341 Webster Stipesaint ag iss dsecet seisiens Philadelphians =. seen cece Henry F. Michel WOM ACE ren ean Lie On hadibee Oo OE aes Philadelphiaie seasechre- Wm. Henry Maule, Inc., Vsiaraia lorena leis mrstataca wveleratovetale rs Philadelphia's) = .2i.ivic tte Johnson Seed Co., 217 Market St., ............000¢ Philadelphia; fe -eecees.. Elosesovvaterers 107 Si 7th St.b os ccceeseneseecve Philadelphiaeee seco ee: MEATS SRE Sota ries lee tis c cie cies Semslelele cRlisrooeaer Philadelphia: se0co..0<0. BUCHEITIMAN VISTI ATM AICI SE fa cisteyciclereree eveieie Sei gscicie clevetere oisereiteieie Philadelphia, Vovssee icc PME GRIN oie oe ec ee caer cee ainwecenn snes Philadelphias, <~.uaeeeos. Philadelphia Nursery Wor, lo20P HM co2nd eS tease Philadelphiateseeoe eee Schuylkill County. : PUMEROMEES TIVO CIS ute tase cc tinc- ocean sot ioe tanseaes Minersville, ya. sees camel Snyder County. é SOMME PMRVY (ANIL CTo stor ax.ratciascvoreloteialeTo\eve) ole ieveia\e\aVereieVavs\eleyafeeiereisio/ays Middleburg sss sscceeteen Somerset County [eae WUTs ITIVE UIT ur yer ctanstartye share ovarsistei cn oie! eearong onarstetaeleey ereistere Wand Dense tess csisveisterste Tioga County. MTTPMAV VALI CAL OM se tale crortve.c oc cis aes ous o piel siditue le olelalelerthe soe Kenoxvalleseenaceccecene PACE TM TTEM RC ODT Sin= sic iSicreit sell coc paeis sicisieie «eis = eleivforoisievs | IMIR, “Gopgonecéconshe Union County. Lens Pm OTdort. Hike Ds NO. Do, sce cece cieccceescics Mari in burg Wionse se siee< Venango County. ‘ Tl TMionall (O@ee SSA 3838 ans Soae GHEE sees aap Snes Mranklingy Sssstasecegiees | Washington County. | | Banke ®.foness, KR. HS D: No. 35 sc. descccile MMO VO AGIs Gosaocooccose Wyoming County. f ENGIN CUE Era See rae ee ee OE eth cee'| “MAtONVILIC,. . 5s sisi c.s «teats» York County. | mre Velsers Ere NO LE. ocdescssccccccessaves ACGIN es tn RRR OR OS a aE Ot Ohio C. E. Vernon & Co., 828 N. IMI SITIOS Gest coy ster oceraNs ete | Dayton, ONiO sr cin Myers Bros. Wilmot Stark Co., .... Jones & Kurdelmyer, ee ee a) , Ohio, 189 No. of certificate. 951 190 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. NURSERYMEN FROM OTHER STATES WHO HAVE FILED AFFIDAVITS OF FUMIGATION WITH THIS DEPARTMENT, VALID TO NOVEMBER DTS) 1915: Alabama. Chase NurserysComenec- cece kiccicsseec etre SAS TAR Re Sloe oiols wae a taicia: COREE OEE Chase Mrazer “Nursery, (Coe accra cca tia opel siohetenc le uc taraneiaecoteie cetera ceo eatin een tonei eee Huntsville Huntsville Wholesale INURSERVES 5) |e 5ok orastiates «ohne oes Peo EEE eee Huntsville Oak? lawn! Nurséry. Ae WV) Newson se Mere atime ceccsce restos aac mae Huntsville Suge’ & iSylerNurseryiG@o. 5 .facne hcp ces cranes nck atic ame ees Meridianville Connecticut. Barnes Bros: sNUrser ye Coy disc:ciie arate crnrereacte ora iatetele revaraevcees te onay ahetoneee eee ete roleze toe Yalesville Burr, Nurseries, .C.. Ri... Burr, (Mgrs jcccan nee cise oo ee ie See eee eee CME REET PIGAth: GCOS coco Sie cos oes ee Rib Oe Oe ok ar ee er eee Manchester Stephen Hoyts Sonsii@o tie iiss Sativa eae lerhestohnrehel cor ote thio edie New Canaan Delaware. Bunting ‘Nurseries, C., (Az buntings <7 4... e esc eee oe eee Selbyville Delaware, Nurseries; D).1Sea@ollinss: Moi siececceeaceamee cece neers Milford Dover Nurseries, Jackson & Raymond, IPYODS 2 pl-stocsetene cae tea ee ee Dover D. S. Myer & Son, SABRIC CAUIED Ren a Onin: Borie nan Aa irs sii ci Bridgeville Florida Writing’, Ci. Mies Qce Con. eteiewthe'efoiorelsrers siteiels vie hese pee eT coer scp cela Jacksonville yeorgia. P. J. BerckmanusrCo.,, Lraitland= Nurseries, ssccc ts te even ee eae Augusta one Katzenstermce Goer ct nenaats steered icraot cess sore sreters fore ieee oleate Sieh Sao Oe ee Atlanta . C. Oelschig & Sons, Se RE LIES Nae pat dd eer tte Neen tLe Serene ene eee ee Savannah Illinois. Weew. Barnard! Coe Pies Git) Waid eo Sten c-resciccy septate clettora a ele eee Chicago Arthur Bryant:..& SOnpidee desks . yess A seuosag Sncdeaerrn ae Rees seis mee Princeton Robert. Douglas’ Sonssp! Guth s.hico. cose aactae ucsieleo ema eet eee eee Waukegan DTH: Nursery Ss Conse es see ie aetaie one srsiesara steve a tuche ehayaleaste ote close eet aortic terete Dundee Swain Nelson & Sons onan Ode Manguecte: Dulldimea: sven cies eee Chicago Peterson Nursery, 108 La Salle Stijc cc ntaialss Sra ieee. oe ce et eres Chicago Wauchan’s) Seed iStore/a84 Randolph (Stay seis: eiraceei-i Seeee a ey seers Chicago Indiana. HB Beekner; foncb ae seehoes neces ee peOe encndsne es Ce eR aee Oe anaemia Greenfield GM. Hobbs: &-Sonset lean ke saialg aaee tick o ob Gee ioe Sar Ee ees Bridgeport ENE. Simpson sec eS OSs conccs tie ast tema cs rks aie ooh eee Heesfete Sn Te ee Vincennes lowa. MountArbor Nurseries, Hs. Welchs Prope, ane. cee cece eee anaes Shenandoah The Gardner Nursery Cong) merece ds s.cisie s oe-c sfaiecicc wana Oa Tab he erota nl haeero otis TO Osage DES PLAC) | \acioreie cose etre bstoiois is brooueisis Soci hein tu omer er peR Geen em eeraee Shenandoah Galloway. Bros. & CoiseSSscceese bosses hae otras oiare atburhare ree aaltars trore tree ee eRe Waterloo Kansas hes Wantield INULSLIeS, x. atecee ne sce se ee iat aoe ea ee cee ere Winfield Kentucky. The Wonaldson’ Co... WilladeaneNursety:, cos sco ecculs or croisccleas oc. sieenerereeateee Sparta Maryland. The Hrankline Davis Nursery @0.5 «:acedeccceds5 aha. oat nom te te hs CRN ree Baltimore Fleming and Hetzer (The Mountain View Nursery Co.), ................ Williamsport Grier Bras We rises ealele: ois, 0 2% aye'e ole’e gue eter eta rats ee Oe Oe Tae Forest Hill J. eG: P Harrison Sons ek 2s oss coc evechterey hoceroteiecclotn ee ieee aisha ara eae icra eee Berlin Jia). Stoner, westminster, Nurseries; cec.cncs-5sencr eee ee eee Westminster Massachusetts. ds We. WAdamis Nursery UCOs ti oehs cisissres cies 26 eis Ree ere oe nt ee Springfield The Bay, State Nurseries; Wi. El.. Wyman; Prop.5 sie eee nee North Abington We BE Cobb + Con ce erate coin: bors aiensre bee Gab nb ciere oat guste nial ata ok Sees ave ee eee Franklin Hastern Nurseries. Hs ISeeeDawson., (Miera,is. occ eee ee ee een Hollister Hramingham Nurseries, Wiel. Wayman, Prop, .-\. screamer cries North Abington New. England “Nurseries, Dhes be ccncie cnet c 4s aticooe Sie Sie ete eae ener Bedford The Reading Nurseries; Je woodward) Mannings... j2ac. 2 o,ccniee seein eerie Reading The Floramead Nursery, J. Woodward Manning, ................ North Wilmington Old Colony’ Nurseries; Si. so Peace crcleiet etors ce cea ee ee ee ee Plymouth No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURB. 191 Michigan. SGM GCENING: MN ULSELY- OO.) cies sc cfalets st tase. © u's 0islo\vic o'0'e's e’elvwiee v's havea vwlaw ds vnelis Monroe PRN ZOO LIN TITISMEICAI Aa: atctcfetctalclclelatnicicloishelel alalalctetetelafsie's's'n’e\cleiele‘a'e'e%e'ale slalelsidtcsld a cee Kalamazoo Rep eed SPIT TLZ ES OTIS SOOM. sie teies atte lula cies vip ars ole'ele's o's lero» ule le S'o,evels ole seveuleensoble Monroe MMT INFIUSCIV COON ccsicasic ccemerline ae cee seceded ese ced ote taes ocing ae ctilertees Monroe eee: INFUTHOT Vie ee Lely rare terete ote cre alelalo a oie evelere le risieh's oo siviak vation titone St. Joseph Set 7 Missouri. Diankeeeros, se Nurseries, & Orchards Co., “.c.cccccecces ccc ccc cccueenceses Louisiana ia PES HOSP NIUSCL Vin OOni a ceeeececasic cit weleicisitine aisle cle cclloedeccusleocptecrcee Sarcoxie UME EEE Letra NUIESELIOS 9) rm cic.cisrei ac iietein efeiararerocintsvsis'e «-arcieis oe bie are eee. erepiaje dec, eeiejare Neosho MEUM ED MVC TIAN TIT RELICS. Neo cists crsioccersisic einitie.certisicn Gaicis cia nteiaislofisine.c conidia wa ctnitiets New Haven Nebraska. mermaneNurseries, Oarl Sonderegger, (Prop). p—oec vcc0 ccc chee ces scn ec ca veieelee’s Beatrice a reeettie) GIN UP REETES sia devel: civ's ed acin'c « Suvaie Sel caworslates « vie wr dcaigedoas cae canete cee Freemont ‘ r New Hampshire BES Ory TE PEELS TO WIT 1c" Obese nie vet cicle su owes Scie oe Dee Se bebe malta ates teens Seabrook New Jersey Sere ASTAMIDS COO UL opi sey over os let evel Grois elaieieierereiasais Stevo s v/eiccis.e.oieta tne ele'sinidisiv'e ue oa vietnne ate Moorestown VME LE IS ASSEtE NUESOTIOS © NO vara. cise sies om sie bee soe bcivac cldieuied ow owes Hammonton Blea Se ems Clea SON Gri OO arabes ots) oioss rave. 5 sie'e;s\oie Sinise stovaie ain" oie) alle ie eroleietayajarciate #16 Highstown Hexen bey ral aA CH ATI Sec eit celine eiererciereise otnisyere.oerererelasSionteisiole eanewiate « neds Sersienincs Rutherford Cgesemer cL7 5S SCORDUITE TIRE ee a I eR ee ee Riverton EMTs UPSET COTS were as ayo lalays cio .aisre ss syavera, sfsleig aversiabiscereieic « kaaeis ines eve oeieo'e are sidioyeueiebere Riverton inaninetiln Inirecteray Od Re Gees Goch eeee ers ob SOO C OSCE Tee ae oem aenaE een Elizabeth PRPC a N(CUTSSETI CR a cieiste cratssa,o: 51,5 .5)0/6/5. « e/averarele)e/ere/ais.<(sisrers erarehejels oO slate elepiateleiete's Springfield Peter Henderson & Co., (Office 35 Cortland St., N. Y.), ..............0 sccielsisi« Painesville PELE HMMS OLE MN COTI Gr: SOLS sa oiate eaiors va alanis ticle AS j veya sich felon double) bf ld mio Bie'a ela ore Tippecanoe City iiuiciln [a naaillsns So hogenyableges ome doen bas b OOO CU DOR OTT GUIS ODE EU eine hk aeaaanee Clayton huis. IBY ISp, YORI ADSS AES AeA ES 5 ose) te ene haart ean ae ae ee Perry HUH IETS Veal Ce Le aie ee ecinsc¥'ss ose uahacsiaes ley Preto tone Bel aietos:sisceate ob atest ote MER Maes eplde 2B Perry He MIG TINT TOTIN os SONGS eeracca iste eas Sica sietise aeinearae s rik maviee ta cwseeas Perry PES NUDE ert, ous clave stir aia ess.g'¥e.eiaie. viele lates creiansteceecgiesa aie sus mice nll aie ae wer ecopete tenes Painesville SayRE LEWIS Codes DESC OGRE OEE OE ORES ECO CIC IHR enters minions nNOS Salm METH IMMINIINSCEV oid toes ices ccictoie clon Sareieielstarretsiois. sisters olin ees matics Pecins crsfeiar rea emolctste Grebe Piqua HEME O TN ILIESCIVe Ole >. nicest cre oavccsige ses lsc opsnibisie.e aie sale leis leis elaleie cele, «/eraterewtusetere Tory GHEGiTIES BTR RA Rs Oe AR ROR aac Tange GOCE CECE rec aenoC ane cope meron crrcss Paton HEUITTOES MULT SELEY up Os sFe LLG’, steiece, save cule ninco Otel «okie blahere nak le ai nolalens ¢ #blorapteinie tes Troy CCHIT NILES Tes OO cms ctiisiers cid te cIeic arn ic clots oie clsialsvorsicie sinelarieien ele e'e nevneiware Freemont iD] Sead (O@s6 acaseqneceep ce peOsed Stor cade esse REC e en aee tee ides aae enn are Ravenna SN TeMLUNCH CHMINIUITSCLYss ise erctetstoss nico aie. citer oroien chs «wie one eatioiele clove wise cuticles demataeeee Clyde IE AN. TERE OE RR baie ins 8 RR AL rc Re Gi aE py ce Rie a Painesville PERN EM OITIET MCCANONS Hire ctaera sy acicro ciercisie sizes cus che onsisloia sie alele alciole nausea efeipecelevette Perry Henry J. Kohankie & Son, SOS BEE DOO TOO COC Oooo TD CORTES EOC ee Painesville Wiiiinin l&@licilroe ale. coe Os seBaAnoc baa mone Soar tO oa Ene eee. Heer. Painesville 7s Neal Oe Merriman, SORE SURI Rab SISCISa IRA Oca Rte 0 EADIE DICE SAA Ree A. OCC cae Perry Mites TVA VSIN IT SOTTESH hrc syeisccseciers sisisteiniiteeie telnet calee a eldeldomeine tae Tippecanoe City GMS CHO Meg rr SOM Ships choc. oa etoys tele oro ciorelare pare ATFs vec & Siainiovs 5 etnies. 6 Giese Lares Beverly Mee rem eS Cleric te tsimin Serie nicks covers xidtelaiscleisielcie-s.dislotarseciate eve aig aievelsiniewio e's « New Carlisle “it! TR, - NGRTNTITI a ae Be RO Cana rIn a acne Ronco r a Oo kann Ce are Cen ran eae Sie AeSe Painesville AG OR par icett (Clyde INES. Haein Gouna AGG AOU Car tithe Goch Opec Donna ae ere Clyde Gyo, [ale TBOO js heses basen Sonnr ere eae acre Soc n MEERA ee Co nen ere Sonne arenes Kenton TOLLE SSE NUESCLY Pelee Myr seh nie merch aoa oe mice tee chine tea 5 seine cldome ania aagenete Troy Wl, (), TRS “Sys ee BARN ea Ns eee ae Ee Se ee ee ee eee Lima Gy. INL, SYGRISIES Geos as Baer oO Es Spee Meta Spore G BE Sorina Senate ira y ears New Carlisle Schmidt & Botley Oia) e454 Behe a em Ra iC eB & Sti h Ceo Reema is nope ator Springfield Suggs lBlsimeiko as-(Oloiaes ab SG nd sieietn cle sind Sale Bae cero tn SSDS EOC Eo ee orU ae er Painesville Magner EAIKae NUTS OTe OO rime Deh rate teleroaie etacie ciate orAty ct aveidis ace clei odvcle a hetonra plone Sidney ES PUMB NES Le teetee ates re teatarec eZee ofarep SiC Gaps eteyoke tis aie GA Sieve he Hohe a Vea: crepe reiale ete sigh tele Perry Wetwil Bros. 5 OOO POG BBO OU 0 COREE S OCG COT RST SEs CEO eIer a ets Pate £. Painesville Lela \WVUIIRSTE. {72 Be GB oO eI bs BAGS R CO IGE Oc tree inca ee ene Ane ee ee Elyria Xenia Star Nurseries, ee oe a aU SR Ong OCOD Ee Oran COE OES Sean E Cone mos aaad Xenia brite MAG ATICen er sces cig Achiciheto nore ce teh. foie aleiasie aclere Side ae,6 v leis eles oeeto Maen Fiskville ; Tennessee PeUmBETAlee Nursery sc COM TNE so fics hoes cc loee cateoht es cobeeesow cto eebies Winchester RSRMTAPE TPP Tay Watt coh Bec cote’, ¢ sy dks kone RR Oats Ee Winchester ene Mery SECO. OO ov e.cicte wcetgin. es <4 ore Se eve vip nave s seewidee nuicpinvncess MeMinnville Wisconsin PE eCIMINUESC yg OO eine cece ahs o chs olsearievei oom Sais 4 eesyelio hfe hake ake ra cio Sturgeon Bay 13—6—1915 194 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. (5) INSPECTIONS OF IMPORTATIONS. One of the most important duties of this office has been the inspec- tion of imported nursery stock, because of the great danger of the Gipsy moth, the Brown-tail moth, and a number of other very seri- ously injurious insects, as well as numerous plant diseases. In con- nection with the Federal Horticultural Board men have been sent to follow up every importation of trees coming into this State from abroad. A detailed report of the number of importations and plants inspected follows: Number of Number of Country Packages. Plants. WrANGes tee eenhiat tele oh mec oh ct oe ne eee eae wil aiesstal Holland, 4,001 733,545 Belgium, 1,892 114,928 VAP ADDR ct Gise tiok See oe Sie ire see ee eee ree ieee ee 123 18,384 England, 122 192,227 Germany, 46 PA( a GRAIG ER tamara aera c act aa annie terion cloaortes AG 41 48 ,697 Scotland, ,006 Trinidad, 12 7,576 BRED A ar ene ce eea sre cere teite nt OEEe coh Bice oR OnTr 6 2a Se IBYAZAIS «See See oe eee ness 1 500 BOP Ota ss ceoat cet en ee ke ee ae 6 240 Bermuda, 6 12 Denmark, 1 50 Pix ernie ee rhea Oe aaa eee Dee cate il 198 STOERIN 2). cartes oe nee oes Meee eon Bee eee eee 6,691 2,728,193 (6) APIARY INSPECTION Beginning with the first of June of this year we had, for the first time, at least, a fair amount of money available to start the Apiary Inspection service. The bee-keeping industry of Pennyslvania is much more important that is generally believed. There is more than one million dollars worth of honey annually produced in this State. We can name several persons who produce more than one thousand dol- lars worth of honey each year. The value of bees kept in this State is more than one million dollars, and the value of the bee fixtures and accessories is fully as much. In addition to this millions of dollars worth of money goes to waste as ungathered nectar in blos- soms, because there are not bees to get it. The honey produced is a clear gain in adding to our agricultural wealth. However, it was found that bees were diseased by two diseases that were more sure of destroying them than would be the Asiatic cholera and small pox in a city of human beings. These diseases can only be de- termined by one who is more or less familiar with them. What is more remarkable is that by the proper kind of treatment of the bees, and the destruction of the honey they have stored, which is the sole means of carrying the disease germs, they can be cured of these de- structive diseases, and be built up to become useful colonies of bees. Thus is can be seen that there is nothing to which the State can de- vote a fair appropriation that would be more sure to yield good re- turns than the Apiary Inspection service. The State of Pennsylvania was unusually fortunate in being able to obtain the services of Mr. Geo. H. Rea, of Reynoldsville, Jefferson county, who is not only a bee-keeper of many years experience, hay- ing handled one thousand colonies during one year when he was making this his specialty, but he is also a keen student of the sub- ject, and a gentleman with a knack of getting along well with others. “7 ys No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURD. 195 He is especially adapted for the position of Chief Field Apiary In- spector. Other apiary inspectors are also well qualified, and have re- cently entered the service of the State. These are Mr. John O. Buseman, of Philadelphia; Mr. Franklin G. Fox, of Pipersville, Bucks county; and Mr. J. R. Rambo, of Collingsdale, Delaware county. As the appropriation for this service is but five thousand dollars for two years, not a great deal can be done, and yet it is sur- prising that on this limited fund such results were accomplished as are shown below. The report of Mr. Rea. as Chief Apiary Inspector, follows: REPORT OF PENNSYLVANIA APIARY INSPECTION AUTHORS’ NOTE The aim of this report is to make a history, to date, of the Apiary Inspection work in Pennsylvania. In order to make it as complete as possible, many details are recorded that would not otherwise be necessary. To be true to the purpose of the report, statements concerning all legislation relative to the work are given. While some effort was put forth in this direction previously to 1909, yet nothing definite was accomplished until the legislative session of that year. For the successful passage of our splendid Apiary Inspection law and securing of subsequent appropriations for the work, credit must be given to Economic Zoologist, H. A. Surface and certain members of the Pennsylvania Beekeepers Association. These results are due to their untiring efforts in this direction. If some beekeeper, discouraged or disheartened because of the ravages of foul brood among his bees, will, by a perusal of these pages, take courage and fall into the ranks of those who are success- fully fighting this dread scourge of beekeeping, those who have so faithfully stood by the cause will feel amply repaid for their efforts. GEORGE H. REA, In charge of Apiary Inspection. A bill “To provide for the inspection of apiaries, and for the sup- pression of contagious or infectious diseases among bees, and making appropriation therefor,’ was introduced in the legislature of 1909. It failed to pass, largely because of a lack of enthusiastic support on the part of the beekeepers. Such legislation was a new thing to most members of the legislature and aroused considerable comment and discussion. It also furnished the basis for ridicule on the part of certain editors of newspapers. However, in these respects we were no more unfortunate than many other states that eventually suc- ceeded in securing such legislation. Definite results were accomplished in the legislative session of 1911. An act was passed authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to do the work through the Economic Zoologist. A wave of enthusiasm spread among the beekeepers of the State. However, a murmur of regret followed when it was learned that the legislature failed to ap- 196 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. propriate funds for the purpose. A splendid apiary inspection law existed, but no money was provided with which to carry out its pro- visions. Many of the best beekeepers of the State were keenly disappointed. At that time European foul brood was especially bad in several counties, and reports show that American foul brood was scarcely less prevalent. The situation was alarming to those who knew con- ditions best. Later investigations have proven that in the seasons of 1911 and 1912, fully 90% of all the bees, in certain infected areas, were lost by the ravages of these diseases. Had the proper funds been appropriated at that time, thousands of dollars worth of bees and apiary fixtures might have been saved. Many beekeepers knew that something was wrong with their bees and that they were dying rapidly, but did not know the cause. The demands for help constantly increased, but no funds were available to employ persons who were familiar with bee diseases to make inspections. To meet the emergency, in the spring of 1912, Economic Zoologist H. A. Surface asked for names of those who would volunteer their services. Several beekeepers in various parts of the State responded. Those appointed had successfully passed an examination in bee- keeping, at Lancaster, on December 1, 1911. This examination was given by Prof. Surface in connection with the Annual Meeting of the Pennsylvania State Beekeepers’ Association. These voluntary inspectors received not one cent for their time, expenses or services. For a further account of the voluntary inspection work, see Zoologi- cal Bulletin, Vol. III, No. 2, March, 1913. The following table, taken from that bulletin, gives the work done by these volunteer in- spectors. The map shows approximately the territory covered by them in 1912. Se +. ONS ao” CN. ‘ZI6I UL BSBeSIG JO BalW ‘aoou_ TOO. ‘“T av anaaud saYav TINIANHOS Le “4 [7 im 4% a ee Ca Sal vaviant / Tr sen agave 5S -_m. < . a“ - ak zt “ | Cee Pe BULNaD \ Nomuvo » ae nie Ae\ We ; OS ae 4 ONOALSHAY al nornn fo Uo. ! uzting =! 4 aig ree ZOuNoN \ “¢ geeees | oy 2 aie 1 ere SS ee bo a ONaumy | % ap t 1! = anuoahn se et N . ) i Noes ee ae ~” My j SG NS NOLNIID TES ~~~ ~Qvosuasant | t worava ’ < } ix NC j ee j agouaw \ oe is ‘ ONIMODA1 i SN Ps + j 5 r oye @ ideas nt h ROUZNV> | et , OONVNGA | ike { ontwoam fie \ PS. aa ecreritarae. d x18 eancs fo i 3 } | hae A 2 6 ae ee ame o. — \ ; i | 2 H i cone eee ere tb =. L._.—.—-—- =! H y ! auoamvus | | | | | | ! 1 i 5 ; YNNVHENOSNS i cuosavua q VOOIL j yaLLOd i NVSHOW 3 Nauaym L . : t Sy) | | 4 197 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. No (2) G}OW XB “(D) WOW XB “(8T) WIOW XB (3) poorg ayold J “() Mow xva | ° “(h) GIO XBAL “(9) GIOW XB ‘(Z) pooig 214d “(Z) TOW XBM “(1) poorg e42Id ‘punog §}S9q 12q}0. *(I) poorg-[nog uvadoang st eeee ‘(§) poorg-{noq uvedoang *(9) poorg-[nog uBofieury *(T) poorg-[n0,y uvedoing ‘(p) pooig-[nog uvoliemy ** *({) poorg-[noy uvedoing ** “(T) pooig-[noy uBolemy eee eee eee ee ee eee eee ee er ‘(T) Poorg-[noq utoj10ury ‘OSBOSID JO PUIM fs) \y Ys we s f S. a rp man \ J - ri / gia / 8 og ’ » nA \ a \S— i %y So =~ \ C Ney @ { z ri ae. ok \ i a, Te ; WESTMORELAND ue pes / £ ely ig PERR) l % \ Pe BERES i : \ pes ¢ aoe ON 7} es = 4 “ -—% ——_— 3 LEBANON ~ / NN? % WASHINGTON ; Yi 7 map we 5 x re Ne ea NS va Moy Bais 9 Bf ae f j ~, / a cumperiann J» Ny ey - ~ a %,, Pe ~~ 28S ? z af ve a1aguva19d WIG WATO , A \ aNUSZA1 LA ONIMODAT al, oto yy . NVAITINS OUAZNVD 7 Se i (ee ! “azine | eee? A \ ~ ! ij LACKAWANNA aquoamvad NVZONn eae [otis SiN irae te 2 | ! Zina No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 199 In contrast to the case cited above, another man had, in 1915, thirty colonies infected with American Foul Brood in a yard of forty colonies. He followed the instructions of the Inspector closely for two years. When visited last fall his bees seemed to be entirely free from disease, and a good honey crop had been harvested as well as some increase in colonies made. Some of these diseased areas were again visited last fall in order to determine the results of the previous work. Many of the bee- keepers have learned to be their own inspectors. Most of them had followed instructions with care and enthusiasm. Many apiaries that were infected are now apparently entirely free from disease, as a result of careful instructions on the part of the inspectors and two years vigilance on the part of the beekeepers. As a result of the inspectors’ visits many beekeepers have adopted more modern and scientific methods of beekeeping. Apiaries have been recuperated, and where disease was rampant hardly a case is now to be found. As might be expected some disease still exists in some of these areas. This is especially true of the American Foul Brood districts. It may be possible that with another thorough in- spection of these areas, the last vestiges of foul brood may be eradi- cated. The work done by the inspectors in 1918 and 1914 is shown in the following tables and maps: TABLE FOR 1913 : : io] oA od a = a Ei aa oa 2 5 seo peo a n s ee 2s S n r) So = o o g u ° P 3 gs | 38 ENS D8: 3 5 a 24 2A a = Bt lee a = a g a 24 Fe 3 a ox B= ue County Inspector ae es cs SS BS | 33 } ° c =] 4 eS wu 2 gc | i) 3 a9 ors Ors 4 a7 | 32 HO HS HO Hp a io or Rs) oo, oO, = | S 23 Qo 225 2°03 38 Be #6, aS ase EOE GI 5a sa Den Bn Sam ou 4 4 4 vA | a S Allegheny, Armstrong, .. BEST RLT ooo ete sino ols Clearfield, SRUMUE OR icine Selec cic, eicle'e's,s Delaware, VEGA: cis)-fae cie's eisid\e/eje-v'e o's Huntingdon, . 508 > 5 | aa | OE ae Indiana, ..... eee ‘eo. H. Sa oe % Jefferson, Lycoming, Slee , 36 RMCIRCE RTI leisivivis css vinss ee SE RCA 2| 14 | 200 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. TABLE FOR 1914 —SSSS——_ —<——<—— ! ‘ cs) oA csiet || A a A Aaa Ad 2 t=] =P) pe [=| iS On om oS 2 % we Ho HH = re x sei n na @ nD ° ia Q o vq of gs S cca = aa _— = g S oq on, gle aor a SE ox ARE County Inspector AS a S sea SSS 23 ° ° a HH = eI 2 ge | oO p=) orm Ors 64 Ors 64 en HOD HD Pies mS ee =| ~ ~ ~_ or or vo oo, Doe, KS) ag ae Qo 2o5 205 wa ~ | a2 aS 85 ads gto a2 Er SA 5.4 3.8 3A $a vA Z A Z a is As BUCKS erie teieiareacteiteiciei yee Gis WLOX ne terieleteicinie John O. Buseman, 109 41 Chester aiincctasonoere cee John O. Buseman, .. 1 | ey (16) Perctonrem essmrrGce taocsecen |\TAocecane Delaware, ...5....++ee. John O. Buseman, .. | 35 | 3 Ma CkawANUAGE acaseicine Isaac F. Tillinghast, Di *e Gul ietese/ace.evese, l\eress (ess < cvcUlll mel cereal | SoS enigh) Bathcdecteete ees Isaac F’. Tillinghast, IN|. Sears sevets eve: l[ ieternreiare ols, lll eeveieieteveie’ ||| ele ttnoe mera | eae MOnTOG, ccs cinisisisicbistesiee | Isaac IF’. Tillinghast, | Pal Weansopoods| Ponca tcAen lisnoocoralPaactancs | oouadscc Montgomery, .......... John O. Buseman, .. | 35 8 Philadelphia, .......... | John O. Buseman, .. 182 94 Wyoming, .............| Isaac F. Tillinghast, || Se LSD eeteyerereceisie: || teraieve, ocobstonl Noterste eestor hte eierateraeas MOLAIS ucla seve ore cietel| bactersrsteieista Taisieaies Goelocucelels tess 375 119 At the annual convention of the Pennsylvania State Beekeepers’ Association, in Harrisburg, February 20 and 21, 1915, a determined effort was made to secure largely increased appropriations for the next two years work. As a result, $5,000.00 was appropriated for two years, and became available June 1, 1915. While this amount is not nearly sufficient properly to inspect the bees of the State and other- wise give the help that the beekeepers need, yet it is gratifying to know that the appropriation was increased five times over that of 1913. In starting the inspection service of 1915 a systematic effort was made to inspect as far as possible, every apiary in certain districts. Inspectors J. R. Rambo and John O. Buseman worked in the south- eastern corner of the State. The writer made his headquarters at Harrisburg and worked out from there. By this plan Cumberland, Delaware and Philadelphia counties were practically finished, while the larger portions of Bucks, Montgomery, Dauphin, Juniata and Perry counties were inspected. At the same time a good start was made in Lebanon and several other counties where help was needed. A badly infected area, in the eastern end of Juniata county and touching on the southern side of Snyder and the northeastern side of Perry counties, was worked out. The work in this area was con- tinued until cold weather prevented anything more being done. A beekeeper in Cumberland county suspected foul brood among his bees. He promptly reported it to the Economic Zoologist. In- spection was given at once, and with the co-operation of the bee- keeper, every trace of the disease was stamped out. Similar work was done in the southeastern counties, where the foul brood condi- tion is rapidly coming under control, through the efforts of the in- spectors. The territory inspected in 1915 os approximately as great as that of the combined three previous years, and the number of apiaries inspected is likewise greater than that of the previous years. The greater amount of inspection accomplished in 1915 is due, of course, McKEAN \ .7 i BRADFORD SUSQUEHANNA \ 1 \ t | ™ t \ SULLIVAN pak ~_-EYCOMING SS ; JEFFERSON csp . 4 CLINTON = oA ji thea lhe | aay ne ane ee ee mee — wt re ce a, i] “I wyomina ; ee w sal AN ot BUTLER. ; om Nc LUZERNE Treen, > ale TTS CLEARFIELD ) Wi ARMSTRONG yo \ ae CENTRE / ONTOUR COLUMBIA, / / INDIANA \ vi | < YNNYMAVHO * -———-— L. i ! \ A J \. MONROE i “ ? 2 ““{ CARBON \, a : . \ we oA, s, = : i a NO 7 ALLEGHENY a4 x SCHUYLRILL A = < —— N ’ rene ae : ‘ 5 Wc ~, . , }} Gia AY fi , EPERRY S90 GGA Tv Ween j WESTMORELAND “Ue i} Se ash = ae, awe WASHINGTON Vf / i o eA "i ! { SOMERSET BEDFORD FAYETTE 7X LANCASTER / CHESTER NX ee 7 Map 4. Four Broop. Area of Disease in 1915 Tesgerewry } t ay ests a. ri id u; f is ih ; - is =| ¥ LVR, : abs > “ F (Tit Le ae ba Ae iho s co s elie typi cree anal : + - * ert Sia hedee ad ce Lied “Aveeeh: No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 201 to the greater appropriation which allowed of more steady employ- ment and continued service to the inspectors. Automobiles used by inspectors are a decided advantage in the work. Many beekeepers are so far from railroad or electric lines that about the only practi- cal way to reach them is by automobile. This year, as formerly, beekeepers were advised how to transfer their bees from box hives to modern hives, how to feed and how to pack their bees for winter, and various other manipulations in mod- ern beekeeping. Some demontrations were made. At every apiary visited by the inspectors instructions were given how to detect and fight foul brood should it occur amoung the bees. Aside from the regular inspection of their bees, the beekeepers derive considerable benefit from the visits of the inspectors. TABLE FOR 1915 de- ! D cs) oA Lo] n eee) pelea legis g ge | as S g | 8 g \Te 138 (3 | n Pas | nS e 2 a. 178 a Es er g = = bel a i=} = e [2 | 2 [ae |e | 98/2 County Inspector a es a 3 | B on Ss sal Sal ase nae Ag 8 Omg } Osh | ose| ak = uO | HO | oe 3 | noA oP HO or or oo oo oo us) Op, | 2: |23| 22 |22e/225| 22 128 Ga| 8a) 88 |8So)8ee!] Se | 8s | 4 | a 14 | 4 A = Z ; 5 Geo H. Rea, ... 1 ad | Bafete cele | ikatelevacare | Sddescll| choca. || aosoac Geowiee Rear ft --idecsces 1 Hl Megorde.|ecedac [rath cel Ruectoeee [i ocaccrecte John O. Buseman, ...... 32 DALI: |Wecereteietoll ele srels | oaccod.|| hesdase 4 sods: Geom Ea PRGA mceclecisincire 4 Be WPeceaguce4|) socues peas coe: || macnn Lee care GeOre ECA maiecissccrem scr 2 BYE odeeco |! céddc | erocos | 408Se |pmescoc eS 0. Buseman, .... ReERy EREITED Ot tayereialersle'« 12 OLSaliveeeieem | oaisisre es Weiner lise se bw * || «sis'e/are EAT OLAS Den celeidecee aes Geo. H. Rea, 9 OT alateee ee litae settee ee satel) cies coke ORR Ge Cumberland, ........... Geo. H. Rea, 150| 1,448 1 uP ARG ose Oil ames WIAD eee Necilaieces 3 = Geo. H. Rea, 58 (OEE ABadl ococen | hoocbood omar |e aaccc CIA WALCS | civic seccicis soe yoo O. Buseman, | J. R. Rambo, TE lone HDG Wetec lhreteletele soe ateail|| de ewes Peteicisee Huntingdon, ........... Geo. H. Rea, 3 Hpi | Sodcsd ||!Odedaq |Peadaes4 laococor poceade Jefferson, Geo. H. Rea, 29 642 3 8} Gli ferstoad Juniata, Geo. H. Rea, 173 | 1,397 29 18 | 183 132 Lancaster, . Geo. H. Rea, LGR lire cre ctatch | erelolareye | seen [Wontenice Lebanon, Geo. H. Rea, 12 TEN De ocr oGooodhoerer clare Bog) || aaocse Mifflin, .......... -| Geo. H. Rea, 10 BU eee sels |\vainistelsis Panes Weavers | secces Montgomery, .......... John O. Buseman, ...... 113 803 2 Bi \ecien spe 4) 2 LES, Sop Sapa le Geom Reaseeat ace te 121| 991 PUlisertcse 18 18 4 Philadelphia, .......... | John O. Buseman, ...... 109} 898 11 26 12 38 8 SIGIR Pele aaeecoanosc GeowHe REA codecs 5 | 32 Pil Bt oge 2} 2 2 POET Bile ctatciclclerelcisictele cicocte GeeOe EA ROR ie cre ciersicie otsie 8 TST ee sire Oe Paiccece f earicoh | wscte be t[ vides ct CU CSTE: i si tes age ar 8S 933 | 9,384 50 61| 197| 258]. 148 APIARY INSPECTORS’ MILEAGE FOR 1915 mb be 2 a \ a ae ob a | iS bo] 3S os uo} n Bo| 2B | 86 | 8 g or 2 Dey o a ro > we eS © ep — Inspector so BO Ea S51] e3 £8 8 So eta ot os ne a nn a= | ad on os oh oo ae =a ier! =o => +e — _— — ot 2 fle om =| = = a aH J. R. Rambo, John O. Buseman, GEO ELSES Meet nitiee ssleis cic dia ciesle's ole wispisie.oeice/eulnince vewscs | TPIT MIR ST recesses cain sicie sieicinielele’s oc co.scisecelesccedcccesseses Se ————E—EeEeee———————e ee 14 202 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe TABLES AND MAPS The tables are compiled as completely as possible. They vary somewhat in construction, according to the statistics available for each year. The dark areas on the maps show the relative portion of inspected territory in each county. As nearly as possible the situation of the inspected territory is given. The increase of the inspected areas, from year to year, is notable. SOME NOTABLE FACTS Beekeepers should co-operate with the inspectors and follow their instruction closely. Where this has been done foul brood has been brought under control, and the bees saved. Those who neglected to do so have lost their bees. Many beekeepers have adopted better and more modern methods of-beekeeping and are breeding a better race of bees, as a result of the apiary inspection work. The beekeepers are backing up the apiary inspection work through the Pennsylvania State Beekeepers’ Association. Every beekeeper should be a member. Increased appropriations for the work indicate a rising tide of in- terest in beekeeping in this State. Beekeepers can always help this very important industry by keep- ing their Representatives in the Legislature posted on beekeeping and bee diseases. j (7) BEE DEMONSTRATIONS As the San José scale proved to be a blessing in disguise, because it forced people to new and better methods of orcharding, so are the diseases known as American Foul Brood and European Foul Brood proving to be of value to the beekeepers of this State, as they are learning that beekeeping is an art based upon fundamental scien- tific principles, and that there are far better returns and more pleas- urable methods in keeping or caring for bees than those of merely keeping them in old box hives or gums. There has been a demand for demonstrations in methods of changing bees from such old hives to modern frame hives, and also for treating bee diseases. These demonstrations have been given at a few places in the State and more are planned during the coming year. This is a specialized line of agriculture which is worthy of the slight effort given it through this Bureau. (8) COMPULSORY PEST SUPPRESSION One of the important features of service by the Bureau of Zoology is the compulsory suppression of pests. The law provides that when complaint is made to the Secretary of Agriculture, a representative be sent to inspect the premises supposed to contain pests and to direct the owner to treat them and prescribe a time limit within which said treatment is to be given. After the expiration of this limit, if it has not been done, it becomes our duty to destroy the infested trees or plants, or treat them, and charge the owner for the work as a lien upon his property the same as tax. There have been about twenty cases in this State this year in which it was necessary No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 203 to undertake such compulsory treatment of pests, and in every case theowner cleaned up the premises that contained pests threatening cthers, and did this as soon as he found that we were really in earnest and backed by the law. The names of persons making the eriginal complaints were not published, and the owners do not know now through what source the initiative was taken. Even the sur- rounding neighbors do not know that such treatment was given be- cause of compulsory measures under an act of Legislature, but the desired results were obtained. ‘This is a good law, and is bringing results, and will be made of greater use in this State as the citizens come to further understand its real value. (9) OTHER PRACTICAL SERVICE IN ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY. Economic Zoollogy is, of course, much more extensive than its one branch of entomology. It pertains to such subjects as the de- struction of obnoxious mammals, birds, rabbits and other animals, and the preservation of beneficial species. As the effects of the bounty laws in destroying the enemies of rodents become more apparent, the losses by rabbits, mice and rats will become much more conspicuous in this State. From the stand- point of economic zoology we consider it a serious mistake to place a bounty upon such creatures as the weasels, which have their im- portant functions in Nature to perform. Rodents are becoming so very destructive that one of the chief sources of loss in the increasing number of orchards in this State, is through the damage effected by rabbits and mice during the winter. We have estimated and published that rodents destroy more than five millions of dollars worth of property in this State annually. We have undertaken a campaign against such obnoxious creatures, and have given practical assistance in their extermination. In our experimenta! work, we have further proven the value of the lime-sulfur wash applied to the lower branches and trunks of trees to keep rabbits and mice from gnawing them during the winter time. This is effective, non-injurious to the trees and economical. The poisoning and trapping of rats and mice is recommended, and it is particularly urged that in the construction of buildings efforts be made to render them practically proof against mice and rats, and that more concreting be used for the fleors of buildings; and the places where rats and mice can find concealment, such as old wood piles and lumber piles, be removed or raised on supports. However, the fundamental means of destroying rodents is to preserve and de- velop their natural enemies, such as weasels, foxes, especially the eray fox, and hawks and owls. The little screech owl feeds almost entirely upon rats and mice, and is one of the very best friends of the farmer. ENGLISH SPARROW There is no greater enemy of the small native birds, such as are commonly found around the abode of mankind, than the English sparrow. This introduced pest not only takes food that would be eaten by poultry and native birds, but actually feeds on the eggs and young of the birds themselves, and also drives away our native birds of song and beauty. We have experimented with killing the Eng- lish sparrows with poison grain and found it successful. We recom- 204 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. mend it as has been published in detail in our bulletins. We also recom- mend the use of a 22-calibre gun loaded with dust shot. We have before us a letter from a correspondent who says that the native birds soon become accustomed to the slight noise is makes and do not fear it, as they soon learn that they are not molested by it. We also recommend trap nests for the English sparrows. This is one of the best means of catching and destroying them. THE ENGLISH STARLING One of the introduced birds, against which we have sounded a warning for the past nine or ten years, is the English Starling. This bird is now becoming so abundant in the eastern part of this State as to be a real nuisance. A large poultryman near Philadelphia recently informed us that the starling is causing him considerable loss by actually striking the hens on the head while they are feeding, and driving them away, and then swooping down on their food and devouring it in a hurry. The starling nests in boxes, and will ap- propriate the boxes placed for martins and bluebirds. We have described its habits as being intermediate between those of the English sparrow and of the blackbird. It is dark in color marked with brown and some irridescent or metallic gloss. It will soon prove to be beyond control in this State if action is not taken for its destruction. It is not protected by law, and our citizens must not wait until it gets beyond their control. At the present time in the State of Massachusetts there are provisions by which a person ob- serving a starling anywhere can notify state officials, and have a nerson sent to shoot it at once. It is not advisable for citizens of our Commonwealth to wait for the State to do the actual work of the suppression of these pests. They must take the information which is here given them, and act upon it promptly. BIRD DAY IN THE SCHOOLS One of the best steps forward for educating the youth of our country to interest them in birds, and popularize the study of birds and bird preservation, was the establishment of Bird Day as an official feature of public attention in our schools, and very appro- priately Bird Day is to be observed in connection with Arbor Day. It is time for a great deal to be done toward the conservation of our wild life,—not only the birds, but also the mammals and other forms of undomesticated creatures. In this connection we have published bulletins and circulars upon making bird boxes and bird preser- vation. The last of our Bird Bulletins, which is the last in the series of ten on bird life in Pennsylvania, was published in May, 1914, as Nos. 3 and-4 of Vol. IV of the Bi-Monthly Bulletin of the Bureau of Zoology. This contains a description of birds of several families of the Order Passeres or Perching Birds, together with a discussion of the habits, eggs and nests of each, and also gives special attention to the subject of constructing nesting boxes. We have started a plan of enlisting the co-operation of manual training teachers in building bird boxes in connection with their schools. The most extensive campaign in this State that has ever been undertaken was thus started by this office. Results will doubtless be manifest next year. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 205 In addition to the building of bird boxes we have given special at- tention to the publication of lists of trees, bushes, shrubs and vines that could be planted to feed the birds. Much can be done along the line of providing food and shelter, and thus inducing them to return to their former surroundings. This is a system of very practical wild life conservation. CATS SHOULD NOT BE DESDRTED. It is unfortunately the custom of many persons in moving to de- sert or leave behind the cats. This may be due to the absurdly foolish and superstitous notion that to move the cat brings bad luck. There should be a law in this State making it necessary to kill superfluous cats and leave none behind when moving away from any place. A cat that is left on the premises suffers from starvation, and any person observing this form of cruelty is justified in bringing it to the attention of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Action should be taken in a very definite and conspicuous manner. Types of Vigor For Tota] Perioa Of 20 Hours. High Constitutional Vigor, ut RR DN FE TR AR RS SN Bedius Constitutional Vigor. CopuJatione 60 Low Conatitationa) Vigor COPM OTLONS SF Wig. 9. Note the difference in the length of the lines which indicate th lati fi mating power of the three flocks of males shown in Fig. 8. berate Carn “Lady Cornell” (3211) itladean Cornell (9363) | £GGS "HD £GG5 LAID £cGs Laio eA 242 |e ee 19813 eo yeh OPS |e" AS O57 | Smo OOD | SRvMIG) «= WSTrak PAS] Ove" 131! 3° yk 16S TOTAL od YRS. ae TOTAL 3 YRS. 648 c TOTAL 3° YRGx Pa SSS Sate +8 > — - — Fig. 10. The three highest producing fowls discovered among the flocks at Cornell University. Observe the differences. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 289 YEARLY RECORDS FROM DATE FIRST EGG WAS LAID OF SOME OF THE HIGH PRODUCING HENS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY » 4 Ls | ° | Le a u u bu a =I a ~ a . g 2 : a 3 = ‘ z " 3 Py & | Ms 2 Name. = + “= z A | = s rS Ss ee a E cc ‘a i) : u a Bi 5 te n no n ns 38 ao S a ee |e ue | SE =) q i) a Q iS) = ¥ Dec. 6, 1909 3,211 |. ‘Lady, Cornell,””........ 258 200 | 191 123 +772 Noy. 24, 1909 9,363 | ‘‘Madam Cornell,”’ .... 245 | 131 163 83 $622 Noy. 20, 1910 6,697 | ‘‘Cornell Prolific,’’ .... | 243 | 162 | 146 119 670 Dec. 8, 1910 5,626 | ‘‘Cornell Laywell,’’ .. 205 165 159 124 653 Dec. 10, 1909 3,418 | ‘‘Cornell Supreme,’’.. | 242 198 225 124 *789 Dec. 4, 1908 1,463 | ‘“‘Cornell Suprise,’’ ... 180 | 186 NOG lWaines citiveee | 562 Dec. 8, 1911 8,686 | ‘‘Cornell Persistent,’’ 192 | 197 | ATS) iedistes. estas > | §567 \ *Fourth year incomplete. Died July 3, 1913. 7Four years complete. Died in fifth year. {Three years complete. Died fourth year. §Three-year record. Table II. A list of the first, second, third and fourth year records of seven high producing hens at Cornell University. We now come to the question of breeding our birds with regard to discovering their ability to live long and produce well,—which may be called their longevity. Here are the records of a good sized group of birds that have now completed, in this instance, their four year records, but we have their fifth, in which, it is seen that this particular bird laid 772 eggs in the four years’ time, laying 258 eggs the first year, 200 the second, 191 the third and 123 in the fourth year. The best bird in the lot, laid 242 the first year, 198 the second, 225 the third and 124 in the fourth, or a total of 789 eggs in the four years’ time. Here is a bird that is exceedingly surprising and she was named Cornell’s Surprise on that account because she laid 180 eggs the first year, 186 the second and 196 the third, increasing her production each year. This bird we still have with us and we are hoping for great things because of her persistency in production, laying such a high average each year, 192 the first, 178 the third, or a total of 567 eggs in the three years’ time. A Member: I note all these hens began to lay very late in the Fall. Do you intend that that should be so? PROF. RICE: No sir. Ordinarily it would not have been true, but the birds were hatched late and therefore began to lay late. If these birds had been hatched early they unquestionably would have be- gun early to medium early in the Fall to lay. A Member: How late? PROF. RICE: Frequently when they are around five or six months old. Some of our high producing birds, however, do not begin to lay until they are six or seven or eight months old. The birds that do not begin to lay until they are nine or ten months old, almost always are medium to lew producers. In order that we may 19—6—1915 290 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. find out how important that is, we keep our best birds for a period of several years. We are going to call attention to some of these distribution records of hens whose records are known for three years, to show how easy it is for a person to kill the best hens he has on his farm and never be any the wiser unless he knows their individual records. DISTRIBUTION OF EGG PRODUCTION BY ONE YEAR PERIODS AS AN INDICATION OF PROLIFICACY. THREE CALENDAR YEAR RECORDS OF 169 S. C. WHITE LEGHORN HENS AT CORNELL UNI- VERSITY. | d a d o 3 SS ° ° ° 5 Fa ° 3 3 S 3 63 to E | 3 e 2 2 ae 4 o = Ls] O ,° 4=) © 3 a “ ° og o.. to 2 t*) S Hy aS Be ao Groups. 3 ag aS As ae bw rey oe ns os = . be =| oh on (3) & eS co) 7) to tog ton aS a=) 2 3) ar so at A oS g 34 ae ao a0 © 5 5 ba ba $3 rs r=] bo Z a < < < a a | ; iy. | LR Be. cur abOGUODECO;DUCOODGOGOC 80 47.34 158.68 127.60 102.91 889.19 3 MMe eersiete siotere cisioretsierste'evalolh Hy Z Aa < < < < < ! } CLIN eee re osc i de 4| 2.37 176.25 178.25 135.75 126.50 435.50 ToT hon” bol el op i 71 42.01 199.77 157.01 133.63 116.41 407.05 SUN hiete osaat koe. cee 52 30.77 222,46 140.10) 121.87 106.19 367.66 ABTA ee Sacks See 127 75.15 208.32 150.60 128.67 112.54 $91.81 Ss i ae Sp Sane 22) 18.02] 255.50| 108.10 | 121.05| 108.50; $87.66 PA a= a OSS ee ee 11 | 6.51 285.09 93.91 | 93.56 27 271.74 TE TP Daa ee ple 6 3.55 315.50 88.38 129.00; 107.67 325.00 roy a7 a ee es le 1 “59 359.00 45.00 | 75.08 63.00 189.00 TC PNR A Se As | 1 “59 76.00 27.00 155.00 126.00 308.00 BAGS 5 PA 8 < io < a x aa] | ii r v5 : my ta 53 ] PARAM saree rayeints ata ss sto (ae Rh sia)-'= intel e sieLuvesarelevare oie lois ape ais /Stwiemysyejeie:sleie ebiaie’e stale 1.66 oz 100 | 1.87 Ib. | 100 PBUH E Sa ELEN cates te oth CSSA AR Ntsc hacen no tedewetua cance 1.90 oz 114| 2.291b.| 122 eee CEE Ramet atrainisieainaGioiat his Mecinisulgaiancelwatiaeaws see'eiles mone be 2.35 oz 141 | 2.65 Ib 142 Table 8. Table showing the exact weights of eggs and of chicks in- dicating the fact that the size of the egg of any given breed determines the size of the chick. Fig. 21 is just a suggestion for keeping males cool and away from the hens during the summer time. It means that there must be a wire covered place that could be locked up so that the chickens could go in and out; on the north side of some building where it is cool, comfortable and congenial, with a large number of feeding hoppers and watering devices, both inside and out of the building so that the strong males cannot fight the others. The great difficulty of keeping many males together is in making them all go to eat or drink out of the same places. If they are scattered all through the woods, with plenty of room to range and lots of room in a building where they can get away from each other, it is not so difficult to take care of them for that length of time, and I think we owe it to our stock to keep our best males rather than to kill them; but if we were to “swat” all the rest of them, it would certainly be a great blessing to the community. Tinally, and lastly, we want to bring out the fact of good care of our birds during the winter if we are going to get the best re- sults in breeding. No amount of good breeding will ever take the place of poor ventilation of our hen houses or poor care of our hens, and while it will not be possible to speak of these things in detail here, I want to point out for a moment a new idea, at least new to us, a method of ventilation to take the place of the muslin curtain in certain parts of the United States. I do not know that it would have application in the south but it cer- tainly does in the north. This is a wind buffler, not an ordinary shutter, but a combination of louvers placed at different angles to prevent the snow, wind and rain from blowing into the house and for allowing the air to change freely through the house with- out draft. In Fig. 22 is shown a building that we used for two 20—6—1915 306 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. years to test out the efficiency of these wind bufflers. There is a little more glass put in the house to make up for the darker effect of the wind buffler in place of muslin. This picture (Fig. 23) gives a little better idea of the wind bufiler, cut right down through to show the arrangement of baftle plates. You can see what the prin. ciple is; the wind, blowing from the front of the house, comes up and strikes that louver there and whirls, it comes up in here and whirls around over here and makes a counter-whirl so that it can- not get into this house until it has turned over several times and then reversed itself in the other direction. A person can stand two feet behind this wind buffler in the house with a heavy head of wind coming from the south and never know that the wind is blow- ing. The snow cannot get in, the rain cannot get in, but the air ean change place through all the half inch or three quarters. The air circulates more freely than where muslin curtains are used; and that enables a person to put these wind baffles in the front of his house without ever having to touch them from fall to winter, and your hens are never in a draft and always have per- fectly clean, fresh air if the proper proportion of the front of the house has the wind baffler construction. I know very well that I have long since exhausted your patience. I ought not to have brought so many lantern slides with me nor talked so long to each slide. I apologize, and thank you very sincerely for your attention. FORTY POPULAR VARIETIES OF POULTRY W. THEO. WITTMAN, Allentown, Pa. Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I am not at all disap- pointed nor do I feel at all bad that Prof. Rice has taken so much time. We poultry people at least give credit to Prof. Rice’s stand- ing head and shoulders above everybody else in this country in his knowledge of poultry, and I am particularly pleased that he has had the chance to give us all or at least part of what he knows > here this morning. I am especially pleased that he has given us agricultural workers of this State a message to take back home that the farmers of the State of Pennsylvania should quit having so many late hatched chickens. You know quite a number of farm- ers in Pennsylvania are just beginning to think of setting hens or just beginning to have their first chickens, and here it is nearly June 1. I am very glad that he has shown us here on this screen that 60 eggs is a very low egg yield, and I am sorry that the farmers of the State of Pennsylvania showed in the census enumera- tion of 1910 that their hens laid only 68 eggs. Take that message back home so that in 1920 the farmers can give a better report to the census enumerators. I am especially pleased that he brought the message. We want pure bred chickens, and it is a shame that in Pennsylvania some of our fine farms are disfigured and brought CORWELL WIDE BALL 7, Life. ae SSS le Or A )\ SAN QW BS Pp» ee fo J ww > AS 47S L7 wN AS LP oO ZR AN aN aN 2 , NN LP » >), Ny JOA AS Fan | ee oe Arrows show how wind whkirds when passing through the baffler 23. Working detail drawing showing the construction, front and cross section, view of the Cornell wind baffler which effectually provides for free circulation of air without drafts. 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CU GATT MM | Biker a RUE ce Th92 SCUREG EMEA cpaein “ae i tdedahe Hime Tesviiwoer boew oreo fia el Et Lae Lice Ce) ee 7 ata CELT abl both cteiioh kon 4 ‘ ee | | | | ite er NSS Fig. 25. The daily production of the same 38 hens shown in Figure 24. Observe how much later the birds began to lay, as a rule, in the second year and how much earlier they ceased laying at the end of the year. “SABM[V JOU 3NQ ‘S[ENPIAIpUL SZuIONpoid 19}30q 24} JO 9S¥d 9Y} UI ST SIq} Al[eNsS ‘dys S LAIPUL I I St SI IyS JnNoyjIM A[snonut -u00 ABl SuUay UsyM Spotsed 94} JO YSU, oY} UI ddUBIOIP oy} OSTe BION ‘ouNnE pue Avy ‘Tuady Bele saat ors Sanp yanaiit aes ay} A[IveU SUIBJUIVUT Sivas 9} JO Yous UI UONONpoOId oy} ‘SveldyM {[[VJ SULMOT[OJ 9q} dot[ive AT 0} OSBId PUL J9}UTM IO [[RJ 24} ur 19}B[ ABT 0} UIZ9qQ 0} SpdJIq 94} 1OJ ADUAPU} J9}veIs [TJS BV OJON ‘CZ pUw FZ SOINSIY Ul UMOYS SUdy vy} JO uOoTJONpoid ivos ply, 9% “St | 2 08 CH THO oh rO ES 7U SS fe GH) MAE NTA ee Se Se Pe oS 6 ABO SS CROPTESSS EChesIas Tee am Bapee @ oC EERE AS Re em see, Soe | es eee ee eee 5 BOOUAI SRI RIG IMIR LOO E Eee mes eashoser ma | COE 8 PS 28 A FS OD Pa OS Gd SE SCA PS PP eer err rr rin Bus 238 BRsescamasoe put tet 6S OR 6D RD ET Se AT OS Ge 8S SS Oe St SSP METRO SOR AsER 8 we BOP OST ALIA UE YEE Tt LEYLA ME LEE BA EP AES EH A idtite bi tttte He GS Hitt) dE ult UH tH A BER HUE UES Brrss Kiaasre Lia eS ak OO N7 S E W OSS CO AN UDG BER Di GD TRING 8 USSTRMIIRR? 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"4 litte Ais {di oles LEE Ue it, Heh ATE ROLLE TIRE SO EE Oe a ML NG Se 5 Be umn Sigs aint A WA TAPED’ erates yl patil lec aah amntae jh FO I varchar aac rhe am ates @ese i ede dhittl Ut ODGeee Peewee Ot ewe RUUNADROR EAA ERASE a inaramennecs 1116 mM Jee RQ PER ERESCR GP ASE PIRATE IMs Bie sae seo ag Lite it iia dit ULE fait itt Ca TNH ENEE | Ca ae sgvone 627 BI TLIA TED HEETEE AMAL, CUI AUT ALI ft EHS j MUM Md td BU LAID SHAH 1 | ISRHIME ee ee al ea ch oh ta et aes feet tee oom Pee dea’ Covenmuthmen consmen WEAN S he wevaseueir ae es veal gga atte eee coeery AAT PEUAMEED TSP jer ye. Ae LPALP3S S$ srJA LY ets No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 307 down in mine and eyerybody else’s estimation by the sort of mon- grel chickens they have on their farms. I am very glad he has said this and a great many other things, and I hope that we ag- ricultural workers will go home and be a nucleus in our own neighborhood and will set an example and that we ourselves will not have hatched mongrel chickens and will not kill the early moulters and things like that. This morning I am going to try to tell you which is the best chicken. Those of you who heard me talk know that I have always evaded that question, for a good many reasons, First of all, per- haps, because of my position as a worker, knowing the prejudices a great many people have on a particular question. As an officer of the American Poultry Association, I have tried to be as loyal to their standard as I could. I have evaded the question perhaps, because I am a licensed poultry killer and because I am manager of one of the largest poultry shows in America. But this morning I am going to try and forget all that, and directly and individually, as I feel to-day, tell which is the best chicken or which is the best variety of poultry to keep; or, rather, I am going to try to help you so that you can tell which is the best. Now we are going to show some slides, not very many. The pro- gram says “Forty Varieties of Poultry.” Vm going to tell you, “Forty Varieties” came about something like this: Several years back the American Poultry Association for the first time voted quite a large sum of money that the different forty most popular varieties of poultry might be shown in lantern slides. It seemed to be very hard to find some firm that could make those pictures. Then the cry went up as to which were to be the forty. So a little later the American Poultry Association decided that all the standard varieties, something over a hundred, were to be shown like this. At last they are ready to do this. We have tried all the big slide makers of the United States, and you are going to see on the screen here this morning slides made by Williams, Brown and Earle, of Philadelphia and the Horace MacFarland Co., of Harrisburg. You are going to see some slides made by firms in Chicago, Boston and New York, and this is the very best they could do. I am sorry to say they are not up to type; in other words, the new standard, the 1915 standard, containing the illus- trations of the very latest types of chickens is not out, and on account of the copyright law, we cannot show the newer type un- til the book itself is in circulation; but we will be ready to do that by the time of the World’s Fair in November—I mean the poultry show in November, and they will be shown there for the first time. These pictures I am showing here this morning are samples. There are going to be two kinds of chickens here; you had a hint that there are going to be two kinds of Barred Rock. I am going to show, first of all, the standard types, the type that the chicken fancier is trying to get, the type that is winning in the show room, not only the type but the color, and here we have the most popular chicken in America so far as the farmer is concerned, or at least the chicken that was the most popular chicken on the farms of Penn- sylvania, the Barred Plymouth Rock. The fancier of Barred Ply- mouth Rock has had one thing in view, to get a peculiar shade of color and have his male and female alike in color; if you will 308 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. stop a moment, you will remember that your males are a good deal lighter in color than your females and there are very few that have the markings of these particular chickens. You will notice a bluish cast, the feathers are pure black and white but are so distributed that the effect is a bluish pink. There has been end- less time, patience and money spent in developing these fancy points. We have men in America who are known the world over, our Hawkins’ and our Thompson and our Bradley and Wells, men whose names practically everybody in the room has heard, that have spent their lifetime in developing this Barred Plymouth Rock and bringing out these fine lines, and they go down to Madison Square Garden and fight the old battle over year by year as to supremacy, to see who can bring birds with the most parallel bars. Those bars on those feathers had to be parallel, straight across, so that we can have these ringlet effects. Those who have not been poultry fanciers have no idea what is required along the breeding line to bring about something like this. We want to give due credit to the men who have been able, as a result of spending a lifetime of the keenest sort of work to be able to show this sort of chicken. It is not easy. I have knocked around the show rooms pretty nearly all my life; I remember the very first chicken I showed, when I was only a boy of ten, but it was a mighty fine chicken, I thought. I paid a dollar to enter it in the poultry show, my own dollar too, and the judge came along and disqualified it; I didn’t even have a run for my money, and when I was 17 somebody thought I knew enough about chickens to judge my first poultry shows and he went to the president of our county fair and got me a job and I appeared and introduced myself to the secretary and he asked me to repeat what I’d say; he was polite enough not to say anything more, but when I got out into the hall one of the men, when told I was to judge chickens, said, “That fellow is only a kid,’ and since that I have heard more than once that I don’t know anything at all about chickens and I guess it is true, but I have been through that hard knock school of experience in judging poultry and I know what it is to get birds of this type. Understand when men are breeding chickens, to get this type, they may have it on paper or they may tell it by word of mouth that this sort of chicken lays eggs, but they really don’t care whether a hen like that lays one egg or a hundred, and they will breed her whether she does or not, and they will use the progeny from that sort of hen again and again, and it would be foolish if they didn’t do it. A Barred Plymouth Rock like these, I have seen sold for $100, $200, $500 and $800, and if a chicken like that is worth $800 and lays only 8 or 9 eggs a year, her eggs are worth some money. But I am not quarreling with those fellows who claim that that is the sort of chicken the farmers and utility poultry men should have and sell their eggs from this sort of chicken to the farmer and men who try to make a living out of their chickens. Within a month I was with a city man whose health has broken down and he bought a Pennsylvania farm nine years ago. The girls are off at work, but the boy is 16 and is going to school. The father is trying to pay the mortgage and the mother and the boy are trying to help with chickens. Four years ago they bought some chickens from one of these chicken fanciers, these purely fancy No. 6. DEPATMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 309 chickens. He brought these chickens to his Pennsylvania farm; they are low in vitality, they have never paid, they have simply lost their money. Why, to my notion it is a crime for any man, for any chicken fancier to sell that sort of chicken to that sort of person, It is not fair, and I do wish the chicken fancier, much as I respect him—it is a profession that I belonged to for many years—I wish he would quit that, quit fooling our Pennsylvania farmers and our people who are trying to make good with their chickens. Now notice the difference; this is a work-a-day hen, a Pennsylvania hen. This is the hen whose mother and grandmother and great- grandmother and great-great-grandmother has been bred for egg pro- ducing. This is a hen that laid 283 eggs. This is a hen that could not win in any poultry show in the United States. You can com- pare the two types; one is a show lady and the other a work lady; you see the difference; feathers is everything here; the ability to lay eggs is everything with the other hen. This man had only one thing in view, to see how beautiful, how exquisite he could get his chickens, and just as long as there are men and women that love the beautiful fiowers and beautiful painting, just so long there will be men and women who will love the beautiful chickens and just so long will there be poultry fanciers, but most of us I am afraid want the other kind of hen. There is quite a difference in type in these Barred Plymouth Rocks. The owner of this hen—and he is a Pennsylvania man and a well known breeder—will tell you if you ask him to describe in a word this chicken, he will tell you that she s a Leghornized Barred Plymouth Rock. That is his description. I think you all get what I am talking about. I fear that the chicken fancier has made of his Barred Plymouth Rock a member of the “pound” family; it is not usual to find in other types of Barred Plymouth Rock birds weighing 8 or 9 or 10 pounds, but if the Barred Plymouth Rock is to be a worker and a layer, it will have to be reduced something in weight. Now we have some White Leghorns. I was talking of Barred Plymouth Rocks and the emphasis we put on Barred Plymouth Rocks and how many men had been working at it, and the same is true of White Leghorns, only a New York man was able to outstrip everybody else and his name is known the world round, and to-day it is simply impossible to win anywhere in any poultry show in the United States of America unless you have this man’s White Leghorn. A great many in the room know whom I am talking about. This man has had a wonderful income the last few years because he created this kind of chicken. This sort of chicken is the result of many, many years of very faithful and very enthusiastic labor, because he will talk chickens from morning to night and then some. He gave up a wonderful position so that he could devote all his time to chickens. He has given us this elegant, stylish, beautiful White Leghorn, and everybody who admires the beautiful, it seems to me, cannot help but admire that bird; everything is a curve; the beautiful head, the style, every- thing that we think is exquisite in chickens is embodied in that type of White Leghorn; but again I fear that this is not a workaday chicken; in fact I know it to be true, I know it to be a fact, that if you ask the man who produced this chicken why it is that his 21 310 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. chickens lay so few eggs, when you get him down in a corner all by himself, why these chickens lay so few eggs, he will tell you that the original mother hen laid that sort of an egg. Now we have a different kind of Leghorn in the last few years, and I am sorry she is not the Pennsylvania Leghorn and not the United States Leghorn either; she is an English Leghorn. Now I don’t know why it is that the English Leghorns lay better than the American, but I guess they do; it seems to me they do. [very large commercial egg farm, if they don’t have some English blood already or don’t have their large flock English, are thinking of doing it, with one exception—I only know one large farm in Pennsylvania that does not want English Leghorns. If there is any reason why these English Leghorns lay-better than our show type of American Leghorn, it is because of something we heard so much about this morning, vitality. I was in a large brood house in Pennsylvania where there were 12,000 chickens, 2,000 English White Leghorns, and I believe I would have undertaken the task of picking them out nearly to the last one as two year old chickens already. You can pick out the English White Leghorn. It never droops its wings, it is a strong, vigorous chicken. These chickens were grown on Pennsylvania soil; their parents were English Leghorns; they belong to a farm down in Lancaster county and were imported. They are five chickens that came very close to winning the last North American Egg Competition. They stood second. There were 50 or 60 of those chickens down on that farm, and it would be very difficult to get 100 chickens that yould each lay 200 eggs in some one year. I believe you could pick out a lot down there that were full sisters to those chickens. Every one laid considerably over 200 eggs. They are magnificent so far as vigor and vitality and ability to lay eggs is concerned. I don’t know whether you think this is the prettiest, because I showed birds similar to the other five at the Pittsburgh Poultry Show, the largest in Pennsylvania, this last year. I mean the best attended. There was five of those birds there. There was a long aisle of this kind; there was 10 people looking at the other kind where there was one looking at this; in fact this aisle having this sort of White Leghorn, seemed to be de- serted, but the aisle with the other five had a crowd, in fact finally the Superintendent of the show insisted that they be moved because they were blocking the aisle; and time and again people came to me and said that of the two the other was the prettiest. Now this is our idea, the chicken fancier’s idea, of beauty, and we leave it to the audience to say which is the prettiest, the workaday or the show type of White Leghorn. There is a terrific difference between the two; we have almost a different variety of chicken; you would hardly think they were the same variety of chicken. Now, because the time is short, I am going to hurry on to the next breed, the White Wyandotte. This is the show type of White Wyandotte. These are Pennsylvania chickens; they are not the present standards but will give you a pretty good idea of what the breed of White Wyandottes are. That is the trouble, the slide makers don’t get all the details, because they don’t know chickens; they should have put deep yellow legs on there. But anyhow, that is the show type of White Wyandottes. We want a very deep broad, blocky bird. These chickens are almost as broad as they are long. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 311 The breast is very full, very abundant. This White Wyandotte, if plucked, would have a blocky body. Notice the fine comb and the refinement of-type that you see everywhere; that is the fancier’s idea of what constitutes a White’ Wyandotte. Now let’s have the other kind, the workaday White Wyandotte. Those of you who are interested in egg competitions, remember the late North American egg competition and that for once the White Wyandottes beat the Leghorns, and this is the sort they were; you will notice the long body; in fact they are Leghornized White Wyandottes. The editor of one of our farm papers said they were simply White Leghorns. That is not quite true, but it is almost true. They have the narrow back; you see what a difference, instead of that great big wide back they have a narrow back; in fact we again almost have a new breed. This is the workaday White Leghorn. It is up to you again to say which is the prettier. It seems that the American Poultry Association up to this time has made their standard—well, if you will tell me who makes women’s fashions, I will tell you who makes the American standard of perfection. I don’t know; it is simply a fad or a fancy, a chang- ing fad or fancy not based on anything solid or substantial. Some- times the American standard of some certain variety is simply based on a fad of one man, one fancier. { shouldn’t have any quarrel with that, it put more money in my pocket at a certain period than any other chance of making money I ever had, but I don’t think it is quite fair, when we come to sell this kind of chicken to the man who wants to get dozens of eggs or pounds of meat. Now we have the laying type of White Wyandotte in this chicken. Notice the very large, high comb on two or three of these hens, almost lop combs, they were so large they would drop over. I am proud of the fact that Pennsylvania poultry people have been exceedingly liberal the last year in giving up their good dollars to get these good layers, it didn’t matter who owned the birds or where they ‘came from. They got the best they could buy, and these chickens we are looking at are to-day on Pennsylvania poultry farms and have high records as layers. We have here Rhode Islands Reds. Now when I said that the Barred Plymouth Rock was the mcst popular chicken on the farms of Pennsylvania, I am afraid that to-day this other breed is leading and is slowly but surely pushirg the Barred Plymouth Rocks off the farms of Pennsylvania. I don’t know why, except that perhaps this is a better chicken. I am only showing four varieties of chickens this morning; these four varieties practically cover what is really popular to-day in America, the Rocks, the Wyandottes, the Reds and the Leghorns. Take the Campfire—just two years ago everybody was buying Campfires. On one farm I visited this sea- son, the five first prize Madison Garden winners are not found at all. The general public seems to have simmered down to these four varieties. The farmer seems to like this Red. I don’t know why the Red is good except that the American Poultry Association has done less to spoil the Red as a utility bird than any other breed. The Barred Plymouth Rock, to get the colors I was showing you, we have three distinct breeds, a controlling and pullet line. A certain line of chickens we breed together, male and female, to give the female a certain shade and color and then bring the two 312 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. together. The one big stumbling block in the way is to get this color, and the slide makers have not been able as yet to get the correct shade of color in Rhode Island Reds, but this gives you some approximate idea of what eonstitutes color in Rhode Island Reds, one even beautiful red color. Now let us have the workaday Rhode Island Red. There is quite a difference. You at once notice that the man breeding these chickens did not pay so much attention to color; it was the ability to lay eggs, and again you notice some- thing outstanding in these five hens; what is it? Vitality. Don’t those chickens look as if they were really alive? And they are. I have had the chance to watch them a great many times and look them over and they are that way on the Pennsylvania farms; they are alive from start to finish, and is there any wonder they are beating the others in laying eggs. The reason is because they are alive and because the men who own them have been careful to look after vitality and vigor, so far as breed is concerned. I in- tended to say a whole lot more about these different grades, but unless you want to ask a question or two, I shall stop right here. I have given little hints of what the general public has found to be best, and you will be pretty nearly safe in following these four breeds and not getting outside of them if you want to get the best chickens. THE DRAFT BREEDS OF HORSES DR. CARL W. GAY, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. Ladies and Gentlemen: I am a little disappointed because the quartet didn’t sing, “A Hot Time;” I believe that would be more appropriate than the song they rendered. We are having rather a cool reception to-night, and if you become too much congealed and will indicate that fact, I will close at any time. You may wonder whether or not it is worth while to devote a place on this program to the discussion of horses. I don’t know anything in the way of farm products at the present time about which there is any more question than the production of horses. I do not propose to take up the answer to that question, because we haven’t time; I can merely emphasize two facts. In the first place, I admit that the horse market did not recover this spring as a great many of us thought and believed it would. That, how- ever, was not the fault of the horses nor of the men behind the horses. You know if you go by the market quotations as a criterion of the standing of horses as a farm product to-day, you will be somewhat discouraged. It is a fact that the horse market is off, but it is not very hard to determine the cause. If you go to the city or simply read the papers, you know there is a certain amount of business stagnation still; concerns that have been working a hundred horses perhaps are only working sixty; they not only are not going to keep up their full quota of a hundred, but they may have turned that extra forty on the market, so there is a practical glut on the market and very little doing in the purchase of high class stock of horses, but the reason is easy of explana- nN No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURBD. 313 tion—simply there is not the demand for horses and we firmly be- lieve that with the return of normal business conditions and traffic, etc., incident to normal business activity, the horse will come back to his own. I can further assure you that those who know the situation best and have an opportunity to follow it into the future, are still pinning their faith to horses, so there is no reason why we should feel any discouragment, and no reason why the horse should not have consideration on the program the same as other farm products. You may also wonder what can be said about the draft breeds that has not already been said, this being a very familiar topic. It is my purpose, however, to discuss these breeds from a little different angle. My object is to induce you, if possible, to study the breeds with which you are engaged with a view of making out what you can learn of their history, what possibilities may lie before them in the future; that is, we can foretell best about those things of which we can learn the most in history. I don’t know of any line of business where a man starts out with as little foreknowledge as in the breeding of pure bred livestock. I do not mean now simply the principles of breeding. A man may know all about the principles of breeding and may be an authority on heredity and principles. of that sort, yet if he does not study the history of the breed itself with which he expects to engage, he is very much in the dark as to what he is doing and what can be done. Therefore, I would like to take up the breeds of draft horses. We have to limit our subject and limit it to them, and 1 would like to take up the breeds of draft horses with a view to bring- ing out from a consideration of their history, what is inherent in them and how, by a knowledge of their inherent characteristics, we are better able to get the best out of them. It seems to me that this is especially essential. I am going to show you some statistics a little later; I am not going to burden you with them, but I have one slide that will show what a dearth of pure bred stallions we have available for the breed- ers in this State, or the country for that matter. This State is a little worse off than some other states, and is better off than others, but there is a dearth of pure bred stallions available to the breeders. If this is the case, doesn’t it behoove us to make the most use of the blood available and the most judicious use—make the most of it? And it is with that in view that I propose to discuss the draft breeds. In the first place, what is a breed? I say a great many men are breeding pure bred stock, and yet I believe I am safe in saying that they don’t know exactly what they are dealing with and it will throw a great deal of light on some of the results they get if they will just inquire and find out a little more about this thing they are dealing with. They do not realize that they have the em- bodiment of an hereditary force placed in their hands, and unless they know the extent of that force, the characteristics carried on by that force, they can accomplish very little in its direction. For instance, a breeder of Angus cattle is very much disheartened, and perhaps thinks somebody has put over a counterfeit pedigree on him when he has bought a bull and gets a red calf. I have known Angus breeders to become very much incensed because out of their pure bred, as they supposed, black cattle, there is all of a sudden a 314 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. red calf born. If a man knows anything about the history of Angus cattle, he knows that the occurrence of a red calf now and then is perfectly normal and does not cast any reflection upon the stock he is working with. In the same way a man dealing with Berkshire hogs perhaps notices a sandy tint in some of his pigs and is disposed to think that someone has sold him as pure bred Berkshire, hogs that were not pure bred. He does not know that at the earliest time in their history, the pure bred Berkshires were red and the recurrence of this is a perfectly normal thing. Another man sees black spots on the ears of his Leiscester rams and begins to doubt the purity of their blood, and yet if he will go back in history, he will find that the man who founded the breed used as the most potent element in his flock a black ram and it is perfectly natural to expect black spots on the ears of Leicester rams. That gives you some illustration of what I have in mind about being able to account for things that happen and able to plan for things that have not yet happened but which can be brought about by the intelligent use of this blood. We have J. H. Sanders’ definition of a breed—it is a group of in- dividuals possessing distinctive characteristics, (and I would like to emphasize the distinctive characteristics) not common to other members of the species. It makes a breed the division of a species just the same as the species is a division of a genus, and the second part is that these distinctive characteristics must be so firmly fixed as to be uniformly transmitted. We have a great many groups of individuals that possess distinctive characteristics not common to other members of the species, and yet those do not constitute breed groups for the simple reason that those characteristics are not sufficiently fixed to be transmitted. We could refer to a great many cross breeds. You take the cross breed and we can produce in poultry certain plumage conditions with a high degree of reg- ularity by certain hybridizing processes, and yet you eannot take the cross breeds and get any “distinctive results. Inthe same way the cross bred bullock in England and Scotland is produced with great regularity; blue-gray is produced by the mating of Newfound- land White Shorthorns and Angus Galloways, yet they have not qualified as a breed. As you study breed history, you find that some breeds have passed through an evolutionary period. Take the Oxford breed of sheep; it is a composite breed, almost a cross breed, the blending of two distinct tvpes. Up to a certain time, those cross breeds would not breed with any degree of uniformity. The cross breeds themselves fulfill the first half of our breed re- quirements; they possess distinctive characteristics but they would not transmit them always until the breed had been so intensified that they would finally breed with a high degree of uniformity. The Oxford was accepted as a breed and classes made for it at the shows; that is what a breed is. The thing I wanted to emphasize most about this definition is the distinctive character, and to them I want to call your attention. IT have heard men say on several occasions that, to confine my re- marks now to draft horses, that they would not breed to anything but horses of a certain breed in that same breed, and T have heard other men just as positively say that they would not breed to a No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 315 horse of a particular breed under any circumstances. Now that is the kind of breed sentiments that I would like to break down. Partisan spirit is a good thing, competition makes for healthy rivalry that gets good results. But when a man is so partisan that he will take a position of that sort, he is not an intelligent, con- structive breeder and he has missed the fundamental essential; and that is what I am trying to emphasize. On the other hand I have heard men say that breed didn’t count very much, didn’t figure much with them, they wanted to breed to the good horse. Now there are good horses in every breed, and that man’s position is much more tenable than the position of the other two men, unless it be qualified by certain local conditions which affect the different breeds. I would always rather breed to the best horse, irrespective of his breed, than take a stand that I would not breed to a horse of one breed or to a horse of any other breed. What are the distinctive characters, which are the things that distinguish one group from another, the result of certain agencies that have been transmitted in the history of the breed and which they themselves are going to transmit to future generations of this breed? They are the things that have to work out of the breed; they are working out to produce a certain class of market horses. The buyer, nine times out of ten, pays no attention to breed, he buys on contract, he has certain specifications to meet. Maybe when he gets his carload of horses together, you and I who know breed will go over them and say they are all Belgians or Percherons. How does it happen that they are so uniform? Because he has been after a certain type of horse and the specifications he was trying to meet have been the specifications that were most in line with the distinctive characters of this particular breed, and as a natural matter of course, the horses he got together will be of that breed; nine times out of ten that is about as much a figure as breed cuts with the ordinary buyer. But say we want to fulfill a contract or a near market demands a certain kind of horse and we are laying our lines to produce it in the future; that is the time to look at the breed in a non-partisan intelligent way. There are certain horse characteristics we want to produce in future generations and you cannot get anything out of a breed that has not been put there any more than you can get an element of plant food out of your soil that has not been put there if it was not there in the beginning; and yet I have known lots of horse breeders who were endeavoring to get something out of their breed of horses that had never been put there and the reason they did it was that they did not know what had been put in and, there- fore, did not know what they could get out and were getting a good many things they did not expect and could not account for and were failing to get a good many things they had set out to get. Now I say that the distinctive characters are the result of definite agencies that have been operating all down through the history of this breed, and you can put them in three groups: First, every- thing that comes in the line of foundation stock, original blood. Some breeds owe almost all their distinctive characters to the blood on which that breed was founded. The original stock has been very little altered as it has been bred on down in generation after generation. In the second place, we may have the operation of 316 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. environment so that the characteristics of that original stock have © been almost completely lost and new ones introduced either in whole or in part through the influence of environment; and ther third, and I think most important of all, and of course involving the other two to a certain extent, is selection. The purpose of the breeder, the ideal of the breeder, the standard that he has had in mind all through these different generations, during which he has been moulding and creating new forms and types. Now I will show you two pictures a little later of representatives of two breeds, and I think the whole difference between them can be accounted for in that way, it is the main factor. They are practi- cally identical in blood, so far as the foundation is concerned; there has been no admixture in either breed of recent date and com- paratively little difference in their environment, and yet to-day they are as unlike as two different horses can be, and the reason for that unlikeness is the fact that the breeders of one breed have had one ideal of what a draft horse ought to be and the breeders of the other breed, another idea; so these are the agencies that have operated, and as we work with our breeds, let us bear this in mind, let us remember that that horse is not an individual; that is an important thing to remember. When we study the individual, the first thing to take into con- sideration is whether or not he is a representative of his race. The man who says he would not breed to anything but a Percheron horse, may find the only Percheron horse available a very inferior individual, while there may be available a Belgian horse that stands away up as a representative of his breed, and yet a man will tell me he would not go to that horse because he is a Belgian. The first thing to consider is whether or not the individuals available to us are representatives of their race, because the individual, male or female, does not transmit merely his or her own characteristics but all the characteristics of their ancestors. Now if they are better than the average of their ancestors, you know what the effect on the offspring will be—their colts won’t be as good as they are. Why? Because their ancestry is pulling them down, they have shot ahead of their ancestry a little bit, and yet there is the drag of the race pulling them back to this common level; the average of the offspring always represents the average of the ancestors; if you have just an average individual, he represents the average of his race and you are safe in assuming that the average of his get will be just about like him. If you have got an individual that stands away higher than the average of his breed, then you can hardly expect his colt to be as good as he is. If, on the other hand. you have an individual away below the average of his race and he is pure bred and has strong limbed, fast ancestors behind him, you may expect those ancestors to help boost his offspring up to a little higher level than he himself is. A Member: Can you say a word about the Mendel Law. DR. GAY: Well now, Mendel’s Law has not been demonstrated very clearly yet on horses. Mendel’s Law has thrown a lot more light on the subject of plant breeding and the breeding of rabbits and guinea pigs than on horses and cattle; they have demonstrated that the color of horses comes under Mendel’s Law and the horn and whole character of cattle comes under Mendel’s Law. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 317 A Member: It doesn’t run clear through? DR. GAY: No, it does not hold in all cases, and we don’t know yet in which cases it holds and in which it does not; it is a pretty deep subject to attempt. The thing to consider then is whether or not we have an average individual and bear in mind that that horse is transmitting, not his own character but the char- acter of his ancestors behind him. A Member: We have a black mare that has a bay colt, just like, in shape and color, the dam of the sire. DR. GAY: Well, now, when you get into color in horses, you have got a very wide range of variation to deal with, in the first place, and almost any color will come along. But this much has been proven; the experiment station has issued a bulletin; Mr. A. B. Cox, a breeder of trotters in Philadelphia, has given a great deal of study to this thing and has also done some work along this line and has demonstrated the recessive and dominant char- acter under Mendel’s Law that a chestnut color is recessive, and any time you breed a chestnut horse to a chestnut horse, you get a pure chestnut. If you breed a roan to any other color, in nine times out of ten you get a roan. Old Jaybird proves that; two or three generations removed from Old Jaybird, he is a roan because roan is a dominant character and blocks out the other. What I want to impress on you is the fact that we cannot find out all the characters inherent in the individual by looking at him; he does not manifest in his physical make-up everything he has inherited from his ancestors; he only inherits the characters that are domin- ant and has a lot of recessive characters, yet he will transmit them just as regularly to his offspring as the characters he himself mani- fests. How are you going to know, unless you should study their ancestry and see what the foundation blood was and how much it has been modified and see what the breeder himself has had to do not only in improving but in shaping the type? My purpose to-night is to show you representatives of the four _ great draft breeds and to try to point out in those representatives the distinctive characters that each breed posseses by virtue of one or more of the three agencies; and then lead you to see, on account of the fact that he possesses those distinctive characters as a matter of natural consequence in heredity, those are the char- acters he must be expected to transmit. I am not talking about pure breeds except from the sire’s point of view; I am talking about the parentage of your pure bred farm horse with your farm mares for market geldings. The first slide I will show you has a lot of statistics which I won’t expect you to remember, but there are two or three things. In the first place, it shows the po- sition of Pennsylvania as a horse breeding state. The ten leading horse breeding states are arranged in order. These figures have been compiled by Wayne Dinsmore, Secretary of the Percheron Society of America. Naturally they are colored a little stronger in Percheron figures, but nevertheless the figures don’t lie, they are facts. In the first place, you notice what he says at the top, horse breeding shows improvement, the grades are decreasing and 318 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. pure bred sires are on the increase. That is generally true, but not of the whole country, especially in this State we have not in- creased very much in the total number of stallions licensed, but we have increased very materially in the number of pure breds in reference to the number of grades, and he finds that to be true all the way through. The states are arranged here as they stand: Lllinois first, Iowa second, etc. The main thing I wanted to point out here is, what I called your attention to in the first place, our dearth of pure bred sires. This table shows the number of horses; that means mares or gelding or anything else. Take the total census of the horses in the state, then take the census of pure bred sires in the state. Now lowa is the lowest; in other words, it is the highest; they have 276 horses per pure bred sire; that is, for every 276 horses in the state they have a pure bred stallion. We have a pure bred stallion for every 880. 1 think, I am not sure, but I think it is very much lower than Iowa which shows you that we have, as I said in the first place, a dearth of pure bred sires and it behooves us to make the most of every one that we have. Now we say that a pure bred representative possesses distinctive char- acteristics not common to other members of the same species to which he belongs. There is, however, one thing they possess in common; all the representatives of the breed must first of all be draft horses, Now the distinctive characteristics are over and above that, funda- mental characteristics are, you will find that in all our breeds there is this fundamental characteristic; we have four great beef breeds, some are black, some red and white, some red and white and roan, but they are first of all beef breed cattle; we have four great dairy breeds; some are colored one way and some another, but every one of them is a dairy cow before she is anything else; and so it is in draft horses; they must first of all be draft horses. This is not only a representative of a breed but he is a representative of a draft horse, and I admit that a draft horse is not as much in order in this part of the State as in the east; that is, I mean by that we have to emphasize draft horses down there because the breeders don’t know so much about the draft type. I know that Crawford and Mercer counties are the two great draft horse coun- ties of this Commonwealth, so we don’t have to explain a draft horse to the natives of this corner of the State; but down in our corner, they are brought up with a light legged horse in their minds. Here is a draft horse of standard weight close to 2,500 pounds and there is not an overgrown thing about him. You see he is low down and wide out; he is compact, he is deep, he has got the muscleing, he has the bone and if you could see him move, he has got the power in his way of going; he just looks as though he’d pull the corner out from under a house. So that in our draft horse standards, they must have the scale, they must have the substance; while this horse has some fetter there, he has a wonder- ful quantity of bone in addition to the fetter. You can see it is not beef that gives him his 2,400 lbs. weight, but the way he is made. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 319 All those breeds must conform to the standard, first of all; some conform more closely than others; others depart a little bit from the extreme draft standard... While we have him on the screen, I will say that he is not only a draft horse but he represents the draftiest of all the draft breeds, namely, the Shire. This stallion sold for $12,000 and is supposed to be the best Shire horse shown in this country, and he has won prizes in England before he came here. I have heard men say they wouldn’t breed to a Shire. I would breed to a Shire; I would consider it a privilege to breed to this horse and would pay a good big fee to do it and buy a lot of horses of the other breeds to get to him if possible. The characteristics we want to seek in the Shire breed, that we get in the Shire breed, and we don’t want to go to a Shire if we don’t want those characteristics, are first of all, scale; there is no other horse that will average as great a weight as representatives of the Shire breed, or as much bone and substance and muscleing as the Shire. There is no breed but one that will average as mas- sive and drafty a body as the Shire. If we want those things we must go to the Shire to get them. But every breed has certain characteristics, characteristics not as desirable as those I have named, and it is as essential that a breeder shall know the unde- sirable characteristics as the desirable; and it is only when a breeder recognizes one as well as the other that he can begin to improve them along the desirable lines, but just as long as a man thinks the stock he is producing is all right, that man is going downhill instead of up, but it is the man all the time on the lookout for the little defects and trying to stop them who is the man that is all the time raising the standard and getting up. Now grossness in size and quality do not go together; it is a good deal easier to get a pony well shaped than it is to get a horse that weighs 2,400 pounds. When we take his great weight and scale as fundamental, then we have got to make some concession and must expect him to be a little plainer perhaps in the head; although this horse is especially good in that respect, we have got to have some better. J learned that lesson in Crawford county and never have forgotten it. A man brought a Shire horse he had just bought to show to a number of us and he was a very ordinary looking two-year-old but did have pretty good bone. One man says “Why did you buy that colt?” He says, “I wanted bone.” He was a very hairy legged horse and another man took exception to that hair, and another says, “You can’t get bone without a bit of fetter.” That happened to hit me and I have kept it in mind and made my observa- tions along that line ever since. I admit that a nice clean legged horse looks better, but I am absolutely certain of the statement that you cannot get the bone without a certain amount of fetter, and rather than have the absence of bone and what goes with it, I’d get the fetter and get it fine. I don’t want these great big shaggy legs, but nice fine fetter on a draft horse makes him look as if he had timber under him, and the draft horse men who know this and know the game best are the men who don’t take that fetter off their legs, so you have got to expect a little grossness in a horse of this kind, you have got to look out and see that you get all bone and no quality otherwise. He is the horse that gives us our scale and draftiness and it has been demonstrated very well on the Chicago market that the highest class of geldings, as they run, especially 320 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. those that range around a ton, have got a dash of Shire in them, the Majority on the dam side. James Johnson calls attention to the fact that a great deal of the credit that ought to be going to Shire horses because the Shire blood comes through the dam side is being given to Percheron and Belgian and Clydesdale horses because they happen to be the sires of these horses, and yet anybody can go back and read Shire blood that came through the dam side, and if we knew more about them, we would be attaching more importance to the Shire blood in their ancestors, so dont’ turn against a Shire sim- ply because he is a Shire. I will show you the pictures of two breeds that represent prac- tically the same foundation stock and almost the same conditions of environment, but two extremely different ideals on the part of their breeders. Here is a representative Clydesdale. If you want scale, bone, extreme draftiness and all those things, don’t go to the Clydes- dale for it, the Scotchman’s idea of the draft-horse is a horse that can go away with a straight, friction-less, springy stride with con- siderable length. That is fundamental to the draft horse. The Eng- lishman’s idea of a draft horse is grossness, hulk, bulk, scale, and he sacrifices anything else to get it. In order to get this straight ‘stride that the Scotchman is so insistent upon, the horse would be longer legged to give him more freedom of stride and will have to have a little more range in body. Also, it won’t be as thick, because, by the law of correllation a short horse, short in legs is short all over, and a long horse long in legs, is long all over, but he would rather have him a little narow and go straight than have a wide front and roll as these great big massive horses do, and then he wants him to hit the ground in a springy fashion and go with his hocks under him and close together, therefore he has a hind leg that is set more accu- rately; there is more mechanical perfection in the hind leg of a Clyde horse than any other horse. I will show you some grades gotten by horses of these different breeds, and from them you can gain some idea of how their heredi- tary characters are transmitted. Here is a great Clydesdale; this is not characteristic of the breed; some of the Clydes carry the slope of the pasterns to too great an extent. Here is a horse that stands a little low on his knees and he has a foot that is alleged to be repre- sentative of this breed, and the feature of his foot, the worst one, is the one that is usually mentioned last, but you see here that same lofty carriage of head and neck; the neck has some space to it, so there is place for a shoulder. We have a pair of Clydes here in har- ness, showing the same general character. See how they stand on their pasterns, how springy they are, how their hocks are close to- gether how straight they are. That is a long length of neck they have got in front of the collar. A Scotch collar like that will cover up almost the neck of some draft horses, and you can see by the way they stand that they will go off in that snappy, springy easy stride that the Scotchman is so insistent upon. Here is a stallion of a breed more familiar to us. I don’t know that you noticed it on Mr. Dinsmore’s chart, but there are more Percheron horses in this coun- try than all other breeds combined, and more in this State than all others; they outnumber the other breeds three to one, on an average. Of course that is the real reason why Mr. Dinsmore got together the figures I showed you first, but he introduced incidentally the other figures which meant more to us at the time. Here is a breed that No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURD. $21 owes a lot to the foundation and I do not want to detract one bit from the credit that belongs to the Frenchman for the production of this almost universal draft horse; but on the other hand we must see in this horse certain characteristics that go right back to his founda- tion blood, and much less altered by man’s tampering than in the case of the other two breeds I have shown you. Here is a horse that has his foundation away back in early times, in the first place, in the so-called Flanders horse, a horse of cold blood, characterized by his bulk and coarseness, his black color, the amount of hair he develops on his legs, tufts at his knee, tufts at the point of his hocks and even a mustache at his lips; very slow and awkward in his movements. That was the foundation. On that top course, first, accidentally and afterward with malice aforethought, were made infusions of color through blood. The accidental way in which that occurred was in consequence of invasion back in the days of the Saracen invasion, the barbarians came north into France and were overpowered and their mounts, which were largely stallions, fell into the hands of the victors and were distributed among the French soldiers and taken back into the country and became the leaven in the horse stock of that country. The Crusaders accomplished the - same thing, and after that, when the influence of this blood was demonstrated, systematic importations of oriental blood were made into France and while there are no oriental stallions close up in the pedigrees of our Percherons today, if you go back you will find they go back to Jean La Blanc. This horse has a finer breed of head than any draft horse, finer ears, a fuller, clearer eye, more sharp de- finition of features. We see it in his disposition and temperament. He is active, snappy. We see it in the character of his bones. The trouble with the Percheron bone, nine times out of ten, is that there is not enough of it, it is too fine, and we see it in the character of his hoof. He has got a hoof that comes from the hot blooded horse. And, finally, what can he do. The Percheron horses are the most versatile, they can do the greatest variety of things, and there are a great variety of types running through them. The old fashioned Percheron horse is a general purpose horse. If you could see some of these old fashioned Percherons, or pictures of them, I think you would find your ideal for the general purpose horse, but when the de- mand came for bigger horses, they had to put more cold blood into this stock and bring up the size and scale, but they have done that very skillfully and have retained the features of the old oriental stock. So here is a breed that, while he owes a lot to the men who have bred him, we can still trace his ancestry in the general charac- teristics he manifests to us to-day. Why is the Percheron horse more numerous in this country than all other breeds combined? Is it because he had the earliest start? No, it is because he made the first hit; he was the horse that the farmer took up as the one thing that suited him in the way of a --horse, and from way back in 1851, the days of Louis Napoleon, until to-day, the Percheron horse has received the stamp of approval of the farmer. This is the reason—he is a versatile horse, he can do anything, and the Percheron stallion is just as versatile a breeder as the Percheron horse is a performer. You breed a Percheron stal-_ lion to almost any kind of a mare and you will get a market horse of some sort. If he is spotted with light hairs, he will make a 21—6—1915 322 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. snappy, active draft horse; if lighter yet, he will make an express horse with a good long stride that can step away with a load. I have seen some half breed Percherons that could go up as high as any coach horse and I have seen some hunters that could endure as long as the hounds ran, and once in a while you will find a Percheron that can step better than a four minute lope. He is versatile, fits in all around, and that is the reason we find him so popular in this country. This is the little horse that has been spoken of so many times and is shown in another picture, in the lead of this type that I refer to. That shows you the ideal to be sought when mating mares to a Percheron stallion. I say he will get a marketable colt out of most any kind of a mare, but you want to give him a chance and give him the best kind of a mare and then you can expect to get something of this sort. A Member: I observe in the cities that some of the better grades of Percherons are of a gray color; is there anything to show that the gray Percheron is a better horse than the black Percheron? DR. GAY: Well, there is ample evidence to show that the gray Percheron geldings on the city streets is a lot better horse than the black. In the first place, there is no doubt that the gray horse does not feel the heat as much as a black horse does. Take a lot of soil, put lamp black on part of it and something white on the other part and stick a thermometer down on each one and see which registers the highest. A Member: But you take a horse on the street that appears to walk along easier even at this time of the year, when the heat is not a factor. DR. GAY: You take Wanamaker’s stables in Philadelphia; they won’t buy anything but a gray horse. That is one reason. Another reason is that they can match up their pairs. Take a bay horse and nine times out of ten it has a mark on him and especially if you are putting three or six together, and they blend better with the ordinary red and yellow or green color of a wagon on the street, and it is more easy to get an even shade of grays than any other color, and they want that uniform color throughout their stables and find they can get it more easily in grays than any other colors. Swift first told me that they pay $25. or $50. more any time for a gray horse than any other. A Member: Some think that a gray stallion is better than a black stallion; is that a fact? DR. GAY: They used to tell us that a black stallion would get more gray geldings out of the average run of mares than a gray stallion would, but I don’t think that is so, I think the gray will get more, but on the streets certainly more favor is shown to a gray horse_ than a black one. A Member: How did they get that increased size in Percherons for the last 24 vears? DR. GAY: By going back to more of the old Norman blood; they have increased the percentage of that, vct they have skillfully retained the characteristics of the hunt blood, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 323 A Member: It is not quite the same tempered horse. DR. GAY: He is a colder horse to-day than he was 25 years ago. There is no question about that, and it is only due to their care in selection that he is not colder than he is. There is a nice pair of farm horses that have won prizes in all parts of the country and show every evidence of Percheron breeding. Here is a horse that has won prize after prize at Philadelphia workhorse parades, and isn’t he a Percheron? He has the earmarks all over, although you see he is a draft horse but the product of a Percheron sire, probably the old fashioned sort, lighter, snappier, joined on probably to a good stout mare. Here is a representative of the fourth breed, a breed that by the way is showing a greater percentage of increase than any other breed in this State, and I think that is true the country over. The breed of course has had a serious set-back on account of the war. We don’t know just what we will do in the future for Belgian horses. We in this State I guess will depend on our Crawford and Mercer county breeders. Here is a breed that descends even more directly than the Shire from the old Flanders horse I have referred to. In the first place he is rather cold, he don’t show the characteristic breeding about the head that the Percheron did, but he does not show the great development of hair that was characteristic of the old Flanders horses; he is a clean-legged horse as far as we can have him clean legged, yet he has bone enough to be in the draft class. What are the essentials of this breed? They are more environment than foundation stock. You have high hips from here back and from here up; that is, take the head and neck and legs and feet off a Belgian horse and I think we are safe in conceding that he will beat the world. There is no horse draftier in his body. You re- member I said the Shire was the draftiest bar one; this is the one. There is no horse so compact, wide and deep as a Belgian unless it be a Shire; and wonderful ribs; but there are some things associated with that we have always tc guard against. With this extremely short back we like so well in draft horses, we are always going to get a neck correspondingly short. If his neck is too short, it will have the same shape as a hog’s neck, and where are you going to put a collar? all Pennsyl- vanian. 28—6—1915. 434 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. When we learn that the township lines sometimes stand in the way of the development of efficient secondary education, when we learn — that the high school or vocational school of the open country must be a school which serves a certain community instead of a set area of land, then and only then, as I see it, will we have a school that will not only equal the good high school of the city, but, in some cases, surpass it, because we have facilities in the country, when we once learn to make use of them, that the city will never have. The joint school of the country, as it will prove to be in many cases, will give us a high school or a vocational! school of such size that we may have a faculty of four, five, six or seven teachers in this particular group. _ The faculty in the vocational school in one of the west central coun- ties. In this group are three college graduates, one man trained in agriculture, a man who was born and raised on a farm and a man who has had teaching experience,a man who is a graduate of our State Col- lege of Agriculture, and two of the others were especially trained along the lines of music and drawing. We can never hope to get a faculty of that size, having the training and ability I have just men- tioned, in our small, third class high schools. Splendid work has been done by the school districts in the country, don’t misunder- stand me; splendid work has been done in the development of the high schools of this State but it is only a beginning, it is a step towards something else still better. This is a group of students in a secondary school of higher vocational education. Schools like this right out in the open country will make some things possible that never will be possible in any one teacher third grade high school. It seems to me that if we are going to have well trained teachers in the country, there are two or three things at least that are vital. In the first place, we must pay such salaries that we can attract and demand well trained teachers, teachers that are trained for this line of work, prepared for this line of work. The compensation must be adequate enough to hold the good teachers, those that prove them- selves to be successful; and third, we must have teaching conditions attractive enough at least to hold the teachers in the country. What the country needs all teachers who know the needs of the country, who understand conditions, who have lived in the country, who will come out in the country and live there, not board there, not stay just during the day, but who will come out and live in the community and become one of the people. I believe that is essential. There are those educational leaders who believe that in order to get this we shall have to provide homes for our teachers. That may be a disputed question at the present time; I merely call your attention to it. This happens to represent a home belonging to a school district and the Board of School Directors have placed this home at the disposal of the principal of a consolidated school. Now there are some people who may think that in a public school the teaching of agriculture is more or less new. I want to again emphasize the fact that agricul- ture as it is being taught in our schools, is no newer than the need, the realization of the need for agricultural information. In 1825, _ there was an agricultural school established in Maine; in the year 1916 agriculture is taught in the public schools of every state; it is taught in over two thousand high schools in Pennsylvania; it is taught in twenty-one counties on a vocational basis. I realize, as well ! No. 6. ~< DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 435 as any one else, that there is some very poor teaching in agriculture being done, that mistakes, grave mistakes, have been made in the teaching of agriculture in our schools that have brought severe criti- cism and condemnation upon the whole matter of agricultural educa- tion. I realize that many teachers who have attempted to teach this work have not been prepared. I also realize that it has been an almost impossible task for a teacher unprepared, having text-books not suitable for public school work—that it has been an almost im- possible task for them to go into a school and do any kind of teach- ing along agricultural lines. But a beginning must be made, we profit by the mistakes we made more than by the successes with which we meet, and I think that Pennsylvania has profited quite largely by the mistakes made in the public schools. We are still making mistakes and probably will continue to do so. The question of teaching agriculture on a basis satisfactory to the educators, the farmers, the boys who are taking the work, is in a pro- cess of evolution yet; we realize that. The school code of 1911 gives school districts all the authority they need, practically all the author- ity they need, to establish agricultural schools of various types. The vocational education act of 1913 provides specifically for agricultural ‘departments in high schools and special vocational agricultural schools, sometimes known as farmers’ high schools or agricultural high schools. Usually in this State they are referred to as voca- tional schools or agricultural high schools. You will probably be interested to know the distribution of these agricultural schools. I wish to tell you what determines the location of an agricultural department in a high school or a vocational agri- cultural school: First, the community must need that type of educa, tion; second, they must want that type of education; and in the third place, they must be willing to carry it on as it should be conducted. That accounts for the distribution of these agricultural high schools over the State of Pennsylvania. Some districts have been very anx- ious to have them. I wish to state also that there are a number of counties not marked up on this map which have filed applications with the Department of Public Instruction asking for State aid, the special State aid granted to carry on this work, and their applications are being considered at the present time. I would like to call your attention to the fact that there are but two counties on the northern tier of counties in which there are no argicultural high schools, Me- Kean and Warren. I am glad to say for those counties that we have Several requests from each of those counties. There are men in this audience tonight, members of the State Board of Agriculture, who have always stood behind agricultural education; there are mem- bers here to-night who have spoken to us with reference to the estab- lishment of such agricultural high schools. In reading over the his- tory of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, I was inter- ested to find the number of times at which different members of the State Board referred to the necessity for agricultural education in the country. There are but two counties on the western frontier, Beaver and Lawrence, in which there is no agricultural high school. There is one county, Mercer county, which now has four of these agricul- tural high schools. Some of the states in the Union have established congressional district agricultural schools and some have established ‘ 436 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of. Doc. county agricultural schools. It is not necessary to explain them, be- cause the name in each case explains the school, there being one school to each congressional district in the one case, and in the other case, one school to each county, and these schools attempt to serve the areas indicated. But from our investigation we have found that it is impossible to serve a community of that area; it is not a community; it is simply aset area of land. In Pennsylvania we believe that secondary schools should be near enough to the people that the boys and girls of high school age can come to the school in the morning and return to their homes at night. Farmers need boys who are of high school age, and the boys and girls of high school age need their homes during that period in their lives. For that reason, instead of making large ap- propriations to any one school which would attempt to serve a con- gressional district or a county, that same amount of money is di- vided up into smaller portions and distributed throughout the State in small portions, each portion going to a community, so far as it is possible to distribute it. This is rather a poor slide of a very good school, the Hickory Voca- tional School in Washington county. There is one man in this audi- ence who lives within a stone’s throw of that school. This is a vo- cational school; in this school there is operated a four year course in agriculture and a four year course in homemaking for the girls; on this basis of one half of the day, the boy is with the supervisor of ag- riculture; the other half of the day he is in what you might term the high school; that is to say, he is studying academic subjects. He does not study agricultural subjects or practical subjects the full half day; it amounts to about 40% of his time. All boys in these voca- tional schools are required to take a vocational course for the first two years, getting the practical work with the academic work, not in place of it. And, my friends, let me insert here, that this move to introduce vocational education in the rural district is not revolutionary in its character by any means, it is evolutionary, we are adding the practical work to the academic curriculum, rather than replacing the academic work. The girls are required to spent part of their time each day in vocational work for the first two years. At the end of two years, both boys and girls have the option of continuing in such a course or finishing in what might be termed an all academic course or all high school course. George Washington pointed out the fact that it was necessary in his time, and is necessary now—he pointed out in his time that a study of the soil should be made in order that its needs might be determined, in order that we might make it yield more than it does, in order that we might take care of it better. It is hardly necessary to state then that in an agricultural school we should have agricultural laboratories so fitted up that the boys in the class in agriculture might make a study of the soil. The work in the soil consists of theoretical work, if you wish to call it so. There must be some organizing of your information and that, I suppose, might be termed theoretical work. There must be some or- ganization of that material, in order that the practical work in the laboratory and the field might not take up useless time, in order that time might not be wasted. The so-called theoretical work is No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 437 followed by experiments in the laboratory and trips out into the field where the various types of soil are studied. It frequently happens, where we have these agricultural high schools located, that the boys in the class, with the help of the teacher, and sometimes with the help of the other members of the class, will make a complete soil survey map of their own home farm. As I partially explained a few moments ago, there are two ways in which an agricultural course may be added on to a secondary school in the country; either it may be added as a Department of Agriculture to an existing high school, or a complete vocational school may be established. This slide represents a school in one of the western counties of the State. The old building on the left is the high school building; the new addition houses the Department of Agriculture in which a four year course in agriculture is given. In charge of that depart- ment is a man who devotes twelve months of the year to his work. One of the earliest schools started in this State was at Troy, in Brad- ford county. That school was so successful that the people author- rized a bond issue in order that an addition might be built to their high school building to properly house the Department of Agricul- ture. The old building on the right is the high school building. In this addition there is an agricultural laboratory, poultry room, dairy room, wood shop and a blacksmith shop. Field trips of all kinds are taken. Various methods are employed to take these field trips. Us- ually the boys walk. Very naturally, in some of our high schools, it happens there are enough farmers’ boys who own automobiles or whose fathers’ own automobiles, that it is possible to get the use of these automobiles while making their field trips. Quite a number of very interesting trips have been taken through the counties in which these schools are located. It would be impossible for me, in the brief of this lecture, to go into details with reference to any of these trips. Poultry raising is of course a great interest to boys. If interest in poultry raising qualifies one as a boy, I suppose most of us here are boys, because most of us, particularly the men folks, are interested in poultry raising, and there is many a man who has made a stab at poultry raising, and some of them are now wiser. All kinds of prac- tical work are carried on in connection with the study of poultry rais- ing. In these schools a study is made of the various methods of kill- ing and dressing chickens to put them upon the market. After this study has been made, the supervisor of agriculture gives a demonstra- tion showing how the chickens should be killed and dressed according to that particular method he has described. This is followed by work on the part of the boys. In some schools where we have a home- making department in connection with the Department of Agricul- ture, we are able to correlate the work very nicely, the boys killing and dressing the chickens and turning them over to the girls, who cook and serve them. The boys correlate again on eating them. This is a group of boys in one of the first departments we estab- lished in Erie county. The town of Waterford, in Erie county, has a very live poultry association and conducts a poultry show. These boys are interested and desired, when the time came, to submit some birds, and they did. In the shop work they built every one of the coops shown on this slide with the exception of one which was the 29 438 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. model from which they made their own. They also had an agricul- tural exhibit. Mr. Wittman of the State Board of Agriculture, vis- ited this class and took the boys on a tour of the town. He visited a number of the chicken pens of the town by daylight and gave the boys a number of very valuable hints on the subject of poultry. Farm forestry is also one of the subjects of the four years’ course in agri- culture in these schools, not forestry as a profession, but farm for- estry as applied to the farm. It seems to me that any boy, that every boy has a right to expect that his school shall train his hand as well as his head. That is particularly true of the boy in the country. I believe we make a mistake when we train the boy’s head alone. In order to give the boy an all around development, I believe we must make provision to train his hand and his head and his heart. Black- smithing is a part of the four years’ course in agriculture. Wood- working of various kinds—this happens to represent a class in rope splicing. The boys take a keen interest in this work. Harness re- pairing, as it is practiced on a farm, is also taught in these schools. The boys are taught how to use tools, how to take care of tools, they are taught the various processes connected with the use of tools. The work which they do is not the manual training of to-day, good as that is, but it is what you might term applied manual training, it is ap- plied shop work, it is what we like to term farm shop work. The things the boys make while they are learning the use of tools and the processes involved in using the tools have some direct bearing on the working of the agricultural course, some direct relation to home farm life. These boys built this colony house. There is a cor- relation between shop work and poultry raising. It is hardly necessary to point out that a four years’ course in ag- riculture would be incomplete without a study of farm crops. This one slide will give you a very slight idea, a brief glimpse only, of a part of the practical work carried on in connection with the work of farm crops. These boys are looking over the result of a germination test of corn. The boys are taught how to select and store corn and carry on the germination test. These boys, in connection with their work in vegetable gardening, planned out, drew the plans of and made a hot-bed and planted therein certain vegetables. Here you will note them glazing the sash; they made and glazed the sash. Perhaps that is hardly a very practical exercise, because as a rule a man buys his sash rather than making and glazing it, and yet for one illustration perhaps there was no valuable time lost. This second slide shows them completing the hot-bed. This again is correlation between the farm shop work and the vegetable gardening work. Dairying is a very important industry and in many of our counties if the teaching of agriculture in our schools is going to be of value, it is because it is practical, it is because we are teaching the boys to work with things rather than to talk about things. This means that it will be neces- sary for us to have, as we do have in these agricultural schools, it will be necessary to have laboratories fitted up with dairy apparatus; it will be necessary to make frequent trips to dairy farms. This slide explains itself. I think you will realize that it will be impossible for me to give you more than a glimpse into the various utilities of these schools. The one thing I want to leave with you is this, that an attempt is being made to make the work through and No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 439 to make it practical, to connect up the work of the school in a very defi- nite way and in a practical way with the work of the home and the work of the farm. Every boy who takes this four-years’ course in one of these agricultural high schools must each year carry on an agri- cultural project. This is another illustration of the attempt to con- nect up this work with the home and make it practical. This boy chose a poultry project. He hatched out as many eggs as he could from the eggs you see there. He selected the male birds and caponized them and in the fall he put on some very healthy specimens of capons. The boy received a great deal of valuable information in connection with this and received some financial remuneration. This boy is a freshman in a small agricultural high school and de- cided that he would like to grow some tomato plants. He was very much interested in tomatoes. He planted fifteen hundred tomato plants, or secured that many from the number of seeds be planted, and transplanted them and took care of them. Every boy who carried on an agricultural project under the close supervision of the supervisor of agriculture, must keep a daily record of everything he does, his ex- penses, the work that he puts on, the methods that he employs, in order that he may learn some lessons thereby. From that record we know that this particular boy went out one night, on the night of the fifteenth of June; it happened in that year and covered up this many of his fifteen hundred tomato plants with newspapers to protect them from a frost which his daily record shows came that night, a very heavy frost. His father did not cover his plants up and lost many of them. This boy bought for himself a canning outfit and later in the Summer a second outfit, because he was so successful in canning these tomatoes and other vegetables; he put his own brand of canned corn, tomatoes and beans upon the market, and at the close of the sea- son he had not only had a kind of work that kept him interested and out of mischief, but he had also cleaned up the tidy sum of $130.00. It seems to me that there is value in that. May I call your attention again to the fact that the supervisor of agriculture in these high schools is employed for the year around? He stays there during the Summer and visits these boys as frequently as possible for the purpose of giving them instruction in connection with their agricultural projects. Now, my friends, we have learned how to feed the hen; we have learned that the hen is an egg factory on legs—I came near saying on wheels; we have learned that if we want to make a hen produce eggs, we must feed that hen those ma- terials which make eggs and those elements which will also carry on the body functions of the various organs in that hen. We have that down to a science. Mr. Wittman, of your own State Board, has told the people of this State many interesting things. We know that we can feed Lady Eglantine, of whom you have all undoubtedly heard, an exact ration, which will make her lay eggs without any eggscite- ment, and may perhaps make her a little eggotistical. (Laughter). We have learned, my friends, how to feed this happy family to keep them happy until the day of reckoning comes. We have even passed some laws providing for their comfort when traveling. I say we have learned how to balance rations for chickens; we have learned how to balance the rations of hogs so that we can make them take on the greatest amount of fat with the least possible expense and the 440 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. greatest profit to us; but the thing that we have left to the last, the thing we know the least about to-day is the balance ration for the human individual. Oh, I know there are people here and those who have made a study of this. I know that a wonderful start has been made upon it, but I mean that as a people we know little or nothing to-day about the science and art of right living, my friends. Our mothers were good cooks, our wives are good cooks—many of them; but these wives of ours and we ourselves know little or nothing about the balance ra- tion we ought to eat, the ration which will enable us to keep in good health, to perform the work we want to do; we have left that until the last, and I believe the reason is because we can see some financial renumeration in feeding the hen a balance ration or in feeding the hog or the steer or the dairy cow; we can see how that touches cur pocket-book, and for that reason we immediately get busy and make a study of that. It does not, at first glance, seem to touch our pocket- books quite so soon, the feeding of our boys and girls and ourselves, and we have left that until the last, but I am glad to say that we are making a start in this country and Pennsylvania is keeping step with the other states along this line. I know there are some here and there, some mothers, some good mothers, and some good fathers of girls like these who say that it is unnecessary to teach girls how to cook or how to sew, but, my friends, if you would make a careful survey of the conditions in this State and find out just how many girls, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen and twenty years of age to-day know anything or much about cooking, I’m afraid you would be sadly disappointed. The slides I have just shown you are views in our agricultural high schools. This is not a view of a dining-room in some mansion in the city; this is the dining-room in the home-mak- ing department of the Hickory Vocational School in Washington county. We have several others just like it. Don’t get the idea that extravagance is being taught there; the very opposite is true— plain simplicity. The girls enjoy work of this kind even though there were some doubters at first, but even these doubters became ear- nest believers after a while. I could show you many views right along this line, but just one or two more is all I have time for, just to give you some idea of what we are actually doing in Pennsylva- nia. We have been at this three years; we have been at it longer than that in the teaching of Domestic Science, but we have been at the teaching of agriculture on a vocational basis in the great State of Pennsylvania for three years and we have been saying very little about it. Some one has made a study of the process of carrying bricks from the ground up to the scaffold, and the man who made that study dis- covered that, simple though that operation is, yet a study of it will make possible the simplification of the operation involved in putting the bricks in the hod and the hod on the man’s shoulder and the climb- ing of the ladder and the dumping of the bricks on the scaffold. This study enables a man to perform more work during a day with less fatigue to himself and greater profit to his employer. I am not so sure but what the simple process of laundering, if you wish to call it simple, might not stand some inspecting in some things; when I examine some of my shirts that have come from the laundry, not No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 441 those that have been done at home, I am glad to say, but those that come from the hands of other people, I feel that the business of washing and ironing would stand some little inspection. Now my friends, I believe there is no reason why, just because you and I are beyond the school age, just because we have passed certain mile- stones in life, that the doors of the public schools should be closed to you and me. I believe you will agree with me that we know now the value of an education better than we did in the days when we were receiving the education and training that the school offers. I see no reason why the expensive school plant, which is the property of the public, should be closed so many hours in the day, so many days in the week, so many weeks in the year, or why it should be closed to those who have passed beyond a certain age. I am glad to say that we have been able to find some way in which the school plant could be of more service to the entire community in these agricultural schools. This particular slide represents only one particular phase of the increased service that these schools attempt to give. You will notice on the next to the top shelf and the shelf just below that there are bulletins issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, by our own Department here and by our own State College Experi- ment Station, all classified and on file ready for instant use by any farmer served by that school whenever he wishes to ask for it. _This slide explains itself. In many of our agricultural schools, par- ticularly those that have been established for at least a year, we are conducting what we are pleased to call farmers’ night schools and night schools for farmers’ wives. These have been very successful. This slide represents a group of farmers in attendance at one of these night schools in one of the small agricultural schools. I em- phasize the fact that this is a small school, because I wish to show that, even though the school may be small, if it has the proper facili- ties, the teaching force and equipment, it can serve a large com- munity. In this particular night school there were ninety-six farm- ers enrolled. The evening on which the photograph was taken was a very rainy evening; the roads were almost impassible, but there were ninety-six farmers enrolled in the night school. The night school wound up with a two days’ farmers’ institute, I think they called it in that particular case, and I wish to say here that the State Depart- ment of Agriculture and State College have been co-operating most splendidly with our leaders in these agricultural high schools. I believe it is the beginning of a better day, as far as co-operation be- tween agricultural agencies in this State is concerned. I believe that one of the biggest opportunities of the day, as far as agricultural development in Pennsylvania is concerned, is the oppor- _tunity of bringing about a closer articulation between the agricul- tural agencies of the State in order that they may work in closer harmony. It will be a great day for Pennsylvania when some man works that problem out; it will be a great day for every agricul- tural force in the State, my friends. We are beginning along that line in these agricultural schools. The men of the State Board of Agriculture and farmers’ institute speakers come to our agricultural high schools and deliver addresses. State College sends its men there, This illustrates the way in which the school sometimes recip- 442 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. rocates, furnishing a part of the program. The girls in this par- ticular home-making department gave a demonstration for the bene- fit of the farmers and their wives. Now what are we to expect from this agricultural education in our schools? Whenever any boy raises an unusually large crop of corn or an unusually large crop of potatoes, immediately his name gets into the newspaper, he gets considerable publicity. I am not so sure that that is wrong; I believe that is a good idea. Sometimes we overdo it, perhaps, but the harm that may come from this is that it may lead some of us to believe that the real purpose of agricultural education in our public school is the production of large crops. I am not saying that these are illustrations of what the boys in our agricultural schools are producing. Undoubtedly the boys who take strawberry projects may increase those and get larger strawberries. They say that two heads is better than one, even if one is a cabbage head; I presume that would be true in this case, but, my friends, what is the real purpose in the introduction of agricultural education into the public school? I tell you, my friends, it is the boy and not agricul- ture. The development of agricultural conditions, the improvement of agricultural conditions, as important as it is and as necessary as it is in some sections of the State, is a by-product, my friends, it is a by-product only of the work of agricultural education in the public school. It is the boy that is the key-note of the whole thing, and not agriculture. Agriculture is a mighty important by-product; agricul- tural education in -itself would be impossible without the necessity for the development of agriculture, but it is not the production of greater crops or better crops, it is the development of this boy, it is because we wish to give this boy the type of education that he ought to have. That is why agricultural education has been introduced into the public schools. May I refer to that slide once more? I trust you have carried it in mind; there are eleven boys in that class, in this particular school represented by this slide. They usually graduated two or three boys each year. This was a class of boys belonging to the junior class; there are eleven boys in that class, not all in the picture. Nine of those eleven boys were taking the course in agriculture in that high school; eight out of those eleven boys were over six feet tall. None of the boys in that class were less than five feet ten. The one boy in the center of the picture was a boy imported from another class merely to give you an idea of the size of the boys in the class. Why do I mention that fact? Here is the reason; we must set some stand- ard or some gauge by which we can measure the efficiency of this type of education; we realize that. If we succeeded in holding those boys who would otherwise have dropped out of school, who would have received no high school education, it seems to me that we have done one thing to justify the introduction of agriculture into the public schools in rural districts. Again, may I refer to the fact, that prev- iously this school graduated two or three boys only? In this class there are eleven; eight of them are over six feet in height; this shows that we are able to attract older boys, more mature boys, who would have dropped out of school if it were not for the practical work there offered. I think Luther Burbank has put it very nicely when, in urging men tho stay upon the farms and engage in plant breeding No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 443 work, he says, “The time will come when more men will do this; the time will come when men’s thoughts will be turned away from de- structive war and will be turned to higher things, when man shall offer his brother not bullets and bayonets, but richer fruits, better grains and fairer flowers.” “RURAL CREDITS.” By HON. RALPH W. MOSS, Centre Point, Ind., Member of the National Congress Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: I wish to express frankly the pleas- ure which your very courteous invitation gives me. T feel it an honor to be permitted to discuss some of the great problems which lie before us. But this sense of esteem is enhanced to any Western man when his invitation comes from one of our parent states in the Union. I come far enough from the West to have been born amid nioneer conditions. T have seen the snlendid farm civilization of our State spring into existence. We have improved our highways: builded modern residences; founded churches, universities and schools; and our lands have risen in value nearly to the level of Euro- pean countries. Thus,,in a generation, we have grown wealthy and have surrounded our families with all the comforts and many of the luxuries of life. Many factors have contributed to this wonderful growth and progress; but chief among them (:nd the only one I will name tonight) has been the aid and assistance which has been given us by the states east of the Allegheny Mountains. The first farm journals which came into our homes were pub- lished in your cities; the best blood in our domestic flocks came from your herds; our orchards grew from your nurseries; our gardens were planted with your seeds; and the improved yield of our field crops was due to the improvement which your masters had wrought in our seed grains. Thus we owe to you our political liberty as a na- tion and our present splendid position in American agriculture. IT use the term “splendid position” advisedly and with due con- sideration. I have come tonight to urge certain legislative meas- ures which, in my opinion, will enable us to strengthen our economic position as a nation by perfecting a better organization among farm- ers; but in our zeal as propagandists for these new measures I trust we may not forget the many exceptional advantages which we now enjoy. I have often asserted and feel free to repeat tonight, that farmers in the United States now enjoy greater advantages than any generation of men since Abraham pastured his flocks on a thousand tit ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. hills. I refer of course to the splendid markets of our nation; to the well developed system of railway transportation; to the good roads which have been builded in so many sections of our country; to the improved seed grains; to the vast improvement in livestock; to the wide diffusion of scientific knowtedge of agriculture among our people; to the trained leadership in agriculture and to the blessings of self-government. No other generat*on of farmers enjoyed at one time so many of these advantages whica go to produce wealth, peace, happiness and prosperity among the great masses of people in any nation. It is fortunate for the world that the present moment finds the American farmer so happily situated. We are facing one of the great crisis in the world’s history. The world is today looking to us for food and clothing in a greater degree than at any time in his- tory. These imperative demands must continue for a generation; and if extreme privation, hunger and even starvation in the world at large is to be averted, it must be through the industry and the in- telligence of American farmers. We are facing a great opportunity; but we have also a mighty responsibility. It is these grave considera- tions which make the present movement for a better organization and a more productive agriculture in America not only of national but of world wide importance. Your invitation was to speak on Rural Credits. I take it that this invitation was extended because of my connection with the prepara- tion of the bill now pending before Congress and which is ordinarily taken to be the basis of legislation on this subject. I refer to H. R. No. 6838, and presume that you will expect me to discuss the terms of this particular bill rather than to attempt an address along general lines. I beg to say, in passing, that it is vastly easier to present ideal results which you hope may flow from a measure of legislation than it is to construct the actual statute. It is likewise easier to present criticisms against a bill, to give way to the fear which is always present, than it is to suggest other provisions which will accomplish the desired result and avoid the evils complained of. I am fairly well acquainted with the literature on this subject and have read much of what has been said and written by many who pose as authority on this subject, without finding any helpful suggestions to those whose duty has been to frame this legislation. We desire legislation which will be national in its character and which will go into operation under favorable conditions in all parts of the nation. It is especially desirable to secure as uniform a rate of interest as possible and to reduce that rate to as low a degree as the economic conditions of the nation will permit. It is likewise desir- able to encourage farmers who are now in debt, to fund that debt in long time obligations on terms which are tantamount to a savings investment. It is the experience of the world that only those who are enabled to save a part of their daily income ever become financially independent. It is in this sense that policies in endowment life in- surance and shares in building and loan societies give financial inde- pendence to their holders. We seek to extend these advantages to the farmers who are in debt for their farms or who desire to borrow money to improve them. Such results are only possible by an invest- ment made under an organization, controlled by competent men, supervised by law, and in volume of business large enough to invest No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 445 small savings to the best advantage. This suggests co-operation, as a business method. We seek to create a system which, when fully organized, will include farmers from every section and every neighbor- hood in the nation. In the aggregate, the volume of business will be very large; the cost of expert management will be correspondingly small. Thus the individual farmer, though his business will be com- paratively insignificant, will be given every advantage of a stock- holder in a large corporation, officered by experts. His mortgage which is ordinarily an extreme burden is changed into a long time lease on a tract of improved real estate which, through his labors, will yield sufficiently to pay him remunerative wages and to meet his liabilities, so that he will enjoy the benefits of proprietorship with a reasonable certainty of attaining a title in fee to his holdings. These results require a national organization and national co-opera- tion among American farmers. The very territorial size of our na- tion suggests many difficulties. The many different state laws as to land titles and the exemptions from debt makes the problem a difficult one. The independence of the American farmers, many of whom are in fact, real pioneer settlers, adds to the difficulties of framing a general statute which is applicable to all parts of our natural terri- tory. It is but little wonder that we have spent more than two years in arriving at a satisfactory solution of this subject. I am well aware that there is a wide spread interest in personal credit aside from mortgage credit. It is said, and truly too, that our landless tenants need especial assistance in the way of necessary credit. The bill under consideration deals only with mortgage credit; but before I begin a discussion of its terms and conditions, I beg to refer briefly to our new banking and currency law, commonly known as the Federal Reserve System. It is well known that farmers are charged high rates of interest in many sections of the United States on personal loans. The Comptroller of the Currency, Honorable John Skelton Williams, has publicly called attention to some of these usurious rates. He has given instances, taken from the actual bank records, which are nearly unbelievable. For instance, he mentions one case where a woman paid 120% interest on $110.00 which was borrowed to purchase a horse. Many individual loans are instanced where the rate of interest runs higher than 100%. I will not lengthen my address to repeat his examples. His address before the Kentucky Bankers’ Association can be secured upon application to the clerk of the Commission on Rural Credits at Washington. It is well worth reading by any student of this subject. It naturally brings up the subject, “What influence has our new banking law had upon the situa- tion so far as it affects loans to farmers for short periods of time?” No student of the subject will admit that the present system is fully organized and has as yet exerted its full measure of benefit to the farmers. We have had, however, sufficient actual experience to know that without supplemental legislation, the system will not be able to help agriculture to the full measure of its possibilities. Every modern system of personal credit—rural or commercial—is based upon the power of the government to issue money or certificates of credit. The volume of money available under such a system is in- creased by the government rediscounting notes held by banks, or loans by the bank of issue to the borrower. Thus in times of stress both the 446 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. volume of money and the rate of interest are controlled by the govern: ment bank of issue. It has been declared by the present Board that its policy will be to grant to agricultural paper—paper secured by warehouse receipts representing agricultural products—a_ preferen- cial rate of interest. The rate under present conditions, on this class of paper is three per cent. This rate is as low as any foreign govern- ment has ever given to its farm citizens. Last year, we grew nearly ment has ever given to its farm products. If these products had been properly classified and warehoused, this immense value would have been available as collateral security at this very low rate of interest; and these commodities were in actual ownership and control of our farmers. The Southern farmer was able to take a limited advantage of this rate because, under the law, the Department of Agriculture supervises the grading of his cotton. This is done under the Cotton Standard Act. Of course, it is but a beginning. Neither the banks nor the farmers fully understood the possibilities which lay before them. Then, too, the banks were afraid to encourage this low rate for fear of the effect it might have on their commercial business. There was, however, several million dollars of rediscounting done by the Federal Reserve Banks at the three per cent. rate. This busi- ness is sure to grow by leaps and bounds as education spreads among the planters of that section. The same opportunity is open to the Northern farmer as soon as we can secure a law standardizing our farm products as cotton is standardized. I had the honor to introduce the Moss Grain Grades Act in the last Congress. It passed the House by practically a unani- mous vote but failed in the Senate. I have reintroduced it in the present Congress and it is number 4646. Mr. Lever has introduced his Warehouse Bill. The bill also passed the House during the last Session but failed in the Senate. The Grain Grades Act authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to fix uniform standards of quality and condition for all principal commercial grains and to supervise and enforce their application in the grading of all grain offered for sale.” The Warehouse Act authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to li- cense and to bond warehouses open to all producers of farm pro- ducts who may care to store them therein. The government will have supervision of all operations of warehousing, grading the pro- ducts, and issuing the receipts. If these two bills were in force, any farmer in the Union could take his surplus farm products, have them graded according to government standards and store them in ware- houses supervised and bonded by the United States. He could then take his receipts to the nearest bank and get a lower rate of interest than is given to any other class of paper. If farmers were to or- ganize a co-operative bank, it would be entirely possible to secure money at three per cent. less only the overhead charges of operation. These two proposed laws must be enacted if we are to secure the full benefit of own new banking law. If farmers will organize and de- mand the passage of these measures, they will be enacted into law. It is the open door to cheap credit; it is a certain method of securing three per cent. money to finance our farming operations, and if we press forward along these lines, we will secure for ourselves as low rates on personal farm loans as any nation has ever granted to farm- ers for like purposes. Can we ask for greater results? No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 447 I have thus briefly referred to personal credits not only as an answer to the criticism that nothing is being attempted to improve present conditions, but also to call your attention to the very broad comprehensive legislation program which is before Congress at this very moment. I confidently assert that these three measures, the Grain Grades Act, the Warehouse Bill, and the Mortgage Credit plan, taken together, constitute the most important legislation affect- ing agricultural interests that has been introduced in Congress for a generation. I have spoken briefly of the purpose of rural credits and some of the difficulties to be overcome in framing legislation to meet our conditions. The present bill, H. R. No. 6838, creates a national sys- tem of mortgage banks to be operated by a federation of farm bor- rowers, organized as a co-operative association. It also authorizes a separate system of mortgage banks, organized as corporations and controlled by private initiative. These two systems are separate and distinct; nowise antagonistic but everywhere competitive. In prac- tically every other country of the world, mortgage banking has been successfully organized under each of these plans. They bear the same relation to each other as the mutual and old line insurance com- panies. The provisions of the bill do not give any special advantage to either plan but seek to permit their organization under the most favorable conditions. The entire system is put under the control of a Farm Loan Board, consisting of five persons appointed by the Presi- dent and confirmed by the Senate. Not more than three members of this Board may be chosen from any one political party. The members are appointed for a term of ten years and are paid a salary of $10,000 per year. It is the purpose to secure high grade, competent men, giving them ample power under long tenure and freeing them from political control. This Board organizes the new banking system and when once in operation, exercises supreme control over its functions. This Board is given power to divide the United States into twelve banking districts and to organize a land bank in each one of these districts. It is the purpose of the bill, as the system grows, to in crease the number of land banks, until ultimately it may be that there will be a land bank authorized for every state in the Union. The number twelve was chosen to correspond with the Federal Reserve system, but ample provision has been made for the organization of new districts, whenever, in the opinion of the farm Loan Board, such action is necessary. These land banks must each have a subscribed capital of at least $500,000 before they can begin doing business. This capital may be subscribed by individuals, corporations, muni- cipalities, or the government of any State; but in case it is not sub- scribed through these sources, then the Government of the United States is obliged to make such subscriptions. At this point we reach the moot question of government aid. From the very start I have been opposed, personally, to those extreme meas- ures of government guarantee of the bonds or a direct loan to bor- rowers by the government. It is practically impossible, however, to found a co-operative system and put it into actual operation through- out the nation unless some good angel will advance the initial capital. If this capital is sought to be secured by the issuance of shares of stock, either the holders of these shares must forego dividends or 448 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. else the system can never become purely mutual and thus grant loans to its members at the lowest possible rate of interest. We have no such spirit of altruism in this country as would make it reasonably certain that foundation capital could be secured from private sources without the pledge of dividends. Thus the only practical way of or- ganizing the system is to ask the government of the United States to advance temporarily the foundation capital, to be returned out of the subscriptions to capital stock which will be made by the borrowers under the plan of the bill. I am glad to be able to say that this happy compromise has been accepted by those who framed this bill and I express the hope that it will be equally acceptable to every advo- cate of this legislation. This provision makes it possible to organize a co-operative system which is owned and controlled by the borrow- ers themselves and a system where all the net earnings go as dividends to the borrowers in proportion to the face of their loans, thus giving them service at actual net cost. These land banks do not have the power to negotiate loans directly with the individual. It will be seen at once that a land district which may compromise several states is too large a district to be assigned to any one institution transacting a business which requires it to gain an accurate knowledge of the value of many widely separated tracts of real estate and become acquainted with the personal char- acter of thousands of individual borrowers. In order to extend this organization and bring it close to the homes and lives of the borrowers, the land bank is required to conduct its business through local loan associations which are to be organized by farm borrowers in every neighborhood of the nation. Ten or more persons may organize such an association, each member, however, owning land and desiring to become a borrower in the system. Every member of the local association must subscribe for stock in the local association equal to five per cent. of the face of his loan, and the local association must make an equal subscription to the capital stock of the land bank. Thus the capital of the land bank grows in propor- tion to its volume of business, always bearing the ratio of one to twenty, and except the original subscription of $500,000, all stock of the land bank is held by the local association in trust for their mem- bership. Whenever a member pays off his loan the land bank pays back at par his subscription to the capital stock and cancels his shares. This act severs his membership in the local association so that none but borrowers can belong to the organization. All voting power is held by the members of the local association. Thus the whole system is democratic and is controlled by the men who are ac- ually borrowing money from the land bank. The local association passes upon the character of the borrower when he applies for mem- bership in the association, and through its loan committee, makes an appraisal of the land which is offered as a basis for his mortgage loan. This appraisal and recommendation from the local association is for- warded to the land bank together with an application for the loan. The land bank sends an appraiser to re-appraise the land. The ap- praiser is an officer of the government and his salary is paid by the land bank. The report of this appraiser fixes the value of the land as a security for a mortgage loan which cannot exceed 60% of the No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 449 appraised value. The land bank sends the money to the association and the association pays it over to the borrower. Likewise the bor- rower makes his several payments to the local association which for- wards the money thus paid to the land bank. The local association is but an agent acting for the land bank to secure accurate and intimate knowledge of the land values and per- sonal character. Each borrower insures his own loan to the extent of five per cent. of the amount of the loan. We have every element of safety; local knowledge, mutual liability, and self interest. The land bank, as the mortgages accumulate, deposits them in amounts not less than $50,000 with an officer of the Farm Loan Board called the registrar. These mortgages are held in trust by the registrar as special security against an issue of bonds. The Farm Loan Board causes an appraisal to be made of these mortgages and issues permis- sion to the land bank to issue bonds. There must always be an amount of unpaid mortgages on deposit with the registrar equal to the par value of bonds outstanding; and as mortgages are paid off, either in whole or in part, these sums must be reinvested in farm mortgages, or farm loan bonds must be purchased in like amounts and cancelled. The success of any mortgage system must depend upon the ready sale of bonds. Not only are the loanable funds secured by the sale of bonds, but the rate of interest on farm mortgages is fixed by the rate of interest on the bonds. The whole system of mortgage banking is devised to enable the farmers of the nation to pool their assets, and by issuing bonds, to borrow money at low rates of interest. A successful system will thus not only secure money for farm borrowers, but it will develop a safe investment for the surplus earnings of the nation. It seeks to cause money held for investment to flow towards the farms and thereby develop a mutual financial relationship between industrial centers and agricultural territory. This requires an at- tractive credit instrument. Every bond issued by a land bank is freed from all forms of national and local taxation; it is secured by a first mortgage on improved real estate which is worth at least twice as much as the face of the bond. It is further secured by the capital stock of all the local associations in that land district. It is also secured by the capital stock and reserves of the land bank which issued it; and finally it is secured by the assets of every other federal land bank in the United States. The value of such a bond cannot be doubted. As long as the rains fall and the sun shines, as long as the promise of a seed time and a harvest continues, and so long as man must derive his food and clothing from the soil, such a bond will stand as the safest investment on earth. The land bank is permitted to charge borrowers one per cent. higher rate on mortgage than the bank pays on its bonds. This represents the income of the bank out of which expenses are to be paid, reserves builded, and dividends declared. It may be in actual practice that this margin will prove to be too high and will be much reduced. This point.is not of much importance one way or the other. If the in- come of the bank is greater, the dividends paid to the borrower will be higher, because all surplus earnings must be distributed to the borrowers. Loans are made for only certain purposes, within certain specified amounts, and for certain periods of time. These limitations are written in the bill in order to kill speculation. 29—6—1915 450 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The United States has not as yet passed through its speculative period. In some sections of this country the value of land is rising faster than the legal rate of interest. It is not the purpose of this bill to help the speculator, but to assist the farmer to own an aver- age sized farm and to improve and equip the same for productive agricultural purposes. Therefore, loans are denied to any one who will not actually cultivate the land he proposes to mortgage, and who does not desire to use the money either to purchase a farm home, to improve his land, to purchase live stock or to cultivate it. No per- son is granted a loan less than one hundred dollars or more than $10,- 000. It is believed that these restrictions will not work actual hard- ship on the great mass of farmers who will apply for loans; and on the other hand that they will prove an effectual bar to speculation. Thus the whole benefits of the bill will go towards the development of our agriculture, to the building of new farm homes, and to the founding of better flocks and herds. Loans are made for a period of not less than five nor more than thirty-five years. These loans are made re-payable in fixed semi-annual installments so that all pay- ments are of equal size and include both interest and principal. This method of repayment is known as amortization. The reduc- tion in the debt is computed according to the principles of compound interest, so that the borrower not only reduces his debt in the amount which he actually applies on the principal, but he also receives inter- est upon interest. He is given every advantage of an investment in a savings institution which is officered by competent and skilled finan- ciers. It will thus be possible under the provisions of this bill to bor- row money on mortgage security and repay it, principal and inter- est, at a lower rate than farmers even in the most favored circum- stances are now being charged interest alone. To illustrate this: When I was in Europe, farmers were repaying their loans at an actual rate of 4.85 per cent., which rate of payment included interest, prin- cipal and administrative charges. This rate, at the expiration of the period extinguished the debt. I will now make a confident prediction that when this law goes into effect, and becomes fully established, that the farmers of Pennsylvania will be able to borrow money under its provisions at a rate of five per cent. which will extinguish interest and period within the period of thirty-five years. The loans granted are unrecalled by the bank and need never be renewed and cannot be foreclosed if the contract payments are made. The borrower, how- ever, is given the right to pay off his loan in whole or in part at any interest period. Thus, no borrower need be afraid to contract for a long period of time because he can anticipate payment at the close of any six months periods. This works no hardship upon the bank because it can either loan the money to some other farmer, or can sell in its bonds and pay them off. I have noticed recently in the public press certain prominent indi- viduals, one of them a president of a life insurance company, at- tacking the amortization feature of the bill and claiming that the American farmer does not desire the privilege of long time loans. This is but an indirect and insiduous attack upon all methods of rural credit loans. The very strength of the system lies in the fact that the farmer is given an unrecallable contract running over a long period of time, reducible according to the earning power of compound inter- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 451 est, and in individual payments small enough that they can be met out of a moderate share of the farmer’s income. He thus escapes the slavery of debt; he avoids imposing privations upon his family; he is enabled to live, to educate his family and to pay for his farm. He is thus a home builder during the period in which he becomes a home owner. The man who seeks to destroy the amortization feature upon mortgages or to discourage legislation authorizing it, has no right to pose as the friend of the farmer or to speak for the progressive element in American farm life. I have given the main outline of the co-operative features of this bill; however, I have not mentioned the principle of unlimited liabil- ity. There are two classes of loan associations authorized in the bill, one with limited, the other with unlimited liability. Just as the bill does not favor unduly either the mutual or the corporate plan of mort- gage banking, but seeks to permit either to be organized under the most favorable conditions, so does it give preference to neither limited nor unlimited societies. It permits either to be organized under conditions most favorable to their success. It is my opinion that the loans will be made under one form just as cheaply as they will be under the other. There has been much criticism and I may say loose talk indulged in discussing the principle of unlimited liability. As that principle is applied under the terms of this bill, I do not believe that the individual farmer who may join such an association would incur any greater actual hazard than though he were holding a mem- bership in an association with limited liability. I am aware that he assumes a greater legal or technical liability, or you may put it, a greater contingent liability; but safeguarded as it is, his full contin- gent liability can never develop into an actual liability which he will be called upon to measure in dollars and cents. Certain criticisms have been made because the stockholders in the limited associations incur a credit liability equal to five per cent. of the face of ther loans. Such critics may pose as the friends of the farmer, and may actually succeed in persuading some farmers to ac- cept them as such; but the fact is that this is a business association ; it is neither altruistic nor charitable. Co-operation, as a principle, seeks only to benefit its own members; it has no regard for the in- terest of non-members. It seeks to enable its own members to save; to transform savings into foundation capital; and through the earn- ing power of capital, to give them financial independence. The mem- bers who own a co-operative association secure all the earnings of that association and in terms must assume all the risk of the business. The experience of the world is that under a well managed, honestly conducted and thoroughly supervised system of mortgage loans, there are no appreciable losses. And where there are no appreciable losses, there can be no large contingent liability. It is the exercise of good common sense for an association of borrowers who seek to secure money at low rates, upon favorable terms, to offer a security against which there can be no possible doubt. This is the only reason that capital stock is required and that credit capital is assembled. The five per cent. which the farmer subscribes to the capital of the land bank is not the money which is loaned out to his neighbor, but is a fund which is held as a guarantee and is invested in safe and attrac- tive securities. The income upon it is sent back to the owners in the shape of annual or semi-annual dividends. 452 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. The only instance where this fund can be drawn upon by the bank is where some borrower defavics in his obligation and the associa- tion is unable to collect his obligation at law. In such an instance, the loss would first fall on the individuals and then would be distri- buted equitably among his associates in business. The person who seeks to encourage farmers to go into an organization whereby they are supposed to gain all the rewards and some other man shall pay all the losses, is either dishonest with himself or is trying to deceive his followers. It is an apt case where the blind is attempting to lead the blind. GOVERNOR BRUMBAUGH: I think you will join with me in expressing our sincere thanks to Mr. Moss for this very interesting, informing and lucid address. If that is the type of men they are bringing up in Indiana on the farms, we had better look to our seed in Pennsylvania. It is a real pleasure, Sir, to have had you here, and on behalf of this great body of representative citizens, I thank you again and again. Is there any further business before the body to- night? If there is nothing more, the meeting stands adjourned. January 27, 1916, 9 A. M. Vice President Fenstermacher in the Chair. The CHAIRMAN: The meeting will please come to order. We have this morning reports of Standing Committees and Specialists, continued, and first on the program is the report of the Ornithologist, Dr. Joseph Kalbfus, of Harrisburg. DR. KALBFUS: I do not know why I was selected as Ornitholo- gist; but I am going to make a slight report on the value of birds and the failure of the farmers to do what they ought to do for the birds. Then I am going to touch for a minute on predatory birds and insist that there are lots of such birds all around us that were not raised in nests or tree tops and never wore feathers. I listened to an address last night on how the farmer is to pro- ceed, how he has got to put his corn in and get money on it and all that. But he has first got to raise the corn, he has first got to get a crop, and the subject I am going to talk about, through which I believe that the man engaged in it is injured and bled to a greater extent that anything on the farm, and that in the dairy business you can raise your cattle, have your buildings and give them all the care you please, and when the time comes, you come to the creamery or some place else and your profit is all taken. It is foolish for us to sit here and talk about it and then do nothing. I am interested in a No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 453 farm up in Bradford county that came to me through inheritance—my wife’s part owner; it is my unfortunate problem to run it. I get about 24 cents for the cream that is found on a quart of milk. I get the skim milk back sometimes, sometimes some other fellow gets it, and it is not fair to the producer and there is no use to beat around the bush; you are here to do something to better conditions, to bet- ter your own condition and to better the farmers’ conditions in this State, and the sooner we consider these things, the better it will be for all of us. My article here is entitled, “Who is neighbor to the birds?” It is well enough for the farmers to talk about what they are doing for the birds, but when you come right down to the proposition of what you have really done, it is nothing. The fact that a farmer permits a covey of quail to feed on his land, that is, that he don’t chase them off, is one thing, but to do something for them in the time of need is another thing. Our quail in this State are almost gone. I have been trying in the past number of months to secure quail from Mexico. I sent an agent to Mexico at the expense of the sportsmen; I expected to have introduced in the State at least ten or twelve thousand or more quail; day before yesterday I got a wire from Washington stopping the shipment of quail because they had a disease called Coxi- dosis, that is extremely contagious and almost always fatal. I had one importation of about 175 come in to New York about four weeks ago; there’s 16 of them alive to-day. I had another importa- tion that came in three days ago, and 77 of those died the first day. The intestines are covered with ulcers and the liver with white bloches that is infectious to the extreme with quail. It does not apparently affect other birds, and the time has come, as I said in my last report to the Commission, that if we are going to preserve the quail, there must be a closed season, and that does not mean simply that the farm- ers are going to go along as they have done; the farmers are the ones that are really interested, and I am going to touch on this sub- ject in this paper. I am going to just stop a minute to say that it is not the quantity of birds we have; it is the variety of birds, each doing a work for the farmer in its special place, in its own peculiar way that the other birds cannot do, something that means something to every one of us. The wren, the robin, the different birds doing their own work; the robin in the Springtime taking insects and the larvae of insects chilled in the furrow, doing something that saves the farmer incalu- lable cost. Yet the minute the cherries begin to turn or his berries begin to get ripe and the robin comes to get a little something, he is out to soak him. The laborer, being worthy of his hire, ought to be considered with reference to the bird. I know it is aggravating to have your strawberries or cherries picked, but the robin is doing some- thing for you in his place that, if he did not do it, no other bird would. 30 454 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc REPORT OF THE ORNITHOLOGIST By DR. JOSHPH KALBFUS Who is Neighbor to the Birds? For many years those who have investigated and understood the value of the lifework of birds have been striving to have the people around them understand this matter as it should be understood. Through pamphlets, illustrated lectures, and in various other ways, this matter has been persistently called to the attention of our people, so that the value in dollars and cents that comes through the presence of this or that species of birds is so well understood that I need not dwell upon it at this time. The great majority of birds are our friends, the value of the lifework of this family or that species is un- doubted, each in its own place is doing something for us, especially for the farmer, the value of which cannot be expressed in words or figures. Experience teaches that a little kindness, either in word or deed, has its effect upon wild animals and birds, just as it has with human beings or with domestic creatures. Without this kindly attention the birds are apt to drift or be driven from us, to our great disad- vantage. What have we done, either to attract these feathered friends or to keep them with us? The fact that I may permit a covey of quail or a flock of other birds to feed upon my premises, or at least to not drive them away, is not feeding the birds; they have done me more good than I have done them; they have at least cost me noth- ing, and I am afraid that many of us are not doing for the birds what we should do, and I only wish I had the power to say or do some- thing that would cause the farmers of this State to realize the true position they occupy regarding this subject. When the farmer, the farmer’s wife, his sons and his daughters, do for the birds what they can and should do, then, indeed, can it be said for the birds, “The winter is over and gone and the voice of the turtle is heard in the land.” I know the many turns the farmer and his family are required to make each day; I know how all his time is taken, and when I say that but a few farmers do anything for the birds around them, I in- tend to make only a plain unvarnished statement of fact, and not to be offensive. I happen to have spent some considerable part of my life in the country, and say what I do after a careful canvass of the question extending through a serious of at least forty years. To my mind, the farmer has not been neighbor to the birds; I know of but few farmers who, unless they were also sportsmen, have ever done one thing to attract the birds, either game or otherwise. Upon the other hand, they have done much to injure and drive the birds away, and how have they done this? The old tree filled with wood- pecker holes in which the hairy and downy woodpecker and the chickadee and the nuthatch found winter homes, and in which the bluebird and many other early Spring migrants found shelter from cold and sleet, have been long since transferred to the farmer’s wood- No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 455 pile, and have gone up in smoke through his chimney. Through the practice of tree surgery, the trees in the orchard or on the lawn have all had the decayed places cut away, and the cavities filled with ce- ment, so that the birds before named have no place into which they can retreat in time of need. They, therefore, freeze and die, and the farmer, if he pays any attention at all to the subject, wonders what has become of the birds, and I wonder how many farmers in the State have attempted to put up bird-houses to take the places of the shelters destroyed. I wonder mow many farmers in the State have hung out suet, or fresh meat, or other food for the winter birds in the time of necessity. How many of your farmer friends, unless they were also sportsmen, have ever traveled through storm and sleet to find and feed a covey of starving quail, as many sportsmen have done, or who have ever put up good hard-earned dollars as many sportsmen have done for years, to buy quail in other states and place them in this State. An undoubted friend of our birds, Dr. William T. Hornaday, one of the great naturalists of the world, and Director of the New York Zoological Park, in writing upon this subject, among other things, says: “Show me one farmer, or forester, who goes out of his way and labors and spends money to protect his feathered friends and I will show you ninety-nine who never lift one finger or spend one penny a year in such work.” And again, “If there was anything I could say that would penetrate the farmer’s armor of indifference, and sting him into activity on this subject, I would quickly insert the stinger, even at my own cost and loss.” And, again, “Did you ever know a real sure-enough farmer to subscribe to a fund for game protection or to spend time and money in attending legislative hear- ings in behalf of bird protection and increase? I never did; I mean the real farmers who depend upon their crops for their bread and butter.” : Dr. Hornaday was born and raised on a farm in Iowa. He knows something about the disposition of farmers; he knows that because of their many and varied duties the majority of farmers have no time to even think of the birds; his whole life has been spent in a battle for the birds. He has come before the legislative bodies of many states in the interest of birds, and it would not do for him to tell anything but the truth about farmers. He knows there is not one farmer in fifty who can tell the names of half the birds around him, or who knows of the special work each species of birds is doing for him. Dr. Hornaday would hardly attempt to “slur” himself or his people, or to “joke” regarding one of the most serious questions he has been called to consider in his lifetime, and the sooner the farmer realizes his true position the better it will be for him, and for the birds. Don’t, I beg of you, get cross at me because I dare to tell you the truth regarding this matter. Someone will assert that birds were more plentiful years ago, when no one even thought of the birds, than they are at this time. This is no doubt true, but if that person will investigate they will find that in the days when birds and game and predatory creatures were plenti- ful, men were scarce, and had not taken the homes of these wild crea- tures as they have today. In those days the wild creatures had plenty of land on which to roam, and untold numbers of hiding 456 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. places; their feeding grounds were without limitations. Today, in highly cultivated sections, the majority of our birds are compelled to nest upon the ground or upon low bushes, within easy reach of their many natural enemies, to the great discomfort of the birds. The farmer’s cat, his dog, his reaper, his mower and horse-rake, each one get in their deadly work; his cows, his horses and sheep tramp out the nest in the pasture; forest fires, built by human hands, take their toll, especially Spring fires, that not only destroy the nests of birds, but also the young of the birds and animals, and in addition destroy the trees and vines and shrubs that furnish the food for all wild creatures, when insects are gone. The swamp has been drained, wherein the covey of quail or other birds were wont to take refuge at eventide on a tussock, safe from prowling enemies. The farmer’s cat, it is estimated, kills at least sixty song birds every season, more birds than are killed by any five hundred hunters in the State, excepting boys, for true sportsmen never kill song birds. Crows are permitted ~ to hatch and increase everywhere. The farmer never thinks of the crow, except when he is pulling corn, and for destroying birds the crow beats the cat out of sight. Young crows, in the nest, are said to consume daily animal food equal to two or three times their own weight, and the eggs and young of birds are taken by crows whenever found. This disposition of the crow is what drives many birds to seek nesting places near human habitations, and causes the robin to build on your window sill. And the great wonder to me is, not that we have so few birds, but, instead, that we have birds at all. In Wyoming last winter, and for several winters past, the utmost effort of the United States Government has been put forth to save the lives of thousands of elk dying from starvation, because settlers had taken their winter feeding grounds for farms. Elk were plentiful there, for no man knows how long, and none starved; today they must die because their winter feeding grounds have been appropriated to the use of men, just as the homes of our wild creatures of various ginds have been taken here, and still we wonder why the birds have decreased. This much for the birds that are useful, now just a word about certain other birds. In my paper read at the time of our last meeting, under the title “Predatory Birds,” I attempted to call to the attention of farmers to the fact that all birds as I know them were not raised in nests in the tree-tops, neither were they covered with feathers. Aristotle, in the long ago, in describing man, said he was a biped without feath- ers, indicating to my mind that even in his day there were birds of various kinds and that old philosopher had been up against some of them. In my last paper, I attempted to call attention to the fact that in my opinion a matter of very grave importance was the man- ner and the channel through which the products of his farm reached the market. I especially called attention to the method of testing milk in creameries for butter-fats, and the unfair manner in which the skim milk was returned to the one who produced the milk. Since our last meeting, I have examined into this matter to a further ex- tent, and believe that nothing that can be done by the dairyman on his farm will overcome the leakage and loss at the creamery. I am satisfied that a real bird of prey, in so far as the dairy is concerned, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 457 is perched on the lentel of many of the creameries operating in this State, and it makes no difference whether the loss be brought about through negligence or carelessness, or with malice aforethought upon the part of the creamery employees or owners, the loss to the dairy- man is just the same, and the reason why the check is short, if it is short of what it should be, means nothing to him. Three-tenths of a point off the correct test to the ordinary farmer takes the greatest part of his profit, and five-tenths takes it all, and as I understand it, it is extremely easy under the system of today, to lose his profit in just this way. These conditions are so evident to any one who chooses to investi- gate from the standpoint of the producer, that in several states steps have been taken to overcome these wrongs, and official examina- ers are provided for by law, and it is made the duty of such official to visit frequently at unexpected times, every creamery in his district, to take samples of the acid used and of milk from dairymen, and to make tests under varying conditions, so that as nearly fair and just conclusions can be reached as may be possible. Why should this not be done in Pennsylvania? What is the bene- fit to anyone in keeping clean stables, with cattle up to the standard every time, only to be robbed later on by the middleman? It seems to me this is a matter well worthy of serious consideration, and that some plan through which these wrongs may be corrected should be conceived and put in operation as quickly as possible. To my mind, the farmer alone is the man to do this, men who understand existing conditions and what is necessary to correct those conditions. The profitable work of “farming” farmers has grown to be quite an indus- try, and if this task is entrusted to men other than practical men in this line of work, there is no telling what the result may be. Have you ever considered that of the many laws upon our statutes today supposedly conceived by farmers and passed at their instance and in their interests, there are but few that in reality help the farmer as much as they help the other fellow, and not one that even pretends to protect the dairyman. Farmers, as a class, are not perhaps, because of their secluded life, as fully in touch with and as wise to all worldly ways, as are some others. Some farmers I will admit are fairly well halter-broken in this direction, and have earned the method of selling a horse “that will stand without hitching,’ but the majority need and deserve to be told the truth and the whole truth every time; they deserve to have thrown around them every protection accorded other men. Let the Legislative Committee of this organization think this matter over. WEATHER OBSERVATIONS By PROF. W. G. OWENS We seldom realize that we are living at the bottom of a great ocean of air. How high it is, that is how deep this ocean is, no one knows. Various methods have been used to measure its depths but the best leaves large chance for conjecture. The length of twilight has been used as the basis for this calculation, on the supposition that twi- - 458 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. light is caused by the reflection of sunlight on the dust particles in the higher atmospheie. The height at which meteors become visible has also been used as a basis of calculation. This height can easily be determined by two astronomers who decide to measure the angular height of all the meteors which pass between them. If they each see a meteor at exactly the same time moving in a certain direction, it is likely to be the same meteor. Then knowing the distance be- tween the stations, it is easy to calculate the height above the earth when first seen. But through how many miles of air has the meteor travelled before the friction made it hot enough to glow? That no one can tell. From one to two hundred miles may be put down as the depth of this ocean of air. Yet one-half of its bulk is within three and one half miles of the sea level. That is why the air is so rare on a mountain top that exertion brings on speedy exhaustion. The air is so mobile that only when it or we are in motion do we notice its presence. It is so evenly distributed that we do not realize that it has any weight. When Torricelli first advanced the theory that air had weight, the idea was laughed at as being the height of absurdity, and his friends feared that he was losing his mind. They thought it absurd to suppose that the weight of the air could force the water up a pump stock, but that the water followed the valve because “Nature abhors a vacuum” was perfectly good logic. Even the great Pascal seems to have had grave doubts that the air had weight, but he realized that the fact could be proved or disproved by taking a tube closed at the upper end, filling it with mercury and placing the lower end in a cup of mercury. This instrument he had carried to the top of a mountain near Paris. As the instrument was carried up, the mercury descended in the top as it was brought down the mercury went up again. This Pascal concluded could only be caused by the weight of the atmosphere pressing on the mercury in the cup. Since the date of this experiment it has been acknowl- edged that the air has weight, hence must cause things which are immersed in it to become lighter by the weight of the air displaced. The fact that the air has weight enables it to carry water in the form of mist and cloud and invisible vapor. It makes rain and snow possible and causes moisture to be carried to almost all parts of the earth. The only places where there is no rain are such localities as are deprived of it by local conditions. Deserts are generally due to mountains which rob the winds of their moisture as they pass over them. No one factor has more to do with the prosperity of the farmer than the atmosphere unless it be sunshine. What causes the changes in the atmosphere? Why do we have rain today and sunshine tomor- row? Why is one summer wet, as the one which has just passed, and another dry? What makes these changes? These questions have come into the minds of men since the earliest times and yet they are still waiting for an answer. In order the more thoroughly to study and understand the pheno- mena connected with the atmosphere, weather records have been kept for many years. At first by a few men now by many in all parts of the world. There is no part of the earth today in which the wind currents, storm and weather changes are not recorded and kept so that they can be compared and if possible a science created by study- ing these isolated facts. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 459 In the United States there are about 200 meteorological stations with paid observers and the best instruments that science can furnish. Observations are taken several times a day and many of the instru- ments are self-recording so that a continuous record is kept. More than three thousand (8,000) voluntary observers every day make a careful record of the weather, and at the end of the month send it to the Weather Bureau. Here the records are compiled and classi- fied and kept for future study. This work is duplicated the world over. All this is done so that by studying these data man may be able some day to learn the laws which govern the weather and be able to foretell the weather just as an eclipse of the sun or moon can now be foretold. A beginning has been made. We know many points about the trade winds; the nature and force of monsoons, land and sea breezes, and many other phenomena have been worked out until they are fairly well understood. Four great storm centers have been established. One in the West Indies and extending along the eastern coast of the United States. A record in the Philippine Islands and reaching into the China Sea. A third im Samoa and the Fiji Islands and the fourth at Mauritius. Again we have learned that the wind does not move in the direction that the storm is moving but moves in an arch. In the northern hemisphere counter- plot-wise or from right over to left, while in the southern hemisphere it rotates in the direction that ‘the hands of a clock move. By noting the direction and change in the way the wind is blowing, it is possible to tell on which side the storm center is passing. This fact is used by sailors to keep out of the storm center. Some stations make observations in the higher atmosphere. Some- times kites are sent up which carry self-recording instruments. These determine temperature, pressure, wind and humidity. Some- times the kites have steel wires to hold them so that they can go up about a mile. At other stations small baloons carrying instru- ments are sent up. These have been known to reach an altitude of 15 miles, which is more than twice as high as man has ever been. These instruments are marked so that anyone finding them will send them through the post office to the sending station. While many of these are never heard from yet many come back and tell their tale of adventure far above the clouds. ' These inquiries in the upper air have revealed many peculiarities which were not suspected. Most of these, of course, will be of more value to the aviator than to the farmer, but they may result in our learning what causes rain and changes in the weather, as well as wind and frost. When these observations are used in connection with the weather records, they may enable some master mind to outline the laws which govern the weather. A beginning has already been made. The storm centers which be- gin between the Equator and 25 or 35 degrees north latitude move west, then north, then northeast with increasing velocity till they reach about 65 north latitude when they generally have spent their force. Little is known of the storms in the Artie Zone. The storms that affect us most originate around Lake Superior and move down the St. Lawrence and spend their force in the interior of Russia. The 460 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. great whirls which are called general storms are supposed to be caused by polar and equatorial currents. They cover large areas, move slowly and take many days to develop. Small storms called tornados or cyclones, sometimes causing waterspouts generally visit limited areas and sometimes do great damage. From what has been sail it is seen that many people are working on the weather problem. Predictions are sent out by the Weather Bureau forecasting the weather for 24 or 48 hours. These are every year becoming more accurate. Yet in certain localities they often fail. This may be due to local conditions which the farmer might, by observation, be able to determine and so by the help of the Weather Bureau’s forecast be able to predict the changes which were likely to follow. REPORT OF APIARIST By PROF. H. C. KLINGER The year just past has been a failure in the production of honey in this State, and almost the same throughout the whole country. Everywhere there seemed to be a profusion of flowers during the season, but the wet and cool weather prevented the secretion of nectar. The timely help of the Asters late in the Fall in some of the sections of the State saved the expense of buying sugar for Winter feeding. Where these flowers did not exist, colonies had to be fed to keep — them from staravtion. This is the second year of failure in succes- sion, but the average bee-keeper is always hopeful and already sees indications of a good crop in 1916. The wet Summer started an abundance of clover, and the moderate Winter weather which already gave two flights to the bees both point to a successful Summer. At present there is possibly no subject so absorbing and perhaps alarming to the apiarist as the bee diseases now so prevalent and virulent in the State—that of American and European Foul Brood. Notwithstanding the fact that the State inspectors have been waging war against the spread of the diseases, the scope of their work is so large that it will require several years before the State is under entire control. Thousands of colonies have been inspected during the year, and in a number of counties where the disease was not known a year ago, hundreds of colonies in as many apiaries were found infected and many in a hopeless, rotten condition. Under present conditions no one can feel safe that one or the other form of disease will not make its appearance any time during the season. The European type is know to have spread over a distance of more than 50 miles in a single season. It is absolutely important that every bee-keeper becomes informed with all available knowledge pertaining to the subject and stands ready to combat the disease on its approach. As in the fight against the San José scale that infected the fruit trees, those who were willing to be guided by knowledge and led by instruction came out of it with healthy trees and fine wholesome fruit; and it seemed that their trouble was a blessing in No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 461 disguise; so we hope out of the fight against these diseases we may come with better bees and apiaries, greater efficiency and larger profits. Of the two diseases, the American type is perhaps the most difficult to treat; yet the European is the most to be dreaded on ac- count of its rapid spreading in an apiary, and then into neighbor- ing apiaries and surrounding centers of infection, and the rapid decimation of a colony attacked. The causes of the spread of the diseases may be summed up in two words: Ignorance and carelessness; not ignorant stupidity, but a lack of knowledge of the form and manner of the diseases. Many per- sons think their bees died from starvation, “froze to death,” or the “worms killed them,” when, if the facts were known, it would have been found they died from infection of one of the brood diseases. The means of dissemination are several: The shipping of bees, or moving them from one place to another; the sending of queens in cages which contain food mixed with infected honey; and often honey cans, section boxes and other containers are thrown in garbage places where bees will find the infected honey and carry it back to the hives. Undoubtedly the most serious way of infection is that of robbing out a weakened colony. Sometimes a quiet robbing takes place that only an experienced person will detect. It is a question much under dis- cussion at the present that the European type, on account of its rapidity in spreading, is carried by the bees on their bodies to the fields, and flowers and other bees coming in contact with the same flower may carry the germs back to other colonies in the same or other apiaries. This is thought probable also from the fact that diseased larvae from the American type are never touched by the bees, while under favorable conditions they will clean out the dis- eased larvae of the European type. So that in trying to rid their own colony of the infection they may throw the germs outside of their own hives or carry them to the fields. For curing the disease there are several methods given in journals, State bulletins, and by the inspectors. It would lengthen this report to go into details. One fact has been confirmed by all authorities: _ That black bees more readily succumb to the disease than do the Italians; and, also, where vigorous Italian queens have been intro- duced into infected colonies a permanent cure has been effected with- out any further operation. Morley Pettit, the Provincial Inspector of Ontario, Canada, says, “The cure for American Foul Brood is only permanent when pure bred Italian queens are introduced by all black or hybrid stocks.” “Pure bred Italian bees of vigorous stock are almost immune to European Foul Brood.” If the State expenditure shall be of the utmost benefit, it is of the greatest importance that the State receive the co-operation of every man whose interests are touched. The remedy for foul-brood is in harmony with the best system of bee-keeping that must be fol- lowed in order to obtain the greatest success, even if there were no diseases. “Keep bees better and keep better bees.” 462 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURAL GEOLOGIST By MR. W. H. STOUT Obedient to a summons to appear here at this time to give an ac- count of my stewardship since we met last, I present some thoughts on a topic which may not contain anything of interest or value. There is this consolation in the knowledge that it costs each one only about fifteen minutes, or less time than is often consumed wait- ing for a car or for desert at the dinner table. Also some of those present on the State’s pay roll receiving one to four cents a minute while here can rest in contentment, and others can rest, digest and assimilate the meals for which the State pays. Differing mentally and physically, we do not see things in the same light or from the same point of view; so if none agree with the sentiment in the follow- ing discussion is only proof that majority may be wrong and the minority right. There are no two things exactly alike in nature, in the vegetable or animal creation, the human race being no exception. A very prominent orator, statesman, politician, peace propagandist, editor and agriculturist related this story during a political campaign: “A farmer hurrying a load of hay from a field before an approaching storm, had part of the load slip off which was reloaded, another start made ‘and after going a short distance, more dropped off, which was replaced. All went well until in turning to enter the barn nearly half the load upset, while the storm was almost overhead. The farmer’s beloved wife came to offer assistance while he was in ill humor, and overheated, tugging at big forkfulls to get it in the barn, the wife anxious to help asked, “Can I do anything to help you?” to which the husband replied, “No, dear, you cannot, go in the house, I am going to express myself.” So I am going to express myself in mild language and plain terms on the subject of agricultural geo- logy, and history reviewed, with emphasis on reviewed, which I tried to confine to fifteen minutes, without exceeding the speed limit. Spragging the Wheels At the coal mines, to prevent the mine cars without brakes from running wild, use is made of tough, round clubs, pushed between the felloes to check the speed and stop the cars where wanted. The time is here when there is danger of the agricultural cars overloaded with mushroom agriculturists and theorists on a down grade, to throw some clubs on the track and in the wheels, to avoid the danger of going over a precipice or into the breakers, with the Juggernaut crushing the taxpayers under the wheels. AGRICULTURAL GEOLOGY AND HISTORY REVIEWED After spending much time and thought during many years reading theories and following the field workers and so-called scientists over much of this and other countries, striving to prove that the soil con- tains such vast stores of plant food elements that many generations - No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 463 can maintain themselves on the elements inherent in the soil. Virgin soils always contain more or less available plant food in proportion to its derivation, yet there is none inexhaustible although it may yield for considerable periods remunerative crops; it will eventually cease to produce paying crops. The alluvial lands—periodically over- flowed—those derived from limestone and chalk with that from vol- canic activities are most valuable, while the rocky, sandy, shaly or those consisting of very fine silt and tenacious clays are neither so lasting and more expensive to maintain. The early settlers already knew the best soils, selecting such as were heavily timbered or along alluvial bottom lands where, with little effort, large crops could be cheaply produced for export such as ce- reals for milling as well as for distillation. Whenever land owners found the soil under cultivation less productive than it was originally, the heavily timbered hardwood forests were cleared and wastefully destroyed, or used up in building houses and barns with the choicest timber that would now be worth fortunes. The great barns and other buildings on the farms in the most productive sections testify the wealth taken from the land during the period when the farmers were capitalists loaning money, donating land for canals and railroads and investing in stocks and bonds which was often the last seen of their money, because of reorganization and receiverships. It is also to be observed that in many parts of Pennsylvania, from the Delaware to the Potomac rivers, the valuable estates and fertile farms are now in the hands of absentee landlords, residing in towns and cities, engaged in some business that affords enough. means to support the farms, display their wealth and their ignorance about agriculture, appealing to the State for the aid of rural uplifters, ex- tension agents and specialists to help them make a big showing in the magazines and the press in general. Under the system of finance, government and political rule, it seldom happens that actual farmers acquire means to purchase addi- tional land, while those engaged in commerce, banking, law or in politics—provided the latter can stick to an office for terms of ten to twenty years, at salaries ranging from three to six thousand dol- lars, drawing on public funds to the extent of sixty to eighty thou- sand dollars—can invest in country estates and live retired as promi- nent agriculturists. Tenantry is on the increase; real farmers becoming tenants or driven into less productive sections where land is cheap to eke out an existence under adverse conditions. Thus modern history is only repeating ancient history when the so-called nobility, or in plain terms the criminal cunning gained control of wealth created by labor, resulting in the decline of all the ancient governments being reduced to absolute proverty through exhausting the soil and the maintenance of an aristocracy, with im- mense military force to overawe their subjects. It is possible to post- pone the inevitable with modern methods in the discovery of mineral fertilizers and earlier wastes, but it is questionable how long the supplies of moderate priced artificial fertilizers can be obtained to supply the quantity necessary to restore what is removed with crops. Chemistry may possibly come to relieve the future by combining the elements abundant in nature by preparing capsules of protein, carbo- hydrates and fats in condensed form to sustain future generations of inhabitants in countless numbers a century hence. The only 464 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. salvation for farmers, as well as the general public, at this time is the use of commercial fertilizers and chemicals, regardless of what some would-be advisors, who sometimes ridicule its use may say. The honest fertilizer manufacturer who supplies the trade at rea- sonable prices, with honest goods deserves the respect of the people. After spending many hours studying over the subject of agricul- tural geology, reading text-books and following the soil survey in its ramifications over states and nation, my conviction is that the public fund expended is just so much money wasted for all it accomplishes. The advice is the same and may be stated in one short sentence: Use manure, lime, chemicals, cowpeas, soy beans, crimson clover, alfalfa, rye, etc., with green manure for humus, then irrigate or tile drain, as the conditions suggest. It is doubtful whether any practical farmer who is established in a location, on such soil as may make up his farm, ever derived any benefit whatever from all the vast literature and maps published and the great amount of money spent in soil surveys and soil analysis. The mechanical condition of a soil is of greatest importance, when of a consistency to hold moisture and fertility the other elements can be supplied, while other soils may show a larger amount of mineral elements by chemical test when in an unavailable state are entirely useless in practice. It has been demonstrated in England and our State that chemical fertilizers can be relied upon to produce crops equal to that of manure, resolving itself into a question of economics. Where manure can be obtained for nothing or at low cost, it is advisable to take advantage of the opportunity. Not so much for its plant food value as for the humus or carbonaceous matter contained to ameliorate the soil and hold moisture when that is lacking. As for the soil analyses which may show tons of the elements needed by plants, it is not safe to depend upon it. Crops are the best guide that every farmer has at his command; so that by simply observing and a little experimenting is of more value than all the fine spun theories advanced by so-called experts. At small expense a small quantity of hydrochloric acid of ammonia with red and blue litmus paper, any one can make soil tests that are at once instructive and enlightening. Of all the activities imposed upon the tax payers as rural up- lifters, experts, specialists, etce., the agricultural press throughout the country is of more value to practical agriculture than all other agencies combined. The reason is that they disseminate all the use- ful discoveries of science and contain the actual experience of thou- sands of close observers and practical knowledge from all parts of the country. After deliberating and considering the situation, I have concluded that it is time to call a halt and cry out “hold, enough!” When stalwart farmers follow their shipments to market and shed tears because their strenuous labor in producing tomatoes, peas, beans, potatoes, peaches, etc., do not realize enough cash to pay trolley fare, finding themselves in debt for freight and commission having labor, taxes, with incidental operating expenses drives them to insanity and even suicide. At the same time more rural uplifters manifest their interest in agriculture, among whom are newspaper publishers who ’ No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 465 could not distinguish between alfalfa and clover, between a jack and a giraffe. Yet they presume to trade on the credulity of farmers, as- suming an attitude of friendship for benighted ruralists. Even highly perfumed town dudes wearing creased pants, looking through their bi-noculars have regard for the farmer; treating former mud-sills and cold hoppers with a show of respect, because they hope by passing a few years in some institution where agriculture is taught to gain positions as county agents or professors of some sort and on the pay roll of a State. After passing through the corridors of some college from room to 100m listening to lectures, in a short time they emerge as from a cocoon, full-fledged agents of “agentesses” to be quartered on the community. Real farmers are getting tired of being chastised, harangued, scolded, offered free advice and encouraged to rob the soil in order to produce more and cheaper butter, eggs and other products, costing more than they bring in the market. Having attained such a degree of efficiency with “greatest economy,” it is not necessary to bear the burden of increasing taxation to maintain an army of self-con- stituted guardians of agriculture in this country. Therefore, they should be provided with picks and shovels, crowbars and overalls to demonstrate the power of the fulcrum in prying out rocks and the proper angle to use tools with the least waste of energy and the greatest efficiency on the roads. Our new dependencies, Alaska, Cuba, Porto Rico, the Philippines, need scientific advice where numbers might be assigned and some to China, India and Persia where the inhabitants frequently perish of starvation. Using the phrase “oreatest efficiency and economy,” may be considered as a joke in our laws, likely introduced by some humorous member of the Legis- lature from Philadelphia or Pittsburg to catch the unwary ruralists with a few meaningless words regarded as a “scrap of paper.” Farmers can get many things they don’t want or ask for but re- duced expenses, revision of our tax laws, the initiative, the referen- dum and recall are treated with contempt. There are throughout the country a class of persons manifesting uncommon interest in the farmers business, constantly prodding them on to raise larger crops when it is a well known fact that maximum crops are as a rule not remunerative. Asan illustration: Take fifty bushels of wheat at one dollar per bushel, is worth more than a hundred bushels at fifty cents per bushel. Each sixty pounds of grain removes twenty cents worth of fertility at normal prices for fertilizers while the difference in value is more than made up in the extra cost of harvesting, thresh- ing and marketing. At prevailing prices for fertilizers with potash at $400 per ton, nitrate and phosphorus 40% higher, the fertility loss is vastly greater. Since the passage of the Act there is money in view and more in prospect for extension work which creates rivalry between Boards of Agriculture and Departments and Experiment Stations, each striving to secure a share for good, round salaries to place rural up- lifters in the field having more regard for the dollars than for the farmers’ prosperity. It appears as if farmers were regarded as public servants not engaged in private business, and were expected to dig out of the soil the support of all others many of whom “do not labor, nor do they spin” but live as parasites upon agriculture 30—6—1915 466 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. enjoying the best the land affords, yet crying for more, more! The scheme to impose upon the country some two thousand uplifters (one in each county in the country) did not originate from farmers, but was promoted by a number of railroad officials, bankers, politicians, a few editors and manufacturers styling themselves “The National Fertility League,” through their activities had the Smith Lever bill passed. It is quite surprising to know how the farmers are esteemed these days and tickled like aphids are by ants to yield up sweet se- cretions to their tormentors. Now that there is some show of prosperity in some lines of agri- culture due to European conditions, it is worth while to watch Con- gress where the demand will be for appropriations and more appro- priations for a variety of uses—good, bad and indifferent—only to increase the cost of extravagance and burden upon the honest in- dustry. REPORT OF THE COMMISSION ON COUNTRY LIFE It is six years since the then President (the same who may be again President) reported after traversing many states and collecting information through circulars on the condition of agriculture and rural life. Among the recommendations to improve conditions are the follow- ing: Schoolhouse meetings, the preservation of natural resources, preservation of forests and streams, ete. They condemn the holding of land for speculative purposes, mo- nopolistic control of water power, restraint of trade, and, in a gen- eral way, trusts, combinations and monopolies, also intemperance. In this way they touched a vital spot on economical problems which was not appreciated by the beneficiaries of the so-called “men of affairs,” so that instead of publishing the report in detail for gen- eral circulation as a public document it was confined to a limited issue for members of Congress. The representatives in Congress and agents of “Divine Providence” evidently saw that it reflected upon special interests, promoters and speculators who did not care to see it published to the world that American farmers are exploited by combinations of capital, transpor- tation, mining and manufacturing interests. The commission received the same compensation that many of us receive only having their expenses paid. With a view to get the report before the public and obtain a little compensation for their time the commission placed the report in the hands of a publishing house, and any profit derived from the publi- cation accrues to the members of the commission. Sturgis & Walton Company, N. Y., are the publishers. REPORT OF THE ECONOMIC GEOLOGIST By BAIRD HALBERSTADT, F. G. S. During the eight years of my encumbency of the office of Consulting Specialist in the Department of Mineralogy and Geology, fully ninety per cent. (90%) of the specimens of minerals forwarded to me from No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 407 various parts of the Commonwealth by farmers and others have been of the same species, varying only perhaps in form. In none of the localities from which these came does this mineral appear to exist in deposits of value nor do large deposits of it of commercial im- portance seem to have been found in any part of Pennsylvania, cer- tainly none have been in the past nor are any being exploited, on a commercial scale, at the present time. Notwithstanding this, there has been no mineral, perhaps, that has raised so many false hopes, and has been so often the foundation upon which so many “Castles- in-Spain” have been erected. It has fallen to my official lot and always with a deep sense of regret, if not sorrow, to be obliged to shatter these “Castles” and to inform the prospectors or senders, that they have been building foundations with sand and that their long cherished hopes of great wealth, if based upon this mineral alone, will not be realized. Men, women and children indulge in fond hopes and one of these is the acquisition, sooner or later, of great financial wealth. If these in- dulgences bring pleasure only, no harm is done and it is even per- haps well that such hopes are entertained rather than gloomy fore- bodings. When, however, it is at the expense of time, money and labor, the disappointment that usually follows is keen, if not bitter. It must not be inferred that this mineral has no value but, on the contrary, it is a very important one. To be commercially valuable, the ore must occur in deposits of sufficient size and purity, at ac- cessible localities, to make its exploitation or mining profitable. Comparatively speaking, the number of such developed deposits in the United States is relatively small, and these are usually found in the crystalline schists of the earliest geological formations. To prevent further vain searches and the consequent losses of both money and happiness, it has been thought well to make this mineral the subject of my report for the current year, and to present it in such form, that even those who have little or no acquaintance with Mineralogy will no longer be deceived by it. An attempt, therefore, will be made to explain the origin, the occurrence, the uses and the value of this mineral and how to distinguish it from the more valu- able minerals for which it is frequently mistaken, by the layman. The mineral referred to is Iron Pyrites or Bisulphide of Iron (FeS 2). It is also known as mundic, a term applied to it by the miners, and as “Fools Gold.” The name pyrites, a Greek word, means fire stone. The elder Pliny refers to it in-his “Naturalis His- -toria,” written over eighteen hundred (1,800) years ago; “There is much fire in it.” It was years ago used in place of flint on fire arms and on tinder boxes. From this, it is seen, that the mineral, under consideration has long since been known and it is quite probable that it has de- ceived, through all these centuries, countless thousands just as it is doing some people at the present time, and all because of its mis- chievous color resemblance to the precious metal gold, and its very wide dissemination or distribution in rocks of all kinds and of all geologic ages. seit The origin of and the mode of precipitation of iron pyrites are still, in some cases, questions of doubt. One theory is that iron pyrites result from ‘the action of sulphuretted hydrogen upon salts 468 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. of iron. Dr. Spurr has observed that: “In shale beds, there is always a considerable percentage of iron. This usually combines with the sulphur contained in organic matter to form sulphide of iron (pyrite).”” Some of it is probably of igneous origin. OCCURRENCE Iron pyrite is a very widely disseminated mineral. It occurs in rocks of all varieties and in all geological formations, from the earli- est to latest, usually and unfortunately, however, in quantity or amount too small to make its separation a profitable undertaking. It may occur as bedded or vein deposits, or sporadically, as crystals in cubic form or some of its modifications; as nodules or lentils, in thin flakes or small particles throughout, slates, shales, schists, sand- stones, etc. It is also found in coal beds, sometimes appearing as nodules; as partly separating the coal benches either as hard Inasses or intermixed with the mineral charcoal bands so often found in coal beds and known to the miners as “Mother of Coal.” Again, it may be found in flakes as thin as the finest tissue paper adhering to the coal, along lines parallel to or at right angles to the planes of stratification in joints, where sometimes are found thin slabs, perhaps a foot or more in length covered with small cubic crystals, with a brilliance almost equal to that of cut diamonds. Its presence in coal is always detrimental and, in extreme cases, so much so that for either the manufacture of coke for metallurgical purposes, the use of such coal is precluded, because of the increase in sulphur con- tent of the coal due to its presence. The deposits of this mineral of economic value, now being exploited in the Eastern United States, seem to lie, geologically, in a belt of the Pre-Cambrian metamorphic rocks, extending, according to Prof. Reis, from New Hampshire to Alabama. The principal sources of domestic supply are in New York, Virginia, Missouri, California and Wisconsin. (In the latter state, the pyrite is separated from zinc blende by electrostatic methods;) while as a by-product in coal mining, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois produced 47.486 long tons in 19138. The production of pyrites in Pennsylvania has been very small and was limited to by-products of coal mining and not from distinct op- erations for the production of this mineral only. GENERAL DESCRIPTION Pyrite (Bisulphide of Iron) is a mineral of brassy yellow color; it is often found in the form of a cube, sometimes as an octahedron (8 sided) and as a five edged twelve sided crystal known as the pyritohedron or other forms of the isometric system. Again, it may occur in crystalline masses which may assume any form; sometimes it appears in the form of a bunch of grapes or botryoidal; again, it may be globular or in stalactitic form. It is extremely hard and brittle. In the scale of hardness, it ranges from 6 to 6.5, that is to say, it is harder than orthoclase (feldspar) and not quite as hard as quartz. The streak it leaves, after being rubbed on an unglazed porcelain or other white surface, is greenish to brownish black. It is opaque or impervious to rays of light, no matter how thin the piece may be. Its specific gravity is 4.9 to 5.2, being less than one- third as heavy as gold (19.26) and about one- half as heavy as silver (10.5). If the faces or sides be carefully examined it will be noticed No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 469 that these are striated, that is fine grooves or scratches will be found. These, it will be further noticed are at right angles to each other on adjoining faces or sides of the cube. COMPOSITION Iron Pyrites or Bisulphide of Iron is a combination of sulphur and iron; when pure, the sulphur percentage is 53.4%, while that of the iron is 46.6%. It frequently contains copper, arsenic, nickel, cobalt, gold or other minerals but in very small quantities. USES The principal use to which Pyrite is put is for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Formerly, sulphate of iron or copperas was made from it but, as this is now obtained as a by-product of a process of galvanizing iron, the former method of producing it from pyrite has been superseded. (A few years ago, more than half of the sulphuric acid consumed in the United States was in the manufacture of super- phosphates). Although this mineral is rich in iron, it is not used as an ore in the furnace, because of the excessive amount of sulphur it contains. Much of this injurious constituent can be eliminated by roasting the pyrite before using. The residue, “Blue Billy,” is not, at the present time, considered a desirable ore for the manu- facture of iron. The pyrite from some localities has, however, been successfully treated and is, being used for the purpose. The “Blue Billy,” after being treated to remove as much of the contained sul- phuric acid as possible, is used to some extent in the manufacture of paint. It is not improbable, that before long, if not already, a successful process or method of treating the “Blue Billy” to remove its detrimental constituents will be found and its use in the manu- facture of iron will be practicable and of economic importance. HOW TO DISTINGUISH IT The minerals for which iron pyrites may be mistaken are gold and copper (the latter in the form of chalcopyrite) and pyrrhotite. It will be found first, that the pyrite is harder than gold, as the former can not, except with great difficulty, be scratched with a knife blade; the pyrite is brittle, while the gold is soft and can be readily cut with a knife or hammered out into thin sheets. It differs from it both in color and the color of its streak. Chalcopyrite which is a sulphide of copper and iron can generally be distinguished from the pyrite by its greater softness (3.5) and with the naked eye, by its darker brassy color and its often irridescent tarnish, and the dif- ference in its crystal forms. It is somewhat lighter in weight (specific gravity 4.25). Chalcopyrite crystallizes in the tetragonal system but is more frequently found as an ore mineral in irregular grains and masses. The color of its streak is greenish black. Pyrrhotite or magnetic pyrites, another sulphide of iron, is some- times mistaken for iron pyrites. It can readily be distinguished from it, because: (1) it is much softer; (2) its color is of a bronze rather than brassy yellow; (3) if it be broken into small pieces or powdered, it will adhere to a magnet. Its streak is grayish black, but, like the pyrite, it is brittle. Pyrrhotite may in turn be mistaken 31 470 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. for bornite and niccolite, as some specimens of these resemble pyrrho- tite. A test with the magnet will quickly settle the question of its identity. Marcasite has the same chemical composition but differs from pyrite in appearance and form of crystals. Its color, when freshly fractured, is lighter or paler. Its streak is black. It decomposes more readily when exposed to atmospheric influences. Both the pyrite and marcasite are used for the same purposes. PRODUCTION The production of iron pyrite in the United States, its value, and the price per long ton for three years is exhibited in the following table: . MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE UNITED STATES Marketed Production of Pyrite in the U. 8., 1912-1914, by States, in Long Tons. uw 1912. 2 1913. 7 © oO os State. : . 2 2 = ~ oO aie ~ o 3 2 Ae FE = 3 3 be S os ° > 4 o = | | 61,812} $201,453 $3 26 76,536 | $218,525 * = a aad nga 311) 55.094 27,008| 62, 980 | 238] 11,246 31, 966 1,462 5, 6S4 3 89 | 1, 242 | 3,115 & | 14, 487 43,853 | 303} 13,622 34, 998 Vireining tenho eee ror ay Eee eee 162,478 | 621,219 | 382) 148,259 | 587,041 WASCONEER FEL tier aie) SLR Se eEMe er aee Sodas SAS 17, 898 70,518 | 394] 25,3298] 94,727 Other Stabest ieee meno Mekcesies aac see aeew cos 65,783 | $28,552 | 4 99 59,995 | 260, 618 MOtalscy:Ristacs. ok Eee ONS eS REE 350,928 | $1,834, 259 | $3 80 | 341,838 | $1,286,084 | | 1913. 1914. 8 ue ce 9 3 g State. a 7) ars e i= oo & ® Tha = ; bp SB, 2 o ss 5 id cs A=} y am i Cs > < So > < | (Chri biwtyattci=s es 4 goddam SA Sone aces cubaatcoo nda SanbcancapaDbonadsodo | $3 10 71,272 | $235,129 | $3 20 (eo att he RSS Oe QU RP OR AOdrSCOUC aE on> SoneD Cop oCROGsce Oa nOb Cant cic 4 9 meee * * LUD STS OSs cob heaedads sano odsnaDheoncoonoue coon OasonaCeRbooEnS O06 2 8! | 22,538 59, 079 2 62 HuVshihi tle © aAwelenat eee ounaunte sConoauas fee canst. CoasIaee Soe 2 51 | 1,710 5, 281 3 09 OHIO S eae eso cut trea ashes cde haeeutehohe yor seneee eas aeee 251 | 7,219-| 19,718 |} 271 Vicente tise eee ek aa cece. oecen RE Sea oa ed 396| 141,276| 556,091 | 3 94 ANB (cart le weGonaNSE aa bee eae CHO AAS ROADS SAM OOSN os woo dpe. Uso nen 3 74 14,188 78,460 | 5 53 OtherStates: fieseeeevesecss nccanscicd=- gate sieteadees = Meanie 4 34 | 78,399 $29,588 | 4 20 MOtaley et aoe Lek Cee ete ae Megat Pout eee $3 77 | 386,662 | $1, 283,346 $3 81 *Included in ‘‘Other States.”’ 2 . : . 71912: Georgia, Missouri, New York and Pennsylvania; 19138 Missouri and New York; 1914: Georgia, Missouri and New York. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 471 The marketed production of pyrite in the United States since 1882 is given in the following table: Marketed Production of Pyrite in the U. S., 1882-1914, in Long Tons. ——————— = ——————— Yea’. | Quantity Value Year. | Quantity | Value | 174,734 | 543,249 204,61 | 749,991 35,000 | 175,000 *241,691 | 1,257,879 49,000 220,500 *207, 874 947,089 55, 000 220,000 233,127 | 1,109,818 59,000 | 210, 000 207,081 | 814,808 54,331) 167,658 258,000} 938,492 , ’ ’ 105, 40 363,134 301,458 | 1,164,871 99,549 322, 845 350,923 | 1,334, 259 115, 483 320,163 | 341, 338, | 1, 286,034 143, 201 391,541 336,684 | 1,283,346 193,364 | 593,801 ; | *Includes production of natural sulphur. The figures for 1915 are not at command but the enormously in- creased demand for sulphuric acid by the makers of high explosives has probably vastly increased the output of the United States and increased its cost. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVESTOCK By MR. W. F. THROOP, Chairman. My chief interest lies in agriculture. That is why I am dairyman. The future of agriculture, which means the future of the people, is to a great extent bound up in dairying. Agricultural pre-eminence ean best be conceived through the best development of stock hus- bandry. Any business gains in its returns, in its interests, in its attractiveness, just in proportion to its complexity; just in proportion to the natural effort it takes to handle it. When you introduce into the business of stock-raising the element of superior intelligence of plan, of purpose and long continued and persistent effort, just the minute that you put that business, or any other business before people who have money, just as long as it takes a mind to run a business it will attract other minds to it, and its future is assured. We are just now in an era when the greatest intellectual pursuit of this country is agriculture. It takes more money, more plans, more courage more inspiration than any other kind of a farmer 472 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. to be a dairyman. This is no reflection whatever on the grain farmer or any other farmer, because of the fact that we need the grain farmer to produce the grain that we cannot produce ourselves. In discussing the question of livestock in Pennsylvania, I am at a loss where to begin, because we cannot rank as a real stock-raising state, although we do raise some and should raise lots more. But it is the condition of livestock in the State, the way we care for it in order to make it most profitable to the farming interest. When I say we are not a stock-raising state, I should go farther and say that the interests of the state are so many and varied. We probably have one of the best markets of the United States right in Pennsyl- vania, but we have allowed those markets to be largely supplied from the outside, more particularly the animal foods. Pennsylvania is not considered a hog-raising state, although we do raise some, and good ones too. There is money in raising sheep, and certain sections of Pennsylvania are adapted to this industry. The dog nuisance is a serious obstacle, but that can be remedied or controlled by placing a higher value on the sheep than on the dog. The horse industry in this State is a very important industry. By using pure bred sires, Pennsylvania may improve her horses. The tractor has not yet crowded the horse and his usefulness from the average farm as yet. The theory of preparedness will apply to the breeding, raising and marketing of beef cattle. From reports of breeders of beef cattle in Crawford county the farmers throughout the state are finding ready sale for pure bred sires of a good strain within the last three months much better than within the last five years. The choice of breed is a matter of individual liking. There is no battle of breeds. The average citizen takes too little interest in the bulletins issued by the State and Federal Bureaus of Animal Industry, but the one prepared by the Committee of Statistics and Standards of the Cham- ber of Commerce of the United States should be interesting to every meat-eater. It says the future supply must come from the South. That section can produce more cheaply than any other section on ac- count of its cheap lands. The pasture season is longer, grazing good, and feed can be produced at a minimum price, and shelter during the short winter is inexpensive. In Pennsylvania there are thousands of acres of mountain land that is too rough for farming which could be used for grazing pur- poses to a very good advantage. Through the northern part of the State Canada blue grass can be raised, and the southern part of Kentucky blue grass, and there is no better pasture than these two grasses for producing a fine quality of meat. In one of the daily papers of a recent issue, I found this article on livestock values in Pennsylvania. The article states that agri- cultural conditions are excellent and prospects of a big year for the farmer are bright. These are revised figures from a statistical report of the State Department of Agriculture: Milk cows and other cattle are rated as being 101% of the average, while horses, mules, sheep and hogs are up to the average for this State. The following divisions are made: a No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 473 Average Value, PISCE Le ae i eee tin Cale tet ee tel $121.00 LUT. | iid AROS Weal RSS AR UAE Ee toh Ae 128.00 TUS DO MAS Re! L128 0 Dak) Ae) DL 55.50 Sralren (Gatti! TALL ae sine bates the De i 29.00 ISR EAD Fy Re A HD OO ae a, 5.40 GS) hat 2a anne te eta ts lee fare tsa sweet oe ave 11.80 May the livestock breeders of the State of Pennsylvania look ahead to a broader future, by putting forth greater efforts, being prepared to feed the increased population, securing for ourselves health, wealth and prosperity. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON POULTRY By W. THEO. WITTMAN, Chairman. As Chairman of your Committee on Poultry, I would respectfully report that several interesting conditions have existed in this industry during the last year. That the consumption of eggs is still on the increase and that the quality of the eggs consumed, due to our Pure Food laws, is steadily improving, is without doubt. That the next logical step, after making sure that all eggs marketed shall be fresh or fairly fresh, is to see that all eggs are clean and are produced under sanitary conditions—a fresh or comparativley fresh egg is no euarantee that said egg is always desirable from a food standpoint. That the amount of poultry consumed has increased or will increase is doubtful, for poultry meat consumption being one of the higher priced meats will decrease, with the general decrease of meat con- sumption, that seems inevitable. Neither does there seem to be any improvement in the quality of the poultry marketed and just as long as poultry generally is regarded as a luxury, chicken and turkey on the table will be regarded as “chicken” and as “turkey” regardless of its quality on the market. If growers could make growing spe- cialty market poultry profitable or if that big class of producers, viz: farmers, would generally adopt caponizing, there would be a prompt and marked improvement in market or killing poultry. The apparent decline in the interest shown in fancy or show poultry and in poultry shows or exhibitions mentioned in last year’s report still continues. However, with the advent of good times, the de- mand for this kind of poultry and the prices for same have shown some improvement, although still way below those prevailing only a few years back. Likewise, the enormous interest in utility or work-a-day poultry mentioned as having taken to a large extent the place once occupied by fancy poultry, continues unabated. This interest centered to a ereat extent on White Leghorns, and especially nglish White Leg- horns, on Wyandottes, Rocks, Reds and anything that could make 474 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. a record at laying eggs. Probably, of all these, the English White Leghorn and its crosses with native or American bred Leghorns, thanks to the liberal way Pennsylvania poultry people imported, pre- dominate as an egg farm proposition. A striking example of the good of all this is the hen Lady Eglantine, winner of the late North American egg laying competitions and of the world’s record, with a total of 314 eggs laid in one year and owned by Mr. A. A. Christian, a Philadelphia man, but with his farm at Greensboro, Md. This now world famous hen is not only part of this English blood but is a living monument to the science of breeding and should for all time put the quietus on the foolish claims of some that production, or, the ability to lay heavily can not be bred into hens. It is entirely correct to say the Lady Eglantine was deliberately made by her owner—made for the purpose of laying eggs. Just what sort of laying 314 eggs in one year is, can best be com- prehended by comparing the average number of eges laid by the hens on the farms of this State as gathered by the census enumerators for the census of 1910, viz; 68 eggs, 314 eggs and 68 eggs! It would seem there is still a great deal of missionary work to be done among our farmers if their hens are to lay anything approaching a maximum vield—your Chairman would urge that the individual members of this State Board of Agriculture would do their mite of this sort of work by the good example of tolerating nothing but pure-bred poultry on their home farms. The wet summer of this past year found at its end probably the best grown lot of chickens seen for many a year. This was true on farms, on egg farms and large poultry plants or wherever growing chickens were enjoying free range. Chickens matured early, grew big frames and broad lustrous feathers, either directly due to the wet season or indirectly to the abundance of succulent growing things and insect life. Highest returns this year to any of our egg farmers was 63 cents per dozen with a breakin price the earliest yet known. Fall eggs, not winter eggs, now reach maximum prices, probably because, first, more chickens are hatched early; second, more storage eggs come out early. Your Chairman within the last year made a return trip to the Pa- cific coast and diligently employed the opportunity to study poultry possibilities and prospects not only there but enroute over two widely divergent routes and is more fully convinced than ever that Pennsylvania offers as many opportunities to make good with poultry as any other state or section. REPORT ON FORESTS AND FORESTRY By IRVIN C. WILLIAMS The record of the legislation in 1915 for forestry in Pennsylvania is a satisfactory one, evidenced by the passage and approval of 8 different acts of assembly. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 475 Under the new laws, land suitable for forestry purposes held in ownership by the counties must be offered for sale to the Department if required. The price to be paid is the amount of taxes due, plus interest and costs. For a number of years forest trees seedlings were sold by the De- partment at cost of growing. Many thousands of young trees were distributed over the State by these means and paid for by citizens interested in tree planting. The new act permits the Department of Forestry to distribute excess trees, in stock, for the asking, under reasonable provisions relating to planting, crowing, and subsequent sale. This puts the distribution of trees in line with the distribution of fish and game, which has long been done in a similar way at the expense of the State. In an attempt to procure a more efficient execution of the laws relating to game, fish, and forestry, a new act of Assembly requires all the employes of these three departments to protect the interests and assist in executing the laws of others. When the Department of Forestry was established in 1901, a limit of $5.00 per acre was set for the purchase of lands. This was a safe- guard which we believe was properly inserted in the law at the time. The problem of buying lands for State forestation then was a new one and such a check relieved the Department of an untold probable amount of pressure which otherwise probably would have been brought upon it to purchase lands at high price. At the last session of the Legislature the limit of price was increased from $5.00 to $10.00 per acre. This will enable the Department to purchase a number of small interior holdings actually worth more than $5.00 per acre, and thus enable a better consolidation of the State Forests. This is valuable from the viewpoint of protection as well as from desirability of solidified land ownership. The experiment of the Department entering into co-operative rela- tions with the act of 1913, has been a success. The Department is now actively co-operating with the Pocono Fire Protective Associa- tion and with the Central Forest Protective Association, each of which organizations are interested in large areas requiring better protection and ultimate forestation. An amendment to the law of 1913 enlarges the powers of both the Department and the local organization and gives them a better working program. In order that local development may not be hindered by the pres- ence of large bodies of State land acting as a barrier to a greater or less degree, the recent Legislature enlarged the powers of the De- partment with respect to granting rights of way. It ought not to be the policy of the State Government to set up any obstruction in the path of private local improvement, especially when such improve- ment is dependent upon a right of passage through lands which other- wise would be closed to entrance. The school code of Pennsylvania provides for a State School Fund, to which moneys shall be added from time to time as they are de- rived from various sources. Originally it was provided that 80% of the net proceeds of the State Forests should be added to this fund. The difficulty of caleulating net proceeds when the fifty or more State Forests are taken into consideration, as well as the re- duction from 100% to 80% of these proceeds as an addition to the 476 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. State School Fund, would have continued to operate against the increase of that fund. The Department of Forestry has always felt that the State School Fund might well receive the entire proceeds derived from State Forests, and in a few years these proceeds must, in the nature of things, become large, thus accelerating this mast valuable fund to a larger and better degree. By an amendment passed to appropriate sections of the school code, all proceeds from the State Forests are paid immediately into that fund. The revenues of the Department from its inception to date are in the neighborhood of $125,000. By an act of appropriation, $80,000 of this amount was specifically appropriated and applied to the State School Fund. With further forest development and the marketing of forest products, the proceeds will increase from month to month. Those paid into the Treasury during the month of December last past and immedi- ately credited to the State School Fund, amounted to $2,090.03. By all odds the most valuable piece of legislation procured at the last session was the forest protection code, which completely revises the system of forest fire wardens, establishes a bureau in the depart- ment to take care of forest protection exclusively, places at the head of the bureau a person competent to do this work, who devotes his time exclusively to protection, and who has since been actively en- gaged in the revision of the whole system. Forest fires are still prevalent in Pennsylvania. The average size and average damage wrought by fire is gradually being decreased. With a better fire fighting system and with a greater awakening to the necessity of preventing and extinguishing fire, Pennsylvania will surely soon be able to take her position among other forested states who have larger appropriations for fire protection and are reducing the fire problem to a very small matter. The density of Pennsyl- vania’s population, the diversity of her industries, and the unparal- leled opportunity for permitting fires to burn, coupled with a certain viciousness of disposition which is still found in individuals as well as in groups of men, along with the difficulty in the majority of cases and at times the utter impossibility of procuring evidence sufficient to secure a conviction of offenders, when considered in connection with the aggregate areas burned and the resulting loss from fires, is a source of satisfaction at least, although the Department will never rest satisfied with its efforts until it is in a position to main- tain complete and efficient control. The Department of Forestry is dependent entirely upon legislative appropriation for means to do this work, and we can only say, as has been said on numberless previous occasions, that this problem is one resting wholly upon the Legislature. Without means the Department can do nothing. With adequate means it can equal, and we believe exceed, many of the other states. A forest fire appropriation of $45,000 allowed for two years in 1915, is utterly inadequate to meet our needs and conditions. The records of the Department show that during 1915 there were 1,104 forest fires reported upon by the forest fire wardens. The record of accomplishment for the Department of Forestry to date stands as follows: It has purchased and paid for out of legislative appropriations, 1,008,140 acres of land, costing an average price of about $2.28 per acre. . No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 477 It has educated foresters to care for this land, now divided into 54 forests, each of which is in the care and administration of a technically trained State Forester. Forest administration is dependent upon roads, trails, fire lanes, telephone lines, observation towers, a protective force of forest rangers, and an interested group of people in its neighborhood who are willing to lend a hand at a moment’s notice to prevent destruc- tion by fire. The foresters and their assistants to date have built over 8,500 miles of travelable roads, trails, and fire lanes. Upwards of 250 miles of telephone lines are constructed. These connect rangers’ homes with forest headquarters, and these again with the general telephone system of the State. Foresters are doing improve- ment work and taking out undesirable material and selling it for the best price to be obtained. The revenue of the Department is largely derived from this class of sales. The foresters and their assistants have planted upwards of 18,000,- 000 seedling trees of good species, and have covered more than 8,500 acres, otherwise denuded, unprofitable land. The State Forests have been thrown open to become the camping ground and recreation places of the citizens of the State. What are known as permanent camp sites, under formal lease for a period of ten years or less, may be had for a trifling annual sum. Temporary camp sites are permitted without charge. In the case of the former, there is exclusive use by the lessee of his camp site, with the privi- lege of building upon it such a structure as meets the approval of the Department- The whole force of the Department is interested in carrying the knowledge of its work to the people. Educational efforts are under way in all parts of the State. Foresters and rangers take an in- terest in the school children and afford them facilities for enjoying the State Forests. The newly formed Bureau of Education within the Department will collect statistics and information, and through the newspapers, principally those in the counties and rural neigh- borhoods, will keep the people informed of the weekly progress of events. The Department of Forestry regards itself as the servant of the people. It is ready at all times to afford such assistance with respect to the scope of its business. It is particularly desirous of awakening a greater and better sustained interest in farm woodlots. The owner of any farm having upon it a woodlot which is in need of improvement or other treatment, may, for the asking, have the advice and direction of the Department in its handling. While our facili- ties at present may be limited by lack of means and lack of men, the desire to help is constantly with us. The Department has recently undertaken topographical surveys of its forests and a complete delimination of its boundaries. The latter has been going on for a number of years and boundary surveys are in their incipiency but to date four forests have been satisfactorily covered. With topographical work goes the taking of an inventory or the making of a stock survey, so that it will soon be possible to know what amount of material is contained within each forest, its character and its value. 478 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. The Pennsylvania forests are not set aside as reserve areas and locked up. The people of Pennsylvania are not denied participation in the general use of the woods; but to the contrary, as above stated they are specifically invited to use these woods under a few reasonable regulations necessary for their proper protection. The establishment of the State Forests and their proper develop- ment will result in two things of great value in the future to Penn- sylvania: First, a new wood supply, and secondly, the protection and development of our water resources. The question of a pure and ade- quate water supply is already confronting us in a very noticeable way. The continued settlement of the State, the increase of popu- lation density, the establishment of new industrial plants will cause this problem in the near future to be one of still greater importance. The Department is now authorized to grant to municipalities the right to receive water supply from State lands, when so situated that it may be economically derived. The Forest Academy is still educating young men for the forest service. For proper administration, Pennsylvania foresters are at present too few. With intensive administration the forest areas in charge of each forester must be reduced. This requires more foresters, and they are specifically educated for this purpose at the State Forest Academy. Because of her ribbed and mountainous character, Pennsylvania has a large area of land suitable for no other purpose than the grow- ing of trees. At least 8,000,000 acres of land of this character can scarcely ever be made to produce anything else of importance. A larger proportion of this area should be put under State Forests than at present. Therefore, purchases of land for forest purposes by the State should be continued through a liberal and well sustained policy. Forest land in State ownership is better protected and better developed than ordinary wild mountain land in the hands of the private owner. Lack of capital and of disposition permits private land to lie wild and devastated. No Pennsylvania acre should lie waste, but ought to be made to produce its full quota of return for the benefit of the whole State. Now forest planting must be con- tinued in areas where trees cannot grow because of destructive lum- bering, forest fires, and the removal of all seed trees. Our plantings should be largely increased and well they might be, were the means at hand to do the work. This Department may and ought to be- come one of the most useful adjuncts of the State Government; but there is no possibility of its becoming so unless it is better sustained and permitted to enjoy a wider and more comprehensive develop- ment by intelligent legislative action. | No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 479 FEEDING STUFFS REPORT By GEO. G. HUTCHISON The work of the Department in enforcing the law regulating the sale of Feeding Stuffs during the year which has just closed has con- tinued along the lines as in previous years, and as each year goes by the need of such a law becomes more apparent. It would be diffi- cult to imagine what the condiiton or character of the Feeding Stuffs sold in Pennsylvania would be if we did not have such a law as is now on our statute books and which is being rigidly enforced. While much progress has been made in bettering the feeds sold in the State, it is still necessary to be on the watch for new feeds or by-products which from time to time, are being utilized for feeding purposes, to watch out for adulterants, and to make sure that the consumers of the State are receiving feeds correctly guaranteed and the full value of their money paid out for the same. There are thirty-six (36) states which have feeding stuffs laws, five (5) that have general food laws which, in a measure, regulate the sale of feeding ‘stuffs, and seven (7) which have no laws at all. In these states, therefore, which have no laws, a few of which are close to our borders, it is easy to imagine the character of the feeds sold in such states and it sometimes occurs that a feed intended to be sold where there is no regulation gets into Pennsylvania, as is shown by the fact that recently we found a certain brand of feed which had come into Pennsylvania which contained about 40% of ground peanut hulls. This is an instance of how the consumers are being protected by our own feeding stuffs law and by a special arrangement with the United States Department of Agriculture on interstate shipments. The Chief Chemist upon finding such a brand of adulterated feed being sold can report the case to the Federal authorities and thus our own Department working, with the Federal Department can pro- tect the consumers from such frauds. The usual number of feeding stuffs registrations, which show about 1,200 different brands of feeds being sold in the State, are filed each year which assists greatly in en- forcing the provisions of the act and enables us to keep in touch with the character of the various brands being sold. One form of misrepresentation which the Department is endeavor- ing to correct, is the use of the so-called “sliding guarantees” for pro- tein, fat and fiber which are not only misleading and not in agree- ment with the requirements of the act but which, in many cases, does not show the true composition of the feed, as is often found by analy- sis. Some idea of the importance of the work to the farmers and con- sumers of our State can be gained from the fact that according to 480 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. the Bureau of Statistics of our Department, there are the follow- ing number of heads of livestock within the borders of our State. Dairy” COWS, sc ee eo ai ea Reh te near, 952,000 EVORSES, ta ie. obese Shes agers. cee ce TE eee 596,000 MES 59 reps cate ton teste gars ote eaten) omer gay antes 46,000 OCT HCAtTLe: oF ie reso ebegs cs ya Bruce od ene 644,000 SEG Ds —Sucic iene wien jamenyensrdaye = 2 chan wag COREE 806,000 HOGS, ceiniciais cis 3 MORI A Rack We Bose we 1,186,000 Making: a, totaliofy.: ct sccn apontge ae ae 1,230,000 From what statistics can be secured, at least 600,000 tons of feed- ing stuffs are sold annually in the State, the greater portion of which is imported from other states; having a total valuation at a low aver- age price of $25. per ton, or fifteen million dollars. The amount of feed required to feed such a large number of livestock for one year would total at least, on a conservative estimate, 6 million tons. While Pennsylvania is a large agricultural state and produces great quantities of feed within its borders, it does not produce enough to meet this enormous need, which is one explanation of why such great quantities of feeds are imported from other states for home consump- tion. As the cities increase in size and the country developes along this line, the area of land devoted to producing food usually de- creases which, in a large measure, has made the demand for mixed feeds so great. Fifteen years ago when the feeding stuffs industry first commenced, this condition did not exist and many valuable by-products were thrown away as useless, but as the demand for feeds of all sorts has increased, every possible by-product that could be used for feed has been conserved and utilized, sometimes as straight feeds and in many cases aS ingredients in the many brands of mixed feeds. From the reports made to this body from year to year, you have become familiar with most of the feeds or by-products now being used, but from time to time, new products are being utilized and during the past year the feeding value of three by-products has been discovered and these are now being used, namely, yeast and vinegar, dried grains, ivory nut meal and cocoa shell meal. The yeast and vinegar dried grains were, before the recent embargo on exportation, being sold largely abroad but during the first part of the year our Department discovered that this product was being sold in the State as straight distillers’ dried grains at about $7 less per ton than the usual price for distillers’ dried grains. After an in- vestigation by our chemists and agents, and a visit to the plants where this material is being produced, it was discovered that instead of being distillers’ dried grains it was the residue of the dried grains left from the manufacture of yeast and vinegar. As a result of this work, this product is now being sold in the State as yeast dried grains properly guaranteed for protein, fat and fiber. This material is a valuable by-product feed although it does not contain quite as much value of distillers’ grains from corn but contains a little more than the distillers’ grains from rye. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 481 The ivory nut meal, referred to, is an interesting product as it is the ground cuttings from the ivory nut from which buttons are made. This material has a bony, hard structure, but when pulverized and ground into a fine meal, it possesses some feeding value and a portion of it is digestible. It has the following composition: Protein 4.50%, - fat 0.85%, and fiber 8.80%. The law does not prohibit the sale of this particular material, and, therefore, we can make no objection to its use although in every feed on which it is used as an ingredient, it must be stated on the sacks or on the tags that it forms a part of the feed. The cocoa shell meal has been used for about a year as an ingredient in mixed feeds and is the ground shells left from the bean from which cocoa is made. This product has the following average analysis: Protein 16%, fat 3.50%, fiber 12-14%. A study is now being made of the value as a feed of garbage tankage, and this may be placed on the market as an ingredient for mixed feeds later, although the process of manufacture has not developed far enough to warrant its being offered for sale. Other by-products of interest which some peo- ple are trying to mix in feeding stuffs is peat; which is sometimes called humus. This material contains a large proportion of sand and insoluble matter and the Department has refused to permit the sale of any feed in the State which contains this product as an ingredi- ent. The Department has received splendid support and co-operation in the work being done along this line, from the dealers and feed manu- facturers of the State, and also of the United States. A few years ago an organization was formed, called the Association of Feed Control Officials of the United States, made up of the officials of each State which were in charge of the enforcement of the feeding stuffs laws. Our Department has been represented at these meetings by the Secre- ‘tary of Agriculture, the Chief Chemist and the writer. Much valu- able information has been secured as a result of these meetings, as special attention is paid to the study and discussion of the various by-products being used and definitions have been adopted for prac- tically every product known to the trade. The definitions which, up to date, have been adopted are as follows and will be included in the report, but I will not take up your time in reading them now. MEAL is the clean, sound, ground product of the entire grain cereal or seed which it purports to represent. CHOP.is a ground or chopped feed composed of one or more dif- ferent cereals or by-products thereof. If it bears a name descriptive of the kind of cereals, it must be made exclusively of the entire grains of those cereals. SCREENINGS are the smaller imperfect grains, weed seeds and other foreign material having feeding value, separated in cleaning the grain. ALFALFA MEAL is the entire alfalfa hay, ground, and does not contain an admixture of ground alfalfa straw or other foreign mater- ials. BLOOD MEAL is ground dried blood. MEAT SCRAP AND MEAT MEAL are the ground residues from - animal tissue exclusive of hoof and horn, If they contain any con- 31—6—1915 482 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. siderable amount of bone, they must be designated MEAT and BONE SCRAP or MEAT AND BONE MEAL. If they bear a name descrip- tive of their kind, composition or origin, they must correspond thereto. DIGESTIVE TANKAGE is the residue from animal tissue exclu- sive of hoof and horn, specially prepared for feeding purposes by tankage under live steam, drying under high heat, and suitable grind- ing. If it contains any considerable amount of bone, it must be designated DIGESTIVE MEAT AND BONE TANKAGE, CRACKLINGS are the residue after partially extracting the fats and oils from the animal tissue. If they bear a name descriptive of their kind, composition or origin, they must correspond thereto. BREWERS’ DRIED GRAINS are the properly dried residue from cereals obtained in the manufacture of beer. DISTILLERS’ DRIED GRAINS are the dried residue from cer- eals obtained in the manufacture of alcohol and distilled liquors. The product shall bear the designation indicating the cereal predomi- nating. MALT SPROUTS are the sprouts of the barley grain. If the sprouts are derived from any other malted cereal, the source must be designated. BUCKWHEAT SHORTS OR BUCKWHEAT MIDDLINGS are that portion of the buckwheat grain pute dra ely. inside of the hull after separation from the flour. CORN BRAN is the outer coating of the corn kernel. CORN FEED MEAL is the sifting obtained in the manufacture of cracked corn and table meal made from the whole grain. CORN GERM MEAL is a product in the manufacture of starch, glucose and other corn products, and is the germ layer from which a part of the corn oil has been extracted. GRITS are the hard, flinty portions of Indian corn, without hulls and germs. HOMINY MEAL, HOMINY FEED, OR HOMINY CHOP is a mix- ture of the bran coating, the germ and a part of the starchy portion of the corn kernel obtained in the manufacture of hominy grits for human consumption. CORN GLUTEN MEAL is that part of commercial shelled corn that remains after the separation of the larger part of the starch, the germ and the bran, by the processes employed in the manufac- ture of cornstarch and glucose. It may or may not contain corn solubles. i CORN GLUTEN FEED is that portion of commercial shelled corn that remains after the separation of the larger part of the starch and the germ by the processes employed in the manufacture of corn- starch and glucose. It may or may not contain corn solubles. COTTONSEED MEAL is a product of the cottonseed only, com- posed principally of the kernel with such portion of the hull as is necessary in the manufacture of oil; provided that nothing shall be recognized as cottonseed meal that does not conform to the foregoing definition and that does not contain at least 36 per cent. of protein. PRIME COTTONSEED MEAL wust be finely ground, not neces- sarily bolted, of sweet odor, reasonably bright in color, yellow, not brown or reddish, free from excess of lint, and must contain at least 38.6 per cent. of protein. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 483 CHOICE COTTONSEED MEAL wust be finely ground, not neces- sarily bolted, perfectly sound and sweet in odor, yellow, free from excess of lint and must contain at least 41% of protein. GOOD COTTONSEED MEAL must be finely ground, not neces- sarily bolted, of sweet odor, reasonably bright in color, and must con- tain at least 36 per cent. of protein. COTTONSEED FEED is a mixture of cottonseed meal and cotton seed hulls, containing less than 36 per cent. of protein. COLD PRESSED COTTONSEED is the product resulting from subjecting the whole undecorticated cottonseed to the cold pressure process for the extraction of oil, and includes the entire cottonseed less the oil extracted. GROUND COLD PRESSED COTTONSEED is the ground pro- duct resulting from subjecting the whole undecorticated cottonseed to the cold pressure process for the extraction of oil, and includes the entire ground cottonseed less the oil extracted. _ PLAX PLANT BL-PRODUCT is that portion of the flax plant re- maining after the separation of the seed, the best fiber and a portion of the shives, and consists of flax shives, flax pods, broken and imma- ture flax seeds and the cortical tissue of the stem. LINSEED MEAL is the ground product obtained after extraction of part of the oil from ground flaxseed screened and cleaned of weed seeds and other foreign materials by the most improved commer- cial processes. OIL MEAL is the ground product obtained after the extraction of part of the oil by crushing, cooking and hydraulic pressure, or by crushing, heating and the use of solvents from seeds which have been screened and cleaned of weeds seeds and other foreign mater- ials by the most improved commercial processes. When used alone the term “oil meal” shall be understood to designate the product ob- tained from screened and cleaned flaxseed. When used to cover any other product the name of the seed from which it is obtained shall be prefixed to the word “oil meal.” OLD PROCESS OIL MEAL is the ground product obtained after extraction of part of the oil by crushing, cooking and hydraulic pres- sure from seeds screened and cleaned of weed seeds and other foreign materials by the most improved commercial processes. When used alone the term “old process oil meal” shall be understood to desig- nate the product obtained from partially extracted, screened and cleaned flaxseed. When used to cover any other product the name of the seed from which it is obtained shall be prefixed to “old process oil meal.” NEW PROCESS OIL MEAT is the ground product obtained after extraction of part of the oil by crushing, heating and the use of sol- vents from seeds screened and cleaned of weed seeds and other foreign materials by the most improved commercial processes. When used alone the term “new process oil meal” shall be understood to desig- nate the product obtained from partially extracted, scieened and cleaned flaxseed. When used to cover any other product the name of the seed from which it is obtained shall be prefixed to “new pro- cess oil meal.” UNSCREENED FLAXSEED OIL FEED is the ground product obtained after extraction of part of the oil from unscreened flaxseed 484 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe by crushing, cooking and hydraulic pressure, or by crushing, heating and the use of solvents. When sold without grinding the unground product shall be designated as “unscreened flaxseed oil feed cake.” INGREDIENTS OF UNSCREENED FLAXSEED OIL FEED— Ground cake from partially extracted flaxseed and foreign seeds (wheat, wild buckwheat, pigeon grass, wild mustard, etc.) SCREENINGS OIL FEED is the ground product obtained after extracting part of the oil by crushing, cooking and hydraulic pres- sure, or by crushing, heating and the use of solvents from the smaller imperfect grains, weed seeds and other foreign materials having feeding value separated in cleaning the grain. The name of the grain from which the screenings are separated shall be prefixed to “screen- ings oil feed.” OAT GROATS are the kennels of the oat berry. OAT HULLS are the outer chaffy coverings of the oat grain. OAT SHORTS are the covering of the oat grain lying immediately inside the hull, being a fuzzy material carrying with it considerable portions of the fine floury part of the groat obtained in the milling of rolled oats. CLIPPED OAT BY-PRODUCT is the resultant by-product ob- tained in the manufacture of clipped oats. It may contain light, chaffy material broken from the ends of the hulls, empty hulls, light, immature oats and dust. It must not contain an excessive amount of oat hulls. RICE BRAN is the cuticle beneath the hull. RICE HULLS are the outer chaffy coverings of the rice grain. RICE POLISH is the finely powdered material obtained in polish- ing the kernel. WHEAT BRAN is the coarse outer coatings of the wheat berry ob- tained in the usual commercial milling process from wheat that has been cleaned and scoured. SHORTS OR STANDARD MIDDLINGS are the fine particles of the outer and inner bran separated from bran and white middlings. WHEAT .WHITE MIDDLINGS OR WHITE MIDDLINGS are that part of the offal of wheat intermediate between shorts or stand- ard middlings and red dog. SHIPSTUFF OR WHEAT MIXED FEED is a mixture of the pro- ducts other than the flour obtained from the milling of the wheat berry. RED DOG is a low grade wheat flour containing the finer particles of bran. WHEAT BRAN WITH MILL RUN SCREENINGS is pure wheat bran plus the screenings which were separated from the wheat used in preparing said bran. WHEAT BRAN SCREENINGS NOT EXCEEDING MILL RUN is either wheat bran with the whole mill run of screenings of wheat bran with a portion of the mill run of screenings, provided that such portion is not an inferior portion thereof. TENTATIVE DEFINITIONS. YEAST OR VINEGAR DRIED GRAINS are the properly dried residue from the mixture of cereals, malt and malt sprouts (some- times cottonseed meal) obtained in the manufacture of yeast or vine- gar, and consist of corn or corn and rye from which most of the No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 485 starch has been extracted, together with malt added during the manu- facturing process to change the starch to sugars, and malt sprouts (sometimes cottonsed meal) added during the manufacturing process to aid in filtering the residue from the wort and serve as a source of food supply for the yeast. OIL CAKE is the residual cake obtained after extraction of part of the oil by crushing, cooking and hydraulic pressure from seeds screened and cleaned of weed seeds and other foreign materials by the most improved commercial processes. When used alone the term “oil cake” shall be understood to designate the product obtained from partially extracted, screened and cleaned flaxseed. When used to cover any other product, the name of the seed from which it is ob- tained shall be prefixed to “oil cake.” GROUND OIL CAKE is the product obtained by grinding oil cake. When used alone, the term “ground oil cake” shall be understood to designate the product obtained from partially extracted, screened and cleaned flaxseed. When used to cover any other product the name of the seed from which it is obtained shall be prefixed to “ground oil cake.” GROUND FLAXSEED OR FLAXSEED MEAL is the product ob- tained by grinding flaxseed which has been screened and cleaned of weed seeds and other foreign material by the most improved commer- cial processes. PALM KERNEL OIL MEAL is the ground residue from the ex- traction of part of the oil by pressure or solvents from the kernel of the fruit of the elaeis guineensis or Elaeis malanococoa. IVORY NUT MEAL is ground ivory nuts. PEANUT OIL CAKE is the residue after the extraction of part of the oil by pressure or solvents from peanut kernels. PEANUT OIL MEAL is the ground residue after the extraction of part of the oil from peanut kernels. UNHULLED PEANUT OIL FEED is the ground residue obtained after extraction of part of the oil from whole peanuts, and the in- gredients shall be designated as “PEANUT MEAL AND HULLS.” The three new by-products referred to were studied by this As- sociation and definitions given for the same. Recently it has come to our attention, and it has also been referred to this Association, of the presence of tin in certain grades of refuse middlings from the manufacture of tin plate. This difficulty is now being overcome by the use of magnets which takes out all particles of tin which might be present in the product. In order to be absolutely sure, however, that no harm can come from the feeding of this material, the Live- stock Sanitary Board of our Department is conducting a feeding experiment with this feed. It would be well, at this time, to call your attention to the fact that one brand of so called refuse middlings was being sold which contained a large amount of ground peanut hulls, but as the law prohibits the sale of peanut hulls in any feed in the State, we have refused to permit this product to be sold, and therefore, if any of you gentlemen have any doubt as to the character of refuse middlings, it would be well to send samples to the Chief Chemist of the Department who will tell you whether or not any peanut hulls are found in it. Owing to the damage caused to the oat crop during the year, much of this grain became damaged and in order that it could be sold in 32 486 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. the trade, bleachings of the oats has been resorted to. From what we can learn no harm can come from the feeding of bleached oats although, of course, the oats are not of the same character as those which have not been damaged and it is claimed by some that the germination power of the oat is destroyed by bleaching. I wish to call your attention also to the fact that some of the cot- tonseed meals being offered for sale this year, are not of as high a protein content as “has usually been the case. This condition has been caused by the presence of more hulls in the meal than usual. It seems that because of the war abroad, there has been a big demand for lint which formerly brought about 2 cents per pound which now is being sold at about 7 cents per pound. This means that the man- ufacturers are cleaning all the lint they possibly can off the hulls which makes it difficult to separate as much of the hulls from the meal as could be done before the lint was removed. Where such meals are running low in protein, and contain excessive amount of cottonseed hulls, the Department has insisted that they be sold as a cotton seed feed. It would be well, when purchasing this product for you to have samples analyzed in our Laboratory, if you have any doubt that the guarantees will not be met. A large proportion of the feed found on our markets consists of molasses feeds and chicken feeds. A claim is made by a reliable authority that at least 2 million tons of molasses feeds were sold in the United States last year. These feeds are of a better grade than have ever been sold before in the State and are improving from year to year. As is well known, they are made up of various by-products to which molasses has been added. In many cases the main ingre- dient used is grain sereenings meal. This material is finely ground and pulverized until it resembles flour in its fineness and the pul- verizing process destroys any whole weed seeds which might be present. The chicken feeds, judging from the samples examined in our Laboratory, are of a better grade than ever before, as they do not ap- pear to contain such quantities of weed seeds which the law prohib- its. Many of these feeds are composed of the second and third grade cereal grains which are not used for making flour. The fact that the quality of the feeds being sold has improved, has made it unnecessary to bring but a few prosecutions during the last year. This situation is gratifying to us. From this information it will be apparent that this line of work which the Department is doing is of greater impor- tance than usually can be realized or learned. It requires constant care on the part of our laboratory force to watch out for adulterants and violations and only scientific men carefully trained can be trusted with this work. This brings me to a subject of vital importance to all those inter- ested in this work, that is the needs of our Department for the proper enforcement of the Feeding Stuffs Law. At the last session of the Legislature our appropriation for this work was reduced one-third of what we had been receiving and this reduction did not permit us to make any advancement forward in the line of special investigations and has made it impossible for us to investigate all cases properly where complaints are made. We are also called upon to show an exhibit of feeding stuffs to the various fairs, from time to time, and we have not been able to do this in all No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 487 cases. It is highly desirable, therefore, that the appropriation for this work for the next fiscal period should be put back to its original amount. I call your attention to this matter in order that you may know of the situation and also as you may have an opportunity to help us out in this respect. We haven’t examined quite as many sam- ples of feeding stuffs last year as we did the previous year for the reason that the work was interrupted by moving the laboratories. The Board of Public Grounds and Buildings have fitted up a building in the Capitol Park Extension zone for the use of the laboratories of the Department and have moved the equipment from the Capitol to this building which makes it possible for all the chemical work of the Department to be done in a thorough and economical manner. During the year our Special Agents collected 1,264 official samples of feeding stuffs which were submitted to the Chief Chemist for analy- sis. All of these samples were examined microscopically and an- alyzed for protein, fat and fiber and reports made to the manufactur- ers and the dealers from whom they were secured. In addition to this there were 225 special samples of feeding stuffs sent in for analy- sis by residents of the State. The following is a list of the counties visited and the number of sam- ples of feeds collected in each which I will not read at this time but which will be included in the published report. There were a num- ber of towns visited in which no sample were secured as they repre- sented brands, samples of which had been taken in other towns, how- ever, we feel that the State was well covered during the year of in- spection. Name of County No. of Samples RAUNT 265 S53 cs Lity cad ABs letapeieey SERS ee RIN b ih 4 AL STOETUY, jot nie i ental Ede ue cee iach aes Lied ays WA 76 PAUP MUS ROT 0 a) 3h atend Cee aia GN Ea bere neee ey geil ot ats 13 LEC eT RR, Cee Pee ae SOS OR 35 COAT eS alti. tee he bere datpan Ais cath Oe BAUR oRICk 18 | EST od eCR ae emia eke ot Ra Commence or GES WE ie Famer 36 SU RRyae ore ahs St eel paver tOO aA IIACE Stee PER ORIG 36 PsIPOHORG yoteCath, tebsare: wiaetele Sel dics Male Sacco bein de BONS 24 Butlery wea Miiea. 32 Ha RS ANA See CR eRe aera 36 Cambriavensian) baeteie. .ehr ct hie ates IM OCS 40 WANNER MRM ielas eo RIE IRI Ata cheese WS Sansa le DR 8 COniPe: HEME NS, WETTIRE ee asec als SEU AG 16 Chestery. ryeuw ii sxe Sesae. Miehe at sitet ot 24 - lea Hea ie sat ee es tis ANAS Cees ake RR SER 26 Gamma etioe) setae ho ix dS Ge ee Neem ots Sf 13 GUANO TIC Stereo oe. he -ts o ore ohana Naas chatty, AUD MAIRVE RTs 4 26 Camibberlam as seers hats. Sree Ue BO 12 ADAP ie PEGE LASS. MOM AES OFS. 24 UDIINSAN US: oe SN Cs or PR cE ee pee 23 Mira ROA Meal ATS SSRIS AS eo enc OMAN Gotta s OLOe 3 HMavetleniiiaas fragteneart bacaiowily Mk MOI 26 HOTese eine Ria SIA LEARY, 3 Muntinedons: sds teiot anes cSLew eA 10 PRGA AR. PORTIA LOR Te 26 Jefferson, ..:... Bebastick MOR ROTH “ 36 488 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe Juniatagee. IHF TSUs SLOT AGS. OUR eee CE meat, 8 Lackawanna, (0 25. O00 Se ee 12 bancaster!.0, 6.30 18 Ae OF Fg a ee 67 a WFENCCIR ACEH CREE st 2B, ORE ee ete See te 13 ihrebamon! (3 Retin seo SURO et Ce) dates scares 35 LAIZernes OFS, GF Oa a Eee eS oe ee aE 48 TyCcomiIng. FELT, EL AR eo a eee 34 MeKeams iti uth: AROLOS il cy Ae ed Fos 28 Mereend). 10 Aa cil 102, 2628 Weta MEF, A 16 Ma flingos k: tiSniips. OL DSU Se ay MO Pe eee 28 Momntourds.01 5 OF Deon Ts Coa BO OD 8 Northumberland) i. 2259507 BL To OT Lene 30 Perry t05.2 Uninaties, pe reo. i bee 2 Phitadéiphiaisikc) 20,¢ 2). PIS Les Bistieeh, snoeie eh, Sere: 10 Pottergigne TI Seu Bee. Oi. Be poets 10 Somerset, 0) GOs 22 9F DOR Soe AME Se te 31 Susquehanmatmise se. fats ee Ye ee oe 12 Ming, tie8e Aste SU. POS nie EO OLR Pe ee hwnd) 50 MINIOT is 3 owes aoe tes cared ea hace Gaga eee a eee 18 Woertanioo ye) Ge DOr etd BON OE SiN 5G DAS Bien ee 21 Weashinstonet. 00: Uist. BOL oa ey Us 36 Westmoreland 4 iQ coterie (se Sa ete ea 68 eROOMK fe 25 et SOS, LOE ea ee OE 0S Oe to tas 44 Bota 1Giehe aed Te eg UN ec ae 1,264 I cannot complete this report without referring to the former Secre- tary of Agriculture, Hon. N. B. Critchfield, whose twelve years of service in the Department has been of much benefit and help to us all. Mr. Critchfield always took a special interest in the feeding stuffs work, going into all details of the matter and never left a hand un- turned to do all that was possible for the betterment of the feed con- ditions in the State. In his resignation we lose his valuable advice and help in this line of work. However, his successor, Hon. Charles E. Patton our present Secretary, has also shown a great interest in this line of work and the former policies of the Department. will be continued. REPORT ON SOILS AND CROPS By PROF. FRANKLIN MENGES In last year’s report we discussed the general methods of crop rota- tion follows throughout the State, and, in closing stated that in all sections of the State, crop rotation should be so arranged that ad- vantage may be taken of cool weather cereal and leguminous crops in the higher and northern sections, and dry weather cereals and No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 489 leguminous crops for the dry soils, and of the warm and hot weather cereals and leguminous crops for the warmer and hot areas of the State, so as to make crop rotations do what all rotations should do, namely, produce the largest amount of human nutrition and at the same time improve the soil permanently. A beginning has been made by the Bureau of Practical Agricultural Educational Work of the De- partment of Agriculture of the State along this line by introducing into the regular four year’s rotation with every soil exhausting crop, a soil improving crop. This work was started three years ago in the northern part of York county on the mesozoic sandstone and shale soils on a farm which had been so reduced in fertility that the owner said to the writer that he could not get a renter for the place who would stay on it longer than a year. An examination of the soil re- vealed the fact that the organic matter had been so reduced that vir- tually all fertility for the growing crop had to be obtained from min- eral sources because the humus still in the soil had changed into the inert condition and the quantity was so small that if it had been active humus it would have furnished but little fertility, and the soil was chemically inactive except for the little activity maintained by the commercial fertilizer applied annually, which is an activity not con- ducive to large crop yields, especially in sandy soils, and therefore the first and great thing to do was to devise a method for making humus on a soil which had to yield crops and where there was no man- ure, by raising soil improving crops with or following the soil exhaus- ting crops. This operation was started with the corn crop. A fertilizer com- posed of 1,200 pounds basic slag, 600 pounds 7% animal tankage and 200 pounds muriate of potash in the ton, was applied with the corn in the row at the rate of 200 pounds per acre, and before the last cul- tivation, Whippoorwill cowpeas, which had been inoculated with inoculating material from the Department of Agriculture at Washington, were sown in the corn at the rate of one bushel per acre and covering with the cultivator. The middle of September, when the corn had ripened, which, considering the condition of the soil, was a splendid crop, was cut and when husked yieided 90 baskets of ears per acre. The cowpea vines were in many instances more than two feet long with an average length of 18 inches, and covered the ground completely. As previously indicated, the soil was sandy and the cow- peas and corn stubble were cut up and mixed with the soil with a disk harrow by harrowing the ground three or four times. After the land had been prepared in this way, it was seeded with wheat, and with the wheat 200 pounds per acre of the same mixture of fertil- izer as had been applied with the corn. The following spring, after the middle of April, inoculated hulled white blossom sweet clover seed Was sown with the wheat at the rate of 3-4 quarts per acre and coy- ered with a weeder. The seed came up and grew sufficiently tall that some tops were cut off when the wheat was harvested. The sweet clover was allowed to grow until the middle of August. When it had reached a height of 15 to 20 inches, it was plowed down and the land seeded with wheat again, and with the wheat the following spring, red and alsike clovers were sown, and in this way a soil improving crop was raised with every soil exhausting crop, or a soil exhausting crop followed with a soil improved crop in the old four years’ rota- 490 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. tion. As previously stated, a crop rotation should be so arranged that it will produce the largest amount of human food that can be produced in the individual soils and under prevailing climatic con ditions and under the management of each individual farmer, whether some phase of the livestock or semi-livestock and grain farming opera- tion be followed or grain and hay forming or seed production which will, in the near future become a necessity in this State, or any other phase of agriculture or horticulture, and, in addition, improve the fertility of the soil. These are not easy things to do but can be done. The livestock industry should, in a much larger way, be the prevail- ing agricultural industry of the State, and in order to make it more at- tractive financially, crops must be produced on the farm to feed the animals to get away from paying profits coming and going, and to do this, rotations established by means of which the largest amount of a high feeding value roughage and grain foods can be produced. A rotation for the southern part of the State which will furnish a large amount of a high feeding value roughage and at the same time im- prove the soil, can be arranged by seeding winter rye in the corn stubble in the fall of the year, and in the spring, as soon as the ground is sufficiently dry to run a weeder or a spike-tooth harrow over it, so with the rye equal quantities of red and mammoth clovers, the rye cut for hay or silage when it is heading, which, in the southern part of the State, will be early in May; allow the clover to grow until it is well headed, which will be sometime in July or August, cut for hay and allow the second crop to remain on the field. In this way two crops of high feeding value hay can be produced and one soil im- proving crop, all in one season. The following spring this clover sod is plowed down and the land prepared and planted with corn and the corn field of the previous year which had been sown with rye, used for the hay field, and in this way a farm can be divided into two fields, one for hay and the other for corn, and with the right use of the manure, the soil improved continuously. An effort has been made to start this kind of work in a few sections of the State because of soil and climatic conditions being especially favorable; but a rotation which is more aitractive to me than the above outline is now being practiced on a 500 acre farm by Martin Cope’s son, Lancaster county. These people raise sweet corn which they dry and sell as their money crop. The husks and cobs are cut up and fed to cattle, and the corn stalks which, as all corn stalks do when the ears are plucked at the time they are in the best condition for drying, accumulate sugar in a few weeks until they contain as much as 12 to 14 per cent., when they are cut and either siloed or tied up in bundles and carefully dried and fed to cattle, furnishing approximately as rich a carbo-hydrate food as an ordinary corn crop. At the last cultivation of this corn, red and alsike clovers, alfalfa and timothy are sown with the corn, and the following year anywhere from 2 to 4 crops of hay are cut off this land; the first crop mixed hay made up of timothy, red and alsike clovers while the second and third crops are largely of alfalfa. These rotations furnish a large amount of roughage and corn but not a sufficient amount of high feeding value protein and grains, and therefore either part of the sod field must be planted in the southern section of the State with soy No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 491 beans and in the central and northern part with Canada field peas, or part of the field seeded for hay must be used for raising these crops. It may be well to state that one bushel of soy beans ground with two bushels of corn will make a splendid grain ration for dairy cows, but it is likely that with well nigh all farmers throughout the larger part of the State, the longer rotations such as the three years for the central and northern and higher areas made up of corn followed with Canada field peas and oats, and the Canada field peas and oats with clovers and, wherever possible, alfalfa, and in the southeastern sections, a rotation of corn, soy beans and, in some sections, cow peas and alfalfa, will prevail for a long time. As previously stated, the raising of clean, pure seed of good vitality has become a question. of supreme importance in the State and through the introduction of shorter rotation, this demand will be much enlarged, which, with a large acreage of sandy, loamy, warm late fall and early spring farming soils splendidly adapted for rais- ing fall or early summer ripening crops, such as crimson clover, fol- lowed with a dry hot weather early fall ripening crop such as the cow- pea and sweet clover, and in the more loamy soils, with soy beans for seed, this demand can be supplied and the land continually improved. Rotations of this character have been outlined and started in a small way on the sandy and shaly soils derived from the Clinton strata in Juniata county. MARKETING By E. B. DORSETT Mr. Chairman and Members of the Board and _ Fellow Workers: I deem it an honor and a privilege to address this intelligent bedy; but naturally I shrink from taking the place of a man of such prominence as Congressman Lever. As has been stated by your Chairman, in all these meetings, thus far, the one problem that seems to be bothering you is, that of better market facilities. I am satisfied that there is no problem confronting the farmer today that is of such vital importance to him as adequate marketing facili- ties. I would not in the least discourage the increased production that we hear about, but I am firmly convinced that the farmer is not so much worried today about producing the crop as he is about marketing it after it has been produced, and I believe that the greatest problem that confronts you today is, “How Can I Get That Product to Market At The Least Expense and Get The Most Out of It?” I know that we have many remedies, many solutions of this great problem, and I know that there are many theories and there is much criticism, but I want to say to you, fellow farmers and members of the Board, that it is much easier to criticise than it is to bring forth a definite plan of action. We have what might be called two forms of criticism, constructive and destructive, and we have plenty of men 492 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. who are long on destructive and short on constructive criticism. We have plenty of men who can tear down, but we do not have men enough who can build up. It takes more brains to build up than it does to tear down, and I think that Lincoln hit the nail squarely on the head when he said that before one tears down the house which one has built, he must first build one for himself; and so in this great problem of marketing, it requires the earnest co-operation of all agen- cies interested in the uplift of agriculture. I want to call your attention right here to one fact that has cropped out here at this meeting and has found its way into the columns of the newspapers about the overlapping of interests. It is not for me here to say where it came from or who is back of it, but I want to say this to you, that we cannot afford, as men interested in agriculture, to allow any outside interest to keep us apart. (Applause) Some years ago, down in the south, when that great Civil War was going on, a great general met one of the colored gentlemen one day and he said, “Sambo, why is it that you are not at the front fighting? Do you not know that this war is for you?” Sambo looked at him a moment, then he said, “Massa, when two dogs fight over a bone, the bone don’t fight.” (Laughter) Now that is the situation in Penn- sylvania today; if we are going to do anything along the line of marketing, we must have thorough co-operation. But I haven’t time this afternoon to cover this field as I would like, and I did not know, until noon, that I was to say anything on this subject, and fortunately for you and unfortunately for me, I have not had time to prepare a manuscript or even notes; but I want to say to you that there are three great factors that we need as farmers and as men interested in agriculture. The first is organization, the second is education and the third is co-operation. ORGANIZATION With these three great factors at work, I want to say to you that we can cover the field thoroughly. Now, in just touching on the first, that of organization, I want to say to you that no great achievement has ever been accomplished save through organization. You can see that here with this Board of Agriculture. Follow its history from its birth down to this day and note its achievements. It is a striking example of what you can do by thorough organization. Then, again, I would call your attention to the fact that in these organizations they ought not to cover too wide a territory; they should be local, to start with. We are reading much in these days, and hearing more, about community centers and community interests. Well, that is only another form of organization. Now that organi- zation may take whatever form you are pleased to follow. It may be the grange, it may be the farmers’ club or the farmers’ union, or it may be just a little handful of farmers; but remember that the first thing you must do is to organize. That is the thought that I want to leave with you and I want to pound it in so hard that you will not forget it. Why, some years ago when P. T. Barnum was at his desk, as the people came out of that tent one afternoon at the close of one of his afternoon performances, they came along the side of a smaller tent and there they saw and heard one of those barkers, as they were called and he was proclaiming, in a loud tone of voice, that No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 493 \ for a dime, ten cents, a tenth part of a dollar, they could go inside and see what no man, woman or child had ever seen before. They quickly parted with their dimes and went in and the tent was finally filled to overflowing and then they commenced to com? out and they called that man an imposter. Why, they said “There is nothing in that tent.” He said, “Wait a minute.” He went inside and hauled back a curtain and there, sitting on a plank, were six farmers and they had hold of a rope and they were all pulling together, the other end being fastened to the center pole of the tent. He said, “There, ladies and gentlemen, is something that no man, woman or child ever saw before, six farmers pulling together.” (Applause and laughter). Now that is the keynote of marketing, pulling together. I would like to see this State Board pull together as a unit in the great work of uplifting agriculture. EDUCATION Now the second point I want to make is that of education, and I shall not refer to the kind that you would ordinarily expect to get in college, but rather that which you would get from the University of hard-knocks. That is the kind of education that most of us have and that is the kind of education that sticks, and I want to say to you that the very best education a man, woman or child can get is that which teaches him or her how to work. Why, someone has said, “God help the rich, the poor can work;” and I believe that this is the real salvation of this country today that so many of us know how to work, and the best thing that could happen to agriculture today would be to have more young men and more young women on the farm who know how to work. Now the education that I refer to today is that which acquaints the farmer with the needs of the market. I discovered yesterday, by listening to the remarks that were made here, that even though some of you have been engaged in a certain line of agriculture for a number of months, that you have not yet learned the needs of the market and that the great question, one which requires considerable education, and you know the allegation is often made, and I resent it with all my heart and all my soul, the allegation is often made that the farmer is not a business man. I want to say to you that you may go where you will over Pennsylvania or throughout the length and breadth of this country, and you will find that the best and the brainest men are men from the farm. Go into the great banking institutions of Philadelphia or New York and you will find that 90% of them were men from the farm. They are business men, but unfortunately many of them do not have time to study the science of selling their products, and that is where a great many of them fail, they do not understand how to get their product to the market in the best form and at the least expense, and I believe that the Department of Agriculture could do no greater service to you farmers and to agriculture in general to- day than to give the farmer some assistance along the line of grading, packing and salting. Just let me relate one or two experiences I have had which cover this point: J think it was two years ago, nearly two years ago, that I was in one of the western counties of Pennsylvania where they ship a great deal of hay, and those farmers thought they were not 494 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. getting enough for that hay. Well, I said, “Do you want to ship it direct to the market?” And they said, “Yes.” I said, “All right, Pll tell you where to ship it;” and then I said to them: “Now you have several grades of hay, and not many of you have had any experi- ence in the grading of that hay, but so far as you can, order two or three cars, and then when you farmers take that hay to the market or to the station, sort it as nearly as your knowledge will permit, put- ting only one grade in a car;” and those farmers followed out the in- structions given them, and they told me afterward that they received $7. more a ton for that hay than they could have gotten at home. Just last week, at the close of the Institute in Mercer county, a young man came to me at the close of the Institute and said, “Do you re- member telling me about shipping some hay?” I said, “Yes, sir.” “Well,” he said, “I- saved $7. on a single car.” Now that is the kind of marketing that touches the farmers’ heart. Why, do you know someone has said that “he who makes two blades of grass where but one grew before is a benefactor to mankind.” I want to say to you that he who can bring two smiles where none grew before is a greater benefactor, and there is nothing that will make a farmer smile more widely than to give him a good price for what he produces, and he is not so much concerned today about the production of that extra blade of grass as he is as to who will get it after it is produced. That is the big problem in this business. Now another illustration to show you what I mean; some of you are engaged in the growing of potatoes; I know there are some here from counties that produce many thousand of bushe!s, and the one thing that has kept you out of the best markets has been the fact that the potatoes often have not been thoroughly graded. The pota- toes as they usually come from the ground ought to be graded into three grades, and yet the common practice is, with many farmers, to simply sort out the little cones as they are called, and then put them all in one grade; yet I know of instances over in New -York City, where they are paying 10 and 15 cents more a bushel for potatoes of a certain grade than they are paying where they are shipped practically as they come from the ground. The question of fruit marketing was touched upon here yesterday. Why, farmers, do you know that it costs 55 cents a bushel to get the apples of the West to our market? Now is it possible that you let some fellow way out on the western coast pay that additional charge and compete with you? You know and I know that you can grow the finest apples in the world right here in Pennsylvania, and what is the difference? Why, just let me call your attention to this; when a man orders a box or 50 boxes or 100 boxes of Spitzenburg apples from the West, he knows that every box will be like the other box; he does not buy them by inspection, but he buys by reputation; but you let some one come into the market where many of our apples are sold and instead of taking your word or the word of the dealer they must see them; and that is not all, they must handle them, and many times handle them until they are bruised and unfit for the market, and that is the method that is being employed in too many instances here in Pennsylvania. Now then we need to have, as has been suggested, and here again comes in your organization—I would like to see all the different horticultural societies of Pennsylvania just tied up in one No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 495 organization, have one trade mark and one stamp, and when they put on a barrel or a box of apples, it means something, just the same as it does when they come from the west. Why, we farmers have as many brands, as the western farmers have, and why can’t we use them? And I believe that the time is coming when we will use them. Another thing—I call your attention to along this line of educa- tion is the fact that oftentimes we dont know when and where to ship. That is a serious obstacle, and here again I believe that the Depart- ment of Agriculture can be of great assistance to us in this work. We should have on file at the Department at all times information that will enable you farmers to know where and when to ship. Why, you know it is a crime to ship products to one market until it is glutted to that extent that they must take the apples or the potatoes or the tomatoes or whatever it may be, out and dump them into the river or the ocean. That condition ought not to obtain, and if we had adequate marketing facilities and the right kind of information, it would not obtain. There is just as much in knowing where and when to ship as there is in producing the crop. We hear much about supply and demand and undoubtedly that affects market prices, but our marketing has been dump and demand, and I want to stop it. Why, the farmers today are planting and sowing by faith, and they reap in hope and they market by accident; and they have been doing that right along, and now let us see if we cannot adopt a better method, let us see if we cannot, by working together, work out a prob- lem that will give to each man an honest share of what the harvest yields. Iam a firm believer in giving the producer of any commodity an honest price for what he produces. I think if there is anybody that ought to have the profit, it is the man who produces it and not the man who hands it over to somebody else; all toil, if it is honor- able, should bring some recompense, and if we need assistance in this work and men to give valuable aid, then they are entitled, then they are entitled to some pay, but we can work out a system whereby we can eliminate a lot of unnecessary so-called middle men. Now a great deal has been said about the middlemen and I am not here this afternoon to make any cry against them. I want to say that the system is wrong and not the men, and what we need is a different system of marketing, and when we have that, we will not need to worry about the middleman, he will be taken care of all right, and with a system along the line that I have suggested, I am sure that we will help solve this problem. One other thought comes to me, to show you the need of haying this information; I think it was two years ago last August that I was in York county in a community where they raised a great many potatoes, and, as I remarked, it was about the third of August. I was at a little railroad station, I have forgotten the name of it, the farmers were loading potatoes and I went out into the car where they were loading them and asked one of the men what he was getting for his potatoes, and he told me 50 cents a bushel, and I said “Where are you shipping them?” And he said “To Baltimore.” Well, I said “You will excuse me, but could you not find a better market than Baltimore at this time of the year?” “Well,” he said, “Why?” “Why,” T said, “Don’t you know that they have potatoes in Baltimore weeks ago and they have plenty of them today? Why not ship these pota- toes north where they haven’t yet come into the market? When I left 496 | ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. my home yesterday morning, potatoes not as good as these were bringing $1.25 a bushel.” Now, do you catch the thought? Instead of shipping those potatoes south, they should have shipped them north What would have been the result? Why, the farmers of York county would have gotten more for their products and the consumer at the other end of the line would have paid less, and that is true co-opera- tion. That is the kind of co-operation that you and I ought to be most vitally interested in, that which helps us all, and I would have you remember, farmers, that when you reach out your hand and help your brother, you are bound to help yourself. CO-OPERATION The last point that I would touch upon is that of co-operation and, lest some fellow might misunderstand me, I want to give you a defini- tion of co-operation, “Do unto others as you would be done by.” Now I think that most of you can tell where that is found. If you cannot, I hope you will hunt it up, but I believe the one thing that has kept farmers from co-operating has been the fact that they have not been willing to follow out that law. When we reach the point where we are willing that the other fellow shall get his share, then we are in a position to do some thorough co-operation. Now, in conclusion, I would like to urge you farmers, when you go back home, and the members of this Board and the Institute workers, to think over this problem and, having thought over it, if you have any thoughts along the line of helpfulness, I wish you would take the Secretary at his word yesterday and either see him personally or write him what your thoughts are. This is a work in which we can all help and one in which we are all vitally interested. Let us see if we cannot, during the next two years or during the next year, work out a system of marketing such as no state in the Union has ever seen. I believe we can do it. I believe that with the experience that we have gained along this line, we can make it possible for farmers to not only produce more but get more for what they produce. I was interested while up in Mercer county to find that the National Government, under the auspices of the Department of Agriculture, was giving the farmers there an interesting lesson in what can be done by way of selling the dairy products. They have leased there a creamery, I believe for 15 years, and the manager of that creamery came before one of our Institutes and gave us a summary of the first vear’s work, and he showed us that the Government, by running that creamery, was giving the farmer a much better price for the milk from his herds than he had ever received before, and that the cream- ery cut down the expense and by doing that we are going to solve this great problem. If I had time, but I will not take more of it, I would like totalk to you more about what has been done in co-operating here in Pennsylvania. I could tell you of some things where the farmers—of some instances where the farmers have not only saved money, but they have learned the lesson of putting their products on the market in a form that makes them attractive, and that, I believe, is the solution to the problem of the high cost of living. Now let us go back to our several homes and take up this along with other problems and study them from the standpoint of our interest, and if we do that we will take into consideration all other interests because all interests are dependent upon agriculture and the farmers’ suc- cess, I thank you for your attention, (Applause). APPENDIX ( 197) 32—6—1915 OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. APPENDIX List of Publications of the Pennsylvania Department of | Agriculture ANNUAL REPORTS *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, *Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 336 pages, 625 pages, 560 pages, 557 pages, 646 pages, 645 pages, 645 pages, 648 pages, 645 pages, 646 pages, 650 pages, 648 pages, 650 pages, 594 pages, 600 pages, 640 pages, 713 pages, 646 pages, 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, 878 pages, 1895. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 820 pages, 1896. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 444 pages, 1896. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 897 pages, 1897. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 309 pages, 1897. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, 894 pages, 1898. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1082 pages, 1899. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 368 pages, 1899. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1010 pages, 1900. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 348 pages, 1900. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1040 pages, 1901. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 464 pages, 1901. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 324 pages, 1902. *Report of the Department of Agriculture, *Report of the Department of Agriculture, *Report of the Department of Agriculture, *Report of the Department of Agriculture, *Report of the Department of Agriculture, *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Report of the Department of Agriculture, Report of the Department of Agriculture, Report of the Department of Agriculture, Report of the Department of Agriculture, *Report of the Department of Agriculture, *Report of the Department of Agriculture, Report of the Department of Agriculture, *Edition exhausted. 958 pages, 790 pages, 846 pages, 690 pages, 565 pages, 690 pages, 806 pages, 714 pages, 694 pages, 558 pages, 684 pages, 468 pages, 542 pages, ( 499 ) 1903 500 Sa ak a a ok CONMOPRE NE ANNUAL REPORT OF THB Off. Doc. BULLETINS Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 24 pages, 1895. List of Lecturers of Farmers’ Institutes, 36 pages, 1895. The Pure ood Question in Pennsylvania, 38 pages, 1895. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages, 1896. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 38 pages, 1896. Taxidermy: How to Collect Skins, etc., 128 pages, 1896. List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 68 pages, 1896. Report of State Horticultural Association, 108 pages, 1896. Report of Dairymen’s Association, 96 pages, 1896. Prepared Food for Invalids and Infants, 12 pages, 1896. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages, 1896. Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896. Report of Butter Colors, 8 pages, 1896. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 92 pages, 1896. Good Roads for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896. Dairy Feeding as Practiced in Pennsylvania, 126 pages, 1896. Diseases and Hnemies of Poultry, 128 pages, 1896. Digest of the General and Special Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 130 pages, 1896. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages, 1896. Preliminary Report of Secretary, 126 pages, 1896. The Township High School, 24 pages, 1897. Cider Vinegar of Pennsylvania, 28 pages, 1897. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 31 pages, 1897. Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 19 pages, 1897. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1897. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 74 pages, 1897. The Cultivation of American Ginseng, 23 pages, 1897. The Fungous Foes of the Farmer, 19 pages, 1897. Investigation in the Bark of Trees, 17 pages, 1897. Sex in Plants, 17 pages, 1897. The Economic Side of the Mole, 42 pages, 1898. Pure Food and Dairy Laws, 30 pages, 1898. 33.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 42 pages, 1898. Preliminary Report of the Secretary, 150 pages, 1898. Veterinary Medicines, 23 pages, 1898. Constitutions and By-Laws, 73 pages, 1898. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fer tilizers, 40 pages, 1898. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1898 Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1898. Questions and Answers, 206 pages, 1898. Preliminary Reports of the Department, 189 pages, 1899. List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1899. The San Jose Seale and other Scale Insects, 22 pages, 1899. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 62 pages, 1899. Some Harmful Household Insects, 13 pages, 1899. Some Insects Injurious to Wheat, 24 pages, 1899. Some Insects Attacking Fruits, etc., 19 pages, 1899. Common Cabbage Insects, 14 pages, 1899. Methods of Protecting Crops, etc., 20 pages, 1899. Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 69 pages, 1899. Proceedings Spring Meeting of Round-up Meeting, Farmers’ Institute Managers, etc., 296 pages, 1899. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1899-1900, 94 pages, 1899. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 163 pages, 1899. The Composition and Use of Fertilizers, 126 pages, 1899. Nursery Fumigation and the Construction and Management of the Fumigating House, 24 pages, 1899. ohe BS care of ‘Acetylene Illumination to Country Homes, 85 pages, Th POhenieal Study of the Apple and Its Products, 44 pages, 1899. Fungous Foes of Vegetable Fruits, 39 pages, 1899 List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899. The Use of Lime in Pennsylvania Soils, 170 pages, 1900. A Summer’s Work Abroad in School Grounds, Home Grounds, Play Grounds, Parks and Forests, 34 pages, 1900. A Course in Nature Study for Use in the Public Schools, 119 pages, 1900. Nature Study Reference Library for Use in the Public Schools, 22 pages, 1900. Farmers’ Library List, 29 pages, 1900. 65. 66.* Pennsylvania Road Statistics, 98 pages, 1900. *Edition not for general distribution. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 501 No. 67. Methods of Steer Feeding, 14 pages, 1900. No. 79 Now 971 INO. 72 No. i3 No. 74 Now, 75 No. 76 IN Ost 71 INo=. 78 No. 79 No. 80 No. 81 No. 82 No. 83 No. 84 No. 85 No. 86 No. 87 No. 88 No. 89 No 80 No. 91 ING: 92 INo. 93 No. 94 INose 295 No. 96 No. 97 No. 98 No. 99 No. 100 No. 101 No. 102 No. 103 No. 104 No. 105 No. 106 No. 107 No. 108 No. 109 No. 110 No. 111 No: 112 No. 113 No. 114 No. 115 No. 116 None lL ki x x ee * No. 68.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 90 pages, 1900. 69 Road Making Materials of Pennsylvania, 104 pages, 1900. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 97 pages, 1900. Consolidation of Country Schools and the Transportation of Scholars by use of Vans, 89 pages, 1900. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 170 pages, 1900. Synopsis of the Tax Laws of Pennsylvania, 132 pages, 1901. The Repression of Tuberculosis of Cattle by Sanitation, 24 pages, 1901. Tuberculosis of Cattle, and the Pennsylvania Plan for its Repression, 263 pages, 1901 Co-operative Investigation into the Agricultural Seed Supply of Penn- sylvania, 50 pages, 1901. Bee Culture, 101 pages, 1901. List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1901. Rabies, 28 pages, 1901. Decisions of the Department of Agriculture on the Pure Food Act of 1895, 30 pages, 1901. : Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylvania, 136 pages, 1901 Containing the Law Creating a Department of Agriculture in Penn- sylvania, and giving the Various Acts of Assembly Committed to the Department for nforcement: Together with Decisions and Standards Adopted with Reference to the Pure Food Act of 1895, 90 pages, 1901. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 132 pages, 1901. Methods of Steer Feeding; the Second Year of Co-operative Experiment by the Pennsylvania State Department of Agriculture and the Penn- svlvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station, 16 pages, 1901. Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 102 pages, 1901. ° Containing a Complete List of Licenses granted by the Dairy and Food Commissioner, from January 1, 1901, to July 1, 1901, etce., 422 pages, 1901. Giving Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs, 42 pages, 1901. Tist of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1901. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 195 pages, 1901. areatment of San Jose Scale in Orchard and Nursery, 33 pages, Canning of Fruits and Vegetables, 57 pages, 1902. List of Licenses Granted by the Dairy and Food Commissioner, 193 pages, 1902. $ The Fundamentals of Spraying, 35 pages, 1902. Phosphates—Phosphatie or Phosphoric Acid Fertilizers, 87 pages, 1902. County and Local Agricultural Societies, 12 pages, 190) 2. Insects Injurious to Cucurbitaceous Plants, 31 pages, 1903. The Management of Greenhouses, 41 pages, 1902. Bacteria of the Soil in Relation to Agriculture, 88 pages, 1902. Some Common Insect Pests of the Farmer, 32 pages, 1902. Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Division from January 1, 1902, to June 30, 1902, 233 pages, 1902. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 137 pages, 1902. The Natural Improvement of Soils, 50 pages, 1902. List of Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 67 pages, 1902. Modern Dairy Science and Practice, 127 pages, 1902. Potato Culture, 96 pages, 1902. : : The Varieties of Fruit that can be Profitably Grown in Pennsylvania, 50 pages, 1902. Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 62 pages, 1903. The Hessian Fly (never printed). Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 208 pages, 1903. Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Division from July 1, to December 31, 1903, 248 pages, 1903. : Small Fruits, Their Origin, Culture and Marketing, 66 pages, 1903. List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1903. Methods of Milking, 96 pages, 1903. : Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 116 pages, 1903. . Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Farmers’ Institute Managers and Lecturers, 210 pages, 1903. Barer. Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season of 1903-1904, 64 pages, Potash Fertilizers—Sources and Methods of Application, 46 pages, 1903. No. 118.* Containing the Laws Creating the Office of Dairy and Food Commissioner in Pennsylvania, and also a Digest of the Act of Assembly Committed to his Administration 62 pages, 1903. No. 119.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 115 pages, 1903. “Edition not for general distribution. 33 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. 120. The Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar, 46 pages, 1903. Sy: J21. Address of Hon. Joseph W. Hunter, State Highway Commissioner, Delivered at Annual Meeting of State Board of Agriculture, Janu:ry 28, 1904, 16 pages, 1903. ; 122.* Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 52 pages, 1904. 123.* Chestnut Culture, 50 pages, 1904. 124.* County and Local Agricultural Fairs, 10 pages, 1904. 125. The Source and Nature of Bacteria in Milk, 41 pages, 1904. 126.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to August 1, 140 pages, 1904. t 127.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 71 pages, 1904. 128. Grape Culture, 62 pages, 1904. 129. Alfalfa Culture in Humid Land, 64 pages, 1904. 130. The Cow-pea in the North, 41 pages, 1904. : : 131. Proceedings, State Board of Agriculture and Farmers’ Normal Institute, 260 pages, 1904. 132.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31, 70 pages, 1904. 133. The Improvement of Corn in Pennsylvania, 76 pages, 1904. 134. Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the State Board of Agriculture, 152 pages, 1905. 135.* Analyses of Concentrated Feeding Stuffs, 41 pages, 1905. 136.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 8 pages, 1905. 137. Proceedings, Spring Meeting State Board of Agriculture and Farmers Annual Normal Institute, 216 pages, 1905. 138.* Analyses Concentrated Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to August 1, 106 pages, 1905. 139.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1905-1906, 93 pages, 1905. 140. Sheep Husbandry, 69 pages, 1905. 141.* Laws Relating to the Dairy and Food Division, 47 pages, 1905. 142.* Analyses Concentrated Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31, 61 pages, 1905. 143. Poultry in Pennsylvania, 36 pages, 1906. 144. Proceedings of 29th Annual Meeting State Board of Agriculture, 191 pages, 1906. 145.* Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylvania, 51 pages, 1906. 146.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages, 1906. 147. Market Gardening, 53 pages, 1906. 148. Report of Bee-Keepers’ Association of Pennsylvania, 57 pages, 1906. 149.* Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, August 1, 1906, 80 pages, 150;* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, for the year 1906-1907, 73 pages, 151. Proceedings Spring Meeting of State Board of Agriculture and Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, 190 pages, 1906. 152. Fruits of Pennsylvania, 330 pages, 1906. 1532% ZnB ee Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, December 31, 1906, 60 pages, 154. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture for 1907, 158 pages, 1907. 155.* Commercial Feeding Stuffs of Pennsylvania for 1906, 47 pages, 1907. 156.* List of County and Agricultural Fairs for 1907, 10 pages, 1907. 157. Proceedings of Farmers’ Normal Institute and State Board of Agriculture, 210 pages, 1907. 158.* Farmers’ Institute for year 1907-1908, 78 pages, 1907. 159.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers of Spring Samples, 69 pages, 1907. 160.* Laws Relating to Dairy and Food Division, 69 pages, 1907. 161. Papers Read at Farmers’ Institutes, 1906-1907, 124 pages, 1907. 162. Breakfast Foods, 40 pages, 1907. 163.* Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers from Fall Samples, 51 pages, 1907. 164. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 1908, 210 pages, 1908. 165.* Lists of County and Agricultural Fairs, 1908, 10 pages, 1908. 166. Results of the Analyses of Paris Green, 6 pages, 1908. 167.* Analyses of Commercial Feeding Stuffs, for 1907, 98 pages, 1908. 168.* Preliminary Report Dairy and Food Commissioner, 50 pages, 1908. 169. Proceedings Spring Meeting State Board of Agriculture and Annuai Farmers’ Normal Institute, 214 pages, 1908. 170.* Farmers’ Institutes for Season of 1908, 84 pages, 1908. 171. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to August 1, 1008, 74 pages, 1908. Wi2: The Dans Method for the Repression of Tuberculosis in Cattle, 28 pages, Wisi Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31, 1908, pages, : 174.* List of Fertilizer Manufacturers, 1909, 32 pages, 1909. 175.* Analyses of Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 1908, 148 pages, 1909. 176. Analyses of Paris Green, 1908, 31 pages, 1909. *Edition not for general distribution. No. 6. Nore 177. No. 178-* No. 179. No. 180.* INo. 181. No. 182. INO. 183).* No. 184. INGOs Looe No. 186.* INO aw 187. No. 188. No. 189.* No. 190. INO] 191* No. 192 No. 193 No- 194.* No. 195.* No. 196 No. 197 No. 198.* DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 503 Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 180 pages, 1909 List of County and Local Agriculture Fairs, 10 pages, 1900. Papers Read at Farmers’ Institutes, 1907-1908, 105 pages, 1909. Laws Dairy and Food Bureau, 69 pages, 1909. Timely Hints to Horsebreeders, 23 pages, 1909. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute and Spring Meeting State Board of Agriculture, 231 pages, 1909. Report of Dairy and Food Bureau, 57 pages, 1909. Farmers’ Institutes for Pennsylvania, 1909, 79 pages, 1909. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, January 1, to August 1, 1909, 87 pages, 1909. Swine Husbandry, 127 pages, 1909. i Directory of Stallions Registered with Pennsylvania Livestock Sanitary Board, for 1909, 86 pages, 1909. Principles of Domestic Science, 42 pages, 1909. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, August 1, to December 31, 1909, 71 pages, 1909. The Potato: Selection of Seed and Cultivation, 62 pages, 1910. List of Fertilizer Manufacturers and Brands Licensed for 1910, 38 pages, 1910. Analyses of Paris Green for 1909, 38 pages, 1910. Proceedings Thirty-third Annual Meeting State Board of Agriculture, 192 pages, 1910. Preliminary Report, Dairy and Food Commissioner, 40 pages, 1910. List of Agricultural Fairs for 1910, 10 pages, 1910. Commercial Feeding Stuffs of Pennsylvania for 1909, 186 pages, 1910. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute and Spring Meeting of Board of Agriculture, 260 pages, 1910. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1910-1911, 84 pages, 1910. No. 199* Tabulated Analyses :f Commercial Fertilizers, Spring Samples, 72 pages, 1910. No. 200 No. 201 No. 202 Nox) 203'.* No. 204 INO=e 205). No. 206.* Non 3207-= No. 208.* No. 209.* No. 210 INow-21i No. 212.* INoe 213 No. 214.* No. 215 No. 216 No. 217. INO: S-2185% No. 219 No 2205 Nope 21: Noe 222. No. 223 No. 224 No. 225 No. 226.* Ome Dore No. 2998 .* No. 229. No. 220 ING e231 No. 222 No. 222 No. 234 No. 285 No. 226 No. 237 No. 228 No. 22 No. 240 No. 241 No. 242 Skim-milk Cheese, 16 pages, 1910. Market Gardening, No. 2, 86 pages, 1910. Marketing Horticultural Products, 86 pages, 1910. aipbuleted Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, Fall Samples, 76 pages, Analvses of Paris Green, 1910, 34 pages, 1910. List Fertilizer Manufacturers. 37 pages, 1911. Preliminary Report Dairy and Food Bureau, 37 pages, 1911. List County Fairs, 10 pages, 1911. Analyses Commercial Feeding Stuffs, 213 pages, 1911. laws, Dairy and Food Bureau, 72 pages, 1911. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 208 pages, 1911. Report of Foot-and-Month Disease, (Anhthous Fever), 72 pages, 1911. Analyses Commercial Fertilizers. (Spring), 11 pages. 1911. Proceedings Annual Normal Institute, 235 pages, 1911. Schedule Farmers’ Institutes, 1911-1912, 82 pages, 1911. List of Publications on Fruit Growing, 23 pages, 1911. Cheap Candy, 21 pages, 1911. Grane Culture for Pennsylvania, 66 pages. 1911. Analyses Commercial Fertilizers. (Fall), 77 pages. 1911. Increasing the Winter Yield of Eggs. 92 pages, 1912. List of Fertilizer Licenses Granted for 1912, 40 pages, 1912. Preliminary Report of Dairv and Food Commissioner, 46 pages, 1912. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 190 pages, 1912. Analyses Commercial Feeding Stuffs for 1911, 172 pages, 1912. Commercial Table Svruns and Molasses. 98 pages, 1912. Report on Linseed Oil. 1911, 32 pages. 1912. County and Local Agricultural Societies’ Fairs 1912, 10 pages, 1912. List of Licensed Veterinarians in Pennsylvania, 1912, 36 pages, 1912. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1912-1913, 70 pages, 1912. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, and Spring Meeting State Board of Agriculture. 206 pages, 1912. Analvses of Commercial Fertilizers, (Spring), 1912, 98 pages, 1912. Partial Tist of Owners and Breeders of Registered Livestock in Penn- svlvenia, with Registration of Stallions for 1910-1911, pages, 1912. Taw Rulletin, Dairy and Food Rureau, 1912. 66 pages. 1912. Practical Side of Local Organization in Agriculture, 16 pages, 1912. Analvses Commercial Feeding Stuffs (1912), 227 pages. 1913. Peef Production, 250 nages. 1913. Tinseed Oil Report (1912), 11 pages. 1913. List Fertilizers Manufacturers (1913), 40 pages, 1913. Proceedings Annual Meeting State Board of Agriculture, 210 pages, 1913. List County and Goeal Fairs. 1913. 10 pages, 1913. Snpplementary Report. Dairy and Food Commissioner, 56 pages, 1913. Proceedings Farmers’ Annual Normal Institute, 302 pages, 1913. Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, 88 pages, 1913. *Edition not for general distribution. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. Schedule Farmers’ Institutes for Penna., 76 pages, 19138. Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, Fall, 65 pages, 1913. ees Fertilizer Manufacturers and Importers, for 1914, 40 pages, Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 282 pages, 1914. Preliminary Report, Dairy and Food Bureau, 82 pages, 1914. County and Agricultural Fairs, 8 pages, 1914. Commercial Feeding Seats 1913, 190 pages, 1914. Soils of Pennsylvania, Part One, 481 pages, 1914. Law Bulletin, Dairy and Food Bureau, 102 pages, 1914. Abandoned and Unoccupied Farms of Pennsylvania, 48 pages, 1914. Proceedings Farmers’ Normal Institute, 190 pages, 1914. Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania for’ 1914, 72 pages, 1914. Analyses of Commercial Fer tilizers, Spring, 1914, 94 pages. 1914. Creameries and Cheese Factories of Pennsylvania, 32 pages, 1914. Soils of Pennsylvania, Part Two, 286 pages, 1914. Seed Report, 1913, 36 parce 1914. Commercial Fertilizers, Fall, 1914, 66 pages, 1914. List Fertilizer Licenses Granted for 1915, 29 pages, 1915. Sour Soils and Liming, 221 pages, 1915. Linseed Oil Report for 1914, 22 pages, 1915. _Preliminary Report Dairy and Food Commissioner, 61 pages, 1915. Proceedings State Board of Agriculture, 328 pages, 1915. Analyses Commercial Feeding Stuffs. for 1914, 221 pages, 1915. List of Agricultural Societies and Schedule of Fairs, 9 pages, 1915. Proceedings Annual Normal Institute, 204 pages, 1915. Milk, Butter and Butter Making, 43 pages, 1915. Analyses Commercial Fertilizers, (Spring). 85 pages, 1915. Schedule Farmers’ Institutes, 74 pages, 1915. *Edition not for general distribution. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 505 FERTILIZER VALUATIONS The object of an official valuation of commercial fertilizers is to enable the consumer to judge approximately whether he has been asked to pay for a given brand more than the fertilizing ingredients it contains and market conditions pervailing at the time would war- rant. It is clear, therefore, that no attempt is made in this valua- tion to indicate whether the fertilizer valued possesses a greater or less crop-producing capacity than another fertilizer; but only whether it is higer priced than another of the same general com- position. For this purpose the valuation must be so computed as to include all the elements entering into the cost of a fertilizer as it is de- Hivered to the consumer. These elements differ with the conditions of sale. Sales to consumers fall chiefly into two classes: (1) Those made directly from the jobber or manufacturer to the consumer, without the service of a local agent or dealer. Such sales are usually in relatively large lots for cash. (2) Those made through a local agent or dealer. These are most commonly made in relatively small lots and often with arrangements for deferred payments. In some States, the valuations are so made as to represent sales only of the former class. In Pennsylvania, however, the principal volume of sales is of the second class, and the method of valuation has, therefore, included the additional cost elements involved in this mode of sale. The several cost elements or factors may conven- iently be grouped as follows: 1. The wholesale cost of the ingredients. 2. The jobbers’ gross profit on the sale of the ingredients; this includes office expenses, advertising, losses, ete.; for the purpose of the present computation it may be assumed that the sum of this gross profit and the wholesale cost of the ingredients, is equivalent to the retail price of the simgle ingredients near the wholesale mar- kets in ton lots of original packages for cash. 3. The expense and profit of mixing: This item applies only to complete fertilizers, rock and potash, and ammoniated rock; not to dissolved or ground bone, or to dissolved rock. 4, The expense and profit of bagging. 5. Agents’ commission: This item includes not only the commis- Sion proper, but every advance in price due to the sale of the goods through an agent in small quantities on time, rather than directly to the consumer in ton lots for cash. 6. Freight from the wholesale market to the point of delivery. The valuations for 1915 are based: 1. Upon the wholesale prices September 1, 1914, to March 1, 1915, of the raw materials used in fertilizer manufacture, the quota- tions of the New York market being adopted for all materials ex- cept acidulated phosphate rock and ground bone. 2. Upon an allowance of 20 per cent. of the wholesale prices, above mentioned, to cover jobbers’ gross profit. 506 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe. By adding the 20 per cent. allowed for jobbers’ gross profit to the wholesale price of the several raw materials, the retail price in original packages at the jobbers’ warehouse is obtained. Since the amount of the several valuable fertilizing constituents in the various raw materials is known, it is a simple matter to de- termine the corresponding retail value per pound of the valuable fertilizing constituents yielded by each raw material. A schedule of these pound values affords a convenient basis of computation of the value per ton of various fertilizers, whose composition is ascertained by analysis. The values assigned, for the present, to the other elements in the cost of the fertilizer at the point of delivery are: 3. For mixing, $1.00 per ton. 4. For bagging, $1.00 per ton, in all cases except those in which the article was sold in original packages; the cost of the package being, in such case, included in the wholesale price. 5. For agents’ commission, 20 per cent. of the cost of the goods f. o. b. at the jobbers’ or mixers’ warehouse. 6. For freight, $2.00 per ton; the cost of the freight in lots of twelve tons or over, from the seaboard to Harrisburg, averaging $1.88 ver ton. The following valuation of dissolved South Carolina rock illustrates the method: | Phosphorie Acid | % Weight per ton a OGRE (8 fe SOc ER PBB AG oot ROR CONDE EC RIRD OE GAH Shot Lornareceebor | 14.00 | 280 Ibs. at 8c, ....| - $8.40 IMSOIUDIES sisal 5, sho: ays.syatevo ei assioyenets acduete e sisiafese cyerw’ere:ctamniste ayolsisva.sic(cterateisle eee sare 1.00 | 20 lbs. at 1éc,:... 30 Retalecashayalue Of eneglents yar ccictecctsieictetaceinnte n | A ] | Spring, 1913 | | | Completes iicaeue aac secnae conten cash agua eee cae ees ee 531 | 26.44 | 25.08 1.26 UOCK=ANA=WOCASH ie wie iets cieleloteraterets e\eie10icielelctotetsveletaisie\ele ereieiaielcteteisicisiee _ 140 16.52 16.75 | —.2 Dissolveduponeseeen ce agen heehee aN as ee eae 4| 21.63 | 18.55 3.08 Ground BHON Sys races persicae ister siste hale site isis cot istenete Siclere.velergiefete | 32 | 32.50 33.86 —1.36 Dissolved wrocks Osos. oc acu esos eens ase a cee wena anaes 43 | 14.25 13.96 .29 Fall, 1913 | | | Completers eee eT ERE CR eae mee | 292 | 24.36 | 21.92 2.44 ROCK ANU POLO SH ya ercicrelatscreicislenineie sieieisisieisslersieisiceleicteteles sicteeicinctate | 140 16.85 | 16.26 | -60 Dissolved shone carey aes eee ee Res Sincess | 6 24.26 | 24.75 | —.49 GOA HOMO, a oscrsvaereyatecsterotstaye aierekers ets lovers oteratets(oielate cieye/ovastteleiers\svels ateieie | 36 | 32.63 | 31.12 | 1.51 IDE hyatel & sweyel ge” SS asausscoe nnosecopuoudogUDDOCanpoco aoc scone 40 13.70 13.51 19 Spring, 1914 | | Complete parsers tere oe ore ease Oe STE Sa soe eb oo | 506 | 26.93 | 24.72 2.21 ROCK=aAnG=pOtaSh, po aelacestaiese.ieterors|eteietc ayotnrcvatelolo)slolaicieteyoraieveraielestarayeyets 131 | 15.60 | 16.79 —1.19 Dissolved bone, oe wale wes || 4 27.28 | 26.75 | 1.02 Ground bone, .......--...- ses nate wise 2 30.15 31.43 —1.28 Dissolved rock, spell 30) 13.71 14.48 —.77 Fall, 1914 | | Completeness ed eae ea | 281| -22.64| ~—-20.88 | 1.81 ROCK ANCE D OLAS Hime weterctevereterecaierstetotetepeolers nici stcteictelere afete te lefereiele Nitrogen: | NTP PERLE SEC © oecesciacresecieiain'=!«telelolniste o cleisis/o(e em eiciaistokets m aiscelotercta alice aimensiayercl, ets (ere | 163 | 15 | 90.0 Ins aAmMoninmitSales: obec secede dete t sokaaee eek eigacicee ckiclestdae tae ae | 163 | 15% | 93.9 in;-dry and: fine, pround! fish;and DlOOd) csc. sae cwcs-se. ce! s oicciecemaecr } 223 22 27.7 Ingefines bone rand etsnkases F.. cas vscmae ccmete since ek demdeldseie cuca nacne | 214 21 97.6 INSCORESES DONC WANG) LATIKAR Cs. caicvscoclsie Mm aiore eidias «inc o sreuaicce/aiwiete ope 17% 17 97.2 Anes MIXEA GLELLIZELAs bc cielncieceicisieosirels cele cincw seis eisletetchicesic co aieleee o cine 193 19 97.5 Phosphoric acid: | | Wena) ROM BGS “Sr 5 cadnndossddcaocn soe dcuacusu do caeUuaD aisdbacboeabeces | 43 4 88.9 Gitrates soluble 1.20 soncscr meses ncaa cease inte een tee ee ene | 4 33 87.5 In fineseround sone, andrtanka ges oxcrae iis + a0c)-ltolcte nie lealclaclal cece seis | 4 4 100.0 in: coarse bone and Ftankages ance sat «sess cece tielate cievieicieracioutsee ein | 33 3% 100.0 In=mixed ‘fertilizers; Ansolubleso.).s5ckn soci e fas cee sledeiete nates conte ene | 2 2 100.0 Potash: Inicforms' free srrome MUP ates aac. sei at a cleriacmecte ws ecleeeieele eaiscineaee | 5 9% 190.0 PS TOMUTIALON torercts cretanctetetetectetateteorerelersiersofelateleveretdlelotoyese orate clercinte etal atets eters efe/olerace | 4 8% 212.5 Valuations in Pennsylvania For reasons stated on the previous page, the New England schedule has been followed in the case of mixed fertilizers and dissolved bones. In the case of the dissolved rocks, the wholesale prices of raw materials used in their manufacture and of the available phosphoric acid itself, having shown no material change, the values used in the Pennsylvania schedule for 1914 are continued for use during the pres- ent year. With respect to the potash and nitrate salts, the experience of re- cent years has shown a growing increase in the proportion of the of- ficial samples that represent direct cash purchases in large quantities. The result has been that the commercial valuations, based upon the conditions and costs of sale in small quantities, through local agents and on time, came to be, in a large fraction of the cases represented by these salts whose analyses are reported in the miscellaneous group, strikingly higher than the selling prices quoted. For this reason, it has appeared needful to proceed, hereafter, upon the assumption that all potash and nitrate salts sold wnmixed as such, have been pur- chased at what are virtually jobbers’ prices plus freight, and to adopt corresponding pound values. In the case, however, of potash and nitrogen in mixed fertilizers, the computation will be made as hereto- fore, upon the assumed basis of sale on time, in small quantities and through local dealers. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 513 Buyers who are interested in the comparative jobbing prices of other materials, will find the data in the-preceding pages. The entire schedule adopted for use in this State is presented in the following table: Pennsylvania Schedule of Values for Fertilizer Ingredients, 1915 Cents Per Pound ~ } i} Nitrogen: RAEN TO TTL MAD LL Sem coraielele cic cicras steeitee sits cae visfejsinisicincinioe wis/Sinieician'ege sicipidenisisice > ceietswiaisis e'nr'n 154 MTOM AGES ee re croiclesiaie wieis:ciivia’sie 15 In meat, dried blood, ete., .. Boon ania a siete 5 ae iF PAT ELT ENT AGUS SMe f erainid fac ctalc scythe crest alate 'aia’e.¢ Sielaln/elelpicicte Bio's chelviste oles 0 Mew sises sereacdnsada 19 In fine ground bone and tankage; In coarse bone and tankage, Phosphorie acid: eecan eee Se! POTTY OE AT LEE OER > 5 tare wip lace Ldisajae’ale o bpak-o 0 oie 0'e ejele-ncetnle: aqeinieisiee's 38.0 ole’s ‘ciwlaipiseieisie'bs 33 Oren ete EOC LCL UE PGE a een eatelaveielarmin’are ois feiaye\aial aca’siaverwinjac' slo's a(t sie?e\aseeiets 6 e w'ale\dieve wie e0 23 Insoluble in ammonium citrate, in bone fertilizers, ... 2 Insoluble in ammonium citrate, in rock fertilizers, .. 5 rae BE inwnne bone, stankage and’ fishs! 3.2. csccedeiice eddie ce cekeece Aone 34 24 9% In coarse bone and tankage, Potash: In high grade sulphate of other forms free from muriate, ............0.-eeeeeeeeeee Okt STRESS © pA oot coRce gp aeAGABOOOOOT nD Oba ad COBB ONUaE OOH SOOOD Son Ur Cason neSEepoeceseEtposce 82 FERTILIZERS ANALYSES JANUARY 1 TO AUGUST 1, 1915 Since January 1, 1915, there have been received from authorized sampling agents one thousand six hundred fertilizer samples, of which six hundred and ten were subjected to analysis. Preference was given to those which have not been recently analyzed. In cases where two or more samples representing the same brand were received, equal portions from several samples were united, and the composite sample was subjected to analysis. The samples analyzed group themselves as follows: 422 complete fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitorgen; 9 dis- solved bones, furnishing phosphoric .acid and nitrogen; 86 rock and potash fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 48 acidu- lated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 24 ground bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and 21 miscella- reous samples, which group includes substances not properly celassi- fied under the foregoing heads. The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2) Phosphoric acid—total and insoluble; the latter is, that portion not soluble in water nor in warm ammonium citrate solution (a solution supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon the fertilizer), which is assumed to have little immediate food value. By difference, it is easy to compute the so-called “available” phosphoric acid. (3) 33—6—1915 514 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. Potash soluble in water—most of that present in green sand marl and crushed minerals, and even some of that present in vegetable mater- ials such as cotton-seed meal, not being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling. (4) Nitrogen—This element is determined in such manner as to ascertain its total quantity and also, the quality of the organic nitrogenous material present in the finished fertilizer. The fertilizer is washed thoroughly with water, which removes the nitrates, ammonium salts and almost all of the cyanamid nitrogen, and the soluble organic nitrogenous materials. These are not separately determined but are grouped under the name “water-soluble nitrogen.” The quantity of water-insoluble nitrogen is directly determined, and by difference between its amount and the total nitrogen, the water-soluble nitrogen is calculated. Another portion of water-soluble material* is treated with alkaline potas- sium permanganate, which attacks the nitrogenous organic sub- stances present, and converts the more active portion into am- monia, which is distilled off, determined, and its nitrogen calcu- lated as “active insoluble nitrogen.” The “inactive insoluble nitro- gen” is then computed by substracting the active insoluble from the total insoluble nitrogen. The term “available nitrogen” as used in this report, is the sum of the water-soluble and the active insol- uble nitrogen. It is equivalent to the total niitrogen less the inactive insoluble nitrogen. In high grade organic nitrogenous materials, among which, from its behavior with this treatment, must be included horn meal, the percentage of inactive nitrogen in the insoluble nitrogen is usually under 40 per cent.; and the ratio of inactive to active insoluble nitrogen in such materials is usually less than 60:100. On the other hand, in the case of low-grade nitrogenous ma- terials, the proportions of inactive nitrogen are much higher. The separations effected by these methods are therefore of great value in distinguishing whether the insoluble nitrogen is derived from high grade materials, or from low grade substances such as garbage tank- age, peat, mora meal, uncidulted hair, leather, ete. There is, how- ever, one fertilizer ingredient rapidly coming into use, whose pres- ence may lead to erroneous conclusions, if judgment is based solely upon the facts ascertained by the foregoing method, namely, cyana- mid. This substance contains from 18 to 16.5 per cent. of nitro- gen, of which 12 to 14.7 per cent. is soluble in water, by the mode of treatment used in the alkaline permanganate method; and, of the 1.0 to 1.7 per cent. of water-insoluble nitrogen, less than one-fifth is active; so that the ratio of inactive to insoluble nitrogen is about 80:100. Owing to its tendency to reduce the availability of the vhosphoric acid in acid phosphate mixtures, limited quantities only of this ingredient can be used advantageously in mixed fertilizers. Nevertheless, in cases where low grade sources of nitrogen are in- dicated by the foregoing method, it would be needful to determine, by supplementary tests, whether or not cyanamid may be present to account for an undue proportion of inactive, insoluble nitrogen, before concluding that such excess of inactive nitrogenous material is attributed to low-grade nitrogenous constituents. It is desir- able to keep in mind at this point the fact also that certain widely used low-grade nitrogenous substances, such as garbage tankage, peat and mora meal, are not included in the list of substances whose *This determination has been omitted in all cases where the insoluble nitrogen is only 2 per cent. or less. i No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 515 act. (5) Chlorin—this determination is made to afford a basis for estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as chlorid or muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made on the assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has been in- troduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless there are cecasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin combines with 1.526 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; knowing the chlorin, it is therefore, easy to compute the potash equivalent thereto. (7) In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-division is determined by sifting through accurately made sieves; the cost of preparation and especially the promptness of action of bone in the soil depend very largely on the fineness of its particles, the finer being much more quickly useful to the plant. The legislation of 1909 has made needful some additional tests. Section 4, of the Act of May 1, 1909, prohibits the sale of “pulver- ized leather, hair, ground hoof, horns, or wool waste, raw, steamed, roasted, or in any form, as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of a fer- tilizer or manure, without an explicit statement of the fact.” All nitrogenous fertilizers have, therefore, been submitted to a careful microscopic examination, at the time of preparing the sample for analysis, to detect the presence of the tissues characteristic of the several materials above named. The act of April 28, 1909, makes it unlawful to use the word “bone” in connection with, or as part of the name of any fertilizer, or any brand of the same, unless the phosphoric acid contained in such fer- tilizer shall be the product of pure animal bone All fertilizers in whose name the word “bone” appears, were therefore examined by microscopic and chemical methods to determine, so far as possible with present knowledge, the nature of the ingredient or ingredients supplying the phosphoric acid. It is a fact, however, well known to fertilizer manufacturers and which should be equally understood by the consumre, that it is, in certain cases, practically impossible to determine the source of the phosphoric acid by an examination of the finished fertilizer. The microscope shows clearly the structure of raw bone, but does not make it possible to discriminate between thoroughly acidulated bone and acidulated rock. The ratio of nitro- gen to phosphoric acid in a raw bone—and only such bone as has not been deprived of any considerable proportion of its nitrogenous ma- terial by some manufacturing process can properly be called “pure animal bone”’—is about 1:8, in cases where the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen exceeds 8, it is clear that part, at least, of the phos- phorie acid has been supplied by something else than pure animal bone; but, inasmuch as nitrogen may have been introduced in some material other than bone and no longer detectable by the microscope, the presence of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the proportions cor- responding to those of bone is not proof positive that they have been supplied by bone. Finally, the differences in the iron and silica con- tent of bone and rock respectively, afford means of distinction useful in some cases; the usefulness of this distinction is limited, however, by the facts that kitchen bone frequently contains earthy impurities rich in iron and silica, and that earthy fillers can legally be used in fertilizers and are in fact considerably used therein both as “make- weights” and as “conditioners,” or materials introduced to improve 516 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. the drilling qualities of the goods. The fact that the phosphoric ‘acid in bone and rock are identical in character is probably so well known as to require no detailed consideration in this connec tion. The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the amount of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may put upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the guaran- ties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore, been deemed desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by the manufac- turer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such connection with the analytical results that the two may be compared. An un- fortunate practice has grown up among manufacturers of so word- ing the guaranty that it seems to declare the presence in the goods of an amount of valuable constituent ranging from a certain minimum to a much higher maximum; thus, “Potash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a guaranty not infrequently given. In reality, the sole guaranty is for 2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given for each brand in the following tables, are copied from the guaranties filed by the maker ‘of the goods with the Secretary of Agriculture, the lowest figure given for any constituent being considered to be the amount guar- anteed. For compactness and because no essentially important fact is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for soluble and reverted phos- phoric acid have not been given separately, but are combined into a single guaranty for available phosphoric acid; in cases where the maker’s guaranty does not specifically mention available phosphoric acid, the sum of the lowest figures given by him for soluble and re- verted phosphoric acid is used. The law of 1879 allowed the maker to express his guaranty for nitrogen either in terms of that element or ‘in terms of ammonia equivalent thereto; since ammonia is composed of three parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen, it is a very simple matter to calculate the amount of one, when the amount of the other is given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 1.214 will give the corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount -of ammonia multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount ‘of nitrogen. In these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen. The laws of 1901 and 1909 abolished the alternative and required that the quantity shall be given in terms of nitrogen. Many manufacturers, after complying with the terms of the law, insert additional items in their guaranties, often with the result of misleading or confusing the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items only that are given as the law requires and that are represented in these tables: No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 517 Summary of Analyses Made this Season | 2g | | 2 | 4 | r=) moe 2 4 = or) 8 g > - a 2 ra r=) F om | a = 3 See | ates | Bolte 5 ch tee el = 5 eo | Lis] iz 2 ss) a R | A c) PI DEM OL UNL UASEM h racie dgicivcieisiere Weld alticievctetenicistele osistslan' Viele a ele 422 86 9 48 24 LS TINE es TOMA COM Ls sis cinsciaciticic iste alciptalele otbibie'# eisib/ats » vic eaca’s)tjelafe(pin’> 7.89 8.06 5.91 7.99 3.52 Phosphoric acid: TUPI ora Oe ee aati AAD AGSHORIED o HOE SA TAC cre ears 10.66) 12.35 12.35 16.87 21.46 ALORS One ERs COM ben. wen vis ciciaerd state orale lals wie «a0 aleiaeinin Me tefets 9.\68 11.29 9.74 LSA f vive'ace Sates INGO IG PERM COM Get seit cera dis aie nie sie nisiaisiainttlsje sya oe/es santbie 1.51 1.06 2.61 T08 hcseaaee Rea REST TIO Kea COM Geyser alorvalsiera cierelet civ, fick sOvaheie ssatalovo's,worelavarsiatsiowlateiercje 3.05 Pe OT erocioac acm Mocoatacicel HeOROntAC AURIS EORTC TIM OC ILLS aul sic.cye/s/s/cle-clclzia\e’ateosjzra\eteraitnietele «ie\els/=/aca'sisteis's)s VEL ST aarpone EOL) crete sete 2.96 Mechanical analyses of bone: STE Agr Adige sf ep 5ododes GO 0 OnEEO ADDO EOe CCSD ASU BOE COREE oom LRAICTOPORT RICC ho Cr MOC meral Rasa acs 53 ROEM ee orck cle Hercincaie nists, cle s.v'sls onpein Beco elocerenSisiacednsisises | veces veel] de ceceee parotetels sie losaitetones 47 GIMMINENCIS ES VALUATION, | % 550/07 w10) < R re} 3} E 3 & g 5 ° _— _ oi Deficient in four constituents, ............0ceseseeeeeeeees 0 0 0) 0 | 0 Deficient in three constituents, 2 0 0} 0 0 Deficient in two constituents, 23 4 0 1 0 Deficien GAnse ONE HCONSHEDCIE oie cecctae sleleeiereso)=leletsicieletesnieleleteis’ ae 65 8 3 6 3 Total number of samples in which deficiencies occur, 30 12 | 3 | it 3 | ‘ The cases of deficiency noted during the past nine seasons in the composition of goods as compared with their guaranties, expressed in percentage of the total number of goods of each class analyzed, are as follows: Percentage of Deficiency, 1910-1915 j i} lege eerie | = = s| 2 | |= 2 sr] S | Kr 4 2 3 oo) Si Gligeass ca = 5 2 = c in| (Paces woes ee lfc ‘ 80 aaa || ek re Seeks |liey Sah Tels fs tl e Billete| aS), Seen) Se bee ee i} Ry S (=) a os i= a | a | & RB esis] Whee | & | n a a L ' t | { } | } Complete fertilizers, ........ 28.9 | 35.9 45.1 | 46.9 39.0 32.3 | 46.0 33.1 27.1 | 24.3 Dissolved -bone,: ............. 37.5 25.0 | 16.6 | 100.00! 50.0 | 50.0 66.7 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 33.3 Rocks and (potssh, sacneane = lin Doi es 37.0 | 27.1. | 43.4 | 33.6 26.4 | 46.0 | 26.7 | 35.8 14.0 Dissolved! “rock. Mest esc sec ce 4.3 6.3 5.9 11-9) [92-5 20.9 22.5 | °2323 18.9 | 14.7 Ground! Sbones wrote nsec 29.17 | 27.6 47.8 | 20.0 29.2 | 25.0 22.2 | 47.8 | 32.8 | 12.5 All classes except miscella- | | | | MCOUS?) Maaeuosose cee ena 26.5 | =3325 || 13837 -| 46:05 19386.0).| 30-4 35.0 | 32.0 | 28.0 | 19.6 ‘ | 2 ! The work of this season shows an unusually excellent conformity of composition to guaranty. A comparison of the average composition of all samples of com- plete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the average of the corresponding guaranties, for several seasons past, including those of this season, follows: No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Phosphoric acid: Aen © ot Sabre sense de pen CL OL CEOARTUC UGE DETLID IE RDICE CUB DCEREREOHERSOC AUCOUCSTOSEeAs PROMILA SUL Gs rchens (ah stacastteral ie eis reel ictp ad pteseeisl efapaiein’s sleeves n\cievelotmisievelnralelcreie siaiararel sth ateccteteialache So oe | Potash, BNTTMORPRTIE ier ais cts, cle scare talawe ais tye ejelees:Tielate Salatehehapeewreve Sis ispeie alee ale] siete ietais viatnintaisttere cll! nicietacter aie Fall, 1909 Phosphoric acid: | VOCE colo SAR OHRT AOC DEES CGC GOSDED TOD COCO CITGO JOC MOsO TOCReO CAE BeCcch ar noore tr SAC SRURS LLL Cte Arey ee crested sicteraPatrieia.e'eldi vie-a:ctb eis cietuin’e alae edocs eie'eid Sale ceo odes os aaleeebeegiec DESERT SSE) emMED ras tere cfetatcretntny Sorel chet alexa ere ofel i eic?s/ani= ete cis aleersicrsfoisieie’einiars/e-eisia'eve sielelereisteieneis, ances pieieiele setae SING ESThr BopertaspbO Ro CUBCOODUO OO CagOO CODEDUD OOD CO AanTOUCTO SOCOCDDOCOOREnGCotL meer ore Spring, 1910 Phosphorie acid: | BRO Tepe ee sche teacte Satara Scrat steretelcfoleascie's Seo els clersie is lords wisi sia lates e eis Sleiateos Be Sak dais oiele bi co waienb' es PN UEEH SUEDN Ce retetatalalctatelarsveratciaycfers te elas '= ais oiereicnalo’a,«ieietefejeseveisveictcievsfeleisieleie aie ciavsiejes Prarie toe sao IMsKDSIA. " spodaaSanconde shone O00 DBO EADDODOE GOOD 6 OODOOS OOOeCoDED REO vet on DOGCHDeCCE GPC anne SMEG stad) otro ototatac artes ciate caisioiate oicinieteiaiesc\oielaieiaynaleleloiercietsce’nieicie efeielpicieta@inislase opaisvatelereie.c nislere eieicie sie Phosphorie acid: Phosphorie acid: Weil, -sdeonsoohacoscnaonn cep su ORs 0 QO sOanoED boat osdoosb nad ope bodorbacD Co epeOdaooreS BALL PED EDL oparse ae ols inte wnvafa/-ravNate state atatetereis valclelereisiclave aies'« stator alelsiafela sialeaivale.slndaiesiestele sjeeenecte TPGHRSIN. \ngnene 556 Sado DOB SB OBOEe oC opood abuU spa boanbnbeS oF Hddbocoee Co muboUnobppSodunodercre | MSAIEsREES CEN MY Yeyave statetve er cfeverel ctstare XcTol ciara cistain ctarctescrste eialcicte) cfaTsveie\elereievelelalaye sictevetorare vere cfsrelelelevateiere « oinie Fall. 1911 . Phosphoric acid: | UNC OE eS Bona eC con aGene Available, IPYUISIOS dso 5 SAR BABGUS 0 OO SODSO? COFODOOCUDO ORES BD OCAcDRnOACBORD OS A ocOAneOoocCRoco camer a HS ETO PLOT Meee eter vstcrsiclccsta oeis’sCelavelsisie 6 oi sir-aieiele\ eile a cile’e ainveletsislelel eis ieleleleetcvejerslawie o/c cle svelsisis ive eleisie | Phosphorie acid: BURL S Uren PRemRredeN ts ray staat vet aNe etetst istesel ache latscctele ater aiate tae ticreie oierelerpre tisia sce. e die Gaaselele@iee ie ole. ayeiclere sche 8 | Available, LEWIS, Gopnosoteahammnoomoe boauoDcudbon de Goet ond SaUeeRNGROOd 6 COCS TSE COnnCOLUnoD Ono oor. | ININHE ASIC Zo ged biog USO G AD EGE DORR SSE USO EERIE DICTATE co CIOEIEIE aL EEIS Hie nC aan aE Phosphoric acid: ROU ea rae ateteeen sre Tae erect ccs chore ers Necstatay orate ake ois eis\tle(ayateleYe msToreysieYa sieve sie ereisiafeieieisie.viole's sie'd. siaje.elers JS GRU OIG Cs Wiser 6 BS So aaGc8io SOUR oe | S08 UL DEGOAN D ABO SG CORSO ACHOCH AS SEEE doc eecaaGeree | RSE ReRNSE dain teeter chet erator ratte ere tetas fcrcmhcreneraicia/orerare. o\e’e ree chala'e le diet eioseicle Cova palo dceel.e vee beseee NU AREAS | Ge CoS oceee Ca baue bas SOC CBA OP AB BC BOOUGUCET DDC DOBeCC CBOE OMDESOMerCCCSSCObErenod Phosphorie acid: USWA oo 3Sbos- cc COUTRE costa 506 CAL OOo a GUD CULO COCEHAOS JUULRDOCOCDCGOOSECS OnE COCr NCOs Available, IROtAST eda. saa teste sacis =A INEINIGEDINS Bad oo oda ee die OOGo GA COTEE DORE COOC DADA CUMEGdS CO OSTONERO AO CANAD De OCAEaCooacn Phosphorie acid: PEt ss eae ecie cet et terete cate totetcia ete efois/ere(aie eid miateitinrs eters oe nialateicleta!s, a.c.oje(sterslslalelclalnje's ounisieieiein sie malec MASTERED SM ce ircrcreae crake eee eosin nisteaie an els ec ciate soossondccabgesnobacasopcadcopanan ERMA NS Rear eye yay. re cre raise rada trai clave. alavarsieie alate(oiel nie) risieVe’eidiwivlolel ele ele oe. viele s s eisai else caiee sis eijeiaeie he DS?) SYERIEL, 6 Cog pacino dane dps Or See nn alice oo Ob GOOD UCU AROS CIE CODUCODDCO SOON CCODROCUOLGA Phosphoric acid: PANE) etl imme Pn aya atte atere cleo Warm eeeelice mat matioiele wis. cis Wei cieiclaslscicie oc te,ceive vee wen ee.cue Available, POUgsnie cas. ss - i INTtrOzen sy s.s5--- SE Average Composition and Guaranty Compared Per Average composition. cent. Hie 9% top CO cD ht oT00 GO MeO; morm~p HM poo miorm to Per Average composition. 519 cent. Hime 52U ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. Hi | ha 7] vo fy Ay r=] a ° ° a +S % = = ° ° = a F | g ° } o is) f & Ee eg veo oo ro ro 4 < Fall, 1914 | | Phosphorie acid: | IOC cteyee Sere tare atrvee ime cploTals 0 18 arvialn, viens cree (on inins choke (arnt ine ater mM elaiohe eta Mier chobicine s aiaeieE waa | 9.84 | 9.25 PANVATI ADIOS a5 tetas tactic closets © sleie/aia ore eisisiclere! stele eh elatnia ctaraitiolcvebelelois lntore nromieie eietarcin scometeaanioe }) So erate 8.00 PAO BS Tea cele eset rciets ela talosidove a Piero sscle cas isis sslovatcisiaie oleselciersjetevevomrreperacotrectele ctessidiale cinvctarcte oietstortoiccietn ers | 3.42 2.99 INGER OE Ons Roe toe ee are' face ens eis Sar avo Spal evs hehe Sial crc ateoiabom ig lm arciaeiolesclors tpn aisle dehetenveoeeee | 1.29 | 1.27 Spring, 1915 | Phosphorie acid: | | Do tabs Le tetesaechs srbic hs ser Sa rem aan weenie Sra eetaia sot wcauslale See nick eats aoc elek ng eee 10.56 | 9.34 JAN aL ATG sh See Sa eb eats estate lctesetoratever a wicteraiola ovelehote, ola Stepelapeny lar ciate fc areterats ain es ere teleiete eerie erereloye | 9.05 | 8.00 LELO| NEN sn oneco pe acon oeOnoES Coadaandodbsdadedds akecas ob ADapodaode pocbonone Sndodhoas 3.05 3.12 | 1.82 INGCPO SON oie clean close a cists oleeroisiela]atetets ole Geticie chlnie/[nieicls eine olctaleitiess\eisievelels is wielete sisiginve oe eiticeree | 1.95 | MATERIALS USED IN FERTILIZERS. The sampling agents report no case of declaration under the re quirements of Section 4 of the fertilizer law, nor has microscopic ex- amination shown any decisive evidence of the presence in any fer- tilizer of more than accidental traces of any of the substances speci- fied in that section. On the other hand the results of the examination of the condition of the nitrogen in the complete fertilizers by the alkaline perman- ganate method affords much that is suggestive. To keep the tables down to convenient size, the percentages of ac- tive insoluble nitrogen found have been omitted. They can be com- puted, however, from the figures given, by deducting from the total iitrogen the sum of the soluble and the inactive insoluble nitrogen. The ratio which the active insoluble bears to the inactive insoluble nitrogen being the principal indication the method as here used gives respecting the character of the organic nitrogenous ingredients of the fertilizer, the index letters, ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘ec’ (or equivalent charac- ters) have been affixed to the percentages of inactive insoluble nitro- gen, to indicate the ratios between the active and inactive insoluble in the several samples. Cases in which the active constitutes three- fifths or more of the insoluble are marked ‘a’; two-fifth to three- fifths, ‘b’, and less than two-fifths ‘ce’. The New England Stations use the terms ‘good,’ ‘doubtful’ and ‘poor’ for these respective classes of cases. Of the 233 samples examined this season, 62 belong to class ‘a’, 192 to ‘b’, and 22 to ‘c’. If is needful to keep clearly in mind the meaning of the index ‘c’ as thus applied. Its presence does not suffice to indicate that the No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 521 fertilizer contains no readily available nitrogen, but merely that part or all of the insoluble nitrogen is derived from low-grade sources, barring cases in which cyanamid is one of the fertilizer ingredients. These low grade materials may be such as are listed in Section 4 of the law, or others in common use, such as garbage tankage, peat or mora meal; and they may, if of animal origin, have had their nitro- genous material changed almost entirely to an available condition by ‘wet mixing,’ which has, however, little improving effect upon the nitrogenous constituents of garbage tankage and mora meal, and little more upon those of peat. The use of such low-grade materials is either to make the fertilizer less likely to become sticky or lumpy, or to supply nitrogen from material that would otherwise be wholly thrown to waste. The use of ‘conditioners’ for the former purpose is, in itself, desirable rather than objectionable; but becomes obnoxious and unjust wheu the nitrogen they contain in unavailable form is made the basis of a charge at high rate to the buyer. The use also of low-grade and therefore cheap nitrogen supplies whose nitrogen has, by chemical treatment, been made useful for plant-food, is laudable provided the materials are sold for what they are. In cases where the inactive insoluble nitrogen forms a large frac- tion of the total nitrogen, and is marked by the index ‘c, and where also the guaranty does not exceed the available nitrogen by an amount equal to most of the ‘inactive, and the selling price, corrected for freight difference, is not considerably less than that asked for fertili- zers of like general composition but supplying nitrogen derived from high-grade goods such as bear the index ‘a’ or even ‘b’ there is reason to believe that the buyer is being subjected to unfair treatment. Section 1 of the Fertilizer Law of 1909 requires that the guaranty for a fertilizer shall state ‘the percentage such fertilizer contains of nitrogen in an available form.’ It is, however, by no means clear that the term ‘available, as used in the law, means precisely the same thing that is meant by the term when used to designate the sum of water soluble and active insoluble nitrogen, as determined by the present method. For some nitrogenous fertilizer ingredients always regarded as of high grade, such as dried blood, meat tankage, and cottonseed meal, contain a considerable fraction of inactive insol- uble nitrogen when examined by this method. Until further notice, therefore, the law will not be construed to require that the amount of nitrogen guaranteed shall not exceed that present in a form that will appear as ‘available’ by the alkaline permanganate method now in use. In many of this season’s samples, however, the quantity of nitro- gen thus available is found equal to the percentage guaranteed. On the average, the ‘available’ nitrogen found was 1.59 per cent., the total, 1.95 that guaranteed, 1.82 per cent. 522 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. FERTILIZERS ANALYSES AUGUST 1 TO DECEMBER 381, 1915. Since August 1, 1915, there have been received from authorized sampling agents eight hundred and fifty-four fertilizer samples, of which three hundred seventy-one were subjected to analysis. Prefer- ence was given to those which have not been recently analyzed. In cases where two or more samples representing the same brand were received, equal portions from several samples were united, and the composite sample was subjected to analysis. The samples analyzed group themselves as follows: 2383 complete fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 33 dis- solved bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 47 rock-and- potash fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 39 acidu- lated rock phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 19 ground bones, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and 7 miscellaneous samples, which group includes substances not properly classified under the foregoing heads. The determinations to which a compleie fertilizer is subjected are as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2) Phosphoric acid—total and insoluble; the latter is that portion not soluble in water nor in warm ammonium citrate solution (a solution supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon the fertilizer), which is assumed to have little immediate food value. By difference, it is easy to compute the so-called “available” phosphorie acid. (3) Potash soluble in water—most of that present in green sand marl and crushed minerals, and even some of that present in vegetable mate- rials such as cotton-seed meal, not being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling. (4) Nitrogen—This element is determined in such a manner as to ascertain its total quantity and also, the quality of the organic nitrogenous material present in the finished fertilizer. The fertilizer is washed thoroughly with water, which removes the nitrates, ammonium salts and almost all of the cyanamid nitrogen, and the soluble organic nitrogenous mate- rials. These are not separately determined, but are grouped under the name “water-soluble nitrogen.” The quantity of water-insoluble nitrogen is directly determined, and by difference between its amount and the total nitrogen, the water-soluble No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 523 nitrogen is calculated. Another portion of water-insoluble ma- terial* is treated with alkaline potassium permanganate, which attacks the nitrogenous organic substances present, and converts the more active portion into ammonia, which is distilled off, determined and its nitrogen calculated as “active insoluble nitrogen.” The “inac- tive insoluble nitrogen” is then computed by subtracting the active in- soluble from the total insoluble nitrogen. The term “available nitro- gen” as used in this report, is the sum of the water-soluble and the ac- tive insoluble nitrogen. It is equivalent to the total nitrogen less the inactive insoluble nitrogen. In high grade organic nitrogenous mater- ials, among which, from its behavior with this treatment, must be included horn meal, the percentage of inactive nitrogen in the insolu- ble nitrogen is usually under 40 per cent.; and the ratio of inactive to active insoluble nitrogen in such materials is usually less than 60 :100. On the other hand, in the case of low-grade nitrogenous ma- terials, the proportions of inactive nitrogen are much higher. The separations effected by these methods are therefore of great value in distinguishing whether the insoluble nitrogen is derived from high grade materials, or from low grade substances such as garbage tank- age, peat, mora meal, unacidulated hair, leather, etc. There is, however, one fertilizer ingredient rapidly coming into use, whose presence may lead to erroneous conclusion, if judgment is based solely upon the facts ascertained by the foregoing method, namely, eyanamid. This substance contains from 13 to 16.5 per cent. of ni- trogen, of which 12 to 14.7 per cent. is soluble in water, by the mode of treatment used in the alkaline permanganate method; and, of the 1.0 to 1.7 per cent. of water-insoluble nitrogen, less than one-fifth is active; so that the ratio of inactive to insoluble nitrogen is about 80 :100. Owing to its tendency to reduce the availability of the phosphoric acid in acid phosphate mixtures, limited quantities only of this ingredient can be used advantageously in mixed fertilizers. Nevertheless, in cases where low grade sources of nitrogen are in- dicated by the foregoing method, it would be needful to determine, by supplementary tests, whether or not cyanamid may be present to account for the undue proportion of inactive, insoluble nitrogen, before concluding that such excess of inactive nitrogenous material is attributable to low-grade nitrogenous constituents. It is desir- able to keep in mind at this point the fact also that certain widely used low-grade nitrogenous substances, such as garbage, tankage, peat and mora meal, are not included in the list of substances whose presence requires specific declaration under Section 4 of the Fertilizer act. 5) Chlorin—this determination is made to afford a basis for estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as chlorid 9 *This determination has been omitted in all cases where the insoluble nitrogen is only .2 per cent. or less. 524 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. or muriate, usually the cheaper source. The computation is made on the assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has been in- troduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless there are occasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin combines with 1.326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; knowing the chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equivalent thereto. (7) In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-division is determined by sifting through accurately made sieves; the cost of preparation and especially the promptness of action of bone in the soil depend very largely on the fineness of its particles, the finer being much more quickly useful to the plant. The legislation of 1909 has made needful some additional tests. Section 4, of the Act of May 1, 1909, prohibits the sale of “pulverized leather, hair, ground hoof, horns, or wool waste, raw, steamed, roasted, or in any form, as a fertilizer, or as an ingredient of a fertilizer or manure, without an explicit statement of the fact.” All nitrogenous fertilizers have, therefore, been submitted to a careful microscopic examination, at the time of preparing the sample for analysis, to detect the presence of the tissues characteristic of the several materials above named. The act of April 23, 1909, makes it unlawful to use the word “bone” in connection with, or as part of the name of any fertilizer, or any brand of the same, unless the phos- phoric acid contained in such fertilizer shall be the product of pure animal bone. All fertilizers in whose name the word “bone” appears, were therefore examined by microscopic and chemical methods to determine, so far as possible with present knowledge, the nature of the ingredient or ingredients supplying the phosphoric acid. It is a fact, however, well known to fertilizer manufacturers and which should be equally understood by the consumer, that it is, in certain cases, practically impossible to determine the source of the phos- phoric acid by an examination of the finished fertilizer. The micro- scope shows clearly the structure of raw bone, but does not make it possible to discriminate between thoroughly acidulated bone and acidulated rock. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphoric acid in a raw bone—and only such a bone as has not been deprived of any consid- erable proportion of its nitrogenous material by some manufacturing process can properly be called “pure animal bone’—is about 1 :8. In cases where the ratio of phosphoric acid to nitrogen exceeds 8, it is clear that part. at least, of the phosphoric acid has been supplied by something else than pure animal bone; but, inasmuch as nitrogen may have been introduced in some material other than bone and no longer detectible by the microscope, the presence of nitrogen and vhosphoric acid in the proportions corresponding to those of bone is not proof positive that they have been supplied by bone. Finally. No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURBD. 525 the differences in the iron and silica content of bone and rock re spectively, affords means of distinction useful in some cases; the usefulness of this distinction is limited, however, by the facts that kitchen bone frequently contains earthy impurities rich in iron and silica, and that earthy fillers can legally be used in fertilizers and are in fact quite often used therein both as “makeweights”’ and as “conditioners”, or materials introduced to improve the drilling qual- ities of the goods. The fact that the phosphoric acid in bone and rock are identical in character is probably so well known as to require no detailed consideration in this connection. The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the amount of certain valuble ingredients present in any brand he may put upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the guar- anties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore, been deemed desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by the tnanufacturer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in such connection with the analytical results that the two may be com- pared. An unfortunate practice has grown up among manufacturers of so wording the guaranty that it seems to declare the presence in the goods of an amount of valuable constituent ranging from a certain minimum to a much higher maximum; thus, “Potash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a guaranty not infrequently given. In reality, the sole guaranty is for 2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given for each brand in the following tables, are copied from the guaranties filed by the maker of the goods with the Secretary of Agriculture, the lowest figure given for any constituent being considered to be the amount guaranteed. For compactness and because no essentially important fact is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for soluble and reverted Phosphoric acid have not been given separately, but are combined into a single guaranty for available phosphoric acid; in cases where the maker’s guaranty does not specifically mention available phos- phoriec acid, the sum of the lowest figures given by him for soluble and reverted phosphoric acid is used. The law of 1879 allowed the maker to express his guaranty for nitrogen either in terms of that - element or in terms of the ammonia equivalent thereto; since am- monia is composed of three parts of hydrogen and 14 parts of ni- trogen, it is a very simple matter to calculate the amount of one, when the amount of the other is given; the amount of nitrogen mul- tiplied by 1.214 will give the corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount of ammonia multiplied by 0.824 will give the correspond- ing amount of nitrogen. In these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen. The laws of 1901 and 1909 abolished the alternative and required that the quantity shall be given in terms of nitrogen. Many manufacturers, after complying with the terms of the law, insert additional items in their guaranties, often with the result of 526 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. misleading or confusing the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items only that are given as the law requires and that are presented in these tables: The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composi- tion observed this season, including only those cases in which an asterisk has been affixed, were as follows: Summary of Instances of Deficiency from Guaranty. i ! Zz | vo . & a S| es i d 4 5 ra 8 S Pi C= a =) a a 2 | = 3 3 3 calves z Ba a ry S [wre 4 @ z B o ° o) = pA 2) [om A = o Deficient in four constituents, Al 0 0| | (1) Deficient in three constituents, . 1 0 0) 0 | 0 Deficient in two constituents, ae 14 | 3 2} 1 1 Deficient in one constituent, ................-5-. | 58 | 12 11 | 3 | 6 Total number of samples in which deficiencies | | | OC CUT are sieletete otote ereieie ctl disloteletereintlereleserasiecieisiaicianslerereiers 68 | 15 13 | 4 7 The cases of deficiency noted during the past nine seasons in the composition of goods as compared with their guaranties, expressed in percentage of the total number of goods of each class analyzed, are as follows: Percentage of Deficiency, 1911-1915. ° a : 4 C Bl ale] (|B 1418 ioe a ra 8 _ a - cs . mn . - nw . SEL GIMEet a ot ofelatelererstesernislafoletarcic rcieinie ereic niersiniisieiein vieieraieicunisimieiclnss eictersis sie teia bioetaaie ctawsraerneeh sicisere Spring, 1912. Phosphoric acid: | EES Pree e co eiv Sos ote is Sete sialon s 23 Sele e eee aes ecewnes Rae ORSON aOR OA COREE SOR AC SEO: PAY EUAN ENING Gia aie farolofatols|s aio, n)51=\-\eLe\07=|vi« sleloi=I=is|slelcie «|elelelnja'wisisle\ove wininisie cow e's «\apicie/s eels «\01e\s sfole sieieie ROLLERS Ue Velcieltinis cicletcisteisinie nis cieiale/nveivicitio'c isle tepatele Gibiniel\einla[einteleipin casei sin(atalssalejela e/a/eiei aiarein erers @yeialasaie etele | BNISAtasGd SE ESTE GM Toho ta et etps als c}ale a) efo¥e eho/s\e.sle/=i sisis oialeiaistesaloteleja|a(nierelsisiefelalasaveinsete visimiate clelele ever ovs ieiweveiove,otete eile Phosphoric acid: ; INCHES poop dgdgaocsodooononéBasoonsoD ob dodbapdane poosedsoons sbodcHHEdbaccusundascoaEnns PASAT aS LO wiaarstalarstofara ctoleielalelere ce clare cleleisielsteialoiciereccloreieiaiciele wlersisistercierelucearsisiestetiomsercininte sicictee e olele Potash, ...s.eseeeeeeseeeeeeeee Gee ease eee Oe Sieh tie alate Raita ale Aawcltamtee ee oleae bie INERT Ti pematetotsteteteistarsiniel-\efaiciescic sisicveriore siaicvelale arevets luistalstarers¥siate iotarersisiaiciecs w/aceeiemieelcicisarecrecei Cie Spring, 1913. Phosphorie acid: SPARE Ta Lamiietelotetetstatcleleleteloivicis cletelalsieleiel-faicloieielovercievelelaicieia'eiefeista(cleisicie/e/e ridenSddéconcadabugesnadoad PACU LILO stare cfoleiolalcieictetelersioteleietsiclcloleleiete elcistaieivisteisiclela/ejelvieidiaetsis;rieieinielersieiels. cieisieinieia elses elaielsictele | SEES Hy talelsieisloleisistelalaioia(eis(a(s\+ cic jab odpiLdbudo Adobo ooonUDEdGoooanoane oconbucbedubOOr natadocnde MMOS 600 c0CCOS BOO COCOUSAABEC CODE OS DCBRDA CCC roe erect ean SHOR eae ines oem Fall, 1913. Phosphorie acid: PRG EAM ttcistiotere ciate oleiciarclaie sielsisiaisievelelsisieysie sreicisieleie ior sizrate alates eystolers inmate staves oicreis is s aleiere sieteters PARTI TBLOnteneeteaicicie ieticce cate enicloie erers wlcicloiciareiatole sieve clewsieverelels cisiets wicisierevvels siete ciee'eeitoreec elses POLAR itirpicicalsicispise\sicicececisc ccesivcee Rfarsteloletetetetetcleisieteieleeieieictercicfaretereinicieleletoicts cieietnisie mioectemieieiniere POT ERe IS CML Mete elainiaterctelerelelelctcinisteiaiaiersielavetateleleisieveieieisleielste sicislalelcloisielelaievelaiaisicie elesiaeiaicre ciaieis cieToisleiersieie Phosphoric acid: THRID, sono cagoed Codondabonbppddccboot nodedt ocobaabuonsudduanapdoadacdcnnodGsEScoOnsDs PASVATITAIDIOS © cceicicie oicivicie o'sievcjere Reteteteleleteete eteteiste ataietetesetelecaivicieiarcicts etstetsicle iaisicieieielcisiaisinieisicretnicie EES DESL sieeve cloie cisieisia\sleteie(e nls/ole(e\asars aye NeNe aiovs Pele eioloicleremoveis’s eietate oles einleereitcibie ie wisisivlsisisieve Sect nehisle SSIS SET emetetetetetete te a eTalei slots oteYeim orci efete tere o crete eiare’olereteleieletelviels/eis/otele cel (cielcie/ete\aislofels eisieie slewsie'rlejnicteieis eve Phosphorie acid: Total, ..qeesecserees Corr er cere cence ser eceesee centres ener ssesesenteesnatoeessetecseces PAM AINE) Le umetetateieteiatateleetetevaletevatoielaleteiavelerelelsteteretaleletsic\sinisie/slel=/~iejs|siniaatalel«l<.siele’~\w’eie\clsisielsieisle.cjeiele Potash, 0.6. ANGIE Se CLUS oe clot elatesate elclalelalela(iaie\slelsicteie/elviols s{elelcie'sls\e sivinicis|e e sisiv\siciaie vie el oisieic\.nielais Spring, 1913. Phosphoric acid: POUCH SG ely ele ist tininteleicieie!sle\e\cie oie «is .| BNL SEN sie olarelasleialerarcieieiela)= vin clelele sole c)e oiclcleielpjsicleicisicleieinsivie cineltinisis'eisinjecincleicivic ssc vieecceitisices Fall, 1915. Phosphoric acid: REAM spe ccincieicisievclsisiejeie( se10 supaadoonbccadoconnougapooodedea PACU Sa Le seam rate rricieioteie sietoieieleceisieeinre s cfeicte ciciele cibjclolejsisicreie civicis ie LECEELN aseqg000 SADC OU GOD CGUDORDOORODSUDOC GL OgOnr Oopcdcsiogor INIEROZEN, (ccs cc cccc cc cere ccc cess cinaccescuesiemsvccrecesecrinntssitececcvcecs Per Average guaranty. cent. Per Average guaranty. cent. eerie SEas reels BROS FaSesose Slag Hoc Sass eae RSES I togor Faeroe SSSR Soar reo mw OH ow CRS eae nese 528 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce. A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as follows: Summary of Analyses Made This Season. a isl oO S a = = a 3 i) + 3g B 8 3 4 = 2 5 8 2 : 3 3 ie ia a = ES z ra i ) ° 2! | © a a ° (o) fo} _ _ Me .é) [ext Qa Q o ee : NMI DELO LAMA SCS series) -te cleleineieirelniei Ceiclsisielele ec lelelaisinieleterecrsiers 238 | 48 32 39 21 MOIS ture Seperncenits mcr mecirlcccs socciire aca eeiceeeeneeneieter en | reine eeicoeeme Wescconeen | |cececond | osct ons. Phosphorie acid: PotaloMperecentarenscmescmcseke cee eee eae 10.41 12.07 12.35 16.02 23.03 AV AUT ADIN as Soe mretiaarciorcisnim ciclo miaciersieisien eiciaincrelaraiemoenisiartons pial 11.08 | 10.32 B Cel BS 8) Rgessice in EN SOLUS saan Ne revs store sieie s nieieieie ciate oie nice sd wR ee oe 1.30 | 99 | 3.08 89)" miele alan ROCA SHG 1 fotetiste svi 2.5 vielal ob /aletelaie meisiclecive eis saaisiee eo eEtioeen soicmmemeT 1.94, VEST 2| Vissice'sine, || Mec cetieechitteeeeee NEO EN | Bic wcoscccesciaess seweccsnsssecsoasaciesscseebenee seme 1.28 | ...---e. LSU acretestoe 3.13 Mechanical Analyses of Bone: LILO parole lol sfeleicie = cieteinipelelereie ete erayelevejatevotsteicte'e cis lors's ciateels|oto'er=ielepll Ricie ielcictaioal aye coreieietaieallieeieraeisieleet | eesti OATS OM areielelsfolera stata ia cleleraleisinlelelalsiele!alclefereles eiei stale sieieieieisienreta sieteiaall Me stole etree | seceeeee | ceccecee | wee eeees 48 Gommerciale valuation eesttsecseeeces-ecee se seeecesee eee 23.13) 15.75| 18.32] 13.41| 98.56 Average Selling epricelmecscocsdssancecssesoncmeesceten sens 21.79 16.89 21.52 13.83 32.79 The potash stringency due to the European war, has resulted in a further decrease in the amounts of potash salts used in mixed ferti- lizers. The average potash percentages, commerical valuations and selling prices, for the brands analyzed in the Fall Season, of 1918, 1914 and 1915, are as follows: 1913. 1914. 1915. : 4 4 £ ‘Ss $ ° © ° a a a o = 3 : a b=] S a ee 8 s a . a A 2} 8] 8 30) ee 12) i= iS) & oO i=] | | | | Potash) MermsCent: .) dascsadevisssciecacice cs sco cee opts 4.28 4.70 3.42 3.56 1.94 1.87 Commercial valuations, ...........--..-++- Scant $24.36 $16.85 $22.64 $15.42 $23.13 $15.75 AVETAP OL SELMAN E DDICE, | claleisisicijeeisics weet aianaecen $21.52 $16.25 $20.83 $15.21 $21.79 $16.89 There is a steady decrease in the brands on the market in which potash continues to be as part of the mixture. There is, however, no great increase in the prices asked for the potash used. The remarkable increase in the number of brands appearing under the heading “Dissolved Bone” is doubtless due to the present potash scarcity. It will appear, upon an examination of the brand names of No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 529 this group, that many of these fertiliers are not sold as “dissolved bone” strictly. The grouping has been temporarily enlarged to in- clude all fertilizers, not containing potash, that furnish available phos- phoric acid and nitrogen. It is of interest to note how closely the series of valuations based upon the wholesale price of raw materials in the principal markets during the most important buying season and upon certain average allowances for expenses and profits on the part of the mixer and jobber, coincides with the retail prices later ascertained. A compari- son for several seasons past is given below: Comparison of Selling Price and Valuation, 1911-1915. =| ions =f = he 2 a a g i 7 = SS a & ey te eo) n & 5 es o Cc Kuo DR > 3 0s 1 a ee Pecos ee ea Complete fertilizers ro Re 24.97 25.95 .98 21.73 22.33 -61 1912, 27.64 27.24 —.40 1913, 25.08 26.44 1.36 21.92 24.36 2.44 1914, 24.72 26.93 2.21 20.83 22.64 1.81 1915, 25.50 28.45 2.95 21.79 23.13 1.34 Dissolved bone: MESSER EAE Seat cteteatcrata footie atete nial claves e/olatsleyctatojeioteie(ersislarelalerore’« seleivie © wyorsiclsisteisiejole 20.83 23.82 3.49 Re ctor ate U hats cicleceenee oie ole > nfainiciminiels eieve sleletarslol sin arin .io le bix'a's ateis'a\e's/etnle 24.88 21.51 —3.37 PRE SOM wis ate ctatareicetctetls afeiato bs ela’ )ols)\e\sie'<= elelelnisieleielelajelels(='>/= 20.94 18.92 2.82 DE SMR OME ea /afeleaserercimisisiela' diate jastoyoforayaietarwic\einlelalaicias.aye eleleleiplefels c\elele.evalofeie’s s.6iq 18.55 21.63 3.08 RS PMN erase ees io cai inn 6 nm ola. S'e/m led dnl veh cisiajeisivin ciple Win'n\e vist cislaineln'ein(ainin\.sie'e 24.75 24.26 —.49 ISTh. Sipmiivee 645 socgdcnasaoneoansede Cnadeso Adv osbbnoveD sc eupadpporedapas 26.25 27.28 1.0 BLY eae teera ais iete tare eiaie «(oi staie avelelaraiuiele «iwicleloieielelalae|s/alclclaleiefereletefeictete!slele nieisisie'e!e 16.05 19.02 2.97 EPR ey a ISS IE LITE gute cinisiaie civisieinis|sieie.a siulele’a/cloielo.e cis\sje ee elcie)e/e)sselo\elal=is)eleletels SOCOSURDOSE 24.69 24.30 —.30 USD EN Seley lejnse)evaiciei=iein) aeie\arere’nl cterairiv'a)a(ele,0)e7aielojnloielern[=in =/«/eloto/c infoloialalnia-sivictele|elys 21.52 18.32 —3.20 Rock and potash: ASTI STIS coc ciwieicies vier valu cielo» oeinjojeielviowis * minjeleie s)e.e\s/e.ee «\v.vjaieieie 0 0\01n/0 010 8100 17.6 15.99 —1.06 SSRN Ue a nie] erates= evaterainlats nia e\e/efule'e\n/a/atelei¥io\e]a\«.sls'els[e\ele\a}6l0,01s/s)0\s\els vicleleie'e.o\s/e10 ole 16.5 16.07 —.18 DOTS IT LNI oso ainln nies is ere sie (ojala! v/ale nelv’ els (eieie{o) ato)» /viefoj=,elnie(e\ejais\=\s/nlvjaisivies «/sieis (e's 18.17 16.26 —1.91 BELO A Pom IVTLTIG Oe fac .0+ce cee 370 RHA GHORGH OE. ,. Report on “Apiary sasciscecistee sec case ole eine ta eee 195 REANY, JAMES E., Address of welcome, Normal Institute, ................. 226 RICH, PROF. JAMES E., A definite program in breeding for egg productin, 279 ROCKWELL, PROE.,. Address} Normal*institute ge Pf. 5. 1: 00 et eios. ce sale 263 Ss SEEDS, ROBERT! S*, Address; Normal ‘Institutes easeseccc to oceans 239 SPARKS, DR Address, State Board of Agriculture, GSEs SPST A Pee 414 STOUT, Wk. Report of Agricultural Geologist,arasiadind... och ch cd eldeleee 462 No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. STUDHOLMHD, B. A., Report of Committee on Fruit and Fruit Culture,..... SURFACE, PROF. H. A. (Economic Zoologist): Report of, Office work, AGL aa Wy ODK: ci Sener Rin rtecis os cts elevate pinto, acdS- AUN acral qe Nuwuleyeid p's is ved hae dviewer nag vers Report of apiary inspection, Report of Entomologist, PEA a A MG OO ee ee Oe ee he ee ee i ar a a ea i ae Dae Raat Lede e scar eWe es ssp un iw ees nevsesreceVecsns 66's SREP SCR Cer He seneenedteGeneaceseesasewedesereesorreseeeseorsere ee ee ee ee Ce eC a ae re er ee a AW THROOP, W. F., Report of Committee on Livestock, TYSON, C. J., Report of Pomologist, i ee ee i ar Ww WAMBOLD, ae ee of Committee on Dairy and Dairying,............ a a ital PROE. , The Pennsylvania Experiment Station, its work and SS eM PM Se Tere cay sick MR Sioa aie, igre alee ae fe s iorew £8 Be dive ves Rane omedbibeG swale vo’ WIBLE, L. W. (Statistician): IRGnOIE Ola SeBeiocic bao Oe bee TCR COCOA OTG DESEO rn oor the ee aC ra an Be mere SOMO MCTGMAVES COCKE ED OLUS A syatorstalelei eres TERM Diol oo Se wie AIDA dds Ochs) cfoberane see a. UTM GULCO Meee eee els aiden aPei arava) sioie:o Jolacielug sein ela cana soto biskhistaet. sidaskle otew op hrs WILLIAMS, IRVIN C., Report on Forests and Forestry, WOODWARD, J. A., Report on Roads and Road Laws, ......:....c.esecee- WITTMAN, W. THEO., Forty popular varieties of poultry, Report of Committee on Poultry, ee a ee Ce OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. No. 6. INDEX BY SUBJECTS A Addresses: Page. Address of welcome, Normal Institute, James EH. Reany, .................. 226 Address of welcome, Normal Institute, Hon. R. C. McMasters, .......... 227 Address of welcome, Normal] Institue, J. T. Campbell, .................... 22. Response to addresses of welcome, Normal Institute, Hon. A. L. Martin, 231 Address\ Normal einstituteswels ow . laghty-snas mcm eines ee eee eee 234 Address Normaliminstitutesrits. (SiS GedS) wijessmisiciseiscieeleicvinrecce cetiaeie en ieehte 239 NddressseNormaleinsttutes ©. .C. ulsart) oc ccaessscecermabieicciniseeenennee 243 Address;) Normal institutes Prof. Rockwell e245, ce tcaccct.. one ecan naan 263 Address, State Board of Agriculture, Governor Brumbaugh,................ 395 Address, State Board of Agriculture; Dre (Sparks) -scccceciincce-cieee nie 414 Agrieultures PepoOrt Ona SCCLetariyis) aie eioieieleyeleXoieielnleleieieiel epelefololeleisier se teetertaic i te erates i Twentieth Century cpr WL ems h. ste vores srevelons cysts saicrcratelotelatesoisietetereiaclen are iaie eee ea 3 Workidone-by thesD partment Bureaus) ccc-lciscscieiieceteicntenateeriieeiet 86 Bindsvand their rel ations tO) sa/aysje:<;0'osesossre-ciere ce eisyeranctelerayekelareseekrekeeelee ee eee eee 337 Agriculture and ‘the publics schools), tuk sete sets ste ciate. cicletveteicis ochaye oietole data eee 249 Problems facing, agricultural leaders’; \-t.seciiecic aicrcle.c cd clclelerels jee Oi oii ee 251 Types Of SECON ALY: ISCHOOS/s 272 ferais