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FROM

Che Regents of the University,

EX-OFFICIO

| TRUSTEES OF THE STATE LIBRARY,

IN BEHALF OF THE

State of New-Dorls.

a .
ww
, f f 2 PA , J
O . ; . + £ di FOVA
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par
THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

REGENTS OF THE UNIVERNITY,

ON THE
Condition of the State Cabinet

OF

NATURAL HISTORY,

AND THE

HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN COLLECTION,

ANNEXED THERETO.

BUREAU OF .

AMERICAN ETHNOL@GY.
1598

LIBRARY

REVISED EDITION:

Printed by order of the Assembly of the State of New-York.

ALBANY:
WEED, PARSONS & COMPANY, PUBLIC PRINTERS.

eeeese2e@

‘State of New-Dork, in Senate, Fan. ll, 1850.

COMMUNICATION.

To the Hon. GEORGE W. PATTERSON,

President of the Senate :
SIR—I have the honor to transmit the Annual Report of the Re-
gents of the University, on the condition of the State Cabinet of Natu-

ral History, and the Historical and Antiquarian Collection annexed
thereto. |

I am, very respectfully,
Yours, &c.,
G. Y. LANSING,
Chancellor.

REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY.

HAMILTON FISH, Governor, ez officio.
GEORGE W. PATTERSON, Lieut. Governor, ex officio.
CHRISTOPHER MORGAN, Secretary of State, ez officio.
GERRIT Y. LANSING, Chancellor.
JOHN GREIG, Vice Chancellor.
GULIAN C. VERPLANCK, LL. D.
JOHN K. PAIGE.
ERASTUS CORNING.
PROSPER M. WETMORE.
JOHN L. GRAHAM.
JOHN McLEAN.
GIDEON HAWLEY, LL. D.
DAVID BUEL.
JAMES S. WADSWORTH.
JOHN VY. L. PRUYN.
JABEZ D. HAMMOND, LL. D.
JOHN L. O’*SULLIVAN.
ROBERT CAMPBELL.
Rev. SAMUEL LUCKEY, D. D.
ROBERT G. RANKIN.
PHILIP S. VAN RENSSELAER.

(One vacancy.)

T. ROMEYN BECK, Secretary.

JOHN GEBHARD, Jr.,
Curator of the ‘*State Cabinet of Natural History.’

Standing Committee of the Regents, specially charged with the care
of the S.ate Cabinet. 1849.

THE GOVERNOR.

THE SECRETARY OF STATE.
Mr. LANSING.

Mr. CORNING.

Mr. WADSWORTH.

REPORT.

TO THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK.

The Regents of the University REspectFuLLy REportT:

That during the past year, many and various additions have been
made to the Cabinet. For the Zoological department, there have been
procured a number of specimens of animals native to the State, and
which were not previously in the collection. A list of those presented
and purchased accompanies this report.

The engagements of Dr. Fitch, during the last season, have prevent-
ed him from increasing the collection of Insects, but the matter is still
left in his charge, and he will doubtless, ere long, forward additional
specimens. |

The Regents have to state with regret, that some of the preserved
animals have recently been found to be injured by the moth. An ex-
amination of them is now making by a competent person, who is direct-
ed to destroy such as may be too far affected, and also to take every
means to prevent future loss through this cause.

The Botanical Collection continues in excellent order, and is carefully
preserved.

Valuable.donations have been received from various persons, for the
Mineralogical and Geological Museum. These are particularly speci-
fied in the accompanying documents, but the Regents deem it proper to
add, that a few months since, Dr. Nathaniel F. Moore, late President of
Columbia College, tendered to them a collection of minerals, fossils
and shells, made by his deceased nephew, Casimir De Rham, jr. Al-
though the State Cabinet is peculiarly appropriated to our native pro-
ductions, still the interest attached to these memorials of a young and

10

successful student of Natural History, required-that the offer should be
cheerfully accepted. Any anticipations that were entertained as to
their value, have been greatly exceeded on their examination and ar-
rangement. The collection includes many rare minerals, and highly
prized fossils and shells. The curator has prepared a catalogue of them,
which will give some idea of the industry and discrimination of one
who was too early lost to science.

The Historical and Antiquarian collection continues to increase and
flourish, beyond the most sanguine hopes of its projectors. Nu-
merous and valuable presents have been made, and more are promised.
Among these are some precious relics from the battle grounds of
Saratoga, and a memorial of the victory of Commodore Perry on Lake

Erie.

Donations also continue to be received of Indian relics, and in the
spirit of the views expressed to the Legislature in their last annual re-
port, the Regents deemed themselves justified in purchasing from Mr.
E. G. Squier a number of aboriginal remains, which he had obtained
in western New-York, and elsewhere.

A few months since, Mr. Lewis H. Morgan, of Rochester, whose
liberal gifts have been enumerated in a former report, and who has
continued them during the present year, suggested the propriety of en-
deavoring to bring together a full exhibition of the manufactures of
the Indian tribes still remaining within our State, and thus to show, as
it were, their transition condition, in the union of their ancient and rude
constructions, with the improvements received through the whites. Mr.
Morgan added, that he would with pleasure superintend the disposition
of any appropriation that might be resolved upon. The Regents could
not hesitate to agree to his offer. So rapid, indeed, is the progréss of
change, with the ancient lords of the soil, that what is to be done must
be done quickly. A sum of money was accordingly placed at the dis-
posal of Mr. Morgan, and the result has been the beautiful and inte-
resting collection which now adorns the rooms. It is intended shortly
to label each article with its English and Indian name, and the whole
will be perfectly illustrated by the sketches accompanying the memoir
which forms part of this report.

Dr. Franklin B. Hough, of St. Lawrence county, a contributor to
the Mineralogical and the Antiquarian Collection, has also forwarded
a “notice of several ancient remains of art in St. Lawrence and Jeffer- —

11

son counties,” accompanied with sketches of the same, and the Regents
transmit them as worthy of publication.

Our country presents many examples of the rapid progress from rude
art to the most striking exhibitions of human skill, and the State Cabi-
net would scarcely be complete, without containing specimens of each.
Through the liberality of Mr. McAlpine, engineer of the United States
Dry Dock, at Brooklyn, there is now to be seen a plaster model of that
great work ; various specimens of granite employed in its construction,
and a collection of soils, through which the necessary excavations for
this purpose were made.

Several years have now elapsed since the publication of most of the
volumes of the ‘‘ Natural History of New-York,” and it occurred to the
Regents that means should be taken to ascertain, and as it were, post
up, the progress of discovery and science in each of the departments
to the present time. The suggestion was communicated to several
of the persons formerly engaged in the State Survey, and the Re-
gents have now the pleasure to present, as its first fruits, a report from
Dr. Lewis C. Beck, the author of the Mineralogy of New-York, com-
prising notices of the additions made since 1842. Its intrinsic merits,
and the labor evidently bestowed upon it, are its best recommenda-
tions. ‘

The Regents, on the resignation of the curator, appointed John
Gebhard, jr., of Schoharie county, to that place, and he accordingly
entered on its duties on the Ist of November last. Great reliance is
placed on his well known devotion to, and his knowledge of, Natu-
ral History; and he has already given an abundant earnest in the in-

dustry and zeal with which he has entered on the engagements of
his office.

As to the pecuniary affairs of the Institution, the Regents beg leave
to refer to the accompanying account current of receipts and expendi-
tures. They have every assurance, that through a clerical error, the
_ appropriation made last year for 1849 and 1850, was reduced one-half,
through the omission of the words “ for each of the years.” Had it
not been discovered that a small balance in the treasury devoted to this
purpose, remained uncalled for, the committee acting under the direction
of the Regents would have been altogether precluded from carrying out
their views, and as they were well assured, those also of the Legislature.
They therefore solicit that the present appropriation for 1850, viz: two

12

hundred and fifty dollars, may be increased to five hundred dollaga
the last amount also granted for 1851. :

.

>

Should this request be complied with, it is tended to order preserved
specimens of the larger animals, still indigenous to our State. The
Beaver, it is said, can still be obtained, but it may be extinct ere another
year.elapses; the Moose is rapidly diminishing; the Bear, the Wolf,
and the Panther, should all be represented. But they must be cap-
tured at particular times and seasons; the hunter must be assured that : an
he will be rewarded for his hazardous labors; and the taxidermisthas § _—
too little of general encouragement, to attend to their proper preserva-
tion, unless he can rely on a sure and liberal patron. ;

It is principally for these reasons, that the Regents solicit an early :
and kind attention to the wishes now expressed. : |

By order of the Regents of the University. |
G. Y. LANSING, — ral
Chancellor.

T. Romeyn Beck,
Secretary.

PAPERS ACCOMPANYING THE REPORT.

A. Catalogue of Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians, Fishes and Crustaceans,
added from January 1, 1849, to January 1, 1850.

B. Catalogue of Reptiles and Amphibians, native to the State, and contained in the
Cabinet, Janury 1, 1850.

C. Catalogue of Minerals, Geological specimens and Fossils, (including the Cabi- .
net of the late Mr. De Rham,) added from January 1, 1849, to January 1,
1850,

D. Catalogue of additions (by donation and purchase,) to the Historical and Anti-
quarian collection, from January 1, 1849, to January 1, 1850.

E. Report to the Regents of the University upon the articles furnished to the In-
dian collection, by Lewis H. Morgan, of Rochester.

x. Notice of several ancient remains of art in Jefferson and St. Lawrence coun-
ties, by Franklin B. Hough, M. D., of Somerville, St. Lawrence county.

G. Report on the Mineralogy of New-York, comprising notices of the additions
which have been made since the year 1842, by Lewis C. Beck, M. D., late

Mineralogist of the Survey of New-York.

H. References to various essays and writings on the NATURAL History of New-
York, mostly published subsequent to the respective volumes on that sub-
ject.

I. Index to the volumes in the State Cabinet of Natural History, containing the
Plants of the State of New York.

K. Description of new species of Fossils, from the Trenton limestone, by James
Hall. (This paper was received immediately after the adoption of the annu-
al report, but in compliance with a promise made early in the year.)

CATALOGUE

OF THE

QUADRUPEDS, BIRDS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS, FISHES, &c.

ADDED TO THE

Siate Cabinet of Natural History,

FROM JANUARY 1, 1849, TO JANUARY 1, 1850.

» (Re
3

MAMMALIA.

ORDER CARNIVORA.

FAMILY VESPERTILIONIDA.

ZooLoGcy—Part 1.

VESPERTILIO NOVEBORACENSIS, New-York Bat, (male.) - - -

VESPERTILIO SUBULATUS, Little Brown Bat, (male.) - -
VESPERTILIO NOCTIVAGANS, Szlver-haired Bat, (male & fem.)
VESPERTILIO CAROLINENSIS, Carolina Bat, (male.jy = t- --
' FAMILY SORECIDA.
CoNDYLURA CRISTATA, The Common Starnose,(male.) -— -
FAMILY MUSTELIDA.
PUTORIUS NOVEBORACENSIS, New-York Ermine, (male summer
Gress alta, aS toy al te
PuToRIus VIsoN, The Mink, (male.) - - - - =
FAMILY FELIDZ.
LyNevs BOREALIS, Northern Lynz, - - - - -
ORDER RODENTIA.
FAMILY SCIURIDZ.
SciuRUs VULPINUS, The Fox Squzrrel,(male & fem.) -
FAMILY ARCTOMID.
ARCTOMYS MONAX, Woodchuck, (male & female.) - -
FAMILY GERBILLIDZ.
MERIONES AMERICANUS, Deer Mouse, (female.) - - - -

[ Nat. Hist. ] 2

p. 6

8
9
10

12

36
Oo”

50

68

70

FAMILY CASTORIDE.

FIBER ZIBETHICUS, We Muskrat or Musquash, (male

FAMILY MURIDA, ae

Mus DECUMANUS, Brown Rat, (male & fanele )-
Mus muscutvs, Common Mouse, (male & femaleaat

° Mus LEvcopus, Jumping Mouse, (female.) - - -
ARVICOLA RUFESCENS, Tawny Meadow Mouse, (male.) -—

ARVICOLA HIRSUTUS, Beaver Field Mouse, (male.) -

BIRDS.

ee

ORDER ACCIPITRES.

FAMILY FALCONID.

Zoorocy—Parr II.

_ ButrEo HARLANI,* Harlan’s Buzzard, (female.) -
? : 9

FAMILY STRIGIDZ.

STRIX PRATINCOLA, - American Barn Owl. - - -

ORDER PASSERES.

FAMILY HIRUNDINIDZ.

HigUNDO RIPARIA, Bank Swallow, (male.) - - -

FAMILY AMPELID/.

BoMBYBICILLA GARULA, Black-throated Waxwing. - -

FAMILY CERTHIDA.

TROGLODYTES AMERICANUS, Wood Wren. - - += + = =

FAMILY SYLVIADA.

SIALIA WILSONI, Bluebird, (female.) - - - -

FAMILY MOTACILLIDA.

ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS, American Titlark, (female.) -

p. Bb

31

og

43

54

65

76

* Presented by A. F. HoLmeEs, of Washington county, and mounted by T. C.

HENRY, gratuitously.

‘

\

FAMILY sYLVICOLIDE. —

| Pye i a ZooLocy- art IL.
VERMIVORA CELATA, ip Orange-crowned Warbler, (female.) , Ne
SvLVICOLA RUFICAPILLA, Red-poll Warbler. - - - = -—
SyLvIcoLA ZSTIVA, Summer Yellowbird, (male.) - | if 99°
SVLVICOLA VIRENS, | Black-throated Green Warbler, ae
(male & female.) - - -
SYLVICOLA MARITIMA, Cape May Warbler, (male.). - - 104 —
CULcIVoRA C@RULEA, Blue-grey Gnatcatcher.- - - - 109
FAMILY MUSCICAPID/A. ‘ ee
MoscicaPa ACADICA, Small Green-crested Flycatcher, - 112 ee
FAMILY VIREONIDZ. . )
VIREO OLIVACEUS, Red-eyed Greenlet,(male.) - - - 124
a FAMILY FRINGILLIDA. |
-EMBERIZA AMERICANA, Black-throated Bunting, (m. & f.)
Spiza cyanga,* Indigobird,(male.) - - - = -

_ PYRANGA RUBRA,* Black-winged Redbird, (male.) -
ORDER GRALLA. oe
FAMILY GRUIDE. i
: ARDEA HERODIAS, Great Blue Heron, (female.) - - 219 oy
Fx; ARDEA EXILIs, Small Bittern, (male.) - - - = 225
: ARDEA MINOR,’ | American Bittern, (female.) - -- 226 —
ye: | +f
a FAMILY TANTALIDA. :

4 -IpIs MEXICANUS, Glossy Ibis, (male.) - - teoates - 2am

\

This beautiful specimen was shot on Grand Island, in the Niagara
river, by J. A. Hurst, in the month of August, 1844. wy 8

FAMILY SCOLOPACIDA.

HETEROPODA SEMIPALMATA,t Semipalmated Sandpiper, - - ai
“y TRINGA pusiLLa,t Wilson’s Sandpiper, (2 specimens.) 24
* To replace imperfect specimens. : ip

* Presented by WILLIAM GALBRAITH, of New-Jersey. aN:

24

ORDER NATATORES.

ZooLocy—Part If

FAMILY ALCID.

Uria GRYLLE, Black Guillemot, (male.) -° = 278
FAMILY PROCELLARIDZ.

THALLASSIDROMA WILSONI, Wilson’s Petrel. - - =: - 290
FAMILY PELECANIDE.

PHALACRACORAX CARBO, Cormorant. - - = - - = 292

a
e

8

8

a

a
()
We)
oa

PELECANUS FUSCUS, Brown Pelican.

FAMILY ANATIDA.
ANSER CANADENSIS, Wild Goose. - + - + = = = 348
CYGNUS AMERICANUS, American Swan. -.- - - = = 393

REPTILES.

ORDER TESTUDINATA.
FAMILY CHELONIDZ.

Zoo.roey—Part III.
CHELONIA SERPENTINA, Snapping Turtle.’ -'.-- -; pos

AMPHIBIA.

—e

FAMILY SALAMANDRIDZ.
ZooLooy—Part IV.
SALAMANDRA SUBVIOLACEA,* Violei-colored Salamander. - p. 74

PES:

Sus-Ciass I. BONY FISH.

Oxver Il. ABDOMINAL.

FAMILY SALMONIDZ.
ZooLocy—Part V.
SALMO CONFINIS. Lake Trout. - - - - - - p. 238

* Presented by GEORGE TopD, of Waterford.

94 | eg

Orver VI. PLECTOGNATHI.,

FAMILY GYMNODONTIDZ.

TETRAODON,

This fish, which belongs to the genus Tetraodon, and appa-
rently not described or figured in De Kav’s Natural History, was
taken in the Hudson river in 1848, off Sing-Sing, Westchester
county, and presented by Joakim Urmey, of Sing-Sing. .

Sup-Ciass II. CARTILAGINOUS FISHES.

Orver I. ELEUTHEROPOMI.

FAMILY STURIONIDZ.

ZooLtocy—Part V.
ACIPENSER OXYRHINCUS, Sharp-nosed Sturgeon. - - p. 346

CRUSTACEA.

ORDER DECAPODA.

Zoo,tocy—Part VII,
ASTACUS BARTONII.* Freshwater Lobster, or Crawfish. p. 22

From West river, Warren county.

CRANGON sEPTEMSPINosUS,t Bait Srimp.- - - - - - +. 20

From Haverstraw bay.

* Presented by PIERRE VAN CORTLANDT.
¢ Presented by JoHN HoLMEs.

Ce)

CATALOGUE -:

OF THE

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

° TN’ THE’ ~

State Cabinet of Natural History,

JANUARY 1, 1850.

J ‘
OR Pan!
MatAS) Coeae
‘s et OX?

Ee, REPTILES

ORDER TESTUDINATA.

FAMILY CHELONIDE.

LIBRA KRY

AMERICAN ETHNOLGGY.

ZooLocy—Parr Ii.

CHELONIA SERPENTINA, Snapping Turtle. - - - - Pp.
Emys Picta, Painted Tortoise. - - + = =
STERNOTHERUS ODORATUS, Musk Tortoise. - + - - + =

ORDER SAURIA.

FAMILY IGUANIDA.

ANOLIUS CAROLINENSIS, . \ (Bgtra limital.y -)<° 2h im eS

FAMILY AGAMID.

PHRYNOSOMA CORNUTUM, Texan Toad, (extra limztal.) - -
TROPIDOLEPIS UNDULATUS, Brown Swift, - - - - - - -

ORDER OPHIDIA.

FAMILY ANGUIDZ.

OPHISAURUS ; Not described in De Kay’s Zoology.
FAMILY COLUBERIDE.
CoLUBER CONSTRICTOR, Blacksnake. - - - = = + =
CoLUBER VERNALIS, Grass-snake. - - - + - + °
CoLuBER occipiromacuLatus, (Eztralimital.) - - - - - -
TROPIDONOTUS SIPEDON, ~ « Water-snake. - - - - - = =
TROPIDONOTUS TENIA, Striped-snake, ~ - - - + + =
TROPIDONOTUS LEBERIS, Vellow-belliedsnake.- - = = =
Tropiponotus DEKAYI, Small Brownsnake. - - - - -
LEPTOPHIS SAURITA, © PAG OTASHOR Cu tan 20k acs re eee
FAMILY CROTALIDE. .
CROTALUS DURISSUS, Northern Rattlesnake. - - = =

8 ,
12
Ze

‘So8)

31
at

3D
40
4]
42
43
45
46
47

58

RANA PALUSTRIS,
RANA HELECINA,

FAMILY RANIDA.

Marsh Frog. - - + + - =

Shad Frog. -. - 3S ae

PAMILY SALAMANDRIDA.

SALAMANDRA SUBVIOLACEA,
SALAMANDRA ERYTHRONOTA,
SALAMANDRA GRANULATA,
SALAMANDRA RUBRA,
SALAMANDRA GLUTINOSA,
TRITON TIGRINUS,

TRITON MILLEPUNCTATUS,
TRITON NIGER,
TRITON PORPHYRITICUS,

Violet-colored Salamander. -
Red- Backed Salamander.
Granulated Salamander. - -

Red Salamander. - - + - =

Blue-spotted Salamander. - -
Tiger Triton. - - = + - =

Crimson-spotted Triton. -_- =
Dusky Triton. - + - 2 + =

Gray-spotted Triton. - - -

LIST

MINERALS, GEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS AND FOSSILS,

State Cabinet of Natural History,

(Including the collection of the late Mr. DE RHAM.)

FROM JANUARY 1, 1849, TO JANUARY 1, 1850.

MINERALS.

DONATIONS.

From James H, Baill.

SULPHURET OF IRON, in limestone. From Stephentown, Rensselaer
county.
STEATITE, or soAPSTONE. Locality unknown.

From C. F. Emery.

1
CaRBONATE OF LIME, or calcareous deposit, enclosing pebbles. From
the town of Ithaca.

From N. S. Collier.

LimoniteE. From Hillsdale.
BLACK OXIDE OF MANGANESE. Hillsdale.

From John Fitch, Esq., of Troy.
CatcarEous spar. From Mount Ida, Rensselaer county.

From Herr Driesbach.

SuLPHURET of Iron. From St. Johnsville, Montgomery couaty.

DONATIONS.

ee Wapedia Lincklaen, Esq. a" 4 :

lius, Reais. county, in es are imbedded four beautiful Gowarin
the largest of which measures one foot in diameter. |
se a lesser —- from the same locality, split apart longitadial

ae other the matrices of the same fossils.

; . From Jonathan B. Hart.

in Cauaoe Tioga county.
Also one specimen, with fossils, from the Hamilton Group.
in the same county. .

These specimens have been placed in the case containing the mi ne-
rals, &c., of Tioga county, by the request of the donor.

CATALOGUE

MINERAL AND GEOLOGICAL SPECIMENS,

FRANKLIN B. HOUGH, A.M., M.D.,

OF SOMERVILLE, ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY, N. Y.

The following 1 is Dr. Hoven’s description of the specimens:

1, 9. Suupwate or saryres. From the farm of V. Phelps, ea os
neur, St. Lawrence county.

3,4,5. Sutruare or Barytes. Farm of R. Dean, Antwerp, (near Ox
Bow) Jefferson county. .

6,7,8. Sarin spar. Banks of Oswegatchie river, Rossie, St. Law-

©

rence county.
9,10. Scaprotire. Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county.

11. Grapuite. Reéessie, near Indian river, one mile south of vil-
lage, St. Lawrence county. © °

12. Specurar iron ore. Bank of Vrooman’s lake, Antwerp, Jef-
ferson county.

13. Tremo.ite. Near Church’s mills, Rossie, St. Lawrence co.
14,15. Sutpware or Barvres. (Locality of Nos. 1, 2.)

—? Found between the Parish and Kearney ore beds,

Rossie, St. Lawrence county, and referred to in the Geologi-
cal Report of the third district, page 267.

16. BrecclareD BLACK SERPENTINE. Keene iron mine, Antwerp,
Jefferson county.

{Nar. Hist. ] 3

34

17. PorTsDaM SANDSTONE, WITH SPHERICAL CONCRETIONS. Vicinity of
the Caledonia or old Parish iron mine, Rossie, St. Lawrence
county. ‘

18. SERPENTINE AND STEATITIC PYROXENE. Village of Gouverneur,
St. Lawrence county.

19. Spuene (black) in crystals, imbedded in Gneiss. Near Gouver-
neur village, St. Lawrence county.

20. Catcareous spar. Banks of Vrooman’s lake, Antwerp, Jefferson

- county. :

21. Iron sanp, (magnetic.) Shore of Buonaparte’s lake, Diana, Lewis

county.

292. Cast oF THE LABRUM OF AN IsoTELUs. Found in Ohio.

293. DopECAHEDRAL CRYSTALS OF SULPHURET OF IRON. Farm of John
Robinson, Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county.

24. CUBIC CRYSTALS OF SULPHURET OF IRON. Same locality.

25. SpmIneLLE, (pale red.) Farm of Mr. Ayers, Gouverneur, near
Somerville, St. Lawrence county.

26. CatcarEous TuFA. Martinsburgh, Lewis county.

27. CRYSTALIZED MICA. (5 specimens.) Vrooman’s lake, Antwerp, Jef-
ferson county. ,

28. MINUTE CAPILLARY CRYSTALS OF SULPHURET OF NICKEL. Found on
ANKERITE, and associated with CacoxeniTE. Sterling iron
mine, Antwerp, Jefferson county.

29. PorspAM saNDsTONE, (cylindrical structure.) Rossie, St.’ Law-

rence county.

This curious structure is frequently observed in this section of the
country, and I do not recollect of having seen a satisfactory ‘theory
to account for its formation. These cylindrical masses are of all sizes,
from three inches, to fifteen or twenty feet in diameter; and their azes
are always nearly, if not exactly vertical. At times, two or more en-
croach on each other.

The large circle represented in the following figure, is about twelve
feet in diameter, at the locality in Somerville, and the whole is nearly
of the same level. The concentric lines of stratification are sometimes is
obscure, but the cylindrical structure is always sufficiently apparent.
To no active agent can we attribute these interesting appearances with sya
more plausibility, than that of water, revolving in the little vortices or __ e.

eddies, and causing the sand, which is the principal constituent in the

30

rock, to be deposited in circular layers ; or entirely excavating a cylin-
drical cavity in the sand, before it had assumed the consistence of rock,
and leaving it to be filled subsequently.

The following sketch is from the surface of the rock, in a field adjoin-
ing Somerville village.

The existence of smaller circular masses in the border of, or entirely
within a larger one, without in the least interfering with the stratifica-
tion of it, shows that the causes which produced them operated at dis-
tinct intervals of time, although their ages appear to be very nearly the
same.

This must, upon the whole, be considered a very interesting problem

in Geology. Fs. Beak

N. B. Mr. McAtrine’s donation will be found in the additions to
the ‘‘ Historical and Antiquarian Collection.”

COLLECTION OF THE LATE H. CASIMIR DE RHAM, JR.

Extract of a letter from NATHANIEL F. Moore, LL. D., to the Secretary.

“T have taken the liberty to address to you, and have franked by
Livingston & Wells’ express, a box, containing fossils, mineralogical
specimens and shells, for the State Cabinet of Natural History.

‘*T did not know to whom these things ought to be consigned, but I
felt sure that you would not decline the trouble of placing them in pro-
per hands, if I have been mistaken in sending them to you. They be-
longed to a much regretted youth, my nephew, H. Casimir De Rua, jr.,
who was passionately fond of Ornithology, and though cut off in early
life, had collected a fine cabinet of birds. Some of the fossils in this
box (which were obtained, I think, at Lyme Regis, and from Mary An-
ning herself,) may be found not unworthy of a place in the State Col-
lection, Whether any of the shells (received, I believe, in exchange
for birds,) are of value or not, Iam wholly unqualified to judge. But
whatever value they and the rest of the things may have once possessed,
has, no doubt, been much impaired by the loss or transfer of labels,
jostling about, and the varions accidents to which they have been ex-
posed during the last nine years.

“My sister, Mrs. De Ruam, contemplating now a removal from her
present residence, and at a loss in which way suitably to dispose of objects
with which in some sort is connected the memory of her son, has thought
she could not better show her respect therefor, than by sending them
where, if they possess any intrinsic value, they will be rightly cared
for. If any thing should be found among them worth inserting in the
Annual Catalogue, and it should be thought necessary to give credit to
the donor, it will be proper to name as such, H. C. De Ruam, Esq.”

37

CATALOGUE.

GEOLOGICAL.

1 to 50, inclusive. Rock speciMENs, from Cumberland. There is no

dl.

52.

53.
54.
do.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.

64.
65.

66.
67.

catalogue accompanying these geological specimens, and
the late day at which they were received, has not afforded
sufficient time to determine and name them. It is hoped,

- however, that the next Annual Report will contain the name
of each specimen.

MINERALOGICAL.

CARBONATE OF BARYTES, incrusted with copper pyrites and car-
bonate of lime. : |
CrYSTALIZED SULPHATE OF BARYTES. Crystals in the form of
épointée, of Hatiy. From Devonshire, England.

CaLcaREous CoNcRETION. From the Lago de Tartari, near Rome.

CARBONATE OF LIME, in botryoidal concretions.

BorryoIDAL MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE. From Durham.

Fiprous LIMESTONE, edges polished.

FiproUs SULPHATE oF LIME. Derbyshire, England.

Fisrous Gypsum. Nova Scotia.

CoMPACT FLUOR SPAR.

CRYSTALIZED FLUOR sPaR, polished.

CrysTaLizED FLUoR, on blende. Matlock, England.

WHITE CRYSTALIZED FLUOR, upon zinc ore. Derbyshire, England.

Fiuor spar, crystalized in cubes, of a beautiful bluish tint.
Cumberland, England.

Friuor spar, crystalized in cubes of a beautiful green. From
Cumberland.

Fiuor spar, crystalized in cubes; colorless.

Fivor spar, incrusted with crystals of carbonate of lime.

Veinep Fivor, polished. Derbyshire.

68.
69.

=

38

VEINED FLUOR, called by the miners, Blue John.
GROUP OF QUARTZ CRYSTALS, incrusted with transparent, termi-
nated, six-sided prisms of heavy spar.

70, 71. Two six-sided prisms of quartz, with six-sided pyramids,

72.

73.
74,
7.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
$1.
82.

100.
101.
102.

103.

of a beautiful brownish tint.

PsEUDOMORPHUS QUARTZ, sprinkled with blende. From Alston,
England.

Tate.

GREEN TALC.

BLAck SPINELLE.

Brown GARNET. Crystals with twenty trapezoidal faces.

GREEN FELDSPAR. Siberia.

Guassy FELDsPAR. Near Bonn.

CurysoBperyL. Near Saratoga Springs.

Beryzt. Acworth, N H.

Bervi, (imbedded.) Acworth, N. H.

SravrotipE. Litchfield, Massachusetts.

STAUROTIDE. Franconia.

Brucire, in carbonate of lime. Warwick, New-York.

Onyx aGaTE. Siberia.

CurysopraseE. Baumgarten.

OurvineE. Habichtwald.

Cyanite. Chesterfield.

Aspestus. Greenwood furnace, Orange county, New-York.

Gotp orE. Charlotte, North Carolina.

SILVER ORE. Siberia.

MovriATE OF SILVER. Siberia.

Correr ore. Franklin, New-Jersey.

ARSENIATE OF COPPER, on arsenical iron. Amity, New-York.

RED OXIDE OF CoppER. Siberia.

RED. OXIDE OF COPPER, incrusted with green carbonate of copper
and quartz. Siberia.

BLUE CARBONATE OF COPPER. Siberia.

Matacuire. Siberia.

VEINS OF LEAD oRE. From the Odin mine.

SLICKEN SIDE GALENA. From the Odin mine.

ARSENIATE OF LEAD. From Caldbeck Fells, Cumberland.

ARSENICAL PYRITES ? incrusting quartz crystals. Caldbeck Fells,
Cumberland. |

Motyzspvena. Caldbeck Fells.

104.

105.

106.

107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
118.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.

120.

121.

122.

123.
124.

39

Uranite. Cornwall, England.
OxipE oF TIN. Cornwall, England.
AxiniTE. Cornwall, England.
AxinitE. Cornwall, England.
VoLcANIc BASALT. Cassel.
Minerat caoutcHouc. England.
ELastTIc BITUMEN.

CARBONATE OF LEAD.

SULPHURET OF zINC AND TIN. Hartz, Germany.
CRYSTALIZED BROWN OXIDE OF IRON. Cornwall.
MAssIVE GARNET.

SEMI OPAL.

PorPHyRy, containing bronzite.

LEPIDOLITE and RUBELLITE. Paris, Maine.
Drusy QUARTZ.

AvrirErous pyrites. North Carolina.

FOSSILS,

CaLYMENE sENARIA, (folded.) (Hall.) Trenton limestone.

Heap and post aBpoMEN of Calymenesenaria. (Hall.) Trenton
limestone.

CEPHALIc SHIELD, of Trinucleus concentricus. (Hall.) Trenton
limestone.

Matrix OF CALYMENESENARIA. (Hall.) Trenton limestone?

BBLLEROPHON BILOBATUS, varzety, CoORRUGATUS. (Hall.) Trenton
limestone.

125, 126, 127. CumretTEs LycoperDoN. (Hall.) Trenton limestone.

128.

129.

130.

131.

132.

CAaLYMENE BLUMENBACAHIUI, (in two positions.) (Brongniart.) From
Dudley, England.

A suas, covered with small bivalves, fragments of crustaceans,
corallines, &c. From Dudley, England.

Post aBpomMEN of an asaph. (Not described in Murchinson.)
From Dudley, England.

EvoMPHALUS PENTANGULARIS. From the mountain lime of Sam-
plough, Cumberland, England.

SprRIFER oBTusIs. From Egalsfield, Cumberland, England.

SpiRirER ATTENUATUS. From Samplough, Cumberland, England.

Bivauve, (genus Attorisma, of King.) From Parkhead, Cum-
berland, England.

: 40

135. Bivave, (genus Attorisma, of King.) Packnend) Cambered

136. Sprrirer GLaBEer. Mountain limestone, of England. Se

137. Sprrirer tynx. Mountain limestone. England. ST

138, 139. Ortuis REsupinatus. Mountain limestone. England.

140. Favosites, (polished.) Mountain limestone. England —

141. Sprrirer. Mountain limestone. England.

142. Acrocutia. From Oriskany sandstone.

143, 144. Cornvxites arcuatus. Niagara limestone.

145. Cast oF LepT#NA. From Schoharie grit.

146. Crino1pat conumn. Mountain limestone. England.

147. CorALLiInE, (silicefied.) Corniferous limestone

148. EncrinaL MARBLE, (polished.) Derbyshire, England.

149. EncrinaL MARBLE, (polished.) Peek Castle, England.

150. Prcren? From the top of one of the mountains of the Jura
chain, Switzerland.

151, 152. Catamires. Cumberland, England.

153. CaLAmiTEs ? Workington, Cumberland.

154. CaLamirTEs ? Parton, Cumberland.

155. SticMaria Cumberland, England.

156. LeEpPIpoDENDRON Cumberland, England.

157. LEPIDODENDRON

Cumberland, England.
158. LeEPIDODENDRON

Cumberland, England.
Parton, Cumberland.

159. OvoNnrTopTeERIs

160. NevRopTeERis Somerset, England.

161, 162. PrcopTeris MANTELLU. Near White Haven, Qummberlania
163. Oponropreris From White Haven, England.

164, SpuHeNopTeris AFFINIS? White Haven, England.

165, 166. SpHENOPTERIS White Haven, England.

167. . ASTEROPHYLLITES PARKINSONI. Parton, Cumberland.

168. AsTEROPHYLLITES Parton, Cumberland.

169, 170. Vertesra of the IcurHyosaurus. Lyme, in Dorsetshire,
England.

171. Lert uinp PADDLE of the IchTHyosauRus PLaTyopoN. From the
Lias, England. |

172. RicguT FORE PADDLE of IcHTHyosaAURUS PLATYODON. From the
Lias, England. }

173. Coproxite. One of the sides is polished, exhibiting a fish scale
and the enamelled portions of fishes that remained undi-
gested by the IcntHyosavurus. From the Lias, England. —

174. Fossiz Fiso. Scotland.

4}

175, 176. Fossin teeta oF IcutHyosaurus. From the Blue Lias of
Lyme, Dorset, England.

177. Ammonites ostusus. Fyrom the Lias, England.

178. Ammonites noposus? From the Lias, England.

179, 180. Ammonites. Matlock, England.

181. Ammonire. From the Lias, England.

182. Ammonite. From the Lias, England.

183. Ammonite. From the Lias, England.

184. AmmoniteE. From Whitby, England.

185, 186. GrypH#a incurvA. Clifton, Somerset, England.

187. GrypH#a cotumBa. Beds of the Tiverlane.

188. Ammontre. From Oolite, England.

189. GrypH#za? (13 specimens.) Lias? England.

190. Suarx’s toorg. From the Oolite, England.

191, 192. TrErepratuLa. From the Oolite, England.

193. IcHTHYoDoRULITE, (mineralized by sulphuret of iron.) From the
Lias, England. |

194. Swarx’s Tootu, imbedded in chalk. From the cretaceous for-
mation, England.

195. Turretites costatus. Chalk marl, England.

196. BetemnirEs mucronatus. Cretaceous formation, Yorkshire, Eng.

197. Exocyra costata. Green sand, New-Jersey.

198, 199, 200. GrypH#a MuTaBiLIs. Green sand, New-Jersey.

201. Gaterites. From the cretaceous formation, Yorkshire, England.

202. AnancnyTEs ovatus. From the cretaceous formation, Yorkshire,

England.
203. Scuretta. From the cretaceous formation, England.
204. ‘Murex (Fusus) conrrartus. (Sowerby.) Given to me by Prof.

SeDewicx, at the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, March
6th, 1837. H.C. De Ruam, Jr.” From the Red crag, Eng.
205. Fusus, covered with Batanz. From the Red crag, England.
206. Fossin woop. From Alabama.
207. PeErrRiFIED woop. From near Utica.
208. Nauvritus truncatus. Lias, England.
209. Castor Prevroromaria. Lias, England.
210, 211. Casts of 4 uNIvaLve. Lias, England.

MAMMALIA,

212, 213. Skxuuu of the Sxunx, (Mephites americana.)
214. Sxuut of the Fisuer, (Mustela canadensis.)
215, 216. Sxuut of the American SaBie (Mustela martes.)
217. Sxuxt of the Norro American Orter, (Lutra canadensis.)

ORNITHOLOGICAL.

918. Upper MANDIBLE of the ALBATROss. From South America.

ICHTHYOLOGICAL.

ORDER PLECTOGNATHI.

FAMILY GYMNODONTIDZ.
219. Diopon pitosus, Hairy Balloonfish. New-York bay.

FAMILY OSTRACIONIDA.

220. LacropHrys DE RHAMII? Taken on the shore of Long Island.
Not described in DE Kay’s Zoology.

Cuaracteristics. No orbital spines; back elevated in the form of a
crescent, longitudinally, with two spines, centrally situated on the pe-
riphery of the crescent, and distant one third of an inch from each
other ; three spines on each side of the abdomen; length, four inches.

Should this prove to be an undescribed species, it is proposed to name:
i De Rhamii, in honor of the late Henry C. DE Ruan, Jr.

43

\

CONCHOLOGICAL.

Specimens arranged and named according to LAMARCK.

CLASS ANNELIDES.

ORDER SEDENTARIA.
FAMILY SERPULACEA.

291, 222, 223. SERPULA VERMICULARIS.

224.

225.
226.

CLASS CIRRIPEDES.

ORDER SESSILE CIRRIPEDES.

TUBICINELLA BALENARUM. The Tubicinelle are found with
nearly the whole shell buried im the thick skin of the
Whale.

CoRoNULA BALENARIS.

CoRnoNULA BALENARIS, 6 specimens, on a piece of Whale skin

CLASS CONCHIFERA.
ORDER C. DIMYARIA.

FAMILY CONCHACEA. (Marine.)
CyTHEREA MACULATA.
CyYTHEREA DIONE.
CyTHEREA

CyTHEREA

FAMILY CARDIACEA.

CarpIuM

CarRDIUM

CarpDIuM

IsocaARDIA MOLTKIANA,

FAMILY ARCACEA.
ARCA

236.

237.

243.

244,
245.
246.
247.
248,
249.
250.
251.
252.
253,
255.
256,
258.

FAMILY NAYADES. __

Unio ) en,
ORDER MONOMYARIA.
FAMILY MYTILACEA. ne
PINNA SQUAMOSA ? ae
mere § , fae”
FAMILY PECTINIDES. t
PecTEN . . - |
PEcTEN ae
et al ‘
CLASS MOLLUSCA. :
ORDER GASTEROPODA. | se
FAMILY PHYLLIDINA. >
CHITON : mahi Disbssiee
CHITON . pe
CuITon :
FAMILY BULLZ ANA.
BuLLA AMPULLA. :
ORDER TRACHELIPODA ‘
FAMILY COLIMACEA. i | oe)
Hex pomatia. England. |
Heix aspersa. England. 3 specimens.
Hexix mMELANoTRAGUS. Africa. Sis
Hetix NeEmorALIS. England. | oe
HEuix . England. 2 specimens.
Hextix ——. West Indies.
Hertix ——. West Indies.
Hetix . West Indies.

CaRocoLLa West Indies. ;
254. Buxinus rosacevus. West Indies. UH SA
BuLINUS ROSACEUS, (young.) is bat ah 5
2957. Pura West Indies. 3 rn
AuRICULA West Indies.

45

FAMILY LIMNEANA.

LIMNZA STAGNALIS.
PLANORBIS CORNEUS.

FAMILY PERISTOMATA.
AMPULLARIA FASCIATA. © specimens.
AMPULLARIA GuUINIACA. West Indies.
PaLUDINA

2 specimens.

FAMILY NERITACEA.

NERITINA SPINOSA.

NERITINA

NaTICA MAMILLA. 2 specimens.

Natica f ts
Natica ——

Natica 2 specimens.

NERITA PELORONTA. 2 specimens.
NERITA VERSICOLOR.
NERITA

FAMILY MACROSTOMATA.

SIGARETUS CONCAVUS.
HaALioTIs TUBERCULATA.
HALIoTIS CANALICULATA.

Ha tiotis 5 specimens.

FAMILY TURBINACEA.

SOLARIUM GRANULATUM.

Roretia. Not figured or described by Kiener. Seas of tropi-
cal climates.

Roteitta. Not figured or described by Kiener.

Rotetia. Not figured or described by Kiener. The three pre-
ceding species would be considered by Kiener as vurzetzes
of RoTELLA LINEOLATA.

TROCHUS MACULATUS.

Trocuus
Trocuvus
MarGaritTa

2 specimens.

2 specimens.
Marearita

PLANAXIS
TurBo

+ CkBO <———,

289. TurRRITELLA DUPLICATA: 3
290. TurrITELLA cINcuLATA. (Sow.) Pacific ocean.

FAMILY CANALIFERA.
291. CERITHIUM TUBERCULATUM.
292. 'TuRBINELLA CoRNIGER.
293. TURBINELLA POLYGONA.
294. FascioLARIA AURANTIACA?
295. Fusus morio. (Varietas.)
296. PYRULA MELONGENA.
297. PyRuULA CARICA.
298. Pyruta MELONGENA. (Varietas.)
299. Ranetua Becki. (Kiener.)
300. Murex recius. 4 specimens.
301. Murex sprassica. 2 specimens.
302. Murex rapix. (3 specimens.)
303. Murex pranparis. 2 specimens.
304. Murex pinnatus. (Swains.)
305. Murex rioneatus.
306. Murex ERINACEUS.
307. Murex carcar. (Kiener.)
308. Murex crassitaprum? (Gray.)
309. TRITON VARIEGATUM.
310. Triton succinctum.
311. Triron succincrum. (Young shell.)

FAMILY ALATZ.
312. RosTELLARIA PES-PELICANI. 2 specimens.
313. STROMBUS LENTIGINOSUS. 2 specimens.
314. Srrompus cANARIUM.
315. StRomBus PuGiILis. 2 specimens.
316. Srrompus GRANULATUS. (Sow.) Indian ocean.
017. Stromsus Gracitio. (Sow.) Pacific ocean.
318. Srromspus cipperuLus. Moluccas.
219. Strompus Fioripus. Moluccas.
320. Srromsus virtatus. (Linn.) Moluccas.

FAMILY PURPURIFERA.

321. CassIDARIA
322. Cassis TESTICULUS. 3% specimens.
323. Cassis ERINACEUS.

324. RIcINULA HORRIDA. ae
025. PurPpuRA HEMASTOMA. 2 specimens. “as
326. Puapura marcinatBa. (De Blainv.) (Varietas, Kiener.)

349.
350.
351.
352.
353.
354.
355.
356.
357.
358.
359.
360.
361.
362.

47

PuRPURA INTERMEDIA. (Kiener.)
PuRPURA DELTOIDEA.

PurRPURA PATULA.
PuRPURATEXTILOsA. (Young shell.)
Purpura costata. (De Blainv.)
Purpura cHocotatum. (Duclos.)
Purpura sERTUM. 2 specimens.
MonocEros CRASSILABRUM.
Mownoceros

Dotium variecatum. (Young shell.)
Doium VARIEGATUM.

Do.ium PERDIX.

BuccinuM PAPILLOsUM. 7 specimens.
BuccinuM UNDATUM. 3 specimens.
BuccinumM RETICULATUM.

Buccinum quoyit. (Kiener.)
TEREBRA C@RULESCENS. 2 specimens.

FAMILY COLUMELLATA.
CoLUMBELLA MELEAGRIs. (Duclos.)
MitTRA MELONGENA.
VoLUTA MUSICA.

FAMILY CONVOLUT.

Ovutum ovum. From the hole pierced in the outer lip of this
shell, it was undoubtedly worn by a native female of one of
the South Sea islands, as an ear ornament.

CyrrzA NucLEUs. Pacific ocean.

Cypr#A TIGRIs. 3 specimens.

CyprR#A MAURITANIA.

CypR#A HISTRIO. 2 specimens.

CypR ZA TALPA.

CyPR#A ADUSTA.

Cyprza acHATINA. New-Holland.

CypR#A LURIDA.

CypR#A LYNX. 3 specimens.

CypR#A CAPUT-SERPENTIS.

CYPR#EA ZIGZAG.

Cypr#a TAURICcA. 4 specimens.

CyPr#A VITELLUS.

Cypr#a carneota. East Indies. 2 specimens.

Cypr#@a ERosA. Indian ocean.

364.
369.
366.
367.
368.
369.
370.
371.
372.
373.
374.
375.
376.
377.
378.
379.
380.
oS.
382.
383.
384.
385.
386.

OcuLina :

Cyprma . (Young shell.) 5
Cypraa ruvet. New-Holland. 3 specimens. |
Cypr#A XANTHODON.

/
OLIVA PORPHYRIA.

Otiva inFiata. 2 specimens.
OLIVA ANGULATA.

Ouiva savu. 3 specimens.
OLIVA EPISCOPALIS.

OLIVA PERUVIANA. :
Ouiva utricuLus. (Varietas.)
OLIVA DACTYLEA. 3 specimens.
OLIVA SUBULATA.

OLIVA RETICULARIA. ‘
Oxiva urricutus. 2 specimens.

Ouiva :
OLiva ——.
Otiva : ‘ 1c Dea

Conus NEBULOSUS.

Conus MusTEtinus. (Brug.)
Conus acuatinus. (Brug.) *
Conus conumBa. (Brug.)
Conus monite. (Brug.)

Conus TEREBRA. (Brug.)
Conus VERRICULUM.

RADIATA,
CLASS ECHINODERMAT.

ASTERIAS ACULEATA.
ASTERIAS . (GontasTER of Agassiz.)

EcHINUS SPHERA. st

CLASS POLYPI.

FUNGIA AGARICIFORMIS.

FuNGIA Y
OcuLINA RAMEA.

MapREPORA MURICATA.

ManpreEpora : ; ne
. . Eat

NuLLorora ——.

Sponegia ——. Attached to an Arca.

~

( D. )

ADDITIONS

TO THE

HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN COLLECTION

e
IN THE

State Cabinet of Natural History,

(By Donation and Purchase.)

FROM JANUARY 1, 1849, TO JANUARY 1, 1850.

[ Nar. Hist. ] 4

DONATIONS,

From Samvue. G. Evpy, Esq., Stillwater, N. Y.

The following description, drawn up by Mr. EppDy, accompanies the Relics.

1. Carp oF INDIAN ARROW HEADS, (17) found in the immediate vicinity
of the battle ground at Bemis’, Heights. Arrow heads of
similar materials and construction, are to be found after the
spring rains, on all the plowed lands between Stillwater
village, and Wilber’s basin, a distance equal to five miles.

2. Cannon BALLS, (2) found on the battle ground at Bemis’ Heights.

3. CARD OF MILITARY BUTTONS, (5) with the Roman numerals XX,
distinctly visible on the faces. These buttons were worn
by a soldier or soldiers of the 20th regiment of Hamilton’s
brigade, in Burgoyne’s army. The 9th, 20th, 21st, and
62d regiments, were that portion of Burgoyne’s army which
was engaged in the bloody conflict at “‘ Freeman’s Cottage,”
Bemis’ Heights, on the 19th day of September, 1777. These
buttons, together with human bones, a large pocket knife,
belt buckle, pewter spoon, and a stick of healing salve,
were pluwed up in the month of October, 1849, within the
srounds enclosed by the British entrenchments.

4. Leap Batts and 1RoN GRAPE SHOT, (13 in all) found on the “ Free-
man Farm,” in the year 1848.

5. A SPANIsH stLver coin, (Pistareen) dated 1721. This coin, to-
gether with two others of the same date and denomination,
three Spanish milled quarter dollars, twelve guineas and
two half joes, (in all about eighty dollars) were plowed up
by Mr. Ebenezer Leggett, in the fall of 1849, within the
British entrenchments, and near the celebrated ‘“‘ Freeman
Cottage.” A portion of this coin is now in my possession.

o2

6. Prece of the Pranx on which Gen. Frazer piep. This allan oe

officer was mortally wounded on the 7th of October, 1777,

about two miles west of the Hudson river, by a rifleman of ©

Col. Morgan’s company. He was brought from the field of
battle and taken to the ‘‘ Smith house,” (then used as a
British hospital) which was situated on the Whitehall turn-
pike, some six miles north of the present village of Still-
water, and expired about eight o’clock A. M., the followmg
day. By his own request, he was buried, .m the great re-
doubt on the hill, at six o’clock in the evening of the same
day on which he expired. The ‘‘ Smith house’’ was taken
down in the year 1844, and the plank on which General
I’razer died, and of which the piece presented to the State
Cabinet is a portion, was preserved by the proprietor for the
Antiquarians of his country.

7. PIECE OF A SOLDIER’S BLANKET, dug up with human bones, near

the camp of Lord Balcarras, (who was one of the com-
manding officers in Burgoyne’s army) at Bemis’ Heights,
seventy-one years after the battle of October 7, 1777.

8. A BomB sHELL. This was one of the trophies taken at Bemis’

Heights in October, 1777. The following spring several
bateaux were loaded with shells, cannon balls, &c., for
shipment to Albany, one of which sunk at Stillwater village,
a short distance above the falls, in the Hudson river. During
the season of low water the past summer, many of these
shells and balls were dug from the bed of the river, one of
which is the one now presented to the State Collection. The
greater part of them I have in my collection of revolu-

tionary relics.

From E. A. Batpwin, of Lysander, January 15, 1849.

STONE SKINNING CHISEL. Found in Lysander, Oswego county.

From A. C. Hascy, of Albany.

INDIAN ARROW HEAD Found in Watervliet, Albany county.

From Davip Emery, Esq.

STONE PESTLE, used in pounding maize. Found at the head of Cayuga

lake, Tompkins county, by Henry Hungerford.

53

From Joun DEtarietp, of Oaklands, near Geneva.
A copy of an ‘‘ Inquiry into the origin of the Antiquities of America,
by John Delafield, jr.; with an appendix by James Lakey,
M.D.” 4to. Cincinnati, 1839.

From CuristopHer Morean, Secretary of State.
SPECIMENS OF SHELL CONCRETIONS, forming the surface rock on which the
city of St. Augustine, in Florida, is built.

From NatuanieEt Miuter, M. D., member of Assembly from the county
of Suffolk, 1849.

A PLATE OF mica, turned up by the plow several years since, in the
town of Brookhaven, at a depth of about two feet below
the ground. On one side of this plate, are several engrav-
ings of geometrical and other figures.

From Asa Fircu, M. D., of Salem, Washington county, Dec. 6, 1849.
1. Sworn, which belonged to Burgoyne’s army.
2. Bayonet, do do
Thomas Whiteside, one of the Cambridge (Washington
county) militiamen, in service at Saratoga at the time of
Burgoyne’s surrender, on his return home, brought the above
articles. They have been preserved in his family ever
since, and are now given to the State Collection by his son,
Thomas C. Whiteside.
Inpran Axe, found at Fort Miller. From John Pattison.
Part of an INDIAN SPEARHEAD, made of subhyaline quartz. Found
at Fort Miller. From John Pattison. ©
INDIAN SPEARHEAD. Salem.
INDIAN SPEARHEAD. Salem.
INDIAN ARROWHEAD. Salem.
INDIAN ARROWHEAD. Salem.

co

Sa

DWUARM

From SterHen VAN RENSSELAER.
A part of the stem of the AcavE americana, (Century Plant) which
flowered in his greenhouse some years since.

From Franxuin B. Hoven, M. D.
Two pieces of woop, from the hull of Commodore Perry’s flag-ship,
the Lawrence. Obtained at Erie, Pennsylvania.

From Henry Van Rensse.aer, of St. Lawrence county.
A copper adze or pick found on his farm in Lisbon of that county.

Additional donations from Lewis H. Morean, Esq., of Rochester.

50.

dl.

64.
65.

“tC ath Pe Perey Aa ee yoni
nails Th UA The eae Ri ba sf

d4

From Witttam J. McAxpinz, Engineer.
A Praster move of the Unirep Srares Dry Dock, at Brooklyn.
Fourteen specimens of GRaNITE, viz: 6 from Staten Island quarry, Ke
New-York; 6 from Quincy quarry, Massachusetts; and 2 —
from Blue Hill quarry, Maine ; being samples of the granite — 4
used in the construetion of the Dry Dock. |
A @uLass TUBE, hermetically sealed, contaming specimens of the
various soiLs through which the excavations were made,
stratigraphically arranged; with ficures on the tube, idi-
cating the aggregate depth of the excavations, and the pro-
portional thickness of the different strata of earth excavated. Bh rh
A viaL, containing EARTH, excavated at the depth of sixty-eight sei
and a half feet. | me
The Dry Dock at Brooklyn, taking into consideration the
strength, accuracy and beauty of workmanship, has been
pronounced, by competent judges, to be the finest piece of
masonry in the world. And the Engmeers, not only of this
country, but of Europe, have justly denominated it THE
GREAT WORK OF THE AGE.

STONE SKULLCRACKER. From Aurora,Cayugacounty. Thisis the
vulgar name. It was fastened in the head of a club, and
thus made a formidable weapon.
NECKLACE BEAD. Fyrom Scipio, Cayuga county.
UNFINISHED ARROWHEAD. From Cayuga county. }
WHITE CHERT ARROWHEAD. From Ledyard, Cayuga county. :
Fracment of the sow of an Ah-so-qua-ta, or pire. From Scipio,
Cayuga county. ‘i
Six ARROWHEADS, or Gi-nuh-ya. From Ledyard and Scipio, Cay-
uga county.
FraGMent of a WHITE CHERT ARROWHEAD.
Two TWIST ARROWHEADS. From Ontario county. /
Fracment of a Ga-jih, or EARTHEN BAsIN. From Cayuga county.
Gii-ne-gi-ta, sENECA MorTAR, for pounding corn.
Gi-nih-gi-dii, POUNDER. (Samenameas mortar.) Two specimens.
Ga-ne-ah, BALL BAT. ‘Two specimens. 2
Wae-a-no, InpIan Bow. ‘Two specimens.
Gii-no, FEATHERED arrow. Six specimens. -
Gii-wii-si, Snow snake. Two specimens. —

Bark TRAY, OR PLATTER.

Seen

55

66. Spiint BaskET. Two varieties.

67. A quantity of wH1Tz corn. The New-York Indians cultivate this
variety of corn principally; which is known, I believe, as
the Tuscarora. They put it up and preserve it in bunches.

From the Rev. Duncan Kennepy, D. D., Albany.
1. Perquop stone HATCHET. From New-England.

PequoD sToNE HATCHET. From New-England. This relic differs
from No. 1 in its form, and in the material from which it is
constructed.

3. Srone axe. From Westmoreland, Oneida county, New-York.
4, Srone cuiset. From Westmoreland, Oneida county, New-York.

Additional articles constituting the Collection of Indian Relics purchased
from Wituiam H. C. Hosmer, of Avon, Livingston county, and as
described by him.

34. Stone, of octagonal shape, hollowed out. Supposed to have been
used by Indian jugglers. Paint stone ? Found on the Street
farm, (so called) which is situated three miles from Avon,
in a northwest direction, on the west side of the river, in
Livingston county.

35. STONE CHISEL, (in two pieces) used inexcavating canoes. Found
near Spanish hill, a fewmiles from Athens, in Tioga county
New-York. The place has been occupied, for purposes of
fortification, and Indian traces abound.

36. STONE DEERSKIN DRESSER; and

37. A Fracement of a PIPE, (so supposed by Squier.) These imple-
ments were found near Fowlerville bridge, in the town of
Avon, ona farm of W. W. Wadsworth, (leased by Hamil-
ton, a Scotchman) after the first plowing of a new field, about
one mile from the river bed, and three and a half miles, in
a southwestern direction, from Avon Springs. They refute
the position of O. H. Marshall, that the valley was more
recently occupied by the Red man, than the higher ground,
or upper terrace. .

38. A BONE FisH spEAR. Found on the Hurlburt farm in Avon, four
miles from the springs, in a northeast direction. The place
where it was found, is known to the inhabitants as Fort
Hill. It was unquestionably a Jesuit station. Corn, in a
charred state, is found commingled with the subsoil. This
place was destroyed by De Nonville, in 1687. Bone crosses
have been discovered, and rosaries ; also many articles used
by the French traders in Indian traffic.

39. A sTONE IMPLEMENT, with a handle like a mason’s smoo th
This implement was found near a spring, on the fa
Pierson, in Avon, about two miles from the village of
Avon, in a southeast direction, while the proprietor v
ditching near the spring. Two miles south of the place, 0
the Conesus outlet, was a Jesuit station.

40. Various Beaps. These beads were found in various places in

the valley of the Genesee—at the Jesuit stations previously

referred to—the old Indian burial place, near the Red bridge, 7

that crosses the river one mile west of West Avon village,
and a few were found near fort Niagara, and in the valley
of the Susquehannah.

41, SToNE DEERSKIN DRESSER. Found onthe farm of Francis Marion
Cutler, (brother-in-law of the late Samuel Ward) in West
Avon.

42, STONE DEERSKIN DRESSER. Found on the Wilbur farm.

Note To No. 39. This unique relic is made of the STEATITIC PYROXENE of
Prof. Lewis C. Beck, (RENSSELAERITE, of Dr. Emmons,) and from its strong
resemblance to the specimens of that mineral from Edwards, St. Lawrence county, —
the material from which it is constructed is undoubtedly from that locality. It was
probably used in dressing deerskins, and for smoothing and softening the seams in
manufacturing moecasins and other articles made from skins. It evidently iat
to the ante Columbian period.

JOHN GEBHARD, JR.

b.

or f

&

11.
12.

CATALOGUE OF INDIAN RELICS,

Obtained principally from various parts of Western New-York; by

E. G. Squier. Purchased May, 1849.

FLINT ARROWHEADS. From Cayuga county, 7 specimens; Monroe
county, 3; Avon, Livingston county, 2; Livonia, Living-
ston county, 2; vicinity of Buffalo, 1; Ellisburgh, Jefferson
county, 1; and 4 from localities not named.

Frencu axes, (2.) From Cayuga village, Cayuga county.

INDIAN PESTLE. From Cayuga county, New-York.

CoprER KETTLE. From an Indian grave. Scipio, Cayuga county.

GuNBARREL. From the site of De Nonville’s battle with the

| Senecas, (1687) near Victor, Ontario county.

SeALPING KNIFE. From the grave of a Cayuga warrior. Scipio,
Cayuga county. )

STONE axes, (4.) From Springport, Cayuga county; Adams, Jef-
ferson county; Ellisburgh, Jefferson county ; and one locality
not named.

FRAGMENTS oF POTTERY. From the site of a Seneca village, Li-
vonia, Livingston county.

FRAGMENTS OF POTTERY. From the site of anold Seneca village, in
Mendon, Monroe county.

Pirzs, poTtery. From an ancient enclosure, town of Ellisburgh,
Jefferson county, 5 boxes.

Pires, pottery, &c., as No. 10. 4 boxes.

Terra coTtas. From Le Roy, Genesee county, 2 specimens; .
Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, 7 specimens; Scipio, Cayuga,
1; and locality not named, 1.

Pottery. From Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, 3 specimens; and
from an ancient village of the Scuecas, Livonia, Livingston
county, 1 specimen.

. CoppER KNIvEs, and other metallic artidles. From an old Seneca

village, Livonia, Livingston county. .

16.

a7:

18.
13.

24 IG
a

Portery. From an ancient enclosure
mens; from Scipio, Cayuga county,
Livonia, Livingston county, 2 specimens.

Various articles of pottery. From an enclosure or me
Buffalo. 2 boxes.
Various articles of | poTrery. From a large mound on n Tonas

tee 1848. .
Human REmAINS. From the great mound on ohana islan
Bone IMPLEMENTS. Fyrom Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, 3
mens; from Dekay, Jefferson county, 1
Stone axes. From Buffalo, 1; Livonia, Livingston oem ae
Ellisburgh, Jefferson county, 1. | a
Deposits. From altar mounds of the Mississippi alee
Deposits. From sepulchral mounds of the Mississippi.
Mortar. From the old tower at Newport, Rhode Island.

SCHEDULE OF ARTICLES

Obiained from Indians residing in western New-York, being the pro-

duct of thezr own handicraft and manufacture, for the New-York

Historical and Antiquarian Collection, under the direction of Lewis
H. Morean, of Rochester.

Mx. Morgan has furnished the following, and adds that the name of
each article is in the Seneca dialect of the Iroquois language.

(a, is sounded as in arm—4, as in at—a, as in ale.)

1. Géa-no-jo-o. Indian drum, used in dances. 38 varieties.
2. Gus-di-wa-sd. Turtle-shell Rattle, used in dances. 2 specimens.
3. Gus-di-wa-si. Squash-shell Rattle, used in dances. 4 varieties.
4. Gus-dai-wa-si Yen-che-no-hos-ta. Knee Rattle of deer hoofs.
Used in dances. 1 pair.
5. Ga-geh-ti Yen-nis-ha-hos-ta. Arm Bands. 1 pair.
6. Yen-nis-ho-qui-hos-ta. Wrist Bands. 1 pair.
7. Ga-geh-ta Yen-che-no-hos-ta-ta. Knee Bands. 1 pair.
S. Géa-geh-ti. Indian Belt. 3 varieties.
9. Ah-ta-quia-o-weh. Moccasin, for male. 1 pair.
10. Thesame. Moccasin, for female. 1 pair.
11. Ga-ka-ah. Kilt or Skirt, worn in war dance.
12. Ga-ké-ah. Kilt or Skirt, worn by Indian women.
13. Gise-hi. Leggin, for male. 1 pair.
14, Gise-ha. Leggin, female. 1 pair.
15. Gia-swhen-téa. Necklace. |
16. Ya-wa-o-di-qua. Pin Cushion. 3 varieties.
17. Ga-yi-ah. Work Bag. 5 varieties.
18. Got-gwen-di. Pocket Book. 6 varieties.
19. Ga-ki. Breech cloth. Used in ball game, foot race, &c.
20. Gia-de-us-ha. Wampum Necklace.
Da-yu-yd-sont. Name of a cross.
21. Ya-wa-o-di-qui. Needle Book. 5 varieties.
22. Ga-on-seh. Baby Frame.
23.

Gd-o-wi. Bark Tray. 3 specimens.

Py Ca rv TAS ee is eee so y eran te oe a ee a re

60 |
Ah-de-gwas-ha. Hominy Blade, or Soup Stick. 4 specimens. brik ‘
Ah-was-hi. Ear Ring. 1 pair. : “a oe
Ga-jih. Bowl, for a game with peach stones. ,

Gus-ka-eh. Peach Stones. 6 specimens. i

Gus-ga-e-sa-té. Deer Buttons, for an Indian game. S specimens, — se
or one set. : te

Ga-geh-di. Javelin or Shooting Stick, for an Indian game. 18
specimens. | at

Yun-ga-sa. Tobacco Pouch. 4 specimens.

Ga-ne-gii-ta. Mortar, for pounding corn. 2 specimens.

Ga-nih-ga-di. Mortar Pounder. 2 specimens.

Ga-ne-ah. Bat Ball, used in playing an Indian game. 4 specimens.

Gi-wa-sa.. Snow Snake. 4 specimens.

Ga-je-wi. War Club, with ballhead. 4specimens.

Gia-ne-u-ga-o-dus-ha. War Club, with deer-horn tooth. 2 specimens. _

O-sque-sont. Tomahawk.

Ah-so-qua-ta. Pipe, (made from a Cyathophyllum.)

Wa-a-no. Indian Bow. 6 specimens.

Gi-no. Arrow. 450 specimens.

Gi-go-sha. False Face.

Gi-weh-ga-4. Snow Shoe. 3 pairs.

O-ta-qua-osh-ha. Snow Shoe, of splint. 1 pair.

Gia-sken-da. Bark Rope, made of Slippery Elm.

Gus-ha-ah. Burden Strap, made of Slippery Elm.

Gus-hia-ah. Burden Strap, made of Basswood.

Ose-g4. Skein of Slippery Elm strings.

Ose-hi. Skein of Basswood-bark strings.

Ah-da-di-qua. Indian Saddle. 3

Ga-na-qua. Bark Barrel. Used for beans, dried corn, &c.

Gi-oo-wa. Bark Sap Tub. 3 specimens.

O-nus-qué Ah-hose-ha. Knot Ball. Used in playnga game. 2
specimens.

O-no-ne-d Gos-ha-di. Husk Salt Bottle. 2 specimens.

O-je-she-wia-ta. Cake of deer’s brains and moss, for tanning
deerskins.

Ga-nuh-sé_ Breast-plate of sea shells.

Got-kase-hi. Axe-helve.

Ga-ga-an-da. Air Gun.

Di-ya-ya-da-ga-ne-at-hé. Bow and wheel for striking fire.

Ga-dis-da. Steel, Flint and Punk, for striking fire.

60.
61.
62.
63.
64,
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.

74.
75.
76.
eo

61

Gis-tak-he-a. Skin Bag. (Speckled Faun.)

Gis-tak-he-a. Skin Bag. (Bearskin.)

Tuesh-tai-ga-tas-té. Tin Breast-plate.

Ska-wi-ka. Splint Broom.

Ya-o-di-was-té. Indian Flute.

Ne-us-tase-ah. Basket Sieve. Used for sifting white corn.

O-ne-ose-to-wa-nes. Basket Sieve; coarser. For White lint corn.

Ta-gase-ha. Market Basket.

Gase-ha. Covered Basket.

O-ga-ka-ah. Open-work Basket. 3 specimens.

Ga-yuh. Splint Cradle.

Ga-nose-ha. Husk and Flag Basket. 4 specimens.

Ya-nuli-ta-da-qué. Toilet Basket.

O-cus-ha-ote. Small square Basket. 17 specimens. These bas-
kets are numbered from 1 to 17, inclusive, and contain
specimens of the several varieties of corn, beans, squashes,
tobacco, dried corn, &c., raised and prepared by the Senecas,

VIZ:
1. Q-na-o-ga-ant. White corn.
2. Tic-ne. Red corn.
3. Ha-go-wa. White Flint corn.
4, O-na-da. Charred, or roasted corn.
5. O-go-ou-sa. Baked corn.
6. O-si-dé. Long-vine bean.
7. Gweh-da-a- O-si-di. Red bean.
8. Te-o-gi-ga-wa O-si-da. Speckled bean. R
9. Ta-ga-ga-hat. Short-vime bean. :

10. Ah-wa-own-da-go. Red-flower pole-bean.

11. Ha-yoke. Cranberry pole-bean.

12. Q-ga-ga-ind. Gray squash.

13. Géa-je-ote. Big-handle squash.

14. Sko-ak. Toad squash.

15. O-ne-a-si-’-weh. Small squash.

16. O-yeh-qua-a-weh. Indian tobacco.

17. O-so-wa. Parched corn, pounded into flour, with maple

sugar.

Ga-no. Arrow for air-gun. 2 specimens.
O-sque-sont. Tomahawk. Used in the Bear hunt.
Da-ya-no-a-qua-ta Ga-ga-nea-si. Scalping knife. 2 specimens.
Q-na-o-ga-ant. Two ears of White corn.

Tic-ne. Two ears of Red. a

Ho-go-wg. Two ears of White Flint com.

Gus-to-weh. Head Dress. |
Gi-ger-we-si Dun-daque-qui-do-qua. New Wears SI
To-do-war-she-do-wa. Ribbon for hair. Aa a
Ga-de-us-ha. Necklace.

De-con-dea-da-hust-ta. Belt for female costume.
Ah-de-a-da-we-sa. Female upper dress, with silver broac
Da-yase-ta-hos-ta. Silver Hat Band. ‘has
Yen-nis-ho-qua-hos-ta. Silver Wrist Bands. 1 pair. :
To-an-jer-go-o O-no-no-do. Ground-nuts. (Apios tuberosa) fo

hy
Tonawanda. ne. oe itn

<

THE INDIAN COLLECTION, —

REPORT

TO THE

REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY, —

UPON THE ARTICLES FURNISHED TO

;
"

Cy Y ah)

¢€

" .

BY

LEWIS H. MORGAN.

REPORT.

The Regents of the University having made an appropriation for the
enlargement of the Indian Collection, and having entrusted the execution
of their resolution with the undersigned, he asks leave to submit the
following report :

Within the past century great changes have been wrought among the
descendants of the ancient Iroquois. Their primitive fabrics have
mostly passed away, and with them many of their original inventions.
The substitution of the fabrics of more skillful hands, has led to the
gradual disuse of many of their simple arts. At the present moment,
therefore, much of the fruit of their inventive capacity is entirely lost.
Fragments, indeed, are frequently disentombed from the resting places
to which they had been consigned by filial or parental affection ; but they
are mere vestiges of the past, and afford but a slight indication of their
social condition, or of the range of their artisan intellect. It is impos-
sible, therefore, at the present day, to make a full collection of the
implements, domestic utensils, and miscellaneous fabrics of our Indian
predecessors. Many of their inventions are still preserved among their
descendants, who yet reside within our limits; but that portion of them
which would especially serve to illustrate the condition of the hunter
life, have passed beyond our reach.

In the present advanced condition of our Indian population, a large
proportion of their articles are of a mixedcharacter. They rather ex-
hibit the application of Indian ingenuity to fabrics of foreign manufac-
ture, as shown in their reduction into use, than originality of mvention.
But this class of articles are not without a peculiar interest. They
furnish no slight indication of artisan capacity, and will make a species
of substitute for those articles which they have displaced, and those in-
ventions which they have hurried into forgetfulness.

[ Nar. Hist. ] 5

66

The specimens collected, are as diversified as the shortness of the

time and the means appropriated would permit. In the accompanying

schedule they are classified, under their aboriginal names, into eighty-

three distinct classes, and number in all about three hundred. They
were obtained among the Senecas, in the western part of the State.
It is hoped that they will prove an acceptable addition to the State Col-
lection, and will induce its further enlargement. After the lapse of
a few more years, it will be impossible to bring together these silent
memorials of our primitive inhabitants. Their social condition has
changed greatly, and is changing from day to day; while their simple
arts are dropping from their hands one after the other, as they gradually
take up agricultural pursuits. It is but just to them to save from
oblivion the fruits of their inventive intellect, however rude and simple
they may be, that they themselves may be at least correctly judged.
Succeeding generations, also, have a right to require of us these me-
morials of a departed race; of that race who christened our rivers,
lakes, and hills; who maintained them against hostile bands, with a
patriotism as glowing as such a fair domain could inspire mm the heart
of man, but to surrender them at last, and without an equivalent, to a
more fortunate possessor.

It is not deemed necessary to describe the articles in detail. A few
of the leading specimens will be selected, and some notice given of
their origin, manufacture, and uses. Their names are in the Seneca
dialect. In their pronunciation the following signs will indicate the
several sounds of the vowel a, upon which the greatest variations are

made.

(a, as in arm—i, as in at—a, as in ale.)
Ah-tii-qui-o-weh, or Moccasin) (for male.) See plate 1.
Moccasin, (for female.) See plate 2.

The moccasin is preéminently an Indian invention, and one of the
highest antiquity. It is true to nature in its adjustment to the foot,
beautiful in its materials and finish, and durable as an article of apparel.
It will compare favorably with the best single article for the protection
and adornment of the foot ever invented, either in ancient or modern
times. With the sanction of fashion, it would supersede among us a
long list of similar inventions. Other nations have fallen behind the
Indian, in this one particular at least. The masses of the Romans wore
the Calceus Ligneus, or wooden shoe; the masses of Germhany and
Ireland, and many of the nations of Europe, formerly wore the same.

’

67

With the cothurnus, and sandal -of the ancients, and the boot of the
moderns, the perfection of pedal inventions, the mocasin admits of no
unfavorable comparison. It deserves to be classed among the highest
articles of apparel ever invented, both in usefulnes, durability and
beauty.

The moccasin is. made of one piece of deerskin. It is seamed up at
the heel, and also in front, above the foot, leaving the bottom of the moc-
casin without a seam. In front the deerskin is gathered, in place of
being crimped; over this part porcupine quills or beads are worked
in various patterns. The plain moccasin rises several inches above
the ankle, like the Roman cothurnus, and is fastened above the ankle
with deer strings; but usually this part is turned down, so as to expose
a part of the instep, and is ormamented with bead work, as represented
in the plate. A small bone near the ankle joint of the deer, has fur-
nished the moccasin needle from time immemorial; and the sinews of
the animal, the thread. These bone needles are found in the mounds
of the West, and beside the skeletons of the Iroquois, where they were
deposited with religious care. This isolated fact would seem to indi-
cate an affinity, in one art at least, between the Iroquois and the mound
builders, whose name, and era of occupation and destiny, are entirely
lost.

_ In ancient times the Iroquois used another shoe, made of the skin of
the elk. They cut the skin above and below the gambrel joint, and
then took it off entire. As the hind leg of the elk inclines at this jomt
nearly at a right angle, it was naturally adapted tothe foot. The lower
end was sewed firmly with sinew, and the upper part secured above
the ankle with deer strings. oS

In connection with this subject is the art of tenting: deer skins, as
they still tan them after the ancient method. It is done with the brain
of the deer, the tanning properties of which, according to a tradition,
were discovered by accident. The brain is mingled with moss, to
make it adhere sufficiently to be formed into a cake, after which it is
hung up by the fire to dry. It is thus preserved for years. When the
deerskin is fresh, the hair, and also the grain of the skin are taken off,
over a cylindrical beam, with a wooden blade or stone scraper. A solu-
tion is then made by boiling a cake of the brain in water, and the moss,
which is of no use, being removed, the skin is soaked a few hours in
the solution. It is then wrung out and stretched, until it becomes dry
and pliable. Should it be a thick one, it would be necessary to repeat
the process until it becomes thoroughly penetrated by the solution. The

wWtite to a kind of brown. It is then ready for use.

Get Nf S hee MS OY ON Ste i Oe

68

skin is still porous and easily torn. To correct both, a smoke is made,
and the skin placed over it in such a manner ar to enclose it entirely.
Each side’ is smoked in this way until the pores are closed, and the
skin has become thoroughly toughened, with its color changed from

i

z
*
Vie

They also use the brain of other animals, and sometimes the back
bone of the eel, which pounded up and boiled, possesses nearly the
same properties for tanning. Bear skins were never tanned. They
were scraped until softened, after which they were dried and used
without removing the hair, either as an article of apparel, or as a mat-
tress to sleep upon.

Ga-je-wi, or War Cuvs.

2 feet 2 inches.

War, Cuvs, smaller size.

Before the tomahawk came into use among the Iroquois, their princi-
pal weapons were the bow, the stone tomahawk, and the.war club. q
The Gii-je-wa was a heavy weapon, usually made of ironwood, with a a
large ball of knot at the head. It was usually about two feet in length,
and the base five or six inches in diameter. In close combat it would
prove a formidable weapon. They wore it in the belt in front.

*

69

CoN
Gi-ne-u-ga-o-dus-ha, or DEER-Horn War Cuvs.

2 feet 4 inches. ‘

This species of war club was also much used. It was made of hard
wood, elaborately carved, painted, and ornamented with feathers at the
ends. {n the lower edge, a sharp-pointed deev’s horn, about four inches
in length, was inserted. It was thus rendered a dangerous weapon in
close combat, and would inflict a deeper wound than the former. They
wore it in the girdle. In the collection are six war clubs, of the two
kinds above described. One of them is a light article, designed for the
war dance.

O-sque-sont, or ToMaHAaWwK.

The tomahawk succeeded the war club, as the rifle did the bow.
With the invention of this terrible implement of warfare the Red man
had nothing to do, except in having it so fashioned as to be adapted to
his taste and usage. The tomahawk is known as widely as the Indian,
and the two names have become apparently inseparable. They are
made of steel, brass, or iron. The choicer articles are surmounted by
a pipe-bowl, and have a perforated handle, that they may answer the
double purpose of ornament and use. In such the handle, and often
the blade itself, are richly inlaid with silver. It is worn in the girdle,
and behind the back, except when in actual battle. They used it in

70

Fd

close combat with terrible effect, and also throw it with unerring cer-

tainty at distant objects, making it revolve in the air in its flicht. With
the Indian, the tomahawk is the emblem of war itself. To bury it, is
peace; to raise, is to declare the most deadly warfare.

W i-a-no, or Bow.

4 feet.

3 feet.

In archery, the Indian has scarcely been excelled. With a quick
eye and a powerful muscle, he could send the arrow as unerringly as
the archers of Robin Hood. It may be claimed as an Indian invention,
although the bow and the arrow have been used by all nations in their
primitive state. The Indian bow is usually from three and a half to
four and a half feet in length, and so difficult to spring, that an imex-
perienced person could scarcely bend it sufficiently to set the string.
To draw the string back an arrow’s length when set, could only be done
by practice, superadded to the most powerful muscular strenoeth. An
arrow thus sent would strike its object with fearful velocity. The
arrow is feathered at the small end with a twist, to make it revolve in
‘its flight. It gives to its motion uniformity and quickness, and, doubt-
less, suggested the idea of the twist in the rifle barrel, by which the
ball is made to revolve in the same manner. The English and Scottish
archer feathered his arrow, but without this peculiarity. Three feathers
were also used, which were set parallel with each other, and with the

arrow, but upon one side. Originally the Indian arrow was pointed —
with a flint or chert head, which would make it penetrate deeply any
object at which it was directed. With such an arrow it was an easy

7]

matter to bring down the deer, the wild fowl, or the warrior himself.
Skeletons have been disentombed having the skull penetrated by an
arrowhead of this description, with the flint head itself still in the frac-
ture, or entirely within the skull. In Oregon, and on the upper Missis-
sippi, the Indian arrow is still pointed with flmt. Thus it was with the
Iroquois, until the bow was laid aside for the rifle. Arrow heads of this
description are still scattered over the whole surface of the State. Six
bows of different sizes, and some bundles of feathered arrows, will be
found in the collection. With Indian youth, the bow and arrow is still
a favorite source of amusement.

Gus-hi-ah, or Burpen Strap.

ON
SSS
SSS

SS
SS SS

Rope-making, from filaments of bark, is also an Indian art. The
deer string answers a multitude of purposes in their domestic economy ;
but it could not supply all necessities. The bark rope (Gi-sken da) has
been fabricated among them from time immemorial. In its manufac-
ture they use the bark of the slippery elm and the basswood. Having
removed the outer surface of the bark, they divide it into narrow strips,
and then boil it in ashes and water. After it is dried it is easily sepa-
rated into small filaments, the strmgs running with the grain several
feet without breaking. These filaments are then put up in skeins,
(specimens of which are furnished) and laid aside for use. Basswood
makes the most pliable rope; it is soft to the touch, can be closely
braided, and is very durable. The burden strap is worn around the
forehead and lashed to a litter, which is borne by Indian women on
their back. It is usually about fifteen feet in length, and braided into
a belt in the centre, three or four inches wide. Several specimens are
furnished, one of which is new, and neatly manufactured. A clothes
line, of three-strands bark rope, about forty-feet in length, is also among
the articles. This art, like many others, is falling into disuse. But
few Indian families now provide themselves with skeins of bark thread,
or make any use of ropes of this description.

72

A bark barrel, (Gi-ni-qua) which has been used about thirty yeats, ns
will also be found with the other specimens. It is stitched up the side,
has a bottom and lid, and shows no signs of decay. Such barrels are
used to store dried corn, fruit, beans, &c.

Ga-o-wa, or Bark Tray.

Trays of this description are found in every Indian family. They
serve a variety of purposes, but are chiefly used for kneading, or rather
preparing corn bread. A strip of elm bark, of the requisite dimensions,
is rounded and turned up on the sides and at the ends, so as to form a
shallow concavity; around the rim, both outside and in, splints of
hickory are adjusted, and stitched through and through with the bark.

It thus makes a durable and convenient article for holding corn meal,
for preparing corn bread, and for many other purposes.

Gi-oo-wi, or Barx Sap Tvs.

a

WorrMAL—— >"

Our Indian population have been long in the habit of manufacturing o
sugar from the maple. Whether they learned the art from us, or we

received it from them, is uncertain. One evidence, at least, of its an-
tiquity among them, is to be found in one of their ancient religious

'

\ | 73

festivals, instituted tothe maple. It iscalled the Maple Dance, (O-ta-de-
none-neo-wa-ta) which signifies “‘ Thanks to the Maple.” In the spring
season, when the sap begins to flow, it is still regularly observed by the
present Iroquois. The sap tub is a very neat contrivance, and surpasses
all articles of this description. Our farmers may safely borrow, in this
one particular, and with profit substitute this Indian mvention for the
rough and wasteful trough of their own contrivance.

A strip of bark about three feet in length, by two in width, makes
the tub. The rough bark is left upon the bottom and sides. - At the
point where the bark is to be turned up to form the ends, the outer
bark is removed ; the inner rind is then turned up, gathered together
in small folds at the top, and tied around with a splint. Itis then ready
for use, and will last several seasons. Aside from the natural fact that
the sap would be quite at home in the bark tub, and its flavor preserved
untainted, it ismore durable and capacious than the wooden one, and
more readily made.

Ga-ne-gii-té, Gi-nih-ga-da, or Corn Mortar and Pounper.

The Senecas use three varieties of corn: the White, (O-na-o-ga-ant)
the Red, (Tic-ne) and the White Flint, (Ha-go wa.) Corn is, and
always has been, their staple article of food. When ready to be har-
vested, they pick the ears, strip down the husks, and braid them to-
gether in bunches, with about twenty ears in each. They are then
hung up ready for use. The white flint ripens first, and is the favorite
corn for hominy; the red next, and is used principally for charring
and drying ; the white last, and is the favorite corn of the Indians ; it
is used for bread, and supplies the same place with them that wheat
does with us. They shell their corn by hand, and pound it into flour
in wooden mortars. In two hours from the time the corn is taken from
the ear it is ready to eat, in the form of unleavened bread. It is hulled
in the first instance, by boiling in ashes and water ; after the outer skin
is thus removed from each kernel, it is thoroughly washed, and pounded
into flour or meal in a mortar, of which a representation will be found ©
on the next page, (74.) Having been passed through a sieve basket, to
remove the chit and coarser grains, it is made into loaves or cakes about
an inch in thickness, and six inches in diameter; after which they are
cooked by boiling them in water. Upon bread of this description, and
upon the fruits of the chase, the Indian has principally subsisted from
time immemorial.

74

Mortar AND PounnveEr.

\ Ny Wat ;
i Hit | CHA
| Hi)

ct NOW
OE ea oan

i at NN
aN Mi
yay |
ea

I tal My
{

—S

= my
- = = —
Sanne ———
= ———
—— ———a
=z

=

> = — ——

Mortar, 2 feet. Pounder, 4 feet.
The practice of charring corn is of great antiquity among the Red
race. In this condition it is preserved for years without injury. Caches
or pits of charred corn, have been found in the vicinity of ancient —__

75

works and deserted settlements, in various parts of the country. Many
of these are supposed to reach back tothe period of the Mound builders.
How far this custom prevailed among the Iroquois, cannot with certainty
be determined; neither do we know whether those caches, which are
still discoved in various parts of the State, are to be ascribed 1o them.
It is certain, however, that they were im the habit of charring corn, to
preserve it for domestic use. The Senecas still do the same. For this
use the red corn is preferred. When green the corn is picked, and
roasted in the field before a long fire, the ears being set up on end ina
row. It is not charred or blackened entirely, but roasted sufficiently to
dry up the moisture in each kernel. The corn is then shelled, and dried
in the sun. In this state it is chiefly used by hunting parties, and for
subsistence on distant excursions. Its bulk and weight having been
diminished about half by the two processes, its transportation became
less burdensome. The Red races seldom formed magazines of grain,
to guard against distant wants. It is probable, therefore, that these
pits of charred corn owe their origin to the sudden flight of the inhabi-
tants, who buried their dried corn because they could not remove it,
rather than to a desire to provide against a failure of the harvest.

There is another method of curing corn in its green state, quite as
prevalent as the former. The corn is shaved off into small particles,
and having been baked over the fire in pans or earthen dishes, it is then
dried in the sun. In this condition it is preserved for winter use.

A favorite article of subsistence is prepared from the charred corn.
It is parched a second time, after which, having been mixed with about
a third part of maple sugar, it is pounded into a fine flour. This is car-
ried in the bearskin pocket of the hunter, and upon it alone he sub-
sists for days together. It was also the principal subsistence of the war
party on distant expeditions. Its bulk is reduced to the smallest possi-
ble compass, and it is so light that the Indian could carry, without in-
convenience, sufficient for along adventure. When we consider the
rapidity of their journeys, and their powers of enduring abstinence, it
becomes easy to understand how the war party could leave the valley
of the Genesee, make an inroad upon the Cherokees of the south, and
return, relying almost entirely upon this species of subsistence. A
basket of each of the three varieties of corn, of the two species of dried
corn, and of this flour, will be found among the specimens.

This noble grain, one of the gifts of the Indian to the world, is des-
tined eventually to become one of the staple articles of human con-
sumption. Over half of our republic lies within the embrace of the

76

tributaries of the Mississippi. Upon their banks are the corn-growing
districts of the country; and there, also, at no distant day, will be seat-
ed the millions of our race. Experience demonstrates that no people Bn
can rely wholly upon exchanges for the substance of their bread-stufts,
but that they must look chiefly to the soil they cultivate. This law of ~
production and consumption, is destined to introduce the gradual use of
corn flour, as a partial substitute at least, for its superior rival, in those
districts where it is the natural product of jhe soil. In the southern
portions of the country this principle is already attested, by the fact that
corn bread enters as largely into human consumption as wheaten.
Next to wheat, this grain, perhaps, contains the largest amount of nu-
triment. Itis the cheapest and surest of all the grains to cultivate ,
and is, also, the cheapest article of subsistence known among men,
Although wheat can be cultivated in nearly all sections of the country;
although its production can be increased to an unlimited degree by a
higher agriculture; we have yet great reason to be thankful for this se-
condary grain, whose reproductive energy isso unmeasured as to secure
the millions of our race, through all coming time, against the dangers

of scarcity or the pressure of want.

O-yeh-qui-ii-weh, or Inpian Tosacco.

Tobacco is another gift of the Indian to the world; but a gift, it
must be admitted, of questionable utility. Wecall both corn and to-
bacco the legacy of the Red man; as these indigenous plants, but for
his nurture and culture through so many ages, might have perished,
like other varieties of the fruits of the earth. Many of our choicest ~
fruits owe their origin to vegetable combinations entirely fortuitous.
They spring up spontaneously, flourish for a season and become extinct,
but for the watchful care of man Nature literally pours forth her ve-
getable wealth, and buries beneath her advancing exuberance the pro-
ducts of the past. But few of the fruits and plants, and flowers of the
ancient world, have come down to us unchanged ; and still other plants,
perhaps, have perished unknown im the openings of the past, which
contained within their shrivelled and stinted foliage, the germ of some
fruit, or grain, or plant, which might have nourished or clothed the
whole human family. We may therefore, perchance, owe a debt to the
Indian, in these particulars, beyond our utmost acknowledgments.

The Senecas still caltivate tobacco. Their name signifies ‘“‘ The only
Tobacco,” because they consider this variety superior to all others. A “iia
specimen is furnished. It is raised from the seed, which is sown or — r

77

planted in the spring, and requires but little cultivation. The leaves
are picked early in the fall, when their color first begins to change, and
After the first year it grows spontane-

If the
plants become too thick, which is frequently the case, from their vigor-

when dried are ready for use.
ously, from the seed shed by the plant when fully ripened.

ous growth, it becomes necessary to thin them out, as the leaves dimin-
ish im size with their increase in number. ‘This tobacco is used exclu-
sively for smoking. The custom of chewing the weed, appears to have
been derived from us. Although this tobacco is exceedingly mild, they
mingle it with the leaves of the sumac, to diminish its stimulating pro-
perties. The sumac has been used by the Indian to temper tobacco
from time immemorial.

Until within a few years, the Iroquois used the wild potato as an
article of food. It still grows spontaneously upon the western reserva-
tions, and is usually about the size of ahen’s egg. They never culti-
vated this potato, but gathered it in its wild state.*

Six varieties of the bean, and four of the squash, are also furnished.
Which varieties were of original cultivation and indigenous, the writer
cannot state.

Ga-weh-ga-a, or Snow SHoE.

AIC

¥;

[\ \( f Bw ae fo oe

AX i) & ] =

XY y

h F SA A \ J

Ya A \, j a en ee ay

a A i . \ i ‘\ }

WW\ ASK \ KAVi RF -

SccecSee ;
ix} 12 Se '. i
EPR Is
PEE testees
PEPER Pp PLP]
PSESEK IPE
SSSR
pe
a

eran a
2 feet 10 inches.

The snow shoe is an Indian invention. Upon the deep snows which
accumulate in the forest, it wonld be nearly impossible to travel with-
out them. They were used inthe hunt, and in warlike expeditions
undertaken in the season of winter.

The snow shoe is nearly three feet in length, by about sixteen inches
in width. A rim of hickory, bent round with an arching front, and
brought to a point at the heel, constitutes the frame, with the addition

* Directions were left at Tonawanda to forward to the writer specimens of the

Wild Potato, which the Senecas described to him. On being seen, (after this sec-
tion was written,) they proved to be the Apios Tuberosa.

78

of cross pieces to determine its spread. Within the area, with the
exception of an opening for the toe, is woven a net work of deer
strings, with interstices about an inch square. The base of the foot is
lashed at the edge of this opening with thongs, which pass around the
heel for the support of the foot. The heel is left free to work up and
down, and the opening is designed to allow the toe of the boot to de- i
scend below the surface of the shoe, as the heel is raised in the act of
walking. It is a very simple invention, but exactly adapted for its uses.

A person familiar with the snow shoe can walk as rapidly upon the

snow, as without it upon the ground. The Senecas affirm that they

can walk fifty miles per day upon the snow shoe, and with much greater
rapidity than without it, in consequence of the length and uniformity

of the step. In the bear hunt, especially, it is of the greatest service,

as the hunter can speedily overtake the bear, who, breaking through

the crust, is enabled to move but slowly.

Ga-wi-sd, or SNow Snake.

Side section 6 feet, { inch in thickness; bottom section 7 to 3 inch in width.

Among the amusements of the winter season, in Indian life, is the
game with Snow Snakes. The snakes are made of hickory, and with
the most perfect precision and finish. They are from five to seven feet
in length, about a fourth of an inch in thickness, and gradually dimin-
ishing from about an inch in width at the head, to about half an inch
at the foot. The head is round, turned up slightly, and pointed with
lead. They are thrown with the hand, by placing the fore finger
against the foot, and skim along upon the snow crust, nearly with the -
speed of an arrow, and to a much greater distance. The game itself is
rendered exciting by the numbers engaged, and the amount wagered
upon the result. As in all Indian games, the people divide by tribes,
certain tribes playing against the others. A limited number are chosen
to play the game from each side. The snake which runs the farthest
wins, and a count is made by each snake which leads all upon the op-
posite side. A minute description is necessary, to a full understanding
of the game, but enough has been said to designate the uses of the

_afticle. Specimens are furnished,

79,

Ga-geh-di, or JaveLin.

Javelin 53 feet, Lin diameter. Ring 6 inches in dameter.

The game of Javelins, or shooting sticks, is also of Indian invention.
It is a simple game, depending upon the dexterity with which the
javelin is thrown at the ring, as it rolls wpon the ground. The javelin
itself is the forfeit, and the game is lost when all the javelins upon one
side are won. As in other Indian games, the people array themselves
according to their tribal divisions ; the Wolf, Bear, Turtle, and Beaver
tribes, playmg against the Deer, Snipe, Heron, and Hawk. From
fifteen to thirty on a side are chosen, each taking from three to six
javelins. The parties having stationed themselves several rods apart,
upon opposite sides of a given line, a hoop or ring is rolled by one party
in front of the other, who throw their javelins at the ring as it passes.
Ifthe hoop is struck by one of them, the other party are required to
stand in the place of the successful person and throw all their javelins
in succession at the rmg. Those which hit are saved, and those which
fail are handed over to the other party, who in turn throw them at the
ring. Of this number, those which hit the hoop are won finally, and
laid out of the play; the balance are returned to their original owners.
The successful party then rolls back the rng, and the game is thus
continued until all the javelins upon one side are forfeited.

Ga-ne-i, or Batt Bar

ae: EF, ws BIEL S
—————— f=

di feet.

This is the great game of the Indians. It is also of the highest an-
tiquity, universal among the Red races, and played with a zeal and
enthusiasm which would scarcely be credited. In playing it they

80

denude themselves entirely, with the exception of the Ga-ka, or waist =
cloth, each one holding a bat, of the species represented in the figure. a the
Gates are erected about sixty rods apart, upon opposite sides of a z a
field, and the point in the game is, for each party to carry the ball By
through their own gate. Usually they have from six to eight on a side ae
to play the game, who are surrounded by a concourse of spectators.
Commencing at the centre, each party strives to direct the ball towards 7
their own gate, knocking it upon the ground or through the air; but yr
more frequently taking it up upon the deerskin net-work of the ball bat

and carrying it in a race towards the gate. When an opposite player
Strikes it ahead of the runner, the latter throws the ball over the head

of the former towards the gate. Oftentimes the play is contested with

so much animation, that the ball is received at the edge of the gate ;

and finally, after many shifts in the tide of success, is carried to the
opposite side. The game is usually from five to seven, and requires

from noon until evening to determine it, each trial is conducted with so
much ardor and diversity of success. Specimens of the ball bat are
furnished. | |

Gus-ga-e-sa-ta, or Deer Burrons. |

A set of deer buttons will also be found among the articles. This is
a fireside game. Eight buttons, an inch in diameter, are made of deer |
bone, and blackened upon one side. They are thrown with the hand, : eae
the count depending upon the number of faces which turn up of one

color, If they all come up white, for instance, it counts twenty; if —
seven of the eight, it counts four; if six, two. These are the only
counts. Fifty beans make the bank, and the game continues until one -

party has won them. re Rate es,

—~8i1

Gus-ka-eh, or Praca Stones.

Another favorite game of the Iroquois is played with a bowl and peach
stones. .A dish, about a foot in diameter, is carved out of a knot, or
made of earthen. Six peach stones are then filed or cut down into an
oval form, reducing them about half in size; after which they are burned
slightly upon one side, to blacken them. These are shook in the bowl,
and the count depends upon the number which turn up of the same color.
This game is one of their amusements after holding a council. They
divide by tribes, as in other games, and bet largely upon the result. It
is played by persons selected on each side, who are skilled in the game.
The Iroquois ascribe its invention to T0-do-da-ho, the renowned sachem of
the Onondagas, who flourished at the time of the formation of the league.

Betting upon all Indian games, when played by tribe against tribe,
was as common among the Iroquois, as betting at races by the whites.
No restraint whatever was laid upon this practice, and from their fond-
ness for excitement, it frequently led to the most reckless indulgence.
It not unfrequently happened that the Indian gambled away every thing
which he possessed, his rifle, his tomahawk, and even his blanket.

[Nar. Hist.] 6

This is an Indian invention, but came originally from the west. It

_ closely resembles the saddle of the native’ Mexicans in its general plan,
but its pommel is not as high, and its side pieces are longer. It is stall

used among the Iroquois, and among the Indian tribes of the west.
The frame is made of four pieces of wood, firmly set together, over
which is a covering of raw hide. The side pieces are about eighteen
inches in length, six in width, and about an inch in thickness at the
centre, but terminating ina sharp edge above and below. In front

the pommel rises about five inches above the side pieces. It is made of _
a stick having a natural fork, which is so adjusted as to embrace the

side pieces, and determine the spread of the saddle. Another piece, in

the same manner, embraced the side pieces at the opposite end, rising
several inches above, and descending nearly to their lower edges. These —
side pieces at the top, are about three inches apart, leaving a space for

the back-bone of the horse. The fastenings of the saddle, including

‘3

those of the stirrup, were originally of ropes, made of Buffalo’s hair.

Triangular stirrups, of wood, completed the trappings of the saddle. As

the Iroquois seldom made use of the Indian horse, the saddle with

them was rather an accidental, than a usual article. A specimen, of
_ Seneca manufacture, will be found among the articles.

Ga-go-an-da, or Air Gun; and Gi-no, or Arrow.

:
Air gun, 6 feet. Arrow, 2 feet.

_ The air gun is claimed as an Indian invention, but with what correct-
. ness the writer cannot state. It is a simple tube or barrel, about six
feet i length, above an inch in diameter, and having a uniform bore,
about half an inch in diameter. It is made of alder, and also of other
wood, which is bored by some artificial contrivance. A very slender
arrow, about two and a half feet in length, with a sharp point, is the
missile. Upon the foot of the arrow, the down or floss of the thistle is
fastened on entire, with ‘sinew. This down is soft and yielding, and
when the arrow is placed in the barrel, it fills it air tight. The arrow
is then discharged by the lungs. It is used for bird shooting.

Ya-o-da-was ta, or Inpian Fuvre.

13 feet.

This instrument is unlike any known among us, but it clearly resem-
bles the clarionet. Its name signifies ‘‘ablowpipe.”’ It isusuallymade
of red cedar, is about eighteen inches in length, and above an inch in
diameter. The finger holes, six in number, are equidistant. Between

_ them and the mouth-piece, which is at the end, is the whistle, contrived
much upon the same principal as the common whistle. It makes six
consecutive notes, from the lowest, on a rising scale. ‘The seventh note
is wanting, but the three or four next above are regularly made. This
is the whole compass of the instrument. As played by the Indians, it
affords a species of wild and plaintive music. It is claimed as an
Indian invention. | ,

ve
*.

and paint for the occasion. A few, also, are excluslvely for the females,

dance, (O-sto-weh-go-wa) is the most spirited and striking in the list; _

Turtle-shell Rattle.

The turtle-shell rattle is used in the dance, both as an accompani- Bh
ment to the singing, and to mark the time. Inallof theirdances, except |
the war dance, the singers are seated in the centre of. the room, and
the dancers pass around them in an elliptical line. ' They strike the
rattle upon the bench, in beating time, as frequently as thrice in a.
second, and accompany it with singing. After removing the animal
from the shell, a handful of flint corn is placed within it, and the skin
sewed up. The neck of the turtle is stretched over a wooden handle.

\ -_ ee

Squash-shell Rattle.

As an accompaniment for singing, the squash-shell rattle is also used.
Corn is placed within the hollow shell, and the sound of the rattle —
varies with its size. In their songs for the dead, it is chiefly used. |
Frequently twenty of these rattles are heard in one song, each one he :
giving a different note, and the whole together making a very strange phos

substitute for music.

‘ ‘ t
\

The Iroquois have about twenty distinct dances, a few of them, as
the war dance, are performed by select dancers, who dress in full costume

but in most of them all participate. The thanksgiving, or religious a

but the war dance (Wa-sis-seh) is the greatest favorite. In this dance

' ‘ €

the drum is chiefly used.

Ga-no-jo-o, or Inp1an Drum.

eS SS
—— =

\
\

—=s

\

——————
| |

\

—

|

> 1 foot.

Over-one head of the drum the skin of some animal is stretched to
its utmost tension, and held firmly by a hoop. Vocal music is essential
to every Indian dance; the drum being used to mark time, and as an
accompaniment. These primitive amusements are still maintained by
a certain portion of the present Iroquois, with undiminished interest.
Their social intercourse still takes on this form, and. scarcely a week
passes, in the winter season, without a dance. They are eminently
calculated to keep alive their Indian sympathies and notions; and for
this reason, the first efforts of their missionaries are, with great pro-
priety, directed to their suppression. There is a wildness in the music
and excitement of the dance, exactly attuned to the nature of the
Indian ; and when he loses his relish for the dance, he has ceased to
be an Indian.

Yun-ga-sa, or Topacco Poucu. :

The tobacco pouch is made of the skin of some small animal, which
is taken off entire. It was anciently an indispensable article, and was

86

\
worn in the girdle.. Four specimens are furnished, one of white weasel,
one of squirrel, one of mink, and one of fisher skin. The latter was

worn many years by Johnson, (Sose-ha-wa) a nephew of Red Jacket,
and now one of the most distinguished living chiefs of the Senecas.

Da-ya-yé-da-ga-ne-at-ha, or Bow anp Suarr, for striking fire.

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This is an Indian invention, and of great antiquity. Its rudeness
may excite a smile, in this day of lucifer matches, but yet the step
backward to the steel and flint is about the same, as from the latter to
the contrivance in question. Not knowing the use of metals or of chemi-
cals, it was the only method of creating fire known to the Red man. 3
It consisted of an upright shaft, about four feet in length and aninch
in diameter, with a small wheel set upon the lower part, to give it mo-
mentum. In a notch ‘at the top of the shaft was set a string, attached
to a bow about three feet in length. The lower point rested upon a
block of dry wood, near which are placed small pieces of punk. When
ready to use, the string is first coiled around the shaft, by turning it
with the hand. The bow is then pulled downward, thus uncoiling the .
string, and revolving the shaft towards the left. By the momentum
given to the wheel, the string is again coiled up in a reverse manner,

87

and the bow again drawn up. The bow 1s again pulled uownward,
and the revolution of the shaft reversed, uncoiling the string, and re-
coiling it in reverse as before. This alternate revolution of the shaft
is continued, until sparks are emitted from tbe point where it rests upon
the piece of dry wood below. In a moment’s time sparks are produced
by the intensity of the friction, and ignite the punk, which speedily

~ furnishes a fire.

O-no-ne-a Gos-ha-dé, or Corn-nusk Saxtt Borrte.

\
Dany
Myghhy;:s
Gypsy;
yey),

Several varieties of basket work will be found among the articles.
In this useful art the Indian women excel. They are made with a neat-
ness, ingenuity and simplicity which deserve the highest praise. Among
the number are two sieve baskets, used for sifting corn meal. Another
variety 1s made of corn-husks and flags, an ingeniously manufactured

basket, which is seldom met with. Two.corn-husk bottles for salt, are’
also furnished.

Gi-de-us-ha, or Necxuace. See plate 3, fig. 2.

This necklace is made of silver and wampum beads. The latter are
of a dark color, and are cut from a species of sea shell. Beads of this
description are held in the highest estimation. In strings of wampum
beads, the laws of the ancient confederacy of the Iroquois were record-
ed. According to their method of expressing the idea, the law was

“talked into the string of wampum,” and it became ever afterwards

_ the visible record of the law itself. By an original law of the league, a

sachem of the Onondagas (Ho-no-we-na-to) was made ‘the hereditary

= ~ sachem who holds this title performs this-duty.

keeper and i yeepreie: of diese silage sand. thi

A silver cross is eee attached to this necklace. The Ind }

Sndady cote Aca a ‘ ;
In their costumes for the war dance, the Fraduad: indulged thieir' ti
a ey ae ornament to its fullest et ue of them would = i

neatness of the materials, and the striking appearance of the ind

as seen in the graceful movements of the dance. ie are diversifie

and was desigatil for the dance! |
the Indian female. If the fabrics of which ey are ES were. of y
their own manufacture exclusively, it would add much to their interest ; ik
but since the intercourse of the Iroquois commenced with the whiten
they have laid aside their deerskin apparel, and substituted materials,
in fact, of our own manufactare. Since we have known them, how-
ever, their costumes have been of this description. No change has been. A
made of the articles of apparel themselves, but the deerskin has been 4
laid aside for the broadcloth, the bearskin blanket for the woollen, and: ae
the porcupine quill for the bead. ie ne ; he

Much taste is exhibited in the bead work, which is so conspicuous im
the female costume. The colors’ are blended harmoniously, and the
patterns are ingeniously devised and skilfully executed. It sufficiently
appears, from the furnished specimens of their handiwork, that the
Indian female can be taught to excel with the needle. It remains to
notice briefly the several articles of apparel, of which these costumes :
‘are composed ; and first, of the female. ? Bit

Ah-ta-qua-o-weh, or Moccasin.

This has been sufficiently described elsewhere in this report.

Gise-hi, or Panraterre. Plate 4.

The Gise-ha is usually made of red broadcloth, snaie omamente :
a border of bead work around the lower edge, and also up the side. i
is secured above the knee, and falls down upon the moccasin. — 7
furnished 1 is beautifully made, and a fine specimen of bead work. ae

r Gee

i Gii-ka-ah. or Skiet ~ Plate 35. .

The skirt is secured around the waist, and descends about half way
to the bottom of the pantalette. It is usually of blue broadcloth, and is
more elaborately embroidered with bead work than any other portion of
the dress. A heavy border is.worked around the loweredge. Up the
centre, in front, it is also embroidered. At the angle upon the right
side, a figure is worked representing a tree or flower. This part of the
costume furnished, is a rare specimen.of Indian needle work.

Ah-de-a-da-we-si, or Over Dress. Plate 6, and 6 a.

.

~The over dress is generally of calico, of the highest colors. It is
loosely adjusted to the person, and falls below the waist. Around the
lower edge is a narrow border of bead work. In front they wear a pro-
fusion of silver broaches, of various sizes and patterns, and arranged
agreeably to the taste of the wearer.

E-yose, or BLANKET.
C

This indispensable and graceful garment is of blue or green broad-
cloth, of which it requires two yards. It falls from the head or neck
in natural folds, the width of the cloth, and is gathered around the
person like a shawl. It is worn very gracefully, and makesa becoming
article of apparel. Other ornaments are worn, but the costume has
been described with sufficient minuteness ‘to give a general idea of its
character.

Gus-to-weh, or Heap Dress. Plate 3, fig. 1.

Upon the head dress, the most conspicuous part of the male costume,
much attention was bestowed. The frame consists of a band of splint,
adjusted around the head, with a cross band arching over the top, from
side to side. A cap of net work, or silk, is then made to enclose the
frame. Around the splint a silver band is fastened, which completes
the lower part. From the top, a cluster of white feathers depends.
Besides this a single feather, of the largest size, is set in the crown of
the head dress, inclining backwards from the head. It is secured in a
small tube, which is fastened to the cross splint, and in such a manner
as to allow the feather to revolve in the tube. This feather, which is
usually the plume of the Eagle, is the characteristic of the Iroquois

an caeie at many ee the f opucil a the see

Ga-ka-ah, or Kitt, Plate 7. “ a

The kilt is secured around the waist by a belt, and descends nea
to the knee. It is fringed around the lower edge, and covered with Vers
rious ornaments. This article of Indian apparel is not much unlike the

kilt of the Highlander.

Gise-ha, or Leeann. Plate S.

The leggin is usually made of red broadcloth. It is ; énibrolerer pre
around the lower edge and up the side, with bead work. Two narrow ae eh
bands depend from the knee in front. It is secured above the knee, Bie

4

and descends to the moccasin.

ne

upon a belt, and the belt itself thén tied around the ee

Ga-geh-ti, or Bett. Plate 9.

Se The belt is of Indian manufacture. It is braided by hand, the be
being interwoven in the process of braiding. They are worn aroun d
waist,. and over the left shoulder. No part of the costume is p

highly as the belt. Roe

oI

S

‘ Bes * Ga-nuh-sa, or Sza-sHeLL Menpat.

The government have long been in the habit of presenting silver
medals to the chiefs of the various Indian tribes, at the formation cf
treaties, and on the occasion of their visit to the seat of governinent.
These medals are held in the highest estimation. Red Jacket received
one from Washington, in 1792, which is now worn by the Seneca chief
Sose-ha-wi. It isan elliptical plate of silver, surrounded by a rim,.
and is about six inches in its greatest diameter. On each side it is
engraved with various devices. Medals of sea shell, inlaid with silver,
are also worn suspended from the neck, as personal ornaments. , A
specimen of the latter description is furnished.

Tuesh-té-ga-tas-ta, or Tin BrEAst-PLatTe,

‘i = 5 = z ZOE
SS EES

The above is a representation of a species of tin breast-plate, worn by
the Seneca Indians. ”

92
Arm Banps, Knee Banps, anv Wrist Banps Plate 10.

These also, form a part of the costume. They are usually of bead
work, but often of silver. The war club, tomahawk, and moccasin,

“complete the costume. .

Gi-yd-ah, or Worx Pocxer. Plate 11.
Ya-wa-o-da-qua, or NEEDLE Boox. Plate 12.
Ya-wa-o-da-qua, or Pin Cusuton Plate 13.

Got-gwen-da, or Pocket Boox. Plate 14.

These are furnished as further specimens of the handiwork of the
Indian female in bead work. The figures themselves will dispense with
the necessity of any description. The patient industry of the Indian
female is quite remarkable, when seen in contrast with the impatience
of labor in the Indian himself. In the work of their reclamation and
oradual induction into industrial pursuits, this fact furnishes no small

degree of encouragement.

Ga-ha, or Breecu Crorn. Plate 16.

In the ball game the players denude themselves entirely, with the
.exception of a belt, which is secured below the waist, and the Ga-ka,
which passes under it before and behind. It is usually of broadcloth
and ornamented with bead work. |

Several articles of silver ware will also be found in the collection.
They consist of hat bands, arm and wrist bands, ear rings ‘and broaches.
of various patterns and sizes. They are principally of Indian manu-
facture. The following cuts representa pair of ear rings worn by
Ho-ho-e-yu, in 1849.

Ah-was-ha, or Ear Rie.

93

Ga-on-seh, or Basy FRAme. Plate 16.

This is likewise an Indian invention. It appears to have been design-
ed rather as a convenience to the Indian mother, for the transportation
of her infant, than, as has generally been supposed, to secure an erect
figure. The frame is about two feet in length, by about fourteen inches
in width, with a carved foot-board at the small end, and a hoop or bow
at the head, arching over at right angles. After being enclosed:in a
blanket, the infant is lashed upon the frame with belts of bead work,

which firmly secure and cover its person, with the cxception of the
face. A separate article for covering the face, is then drawn over the
bow, and the child is wholly protected. When carried, the burden
strap attached to the frame is placed around the forehead of the mother,
and the Ga-on-seh upon her back. . This frame is often elaborately
carved, and its ornaments are of the choicest description. When cul-
tivating the maize, or engaged in any out-door occupation, the Ga-on-
seh is hung upon a limb of the nearest tree, and left to swing in the
breeze. The patience and quiet of the Indian child, in this close con-
finement, are quite remarkable. It will hang thus suspended for hours,
without uttering a complaint. |

With the Ga-on-seh, close the enumeration of articles. Several!
have been necessarily omitted, and others noticed but slightly. Sufh-
cient, however, has been written, to illustrate the general character of
our Indian fabrics, implements and utensils. Some of them have been
noticed minutely, as they appeared calculated to exhibit the artisan
intellect of our primitive inhabitants. It is in this view that they are
chiefly interestmg. Some general observations naturally present them-
selves upon this branch of the subject, but the prescribed limits of this

Yeport will not permit their introduction. }

Such is the diffusion of Indian arts and Indian inventions among the
Red races, that it is impossible to ascertain with what nation or tribe
they in fact originated. Many of them were common to all, from
Maine to Oregon, and from the St. Lawrence to the peninsula of Flo-
rida. To this day Indian life is about the same over the whole republic.
If we wished to discover the inventions of the Iroquois, we might ex-
pect to find them as well among the Sioux of the upper Mississippi, as
among the descendants of the Iroquois themselves. It is for this reason,
that in forming an Indian collection, we should take in the whole range
of Indian life, from the wild tribes dwelling in the seclusion of Oregon,
to the semi-agricultural Cherokees of the south, and the present Iroquois

who reside among oursebves! |

They h ee pale tie hal

| ee stages, from extreme eae to Be clv

similar implements a similar fabrics, at no remote Ba. we
the ee ae of the Pe oes os the Cae themselves.

and an age which have passed beyond the ken of even Indian ee
Our first Indian epoch is thus connected with that of the Mound builders.
In the same manner, the fabrics of the Iroquois are intimately connecte |
with those of all the tribes now resident within the republic. One sys
tem of trails belted the whole face of the territory, from the Atlantic to
the Pacific; and the intereourse between the multitude of nations who
dwelt within these boundless domains was constant, and, much” more -
extensive than has ever been supposed. If any one, therefore, desired
a picture of the Iroquois life before Hendrik Hudson sailed up the river a
upon whose banks rested the eastern end of their ‘‘ Long House,”* he _
should look for it in Catlin’s Scenes at the skirts of the Rocky Moun- —
tains. There are diversities, it is true, but Indian life is essentially the
same. ‘ha
A collection, therefore, which embraced within its range the utensils,
implements, and miscellaneous fabrics of the whole Indian family,
: would best illustrate the era of Indian occupation within our own State.
Such a collection can, and ought to be made. It would be doing, in
our republic, what European nations have taken unwearied pains to ac-

complish within their own territories. They have treasured up with
_ watchful care, the memorials of their own territorial history. These
memorials unlock the social history of the past; and although silent,
they speak more eloquently than all human description. Our own are
essentially Indian. An Indian collection is all that we can offer to the if

have derived from theirs. -While every petty State abroad has its I
torical Cabinet, the visitation of which furnishes the chief pleasure
the traveller, our own States, one of which numbers three millio:

* Ho-de-no-sau-ne, The name of the Iroquois as one people, signifies
ae People of the Long House.?? They symbolized the League by a house,
mt reached from the Hudson to the Genesee; and afterwards to Niagara, on t
pulsion of the Eries and Neuter Nation, about the year, 1650. — mM

os

lections, rests upon sound considerations of public utility ; and the rea-
sons which induce them are just as applicable here, as elsewhere ; and
‘ just as appropriate to each single State, as to the National Government.
his enterprise has been fairly entered upon, under the fostering care

of the Regents of the University. The foundation, at least, of an In-
dian Collection, has been established. Were it enlarged, upon the
principles suggested in this report, it would soon become one of the
most interesting of all Historical Cabinets. It would grow in public
value, as the people whose social condition it reveals, recede from pub-
lic observation ; and in after years it would become inestimable. But
such are the changes, and causes of change at work among our, Indian
races, that the present moment should be improved with diligence.

Time buries every thing in a common tomb.

_ The Red races are passing away before the silent, but irresistible
spread of civilization. The tenure of Indian sovereignty is as precarious
as the habitation of the deer, his co-tenant of the forest. Their gradual
displacement is as inevitable as the progress of events. A portion,
indeed, of the Indian family, if present indications are to be trusted, is
destined eventually to be reclaimed, and raised to a citizenship among
ourselves. But this can only be accomplished by their adoption of
agricultural pursuits, and the diffusion of knowledge among them.

_ When this change is effected, they will cease to be Indians. A different
destiny awaits the residue. At no distant day the war shout of the

Red man will fall away into eternal silence, upon the shores of the dis-
tant Pacific. Industry will then have taken up her abode in the seclu-
sions of the forest, the church will rise upon the ruins of the council-
house, the railway pursue the distant trail, the ploughshare turn the sod
of the hunting ground ; and the pursuits of peace having diffused them-
selves over the whole republic, one universal and continuous hum of
industry will rise from ocean to ocean. When the destiny of the Indian
is thus fulfilled, ‘the words of the great Seneca orator will rise up in
perpetual remembrance :

“Who then lives to mourn us? None. What marks our extermi-
nation? Nothing.”
All which is respectfully submitted.

LEWIS H. MORGAN.
Rochester Dec. 31, 1849.

PLATES

Mh MORGANS REPORT.

[Nart. Hist.] 7

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DR. HOUGH’S PAPER

ON

INDIAN ANTIQUITIES.

, NOTICE

OF

SEVERAL ANCIENT REMAINS OF ART,

IN JEFFERSON AND ST. LAWRENCE COUNTIES,

BY FRANKLIN B. HOUGH, M. D.

In the town of Leray, Jefferson county, there have been found two
ancient trench enclosures. One of these is situated near the bank of
Black River, a short distance below the little village of ‘* Lockport,”
{Black River) and is now nearly obliterated by the plough; except the
section that crosses the road, and that which lays in a pasture between
the road andthe river. For the relative situation of this enclosure with
surrounding objects, reference is made to the accompanying plan, No. 1.

In the cultivated field north of the road, are found in many places
traces of fireplaces, both within and without the trench; and in a cir-
cular area to the northeast, several skeletons have been exhumed. From
the state of preservation in which these bones are found, it is inferred
that they belonged to the recent tribes of Indians that inhabited the
region. No aboriginal settlements were known to exist here ‘at the
time of the first settlement by the whites, about fifty years since. The
same remark applies to all the other remains of ancient enclosures in
Jefferson and St. Lawrence counties.

The other trench enclosure is about one mile north of this, is larger,
and like the first, contains in and around it numerous traces of hearths,
fragments of pottery, shells of edible fresh water shell-fish, and the
bones of men and animals. Its outline is in many places very obscure,
and the plough will in a few years efface the last vestige of mound or
trench. The adjoining flat was once flowed by a beaver dam, making
a shallow pond of several acres in extent. The remains of this dam
are still distinct. It is built in a curve, the convex side being up the
stream. For the dimensions and topography of this enclosure, see
plan No. 2.

102

In the town of Rutland are vestiges of several ancient works. One 2
of these is on land owned by the heirs of the late James Wilson, and
near the residence of Abner Tomlin. The space is still covered with —

a forest, and trees of several centuries growth are standing upon and

within the enclosure. Decayed and fallen trunks of others, of which

but slight traces remain, indicate that the present growth of timber has
been preceded by another quite as ancient, and carry back the origin
of these works to a period exceedingly remote.

The little hillocks formed by fallen trees, have in some places so
confused and obliterated the original work, that it is difficult to deter-—

mine its precise extent. The annexed plan (No. 3) conveys a good
idea of the extent and form of this trench enclosure. Great numbers

of human skeletons have been found buried in the trench which sur-

rounds the slight mound yet remaining. Within the area have been
found graves, and fireplaces; while in the fields around, which have
been cultivated, great numbers of flint arrowheads, stone chisels, pipes,
and fragments of coarse earthen ware, have been found. Among the
charcoal found within the enclosure, charred corn has been found in
considerable quantities. The skeletons appeared to have been deposited

in something like a regular manner, with their heads to the west, and
the knees drawn up to the body, This place is about one mile from the —

western line of the townof Rutland, and two miles from Black River.

There is said to have been found in this locality several years since, a.

copper arrowhead. Whether of ancient or recent workmanship, is not
known. If the former, it would indicate an acquaintance with distant
localities of that metal, as none has been found, in the metallic state,
nearer than the great mineral regions of Lake Superior.

In the year 1842, a collection of human bones, evidently of ancient
date, was discovered in Rutland, about three miles east from the vil-
lage of Watertown, on a commanding height, and in a field owned by
Mr. E. Huntingdon.

On removing a circular pile of stones, about three feet high and ten
feet in diameter, there was discovered a flat stone, which covered a
hole four feet square and two feet deep, filled with bones, thrown pro-
miscuously together. They were evidently nothing but bones at the
time of their burial, as the space was too small to have contained so
many bodies. Some bones exhibited the marks of teeth, as if they had
been gnawed by wild animals.

The surrounding fields contain traces of fireplaces, with much char- —
coal and charred corn; and the whole appears to bear evidence ofa an-

-

:

103

cient massacre and pillage, in which an Indian village was destroyed,
and the bonesof the slain afterwards collected and buried by their
friends. The bones were in a tolerable state of preservation, but soon
decayed on exposure. It was estimated that there were between thirty
and forty skeletons buried here, besides detached bones of animals.

Among fragments of broken pottery found in this vicinity, was an
entire pot, having a capacity of about three pints, and the form repre-
sented in the sketch.

A fragment of a pipe, containing the representation of a human face
on each side, only a part of which remained, was also found; a figure
of which is here inserted.

In the town of Macomb, St. Lawrence county, are found three trench
enclosures, and numerous places where broken fragments of rude potte-
fy, ornaments of steatite, and beds of charcoal and ashes, indicate the
sites of Indian villages. It may be proper to state, that this region was
not inhabited at the time of its first settlement by the whites.

One of these ruins is on the farm of William P. Houghton, near the
bank of Birch creek, and is the one which has furnished the oreatest

Maratea Bb ak: 4 Alia ua Mca Ait

104

quantity of relics. Beads of steatite, pipes and broken utensils of eart.
the bones of fish and wild animals, shells, &c., occur, mixed with ashe
and bits of charcoal, throughout the soil, within and without the limits _
of the trench, and have been collected and carried off in large quantities.
Cultivation has nearly obliterated every trace of the enclosure, but by — BS |
the aid of several persons who were acquainted with the locality when |
first discovered, the accompanying plan (No. 4,) has been drawn, ich 2 Bik
is believed to represent the situation and extent of this work, before the ~ =
land was tilled. | 7 i
The ground formerly occupied by the trench, is at present the site of
an orchard, and used as a mill yard. | ene
Reference to this work is made in several gazetteers and, ‘‘ Historical |
Collections,’’ as occurring on the farm of Capt. Washburn, in Gouver-
neur, (the former owner of the land, before the erection of the township

y]

of Macomb,) and in these it is erroneously stated that rude remains of
sculpture occur within the enclosure. No traces of sculpture (except
the beads, pipes and other articles,) have ever been found here.

About half a mile northeast of this place, is the trace of another en-
closure, but so obliterated by cultivation, that it could not be surveyed
with any degree of certainty. It occurs on the farms of Josiah Sweet by
and William Houghton, the greater portion being upon the farm of the
latter. i

It is situated on a small stream, the outlet of a tamarack swamp, for-
merly a beaver meadow; is of an irregular oval figure, and can be
traced with tolerable accuracy about 160 paces, which is nearly half of
the original circumference. Its longest direction was NNE. and SSW.
Numerous fire-beds occur within the enclosure, and in one instance, a td
quantity of ashes and charcoal was found five feet below the surface. bt
In a field a few rods distant, large quantities of broken pottery, and )
traces of an Indian village, are found. About three-fourths of a mile 9
from the enclosure first described, (plan No. 4,) there occurs another
trench of semi-circular form, and in a far more perfect state of preser- i
vation than either of the others. This is on the farm of Robert Wilson, |
and about 25 rods south of ‘*‘ Wilson’s Lead Mine.”

For the topography and extent of this trench, reference is made to the
accompanying plan, No. 5. i

As the land around this has never been ploughed, it has not furnish-
ed any relics of interest. ie
In the town of Massena, St. Lawrence county, is an ancient trench ~ i
enclosure, on the farm of Josiah C. Bridges, about half a mile south- —

é

105

west of the bridge over the Racket river, at a place called Racket River
P.O. It isona considerable eminence, about half way between the
Racket and Grasse rivers, and three miles from the mouth of the latter.
The hill may be fifty feet higher than either river ; the ancient work is
on the southern declivity of the hill, near the top, and the outer ditch
may enclose perhaps an acre. It is nearly square, with the corners
projecting beyond the line of the sides; from which it may perhaps be
inferred that it was a defensive work, and belonging to a different period
from the circular works above described. The bank when first dis-
covered, was surrounded by a ditch about three feet wide, and between
one and two feet deep. In the ditch were the remains of old pine trees,
some of wnich must have been at least five hundred years old. With-
in the enclosure were two elevations, about fifteen feet square, and two
feet above the level of the surrounding ground. The location com-
mands a prospect of the country around, in every direction, to a con-
siderable distance.

In Potsdam, St. Lawrence county, there existed, on the first settle-
ment of the country, a work similar to the one last described, but
which is now nearly obliterated by the plough. It was on the west side
of Racket river, about half way from Potsdam village to Norfolk. Like
the other, it was situated near the top of an elevation, conspicuous from
all the surrounding country. Like it, also, it was quadrilateral; its
size was nearly the same, and the vicinity of both furnishes numerous
remains of rude pottery, stone axes, flint arrows, and various ornaments
wrought in steatite.

The location in Potsdam is about eighteen miles distant to the south-
west, from that in Massena, and there is little doubt but that one might
be seen from the other, if the intervening timber was cut away.

The foregoing are the only remains of ancient art which the writer
has been able to learn of in St. Lawrence county, after making the
most diligent inquiries. In Jefferson county there are many others, in
the towns of Adams, Ellisburgh, &c., of which it is hoped a satisfactory
account will hereafter be given.

DRAWINGS

Ci LOUGH S PAPER.

wale’ \
DANE

a

ae

N= 4d.

ANCIENT BURIAL PLACE

Scale of Rods

Wag SO Ma above the

‘Wg

Netural Le Wace

/

/
/
/

Lath: Albany .

Zz

OR
TRENCH ENCLOSURE
fn the Town of Leray, Jefferson C ounty,
near the Village of "Lockport "Black River)
on the Land of Aaron Poor.
RE. Pease

Surveyed April, 20 1849
BY FRANKLIN B HOUGCH, # D.

N® %

i)
ie i ANCIENT, TRENTH ENCLOSURE
= 9

In the Town of Leray Jefferson County, about
one and w half miles from the Village of Lockport
on the Larm of Matthew Farkison
Tistted April 204 1849 By
FRANKLIN B.HOUGH, M. BO.

\ << R. H. Pease Leth. Albany.
Ve N ae ee. §
i
NS 3
< .
x Dwelling House

22, Z

A

S
= 2 Plowed Field
NN
== ¥-
S =) 8
Pe >
Ba. Fragments Fottery
= Za, = shells of the uno, Ppes,
4~ arrowheads flunt, Peces
| Zz of deer's bones sharpened for

awl 7 and decayed human

NN
Q< ,
a bones found um and near
N 6
S this Enclosure .
<
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2 =
S =
S Sa
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k SS
SI = fe
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S Ss
= g& on FO. 15 20 Bi SAC)
= eas [Bates Oe [ese Sl

Scale of Rods.

Barn

Louse of Matthew larkison.

eh
i wth iY iy

ke

INOS
ANCIENT TREN CH HNCLOSURE

INTHE TOWN OF RUTLAND JEFFERSON COUNTY

near the Residence of Abner Tomlin.
kisited and surveyed Sune 1849 by FB Hove

RH Pease Lith Albany 7850

obsCUre
mound

Fl oes 2
30 Paces

an
€3

af

ip
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i

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Hearths and/ remains
of Charred corm wtthin this

/ wnclosuce .

= oO
"vil 4 9, JIUIBS TP IDA pu 72 N

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aK |

Distinct mound
60 Paces

Traces ofan
Ancient Well

Si

Cid ivated Fields
7 I

|

N24,
ANCIENT ENCLOSURE

OR

BURIAL PLACE

Tn the Town of Macomb, S*Lawrence (0.0n the tarin of
ie eee _ Visited Sep "1549. By F ed

CH Lease, Lithag. Albany

7 mall P ee -

Dy iw mil ae a
du % nearly obhterated on this a oF
A -

aS cee WANN, 3 ae
=n wl Sis ii foes Ae: a
Gn at ie Pec 7 oe S tlat
a MH 7

Road to [Popes Mills 3 miles.

Scale of Faces.
h
Dyelling of WP Houghton.
‘Old State Road ~ to 0gdensbourgh 22 miles. ———— ———

(rd Tai a

ke

fi

INS a
ANCIENT TRENCH ENCLOSURE
BURIAL PLACE

Inthe town of Macomé St Lawrence Co. onthe Jarm of Rob! Wilson
Kistted and Surveyed Septi ©1849 by Franklin B. Hough .-

RH Fease Lith Albany, 1850

id¢
ie zm in AN say AN sa ei Uasil a tye

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\ ali ily ii i on remene NOT AA iit 7) ft SS
\ ee ih HNN Halil enn on ee jin) WT i in

Small Siren.

Meadow

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ii ;
oe
jie ‘:

a grate

mae N

RSH We Wyss !
Penal NHN a

Scale of Paces, 9 ta a rod

Te
Birch CECE

1 MM
at eur my

ee, Toe ed i dune

© Ga)

REPORT

ON THE

MINERALOGY OF NEW-YORK;
Comprising Notices of the Additions which have been made since 1842:
BY LEWIS C. BECK, M. D.,

LATE MINERALOGIST TO THE SURVEY OF NEW-YORKE.

b ¢

1 ¥ a0
tytn ae
oe *

A ie
Me) beta ibe ere
ae Hig Tete

REPORT.

TO THE HONORABLE THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY.

GENTLEMEN:

On the 2d of June, 1836, I was appointed by Governor Marcy, Mi-
neralogist of the Geological Survey of the State, and was entrusted
with that part of the work “ which relates to an examination, a scien-
tific description, and a chemical analysis of its soils and minerals.”

In the discharge of the duty thus assigned to me, I from year to year
visited the most important mineral localities in the State, collected many
suites of specimens for the General Cabinet and for distribution to the sev-
eral colleges, and devoted the rest of my time to arranging the materials
collected, and to the analysis of such rare and useful products as seemed
worthy of particular examination. At the close of the year 1842, the
final report of the results of my investigations, under the title of the
Mineralogy of New-York, was made to Governor Sewarp, five annual
reports having been previously presented to the Legislature.

Although since the publication of the Mineralogy in 1842, my con-
nection with the survey of the State has ceased, I have still endeavored
to keep pace with the progress of this department of science. The
additions which I have thus been able to make to the former report are
so considerable, that | am induced to offer them to the Regents as a
supplement to that work. I consider it asa most fortunate circumstance
that the preservation and increase of the invaluable State Cabinet are
placed in charge of a Board who duly appreciate the importance of
Science, in all its multifarious departments.

I have only further to say, that the arrangement of the following no-
tices is the same as that followed in the Mineralogy of New-York.

Your obedient servant,

LEWIS C. BECK.

RvuTGERS COLLEGE, December, 1849.

3 Palle a mt ad ES the eae river, fae cases
dicularly from the edge of the stream more than two
The water of this spring has been analyzed ua Prof. do De

following results in one pint, viz: ;
Sulphate of lime, - — -—

Sulphate of magnesia,

Carbonate of magnesia,
Carbonate of lime, -

Chloride of sodium,
Traces of iron,

Sulphuretted hydrogen, -
Carbonic acid gas, - e

(From @ poienet published by the PrapTEEiOn a thes spring,

Sylvan, or Iodine Spring, Avon, Bivingaton county. WwW
analysis of the water of this spring, by Dr. James R. Chieae

following results in a wine pint, viz :
Sulphate of magnesia, -
Sulphate of lime, - — -
Chloride of sodium, —--
Chloride of magnesium, —

Carbonate of lime, -
Carbonate of ee -
Vegetable matter, |

lodide of Salhi tn A

| | Sulphoretted hydroge, i
wri Carbonic acid aa i ‘s

From eat Pa contain

she
2

in 1842.)

s

113

Upon this analysis I have to remark, that if the results are correctly
stated, it is one of the most notable that has heretofore been published ;
at least, in so far as the New-York Sulphur Springs are concerned.
The amount of solid matter is unusually large, and it must serve to
keep up the high reputation of this favorite watering place.

Sulphur Springs, Sharon, Schoharie county. Three springs at
Sharon were analyzed by Prof. Lawrence Reid, of New-York, in 1844,
and the results published in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natu-
ral Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. 2, p. 120, (for October, 1844.) The
following are the contents in a wine pint, the original being in refer-

ence to a gallon:
i

White Sulphur Spring, Sharon:

Bicarbonate of magnesia, - - - 3°00 grains.
Sulphate of magnesia, - mi i - A425 «
Sulphate of lime, - - - - Be OO hits
Hydrosulphates of magnesia and lime,_ - Oss ns
Chlorides of sodium and magnesium, - O34 ‘¢

eS

18°63 grains.
Sulphuretted hydrogen, - - - - 2°56 cub. inches.

Blue Sulphur Spring, Sharon:

Bicarbonate of magnesia, ee - 4:00 grains. ©
Sulphate of magnesia, - - - - 094 *
Sulphate of lime, - - - - - 9°69) fa
Chlorides of sodium and magnesium, - O31). 5."

' Solid contents, . - - - 14°94

Magnesia Spring, Sharon:

Bicarbonate of magnesia, - - - 3°81 grains.
Sulphate of magnesia, - - - ° Pit a
Sulphate of lime, - - - - - DOO Sirs
Hydrosulphates of magnesia and lime, - 006 “
Chlorides of sodium and magnesium, - 07380, 754
; aL

Solid contents, - : - 16°59

Sulphuretted hydrogen, - - - 0-8 cub. inches.

[Nar. Hist.] 8

“atmosphere.

Richland Springs, Otsego county. * The analysis of two springs
Prof. Reid, is published in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Acade
my of Natural Sciences, for October, 1844. The contents in one wi
pint are as follows:

No. 1, A.

Bicarbonate of lime, ca Be - 2:80 grains. 2:50 grains.
Sulphate of magnesia, - - - 1:25 «6 125 > ig
Hydrosulphates of magnesia and lime, 3°75 ‘ 3:38
Chlorides of magnesium and sodium, 0°25) 0-31

Sulphate of lime, - .- - - 1125 ¢ 11¢2
19:00 grains. 19-06 grains. ‘ .
Sulphuretted hydrogen, - = 257 cub.inch. 2°38 cub. inch.

: Sulphuretted springs occur at Rosendale, in Ulster county. One of
these has acquired some celebrity. It is on the verge of the south shore BY
of the Rondout creek. It is principally remarkable for the large pro-

portion of chloride of sodium which it contains. The following is the |
| result of the analysis of Dr. James R. Chilton, im one pint of the
water: ;
Chloride of sodium, 2 eo et ele a
Chloride of magnesium, 0:31. 4 oe
Carbonate of magnesia, 9-32 ws © ee
Carbonate of lime, - - Bia : 118. ae

Sulphate of magnesia, - ae ey
Sulphate of soda, - - os - oS POG o. ae tf Re a
Sulpliate of Time, -. <8 ‘2, 9 ee |
Hydrosulphurets of sodium and calcium, - 0:26 a

ee

Sulphuretted hydrogen, - : -

‘
—
J
n

Carbonic acid gas, - - “ ‘

“Massena Sulphur Springs. These springs are situated on the
of the Racket river, in St. Lawrence county. They are som
P taatle, and their waters are said to have been Wal serv .
cutaneous diseases and in rheumatisms. aes:

115

_ Their temperatures are 52° in what is called the warm spring, and
_ 46° in the cold spring.
The following is the composition of these waters in one pint, accord-

Ing to the analyses of Prof. Emmons: * .
Warm §pring. Cold Spring.

Chloride of sodium, - ~ ~ ~ 6:99 grains. 6°20 grains.
Chloride of magnesium, ar ett AGAR 1/7 08 OSA) i
Chloride of calcium, - - - - 1°03 +. -F O47 9
Carbonate of lime, - - - > 27s Same 1:96. *s

eS

Carbonate of oe - - - 1:63 6 THO) he
Hydrosulphuret of sodium, - - - ia Misa
Magnesium and organic matter, ao 00-00) bie! OF lin

13-08 grains. 12-44 grains.

There are three springs within thirty feet of each other, and they
possess nearly the same properties. The quantity of sulphuretted hy-
drogen which they contain, is considerable. Emgnons’ American Jour-
nal of Agriculture and Science, February, 1847.

Sour Springs. Inthe Mineralogy of New York, there are notices
of the occurrence of springs charged with sulphuric acid, in various
parts of Genesee, Ontario and Niagara counties. Perhaps the most
remarkable of these springs, is that which exists in the southwest corner
of the town of Byron, where it occurs in a hillock composed of vege-
table matter, which has been charred by the action of the acid. It was
for a long time supposed that this might be an acid sulphate of some
basis, but an analysis which I made of the water proved it to be nearly
pure, although very dilute, sulphuric acid. This has recently been
published as a new discovery, and seems at this late day to have ex.
cited fresh interest. There is now very little doubt in regard to the
origin of the acid in this and similar localities. Dumas has shown that
sulphuretted hydrogen, mixed with air by the assistance of a porous
body, and especially of tannin, and under the influence of a slightly
elevated temperature, is slowly converted into sulphuric acid. It is
stated that this oxidation of sulphur is observed in the rooms where they
take sulphur baths, at Aix, in Savoy ; the linen curtains which in the
pools serve to isolate the patients, are very rapidly impregnated with
free sulphuric acid, and the fabric is strongly acted on if it is kept with-
out being washed. Millon and Reiset’s Annuaire, for 1847.

*In the published analysis, ‘* Carbonate of lime’? is twice repeated, which is
undoubtedly an error of the press. Carbonate of magnesia may have been intended.

116

CARBURETTED HYDROGEN.

ae of New-York, pages 128 and 172.)

4

The work as above quoted, contains a full account of the occurrence
of this gas in various parts of the State. Subsequent researches have
shed very little further light upon the question of its origin. We have
indeed the negative evidence that in the western part of the State,
where its evolution is most abundant, it does not arise from the decom-
position of coal; and Mr. Hall asserts that ‘the amount of organic
matter, both animal and vegetable, known in this rock, (Medina sand-
stone,) is so exceedingly small, that it could scarcely be supposed to
‘give rise to the constant emission of this gas. The impervious nature
of the lower part of the mass, and the absence of fossils in the next
rock below, would preclude the idea of its origin in that direction, as
there are no disturbances know in the district.” Report of the Geology
of the Fourth Geolog gal District, p. 44.

One of these gas springs is noticed by Prof. Mather, as occurring at
Haverstraw, in Rockland county. Report on the Geology of the First
District, p. 107.

ORDER II. NON-COMBUSTIBLE GASES.
NITROGEN.

(Mineralogy of New-York, pages 133 and 174.)
+
Mr. Hall remarks, “ that there is scarcely a doubt but the Canoga

springs have their origin along a line of fault or fracture in the strata.
Those Chateaugay, in Franklin county, are near the junction of the
granite and Potsdam sandstone, and in the calciferous sandrock.” Re-
port on the Geology of the Fourth District, p. 309.

CARBONIC ACID.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 175.)

ACIDULOUS, OR CARBONATED SPRINGS.

Congress Spring, Saratoga. In the appendix to Fownes’ Chemistry,
1845, Phila. edition, I find a table of the anhydrous ingredients in one
pound Troy of the water of this spring, by Dr. Schweitzer. The num-
ber of substances there given is much larger than that heretofore de-
tected in these waters by other chemists. Among these are, carbonate
of strontia, protocarbonate of manganese, sulphate of potassa, nitrate

117

of magnesia and chloride of ammonium; which are rarely met with
under these circumstances. It is to be regretted that the fluid quantity
of water analyzed by Dr. Schweitzer is not stated. The whole analysis
differs greatly from those previously published.

Empire Spring, Saratoga.’ This is another of those, so called, new
discoveries which are every few years made at Saratoga. That the
proprietors of these new springs should find it to their interest to laud
their waters as possessing remarkable properties, is not perhaps sur-
prising. But a little reflection must satisfy us that there can be no great
difference in the composition of springs which undoubtedly have a com-
mon origin. .

The spring which has received the above name, was, it is said, par-
tially made known in 1846, under that of New Congress Spring. Ac-

cording to the analysis of Dr. Emmons, the saline matters contained in
one pint of this water, are as follows :

Chloride of sodium, ee Oo Gb Staines

Bicarbonate of soda, Seki Se Siete ae ae
Bicarbonate of lime, - - - - UE: ak
Bicarbonate of magnesia, - - - Sy iy

Hydriodate of soda, - - - - 1-50,

—S

62:04 grains.

The peculiarities of this water are said to be thé remarkably large pro-
portion of hydriodate of soda, and its freedom from any salt of iron.
lam apprehensive, however that the proportion of iodine may be over-
stated in the above table, as I have been unable to detect its presence
by the most delicate tests, either in the raw water, or in a portion par-
tially reduced by evaporation. 3

CLASS. II.

LIQUID MINERALS, NOT COMBUSTIBLE.
HYDROUS SULPHURIC ACID.

Under the head Sulphuretted Hydrogen, I have already introdueed
some remarks in regard to the occurrence of this acid in a dilute form,
in Western New-York.

118

CLASS III.

COMBUSTIBLE MINERALS, NOT GASEOUS.
SULPHUR.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 181.)
Native sulphur is of common occurrence in the small cavities in the

encrinital limestone at the Cold Spring quarries, two miles east of
Lockport, Niagara county. Report on the Geol. 4th Dist., p. 99.

BITUMEN.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 182.)

Mr. Hall informs us that fluid bitumen is of common occurrence in
the Genesee slate, and with it a bright blue fluid and a substance like
spermaceti, but softer. These are volatile, and it has been impossible
to preserve any of them. The fluid bitumen and the blue fluid have

likewise been noticed in septaria, in the Marcellus slate. Rep. on the
Geol. 4th Dist, p. 221.

Mr. Hall has a cut of the Oil Spring in Freedom, Cattaragus county. '

He remarks that the origin of the spring is doubtless from the bitumin-
ous matter which is carried down by the water as it percolates through
the interstices of the Sandstone. Rep. on the Geol. 4th Dist. p. 310.

GRAPHITE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 186.)

Several localities of this useful mineral occur in Northern N ew- York,
which it is probable will yield an abundant supply. The Ticonderoga
deposits are already turned to considerable profit. In the village of
Keeseville, at a short distance from these deposits, there are three
manufactories of pencil points, which send out several millions annu-
ally. * Large quantities of the mineral in powder are also consumed for
stove blacking, for which purpose it is considered by many equal to the
celebrated ‘* British Lustre.”

A new method has been recently proposed by Profs. R. E. and W.
B. Rogers, for determining the carbon in native and artificial Graphites.
For the details, the reader is referred to Silliman’s Journal, May, 1848;
vol, 5, NV. S., p. 352.

119

ANTHRACITE,
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 188.)

_ It is believed that nothing has occurred since the publication of the
Mineralogy of New-York, to change the views which were then ex-
pressed concerning the very unimportant character of the strata of
anthracite which have been found in this State. The anthracite in
Herkimer and Montgomery counties, is found in the calciferous sand-
stone, and it appears in the form of drops or buttons; from which Mr.
. Vanuxem inferred that its previous nature was bitumimous, and that
the greater part of the rock had been subjected to heat, not dry, but
humid, and which accounts for the numerous siliceous and other pro-
ducts which are common to it. Analysis of this anthracite gave carbon,
86°50; water, 11°50; cream-colored ash, consisting of silica, 2:00.
The proportion of water is ereater than that obtained from the anthra-
cite of the coal series. Rep. on the Geol. 3d Dist. p. 34.

CLASS IV.
ALKALINE MINERALS.
COMMON SALT.
(Mineralogy of New-York, pages 119 and 198.) .

This is a product of great importance to the State, and I shall there-
fore occupy some space in presenting a summary of the information
which has accumulated since the publication of the Mineralogy of New-

~ York.

Crystalline form. Common salt sometimes occurs in hopper-form
erystals, produced by the symmetrical agglomeration of a multitude of
little cubes. The largest surface of these crystals is first formed near
the top of the solution. The upper part rises, the solution is thus weak-
- ened in the immediate vicinity, and the next row of particles retreats
from the margin. ‘The same explanation applies to the succeeding
rows. |

The manufacture of salt at Syracuse, and the surrounding villages in
Onondaga county, has been steadily increasing in importance. The
annual produce of the works might still be greatly extended, although
it has already reached the considerable amount of nearly 4,000,000

120 -

bushels annually. The quality of the salt, has, also, Ihave reason to
believe, been generally improved. Complaints, however, are yet some-
times made on this score, and the prejudice which was formerly enter-
tained against the “ Onondaga salt,” has not been entirely removed.

More than twenty years since, my attention was directed to the
salines of Onondaga county, when I made an analysis of the water, and
carefully examined the various modes of manufacturing salt which
were adopted. I have at various times subsequently visited these
salines, and have devoted much time to the study of all the facts which
I supposed would have an influence in improving the manufacture of
salt and of increasing the value of the springs. All the information
which I collected up to 1842, was embodied in my work. The follow-
ing additional facts are conceived to be of sufficient interest to be here
introduced.

In June, 1844, I analyzed two specimens of salt, the one from the
‘“‘ Hope Factory,” in Onondaga county, and the other the ‘‘ Liverpool,
or Ashton.” The composition in 1,000 grains was as follows:

Liverpool, or Ashton:

Insoluble matters, - - - 5 - - 0:25
Sulphate.of lime, - - - - . - 11:65
Sulphate of magnesia, - : - - - 1-56
Chloride of magnesium, - : - - - “trate,
Chloride of sodium, (pure salt) - - - 986°54

1,000-00
Hope Factory:

Insoluble matters, - “ - “ - - 0:15
Sulphate of lime, - - - - - - 11:06
Chloride of calcium, - - - > - 0:38
Chloride of sodium, (pure salt) - - = 988:41

1,000-00

These results, together with those previously given, sufficiently show
the superior purity of the samples of Onondaga salt. Their correct-
ness is generally confirmed by the analyses executed by Dr. Emmons.
and of which the results are published in the Transactions of the New-
York State Agricultural Society, for. 1847, p. 281. The complaints
which have been made in regard to this salt, can only have arisen from

kes NE ' 4 tie * J a. —
= a j : '

in : . ral

aE : 4

ae.”
‘

|

, \ as |

12]

carelessness in the manufacture. The presence of an undue quantity
of moisture, and of certain deliquescent salts,’ probably constitute the
f principal grounds of objection. No pains should be spared by the man-
ufacturers to.ensure the perfect dryness of the salt, before it is put up
into barrels. It should be recollected that sometimes the character of
; the salt is judged of by the use of a single barrel, which may have
been carelessly prepared. Perhaps it is the fact that the Onondaga
salt is manufactured by so many different individuals, and is wanting
in uniformity, that has operated injuriously and caused much of the
difficulty. That many of the samples, and especially those obtained
by solar evaporation, are among the purest found in market, there can
be little doubt. And the statement which has been made that “ the
| Saltna salt, after repeated trials, has been entirely thrown aside by the
best western butter makers,’’ must have arisen from the fact that there
is still a want of due attention on the part of some of the mannfac-

turers, and that the system of inspection is not so perfect as it should
be. : |

The Transactions of the American Institute for 1847-8, contain a
valuable communication from Mr. E. Meriam, who has devoted much
time to the study of this important article. His paper embodies much
information in regard to the quantity of salt imported into the United

States, and manufactured at the most considerable Salines, viz: those
of New-York and of Virginia.

In adverting to the prejudice which has been entertained against
American salt, Mr. Meriam exhibits the subject, to which I have re-
peatedly directed the attention of the manufacturers, in a striking point
of view. The quality of any sample of salt does not so much depend
upon the greater propertion of chloride of sodium, (pure salt,) as upon
the nature of the other saline matters which are mixed with it. He
illustrates this fact by the following statement: ‘If two parcels of
sugar are to be estimated as to their value for family use, one containing
85 per cent pure sugar, and 15 per cent pure silica, (sand;) the other
containing 99 per cent pure sugar, and 1 per cent sulphate of zron,
(common copperas ;) the injury done in the latter case would be far
greater than in the former. The 1 per cent of sulphate of iron would
render the sugar unfit for use, while the 15 per cent of silica would
merely reduce its value in that proportion. So it is in regard to the
samples of salt. A small proportion of the deliquescing chlorides,
(chlorides of calcium and magnesium,) by constantly rendering the salt
moist, is a most injurious impurity; while sulphate of lime or gypsum,

“although in considetable quantity, detrats very ‘Tedle”
value of the salt."* The suggestion, therefore, which] have

to time made in in regard to the removal of these deliquescing c

is, of all others, worthy of attention, and I am satisfied that if this i
in all cases carefully attended to, no complaint would be heard in
gard to the western salt.

Brine Spring, Galen, Wayne county. Some time during the year
1843, a salt spring was opened at a place called Lockpit, within thirty —
rods of the Erie canal, about eight miles west of Montezuma, and on
the westerly border of the great Montezuma marsh. A boring was
executed here which attained the depth of about 400 fect. The water |
| obtained from this well is more highly charged with saline matter than —
* any which has heretofore fallen under my notice. The following are
the results of an analysis which I made in November, 1843: Cia i
1000 grains of the brine contain 247-50 Epane of perfectly dry saline
matter. Of these 247:50 grains, 59°66 grains consist of chloride of
calcium, mixed with very small proportions of chloride of magnesium,
sulphate of lime, and oxide of iron. The remaining 187-84 grains

are chloride of sodium, or pure common salt. ;
The proportions in 100 grains of the Lockpit brine, therefore, are as

follows, viz:

Chloride of calcium and other impurities, as alone, 5:97 |
Chloride of sodium (pure salt), - - - 18°78 ee
Water, mn

10000 2 fs

The richest Onondaga brine that I have examined, contains in 100
grains:

* Mr. Meriam seems to take rather too much credit to himself for this very plain | Mi
proposition, which he thinks many ‘* excellent chemists” have overlooked. But ce
this is a matter concerning which no chemist can be mistaken. All agree that the | i
great objection to the Onondaga salt, arises from the presence of the deliquescing —
chlorides. But this is entirely owing to the neglect of the manufacturer. With
care they can all be removed: and mente if the Paoporoe, of piers of sodium

fact that sea water, and the brines from which the best foreign varieties
are manufactured, contain considerable proportions of these earthy
Indeed the Onondaga brines are, perhaps, as free from them | as any ee
where used. |

ie
‘

‘Sulphate of lime, &c., - - . - - 0°85

Common salt, - : - - - - 17°35
Water, - - myn - - - 81°80
100-00

The Lockpit sample, therefore contains a larger proportion of com-
mon salt, also of earthy chlorides, usually denominated impurities.
Twenty-eight to thirty galions of brine of this strength, would yield a
bushel of merchantable salt. 5

If this brine should be abundant and the location favorable, salt
might be advantageously manufactured from it by the solar evaporation
process. Should the mode by boiling be pursued, great care will be
required in removing the deliquescent chlorides, by long drainage of,
the salt, or by washing it with strong brine before it is put up for use.

With this brine is associated small, but very beautiful and transpa-
rent crystals of selenite. They seem as if deposited by a water strongly
charged with the sulphate of lime. This will account.for the small
quantity of this salt which is found in the brine. A particular descrip- _
tion of these crystals will be given under the appropiate head.

Brine Spring, of York, Livingston county. Prof. Dewey states that
this brine gives evidence of a large proportion of iodine, on the applica-
tion of the usual tests. (Hall’s Report on the Geol. Ath Dist., p. 316.)
I have had no opportunity of repeating these experiments. It is very
desirable to ascertain the proportion in which this substance is found.

CLASS I.
ALKALINE EARTHY MINERALS.
CELESTINE,

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 210.)

To the localities of this somewhat rare mineral, I may add its oc-
currence in projecting points on black marble, at Watertown, J efferson
county. (Emmons’ Rep. on the Geol. 2d Dist.,p. 111.) The fibrous
variety described as occurring in the town of Stark, Herkimer county,
exactly resembles that from Tornberg, in Saxony.

STRONTIANITE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 212.)
This interesting mineral, of which we have heretofore had only one
er two localities in this State, occurs, according to F. B. Hough, in
considerable quantities in the town of Thetesa, Jefferson county. (Szi-

A
¢

| Rehiis ‘Youphal, Tatliey 1818.) Massie s -
have been found by Mr. James Heron, at Warwick, in ran
Dana’s TReRGEEY, 2d ed., p. 254. me

CALCAREOUS SPAR.

ee of New- eaihy page 215.)

Mocslitics which have heretofore been found, permet in any at of :

world, exist in this State. The finest specimens have been obtaines
at the mines of Rossie, St. Lawrence county. One gigantic specimen —
ie in the cabinet of Prof. B. Silliman, Jr., Peek 165 pounds, and i is near
, transparent. Dana’s Mineralogy, 2d ed. :

: The accompanying cut is the figure of a twin from Rossie, i in the on
lection of Mr. Alger, of more thana foot in length. Alger’s _—
page 265. ;

Mr. Dana has given a figure of a crystal differing from any of those

contained in my report. See S2l2. Jour., xlvi, p. 33. | Hees:

In regard to the form of the calcareous spar from Rossie, Mr. ‘Ashe ‘

mead has remarked, that in reducing specimens to convenient size for

the cabinet, he observed that some of the fractured crystals were sus:

ceptible of mechanical division in different directions from those of. the

ie planes of arhombohedron. He succeeded in obtaining as a nucleus, ane
i solid, bounded by six isosceles triangular planes, of similar lustre, or two i |
obtuse, three-sided pyramids, placed base to base; it has but one ax Ss,
passing through opposite solid angles ; assuming the axis to be verti
the base is an equilateral triangle. As the faces are not paral
inclined to each other, it is susceptible of perfect cleavage i in six
tions. i
‘©The solid angle of the apex is Sail to the obtuse solid
the rhombohedron, therefore, by truncating the alternate solid
_ the rhombohedron, this solid is produced.” Penacties af e L
of Nat. Scien. of Phila., Feb. 8, 1848,

Sion | 125
Some of the crystals from the Belmont mine, in St. Lawrence,

weigh over a hundred pounds. The colors are purple, straw, yellow
and limpid. Emmons’ Rep. on the Geol. 2d Dist., p. 365.

Specimens of Calcareous spar, presented by JoHN E. HENRY.

iZ a
(Za.
Na \ A

" I Zz

4, Ze
ZO
| 7
SS

i) Vg
WY) ’
if

s

t

of groups of eae in oe Piel of flat, six- wy ae

sizes, from half an inch to two inches in diameter. These
- have been found in the coarse granite near St. Anthony’s Nose, |
Hudson river, during the excavations for the railroad on the ban
that stream. The accompanying cuts are drawn from a specimen p

that I have seen from that locality. It is more than a foot in length and
breadth. I have received several fine specimens from Mr. Cyrus Foun- ©
tain, of Peekskill, who has been for several years actively engaged in 4
collecting the minerals of Westchester and Putnam counties ; and to-
whom I acknowledge myself indebted for many interesting facts, which
he has from time to time communicated. ce

In addition to the numerous forms heretofore figured from Tompkins — :

quarry, in Rockland county, several others may be added, as having ~
been found at that locality. Among these are the dodécacdre, of Haity,
(Fig. 71, of the Mineralogy of New-York,) and several of its modifica- _

‘Sa

tions. Also atwin of the same form, represented in the annexed figure. ’
In other crystals, the solid angle of a rhombohedrom cic through the om
terminal planes of a six-sided prism.

DOLOMITE. : , 4) ae

The following mode of distinguishing between dolomite and carbo-
nate of lime, is proposed by M. Zehmen: Pulverize a small quantity
of the mineral, and subject it to the heat of a common alcohol lamp, in
a platinum spoon. The carbonate of lime acquires, by this treatme "
a certain degree of coherence; while the powder of dolomite, w

loses carbonic acid, remains without coherence. Berzelius’ R

1847.

‘

127

GYPSUM.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 237.)

Beautiful and very perfect crystals of selenite, have been obtained
from the deep boring at Lockpit, in Wayne county. They are found.
imbedded in gypseous marl, which contains chlorides of sodium and
magnesium ; the whole probably formed by the evaporation of the brine.
The crystals are six-sided prisms, from half a line to two lines in diam}
eter, and from one-fourth to five-eights of an inch in length. They are
extended in the direction of f f; P on f, 124° 41! 43"; fon f, 110° —
36’ 34’. They frequently exhibit the primary plane M.

A careful trial yielded 21-20 per cent of watar.

Several localities of this mineral occur, according to Prof. Mather.
in the First Geological District, but uone of them are of special import-
ance. See Mather’s Rep., p. 84. |

APATITE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 239.)

To the localities of this interesting mineral, I have to add its occur-
rence in Putnam Valley, Putnam county; for which discovery we are
indebted to Mr. Cyrus Fountain, of Peekskill.

In the Mineralogy of New-York, I noticed the occurrence of apatite
as an associate of magnetic iron ore, at several mines in Essex county.
Prof. Emmons states that it is also found similarly at the Rutgers mine,
in Clinton county. It is sometimes in large crystals upon the walls of
the vein, but it is so extremely brittle that it will be very difficult to
- procure it in a good form for the cabinet. Amer. Quart. Jour., i. p. 60.

Some difference of opinion still prevails, in regard to the modes in
which apatite has been formed. Mr. J. D. Dana maintains (Sill. Jour.
xlvii. 135,) that the apatite found in white limestones, although now in
supurbly finished crystals, originated from organic structures, from co-
rals, which, after being enclosed in their rocky prison, were exposed to
intense heat, and hence were decomposed, &c. Dr. Emmons objects
to this view, as a general theory of the formation, and in support of his

are the richest in phosphate of lime, are always enclosed in granite or

_which had escaped my notice in the explorations which I made in that |

Uhese organic structures have existed. Again, the Limestone w a
aS

gneiss. Amer. Quart. Jour.,i. p. 63, 64, an

These objections seem to me to be valid. I can see no reason why
phosphate of lime, in the form of apatite, may not be an original Pro-
duct, as well as fluor spar, or the magnetic iron ore itself. It is an —
overstrained view, to refer the formation of every mineral to chemical
action exerted upon some previously existing body. And after all, it
only removes the difficulty in regard to the formation of these sub-
stances one step further, for it may be fairly asked, whence the phos- |
phate of es in the coral was derived ?

FLOUR SPAR.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 243.) aM

I have only to add the occurrence of this mineral in small quantities _ d
in Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, reported by Dr. Emmons, and

county. See Rep. on the Geol. 2d Dist. p. 366. . . {

I may also state, as connected with the general history of this mine- é ;
ral, that it has been found in many of our common waters, and that its
existence in recent and fossil bones, has been attributed to this source.
See the papers of J. Middleton, Esq., and of Dr. Daubeny, (Lon. Ed.
and Dub. Phil. Mag., vol. xxv, p. 14 and 122.)

HYDRAULIC LIMESTONE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 256.)

Dr. C. T. Jackson’s analysis of the Rosendale hydraulic limestone and
cement, will be found inthe Zrans. of the Amer. Ass. of Geologists,
for 1845, p. 48.

The following fact, noticed by Bezelius, throws some light upon the
chemical nature of hydraulic limestones: “ When muriatic acid is. ad-
ded to hydraulic mortar, which has been under water three months and 7%
reduced to powder, it gelatinizes at the end of a few minutes. Hence —
it is inferred that there is formed a double silicate of lime and alumina, —
a native zeolite, which gives solidity to the mortar.” Berzeddus’ Ann.
Report for 1844. | Li

129
CLASS VI.

EARTHY MINERALS.

ORDER I. SILICA.
Sue

om 1 a (Mineralogy of New-York, page 257.)

To the full account which is contained in the Mineralogy of New-
Vork, of our remarkable localities of quartz, I have still to make several
additions. Herkimer county has furnished such an almost countless
number of specimens, which have been distributed among the various
cabinets, that it is by no means strange that new and interesting crys-
tallme forms are from time to time discovered. The figure annexed is

from Middleville, and is copied from Mr. Alger’s edition of Phillips’
Mineralogy, (page 6.) It is similar to the fig. 133, in the Mineralogy
of New-York, which is from a crystal found in Greene county.
Subsequent examination of the crystalline forms from this county,
has led me to doubt whether fig. 152, of the Mineralogy of New-York,
and fig. 9 a, (page 409) of Dana’s Mineralogy, 2d edition, are really
true modifications of this mineral. The first was copied from Shepard’s

Mineralogy. The faces o and a, as represented in these figures, seem

to be accidental, and to have been formed by the pressure of some por-
[Nar. Hisr.] 9 |

!

130

tion of the matrix of the crystal during the time of its formation, In-
dividuals exhibiting this peculiarity, are not uncommon, and in some ~
the number of these so called planes, is still further increased. _

Since the publication of the Mineralogy of New-York, I have
ceived sundry specimens of quartz crystals from St. Johnsville, in

re-

Montgomery county, collected by Mr. Israel Smith, Jr. One of these
is similar to fig. 156, from Middleville, but with the planes, z and z

more extended. Also No. 161, of the Mineralogy, and several other
more common forms, but the crystals are usually quite small.

To the figures of crystals heretofore found in the town of Edwards,
St. Lawrence county, I have to add the one now introduced, which ~
occurs in a group of dodecahedrons, for which that locality is so remark”

pad’) hele Ooh Ba

able. It is the same form as that from Ulster county, fig. 172, of my |
Mineralogy. Some of these crystals have blades of specular iron’ fie

131
diffused through them, like the masses of anthracite found in those from
Herkimer county. Occasionally they appear almost like crystals of
specular iron itself, but with the form of quartz. It is probably to the
disintegration of this ore that the ochery and cavernous appearance of
these crystals is to be ascribed.

The Natural bridge, in Lewis county, has furnished opaque crystals
of quartz of considerable size, and presenting some interesting modifi-
cations. To those already given, I can now add that which is here
figured, and which is remarkable, as exhibiting only three terminal
faces.

According to Vanuxem, Ayalite is found in the Potsdam sandstone,

half a mile below Canajoharie, in Montgomery county. Report on the
Geol. 4th Dist., p. 29.

TABULAR SPAR.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 270.)

Dr. Emmons states that fine specimens of this rather rare mineral are
found in Keene, Essex county. Geology of the 2d Dist., p. 286.

NEMALITE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 272.)

Prof. Connell has recently analyzed this mineral. His results are
very different from those of Dr. Thomson, but he operated upon a very
small portion. They are as follows, viz: Magnesia, 57°86 ; protoxide of
iron, 2°84; silica, 0°50; water, 27°96; carbonic acid, 10:00 ;—99-46.
He supposes the formula to be, 5 Mg O, HO+Mg 0, CO2HO.

| oo ae

This gives: magnesia, 61°67; water, 27°24; carbonic acid, 11:09 ;= y
100. It effervesces sensibly in acids, and contains only a minute quan-
tity of silica. Proceedings of the British Association, for 1346.

I cannot but think that the specimen analyzed by Prof. Connell must
have been impure. His formula is too complex.

A more recent analysis of this mineral by Mr. J. D. Whitney, shows
it to bea fibrous variety of the hydrate of magnesia, or brucite. It
afforded him magnesia, 62°89; protoxide of iron, 4°65; carbonic acid,
4-10; water, 28°36. A small portion of magnesia is replaced by pro-
toxide of iron. The formula of brucite (Mg H) requires magnesia, |
69°67 ; water, 30°33. Jour. Bost. Soc. Nut. Hist. 1849, 9. 36.

SERPENTINE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 272.)

Subsequent examination has satisfied me of the protean forms of this
mineral, and would lead me to receive with distrust the dermatin and
kypholite proposed by Breithaupt, and the hydrophite and picrophyll of
Svanberg. Marmolite should certainly be united with serpentine, and
the same may be said of all the minerals included under the general
name of magnesite.

The supposed crystalline forms of this mineral, are, probably, in most
cases, pseudomorphs. Some of these have heretofore been noticed.
Kersten has examined a specimen of serpentine from Schwarzenberg,
which is remarkable, as being a pseudomorph in the crystalline form of
garnet. The crystals are blackish green, and contain a mixture of 82°50
of serpentine, and 17-50 magnetic iron ore, which can be separated by
the magnet. The serpentine was composed of silicic acid, 41°50 ;
magnesia, 40°34; protoxide of iron, 4:10; oxide of manganese, 0°50;
soda, 0:42 ; water, 12°87. Berzelius’ Annual Report, 1847.

Upon a comparison of specimens, I find that some of the varieties of
serpentine from Phillipstown, (Heustis’ farm) in Putnam county, closely
resemble those from Smithfield, Rhode Island, and which are usually
labelled nephrite.

CHONDRODITE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 281.)

Two new localities of this mineral are to be added to those hereto-
fore given. The one in Schroon, Essex county, and the other in Car-
mel, Putnam county.

133

I have also to add, that Dana (Mineralogy, 2d ed., p. 388,) gives a
ficure of a crystal of chondrodite, drawn from a specimen in the collec-

tion of J. A. Clay, Esq., of Philadelphia, and obtained in Orange coun-
ty, New-York.

PYROXENE,

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 286. )

A fine locality of this mineral has been found in the town of Fine,
St. Lawrence county. The crystals, though not perfectly smooth, are
still well formed, and more than a yard in length! Emmons’ Jour. of
Agriculture, iii., p. 158.

Pyroxene, as is well known, presents a great variety of forms ; distinct
names have been applied to many of these varieties, and some have even
been described as distinct species. ‘The researches of mineralogical
chemists have resulted in the reduction of many of these supposed dis-
tinct minerals to one species. Dana has, I think, carried this further
than any author; for he not only places under pyroxene, diopside, pyr-
gom, sahlite, coccolite, jeffersonite, and hedenbergite, in which I con-
cur, but he also ranges with it diallage and hypersthene ; concerning the
propriety of which I still have much doubt. If this wide scope is given
to the mineral in question, there seems to be no reason why its limits
should not be still further extended, and made to embrace many other
species.

Hudsonite, proposed in the Mineralogy of New-York asa new species,
(p. 405) is thought by Dana to belong to the pyroxene family, and to be
very near to hedenbergite. Itiscertainly more closely allied to the latter
mineral than to any other, although it is remarkable for the large per
centage of oxide of iron which it contains. The circumstances of its
being found in a gangue of quartz, from which it is easily seperable,
induced me to believe that this was not an accidental ingredient. I
regret that I have not yet obtained any specimens which admit the de-
termination of its crystalline form, as this would conclusively settle the
point in dispute. Its cleavages, as far as they can be determined, cer-
tainly resemble those of pyroxene. But chemical composition ought also
to have some weight in the determination of specific distinctions. No
one, however, who has a just appreciation of the true interests of science,
should hesitate to abandon an opinion which he has advanced, when it
is found to be inconsistent with facts subsequently made known. The
useless multiplication of species, and the introduction of arbitrary names
in natural history, is especially to be avoided.

134

From an article in the Newburgh Telegraph, it appears that the Rev. ©
R. G. Armstrong has obtained from a locality in the town of Monroe,
Orange county, a crystal of pyroxene nearly eight inches in length, and
fifteen and a half in circumference. This is one of the largest crystals
of this mineral heretofore noticed. It may be remarked, however, that
these specimens from Orange county, although remarkable for their
size, want the finish which give such beauty to the crystals from some
other localities.

In regard to the steatitic-pyroxene, the Rensselaerite of Dr. Emmons,
I have nothing further to add, except a reference to the localities cited —
in the Report of the Geol. 2d Dist., pages 350 and 365. I believe it is
now generally admitted that the views presented in my Mineralogy
(p. 297) are correct. It is undoubtedly a mixed mineral, containing
steatite or serpentine in variable proportions, but usually presenting the
cleavages of pyroxene. It is in fact a pseudomorph on a large scale,
as it sometimes occurs in mountain masses.

HORNBLENDE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 298.)

This species is so abundant, that with the increasing attention paid
to our mineral resources, new localities must from time to time be dis-
covered. No remarkable crystalline forms, however, have come to my
knowledge, since the publication of the Mineralogy of New-York.
Some researches have been made by Dr. Blum, on the pseudomorphs
of hornblende and other minerals, which are worthy of being carefully
studied by the mineralogist. A fact mentioned by him, which particu-
larly interests us, is that of a greenish white augite, (pyroxene,) in the
Leonard collection, which he supposes to have undergone a change
from hornblende. This he says is indicated, both by its structure and
analysis. See Sl. Jour., xlviii., p. 78.

The analysis of a variety of asbestus, (rockwood) from Staten Island,
gave the following results, viz: Silica, 55°20; magnesia, 30°73; oxide
of iron, 11:82; water, 2:25. The specimen is of the compact kind, ©
and had a greenish color, with a kind of cleavage resembling that of
crystalline hornblende. The above composition is very near that of a
specimen of rockwood from the Tyrol, analyzed by Dr. T. Thompson.

Mountain cork and mountain leather, usually placed under horn-
blende, probably belong to some other species, if not themselves dis-
tinct.

135
HYPERSTHENE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 309.)

Damour has published an analysis of a specimen of this mineral, from
Labrador; the followmg are the results: Silica, 51°36; protoxide of
iron, 21:27; magnesia, 21°31; lime, 3:09; protoxide of manganese,
1°30 ; alumina, 0°37. Phil. Mag., April, 1845.

A specimen from Orange county, known by the name of hypersthene,
is foliated, has a brownish color, and is not unlike feldspar in its ap-
pearance. Upon analysis it was found tocontain the following ingre-
dients, vic: Silica, 59°50; oxide of iron, 12°00; magnesia, 27°75 ; (not
a trace of lime.) In composition this mineral is almost identical with
Klaproth’s bronzite, the hemiprismatic schiller spar of Jameson, (Man.
of Mineralogy, p. 166,) and with the anthophyllite of Thompson, (Out-
lines of Mineralogy, &c., i., p. 206.) Some obscurity, therefore, still
rests upon this species. As before stated, Dana unites hypersthene
with pyroxene; but this, it seems to me, is scarcely allowable in the
present state of our knowledge.

ORDER II. ALUMINA.

SPINELLE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 315.)

To the localities of this interesting mineral heretofore given, may be
added its occurrence in Schroon, Essex county, in pink-colored crystals.
(Emmons’ Rep. on the Geol. 2d Dist., p. 227.) I have also received
regular octahedrons of spinelle, having a black color, from Carmel, in
Putnam county.

I must again refer to the paper of Dr. Blum, on pseudomorphous
minerals, (Sill. Jour., xlviii., p. 73,) for a notice of the soft spinelles
described in my report, (p. 318.)

AUTOMALITE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 319.)

In regard to this mineral, whose existence as a New-York species is
very doubtful, I have to state that recent examinations have rendered it
probable that it is identical with dysluite. The two minerals pass into
each other, and the difference in hardness, color, specific gravity, &c.,
ean thus be accounted for by the well known fact of the isomorphous

136

replacement of the constituents of certain minerals, the crystalline forms:
of which remainthe same. See Memozrs Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc.,ii., p. 88.

GIBBSITE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 320.) °

Hermann, of St. Petersburgh, has announced that the constitution of
gibbsite was that of a hydrous phosphate of alumina, and that the com-
position assigned to gibbsite by Torrey, belonged only to the hydrargil-
lite of Rose. Prof. B. Silliman, Jr., has repeated the analysis of this
mineral, from Richmond, Mass., and finds it to correspond tothe formula
first given, which requires:

Alumina, - - - - - - - 65°800
Water, - - - - - - - 34°200
100:000

And the mean results of his analysis correspond very closely to the
calculated percentages. The phosphoric acid is like the magnesia, iron
and silica, contained in gibbsite, only as a contingent impurity. The
gibbsite, he says, is sometimes mixed with allophane, which will account
for the presence of silica; and he thinks the silica mentioned by Dr.
T. Thompson, in his analysis, was derived from the same intermixture
of the two species. There is now little doubt that the hydrargillite of
Rose, and gibbsite, are identical ; the former is the crystalline, the lat-

ter the amorphous variety of the same species. Szl/. Jour., July, 1849
page 411.

IDOCRASE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 321.)

Subsequent examination has satisfied me that the mineral called ido-
crase, from Hall’s, on Muscolunge lake, in Jefferson county, is pyroxene.
The measurement of the primary is, as nearly as can be determined,
87° and 93°; the replacing planes, 134°. Its color, although peculiar,
is not unlike that of the pyroxene found on the Rossie turnpike, two
miles from the village of Oxbow, in Jefferson county.

GARNET.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 323.)

The variety colophonite, is reported by Dr. Emmons as being abun-
dant at Johnsburg, Warren county. Rep. on the Gol. 2d Dist., p. 192.

rs
137

SCAPOLITE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 329.)

Imperfect crystals of scapolite have been found in Putnam Valley,
Putnam county, by Mr. Cyrus Fountain.

In regard to the specimens heretofore described, [ have to vdiiidele
that some of those from Brush’s, in Monroe, Orange county, resemble
the wernerite, from Franklin, N. J. They are in the form of small,
irregularly crystallized masses, and are imbeded in a reddish carbonate
of lime. I formerly supposed the mineral to be apatite. The following
notices may, also, be here itroduced :

The specimens from Fall Hill, in Orange county, melt into a darker
colored globule than any others which I have tried. They are assc-
ciated with a dark colored pyroxene, which will account for their larger
proportion of oxide of iron.

Analysis has proved that the specimens of scapolite from Tuiconde-
roga, in Essex county, are similar in composition to some of the foreign
ones, although the proportion of alkaline matter is larger.

Nicol, in his Manual of Mineralogy, published during the present
year, describes nuttallite as a distinct species. A recent analysis made
in the laboratory of Prof. B. Silliman, Jr., confirms the statement made
in my report, of its identity with scapolite. The composition of a
specimen from Bolton, Mass., as thus determined, is as follows:

Silica, - - - - - - - 45°79
Alumina, - - - : - - - 30°11
Peroxide of iron, - - : - - - 1:86
Lime, - - - - : - - = 17:40
Potash, - - 5 - - - - 3°49
Soda,
Manganese, BA OR. oie P jeeey laa a EES
Water, : - : - - - - 1:63
100°28

(Salliman’s Journal, Nov., 1849, p. 394.)

138

FELDSPAR.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 334.)

The recent researches of Erdmann, in regard to this mineral, deserve
to be noticed. The following abstract is given by Berzelius, in his
Annual Report for 1847. He makes four different species of feldspar, -
which are easily distinguished from each other: | |

1. Orthoclase. (feldspar, with a base of potash.) Sp. gr. from 2°00 _
to 2°60. Before the blowpipe it melts with more or less difficulty, and
yields a bubbly or tuberculous pearl. .

2, Albite, (feldspar, with a base of soda,) Sp. gr. 2°59 to 2°65.
Before the blowpipe it melts more easily than the preceding, and givesa
bubbly, semitransparent pearl.

3. Oligoclase, (natron spodumen.) Sp. gr. 2°61 to 2°69, and rarely
2-70, One of the faces of cleavage presents very fine strie. It melts
easily, and gives a pearl free from bubbles, sometimes transparent,
sometimes opaline, and sometimes like enamel. These differences
seem to be due to the proportions of lime which they contain.

None of the three above described, are sensibly acted on by muriatic
acid.

4. Labradorite. ‘This sometimes presents a striated surface, like the
preceding. Sp. gr. from 2°67 to 2°73. It melts more easily than oli-
goclase, and gives rise to a transparent or opaline pearl; but its most
distinctive character is its solubility, when pulverized, in muriatic acid.

Mr. Alger, in the supplement to his edition of Phillips’ Mineralogy,
(page 420) gives a figure of a twin crystal of feldspar from Hammond,
St. Lawrence county. It has smooth planes, is very perfect, and is one
of the simplest of the twin forms.

To the locality of crystallized albite, noticed in my Mineralogy, I
must now add the hemitropic form found by Dr. Emmons in the Coal
Hill mine, St. Lawrence county. Rep. on the Geol. 2d Dist., p. 366.

139

STELLITE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 342.)

The mineral from the trap region of Bergen, in New-Jersey, and
Piermont, in Rockland county, New-York; which I supposed to be the
stellite of Dr. Thomson, has been the subject of some discussion.

It is stated by Dana, (Mineralogy, 2d ed.,) that Mr. A. A. Hayes has
analyzed the same mineral with quite a different result, as follows:
Silica, 55°96; lime, 35°12; soda, 6°75; potash, 0°60; alumina and
magnesia, 0°08; protoxide of manganese, 0.64; water, (hygrometric)
0-16 ;=99-31. Dana adds that the large per centage of soda, and the
proportion of silica and lime, would seem to ally the species to pectolzte ;
from which, however, it appears to be removed, by containing no water.
He has compared specimens of the stellite from Bergen with the foreign
pectolite, and finds them closely similar in external characters ; more-
over, Frankenheim makes pectolite an anhydrous mineral, stating that
the water varies, and is not an essential ingredient.

Mr. Alger, in the supplement to his edition of Phillips’ Mineralogy,
(p. 624) quotes the same analysis of Hayes, and adverts to the very close
resemblance in composition and general physical characters, between this
mineral and three others: the wollastonite and stellite of Thomson, and
the pectolite of Von Kobell, excepting in its entire freedom from water,.
and its more perfect crystallization. ‘ They undoubtedly all constitute
but one species, and while they may be most appropriately designated
under the name of stellite, the chemical title of anhydrous lime (meso-
lite) is naturally suggested by their crystallographical identity with meso-
lite, as established by Mr. Teschemacher.”’

In the number of Silliman’s Journal for July, 1849, is a short notice
of pectolite and stellite, by Mr. J.D. Whitney. ‘“ Pectolite occurs in
Isle Royale, Lake Superior, in spheroidal masses, consisting of delicate
silky fibres radiating from a centre resembling foreign specimens from
Monte Baleo. The stellite of Bergen Hill, New-Jersey, analyzed by
Beck, has the external characters of pectolite; and also, as Whitney
shows, its composition. The following are the results of four analyses :””

140

Isle Royale. Stellite from Bergen Hill. 3
i IL. III. IV.
Silica, - - d3'45 50°66 54:00 55:00
Lime, - - S21 32:86 32°10 32°53
Soda, - - T37 Tol 8°89 9:72
Potash, = - HRA. 8 si) lime Be Ne trace. wdiseauie
Alumina, - - 4°94 1:45 1-90 1:10
Water, “- °- 272 a7 2-96 2-75
99°69 100:00 99°85 101°10

The stellite of Thomson, Mr. Whitney observes, was probably im-
pure pectolite, and he refers Thomson’s wollastonite to the same species. —
The above analyses do not differ much from mine, of the Bergen
Hill mineral, except in the presence of soda, which I still think may, in
some specimens, be replaced by magnesia. They confirm the results
of Von Kobell, and of my own analysis, in regard to the presence of

water.

PHAKOLITE.

This mineral, which has been usually considered as a variety of cha-
bazite, has been found by Mr. Alger, among specimens of minerals from
New-York Island. The crystals are very perfect double six-sided
pyramids, implanted on carbonate of linie. They have a wax yellow
color, a waxy lustre, and are transparent. They show the incipient
modifications, from the primary rhombohedron, to the six-sided pyramid.
Memoirs of the Boston Nat. Hist. Soc., i1., p. 86.

It may be remarked that phakolite, although it has a primary form
differing only a few minutes in its angles, compared with that of chaba-
zite, is somewhat unlike in its chemical composition. Breithaupt sup-
poses it to be a distinct species; while Rammelsberg, from his own
analysis, is disposed to regard it as a mixture of acadiolite and scolesite,

with an additional atom of water.

HEULANDITE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 346.)

Well defined crystals of heulandite, with a form similar to fig. 338,
of the Mineralogy of New-York, have been found with stilbite, in the
fissures of gneiss, in 23d street, New-York.

141

The following are the results of an analysis of this mineral by M.
Damour: Silica, 59°64; alumina, 16.33; lime, 7°44; soda, 1:16:
potash, 0°74; water, 14°33. This composition indicates that heulan-
dite should be ranked with the zeolites. Philosophical Mag. and Ann.,
XXix., p. 556.

It seems to be now settled, that the Lincolnite of Prof. Hitchcock,
(Final Report on the Geological Survey of Massachusetts, p. 662,) is
‘ identical with heulandite. Crystals, exactly like those described by
Hitchcock, have been found in gneiss on New-York Island. Alger, in
Sill. Jour., xlvi., p. 235.

PREHNITE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 349.)
Since the publication of the Mineralogy, this mineral has been found
in the fissures of gneiss in 23d street, New-York. Dr. Emmons also

reports localities near Adirondack, and in Keene, Essex county. ep.
on the Geol. 2d Dist., p. 31.

LAUMONITE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 351.)

It is well known that this mineral when exposed to the atmosphere, soon
loses its transparency, and becomes so soft as to yield to the finger nail.
According to M. M. Malaguti and Durocher, this efflorescence is owing
to the loss of a small quantity of water. Specimens of it did not suffer
the least alteration when kept for several months in a moist amosphere.
Crystals of laumonite altered, recovered their original transparency and
appearance by being immersed in water, and these same crystals, after
drying and exposure to dry air, behaved like crystals recently taken from
their locality. Phil. Mag. and Ann. xxix, p. 555.

Dana states that the rapid decomposition to which this mineral is
liable may be prevented by dipping the specimen in a thin solution of
gum arabic, by means of which it is preserved from contact with the
air. Mineralogy, 2d ed.. p. 326.

142

CHABAZITE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 353.)
This mineral has been found associated with mezotype, in fissures in
the gneiss, 23d street, MN. Y. At Haerlem it also occurs in yellow or
brownish crystals with stilbite and heulandite.

EPIDOTE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 354.)
To the particular localities heretofore given, I have to add the occur-

rence of fine, though small crystals, in the gneiss near the old peniten-
tiary, in 23d street, New-York.

TOURMALINE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 356.)

Crystals with very short prisms, generally resembling fig. 360 of the
Mineralogy of New-York, but variously modified, have been found in
the white limestone, near Amity, in Orange county.

Green and brown crystals of tourmaline are credited to Chester, in
Warren county. Rep. on the Geol. 2d Dist., p. 64. |

BUCHOLZITE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 364.)

In my remarks upon this mineral IJ stated, that its identity with silli-
manite, wihich was urged by some mineralogists, was inconsistent with
the difference in chemical composition. This arose chiefly from the
fact that Muir, under the direction of Dr. T. Thomson, found sillimanite
to contain a large per centage of zirconia. But the early analysis of
Bowen and the more recent ones of Prof. Connell, Prof. Norton and
Erdmann, failed to detect the presence of this earth. The composition
of a specimen of sillimanite from Chester, Penn., as given by Erd-
man, is, silica, 40°08; alumina, 58°88; protoxide of manganese,
0-74, which approaches to that of andalusite and gives the same for-,
mula.

According to a more recent notice of Dr. T. Thomson, sillimanite
and fibrolite are identical with bucholzite. The species should be dis-
tinguished by the name of silicate of alumina. (Phil. Mag. and Ann.,
xxvi, p. 536.) Rammelsberg has also shown the identity of bucholzite
with xenolite of Nordenskiéld. :

143

Finally, to complete the catalogue of identical minerals, M. Staff
states that his analysis of a specimen of sillimanite from Chester, Conn.,
gives the formula of kyanite, which again is supposed to be identical
with the disthene of Haiiy. The recent analyses of Prof. B. Silliman,
Jun., also show the identity of sillimanite, bucholzite and fibrolite, with
kyanite. Szll. Jowr., Nov., 1849.

If these views are correct, the followmg minerals should be reduced
to one species, viz:

BucHo.zite, ANDALUSITE,
SILLIMANITE, KYANITE,
XENOLITE, DISTHENE.
FIBROLITE,

Sillimanite has been found in the town of Yorktown, Westchester
county, about ten miles north-east of Sing-Sing, near the road leading
from Pine’s brige to Yorktown post office, associated, with monazite,
tremolite and magnetic iron. The crystals are distinct and run through
the iron ore ; they are often 6 or more inches in length, much bent and
fractured, as they are at Norwich and Chester, Con. (Sill. Jour. xlvi,
p- 207.) I have received specimens from my friend, Mr. Cyrus P.
- Fountain, of Peekskill.

According to the analysis of Prof.*Norton, of Yale College, the
Yorktown sillimanite contains,

Silica, - : = = - - - 37°70
Alumina, - “ : - - - - 62°75
Oxide of iron, = : : - - - 2-29

102°74

(Dana’s Mineralogy, 2d ed., p. 378.)

PITCHSTONE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 367.)

This is perhaps the most appropriate place for the introduction of a
notice of a mineral found by Dr. Emmons at Johnsburg, in Warren
county. It is called obsidian, and is described as occurring in a trap
dyke at the line of contract of the gneiss, in which it is embraced.
The mineral has a bluish black color, a vitreous lustre and a conchoidal
fracture. It is only about an inch wide on both sides of the dyke. Dr. |
Emmons says, ‘‘it is to be considered as a part of the dyke, which for
some cause was more perfectly pure, and in consequence of more sud-

144

den cooling from contact with the rock, assumed the more vitreous form
of obsidian.” Report on the Geol. 2d Dist., p. 184. }
An analysis of a specimen of this substance gave, silica, 50. 50 ;

oxide of iron, 32.00; lime, with a minute portion of alumina, 6.90;
magnesia, 4.62. If this is a correct view of its composition, it differs
considerably from the varieties of obsidian heretofore examined. But
I apprehend that its chemical character will be found liable to great
variations.

PYROPHYLLITE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 368.)

Well characterized specimens of this beautiful mineral have been
found in Phillipstown, Putnam county. It is supposed to be a mechan-
ical mixture, consisting of greyish green foliated scales, looking like
tale or mica in a greyish white, mealy base. It is, however, very dis-:
tinct in composition. Mr. J. E. Teschemacher thinks it identical with
vermiculite. Proceed. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc’y, 1843.

MICA.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 369.)

This mineral is exceedingly abundant, and fine specimens have been
found in various parts of New-York, many of them of great beauty.
Attempts have been made to arrange the multiplied varieties under
classes or groups, but these have not been entirely successful. They
differ principally in their optical characters; but the difficulty which at-
tends their division founded on these is, that the chemical composition
does not always accord with them.

Since the publication of my Mineralogy, I have examined several of
the New-York specimens and introduce the following notices, which,
although incomplete, may be of some use to those who shall hereafter
be induced to take up the investigation.

MARGARITE.

Some of the specimens from Orange county, often ticketed talc, be-
long to this species. The mineral has a vitreous lustre, a pale, pearly
gray color, rather brittle, translucent to subtranslucent. It is associated
with chondrodite and pseudomorphs of hornblende. It exhibits only
one axis of double refraction and fuses per se into a white enamel.
Similar specimens occur in the town of Rossie, St. Lawrence county.
I have not analyzed these specimens. |

145

The micas with a single axis, so far as I have examined them, are
usually more easily fusible than those with a double axis, In thin frag-
_ ments they curl up under the blowpipe and fuse into a vermicular en-
amel, varying in color with the specimen. The following belong to,

HEXAGONAL OR MONOAXIAL MICA.

Forshee’s mine, Orange county. Optic axis single; rather difficultly
fusible.

Copper colored mica, from Edenville, Orange county. Optic axis
single ; fuses into a dark enamel.

Silvery mica, from Rossie, St. Lawrence. Optic axis single; fuses
into a white string.

“Mica, from Vrooman lake, Jefferson county. Optic axis single.

Mica, from Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county. Optic axis single.
In thin plates it fuses into a string of a white color and high lustre.

Copper colored mica, from Edwards, St. Lawrence county. Crys-
talized in six-sided tables, sometimes 5 or 6 inches in diameter; optic
axis single; fuses with difficulty into a white mass; angles of the
crystals about 120°; lustre metallic; plates sometimes curved.

Silvery mica, from Edwards. Crystallized in six-sided tables; optic
axis single; fuses rather more easily than the preceding.

The brown mica, from Jefferson county, New-York, has been ana-
lyzed by Meitzendorff, whose average results are thus stated by Ber-
zelius, (Arsb. 1843, p. 211,) silica, 41°30; alumina, 15°25; peroxide ‘of
iron, 1°77; magnesia, 28°79; potash, 9°70; soda, 0°65; fluoric acid,
3.30 ; loss by ignition, 0.28. It thus agrees very nearly with Prof.
H. Rose’s analysis of magnesian mica from Siberia. Alger’s Phillips,

619.
ORDER II. GLUCINA.

CHRYSOBERYL.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 375.)

To the extensive series of compound crystals figured in the Mineral-
ogy of New-York, I have to add a few others. For the ability to do
this, I am indebted to Dr. Leonard, of Lansingburgh, N. Y., who has
been uncommonly successful in his exploration of the Greenfield local-
ity. He has obtained from thence specimens of extraordinary size and
beauty. Many of them exhibit the forms which I have heretofore

[ Nar. Hist. ] 10

146

figured ; but those which are here introduced are worthy of notice.

They are of the actual size, and from one-third to one-half an inch in ae

thickness.

Dr. Leonard informs me that next to the six hemitropes, the most
common combination is that of two united by their apexes.

Specimens of columbite have been found by Dr. Leonard, associated
with chrysoberyl, at the Greenfield locality.

Descloizeaux has published under the crystaline forms of cymophane,
a detailed description, with plates, and M. Biot has made some experi-
ments upon the structure of this mineral in regard to polarized light.
Ann. de Chim, et de Phys. xiii, 329, 336.

ORDER IV. ZIRCONIA.
ZIRCONITE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 378.)

This mineral has been found in New Sweden, Essex county, (Em-
mons’ Rep. Geol., 2d Dist., p. 286;) Putnam Valley, Putnam county,
(Fountain ;) and on the farm of Mr. Cleaveland in Diana, Lewis county.
At the latter locality it occurs rarely, but the crystals, although small,
are very brilliant. F. B. Hough, who quotes Mr. Wilder, Sill. Jour.,
Jan., 1848.

I have also received spectmens from Mr. Charles Thomas, which
were obtained from a mine of magnetic iron ore, near Port Henry, Es-
sex county. In form and color the crystals resemble those from the

Hall mime in the same county.

According to Mr. Dana, the crystals from Johnsburg, in Warren
county, sometimes have a tesselated structure. The accompanying fig-
ure represents the appearance of one of the crystals, Szl. Jour., xlvi.,

p. 36. | :
; CLASS VIL.

METALLIC MINERALS.

NATIVE IRON.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 382.)

Since the publication of my Mineralogy, several interesting facts in
regard to the occurrence of native iron in this State have been made
known.

Dr. Emmons has described a specimen which he calls native iron,
said to have been obtained from the vicinity of Catskill, in Greene
county. It is in the form of lamin, which are about one-thirtieth of an
inch in thickness. Sp. gr.6°58. It dissolves completely in warm sulphuric
or muriatic acid, and when nitric acid is added, ammonia precipitates the
peroxide of iron. Itis strongly attracted by the magnet. The lamine
are only slightly flexible, but are entirely destitute of malleability.
Amer. Quart. Jour. of Science, i1., p. 367.

B. Silliman, Jr., describes a mass of meteoric iron found a short dis-
tance below the surface of the earth in Cambria, near Lockport, Niaga-
ra county. On analysis it was found to contain iron 94°22; nickel
6°35. Sill. Jour., x\viii., p. 388.

Fora notice and analysis of a mass of meteoric iron found in the town
of Burlington, Otsego county, see Szll. Jour., xlvi., p. 401.

MAGNETIC IRON ORE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 383.)

Crystals of this mineral have been found in a mine near Port Henry,
in Essex county. They are regular octahedrons from } to 3 of an inch
in diameter, and are strongly magnetic. For these interesting speci-
mens I am indebted to Mr. Charles Thomas.

148

Prof. Adams, in his report on the Geology of Vermont, (1846,) de-
scribes crystals of magnetic iron as occurring in granular specular iron.
In some cases they are partly, and in others wholly, converted into pe-
roxide of iron. They are found in Chittenden, adjoining Lake Cham-
plain.

Several new localities of common magnetic iron have been discover-
ed since the publication of my Mineralogy, especially in the northern
parts of the State. I will only particularize its occurrence in beds in
the gneiss rock of Greig, Lewis county. It is supposed to exist in some
quantity, but it is associated with iron pyrites, and requires to be puri- —
fied by the magnet. This is said to be the only known locality of mag-
netic iron ore on the western side of the great northern forest of New-
York. F. B. Hough, Sill. Jour., Jan., 1848.

The sanguine anticipations which were at one time entertained in
regard to the conversion of the magnetic iron ore into steel by a direct
process, have not been realized. This is no matter of surprise to those
who had carefully studied the nature of steel and the peculiarities of
structure to which it owes its value. None but the most visionary per-
sons would have sanctioned expenditures based upon such erroneous
views.

I may add here the composition of the cast and forged iron from the
ore of the Long mine, in Orange county. The cast iron contains carbon
2°390; silicium 1°904; phosphorus 0°027; sulphur 0°004; iron
95-603. .

The forged iron contains, silicic acid 0°532; phosphorus 0-023;
sulphur 0°001; iron, carbon and loss 94°443. The cast iron contains
traces of cobalt and nickel. Berzelius’ Annual Report, 1847.

IRON PYRITES.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 287.)

To the interesting crystalline forms of this mineral, figured in my
Mineralogy, I may add that here introduced, which has been figured by

Mr. Dana from a crystal from Rossie, St. Lawrence county, in the pee
session of Dr. Emmons. Szll. Jour., xlvi., p. 36.

149

CACOXENITE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 402.)

This mineral is liable to decomposition, even in the closed drawers
of acabinet. My specimens from the Sterling iron mine in Jefferson
county, at the end of 2 or 3 years entirely lost their silky lustre, and
were converted into a dull yellowish powder.

BABINGTONITE.
_ (Mineralogy of New-York, page 407.)

The composition of this mineral as determined by Dr. R. D. Thom-
son is as follows: silica 47°46; protoxide of iron 16°81; protoxide of
manganese 10°16; alumina 6°48; lime 14°74; magnesia 2°21; wa-
ter 1°24. This analysis approaches one by Bonsdorff of a black horn-
blende from Nordmark and Pargas, the magnesia being replaced by
manganese in Babingtonite. Phil. Mag. & Ann, xxvii., 123.

ZINC BLENDE.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 408.)

The occurrence of this species in the calciferous sandrock, one or two
miles N. E. of Glen’s Falls, in Warren county, is mentioned by Dr.
Emmons. Rep. on Geol., 2d Dist., p. 180.

GALENA.

(Mineralogy of New-York, page 412.)

Various crystalline forms of galena occurring at the Nash vein in
St. Lawrence county, are noticed by Dr. Emmons. Rep., on Geol., 2d
Dist., p. 356.

For some remarks on the singular crystals of this mineral found at

Rossie, St. Lawrence county, by Mr. J. E. Teschemacher, see Phil
Mag. & Ann., xxv., p. 232.

The crystals of galena from Rossie are sometimes very singularly
constituted, Alger introduces a figure representing a crystal of the

150

planes P P”, as well as the replacements of the lower solid angles a,
are extremely brilliant and regular; but the upper solid angles and the
terminal edges, are replaced by planes, which successively rise, in a
step-like manner to the apex, forming a low pyramid. See his explana-
tion of the mode of formation, PAzllips’ Mineralogy, Suppl., p. 623.

WHITE LEAD ORE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 414.)

Small crystals of carbonate of lead, an eighth of an inch or less in.
length, are occasionally found sprinkled thickly over the surface of the
galena of Rossie, which when this is the case is deeply roughened or
corroded. The crystals are striated prisms, terminating in four bril-
liant planes, two of which meet at an angle of 117° nearly, and the
other two at an angle of 88°. The crystalline form, as well as the
blowpipe characters prove that the mineral is carbonate of lead. Dr.
G. Hadley, in Sill. Jour., Jan., 1847.

NATIVE COPPER.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 420.)

Prof. Dewey states that he has found some specule of native copper
in the pentamerus limestone, (probably.near Rochester, Monroe county:) .
Pyritous copper and green carbonate of- copper occur in the same mass. ~
Hall’s Rep. on Geol., 4th Dist., p. 67. ‘ag
This mineral is also occasionally found in the Taconic slate. Em-
mons’ Rep. on Geol., 2d Dist., p. 158.

RUTILE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 428.)

According to Damour, this mineral is identical in composition with
anatase. Phil. Mag. §- Ann., xxiv., p. 477. |

SPHENE.
(Mineralogy of New-York, page 433.)

A brown mineral resembling sphene, but supposed to be different, is
said to have been found in Rossie, St. Lawrence county. mmons’ —
Rep. on Geol., 2d Dist., p. 366. | 4
Sphene has been found in Putnam Valley, Putnam county, by Mr. at
Cyrus P. Fountain. Fi

151

Rose’s analysis of the sphene of Zillerthal gave the following results :
silica 32°29; titanic acid 41°58; oxide of iron 1°07; lime 29°60.
The analysis was effected by sulphuric acid, and the details are given
in the Phil. Mag. § Ann. xxvii. p. 560.

A new process for the analysis of this mineral, invented by Fuchs,
is described in Berzelzus’ Annual Rep. for 1845, p. 178.

The Lederite of Shepard, it now appears, is identical with common
sphene in its crystallographic and other characters. The accompanying
figure illustrates its crystallization.

ADDITIONS

Of Mineral Species found in this State since the date of the publication
of the Mineralogy of New-York.

COLUMBITE.

This mineral has been found by Dr. Leonard, associated with chryso-
beryl at the remarkable locality in the town of Greenfield, Saratoga
county.

LOX OCLASE.

This name has been applied by Breithaupt to a mineral received from
Prof. Shepard. It was found in Hammond, St. Lawrence county, with
pyroxene, graphite and calcareous spar. In many respects it resembles
oligoclase (soda spodumene ;) color yellowish-gray, yellowish-white, pea
yellow and blueish gray. Lustre between vitreous and greasy; pearly
on the most perfect cleavage surface. Primary form an oblique rhom-

bic prism. P. on M. 93° 45’, P. on T. 115° 30’.

152

Blin:
Cleavage perfect, very distinct in the direction of the short diagonal; —

indistinct approaching distinctness in the direction of the long diago- eat

nal; hemiprismatic in fragments. Fracture uneven to conchoidal and
hackly. Hardness 6. Specific gravity—2°609 to 2°620. Translucent —
in thin lamine to transparent. | |
The oblique cleavage in the direction of the long diagonal is charac-
teristic of loxoclase, although not always very distinct ; hence its name.
The sp. gr. is also higher than any other of the orthoclastic feldspars.
It appears subject to decay by exposure to the atmosphere.
Composition. (Mean of two analyses,) silica63°50 ; alumina 20°29;
oxide of iron 0°67; potash 3°03; soda 8°76; lime'3°22; water and
fluoride of silicon 1°23. Fuses before the blowpipe with difficulty.
Heated ina glass bulb it gives out a little water and fluoride of silicon,
and is very imperfectly decomposed by hot muriatic acid. Poggen-
dorff’s Annalen; Phil. Mag. §- Ann., xxix., p. 150, Aug., 1846.

MONAZITE,

This mineral, associated with sillimanite, as at Chester, Norwich and
Saybrook, Conn., has been found in a quarry in Yorktown, Westches-
ter county, by Mr. J. Mekeel. The monazite is in very perfect, trans-
parent prisms, with a simple pyramidal termination; the crystals are
small, rarely exceeding one-eighth of an inch in length, and are scat-
tered like small garnets through the brown quartz adjoining the mag-
netic iron ore which is an associate of this mineral. S27. Jour. xlvi,
p. 207.

NITRATE OF LIME.

This is said to be found in Marbletown, Ulster county, and near
West Point, Orange county. Mather’s Rep. onthe Geol. 1st Dist.,
p. 8d.

PHYLLITE.

This is a mineral which was first found by Vanuxem, in the town of
Newport, Rhode Island. It is in the form of black shining scales, in
slate. Ihave found the same near the Clove iron mine, in Dutchess
county.

Composition. According to Dr. T. Thomson, the constituents of
phyllite are as follows: silica, 38°40; alumina, 23°68; peroxide of
iron, 17°52; magnesia, 8°96; potash, 6°80; water, 4°80.

It is thought to be identical with the ottrelite of Desclozeaux and
Damour; but Thomson’s name has the priority.

153

YTTRO-CERITE.

The occurence of this very rare mineral in the limestone of Orange
county, N. Y., was first noticed by Mr. Alger.

It presents all the characters of the mineral from Finbo, in Sweden,
and cannot be distinguished from it in hand specimens. (Memoirs of
the Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. ii, p. 88.) It occurs in grains of a beautiful
purple color, resembling fluor spar for which it has heretofore passed
among the New-York mineralogists. I have specimens from Amity,
in Orange county, associated with talc and other minerals in white
limestone. 7

REFERENCES

TO

VARIOUS ESSAYS AND WRITINGS

ON THE

NATURAL HISTORY OF NEW-YORK,

MOSTLY PUBLISHED SUBSEQUENT TO ISSUING THE RESPECTIVE |

VOLUMES ON THAT SUBJECT.

"

«ebagh

cee

REFERENCES.

MAMMALIA.

Annals of the New-York Lyceum of Natural History, vol. 4, p. 53.
Description of five species of Vespertilio, that inhabit the environs of
New-York, by William Cooper :

1.

3.
4,
5.

VESPERTILIO PRUINOSUS.
VESPERTILIO NOVEBORACENSIS.
VESPERTILIO NOCTIVAGANS.
VESPERTILIO CAROLINENSIS.
VESPERTILIO SUBULATUS.

All of these are recognized by Dr. DeKay.

BIRDS.

Annals of New-York Lyceum, vol.4, p.51. Notice of the appearance

of the Pine Groesbeak, (Pyrrhula enucleator,) in the vicinity of New-
York. By James F. Ward.

Annals of New-York Lyceum, vol. 4, p.171. Description of a new
species of Anser, by George N. Lawrence. Read March 18, 1846.
Anser nigricans, (Black-bellied Goose.)

Sir Charles Lyell’s Second Visit to the United States, vol. 2, p. 247,
American edition. ‘In Wilson’s Ornithology it is stated that the
Hummingbird migrates from the south to Pennsylvania, the latter part
of Apriland builds its nest there about the middle of May. For the last
thirty years Mr. McIlvaine has never been disappointed in seeing it
reach Burlington, in New Jersey, on the banks of Delaware, the first

week of that month, generally about the middle of the week ; its not iho
ward progress being apparently hastened or retarded by the mildness | of ee

the season. ‘They seem always to wait for the flowering of a species

of horse-chesnut, called here, the Buckeye, from the fancied likeness Zan

Af ad
Ch Os

of its fruit to the eyes of adeer. The bright red blossoms of this tree us

supply the nourishment most attractive to these birds, whose arrival had

been looked for, the very day after I came. Strange tosay, one of them, |

the avant-courier of the feathered host, actually appeared and next
morning, (May 7, 1846,) hundreds were seen and heard, flitting and
humming over our heads.”

INSECTS.

Annals of the Lyceum, §-c., vol. 4, p. 141. Monograph of the species

of Psamichus, inhabiting the United States, with descriptions of two

new genera belonging to the family Carabica. By John L. LeConte.
Read November 9, 1845. |

Annals of the Lyceum, &c., vol. 4, p. 173. Descriptive catalogue of
the Geodephagous coleoptera, inhabiting the United States, east of the
Rocky Mountains. By John L. LeConte. Read May 25, 1846.

BOTANY.

Silliman’s Journal, new series, vol. 7, p. 167. Notes on some Che-—

nopodiacae, growing spontaneously about the city of New-York. By
John Carey.

Silliman’s Journal, new series, vol. 8, p. 347. Observationson Amer- ~-

ican species of the genus Potamogeton, by Edward Tuckerman, A. M.

MINERALOGY.

Annals of the New-York Lyceum, vol. 4, p.'76. Description of the
Vauquelinite, a rare ore of Chromium, in the United States. By John
Torrey, M.D. Read April 27, 1835. ie

(Noticed by Dr. L. C. Beck, in his Mineralogy of New-York.) | :

" >
« Ay Moe: nee

159

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol
4, p.6. Mr. Ashmead on Calcareous Spar from the Rossie lead mines,
in New York.

Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, vol. 40, p. 283. Dr. Samuel
P. White, on the Acid springs, at Alabama, Genesee county.

Silliman’s Journal, new series, vol. 8, p. 385. Professor Benj. Silli-
man, Jr., analysis of Munrolite, occurring at Munroe, Orange county.

GEOLOGY AND PALAZONTOLOGY.

Silliman’s Journal, new series, vol. 7, pages 45, 218. Parallelism of
the Paleozoic formations of North America with those of Europe. By
Ed. DeVerneuil, and translated by James Hall.

Szlliman’s Journal, N. S., vol. 7, p. 175. On the Acid Springs and
gypsum deposits of the Onondaga salt group. By T. 8S. Hunt, of the
Geological Survey of Canada.

Proceedings of the American Association for the Adee ise of Sce-
ence, lst meeting, Seplember, 1848, p. 155. Account of a remarkable
geological development in Elizabethtown, Essex county.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. 2, p. 20.
Observations on the Caryocrinites of Mr. James Hall.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. 4, p. 66.
On Trematis, a new genus, belonging to the family of the Brachio-
podous mollusca. By Daniel Sharpe, F.G.S. (The Orbicula terminalis
of Emmons and Hall is here called Trematis terminalis.)

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. 4, p. 146.
Remarks on the Paleozoic formations of the United States, contained
in the collection of Charles Lyell, Esq., with remarks on the compari-
son of the North American formations with those of Europe. By Dan-
iel Sharpe, F. G. S.

Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, vol. 5, p. 107.
On the supposed impressions in shale of the soft parts of an Ortho-
ceras. By James Hall, foreign member of the Geological Society, State
Geologist of New-York.

Emmons’ American Journal of Agriculture and Science, May and
June, 1847. Observations on the Geology of Lewis county. By Franklin
B. Hough, M. D.

The first discovery (probably) A foe obs and testh in |
oy ew-York. — ~ .

fae. Lord Cae mae the follecie communication. |

from New-York and addressed to the secretary.
“T did by the ieee fleet, send yon tooth, which on the outside

given to Gresham College. I now send ee some of his sone sed oo
am able to give you this account. The tooth I sent was found near the :
side of Hudson’s river, rolled down from a high bank, by a Dutch coun- “i
try fellow, about twenty miles on the side of Albany, and sold to one " oe
Van Bruggen for a gill of rum. Van Bruggen, being a member. of the _
Assembly, and coming down to New-York to the Assembly, brought
ihe tooth with him and shewed it to several persons here. I was told of
t, and sent for it to see, and asked if he would dispose of it; he said it =
was worth nothing, but if I had a mind to it, ’twas at my service. Thus” 5 2 ee
I came by it. Some said ’twas the tooth of a human creature ; others, % ot
of some beast or fish, but nobody could tell what beast or fish had such i
a tooth. I was of opinion that it was the tooth of a giant, which gave | a
me the curiosity to enquire farther. One Mr. Abeel, Recorder of Alba-
ny, was then in town, so I directed him to send some person to pts
the place where the tooth was found; which he did, and that you may
see the account he gives me of it, I send you the original letter he sent
me; you must allow for the bad English. I desire these bones may be
sent to the tooth, if you think fit. When I go up to Albany next, I in-
tend to go to the place myself, to see if I can discover any thing more se
concerning the monstrous creature, for so I think I may call it.”

\ | ' Me 80
Mr. Abeel’s letter runs thus : : MR ick

hs sulk

‘“‘ According to your Excellency’s order, I sent to Waverak to make ah
er Pe about the bones of that creature, siete the ie tooth

alee.

INDEX TO THE VOLUMES

au Rye
IN THE

State Cabinet of Natural History, —

- ars e

CONTAINING THE

_ PLANTS OF THE STATE OF NEW-YORK.

an §&S A reference to Prof. Torrey’s Catalogue of the Plants, of which specimens _
an m4 = _ are preserved in the State Cabinet at Albany, (published in the Annual
Report of the Regents of the University, on the condition of the State
: Cabinet, for the year 1849,) will indicate the individual species of the
genera contained in each volume. The Orders and Genera are numbered
according to Prof. Torrey’s Flora of the State of New-York. ;

‘ :
aS
. Seed
‘7 2?
wie

4

a

~~
‘

by .
vel

Jy, 7

4

c

7

-
E

[ Nar. Hist. ]

VOLUME I.
CONTAINS THE PLANTS OF

5 RANUNCULACEE. The Crowfoot tribe.

VOLUME IL.

CONTAINS

MAGNOLIACEZ. ' The Magnolia tribe.
ANONACER. The Custard-apple tribe.
MENISPERMACE. = The Moonseed tribe. —
BERBERIDACE #. The Barberry tribe.
CABOMBACE&. The Watershield tribe,
NYMPH ACE &. The Pond Lily tribe.
SSARRACENIACES. The Sarracenia tribe.
PAPAVERACES. The Poppy tribe. —
FUMARIACER. ‘The Fumitory tribe.

ea ee

VOLUME III.

CONTAINS

CRUCIFERE. The Cruciferous tribe.

VOLUME Iv.
CONTAI NS

| CAPPARIDACE. _ The Caper tribe.
‘VIOLACEE.. The Violet tribe. |

\

—O. 14. CISTACEA. | “The Rock Bai
Orpen 15. DROSERACER. —_ The Stan ae pi
OrpER 16. HYPERICACER. ~The St. Johnswort tribe. s

mper 17, ELATINACER. The Waterwort tribe.

VOLUME V.

CONTAINS

CARYOPHYLLACES.

‘The Pink tribe.

Orver 19. ILLECEBRACEZ. The Knotgrass tribe.
VOLUME VI. ca
| CONTAINS
Onver 20. PORTULACACEE. = The Purselane tribe.
Orper 21. MALVACEZ. The Mallow tribe. - *
Orver 22. TILIACEA. : The Linden tribe. ae
ss Orver 23. LINACE. , The Flax Tribe. \ |)
ss Oupzr 24. GERANIACEE. The Geranium tribe.
( Orver 25. OXALIDACEE. The Wood Sorrel irabe. \
| Orver 26. BALSAMINACEZ. The Balsam tribe. a
Orver 27. LIMNANTHACE Z. The False Mermaid tribe.
Orver 28. ANACARDIACEE. — The Cashew tribe. :

‘Onper 29. ZANTHOXYLACEE. — The Prickly Ash tribe.

a | VOLUME VIL. a

es eee | CONTAINS het yi.
— Orver 30. ACERACEZ. The Maple tribe. .

ries Orver 31. HIPPOCASTANACEZ. The Horse Chesnut trebe.

att Orver 32. CELASTRACES. The Spindletree tribe,

--Orver 88. RHAMNACEE. = —— ‘The Buckthorn tribe,
- Orver 34. VITACEZ. The Vine trabe.
Orver 35. POLYGALACEL. The Milkwort tribe.

VOLUME VIII.

; cel eae Ley
VOLUME IX.
CONTAINS THE REMAINING GENERA OF

LEGUMINO SE. The Bean erebe.

VOLUME X.

CONTAINS SU eg

Onven 37. ROSACEH. ‘The Rose tribe.

_ VOLUME XI.

t ‘CONTAINS

MELASTOMACEE. The Melastoma tribe.
LYTHRACE. The Loosestrife tribe. caer
ONAGRACEZ. _ The Evening Primrose tribe. —
CACTACES. | The Cactus tribe. me
GROSSULACES. The Currant tribe.
CUCURBITACE. The Gourd tribe.
CRASSULACEZ. The Houseleek tribe.
SAXIFRAGACES. The Saxifrage tribe.
HAMAMELACE. The Witchhazel tribe.

VOLUME XII.
CONTAINS
_ Onver 47. UMBELLIFERZ. © The Umbelliferous tribe.

é
a 7 *

VOLUME XIII.
. CONTAINS ; :
-ARALIACEZ.... The Aralia tribe.

3. CORNACEE: —- The Dogwood tribe. |
CAPRIFOLIACEH. — The Honeysuckle tribe.

)

166

VOLUME XIV. —

CONTAINS
Orpen 51. RUBIACES. The Madder tribe.
Orver 52. VALERIANACER. | The Valerian tribe.
Orver 53. DIPSACEZ. The Scabious tribe.
VOLUME XV. -
_ CONTAINS SEVEN GENERA, (from 1 to 7 inclusive,) oF
Orver 54. COMPOSITE. ~The Composite tribe.

VOLUME XVI.
CONTAINS GENERA Nos. 8, 9 anp 10, oF

Orver 54. COMPOSITA. The Composite tribe.

VOLUME XVII.

CONTAINS GENERA Nos. 11, 12, 18, 14 anv 15, oF

Orver 54. COMPOSITE. The Composite tribe.

VOLUME XVIII.

CONTAINS THE GENERA, (from 16 to 28 inclusive,) oF

Orper 54. COMPOSITZ. The Composite tribe.

VOLUME XIX.

CONTAINS THE-GENERA, (from 29 to 45 inclusive,) oF

Orpver 54. COMPOSIT. The Composite tribe.

VOLUME XX. ‘
CONTAINS THE RESIDUE OF THE GENERA OF
Orver 54. COMPOSITE. The Composite tribe. -

ORDER 5d.
Orver 56.
Orver 57.

Orver 58.
Orper 59.
Orver 60.
Orver 61.
OrperR 62.
Orper 63.

Orper 64,

Orper, 65.
_Orver 66.
Orpver 67.

- Orver 68.
Orver 69.

Orper 70.
Orver 71.

167

VOLUME XXTI.

CONTAINS

LOBELIACE The Lobelia tribe.
CAMPANULACEZ. The Bellflower tribe.
ERICACEA. The Heath tribe.

VOLUME XXII.

CONTAINS
‘AQUIFOLIACEA. | The Holly tribe.
EBENACEZ. The Ebony trzbe.
PRIMULACE. The Primrose tribe.
PLAN TAGINACEA. The Plantain tribe.
PLUMBAGINACEZ. The Leadwort tribe.
LENTIBULACE. The Bladderwort tribe.
OROBANCHACE. The Broomrape tribe.

VOLUME XXIII.

CONTAINS
BIGNONIACEE. The Trumpetflower tribe.
ACANTHACE. The Justicia tribe.

SCROPHULARIACEA. The Figwort tribe.

VOLUME XXIV.
CONTAINS

VERBENACES.
LABIATA. |

The Vervain tribe.
The Mint tribe.

VOLUME XXV.

CONTAINS

BORAGINACEA. The Borage tribe.
HYDROPHYLLACER. The Waterleaf tribe.

a

dip

Orver 72.
Orpver 73.

Orver 74.
Orver 75.
Orver 76.

Orver 77.
Orver 78.
Orver 79.

Orver 80.
Orpver 81.
Orver 82.

Orver 83.
Oxver 84.
Orper 85.
Orver 86.
Orver 87.
Orver 88.
Orxper 89.

168

POLEMONIACER. -
DIAPENSIACE.

The Greek Valerian tribe.
The Diapensia tribe.

VOLUME XXVI.

CONTAINS

CONVOLVULACEE.
SOLANACE.
GENTIANACE.

The Bindweed tribe.
The Nightshade tribe.
The Gentian tribe.

VOLUME XXVII.

CONTAINS

APOCYNACEZ.
ASCLEPIADACE.
OLEACE.

The Dogbane tribe.
The Milkweed tribe.
The Olzve tribe.

VOLUME XXVIII.

CONTAINS

ARISTOLOCHIACE. The Birthwort tribe.

CHENOPODIACE #.
AMARANTHACE.

The Goosefoot tribe.
The Amaranth tribe.

VOLUME XXIX.

CONTAINS

POLYGONACEZ.
PHY TOLACCACE.
LAURACE.
SANTALACEZ.
THYMELACES.
ELEAGNACES.
ULMACE.

The Buckwheat tribe.
The Pokeweed trebe.
The Cinnamon tribe.
The Sanderswood tribe.
The Mezereum tribe.
The Oleander tribe.

The Elm tribe.

ORDER
OrvDER
OrDER
ORDER
ORDER
ORDER
ORDER

ORDER
ORDER
ORDER

90.
91.

22.

93.
94.
95.
96.

97.
os.
99.

169

VOLUME XXX

CONTAINS

SAURURACE. The Lizardtail trihe.

CERATOPHYLLACES. The Hornwoart trzbe.
CALLITRICHACE A. The Water Chickweed tribe.
PODOSTEMACE®. The Riverweed tribe.

EU PHORBIACE. The Spurge tribe.
EMPETRACEE. The Crowberry tribe.
JUGLANDACEZ. The Walnut tribe.
VOLUME XXXII.
CONTAINS

CUPULIFERA, The: Nut tribe.
MYRICACE. The Gale tribe.
BETULACES. The Birch tribe.

VOLUME XXXII.

CONTAINS THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS Salix, DOWN TO AND INCLUDING

Salix rostrata, OF

Orver 100. SALICACE. The Willow tribe.

ORDER.

ORDER
ORDER
ORDER

100.

VOLUME XXXII.
CONTAINS THE RESIDUE OF

SALICACEZ. The Willow tribe.

VOLUME XXXIV.

CONTAINS

BALSAMIFLU A. The Sweet-gum tribe.
PLATANACE. The Plaintree tribe.

URTICACEL. The Nettle trébe.

ORDER

ORDER
ORDER
ORDER
OrvER
ORDER
ORDER
ORDER

ORDER

ORDER
ORDER
ORDER
OrvER
ORDER

104,

105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.

112.

113.
114.
115.
116.
117.

170

VOLUME XXXVv.
GYMNOSPERMOUS PLANTS.
€ONTAINS

CONIFER. The Pine tribe.

VOLUME XXXVI.

CONTAINS
ARACEA. The Arum tribe.
LEMNACE. The Duckweed tribe.
TY PHACE. The Cattail tribe.
NAIADACE/. The Pondweed tribe.
ALISMACE/. The Water Plantain tribe.

JUNCAGINACE . The Arrowgrass tribe.
HYDROCHARIDACEX. The Frogsbit tribe.

«

VOLUME XXXVII.

CONTAINS

ORCHIDACE-. The Orchis tribe.

VOLUME XXXVIII.

CONTAINS
HY POXIDACEZ. The Stargrass tribe.
IRIDACE ZA. The Tris tribe.
DIOSCORACEE. The Yam tribe.
SMILACE A, : The Smilaz tribe.

LILIACE. The Lily tribe.

VOLUME XXKIX.

CONTAINS

PONTEDERIACEA. The Pickerelweed tribe.
MELANTHACE. = The Colchicum tribe. —
JUNCACEE. ‘The Rush tribe.
21. COMMELYNACE. The Spiderwort tribe.
| 122, XYRIDACEH. —‘ The Yellow-eyed Grass’ ‘ibe
ERIOCAULONACEX. The Pipewort tribe.

VOLUME XL.

CONTAINS THE GENERA, (from 1 to 13 inclusive,) oF

3. =—ss«s The Sedge tribe.

VOLUME XL.

a

- ¢
Carex aurea, OF

2 ‘Onpzn 124. CYPERACEE. — The Sedge tribe,

ink XLIL

| CONTAINS THE RESIDUE OF THE SPECIES: OF THE GENUS Carex, (com-
mencing with Carex livida,) OF

Crom 124, PEE a The Sedge tribe.

yi

VOLUME ALUL

CONTAINS THE GENERA, (fem 1 to 13 inclusive,) OF

"Ones 125. _GRAMINEE. af The Grass tribe.

VOLUME XLIV. ~
CONTAINS THE GENERA, (from 14 to 32 inclusive,) oF *

Eo | Onpen 125, GRAMINER. ; The Grass tribe.

Orver 126.
Orver 127.
Orver 128.
Orper 129.
ORDER 130.

4

‘The Grass tribe.

VOLUME XLVI.

CONTAINS

EQUISETACEA.
FILICES.
LYCOPODIACEAE.
SALVINACEA.
ISOETACESR.

The Horsetaal tribe.
The Fern tribe.

The Clubmoss tribe. - i :

The Saivina tribe.
The Quillwort tribe.

\

(m9

DESCRIPTION

OF

NEW SPECIES OF FOSSILS,

AND

- OBSERVATIONS UPON SOME OTHER SPECIES

PREVIOUSLY NOT WELL KNOWN,
FROM THE TRENTON LIMESTONE.

BY SAM ES, HAA.”

va
at

DESCRIPTION.

- The following described fossils have been obtained from the Trenton
limestone since the publication of the first volume on the Paleontology
of New-York. Several of these are entirely new, and mteresting, as
adding to our knowledge of several genera, of which few species have
yet been described. These fossils were collected durmg a short excur-
sion in a few localities not thoroughly examined, and from these we
may infer that a large number yet remain undescribed in the lower silu-
rian rocks. In these descriptions I have not included several, the char-
acters of which are somewhat equivocal, or of which we may expect to
procure more perfect specimens. Several specimens, illustrating in a
more perfect and satisfactory manner species already described in the
volume referred to, have been added to this list, in order to give those
_ pursuing the study of this subject the best information we possess up to
this time.

In commencing a work like the Paleontology of New-York, in a
country where comparatively so little had been done in collecting or in-
vestigating fossils of the older rocks, it was impossible in all cases to
procure perfect specimens of the fossils described. It is expected more-
over that the fossils from the older strata are less perfect and more di-
lapidated than those of newer formations ; and the solid and sometimes
altered condition of the strata often prevents the procuring of perfect
specimens, which inay readily be done in the more modern formations.
It would not be satisfactory to the student, nor even to the cursory ex-
aminer, to leave unfigured and undescribed, fragments or imperfect
specimens of fossils, since the collection of every one, and particularly
of beginners, must necessarily consist in part of such, from the difficulty
and time required to obtain perfect ones. It is therefore desirable from
time to time to present the additional knowledge acquired by the fortu-

Been fom the inchensed: number of quarts and excay
| ane improvements.

be expected that new species will be iat for the next half oe f
from the rocks already examined, it is evident that every year will pro- :
duce something to be done, to bring the subject up to the best know-—
ledge we possess. It is equally true that whatever means are adopt-
ed, much must ae remain to be Ge fus I:xcavations for railroads,

ae of quarries opened to supply the usa of an Increasing ee
tion, will constantly bring to light new fossils, as well as other objects”

of natural science. If every student or collector finding fossils unde-

scribed in the State work on Paleontology, would forward them to th “
curator of the Geological Saget at teins the annual reports of the

figured ;
nals of these fossils, while it is adding to his own knowledge of the su

thus permanently preserving in ithe State collection, the origi-

ject, and enhancing the interest and value of his collection.
collectors, Tene upon.the eronnit, have it in 1 their power to furni

of the Paleontologist to do, from his limited time for syamnitinig
" vidual localities. Such specimens greatly enhance the value of

the subject. It may be necessary for me to make the same
for all the departments. ae
For Palzontology, however, I will make another observati i
cies have heretofore been described chiefly os exterior |

W7

and very few collections are made with a view to the examination of
the interior or more vital parts. To the paleontologist the interior of
the shell is often of more real importance in his investigations: than a
perfect specimen; since this part may reveal to him characters more
reliable and more constant than the exterior. The same is true of other
fossils; whatever exhibits the internal characters and arrangement of
parts is very desirable in an extensive and permanent collection, for
these furnish at once points of comparison very conclusive, regarding |
the identity or difference of similar fossils. Every collector, therefore,
_ should understand that those fragments showing internal structure in
- fossil bodies, are worthy of preservation, and even when these char-
acters are apparently unallied to any other, they are nevertheless im-
portant in extensive comparisons. I! might instance the columns of
crinoidea, which occur in fragments in all our,strata. These, when
studied, furnish illustrations of the highest interest, and we are often
able to connect with certainty the veriest fragment with the perfect
form by a minute internal characteristic. Lest there be not observed —
in this, some important result besides the scientific value and interest,
- I may mention what every collector knows, that the locations of perfect
_ specimens are few, while those of fragments and detached parts are
numerous. Now it is important, wpon economical considerations, to be
able to recognize fossils by fragments, or frem some zoological charac-
ter, that in seeking for valuable beds we may know our proximity
thereto, not only from the occurrence of perfect fossils, but from the
fragments which are preserved in the more numerous localities.

Since New-York must always remain the classic ground for the study
of the geology and palzontology of the older rocks, no other coun-
try having so perfect a development of the systems, it is important
that the State collection should contain the most perfect and authen-
tic collection of these as of the other productions of her territory. I
would appeal, therefore, to the patriotism of our citizens to consider the
interests and wants of this collection before they dispose of their beau-
tiful specimens to private collections which can never be permanent.
_ As an encouragement to those who have already spoken to me on this
subject, expressing hopes of the permanent care and preservation of
this part of the collection and who have been only waiting such an ar-
‘Yangement to contribute specimens, I may say that the collection has
recently been placed by the Regents of the University, in the charge
of Mr. John Gebhard, Jr., of Schoharie, whose quiet zeal and untiring

[Nat. Hist.] 12

the ore

‘whet in the linnds of Mr. ‘Gebhiatd, every fossil will be fae sm sta
‘and carefully preserved. |

BUTHOTREPHIS? CASPETOSA, (n. species.)
Plate 1, fig. 1, a, 6, ¢. : Ps eae

ek) Plant at base composed of numerous coalescing stems which in as-

Feeiite are fuer bifurcated ; : branches tapering to i .

viduals seen the base appears like a coalescing or twisted bundle

_. stems, which separate and expand above, frequently bifurcating in their
extension. Several specimens of this species have been found in the

lower part of the Trenton limestone. It is extremely different from all

the other species of the genus and may perhaps be referred with al-

‘most equal propriety to the genus Palwophycus, though when better 4

known it will probably be separated from both these genera. : Ba

te _ This species has been found in the vicinity of Watertown, J efferson
county, and occurs in thin layers, exposed by the action of the water of
the river, near the lower part of the formation.

| | RETEPORA FENESTRATA, (n. species.)
ee Plate 2, fig. 1, a, B, ¢, d, e. ae
aM Frond much expanded, loosely retioulate; branches rounded, frequent-_
bs ly bifurcating, united laterally by transverse bars; non-poriferous sur
face striated ; poriferous side of branches covered with numerous small
angular pores, sometimes with poriferous nodes upon the poriferous |

‘side of the branches ; fenestrules irregular in size and form.

This species is very peculiar in its character, appearing at first view

| ike a reticulated coral without transverse bars. The growth and bifur-

cation of the branches appear to have been quite irregular and they —
approach each other so closely as often to appear as if coalescing. In |
the: ieeence of transverse Pages which are apparently sna

allied in other respects.
pou nterone dissepiments it r&embles oma but the cells are |

In the rounded branches and tena veeeed n

Fig. 1 a,a specimen of this coral upon the surface op a “fim
of limestone. In some parts the coral appears to be sista
wlated, mutes in others the branches are united ~by transverse 2

1, Pf 7 es Ales ere ea Ne pla pares at Yas
weke ee j eee D ‘ an Wh “4
9 Coeg sere ik Cot . . 5

179

Fig. 1, 5, a portion of the poriferous surface enlarged.

Fig. 1, c, another fragment, having elevated nodes upon the surface.
of the branches.

Fig. 1, d, an enlarged portion of the non-poriferous face.

Fig. 1, e, a similar fragment of the non-poriferous face, partially cove
ered by an incrusting coral which has the character of Chetetes.

This species occurs in the lower part of the Trenton limestone, near
Lowville, Lewis county. (State Collection.) -

4EGILOPS, (new genus.)

-Inequilateral, vaives, somewhat trigonal, rounded on the base, slop-
ing abruptly from the beaks, which are incurved at the extremity. }

ZEGILOPS SUBCARINATA, ?
Plate 4, fig. 1, a, b.

_ Trigonal, with the beaks much elevated and incurved ; anterior slope.
short, ending in a slightly rounded extremity, which continues into the
curve of the rounded base ; posterior slope long and straight ; surface
marked by a rounded ridge or carina extending from the beak nearly
to the base, and margined on each side by a corresponding depres-
sion. |

The form of this shell is peculiar and characteristic, the inequal-
ity of the valves is only apparent or due to pressure. It is clearly the
- type of a genus.which has not hitherto been noticed in the lower siluri-
an rocks of this country, if in Europe.

This species was found in the Trenton limestone, near, Loe
Lewis county. . : ( State Collection.)

MURCHISONIA SUBFUSIFORMIS.

Plate 4, fig. 2.

_ Reference.—Palzontology of New-York, vol. 1, page 234, plate 39 |

fig. 2. |

The two figures of this fossil referred to, give but a very imperfect
idea of the species. Nearly all the specimens procured are so mutila-
ted that the true form is scarcely to be determined. The specimen
now figured is the most perfect one that has fallen under my observa-
tion, and will serve to give a better idea of the form and proportions of _
the species, than those heretofore given. It preserves five volutions,
two volutions of the apex are broken off The specimen is scarcely at

cr all Crabressed. and it shows the peculiar form, which cle:
Oe guishes it from M. bellacincta. Pes : me

a

In the shaly portion of the Trenton limestone, near Lowyille, Lewis.
county. a , _ (State (alleen é

e. SUBULITES ABBREVIATA, (n. species. )

Plate 3, fig. 2, a, b, c.
Short, subfusiform, last volution making nearly the whole bulk of ine ;

shell; spire rapidly diminishing; composed of about three volutions ;
aperture long, very narrow above; outer lip straight and i
axis of the shell; margin of the shell opposite the outer lip, and with |
: the spire above forming a regular curve from apex to base. — ate
This species possesses the character of the genus as expressed i in 1 the:
-S. elongata, but it is extremely different from that one in the short : spire oe
and curved outline of the back of the shell. The specimens are ‘inte- .
resting as presenting a second species of 4 peculiar genus, and one not .
recognized above the lower silurian period. 9 | v
The specimens figured were obtained from the semicrystalline lines _
stone in the higher part of the Trenton limestone, near Watertown, —
irl Jefferson county. The position and associated fossils are the same as f
: in the other species of the genus. — (State Collection.) ao,

* ONCOCERAS CONSTRICTUM. es
Plate 3, fig. 3. ;

Reference.—Page, 197, spite 4l, figs. 6 and 7, Paleontology « of f New- % f
York, vol. 1. 1 on
This species was described from fragments and the daw were. ‘ye
not completely defined. The specimen figured is almost entirely per- :
"fect, showing the contracted, nearly circular aperture, and the swelling —

it

«above, which presents a transversely oval section, suddenly tapering”
a ee thence Faget the apex, maachy is far from the ne

i Baits
This specimen is almost entire, a small portion of the apex Ling

been broken off only. It is one of the most remarkable forms of — |
M cephalopoda i in the lower strata. The specimens figured in the firs
v iuplanie et the Palzontology of New-York, are such as are: su:

é ae, the one now described ea the only Sade one ric 7 2

P14.

r’& Print of Rich4H Pease

En

SN]

P15

181

ORMOCERAS REMOTISEPTUM, (rn. species.)
Plate 4, fig. 3.

Cylindrical, gradually tapering; septa moderately convex, distant
half the diameter of the tube; siphuncle excentric, farge, swelling
moderately between the septa, and but slightly contracted at the junc-
tion of the septa; character of the external surface unknown.

_ The specimen described is a fragment which is worn down through
the centre of the siphuncle. The proportions of this part of the fossil
and the great distance of the septa contrast very strongly with the
Ormoceras tenuifilum and with the other known species of the genus.
This species occurs in the higher part of the Trenton limestone, near
W atertown, Jefferson county. (State Collection.)

ENDOCERAS LATIVENTRUM, (n. species.)
Plate 5, fig. 1, a, b.
-Cylindric or conical, somewhat rapidly tapering, septa very slightly
convex, distant from each other about one-sixth of the diameter of the
tube; siphuncle large, entirely lateral, diameter towards the smaller
extremity greater than one-third the diameter of the entire tube ; em-
bryo tube smooth, slender towards the smaller extremity.

This species is easily distinguished from the E. protezforme in any of
its stages by the more rapid diminution of the tube, by the entirely lat-
eral position of the siphuncle, and the closer arrangement of the septa.
The fragment described is something more than a foot in length, and is
from the central part of the individual, neither the apex or outer cham-
ber being preserved. . The embryo tube, which is visible near the apex,
is slender and gradually tapering.

Fig. 1 a. The specimen natural size, showing the embryo tube above
the middle. :

Fig. 1 6. A section showing the position and size of the siphuncle..

This species occurs in the lower part of the Trenton limestone, near
Lowville, in Lewis county. The only specimen known is the one here
_described, which is placed in the State collection.

COLPOCERAS, (new genus.)
Gr. xoAmos, sinus, and xépasg, cornu, in allusion to the deep sinus in the
septa. | :
Cylindrical or sub-cylindrical, septa oblique to the axis of the shell,
regularly arched on the dorsal side, and bending downwards in a deep
sinus towards the mouth on the ventral side.

eee z =. eerie =
rs PRs a eer ee Pe ee gen
Sac PO ST AG a PIS aR Ene Meee

nis

mat
Pay bs:
fxGR EAS at +

Be apatite, eb ath ei >t

COLPOCERAS VIRGATUM.
Plate. 5, fig. 2.

Tube virgate, scarcely diminishing towards the apex; ieee strong- :
ly annulated ; dnnulations arching towards the apex on the back of the

shell and bending downwards in an abrupt’ sinus on the ventral side, w
and becoming almost entirely lost on the ventral line ; septa following
the direction of the annulations and arranged between them, except on —

the ventral side where they encroach a little upon the annulation, being Q
more abruptly bent downwards ; septa in the longitudinal section, cuts

‘ting each side, regularly arched ; section when not compressed. cylin= |
drical ; siphuncle unknown ; character of the surface, except the annu-
lations, unknown. A

This species occurs near the junction of the Birdseye and Black river
limestones in Lewis county.

Pal eo f ‘

ASAPHUS. EXTANS.
Plate 3, fig. 1.

Reference.—Asaphus extans. Paleontology of New-York, vol. 1,
page 228, plate 60, fig. 2, a, b,c. |
This species, which was described as an asaphus, with some doubt,
has again fallen under my observation, and though the specimens yet _
procured are fragments, they throw some farther light upon the char- :
acter of the fossil. These specimens are mostly in a bad state of pre- ;
servation, from a dark shaly layer near the base of the Trenton lime- __
stone in Lowville. The character of the caudal shield which is preser-
ved in several specimens is well marked, though the rings of the thorax
attached are so much obliterated as to afford very little satisfactory evi-
dence of their number or character. Still there appears to be nine or
ten articulations of the thorax, though the junction with the caudal »
shield is obscure.
In connexion with a mutilated specimen, we Wer the convex middle
lobe of the cephalic shield, with two large and prominent eyes. This. a
specimen does not preserve the margin of the shield, but in another one
us _ we find the two lateral portions of the shield preserved in their ose
relations to each os the conual lobe being want Ge, This fragmaga |

asaphus, though it is difficult to reconcile the number of sahiniga
- the thorax with that genus. The prominent eyes are also like asap!
nee form of the head i is rather more prominent in the middle Jobe?

“
“*

183

known species of the genus, and the posterior projection into a spine is
also unlike, while the caudal extremity and character of surface sculp-
ture are all closely like the asaphus:

We shall probably soon be able to have perfect specimens, and as it
will prove an interesting species, perhaps this notice may attract atten-
tion and excite examination among those living in the neighborhood of
the localities where this species has been found.

It is not improbable but the middle lobe of a buckler described (Pal.
mY. vol.i., page 248, pl. 61, fig. 1, a, b,) as Asaphus nodostriatus, may
prove to belong to this species, but the same part of the fossil here fig-
gured does not preserve the surface markings to enable us to make the
comparison. (State Collection.)

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HSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIE: