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LIBRARY
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BOTANICAL

GARDEN

TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

SHCRETARY

OF THE

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

OF

MICHIGAN

EON 2: Any)

KEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GAR QEw:

BY AUTHORITY

LANSING
ROBERT SMITH & CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS
1894

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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 357...

GARDE

OF THE

MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ALLEGAN, MICHIGAN,
December 31, 1893.

To Hon. Joun T. Riou, Governor of -the State of Michigan:

I have the honor to submit herewith, in compliance with legal
requirement, the accompanying report of 1893, with supplementary
papers.

Respectfully yours,
EDWY C. REID,
Secretary of the Michigan State Horticultural Society.

OFFICERS

OF THE

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1894.

PRESIDENT—ROLAND MORRILL, Benton Harbor.
Vicr-Presipent—C. J. MONROE, South Haven.
SECRETARY—HDWY C. REID, Allegan.
TREASURER—EVART H. SCOTT, Ann Arbor.
LiIBRARIAN—ROBERT L. HEWITT, Lansing.

EXECUTIVE BOARD.

C. J. MONROE, South Haven, 1 year. L. R. TAFT, Agricultural College, 2 years.
cD. LYON, - CC esha Le CHAS. W. GARFIELD, G’d R’ds,3“
L. D. WATKINS, Manchester, 2 “ F. J. RUSSELL, Hart, Sis

STANDING COMMITTEES.

On Fruit Catatocur—L. R. TAFT, Agricultural College, Chairman; T. T. LYON,
South Haven; A.A.CROZIER, Ann Arbor; D.G.EDMISTON, Adrian; W.A.SMITH,
Benton Harbor; C. A. SESSIONS, Grand Rapids.

On New Fruirs—T. T. LYON, Chairman; C. A.SESSIONS, Grand Rapids; S. R.
FULLER, Eaton Rapids; C. ENGEL, Paw Paw.

On Finance—C. J. MONROE, L. D. WATKINS, C. W. GARFIELD.

On EntomoLocy—ALBERT J. COOK, Chairman.

On VEGETABLE PuysroLocy—L. R. TAFT, Chairman.

On LanpscaPE GarDENING—JAMES SATTERLEE, Chairman.

On VEGETABLE GAaRDEN—W. W. TRACY, Chairman.

On Forestry—C. W. GARFIELD, Chairman, Grand Radids; L. R. TAFT, Agricul-
tural College; C. A. SESSIONS, Grand Rapids,

CONSTITUTION

OF THE

MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ARTICLE I.—NAME, TERRITORY AND OBJECTS.
*

The name of the society shall be the Michigan State Horticultural
society, and its territory shall be the state of Michigan. Its objects shall
be the development of an adequate appreciation of the peculiar adaptation
of the soils and climate of the state to the pursuit of horticulture in all
its branches; and the collection and dissemination of information bearing
upon the theory and practice of the same, as well as upon the arts and
sciences directly or indirectly associated therewith, or calculated to elevate
or improve the practice thereof.

ARTICLE II.—OFFICERS AND MODE OF ELECTION.

The officers of the society shall be a president, a secretary, and a treas-
urer, together with an executive board of six members, aside from the
president, secretary, and treasurer, who shall be ex officio members of the
said board. f

Said board shall designate one of its members as vice-president. The
officers shall be elected by ballot.

ARTICLE III.—A QUORUM.

Four members of the executive board shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business at any meeting of said board: Provided, That
each of the members thereof shall have been notified, in the usual manner,
of the time, place, and object of such meeting.

ARTICLE IV.—ANNUAL MEETING AND ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The annual meeting of the society, for the election of officers specified
in Article II, shall occur during the time between December 25 and 31
of each year, according to call of president and secretary, and the election
shall be held during the second session of such meeting

2

10 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ARTICLE V.—TERMS OF OFFICE.

The officers specified in Article II shall hold their offices until the
thirty-first day of December of the year for which they were elected, and
thereafter until their successors shall have been elected, and shall have
signified to the secretary their acceptance: Provided, That the terms
_of office of the six members of the executive board shall be so arranged
that but two regular vacancies shall occur in each year.

ARTICLE VI.—ANNUAL AND LIFE MEMBERS.

Any person may become a member of the society for one year by pay-
ing to the treasurer the sum of one dollar; and the yearly term of all
annual memberships shall expire on the thirty-first day of December of
the year for which they were taken, but be regarded as continuous, except
as may be provided by the by-laws. Any person may become a life mem-
ber by the payment at any one time of the sum of ten dollars into the
treasury of the society.

ARTICLE VII.—AMOUNT OR LIMIT OF PROPERTY.
e
The society may hold real and personal estate to an amount not exceed-
ing twenty thousand dollars.

ARTICLE VIII.—BY—LAWS.

By-laws for the government of the society shall be framed, and when
needful, amended by the executive board; but changes therefor may be at
any time proposed by the society in general meeting.

ARTICLE IX.—AMENDMENTS.

This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting of the society
by a vote, by ballot, of two thirds of all the members present and voting:
Provided, That notice of such proposed amendment, specifying its pur-
port, shall have been given at the last previous regular meeting.

BY-LAWS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

I.— THE PRESIDENT.

Ist. The president shall be the executive officer of the society, and of
the executive board; and it shall be his duty to see that the rules and
regulations of the society, and of the executive board, are duly enforced
and obeyed.

2d. He may, in his discretion, and in the lack of needful rules, during

BY-LAWS. 11

the recesses of the society and of the board, prescribe rules for the man-
agement of the interests or business of the society, such rules to continue
in force till the next session of the executive board, and until, by its
action, they shall have become no longer necessary.

3d. He shall act in conjunction with the secretary in the preparation of
programmes, or orders of business, for the sessions of the society; and in
the devising of plans and processes for the maintenance of its interests.

4th. He shall have the best interests of the society at heart, and shall
lead in forwarding any and all enterprises calculated to add to its perma-
nency or to increase its usefulness, and establish it more firmly in the
public confidence.

II.— VICE-PRESIDENT,

The vice-president shall perform the duties of the president in case of
the absence or inability of that officer; and may be called upon by the
president to assume the duties of the chair at any meeting of the society
or executive board.

III.—THE SECRETARY.

Ist. The secretary shall be the recording, corresponding, and account-
ing officer of the society, and he shall also be, jointly with the business
committee, its financial and auditing officer.

2d. He shall incur no expenditure of a large or doubtful character,
except with the sanction of the executive board or of the business
committee.

3d. He shall submit all bills or claims against the society to the busi-
ness committee for approval, and indorsement to that effect, before draw-
ing his order upon the treasurer for the payment of the same.

- 4th. He shall attend all meetings of the society, and of the executive
board, and shall keep a faithful record of their proceedings.

5th. He shall sign all certificates of membership, and all diplomas and
certificates of merit awarded by the society.

6th. He shall have charge’ of the society’s books and papers, excepting
only such as, by the advice or direction of the executive board, shall be
placed in charge of the librarian, and he shall be responsible to the board
for the safe keeping of the property placed in his charge.

7th. He shall be the custodian of the seal of the society, and shall have
authority to affix the same to documents when needful.

8th. He shall seek by all suitable means to secure the fullest announce-
ment of the meetings of the society in this state, as well as in adjacent
states, when such shall be found desirable.

9th. He shall, so far as practicable, cause the transactions of the society,
together with such valuable or interesting papers as shall be read it its
sessions, to be properly published, and thus placed within reach of the
state.

— 10th. It shall also be his duty, yearly, to prepare for publication the
annual report of the society, together with such other matter as he shall
deem proper—he being aided in the selection of such matter by an
advisory committee of the executive board.

12 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

IV.—THE TREASURER.

Ist. All the funds of the society shall be paid into the hands of the
treasurer.

2d. He shall disburse the moneys of the society that shall come into
his hands only upon the order of the secretary, countersigned by the
president.

3d. He shall keep the moneys received by the society for life member-
ships as a distinct fund, and shall invest the same under the advice and
direction of the executive board, applying only the interest accruing
thereon to the purposes of the general fund.

4th. Immediately upon assuming his office, and before entering upon
its duties, he shall execute to the society an official bond with sufficient
sureties, conditioned for the safe keeping and disbursement of the moneys
of the society, and for the proper discharge of the further duties of his
office, in such sum as shall be specified by the executive board. Such
bond shall receive the approval of the president and shall be deposited
with the secretary.

5th. He shall, at the close of each year, report to the executive board
the amount of money that shall have come into his hands during the year,
the sources from which it has been derived, and the disposition made of
the same.

V.—THE LIBRARIAN.

Ist. The librarian shall have the custody of the library of the society.
He shall be appointed by the executive board, and may be displaced at its
pleasure.

2d. He shall act jointly with the secretary in the care and arrangement
of the same, and in the reception, custody, and disposal of the volumes of
the transactions annually supplied to the society by the state.

dd. Heshall have the custody of the rooms assigned to the society at
the state capitol, together with such books and other property as the
society or the board shall direct to be deposited therein.

- 4th. He shall report annually, at the close of tke year, to the executive
board the amount and condition of the property in his hands.

VI.— THE EXECUTIVE BOARD.

Ist. The executive board shall enact all rules and regulations for the
management of the affairs of the society, determine the salaries of its offi-
cers, and assume the control and management of its exhibitions.

2d. It shall have power to displace any officer of the society for neglect
of duty or abuse of position, and to fill all vacancies by appointment, to
continue till the next annual election.

3d. The board shall hold four regular sessions during the year, to occur
at the times and places for the regular meetings of the society.

4th. Other meetings may be called by the secretary under the advice or
direction of the president, or of a majority of its members, at such times
and places as may be deemed most convenient; but in all such cases each
member must be notified of the time, place, and object of such meeting.

5th. It shall be the duty of the board to carefully guard the general

BY-LAWS. 13

interests of the society, to watch over its finances, and to provide for its
necessities as they shall arise.

6th. All important measures shall be submitted to this board, but they
may by the board be resubmitted to the society with recommendations.

7th. The board shall, at the annual meeting, submit through the sec-
retary, in connection with the reports of officers, such further report
upon the condition, interests, and prospects of the society as it shall judge
necessary or expedient.

8th. Two members of the executive board are to be elected each year,
to hold the office for three years, but if any such member shall absent him-
self from two or more consecutive meetings of the society and of the
board without reason satisfactory to the board, the said board may, in its
discretion, consider the office vacant, and proceed to fill such vacancy by
appointment, to continue to the next annual election.

VII.\—_THE BUSINESS COMMITTEE.

Ist. It shall be the duty of the executive board, annually, upon entering
upon the duties of the new year, to appoint from their own number three
members who shall constitute a business committee for the year.

2d. All accounts or claims against the society, when presented to the
secretary for payment, shall,. before payment, receive the sanction and
indorsement of the business committee.

3d. Such claims shall be submitted to this committee and approved in
duplicate; one copy to remain with the secretary as his warrant for the
~ payment of the same, and the other to be transmitted by him to the pres-
ident, along with his order upon the treasurer, as his warrant for counter-
signing the same.

4th. It shall be the duty of the business committee, upon application
of the secretary, during the recess of the executive board, to advise with
him as to the expediency of making any contemplated but questionable
expenditure for which occasion may arise during such recess.

VIII.—STANDING COMMITTEES.

Ist. There shall be a standing committee on revision of the catalogue,
to be composed of one member from each of the five districts into which
the state is, for this purpose, divided, with one member chosen from the
state at large, who shall be the chairman of the committee.

2d. Each member of said committee (except the chairman) is empowered
and expected to choose a sub-committee for his district, of which he shall
be chairman.

3d. It shall be the duty of each sub-committee to collect and report,
each year, to the general chairman, such facts respecting fruit culture in
the district as shall promise to be of value in the revision of the catalogue.

4th. There shall be a standing committee on new fruits, to consist of a
chairman, with as many associates as such chairman shall find it desirable
to appoint.

5th. Such other standing committees may from time to time be
appointed by the executive board as, in its discretion, it shall deem desira-
ble or necessary.

6th. All standing committees are expected to report at the annual meet-
ing in December, any information of value to the society or its members

14 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that may have come to their knowledge during the year, as well as any
scientific theories, deductions, or facts that, in their opinion, may be use-
ful in advancing the objects for which the society is laboring.

IX.—LIFE MEMBERSHIP FUND.

Ist. All moneys coming into the treasury of the society in payment for
life memberships shall constitute a perpetual fund, to be known as the life
membership fund.

2d. The principal of this fund shall be invested by the treasurer under
the advice and direction of the executive board.

3d. All interest accruing upon any portion of said fund shall consti-
tute and become part of the fund of the society devoted to the payment of
its ordinary expenses.

X.—MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY..

Ist. The society shall hold its first regular meeting for the year during
the month of January or February for the inauguration of the officers
chosen at the annual meeting held the previous December, as provided in
article IV of the constitution, and also to arrange its plan of operations
for the year.

2d. Its second regular meeting shall be held in the month of June at
such date as shall best accommodate an exhibit of the early summer fruits.

3d. Its third regular meeting shall be at its annual exhibit of autumn
and winter fruits, in the month of September or October.

4th. Its fourth regular meeting shall occur in connection with its
annual election of officers, in December, as provided in article [IV of the
constitution.

5th. The times and places for the occurrence of these regular meetings
(excepting only the time of the annual meeting), shall be determined by
the executive board. ‘

6th. Other meetings may be called by the secretary, under the advice
or direction of the members of the executive board, at times and places
by them deemed expedient.

7th. In case of the calling of a special meeting for the election of offi-
cers of the society, in consequence of any failure to elect at the annual
meeting, as provided in section IV of the constitution, all persons entitled
as members to vote at such annual meeting shall be considered as retaining
such membership for such purpose until such election, and until such
officers so elected shall have been inducted into office.

XI.—RULES FOR DISCUSSIONS, ETC.

Ist. The deliberations and discussions of the society shall be conducted
in accordance with ordinary parliamentary usages.

_ XIL—AUXILIARY SOCIETIES.
Ist. The society shall, in all reasonable and proper ways, encourage the

formation of local horticultural or pomological societies auxiliary to this
society in all such counties or other municipalities of this state as shall

;

BY-LAWS. 15

afford a reasonable prospect that they will be able effectually to maintain
the same.

2d. It shall be the policy of this society in supervising the organization
of such local auxiliaries to secure an identity of constitutional provisions
throughout, and in so doing to insure harmony among them; but at the
same time it will not discourage the including by them of special or local
objects in cases in which such shall be found desirable, so long as the
introduction of the requisite provisions therefor into the constitution and
by-laws of the auxiliary society shall not be deemed likely to interfere
with the harmonious workings of the whole.

3d. Any person may become a full member of an auxiliary society, for
one year, by paying into its treasury the.sum of one dollar; and a com-
pliance with the provisions of clause fifth of these by-laws shall constitute
him also a member of this society for the same term.

4th. The wife, and the resident single or unmarried daughters, of any
full member, may also become members of such auxiliary society upon the
payment of fifty cents each: Provided, That in such case such entire
family shall become entitled to a single copy, only, of the current volume
of the transactions of this society.

5th. On receipt of the names of such members, with the required fees,
the secretary shall immediately transmit their names and _ postoffice
addresses, together with half the membership fee of each, to the secretary
of this society, who shall record the same and pay the money into the
treasury for the benefit of the general fund.

6th. It shall be the duty of the secretary, on receipt of such remittance,

with list of members, to supply such auxiliary society with a certiticate of

membership in this society for one year, together with a copy of the cur-
rent volume of transactions for each full member so remitted for.

7th. The proceedings of such auxiliary society shall, at the close of the
year, be forwarded, in succinct form, to the secretary of this society, to be
by him incorporated into the annual volume of transactions, accompanied
by a list of its members for the year.

8th. The auxiliary societies shall, so far as practicable, be made the
medium for the distribution of the annual volumes of the transactions of
the society, the nuclei for its meetings, and the means of creating interest
therein, as well as the means of collecting such facts or other information
or material as shall, from time to time, become needfui or desirable in the
conducting of its various operations.

XIII.—AMENDMENTS, ADDITIONS, SUSPENSIONS.

Ist. Amendments or additions to these by-laws may be made by a
majority vote of the executive board, at any meeting; but if objections
shall be made the same shall “lie upon the table” till the next regular
meeting of the board.

2d. These by-laws, or any one or more of them, may be suspended for
the time, by order of a majority of all the members of the society present
and voting.

3d. A proposition in the general meeting of the society for an amend
ment or addition to these by-laws shall be referred to the executive board
for consideration and decision; but the society may submit therewith its
advice or request.

16 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

4th. All amendments of the constitution and by-laws of auxiliary
societies shall, before they shall take effect, be submitted to the execu-
tive board of this society, by whom their approval or rejection shall be
considered upon the principle provided in section XII, clause 2, and the
determination of said executive board shall be final and binding upon the
auxiliary society.

e

PROCHEDINGS, OF + THE WINTER ,“MEETING:

HELD AT BENTON HARBOR, FEBRUARY 28, MARCH 1 AND 2, 1893.

¥

Opening the winter meeting of the Michigan State Horticultural
society, at Benton Harbor, the evening of February 28, President Lyon
called Mr. C. J. Monrog, the society’s vice-president, to the chair.

Prayer was offered by the Rev. GEORGE SAWLIN.

Following this was a song by a quartet of gentlemen, R. A. and D.
KNEELAND, F. A. Hopps, and J. W. McEacuiEen, who at several other
times during the sessions placed the pomologists under obligation in this
way, a kindness which was highly appreciated and greeted always with
merited applause.

' A striking feature of the session was the address of welcome by Mas-
ter WILLIE TEETZEL, “the boy orator.” He is an orator by birth, cer-
tainly, for, though only seven years old, his recitations are remarkable for
genuine eloquence and grace. Chairman Monror made suitable response,
and after another good song, the meeting was ready for the business of
the occasion.

PRESENT STATUS OF HORTICULTURE IN BERRIEN COUNTY

was the first topic, to which the first response was made by Mr. W. A.

Brown of Stevensville, who said: There was a time, we old people

remember, when this was known as the St. Joseph peach region. The

peaches went, unfortunately, but other sorts of fruit, and other forms of

horticulture, were introduced, until now there is no other point in the

country making so large sales of such products. It took some time for
3

18 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

recovery, but we now grow small fruit by the boatload, ten to twenty car-
loads to the boatload, but the owners of the boats will not tell how much
they do carry. Nor is the acreage of all sorts known, but we have cer-
tainly 10,000 acres of strawberries, and probably an equal area of rasp-
berries and blackberries, besides great quantities of other fruits. During
the last few years, Berrien has set great quantities of peach trees, till we
have as many as any other county, though not so many in bearing. The
last decade was more favorable to fruit trees and plants, as a rule, than
the preceding two decades, being of milder weather, of not so severe
winters. The fruit area of the county has greatly increased during the
last three or four years, extending back to Niles and south to New Buffalo,
but we have as yet no reliable statistics of either the acreage or the total
product. Last year was very disastrous to the apple crop, yet there never
was a year when fruitgrowers were on the whole more prosperous.

Mr. U. B. WezsteR: I have been here fourteen years, coming from
southwestern Missouri to grow peaches, yet the first thing I did was to
pull out peach trees because of yellows. But for the past three years I
have had peaches, and there are in my town of Fairplain many trees that
are sound and promising. The trees have come through the winter all
right and no doubt will produce abundantly this season. The Messrs.
PULLEN, when peaches went, turned to small fruits, and made money, and
we all followed them, but now we have turned back to peaches again, and
believe we shall be highly successful.

Mr. R. Morritu: I know nothing in the way of fruit trees and plants
but is in a very hopeful state for the coming season, except the apples,
which scarcely can be in good order because of blight of the foliage last
season. There are a few exceptions to this, such as the Spy, Hubbardston,
and Oldenberg, whose leaves seem to have better withstood the fungus.
Peach trees are in excellent condition; strawberries and small fruits have
been under the snow, and unless we shall yet have very severe weather
they will come out all right. Of peach trees, there were 300,000 in the
region tributary to Benton Harbor, two years ago, and 200,000 more in
the vicinity of St. Joseph; many were planted last spring and still more
will be set this year.

Mr. W. H. Miter: Fruit buds are as good as they have ever been, of
all kinds in the vicinity of Berrien Springs. Many peach trees have been
set in the last two years, and we have a great many pears, grapes, and
apples, all of which are believed to be in good order in every way, except
the apples, which suffered so severely by blight last year. But besides the
kinds named by Mr. Morri.1, I find the Keswick Codlin to have resisted
the blight.

-PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 19

Mr. Tuos. Mars: I am nota fruitgrower, but there is a considerable
amount of fruit grown in my vicinity, principally apples, all of which are
believed to be very in bad condition. Only a few varieties made any
growth at all last year, and yet many blossomed again in the fall, so
we have no expectation of a crop this season.

Mr. Mituer: Last year the twigs and blossoms died back—the new
growth at the end of the branches. By what cause can this be explained ?

Mr. Brown: It was the unfavorable, cold weather. The circulation of
sap stopped, and so the new growth died for lack of sustenance. ‘Two
years before, the orchards of New York suffered in the same way, yet last
year they had a good crop. So will ours recover. It is a grave mistake
to cut out the apple orchards, as some are doing.

Mr. Cuark of Pipestone said the people of his vicinity are discour-
aged about getting an apple crop, but a good one this year will do much
toward stopping the cutting.

Mr. Morritt: Those of our people who are not directly engaged in
horticulture have little idea how greatly our prosperity depends upon it.
Latterly, of course, manufacturing has come in and become a powerful
aid, but before that the horticulture of the vicinity was the main source of
prosperity, and still is a most important factor. Two years ago (I have
no later statistics, but the sum can not have been less last year) there
were one and one quarter million of dollars paid out in Benton Harbor
for horticultural products, and enough more in St. Joseph to make the
total two millions. Our business men should realize that horticulture~is
the rock upon which we have built.

Mr. Brown: Yet the pomologists of one vicinity hardly know what’
those of another are doing. There are here now hundreds of Germans
on small farms, who do not go to our meetings. These small places are
set to fruits, and presently we find their occupants well off. I greatly
wish I could get the statistics of our fruit industry, but there seems no
way to gather them. Certainly, however, the industry is immense, in the
full meaning of the term.

President Lyon presented the following paper upon

DETERIORATION OF MICHIGAN ORCHARDS AND FRUITS.

That there has been sad deterioration in the health and vigor of Mich-
igan orchards, taken as a whole, as well as in the size and perfection of
their fruits, would doubtless go without saying. We recall the circum-
stance that, when western New York was yet a comparatively new region,
not having yet fully won its more recent standing as a fruitgrowing locality,
the first notable general convention of the devotees of pomology was held
at Buffalo, in connection with the annual state fair. A large and excellent

20 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

collection of fruits was brought together on the occasion, among which a.
few were from eastern Michigan orchards, then in their pristine vigor, the
result of virgin soils, just redeemed from the native forest, and yet undis-
covered by codlin moth, curculio, or fungus.

So large; perfect, and beautifully colored were many of these Michigan
specimens, that the experts of western New York, in very many cases,
failed to recognize even favorite and well-known varieties, on account of
exaggerated size and brilliant color. And yet, today, after an interval of
little more than forty years, these orchards have ceased to be productive
of merchantable fruit, and commercial fruitgrowing, so long one of the
most profitable pursuits of that region, has already been practically
abandoned.

That such experience is not to be regarded as singular, but should
rather be taken as a warning of the liability to similar experiences, even
in our “ fruit belt,’ recent calamitous visitations have already warned us;
and even now, when just acquiring courage to repeat our earlier under-
takings, there are not wanting indications that the clear field—the absence
of enemies—which attended our primary operations, is not now to be
looked for, but that, for the future, perpetual vigilance and prompt and
resolute warfare must be relied upon if we would win success.

But it is by no means my purpose to attempt to cover so broad a field,
but rather to elicit discussion by the suggestion of causes which either
have led, or may in the future lead, to the dreaded results, and following
with remedies.

THE DESTRUCTIVE CAUSES.

(1.) Man, in his greed for wealth, is too generally taking from the soil,
in crops, and omitting to make necessary or adequate returns, with the
inevitable result of diminished vigor of plant, with loss of size, quality, and
productiveness. i

(2.) Lack of proper preparation and cultivation of the soil follows, as
an almost inevitable corollary, to the foregoing, rendering results even
more emphatic.

(3.) The general destruction of forests greatly and very unfavorably
modifies the climate; the consequently increased velocity of the wind,
over naked fields, removes moisture and warmth more rapidly; with
greater extremes of both heat and cold, as well as increased liability to
drouth.

(4.) Not unlike human beings, insects, when deprived of their accus-
tomed food by the destruction of the forests, as in the case of the codlin
moth and curculio, accept our fruits as a substitute, and, finding them
abundant and quite to their liking, multiply at an accelerated rate; while
yet others, imported from abroad in some cases, finding the new conditions
specially favorable, display a fecundity unheard of in their original
habitat, not infrequently, as in the case of the icerza, in California, or the
gipsy moth in Massachusetts, becoming terribly expensive pests.

(5.) As in the case of insects, so in that of fungi: either by transference
from our diminished forest growths, by foreign importations, or merely
from the increase of orchard or garden planting, the development of fungi
and bacteria has become so rapid and extensive as even to threaten the
profitable existence of some of our heretofore extensive pomological
interests.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 21

(6.) There is yet another, dangerous because insidious, cause of the
decadence of our orchards, due to the anxiety, already spoken of, to get
out of a thing more than is in it. I refer to the tendency, so com-
mon with a large class of commercial planters, to plant varieties of low
quality, attractive only to the eye, and which are sure’ to be refused by
purchasers when once their character comes to be understood, which
practice can only have the ultimate effect, even already obvious to the
thoughtful observer, to banish our staple fruits from the dessert, to be
replaced in large degree by the citrus and other fruits of the south, thus
both reducing the demand for our northern product and diminishing its
market value.

We just now find occasion to note yet another, though indirect, résult of
this short-sighted and unfortunate practice, to which may fairly and in
good degree, as we apprehend, be attributed the low estimate in which
pomology is obviously held by our state commission, and especially by the
authorities of the Columbian Exposition, as indicated by the very cavalier
treatment meted out to it from both sources.

POSSIBILITY OF RECUPERATION.

A full and careful consideration of the subject would doubtless develop
‘other, and perchance even more important, particulars; but, deeming these
ample for present consideration, we will only add a few suggestions respect-
ing remedies and then leave the subject.

(1 and 2.) We are thoroughly convinced of the wisdom of the old, trite
aphorism, “ Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well,” which we
assume to mean, in this case, a careful study of the subject, followed by
thorough enrichment and cultivation of the soil, with wise and intelligent

treatment generally.
‘ (8.) _ In the case of exposed plantations, the natural and obvious remedy
would be the planting of screens or windbreaks, and the preservation of
natural ones, to which may be added the training of trees with low heads,
especially in exposed locations.

(4 and 5.) Acquaint yourselves with the habits of the enemy; learn his
vulnerable points, and attack him at the greatest possible advantage, with
washes, sprays, knife, or other means, not forgetting to destroy all refuse
by fire or otherwise. As with animals, so with trees and plants; the most
vigorous are best able to resist disease. Therefore, spare no effort to
maintain them in robust condition.

(6.) The remedy in this case is so obvious as scarcely to require a state-
ment. There is no lack of varieties of satisfactory appearance, but slightly
if at all lacking in productiveness, and of good, and even high, quality.
Such as these, as has long been true of Rhode Island Greening and others,
only require acquaintance to command remunerative prices, while the
thorough trustworthiness of the grower only requires to be known upon
the market to insure ready sale, at the highest rates, for all he shall be
able to produce. :

Mr. C. W. GarFIELp: I think Mr. Lyon’s paper is very suggestive, and
we should elaborate his thoughts for ourselves. We, as horticulturists, are
thieves and robbers in the way we conduct business, stealing by our annual
crops all the fertility there is in the soil, yet returning nothing to it. We

:

sf

22 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

must change all this without further delay, and restore to the exhausted
soils what we have taken away, if we wish to grow more apples. It has
been well demonstrated that the body of the tree is the tenderest part, and
so we must make it short and strong. Plant strong stocks and put on the
tops ourselves— stocks that will withstand the increasing severity of our
winters. And here again we are thieves and robbers, stealing our climate
and selling it to saw-mills for sake of the pennies in it.

Mr. Brown: There are some sorts of apple that will never be of any use
in Michigan, no matter what stocks they are put upon.

“What effect will loss of last year’s apple crop have upon the codlin
moth?” asked some one.

Mr. GARFIELD: Are there not enough thornapples along your streams to:
have kept up asupply? I think enough of them will survive.

Mr. Monroe advised everybody to be ready to fight the moths, and not
to depend upon anything but spraying for their destruction.

As the evening was so far spent, the subject of ‘Needed Legislation’
was postponed till morning, and the meeting adjourned till nine o’clock
Wednesday morning.

Wednesday Morning Session.

At the opening of the meeting Secretary RErp read a paper upon “ Some:
Matters of Legislation,” being comments upon bills pending in the —
Michigan legislature, and embracing drafts of bills to eradicate yellows of
the peach and black-knot of the plum. These were referred to a com-
mittee (Messrs. MorriILL, SEssions, and GARFIELD), and were by them
reported back with certain changes suggested by various persons. The
amended bills were adopted as representing the sense of the Society as to
what should be done in this direction by the legislature, and copies were
sent to the committees on horticulture of the house. The result was the
consolidation of the bills into the law elsewhere printed in this volume.

A part of Mr. Rern’s paper, a portion relating to means and methods
for society work, is here appended:

OBSTACLES TO THE SOCIETY’S PROGRESS.

Another piece of legislation that concerns horticulturists is a bill intro-
duced by Senator Barnarp, but of which our Mr. GARFIELD is the author.
It appropriates $3,000 per year for the expenses of farmers’ institutes, and
has been favorably reported from the committee.

Perhaps it has occurred to others as well as myself, that this measure _
affects the interests of this society to a considerable degree. I find it

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 23

becoming harder each year to secure papers from, and the attendance of,
the best of horticulturists at our meetings. Especially is this the case
with noted men of other states whom we would gladly have with us and
who would do us good. They all have some reason why they can not
accept my invitations. [I must make honorable exception, from this, of
our esteemed Mr. Wi~tarp of New York, who nearly always responds,
and even says he is sorry he can not come oftener. }

I believe the main reason of this is the fact that these men can get
more or less pay for time used in such ways, either from agricultural
papers or from the managers of these institutes. I think that already
they are paid at least their expenses in this state, and I am of opinion
that Mr. GARFIELD’s bill is in part at least to provide for better pay for
them in the same sort of service. At least, it would be entirely proper to
use part of the fund in that way, and doubtless Mr. GARFIELD has found
in his institute work the same difficulty, in some degree, of which I speak
—he can not get the best of service without paying for it.

I make no objection to the passage of this bill—on the contrary, am

favorable to its enactment—but use it as a text for these remarks about the
condition that confronts your secretary every time he sets about the prep-
aration of a programme.
- It is far from pleasant to me to occasionally hear it said, “I do wish we
could have one more such meeting as we used to hold.” I feel that it
reflects upon the earnestness of my efforts to secure such meetings, though
perhaps it is never so intended by the speaker. Our meetings are certainly
as well advertised as they were ten years ago, and are as well attended as
those I first knew of. But it must be conceded, I think, that there is not
the ardent interest in them that was felt in the society’s early days. It is
largely so, too, in many of the local societies. The novelty of the fruit-
growing business in our state has worn off, and in the place of the enthu-
siastic men who founded this society, and disclosed to the world the capa-
bilities of Michigan as a horticultural region, has risen a generation of
fruitgrowers who know nothing—who care for nothing—but the dollars
that may be had from a crop of peaches or other fruits; who investigate
nothing and so have nothing to impart to others; who see no more in their
calling than the average farmer sees in his corn crop and his pig-pen.

“Tt is the same old story, at these meetings,’ I sometimes hear them
say, “and the men who talk most are the ones who cultivate least and
grow the poorest fruit.” The severity of this commentary lies in its meas-
urable truthfulness, at least in some localities I wot of. So lagging is the
interest in some places, in society work, that in one place, to induce attend-
ance of those who would be benefited most, the society president offered to
give a premium of strawberry plants to all who came ata cetain time. The
attendance at that meeting was marvelous, and the indiscreet but generous
and enthusiastic president had less strawberry plants but more wisdom as
a result of his effort to better his fellows. It somehow seems to me that
something of this kind occurred near Benton Harbor.

I am very well aware that one half the world has to carry the other half,
and I do not expect to immediately reverse the order so long established;
but only to remind you of these conditions that Hes the harder our efforts
to keep up the work of these societies.

That work is to be made yet a little harder by ae enactment of Mr.
GARFIELD’S bill. Noone can blame Mr. A. or Mr. B. for preferring to take
pay for a paper or a lecture at an institute rather than to do the same work

24 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for nothing at a meeting of this society. Wherever one of these institutes
occur in a fruitgrowing region, most or all of the programme is devoted to
horticultural interests. This takes the place to that extent of the work of
this society. The state of Michigan, with her plethoric treasury, is becom-
ing a competitor of ours, and in such an uneven contest we shall with
difficulty hold our own.

If, when applying to some horticulturist of high standing, for a paper or
lecture before this society, I could say, “your expenses will be paid,” or
*‘vour expenses and $25 will be given for this service,” as may now be done
by the institute managers, the results would be very different, I assure you,
from the polite declinations which I all too often receive.

So, if hereafter you look over the programmes and miss the great names
that erstwhile adorned them, I beg of you, call to mind this little tale of the
frank and furious west: In a certain frontier mining camp, up back of the
solitary and execrable musician, was posted this legend: “ Don’t shoot the
fiddler; he’s doing the best -he can.”

Proceeding from consideration of matters of legislation, the society
listened to the following suggestions by President Lyon, concerning a
possible exhibit of fruits of 1893, by the societies of Michigan at the
Columbian exposition:

FOR A SOCIETY EXHIBIT OF FRUITS, ETC., AT THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.

1. Articles to be donated and prepared for transportation free of
charge. ;

2. The transportation, reception, placing and after care of the exhibit,
to be paid from the fund heretofore set apart for such purpose, by the
state commissioners, together with the shelving or other fixtures needful
for the purpose. .

3. The cards or labels should contain the name and address of the con-
tributors, together with that of the local society, the name of the parent
society only appearing upon a general sign.

4. Each local or auxiliary society should select a committee of efficient
persons, charged with the work of effecting, in advance, special engage-
ments for the fruits needful to fillan agreed space, and for the renewal
of the same as shall be necessary.

5. No entry for award shall be made bythe State Horticultural
society, such entries being made by the local societies or by individuals
only.

6. The local society receiving the greatest number of awards (or such
as shall indicate the highest degree of merit, as the case may be), shall be
entitled to one hundred volumes of the transactions of the state society,
over and above the number due to memberships; and to each of the
others, a pro rata of that number, based upon the comparative number or
value of their several awards, in addition to which each shall be entitled
to the society’s diploma, specifying the awards received, and so far as
practicable, the exhibits upon which they were severally rendered.

BUT HOW CAN ALL THIS BE DONE?

Mr. GarFIELD: Mr. Lyon is chairman of the committee on horticult-
ure, appointed by the state commission; and if the money is in his hands

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 25

with which to make an exhibit, [ move we adopt his suggestions; but we
have never had any assurance that we (the committee) had any control of a
dollar of it. We have been told to gohome and raise the money ourselves,
the $4,000 nominally appropriated for our use being only for costs of
transportation. For information of those unacquainted with the state of
affairs, Mr. GARFIELD rehearsed the facts brought out at the Ann Arbor
meeting, and continued: There is no courtesy we would not do our presi-
dent, and if he can tell us how we may carry out his suggestions, we are
ready to adopt them.

Mr. Lyon: A committee might be appointed to go to the commission and
ask that they turn over to the society the $4,000, or such portion of it as
may be, to help accomplish the object.

Mr. Warxkins: We must be careful of our reputation, which is high,
and not go to Chicago in competition with states which are backed by
plenty of money. We would better stay away and repose upon our repu-
tation won on former occasions.

Mr. Kettoae favored letting the matter entirely alone, and leaving the
responsibility for the failure upon the commission, which certainly has
shown not the least capacity to deal with the matter. He moved that, in
_ view of the indifference of the commission, and of the late date, we
decline to further consider the question.

Mr. Monroe thought it better to hold it in abeyance, for, being at the
very door of the exposition, we must surely make an exhibit.

Mr. Morritu: It must be understood that this statement of Mr. Lyon
comes from him as chairman of the committee, not as president of this
society.

Mr. Monroe: The state society applied for the exhibition space. It
was granted, but when I went there recently I found so many conditions
to be fulfilled that I dared not accept it for the society, and so insisted
upon Mr. STEVENS doing it, in behalf of the commission. We applied for
5,000 feet of space. There were many other applicants, and so it eventu-
ated that only 499 feet were given us, within which were two tables only.
New York, adjoining us, was given only the same amount. We are in
good company—New York, California, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Missouri—
but it is company that has plenty of money, and so we are at a serious
disadvantage. Other states are preparing elaborately, spending in some
cases, so much as $3,000 for designs and constructions for the exhibits.
By the first of September, 2,500 feet more will be assignable to Michigan.
There is enough of the canned, wax, and cold-storage fruit to fill the tables.
_ If we may have money, we can make a good showing of next season’s

fruit, after Sept. 1. If the state grants the proposed extra $50,000, we
4

26 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

may obtain some of it; but if not, we must take up one of the bills for an

appropriation to the society, and urge its passage.
The whole subject was referred to the executive board, to be reported

upon at this meeting, and adjournment was made till afternoon. .

IT WAS HARD TO ABANDON HOPE.

Upon reassembling, Mr. Monror presented the following resolution
from the executive board, and on motion of Mr. KELLOGG it was adopted:

Resolved, That, in view of the fact that this society has taken no active part in pre-
paring an ‘exhibit for the World’s Columbian exposition, it refrain from taking any
action until such time as the present bill, proposing an additional appropriation, shall
pass or fail. If it pass, granting a fair share to horticulture, then, as individuals, to
continue to do all we can in assisting the committee appointed by the state commission
in making said exhibit as planned by said commission. If said appropriation fail,
thereby depriving the horticulturists of sufficient means to make a creditable display,
then it is the sense of this meeting that a bill be passed granting an appropriation to
make an exhibit of horticultural products at said exposition by this society.

Wednesday Afternoon Session.

Two papers upon peach culture had been promised for the meeting, but,
for some unexplained reason, only one was forthcoming, Mr. J. F. Taytor
failing to either attend or report. The following paper was read by the
secretary, having been written by Mr. J. N. STEARNS of Kalamazoo:

VARIETIES OF PEACH TO PLANT FOR PROFIT.

I am aware this is a topic upon which no two will agree. Therefore,
what I shall have to say upon the subject will be my own conclusions,
arrived at from twenty-five years’ experience in peach-growing; and if by
these few words I prevent some from making some of the mistakes I have
made, the object of these lines will be accomplished.

Hardly a week passes in which Ido not get a letter of inquiry as to
what are profitable varieties to plant. In many cases there will be
enciosed a list of which the writer thought favorably, and I am asked what
I would strike out and what add.

In nearly all these lists, I readily discover the earmarks of the very know-
ing tree agent, or the wonderful descriptions of the many flaming catalogues
circulated through the mails.

We may pride ourselves on our knowledge and experience, so as not to
be caught by these beautiful fruits on paper, but we all have to admit they
have their influence on us. One of these that caught me was the Wheat-
land. It is a beautiful peach, and I have been trying to grow it ten years,
and if I had had ten acres of the sort for that length of ‘time I would not
have had ten bushels of peaches. The Foster has been nearly as bad a
failure with me. Crawford’s Early has been of no profitto me. Crawford’s

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 27

| Late is some better, but I would plant but few of these for profit, unless

in unusually favorable localities for the peach.

There are several other popular and standard sorts that I am fruiting
quite largely, that I would not plant again. Among these are Hill’s Chili,
Jacques’ Rareripe, Moutain Rose, Oldmixon, Alexander, etc., etc. These,
except the latter, are good peaches under favorable circumstances, but for
profit they have too many faults.

To illustrate, we will take the old standard sort, Jacques’ Rareripe, some-
times a beautiful peach, on young trees especially; but, as a rule, if we
bring in, say, five bushels, we may get two bushels of first-class peaches,
two of seconds, and one of worthless culis.

Now, this is too many poor peaches. The same fault is true of Crawford’s
Early, together with the fault of its being tender in the tree.

In planting 900 trees for market, I would select about the following list,
named in their order of ripening: 25 Hale’s, 100 Lewis, 300 Kalamazoo,
300 Golden Drop, 100 Smock, 75 Salway.

It will be observed that in this list I include no white peaches ripening
after the first yellow peach.

Out of hundreds of orders for peaches the past season, only one order
was for white peaches.

The above list has the merit of being hardy, regular bearers, and the
fruit, although not of the largest, is of good size and uniform, producing
but very few cull peaches. It also covers nearly the entire season.

I will give one comparative illustration. I have an eight-year-old orchard,
in which I have some twenty varieties. There are fifty trees inarow. The

_lay of the land and the soil are uniform as nearly as possible. I have the

following varieties, side by side: Kalamazoo, Jacques, Golden Drop, and
Hill’s Chili. There never has been a year of peaches that either one of the
rows of Kalamazoo or of Golden Drop was not worth much more than both
rows of Jacques and Hill’s Chili combined.

Of course, every one should plant a few of the finer qualities of peach,
for table use, like Mountain Rose, Crawford’s Early, George Fourth, etc.

President Lyon: Most growers of the peach, very properly, plant for
money; but others should not plant in the same way for home use, but set
the better varieties instead. The same is true of all other fruits. The
better sorts are likely to be delicate in constitution. They should not
be planted with the idea of profit, but because one wishes to get something
fit to eat. It is all right to plant for commercial purposes, but even this
may be overdone, and varieties set which are too poor for even what are
called ‘market purposes.”

Mr. KnNowLanp: What is the Kalamazoo peach?

Mr. Morriuu: I have fruited it twice. It is.a large yellow peach, with
bright red flush, ripening with Late Crawford; it is uniform in size and
from medium to large, of regular shape and good quality, the best of its
season. It has so far been hardy. I do not think,it isa ‘long shipper,”
but. it meets Mr. Lyon’s idea of a market fruit. The original tree stood
in the back yard of Mr. STEARNS’ house in Kalamazoo, a sprout from an
old stump. Seeing its good points Mr. SrEarns propagated from it. It

28 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sets many buds, and must be thinned to six inches apart. I would set
it largely this year if I had the trees. Next year I shall set fifteen acres
with Lewis, Elberta, and Gold Drop, but I like the Kalamazoo as well as
either—it is a richer peach.

Mr. H. J. Kinesuey of Fennville, replying to a question, said that about
Fennville, say a mile or a mile and a half distant to the west, yellows has
exterminated the peach trees, but further on they are still in ze condi-
tion. He said he would not top-bud peach trees.

Stevens’ Late Rareripe was recommended, being later than Late Craw-
ford. Chair’s Choice resembles Early Crawford, but is hardier. There
are some localities about Benton Harbor where neither of the Crawfords
do well.

Mr. Warxins: About Ann Arbor the varieties cultivated are practically
the same as here. They are setting many orchards there, where the air
drainage is sufficient, and the peach seems to stand a greater degree of
cold in the eastern part of the state than in the west, doubtless because
the air is drier; but Hale’s is not successful. |

Mr. Kextuoce: Iam not a peach-grower, nor are many peaches grown
about Ionia. One man has about 1,800 trees, mostly Early Crawfords,
with some Chilis, the latter being the more profitable. Nor are many
setting peach trees about Ionia, but in the township of Boston the plant-
ings are considerable.

Mr. Post: Itis only within recent years that a special interest has
been felt in peach culture at Lowell, but now it is a considerable industry, ©
and in the adjoining township also. More of the Karly Michigan are set
than of any other variety, the Chili standing next. There are 100,000
trees within a circuit of ten miles about Lowell.

Mr. KNowLanp: Twenty-five years ago, I grew some Smocks, but I
notice that the Smocks now grown are a different sort of peach, being
larger. Are there different kinds of Smock?

Mr. Morritu: It may be that what we now have is the Beers Smock,
which is a better sort than the old one, and a trifle later, perhaps. It has
a brighter color and is larger.

Mr. Knowianp: The Smocks were the most profitable of all my
peaches last year.

Mr. W. K. Munson said that 400,000 bushels of peaches were marketed
in Grand Rapids, last season. Perhaps fifty varieties are grown, from
Alexander on through the season. Many are planting new peach
orchards, and they are setting many varieties.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 29

UNJUST FREIGHT CLASSIFICATION.

Mr. Munson proceeded to speak at length about the unjust classification
of peaches in Climax baskets, made by the railway companies. They are
rated at one and one half first class. This rate was established in the
days when the peach basket was big at the top, little at the bottom, round,
and difficult to pile up and make stay up. Such baskets, when in crates,
were, and crates still are, carried for one first class rate. As a matter of
fact, however, the present style of basket is a better package to pile and
handle, than are crates, and they should be carried as cheaply. The
Grand Rapids growers are trying to get this wrong made right, and to
that end ask the support of this society. Mr. Munson introduced the
following resolution, which was adopted:

Resolved, As the sense of the Michigan State Horticultural society, that the classi-
fication of freight which now places peaches at one and one half of first class rates, is
a great injustice to peach-growers, and that we hereby request the authority which
makes and changes classification of railroad freights, to so modify the present classifi-
cation as to place peaches in baskets, or other packages, in same category with grapes,
plums, pears, and other fruits of this class at one rate.

Mr. Munson also said the pomologists about Grand Rapids are setting
grapes largely.

Mr. Brown: The question seems to have been disposed of, and the
action taken is entirely proper, but it is a matter that does not concern us
of the lake shore, particularly. We have by water cheap and very satis-
factory transportation. Our fruit reaches the market early and in as _ per-
fect order as it is possible to have fruit carried.

Mr. Bripceman: I must differ with Mr. Brown. The question con-
cerns each of us in some degree, for the Chicago & West Michigan rail-
way probably charges these rates from some places in Berrien county as
well as elsewhere.

MORE ABOUT VARIETIES OF THE PEACH.

Mr. Sessions: We have been planting peaches for market purposes in
Oceana county, for twenty years. The majority of us prefer Hale’s as a
market variety. We know it is of poor quality, but its season with us,
coming when there are few peaches ripe to the south of us, makes it
desirable. Waterloo is planted for earlier. Planting of Lewis and
Rivers is increasing, while the Crawfords are not set to a great degree.
The Conklin is becoming popular. It is a large, yellow peach, about like
the Crawford. Barnard is liked for it hardiness and shipping qualities.

_We are setting no white peaches which ripen after the first yellow variety.
The Kalamazoo and Gold Drop are replacing the Chili, Smock is liked,

30 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and it ripens with us at least two years out of three, and then is profita-
ble. I have both the Foster and Crawford but can not tell the difference.

Mr. Knistey: Will Mr. Sessions please define the difference between
Waterloo and Alexander?

Mr. Sessions: There isa little difference in the appearance of these
two varieties, and in the manner of bearing. Waterloo is smaller than
Alexander, of darker color, more solid; but the difference in bearing is
very slight.

Mr. Knistey: It is bad policy to have so many varieties so nearly alike.
IT have mixed Waterloo and Alexander peaches together, and our best men
could not detect the difference.

Mr. WincHESTER: I think we ought to pull out all those earliest varie-
ties that are so much alike, and none of them good. The new Smock
differs from the old one in several respects. Speaking of white peaches,
Stevens’ Rareripe brought more money for me, last year, than any other
sort. It is a large, hardy, white peach, equal tothe Oldmixon. Rivers is
profitable here, being the earliest good peach, and we having water trans-
portation, so that it reaches market without serious injury. Amelia is too
small. I have not fruited the St. Joseph, but from what I know of it
believe it to be an excellent peach. Itis ripe and out of the way of all
other peaches of its color—yellow. Many are setting the Crawfords,
about this place, because we have latterly had such mild winters that they
hope for success in the same conditions in the future. JI would not dis-
card the Oldmixon, although it is not so profitable as some other varieties.

Mr. Brown: I have seen Early Michigan, Brown’s Early, and Lewis,
and found them to be very much alike in all essential points, yet it has
been decided that they are different varieties. Lowell seems to have
gone wild over the Early Michigan, and the people there are planting lit-
tle else.

Mr. A. 8S. Packarp: The Salway is a fine peach, but the tree is tender.
Its quality is high, and it is very productive. I made more money from
Smock, last year, than from any other. The fruit was large, not more
than four per cent. going to fourth grade, while twenty per cent. of the
Barnards went there. I would plant Crawfords, but not the Susquehanna. _
It is said to be a light bearer, but it was the most excellent in quality of
fruit of any I grew.

Mr. Lyon: The Foster varies but little from the Early Crawford and is
but little better. Like the Crawford, its parent, it is tender in fruit bud,
and there is but little difference in their fruitfulness.

Mr. Morr, asked as to use of commercial fertilizers, on peaches, said
he had used only bone dust and ashes, on Foster and Lewis (500 pounds

Desa Spe a ee" ;

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 31

of bone dust per acre, in the spring, and ashes later), that had borne
heavily the year before. Where these fertilizers were used, the fruit was
larger and finer, and the trees in better condition, than elsewhere. He
thought the treatment a decided benefit.

SOME SMALL FRUIT TALK.

Mr. Ketitoce: I have forty acres in small fruits, and have a home
market for my entire product. At first I sold to dealers only, when I
began, ten years ago, but turned to peddling instead. I have given much
care to the improvement of the quality of my plants. I began by taking
exceptionally vigorous plants, putting them by themselves and keeping off
all blossoms, in order to make vigorous plants for the fields. In this way, I
believe I have secured better and more uniform fruit. Take the Warfield
strawberry; many have been sold from weak, old stocks, and so the berry
often appears in market very different from what it should be. My War-
fields are so vigorous, having been set from a bed in which no fruit is
allowed to grow, but only plants for setting, that they overcome the effects
of frost, last spring, and bore a crop in the fall. Warfield should be fer-
tilized with Michel’s Early, every fifth row being the latter. It has abund-

_ ant polien and strong. Haverland is my next most prolific berry, and I
like Parker Earle, though it requires strong soil. If your ground is frosty,

set Enhance. It seems to have secondary or dormant buds, which come on
and make a crop if the first are spoiled by frost. Such buds are also to be
found upon the Warfield to some extent. The numbers given the Warfield
at first have always been confusing. There are not two Warfields. What
was called No. 1, is now the Sandoval. Beder Wood is uniform in size,
holds up its size well to the close of the season, is early, and bears well.
I think of using it as a fertilizer instead of Michel’s. Hansel, Crimson
Beauty, and Cuthbert are my preferred sorts of red raspberry, the latter
being my main reliance. Johnson’s Sweet, Miami, and Gregg are the kinds

_ of black-cap I grow, but I believe Older will become a popular berry. The

Bubach strawberry, on strong, rich soil, when thinned, is a grand berry. I

have not tried it in the matted row.

Other growers thought Bubach does better than most sorts in matted
row culture.

Inquiry was made as to Thompson’s Prolific raspberry. Mr. Lyon said
he had it several years, but never got anything out of it worth speaking of.
Mr. Kettoae pulled his out.

As to setting strawberry plants, Mr. Brunson said: I merely take a
spade, press the earth apart, for the plant, press the earth to the plants
with the foot, and every one of them will grow.

if

32 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Keioae said the earth is glazed by pressure of the spade, and the
roots will not grow through it; but Mr. Brunson said he had never had
any difficulty of that kind.

Mr. Kretioce: I pass a spade along a long line, but break up the earth,
avoiding that glazed surface. I carry plants in a little water kept in the

bottom of a basket by manilla paper. On my soil it will not do to press:

the soil firmly with the foot, but only so the plant will not pull out easily.
I cultivate one way only, putting the harrow right over the plants while
very young, so as to keep down the weeds, letting the plants slip between
the teeth. The teeth of the harrow I use are perpendicular, and I bear
lightly on the three teeth over the row, but heavily upon those in the
center.

Asked Mr. WEBSTER: Who has a blackberry that excels Wilson for
profit?

Mr. Morritu: I have set mainly Early Harvest, but am not sure this
would be best for others. Locality and conditions of various sorts so influ-
ence varieties that it will not do to name one as being good for universal
use,

Mr. WesstER: On Fairplains they pulled out Early Harvest, but on |

Mr. Morriuv’s heavier ground it seems to do well. We are somewhat
troubled with an insect which bores into the blackberry canes, and they
swell and break off.

Mr. WINCHESTER knew of this pest, and said he is easily exterminated. _

Go through the fields in the fall, cut off and burn the swelled canes, and
that will be the last of them.

Wednesday Hvening Session.

Having been pressed to give some account of the things interesting to
horticulturists, which he saw while upon his European trip last.year, Mr.
C. W. Garfield proceeded thus to speak of

FOREIGN MARKET PLACES.

We began our journey through England at London, going up the east
side of the island to Edinboro and Glasgow, returning on the other side
and thence going to Amsterdam, Rotterdam, and then continuing across
the continent. When stopping in any town, and finding it was market
day, we went to the market the first place of all. At Edinboro we found
things very much as they are at home. At Carlisle we found a man
selling hot potatoes, two for a penny, and working men buying them put

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 33

one in each pocket and went home. The markets in England were very
full of fat stock, in the finest condition, very carefully attended and treated
as though pets. Market days are set so as to alternate in neighboring
towns, three days in each week. The stock are carefully led or carried to
the markets, and the people are clad cleanly, the men all wearing collars,
and seem to take pride in going. There is a less variety in the markets
than in our own, but there is much less of inferior goods. On down to
London we found the market places very much alike, being simply a
widened street or at four corners. At all of them there were plenty of
snap games with which to get the countrymen’s money.

The great market of England, at London, is most interesting. It is
held on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday of each week. Here there is
great bustling, no courtesy, much quarreling, but no police. The market
men prefer to have none, but to settle their quarrels themselves. The
packages used are clumsy, largely made of willow, and all things are sold
by the pound. This is the Covent Garden market—Convent, originally,
having been established in 1560, when it was known as the Westminster
market. The fruits, vegetables, flowers, etc., are kept in separate parts of
the market, and there is not the least effort in display of the wares, or at
least no taste is shown in this direction, even with the fruits and flowers.
Quality only is relied upon for effecting a sale. When we returned to
London in the fall, we found American apples, both from the United
States and Canada, the latter greatly superior. Ours were all poorly
packed. If we expect to make anything from our fruit in foreign markets,
we must improve our methods very much. Kings and Baldwins sold for
_ $4.25 per barrel, but were retailed by the hucksters at the rate of $12. In
July all the peaches in this market were from France, except those grown
in hot-houses in England, the former selling at from 12 to 35 cents-per
pound. While we were there some California peaches came in, and the
next day the French fruit was down to 3 and 4 cents. The California
fruit was ten times as good as the French, and it was in perfect condition.
Grapes were attractive, but poor in quality, having been grown under
-glass, and were very inferior to the French Sweetwater grapes, yet they
sold at a higher price. Dukes and lords grew these hct-house grapes, and
were proud to be known as farmers. A grapevine at Hampton Court had
on it 1,200 pounds of grapes when I was there. It was of the Black
Hamburg variety. The loads carried by the wagons in these English
markets were tremendous. Cabbages were piled up till they were in size
like our loads of loose hay. But the roads are like floors, and these great
loads were not a severe tax upon the strength of the horses. From the
opening of Covent Garden market, till 9:30 o’clock, the trade is wholesale.
After that the retailers take their places. But one could get single baskets
of produce from the wholesalers. The bananas, oranges, and lemons
offered here were nowhere nearly equal to our own. The bananas were
grown in some of the eastern countries. Men carry enormous loads upon
their heads, from the wholesalers’ trucks to their retailers’ donkey carts.
The big wagons extend outside the market and down the street, side by
side, half a mile or more, and one can not go till all go.

In Holland the markets are very different from these in England. The
people are more cordial in their treatment of strangers and of one another,
and all are courteous. In Rotterdam we found an annual market, the
people bringing great loads of odds and ends, spending several days and
having a good time. Citizens of the place were there in goodly numbers,

5

34 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to gather in the spare money of the country folk. There were no smiles
at the antics and rusticity of the rural visitors, but instead there was
very sober approval of all they did. There were all sorts of catch-penny
devices, and much drinking to excess as well as more moderately. The
young people would go singing through the streets all the night long, yet
they were not disorderly—simply out for their annual holiday and bound
to enjoy every moment of it. At Delf, ten miles away, we found another
such market. ‘The cities paid all the expenses of these annual gatherings.
At Amsterdam, all things were brought to the market in boats on canals.
We would doubtless have stayed longer in Holland, for we found the
Dutch the jolliest, most courteous people we ever met—all speak English
and are ever ready to help one find his way or explain to him anything he
does not understand—all are proud of an opportunity to speak to an
American, and proud of the influence their people have had on America
(and it is more than is supposed by unthinking people)—but Holland is
one great stink. Everything is dumped into the canals, where it reeks
and decays, and smells to heaven. If there is anything in the germ theory
of disease, there should not be a Hollander left. Yet we found the
country to be very healthy, so it is not the smell that kills us.

German markets are managed by women. The tish are kept in a tank,
alive. Cheese is sold in fifty or sixty kinds, all labeled, and each plainly a
variety, and each of a different smell. I was disappointed as to the fruit
in Germany. There are great quantities of it everywhere, even on the
roadside, and free to all to help themselves, but it is not fit to eat and is
mainly used for cider. Pear trees extend for miles along the highway,
but the fruit issour and bitter. We found no good fruits in Germany nor
Switzerland. The grapes are only grown for wine, and are unfit to be
eaten. At a few places, where American travel has made a demand for
grapes, one can get a few for fifteen to twenty cents per pound. Good
apples and grapes could be grown, of course, but no attention is paid to
the growing of good fruit. The people do not want fruit to eat, but only
to drink.

At Waldshut, a little town near the German-Swiss border, we found a
market about a quarter acre in extent, and here there were 250 bulls so
nearly alike that one could scarcely be told from another. The next day
there were two or three times as many. They were there to be inspected
and graded, the grade fixing the price. Not one of them had a ring, and
nothing but light ropes were used to confine them. They stood in long
rows, face to face, perfectly docile. We found they had been brought to
this state of gentleness by the process of selection in breeding. After
inspection, girls and women led them off to the hotels—for hotels and
barns were under the same roof. Here the country people live in the vil-
lages and go to their farms, perhaps ten miles away, which really is not
far, over the roads they have there.

Paris has the greatest market of the world, and it is a rare pleasure to
visit it, for it is so thoroughly classified and so beautifully arranged.
Everything is labeled, both as to kind and variety, so that one may see
dozens of sorts of a vegetable, each with its own name attached. Besides
this care of arrangement and study of effects, the people are happy, chatty,
and polite, though very urgent in soliciting patronage. Those of one part
of the great market rarely or never visit other parts. So when my friend,
Secretary Reynolds of the Agricultural College, bought a bunch of forced
lilacs and appeared in the fish market with them still in hand, they

ie

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MERTING. 35

excited the curiosity and admiration of the women. One of these was
particularly demonstrative. She with the rest had gathered around Mr.
Reynolds with many expressions of delight. “Oh the pretty flower!” she
said, “Othe pretty flower! For me? for me?” And while chattering in
this winsome way (she was very pretty) she had taken out of Mr.
Reynolds’ hand the finest flowers of the lot. A striking feature was the
remarkable beauty of the funeral decorations offered for sale. Here, too,
everything was sold by the pound. Tomatoes were 3 to 5 cents, mush-
rooms 6 to 10, beans 3, 5, and 7, peas 6, Fameuse apples (fine and of French
production) 1 cent; grapes, not of extra quality, and it was the height of
the season, 10 to 14 cents; pears 6 cents, cress 2, strawberries 24, potatoes
2, celery 1 to 2, cabbages 3 to 4, radishes 2 cents for a bunch of 35,
peaches 5 cents each, eggplants 2 cents each.

In Basle the market is ten rods square, and the salesmen’s spaces are
marked off in squares with red paint on the floor.

In most foreign markets the consumers come directly in contact with the
producers. Such things as our suburban corner groceries are unknown,
and householders have to go on market days and buy supplies sufficient
till the next one. At most there are but three classes, the truckers,
hucksters, and consumers. It must be irksome to go so far to market,
both for the buyer and seller, and our middleman system is a decided
improvement.

The butter, in Europe is never salted. It is cut off in a chunk for the
buyer, wrapped in paper, and laid in the basket beside the rank cheese
or other contents—and the cheese is pretty sure to be there.

The proceedings were enlivened by a song and a poem, the latter by Mr.
U. B. WEBSTER, an amusing recital of the experiences of pioneer days,
* When I was a boy, with head like tow.”

These were followed by a paper by Mr. D. G. Epmiston of Adrian, on

CULTIVATION OF THE PEAR.

After having consented to write a paper on the above subject, I find
myself greatly at a loss to know how to write for an audience with whom
T am little acquainted, and for a locality with which I am not at all familiar.
I can only write of my experience and of such observation as I have been
able to make, principally in the southeast part of the state.

LOCATION—-PREPARATION OF SOIL.

First in importance to the intending pear-grower is the selection of a
suitable location and soil. The location should be elevated and well drained,
either naturally or artificially, and a good strong clay soil or clay loam is
to be preferred. Yet a gravelly or sandy soil with clay subsoil will often
give good results.

For family use I would plant on the best soil and situation I could com-
mand, but for a market orchard, if I could not command a satisfactory soil
and location, I would not plant, for I believe there is no other fruit grown
in this country for which it is so essential to have just the right soil and
situation as the pear, and the man who plants without these favorable con
ditions will usually come to grief in the end.

36 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A thorough preparation of the land before planting is essential. The
rows should be staked off twenty to twenty-four feet each way, for standard
pears. I would prefer good one-year-old trees, as they transplant with less
labor and less loss of growth. Most people, however, prefer a two-year
tree. The roots should be well cut back and the top of the one-year tree
cut back to the height at which it is desirable to have the head formed,
usually three to four feet. The branches of the two-year trees should be
shortened two thirds of the last year’s growth. The roots should be pud-
dled before going to the field, or stood in a tub of water, which is quite as
well, and a tree at a time taken out as wanted for planting, so that the roots
will not become dry in the least, and the soil will more readily adhere to
the wet roots. The soil should be well pressed about the roots when plant-
ing. A little extra care in getting the trees just right in the rows will give
much pleasure in after years.

CULTIVATION OF THE ORCHARD.

For a few years after planting, some hoed crops may be grown between
the rows to good advantage, provided the fertility of the soil is kept up.
The cultivation and fertilization of the soil should be continued, whether
any crops are grown between the rows or not, so long as it is possible to do
so by shallow plowing and frequent dragging so as to keep the surface soil
fine and mellow. No small grain crops should be tolerated in a young
orchard. My experience and observation lead me to the opinion that the
usefulness of the orchard ceases very soon after cultivation ceases.

FOR MARKET OR FOR HOME USE,

We now come to the most difficult, and yet the all-important, question for
the grower to decide. Itis presumed that most orchards are planted for one
of two purposes. First, to afford a supply of choice fruit for home con-
sumption, in which case such varieties should be selected as are pleasing
to the taste, reasonably productive, and ripening at proper intervals through
the season. Second, to produce fruit for the market. In other words, the
orchard is to be a money-grower. Consequently the selection of varieties
should be made with that end in view, and with the understanding that the
orchard should last and grow better for forty or fifty years, or even longer
in favorable locations, and with proper care. Then, only such varieties as
are hardy, long-lived, and productive, and produce fruit of such size and
quality as will be satisfactory in the markets, should be planted: This is
the most perplexing question that we as growers have to contend with today,
and doubtless will continue to be, because new varieties are continually
being introduced and new conditions brought about, both to the grower
and to the market, that are likely to render a change necessary. Many of ©
our popular varieties are popular today only because of their former record,
and not because of present good behavior.

Of the more than fifty varieties in my own orchard, each one of which
was planted because of some supposed special merit, not more than a
dozen varieties, perhaps, have sufficient merit to justify their continuance
in ax orchard for market purposes. The other varieties stand there almost
as cumberers of the ground.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 37
FAULTS OF THE BARTLETT.

I am of opinion that if the Bartlett was introduced today it would never
reach its present high standing, in this part of Michigan at least. The
tree lacks hardiness and durability to an extent that would rule it out
entirely were it not for the high prices at which its fruit is quoted in our
city markets. The oldest pear orchard of any considerable size in Lena-
wee county was planted about forty-five years ago, and originally consisted
principally of Bartlett and Flemish Beauty, with a few Tyson, Lawrence,
and other varieties.

Twenty-two years ago, the original Bartlett trees having failed, their
places were filled with the same variety. Today there is not a Bartlett
tree in that orchard, while the Flemish Beauty, Tyson, and Lawrence of
the original planting, are as thrifty and healthy as at any time in their
lives, bearing perhaps an average of ten bushels to the tree for the last
twenty years, and in favorable seasons some trees produce so high as’
thirty bushels. It may be said that this is an exceptional case; yet, as I
look over the county, I can find many very large old trees of Tyson, Flem-
ish Beauty, Lawrence, and a few Sheldon and Anjou; yet I can not call to
mind a single tree of the Bartlett of any such size and age.

It is true the Bartletts will come to bearing earlier than any of the other
varieties named, and will probably produce more fruit for the first ten or
fifteen years of their lives; yet, after that time, the Bartlett will soon fail,
while the other varieties will be growing better for the next half century
if well cared for. This may not be so in the lake shore region, nor

_ further south, but it certainly is here.

DESIRABLE VARIETIES.

Then, without further discussion of the varieties, I would name the
following list, each one having some of the desirable points for a market
pear:

Tyson—Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive, tardy coming into bear-
ing, fruit medium size, sells well. | .

Clapp’s Favorite—Tree vigorous, productive, and hardy, fruit large and
handsome, and sells well if not overripe; pick early.

Bartlett— Desirable only where it is known to be hardy.

Flemish Beanty—Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive, slow coming
into bearing, fruit inclined to scab.

Onondaga—Tree a good stocky grower, hardy, and productive of good,
large-size fruit.

Anjou—Tree hardy, medium grower, slow coming into bearing, after
which it bears well of large, nice fruit and sells well.

Sheldon—Tree a good grower and hardy, not productive, fruit large and
of fine quality.

Kieffer—Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive, bears early and well; fruit

_ good to sell, not to eat.

Lawrence—Tree hardy, slow grower, slow coming into bearing; one of
the finest winter pears. There are a number of other varieties that might
be desirable for market purposes under favorable circumstances.

Seckel, if given high cultivation and fruit vigorously thinned, would
give good results; tree hardy, slow grower.

38 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bose is a magnificent pear and might be profitable top-grafted on a
good, hardy variety; a good bearer.

Brignais: I have a single tree of this variety, about twelve years. old,
that has given better and more uniform results the last five or six years
than any other tree in the orchard; fruit medium size, always smooth and
perfect.

Chambers: A single tree of this new variety is giving good results
here, for a large-size early pear, ripening about with the Madaline and
nearly as large as Flemish Beauty. Tree thrifty and hardy and a beauti-
ful grower.

No reference has been made to dwarf pears, and it may be said, in a
general way, that the standard trees are the safest to plant as a rule.
Where dwarfs are desirable, the Angouleme and Louise Bonne are the only
varieties worth planting in this locality, and they should have the best of
soil and cultivation.

EXPERIENCE OF OTHERS.

Mr. Cuark: Mr. EpMIsToN advocates cultivation of the pear orchard,
I notice. I have been advised to seed down the land after the trees
come into bearing.

Mr. Monroe: A change of view has come about as to this, as it has
concerning cultivation of other fruit, and it is now considered that the
better the culture the better the fruit, so far as pears are concerned.

Mr. Brown: Growers here would not differ much with Mr. EpmistTon,
except that most of them would favor the Bartlett. They probably would
plant one half of their ground to that variety. The Howell has done
well here on light soil. The best pear-growers here would say, cultivate
first, last, and all the time. :

Mr. KnisEty: I continually hear the Kieffer called a poor pear; but it
will keep till Christmas, and then certainly is good. It brings a high
price, too, in its season. I practice throughout cultivation.

Mr. SHRIVER is a cultivator of his pear orchard, also, and agrees with
Mr. EpMIsTON as to varieties, except that he would add Clairgeau.

Mr. WHITEHEAD: In Ohio they cultivate the pear, or not, according to
the fertility of the soil. On the rich soil near here I have seen blight
where there was cultivation. But when cultivation is practiced I do not
think it should cease at close of the growing season. It also should be
shallow.

Mr. KnisELty: Mr. ComInacs puts the Bose first, above all others. It
is dificult of propagation and so is not cultivated by the nurserymen.

A member spoke of pear trees he had seen at SEBASTIAN SMITH’s, in
soil too stiff for cultivation. The fruit was the finest show of the kind he
ever saw.

Mr. Mars: I have a neighbor who grows the Bartlett largely and some

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 39

Clapp’s Favorite. This man has said that were he to set 1,000 pear trees,
they would all be Bartletts. There is no blight in the pear in that vicin-
ity. The Bartlett is grown principally, and all growers cultivate more or
less. I know of one uncultivated orchard which was entirely killed by
blight.

Mr. Pearce: If it is true, as I have read, that the Bartlett is a poor
fertilizer, it would be better not to set a lot of 1,000 in one place and with-
out other varieties near. I would grow grass in the meadow, and fruit of
_all kinds in cultivated fields.

Mr. Brown: The Kieffer is liked by all who grow it near me, and I
like it. Leave it upon the tree until cold weather, then pick and lay by
till December, when it becomes yellow as gold and has a flavor I like,
spicy and vinous.

Mr. WHITEHEAD: It is superior for canning.

Mr. JENNINGS: I am a beginner in pear-growing, but near me are some
trees of a kind they call Belle, on trees planted at an early date, which
bear yearly and heavily of large, white-fleshed fruit, and one of them one
year had on $40 worth.

Mr. Lyon: They are probably the Windsor or Summer Belle. This
_ pear is a fair bearer and grower, but almost before it is ripe it is rotten.
It is good to sell those who do not know anything about it.

CHAPTERS ON ROAD-MAKING.

The society proceeded to consideration of this subject by listening to
the following series of papers: |

A LETTER FROM GOY. RICH.

Lansing, Feb. 24, 1893.

Epwy C. Rep, Esq., Allegan, Mich.,

Dear Sir—This subject of good roads is attracting widespread atten-
tion. That better roads are desirable, especially during the muddy season,
is unquestioned. As to the best method of securing these, without unnec-
essarily increasing the burdens, especially of farmers, is a question not so
easily answered. It is probable that at no distant day some of the roads
which are traveled more may be macadamized, and made perfect all the
year around. It it is not practicable to do this on all country roads, but
it meu seem to be time for some improvement in the system of working
roads.

In the most of Michigan, now, the stumps are out, and more or less
draining is done, and it seems to be the right time for the founding of
better roads. If there could be some arrangement made for a county sur-
veyor to lay out the necessary drains, provide tor the lines upon which the
roads are built, and the form of the road-bed, and set the grade-stakes, so
that what work was done would be toward a completion of it in the end,

40 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it seems as though we couid rapidly secure good roads without any
material increase in the burdens of taxation. If this were done it would
lay the foundation for a road which could afterward be macadamized or
graveled or covered in some other way so as to be passable in wet weather.
There are many places in the state where there are either sand or field
stones, which, if broken up and only a portion covered each year, would
soon make us better and more permanent roads, and roads that could be
used all the year round. Farmers do not have to draw their products so
far to market as formerly, but if the roads were in such condition that
they could draw larger loads when they do go, with less wear and tear on
the team and wagons; and if they could haul products at a time when the
ground is too wet for field work, it would be a material saving to our
farmers and would justify some increase in the burden of road tax fora
time for the purpose of accomplishing it. There is an effort being made
in New York and New England for a marked improvement in the high-
ways, although in many particulars they have much better roads than our
own.

This is a matter which I think the granges, agricultural and _ horticult-
ural societies, and farmers’ institutes should discuss. There is a wide
divergence of opinion as to how thisshould be done. There are many who
would be willing to do anything if there were no increase of taxation, but
it seems to me the more this is discussed the more plans for the improve- —
ment of highways will be given.

The last legislature provided for a highway commission, to report some
method of improvement of the highways. It seems to me the plan pro-
posed is too elaborate, involves a radical change in our laws, and too
great an expense to our people, to be adapted to our present situation.
Their report has been made to the legislature, and it may lead to change in
legislation that will remedy the evil and bring about a result so much
desired by our people, to provide a road that can be used at any time with
comfort and security.

Respectfully yours,
JoHN T. Ricu.

PAPER BY R. J. CORYELL, MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

A good dirt road is composed of two essentials: A smooth, non-wear-
ing surface that is impervious to water, and a dry foundation. Good —
gravel fills the conditions for the surface, and its wise use is and probably —
will be the best means of road improvement for most roads. It fills the
conditions because, when packed, it presents a non-wearing surface. Its
interstices are soon filled with its dust or finer ground particles, and it
soon becomes impervious to the surface water. The thicker the gravel is
applied the better. In no case should it be less than ten or twelve inches,
and as it diminishes in depth from one half to one quarter on packing, it
should be from twelve to fifteen inches deep as it is first unloaded.
cross-section of the road should show the gravel similar to the cross-section
of a double convex lens. If the surface of the foundation is left convex,
it will yield more or less under wear, and will be broken into by the
gravel, the wheels will form ruts, the water will penetrate, loosen up, and
mix the gravel with the subsoil, and no repairing afterward will make it
as good as before, without sifting and separating. Before graveling a
road, the loose dirt should be removed and the road-bed be left slightly

Bi

“Ss

~

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 4]

coneave. It will then hold the gravel and not give away under it. By
graveling the road about ten feet wide, and the same grade continued by
the sodded roadside for five feet on each side, a road will be obtained
cheaply and thoroughly satisfactory. It will be quite permanent, with
some care to keep ruts from forming.

The criticism upon roads as commonly graveled, is this: The gravel is
spread too thin. It finally wears through and becomes mixed with the
soil, and loses its power of cohesion and its imperviousness to water, and
when afterward repaired by another thin coat it is of no more use to the
latter coat of gravel than the subsoil itself. Build thoroughly so far as
time and money will permit, and what is once done right will last.

The necessity of a dry foundation was mentioned. Were it saturated
with water, its power of reisting pressure would be destroyed and it would
saturate the surface strata more or less and finally the weight of passing
loads would cause the graveled surface to break through and then mud
would reign supreme. This explains more clearly the point why the
surface should shed the water.

Generally, the gutters at the roadside are sufficient to keep drainage
water from percolating through the foundation. If, in bad cases, where the
drainage water flows across the roadway,a tile be used on the upper roadside,
it will answer the purpose. On springy soil, a tile on each side of the road,
and one under the center, even, is frequently necessary.

By use of road machines, as good roads can be made as the subsoil of
the land is capable of resisting wear. Generally they are the means of
making roads poor much faster than can be done by the plow and scraper.

The points to observe are easily given:

1. Put nothing in the road but subsoil.

2. Get this subsoil from the further part of the gutter, which will keep
the grade uniform.

3. Do not disturb the sodded portion lying just outside of the road-bed.

4, In repairing or retouching the road, when once built, scrape off the
portion that is worn loose, and carry it beyond the gutter, also carry with
it the sediment that has collected in the gutter, and return to the road
fresh subsoil. Never on any account return the sediment of the gutter to
the road again.

5. Move but little dirt at a time and keep the teams going.

I have spent considerable time in riding a road machine, and believe
these points contain some truth.

Will we ever have stone roads, or roads made of crushed stone? I
think so, when our laws are made so that the money can be justly raised
and the roads built under competent supervision. My former home
annually shipped thousands of carloads of stone to the cities. Crushed
stone cost them about 80 cents to $1.00 per load of two tons; forty cents
per load for drawing, and about the same for crushing. The stones were
of the “hard head” variety, picked from the fields They were given

-away by the farmer. The wearing parts of the crusher broke too

frequently to be entirely satisfactory, but as they were made in sections
and easily put into place, not much time was lost. A smaller-size
crusher could be easily set up and run near where the road is to be built,
and it is hoped that the stony roads of some of our counties may be more
satisfactory than at present.

42 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PAPER BY S. S. BAILEY OF GRAND RAPIDS.

Our need of good roads is so self-evident and so universally acknowledged
that any lengthy argument to show the fact seems almost a waste of time.
Still, something must be said, that those who make our laws may know
what are the wishes of the people. While rapid progress has been made
in all other directions, for means of travel and the hauling of the products
of the country to market, only very slow progress has been made for the
same purpose in improving the common roads of the country, and in reality
no progress in bettering the condition of our roads for use during fall and
spring. In many places the roads in fall and spring are worse than in their
primitive condition. For over fifty years there has been a lack of system
for the improvement of the highways. Our present laws give us in reality
no system. The state as such has taken no interest in highway improve-
ment. It has provided for the taking of land, for electing commissioners
and appointing overseers, and for a labor tax, and for local taxation for
improvements and repairs, but has not defined how a road should be built,
nor has it made provision for any first-class roads, leaving it entirely with
the highway commissioner and the overseer of highways to make such roads
as their fancy may choose. The result has been, there is no uniformity in
the highways of the state, and no first-class roads for any great number of
miles. The state defines how a “ toll road,” owned by a corporation, shall
be built, but on its own roads, for all roads are really state property, it lays
down no rule for the guidance of the thousand officials who supervise the
work; nor does it provide for the building of any first-class roads for any
given number of miles, no matter how great the necessity may be for such
roads. In thestate are nearly 1,500 highway town commissioners, and over
25,000 overseers of highways, each one of whom makes that part of the
road in his district according to his own notion or whim, and without any
regard whatever as to how the road in the next district is improved. The
state exercises no authority over its roads dedicated to the public, by defin-
ing how and of what material the same shall be made, nor does it provide
for establishing grades nor for the employment of competent overseers or
engineers.

In order to secure good roads we need further legislation, such as the
light of experience in this and the older nations would suggest. No people
and no nation has secured permanent, first-class roads for any great portion
of the country by depending on local taxation. In all foreign countries,
in their early history, the same idea prevailed that has been the governing
one in this country: that is, that the farming community must build the
common roads of the country for the benefit of the public at large, the
larger share of the wealth of the country being excused from giving aid.
The farmers, unorganized, have submitted and built such roads as their
means would allow, and no good, permanent roads have been built in any
country until the bitter wail of the people in behalf of better highways
has been heard by the state and nation, and such aid given as would, with
the help of the farming community, secure the object desired. In our own
state, the laws for the last fifty years have been such that two thirds of the
wealth of the state has been exempt from any taxation for the improvement
of the public highways. At the present time the assessed valuation of the
state, ineluding railroad and other corporate property paying specific taxes,
is about eighteen hundred millions. Of this amount only about six hun-
dred millions pays any tax for the benefit of the public highways. The

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 43

twelve hundred millions are entirely exempt. The burdenis all laid at the
door of the farming community. The farmers, during the last fifty years,
have given in land over twenty million dollars for highways. They have
expended on the same, in labor and money, over one hundred millions.
Much of this has been wasted because there has not been enough of avail-
able means to make permanent improvement, the greater share of it having
been expended in preparatory work and repairs.

In order to secure good roads we must have wise and honest legislation,
such as will compel all property to bear its proper share of the burden for
the improvement of the public roads of the state. Provision should be
made for a common highway fund, to be made up from property which now
contributes nothing for the highways—a fund somewhat similar to the
primary school fund—the same to be distributed to the counties and town-
ships, and expended under the direction and supervision of well qualified
commissioners and engineers. Such aid, supplemented with the help which
the farming community would then most cheerfully give, and give the same,
too, in full, honest days’ works, would soon see us well advanced on the
highway of road improvement. And soon we might sing the following
song:

Michigan is from mud redeemed,

And by all people is esteemed

For first-class roads as well as men;

And henceforth ‘‘ Si Quaeris Peninsulam amcenam”’
Will have fuli meaning (although late),

As first designed, ‘‘ Behold a state.”’

HOW TO BUILD WITHOUT CHANGING THE LAW.

Upon this phase of the question the secretary read a paper of his own,
showing how good roads have been built at his home, Allegan, under
existing conditions.

In nearly all the discussions upon this interesting and intensely prac-
tical subject of road building, alteration of the present laws as to high-
ways is assumed to be the beginning of wisdom. At least I never have
heard of a discussion that did not proceed more or less upon that basis.
I have never heard it claimed that the present system is adequate, under
any conditions, to secure the results so much desired. Hence I prepare
this short paper to show that, however defective those laws may be, they
are sufficient, when executed in the right spirit, to provide excellent roads,
though perhaps not dividing the expense thereof as equitably as might
be. So, if in its culminative and inscrutable wisdom, our legislature does
not materially alter these statutes, the friends of road reform need not
altogether despair.

Under any system, an awakened and dominant public sentiment is the
primal requisite. Without it, good roads will not be built, no matter
what the laws; for roadbuilding is especially a matter of local self-govern-
ment, and must needs remain so.

The village of Allegan, with a population of 3,000 people, is in a most
unpromising situation for economical roadbuilding; and just in proportion
to the difficulties were the needs of better highways. For many years the
old plan of frittering away the efforts and the cash by numerous patches,
all around the roads and streets, had prevailed, and the state of the ways
went on from bad to worse. But in 1886 a different policy was adopted.

44 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Northward from the town ran the Monterey road, and for two miles it was
as wretched a piece of sand as this state afforded. I will not except any
equal distance in the whole state that ever came under my observation.
Besides being so sandy, it was very hilly, making passage over it slow,

toilsome, and expensive of both time and material. It was the dread of
_ everyone obliged to traverse it. One mile of the two was within the village,
the other one in Allegan township. Work began by the town-meeting
appropriating $2,000 for the grading of the second mile, the condition
being that the eraveling should be done by contribution of the work and
cash. It required all the appropriation to grade that mile. Meanwhile
’ the village graded and graveled its mile at a cost of $2,500, the work in
each case being done by the day, under supervision of the officials,
perhaps not the most economical way. A subscription paper was circu-
lated in the village, and several hundred dollars raised in that way, while
the farmers contributed work of men and teams, the contributors receiving
the benefit of hire for the paid labor, so far as possible. The result was
the completion of two miles of excellent road the first season—the only
piece of thoroughly built roadway in the county. The totai cost of the
two miles, contributed labor included, was not far either way from $5,500.

All the work here referred to was done under supervision of Mr.
CLARK CoLLuins, highway commissioner, who was aided and advised by the
supervisor, Mr. A. E. CALKINS.

Very wisely, the officials determined that, as this road would be in great
measure the pattern for other improved highways in the county, it should
be made on a generous scale, so the grade was made thirty feet wide, and
although there were numerous and good-size hills, the ascent nowhere
exceeds seven feet in one hundred. The gravel was spread twenty feet
wide, and one foot thick, a trifle thicker in the center and thinner at the
edges. Tile for drainage was laid wherever necessary. So great was the
satisfaction of the public with the results of this experiment, that the
work was continued the next season, and yearly to this day. The adjoin-
ing township of Monterey took up the work at the line, and has car-
ried it on northward, until now nearly eight miles of the best of graveled
turnpike is established. It never breaks up, no matter what the weather.
One may trot along upon it when diverging roads are all but impassable
for mud, or when the heats of summer have made the sand nearly as deep
and tiresome. But this is not all. We had other roads nearly as bad.
The policy of taking one of them in hand each year, or a portion of one,
was continued, and the village adopted the same policy with the connect-
ing streets. No money was wasted in temporary repairs, save such as
could not possibly be avoided. This has cost the township from $3,000 to
$6,000 yearly, but there is no complaint that it has been a bad investment.
On the contrary, sentiment in favor of continuing the work is stronger
than ever. The township has adopted the policy of grading any piece of
road which the farmers chiefly using it would gravel. The work of grav-
eling is generally done in the lull of farm work between wheat harvest
and seeding.

There are now in the township, exclusive of the village, fourteen miles
of completed road, with an additional three miles graded. The grade is
generally like the original piece, so far as degree of ascent is concerned,
but in some parts the gravel is sixteen feet wide instead of twenty:
Nowhere, however, is the gravel less than one foot in depth. The average

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 45

cost of grading and graveling is not far from $1,800 per mile, donations
included, of course.

How well-grounded is the sentiment in favor of good roads, may be
judged by the fact that it cost Monterey township fully $1,000 each to
grade two hills. If you think this is not good proof of satisfaction with
the work done, consider a moment how hard it is in the average township
to get any appropriation at all for such improvement, and then measure
by it this expenditure for a few rods of roadway, repeated the next year.

There are not many towns in southern Michigan where such improve-
ments are so costly. So, when you try next spring to start the work in
your town-meeting, you need not frighten your neighbors by quoting
these figures as the approximate cost everywhere.: Allegan is built in the
river valley and surrounded by hills in every direction, and this Monterey
road runs over a region where the earth was piled in fantastic shapes in
the glacial times, and road-building over it is a far more difficult and
expensive work than in most townships of this part of the state.

I only wish the doubting and unprogressive men here, those staying at
home from lack of intelligent interest in their own welfare, could see
what we have done. There would be less need of changing the laws, and
less difficulty in getting liberal appropriations at the town-meetings this
spring.

THE BOND DISTRICT SYSTEM.

__ Mr. Morriuxi: Our laws are such that only a small amount of money
can be raised by bonded indebtedness, so a change of the constitution is
necessary before very extended improvements of roads are possible. The
people of New Jersey and Ohio are in advance of others in the matter of
road building. The Telford system of road making is a base of rocks,
then crushed rock, them more of the same material but finer, until the
whole is eighteen inches thick. Such roads, or those of the McAdam
style, could be built here at a cost of $4,000 per mile. The plan of raising
money should be the bond-district system, the district for taxation being
one mile wide on either side of the road, all the work being done under
direction of the county commissioner. A majority of the freeholders is
necessary to a petition for the bonding. The plan of distribution of the
tax burden is this: sixty per cent. of the bonds are payable by the district,
forty per cent., by the county at large. The bonds run twenty years at
six per cent. only interest being paid for ten years and then one tenth
~of the principal each year. The interest amounts to twelve or thirteen
cents per acre, in the district, and twenty-two to twenty-three cents per
acre when payment of the principal begins. The people along the road
get the benefit of wages for the labor in building which lightens the cost
somewhat.
Mr. Brown emphasized the position of Mr. Bariry, that the villages
and cities should help build the roads.

46 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The report of the committee to which was referred the drafts of yellows
and black-knot laws, here made report, and their findings were adopted,
Mr. Munson suggesting a provision for a county commissioner to see that
township and city commissioners do their duty.

Thursday Morning Session.

|

The final session of the meeting began with Mr. C. J. Monrok in the
chair. The initial subject was opened by the reading, by the secretary,
of the subjoined paper, by Mr. 'THomas L. Brown of Grandville, upon

TRUCK FARMING IN MICHIGAN.

Those unaccustomed to market scenes in Grand Rapids can form but a
faint idea of the amount or quality of the garden products that daily
- change hands in this great central market. A favorable combination of
circumstances in every particular branch is the cause. In the first place,
the position of the city is such as to make it a great distributing point.
Blest with railroads and rival express companies, her perishable goods
are daily and easily sent in all directions, while the whole of the country
north, which is rapidly gaining in population, relies upon Grand Rapids
for its supply of early fruits and vegetables. During the past five years
the number of new growers has so largely increased upon our market that
the old growers look about in astonishment and say, ‘‘ Where are we?”
Diversified cropping is generally practiced, with here and there a special-
ist like JEBB, with his twenty acres of celery, and others with celery and
onions. The problem of a city market is still seriously pressing itself on
grower and citizen alike.

NEED OF A MARKET-—PLACE IN GRAND RAPIDS.

In his address before the Farmers’ club and Grand River Valley Hor-
ticultural society, President JosepH A. PEARCE vividly described the need
of a market by asking, ‘* What would be the result should a fire occur in
the immediate vicinity of our present meeting place? What a fearful
holocaust would there be enacted in case of an actual fire in that quarter!
The engines would be powerless to assist, for they could not possibly make
through the street.” At that meeting it was thought the “Island could be
secured; here was the only feasible place, the bridge project having been
abandoned on account of the limited amount of space possible to afford.
This matter is now under advisement to the common council, and it is
hoped some good may come from the many efforts of ours and kindred
societies.”

The country immediately tributary to Grand Rapids is so diversified in
character of soil as to make it possible to bring all kinds of vegetables to

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. AT

perfection, and were I permitted to speak of our fruit interests I should
say that a similar state of affairs exists; from the highest hills to the low-
est valleys, every kind of fruit indigenous to this latitude grows in abund-
ance and thrift, making the “horn of plenty” full to overflowing.

Within the gates of the busy Valley City are stabled thousands of horses, |
manure is cheap and abundant, and in some instances barns that make
three hundred loads per year can be secured for drawing it away. Most of
our large cities are situated with a body of water on one side of them; this
drives the building a long way out in other directions, thereby compelling
growers to carry on their business at a distance from the city. Seeinga
wagon loaded with manure in Chicago the other day, I asked the driver
how far he hauled his load. “Sixteen miles,’ said he. Our growers
declare it does not pay to haul seven miles. Why isit? The only answer
is, superior advantages make them look atit that way. Nearly all the
gardening around Grand Rapids is within a radius of five miles from the
city.

HOLLANDERS MONOPOLIZE THE BUSINESS.

But chief among the causes for the present state of development in
market gardening around Grand Rapids, and in fact for all western Mich-
igan, is the class of people into whose hands the business has fallen. On
October 2, 1846, the first band of Hollanders destined to form a colony in
Michigan set sail on the ship “Southerner.” It was the intention of their
~ leader, the faithful A. C. VAN Raatrs, to locate in Wisconsin, but deten-
tion in their pilgrimage caused their leader to select western Michigan for
the colony. Here they settled and after a time prospered. Professor
CaLvIN Tuomas of the Michigan University shows by the following table
the rate of increase of Hollanders in Michigan:

er Sy 2 OR i VESEY a pe, DAN 2 SI ee 10,689
Re Oredy es BOD) Sate ape eal LN Sg Be oe ae eB 9,539
TU SHTMIST hot FS aS ROP SS OS i I I B 17,256
1S Tie 2 le ete Sa ne AR El aR OI id ay RE 43,916

There are now over 100,000 Hollanders in the United States, nearly half
of them in western Michigan. No other class of foreigners are so natur-
ally adapted for settlement and prosperity in subduing. both swamp and
forest as are Hollanders, but it is chiefly due to their indomitable perse-
verance and contentment that the thousands of acres of seemingly unap-
proachable bog have been converted into the choicest garden lands.

Beginning around Grand Rapids and traveling in a southwesterly
direction to Holland, thence up the lake shore as far as Muskegon, the
whole country is now rapidly passing into the hands of the Hollanders.

What has become of our earlier American and English growers? Many
have gone south, some to California, and those remaining have sought a
higher branch, that of horticulture under glass. In this branch Grand
Rapids leads all other cities in the west. Our growers are thoroughly
active men and produce goods that sell in competition with any of the
larger cities. Grand Rapids is as proud of her contiguous greenhouse
business as she is of any of her varied wholesale pursuits.

48 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
TRUCK FARMING HAS A BRIGHT FUTURE.

As to the future of truck farming in western Michigan, the brightest
outlook is before us. Never has there been so much produce raised as the
‘demand has called for. Each year Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio draw on our
supply, and with the rapid growth in the population of the cities in those
states, and also in the increase in our home market, comes with each
recurring year increased demand. Cabbage, potatoes, onions, and: celery
are always wanted in the fall in carload lots, and I expect to see in the
near future produce companies formed for the purpose of supplying in a
measure this increased demand. Hundreds of bushels of string beans
found a market in Chicago last summer at good prices. This year our
growers expect to find a great market in the World’s Fair city. Between
Grand Rapids and Grandville on Grand river are hundreds of acres of the
choicest lands suitable for gardening. Barges for drawing manure can be
bought for the price of one good horse, and the soil is the very finest even .
to the water’s edge. These lands will very soon be utilized for gardening
purposes on a large scale, as they can now be purchased at a nominal
figure. Grand Haven is still able to produce plenty of good celery, but
the day must come when that city will fall off both in quality and the
quantity of her crop. That venerable leader, GkoRGE Hancock, who last
year had over twenty acres of celery and twenty acres of tomatoes, said the
subject of fertilizers was a serious one. To grow such an amount of pro-
duce required lots of manure. ‘This was hard to get in Grand Haven, and
they, like Kalamazoo, would look to Grand Rapids for a supply of manure.
Thousands of loads of manure are each year burned on the dumping
grounds of our city that ought to find its way to barges, and thence to the
lands adjacent to Grand river. .

THE STATUS AT BENTON HARBOR.

Mr. J. N. CunninaHamM: Our home market, here, and the Chicago
market are practically one and-the same. Our chief need is fertilizers—
they are the one thing now lacking—but these will be supplied. The
outlook is bright for the truck farmer in western Michigan. There is
certain to be an increasing demand for his products. Here at Benton
Harbor the two pickle factories will absorb an unlimited amount of
cucumbers and tomatoes. I have found that cucumbers will net $100 per
acre—they have done so two seasons for me. Truck farming in Michigan
is really in its infancy, and the demand for its products seems practically
unlimited. The annual product of cucumbers, tomatoes, muskmelons,
potatoes, etc., grown and shipped from this place is enormous. There is
a daily shipment of melons for six weeks, by hundreds and thousands of
cases, and there is a great acreage of tomatoes planted yearly for the
canneries. Truck farming is a good business if rightly managed, but we
must learn from the Hollander to have less acres and more product. One
fault of the American is that he will not work so hard as the Hollander,
and so makes less gains. We have a great advantage here in western

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEBRTING. AY

Michigan, over the gardeners close about Chicago. They have to haul
their product sixteen miles, getting up very early and working hard to
make ready their loads. We get ready the day before, send the goods in
the night, and are preparing our next shipment while they are waiting to
sell their loads. We grow no celery to speak of, here, though there isa
great marsh near the city. None of it is utilized. Some celery has been
grown, however, and it was free from rust. The marsh is a gold mine for
celery growing, but the business men are trying to get it covered with
factories. Some onions, lettuce, radishes, etc., are produced, especially
onions, and last spring we got $4 per bushel crate for bunch onions. There
is a large acreage in preparation for this spring, of these crops, which will
be increased hereafter. The tomato worm is becoming a serious pest, on
potatoes as well as tomatoes, and we have to fight for both. Arsenical
spraying may be effectual. The trucker has to work harder than the fruit-
grower, and perhaps for less money. Tomato rot troubles some, but we
have never done anything for it. Only the fruit from the early settings
rots, and I know of no help for it. In planting cucumbers we plow the
ground finely, using a single plow, putting the manure into the furrows,
and then harrowing, drill in the seed, leaving the plants fifteen inches
apart. We use pyrethrum, sulphur, and tobacco for the striped bugs.
We can compete with any place in the country even with greenhouse
vegetables. Mr. Buptone of Chicago, a hothouse vegetable grower, says
the men of his kind have the market till the open-planted product from
the south arrives.

WRONGFULNESS OF SECRET METHODS.

It was noticed that the speaker was very chary about giving knowledge
of his methods, and when asked about them he frankly declined to “ give
away the secrets of his business,’ and said he noticed Mr. Brown had
carefully avoided telling anything of the sort in his paper; and he
instanced Mr. Morriw’s free gift of his processes in originating and
growing the Osage muskmelon as an example of what a grower should
not do in this matter.

Mr. W. A Brown: For all the secretiveness of some of our people,
this is becoming known as a horticultural region in the broadest sense of
term. One of our factories consumes the daily product of 1,000 acres of
cucumbers. The whole volume of our product is much greater than is
commonly supposed. We can get no statistics of shipments from the
principal boat line, because the owners do not care to have it known how
much money they make.

7

50 © STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. THomas Mars said he had learned more this morning of the
methods of truck farming, than he ever had known before, and he highly
praised the generosity of Mr. MorriIuu in letting the whole people know
of his methods, and for his investigations which had conferred so great
benefits upon his fellows. He maintained it was the duty of every man
to thus help others, instead of selfishly keeping to himself the knowledge
which would make thousands happy and prosperous.

Mr. CunnincHam told how, when he was selling a few radishes, the
fruitgrowers had guyed him about his “green stuff.” Atthe same time he
sent to Chicago with his “green stuff,” fifteen or twenty crates of straw-
berries, which hardly paid expenses, but his radish crop paid more than
did fifteen or twenty acres of strawberries. “So, if I am secretive, I must
not be blamed by the men who disdainfully looked upon my beginnings.”

SQUASHES: HOW TO GROW AND KEEP THEM.

The secretary read the following paper by Mr. 8S: S. Barney of Grand
Rapids upon cultivation of squashes:

HOW TO PLANT.

Select well drained sandy or gravelly loam, well enriched, such as would
raise a good crop of corn. If the ground is not rich it should be made so
with well rotted stable manure, cow manure preferred. Fit the ground
thoroughly as for corn; plow furrows ten or twelve feet apart across the
field for the rows. In the furrows, about every nine feet, shovel from the
wagon half a bushel or more of manure, well rotted all the better, and as
rich in nitrogen as you can haveit. When planting, scatter with the hoe
part of the manure in each hill along the furrow; mix the balance with
fine soil and firm the same with the foot; plant the seed and cover with
one inch or more of fine rich dirt and press lightly with the hoe. The
covering must not be wet, only moist; otherwise a crust will form and pre-
vent the seed from coming up. Put in plenty of seed. As soon as the
plants are well up and the bugs begin to come, examine each hill and vine
daily, and oftener if necessary, for the striped bug. Catch and kill all you
can and be spry about it, or they will be gone like the paddy’s flea. Dust
the plants with plaster or ashes or road dust; a little Paris green with the
same is recommended. In a few days, if you have been vigilant and faith-
ful, you will have conquered this enemy; but now comes the greatest
enemy to squash-growing, the big black or brown stink bug. When they
appear you must be on duty early and late for a few days until the first
comers are all killed. Search every hill and plant and the ground adjacent,
and kill every bug with thumb and finger. Be quick about it so that none
get away. They will play “hide and seek” with you, and unless you are
equal to their cunning many will escape you. Don’t stop to blow your
nose until you get where you can wash. Examine every leaf and destroy
any eggs that may be found, and thus prevent a second crop. While
examining the hills, stir the soil in the hills with your fingers—by doing
so you will cultivate the plants and find such bugs as arein hiding. After |

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 51

the first few days you will find but few bugs, but still keep up the search
until the vines have commenced to run and are well started. From time
to time thin out, removing the poorer plants, until there remains only from
one to three plants, the condition of surrounding hills to be considered.
Commence cultivating and hoeing as soon as the plants are all up and keep
the ground well tended. Until the vines begin to run the two-horse culti-
vator or drag can be used. While cultivating and hoeing, fill up the fur-
rows until all is level. When the vines begin to run you can aid them in
covering the ground by turning them in the proper direction, but don’t
disturb them after they have made a few feet of growth, for if not dis-
turbed and the ground has been kept mellow they will take root at nearly
every joint. Just here is one of the secrets of success in raising squashes.
If the vine has taken root near where the squash has set you will be very
sure of a good squash at that point. This rooting at the joints enables the
squashes to get food for growth over a large surface, and thus utilize all
the rich soil and gather moisture over a large surface.

If one desires, he can plant a row of sweet corn midway between the
rows or hills of squashes, and I think with benefit to the squashes, as the
vines are constantly reaching out for something to cling to and seem to do
better when they can get hold of something. The sweet corn is all clear
gain, as it occupies the ground only at the end of the vines. My best late
sweet corn is thus raised without any extra expense except for the seed.

Karly planting, before the ground becomes warm, invites feeble growth
and swarms of bugs. Here is where many fail unless they give extra care.
_ I have had best success, one year with another, in planting the first three

weeks in June, depending on the weather or season.

HARVESTING, STORING, MARKETING.

Watch for early frosts and gather before injured; put in small piles and
cover lightly with stalks or straw or vines, or remove them to the barn;
handle carefully as you would eggs; cut the stem from the vines with a
knife. Put straw or hay in the bottom of wagon when gathering. Wag-
ons with springs are the best. Store in a dry place away from any damp
or mouldy substances. At the beginning of winter store what are not
marketed in any dry place free from frost, where the temperature will be
kept quite even; avoid a damp cellar or any cellar in which there is any
mould or musty substances. For family use keep them anywhere in the

house where they will not get frosted. They are clean vegetables and will
~ do no harm in any out-of-the-way place—in the hall or closet or under the
bed! They will keep longest near the chimney or stovepipe, but may
lose a little in quality if kept too long. Those picked just before fully
ripe keep the best—those picked early to show at fairs are nearly always
the best keepers. Where very large crops are raised, a squash-house is
indispensable. With such I have had no experience. Such houses when
built should be frost proof and so planned that the air can be kept dry
and of an even temperature.

If you value your reputation, don’t sell squashes that have been frosted
or that are poor keepers unless you advise the buyer of the fact so that he
will use them up before decay commences and he be saved from loss. In
marketing, don’t sell to any groceryman or dealer who will keep them for
any length of time in a damp cellar or in any damp, mouldy, or musty

52 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

place, as he will be sure to lay the blame on you for the squashes spoiling,
as they surely will if kept long. :

GOOD VARIETIES.
The best varieties for fall are Boston Marrow, Turban, and Essex Hyb-

rid, though the winter squashes are equally good for late and many prefer
them. The best for winter are Hubbard, Marblehead, Putnam, and Pike’s

‘* Peak. The Hubbard is in most demand for market. The Pike’s Peak is

the best of all, both early and late, and the best keeper. Squashes grown
on low ground, rich in vegetable mould, will not have the quality nor will
they keep like those grown on high table-land.

Fall and winter squashes are amomg the best vegetables raised, and
every family can have a full supply from early fall till late spring if the
farmer and market gardener will in timely season plant plenty of good
seed in well-prepared, well-enriched, warm land. Cultivate the same often
and thoroughly; be vigilant in destroying bugs; pick before frosted, and
handle with care. Keep dry and free from frost. Supply customers as
carefully and honestly as you would supply them with eggs.

I have tried to give you the price you must pay for success. If you are
willing to pay the price you may reasonably expect to receive a rich pecu-
niary reward that will fully compensate you; and in addition many thanks-
givings, not only from your own family and friends, but from many a
family whose good fortune it has been to be among your customers, and
double thanksgivings from such of the poor as you have gratuitously
supplied from the bountiful harvest.

QUESTIONS IN GREAT VARIETY.

Following this paper was the opening of the question box, the secretary
reading the queries and members responding in the following order:

Shall we cultivate our strawberries in the spring?

Mr. Hanpy: No; mulch in the fall, remove in the spring, and cultivate
after picking. Mr. Munson’s advice was the same. Mr. Brown would
cultivate a young bed somewhat. Mr. Morri~t would do the same, but
would burn the mulch and cultivate till October.

How shall we fight the curculio?

Mr. Prxtrey: I have sprayed with carbolic acid (a teaspoonful in a pail
of three gallons of water) and have thought that the smell of the acid was
what kept them off; noticed no ill effect; sometimes put in the same amount
of ammonia as of acid.

In Oceana county we jar only, thinking spraying not reliable.

Mr. W. A. Suir has used spray several years and has not failed, in that
time, to have a good crop of plums; uses one pound of London purple to
200 gallons of water, with three or four pounds of lime milk; and though
he has been so free from them, curculio were plentiful in the neighborhood;
has used the chip traps (corncobs instead of chips) and this is an excellent
way before the leaves come, but he depends upon spraying after he begins
it; he kills thousands so; he will jar also, for the peaches, and use corn-
cobs, but believes spraying upon the peaches may be successful.

Mr. Morritu: Mr. SmirH succeeds with spraying for curculio, because

PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 53

he is thorough in his work; others fail with it; Mr. WinL~Arp of Geneva,
N. Y., relies upon jarring.

Mr. CunntnaHam: Instead of carrying the curculio to the “ peanut
roaster,” as Mr. WILLARD calls it, let them drop into water with a little
kerosene oil in it; and treat the squash bugs the same way—don’t pinch
them.

Mr. Morritut: Milk of lime in the spray neutralizes the arsenious acid.
It should always be used—one pound to 200 gallons of water.

Mr. SmitH: One pound to 300 for peaches, and upon these use Paris
green instead of Lundon purple.

What are the best varieties of grape, to extend their season, and how
long, with proper care, can their season be continued?

Mr. Merry: I grow Concords, chiefly, and so don’t know.

Mr. W. K. Munson: I grow the Concord, Worden, Brighton, and Niag-
ara. I keep all these but Worden, filing my house and delivering 1,000
baskets at Thanksgiving; there is more profit in keeping three to six weeks
than keeping four months; I repack into smaller baskets in two weeks,
removing the broken and bad grapes; would set these four varieties; my
grape-house is dark, the walls filled with sawdust, and is ventilated by tile
laid six feet deep and leading 200 feet away, the end covered to keep out
vermin; keeps in climax baskets only; the temperature is kept at fifty-five
degrees.

Mr. Lyon: I have kept Delaware till now (March 1); Jefferson is of
good quality and keeps well; none keeps better than the despised Diana,
_ which loses its odor and improves its quality; by use of Delaware, Iona,
‘Diana, Isabella, and Catawba, the grape season may be extended to April.

Can garden truck be grown with complete fertilizers without the aid of
barnyard manure? j

Mr. CunnincHamM: No, it can not, year after year.

In planting pear and apple seedlings, this spring, for budding next fall,
should they be cut back when planted, and how much?

Replies were that it is customary to shorten one fourth to one third; is
dangerous to wait till fall for budding, but do it in August and not cut
back unless very large. Mr. Munson: Cut the roots to seven inches in
length and the top off as far above the ground, and trim to a whip.

Do we practice root-pruning as much as we should? Is it beneficial?

Mr. CunniInGHAM: I have root-pruned pears, in plowing for vegetables,
and had a full crop every year since; plowing was done in the spring. Mr.
ComINGs suspected the cultivation had something to do with it. Mr. Mor-
RILL thought root-pruning no better than “horn pruning”—the nipping
of cattle.

Should all the tight and loose stone be removed from the orchards?

Mr. Munson said he takes out every stone he strikes, both on account of
the tools, and to sell the stone. Noone seemed +o have an idea as to benefit
or damage.

These questions concluded the session, and the meeting adjourned,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING.

HELD IN SHELBY, OCEANA COUNTY, JUNE 14-15, 1893.

At Shelby, Oceana county, the 14th and 15th, was held the summer
meeting of the State Horticultural society, and a highly valuable season
it proved to be. The attendance was very large, for such a busy time for
the farmers, the largest the society has had in many years at a summer
meeting. A comfortable hall was provided, and the people of Shelby and
vicinity supplied everything needful to the comfort and pleasure of the
visitors. One of the prettiest features of the occasion was the abundance
of lovely flowers provided, some of them. by Prof. L. R. Tarr, from the
grounds and greenhouse of the Agricultural college, but hundreds more
by the ladies of Shelby. There was an exhibit of half a dozen or more
varieties of apple, by Mr. W. B. Anpruss of Allegan, all in good state of
preservation though not kept by cold storage.

President Lyon called to order at nine o’clock a. Mm. of the 14th, and
requested Vice-President MorriLu to preside, which he did, throughout
the meeting.

First in order was a paper by Brenton GEBHART of Hart, hereto
appended, upon

HORTICULTURE OF OCEANA COUNTY.

Horticulture in Oceana county, you may truthfully say, it is about
everywhere—in every nook and corner. Not only is the culture of choice
fruits practiced by nearly all who till the soil as a common occupation,
but the birds of the fields* and lofty woodlands seem to proclaim, with
their sweet songs and tones of praise, of horticulture everywhere—horti-
culture on the hill tops, horticulture in the valleys, horticulture in the vil-
lage lots and places of business. So is horticulture, or growing of fruit, a
common study and delight with all.

In giving you a few points as to fruit culture in Oceana county, I need
not dwell on our grand climate and natural lay of the land; nor the variety

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 55

of soil, which we have for all fruits, and that toa large extent, for many
of you are well aware of our grand location. But within this limited
paper I will try to interest you as to my own experience and the observa-
tion of others in the way of successful and profitable fruitgrowing in
Oceana county.

In the first place, I wish to make particular mention of the great: suc-
cess with which we meet in growing all the varieties of excellent fruit,
from the wild huckleberry or Juneberry up to the king of all fruits, the
apple, as they all succeeded wonderfully in point of growth and product-
iveness. All the small fruits, including the strawberry, raspberry, cur-
rant, gooseberry, and grape, do well and are at home with us. More
especially the raspberry, currant, and gooseberry are “just immense” in
any favorable season. But I will not take up your time and dwell longer
on the culture of small fruits.

You are perhaps nearly all waiting to hear something said about the
staple industry, the culture of the peach and plum, in this the banner
section of country for the growth of these superb fruits. We claim Oceana
- county has no rival in our own state, nor anywhere in the northwest, in
this respect. At least it is so conceded by many prominent fruitgrowers.
My experience and observation of growing fruit dates back to the seven-
ties, while quite young in the matter of fruitgrowing. Bearing peach or
plum orchards, with us, in those days, were rather a rarity, and quite a
curiosity. Only a very few trees or orchards, to my certain knowledge,
could be seen (now and then a few cherry trees and apple orchards)
except that my old friend, Mr. Erwin StTanuops, had a fruit garden and
largest and best peach orchard in Oceana county, and he still holds his
reputation as to a fine and profitable orchard of peaches and plums. To
him the writer owes many favors and compliments as to early encourage-
ment and instruction as to fruitgrowing being above all other choice for
tillers of the soil, for pleasure and profit.

THE BEGINNINGS OF IT.

About the year 1872, the writer planted on the old Gebhart fruit farm,
six Lombard, and six Blue Damson plum trees; also five Hale’s Early and
two Early Crawford peach trees which are nearly all alive and bearing
fruit to this day, and have done so for eighteen years in succession.
Several of the Lombard plum and Hale’s peaches are dead and gone. In
the winter of 187475 many peach trees all over the country were frozen
or killed dead to the ground. But the young Hale’s Early peach trees,
planted in the woods, bore a few peaches the following summer of 1875,
after the severe and cold winter. Soon after, or about 1876 to ’79, I
began to propagate and set a few trees, with poor success in the first
attempt to grow the trees. I set out about twenty-five peaches, all of the
Hale’s and Early York varieties; and when the trees were five years of age
they bore twenty-two bushels of good, salable fruit, which then netted in
the Milwaukee market $4 per bushel, or $88 for the first crop of peaches
from the twenty-two trees. These fabulous prices for early fruit, and the
shipping in here of Alexanders, which sold at $1.25 to $1.50 per peck
basket, set enthusiasm wild to engage at once in the growing of the early
peaches and plums; and soon many trees were set by myself and others, of
all the early clingstone varieties of peach, such as Amsden, Alexander,
Beatrice, Hale’s, etc.; for in those days late peaches did not ripen well, and

56 STATE HORTICULTORAL SOCIETY.

the early sorts were all the rage as to high prices and profit. But they
have not proven profitable in late years, as you dll know. As, for instance,
in 1879 and 1880 we planted from 600 to 800 trees, nearly all of the early
varieties; and when the trees were from five to seven years of age we
began to get great crops of early fruit, in number of bushels from 1,200 to
1,800, for several years. But they were not so profitable as in former
times. One season the whole crop of early peaches only netted 80 cents
per bushel, while the next season $1.02 net per bushel was all that was
realized for the crop. While these early varieties of peach do not sell for
so much money as some of the later varieties, still they are quite profit-—
able on account of bearing heavy crops each year. Well do 1 remember
the first big crop of Early Crawford, as to the great mistake made and
loss in marketing all of 200 bushels, which were nearly a total loss to the
grower on account of being over-ripe before going to market.

EARLY-DAY AND LATER PROFITS.

While speaking about the history and profits of peach culture, both as
to what has been done and what may be, I do not wish to pass by my
choice of all large fruits, the plum. In speaking of its early history and
culture, | would mention a few incidents which I call to mind. Two.of
the six Lombard tress which were first planted by myself, in bearing the
second year netted the grower $18; while Damson began to yield and sold
well for $5 per bushel; and while on the old fruit farm I propagated the
Bradshaw to a great extent on peach root, which proved to be very profit-
able, both as to the growth of very fine trees and their prolificacy in bear-
ing. In the early days of plum-growing, with us, the fruit would sell for
high prices—Bradshaws from 90 cents to $1.50 per fifth basket, and all
varieties in proportion. I well remember having one tree which, when
six years old after planting, for its first crop produced two bushels of very
choice fruit, which netted $9 of clear money, But other trees did equally
well in proportion. While of late years the prices of fruit does not rule so
high, yet the growing of choice varieties of plum is very profitable at the
present day. There are many thousands of plum trees now in our county,
which will soon come into bearing, and if rightly managed will prove a
bonanza to the growers. As to the actual profit per acre in peach and
plum growing, in our county, it is very hard to give a true estimate; but,
generally speaking, I would say from $300 to $500 per acre can be realized.
It depends largely on what varieties are cultivated, time of ripening, and
favorable seasons.

As to the diseases of the peach and plum, we have but little—compara-
tively none. But little black-knot can be found, and that mostly on the
wild cherry in swamps; also some on young trees which are imported for
planting from unreliable nurseries. To my knowledge, as commissioner,
we have not a genuine case of peach yellows in the county. We had
peach and plum rot during the past season, quite severely, and this disease
may do considerable damage. But I believe this disease can be controlled
to a large extent.

THE BLACK-KNOT QUESTION.

President Lyon asked for definite information as to their subjugation of
black-knot.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 57

Mr. H. H. Pratt of Shelby: Weare not exempt from curculio; we.have
faithful men who are steadily killing them by the thousands—did yester-
day, are doing so today, and will do so next week. I have had no faith in
spraying for curculio, but last week I used Bordeaux mixture with London
purple. The curculio were thick at the time of application, and a few
days later I caught six hundred from twelve trees. I believe in spraying,
as against all fungi, but not at all for curculio. To subdue this enemy, it
is evident that we must jar and trap; and so long as the plum grows here
we shall have the curcnlio. Mr. Prart told of profits of $500 or so per
acre of plums; said he did not think black-knot was increasing, for he has
seen but little of it. There is much of what is called black-knot in the
wild cherry, but it does not seem to spread to the plums.

Prof. Tart: I told you, at the meeting two years ago, that the black-
knot of the plum and cherry were the same thing. It is still believed that
they are, and I do not see how it can exist so in the wild cherry and not
be upon the plums. There certainly is cause for great watchfulness, and
if the knots appear they must be cut before the bark bursts and the spores
open.

Prof. L. H. Barney: The black-knot question is a very serious one.
The disease is in New York to an extent of which you have no conception
‘and is working destruction that is disheartening. All along the Hudson
river it is killing orchard after orchard, causing loss of hundreds of thous-
ands of dollars, making plum culture impossible where once it was a source
of great wealth. The disease will sometimes stay in a particular tree or
orchard, and not appear to spread; yet again it does spread, and as rapidly
as yellows, or more so. The only way to safety is to cut it out. It will at
times be quiescent, and again spread like a prairie fire, and be equally
destructive.

Mr. S. D. WiLuarp of Geneva, N. Y.: While at one time we were free
from black-knot in the western part of New York, it has entered and has
swept away thousands of trees. For miles and miles along the Hudson
river there is ruin by black-knot where once were plum orchards that paid
$1,000 per acre. Now every tree is killed, and no one will think of plant-
ing atree. The only way to be free from it is to cut out and burn. My
orchard is gone over twice each year and the knots cut out. The state of
the air, as to moisture or dryness, may be one reason for the spread or the
quietness of the disease. I have been in Minnesota, where they have
black-knot and pay no attention to it, and so must soon lose their trees.

Mr. C. A. Hawuey of Shelby: I cut and burn, as the only protection

‘against black-knot. If the ground is thoroughly tilled and the grass and
8

58 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

weeds cut, there will be less curculio. Some varieties of plum, as Brad-
shaw and Yellow Egg, are more susceptible to attacks of curculio than are
others.

Mr. Pratt has found the curculio worst on those varieties which Mr.
Haw tey thought freest.

Mr. A. Apams of Shelby: From the reports of our local commissioners,
we find that black-knot is decreasing. We have been vigilant, and the
trees reported as badly infected, two years ago, have been taken out.
Since then scarcely any has been found.

Mr. WiuLarD: There is a great difference in varieties, as to attacks of
black-knot. The Bradshaw is very free, while Reine Claude du Bavay is
most susceptible. Lombard is also bad in this respect, and Quackenbos is
nearly exempt. Hudson River Purple Egg is nearly free. I found some
in it at one time, in a single tree, and then no more for a long time, until
three years ago; then another eruption, and no more since. You must feed
the soil, especially here where it is not so retentive. Do not let the trees
overbear, for it weakens them, and thinning really makes more fruit, and
causes less draft upon the tree for seed production. There is such a thing
as over-feeding with barnyard (nitrogenous) manures. This may not be
so here, but it is certainly so upon heavier soils. Ido not like rye and
other green manures; I cultivate shallow, with harrows, among plums.

THERE IS SUCH A THING AS SOIL EXHAUSTION.

Prof. BAILEY: I used ndt to take much stock in soil exhaustion, but
since going to New York I have learned differently. As a soil grows
poorer, difficulties (diseases too) increase. Here you must build up fiber
in the soil (it may be by rye), and so make ready for potash and other
chemical fertilizers. Fruitgrowing is always easy in new regions, even as
it is here. It will not always be so easy, and you must be prepared for
those future evil days.

Mr. GepHart: There is very little black-knot, save on the imported
trees and the wild cherry in swamps; but the latter have been burnt over
of late years, which must have decreased the disease.

Mr. Apams spoke warmly of the advantages of Oceana county. There
is no yellows as yet, and the natural advantages for fruit production are
unsurpassed. They propose to head off yellows by vigorous enforcement
of the law. There is much available and unoccupied land for fruit culture,
and they expect to make horticulture a grand success, by watchfulness and
hard work. One disadvantage they have, however: transportation is not
so good as in the counties further south.

Mr. C. A. Sesstons of Mears: Prof. BatLEey’s remarks seem strange to

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 59

us, but time will demonstrate their truth. Yet there is not anywhere a
better region for fruitgrowing than here in Oceana county, as the grand
show of fruit in Mr. ADAms’ orchard will attest. The plow should never
be put into peach and plum orchards, after the third year, but cultivators
of various sorts may be used, and used so often as to make the plow unnec-
essary. I use Pearce’s gang plow. We shall have from half to two thirds
of acrop of apples, and small fruits are very full.

WILL THERE BE OVERPRODUCTION OF PLUMS ?

Mr. J. M. Hataut of Shelby: Will Mr. WiLuarp tell us what he thinks
as to the possible overproduction of plums?

Mr. WruuarD: This is a question I am often asked. There is a possi-
bility of the overproduction of some varieties. The Lombard we find no
longer profitable, on the whole; yet, like the Concord grape and the Bald-
win apple, it is everybody’s fruit. It bears a great crop, every other year,
everywhere, and the markets are flooded. The very early and the very late
plums are the ones from which to make money. Some varieties are desirable
here that are not sowith us. Yellow plums are desirable, and of these the
Bavay and Coe’s Golden Drop are the best. If such are not wanted here
_now, they will be ina few years. You can see them on Mr. GEBHART’S
farm. The Fellenburg prune will do well here, and its production is not
likely to be overdone. There are more than forty sorts of prune, but they
all go as German; and as the west is full of Germans, they will want this
sort of fruit, and feel sure they are getting just what they had in the old
country. The Fellenburg is the best of the lot. It is not everywhere so
successful as it will be here, and is all the better for that. Plums are all
right on peach roots—that is, those which take kindly to it, but some do
not.

BLACK-KNOT ONCE MORE.

Mr. N. B. Farnsworts of Shelby had never seen black-knot on plums
on peach roots and he has many varieties so budded.

Mr. WILLARD could not see how that could make any difference.

Mr. Suirts of Shelby exhibited a large black-knot he took last spring
from a plum tree on peach roots, and said he had lost many trees of that
kind. He has some Canada Egg, which he likes as well as Yellow Egg.
They bear heavily and so must be thinned.

‘Mr. Hatcut: I have ninety Bradshaw trees on peach roots, and have
cut off much black-knot from them; yet I prefer them so, for they are
larger, finer trees than when on plum roots, and longer lived. I would
plant deeply enough to secure roots from both root and stock.

60 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. W. D. Marxuam of Hart: The virtue of the peach stock is, it
provides no suckers, but a cleaner, healthier tree.

Mr. H. Paumer of Hart: I have plum trees both on peach and
plum roots. On light soil the peach root is the better, but on heavy soil
the plum root is all right.

Mr. J. B. Houx of Ludington: Can we grow young plum trees too
fast, and set‘them too deep on heavy soil?

Mr. MarxHAm: Some varieties do not take well to the peach root, and
the Lombard is one of them.

Mr. WiutLaRD: There is no question but we may grow young trees too
fast; a moderate growth is the better, the tree being hardier and in all
respects more desirable.

Mr. Hovuxk said he had nearly destroyed 300 plum trees by neha
manuring and quick growth. The Bradshaw stood it the best, the Bavay
next, but the others were mainly killed by the winter.

THE SEASON’S CROP.

Secretary Rerp followed with extensive reports of the status of the fruit
crop in all parts of the state. It revealed a nearly total failure of the
apple crop, save in the Grand Traverse region, while otherwise the pros-
pect was good for fair to full crops, grapes being unusually abundant.

In course of a crop report for his section, Mr. B. F. Prxuey of St.
Joseph proposed the following:

FERTILIZERS NEEDED FOR WORN SOILS.

I hope the society will give some attention to the matter of fertilizer for
our fruit trees. Probably seven tenths of all the land in fruit in this
region has been cultivated to fruits for the past twenty or thirty years,
and the large proportion of poor and imperfect specimens we yearly find
among our fruits is undoubtedly owing to a lack of potash and phosphoric
acid in the soil, which has measurably been exhausted by the constant
cropping. This fact admitted, the vital question is, how can these elements
be the most easily and economically supplied to the soil again? By corre-
spondence I have learned that muriate of potash, eighty per cent. pure,
could be delivered here at $47 per ton, 2,000 pounds, in carload. lots;
superphosphate at about $20 per ton, and nitrate of soda at $55, and
screened hard-wood unleached ashes from Canada at $9.50 per ton.

Perhaps some of our scientific members can tell us which of the above
would be the best for the money. That is what we want to know. Then
we can club together and order in car lots, and use enough to do some
good. I believe that with proper fertilization, and judicious spraying,
just as good fruits and abundant crops can be grown here for all time as
have been grown here for the past twenty-five years.

Tt is the climate that made this locality a successful fruitgrowing region.
That, aided by the virgin soil, produced those beautiful, high-colored and

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 61

luscious St. Joseph peaches, which are now known only in history. The
climate is the same today as it was then. If we can restore to the soil the
elements it possessed then, what is to hinder our producing anew those
peaches?

TREATMENT FOR POTATO SCAB,

Mr. L. J. Post of Lowell appended the following to his report:

I treated quite a quantity of potato with solution of corrosive sublimate,
1 to 1000, for scab. I took two oz. of sublimate and dissolved in two gal-
lons of warm rainwater, in a wooden pail, stirring it frequently; then poured
this into thirteen gallons more of water, in half of a kerosene barrel. We
used three baskets, each holding one and one half bushels, filled about level
full, of potatoes. Set one of these baskets into the solution, and it will fill
the half barrel full, and also cover the potatoes. Let them remain a few
minutes, to become thoroughly wet. Then raise them slowly and set ina
common kerosene barrel with one head out. It will probably just set in
without dropping down. Leave it here a short time to drain. The water
can be poured back into the half barrel frequently. In using three baskets
we fill one, have one in the solution, and one draining. If a good many
are to be dipped, keep a second supply of the solution close by, to replen-
ish the one half barrel as the solution is taken out by the potatoes. If the
baskets are made as they are in this vicinity, the water will pass through
very readily. There is no danger in handling this solution, even if there
are sores on the hands, as it is the same solution used in surgery. Of course
-it would not be just the proper thing to drink.

TO PREVENT POTATO SCAB.

In continuance of this subject, the secretary read the following paper
prepared by Mr. R. J. CoryELu, one of Prof. Tart’s assistants at the
Agricultural College:

Potato scab is familiar to all potato-growers. It is prevalent wherever
the potato is grown, and its origin is probably in the remote past. The
cause of scab was not known until within the past two years. Even yet
the exact life-history of the organism that causes it has not been fully
traced out. The theories that it was caused by angleworms, wireworms,
manure, or by the condition of the soil, are disproven, and the fact estab-
lished that it is caused by a plant organism resembling both the fungi and
bacteria.

It propagates by spores which are brought into contact with the growing
potato and enter it at a lentical or breathing pore, and begin their work of
destruction. Its presence is first shown by a tiny crimson spot. This col-
oration soon enlarges. The potato, in its effort to heal the wound, makes
an increased growth of cells under the diseased portion, and tends to throw
it off, which accounts for the raised surface of the scab as seen in some
specimens. The disease attacking the potato earlier in its growth, and
consequently having a longer time for its action, may involve the underly-
ing tissues to a greater extent and cause the formation of cavities, which
are filled more or less with the decaying mass of destroyed tissues. Worms,
mites, myriapods, etc., feeding on this decayed substance, led many to think
that they were the cause of the injury.

62 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
CERTAIN KNOWN FEATURES OF THE CASE.

Since the discovery of the cause of the scab, the following points have
been proven to be true. These points should be kept in mind by those
that hope to successfully combat the disease:

1. The disease is of fungoid growth.

2. The planting of scabby potatoes will cause the product to be scabby.

3. The germs remain in the ground in a vital condition for several

ears.
x 4, Potatoes free from scab germs, planted on free ground, will raise a
clear product.

5. Tops from affected potatoes, or litter from the potato pits, will carry
the germs.

Knowing these facts, the grower will be chary about growing potatoes
on the same land without several years of intervening crops. He should
be careful to keep the tops in the field that grew the crop, and he should
seek to plant seed that is free from the disease.

GERMS ON SEED MAY BE KILLED.

There is as yet no known way of treating the grown potato to prevent
scab, but the germs can be killed on the seed potato, which, when planted
on ground free from the germs, must raise a product unmarked by scab.
When the cause of the disease was discovered, the different fungicides
were tried, to find which was the specific for this disease. Up to the pres-
ent, corrosive sublimate seems to give the best result, although Bordeaux
mixture, in the hands of some experimenters, has made a good showing.
From the results of the past two years we have advised the following |
treatment: For one half of a barrel of water, dissolve two ounces of cor-
rosive sublimate in hot water, using two quarts or more; then dilute to the .
one half of a barrel. If the potatoes are dirty, wash them, and then ©
immerse them in the solution for one and one half hours. They then
may be cut and planted. The time of soaking is immaterial. It may be
done weeks before planting, if desirable. The corrosive sublimate solu-
tion must be kept in glass, earthen, or wooden vessels, as it will corrode
tin or iron.

It is not known how many bushels the one half barrel of the solution
will treat. The corrosive sublimate is absorbed by the potato, and in my
opinion it will become too weak before the quantity becomes too small
for use. This point can be settled in the experiment station by the aid of
the chemist.

The poison will act on the germ of the potato, also, but if the solution
is made the proper strength and the potatoes immersed the proper time, the
germination is affected only by being slightly retarded. By treating and
growing many pieces in the college forcing-house, I found that the time
of vegetation of the treated pieces, as compared with the untreated was
twenty hours later. This was the average of a large number of pieces.
In the experiment where the solution was double the normal strength, the
seed that was soaked one and one half hours was four and one half days
later in vegetating than the untreated seed. In a triple-strength solution,
the difference was nine days. In no case did the seed fail, in time, to
germinate.

This year the field experiments on potato scab comprise 120 plots, and

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MBETING. 63

consisted of Bordeaux mixture and corrosive sublimate, using different
strength and soaking in different lengths of time.

Prof. Bouty of North Dakota has shown that the yield is increased by
treating affected seed. The reason is that the bases of vines are affected,
ate causes them to weaken and die much sooner than they otherwise
would.

In conclusion the assertion can be made that treating seed potatoes and
planting on ground free from the germs will give an increased yield and
an undiseased product.

COMMITTEES-—AND A GOOD DINNER.

At conclusion of those reports, President Lyon announced the follow-
ing committees:

On Resolutions—L. R. Tarr, Agricultural college; R. Morriiu, Benton
Harbor; J. B. Houx, Ludington; J. J. Ger, Whitehall.

On Exhibits—S. D. W1Luarp, Geneva, N. Y.; L. H. Bartey, Ithaca,
N. Y.; A. S. Packarp, Covert; Mrs. C. A. Sessions, Mears.

Adjournment was made till 1:30 o’clock, when Mr. Pratt announced
that Oceana county produced another excellent product, besides fruit, and
that was good cooks, as the visitors might know if they would proceed to
a certain hall, where those cooks had gathered and were in waiting. The
pomologists lost no time in taking the hint, and were soon busy with a
banquet of exceeding fine quality, served by the wives and daughters of
the hospitable fruitgrowers of Shelby.

Following the paper upon potato rot, came the following one by Prof. L.
R. Tart:

THE DISEASES OF FRUITS.

The freedom of all plants from disease depends to a large extent upon
the surroundings to which they are exposed. In an unsuitable soil or
climate, if they survive at all, they at best will make a weak and feeble
growth and are not only subject to disease, but, if attacked, they are very
likely to succumb.

Disease may be defined as some derangement of the organs that prevents
them from properly performing their functions.

While it is expected that this paper will treat of those diseases that are
of a fungous or bacterial nature, brief allusion will not be out of place
to other diseases, or other causes, which, although non-parasitic of them-
selves, frequently produce or promote the development of fungi and
bacteria.

INCENTIVES TO DISEASE.

Among the first of these may be mentioned the injurious effect of wet
soils. All fruitgrowers understand that few of our fruits will thrive when
placed in low spots where water stands after a rain, or where they will
have wet feet; but it is not so well known that trees growing in depres-

64 STATEH HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sions, well drained though they be, are more subject to fungous diseases
than those upon adjoining knolls. As exceptions to this rule we must note
the plants which naturally grow in moist soils, and all such as are subject
to the powdery mildews, the development of which is induced in hot, dry
summers upon the high land. While other causes may act, it is likely that
the dew deposited upon the foliage, being heavier in the depression than
upon the elevation, though but a few rods apart, is the principal cause of
the difference.

The amount and character of the plant food supplied to plants has of
course much to do with their growth, and, as noted above, this modifies to
a considerable extent their susceptibility to the attack of fungi. The
injury is caused by the entrance into the tissue of the plants of the roots
(hyphe) of the fungi, and if the pants are uninjured, and have made a
normal growth, the difficulty of gaining an entrance into the interior will
be enhanced. Plants growing in a rich, moist soil, containing large
amounts of organic matter, particularly stable manure, are likely to make
a loose, watery growth through which the germ tubes can readily gain
entrance. On the other hand, the use of fertilizers deficient in nitrogen,
but rich in potash and phosphoric acid, will promote a firm growth that
will not only be less subject to the attack of fungous diseases, but will be
less injured by unfavorable soil or climatic conditions. By the proper use
of these fertilizers (ground bone, wood ashes, and potash salts), there is
also a decided improvement in the flavor and color of the fruit.

OPERATION OF FUNGI AND BACTERIA.

With every precaution in caring for our fruits, destructive fungi often
gain admittance, and battle must be waged against them.

While the number of diseases caused by fungi is legion, the number of
bacterial diseases that are known to act as parasites is comparatively small.
If in any way the microbes (seeds) of these diseases gain entrance to the
interior of the plants, they spread from cell to cell, causing a sort of fer-
mentation and destruction of the tissues. These microbes are very minute,
requiring the highest power of the microscope to reveal their presence.
The affected portions turn brown and the plant has much the appearance
of being sunburned.

In the case of fungi, however, it is often possible with the unaided eye to
make out the nature of the disease, as each has its own specific appearance
and at some time of their development they form upon or just beneath the
surface clusters of seeds known as spores. These may be arranged, one
upon the other, in chains, or in groups upon the extremities of long,
slender stems, giving the leaves or stems a powdery or, at other times, a
velvety appearance.

When the specific appearance of either fungi or bacteria can be made
out with the microscope, the botanist has no difficulty in determining
which is causing the disease and what species it is. A person familiar
with the appearance of the different diseases can also often do this without
the aid of a microscope. While no general rule can be given which will
apply in all cases, it may be said that if any portion of a plant takes on a
velvety, downy, or powdery appearance, or shows brown spots in which
black dots appear, the disease is due to a fungus. On the other hand, if the
leaves turn brown without apparent cause, with none of the above indica-
tions, it is very likely due to a bacterial disease.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 65
TWO CLASSES OF FUNGI.

The fungi of our fruits, as is the case with all other forms, may, for our
present purpose, be divided into two classes—(1) those that remain for the
most part outside the tissues of the plants, and (2) those that are devel-
oped within them. These fungi, like other plants, form spores in one or
more ways, that act as seeds to perpetuate the species. So soon as they
develop they are likely to be moved about in some way, generally by the
wind, and if they fall upon plants of the proper kind they will germinate,
provided a sufficient amount of moisture is present. As for seeds, the
presence of moisture is necessary for germination, and this explains, in
part at least, why the various fungous diseases are, as a rule, more
injurious in wet than in dry seasons.

After germinating, the threads of the fungus find access to the interior
of the plant, penetrating the cells and absorbing the contents. As a
result, the cells shrivel and dry up, giving the portion of the plant involved
a brown appearance. After a time the fungus develops spores, generally
in great numbers, by which it is propagated and distributed.

In a general way, it will be seen that there is a very close analogy
between the life history of the fungi and that of the higher plants.

INJURY NOT CONFINED TO ONE SEASON,

The injury from fungi is several fold, and is by no means confined to
the portion of the plant attacked. The stems, leaves, and fruits upon
which it appears, are, in severe cases, destroyed outright. The fungus
taking up the food designed for other parts of the plant, may thus affect
quite distant portions by destroying the leaves. The power of the plant
upon which it is feeding, of developing food, is greatly decreased and its
growth is thus checked.

It will thus be seen that the damage is greater than appears at first
sight, as not only is the portion where the fungus shows destroyed, but,
from one or both of the other causes, growth in other parts of the plant
may be nearly or quite prevented.

HOW FUNGI MAY BE DESTROYED.

It has been found by experiment that the seeds (spores) of fungi, if
brought into contact with certain materials, are unable to develop, and
upon this fact the spraying of plants with fungicides depends. While
various chemicals have a good effect, there has been nothing found which
equals copper sulphate; and the preparation known as Bordeaux mixture
is for most purposes preferred to all others. The only objection to it is
that it forms a sort of whitewash over the plants, and it is not well to
apply it to portions of plants which are to be eaten, within four weeks
from the time they are tobe used. If properly applied it will disappear by
that time and no injurious effects will be produced.

From the fact that most of the fungi live in the interior of other plants,
they are beyond the reach of any treatment after they have obtained a
foothold, and our only hope is in preventives. It can readily be seen,
from what has been said, that, if the entire surface of a plant can be kept
covered with some fungicide during the growing season, the spores which

9

66 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fall upon it will be destroyed, and thus the plant will be kept healthy.
This is what we should attempt to do when spraying with fungicides, and
the nearer we approach it the greater will be our success in keeping off
diseases from our plants.

From the fact that the so-called powdery mildews of the grape, goose-
berry, rose, etc., live upon the surface of the plants, they are quite easily
destroyed at any time; but for the most part little can be done after the
fungi have affected a lodgment except to prevent further spread of the
disease.

The work with fungicides, by the experiment stations, has been along
three principal lines: (1) What fungicides are most efficient, and in
what strength should they be used? (2) When should they be applied?
(3) For what diseases are they specifics?

As has been stated, Bordeaux mixture is now regarded as one of the
best, not only as being one of the most efficient but because it does not
burn the foliage, permits the addition of Paris green, thus forming a
combined insecticide and fungicide, and is withal a cheap remedy.

PREPARATION OF FUNGICIDES.

The formula and method of preparation have many times been given,
but it should be noted that the strength has been considerably reduced, as
while some prefer to use so much as four pounds of copper sulphate and
three pounds of lime, to thirty-two gallons of water, particularly for the
first application, half that strength (four pounds of copper sulphate,
three pounds of lime, and sixty-four gallons of water) will give fully as
good results, particularly after the first application.

For use late in the season when there is danger of the lime coating the
fruit, modified eau celesté (2 pounds of copper sulphate, 2 pounds of soda
carbonate, 1 quart strong ammonia water, and 32 gallons of water); or
ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate (3 ounces copper carbonate.
3 pints strong ammonia water, and 32 gallons of water) are preferable.
but one application is all that will be desirable.

To secure the best results, the application should be made early in the
season, as one spraying before the leaves appear is worth a half dozen
after the fruit is half grown. For most fruits, an application early in the
spring, before the buds swell (it way be done in the fall if there is more
time), is desirable. The stems and branches are at that time more or less
covered with the spores, and, as the foliage is off, they can be readily
reached, and a small amount of material will suffice to destroy them. If
the disease is likely to become troublesome, it is a good plan to make a
second application just before the fruit buds open, and to repeat it within
a week after the blossoms fall, although these last two may be combined
in one application, to be made as soon as the trees are out of bloom. As
a rule not more than five applications need be made to ward off the disease
(the last ones at intervals of two or three weeks), and in favorable seasons
two or three are all that will be profitable with most crops, while very
marked effects can be produced with one.

WHAT FUNGICIDES WILL DO.

In a general way we may say that by the thorough use of fungicides,
nearly all the diseases of our fruits may be kept in check. Recent exper-

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 67

iments would seem to demonstrate that the curl of the peach leaf may be
almost entirely prevented, although the cold, wet weather in which this
disease is most troublesome, is not favorable for the use of fungicides.

The brown rot, which not only destroys our peaches, plums, and cher-
ries, but is often quite injurious to the leaves and branches of the trees,
can with care be kept in check; although for the same reason it, like the
peach leaf curl, is a difficult disease to control. To secure the best results,
the diseased fruits should be buried, and after giving the ground a thor-
ough wetting down at the time of the first application, work it with some
sort of drag or cultivator, to bury as many as possible of the spores. By
thinning the fruits so they will not touch each other, the rot can also be
greatly reduced, and this should at any rate be done to increase the size
of the remaining fruits.

While the use of fungicides will lessen the chances of the spread of
black-knot, it should not be relied upon in fighting this insidious disease.
As soon as a knot appears it should be cut off and burned. If this is done
as early as May of the first season, before the greenish, velvety coat forms,
it will ripen no spores; while if left until the following April, two crops
at least will have been scattered. When upon the trunk of a tree, when
serious harm would be done by the cutting off of the knot, it can be
pared off, and, by treating the wound with tincture of iodine, the knot
will be destroyed.

The fungicides may also be used for the strawberry leaf blight, which
is often so destructive to our best varieties. The application of Bordeaux
mixture to the plants in August, and again as soon as the blossoms have

fallen in spring, will render free from disease varieties that are very
subject to it.

The scab of the apple and pear, and the leaf blights of the pear, quince,
and plum, can be readily controlled by spraying; but, as for the other dis-
eases, to be entirely successful the applications must be made at the proper
time. During the past winter, thousands of young plum trees died
because the wood was in an unripe condition, from the fact that the trees
dropped their leaves in July or August. Had they been sprayed, even
once, when the disease first appeared, they would have retained enough of
their leaves to go into winter quarters in good condition.

While the loss of the apple crop in 1892 was in part due to climatic
conditions and other diseases (some of them, probably, bacterial), the
apple scab fungus appeared upon the foliage, and, where it was not severe
enough to cause the leaves to drop, it destroyed more or less of the tissue
and greatly reduced the growth of the trees.

The grape was one of the first fruits upon which fungicides were used,
and the more successful growers use the spraying pump as freely as the
cultivator. From localities where, without its use, grapes could not be
grown, some of the finest fruit upon the New York market is shipped.

As with the disease mentioned above, so with nearly all others. If
spraying is undertaken in time, and is properly kept up, they can be held
in subjection and their terrors will be lost.

THE WHOLE MATTER DISCUSSED.

It is not safe, Prof. Tarr said, to use the arsenites or Bordeaux mixture
upon ripening fruits. The several strengths of the Bordeaux mixture for

68 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

successive sprayings, should be four, three, and two pounds of copper
sulphate, with lime in proportion. These will be as effectual as though
the strongest solution were used continuously, while the expense is
decreased and the work is more easily done.

Mr. C.F. Hate: Have there not been several different formule given
out at different times? And is there any danger of getting it too strong?

Prof. Tarr: No; none of them are too strong, but weaker ones are as
well later in the season. I would advise two sprayings before the leaves
appear, and, on the peach, two after the petals drop. One of these spray-
ings may be done in the fall or very early spring. I would spray twice
yet this season, or oftener if rains are excessive. The spraying must be
done before the rot of the fruit appears, and so as to all other fungi, for it
is a preventive to germination of the spores, not a cure after the spores
have grown and entered the leaves or fruit and are beyond the reach of
any remedy.

Mr. Morriuu: I find that in four or five cases, here, men have sprayed
peach trees with Bordeaux mixture, and the effect, in decrease of curl-leaf,
is plain to be seen.

Prof. Tart: The spray will not stop the curl in any one leaf, but will
prevent spread of the fungus to others.

Someone asked Prof. BatLgey what nozzle he preferred, and he said the
McGowen, made at Forest Home, N. Y., and he went on to say: You have
no idea of the extent and thoroughness with which spraying is carried on
in New York, where it is the sole reliance for crops of fruit of all kinds.
Spraying is done four, five, six, even ten times per season. Its value is
various, and is not confined to the crop of the first year, but helps pre-
serve that of the next, by the increased vigor it gives the trees. He cited
the case of an extensive grape-grower in the Cayuga lake region, who
declared that if rot attacked his grapes he would cut them out, for he
could have no margin of profit if the annual expenses were in any way
increased. But Mr. Baitey told him he would find himself spraying, and
he did; and found also that he was making more money than before, so
much was the crop increased.

Mr. Morriuyt: I have seen enough damage done by curl-leaf this
morning to pay for spraying all the orchards within five miles.

Prof. Tarr: Use of Paris green in the Bordeaux mixture will not hurt
any sort of foliage before the first of July, and it pays to do so; but the
arsenic should not be used within four weeks of picking.

Mr. A. Apams of Shelby: A peculiar spot was noticed on some of my
peaches last year. At first it was creamy white, turning to reddish brown,
like freckles, and growing to the size of adime. It did not seem to affect

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 69

either the size or flavor of the fruit, and was not raised above the surface;
but it made the fruit unmarketable. I stopped the spread of it on some
varieties by the use of Bordeaux spray.

Prof. BaiLey said it had been noticed upon peaches and apricots in
New York, and was a new thing, but could, doubtless, be prevented by
the measure Mr. ADAms had taken.

Wednesday Afternoon Session.

The second session of the meeting was devoted to topics germane to
peach culture, and was largely attended and thoroughly enjoyed. The
subject was introduced by the following papers, the secretary reading the
one provided by Mr. Taytor, his attendance being impossible:

PEACH YELLOWS— THE OUTLOOK.

This is not an attractive subject. We treat it asa duty, not asa pleasure.
It recalls memories of blighted hopes and disappointments; but even these
are not to be despised if they are turned to good account.

To this end various questions come to mind for solution as we contem-
plate the origin of the disease and the progress that has been made in
eradicating it before it eradicates the fortunes of those who are interested
in the growing of such a desirable fruit.

It might not help us to a remedy for peach yellows to know whose orchard
produced the first tree affected by it, or whether the proprietor propagated
from it as a new and choice variety, and sold the trees at a fancy price and
the fruit for its beauty and flavor; but it would be a source of satisfaction
to know the conditions, circumstances, soil, and surroundings of the tree
which developed the first germs of such an insidious enemy to our choicest
peach belts.

HOW DID IT ORIGINATE?

Was there a malaria peculiar to peach-growing districts, generated by
exhalations from decaying leaves and wood? Did the growing trees exhaust
the vitalizing elements of the atmosphere essential to peach perfection in
wood and fruit? Who can tell? Causes often open the way to cures. If
we knew the former we might successfully strive for the latter. The invis-
ible germs of disease are often more to be feared than disease itself. Is
this disease, peach yellows, of long duration? Have great efforts been
made to eradicate it? How long did it blight the growing tree and destroy
the ripening fruit before it was recognized as an enemy to the peach
industry ?

70 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
WHERE THE DISEASE FIRST APPEARED.

Ninety years ago, or about the beginning of the present century, it
prevailed sufficiently to attract attention. How long before this it had
been making inroads upon peach groves, no one seems to have written
nor recollected. When it first appeared there were no great interests at
stake, and hence no counteracting efforts to its progress. About the year
1800 this disease made such inroads upon the peach groves near Philadel-
phia, in the states of Pennsylvania and Delaware, as to cause anxiety and
alarm. From this locality it found its way into the states of New Jersey,
New York, and Connecticut wherever peach trees were planted in any
considerable number.

As peach-growing was not at that time a specialty in any part of the
. country, very little is found on record to show how extensively the disease
prevailed or how fatally it did its work. In fact, we can not be sure that
commercial peach-growing had much to do with the pomology of that
time. A few trees, here and there, for domestic use was the, prevailing
method of cultivation. As facilities for transportation of perishable
fruits long distances were not at hand, only those who lived within easy
reach of great cities grew peaches for market.

Under such conditions, a disease like yellows could do its work without
exciting any special interest in the public mind; and it seems quite proba-
ble that this insidious disease crept slowly along into the clumps of trees
which adorned the yards and gardens for years before it became a subject
of historical observation. And there is no evidence that our country has
been entirely free from peach yellows from the time it first appeared,
even many years before a record was made of its existence. Some seasons
seem to have been much more prolific of disease germs than others, so
that the industry waxed and waned according to the prevalence of the
mysterious cause of destruction.

NOTES OF ITS PROGRESS.

We can not better describe its characteristic progress than by speaking
of it as both epidemic and contagious. It may be regarded as contagious.
With this element ever present in its nature we can readily see how it
lives from year to year without attracting much attention. The few old
trees which may be found in by-places and neglected gardens hold the
germs in readiness for dissemination at the first favorable opportunity.
Like small-pox or whooping-cough in the human family, peach yellows
has its hiding-places, and because these are not searched out and reno-
vated the disease germs are rendered active by climatic and physical con-
ditions to which we are strangers, and then comes the epidemic.

These epidemic periods seem to have come around in 1800, 1830, and
about 1868, and now, in 1892, the fourth climax has been reached.
We shall be disappointed if it does not wane again during 1893-94.

FIRST ATTEMPT IN CHECKING YELLOWS.

In 1875 the first attempt at systematic sanitary measures to check its
' progress was made in Allegan, Ottawa, and Van Buren counties, Michi-
gan. This was a small beginning, and was poorly executed, but where
would the peach industry be today if this beginning had not been made?

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 71

And where might it not have been if each and every grower had been faith-
ful to the letter and spirit of the law? You may call these imaginary ques-
tions, but among those who have earnestly labored to make the legal
remedy effectual, who will say he is not satisfied with the result? Who
can wish the work had not been done? And who among the delinquents
does not wish he had cut the first tree and every tree as the disease
appeared upon his own grounds?

Within a period of ten years or less after peach yellows found its way
into Berrien county, the peach industry was entirely wiped out. There
may have been a few straggling trees left, but it was difficult to find
them. Would not the same be true of the whole peach belt under like
treatment?

When we contrast the difference between those sections where sanitary
measures were thus early introduced and faithfully carried out and those
left in their diseased condition from year to year, or doctored with imag-
inary remedies and semi-scientific prescriptions, we are satisfied with the
result.

During the years 1877, 1878, and 1879, peach yellows raged like an
epidemic from South Haven to Saugatuck along the lake shore. There
the first battle of opposition to its progress was fought and there sub-
stantial progress was made in counteracting its ravages. Since that time
the number of diseased trees that have appeared from year to year is very
- limited.

Other localities, further from the lake, seemed to be more fortunate then
than now. Wherever thorough work was not done to counteract the prog-
ress of peach yellows in 1878 and 1879, it has of late assumed an epidemic
~form to the great detriment of the peach industry. These facts give us
sufficient ground for encouragement for future work.

We do not attribute this decline in the ravages of peach yellows to any
advantage gained by contiguity to lake Michigan, unless it be that on our’
western border no delinquent worker for extermination could ieave his
diseased trees standing to harbor germs for future dissemination or
growth.

We have only attempted to approximate the periods of greatest out-
breaks of yellows in general terms, keeping in mind the fact that it does
not show its worst features in all parts of the country at the same time.
Like a contagious disease in the human family, it may prevail in Mary-
land one year and in Michigan the next, or vice versa.

The exact dates of greatest destruction, as recorded by Dr. Erwin F.
Smith, special agent of the national department of agriculture, run as fol-
lows: First recognized appearance of peach yellows in 1791. Then
followed the epidemic periods of 1806 and 1807, 1817 to 1821, 1845 to
1858, 1874 to 1878, 1886 to 1888, and 1890 to 1892. As the former periods
were followed by comparative immunity, we look for similar results at the
present time.

HOW REPRESSION IS TO BE ACCOMPLISHED.

But this result can not be looked for without effort. The best sanitary
measures must be used. Those who keep up a vigorous warfare upon
every tree and influence which can harbor the germs of propagation will
soon have an open field for extending their plantations, and less compe-
tition in the markets. If they suffer for a while from the negligence

72 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and obtuseness of neighbors, they will soon be rewarded for their vigilance
by the diminution of neighboring orchards.

Nature has its methods of compensation. Those who wisely try to help
themselves will in due time find help in the laws of a well ordered uni-
verse. Men who ignore the laws of health and the sanitary conditions
around them will in due time suffer the consequences. Those who care-
fully guard against disease and comply with the laws of health are often
exempt from the scourges of contagion which depopulate cities and
villages. This principle seems to be as true in horticulture as it is in
society. We recognize only one serious difference: The sanitary laws of .
society are now well understood. Cleanliness with the proper use of
disinfectants, does not often fail to secure the desired results. The sani-
tary laws of peach tree growth and health are as yet only partially under-
stood. Some things needful to be done are quite evident, while others
which should be done are measurably obscure.

SOME ESTABLISHED FACTS.

After varied and numerous experiments, Dr. Smith says the following
facts have been established:

1. “The disease, yellows, is contagious.

2. “It may be conveyed by seemingly healthful buds when these are
taken from diseased trees.

3. “Only a very small amount of infective material is necessary, pro-
vided it be in the form of living cells, which can be induced to unite
actively with the growing tissue of the tree.

4, “The disease has a longer period of incubation than we have been
accustomed to suppose.

5. “The death of the entire tree occurs ordinarily only after several
years of infection.”

Dr. Smith also concludes that some other hypotheses are highly
probable:

1. “ The whole tree is affected when symptoms appear in any part of it.

2. “In some cases the time between the insertion of a diseased bud and
the appearance of the disease is longer than has been clearly established.

3. “The disease is also communicated to budded trees in some other
way than by bud inoculation.

4. “The trees are not infected throught the blossoms.

5. “Since the diseased trees have been shown to be very full of infec-
tious matter, it must be that, for unknown reasons, much of this fails to
find an immediate entrance into healthy trees.”

It is quite evident, then from these facts and hypotheses, that intelli-
gent men can work intelligently toward the production of healthy peach
orchards if they will. Living germs of disease are undoubtedly to be
found in every part of the growing tree that is infected, and hence
destruction is the only remedy. How long these germs can propagate
their kind, after a tree is dead has not, as yet, been determined. There is
room for further investigation; and while this is going on, every man
should be vigilant in removing and destroying every possible source of
peach-tree malaria that may be found on his premises. This being done
promptly and thoroughly, we believe the outlook for success is highly
encouraging.

The following paper was read by Mr. Ronanp Mornritt of Benten Harbor:

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 73

PEACH CULTURE IN MICHIGAN.

Notwithstanding our high latitude and supposed cold climate, Michigan
enjoys the reputation of growing peaches as successfully, if not more so,
as any other state in the Union.* In fact, I believe it is the only state
that has not had a complete failure within twenty years. Of course, this
applies particularly to the fruit-belt proper, a belt some two hundred miles
long on the western shore of lake Michigan, extending inland from ten to
twenty-five miles and including the high lands of Allegan, VanBuren, and
Kent counties, further inland, besides certain other favored localities scat-
tered over the state. Such a thing as a total failure over all this region
has never been known. In viewof the fact that the peach crop seems to be
entirely reliable over such a large territory in our state, and considering
our unequaled markets and shipping facilities, it would seem well that we
consider the lessons of the past, discuss the present situation, and study
the prospects for the future of this great industry.

First, we will say that, with the possible exception of the apple crop, no
other fruit crop is watched with the same eagerness by the great army of
consumers, all over the country, as the peach crop. Large crops are hailed
with delight everywhere, and short ones with sorrow.

The fact that successful peach culture is restricted to certain sections by
climatic influences, and even in those localities is further restricted by
certain diseases and insects, furnishes the only reason why it is so profitable.

WHERE TO PLANT A PEACH ORCHARD.

To be entirely successful, peach orchards should never be planted on low,
wet lands, nor on any land that does not have free atmospheric drainage to
adjacent lower lands.

Other conditions being right, the peach succeeds on a great variety of
soils, from light sand to heavy clay; but the ideal soil is a rich sandy or
gravelly loam.

THE SORT OF MAN FOR A PEACH-GROWER.

After a proper selection of a location and soil, permit me to say a word
about who should grow peaches and who should not. Peach-growing is
not what it was years ago, when you could set the trees in out-of-the-way
places, neglect them, and get plenty of fruit.

The successful grower of today must be intelligent, alert, industrious,
and ambitious. Given these qualities and a suitable location anywhere
within this peach-belt, and no business pays better dividends today, nor
willinthefuture. But the “crank” who thinks he can cure yellows should
not be allowed to set peaches in any neighborhood. There is another class
of men who, for their own good, should not embark in the business—that
is the confiding men, who always wait for the smooth-tongued traveling
tree agent to come along and tell them what to set, finally supplying them
with a list of his ‘‘ World Beaters,” ‘‘ Velvet Cheeks,” ‘“ None Such,” “Tron
Clads,” and other impossible varieties, shown by beautiful colored plates
or by choice specimens of Oldmixon or Crawford in magnifying bottles.
I used to think that this class of agents should be landed in state prison,

10

74 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but have gradually come to the conclusion that they may be of some good
after all; for, in these days of horticultural meetings everywhere, with
papers and magazines devoted to our interests printed in nearly every state,
the man who is duped in this manner really deserves the loss which follows
the transaction. Still, the public have a right to complain, as a locality
having many of these dupes can not maintain a very good reputation for
either fruit or intelligence, as it furnishes a dumping ground for nursery
trash that should go to the brush-heap and be burned.

AS TO BUYING TREES.

Now, a few words about buying trees. Never buy of irresponsible tray-
eling agents. It is never safe. Do not buy in a locality where people are
negligent as to yellows. Buy only of men who have a good reputation and
are careful to maintain it. Such men will always give as low prices as they
can afford, for cash, and you should not ask them to give you credit, as the
thought naturally occurs to them that if your credit is good you would not
be looking for it abroad. Always provide yourself with cash, then buy
close, never accepting any but choice stock of proper age. The only
inducement to a nurseryman to take your note is in case he is overstocked
or can work off upon you unsalable varieties or ages. Depend upon it, he
will not give you as good a deal as he would for cash.

SOME OTHER GOOD POINTS.

Little need be said about fitting land and setting trees, except that, of
course, it should by all means be well and deeply plowed and harrowed. It
is also important that the trees be procured in the fall and properly heeled
in. Then they will be at hand the moment they are desired for setting,
which should be as early as the soil will work nicely. Another advantage
in fall purchasing is that you can then get whatever varieties you want.
They stand shipment better, and generally cost less money. The neglect
of these precautions has been the source of many disappointments in
peach-growing. ‘Treesshould not be set closer than 20x20 feet, or 108 trees
per acre, and they should be very firmly set. A few hours’ or even days’
extra time spent in getting rows perfectly straight and trees properly set
will be a source of pride ever after, and is always an attraction if you want
to sell a farm.

CULTURAL METHODS.

A young orchard should receive thorough culture with some hoed crop
(corn preferred) until about August 1, for the first two years, after which
it should receive the same culture without any crop. If the location is one
in which curl-leaf prevails, it is safer to delay all cultivation until about
June 1, or until settled warm weather.

Trimming should be commenced as soon as the growth is fairly started,
by rubbing off all growth up to a point about two feet from the ground.
Then select three or four strong shoots, evenly distributed about the body
for about a foot above this point. From these form your top, trimming out
all others. The next spring cut back the strongest growths to correspond
with the rest. After this cut back all strong growth each year, fully one

5 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 75
half. Some growers advocate the practice of maintaining a center growth
or leader. This is good practice in the south, where protection from the
scalding sun is needed; but in this state it is decidedly wrong, in my opin-
ion, as I find that the peach needs all the sun and air it can get to secure
a full development and a rich color. The practice of cutting back annual
growths I consider of great importance. It causes the development of
abundant fruit-spurs all along the limbs, gives hardier buds and more of
them, makes the tree stocky and beautiful, able to carry heavy loads of
fruit without props or artificial support. It may thicken the growth so
that some thimning becomes necessary, but the remaining growth is all the
better for that. Of course, a proper thinning of the fruit must be practiced
with this system, otherwise the free-bearing varieties would soon be ruined
by over-production.

Thinning may be delayed until the peaches are nearly half grown, if you
have plenty of help with which to do the work quickly, but by all means
get them thinned to four to six inches apart before the pit begins to harden,
as the process of seed formation is what draws upon the vitality of the
trees. As many bushels of peaches, and many more dollars, can be realized
from an orchard thoroughly thinned as from one not thinned; besides, the
trees are not exhausted and will bear annual crops, which they will not do
if allowed to over-bear.

INSECT ENEMIES.

The insect foes of the peach are comparatively few, the only ones requir-
ing much attention being the borer, which attacks the trunks of the trees
at the surface of the ground; and the curculio, which stings the fruit. The
former can be prevented from doing any damage by the banking of the
trees up to the height of a foot, about June 1, and leaving the earth there
until about September 1, then hoeing it down and away from the body of
the tree, rubbing or scraping the body of the tree clean to dislodge any of
the eggs that may have been deposited there. If this plan is carefully fol-
lowed, it is usually an entire success; but the trees must be watched, and
if any borers begin to work on or inside the bark they must be dug out
with a sharp knife.

There are several successful methods of fighting the curculio, but I
think the plan of jarring them upon sheets is by far the safest and best.
There is a trap manufactured, called the wheelbarrow trap, which carries
the canvass like an inverted umbrella, with a tin hopper or box under-
neath, holding about a bushel.. With this trap one man can do as much
work as four can with the old-fashioned hand sheets, and their cost should
not exceed $20. With one or more of these traps at hand, the cherry,
plum, and peach crops are easily saved from the ravages of the “little
Turk.” When the trees are jarred in this manner, many stung peaches
are collected in the box. These should be boiled or roasted in some man-
ner, to insure the destruction of the larve, thereby reducing your trouble
for the following year.

The only serious diseases which trouble the peach are yellows and curl-
leaf. In regard to the former we will say, without entering into any
scientific discussion of the matter, that with our present knowledge of the
disease I consider its existence a blessing in disguise, for, without it,
peaches would be cheaper than potatoes, and entirely profitless. As it is
now, the shrewd grower is always on the lookout for the disease and

76 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. J
promptly pulls out and burns any tree which shows any symptoms of the
disease, and sets a new tree in its place, while the shiftless, negligent man
will not do it, and his orchards fail, leaving him poor in pocket and spirit,
while the first named man reaps the financial reward of his enterprise and
ability to understand the situation.

Curl-leaf is undoubtedly caused by severe or sudden changes in temper-
ature, following a rapid and successful growth of foliage, and may be
prevented in great measure by withholding all cultivation of the soil until
settled warm weather. Still, when climatic conditions are right, there will
always be curl-leaf, and it is a much more serious matter than many people
suppose. But here, again, science comes to our rescue, for at our experi-
ment stations it has been demonstrated that spraying with Bordeaux
mixture effectually checks the spread of this trouble, and if begun in
season it may prevent it entirely.

RECENT IMPROVEMENT IN VARIETIES.

Much has been learned during the last few years about varieties. We
have discovered that some varieties resist both yellows and curl-leaf better
than others. We have also learned that some varieties will endure a range
of temperature of as much as ten degrees lower than the old varieties; and
that the best variety for one locality is not always the best for another.
Consequently to advise about varieties might be a mistake. The best plan
is to plant such varieties as are known to be hardy, early, and prolific; but,
while the early varieties (like Amsden, Alexander, Waterloo, etc.) fill this
bill, their utter worthlessness in other respects condemn them. Early
Rivers and Hale are better and pay very well in our northern counties, but
in the southern are hardly worth planting, when’ compared with such varie-
ties as Lewis, St. John, or Early Michigan, all freestone, hardy, productive,
and good.

Among the known good later varieties are Gold Drop, Wager, Stevens’
Rareripe, Barnard, Snow’s Orange, Smock, and a few others of this class,
with Elberta, Kalamazoo, and Conklin as among the very promising new
ones. There are other varieties which will soon be offered, which, it is
thought, will excel all the older sorts. Let us hope so.

HONESTY IN MARKETING.

Line upon line, page after page, has been written upon the advantages
of packing and marketing all kinds of fruit: honestly, both as regards the
package itself and the manner of packing; but a very little observation of
our city markets will soon convince any one that a large majority of fruit-
growers and packers have never heard of the golden rule, or else think that
it does not apply in their case; but experience is a dear school, and the
only one in which some fools learn, and the one in which some of our good
people are taking expensive lessons annually, and in their blind ignorance
ascribing all their failures and woe to other men.

GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE PEACH QUESTION.

Mr. Hawiry to Mr. Morritu: What are the best varieties for profit,
and which are the least subject to leaf-curl?

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 17

Mr. Morritut: Absence of tendency to curl is one element of profitable-
ness in Lewis, Gold Drop, Snow’s Orange, Beers’ Smock, and Stevens’ Rare-
ripe, when of sufficient age. The latter isan improvementon Stump. Three
of these are Michigan seedlings, and that may account in part for their
successful resistance to influences of our climate.

Mr. WILLARD commended Stevens’ Rareripe.

Mr. Lyon: Some sorts of peach from the south are successful there, like
Elberta, and are brought here and set extensively, as though sure to be
good. Touch such things lightly at first.

Mr. Morrityt: Ihave set 1,000 Elberta. Iam gape of a “plunger”
myself, but would not advise others to be so.

Mr. MorritL commended Brunson’s Seedling, as did also Mr. Houk.
Mr. Morritt said the Kalamazoo is hardy and of excellent quality. He
also assured enquirers of the safety of resetting peach trees where such
trees have been removed because of yellows. He had known this to be
practiced with safety in many localities.

Some one asked as to the Jacques.

Mr. Morrity: It is variable in character, and the tree is weak. Mr.
Lyon: It has for these and other reasons been dropped from the American
society’s list.

In answer to inquiries from men who had never seen yellows, Professor
Tart described the disease in all its characteristics. The disease has been
seen in nursery stock one year old, yet infected buds set into young stocks
are not likely to grow; nor will infected pits grow at all unless from trees
very slightly affected.

Mr. Lyon: We need have no fear of the spread of yellows from pits. I

once planted all the pits from an almond tree, and scarcely any grew. The
tree had yellows the next season. Mr. GuLLEY of South Haven once col-
lected a lot of yellows pits to send to Lansing for experimentation; but,
cracking a few and finding no germ, the whole were cracked and not a
single pit of them all had a germ in it, and so could not possibly have
crown.

A member said he had heard much of how yellows does not spread, and
would like to hear just how it does go.

Mr. Lyon: The theory is that, because of its appearance in remote places,
it spreads, not so much by contagion as by infection. It may spread by
diffusion of pollen; and bruising of infected trees against others is pretty
sure to cause them to have the disease. But these are theories. We are
by no means certain of the method of diffusion of the disease.

Mr. H. H. Krys of Belmont: In the vicinity of Grand Rapids, last

78 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

year, 1,000 to 2,000 trees were removed because infected with yellows; some
were burned and some were dragged out. Which is the better way?

Mr. Morritt: Take some dry fuel to the orchard; cut up the diseased
tree, even below the surface, and burn it right there. But little trouble
will be had in doing this thoroughly, and it is the only certain way to pre-
vent spread of disease from the cut tree. Onnoaccount should it be drawn
through the orchard.

Mr. MEISENHEIMER of Ludington: Is there any yellows in Oceana
county ?

Mr. A. ADAMS of Shelby: No tree has ever been seen or known cer-
tainly to have the disease. In two or three cases, trees which did not look
just right have been taken out, but it is not known that their malady was
yellows. It is not believed to have been.

Nevertheless, Mr. Morrie told of a Benton Harbor packer who bought
a carload of peaches in Oceana county, and some of the fruit certainly had
yellows. Oceana county men, however, would not admit that this was
even possible. ‘“ Did not that car pass through Fennville on its way?”
humorously asked one of Oceana’s champions.

Mr. Garver of Hart asked what was the condition of a tree that made
it likely to produce yellows within itself; but to his puzzling query there
was no answer.

Mr. Packarp of Covert: The Oceana men do not seem to know what .
yellows is when they see it. They would better get some one who does
know it by sight and have him go through their orchards. “If you are
clear of the disease you are fortunate. Keep clear.”

Mr. Morritu having remarked that yellows should not be feared,
because it is really a benefit, keeping the careless and indifferent out of
the business of peach-growing, and so preventing over-production, Mr.
Lyon said he objected to that idea. Arrangements for transportation and
consumption are not so well provided as they would be if there were a
greater production of fruit. Yellows is an insidious enemy, and we would
much better be without it.

' Mr. Pacxarpd spoke briefly about packages and packing. In his own
house he insists upon honest packing in every respect. The average com-
mission merchant is as honest as the average fruitgrower. [ Applause. |

Mr. MEISENHEIMER: I make three grades, and I get nearly as much for
seconds as firsts, and probably because of their uniformity.

Prof. Battey: Nearly all these difficulties which have been spoken of
are educational, and the greater they are the better the fruitgrowers. I
have had experience among the fruitgrowers about South Haven, and

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEBTING. 79

again among those of the east, who are much more shiftless in their methods
than are you Michigan men; and it is apparent that improved methods
come in where yellows is most prevalent.

Mr. Morritu: That is just my idea of it. Have yellows and fight it
and you will succeed.

The desirability of the Susquehanna peach was spoken of. Those who
had grown it in Oceana county said very few had been produced, but those
were of very fine quality.

Mr. Packarp: It bore with me better than any other variety last year.

Mr. FarnswortH: They bud and bloom, but the least cold weather
causes the blossoms to drop. The buds are perfectly hardy.

Mr. ApAms and Mr. HA ts said that the peach orchards which have had
the earliest and best cultivation now are showing the least curl-leaf; they
had cultivated early in order to avoid it.

Mr. Morri.u advised against too much early cultivation, so as to avoid
having so much tender growth exposed to cold winds.

Mr. MEISENHEIMER: My earliest cultivated orchard has three times as
much curl-leaf as the one cultivated later.

Mr. FarnswortH: Curl-leaf is caused by sudden changes in May, when
the winds are from the east and northeast. Orchards sheltered from such
winds have little of the disease, while those exposed have much of it.

Mr. MarkHam: Cultivation has little to do with it; it’s the weather.
Some seasons we have very little of it, some seasons much. I cultivate
early, to get the work out of the way, and shall continue to do so.

Mr. Hatecur: It seems to be worked out to a demonstration that we
don’t know what the cause of this disease is.

Prof. Tart: But little is really known. In May or June comes a check
to the growth of the leaves, and a fungus develops. Probably cold and wet
weather is the cause of this. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture, early,
before the leaves appear, and again before and after the blossoming, will
greatly reduce but not wholly remove the disease. It would be entirely
effectual but that the cold rains wash away the fungicide.

Mr. H. H. Pratt said he had used this method on a few trees, as a
matter of experiment, and with success.

80 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Wednesday Evening Session.
SEX IN FRUITS.

This most important subject was opened by Prof. L. H. Barney of
Cornell university, in the paper which is subjoined in full. He prefaced
the paper with remarks upon use of sex in nature, which is to vary and
revitalize races, both of men, animals, and plants. This also is the office
of flowers, which, more than subdivision or offshoots of individual plants,
produce variation of the product and consequent adaptability to new
environments.

Since the demonstration of the value of sprays for exterminating the
insect and fungous enemies of fruits, the most important advance in
American pomology is the discovery that some varieties of fruit are unable
to fertilize themselves. Much of the failure of apples and pears and native
plums to set fruit, even when bloom is abundant, is unquestionably due to
too continuous or extensive planting of individual varieties; and it is safe
to expect that other fruits are also jeopardized by unmixed planting. This
knowledge, as soon as it becomes more extensive and exact, is sure to
modify greatly the planting of orchards. But there is also an important
philosophical side to the problem which I wish to suggest at this time.
Why are varieties infertile with themselves? What relation does such
infertility bear to the evolution of varieties? Is it likely to increase or
diminish in future varieties?

FIRST APPEARANCE OF SEX.

When sex first appeared, the individual was hermaphrodite, that is, the
two sexes were present in the same organism. The two sexes are opposed
to each other in their physiological evolution, however, the female sex-
elements being developed from the constructive or vegetative (anabolic)
changes within the organism and the male sex-elements from the destruct-
ive or dissociative (katabolic) changes. It is impossible, especially in
organisms of increasing complexity, that these opposed changes of the
organic structure can take place simultaneously, at least in equal degree;
and it therefore happens that even in the lowest hermaphrodite or bisexual
organisms the sexes develop or operate alternately, the individual being at
one time essentially male and at another time essentially female. In this
way it first came, no doubt, that self-fertilization was more or less prohib-
ited. Now, as the struggle for existence increased, every organism, whether
animal or plant, was obliged to dispense with every superfluous ambition
and to concentrate its powers upon those organs and functions which were
an absolute necessity to the prolongation of the life of the species. There
came a tendency in certain individuals to eliminate one sex and in other
individuals to eliminate the other sex; so in time there came to be male
and female, or a division of labor. But other advantages besides a mere
- division of labor resulted from this disjunctive evolution. The male and
female individuals became unlike in other features than those of mere sex,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 81

and the offspring of their union were more variable than those which
might spring from one parent, or which had no father and mother. The
more variabie the offspring of any species, the greater are the chances that
many of them will find congenial or at least tolerable places in nature, and
the safer is the species in the contest for life. It is the opinion of some
modern philosophers— Weismann and his followers—that the entire use of
sex is to originate variation in the offspring.

NATURE'S TENDENCY AS TO SEX.

There must be a general tendency in species toward unisexuality. All
the higher animals are male or female, and some of the plants are so, also.
The great majority of plants, however, are still hermaphrodite. All our
common fruits have what the botanists call perfect flowers, that is, those
which contain both male and female organs. Yet nearly all hermaphrodite
plants develop their male and female parts at different times, so that the
flower can not fertilize itself. This, we suppose, is in consequence of the
fundamental law that the constructive and destructive changes upon which
the female and male elements respectively rest—or anabolism and kalabol-
ism—can not proceed simultaneously. In most plants, self-fertilization is
prohibited or hindered by this simplest of all methods, the different or
alternate maturing of the sexualorgans. But the plant often goes further
than this, and the pistil or female organ refuses to accept the pollen from
the same flower, or even from any flower on the-same plant; or, to trans-
pose the statement, the pollen is impotent upon its own sisterhood of pistils.

It is difficult to account for the physiological origin of this impotency,
although we should expect that male organs which are prevented from fer-
tilizing associated pistils might in time develop pollen which would be inca-
pable of fertilizing them; but its use to the species is obvious, inasmuch as
it insures cross-fertilization and thereby tends to strengthen or revitalize
the species. Darwin was among the first to study this subject, and he pub-
lished a list of plants which are sterile with their own pollen; but none of
the fruits are in his list.

DEVELOPMENT OF SEX IN PLANTS HAS BEEN SLOW.

This fact—the impotency of certain plants with themselves—is itself of
immense practical importance, but we are anxious to know if such charac-
ters are likely to increase among cultivated plants, and if the future holds
more perplexity than the present. We have found that as struggle for
existence increased and organisms became more complex, animals could not
afford to be hermaphrodite or bisexual, for all the surplus energy was
needed for the development of a single sex. Among plants, this separation
of the sexes has proceeded more slowly because of their exceedingly con-
structive or vegetative character, which supplies sufficient nutriment to
maintain both sexes in greater or less perfection. But the further we
develop fruits the greater is the energy required in the production of that
fruit, and the greater, it would seem, must be the tendency toward the sup-
pression of one sex in given individuals, or toward the evolution of unisex-
ual individuals. Now, it is highly probable that one of the first steps in
the separation of the sexes is a differentiation in their mutual relationships,
whether a difference in time of maturing of the sex-elements or in the com-

11

82 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

parative intimacy with which they react upon each other. If these specu-
lations are well founded, it leads us to the conclusion that this impotency
among cultivated plants is the beginning of unisexuality, and that such
impotency is likely to increase with the greater amelioration of the species.
Inasmuch as the female sex-elements are the result of constructive or veg-
etative changes, it would seem to follow that such elements would be most
likely to be retained in the great vigorousness of cultivated plants, and
that the pollen would first show signs of failing. And this is well illus-
trated in many cultivated species, for deficiency of pollen is by no means
uncommon, while good pistils are almost always present. The only impor-
tant exceptions to this statement are thedouble and sterile flowers, like the
roses, carnations, and snowballs; but these plants have been bred directly
for their doubleness or sterility, and do not, therefore, influence the present
inquiry. The berry-grower knows that all strawberries have pistils or
female parts, while an increasing number have no pollen. Potatoes now fail
to set bolls because the anthers are deficient in pollen, and horseradish does
not set seed, probably for the same reason. One who undertakes to per-
form experiments in the crossing of cultivated plants, soon finds that it is
more difficult, as a rule, to obtain good pollen than good pistils.

IMPROVEMENT OF FRUITS INCREASES DEMAND UPON THE TREES.

An excellent proof that inscreased amelioration of fruits imposes a
severe tax upon the energies of the plant, is afforded by the habitual fail-
ure of very many or even the greater part of the flowers upon a fruit tree
in full bloom. Apple flowers are borne in clusters of from five to ten, and
yet, except in the crabs, apples are usually borne singly, that is, most of
the flowers fail. And trees which bloom full rarely average even one
fruit to the cluster. Small wild apples are frequently borne in clusters,
and there is every reason to believe that originally all the flowers normally
set fruit. With the enormous development in size and other qualities of
fruits, the plant is unable to use all its flowers. I am inclined to think,
however, that these extra flowers serve a very useful purpose in supplying
pollen to those which chance to set, for not only is the supply of pollen in
the individual flowers probably becoming less with the improvement
of the apple, but it is also probable that more is needed to incite the enor-
mous increase in size over that of the inferior aboriginal apple. What is
true of the apple is true in various degrees of all orchard fruits, even of
the cherry; and it is most graphically shown in the tomato. It is here
worthy of remark, also, that probably the chief reason why the bush fruits,
as blackberries, raspberries, and currants, do not more rapidly improve in
size is because all the flowers upon the clusters still set fruit. All these
instances show that cultivation or improvement seriously interferes with
the mutual relationship of the sexes, and this disturbance or unbalance is
likely to increase rather than diminish.

A STILL FURTHER ADVANCE—VARIETIES MAY BY SELF-STERILE.

But it now transpires that not only are some plants impotent or infertile
with themselves, but in some cases all the plants of a given variety are
infertile among themselves. Thus it has long been known that the Wild
Goose plum is usually unproductive when planted in isolated or unmixed

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEBRTING. 83

blocks, and the same is true in various degrees of most varieties of native
plum. Of the pears which have so far been studied in this connection,
the self-sterile are Bartlett, Anjou, Clapp Favorite, Clairgeau, Sheldon,
Lawrence, Mount Vernon, Gansel Bergamotte, Superfin, Pound, Howell,
Boussock, Louise Bonne de Jersey, Souvenir du Congress, Columbia,
Winter Nelis, Bosc, Jones’ Seedling, Easter, and Gray Doyenne. Those
which appear to be self-fertile are White Doyenne, Le Conte, Kieffer,
Duchess, Seckel, Buffum, Manning Elizabeth, Flemish Beauty, and Tyson.
Among the apples the following are found to be self-sterile: Talman
Sweet, Spitzenburgh, Northern Spy, Chenango Strawberry, Bellflower,
King, Astrachan, Gravenstein, Rambo, Roxbury Russet, Norton Melon,
and Primate; while Codlin (partially), Baldwin, and Greening are self-
fertile. These are results obtained by M. B. Waite, who has brought this
investigation to the fore.

At first thought this fact, that varieties may be self-sterile, looks strange,
but it is after all what we should expect, because any variety of tree fruits,
being propagated by buds, is really but a multiplication of one original
plant, and all the trees which spring from this original are expected to
reproduce its characters. If this original tree was self-sterile, therefore,
we should expect all trees propagated from it to be equally so, in just the
same way that we expect all plants of the Haverland strawberry to be
pistillate, like the original parent. To say that any variety of fruit is
impotent with itself, therefore, is really the same as saying that the origi-
nal seedling parent was impotent with itself; and the fact that some varie-
ties are impotent while others are not is proof that fruits vary or differ in
this respect when grown from seeds. Perhaps there are as few impotent
fruit trees now as there ever were, and that our attention is now called to
them simply because they have been propagated or multiplied extensively,
and because we are now inquiring carefully into all horticultural problems;
but I am inclined to think, from reasons aleady advanced, that there must
be a general tendency toward self-sterility. The natural check to this
self-sterility is the raising of plants from seeds, by which means a consid-
erable amount of variation is secured in sexual characters. In proof of
this, I will cite the case of garden vegetables, in which the various indi-
viduals’ of a variety are fertile with each other, even when a given
individual is sterile with itself. Thus blocks of the same variety of tomato
or bean fertilize freely. But while this same intra-varietal fertility would
undoubtedly result from growing only from unbudded or ungrafted fruit
trees, the disadvantage, as every one knows, would be so great as to make
the practice unprofitable. But the same result can be obtained by planting
different named varieties together, for these varieties represent different
seed parents. And this is the conclusion which the best practice enforces,
for mixed orchards are, as a rule, the most successful ones.

SUMMARY.

A broad epitome of the whole problem seems to run something like this:
There is a general tendency in nature toward a separation of the sexes, or
unisexuality, and tendency is probably hastened among plants by high
cultivation. The first signs of separation, and beyond which most plants
may never go, are differences in the time of maturity of the sex elements
and the failure of pollen to impregnate several flowers. Subsequent steps _
are the failure of many normal flowers to set fruit and diminution of the

84 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

pollen supply. The extensive multiplication or division of impotent or
self-sterile individuals, and the setting of the resulting plants in large
blocks, have given us unfruitful orchards. If increasing amelioration
tends toward a sexual unbalance, it must follow that unfruitful orchards
are likely to increase unless intelligent mixed planting is brought to the
rescue.

POINTS DEVELOPED BY DISCUSSION.

Mr. WILLARD: On James river, Virginia, were set 22,000 Bartlett pears
in asingle block. This was after the war of the rebellion. Before that
time, in the same locality, an orchard of several hundred trees, including
one hundred Bartletts, had been wonderfully productive, yielding so much
as $10 per tree. Twenty-five years ago the big orchard was set, and it has
usually been a failure, producing only a few good crops. This well illus-
trates the truth of Prof. BAILEy’s position.

Mr. Lyon: Are we to infer that Hill’s Chili, and other varieties which
reproduce from the pit, are self-fertilizing?

Prof. Barney: Undoubtedly, but which is cause and which effect is
hard to say.

Prof. Tarr: Some old Roman writer tells us that there were found cer-
tain varieties of fig which were not self-fertilizers, and they were grafted
into others, or blooming branches of other sorts were hung in the limbs
of these, and fertilization so accomplished.

Mr. Lyon: There are a few cases wherein fruits, grapes more particu-
larly, have produced seedless fruits; and it is an interesting question why
this is so. In 1889, a yard of Wyoming Red grapes in western New York,
had such fruits, and investigation led me to attribute it to non-fertilization.
Some plants do regularly set fruits which are seedless, Zante currants,
for instance; and tomatoes and forcing cucumbers have been often pro-
duced which were solid and seedless.

Prof. BarLEy exhibited a strawberry plant and blossoms, and said that
“button” berries or knotty ones are caused by non-fertilization. One-
sided apples may also be attributed to this cause. He did not think that
pollenation of the strawberry changés either the size or quality; still, he
might be wrong about this, for but little is as yet demonstrated. He
would not plant more than two rows of self-sterile strawberries together.
The orchards of ELLWANGER & Barry, and those of Mr. WILLARD, are all
mixed up, as to varieties, and are regularly fruitful on this account. The
peach seems less liable to failure from this cause, than most other fruits;
still, there may be something in the idea, even as to the peach.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 85:
A GRIST OF QUESTIONS.

What will prevent the ravages of the striped beetle and the black stink-
ing squash bug (Anasa tristis)? —.

Mr. Woopworrts told that he once read of a man who said he put coal
tar around the vines, spread upon worthless paper, and for this purpose he
used agricultural reports!

Mr. Hatcut: Kerosene oil in Glia sprinkled among the vines is quite
effectual.’

Prof. Tarr: That is good, but turpentine is better. To catch the black
bugs (that is the only way to deal with them) place shingles around among
the vines, and they will hide under them and be easily caught.

A member said hen manure water is sure to drive off the striped bug.

Mr. JoHNsoN: Whale oil soap suds will drive these bugs away.

Mr. Morritu: I use slaked lime and sulphur to drive off the striped
bug; but killing is the only thing to do with the black fellow.

Is there any objection to high manuring of the blackberry, or entirely
mulching the ground with stable manure, except that it waht cause a later
and more tender growth of wood?

Mr. Morriuu: There is no objection, except as to the expense; indeed, I
prefer high manuring for the blackberry. Heavy mulching might make a
_later and tender growth, but we lay the canes down, anyhow, for the winter,
and as to this make no difference as to varieties.

Is the gum about the root of the peach tree always an indication of the
borer, or are there other causes for it?

Mr. Hawtey: It is caused by any abrasion of the bark, as well as by
the borer.

Is sowing and plowing under winter rye good for peach and plum
orchards? 4

Mr. WiuuaRD: The action of rye upon the soil is mechanical mainly,
but is good in that way. But as for a fertilizer, clover would be better, for
it draws elements of fertility from both the air and the depths of the soil.

Prof. BarLEy: The question has been much discussed. Rye is better
than nothing upon the ground over winter, especially upon light soils.
Rye has a little value as a fertilizer, and so has buckwheat, but neither is of
much value save as a cover for the soil. I would use some leguminous
plant instead (such as peas or the vetches), but it is questionable if it is
well to place cloverina youngorchard. There should be some cover to the
soil during fall and winter.

86 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Wituarp: We do put clover into our orchards when young, and ~
turn it under the first season, when well in bloom, but this is not to be
done on these light soils.

Mr. Russett: We might as well throw away the seed as to i that
here—we would get no catch.

Mr. Morrity: It is easy to get a catch by sowing wood ashes first. I
use mammoth clover for this purpose in preparing land for trees.

Prof. Barney: We have used beans as a cover, but they are two easily
killed by frost, and wash out of sight before winter. Peas were much bet-
ter, sown in July and August. Vetch proved best of all. It is killed by
frost, but covers the ground like a carpet and plows under easily. We are
now trying cow peas, and I think these would do well here.

Prof. Tarr: We have been trying spurry on light soils. Sown in July,
it is killed down by frost when about two feet high. Crops of corn and
wheat have been increased twenty-five to fifty per cent. by one plowing
under of this crop. It is a perfect cover for the soil in an orchard. This
might not be so desirable in a bearing orchard, where tramped upon in
gathering the fruit. I have put strips of clover between rows of trees too
large for the cultivation of corn, and got a nice growth and much fertility
from them.

Prof. BatLEy: Sown in July, these plants would become so large as to
endure the tramping of the harvest. Rye only elaborates what it takes
and. returns it. ’

Mr. Pratt: Who has had experience with odorless phosphate?

Mr. Wiuuarp and Prof. Battery said they could not recommend it.

Mr. Morriuu: It is the same thing as “ Thomas’ slag” or basic slag. I
use it as a dust for insecticides, but not as a fertilizer.

Commercial fertilizers were discussed to some length, the conclusion
being that all*of them have value under certain conditions and in some
soils, and none should be condemned without thorough trial.

Closing the Wednesday evening session, following Prof. BaiLry, Presi-
dent Lyon read the following paper, which was very cordially received:

THE RIGHT OF POMOLOGY TO BE RECOGNIZED AS A SCIENCE.

Science, in the strictest sense of the word, consists in a system of facts
or deductions susceptible of absolute demonstration, leaving nothing within
its legitimate sphere in uncertainty:

Pomolocy, however, must climb far above its present level, and reach the
solution of many a difficult and perplexing problem, before it can take rank
with this class of sciences. Even in case of the less exact sciences, among
which we may enumerate botany, entomology, mycology, and perhaps geol-
ogy, as being in some respects akin to pomology, when taken in its broader

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING, 87

sense, they have been built upon a system of accurately defined facts or
principles, and rules of interpretation and nomenclature, which serve as
guides to investigation, while the customary employment of significant
names, the generally more or less scientific training of discoverers, and
especially the use of the dead languages as the source from which their
nomenclature is drawn, secures exemption from the coarse, vulgar, and
eensational in their make-up.

Pomology, on the other hand, when held to include (as it is ordinarily
assumed to do) a refinement of all the essential principles as well as prac-
tices of agriculture and arboriculture, and as trenching largely upon the
domain of botany, may fairly be claimed to have had an earlier origin than
any of those named, since its first lessons seem to have been taught to our.
first parents in the first garden, while insects, fungi, and the pursuit of
agriculture seem to have been entailed as the penalty for disobedience.

Be this as it may, man has, beyond doubt, been a grower and consumer
of fruit from the beginning, and therefore in some sense a pomologist.

Even with the experience of 6,000 years, so many, so abstruse, and so

variable are the conditions that few of those involved can even yet be said
to be definitely settled in the mind of the average practitioner. Liver, as
now, the practical application of these principles has been largely in the
hands of persons not given to scientific investigation, but inclined, rather,
to blindly follow the lead of others.
_ Under these conditions, the Anglo-Saxon greed for the possession of
more land than can be profitably cultivated, and which is gradually but
surely sterilizing our farms, is also manifested in the effort to extend a
given amount of culture and fertilization over a greater extent of orchard
or garden, with the inevitable result of shrinkage of crops, loss of quality,
and increased depredations of insects and fungi—particulars to which little
attention has heretofore been given, and remedies for which are, even yet,
not well understood.

Aside from the foregoing, the influence of soils, climate, and cultivation,
in modifying the qualities or peculiarities of plants and fruits, is but
imperfectly understood; while, in the matter of special manuring for special
purposes, the ipse diait of the manufacturer and vender appears to be
almost the sole reliance of the purchaser. The last remark may also be
said to apply with equal force to one of the most important steps in the
entire process of fruit culture, since it is a customary practice among
planters, instead of resorting to trustworthy and disinterested sources for
the selection of varieties, to leave such selection to the nurseryman or his
agent, interested as he must necessarily be in disposing of what he may
deem most profitable to. himself.

The same diversity of opinion also exists respecting the best methods of
pruning and training, since, among those who assume the role of instructor,
the systems, if systems they may be called, are almost as numerous as their
advocates; while the dates proposed include the entire year, and this, too,
in many if not indeed in most cases, without regard to the object for which
the work is to be done.

Of all the particulars in which this lack of matured system is observable,
probably none are more notable than are the insufficiency of even many of
the most complete descriptions of fruits as a means of identifying the vari-
eties intended, and the system (if worthy to be called system), upon which
the present nomenclature of fruits has grown up.

&

88 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Not only has the enormous modern increase of named varieties necessi-
tated the abbreviation of descriptions till the particulars needful for iden-
tification are nearly eliminated, but even when thus emasculated the bulk
still far exceeds the limit of profitable book-making, calling imperatively
for the elimination of the mass of worthless trash which now encumbers
the pages of our text-books.

Even worse than this may justly be said to be the outcome of our nomen-
clature as it exists today. A person of rowdyish notions discovers a straw-
berry and sends it forth as Big Bob. Another sees value in an apple which
came up and fruited near an out-building, and gives us the Smokehouse.
In similar ways we obtain the Sheepnose, the Hogsnout, and others. In
some, to me, unaccountable manner, some highly imaginative person has
given us that delectable, the Snorter. But enough—we scarcely need even
allude to the colonels, generals, admirals, presidents, emperors, empresses,
princesses, and various other high dignitaries which lend their brightness
to our lists, since they include almost every gradation from the czar apple
down to the swindle strawberry.

Let us, in thought, imagine a botanist, a mycologist or an entomologist
instinct with a.consciousness of the dignity pertaining to those scignces,
as indeed to all science proper, called upon to enter into his vocabulary
names of the questionable character already indicated, or a convention of
men of this character called upon to consider and endorse them as current
names in a scientific list. Does any one for a moment doubt that they
would be ignominiously rejected? Suppose, further, that such an assem-
blage were asked to recognize, as a proper scientific vocabulary, the fruit
lists of our present pomological text-books, with their numerous names of
questionable character and the very numerous iterations of the same name,
to represent distinct fruits, as well as the still more numerous repetitions
of the same word, usually the name of a popular fruit, used to represent
another, with merely a subsidiary distinguishing word.

There can scarcely be room for doubt that, if such question could be
thus presented, we would be summarily told to take back our lists; elimi-
nate the Singed Cats, Sheepnoses, Hogsnouts, Snorters, and Big Bobs;
purify, simplify, and systematize it, after which they might be willing to
give it consideration.

It may be truthfully alleged that the American Pomological society has
already adopted rules which, enforced, would produce results such as we
indicate; and it is moreover the fact that, so far as its proceedings and its
catalogues go, it has, to a considerable extent, applied such rules, though
mainly only to recent introductions, which enter into its transactions.

What is necessary to the full carrying out of such reform is, that a com-
petent authority be constituted and charged with the duty of thoroughly
carrying through the needful reformation; and, acting as umpire, applying
the test to all subsequent introductions, with reference to both quality and
value, including the propriety of the nomenclature as well. The National
Division of Pomology, which has the government as its backer, and is
continually in session, with a corps of experts and excellent facilities for
such work, is apparently the most competent and effective tribunal for the
purpose.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 89

Thursday Morning Session.

The final session, that of Thursday morning, was called to order by Vice-
President MorRILL, and the first business was the reading of a brief paper
upon the advantages of Oceana county as a fruitgrowing district, by Mr.
C. A. HAWLEY.

Following this, Mr. MorriLu said he and others had visited the orchards
of Messrs. HALE and Abams, and found them to be two very fine ones,
slightly weakened by overbearing, perhaps, but with no other ground for
criticism. He advised better heading in and filling in of top, as a rule, in
Oceana county orchards, and more attention to borers. These may be suc-
cessfully combatted by piling earth about the tranks in May and removing
it in October. This protects the tender bark at the crown of the tree,
where the eggs are laid, and if any are deposited above the earth they are
readily discovered and removed. There is noticeable here considerable
damage by borers. ‘The plums are exceedingly fine, the strawberries excel-
lent and healthy; grapes, blackberries, and raspberries, the finest he had
ever seen. The pears are good, too, especially the dwarfs. It is indeed a
grand region, full of the highest possibilities of horticulture; but more
attention must be given the peach trees, for, although no evidence of yellows
is noticeable, there is not so thorough cultivation as should prevail.

Reports of committees were made and adopted, as given below, the sec-
retary moving a special vote of thanks to Prof. BarLey for his valuable aid
to the meeting, others joining in expression of appreciation of the same:

REPORT ON EXHIBITS.

The committee reports that it finds an unusually beautiful display of flowers and
some interesting plants, comprising the following list: W.B.Anprvs, plates of apples,
comprising Ben Davis, Paw Paw, Jonathan, Stark, Baldwin, Golden Russet, and one
unknown variety; S. J. Bates, Shelby, three branches of apricots ; also, similar speci-
mens of growing fruits, by EK. J. Sarrts and C. A. Hawiey; Mrs. Steven Inman,
Shelby, two vases of peonies, snowballs, and other plants; Mrs. A. Apams, Shelby, one
vase of Tartarian honeysuckles; Michigan Agricultural College, by Prof. Tart, two
plates cut flowers, comprising tuberous begonias, carnations, ferns, rhododendrons,
clerodendrons, and others, also two pitchers of irises, peonies, aquilegias, orchids, and
other plants, and a spray of aristolochia elegans; Mrs. F. O. Rouse, Shelby, a beautiful
pyramid of pansies; Marr Cusnrne, Shelby, a jar of pansies; and other flowers by
various women. S. D. Winuarp,

L. H. Barney,

A. 8S. Packarp,

Mrs. C. A. Sessions.
12

90 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

RESOLUTIONS.

The State Horticultural society has, at all its meetings for the past few years, lis-
tened to marvelous accounts of the wonderful adaptability to the growing of plums and
peaches of the hillsides of Oceana county, and was glad to accept the invitation of your -
society to meet here at this time. We have been gratified at the local attendance and
at the interest shown.

Resolved, That our thanks be extended to the members of the Oceana County Horti-
cultural society, and residents of Shelby, for the hospitalities extended. We thank
the ladies of Shelby for the bountiful collation provided for us the first day of our
session; the Shelby band, by their beautiful music, proved very attractive to the people
in bringing them out, and was quite a surprise to the visitors. We certainly owe them
our hearty thanks for their gratuitous services. The value of our meetings is greatly
increased by the notices and reports of the local papers, and as we have been highly
favored by the Shelby Herald, we extend our thanks to the publisher.

The meeting then finally adjourned.

PROCEEDINGS “OF (THE “ANNUAL MEEFING:

HELD AT LAWTON, DECEMBER 27, 28, AND 29, 1894.

Seldom has the Michigan State Horticultural Society held a larger or
pleasanter meeting than was its twenty-third annual at Lawton, the 27th,
28th, and 29th of December. At no time were there less than 200 persons
in attendance, while at times there were more than 300; and nearly every
one of them was a fruitgrower, save as he brought his wife along.

The meetings were held in the comfortable town hall, and every pro-
vision was made for the entertainment of the very many attendants from
about the state, nearly every quarter of which was represented, and never
did they receive a heartier welcome.

One of the pleasantest features of the occasion was the music furnished
by a company of singers who seemed to think no sacrifice of time too great
for the pleasure of their guests, and whose songs were both well rendered
and pleasing in character. From first to last they were present and ready
to respond to every call, and the calls were frequent after their quality was
learned.

In great degree, the success of the meeting was due to the labors of the
several local committees. These comprised the following ladies and gen-
tlemen, and never did such committees do their work in more perfection:
To solicit subscriptions, N. ATWELL, F. KE. Birety, C. DuNHAM; to decorate
hall, T. R. SmirH, Frank Stainton, CHARLES STAINTON, R.S. JonzEs; to
furnish music, Mrs. M. H. Smitu, Mrs. Henry Forp, Mrs. C. D. Lawton,
Miss GERTRUDE BITELY. J

Very many of the visitors were taken about the country by their hosts
and shown the wonderful vineyards which crown every hill and stretch
down into the valley, greater in number than anywhere else in Michigan,
and as thickly covering the farms as in the Chautauqua or any of the
famed California districts.

92 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
THE EXHIBITS.

A new feature of the meeting was cash prizes offered for exhibits of
grapes and apples. (ueerly enough, none of the Lawton growers seemed
to have tried to save any of their grapes beyond their usual season, and so
the exhibits were from other places less famed for their viticulture. The
principal one was from the experimental grounds at South Haven in
charge of President Lyon, but this was not competitive. It embraced thir-
teen varieties, and, though they were in acceptable condition, Mr. Lyon
felt impelled to apologize in this regard, stating that the recent warm
weather had caught him with insufficient means of keeping down the tem-
perature, and the fruit had rapidly deteriorated on that account. He
showed Eumelan, Aminia, Agawam, Barry, Merrimac, Empire State,
Downing, Diana, Ulster, Iona, Jefferson, Isabella, and Delaware.

In much better condition was an exhibit of eight varieties made by Mr.
A. H. Smrra of Paw Paw. He showed Iona, Goethe, Salem, Wilder,
Vergennes, Catawba, Agawam, and Empire State. These received the
prize of five dollars offered by President Lyon. Mr. SmitH also showed
a plate of Vicar pears.

Mr. C. P. CuIpESTER of Battle Creek showed plates of two of his seed-
lings, Nos. 2and 3. These are black grapes of superior quality. One of
them, No. 2, has a remarkable flavor of the strawberry. Whether this is
peculiar to it in its earlier stages of maturity we did not learn, but in any
event it is a most desirable table variety. Its strong skin makes it at once
a good shipper and keeper. In general appearance it is like the Concord.
No. 3 is a somewhat larger grape, both in berry and bunch, if it may be
judged by the specimens shown, and sufficiently good to deserve a name
and general cultivation.

There was but one exhibit of apples, which was made by Rosert L.
VAHUE of Allegan, comprising more than a dozen plates and nearly as
many varieties. They had not been preserved for show, but were a part of
the family’s winter store, yet they were fairly perfect specimens of their
kinds, and well kept. A plate of perfect Fameuse was notable among
them. Their high color and general attractiveness caused them to be much
observed, some saying the fruit seemed more like something from foreign
clime, so long did it seem since apples were a common Michigan product.
Mr. VAHUE received the prize of two dollars. He is yeta boy in his teens,
but is enthusiastic in pomology, and will be one day well known in his
chosen work.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 93
THE OPENING SESSION.

Early Wednesday evening the work of the meeting began. President.

Lyon called to order and requested Mr. C. W. GanrFIELD to preside.
After music, Mr. C. W. Lawton spoke the welcome of his townsmen,
expressing their thanks for the coming of the society, and for the antici-
pated benefits of the meeting, as well as their appreciation of the work the
society has accomplished, in its nearly a quarter of a century of active
existence, for the cause of Michigan horticulture. It had been suggested
that he was negligent of his identification with the society. If so, he had
ceitainly been derelict of duty. Years ago he had attended the meetings
and contributed to the programmes, but had allowed his interest to lapse
into “innocuous desuetude,” much to his disadvantage, no doubt. He
spoke of the important and growing extent of Michigan horticultural
interests, and the fullness of their representation by the state society. It
was indeed pleasant to once more meet those men whose names are house-
hold words wherever horticulture has existence in Michigan. The advant-
ages of Lawton as a horticultural region were pointed out, and becoming
reference made to the hospitality of his townsmen and the people of the
surrounding country, with whom it is always pleasant to sojourn.
- Mr. GARFIELD, in response, spoke of the encouragement he often
received, when secretary of the society, in times of depression, from the
Messrs. LAwTon and BITELy, who are among the pioneers of pomology at
Lawton, and which had remained as a grateful and pleasing remembrance.
The society now came not to bring information, but to catch the Lawton
people unawares, and to learn how they have accomplished their wonder-
ful development, how they do the things which have made them famous.
“Tt will do us a lot of good and we in turn can tell it to others. It is the
_ strength we will get here that will help us do good work. The standing
of the Michigan State Horticultural society and its literature is very high,
and have come to a world-wide fame; but that literature is only the records
of meetings like this. May it be that when the secretary has put on record
the results of this convention, it shall indeed be a red-letter record.”’

Mr. R. M. Ketioaa of Ionia said he had come to Lawton to make
money—to learn how to conduct his business. He declared himself proud
of Michigan and her horticulture, and said that, great as had been the
loss of prestige at Chicago, from the failure of the exhibit at the World’s
Fair, yet the good fame of the state is impressed on the people everywhere;
and for all the bad results referred to, it is well known that we do produce
the best fruits obtainable, of their kind, and that the state is filled with
the grandest and best people.

94 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Brief congratulatory remarks were also made by Mr. RoLanp Morrinu
of Benton Harbor and Prof. R. L. Tarr of the Agricultural college.
Then after another song the following paper was read by Mr. N. ATWELL
of Lawton:

HORTICULTURE AT LAWTON.

Peach trees were grown in this vicinity from the time of its first settle-
ment. The first peach orchard for market, at Lawton, was set by Mr. N.
H. and Dr. E. BiTety in 1858. It contained 500 trees of choice varieties
and occupied the high ground near where Mr. Frank BITELY’s house now
stands. This orchard bore many fine crops of fruit, and continued in
profitable bearing for nearly twenty years, until destroyed by hard winters
and yellows. But few peach orchards were set out for several years.
These proving profitable induced other settings. In 1875 the acreage of
peach orchards was largely increased, and for several years many peach
trees were set each year. In 1880 about 100,000 baskets of peaches were
shipped from Lawton. Yellows appeared and soon wrought serious injury,
and in many cases total ruin, to the peach orchards, and discouragement
to their owners. Since then destruction of diseased trees has seemed to
hold the disease in check, and at the present time some fine young peach
orchards are growing and others are being set out from year to year. A
large portion of our peach crop is sold to buyers who come with teams
from neighboring towns, the counties south of us, and from Indiana.

Growing raspberries formed a large part of the fruit industry of Lawton
for some years, and several carloads were shipped daily during the season,
and also considerable quantities were evaporated.

A few of our growers still continue to raise raspberries and derive a
considerable portion of their income from this fruit, but the acreage is
very much less than it was a few years ago. This fruit has seemed to give
way to grapes, for which our soil and location are especially well adapted.

About the year 1865, Mr. N. H. and Dr. E. BirEty, in company with
Messrs. C. D. and G. W. Lawton, were extensively engaged in the nursery
business and obtained a quantity of grape cuttings and roots from Geneva,
N. Y., mostly Concords and Delawares. From this nursery originated the
first vineyards at Lawton. Mr. A. B. Jonzs is the pioneer grape-grower,
and was the first to ship grapes from Lawton. His first vines were set
about twenty-six years ago and are still in bearing. For several years the
vineyards of Mr. Jonzs, the BITELys, and the LawrTons were the only ones
at Lawton; but, these proving profitable, the business was extended and
enlarged until it has reached its present rather large proportions. The
greatest increase in the acreage has come within the past ten years. The
shipments of this fruit have increased from a small quantity of fruit to
nearly 3,000 tons the past year, from eight to fourteen cars being loaded
with grapes daily during the shipping season.

The leading varieties grown are Concord, Delaware, Niagara, and Wor-
den. As yet the Concord is the only variety that meets with a ready sale
in carload lots.

Our grape-growers meet with many obstacles and discouragements, the
most prominent being insect enemies of the vine and bud. The climbing
cutworm proves very destructive to the buds in the springtime, and in
some instances has ruined the prospect of a crop. Many remedies and

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 95

preventives have been tried to prevent his depredations. Hunting the
worms at night with lanterns has been extensively practiced, and vast
numbers of them are destroyed in this way every spring. Sowing buck-
wheat in the vineyard has been found to prevent cutworms from harbor-
ing therein. Cultivating late in the fall is practiced by some with good
results. But the most efficient device to preserve the grape buds from
destruction by these pests are pieces of tin placed around the base of the
vine and also around the trellis posts. These tins are the best protection
for young grapes when starting a vineyard. A suitable quantity of these
tins has come to be a necessary part of a grape-grower’s outfit.

The grapevine flea-beetle, commonly called steel beetle, also works much
injury to the young buds. Hand picking seems to be the only remedy for
the full-grown beetle, and spraying with some insecticide the remedy for
the young of this insect. Vineyards near woodlands or neglected fence
rows or brush heaps are most liable to injury from the steel beetle.

Rose bugs in some seasons need close attention. Hand picking each
dey during the time the grapes are in blossom is the best remedy yet

nown.

Thorough cultivation of vineyards is uniformly practiced. This cultiva-
tion should commence in spring, as early as practicable.

Pruning the vines is a most important part of a grape-grower’s duties.
The proper time to prune is generally conceded to be any time after the
leaves drop in the fall and before they start in the spring. Considerable
difference of opinion exists in regard to the proper system of pruning, and
consequently no one system seems likely to be uniformly adopted. Prac-
tically, any system that does not leave too much wood will bring good
crops where other conditions are favorable.

Grape-culture has gained such large proportions in some sections of the
United States and meets so much competition from other fruits grown in
the south and on the Pacific slope, that the marketing of the crop is the
most important question in connection with it. How shall we best place
our crops before the consumer is a subject that should receive more atten-
tion from fruitgrowers.

Mr. C. D. Lawton: One can see many grapes in a ride about our town,
but we can and do grow other fruits. We used to grow the best of
peaches, and I believe we could do so yet. Severe winters and yellows
have reduced the orchards, and grapes have taken their place as being
more certain in yield; yet no one ever set a peach orchard here which put
him into debt, and no one ever will do so. Still, we are not sure of a crop
each year. At one time, in the early days of viticulture, we refrained from
setting grapes, fearing that the few hundred baskets we could then deliver
into Chicago would glut the market. Had the real facts been better
understood, some of us might have made fortunes long ago. The prices
have decreased each year, but grape-growing still remains profitable, and
planting of vineyards continues. We have cheap and quick transportation
by rail. Carloads of our fruit go to Texas, and Lawton grapes are found
so far away as Portland, Oregon. Our visitors, in their rides to-day, were
surprised at the varied methods of pruning and planting. At first the

96 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

vines were set closer than they are now placed, and we began by growing
several canes from the root, instead of one as is now done. Some do this
way yet; but in the main there is but one cane and that is trained to two
wires, and the vines are set a greater distance apart. Yet it is hard tocon-
form to any one method of training, because of the peculiarities of culture.
Many buds are left, because the number is likely to be decreased by rav-
ages of insects and by frost. Many buds are now to be seen which will
not be left when the growing season is at hand and these dangers averted.
The Wood system is now much in vogue, being many canes spread fan-
shape. This year we shipped 200 cars of grapes by freight, 3,000 baskets
per car, and 30,000 packages by express. An advantage we have is in the
fact that our crop is marketed and out of the way before the bulk of that
of western New York is ready. Concords are the standard as yet, for all
of the new sorts, many of which are tried. The Concord always sells well,
and bears everywhere, while the others fail in some localities. The Con-
cord rots least of all. The Niagara is nextin favor. We grow grapes here
on all kinds of soil, though the vines are not so soon ready for bearing on
the lightest sands, yet they finally doas well. We used to think that only
the highest places would do, but such is not the case. Other places will
do as well if there are depressions about, into which the cold, frosty air
may fall away from the vines. Our maximum elevation is 170 feet above
the flats. Grapes grow upon the flats, however, and look as well as those
from the heights, but they are less sugary and not so well flavored as those
from the hills. The Concord grown here is better than it is anywhere
else, so far as my knowledge extends. We know this to be a fact, that we
produce this grape at its very best. There has been decadence in
the methods of marketing, and there is need of reform in this respect.
Lawton used to be a great apple region, but many orchards have been cut
out because they did not produce well. Pears do well but are not largely
grown. No fruit I grow is more profitable than the pear, and I expect to
see more of this fruit produced here.

Mr. Kettoce: What is your total acreage?

Mr. Lawton: Two thousand acres and upward.

The secretary presented a large number of reports from different parts
of the state concerning the condition of fruit trees and plants, results of
the season of 1893, etc., and others were made by parties present, all agree-
ing that existing conditions were highly favorable. At close of these
reports the society proceeded with the programme, first in order being a
report from Mr. GARFIELD as a delegate to the meeting of the Illinois
state society. He said in substance:

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 97
ILLINOIS SOCIETY’S ANNUAL MEETING.

The annual meeting of the Illinois State Horticultural society was held
in Springfield, December 12. It was the thirty-eighth annual meeting, so
you may: see the society is our senior. The meeting was characterized by
intense interest, shown by all those present. In fact, each one seemed to
have come to give as well as take, and so the chairman did not have to call
out one speaker or another, for all were ready to speak. There were about
one hundred members present from around the state, nearly all parts
being represented, but the local attendance was very light. Three socie-
ties comprise the state organization, the northern, central, and southern.
The large exhibit of fruits was brought from the World’s Fair, and -was
from widely separated states. But it was too large, and was off by itself
where some did not see it. So it was not, as it should have been, an object
lesson. Meetings of the Illinois State Grange and the State Beekeepers’
society were being held at the same time, and members of the three organ-
izations seemed to be on terms of hearty friendship and in delightful
relations. The discussion upon peach culture was most interesting. It
was led by a Mr. Gou.p of the southern part of the state, and it bristled
with valuable facts. Culture is thorough there, and pruning is like our
own, done with view to shorten in the heads of the trees. Another paper
showed how a man grows grapes on sandy soil with asparagus between the
rows. I should ‘think the closeness of the planting would increase the rot.
But the grapes were far apart and grown up high. The author of the
paper grows fine grapes, and it is done by asecret process, the use of some
fertilizer he does not mention. Another thing I noticed was that in that
state, where a lot of men are engaged in growing tremendous crops of
blackberries, the Taylor is not known. Home surroundings were discussed,
as to bringing horticulture about and into the homes. Many took part in
the discussion, and all commended the interesting of women and children in
horticulture; yet in the whole audience there was but one woman. We do
much better in this respect in Michigan. The secretary of the Illinois
society was concerned with the state’s exhibit at the World’s Fair, and
made of it a particularly complete report: Apples were sent to the exhibit
by the hundred barrels and grapes by the ton. Nothing was spared to
make the show complete, and it was indeed marvelous. I was impressed
with the idea that we should not be too awfully scientific at such meetings,
but be able there to learn what science can do to aid us. One paper
related to those fungi and lower forms of life which are injurious to fruits;
yet, after all, it has beenshown that three fifths of such growths are beneficial.

There are a few points both for praise and criticism. Two hours of most
13

98 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

valuable time were spent in election of officers. Ifa society has a good
lot, why strive to throw them out, thereby consuming time needed for
better work, and engendering ill-will? So good a meeting as that was
should have been given two or three columns of report per day in the
press, and would have had that much in any city of this state, but the
Springtield papers gave very little attention to it. But there was admir-
able arrangement of the secretary’s work. Our society is too poor to do
as well. But the Illinois secretary had an assistant and a stenographer,
the assistant taking down such things as names, horticultural terms, salient
points, etc., about which the stenographer might make mistakes, leaving
the secretary free for the larger work of his office. The president was
prompt and guided the meeting admirably. There was great vivacity of
discussion and constancy of attendance—the people were there all the
time and not passing in and out. I must remark also upon the high char-
acter of the papers presented. I have seldom known them to be excelled
asa whole. And never was I treated better. They entertained me as
though I were a king or ahigh-priest. It was all very enjoyable, and I am
exceedingly glad I went; nor do I see how we can afford not to send a
delegate each year.

Mr. O. W. BarnarD of Manteno, the delegate from the Illinois society
to this meeting, expressed his pleasure at being in attendance, but said we
must not expect him to teach us much horticulture. The ladies sometimes
turn out to the Illinois meetings better than they did when Mr. GARFIELD
wasthere. “I am glad of his criticisms. They are just and will do us
good; and pleased also with his praise, for his good opinion is of great
value. But while the discussions at Springfield were good, the best of
them was the part furnished by Mr. GARFIELD. He will not say it, but
such is the fact. I am enjoying this meeting highly, and am astonished
at the local attendance—the floor full and the gallery full also. I hope to
see more of your meetings and to have the pleasure of greeting your
delegates at ours.”

Thursday Morning Session.

Beginning the session of Thursday morning, December 28, with the
same large attendance which characterized the meeting throughout, Presi-
dent Lyon called Mr. Monrose to the chair and made appointment of these
committees:

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. ao

Resolutions—Messrs. C. A. Sesstons of Grand Rapids, R. Morriuxt of Benton Har-
bor, C. P. Cu1pEsTER of Battle Creek.

Exhibits—Messrs. O. W. Barnarp of Manteno, Ills., R. J. Coryet of the Agricul-
tural College, O. BrEBr of South Haven.

The reports of the president, secretary and treasurer were presented in.
due order:

PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL MESSAGE.

To the Members and Friends of the Michigan State Horticultural Society :

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN—It would doubtless be more pleasant to the-
society, as well as to myself, to indulge in congratulations upon the highly
important and valuable results already accomplished, through its instru-
mentality, leaving the problem of the future to the logic of then existing
conditions; yet, with societies as with individuals, little of value is usually
accomplished save as the outcome of deliberation, with matured plans and
careful and thorough efficiency in their execution.

It is far from doubtful if the great body of horticulturists, tosay nothing
of our people generally, have an adequate conception of the amount of’
good, both pecuniary and intellectual, that has inured to our people as a
whole, and to practical horticulturists especially, from the gratuitous.
labors of this society, together with those more or less directly due to its
inspiration.

We accord little credit to the person who deliberately avails himself of.
benefits due to the unrequited efforts of others, while neglecting or refus-.
ing to effectively minister to the success or efficiency of such efforts.

There is ample occasion for the application of these thoughts in the case-
of this society, since there is no lack of those who take the utmost advant-
age of information and conditions. wrought out largely, if not wholly, by
its efforts, while yet they refuse, or at least omit, to contribute even the-
raite of a membership fee toward the promotion or sustaining of such
efforts.

This is by no means the first time that I have taken occasion to urge
the society to act upon the consideration that there is a degree of inertia.
in the minds of people, which must be attacked and overcome. The fact
should be distinctly set forth that the society lives and prospers only upon
memberships; and it should not be forgotten that, while a person may-
have the requisite dollar in his pocket, fairly throbbing to be applied to
this purpose, it may be expecting too much of very many modest men that
they shall put themselves forward to proffer the requisite fee, or that many-
such persons may act out the thought that “what is worth having is worth
asking for;” and the asking should certainly and effectively be done when-.
ever appropriate occasion shall occur. To do otherwise is to invite, if not
even to insure, inaction and decrepitude.

The efficiency of this, as of other organizations of a voluntary character,
must necessarily depend very largely upon the efforts of those more-
directly concerned in the interests which it is designed to promote. Such
being the fact, it is clearly of the highest importance that the society be
able to enlist the active codperation of those engaged in horticultural
pursuits.

To this end we have been able to devise no more effective means than
that so generally adopted by kindred societies, but which our society has.

100 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

rarely availed itself of since it ceased its connection with state fair
exhibits. We have reference to the offering of premiums for articles to be
exhibited at its meetings. True, the objection of lack of funds must be
admitted to be a very forcible one; and yet, it may be urged with quite as
much force, such lack might and ought to be more than supplied from the
increase of memberships consequent thereon, while the society’s sphere of
influence would doubtless be correspondingly enlarged.

Several years since, the society for a time maintained what was known
as an orchard committee, charged with the duty of examining such
orchards, vineyards, gardens, and ornamental grounds as were entered for
award, which was generally the society’s diploma. It can scarcely be
doubted that the effect was to very considerably increase the prestige of
the society as well as its general usefulness.

After a time, however, owing partially to an almost chronic repetition
of entries and awards to the same objects, and also in part to withdrawal
of railroad transportation for the committee, the practice was abandoned
for the time. .

The period since elapsed has doubtless sufficed to obviate the former

objection; while it may be practicable to evade the latter by requiring
that, instead of examination by a committee, the entry be accompanied by
such treatment of location, soil, age, varieties, treatment, productiveness,
condition, and other important particulars as shall be deemed necessary to
a proper understanding of the condition, method of treatment, and gen-
eral value, upon which as a basis an award might be made, either by the
executive board or by a committee appointed for the purpose.
* Doubtless there may be other and even more effective means of over-
coming the disabilities under which the society labors, but surely none of
them lie in the direction of supineness and inaction. Whatever may be
thought of the foregoing suggestions, the fact is patent, at least to many
of us, that there are adverse influences covertly at work against the
society, and if it would effectively override such opposition it may do well
to recall the myth of the cartman who prayed loudly to Hercules to lift
his vehicle out of the rut, but was directed to first put side and shoulder to
the wheel and then call for help.

Moral—Providence helps those who help themselves.

TREASURER’S REPORT.

To the officers and members of the State Horticultural Society:
I herewith present my annual report:

ithe treasury, January a, 199325258 ose Oo Sole ae he ee eee $59 10
meceived! from branch societies: 2.2 5 eo 8 ee eee ee OAS SG
intereshonvonds and morteages: 4 ee fy hak ON VR Ie ha Pe ee Sa 126 00
Arana nem DRT Ships aoa os tad te eae se Oe Ee yc ia fag in) Reg ee 19 00
Hatonecounby:\SOCLOLY 22.0 521k. Ge we tn ay gh" sas he’ Oe es pe Na Od eae eee ee 12 00

$320 90
Paid seventeen checks’agerepating {ooo 208 oe oe OE a ee $219 35
(eavine-anbalance: of: foot 2h ee cya ee eee a ae ae een Le

"$320 90

Two hundred and six life members, $2,060, secured as follows: Seymour mortgage,
$1,000; Lytell mortgage, $300; Snell mortgage, $300; W. N. Cook mortgage, $350; U. S.

bonds, $100. Total, $2,050
S. M. PEARSALL, Treasurer.
Grand Rapids, December 26, 1893.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEBETING. 101
SECRETARY'S REPORT,

Gentlemen of the Michigan State Horticultural Society :

I have the pleasure to report the affairs of the society as being in the
main in satisfactory condition. The interest felt in the work of the society
by its members, those of the auxiliary societies, and the public in gen-
eral, seems to be decidedly greater than it was a few years ago, when cer-
tain inharmonious elements were actively engaged against us, bending
strenuous efforts towards disruption and: decay. This is an era of good-
will and peace, and, save in one respect, the society was never better pre-
pared for its work, while never was there more work to be done.

The exception which I note refers to the society’s finances. While we
have enough to keep going after a fashion, and certainly have made the
most of the little means at command, there is no question of the need of
more money. But how to obtain it is a puzzle to those who have given
the matter attention. At our last annual meeting a committee was
appointed to try to secure from the legislature an appropriation for the
annual expenses of the society, so far at least as the compilation of the
reports is concerned, but no action whatever was taken so far as I am
informed. There is reason to believe that an early application to the leg-
islature for a moderate annual sum would have been successful, but when
I began the work alone I found it too late.

There had been so many allowances of cash from the treasury, and there
yet remained so many which must be made, that the task was clearly a hope-
less one. Another plan discussed between President Lyon, Mr. GARFIELD,
and myself, was not undertaken because of the financial collapse which was
at its climax at the time for which we arranged the institution of effort.
In the future we may be able to do something in the way designed, which
was a sort of endowment plan, but at present there is little hope for suc-
cess in this way.

However, we have gotten through the year with a little balance on hand,
and have assurance that, so long as we are able to keep the expenditures
down to what they have been in recent years, we shall be able to go on
with a measure of success which does us credit, even though we feel it to
be so much less than is possible.

During the year we have held more meetings than we have been able to
hold in recent years. There were three—the annual meeting at Ann
Arbor, the winter meeting in Benton Harbor, and the summer meeting at
Shelby. All of these were well attended and successful in great degree.
The papers read at these meetings were in the main of high quality, the
several societies with which they were held expressing themselves as highly
satisfied and requited for their efforts and expense.

There has been little increase of local societies during the year. On the
other hand, I am sorry to say, three have become inoperative, if not quite
extinct. The one new one is that of Gratiot county, with headquarters at
Ithaca. There have been no meetings of the Sanilac or Port Huron
societies, nor of the Michigan manufacturers of fruit goods. The failure
of the latter is duesto the repeated failure of the apple crop, which left its
members little business to do and no incentive for meetings. But this
state of things is likely to take a favorable turn if this year of 94 shall see
the orchards once more productive.

There have been-several new organizations of the type of the Lawton
_ fruit shippers’ association, which are of a purely commercial character, yet

102 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

-of exceeding value to those fruitgrowers wise enough to identify themselves
with them.

No further development of the plan of co-operation between this society
and the national department of agriculture can be reported. The good
intentions of Secretary WILLITS seem to have been checked by some
fungus of unprogressiveness or bacterial disease of finance, or simply dry
rot of innocuous desuetude. However this may be, I have received noth-
ing from the department, for distribution, since the arrival of the first and
only bag of old reports and bulletins. It was a good plan, but as the
present secretary seems bent upon showing how much money he has not
spent, rather than the results he has accomplished, I do not expect to learn
of any advancement of the scheme.

The Reports of this society continue to be in great favor and demand, not
only in this country, but far abroad. I have during the year sent volumes
to New Zealand and Germany, while applications for them come from all
portions of the United States. Particularly is this the case from the
northern Pacific slope, the horticultural conditions of which are sufficiently
like our own to make our transactions of great practical value. I am sure
it would cause renewed interest and pride in our work, on the part of every
member, had he read the words of commendation which were sent in
response to my circular of last winter, to societies throughout the country,
offering exchange of reports or cifts of them to experiment stations,
libraries, etc. Im every case was the offer accepted with apparent keen
pleasure.

Your secretary has some very decided opinions about what was miscalled
the Michigan fruit exhibit at the World’s Fair, but as this subject is to
be handled by those more intimately concerned, remarks upon it here are
‘quite needless. Perhaps it is true that the less we say about it the better
we will feel, and it would have been as well to have omitted the subject
enterely from the programme, but for the poor satisfaction we weak
mortals get from saying “‘ Didn’t we tell you so?”

The year 1893 was a season of mainly satisfactory fruit yield, except as
to apples. What little we produced of this fruit was to be found in the
northern part of the western “fruit belt,’ even as it was last year. The
-crop of peaches was abundant everywhere, and sold at satisfactory prices.
The yield of grapes was unprecedented, and of excellent quality. The
fruit sold at very low prices, and in many cases, no doubt, the crop was
unremunerative, though its vast amount secured a margin, greater or less
in most cases. The strawberry crop was somewhat short on the whole,
and the prices good on that account as well as because of the partial fail-
ure in regions further south. Other small fruits in the state, as a whole,
were not in full supply. It is the general belief among apple-growers, as
well as the earnest hope, that the coming season will be productive of an
old-time crop of this staple fuit. The trees did not suffer from the fungus
which devastated them the preceding two years, but made a healthy
growth of foliage, and have gone into the winter in excellent order.
Details of these conditions have already been see you in the reports
from many localities of the state.

While there have been most zratifying advances in means and methods
of combating most diseases and fungi, absolutely nothing can be reported
as to success in repressing yellows. While there have been seasons
when development of this disease. has been more startling than in 1893,
still, its march has been steady, and it has invaded localities where

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 103

enforcement of the law has been most faithfully observed. Planting of
new trees continues in these vicinages, but the men who predict the
extinction of peach-growing where it now most flourishes, are no longer
regarded as mere croakers.

The receipts and expenditures of the year have been as follows, the
treasurer’s report showing the condition of the society’s investments:

Reis) fron dimual mom persnuml .. 222 lsh 6 ou! os ee $19 00
ironical ar ye SOCISbIOS eae on Poe Se REA ee Dios 2 SLs Bg ae 116 80
hiterespon bonds, ancwmortparess oo) = se ee he ee ee ee 126,00
IB iance one nang: DeGGMper 20,1 Oo ef o. 2 Ey ee es ee 59 10

akanigst HO cobalereecelp is yess a sores a eee eas ls Se eee $320 90
Senex penciiures have beers 2 02-2 bonis oo be Si pka Soa. 2 ee ee

inhomet palancomoweoniland: seer se: Se ee Poe eh 2 ee eee “$101 55

The expenditures may be classified as follows:

Wranec secrotary ag Salary ror S02... 258 eo eee oe ae eo)
Sires ie 1g eR ee en ey ee es eros ae ee, Sek ee pee Nae Pe de ee Seed 38 75
Expenses connected with Annual Report... ---..--.------------------------ 3 15
penne jal) secretary se) Oficds .2 42%) = ude LE SOT 2 ce Pee 42 61
BIR PEHSEH OL. GUALTOrIYs MOCUN PS 7 = 22.2) oe ee Sk ee 79 19
PRES GE RLDTAT Vetere Sos tn is ha yds Latah te ee St eee 5 65
ESC OROL a TaN Cn eae eee ear en bee TS SY ee eda rN ee Ln, See ee OME

$320 90

EDWY C. REID, Secretary.

Mr. GARFIELD moved that a committee of five, none of whom should
be of the present official members, be appointed to nominate officers for
the ensuing year, to report later to thissession. The chair named Messrs.
J. N. Stearns of Kalamazoo, A. S. Packarp of Covert, H. H. Hayes; of
Talmadge, R. M. Kretioae of Ionia, and W. W. Tracy of Detroit as
such committee.

Upon motion of Mr. Morrinu, Mr. Barnarp of Illinois was made an
honorary member of this society. Mr. Barnard made acknowledgment of
the honor in graceful and appropriate manner.

An intermission was taken for receipt of new members, after which
Mr. Morpritu read the subjoined paper upon

POSSIBILITIES IN HORTICULTURE.

Horticulture is a science that most nearly of all illustrates the quaint
saying of Robbie Burns, that “The best laid plans o’ mice and men gang
aft aglee.” So charming in the prospective, giving the fullest satisfaction,
when entered into intelligently and pursued with care and industry, but
often resulting in disappointment when undertaken without these essen-
tials. It may be very correctly divided into three distinct branches, each
having a different object.

104 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
A KIND THAT IS ALWAYS PROFITABLE.

First, we will consider ornamental horticulture, which includes all
planting of ornamental trees and shrubs, the culture of flowers or anything
that tends to adorn and make beautiful our homes, farms, and highways,
bringing happiness and contentment, making rural life more pleasant than
a life in our great cities can ever be. It is the only branch of horticulture
that never disappoints nor proves unprofitable. No man ever made a mis-
take who has set and properly cared for an ornamental tree or plant on his:
own premises. In addition to the pleasure himself and family derive from
it, he has certainly enhanced the value of the property many times the
cost. In fact, the surest way to sell a farm for a good figure is to make it
neat and beautiful. It is easily accomplished at small expense; besides,
the owner secures a certain respect and admiration for himself and family
by the public that is not secured by any other means, because it is gener-
ally conceded that the man who loves the beautiful in nature and surrounds.
himself with beautiful things can not be a very bad man.

The skill of the trained landscape gardener reveals wonders to us in our
beautiful city parks and private grounds, but he claims no monopoly.
Any farmer can study them and take pattern after any portion, and
can get ideas which he can follow out at a very small expenditure of cash
and time. It will open up new pleasures in life for him. Don’t say that.
you can not afford it, but study it and see if you can afford not to do it.

THE EXPERIMENTAL SORT.

The second branch of horticulture we will call the “experimental.”
This is attractive to very few men, as there is seldom any profit in it.
Still, some of our brightest men are continually engaged in producing and
testing new things — hybridizing, crossing, and using all the arts known
to the profession, in their efforts to produce something superior to those
already in existence. Full well they know that if they succeed it can not
be profitable, as the public stands ready to tear it from them and distribute
it among themselves like a pack of hungry wolves. He can not get a
patent nor copyright on his production, neither can he lock it up, so his
labor must be a labor of love. Our country is fortunate in having well-
conducted experiment stations which are constantly testing new varieties
of fruit and sending the results broadcast over the country in bulletin
form, thereby saving the commercial fruitgrowers millions of dollars and
many years of time that would otherwise be lost.

HORTICULTURE FOR CASH.

The third branch of horticulture we will designate as “ Horticulture for
revenue only.” This branch commands the most attention of any in
Michigan. A very large proportion of the southern peninsula is remark-
ably well adapted to it, as is evidenced by the immense crops of fruit and ~
vegetables annually marketed here. It is doubtful if any industry in our
state today represents larger investments or contributes more largely to
the prosperity of our people. These crops, with wheat, are known as the
cash crops.

The principal object of this paper is to call attention to the possibility
of extension and improvement in this line. The limits of such a paper

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 105

precludes going into details, so we will confine it to general statements
which can be proven correct. That nearly all of southern Michigan is
remarkably well adapted to the profitable pursuits of commercial horticul-
ture, having nearly perfect soil, climate, locations, and transportation
facilities, with the best of markets near by, has long been known to those
who have given the matter any thought. Why these advantages have not.
been more generally recognized and acted upon, is a mystery. Many a
farmer in this state works hard the year round for his board and clothes
and taxes, yet he sleeps every night on a gold mine, but has not the cour-
age todevelop it. Still, he shows remarkable “nerve” when he sows 40
to 160 acres of wheat, or tenderly cares for a large flock of sheep, growing
“free trade wool,” knowing that he is working for less wages than his hired
man gets. Most of our farmer friends know what it costs them to grow a
bushel of wheat or a pound of wool, and none will claim any profit at
present prices.

COST OF PRODUCTION PER BUSHEL.

How many men, even among those engaged in the business, know the
cost of a bushel of fruit? Let me tell you something about that. Where
fruit is properly planted and well cared for, the following figures are the
extreme limit of cost in southern Michigan, and a large portion of the very
finest fruit sent to the market costs less: Apples, 15 to 25 cents per
bushel; pears, 25 to 40 cents; peaches, 30 to 40 cents; plums, 40 to 60
cents; strawberries, raspberries and blackberries, 25 to 40 cents per bushel;
grapes, 4 to ? cents per pound; cherries, 25 cents per bushel. These fig-
ures mean fruit ready for market, but not picked. The cost of marketing
is variable, so each can determine that for himself. Fruit is grown more
cheaply by the highest culture and fertilization than by slovenly methods.
The above figures take into account all the cost of trees or plants, all the
labor and fertilizers necessary to first-class work, while the estimate for
production is not more than fifty per cent. of what is frequently produced
under such culture.

It is not necessary to own the earth in order to successfully engage in
horticulture. I have in my mind a locality where the average farm is ten
to twenty acres, naturally poor soil, but worth now $200 to $1,000 per
acre, the owners making more money, and living easier and better, than
farmers on 80 to 640 acres of prime land. These people give their chil-
dren good educations, have plenty of music and good reading, work hard
all summer, loaf or amuse themselves as they see fit all winter, and enjoy

life.
LOCATION—PROFITS—SWINDLERS.

I presume some will ask what are the conditions necessary to successful
fruitgrowing. In a general way I would say that our high, rolling lands
of moderate fertility are well adapted to the growth of peaches, grapes,
cherries, and small fruits; and, if the soil is a clay loam, add the apple, pear,
and plum. On good level lands, all the above fruits succeed except
peaches and grapes, which are not quite so safe in such locations. Still,
they are generally satisfactory if proper varieties are planted. On the
lower levels the small fruits do well, as do dwarf pears and quinces, while
our swamps are proving to be bonanza farms in the growing of celery,
onions, cabbage, potatoes, mint, etc.

14

106 STATE HORTICULTURAL.SOCIETY.

To give statements of exceptional profits in fruitgrowing might prove
misleading, but I will say that it is a common experience, with orchards
and plantations of small fruit, to find some year in which the profits pay
all the original value of the land and all the expenses of growing it, froma
single crop. In the case of some fruits, notably gooseberries, which are
the cheapest of all fruits to grow, rarely costing over ten cents per bushel,
I have seen a plantation pay for itself, land and all, each year for five years
in succession.

A word of caution might not come amiss here. The country is full of
disappointments in horticulture because growers have depended on decep-
tive plate-books and glib-tongued, lying tree peddlers for their horti-
cultural knowledge, buying unheard-of and impossible varieties, paying
out their hard-earned wheat money for brush-heap trash at three or four
times the price of well-known profitable varieties. Of course, there are
such things as reliable agents of reliable nurseries, but they are never
selling nor offering impossible things, andthe only safety lies in dealing
with well-known and reliable nurseries.

WHAT AN ENERGETIC YOUNG MAN MAY DO.

A few horticultural possibilities might be mentioned. It is possible
fora young man to purchase a farm and pay for it easily by a little intel-
ligent planting and care of fruit. It is possible for the farmer who is
heavily in debt, and sees no hope in farm crops, to pay the mortgage by
fruit or vegetable growing. It is possible to keep the boys at home and
give them a good start in life by giving them the use of a few acres of
land and helping them to get it well set in fruit; and I will guarantee that
in a few years some of them will be able to show a better annual bank
account than the “old man” with his 160 or more acres. So, be careful
or you may catch the fever and go to growing “ briars and trees” and
“oarden sass.”

Some one asks, how will this be, when everybody goes to growing fruit,
and there is an over-production? My reply is, that was the question twenty
years ago, and that condition has not arrived yet, and I see no occasion for
alarm until our own state can get all the good fruit her people wish to
use, which time has not yet arrived. Of course, our great city market,
Chicago, is often overloaded for a few days, as was the case with grapes
last season; but who is to blame? The good people of Lawton grew an
enormous quantity of grapes last year, and dumped most of them into
Chicago. At the same time, some of them returned, passing through
their town on the way to Kalamazoo, Jackson, and Grand Rapids, while
small towns all over the state had none.

The conditions necessary to profitable fruit-culture are easily enumerated,
but not so easily understood. Therefore, no man should enter the busi-
ness extensively at first, unless he has prepared himself by securing the
fullest information obtainable regarding varieties, his location, transpor-
tion facilities, markets, etc. Where these conditions are fully understood
success should be almost certain.

The plan of planting large acreages to specialties is unsafe for begin-
ners, and is only advisable after the owner has demonstrated its success on
his soil, and under his management. Better plant several varieties at first,
reserving enough land to make extended plantings of the successful kinds.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MERTING. 107
PLEASURES OF HORTICULTURE.

Horticulture as an occupation is one of the pleasantest known to man.
It is also the first. Mankind made their debut in a garden, and if they
had heeded the plain instructions they would have remained gardeners,
and a world of sin and suffering been saved their descendants. From that
day to this, horticulture has been the most honored of all occupations.
Rich and poor, high and low, learned and ignorant, kings and queens, as
well as the lowly cottager, all practice it in some form, and all take equal
pride in their success. The only exception to this rule that I have ever
‘met, is an occasional top-heavy American farmer, who, perhaps, by dint of
working fifteen to eighteen hours per day and living on a diet of bread and
potatoes with pork and grease, has made a success growing hogs, corn, and
wheat. Some of these gentlemen profess contempt for the able-bodied men
who grow “ trees, brush, vines, and posies.” We can overlook this man’s
lack of courtesy when we remember that his associations have given him
ct exalted opinion of himself, while his diet has given him a disordered

iver.

In conclusion, let me say that whether you are already engaged in hor-
ticulture, or expect to be in the future, be careful to start right. Be
honest in all things. Follow the golden rule when you pack fruit for mar-
ket, as well as in your other dealings. In short, be a man, love your
neighbor, and trust in God. Then, when your labors are ended, you will
have little to regret of the past and everything to hope for of the future.

PRESENT PEACH-CULTURE AT BENTON HARBOR.

Mr. Lawton: How successful is peach-culture at St. Joseph now?

Mr. Morriuu: The orchards now are comparatively young. They all
went out, absolutely every tree, but they have been replanted until there
are now 200,000 to 300,000 trees, the oldest about seven years of age, and
they are as fruitful now as they were originally. Better sorts are now
grown than in those earlier years, kinds which bear one or two years
younger than the kinds set first, and thereby the danger of loss by yellows
and cold winters, before profits are realized, is decreased. My ten-acre
peach orchard netted $750 the third year, $1,950 the fourth year, and $2,200
this year. The fruit had to be thinned each year. This season from 1,300
to 1,500 fruits per tree were removed. Our people are assiduous now in
removing yellows. The commissioners of Benton Harbor township could
this season find but an average of one affected tree per day. Over 200,000
trees will be set the coming spring. Varieties best with us are Lewis,
‘Gold Drop (this paid me best of all); my neighbor, Mr. Morey, grows
Crawfords, principally, and we both make money; Early Rivers, Barnard,
the Crawfords, Snow’s Orange, and Smock have all done well; I have
excellent results from Kalamazoo, the peach originated by Mr. STEARNS,
which I believe to be the best peach ever set in Michigan. Itisa large

108 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

peach, yellow, ripening between the Crawfords, and the fruits grow larger
as the trees grow older.

Mr. StEearns: I exhibited this peach at the state fair seventeen years
ago, and it was awarded the premium as the best of the sixteen seedlings
on exhibition. It was named the Kalamazoo by the committee on awards.
The original tree was a Yellow Albert, the parent of Barnard, and this
peach was first borne on a sprout from the roots below the bud.

ENTHUSIASM NEEDFUL TO SUCCESS.

Mr. W. W. Tracy of Detroit: In my travels over this and other states.
I see men, farmers, who have toiled all their lives but who yet must sell
and abandon their farms; others who can not get out from their burden of
debt, while others are making money, both from farming and fruitgrowing,
in the same localities. I find that the successful men are the enthusiastic
men —the others complain, dread their work, and discourage all about
them. Mr. Tracy proceeded with a strong plea for the ornamentation of
homes and grounds, by use of flowers, trees, and lawns. This, he said, he
did not from mere sentiment, but as a consideration of hard, business-like
sense. Make the home beautiful, that you may make it enjoyable for
yourselves and your children. If you fail to do this, you fail to get the
best and most out of it.

TRANSPORTATION DISTRIBUTION.

Mr. Coryeuu of the Agricultural college spoke of the reshipment of
fruit from Chicago to interior points in Michigan and other states, and
said that while the Lawton growers were sending grapes to Chicago and
getting eleven cents per basket for them, Lansing people were paying from
twenty-five to thirty-five cents per basket. He urged direct shipments to
such towns as Lansing.

Mr. Henry Forp, in answer to a question, said the present rate on
grapes from Lawton to Chicago was twenty-four cents per L00 pounds, and.
said they are not yet able to get any such rate to Lansing.

Mr. Morritu: Ornamental horticulture is the only kind which never
proves unprofitable.

Mr. ATWELL: There is much difficulty in getting satisfactory rates to
other points than Chicago, and until the growers are organized, so as to
know how much fruit is needed in interior towns, they would be likely,
each sending for himself, to glut such limited markets.

Mr. Forp: If at Lansing and other such towns we could get orders for
car lots, we might be able to get much lower freight rates, but no such
quantities are wanted there.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MERTING. 109

Mr. N. W. Lewis of Gobleville: We have been raising fruit at my
town, and when we were ready to market some of it, we wrote to Mr.
ANGELL, superintendent of the express company, who came there and
made reduced rates for us, assuring us that as production increased the
rates would be proportionately modified.

MAY THERE NOT BE OVER-PRODUCTION?

Mr. A. C. GLIDDEN of Paw Paw: Mr. Morriuu said something of the
effects of association with wheat and hogs. There may be more or less
truth in that. Now, can farmers in the southern part of this state go to
growing fruit instead of wheat and hogs, and be reasonably sure of satis-
factory cash returns?

Mr. MorriLu contended that they could. The “top-heavy” farmers,
those who sneer at “growing briars,”’ are decreasing, while the men who
are paying off the mortgages are the ones who grow fruit. Loans are more
easily obtainable by fruitgrowers than by farmers, and their lands sell
more readily if sale is desired.

Mr. VANFLEET of Lawton: I think the business of growing fruit in
this region will be overdone, just as years ago the business of raising hogs
was overdone.

Mr. Morritu: The matter of over-production takes care of itself, and
fruitgrowing is safe as a pursuit because so many of those who start will
fail on account of bad culture.

DISCARDED SORTS OF PEACH.

Mr. Lawton: What old varieties of peach have gone out as Mr. Mor-
RILL alluded to? ! .

Mr. Morritu: Well there are a number, such as George IV, Keyport
White, Morris White, the Oldmixons, and there are far less of Crawfords.
Just now Elberta is more largely set than any other, but it has not been
thoroughly tried, and so I did not before mention it. Crosbey and Cham-
pion are set experimentally. Elberta shows much curl-leaf.

IMPOSSIBLE TO GET FULL RECORDS OF SHIPMENTS.

Mr. C. J. Monrok of South Haven (who had undertaken to prepare a
statistical paper upon the fruit product of 1893): I have been unable to
complete my statistics, though I had hoped to doso. But, everywhere, the
production of fruit is increasing, in all fit places. This will soon make a
record of production a necessity. Now it is impossible to get from trans-
portation companies the results of their season’s carrying, they claiming

110 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that to disclose such facts interferes with their business. Over one half
of the township of South Haven is yet unimproved, Casco, in Allegan
county, being the locality of our main product; but now Covert, to the
south of us, is rapidly increasing. There is no need of fear of over—
production. It will be along time before we can overdo the business if
proper distribution is secured.

Mr. Barnarp of Illinois: Has anything been done in Benton Harbor
toward canning or evaporating the surplus?

Mr. Morriuu: We have provision for both. There are two very large
factories. |

ANNUAL ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

Here the committee on nominations announced themselves ready to.
report. Their recommendations were unanimously adopted, the secretary
being instructed to cast the requisite ballots, which was done with this.
result:

President—RouanpD MorriLu of Benton Harbor.

Secretary—Enpwy C. Retp of Allegan.

Treasurer—Evart H. Scort of Ann Arbor.

Executive Board for three years—C. W. GARFIELD of Grand Rapids.
and F. J. Russevy of Hart; to fill vacancy, one year, T. T. Lyon of South

aven.

Following the annual election of officers came the reading of the sub-
joined paper by Mr. J. N. STEARNS of Kalamazoo, his subject being:

FRUITS I HAVE FOUND IT PROFITABLE TO GROW,

For more than twenty-five years it has been a constant study with me to
know what to plant for profit and how to get the best returns out of what I
have, and I doubt not that is what has brought the most of us here today,
the hope or wish to learn more on this line.

There are certain fruits that, if managed properly, nearly always pay,
on account of their keeping and handling qualities.

Among the former we might mention the strawberry and peach, and of
the latter the gooseberry and pear.

When I first commenced growing fruits for market, I found the red rasp-
berry one of great profit for several years, not selling a quart in Kalamazoo.
for less than twenty-five cents net, boxes returned. I had the monopoly of
the market, and when it was likely to be overstocked I would make a few
shipments to Detroit and Jackson, so as to keep the price up in our own
town, where I sold the most of my crop. But this state of things could
not always last in this progressive America. My neighbors soon began to
think there was money in growing the raspberries, and there grew up sharp
competition and low prices, so for several years there has been but little
profit in the raspberry.

I will say here that my remarks in this paper will apply mainly to my
experience in fruitgrowing in South Haven.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MERTING. 11k

I have found the strawberry to be a profitable crop (not to use Chicago
as a market, as a rule), the fact being that South Haven is at least a week
later than towns in the interior of the state in the ripening the same
variety of fruit. By selecting best late-ripening sorts, keeping back with
mulching, I am able to put fine fruit in Kalamazoo just as the crop there
is finishing up, often realizing $2 per case for the bulk of the crop.

The next in the order of ripening are the gooseberries, and of all the
fruit I grow these pay the best for the labor put into them. I have now
planted of this fruit about two acres.

Some six years since, 8 prominent nurseryman was at my place and I
was showing him my platof one' half acre and telling him what it was pay-
ing me. He remarked, “I would plant five acres at once;” but I felt some-
what as I have often heard the remark made thirty years ago in western
New York in regard to apples, that “In ten years you can not give away
apples,” and some were then digging out their orchards, but have since
replanted and harvested very profitable crops. The apples could be
bought then for $1 per barrel. Last year and this the same apples
retailed fer $5 per barrel.

‘I have been shipping gooseberries to Chicago for twelve years, and $1.25
per case was the highest I could at first obtain. This season, from one
half acre, I picked 160 cases, and they sold for $1.60 to $2.

But the gooseberry is a gross feeder, and to produce heavily must be
liberally manured. JI used ashes and well-rotted manure, applied
separately.

I have tried several sorts, but, so far as my experience goes, I would.
rather have one acre of Downing than two of any other.

I have grown the blackberry for twenty years and find it pays well, not
for the Chicago market, however, although I send hundreds of cases.
through Chicago to other markets in Illinois.

I grow Snyder, Taylor, Kittatinny, Wilson, and Erie. I find Snyder
most profitable on sandy and Kittatinny on clay soils. I have observed
many make the mistake in not heading the Synder in closely enough,
allowing it to set more fruit than it can properly mature. It should be
headed back one half shorter than Kittatinny.

I now come to the peach, which we all know pays fairly well in locali-
ties where reasonably sure of a crop. I have of this fruit about 2,500
trees in bearing, but here again one needs to live about two lives, the first
to learn how and what to plant.

I have planted quite a good many Crawfords and Wheatland in the past
twelve years, not one of which has ever paid for the ground on which it
stood. I doubt, if my forty acres were all planted to Wheatland, I would
have five bushels, in the best peach year. Now,I am not speaking dispar-
agingly of these sorts where they produce well, for there are no better
selling peaches; but my experience with the Crawfords, when they do
produce, is that if we bring in five bushels we might get two No. 1 and
two No. 2, and the other bushel only fit for Chicago. You say that isa
little hard on Chicago, but it is right, just the same.

I want to diverge just a little here, and give some of my experience in:
shipping peaches to Chicago. Several times I have tried this: I would
put up, say, fifty baskets of No. 1 peaches, every peach select, and put my
eard in, guaranteeing it such. Then I would put up fifty baskets of culls,
ship at same time—not a cent’s difference in the returns.

112 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. :

So now they get all my culls, and orders and other towns get the best
fruit.

I have one dealer in Illinois to whom I have shipped a large amount for
seven or eight years, and he did not sella peach for me the past season for
less than $2 per bushel, and the most of them brought $3 per bushel.

As I presume I will be asked, I will give my choice for 1,000 trees,
which would be about as follows, of those I have fully tested: 50 Lewis,
100 Richmond, 300 Kalamazoo, 100 Sturtevant, 300 Golden Drop, 100
Smock, and 50 Salway.

I find the pear a profitable fruit. Of this I now have planted about
1,500 trees, and I will say I have more faith in this fruit for profit than in
the peach in its most favored locality. It is less work to grow and is easier
handled, being not so perishable, and I am enabled to get full better prices.
The same party in Illinois, spoken of in the sale of peaches, sold every
pear I sent him at $8 per barr el, and the culls sold in Chicago for $1.50 to
$1.75 per bushel.

It is said the great drawback to growing pears is the blight. I have no
more trouble with this than I do with “yellows in the peach, which I
head off by eternal vigilance and promptness in cutting out. Some seasons
I have found it necessary to go over my pear orchard every week, regu-
larly, and cut out every affected twig. ‘The past season I have not hada
twig of blight nor a tree of yellows.

I cultivate my pear orchard as thoroughly as I do the peach, and have
done so for fifteen years. I am a full believer in thorough cultivation for
every fruit, from the strawberry to the apple.

The two pears I find paying best are Angouleme, dwarf, and Bartlett,
standard, but the former, to do well, should be planted on good, strong
soil.

If I had not soil, then I would plant Howell and Louise Bonne instead.
Of course there are several other sorts very desirable to have, but those
mentioned above I have found most profitable.

To sum up, with close attention to marketing, for the time I have been
in the business, I have found the growing of these fruits to pay: The
strawberry, gooseberry, blackberry, peach, and pear.

Thursday Afternoon Session.

At the opening of the session of Thursday afternoon, President Lyon
spoke briefly as to the change of officers, the presidency especially, effected
by the vote of the morning, saying it would be found to be highly advan-
tageous to the welfare of the society. He had often before urged
that it be made, and so was more than pleased that it had now been accom-
plished, though it was with regret that he severed a relation which had
been so pleasant. He warned against the entrance into the work of the
society of too much of the commercial spirit, instead of giving aid and

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 113

advancement to that which in quality is best. He hoped the incoming
president would appreciate the importance of this, and not, so far as his
work and influence was concerned, subordinate all to pecuniary considera-
_ tions. The value of the best for use at table and in the home should
receive at all times the society’s preference. He hoped to be thought of in
the future as one who had earnestly tried to do something for the benefit
of the horticulture of Michigan.

Mr. PEARSALL, the retiring treasurer, made similar expression of his
feelings. The society had, he said, been of great benefit to him, much
more than he could possibly have been to it. Hespoke with deep concern
of his personal relations to members of the society during the time of his
seventeen years’ connection with it as treasurer, and in speaking his
farewell paid a warm tribute to the personal worth and services of Presi-
dent Lyon.

Mr. Mowrok said many of those present would like to take time to say
complimentary things of Mr. Lyon and his work, but the large waiting
audience made it desirable that such expression be left to the committee
on resolutions.

Mr. Lawton: Mr. Lyon modestly says he “ hopes to be remembered as
one who has done something for the horticulture of his state.” He does
~not belong to this society, nor to the people of this state, but to the whole
country. Long before this society was organized, I received aid and
advice from Mr. Lyon, in the beginnings of my horticulture at this place,
and it was the best advice I could obtain anywhere. His work and his
honored self belong to the whole people.

Mr. MorgiLu quoted what Mr. Stearns had said about the bad charac-
ter of the Chicago market so far as returns for the best grade of fruit are
concerned. He had found that for the best fruit he could get better prices
in Chicago than in any other place.

Then was taken up the regular work of the afternoon’s programme, a
series of papers upon culture of the grape, the first being from Mr. T. V.
Munson of Denison Texas, upon

PROGRESSIVE GRAPE CULTURE FOR THE NORTH.

While the title of my paper is very much in appearance like “ Progress
in Grape Culture,” and in treatment may be similar to what such a paper
would naturally be, yet essentially the two subjects are very distinct.
Progress in grape culture would be essentially historical, while progressive
grape culture must be prospective, theoretical, prophetic, a judgment of
what may or will be done, based upon a knowledge of what exists, out of

15

114 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

what it came, and the capabilities of variation and adaptability of the
material in hand.

You will not expect me to treat the subject in an unlimited sense. That
would take a large book and include the world. I shall confine myself to
the northern part of the United States, if not exclusively to Michigan, as
most interesting and profitable to my audience, but I shall take occasion to
lift the curtain a moment upon the stage of other sections, as the products
of such are bound to have some bearing upon your region in the matter of
marketing.

I imagine I see many of you smile at my presumption — a Texan trying
to tell Michigan horticulturists how to progress in grape-growing!

From what I saw last June in the test vineyards of your worthy presi-
dent, I am sure he can tell you far better than I. There is Mr. WoopRUFF
of Ann Arbor, and many others in your midst, who have been carefully
studying how, and trying, to progress in this matter; and, since I come to
think of it, I fear I have made a great mistake by not trying to tell how we
are progressing in Texas, instead.

But your president has most courteously invited me to send you a paper
on grapes, and, as I don’t expect most of you to move to Texas to take
advantage of our progress, but that you wish to have an outside view of
your work, I shall stick to my text, and thank you for any critical smiles,
or remarks either, that my paper may draw.

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN SPECIES.

In the first place, let me present a synopsis of all the grape species of
North America, including the Vinifera and some other old-world species
for comparison. Then we shall see what of these are native of Michigan
or near-by regions, and what ones enter into the varieties in cultivation in
your vineyards; also what others can endure your climate and promise to
enrich your list of varieties. Then, I think, you will be enabled to better
appreciate in what direction you may look for progress in viticulture in
your lovely lake regions.

You will perceive that Ido not think much further progress will be
made, so far as modes of training and cultivation of varieties now in exist-
ence is concerned, above what your best vine-growers have reached. The
progress chiefly must lie in the development of new types of grape, which
will give greater product, finer size and color; and, above all, purer, finer
quality. How much does the best grape you g crow in marketable quanti-
ties fall short in appearance and quality of the best Vinifera varieties, the .
Rose of Peru, Calabrian, Faher Zagos, Muscat of Alexandria, Black Ham-
burg, etc.! This difference, at least, is the measure of progress allotted to
you, or there is no truth in the claims of evolution. That evolution may
be brought about speedily by the most intelligent experimentation, or it
may be delayed thousands of years, or forever, if the result is left to the
“chance seedling in an old fence-row” method. Some would-be origina-
tors or discoverers appear to regard with a sacred reverence these chance
improvements, while they scorn intelligent effort to produce new and
better kinds, as akin to impiety. Nature has taught us that out of the
original protoplasmic alge of primeval times, millions of years gone by,
have come gradually the myriad forms of life, flower, and fruit of our

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 115.

planet, by simple action and interaction of the affinities and repulsions of
the various materials of earth upon one another. Some products are sour,
bitter, poisonous, hideous; some sweet, luscious, wholesome, beautiful.
Experience has taught us that new combinations and new results are capa-
ble of being made ad infinitum, and that the very life of our civilization
stands upon intelligent selection and breeding of animals and food-and-
beauty-producing plants, cultivated among us, still further aided by
mechanical and artistic invention.

We can truthfully say that were the inventors and originators stilled
‘entirely, and all persons required to simply operate with what we have,
and to seek for nothing new, that progress would at once cease, and decay
would speedily follow, for the old would not be capable of meeting the
new natural conditions ever unfolding.

By viewing the past and its products we can the better perceive in what
way to point our experiments for best success in the future. Hence I
present the most recent and thoroughly studied classification of natural
specific grape productions, so that experimenters may the better join
hands with Nature and entice her to give forth still more of sweetness,
of refined aroma, of lusciousness, of healthful food, of purifying beauty,
enabling still more people to live happily upon the same extent of land,
so far as the grape enters the problem.

There are in North America, and nearly all of them in the United
States, some twenty or more species of wild grape, and millions of varie-
ties of each species, as no two wild vines bear identically the same
kind of fruit, while in all the balance of the world besides there are only’
six or eight distinct species.

THE TWO SECTIONS OR SUB-GENERA.

The genus is composed of two sub-genera, namely:

Section 1., the true grapes, is botanically designated Envitis. This sec-
tion comprises all vines having shreddy bark, shredding in flakes more or
less, with tendrils forked and cluster in true thyrses—that is, where the
central axis (rachis) has many subdivisions (pedwneclets), all along the
rachis, each pedunclet bearing a number of pedicles, each with a single
minute flower at summit, followed by a berry. Some have the berries
very small, others large; some ripen very early, others very late.

Section II., the Muscadine or wartywood grapes, is botanically desig-
nated Puncticulosis. This group comprises all vines having warty, closely
clinging, non-fibrous bark, with simple tendrils and clusters in cymes—
that is where all the berries hang in nearly the same plane, and are few in
number. It contains only two species, confined to the southern part of
the United States, one of them extending into Mexico and Central
America.

Section I. I divide into seven series of species, found in America, and
there are two other series found in Asia.

All the species of section II are in one series.

116

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CLASSIFICATION OF GRAPE SPECIES.

Those numbered are native, those lettered are foreign.

Series 1
Riparie. |

Series 2
Occidentales.

Series 3 ‘,
a

rot Ber

Coriacee.

© $0 90

Series 4
Labruscce

Series A
Labruscoidece.

lb
;
i

Cc.

19.

Series 5 f sects
4Estivales. 1 oe
| 13.
14.
15.

Series 6 4 16
Cordifolia. \17
, 18

(19
| 20.
Series 7 | 21,
Cinerascentes. | 22.
23%

Le.

Series B f.
Heterophylla. =

(
Series 8 | 24
Chiri Simpleses,

Simple tendrils.

oS
(

. Vitis Cordifolia,

. Vitis Rotundifolia,

GENUS VITIS.
Section I. Envitis.

Vitis rupestris, Rock or Sand Grape, Tex., Indian Ter., Mo., Tenn.
« Vulpina, (Linneus) (Vitis riparia, Michx), Riverside Grapes.
“ Solonis, Bush Grape, northwest, Texas.
“ ~~ Doaniana, Doan’s Grape, northwest, Texas.

Vitis Arizonica, Gulch Grape of Arizona, New Mexico, etc.
“ Girdiana, southern California, Valley Grape.
“ — Californica, nortbern Cala., southern Ore., Valley Grape.

. Vitis Champini, chalky limestone hills, southwest Texas.

“ _ Candicans, Mustang Grape, black lands of Texas.
“ Coriacea, Leather-Leaf Grape, Florida.

. Vitis Labrusca, Northern Muscadine Grape, Atlantic states, south-

Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee.

. Vitis Coiguetica, northeast China, Isle of Jesso, Japan.

“ Romaneti or Davidii, China.

Southwest Asia furnishes the varieties chiefly in
cultivation in Asia, Europe, California, etc.

southern Europe, “Southern Adstivalis
Group.”

“ Lincecumii of southeast bear ed coe ‘

- -. ( Var. glauca, “Post Oa rape” of northern
Lincecumti Texas, Indian Ter., Ark., and S. Missouri.
Ill., S. Wis., S. Mich., Ind., Ohio, Ky., N. Y., Pa.

Sears oe of ae dee ae

s eas irginia, Carolina, Georgia, Tenn., Ala. Miss.
Histivals, “Summer” or “Coon” grape of those states.

“ Simpsoni, Florida, Palmetto-Leaved Grape.

Vitis Vinifera, }

es Bourguiniana, }
ss Bicolor, }

“Frost Grape” from Kansas and cen. Texas east
to Atlantic and north from Gulf to about 40°.

“ Rubra, river bottoms of southern Illinois.

* — Monticola, chalky limestone hills of southwest Texas.

. Vitis Baileyana, “‘ Possom Grape” of sw. Va., W. Va., and w N. C.

“ Berlandieri, chalky limestone hills southwest Texas.

Sweet Winter Grape, nearly same range with
Vitis cordifolia.

“ Caribaea, West Indies, Yucatan, eastern Mexico.

“ Blancoii, western Mexico, in Sierra Madre mountains.

‘“ Lanata. China, the hardier foreign species.

“ Cinerea,

Vitis Pagnucci, southern China, more or less divided leaves.
“ Thunbergii, southern China, more or less divided leaves.
“ Heterophilla, s China and India, more or less divided leaves.

Section II. Puncticulosis.

“ Southern Muscadine Grape,” Austin, Texas,
east to Atlantic.

“Bird Grape.” “Everbearing Grape, south-
ern Florida and Florida Key, only species

“ _Munsoniana,
reported from the Florida Keys.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 117

Thus you see how nature has, in the long ages, thrown off this goodly
branch of variations from that great and curious order, Ampelide, to
which belong the beautiful genera of Cissus, Ampelopsis, Parthenocissus,
and that wonderful tuberous-rooted, rich-fruited genus, Ampelocissus,
which has over forty species in Africa and many others in India, Australia,
and Mexico, all tropical; much as nature would say to man, “ See what I,
groping in a chance like way, have molded out of the crude elements! Now
take hold with the intellect I have developed in you, and push forward the
variation and elevation to your every need and comfort, from the dead and
senseless to the live and infinitely enjoyable, remembering, too, that you
also inherit from me this evolutionary tendency. So do not fail to practice
upon yourselves the same beneficent principles that you know work such
vast benefit to inferior animals and plants.”

With this injunction, written all over and through your lovely country
among the Jakes, hills, forests, and vines, let us see what this bountiful
nature has left you here to make your vine, and I then shall withdraw, that
some one else may show you your fig tree and how to better adapt it to
your climate and needs.

THE NORTHERN TYPES.

When we come to look over the list, behold! how poor you are in wild
grapes, in comparison with our great Texas! Yonder, on your warm, sunny
sand-hills, among the oaks, climb your Vitis bicolor, with small, compact,
cylindrical clusters, reminding one of ears of pop-corn; and down there in
the valley, along the creeks and rivers, and around the margins of your
charming little, and deep-blue mammoth, lakes are nestled, along your
fences and over low bushes, the small, early Vitis vulpina. It is now cer-
tainly known that this is Linneus’ long lost Vitis vulpina, that has been
applied to our southern Vitis rotundifolia and others (more generally
known as Vitis riparia), and they are all you have! But trial has proven
Vitis Labrusca, in nearly all its cultivated varieties, foremost of which
is Concord, to find a genial home here.

Not only that the various hybrids of Labrusca, with Vinifera, and of
your native Vulpina with Labrusca, such as the Clinton family, do as well
here as anywhere. Even the Delaware, a hybrid between Labrusca and
what appears to be some form of Vitis Bourguiniana, succeeds well, but for
the downy mildew. That also is the enemy of the hybrid with Vitis
vinifera.

VARIETIES DEVELOPED IN MICHIGAN.

A hybrid of the wild vitis Labrusca and vitis cordifolia, from the mil-
dew regions of Virginia, has given me some second hybrids or crosses,
with Delaware and Jefferson, of fine quality and beauty. One such, named
Roanoke Red, placed in the hands of a friend, Henry PuRFIELD of Ann
Arbor, your state, last summer passed unscathed by mildew, while even the
natives in the vicinity lost their foliage, and the vine appears perfectly
hardy there, ripening its wood perfectly. I regard the quality of the fruit.
equal to that of Iona, of the size of Ives. But it is very late, later even
than Catawba. Another season will tell whether your season will ripen it. .
or not.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

418

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119

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING.

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120 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

You have in Mr. WooprurF of Ann Arbor a pioneer who has given your
state a treasure in his large early Red, and some other kinds. He has
found native vines of vitis vulpina ripening quite a good fruit considerably
ahead of Champion. Such vines afford a starting point which with proper
blending with such as Woodruff Red and Colerian and Early Ohio and
Roanoke Red, may give your vineyards specific character, and much more
value, in time, than any of the old varieties can. Vinifera blood must be
much attenuated in your climate. It seems to me that all you want of that
you have in as good form as you can get, in such as Rogers’ best hybrids,
Jefferson, Brighton, Moore’s Diamond, etc.

The extensive tests in the station of your worthy president should be
valuable study for your experimenters as well as market vineyardists.

While we have in the south a world of material for giving us fine grapes .
from June 15 until October 1, after that is all our fall and winter, when we
consume imported grapes, either from the northern states, from cold stor-
age, from California, or from Spain or from Sicily. So, after you have
supplied your near-by markets, the south opens a vast region for the con-
sumption of your best shipping grapes, kept in cold storage until after
October 1. In time the south will overcome this deficiency at home, yet
it will be some years, and we must have our fresh grapes as well as apples,
for we are great fruit-eaters, as warm climate people should be.

MR. MUNSON’S OWN WORK AS AN ORIGINATOR.

I append to this a list of some thirty-five varieties produced by myself,
selected from among many thousands. (See pages 118 and 119). It will
be seen that, while I have done some work with a view to get varieties
suited to middle and northern regions, yet the most are for the south, and
some especially for the dry, hot, long summer of southwest Texas. The
varieties are meeting with success in places where tested, showing that
the theory on which I work is not far out of the way.

GRAND POSSIBILITIES.

Thus, you see, the field of development is unlimited. Both your species,
in the best selections, to start with, in the hands of intelligent breeders,
have valuable qualities that can undoubtedly be embodied in very fine
grapes. Now is the time for such persons to hunt out these gems of
nature, for rapidly the country is cleared off and the wild vines destroyed.

Within the grape genus we have as much or more variation as in the
plum genus, and ought to develop as great diversity in varieties by inter-
mingling species as we have among the stone fruits.

Behold how, in the last few years, we have been enriched in plums by
bringing in the best of P. Americana, P. Chicasa, P. Pissardi from
Asia, and several other strains, giving us a foundation for still greater
development in skillful hands.

Then what may we not expect in the grape genus, with more species, and
with capabilities for greater variation and more numerous uses! The
prospect should make many an enthusiastic experimenter.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 121

Continuing the session, two more papers relating to grape culture were
read, the first of which was the following, by Mr. C. ENGLE of Paw Paw:

RAISING SEEDLING GRAPES.

The best way I have found to prepare the seeds for planting is to
squeeze the pulp into a vessel and let it stand a week or longer, until the
pulp decomposes. The seeds can then be easily separated by washing.
An old pan with holes punctured in the bottom is as good as anything to
keep the seeds in through the winter. I first put an inch or two of sand,
then the seeds, and fill up to the top with sand. The pan is then sunk
even with the surface, in the garden or some place where it will not be
disturbed and can get the winter’s freezing.

In the spring the seeds are sown in broad drills, one inch in depth, in
ground previously made very rich with thoroughly rotted barnyard
manure. After the seeds are sown I give a light dressing of unleached
ashes with a little plaster added.

After they come up they are kept free from weeds, and the ground fre-
quently stirred, and treated in every way asa row of garden vegetables
should be to get the best results. Treated in this way, by fall a large
share of the little vines will be large enough to plant out in the testing
ground. Many of them will be a quarter of an inch or more in diameter
just below the crown, with the top eight inches to a foot in length. I dig
them in the fall and heel in quite deeply and set out in the spring.

With good care quite a percentage show fruit the third season, while
others will be four, five, and even six years coming into bearing. So far,
the better grapes are, with me, the most tardy in fruiting. Whether it is
a uniform rule I have not lived long enough to find out. .

BEST VARIETY FOR SEEDLINGS.

What variety shall we plant seeds from? Twenty years ago I raised 100
plants from Concord seeds, and since perhaps as many more, none of which
were of any value. About fifteen years ago I commenced planting seeds
from Rogers’ hybrids, principally from Salem, with some Wilders and
Merrimacks, also enough seeds from Ives to grow fifty plants. Two of the
latter were an improvement on that variety. One peculiarity about these
plants was their close resemblance to their parent and to each other. The
closest observation could hardly detect the least difference in the leaf or
habits of growth. They could easily be taken for plants grown from cut-
tings of Ives. The fruit was all black. Plants from seeds of Wilder,
Merrimack, and Salem are very robust and strong growers, and from these
I have produced the most promising fruit, especially from Salem. As
much as ten per cent. are really good grapes; and of 500 seedlings, seven
will rank for quality as near best as any I have ever eaten. Tested by
myself and others , with Brighton and Moore’s Diamond growing side by
side, they have been uniformly pronounced equal to Brighton and much
better than Diamond. The fruit is white, black, and the various shades of
red, the latter color predominating. Wilder and Merrimac produce plants
very similar to Salem. In the coloring of the fruit, black predominates.

16

122 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
WHAT PROFITS IT?

Some ask, why do you spend so much time, labor, and thought in grow-
ing seedlings, when we have so many good grapes already? For the sim-
ple reason that I believe we can and will have much better ones; and it is
not in the nature of man to be satisfied with even a good thing, if a better
is attainable. From results of the little experimenting I have done, I
firmly believe that the near future will see grapes as much superior to
those now grown as the latter are superior to the Isabella and Clinton of
the past. He would be venturesome indeed who would set a limit to the
possibilities of improvement in the grape.

Is there any money init? Well, that depends. If you get the longest-
size horn, and have plenty of wind with which to work it, you may make
some money. In that case it makes very little difference whether the
fruit is good or worthless; as witness, the Russian mulberry, Mariana
plum, Champion grape, and many others that are now being pushed.

PROFIT NOT THE ONLY REWARD.

Some one has said that he who produces a valuable new fruit is a
benefactor to his race. I don’t think I was a born philanthropist, and
education has taken from me what little nature may have first given.
But I love the work. It is the most interesting—that isn’t the word—

fascinating, of any work I have ever done. Daylight can not come soon .

enough, nor stay late enough, when I am doing this kind of work.

I have been growing seedlings of strawberries, currants, raspberries,
blackberries, grapes, plums, and peaches for the past twenty years. I am
now sixty, but expect to keep right on growing them until I am a hundred,
if I should live that long. I shall never be satisfied until I see a grape
as large in bunch and berry as Niagara or Eaton, productive as Concord,
and as good or better in quality as Delaware or Brighton.

Mr. Lawton: I would ask Mr. ENGLE why he uses the Rogers grapes
in getting his seedlings, and what success he has in introducing his new
grapes?

Mr. EnGuieE: I have not tried to introduce them; I have followed the
practice from love of it. I use the Rogers hybrids because I have found
a greater proportion of good grapes to be produced by them.

Mr. GLIDDEN spoke in high praise of Mr. ENGL& and his work, saying
the main hindrance to introduction of his new fruits, and his lack of the
fame which they would bring him, is his modesty. Mr. GLIDDEN renewed

the query as to why the Rogers hybrids gave the larger percentage of

good grapes; but Mr. ENGLE said he did not know the reason for the
peculiar fact.

Mr. CuipEstER: The Rogers hybrids are not good grapes; therefore,
why try to propagate from them ?

Mr. Eneue: While this is true of the fruits, these grapes do not, on my
grounds, show rot and mildew.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 123

Mr. Lawton: We have found that Mr. ENGLE’s grapes are better
than those of Mr. Woopwortu of Ann Arbor, none of the latter being
good here. :

Mr. Lews: Did this Mr. ENGLE originate the Engle’s Mammoth peach?

Mr. ENGLE: 1 suppose so.

Mr. Lawton: Yes; and the Susquehanna and other good ones.

[ Privately, Mr. Enaue denied the responsibility for the questionable
addition of “mammoth” to the name of his really excellent peach. |

Prof. Tarr: No answer can be made to Mr. GLIDDEN’s question, save
that Mr. ENaLE has tried it and found it so.

Mr. Morriuu: As our good president has said, I am quite inclined to
view things from the commercial standpoint. So I ask Mr. Enewr if he
has found a grape equal to the Concord for market.

Mr. Eneue: I can not say; but I have a dozen or fifty which I prefer
for myself or to give to my friends. Ido not know that there is any grape
I would prefer to the Concord to set for market. I may have some; I
think I have; but it will require more than my own grounds or my own
lifetime to determine if any of them are preferable.

Following this discussion, Mr. C. P. CuipesTer of Battle Creek pre-
sented the following paper:

GRAPE CULTURE.

What I shall say will be from my own experience and calculated for
those who are just beginning in grape-growing, and not to your veteran
vine-growers, many of whom have had greater experience than myself;
and J am firmly impressed with the belief that I run some risk of telling
you many things which you already know. Yet, you should remember
that what we need most is line upon line and precept upon precept, to
have these truths indelibly impressed upon our memories, in order to be
successful.

WHERE TO PLACE A VINEYARD.

The location for a vineyard, in my estimation, having the greatest
advantages, would be a high elevation sloping gradually to the east, from
the fact that the snow does not blow off and thus leave the vines exposed
to so great an extent as from a south or western slope. It seems to be an
established fact that our prevailing winds during winter are from the
southwest. Taking this fact into consideration, it would appear to be evi-
dent that the hybrids or half-hardy varieties of grape would be much more
liable to winter-killing if placed upon the western hillsides. The high
elevation of the vineyard prevents to a good degree the liability of injury
to the grapes by early frost. We should remember that very much of the
success or failure of the grape-grower depends upon his wisdom in locating
his vineyard.

124 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

So far as my observation goes, a rather heavy loam, with a clay sub-
soil, has proved most suitable for most varieties. I am firmly convinced
of the fact that the soil has great effect, not only upon the health, but
also upon the productiveness and quality of the fruit. It hardly seems
necessary for me to suggest that whenever the soil is found to be lacking
in fertility, a liberal amount of bone meal or wood ashes should be applied.

POSITION IN THE VINEYARD.

There is probably no question upon which vineyardists differ to so great
an extent as upon the distance grapevines should be set apart. Of all dis-
tances that I have tried and seen tried, I have never found any more satis-
factory than twelve by sixteen feet. The advantages over a less distance
are, more sunlight and better circulation of air, thus causing the vines to
dry more quickly after rain, thus preventing mildew and rot to some
extent. It also gives plenty of room to cultivate with team, also for
raking of cuttings out from between the rows with horse-rake. This dis-
tance also gives plenty of room to drive horse and cart with spraying
machine.

Whether the vineyard is set upon the eastern or western hillside, set
your vines sixteen feet apart in rows running north and south. This will
prevent to a great degree the washing by heavy rains. This also gives
both sides of the row an equal benefit from the rays of the sun.

PRUNING IN BRIEF.

I would say, in regard to pruning, that I have no fine-spun theories to
offer. This subject has been so often treated by our best vineyardists
that I do not deem it wise to occupy much of your valuable time. At the
time of planting I generally trim off all but two buds. I prune again in
November, down to about three and one half feet. In the spring the two
upper buds are allowed to grow, all others being pruned off, thus leaving
two canes to grow upon each one of the previous year’s growths. Each
vine should be trained to wires which are placed upon posts, about fifteen
inches apart, the top vine to be placed nearly to the top of the post. The
posts should be about six feet above the ground. These vines are allowed
to run eight feet each way. After the length of the vine is established, I
usually prune in November, leaving two strong buds upon each branch of
the present year’s growth, for the bearing wood for the next season. .

I do not wish to be understood, by what I have said, that I favor sum-
mer pruning; that is, the breaking off of the ends of vines or leaves
after the grapes have formed. I have never seen any good results from
such pruning. What I recommend is, thinning out after the vine has
made a growth of three or four inches.

About the first of June, or when the vines have made a growth of about
three inches, I go through the vineyard and break off all weak sprouts,
leaving only the strongest ones which contain the largest clusters. If to
any one thing more than another I am indebted for my success in growing
grapes, it is to the proper thinning in the month of June.

HYGIENIC WORK IN THE VINEYARD.

To have abundant crops of grapes we must have healthy vines. The
experience of the last few years has demonstrated the fact that, in order

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 125

to have healthy vines, we must protect them, not only from the many
fungous diseases, but also from the ever increasing insect pests which now
threaten their entire destruction. The use of the Bordeaux mixture in
connection with the arsenites has proved so wonderfully effective in com-
batting these enemies of the vine that it seems almost superfluous to
mention it in this connection.

I would simply say, to those who have had no experience, that the
formula which contains four pounds of sulphate of copper, four pounds
of stone lime to which is added fifty gallons of water, has proved very
satisfactory in preventing the black-rot upon the vines and grapes. For
the destruction of insects it will be necessary to add one fourth pound of
Paris green or London purple to the above mixture. I used the above
preparation upon my plum trees the past season and it proved an efficient
remedy against the curculio. Many cases were noted where plums had
been stung several times without the least apparent injury.

VARIETIES FOR MICHIGAN.

If I should be asked to name a list of varieties for Michigan, from
among the old varieties, my choice would be for the white, Colerain,
Moore’s Diamond, and Niagara; for the black, Moore’s Early, Worden,
and Concord. With regard to the newer varieties, I can not speak from
actual experience, only so far as my own seedlings are concerned, two
varieties of which I have placed upon exhibition, hoping that they will
receive your impartial verdict.

AS TO THE FUTURE.

The question might properly be asked, what are our prospects in the
future? Reports have come from all our grape-growing districts, stating
that grapes were sold during the past season much below cost in many
instances. I saw large quantities of Concord grapes sold in Battle Creek
the past season for one cent per pound. How are we going to obtain better
prices in the future? Simply by raising better varieties that can be put

‘into the market either before or after the Concords are out of the way.
It seems to me that new varieties of grape, which shall be superior in
many respects to our best old varieties, would be valuable acquisitions.
Although we have made rapid advancement during the last fifty years,
perfection has not been reached. I have no doubt, from present indi-
cations, that our hopes will be realized in the near future. Let us take
new courage from our past achievements and persevere until success
crowns our efforts.

SPRAYING MIXTURE.

Take four pounds sulphate of copper and four pounds stone lime; mix
the lime with fifty gallons of water; pulverize and dissolve the copper
sulphate and put it into a barrel; fill it half full of water. In another
vessel slake the four pounds of lime in four or six gallons of water.
Pour the lime water slowly into the barrel, straining it through some
coarse canvass. If you wish to apply this as an insecticide, add one
fourth pound of Paris green or London purple, after which add the
remainder of the water.

126 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. CHIDESTER made a demonstration of his method of pruning. He
grows two canes and trains them eight feet each. These are cut back to
two buds each season, and the fruit and new growth so controlled as to
give free air circulation. Here at Lawton, he said, he found very long
branches, four or five buds being left for each season’s growth, which
causes the branches bearing fruit to drop together, entirely covering the
fruit on the lower canes. He uses two wires, sixteen inches apart, the
upper one six feet from the ground; rows twelve feet apart, and grows
about seventy-five pounds of fruit per vine when so much can be
obtained. He would not set vines closer than this.

The third paper upon the general subject of grape-culture, was by Mr.
Wm. A. Situ of Benton Harbor, and was read by the secretary:

GRAPE CULTURE IS OF WANING INTEREST.

I think the subject of grape culture, at this meeting, will have more
than its due share of consideration. When veteran horticulturists are
summoned from Texas, New York, and all along this shore (myself
omitted), to teach our friends at Lawton how to grow grapes, it looks a
good deal like carrying coal to Newcastle, or sand to the Sahara. They
have “caught on” to this business with a full flush, and we will do well if
we follow in their wake. Why, from the reports of their shipments for a
year or two past, they will soon have to have additional railway facilities
and special rail service to carry their fruit to market.

Again, the matter of grape culture is no longer a mystery. Any novice,
if he has energy enough to yawn before sunrise, can succeed if he will.
The evidence of this fact is seen every year by the almost unlimited
amount of this fruit in all our principal markets, and the small markets
are by no means neglected. I know of no fruit that will respond more
readily and liberally than the grape. It will grow and flourish in any soil ©
that is dry enough, and mature in any climate that has heat and sunshine
enough. Like the peach, it is a warm-blood fruit and must have plenty
of air and sunshine. In cultivating the grape tor commercial purposes
where labor is high and land is valuable, the utmost economy is necessary
in order to make both ends meet. It takes but a few years tostart a vine-
yard and have it in bearing condition; and, when once in bearing, it may
be kept so for a generation or two, or longer, by proper usage and care,
and, withal, requires perhaps less fertilizing to grow good crops than any
of our native fruits. The fruit itself is nearly all water or fluid, and hence
does not exhaust the soil like many other fruits. Old vines, if desirable
and valuable, may, if circumstances require, be removed, even after hav-
ing been in full bearing for a dozen years or more, to a new location, by
proper root-pruning and cutting back, and brought into full bearing in
two or three years. I have harvested good crops of Delawares the second
year after transplanting, yet the Delaware is not a strong grower.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 127
SOIL-CULTURAL METHODS.

The soil for the grape should be dry and high, free from surplus stagnant
water, and having full exposure tosun and wind. Al$r drainage is essential
as well as water drainage. Different varieties of grape, to do well, require
different soils, or at least higher or lower fertility. Grapes like the Con-
cord, Niagara, and others of that class, will do well on any ordinary soil,
while the Delaware requires higher culture and stronger and better soil to
do well. The Diana is such a rampant grower that nothing but a light
soil will induce it to fruit well.

Aside from the ordinary farming tools, but few special tools are required
in the vineyard. Among these a good pruning shear and wire stretcher
are essential.

In trellising the grape, two systems are adopted, viz.: the horizontal
and upright. It is a mere matter of fancy which one we adopt. The
upright will afford more room for cultivating the ground, while the
horizontal will give better leaf shade and shelter to the fruit. In the
former, two wires are sufficient, while in the latter three are often used,
No. 10 galvanized wire is cheaper in the end and better than the black
wire.

Bagging the grape has never been practiced to any great extent in Mich-
igan, and I[ doubt if it will be, at least in the near future. Unless some
greater calamity than any in the past overtakes this fruit, we will permit
grapes to blush and ripen in the wind and sunshine, without any extra
covering. At the present rate of supply and demand, any additional
expense would be burdensome. The margin now is so small that the
utmost economy must be practiced in order to make the business a success.

SOME OF OUR DISADVANTAGES.

We in Michigan are placed between two fires. California and New
York contend for our western markets. The California fruit does not
interfere so much with ours as the eastern fruit, because the former is of a
different character and partakes more of the fancy order in appearance,
yet greatly inferior in quality, while the eastern is the same in kind and
quantity, and has equal if not superior facilities for reaching our home
markets. There is no reason why they will not fill our markets in the
future as they have in the past.

With us winter protection from low temperature, is hardly a supposable
contingency. The other extreme not unfrequently happens, a high
temperature when it should be low. Sixty degrees above, in midwinter,
makes the fruitgrower wish the summer was further away. December 24,
1893, the thermometer marked 62°.

PRUNING.

In pruning the grape, no specific rules can be given that will be satis-
factory to a beginner. Judgment and practical experience alone can fur-
nish a correct guide. It is safe to say that the great majority of pruners
leave too much wood. The fruit is crowded too much on the vines, does
not receive air and sunshine enough for well-developed and well-ripened
fruit. Only wood enough should be left to fill the trellis, and the bearing

128 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

canes cut back to two eyes. These vines should be evenly distributed on
the trellis.

Whether we grow fruit for our own use or somebody’s else use, there
need not necessarily be any difference in the manner of culture, nor yet in
the variety cultivated. What is good for home use is equally good for
others’ use.

EARLY GRAPES THE MORE DESIRABLE FOR MICHIGAN,

The time of ripening is highly important in a commercial vineyard.
Other things being equal, the early grape is the most desirable, as it is
always in good demand. The Concord, as yet, is the grape for the million.
The Worden may precede it in ripening, by a few days, but hardly differ-
ence enough to make it much of an object to substitute the one for the
other. The Delaware always stands upon its merits and good quality, no
matter whether it comes in the household or goes into market. Still, with
all its good qualities, as well as being early, it hardly receives its due share
of attention in our markets. The Brighton, though good in quality, will
hardly prove profitable as a market grape. The foliage, growth of wood, and
fruiting qualities of the Niagara are all that can be desired in any grape.
Moreover, the clusters are large, handsome, and well-shaped. Yet it fails
to be a popular fruit in our western markets. If the habit of specking,
as the old Catawba used to do, becomes general, being a light-colored
grape, it will soon be discarded as a market fruit. As yet we have nothing in
the line of grapes that can take the place, either for home use or market,
of the Concord and Delaware, and these should be grown in the propor-
tion of ten to one.

AS TO KEEPING GRAPES.

The practice of holding grapes beyond their ordinary season, in hope of
realizing better returns, is a delusion. The demand for any fruit declines
after its proper season, because other fruits become more plentiful and
naturally take the place of the grape. For home use they may be put up
as other fruit, in tin or glass, and be ready for use any time. Again, they
may be put in shallow trays or baskets, lightly covered with grape leaves,
paper, or other light material, and kept in dry, well-aired compartments,
free from frost. In this inexpensive way, even the tender-skinned Concord
can be kept till the holidays. The clusters should be carefully selected
and handled, and none but well-ripened ones selected. The Diana, owing
to its tough skin and later ripening, is one of our best keeping grapes,
if not the best, and withal a good table grape. It succeeds well on a light
soil and should receive more consideration than it does.

GIRDLING IS BAD—SPRAYING IS GOOD.

The practice of ringing or girdling the grapevine, or fruit trees, for what-
ever purpose, I believe to be to be entirely pernicious. Where we gain
one point in one direction we lose two in another.

Spraying, where necessary, either for grape rot or other fungous disease,
should be applied early and frequently. The material to be used, and its
proper composition, are given in all our experiment station reports, and

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 129

need not be repeated here. I have never had occasion to spray my vines,
consequently can not speak from experience.

The concluding paper of the series was the following, by Mr. W. F.
Birp of Ann Arbor:

The secretary, in putting me down for a paper on grape-growing, has
kindly furnished some points that are of so much importance that I shall
in the main confine myself to them.

Permit me, however, at the outset, to say that, although we live under
the shadow of the institution that entitles our city to be called the “ Athens
of the west,” we have not yet learned all there is to be known about this
important subject. This may also serve as an apology for appearing before
this enlightened body of grape-growers.

The catalogues tell us that any one can grow grapes, that it is as easy as
growing corn, and any corn land will do for grapes, etc.

Perhaps so, if we admit that only about one in ten has ever learned to
grow corn successfully.

HIS IDEA OF LOCATION.

As to achoice of soil for grapes, our views have had to change somewhat
within a few years past. It was thought by many that a sandy or gravelly
soil was the first choice, and clay the last. The rainless summers of the
past few years have reversed all this, and clay now stands at the head. The
ideal soil is a sandy loam with a clay subsoil. The next best is clay all
the way down. Of course, it must be rolling or well drained.

- One of my neighbors who has been very successful with grapes on

gravelly slopes, lost a large share of his crop last year and the year before
by drouth. This explodes the notion that it can not be too dry for grapes.
And we may add that on the above soil no amount of cultivating or other
coddling will take the place of the dews of heaven.

TRELLISING AND PRUNING.

But to come to the points indicated—

(1) “The preferable method of trellising, pruning, and training grapes
for profit, in a commercial vineyard, and how varied and modified where
winter protection is deemed necessary.”

There are trellises many, from the broad earth, over which some allow
their vines to crawl, to the tree tops, which they are often permitted to
climb. But there is no profit in these extremes. There are only two forms
that I would use. These combine the most common-sense and economy,
and also produce the best results. The first is the Kniffin trellis, consist-
ing of posts about five feet high supporting two wires about three and five
feet from the ground.

The training and pruning on this trellis are simplicity itself. One cane
is allowed to grow to the top wire; two arms are trained each way on the
two wires, making four arms. All other growth on the upright cane is
generally removed as it starts. Exceptions to this will occur when the
arms fail to throw out shoots near the upright. In pruning, everything is

17

130 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

again cut away except four arms, care being taken to save those starting
nearest the upright, unless they should be defective. From two to six
buds are left on each arm, according to the age and vigor of the vine.

The upright is tied to the two wires. The end of each arm is also tied
to the wire. No other tying or pruning is done during the summer.
Where the vines hang down in the way, they may be thrown up on the
wires.

The other trellis is called the horizontal, a sort of overhead Kniffin.
Cross-bars two feet long are nailed on the tops of posts, about six feet high.
Over these bars are stretched three wires, one at each end, the other in
the center of the bars. Some use only two wires. The cane is carried to
the wire and tied to it, and an arm tied to each wire as in the other trellis,
and the pruning is the same.

Pruning and gathering the fruit is not so conveniently done on this
trellis as on the Kniffin, but it has advantages also.

For laying down in winter, no system is more convenient than the
Kniffin. The main cane, however, should be inclined from the perpen-
dicular, to a considerable degree; then, when pruned and cut from the
wires, it is already half laid down. |

(2.) “ What method of trellising, pruning, and training will produce
the most desirable results for the home plantation?”

Where chickens are troublesome, the overhead trellis will be very desira-
ble. It can also be made to look very beautiful. Some who have plenty
of time may prefer the Fuller trellis, which looks very neat when well
cared for. This consists of several (three to seven) wires, the lower one a
foot and a half or two from the ground. The main cane is carried to
the first wire and two arms trained on it. From these arms the growing
shoots are carried straight up and tied to the wires above.

VARIETIES FOR THE COMMERCIAL VINEYARD.

(3.) ‘“ What varieties, and what proportion of each, will prove most
profitable for a commercial vineyard?”

Where the Niagara succeeds, would plant as follows: 50 Moore’s Karly
in 1,000; 200 Worden, 100 Brighton, 50 Delaware, 300 Concord, 300
Niagara. If longer-keeping varieties are wanted, substitute some Ver-
gennes or one of Rogers’ hybrids, Agawam, Salem, or Lindley.

VARIETIES FOR THE FAMILY.

(4.) “Most desirable selection for a home and family vineyard, and
the reasons for such selection.”

The reason will be found in the tastes of the different members of the
family, which should be consulted. In our family, for instance, my wife
thinks the Brighton the poorest grape in the vineyard, and the Delaware
the best, while other members think the Brighton among the best. A
large proportion of the grapes used in a family are table grapes, and qual-
ity will naturally lead in the selection. But, as we want a supply from
first to last, we may get in some that are only second-rate. For thirty
vines I would name two Green Mountain or Winchell, one Moore’s Early,
four Worden, four Brighton, three Concord, four Delaware, four Niagara,
three Lindley, three Mills; and if they will mature, two Iona or Catawba.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 131
METHODS OF KEEPING.

(5.) “ Most successful method of keeping grapes, the best varieties for
the purpose, and how long may such varieties be kept?”

Hard questions. I have never used ice; have kept grapes fairly well
with dry, cool air, in a building made for the purpose, mostly above
ground, but running into a hillside atone end. They are packed in bas-
kets or boxes of all sizes, with layers of leaves between the layers of
grapes, where more than eight or ten pounds are together. Of course a
uniform size would be better. The best varieties are Rogers’ hybrids,
Agawam, Salem, and Lindley, Vergennes, Ulster and Mills. These keep
with little loss until the holidays. The Mills I have kept until March.
The Catawba should be counted in where it will mature.

I have been on the lookout for the ideal long-keeping grape for some
time, but have not yet found it.

GIRDLING—SPRAYING.

(6.) “ Ringing grapevines to secure increased size of the fruit—its
effect upon the vine, also upon the quality of the fruit; its advantages if

I think it has no special effect upon the vine, as it is cut off at pruning
time, unless a large portion of the canes on one vine were girdled. Then
it might be injurious. The fruit is reduced in quality, most decidedly. It
hastens the maturity of the fruit a week or more, and increases the size of
some varieties. This might be of advantage in northern latitudes and also
for the purpose of display at early fairs, but it would seem unjust for such
fruit to compete with that matured naturally.

(7.) “Spraying—material used, when applied, for what purpose, and
the results to be anticipated.”

I have been troubled very little with rot, but have used the Bordeaux
mixture in connection with Paris green early in the season to prevent rot
and mildew, and also to destroy the numerous insect pests that eat the
foliage and sting the fruit. I have used the ammoniacal solution later in
the season, for mildew, and in both cases with good results.

MR. LYON’S IDEAS OF KEEPING GRAPES.

Mr. Lyon, speaking of his exhibit of grapes, regretted that the quality
of the show was not better; but the demand upon him for specimens for
exhibit, and for other purposes, had been so great that the best were gone
when he went to get a supply for this occasion. He spoke of the great
need of growing better varieties for the family supply, and for prolonging
the season of this delicious fruit. Iona is one of the most desirable of
the native varieties, for keeping, and in other ways, except as to pro-
ductiveness and strength of plant, but these defects may be overcome.
Delaware may be kept till March, ina dry cellar. Uhlan is early, but
keeps as well as Delaware. Amenia is large, of fine quality, and grows
vigorously but mildews. Merrimac, Agawam, and Barry are also good

182 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

keepers. Especial attention was called to Diana. Though unfit to eat
when first ripe, if kept till this time the foxy taste disappears and the
quality becomes good. Jefferson is one of the very finest of grapes in
quality, is productive, and is a first-rate keeper.

MANY VIEWS OF METHODS OF TRAINING.

Mr. Batcu: I have largely used the fan system of pruning, but it is
not wholly satisfactory. Latterly I have used the Kniffin system. I train
one vine straight to the top wire, carrying one arm each way, but renew
the arms annually, or nearly so. I prune down to forty buds to each vine,
and get as much fruit as does anybody. I find 12x12 feet the best distance
for setting grapes, though many here set 8x8 or 8x10. A given amount of
ground will grow only about so many grapes, no matter on how many vines
they are placed. The loss of product from wide planting occurs only while
the vines are young. The same number of buds on spurs of the main vine
will produce more fruit than on laterals, which seem to break down in
strength. It is hard to get good fruit on the lower wire, especially in.
damp seasons. I have tried having two vines instead of one, one being on
each wire, and had better results, the division of sap occurring in the roots.

Mr. Morritt said he had seen and heard of the use of tins here to keep
off the cutworm. He had used wisps of wool to better purpose, at less cost
and labor. The wool will not pack about the branch, but remain loose so
that the worms can not crawl over it.

Mr. Bates: Can the vines be gotten to the trellises without staking?

Mr. Batcu: Some of our growers stake the vines for the first two
years, but others leave them on the ground the same time and then put
them to the wires direct.

Mr. A. H.SmirH: When I prune as Mr. CHIDESTER recommends, I
find the new growth mostly at the ends of the canes, especially in the
case of the Niagara. It is difficult to keep up a supply of wood further
back.

Mr. CHIDESTER: Not if the vines are not allowed to grow more than
eight feet.

Mr. SmitH: That requires summer pruning?

Mr. CHIDESTER: Yes, sometimes.

Mr. Stearns: I have had the same difficulty Mr. SmitH complains of.
Has the renewal system been practiced here—going back to near the
ground for new canes every other year?

Mr. CuipEstTER: I have practiced this for twelve or fourteen years,
and never have seen anything equal to it.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 133

A member: All this will do if the vines are sixteen feet apart. What
if they are 8x8?

Mr. CHIpESTER: Take out every other one. That is just what I had to
do. I have little liking for the Rogers hybrids. There are very few
localities where they can be successfully grown.

Mr. Encue: I have always practiced the renewal system, growing my
grapes wholly on stakes.

Mr. Stearns: How about quality by that process?

Mr. Enete: Like other people, I think my grapes are the very best.
At any rate, I have been able to take more than my share of premiums.
As to quantity, however, doubtless I get the less.

Mr. STEARNS urged the importance of producing fruit of the very best
quality of its kind. We must have it if we expect to sell the product of
our orchards and vineyards. An unpruned vine may bear much fruit,
but it is sure to be of inferior quality and much later than the same
variety in proper culture.

Mr. Lawton: The renewal system as practiced by Mr. ENGLE is differ-
ent from that of some others. It used to be usual to renew from the
ground annually, but now this is done at the first wire. The main crop
here is from the upper wire, the lower one being used chiefly for the pro-
duction of new wood. We have vineyards which have been pruned on
the spur system for twenty-five years, but they do not produce so much
fruit as do those on the renewal system. Mr. CHIDESTER’S vines are now
new, but as they grow old there will be no growth except at the ends, and
that will not afford enough wood for a crop. Those using this system
here have to keep the arms very short.

Mr. Cu1pESTER: I have vines pruned on this system, which are twelve
to fourteen years old, and I will pay the fare of any one going to see them
and being dissatisfied with their appearance.

Mr. Tracy: I nave seen in New Jersy a good system of training. The
trellis is made of posts and slats, the latter fastened diagonally from one
post to the other, making a diamond shape with the post in the center of
the diamond. Vines are set eight feet apart in the row, the rows twelve
or sixteen feet apart. Each season two canes are renewed from the root
and trained upon the post. The next season these are separated and laid
to left and right upon the slats. They are cut away the next year and two
new canes laid in their places:

Mr. Stearns: I renew, using three or four canes fromnear the ground.

134 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
CULTIVATION AND FERTILIZING.

Inquiry was made of Mr. STEARNS as to. what: fertilizer he uses. He
replied that he never allows a particle of barnyard manure near the vines,
but every three or four years gives them a dressing of salt and ashes,
cultivating thoroughly, using cultivators mainly for this purpose, but
sometimes plowing shallow, not over two inches. He uses all the ashes he
can get, with salt, at the rate of 200 pounds per acre. The salt is used on
very light soil, and for the purpose of helping preserve moisture in time
of drouth. It is equally good on such soils for other fruits than the
grape. He applies the salt very early, so soon as he can get upon the
ground, being careful not to touch with it the trees or vines. The salt
used is refuse salt obtained from Chicago, which contains more or less
fertilizing substances. He had never known the use of sait to increase
or cause mildew in damp seasons.

Mr. Lawton asked Mr. STEARNS as to cultivation, the latter having
once advocated deep plowing. “I favor shallow cultivation,” said Mr.
LAWTON.

Mr. STEARNS: I recollect the occasion referred to. My talk at that
time concerned an old orchard, long uncultivated, and I said I would
plow it even though I had to cut many of the roots. But, ordinarily, I
would not disturb the roots if I could help it.

Mr. BarnarpD of Illinois described the vineyard in his state already
referred to by Mr. GARFIELD. The vines are on very light soil, a sand hill,
in fact, set six feet apart in the row, the rows twelve to sixteen feet apart,
the trellis of a single wire and on such poor poles as the vicinity afforded.
But the owner has some secret of fertilizing by which he produces the very
finest of grapes, such as command premiums wherever exhibited. He says,
however, that he can not produce them for less than thirty cents per basket,
and whenever he can not get that price he turns them into wine. He uses
no barnyard manure whatever, and grows asparagus between the rows,
sending the same to Chicago, where it ranks as the very best.

This closed the discussion, the hour for adjournment having arrived.

Messrs. LAWTON and Lewis, of the committee to examine the finances as
reported by the treasurer and secretary, reported the same correct in every
respect.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MERTING. 135

Thursday Evening Session.

The evening of Thursday was devoted mainly to two important papers,
the first by Dr. W. J. Brat, on “Some important points in plant growth,”
the second by Prof. L. R. Tart, on “ Plant food, the supply and demand.”
Music was interspersed, and the evening passed most pleasantly to the very
large audience present.

SOME IMPORTANT POINTS IN PLANT GROWTH.

The following brief abstract of the illustrated paper is furnished by the
author:

I might occupy an hour in showing the relations of botany to horticul-
ture, but that was my theme once, before this society, and the substance of
the essay has passed into print.

Here are a number of fine topics for consideration: Movements of plants;
the fertilization of flowers by insects; parasitic fungi that injure farm
crops; those that infest orchards; those that trouble ornamental plants;
those that annoy the vegetable gardener; those that benefit us by infesting
weeds; weeds and their extermination; grasses and other forage crops;
bacteria or microbes; popular errors about plants, including spontaneous
generation, vitality of seeds; does wheat turn to chess? planting in the
moon, errors about crossing plants, errors about pith and about roots and
the circulation of sap, potatoes mixing in the hill, flavoring watermelons
on the vines.

THE BEGINNINGS OF GROWTH.

Let us now see what the different parts of the higher plants of farm
crops do, how it is all done, or the tools they work with. We will begin
with the root of the matter. A kernel of wheat contains five small roots,
which can be seen by a section before the wheat sprouts. The central one
appears first, then one on each side of this, and later another on each side
of the three. The tips of these roots, when carefully taken from sandy
soil, will be found to be naked for about a quarter of an inch, back of
which adhere numerous particles of soil held by fine root hairs. The root
elongates only by the rapid multiplication and enlargement of cells, a very
short distance back of the apex. The apex is a root cap and contains in
the front portion some loose cells, or cells easily loosened, that secrete
mucilage. These cells make a slippery path for the young root to penetrate;
other cells take the places of those cast off or rubbed off in the progress of
the root. This root tip is remarkably sensitive and readily turns away
from pressure or any little thing in its path. In this way it turns here and
there, finding the place of least resistance. The root hairs mostly perish
in a week or two from the small rootlets and are never reproduced, but
fresh hairs appear on new branchlets. In experimenting with sprouting
corn and beans, placed over water, I find the roots do not always grow down,

136 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but often in a horizontal position and rarely upward. In such place (in
damp air) roots manifest a tendency to make one or more coils near the
tip. Roots of squashes, dandelions, in fact of almost any of our cultivated
plants, soon shorten after they have reached down or sidewise into the
soil. It is queer that they should do so, but this act causes the roots to
tighten on every side and hold the plant above the ground in an upright
position, as wet ropes shorten and hold a mast firmly in its place. The
main function of roots of our orchard and garden crops is to absorb (by
the root hairs in most cases) water from the soil, and this water holds in
solution small quantities of earthy matter, and some gases to a limited
extent. The water taken is mostly known as hygroscopic water, and not
stagnant nor free water; 1. e., the hairs absorb water that merely wets the
surface of the particles of soil in which there are numerous irregular air
spaces. The microbes in the bunches on clover roots enable them to get
nitrogen, which the plant absorbs.

In autumn, when the leaves die, most or all-of the smallest rootlets
perish, and in spring a new supply is put forth when the buds spread out
their leaves. Some roots above ground hold a plant fast to a tree or a
wall.

STRUCTURE AND OFFICE OF LEAVES.

The green leaves and other green parts of our common plants are spread
out to the sunshine and the air. The leaf of a beet and of many other
plants has a layer of cells covering it above and below known as the epi-
dermis. These cells, soon after they acquire their growth, contain air
only, or but little other matter. They serve to protect the more delicate
cells within from sudden changes of temperature and help retain the
moisture which might otherwise escape too rapidly. In dry, hot climates,
leaves exposed to the sun are covered with epidermal cells of extra thick-
ness, and not unfrequently with two or more layers on the upper surface.
In the shade or in more moist climates the epidermis is less firm in tex-
ture. On the lower side of most leaves, and sometimes also on the upper
side, are large numbers of minute mouths, each consisting of two lips. In
moist air the lips open and allow surplus water to evaporate from the
plant, and in dry air they generally close to help retain moisture. On the
surface of leaves there is often a glaucous or waxy substance which pre-
vents the rain from penetrating the leaf. Water, to no appreciable extent,
is absorbed by leaves. In a dry time a plant wilts because the roots fail
to supply sufficient moisture, and on the approach of rain or moist air
leaves revive, because the roots can supply them with an abundance of
water. Inside the leaves, the cells contain protoplasm which is colored
green by a minute portion of coloring matter known as chlorophyll. In
these green cells take place some complicated changes, analagous to the
digestion of food in the stomachs of the higher animals; also of breathing
by lungs. Surpius water and oxygen escape through the small mouths,
the stomata above referred to. The framework of the leaves contains what
are called veins or nerves, for want of better names, although they do not
perform the function of veins or nerves in animals. Leaves do their work
of assimilation in the daytime. They wear out or become useless in one
season or in less time; in some instances they endure for more than one
year, in which case plants are termed evergreen. These leaves are usually

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 137

cast off, in case of trees, by a small joint, and drop to the ground, serving
as a protection to the roots and bed for the tender seeds till the approach
of spring.

The following table is from “ How crops feed,’ by Professor Johnson of
Yale:

TABULAR VIEW OF THE RELATIONS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC INGREDIENTS TO
THE LIFE OF PLANTS.

( Oxygen, by roots, flowers, ripening fruit, and by all growing
parts.
Carbonic acid, by foliage and green parts, but only in the
light.
f | Ammonia, as carbonate, by foliage, probably at all times.
Absorbed by plants- ----4 Water, as liquid, through the roots.
| Nitrous acid__ United to ammonia, and dissolved in water
Nitric acid__- through roots.

| Marsh gas Uncertain.

- { Nitrogen (in a free state).
Not absorbed by plants- ( Water in a state of vapor.

{ Oxygen _-

| Ozone (?)_
Exhaled by plants___-__- 4 Marsh gas in traces by acquatic plants (?). -

| Water, as vapor, from surface of plant at all times.

| Carbonic acid, from the growing parts at all times.

By foliage and green parts, but only in the light.

PECULIARITIES OF LEAVES OF GRASSES.

The leaves of grasses are marvelous structures and most admirably
adapted for self-preservation and renewal when grown among grazing
animals. After it becomes fairly started, the blade elongates by multipli-
cation of cells just at the base, where it leaves the main stem. The tips
may again and again be nipped off, but the blade continues to be pushed
up by growth from below. I havea leaf of June grass, taken froma hedge
where it was protected, that is five feet four inches long.

Again, in dry time, the leaves of June grass and leaves of many other
kinds of grass, fold up lengthwise like closing the two halves of a long,
narrow, open book. Near the mid-nerve on either side of the upper sur-
face of the blade is a group of thin-walled epidermal cells extending
deeply into the leaf its entire length. These cells are very sensitive, and
with loss of moisture contract, causing the blade to close as above men-
tioned. When moistened, they expand, spreading upon the blade. The
blades of orchard grass open and close in a similar manner, only the deep,
thin-walled cells are limited to one narrow band just above the mid-nerve.
Some leaves, like those of timothy and Indian corn, roll in from both edges
like the two sides of ascroll. This is caused by numerous longitudinal
strips of thin-walled cells on the upper side, all of which, acting together,
in dry weather, roll the margins in instead of closing them in the manner
mentioned for June grass and orchard grass. This closing of the blades
in a dry time isa means of self protection to the plant as the surface
directly exposed is reduced one half.

18

138 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
THE CLOVER LEAVES.

The leaves of all clovers consist each of three leaflets raised on a stem.
If eaten by animals, a new blade never reappears on the tip of the leaf-
stem. Others from below on small branches take their places.

In very dry weather or in cool weather the three leaflets approach each
other and bend over one another, huddling together. This has been
popularly called the sleep of plants, but it can hardly well be called sleep
in the sense that animals sleep. The movement is produced by the change
of the water in some cells in a short, cellus-like enlargement just at the
base of each leaflet. The advantage to the plant of the leaflets thus open-
ing and closing is apparent. In the hot sun, less surface is exposed to
injury, and in cool air the leaflets crowded together help prevent the escape
of heat. They crowd together for the same reason that pigs crowd together,
viz.: to keep each other warm. A large per cent. of the leaves of the pulse
family, Leguminose, behave like the leaflets of clover.

METHODS OF GROWTH. ~

The stems of plants serve to hold the roots and leaves together, as
middlemen stand between producers and consumers. The stems and
branches of our larger herbaceous plants,shrubs, and trees spread out and
hold the leaves in suitable positions for their mutual benefit.

Materials in a liquid condition pass from one part of the plant to the
other, but the explanation of the manner in which all this so-called “ cir-
culation of the sap” is accomplished is too complex for a popular lecture.
In thin-walled, living cells the protoplasm may often be seen gliding about
in each cell.

So far, we have understood that the plant grows by the multiplication
and enlargement of cells, finally sending forth branches, each of which is
essentially like every other branch on any given plant. ~

After being well established, it is the plan for our higher plants, under
natural conditions, to reproduce themselves by seeds, In flowers there are
male and female organs. In Indian corn the pollen on the tassels at the
top of the stems is the male element, and the silk of the young ears sends
each a thread down to a young kernel. In flowers of apples the stamens
and pistils—male and female parts—are both in each flower, still these are
more certain of successful union when bees or other insects work about
them. Apples fail to set fruit, even when they blossom freely, because the
pollen is not well developed, or because the upper part of the pistil is not
perfect, or because wet weather at time of flowering prevents the effectual
access of the pollen to the proper place. In other cases, bad weather or
other cause favors the growth of some fungus which injures pistil or pollen,
or both.

Plants are made of minute cells, most of which have extremely small
holes through their walls. In living cells is found the protoplasm which
goes from the older parts to the new. The old cells are dead, because the
protoplasm has left with its life. The cells are to be considered the home
of the protoplasm which moves from room to room, analagous to the
inmates of a fine, large mansion.

The source of plant food, as can be seen above, consists mainly of water
and gases, with a very small portion from the soil.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 139

I have my students in botany make experiments. One student cuts off
the top of & radish, weighing while fresh the top and the root separately;
then both are dried in a hot oven, to learn that about ninety per cent. of
the tops and ninety-five per cent. of the roots have evaporated. The stu-
dent who experiments with grass finds usually that seventy-five to eighty
per cent. evaporates on drying. Dried seeds contain fourteen to fifteen
per cent. of water.

Protococcus is a minute, one-celled, green plant floating in water or
found in wet places. This tiny plant has no roots, no leaves, no stem, no
flowers, and yet reproduces its kind by cell-division. It absorbs, assimi-
lates, grows, and multiplies, performing a great variety of work with a
very simple apparatus. In a higher plant the work is divided, more like
that in a large factory where each person has a certain part of the labor to
perform.

MEANS OF DEFENSE OF PLANTS.

Plants are protected from animals in a great variety of ways: by offen-
sive odor, by poison, by disagreeable taste, by prickles, stings, and thorns,
by offensive hairs. Milky juice keeps insect borers from laying eggs in
the stem, and ants from climbing to the flowers where they would eat the
sweet nectar without paying for it by fertilizing each flower, as would be
done by many insects which approach the flowers on the wing.

If good, old Doctor Warts were yet alive and able to write verses, and
should become a botanist of the modern style, he would no doubt revise
-some of his work, a portion of which would read in this way:

“ How doth the little busy bee
Improve each shining hour,
By carrying pollen day by day
To fertilizer each flower.”

This view is much less selfish than the original version, so far as the
bee is concerned.

Three fourths of our commercial products are of plant origin, and fur-
nish the bulk of our food and clothing and materials for buildings, and
with these the botanist hasto deal. To help in the economic portion of
this work, we have agricultural colleges, experiment stations, botanic gar-
dens, explorations by botanists, agricultural and horticultural conventions
and societies, numerous publications by the press, and museums and great
expositions.

PLANT FOOD, THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND.

This was the title of the subjoined paper, by Prof. L. R. Tarr of the
Agricultural college:

We are all aware that growth can not be secured in an animal unless a
proper supply of proper food is furnished. For a long time it was not
known that plants also must be fed, but chemists by analyzing them have
learned the elements and the proportion of each that enter into them.

We have been able then to go to work from the other side, and by sup-

140 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

plying a germinating seed with the elements found by the chemist, it has
been shown that a perfect plant can be grown which, under proper condi-
tions of light, temperature, moisture, and air will mature seeds.

It was found that plants contain a very large per cent. of water, gen-
erally seventy-five to ninety per cent. or more, while a large proportion of
the remaining bulk consists of carbon in the form of woody fibre.

In all arable soils the water is present in such abundance that the roots
can obtain all that is needed, and with it they take up in solution the
mineral food that is furnished to the plants. If we burn a plant the water
is first given off, the carbon will next be oxidized and changed into car-
bonic acid, and the nitrogen and other gaseous elements will also be given
off into the air, and we shall have remaining what we commonly speak of
as the ash of plants.

In this we find not only the potash and phosphoric acid, but the lime,
magnesia, iron, sulphur, and other mineral elements that have been taken
from the soil.

THE DEMAND FOR PLANT FOOD.

If we would grow plants successfully we must place at their disposal, in
a soluble form, and in amounts relatively the same as found in the ash, the
same elements as are obtained when we burn them.. These elements make
up what we speak of as the food of the plants.

As a rule, a virgin soil has an abundance of all these elements, but after
cropping for a series of years, one or more of them van not be obtained—
particularly after crops have been removed —and the necessity arises of
replacing those that are lacking. On light soils deficient in humus, the
supply of nitrogen is generally the first to fail, and later on the phosphoric
acid and potash will not be available in sufficient quantities to return the
best results. As arule, the other ten elements found in plants will be
present in a soluble condition in the soil in sufficient quantities to afford
a supply for plant growth, and little attention need be paid to them. We
must remember, however, that small as is the amount required of some of
them, such as sulphur and iron, that plants can not be grown without
them, and as they can be readily obtained, the application of some ferti-
lizer containing them may be sometimes desirable, if made in an experi-
mental way. Having thus hastily attempted to point out the nature of
the plant food, and the increasing demand that plants make for it, let us
see what the available supply is.

NATURE'S SUPPLY OF FOOD.

The first source of plant food is the soil itself, and all our efforts should
be turned to the endeavor to so handle it that we can render available as
much as possible, and at the same time so treat it as to guard it against loss.

Nature, through the action of frost, water, and air, is continually at
work at breaking up the soil particles, changing them into soluble forms,
and then taking them into solution, ready to be used by the plants.

Much can be done by cultivation to hasten the development of plant
food in the soil, as by plowing we can promote the action of the air, and if
the soil is kept frequently stirred through the growing season, the moisture
will be conserved and the solution of the soluble salts will be aided. If

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 141

the land is kept in fallow without crops, although it will aid in the prepara-
tion of plant food and in fitting the land asa seed bed, there will be a
marked loss of fertilizing elements through leaching and washing. If the
ground has some crop upon it, the roots of which fill the soil, the food as
it is developed is taken up and loss is thus prevented.

In case the natural supply of plant food fails, it must be supplemented,
in some way, if we would work our machines—the plants—to their utmost
capacity. We have at our disposal a great variety of materials that will
supply the elements most likely to be needed.

STABLE MANURE.

The one that is most commonly used is stable manure, and while it has
many valuable qualities that adapt it well to many crops, for fruits it is
not an ideal fertilizer, especially if one is to place his sole reliance upon it.
We may say in its favor that if it has been carefully collected and pre-
served, without the loss of any of its valuable material, it contains all the
elements required for plant growth, and in about the proper proportion.
As a rule, however, a large part of the potash and phosphoric acid has
been wasted by leaching and in various ways, so that it is not a well bal-
anced fertilizer. Generally it is excessively rich in nitrogen, and a soft,
watery growth is promoted. Moreover, it is generally in a crude condition,
and as its constituents slowly become soluble, its effects are lasting. While
this may not be undesirable for some crops, it has one fault when applied
to tree fruits as it is likely to cause a late, sappy growth to be injured by
the winter.

In a well decomposed condition, it is less likely to have an injurious
effect; and on light soil, deficient in organic matter, it is particularly desir-
able for all crops, although least beneficial to fruits. In this decomposed
form the application of ten or fifteen two-horse loads per acre will have
a marked effect upon any crop, provided the soil is naturally deficient in
plant food. If applied broadcast in the fall or early in the spring, this
amount, or only half or even a third as much, will greatly benefit the
growth of young trees and will enable a good crop of corn to be raised
between the rows. In a smaller dose, it may be applied around the indi-
vidual trees over a space with a diameter a little larger than the height of
the trees.

In the application of manure, and to some extent that of other fertil-
izers, one should judge by the growth of the trees, of the necessity for an
additional supply of plant food over and above that found in the soil. For
fruit crops on soils that contain a fair supply of humus, the use of stable
manure, for the reasons given, can not be recommended, at least for any-
thing more than a partial fertilizer. It can, however, be used to furnish
humus, and as a source of nitrogen, but the main reliance can be placed
to advantage upon the more concentrated mineral fertilizers. When stable
manure has to be hauled any distance over two or three miles, its bulk
renders its cost so great, when the labor of man and team is considered,
that the chemical manure will be found cheapest if we consider only the
value of the fertilizing material contained inthe manure. While we would
urge all farmers and fruitgrowers to husband all the fertilizing materials
that are produced on the farm, and while we believe that the team can be
used to advantage during the dull seasons in hauling stable manure from a

142 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

distance considerably greater than that given, rather than have them stand
idle, the fact that it seems better adapted to other crops still leaves oppor-
tunity for the use of other materials as the main reliance for fruits.

GREEN MANURING.

Another common means of placing at the disposal of our crops a ready
supply of plant food is by plowing under a clover sod, or various green
crops. The plant food contained in one ton of clover can not be purchased
in the form of a commercial fertilizer for less than six or eight dollars,
and it will be only a fair estimate to consider that the value of the plant
food contained in the roots from an acre of clover will be of as much value
as that of the stems and leaves. The value of a crop of rye turned under
is much less than that of clover, and of course the roots are of still less
value. Clover, and the same is true of peas and beans, is not only of
greater value than rye and similar crops, because it contains a much larger
per cent. of the elements required for the growth of plants, but it has the
additional advantage of securing a portion of its nitrogen from the free
nitrogen of the air, through the action of bacteria that are found in the
nodules or tubercles on the roots, while with all other plants the nitrogen
as well as the potash and phosphoric acid is all taken by the roots from
the soil, which is then depleted to that extent. The rye, then, does not
add anything to the fertility of the soil, except that upon decomposing, on
being turned under, it adds to the soil a supply of plant food in a form
that can readily be taken up by the succeeding crop. It has undoubtedly
taken up some plant food that might otherwise have been washed out, and
has probably been of value in aiding in the solution of the mineral elements
of the soil. On light soils the plowing under of a green crop will add a
supply of much needed humus, and it will have an equally beneficial effect
in lightening heavy soils. And as a preparation for an orchard or any
other fruit crop, nothing better can be desired than a thick clover sod. As
a crop for fall sowing in a peach orchard, rye not only has all the advant-
ages mentioned, but it is frequently of value in checking the late growth
of the trees and of promoting the proper ripening of the fruit buds.

WOOD ASHES.

Of the various manures for fruits, or in fact for almost any crop, none
should be more eagerly sought for than unleached hardwood ashes. As
will be seen from what has previously been said, ashes contain all of the
mineral elements found in the plants consumed in their production; and
moreover, most of it is in a soluble form and in such combinations that the
valuable portion can be readily taken up and assimilated by plants.

Unleached wood ashes contain, as an average thing, at least three per
cent. of potash and one and one half to two per cent. of phosphoric acid, and
if dry and free from impurities are worth five dollars per ton as compared
with commercial fertilizers, the value in each case being computed upon
the actual price of standard fertilizers in the large cities. Leached ashes
are of but small comparative value for fruits. Wood ashes have all the
advantages of stable manure, except that they contain no nitrogen, and
possess to a superlative degree the good qualities of the mineral fertilizers. .
In case it is found that a proper growth can not be secured from the use

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 143

of wood ashes alone, on account of a deficiency of nitrogen in the soil, it
can be readily supplied by the use of decomposed stable manure, or of
some chemical fertilizer rich in nitrogen.

Among the advantages of wood ashes and of other mineral fertilizers,
the fruitgrower should not overlook the fact that a firm growth of wood
can be secured, which will ripen properly, and thus varieties that are
deficient in hardiness can be carried through the winter, that would other-
wise be injured unless given some protection. The same holds true with
all fruits whose fruit buds are slightly tender, and when we consider that
a difference of a few degrees in the hardiness of some of our fruits will
often make all the difference between success and failure, we can readily
see that if the hardiness of a variety can be increased even to a slight
extent by the character of the food furnished, it should certainly have
some consideration when we determine the fertilizers to be used upon our
fruit crops.

MINERAL FERTILIZERS.

Many of our mineral fertilizers also have a marked effect in disintegrat-
ing the soil and thus supplying soluble plant food. To this extent they
may be called stimulating, but it can hardly prove very injurious to the
soil. From the fact that many of them are very concentrated, containing
as much plant food in 100 pounds as can be found in ten tons of stable
manure, it can be readily seen that the cost of application will be very
small and the transportation to distant orchards will be a small matter.

We must not forget that many of them are of a strong alkaline nature,
and when able to disintegrate the soil, they will have an influence upon
the tender roots, if brought in contact with them, that will be very
destructive, and every precaution should be taken to have them thoroughly
incorporated with the soil, and that they are not in close proximity to the
roots.

POTASH SALTS.

When wood ashes can not be readily obtained, as a source of potash, we
have at hand in the German potash salts, a comparatively cheap method
of securing potash. These are waste materials from the German salt mines
and are sent to this country either in the form of kainit, a low grade of
muriate of potash combined with muriate of magnesia and sodium, or in
high grade muriates, or sulphates.

When freight rates are high, we shall find it cheapest to get.a high-
grade muriate or sulphate, containing about fifty per cent. of potash.
These salts cost from $45 to $50 per ton, the potash being reckoned at
about four and one half cents per pound.

GROUND BONE AND BONE-BLACK.

As a source of phosphoric acid we should look to ground bone or to dis-
solved bone-black. The former contains a small amount of nitrogen, but.
the phosphoric acid is only slowly soluble, while in the dissolved bone-black
it isreadily available. The iron phosphates, rock phosphates, guanos, and
other forms have value, but for fruits the use of fine ground bone is pref-
erable. From 300 to 500 pounds per acre are usually used for bearing

144 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

orchards or vineyards, although some growers sometimes use double the
quantity. Half the above quantity has a marked effect.

NITRATE OF SODA.

For nitrogen, when found necessary, nitrate of soda is among the best
materials, if we are to useamineral. It is mined in Chili and Peru and sells
at about $50 per ton. The nitrogen is worth in this form about sixteen to
eighteen cents per pound. Other sources of nitrogen can be found in
tankage and other refuse from slaughter houses, in sulphate of ammonia,
and other waste materials. One hundred to two hundred pounds per acre
of nitrate of soda will be ample, and an excess often has an injurious
effect. To use fertilizers judiciously we should first learn by careful
experiments what elements are lacking in the soil, and knowing this we
can soon find out kow much of each element is required. Any other
method of using fertilizers is likely to end in disappointment, as we are
only throwing into the soil plant food that has cost us money, when the
soil already may have more than is needed by the crop.

While many of the prepared fertilizers are all that is claimed for them,
we are likely to make a mistake unless we find that our soil needs the
elements they contain. Moreover, it often happens that we can buy the
elements we need in the form of ground bone, muriate of potash, wood
ashes, or nitrate of soda cheaper than the price we have to pay for the
ready prepared fertilizer, and if we have made proper experiments we are
able perhaps to make up a mixture better adapted to our wants.

As most of these fertilizers are readily soluble they should be applied in
the spring. We must understand that before it can be used by plants,
food must be in solution, and as for this water must be present in the soil,
it often happens that in a season of protracted drouth little or no effect
from commercial fertilizers can be seen.

The next paper was by Mr. R. M. Ketuoae of Ionia, upon the highly
practical topic,

FIGHTING THE DROUTH.

Unlike the great Pacific coast and the arid plains east of the Rocky
mountains, Michigan has no snowcapped peaks to store up vast quantities
of water in the form of snow and ice during the storms of winter, to be
gradually unlocked and distributed through extensive systems of canals
and irrigating channels, as may be needed during the long, rainless months
of the summer; nor have the rain-makers yet succeeded in producing the
needed condensation of vapor constantly passing over our heads, hence,
for the present at least, we must look to the bounteous supplies which lie
hidden under our fertile fields, and on which we may draw at pleasure.

There are few countries that suffer less from drouth than our own beloved
Michigan, and we have only to retain the moisture for a few weeks to
accomplish all that is desired in this direction, and this we can do with
entire success wherever mulching or cultivation can be put into operation.

There are but few places where the water does not come within a few
feet of the surface; and we have but to prevent evaporation, and the sun’s
rays will draw up an abundance of water to supply the demands of plant

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 145

life and even support a luxuriant growth during the trying months of
July and August, for these are the only months in which we often suffer
serious inconvenience. The drouth of 1893 is reported to have been the
most prolonged and severe on record, and yet on my strawberry, black-
berry, and raspberry plantations, as well as vineyards, there was not a day
when I could not get moist earth within an inch of the surface in all places
where the cultivator could be brought to do its work. In oné part of a
plat of ground, if a well had been dug fifteen feet deep it would have been
almost destitute of moisture all the way down, while if it had been dug
on the new setting of strawberries, not fifty feet away, the ground would
have been found perfectly moist all the way to the bottom. Why this differ-
ence? If we had closely observed the first plat, very early in the morning,
when the air was colder than the soil, we should have found the vapor escap-
- ing as freely as steam from an exhaust pipe. It comes up through the soil by
capillary attraction, which goes on even if the water supply be a hundred
feet below.

HOW CULTIVATION ACTS AS A. MULCH.

When the ground is filled with water the surplus passes down through
the large fissures which are always present in the ground, but that which
is held in suspension, in what we recognize as moist earth, passes off only
by evaporation; and if there be no obstruction the ground dries out to a
great depth. In the first piece of ground the moisture had escaped with
freedom for two and a half months, with no rain to moisten even the sur-
face. It is well known that if in a very dry time we lay a large board on
the ground a few days, on moving it the ground is found moist directly
under it. Where does the moisture come from? The board obstructed
the rising vapor and the ground absorbed it. Now, in the second these
capillary passages had been broken with fine earth and a blanket of mellow
soil had absorbed the moisture like a sponge and prevented the water from
below from escaping. The moisture collects underneath, and, aided by the
hot August sun, the vapor would force its passage up to the surface again
in four or five days, and so we went over these beds twice per week during
July, August, and September, and thus kept them moist. The work was
done by machinery, very fast, and was entirely effectual. The instrument
we used is called the Planet Jr. horse hoe and pulverizer. It has twelve
teeth and a sort of adjustable comb that drags through and crushes every
lump as fine as powder. When a rain falls, wetting down even an inch,
and the hot sun comes out, capillary action will begin very quickly, and in
even a few hours the moisture will escape so that the ground will be drier
than ever, and no time must be lost in breaking them up again.

The question is often asked, if the ground becomes very dry shall we
cultivate? Certainly; and that, too, as quickly as possible. As already
stated, vapor is always coming up, and it should not be allowed to escape.
I have often taken a piece of neglected ground, showing almost no moist-
ure at the first cultivation, but the third time it was gone over the ground
was quite moist and crops greatly improved. It is of the utmost import-
ance that the ground be pulverized as fine and left as level as possible.

19

146 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,
WATERING PAYS IF PROPERLY DONE.

You can scarcely realize how much water it takes to moisten a piece of
dry ground to the depth of, say, six inches. I am of the opinion that for
general crops, except, perhaps, i in a few locations especially favorable, any
system of pumping would not prove profitable. As ordinarily done, watering
plants does more harm than good. The only way it can be done safely is
to saturate the ground deeply and then pulverize the surface as soon as
sufficiently dry.

If the ground is stirred when full of water and then exposed to a hot sun
it seems affected similarly to plunging heated steel into cold water. The
particles are brought so closely together that they become exceedingly
hard, and water can not penetrate them, and the water held in the larger
interstices readily passes off, and it often requires years of patient labor to
bring the texture back to its normal condition. While light sand is less
affected than heavy clay, it is by no means exempt from serious injury by
wet working. More plants are killed by setting when the ground is too
wet than by any other cause.

USEFULNESS OF DEEP PLOWING.

Another means of conserving moisture is deep plowing and thoroughly
pulverizing the soil all the way down. My practice is, first, to run the
Morgan spading harrow (an indispensable tool on any farm) over the
ground and then harrow finely, usually going both ways, and then roll to
crush all lumps; next, plow as deeply as possible without catching too
much subsoil at a time, then roll again and use the spading harrow and
fine smoothing harrow, and finish with rolling. Of course this involves
some work, but the labor is much more than saved in after cultivation;
besides, it is very difficult to get the moisture out of soil pulverized so
finely.

There is no question but subsoiling on most soils, the breaking up of
the lower strata and pulverizing so as to leave the loose soil as thick as
possible, greatly aids in the conservation of moisture.

MULCHING UNEQUAL TO CULTIVATION.

Mulching does nothing more than the cultivator. It must be sufficiently
dense and compact to perform the duty of closing the pores or it will not
be successful in preventing the ground from drying out. But there
are serious objections to mulching. When once begun, in the case of
trees and shrubs, it must be continuously renewed. The roots must have
air and the warmth of the sun, and will come very close to the surface to
get it, and when once established if we commence to cultivate we cut and
tear them to their serious and permanent injury.

Very little moisture goes into the soil from the atmosphere as the result
of cultivation, as many people suppose. Whenever the air can penetrate
the soil it seems to be its business to absorb water and carry it off in the
form of vapor. If we fill a pitcher with ice water, the outside will in a
few minutes be covered with large drops of water, and it will continue to
collect so long as the water in the pitcher is colder than the air outside.
Heat draws moisture, so if at the close of a hot day we cultivate so as to

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 147

turn the hot surface down it will draw the water from below and bring the
cold earth to the surface, to come in contact with the warm air, it will
condense moisture the same as the ice pitcher, only on a gigantic scale,
and we can get rain, clouds or no clouds.

RESULT OF LACK OF CULTIVATION DURING DROUTH.

I am satisfied beyond doubt that summer management has much to do
with the hardiness of our orchards and small fruits. Every season has its
drouth. In the spring, growth starts actively and continues so until the
ground becomes very dry, and then slacks up, and if the drouth is pro-
longed the wood begins to ripen and often the leaves fall. This is especi-
ally true of blackberries, raspberries, plums, and peaches. The fall rains.
find them in this semi-dormant condition and stimulate a new growth,
and this second growth does not ripen before winter, hence even a moder-
ate degree of cold will often seriously injure them. This cultivation
should be pursued so as not to let growth stop during the dry time, but
should be discontinued so soon as rains come, and the growth will con-
tinue until it is stopped by frosts and the cool fall weather, when the wood
and buds will be fully ripened.

There is no doubt that. an abundance of humus in the soil aids greatly in
conserving moisture. The tubes do not form so readily and are more
easily broken up. I think this is frequently the cause of failure in the
use of chemical fertilizers. They do not have the desired mechanical
effects.

Mr. W. W. Tracy of Detroit followed with an instructive brief address,.
of which the following is a synopsis, giving

SOME POINTS IN CELERY CULTURE.

It is late, we have listened to most admirably prepared papers which
are as concise and full of information as knowledge and care could make
them, so I hesitate to merely talk about celery-growing, for, not knowing
until this afternoon that anything of the kind was wanted, I have had lit-
tle time to consider what to say, much less to prepare a paper; but still I
am glad to talk to you, for I think that by the culture of no other vege-
table can Michigan farmers add so much to their tables at so little cost as.
can be done by celery. [ know that in every farm garden in Michigan
better celery can be grown than can generally be bought in the market.
How? By a full understanding of and careful attention to the character
and wants of the plant.

Just before I left home I received a letter from a gentleman on Long
Island, where they grow flowering bulbs by the acre, and he said, in
answer to this inquiry, that there was nothing in the soil or climate that.
gave them any advantage over Michigan; only, ‘these growers understood
the plants, and so could produce them better and cheaper.”

I spent some days investigating the reason for the wonderful success
and profit in onion-growing about Painesville, Ohio, and the outcome of
my observation was that the chief cause of success was, not the soil, but a
perfect knowledge of the character and wants of the plant; and the most.
experienced growers there expressed the same opinion. Doubtless certain.

148 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. —

grades of celery can be produced cheaper on such muck lands as those
about Kalamazoo, but I am certain that celery can be grown on most of
the farms in Michigan, which in quality would be very much better than
most of that in our markets. {

Yesterday we took out some celery on our trial grounds. Many of the
stalks were eighteen inches long, many an inch in diameter, and so brittle
that I could and did take a stalk by each end, and by a quick move of the
hands in opposite directions, snap a piece out of the center, whose ends |
were as square as if they had been cut by a knife. Those who used it say
they don’t care to eat any that they can buy, after having this. And yet,
this was grown on a Clay soil that, six years ago, would make brick; and if
celery can be grown on that, perhaps as poor a soil for its growth as can
easily be found, can not every Michigan farmer grow it? They certainly
can, if they know how; and to know how they must study the plant.

Every flavor or scent, if intensified sufficiently, becomes disagreeable.
Thus the intense flavor of the green portion of celery is disagreeable, bit-
ter, and in some degree poisonous. When any vegetable growth is made
rapidly, and in the dark, it becomes white, and its natural flavor is lessened,
made more mild; and in such cases as the leek, endive, and celery, made
much more agreeable.

Again, crispness, succulency, and tenderness in vegetables is developed
in proportion to the rapidity of growth. What we need, then, to produce
well-flavored, crisp, succulent, tender celery, is a rapid growth in the dark.
How can we do this? Celery is a very peculiar plant in its habit of
growth. If we plant an ounce of celery seed, under favorable conditions,
it will be nicely up in thirty days; and if we wash the little plants clean of
earth, they altogether will weigh from five to twenty ounces, an increase of
from five to twenty fold in the first thirty days.

Now, plant an ounce of any of the quick-growing radishes, under equally
favorable circumstances, and in thirty days they will be fit to market, and
the 3,500 roots produced, if every seed makes a plant, will weigh from
2,000 to 4,000 ounces, an increase in the first thirty days of from 2,000 to
4,000 fold, against the celery’s increase of from five to twenty fold. This
shows how slowly the celery plant grows at first. But, with every succeed-
ing month, not only the actual growth, but the rate of growth, increases
until, as it approaches maturity, it is perhaps the most rapidly growing
plant in the garden. But you all know that growth necessitates food, and
in this fact we find a reason for our plant’s action; for, during the slower-
growing, earlier periods, the plant was not only extending its root surface
and putting itself in position to collect enormous quantities of food from
the soil, but was also storing in the roots and the thickened collar at the
base of the leaves, an extra supply of food to be used on demand. We see
how the life plan of the plant fits with our purpose of securing a rapid
growth in the dark. We simply wait until it is prepared to grow most
rapidly, and then gather and hold the leaves up so closely as to shut out
the light and keep the growing leaves of the center in the dark, and
our object is accomplished. This we do by just drawing the leaves into
an upright position and holding them there with earth. Then, drawing
them still closer and banking them with more earth, until we have com-
pletely shut out the light from the now rapidly growing center, we secure
the white, crisp, tender central leaves which are so delicious.

It is a mistake to think that earthing-up turns the leaf-stems which we

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 149

earth up, white, and makes them crisp. It does not. Itonly makes those
that grow after we earth-up, white and crisp, and you can thus see how
useless it is to expect good celery from slow-growing plants.

But, to have quick growth, we must have abundant food in the soil,
abundant water to dissolve this food, and abundant roots and vitality to
convey it into the plant. The golden rules, then, for growing fine celery
are:

1. Secure strong plants, by protecting the weak and slow-growing seed-
lings from injury from overcrowding or from more rapid-growing weeds.

2. Set the plants in soil which is as rich as it can possibly be made.
The best rule for it is that for making the mince pies we used to dream
over at Thanksgiving time—make them as rich as you can afford, and
then shut your eyes and drop in two handsful more.

3. Bank up and give plenty of water, when the plants are in their great-
est rapidity of growth.

I would be glad to talk longer, and refer to some of the difficulties in
the way of carrying out these rules, but I have already talked too long;
and, if I have called your attention to the principles underlying celery
culture, you can yourselves think out methods of carrying them out
successfully.

Friday Morning Session.

A crowded programme was presented at the closing session Friday
morning, but it was finished in good order, to the great satisfaction of
the large audience. The Lawton people evidently could and would have
enjoyed a full week of the good things presented at this meeting.

HOW LAWTON GROWERS PRUNE GRAPES.

Mr. Monroe presided, and in opening the session remarked that a
grapevine had been brought in, trained according to the method preva-
lent at Lawton, and would be pruned according to the local practice.

Mr. Lawton: Weare after grapes, not theories, at Lawton; we go in
for the most money and the least labor. Grapes at one cent per pound
leave no time for debate as to experimental training.

The vine, supported upon a Kniffin trellis, was much branched and
in tree form, the branches long and sweeping to the ground, just as it
was when the leaves fell. Mr. LawroN showed how he would prune it,
and how branches or arms would be left for renewal from the main vine.
The plan involved much shortening of the branches, leaving two or three
buds on each spur, but with long arms. ,

Mr. A. H. Smirah commended Mr. Lawrton’s plan of pruning, the

150 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

selecting of strong branches for renewal, from as near the main cane as
possible. Some trim out their vines in fan shape, but if the vine is
started so it is hard to change it to the Kniffin system.

Mr. FRANK STAINTON, having been asked to do so, trimmed the vine in
about the same way as described by Mr. Lawton, leaving four arms (two
on each wire) and forty to fifty buds.

METHODS IN MARKETING.

This subject was taken up,.and introduced by the following paper from
Mr. J. G. RaMspELu of South Haven:

This question of the fruitgrowers marketing their own fruit has been
discussed quite frequently in many fruit sections, with varied success and
failures. Ina few locations, better conditions have been effected, while
others have remained unchanged, still pursuing the good old way of giving
the middle-man the lion’s share of the profits.

California growers have demonstrated through agencies that they can
distribute their own fruit by sending it into the most of the chief centers
of the United States, their best fruit packed and delivered in the best con-
dition; claiming and receiving the highest price in all the principal markets
of this country from ocean to ocean.

How has this been accomplished? It certainly is not the large size nor
superior quality of their fruit alone, that has enabled these kings of the
fruit market to monopolize the chief centers of trade from one to three
thousands miles from home. Nor is it to be attributed to cheap lands,
cheap labor, or cheap transportation, but to the perfect system of selecting
and packing only the best fruit in the best manner and leaving the balance
at home. This fruit is put up honestly and handled carefully, and is
sought after by the dealers, by the carload, and sold by samples that don’t
lie. In fact, it goes without saying that the buyer of a carload of Califor-.
nia fruit knows as well what is in the car before it is unloaded as though
he had opened every package. In confirmation of this statement, a com-
mission man in Chicago said he could handle and dispose of a carload of
California fruit with less trouble and expense than he could one fourth of
that amount often shipped to him by several parties in Michigan on the
same day.

Does any fruitgrower of experience in Michigan doubt that what has
been done by California, on so large a scale, with all the drawbacks of a
distant market, can be done at other points, where fruit can be grown
as cheaply and placed on the market in less time, and at much less
expense? I am not alone in the belief that the fruitgrowers of Michigan
are able to compete with California, or any other state in the Union, in
the different fruits raised within their borders. To be sure, California, as
a rule, can raise more fruit to the acre (being very much larger), but the
high-priced land, with water for irrigation, and the extra cost of labor and
freight, will more than overbalance the account in our favor. Their insects
and fungi, as a whole, are as damaging as ours, so we are even on that
drawback.

Michigan has a new competitor in the large central markets of the

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 151

north, which is the far south. The southern fruitgrower has the advan-
tage of the northern one in cheap lands and cheaper labor, besides being
the early bird in the market. There are many points now in the south
where the fruit is sent to northern cities by the car-load, and in a few
places it is shipped by train-load, thereby reducing freights and avoiding
delays.

NOG, in view of these facts,and many more that might be cited, what are
the fruitgrowers of Michigan going to do in order to build up a reputation
that will enable them to compete with others who are rivals in the busi-
ness and holding a monopoly in the markets?

The fruitgrowers of Michigan are as well located for marketing their
fruit as are those of any state in the union, except New Jersey and Dela-
ware; but for many obvious reasons they fail to realize as high a price as
most other localities, which are not so favorably situated. This would
seem to indicate that something was wrong in their system of doing busi-
ness. Now, what is the matter with Michigan? It is estimated that seven
tenths of all the fruit raised in the state are sent to Chicago to be sold on
commission at ten per cent. Add to this the cost of packages, freight, and
cartage, all of which is paid by the shipper. These expenses must be paid
wherever we market our fruit.

Now, as the amount of perishable fruit sent to one place determines
to a large extent the price obtained, it is just as certain that, in case of an
overflow, we must expect low prices. This being the fact, it should be the
best reason in the world why we should make a change and send our fruit
to other points, thereby avoiding the glut of an over-burdened market.
But, says the fruitgrower, I can’t send my fruit all over the country to
irresponsible parties, incurring heavy express rates, and subject to more
or less losses. Besides that, I have no time to attend to the details of the
business.

This is all true, or nearly so, and the fact remains that one individual is not
always able to doit. The main reason complained of is that it costs some-
thing to look up customers in different localities, and the express charges
are outrageously high. This is also true, and as a rule there is no remedy
for the individual man who distributes his own fruits in the different mar-
kets. Yet, as there are exceptions to most rules, I will only note one that
came to my knowledge, which proves very conclusively that even one
individual is able to make a success of distributing his own fruit, in spite
of all the disadvantages with which he had to contend. He started out
single-handed and declared he never would send another basket of fruit
to Chicago, and he would make his own market or perish. Three years
ago last June he began to correspond with dealers at different points on
one line of railway, and before shipping-time he had customers engaged
for all his fruit. The result was, every one was satisfied with the fruit,
which was all sold at remunerative prices; and, after paying regular express
charges, the returns were in excess of Chicago net. The fruit was not
above the average in size nor quality, but it was graded and packed hon-
estly. The next year the sales were extended on other lines, with more
favorable results. This year, with a very heavy crop, his peaches were all
wanted at good, paying prices, and he was unable to fill his orders. Not
a basket was sold in Chicago. Others could be named that have done well
in a private way.

Now, if this can be done by individual effort, is it not sufficient evidence

152 ‘STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIBTY. ©

that a combination of fruitgrowers can do the same much more
successfully ?

How so? asks an inquirer.

Now, right here is the key to the whole vexed question of fruitgrowers
marketing their own fruit. If a majority of the fruitgrowers of Michi-
gan would grade and pack their fruit in first and second-class packages,
and print their names on the same, guaranteeing every package to be the
same all through as it is at the top, with the trade-mark of the association
stamped on it, there would be no trouble to sell it in Chicago or anywhere
else where fruit is wanted. This fruit would soon bring a much better
price in almost any market than that without a guarantee. The great
fraud with the most of the fruitgrowers in Michigan is (and I know what
Iam saying), they pack their first and second-class fruit in the same
package, and then expect to receive first-class prices. That is what kills
the fruit market in any locality, and the same practice would in one year’s
time ruin the high reputation which California has won for herself.

Without attempting to solve all the problems in detail, pertaining to
this question, I will only add that the South Haven and Casco Pomologi-
cal society discussed, three years ago, in fourteen meetings of three hours
each, this one question. The result was that from a list of over one hun-
dred persons, of those who shipped fruit from South Haven, only seventeen
could be induced to sign their names to an agreement that they would
grade and pack their fruit in first and second-class packages, and put their
names on it, guaranteeing the fruit to be as good, and of the same grade
throughout the package, as it was on the top.

If a majority of those fruitgrowers at that time had formed an associa-
tion, the terms of which required them to pack their fruit honestly, there
is not the shadow of a doubt but they would have gained a reputation for
good fruit, by this time, that would be worth thousands of dollars. Yes,
and it would have laid the foundation for a market which, if followed out
honestly, would add hundreds of thousands of dollars to the income of
the fruitgrowers of Michigan.

If the same dishonest methods that are now practiced by the majority
of Michigan fruitgrowers should be adopted by manufacturers, in their
different lines of business, it would be safe to predict that nothing but
absolute ruin would be the result.

The wonder is to me that the bulk of the fruit sells for as much as it
does, when we take into account how long these frauds on the market have
been practiced on the public. If this contemptible business of dishonest
packing is ever to be remedied it must be done by a combination of those
fruitgrowers who are willing to put their names on their packages, thereby
guaranteeing the contents to be the same throughout as on the top, graded
to a standard adopted by the association, with trade-mark attached to the
package.

This and this alone would, in a very short time, establish confidence in
the markets for Michigan fruits, at paying prices, and enable us to com-
pete with the whole country. If this is not done in the near future, the
reputation for Michigan fruit will soon be so low that it will go begging
for purchasers, and the whole business be demoralized.

This was followed by the subjoined two papers by two well and favor-
ably known commission merchants of Chicago:

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 153

FROM MR. GEO. W. BARNETT.

In response to an invitation to be present at the meeting of the society,
to be held at Lawton, 28th and 29th insts., I must say I fear I can not be
present, as other and important engagements previously made will prob-
ably prevent. In place of my presence, your request for a paper on pack-
ing fruit, especially grapes, is certainly a wise one—that is, it would be if
I could write anything not already known.

It, however, is a subject that needs constant reiteration to impress itself
on the minds of those who carelessly drift away from correct methods. It
is easy to drift with the current when apparent self-interest aids the motion.
It is hard to resist temptation, when secrecy is assured. When the
standard of right is set high, and the mature judgment assures us that
only in that direction lies permanent success, we find the way very easy
to lower the bars. a little and admit some things that should be barred out,
and console ourselves with the thought that our present gain is all right,
and it will never be known.

No trade-mark ever became of value except through a rigid adherence to
a high standard of excellence, and the value of a trade-mark lessens daily
as the standard of excellence is lowered, in actual test, even though nom-
inally the grade is the same. ‘‘Sapolio” is the same now as a dozen years
ago, and “ Kirk’s” or “ Pears’’”’ soap or “ Royal” baking powder have
the same formulas that first brought their virtues to public notice. I grant
you that mechanical formulas, or the mixing of certain ingredients whose
properties can be determined by chemical analysis, and whose imperfec-
tions can be corrected, are far easier to maintain to a fixed standard than
is the grading and packing of fruit.

Yet it is possible to approach nearer the ideal—the standard—if we are
willing to sacrifice present gain to permanent prosperity. To maintaina
high standard, the manufacturer often loses heavily in spoiled materials,
in errors of judgment, and in various ways; but these he considers as
nothing compared to the record he must maintain.

We demand honesty and excellence to the extent of the price we pay.
We don’t expect a pound of exquisitely perfumed toilet soap for the same
price we pay for a pound of strong laundry soap; but, from the day laborer
to the bank president, all demand what they buy—honest delivery of the
goods purchased.

On the same lines, the seller justly demands pay for his wares, and the
man who would undertake to pay his bills in depreciated currency, some-
thing not a legal tender, would be soon brought up with a sharp turn.

We thus see that theoretically (and practically ) all the world over, busi-
ness is carried on upon the basis of honesty and integrity—the delivery of
the goods bought, and the payment in full for goods delivered. Any viola-
tion of this fundamental rule of action is condemned, and the violator is
punished; if possible, by law, if beyond the reach of the law, by that
which is mightier, public opinion.

To men whose life business is the growing of fruits for market, the views
of one who has made the selling of fruits a business for more than twenty-
five years may be of interest, yet the views I entertain are clearly along
the line of thought expressed. No rogue can long prosper in business. |
have seen too many wrecks along the shore, to make me believe for a moment
that trickery and fraud in business will succeed. It is a violation of the

20

154 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

settled principles of successful business, and “ Honesty is the best policy ”
is as true as it is trite. If it is the best policy in mercantile business, it
is true in all branches that contribute to business. As fruitgrowers you
must be honest with your land. You can not rob it with impunity, and
with your trees you must pursue the same course. Inall your transactions
with nature, any departure from that rule will be punished. Reflect for a
a moment, and you can readily call up in your experience instances where
the punishment was sure if not swift.

So, too, after your trees have bloomed, and your efforts, aided by the
sunshine and the rain, have produced a crop, the same inexorable law must
be obeyed. Strict integrity and honesty in the handling (for ’tis dishonest
to bruise and damage by careless or reckless methods the fruit you have
produced) and packing of fruit should be observed. Let your package be
of standard size—your customers demand it. Let it be of approved style
— that the purchaser requires, and honesty to your interest demands it.
Let it be of good quality —self-interest says it is economy.

In packing, let the contents be honest, and just what you represent
them to be. If No. 1, let it be No. 1 all through. If of inferior grade, so
indicate it on the package.

It’s a great temptation, when away a hundred miles from the purchaser,
in the seclusion of your orchard or vineyard, to use the No. 1 stencil on
No. 2 goods. It may seem as though you would be safe from detection,
and no one will know the difference, but is it honest? You will know it,
and your trade-mark, your reputation, will suffer, and your credit in the
country markets will be gone. Credit is of slow growth, and easily
destroyed.

Two years ago, one section of Michigan had an enviable record in the
quality of grapes shipped to Chicago. One year ago, the tampering with
grapes was marked, and this year no one cared to purchase on the “ mark.”
Personal inspection alone was relied upon by buyers. Now, who lost by
the tampering with the trade-mark?

Another section that had a high standard, lowered it considerably this
year by packing inferior stock of grapes for No. 1

Men of Michigan, it is worthy of your careful consideration, this honest,
manly packing of fruit.

“Western Michigan apples,’ for years was a by-word among the fruit
dealers of this city, so notorious had been the violation of the common
rules of honesty in packages and packing, although I am glad to note
improvement in that line.

True, the apple crop was almost a failure, and the fruit inferior, and
what was shipped the best to be had, yet I am sure the damage to the fair
name of the western fruit belt in the aggregate was immense.

It is well to note that New York is a strong competitor, and by strict
methods she holds up her grading, so that it is now perfectly safe to buy
New York grapes without seeing them. All that is necessary is to have
the “standard” mark on the packages.

The almost universal use of the Climax basket makes comment on the
package for grapes unnecessary.

I trust I may be understood in what I have said. Were I to put it in
one sentence, it would be, “‘Do unto others as you would be done by, for
your sin will find you, as surely as honesty is the best policy.”

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MERTING. 155
FROM MR. R. A. BURNETT.

In compliance with your request to furnish a short paper upon the pack-
ing of fruit, we herewith submit the following. In doing so we fully
understand that it will be difficult to say anything new on this very impor-
tant matter. Some three years ago you had us on record on this subject,
but as many do not seem to understand how important a thing it is to pack
fruit honestly and intelligently, the following may not be without value.

Lawton and vicinity, in years past, made an enviable record for the
packing of its greatest product, the grape crop. Until within the last two ©
years, to say that the grapes were Lawtons satisfied the purchaser that he
was getting a full package of honestly put up fruit; not clusters on the
top layer in the basket and loose ones underneath, nor baskets only three
fourths full, as has been notably the case this past season. Especially has
this got to be a nuisance since the growers are shipping as an association.

The different growers putting their fruit into the same car, and being
consigned from one firm, they become mixed up and we have honestly and
heavily packed fruit in a number of packages and others will be light-
packed and undesirable. It certainly has made the best dealers shy of
buying Lawton grapes as they run, and it puts the seller to the inconven-
ience of sorting out the different packages and selling them upon their
merits.

This hardship should not be imposed upon the commission merchant,
for the fruit has to be handled expeditiously, and all hands are busy dur-
ing the market hours, and unless grapes are held over for a day there is
no opportunity to sort them.

Reputation is a most excellent thing in business. We are jealous of
that. Perhaps more touchy on our reputation than we are on any other
subject, claiming, as we do, to represent fairly to the purchaser and fairly
to the consignor. It certainly behooves the association in Lawton to
refuse to take the goods of a grower who does not pack on honest business
principles. We know that the producer can not pack any better fruit
than his vineyard or orchard may yield, but he can fill his packages up to
the regulation limit, even though they are in a close basket with a close
cover and no one can tell that they are not full until tested by weight or
the cover removed for the inspection of contents.

The package now used by the growers has come to be a standard in the
market, namely: the eight-pound Climax basket. We have nothing new
to suggest along this line. Indeed, it is always to the disadvantage of the
growers of a locality to change their package when they have made a
reputation on their fruit.

We believe that the “snide” packer as well as the “snide” dealer or
commission merchant, has but a short business life to live; but during
his unprofitable career he works a hardship upon the honest competitor,
and as it is now the order of society to organize into associations that will
prevent, so far as may be, the unworthy from iaterfering with fair dealing,
we would recommend that your association authorize the inspection of all
fruit shipped under the name and protection of an association. If the
association does not protect its majority against a minority it can not be
profitable to its members or society at large.

156 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS DISCUSSED—HONEST METHODS DEFENDED.

Mr. Lawton: These papers have answered the prayer of the poet, so
far as it applies to the fruitgrowers of Lawton, “O wad some power the
giftie gie us to see oursels as ithers see us.’ They are admirable letters
and depict correctly the condition of things in this vicinity. And I hope,
too, that these gentlemen are honest (I believe they are so), and do
themselves as they recommend others to do, and that they make their —
influence felt all up and down South Water-st. (Laughter. )

Mr. A. 8. PackarpD: During the last two years I have shipped from
7,000 to 8,000 bushels of peaches, and only 500 of the whole went to Chi-
cago. I pack my fruit honestly, as I would have fruit for myself if I were
to buy, and send constantly to the same houses. If we do not pack fruit
honestly, we ought not to be successful. I have obtained from 46 cents to
$1.31 net per bushel for my fruit, but am not going to tell how I worked
up my trade. One commission man once asked me not to put “ No. 2” on
my baskets, because he “only had to scratch it off.” I am confident that
there will continuously be money in peaches if we only put them into the
right markets.

Mr. Van Furet: They talk of honest packing, but an honest fruitgrower
is a rare quantity. (Laughter.) I have sent my best and my lowest
grade of grapes to the same commission merchant, and got as much for the
one as the other. I hope there are honest commission merchants; doubt-
less there are, but if they are no more numerous than honest fruitgrowers,
there are not enough todo much harm in the world. Herein Lawton,
“snide” packages of grapes have sold direct to buyers for as much as the
best. If there is no way but honesty to remedy this, I fear the efforts will
be a total failure.

Mr. Lawton: All peaches grown here are sold direct to wagons.

Mr. PackarpD: I last year sold $3,000 worth in that way.

Mr. J. A. Epmonps of Schoolcraft: I notice that when we come to
Lawton to buy peaches we have to pay fully as much as the selling price
in Chicago.

Mr. ATWELL: It is right that the peddlers should do so. They makea
profit on their retail sales, and take only our very best fruit, such as sells
for $2.50 and $3.00 per bushel in Chicago.

Mr. Morritu: Honesty will sell fruit anywhere and command a
market. The man who does not observe honesty in his methods of mar-
keting must go to the wall; and the shrewd growers are seeing this. The
wagon trade is a good one, but it will not take any of the lower grades of
fruit, while Chicago will take and dispose of everything. Therefore the

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 157

peddlers should be required to pay more. The country is not half sup-
plied with good fruit, but is covered with trash. I am a friend and
defender of the commission merchant within all reasonable limits. There
are, of course, dishonest men in the business, but they will average better
than the fruitgrowers. They have to be honest or they are soon found out
and have to quit. I speak from a watchful experience of twenty years in
South Water-st. Eight or ten years ago I selected a man whom I thought
suitable, packed my fruit honestly, so that it is throughout as it appears
on the surface (not different from its apparent grade), and have kept con-
stantly with the same man. In times of glut it is only the good fruit that
will sell at all. We do not successfully combine, because we suspect one
another; but I do not know why we do this unless we know ourselves to
be dishonest.

Mr. Lawton: Two years ago we formed an association here and much
fruit went into it, all pooling and sending in car lots. The results were
about the same as if we had sent separately to commission men. Full
weight and quality were guaranteed, too. I think we are too near Chicago.
The commission men flock in and solicit so that it is hard to keep an associa-
tion together.

Taking up the general subject of peach-growing, the society listened to
the following papers:

PEACH CULTURE VS. GENERAL FARMING.

I realize my inability to do justice to this subject, or to make apparent
its importance. Although I have been engaged to some extent in growing
peaches more than a quarter of a century, | have made so many mistakes,
and failed to learn so many valuable lessons, that I shall not expect to
enlighten experienced growers, but hope to offer some suggestions bene-
ficial to those who. without experience, may desire to engage in this
industry.

Many locations in our vicinity, the northeastern part of Van Buren
county, only wait development to yield (even some small fields) more
profit annually than the entire farm of forty or eighty acres, in present
conditions, could be sold for. Even hundreds of acres in that vicinity, as
well as elevations in other parts of the county, now used for general farm-
ing, with little profit to the owners, could be utilized for fruitgrowing,
with much profit to the owner, and would employ profitably our young
people who are going out seeking other fields for employment. Such an
industry would soon require better and cheaper transportation facilities,
better highways, and more homes, all of which would add materially to the
general prosperity.

Engagement in peach-culture with prospects of success requires several
favorable conditions, coupled with the same energy, attention, and intel-
ligently directed efforts required to secure success in other callings. With

158 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

these favorable conditions, and the other observations strictly adhered to,
much more satisfactory results can be secured than from general farming.

Location—One of the most important of all conditions is a favorable
location. It should be a selection with not only natural water drainage
but air drainage as well, to insure against damage by late spring or early
autumn frosts; for frost, like water, seeks the lowest levels. Therefore, the
greatest elevations are best, and more sure to produce good crops of peaches
annually.

Soil—The soil may be variable, from light and sandy to a medium heavy
soil, but it must be dry. Sandy loam is best, although some varieties, like
Hill’s Chilli or Late Crawford, do well on a clay loam.

Varieties—Another very important consideration is to select those vari-
eties that are adapted to your soil and location, and such as will give a
succession in ripening. Unless your experience in peach-culture will help.
you to decide what varieties are best to set, to secure the desired results,
it would be wise to consult the nearest successful growers, whose experience
might save you much. Varieties that do well in one location do not always.
succeed in another. Therefore I emphasize “nearest successful growers.”

The State Horticultural Reports contain the experience of many of the best
and most successful growers in the state, as well as the reports of results of
the several experiment stations, which are conducted by experts, all of which
is very valuable to not only the new beginner but even the veteran grower.
Among the many valuable horticultural journals is the Allegan Gazette,
published by E. C. Reid, secretary of the State society. One department
of each paper is devoted entirely to the fruitgrowing interest. These
journals and reports aid much in determining what, among the multiplicity
of varieties, to use and what to discard. Thousands of dollars are annu-
ally paid for high-priced specialities that are not worth the cultivation, so
time, money, and use of land are al! wasted.

The planter who has set several varieties in rows or biocks, with a view
to their successive ripening, not only for the purpose of continuous work
at harvest time, but with a future view to supplying some particular
market with a constant supply of his fruits, can not count his loss in dollars.
if he finds that his trees when fruiting are not true to label, and his suc-
cession is broken up, if not mixed through the entire lot. I have known
of many such instances, and much loss by the planters.

Preparation of Soil—A thorough preparation of soil before planting
will aid much in setting, cultivation, and in the early growth of the trees.

Planting—Plant as early in spring as the ground can be properly fitted.
Trim to a whip or stub and cut the top at the height desired for starting
the head. Set one rod to twenty feet apart and put in rows both ways.

Cullivation—The cultivation should be thorough each year, up to about
August 1. Then discontinue to allow the new wood growth to fully mature:
and harden up, to better resist the cold of winters; except, if the trees are
well laden with fruit, the fruit needs and will take the extra flow of sap
induced by the continuous stirring of the soil. Bank around the body of
each tree with earth, late in fall, for support and protection, removing the
same early the next season.

Pruning—Proper pruning of the trees each year is a necessary part of
the work of a successful grower, to shape and balance the top and to pre-
vent the formation of bad crotches that are quite sure to split down in
storms or when laden with fruit, and greatly injure if not destroy the-
tree.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 159

Protection from Pests—To prevent injury from mice and rabbits and
borers, use a mixture of soft soap and sulphur, equal parts, and apply to
bodies from the limbs to roots, replacing the soil that had been removed
so as to apply to large roots and lower parts of the body. Tarred paper
will, if properly put on the bodies, answer a good purpose if the first is not
conveniently secured.

Thinning—Proper thinning of the fruit must be observed if choice,
good-size fruit is desired, and for the purpose of retaining the full vigor
of the trees, which are much exhausted by an overproduction of pits.

Picking and Handling—Picking requires a practiced eye to discern the
proper condition of maturity, careful handling, and honest packing (alike
through the entire package). Good fruit picked and packed properly in
clean, full-size packages, will win its way in any market to good prices
and continuous trade. In fact, the market will seek the producer of such
fruit.

Peach Yellows—This dreaded disease of the peach, apricot, and nectar-
ine is, In my opinion, a benefit to the peach-growing industry. It tends
to deter the timid from planting, and soon destroys the orchards of the
careless or negligent, which would, quite likely, fill our markets with an
“inferior quality of fruit, while the energetic, watchful, earnest growers but
little fear the disease; for, where a persistent policy of total destruction,
as the law provides, of every tree in which one peach or twig has developed
the disease, is followed, the interest continues to thrive, as it has for many
years along the lake shore in this and Allegan counties. While our
scientific men have, without doubt, discovered bacteria existing in all dis-
eased trees, no remedy has been discovered. Only total destruction of all
affected trees, in any locality, can save the interest where it exists.

Is the peach-growing interest likely to be overdone?—Many years ago I
feared such a result, and was very cautious about engaging in extended
cultivation. The first crop from my orchard sold for from 25 cents to $1
per bushel. The latter price encouraged me to set more. Not until I had
sold five successive crops from my small orchard of less than 14 acres, for
an average of $300 per year, did I gain full confidence in the permanence
of the industry. And today, to all living where location and climate are
congenial, and who are willing to give the same energy and attention to
secure full knowledge of the business, and bestow the care required as the
price of liberty, I can say, in my opinion the future of peach-growing
promises more success than does any other agricultural industry.

While the area seems to be circumscribed to some extent, almost yearly,
where peaches can be grown, the markets are extending, and in all local-
ities the demand is increasing. Only a few years ago, canned fruit was
only in the homes of the well-to-do. Now, in ever so humble a home,
canned fruit (peaches, largely) are counted among the necessary family
supplies. I remember when from 20,000 to 40,000 baskets received in
Chicago would send the price down so low as to bring loss to the grower.
Now it requires from twenty-five to thirty thousand baskets each morning
to supply one peach to each of the residents of Chicago alone, besides the
demand from millions of homes near which such fruits can not be raised,
including many cities that will use a train-load each day.

hen I came to Gobleville, in 1887, I planted on some village lots.
eighty-four trees, sixteen feet apart, about one half acre, from which I
harvested in 1891 (when the trees had been set four years) 169 bushels of

160 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. -

peaches, which I sold at one dollar per bushel at the orchard. I have har-
vested a good crop each year since. I found we were still in the peach
belt, and have now an interest in several orchards in that vicinity. My
ambition is to see all the elevations in that part of the county, where land
is cheap, so utilized for peach-growing and for other fruits, as to require a
fruit train and cheaper rates, as you have here in Lawton.

PROFITS.

For the encouragement of those who wish to engage in peach cult-
ure, I have gathered some statistics from growers, which I think fully
reliable and quite satisfactory, especially when compared with results of
common or general farming.

Mr. O. R. ScHUYLER, who lives in the township adjoining my home, on
the west, writes me, under date of Dec. 18, 1893, saying: On 1,000 trees,
in 1891, which had been four years set, I harvested 2,000 bushels; on the
same trees, in 1892, 2,500; in 1893, 3,000; in all, 7,500. They averaged one
dollar per bushel.

WiuiaM Crossy of Gobleville, who owns an eighty-acre farm on one
of the greatest elevations in Pinegrove township, adjoining us on the east,
harvested from one field of his farm, in 1890, peaches which sold for
$300; in 1891 he harvested 1,471 bushels, which sold at a profit of $1,835;
in 1892 he had mislaid his sales account; in 1895, from ten acres, he sold
1,162 bushels for $1,509.20, a total for two years of $3,344.20. Expense
of picking and hauling should be deducted.

Homer Crospy, a brother, whose farm adjoins WILLIAm’s, has been very
particular to keep accurately the account with his farm, and particularly
with his peach orchard, consisting of about fifteen acres, for the term of
eight years, which account is as follows:

SS ONOG ss TOUS S ates se hy ee aga tk ee a a a pee $ 560 45
1887, 621 Y +S any fee 8 CS ea tel 82 ee re CT er DERE SRS PTT 26 Ge U8 be 1,065 05
1888, 745 f MEG se RA ee i a ae IR ak erat ar ag CR 1,202 44
1889, 365 ‘ Nes Se ae 9s NP 5) ons Da pea Nb). iin <i 5, Wile fin 0.3 Lb 853 76
1890, 97 6 AREY GT feces Cheah vc Do Lt 0 oN RR Le Berl Sd cn AN tO ARS Ls) 265 70
1891, 2185 of fle: SOUS 0 Oe aces eet Tap 2 no) ee ee ee Spee 2,855 57
1892, 1059 es Be BUG go ae 0 oe 15s Ne a a a oe Daa ae
1893, 1594 ie lige: Teme ils tL An a ene Clie scot aly Lee” 2,267 70

Potala: Ss hieicu gs eho eh aia pemes St TE ed agp omg Sita anon aa $11,194 03

This report does not include picking and hauling to Kalamazoo, which
-was done by himself and hired help. Expense for packages, etc., must also
be deducted.

The Crospys farm the balance of their land, but claim potatoes and fruit
to be the only paying crops, and each has purchased trees with which to
plant new orchards the coming season.

I do not wish to convey the impression that every person who sets a
peach orchard will accomplish as much, or secure so good results, as those
quoted. Some do fail, as in all other avocations. But others I have in
mind have accomplished as much, and even more than any here quoted.

The one idea of most importance, I wish to convey, is the grand oppor-
tunity open to all, but more especially to our young people, who are leav-
ing home and familiar associations for new and strange fields and surround-

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEBETING. 161

ings, and perhaps for unlearned occupations, and would urge upon all such
to fully investigate and ascertain if there is not some field or corner of the
old farm, which would hardly be missed, wherein are offered opportunities
for more and greater profits, if judiciously planted to fruits, than have
been secured from the entire farm as it has been used for the production
of common farm products. i

Another consideration worthy of the attention of all our people, is that
we are going over too much land, and properly working too small an amount,
losing in both ways. Fruit culture very soon acquaints us of these facts,
and, where most largely followed, results in more homes, better homes, and
more general prosperity.

Regarding common or general farming, I submit to those who still per-
sist in raising sixty-cent wheat, fifteen-cent wool, or fifty-dollar horses, to
compare notes and satisfy themselves if more diversified industry will not
bring better results, and keep John and Jane at or near home to help

secure them.
N. W. Lewis.
Gobleville, Mich.

THE FUTURE OF PEACH-GROWING.

In requesting me to furnish a paper on “The present status of peach-
growing in Allegan county, with a general view of the condition, opinion
as to the continuity of the business, its methods, needs, dangers, recent
changes or pending ones, and any new points that may be within my knowl-
edge,” you have given me a rather large field to range over—one beset by
many difficulties and obstructions, great discouragements, and heart-break-
ing disaster, and yet embracing, perhaps, more pleasant pathways to suc-
cess and its accompanying competence and enjoyment of life than any
other line of rural pursuit.

In attempting to comply with your request I shall confine myself to mat-
ters within my own knowledge, or belief on authentic information, and
relating to the western part of Allegan county.

PRESENT STATUS.

I think I may safely say that peach-growing is the chief end and aim
of every one who is the owner of a suitable piece of land, and all land
seems suitable that is sufficiently elevated, and provided with good air-
drainage and soil drainage, from the heaviest clay to the lightest blow-
sand, though the amount and quality of the product is more or less affected
by the varying quality of the soil, even under equally good treatment. It
seems to be demonstrated that, in this lake shore region, peaches can be
grown successfully wherever the trees do not suffer from extreme cold, or
late frosts, or wet feet.

CONTINUITY.

As to the continuity of peach-growing, I see no reason (if the yellows
law is enforced) to apprehend that it will not continue indefinitely in this
region at large, although some sections of greater or less extent may, as

21

162 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

some have already done, discontinue the business for a time on account
of the ravages of yellows.

METHODS.

The proper methods of setting, picking, packing, and marketing the
fruit, have been so thoroughly described and discussed and published in
the proceedings of this and other societies, that any extended consideration
of the matter in this paper seems unnecessary. But it may not be amiss
to say a word in regard to transportation, a very important factor to
pecuniary success. For several years past the shipments from Fennville
have been made on the so-called granger plan. That is, the railway com-
pany simply furnishes the necessary cars and transportation, at a fixed rate
per car, the loading and unloading being done under the direction of an
association of shippers. This plan has proved the most satisfactory, and
the cheapest way, that has ever been tried. The only cause of complaint,
the late arrival in Chicago, a matter of frequent occurrence in former
years, was remedied this year; and, so far as transportation is concerned,
the past season has been eminently satisfactory. A very important
incidental advantage of this method of shipment is that the addition of a
fraction of a cent per basket to the actual cost of transportation and hand-
ling, which is necessary to provide for emergencies, pay shortages, and
protect the association from pecuniary loss, provides a fund which, after
all legitimate claims are paid, is devoted to improving the roads leading to
the shipping point. By this means agreat improvement has been made in
some of our most traveled roads. Hills have been graded, hollows filled,
and the surface covered with the best road material obtainable, to the great
advantage of the public in general and fruit shippers in particular. It was
considered that the money in the treasury of the association could be
applied to no better purpose, nor one more to the benefit of those who con-
tributed it (the shippers) than by improving the roads over which the fruit
must be hauled to reach the railway. Each year the work is extended
further from the shipping point, is of present and lasting benefit to the
community, and is a valuable object lesson to pathmasters and others who
have to do with the making of roads.

RECENT CHANGES AND PENDING ONES.

The danger to peach-growing from yellows has been a matter of serious
consideration for a number of years; and, with the almost complete failure
of the peach crop in 1889 and ’90, has led many growers to turn their
attention to other kinds of fruit, so that the present indications are that
the production of currants, gooseberries, grapes, pears, and plums will
assume increased proportions as a substitute for or supplementary to
peach-growing.

NEEDS AND DANGERS.

The dangers to peach-growing in this region, I think, may be included
in the one word, yellows. The needs are, a good yellows law, which I
think we have, notwithstanding it has been declared unconstitutional by
cross-roads lawyers and parties who are opposed to its enforcement; com-

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 163:

missioners, appointed under the law, the appointment to and acceptance of
the office, and the record of the same, to be made according to forms and
instructions furnished by prosecuting attorney, in order that no technical
flaw may be found should the matter come into court, and who are of suf-
ficient intelligence to work according to the law and instructions thereon,
and with sufficient backbone to prosecute to the full extent of the law any
infraction thereof, even by their nearest neighbor or dearest friend, and
justices who will not refuse to act in a yellows case, or, when they do act,
will not be deluded nor scared by an attorney into throwing the case out of
court on any trifling claim of technical error in the proceedings. It is a
notorious fact that, in many cases, owners of diseased trees refuse or neg-
lect to destroy them according to law, in some cases defying the commis-
sioners and scaring them from doing their duty, and in other cases, when
_arrested, getting off on payment of a small fine, or are discharged on
account of some technical flaw in the proceedings; and such men have lost
and are still losing their own orchards and causing the loss of all neighbor-
ing orchards. It is evident that the continuance of peach-growing depends.
on the rigid enforcement of the yellows law, and every enlightened grower
should do all he can to strengthen the hands of the officers charged with
the enforcement of the law. A few convictions, with severe penalties,
would make the future work of the commissioners comparatively easy, and
render it possible to keep the disease in check. But neglect to enforce-
the law, allowing a few shortsighted individuals in each neighborhood to.
infect, by their neglect, all the surrounding orchards, as has been done in.
some sections, will result, in a very few years, in making peach-growing a.
thing of the past.
Henry HAwtey.
Ganges, Mich.

Time was too limited to permit discussion of these papers or their
important subject, so President Lyon proceeded with the following account
of

WORK AT THE SOUTH HAVEN EXPERIMENT SUB-STATION.

The chief object sought to be accomplished by the establishment of the
fruit-testing station at South Haven seems to have been, by actual fruit-
ing, to afford the public reliable information as to the comparative values.
of such varieties of fruits and plants as are, from time to time, originated
and offered for sale, and to gain some reliable idea of their adaptation to
the climates and soils of this state, whether for family or commercial.
purposes.

Important, though incidental, objects to be gained, were the comparative.
values of different systems of pruning, training, and management, as well
as the most effective methods of combating insects and fungi.

We think it well to state that planting was commenced, upon a portion
of the present premises, as early as 1888, with no expectation that it was
to be employed for experimental purposes. These plantings comprised
nearly the entire circle of the hardy fruits and nuts, carefully selected,.
chiefly, for their adaptation to home, rather than commercial uses, and
included the cream of the high-quality varieties of such classes. In
grapes, however, considerable numbers of commercial varieties were.
planted, with more or less reference to the propagation of plants. It will.

164 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

be readily understood that, especially in the case of the tree fruits, the pro-
cess of testing must necessarily be a very slow one, and that few if any of
these are yet in bearing sufficiently to afford a proper test of value.

There is perhaps no more effective way of giving an idea of the work of
the station than by reviewing, hastily, the operations of the past season.

The extreme and long-continued wet weather of the spring and early
summer of 1892 had occasioned more or less enfeeblement, and even per-
manent injury, especially to strawberries and other small fruits, accom-
panied by asevere attack of anthracnose upon raspberries and blackberries;
leaf spot (spheerella Jragare) on strawberries, and more or less anthrac-
nose and mildew on grapes, with apple-scab and various other fungi.

For the purpose of destroying the spores of these fungi, after the
pruning of the grapes and the cutting out and burning of the old canes
and other debris, the entire plantation received a spray of Bordeaux
mixture.

Early in the following April the spray was repeated upon the plat of
small fruits, with the apparent effect that anthracnose almost entirely dis-
appeared upon raspberries and blackberries, as did also the leaf-spot of the
strawberries.

After a spray of Bordeaux given currants and gooseberries, early in
April, these were treated with a preparation of liver of sulphur, about
once in three weeks, with the addition of a little Paris green or buhach,
when needful to suppress the currant worm, the effect being absence of
mildew and a very satisfactory persistence of the foliage.

Peaches and plums were sprayed, April 10, with the apparent result of
almost wholly preventing the leaf-curl of the former, while a later spray
apparently suppressed the fungus usually fatal to the growth of serrate
varieties of peach in this climate, their growth continuing healthy, with
slight exception, through the season. It should be stated, however, that
the effect of the use of copper and arsenical preparations is apparently
cumulative, since a later spray with the same mixture, of less than half
the usual strength, occasioned a very considerable loss of the older foliage
of both peaches and plums.

Apples, pears, and quinces were sprayed repeatedly with reference to
the double purpose of destroying the larve of the codlin moth, the scab
of the apple, and the leaf-spot of the pear and quince.

The moth of the peach tree borer, while its eggs are usually deposited
near the surface of the ground, manifests a preference for a position above
a branch, when quite near the ground. For this reason it is the practice
to branch the peach not lower than one and a half or two feet above the
surface. In the case of other fruit trees, the preference is to branch very
low, varying somewhat to accomodate the habit of the variety, whether
spreading or upright. ;

Except in the case of small fruits, including the grape, by preference all
pruning is done in early spring, before any movement of the sap, although
pinching is often done during summer to stop the growth of misplaced
shoots, or to check such as may be outgrowing their neighbors. Except
in the cases of the grape and peach, with which pinching and thinning
are already necessary, the time has scarcely yet arrived when these
processes are needful to control fruitfulness, with the exception of perhaps
a single variety of apple, the Keswick, which entirely escaped last year’s
injury of foliage and has required severe thinning this season, and has set
a fine crop of fruit buds for the coming season’s crop.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 165

With the commencement of the growing season the date of the bloom-
ing and maturing of each variety is noted and recorded.

In the case of strawberries the sexuality of each variety is determined,
while in bloom, and a record is kept of the date and weight of each pick-
ing, by means of which the beginning, duration, and end of the season of
each variety, together with the amount of its product, are determined.

Twenty-six plants of each variety were grown, of which thirteen are
kept in hills by the prompt removal of all runners, while the other thirteen
are encouraged to form a matted row. These two sets of each variety are
picked separately, and a separate record made of each, for the purpose of
determining, in each case, by which process each may be made to yield the
most desirable or profitable results.

It has been the purpose to adopt a similar plan in the case of other
small fruits, but so far it has, from one cause or another, proved impossible
to secure, in very many cases, the even and perfect stand of plants neces-
sary to a reliable result. In the case of the tree fruits, many if not most
of which are as yet not in full bearing, and owing to the depredations of
insects and birds, the same difficulty exists. On account of such difficulty
resort is had, in these cases, to estimates of comparative productiveness.

Many of the varieties selected for their superior quality are not profit-
able, commercially considered, while, of the new, trial varieties, scarcely
one per cent. prove really valuable, and yet each must receive a modicum
of the cultivation and watchfulness needed to determine its position in
the scale of values. This circumstance, involving as it does extra expend-
iture of time and labor, must necessarily preclude the expectation of profit
as a direct result of the enterprise, save that which inures to‘the public
at large, from trustworthy results thus obtained instead of the question-
able conclusions reached by individuals and liable to vitiation from the
interests, real or imaginary, of those from whom they may have emanated.

Since no trustworthy comparison is possible, between a plantation of
strawberries bearing its first crop and one with its second, it is the practice
generally to plow under a plat after taking off one crop, the plat for the
following year’s fruiting having been planted the previous spring, although
it may be found desirable, at some time in the future, to maintain a plat
for a second year’s crop, and to compare results from the first and second
crops.

With the renewal of the plantation, such varieties (and they are gener-
ally a large majority) as, after sufficient trial, have not proved valuable,
together with those already sufficiently tested, are omitted, save only such
of the tested varieties as may be desirable for purposes of comparison, the
varieties dropped giving place to other and generally more recent ones.
Under this practice, the number of varieties which fruited in 1893 was 176,
but is reduced to 160 in the plat for 1894.

The entire plantation, including about fifteen acres, is not yet full, space
remaining for such varieties as may from time to time require testing,
while in the case of the tree fruits (with the possible exception of peaches),
trees of varieties not requiring further trial can be re-grafted with other
and untested kinds, with a probability of hastening results.

As a means of indicating the present extent of operations, we give the
number, in each class of fruits, already planted, there being in most cases
two trees of each variety. Of apricots, 9 varieties, all being of the class
known as Russian; apples, 189; apples, 24, imported from Hungary,

166 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Europe, in scions, mostly in nursery; blackberries, 32; cherries, 60; cher-
ries, 5, of the above importation from Hungary, yet in nursery; currants,
24; gooseberries, 18; grapes, 150; mulberries, 5, of those. known as ever-
bearing; nectarines, 2; nuts, 22; peaches, 177; pears, 80; plums, 95, includ-
ing native, common (domestica), and Japanese; quinces, 10; raspberries,
19, including red and yellow; black-caps, 43, including black, purple, and
yellow tip-rooting varieties; service berries, 3, all of the dwarf class; straw-
berries, 160.

Responding to a question, Mr. Lewis said he used soft soap and sulphur
in equal parts, making a sort of thick paint. It is equally good against
borers as against vermin.

For the same purposes, Mr. MorriLu uses coarse hard soap, rubbed on
after digging out the borers.

A BRIEF PAPER ON CELERY CULTURE.

The following brief paper on celery culture was submitted by Mr. JosEPH
DunkLEY of Kalamazoo:

The best varieties are White Plume for summer and Giant Pascal for
winter.

The sowing of seed for summer use should be begun early in March, in
a properly constructed hotbed. Be sure to keep the celery growing, to
avoid its going to seed. For late fall and winter use, the seed should be
sowed in a well-enriched, moist situation, from April 1 to April 20. I
would advise enriching the land very highly, say not less than one hun-
dred loads of well rotted manure per acre, plowing it in properly.

Mark off your land in rows four feet apart, for summer crop or White
Plume, five feet apart for winter or Giant Pascal. Planting may commence
for summer and early fall use about May 10; for winter use, from June 10
to July 10.

White Plume is a very delicate variety, and I should advise using boards
or. paper for bleaching, as it discolors very easily. For late fall and win-
ter use I would advise hilling with earth, to commence about Sept. 10.
Celery for winter use will be much handsomer if it is hilled one month
before it is stored.

The best way for storing is to put your celery in a trench not over one
foot wide. Dig your celery and trim off all yellow or decayed leaves, and
stand it up perfectly straight in the trench, drawing earth to the sides and
to the top, and, as the winter advances, cover the top with three inches of
marsh hay or straw.

We do all our hardest labor with horses.

THE QUESTION BOX.
Has any one grown the Champion, the Elberta, or the Diamond peach
in this latitude?

Mr. Morriuu: I have fruited the Diamond. It is a clingstone of the
Crawford type. If you want a clingstone you would better take an Old-
mixon. I see nothing extra in the Diamond. I have not fruited the Cham-

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEBRETING. 167

pion, but others who have done so highly commend it. The Elberta is of
the Crawford type also. It is'a desirable variety. If it has a weakness it
is in the direction of curl-leaf.

It is claimed that the Anjou pear is a shy bearer, while Ellwanger &
Barry state that it is their most profitable sort. Can any one give the rea-
sons for these contradictory statements?

Mr. Lewis: I have a small number of Anjou pears. Instead of being
shy, they are very excellent bearers.

Mr. Eneie: If you wait long enough, they are enormous bearers, but
you will get but few until the trees are fifteen years old.

Mr. Smitu: I have one dozen Anjou trees, and they do not bear. It is
said that another variety is needed close by to fertilize the Anjou blossoms.

Mr. Morritt: The Anjou bears well when old enough, bears heavily;
all growers like it, but they have to wait.

Do we derive any benefit from fall and winter cultivation?

It advances spring work, but roots of fruit trees must not be disturbed.
Be careful how it is done. It is good for currants, gooseberries, and
peaches, if the land holds water. Plow very shallow, and toward the
trees. Do-the work late, so as not to start new growth in the autumn. It
will work the leaves into the soil, and is detrimental to the cutworm.

What is the best material for posts, for grape trellises, all things
considered?

Tamarack, and this is best when cut in August or thence into winter.
Some such have lasted twenty-two years. Choose those showing least sap.
About Lawton every sort of timber obtainable is used, but chiefly white
oak, which is regarded as best.

Does it pay to throw barnyard manure on grape land?

Mr. ENGLE puts only wood ashes on grapes. Mr. STaInTon, when set-
ting, manures heavily, and has used some since, but the part of his vine-
yard receiving the manure later does not yield any better than the rest of
it. Such manure does not harm, perhaps, he thought, but there is no need
of it.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.

In accordance with the time-honored custom of the society, we desire to present the
following resolutions:

Resolved, That the thanks of this society are due, and heartily given, to the citizens
of Lawton, for their united, hearty welcome, and very large attendance at all the sessions
of this meeting.

Resolved, That we extend a vote of thanks to the Lawton Chorus club, for their con-
stant attendance and willingness to furnish us with delightful music, thereby adding
greatly to the pleasure and interest of the meeting.

Resolved, That we feel very greatly indebted to the representatives of the Agricul-

168 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tural college, without whose presence and aid our meetings would be shorn of very
much of their usefulness.

Resolved, That we return friendly greetings to the members of the Illinois State
Horticultural society for their kindly remembrance of us by sending their genial and
practical representative, Mr. O. W. Barnarp.

Resolved, That the thanks and grateful feelings of the society are due and hereby
tendered to our retiring officers, Prest. T. T. Lyon and Treasurer S. M. Pearsauux, for
their long, faithful, and useful labors in behalf of this society, thereby giving us a.
reputation second to none in the sisterhood of states.

C. A. SEssIons,
R. Morritt,
C. P. CHIDESTER.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUIT EXHIBIT.

Your committee appointed to examine and pass upon the fruit exhibit, beg leave to
report as follows:
Best collection of grapes, A. H. Smiru, $5.00.
There being but one exhibit of apples, but it being considered worthy, the award was
made to R. 8S. VaHusg, $2.00.
We find also a creditable exhibit from T. T. Lyon, not competing; and another from
C. P. CurpeEsteEr, of new seedlings, which seems worthy of attention.
G. W. BarnarD,
O. BEEBE,
R. J. CoRYELL.

This concluded the programme, and the society, with much regret that
there was no more time, adjourned sine die.

PEE CATALOGUE

OF THE

MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCTETY

1894-5.

j
is

PRUIT ‘CATALOGUE, 1694-5;

INTRODUCTION.

The fruit catalogue of this society is practically the creation of its late
president, the Hon. T. T. Lyon, who, as chairman of the committee on its
revision, has done most of the work of rearranging it from year to year.
It was with much reluctance that the writer took hold of it, and it was
only from the fact that President Lyon positively declined to serve longer
as chairman of the committee. He consented, however, to remain upon
the committee, and his assistance has been invaluable in carrying out the
work.

As in previous years, many varieties were found in the catalogue which
had entirely gone out of use, while others seemed unworthy of a place
upon the list. Believing that the list was much too large for ‘the average
grower, they have been left out of the present catalogue, but have been
placed as appendix at the end of the approved list. In the previous cata-
logues a similar plan has been followed, but the rejected sorts of each year
have been kept by themselves. Believing it to be more convenient for
reference, the rejected varieties of each of the different kinds of fruits
have been grouped together, in alphabetical order, followed by the date at
which they were rejected. This admits of the finding of any desired
variety at once, and if a description of the variety is desired it can be found
in the list issued two years previous to its rejection.

With the above exceptions few changes have been madein the list beyond
the addition of such varieties as have come to the front since the last cata-
logue was issued.

The following persons are the members of the committee on the revision
of the fruit catalogue, and have rendered efficient aid by the suggestions they
have made: T. T. Lyon, South Haven; A. A. Croziter, Ann Arbor (now
Agricultural College); D. G. Epmiston, Adrian; W. A. Smirx, Benton
Harbor, and C. A. Sessions, Mears. In addition to the above assistance I
had at my disposal and used in preparing the catalogue the reports obtained
in 1893 from a large number of fruit growers, when engaged in revising
the list of the American Pomological Society.

In preparing this list, errors have without doubt crept in, and, that they
may be corrected in future lists, any person who notices any rating that is
incorrect for a given locality is urged to inform the writer.

L. R. TAFT,
Chairman of Committee on Revision of Catalogue.

Agricultural College, April, 1894.

ARRANGEMENT VOT THE (OA TALOGUE.

In making the present revision few radical changes have been made and
the same plan of arrangement has been used; in fact with an occasional
note the explanations given for the last catalogue would apply to the
present one.

So many improvements have been made, particularly in small fruits,
that the starring has been considerably altered.

Each variety is given a number in the column at the left and this is
repeated on the opposite page to prevent mistakes in carrying the variety
across. In the columns given up to the descriptions of the varieties, the
usual abbreviations are used, the explanations for which are given at the
head of each section. As in previous lists the columns headed “Use and
value” show on a scale of 1 to 10 the value of the fruits for the different
purposes, but attention is called to the fact that, in the sub-columns
headed ‘“ Dessert” and “Cooking” the quality of the fruit and its adapta-
tion to the purpose alone are considered, without regard to the productive-
ness and other characteristics of the varieties.

In the third column under “ Market” all of the qualities which go to
make a variety profitable for market are considered. If a variety stands
high in the “‘ Market” column and has a mark in either the “ Dessert” or
“Cooking” that will bring the total to fifteen or over, it indicates that it is
a valuable one for home use for the purpose noted.

From the fact that a variety does not prove equally valuable in all parts
of the State, the columns under “ Locality” are arranged to show by
means of symbols their value in the various sections. When two stars
(**) are given, it shows that the variety is very generally successful and
that it is one of the most desirable kinds for planting. When one star (*)
is used, the variety is one that has much merit, but it is less valuable
under most conditions than those of the first class; there are also many
sorts which do well in some localities, but which are not generally success-
ful and at any rate are of less value than those given one star; these we
have marked with astar (*) followed by an interrogation point (?) to
indicate that they are at best of doubtful value.

To show the sorts that are of even less value, but which have been found
profitable in some localities and for some purposes, we have included them
in the list, but have left the columns which show their value in the differ-
ent sections of the State blank. In using the list, one should select the
sorts that bear two stars, if only a few kinds are wanted, and, if a longer

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 173

list is desired, the kinds that have the highest marks in the columns of
“Use and value” can be drawn from to complete the number, those with
one Star being as a rule most likely to succeed.

We have also included in the list quite a number of new sorts that seem
to be especially promising, and have marked each of them with a dagger (T).

In dividing the State into districts for the sub-columns we have followed
the previous lists and have grouped the counties of the lower peninsula
into sections as follows, viz.: first district, the eastern tier of counties;
second, the central counties of the State, omitting the row of counties
along the east, south and west sides; third district, the counties along the
south border of the State from Lenawee to Cass; fourth district, the coun-
ties bordering Lake Michigan from Berrien to Muskegon inclusive; fifth
district, from Muskegon county northward along the lake shore. In real-
ity the eastern district does not extend much above Bay county, although
many of the hardier fruits can be grown with success even to the north of
Alpena, while the Central district can not be relied upon for the tender
fruits for the counties north of Gratiot.

As will be seen from the rejected list that is placed at the end of the
regular catalogue, a large number of sorts have been excluded. Many of
them have shown themselves unworthy to be longer carried in the regular
list, while others have considerable value and have for a long time been
known, but hardly a tree can be found in the State, and, moreover, they
are not offered by any of the nurserymen. By rejecting them we are able
to reduce the number of sorts mentioned in the catalogue and thus lessen
the confusion that a long list makes for many persons. The foreign
grapes and nectarines are so little grown that it was thought well to leave
them out, especially as no changes would have been made in the last list.

NOMENCLATURE.

The nomenclature used in this revision is in accordance with the “ Rules
of Pomology” of the American Pomological Society, and several changes
have been made that bring the list in harmony with the names recom-
mended by the Division of Pomology of the Department of Agriculture.

174

© © 9 O om wHe | Number.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1894 AND 1895.

ABBREVIATIONS, APPLICABLE THROUGHOUT THE CATALOGUE.

Size. Quality. Adhesion.
l. large. b. best. ec. cling.
m, medium, g. good. f. free.
, s. small, v. very.
Vv. very.

SECTION I.—APPLES.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.

Use and

value.

Scale 1 to 10.

Dessert.

CO MOF Cle POCO OOF HID Ue UNSC TO

Cooking.

_

DR AVN ABHOMD AON VE KPNI FNS 4 DW © Not ARS

_
i=)

~ PU ARR®MDA AYRPMORD HOH HPWURDPE DET © @

Form.
a. angular. o. oblong.
c. conical, ob. oblate or obtuse.
f. flattened. ov. oval or ovate.
1. lop sided or oblique. r. roundish.
Description.
Names.
x : & q |
i=] = {e) ol
| Ese ae aoe
a os Ss) o a fo)
AORANGON oe souks ep ee vl re gyr g Oct. Dec. Rus.
American Golden Russet._______-_- 8 T Ov yru b Oct. Jan. Am,
ATITOMN SWART, ooo. on 2 eae ] re oyru ve Sept. Am,
ATH BOneh ee. ee m ca y vg | Aug. Oct. Am,
Bailoy eweetcr ec ee 1 re ydr ve | Nov. Mar.| N. Y.?
(Bald wanectit ess meu Sec ene Ne 1 re yero | vege | Nov. Mar.| Mass.
TBYEN C015) Fe Re Ae ea m rfe yV vg | Nov. Mar.| Penn.
(Bene avis tose oo ow eas ee ml re yr g | Dec. May.| Ken.?
BONG nista ss gas 8 Cc oe A a a eo bic yde ve | Ang.Sept.| Mass.
Black Gilliflower!__--___. --...2.-| m oc gdr g |} Nov. Feb. Am.
leniholyssst cose 2a ies 1 robe/|] yodr g | Oct. Dec. Eng.
Blue Pearmain 2.02 234 it re dpr g | Oct. Feb. | Am.?
Bough, Large Yellow Bough.----- 1 O OV gyr Vv Aug. Am.
OHO Welly a ater Le m obe yb vg | Noy. Feb.| Ohio.
Backingham. 02. (LC bit Svea. ets ml} obe | gycr | ve | Noy. Feb.| Vir.?
L2VvtaE eves ne) avg le as ee pea m ob ywr Aug. Penn.
Cabashea, 20-0z. Pippin.....------- vl |robe yr g Dec. Feb. Am,
Canada Reinettenns 222k ee ] obcf| gyb ve | Dec. Apr. | Enur.?
HENAN Ooo see ek ee ears m1 oc we ve | Sept. Oct.| N. Y.
Shively Belge ee LY pare i/o 1 rea gr g | Oct. Jan. | N. Y.
Goapele Ai is ELIS VES I ml} rob yr b | Dec. Mar.} Conn.
ole Onince st... hase. eS re 1 rob gyr veg | Oct. Dec. | Maine.
Wolvertess sate See ea ye 20 1 obe gyr g | Oct.Nov. | N. Y.?
GOODEL see Ce eR A Pe DN 1 rob gyr g | Oct. Dec. | Am.,?
Wooper Market | 0!) os m obe yre g | Dec. May.| Am.?
COUT AEE TE ON Os felt Fe m oc ye veg | Oct. Nov. | Penn.
Granberry, Pippin 2205.00 2 m rob ys g |Nov.Mar.| N. Y.
Danvers! ee sos get eo 2 m ro yo ve | Nov. Apr.| Mass.
Diamine ne. Syne OA aie: m rob gyr ve | Dec. Apr. | Am.?
Dyer, Pomme Royal..__----------- m r gyr b_ | Sept, Oct. Fr.?

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 175

FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1894 AND 1895.

ABBREVIATIONS APPLICABLE THROUGHOUT THE OATALOGUE.

Season. Origin.
The usual b. beginning. The usual h. hybrid.
abbreviations e. end. abbreviations ?, doubtful.
for months. m. middle. for countries.
SECTION IAPPLES.
Color.
b. brown. Oo. orange. vy. vermillion.
ce. carmine. p. purplish, w. whitish.
cr. crimson. r. red. y. yellow.
. dark. ru, russet.
g. green. s. scarlet.
a ea
Locality.
fi 2 if 2 Remarks.
Hi . ASlas
2. Bid ija2la2
Blei|al|s Seles
Bla 8 5 5 a)Od
Z\|H lO] jaa"
1| *| *| *| *| *1| Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; very beautiful. For cooking, superior.
ON cee leat AER | aa Perera Better farther south. Tree upright. Fruit often scabby and worthless.
Sherratt ee eee Hiesdy, inorgUs, spreading. Excellent, but not productive enough for the
market.
71) ram | (he al EE * | One of the best dessert sweet apples of the season.
5 | *|** |) *!| * | * | Ror vigor, productiveness, size, beauty and quality combined, this has few if
any superiors.
6 | ** | e* | ** | ** | * | Tree lacks hardiness. Fruit drops badly. Bitter rot in large specimens.
Stands first on light soils in southern Michigan. i
7 | *|**| *| * | * | Bruit often defective in this climate. Best for home markets. Suits the
popular taste. i
gs | *|**| *|**| * | Vigorous, hardy, prolific. Fruit beautiful and handles well, but very poor in
quality. Sells well in the market.
9|*p|*2| *]| * | *? | Tree upright, vigorous, very productive. Fruit too small on old trees.
AL, Seager eo ee Very mild flavor. Soon gets dry and mealy. Prized by a very few persons.
11 | *? | *2 | *? | *? |____| In vigor and productiveness, also character of fruit, this is very desirable for
market and cooking.
12 | *p | *P | *? | *2? | *2 | Beautiful; but lacks both productiveness and quality.
18 | *|**| *| *! *| Treealittle tender. A favorite early sweet apple. :
144| *| *| *| *]| *| Vigorous, hardy, spreading, irregular, productive. A desirable sweet apple.
15 | *2 | *P | *2 | *2 | *2 | Little grown here. More popular farther south. ;
16 | *? | *? | *? | *2 | *2 | A desirable dessert apple. Not as generally known as it deserves to be. |
174 a ar eR) Vere RES ie piscrens: tender; thin bearer; drops badly. Poor quality. Subject to
itter rot.
18 | *2 | *p | *2 | *2 | *2 | An old and often excellent apple; but now little called for.
19 | * | **|** | * | * | Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit of very delicate texture. Popular
wherever known. ;
20 | *2 | *p | *? | #2 |____| Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. A desirable market apple.
21 | *? | *2 | #2 | *2 |__| The tree and fruit are both satisfactory, whether for the home or market.
22 | * | *p | *? | *2 |___| Upright, spreading, productive. A desirable family fruit with a quince aroma.
23 | *? | *P | *2 | *2 | *2 | Tree vigorous, hardy, prolific. Fruit large, showy, but not of high quality.
Popular with the masses. Sells wellin market. :
ey | Wives ace es Tree very vigorous, upright, spreading. Fruit even sized, very attractive.
25 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *? | *2 | Hardy, vigorous, upright, productive. Profitable.
26 | *2 | *2 | *? | *2 | *? | Vigorous, productive. A desirable fruit for general purposes.
97 | *? | *p | *? | *? |____| Tree a good grower. productive. Fruit much like the Maiden’s Blush. Even
more beautiful. Worthless at the extreme north,
28 | *| *| *]| *|____| Strong grower and very productive. Deserves more attention.
29 | *? | *p | *p | *? | *? | Tree has long, stout, spreading branches, which are very liable to be broken
by the heavy crops of fruit. Scabs on old trees. i
80 | *? | *2 | *? | *? |____| One of the very finest dessert apple. A poor grower. Unprofitable asa market

fruit.

Sr Pe DO Re ee aaa ae al

176

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION I.—APPLES.—ContTiInvueEpb.

Names.

©
mn
Barly Harvest 2 20 feo 0 2 eh ee m
Barhy (Joe L323 Sek ee ea 8
Early Strawberry.__...-._.-_-.__-- 8
English Russet__......--.22-...2. sm
IS ODOBLO A iia Vie meal Sak ere anes m
Maliinwater soe us Ok <p eer vl
Hall: Jenething. +20. .2-20 2) ee ee 1
MallOranges 2.0. F oy eee 1
all (Pippin 27000. i eae ees vl
Mall Wine 22225 oo Se ae ee m
Famoeuse; Snow 22.22 m
Mlnshing veh 225 ee ee eae ee m
Garden/Royal!!e*: ta Sees x ms
Garrettson® >. 2. See m
Gangsee see Pn Go Nat VSI iRe Or 1
GalpiniaCarthousex vs. teases eee m
Gloria Mandi 2 oo. eee ae ia | vl
Golden Russet (W. N. Y.)..-_--_-_- ms
Golden Sweet._-_.-_--.---.----_--- 1
Golding (Am. Golden) -_____.__--- m |
Grayenstein: 200. 2 eee 1
Greco) Newtown: 22222242 m
Green’ Sweet 2. 2S i ees m
Grimes Golden ___ .___-__-_--_____- m
Hartford Sweet..-._-2_--. 2 -2.---- 1
Haskell’S weet) foci ea Bee m1
Hawley, Dowsel. 2250-2 See 1
Hawthornden (220.0222 8 Se m1
IHishtop Sweets *o2 ore toe hoe m8
Hubbardstons 2.6202 2 as 1
Dabersweeb sesso sates kt eee ae m
OHOrIsy OM Ade 3) Sr he Eee m
wersey Sweets... 120 a ee m
MONABTAT a4 Cod eneetel ce CINE Sib) ms
Kaswicks. sca weten Seab Use aie 4 ml
TCT S Riga OAD ROSE RD SR SET SU AE ae Pls vs
Lady Sweet 1
Late Strawberry m
imber Twig m
Howells sols Aes 1
Lyscom I
Maiden Blush m
MVfeurara€ Sibi 3 UE ye ik eee Sa m1
Meaiomiet cor oe UNL) AN aah Sa m
Wi Well Df AH EY sR RAE ay Ta ee Be Se m
TIGL KC) eA ae aan Danae outs OP A Boe m1
STC Osea lear WARNES UNL O Une Me m

Description.

<4 <4 4 <4 .
R _pRRR oR oOo RR Ro mH Lo oF | uatity

dad
S moe

Season.

July Aug.

Aug. Sept.
July Aug.

Jan. May.
Dec. Apr.
Nov. Mar.
Sept. Oct.
Oct. Nov.
Oct. Dec.

Sept. Nov.

Oct. Nov.

Nov. Feb.
Sept. Oct.

Dec. May.
Dec. Mar.
Dec. Mar.

Dec. June.

Sept. Oct.
Sept.

Sept.

Aug.
Nov. Feb.

Sept. Oct.
Dec. May.

Dec. May.
Oct. Dec.
Jan. Apr.
Sept. Oct.
Sept. Nov.
Sept. Oct,

Jan. Apr.
Aug. Sept.
Dec. Mar.
Nov. Mar.

Sept. Oct.

Use and

value.
Scale 1 to 10.

Market.

deg a
f KK rigin,

~~

i?)
p
=]
~~
SNTW DPD OWVIIMO Dm OI CO fF OHO Fe FA FE Co

ZA
5S
Oo

Conn.
Mass,
N. Y.

Scotch.

Mass.
Mass.

_

Zz
kK
Oa WIW1M-1 BH MHHDORMR OD W AMM © A

Conn.
Penn.

SONNA TW OM CO CONF SD COO NT OH ATP OD OOD © O F NY Oat am

2
Ss
=
o
rma CO NNT OWOAISP=I =
a

ie)
fo)
Bp
3
_
i=)
os CORO Sooo etsa St MOM Oot COUN HE O08 TT PDO Ee Ie I OO Ore OR OT Ot

Locality.
Z| ¢
3 Boies
{9} a . @Q
FSi RN Pd Werder
Bis lis |e POH o
@ =| BS jose
Bij a] Oo] 5/98/98
4Z\|G/0/2 a "14

SoH lee el acea |p| seca oe
39; *| *| *] *] #
ZU SES [ad oe ae

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 177

SECTION I.—APPLES.—ContinvueEpb.

Remarks.

Tardy, irregular bearer. Fruit often imperfect. Valued mainly for its earli-
ness, Fails on old trees.

For the garden. With high culture the fruit is beautiful and excellent.

One of the most attractive dessert apples of its season. Ripens in succession.
By some considered profitable.

Strong, upright, very productive, tender. Fruit very even sized, often small.
Keeps easily a year. Poor quality.

Tree lacks vigor. Fruit much called for in the market, but rarely offered.
Best on rich, warm soils.

Grows and produces well. Too poor in quality. Size its chief recommenda-
tion. Always sells well.

Eee Berns, spreading, productive. Its season and color detract from its
value.

The apple grown in this State under this name proves to be the one known as
‘“‘ Newell” in Hillsdale county.

Tree strong, spreading, productive; liable to scab. Often keeps till spring.
In central district lacks productiveness.

Grows and bears well. Fruit often scabby. Not extensively grown.

Fruit scabby and imperfect on old trees. Best on new, rich soils. Good at
the north. Profitable where it succeeds.

Strong, reddish brown shoots. Very productive. Sometimes scabby. Not
esteemed valuable, except perhaps at the north.

Moderate grower. Upright, roundish. Best dessert apple of its season.

Vigorous, upright, spreading. Very promising.

Strong, vigorous. The showy fruit is the chief attraction.

A good cider apple, and passable for the table.

Vigorous; not productive. Size its only attraction. Worthless everywhere.

Hardy, vigorous. Shoots slender. Very productive. Brings a high price in
late spring, if wintered in close packages.

A hardy, spreading, prolific tree. Very popular in its season. Tree tender at
the extreme north. Often fed to stock.

An old sort; superior to many better known.

A fine culinary fruit. Tree a fine grower and hardy; lacks productiveness.
Bears better at the north.

A weak, slender grower. Fails generally at the west. Unprofitable. Best on
“ opening ”’ soils.

Tree vigorous, productive. Desirable. More than one variety grown under
this name. i

Tree spreading, vigorous, hardy, prolific. Fruit beautiful. Flavor fine,
peculiar.

Moderate grower, hardy, productive. A good baking sweet apple.

Vigorous, productive. One of the finest of sweet apples.

Annual bearer. Fruit beautiful and good, but soon decays. A dessert fruit. A
better keeper north.

Tree vigorous, spreading. Productive alternate years. A beautiful culinary
market fruit.

Tree upright, vigorous. Very productive. Fruit very beautiful and good.

phpatiee in every orchard. A very good market variety. Of the highest
quality.

Highly prized in Monroe county. Not widely disseminated.

A very productive and desirable dessert fruit for early autumn. :

Prolific. One of the richest early sweet apples. Tree tender in central districts.

Good bearer alternate years. Fruit small, very beautiful and good. Popular.

Yaak elk even when but half grown. Very early bearer. Very hardy and
prolific.

A beautiful little fancy apple. Brings large prices in market in eastern cities.
Little known west. Sometimes scabs. i

A fair baking apple. Desirable as along keeper. Retains its juice and flavor.

Regular, early bearer. Chenango is often grown under this name.

Popular west and south as a long keeper. Distinct from Willow Twig.

Strong grower, bears heavily in alternate years. Poptilar. Profitable.

Generally fair. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Not largely planted.

Spreading, vigorous, prolific. The most popular early autumn market apple.
Rather acid for dessert. i

Hardy, upright, annual bearer. Not much disseminated. A long keeper.

Vigorous, productive. Fruit excellent. Worthy of increased attention.

Thrifty, upright, productive. An excellent variety for home and market.
Bears alternate years.

One of the very best dessert apples. Tree hardy, with short, wiry shoots. Very
productive alternate years.

Moderate grower, hardy, productive. One of the finest of dessert apples.

se

23

178

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION I.—APPLES.—ContinveEp.

me Use and
Descriptions. value.
° Scale 1 to 10.
Names. nak
B S : ‘ 555) Joelle
2 ; 5 = a x S|]
: ale | So. S'S ohn eee
S NN iS) i) 5 2 fay o|/6|3s
Z nn ics oe) = mM o) A;o|s
fad) OME arn ee ee Bahan Se Bee ms r er g | Dec. Mar. Am. 5| 6 5
one Mablori(N, Ye)esc2 22 soon = 2) 1 | oobe yr Wigs |\Oct. Nov. |. N.Y? | Te 6ulies
OO eMinister 2002) 2 Pent Ma eee 1 oc gyr Fd Oct. Feb. Mass, GAlnad 5
SL i Monmouth sf Sie 7 Pe eee 1 obca yr ve |Nov. Mar.| N.J. 6 )5 ai 9
Red Cheek Pippin.
S21 MorristRed: i" C&L ea ml| ove ru vg | Jan. Apr. | Conn.? | 8] 8 7
Steele's Red erroneously.
Bas Mother) sfoie sh. ial ee ee m re yr *b Nov. Feb. | Mass Tue 7
84 | Munson Sweet.___.__..._-.---.._.-.| m ob yr veg | Sept. Feb. | Mass.? Gai 7
85 | Newtown Spitzenburg _____._._--. m obec yr b Oct. Feb. | N. Y¥ Se Baler 5
Vandevere of N. Y.
86" | ‘Northern'Spy. =. 022. 5 --22- 532) l re gyr b | Dec. Apr.| N. Y 10; 9] 10
SiieOakland’.. 2 2 ok seems m rob yr vg | Nov. Mar. |} Mich.? 8] 7 8
Bea eOconeesza 2 sie S35. 72 1 rf yb g | Nov. Dec. Ga. 6| 6 7
89 | Ohio Nonpariel M rob yr vg | Nov. Dec. | Ohio.? 8} 9 9
S04) Oldenbuargh (602095) 22 eee | im rob; yr g Sept. Rus 5| 9 9
91 | Paw Paw, Rubicon ._-.-.--...----. m ro yr Vv Dec. June.| Mich el haar 5
92 | Peach -Pond Sweet ___.---.-_-.___. m ob yr ve | Sept. Nov.| N. Y 6| 6 6
93::| -Peck?Pleasant,. 2200. Sa ee ml EE gyr vg | Nov.Mar.| R.I.? 9] 8 9
OL POHNOCK 215.53, ser te Ae 1 rfl ry ge | Noy.Mar.} Penn ee ak 5
OAK Perry ULUsSEb . 22 ols Ok os SR RE m rel yrub g Nov. Dec.| N.Y 6.1 6 5
Ob Pewaukee.) 8/5 10-2 a ea as ml| rob ry g | Dec. Apr. Wis 7| 8 8
SiaeiPomme Grisac 2152 ea ea) 8 obr rar b Dec. Mar. | Enur.? | 10] 6 5.
SS ME OLLGr: © 02 tht) ea eee ml oc yr ve Sept. Mass 8] 7 8
SOMME TUMALG Jo 22 eet hb. 1 SRD Ae m |robc] gwer | vg | Aug. Oct. ay. 10} 5 6
100 | Pumpkin Sweet, Pownd Sweet __-.| v1 r wey g | Sept. Dec. | Conn.? 21 8 4
OR Earn BO; Watts 2s ee RT m rob ywr vg | Oct. Feb. N.J.? So .4b 5
102 | Ramsdell Sweet, English Sweet.._.| m1 oc dr ve | Oct. Feb. | N.E.? 6| 9 4
AOS hawle Janet oi e se e ml] obec yrer g | Feb.June. Vir. Ba bie! 5:
104. |.Red Astrachan! 20.22.) 22. -f-. 52-2] mil re gycr g Aug. Rus 5| 9} 10
105 | Red Canada, Old Nonsuch.----.-__-- m |robc yrer ve | Dec. June.| N.E.? 9; 8}| 10
HOG Red Anne .2eo2- 5.2.02 Oe AM 8 ove dr ve Aug. N.C.? Thal hae (3 2:
BUM eR TIBSOG melo ts eh on ee ml rc yrru vg | Jan. Apr. N. H. Biya 5:
BD Seihebstone. 2h oa yo NGL m re yrru ve | Nov. Apr.| Eng. A WL! 4
109 | Rhode Island Greening -_________- 1 rob gyr ve | Nov. Apr.| R.1.? 9} 10 9
1G) "Roman Stemies 20 oe = ee m r ybru | vg | Noy. Mar.| N.J Ty 4
id PRoeme Beauty. --- . 20 et Be 1 re yr g Noy. Feb. | Ohio 6) 1.27, 5
M2ieRoxbury Russet.2. 229.5. 525.05ie mlj|roba| yrur vg |Jan.June.; Mass 6| 9 7
Si Shiawassee). .2.2. 2 8 sks m ob wr ve | Oct. Jan. | Mich 10 | 6 8
aesmith. Cider sees ees poled S156 ml|robe yr g Dec. Mar.| Penn. 5 | 4 7
A150 c Smokehouse: 2.022 elves ml| rob yer g |Sept. Feb.| Penn. Dad 8
AIG) (Sops of Wine. 22. 2225. esc 2 m r yr g |Aug.Sept.| Eur. 4) 6 6
Mapes tari co Cet SENS Wy een a 1 re gyr g | Jan. May.| Ohio.? Oe lila 8
118") St. Lawrence -__--/2..---22---.-=.- 1 obec ye ve | Sept. Oct.| Can.? 8| 8 $
119 | Summer Hagloe.._..__-.._....._-- 1 rob wyr vg | Aug.Sept.| N.J.? (ade 7
120 | Summer Pearmain ____-.___..___-- m ro) yr b Sept. Am. 10} 5 5
American Summer. :
121 | Summer Pound Royal_-_____---__-- ] robe gw g | Aug. Sept. Am. 6| 8 7
122° Sommer Queenie ii. iy eee 1 re yr g |Aug.Sept.| N.Y.? 6] 7 6

Locality.

co

I

gs

3 18

al2|ailge

a2|/al! ps io

el) oa Pera he

Hl}O|]@ |m

*> | #2 | #2]
*? | *D | *?

Northern
lake shore.

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 179

SECTION I—APPLES.—Continvuep.

Remarks.

A hardy and somewhat popular apple farther west. Not common in Michigan.
Vigorous, productive. A promising fruit for market and general purposes.
Moderately vigorous, very productive. Not widely disseminated.

Vigorous, upright, productive. Is a good market variety.

Vigorous, stocky; leaves large. Buds prominent. May be an old variety. Also
known in Fulton county, Ohio.

Productive. An excellent dessert apple. Deserves more attention.

Tree spreading, vigorous, prolific. Fruit very perfect, even sized, and
beantifal. ; 1

Requires warm soils. Sometimes scabs or cracks. One of the best apples
when perfect.

Strong, upright, hardy. Tardy bearer. Fruit sometimes uneven and imperfect.
Requires good culture and careful handling.

Popularin Oakland county. Less disseminated elsewhere.

A vigorous, hardy, southern apple. Does well in eastern Michigan,

Very vigorous, productive. One of the most valuable late autumn apples.

Hardy, vigorous, very productive. Of little value except for cooking and
market. Sells well, but soon decays.

Bangi moderate grower, regular bearer. Must have suitable soil and good
culture.

Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. A beautiful and desirable sweet apple.

Habit of tree like R. I. Greening, but less vigorous. Generally and deservedly
popular. Fruit beautiful and excellent.

Sometimes profitable to ship south. Poor flavor. Very subject to bitter rot.

Distinct from Golden Russet. An early, abundant bearer. More than one
variety is probably grown under this name.

Hardy and productive.

Moderate, upright grower. Good early bearer. An excellent fine dessert
apple. Less successful on light soils.

Usually very fair. Valuable for market as well as dessert. ul

One of the best dessert apples. Subject to water core and other defects. Ripens
in succession.

Tree strong, upright, spreading. Fruit often water cored. Culinary.

A vigorous but tender tree. Overbears and produces small fruit. A very com-
mon farmer’s apple. ? A i

Very uipenone and productive. Best sweet apple of its season for cooking and
market.

Hardy, vigorous, spreading. Better farther south. Blossoms late.

Strong grower ; early bearer; hardy. Fruit beautiful; showy; profitable; too
sour for dessert.

Very popular for market where fully proved. 'l'ree not vigorous. Should be
top-grafted in all cases. Best on strong soils.

Often small, scabby and imperfect. Quality excellent. Ripens in succession.
Better farther south.

Fests much !ike Baldwin. The same true of fruit except the russet, and higher

avor.
Tree a good grower, productive. High, sharp flavor. Succeeds at the north.
Tree spreading, vigorous; generally productive on strong soils; best at lake
shore. One of the old favorites. ¥
Moderately vigorous, spreading. Very productive. Not very much known in
this State.

Moderate grower, productive. Inclined to overbear on old trees.

Very liable to attacks of the codling moth. Tree strong, spreading, product-
ive, tender. Not profitable on light soils.

Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive. Like Fameuse, but
superior to it.

Very productive, vigorous, straggling. Valued for market purposes.

Vigorous, spreading, productive. Culinary, market.

Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Widely disseminated, but not valuable.

Tree vigorous, hardy, productive. Fruit good enough to sell. Valued asa
market fruit. : 5

eet oe rigorous, productive. Highly and justly valued. Sometimes cracks
and scabs.

Vigorous, productive. An old and useful culinary variety. d

Slow grower, hardy. Fruit, when perfect, mild, rich, excellent. Very beautiful.

Very vigorous. Productive. A profitable market apple for its season,
Liable to scab. One of the best cooking apples. Popular.

180 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION I.—APPLES.—Concuvupep.

; Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Names. :
s s |. mo} Se
a 2 ra] | El] als
re é | £ ee ee g » |s/ aie
5 NN i) i) I = PI 016/36
Z n ics o Co MN co) Al/Olas
123 | Summer Rambo, Rambour___-_-__-- 1 ob gyr g Sept. Fr, 6] 8 6
124 | Summer Rose....-___-2.--22) 2. =. 8 + yr b Aug. N.J. 10| 7 5
425 | Summer Paradise..._....-.-.___._- rf gy ve |Aug. Sept.| Penn. Sta 4
N26 T | SUtbOn. tes 8 a a ee 1 r ov yr ve | Dec. Feb. | Mass. | Ons 9
POS WERE = ood 28 Sean ee ] rob y ob b Dec. Apr. | N. Y. | 10] 6 4
1285) "Sweet Bough.) 22) 2 ee 1 0 OV gyr ve Aug. Am. Soha 6
Large Yellow Bough.
$29: Talman Sweet... 2.00 eee m r wyr ve | Nov. Apr. R.1 6| 8 6
230) Tetofski.t 222 oe ees m | robe yr g Aug. Rus. Ne ey Rel (
131 | Tewksbury .______ 2! 8 ob yr ve | Jan. July. N.J. Uae ey 5
TSAR haley se ace see iN 1 Tov ly g Sept. Rus. Ni ee
A330 Tompkins King)... #22 Soe rfca yrer ve | Dec. Mar.| N.J.? 8| 6 8
32 cl uTitovka (Titus) 2.220 22 ato - 1 T-Ob) S58 ie eS] Seas | Ee a el oe
Boon| COWwneEeNG 62.3 Ps m obe yr g |Aug.Sept.| Penn. 6| 6
$96'3|Erenton! Barly 2-2. Aten ae ml} rov yr Fed Aug. Am.? 6] 6
1379) Twenty Ounce. 22. 222 Ri: vl r gyr zg Oct. Jan. | Conn. yp) heen
Cayuga Red Streak.
188) |'OVandevere 2.37 2 ae m ob yr g | Nov. Mar. Del. 6| 8
A300) WWagener2 622002 Sk epee m rob ycr ve | Nov. Mar.| N. Y. 9] 6
140 | Washington Strawberry_-.___---_-- 1 ref yr vg |Sept. Oct.}| N. Y. i Peay
41 Weal tye a2. oo ia ee m rob ycr veg | Autumn. Minn. 8!/ 6
1427 4Weostheld 22 90. 2 ee m | Tie grru b Oct. Mar. | Conn.? 91 6
SSSR White Lippin 22062. 2b lee ee ees 1 robl gwy vg | Jan. Apr. Am.? sl yf
gad Vall tan ota eo rae ae m roc r g |Aug.Sept.| Mass. 6] 5
145 | Willow Twig, James River_______- m re yr g | Dec. May. Vir. Biallte Y!
146 | Wine, Hays Winter_.___-...-..__-- ml rf dry g Oct. Mar. Del. Tole
Maj s| WAinesAp ee A iro eee m |robe dry vg | Nov. May.| N.J. 6} 6
148 | Yellow Bellflower.___..__..___.-_-- vl oc gyr veg | Dec. Mar. N.J. 8 | 10
149 | Yellow Newtown _______.-.__-.___- m robl yr b- | Dec. May.| N. Y. | 10} 8
4150 | Yellow Transparent...____________- m rob y g Aug. Rus, 8/928

100 SD POAT Ot 100 oS Hoo

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 18k

SECTION I.—APPLES.—Conciupep.

Locality.
g
: Bs
be - | Om
o9}| 4 |a6

~ ~ ~
a | 3 les
S | mln
*? | xp | *p
*2 | #2 | x2
*D | xp | #2
Electeibert
xk * *
#k | ke | ex
ED eae
Sp a
** * *
Bet |
*? *? *?
*2 | xD | *2
#k | o& | ex
*> | xp | x?
*# * *
* * *
* * *
* * *
#2 | =p | x2
*D | xp | #2
“#D | *p | *>D”
*D | #D | xp
*? | xD | ¥D
* * *

|

Northern
lake shore.

Remarks.

A (en TN tree, moderately productive. Rarely planted. Profitableness-
oubtful.

Tree moderately vigorous, productive. One of the finest dessert fruits of its:
season.

Tree spreading, drooping, moderate regular bearer. Very desirable among
sweet apples.

Promising for home use and market. :

Can only be recommended as an amateur fruit. Tree lacks hardiness. Fruit
often imperfect. Requires rich, warm, dry soil.

Tree a little tender and lacks productiveness. The most popular early sweet

apple.

Best ee baking apple. The most popular and profitable sweet market
apple.

Of little value, except where great hardiness is required.

Tree vigorous, upright, productive. A fine, long-keeping table fruit.

One of the best early Russian sorts. :

Apt to blow down. A good early winter dessert fruit. Improves at the north.

A promising Russian variety. _ ; ;

Tree Vigerone, upright, spreading, productive. Little known; almost ‘‘ very
good.”’

Tree moderately vigorous, productive, hardy. A fine, profitable, orchard fruit.

Fruit sometimes imperfect in Lenawee county. Very profitable for market.

Distinct from N. Y. Vandevere. This variety is widely planted. Valuable.

Very early bearer ; ruining the tree unless thinned and highly cultivated. Fine
dessert apple. Sells well in market.

Tree vigorous. Bears early and abundantly. A valuable variety for general
purposes.

Originated with Peter M. Gideon. Valuable at the north. Very hardy.

Popular old variety for home use. Somewhat lacking in productiveness, and
hence unprofitable.

ance pigorous, upright, prodactive. Fruit of the Newtown Pippin class. Popu-
ar south.

Tree a good grower; productive. Valued by some as a market variety.

Hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruits vary greatly in size. Keep and sell well.

.| Hardy, prolific. A fine, though little known, winter fruit.

Irregular grower; good, early bearer. Good for dessert, market or cider—
Downing. Valuable in Lenawee county.

Needs dry, warm soils. High, rich flavor. Uneven in size. Often unproduct-
ive. Not successful at the north. Fruit much in demand.

Tree and fruit like the Green Newtown. Some doubt their distinctness.

One of the best of the early summer sorts for cooking purposes.

EEE

182 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION II—APPLES—CRABS.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.

Form.
a. angular. o. oblong.
c. conical. ob. oblate or obtuse.
f. flattened. Ov. oval or ovate.
1, lopsided or oblique. r. roundish.
é Use and
Description. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Names, ‘
a : ‘ =//| Seb | ae
s SORES Roa | g dé |8\2/8
E S aS c a to a|\o|
=} WN S) ) S S a oO } CI
a n ied ) oe nn ‘-) A/o/a
LUM BOLE kj2| Co) « apa ee eee Ye Le 1 Tr OV dro g | Sept. Nov. Am, 4/ 8] 10
a MOAT ee OM se ala. Sie Eee 1 r OV yr g Sept. Oct. Am, 4/| 6 6
Sc ouarce Wellows02) 20200) eee see! i r ov yo g | Sept. Oct. Am. 5| 8 8
AA Mon trea Si)" 0/2 yoo pe ae ee lee 1 rob yr g | Sept. Oct. Am, cou ey 8
Bul cranscendent). 2. als samere we: L rob ycr g Sept. Am. 5/1 8] 10
Sal Winktne ys fue Lee ee ae 1 rov yr b Sept. Ll. T8 9
|
SECTION III.—APRICOTS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form. Color.
j ce. conical. o. oblong. oO. orange.
co. compressed. ov. oval. r. red.
d. depressed. r. roundish. y. yellow.
Use and
Description. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Names. | a
§ nd : 45:,| +E
2 ¢ 5B = 3 = o |ca | 2
2 = & S 2 oo a|‘o | &
5 AS S 3 S § q 2/6/38
a mn S s, oS mn io) A|/o|a
eG Breda, us eC a ELA ay r oO veg b. Aug. Eur | je eee
Aol marke Golden te ieee Ul ley Bie 8 r ov oO vg | m.July. Am, (ea LS,
al ares Bar lyons. ee ee ee in oco oO b m. July. Eur. 8),) 2S See
a Moorparks! bi hen Piro oD I r oy b b. Aug. Ear. 9) | Zea
BH ELGAON 2222 ne Ree ee vl | rdco yo b b. Aug. Eur. 104) See

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 183

SECTION II.—APPLES—CRABS.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.

Color.
b. brown. g. green. ru. russet.
c. carmine. o. orange. 8. scarlet.
cr. crimson. p. purplish. vy. vermillion.
d. dark. r. red. y. yellow.
Locality.
o| 9 Remarks.
A Shas
7) sf - |oqg|o
glel|2|8 less
5/3/a|8 SEES
a2/o/oS8|os
Z2'fl/o|;a \|n "4
1 | ** | ** | ** | #* | ** | An exceedingly rich looking crab. Keeps well. Sells well.
2} *| *| *| *{| *| A vigorous tree, productive. Has the calyx large and prominent.
g8| *| *| *| * | * | One of the most beautifal and prolific. Bears in alternate years.
4| *| *| *| *| ** | Unexcelled in beauty of appearance. Said to be less beautiful at the north.
5 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | One of the largest, most productive and beautiful of the older crabs. |
6| *| *| *|**| * | Very large, beautiful and excellent. Tree vigorous, upright, productive.

SECTION III.—APRICOTS.

Apricots are recommended for dessert or amateur purposes, with little reference to actual profit, as
owing to occasional loss of the very early bloom, and liability to injury from extreme cold in unfavorable
localities, together with extreme liability to the depredations of the curculio, little pecuniary return can
be confidently anticipated from them. Since they are recommended only as amateur fruits, they are not
quoted for cooking or market.

Locality.

g

- Ke
a s ee
elie | a le
B/E e| 8 les
z2|alo|a lan
1 * * * *
Sb Meet ta shalt
Sp lara et liana teats
4 * * * *
5 * * * *

| .

Northern
lake shore.

xt ++ * |

Remarks.

Hardy, productive, excellent. Kernel sweet.
Tree vigorous. Branches long, slender. Freestone. .
Vigorous. One of the best early varieties. Freestone. Kernel bitter.

One of the most popular. Stone perforated. Kernel bitter.
Considered the finest variety. Stone perforated. Kernel bitter.

184

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION IV.—BLACKBERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION,

4 Form.
c. conical. ov. oval.
o. oblong. r. roundish.
1
J Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Name. |
5 a ; |¢lele
2 . . = a A i oe ®
E é E s 4 z > |#/2\4
5 AN 2) i) 5 3 52] o|6|8
a a os os) eC a ° Q!ola
ial PAR AWAN, co. 05 ots eee ] ro b veg m Am. 9] 9 7
ey ancient, Briton es. 20 i) | se aes 1 0 OV b vg 1 Ark. Sil fet 7
BiUuManl sy. Harvest... o 62.2. ce eas 8 ro b ve ve Nil. 8| 8 &
AY amldarado = 6 2h ee 1 ro b ve e Obio. .)| 22 Ses
Ba SENG ence see pd ee if ro b ve m Pa. 8] 8 7
OS (Kithasiniy tot ih eee 1 re b b m Nu J. 10 | 10 i
7 | Lucretia (Dewberry) __-.....____-- 1 0 ob b ve ve Va. fo as 7
8 | Minnewaski il 0 OV b vege m N. Y 9 7
9) ‘Snyder. 2_____-- Tr ov b ve e Ind. 7| 8] 10
10 | Stone ___- r b vg re) Wis. 1H a 7
1 Pavior = 2 5 ro b ve e Am 10 | 10 9
aoe Wallacds2 22. 4. yo 0 OV b vg m Am 9| 9 7
13 | Western Triumph _ Ov b vg ml Am 9; 9 8
14 | Wilson (Junior) 0 OV b g e N.J 9} 9 8.
SECTION V.—CHERRIES.—HEart anp BIGARREAU.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form,
a. angular. c. conical. 1. long. ob. obtuse.

co. compressed.

o. ovate or oval. h. heart shaped.

r. roundish.
The numbers under the head of ‘‘cooking’’ recommend strictly for canning or drying with sugar as

raisins.
Descriptions.
Names.
& 2 BAC ey 2 : FE
q > I 5 3 = @ tD
5 AS 3 i) =] g = ‘2
a mM y 2) oS w 2) =)
ati eAmerican Heart —-_2 /o2. 2222 =. ] h abr g | mJune h Am,
2 | Bigarreau, Yellow Spanish-_-_-- vl | obhco} yer b e June b Eur.
aaiBlackimagle-__22-5- 222 = o22ss- m ob h b b | bJduly h | Eng.
AM Blac ib awicn o520 =) i Sle Be 8 1 ob h co pb vg | eJune | hb |} Ohio.
OeablackeHeart sas 220 foes Shea 1 h b ve | eJune h Eur.
Sweblack Tartarian’ 22/5 22s" 22 vl ob h pb ve |mJune} hb | Ras.
pl Mo levelands i)22 eke e aie Jos ae 1 rh ry ve | m June b | Ohio.
Bila wner sash. vse es! eee m rhov ar ve | bJuly h | Mass.
OME yn nr ples 92 wae Shae asf m r drp | vg | bJune h Eur.
TIAYIEEL DN 5G) «Vee Soe a epee ie ogee peel lh ybrr| ve |mJune| b | Eng.
11 | Governor Wood..-..._-._------- 1 rh yr vg | mJune h | Ohio.
ti Kartland Mary! 20-0 22-22... 1 rh yr ve | bJuly b | Ohio.
iSweenseht Barly oe tee 1 obh dpb | ve | m June h Eng.
14 | Mezel, Bigarreau De Mezel-_-_-__- vl obh drb g b Jaly b Eur.
Great Bigarreau.
DDS \PNapoleon jo) 2 re. eee as vl lh yr g | bJduly b | Eur.
a6) #Roekports 20022 See 1 robh ra b | m June b | Ohio.
Mia sWVilne/ Sweet. 2. 2.2 ] rh ry zg e June h Rus.
TSE NUOSOR a8 2S yobe ios WS es oh Ya ee lena aS Se RMT Sosa b July b Ont.

Use and
value.
Scale 1 to 10.
id Bole
ald|s
6 7 7
10 9 7
9 8 9
9| 6 9
9 6 9
9 8 9
9 6 8
9 6 10
9| 6 6
9 7 9
9| 6 8
Bt Sele
8| 6 6
6 6 8
6] 6 8
9| 7 9

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 185

SECTION IV.--BLACKBERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.

Color.

b. black.
w. white.

Locality.
} g S g ¢ Remarks.
Be 2 ao|oo
iS he . |(So/40d
e/a |2\a lbeles
Eilalalsilesgio
Sis ear
zZi\al|/o|\aM@sts
1| *| *? | *2 | * |____| Not fully hardy, but productive and fine.
2 | *? | *? | *? | *? |____| Strong grower and prolific. Well worthy of extended trial.
Alpe yee ee |= ee Brunton has been disseminated under this name. The genuine is claimed to
be hardy, but does best with protection.
4/ +] +| 1] .1| +t] Highly spoken of. iad =e
5 | *2 | *? | *2 | *2 |__| A strong spreading grower. Productive in some localities.
6 | *2 | *? | *? | *? | *2 | Too well known to need description. Sometimes rusts or mildews.
ial ee | Ape eects The largest, most productive and best.
8 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *P | *2 | Vigorous, hardy, productive. H§
g | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Not large, but good. Very hardy and prolific.
10 | *2 | *? | *? | *2 | *? | Bears heavily. Size rather small. Hardy. In Lenawee county equals Snyder
for market.
11) ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Claimed to be as hardy as Snyder.
12 | #2 | *? | *? | *? |__*.. Nearly hardy; vigorous; productive. t
13| *| *| *| *] *| Hardy, vigorous and prolific. Valuable in Lenawee county.
14} *|>*| *|] **| * | One ofthe largest. Lacks richness. Needs winter protection.
SECTION V.—CHERRIES.—HEart anp BIGARREAU.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.
Color. Class.
a. amber. er, crimson. w. whitish. b. bigarreau.
b. black. d. dark. y. yellowish. h. heart.
br. bright. p. purplish.
ce. carmine. r. red.
Locality. .
agide Remarks.
F | 85185
£\./8|4\g2lz2 :
5 @Q =| Bi6io8
zZ\a|o|a FSrs
1| *| *| *| *|____| Vigorous, spreading, productive; but variable in quality. ° my
2 | ** | ** | #* | ** | ** | Downing says: ‘Largest, most beautiful, and delicious of cherries.’’ Often
cracks and rots in wet seasons.
3} *| *| *| *| *| Excellent. Requires age before it will bear profusely. ___
4) *| *| *| *|____| Fine tree. Fruit much like Bigarreau in its general qualities. t
5| *| *| *| *!| * | Veryold. Tree large and hardy. The abundant fruit is of fine quality.
6 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | A rapid, erect grower. Prolific. Fruit very large and showy, but not of the
highest quality. Tree lacks hardiness. y 5
7| *| */| */| * |__| A seedling of the late Dr. Kirtland, of Cleveland, Ohio. Tree thrifty, spread-
2 ing, productive. _ a7
8 | ** | #* | *) ** | ___| One of the finest and most valuable late cherries. Of New England origin.
9| *| *| * | ** | * | 4 moderate grower. One of the best of the very early cherries. Hardy for a
! Mazzard; but tender at the north.—[Parmelee.] __
10| *| ** | **| *| ** | Originated in England in 1806. One of the best of its classand season.
il | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Seedling of the late Dr. Kirtland. Every way desirable except for its liability
to rot.
12| *| *| *| *|____| Seedling of the late Dr. Kirtland. Desirable for either dessert or market.
13 | *2 | *? | *? | *P | *? | A week earlier than Black Tartarian. Fine quality. Tree spreading.
14 | *? | *? | *? | *? | *? | Supposed to be identical with Great Bigarreau and Large Red Prool.
15 | ** | *| * | ** | ** | Very large and showy. Very firm. Most valued for the market.
16 | **| * | *| ** | * | Seedling of the late Dr. Kirtland. Very highly esteemed. A good bearer.
17| +| t| t| t] tT | A very promising sweet cherry. — ;
18| +} t| tT! tT! T | Promising, but less hardy than is claimed.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION VI.—CHERRIES—Duvuke anp More tto.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.

Form. Color.
co. compressed. a. amber.
h. heart shaped. b. bright.
ob. oblate. d. dark. .
ov. oval. | p. purplish.
r. roundish. r. red.
y. yellow
el Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Names.
a j ; a ap a
s 3 5 cS} 8 ts 4 |8/2/8
E o = ° = a Q 2) 2 a ta
5 aS iS) i) 3 a = 2 o/6|s8
Z mn ca io) = D iS) fo) AiG ae
1 | Brusseler Braune_. _______.___- il rh pr vg | m July m Rus. 7 | 9} 10
Jn ls@arnabion® £2) okies i) Sees 1 r ywe 27 olumecdlyeye sees Fr.? 6| 6 5
SMG NOIIBY aoe 8) Sosa) el ae m rob yar b |mJune d Fr. 10 | 6 3
4 | Karly Richmond, Kentish._____- m rob r vg |mJune m Eur 5| 9} 10
DMB PONTS ee TS At ee Peel Ty r ob dr vg |mJune d Eur Tule 6 7
Gi \tGate nke-=s 0.5" * 2 oe ae 1 ob h dr vg | mJaly d Eur rao 6
7 | Late Kentish, Common Red_.__- m rob dr g |mJuly.| m Eur 4] 8 8
“offs | bs 3 DEV s)he snus Mea Bare Rema BET 2 rd m r ie g July mo 1} Bears |e | ee ee
a aOnIseb all ip pe 2 eee ee 1 r dpr | ve | edJuly. m Fr. 4|10} 10
OW Macnifique: 2). 00). oe ] ob r ve | eJuly d Fr. 6) 8 i
TA SMay Dukes: 2 oe See robh dr b |mJune d Eur. 8; 8] 10
12 | Montmorency ordinaire_______- ] rob dr vg | eJune m Eur 5/ 8{ 10
LS rwMon trent.) J Si tla ea 1 | Pe Sead r Se taercer ges d Bors | 22 ieee
OM orello ssa ec ln eS 1 obh dr vg | mJuly m Eur. 5 |10{| 10
15 | Reine Hortense________________- vl r OV dr veg | m July d Fr. COvitved 6
16) ;Royal Dake) o2. 5.252 eee r ob dr g e June d Enur. 6| 7 7
17 | Shadow Morello__-_. __________-- 1 rh pr ve | mJuly m Rus. Ci onset)
TRS crf a RS SS IR, ee Onerien I e m rob r g | m July m Iowa Dita 7
SECTION VII--CURRANTS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.
Form of bunch. Color.
1, long. b. black. r. red.
m. medium, br. bright. w. white.
s. short. d. dark.
Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Names. :
om a. : | ep 5
® On 5 Ki qd a Elaig
a ha bia)
g Sen [Pie 5 & Sh z |g |
5 iN O85 2) & $ B 2/6|s
Z mn ied ie) ea 9) 2) AlOo|a
Vis herry, voter ohn gs ole ae ae ne 1 8 r va m July Eur. DS hee
CAINE TN CC helices aa ene LR em RNG TENN 1 1 r a uly, NDS TBM aa
8 SRS ys ETE STE OS LY a i 8 b am | m July Eur. La Sigyeg
AMIN aplag. ety Calle s amr ae Mee No) eg 1 8 b am | mJuly Kur. 1 DA air Pee
DH WETINCeVALDOrt sc ee mice niles Dee. m m dr a e July. Eur. 8| 8 8
G5 tRed Dateh es: 2s ee a ee yee m m dr a bm July Eur 9 | 10 9
CMSA Ye) st LES W2y OUP al a GIS 1 8 dr a m July Fr. TNS 8
SM AVA CHOMLA ee enon ars Wy eels eR TD m 1 brr va e July Eng. Cie 7 9
Suite Dateh) ne aoe ee hae m m Ww a bm July.| Eur. 10| 7 6
LOR Wii te Grapes seni. cxeen es hai Ue m m Ww a bm July.| Eur 9/ 8 8
TTS White stars) coke a NoPa CEE ao we m 8 r a Mir bye. 4| sera) ee eae

C0 ONRM — WHE | Number.

reyes | Number.

CoO “ROR Ww

Se
_

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 187

SECTION VI.—CHERRIES—Duke anp MorReE.to.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION,

Class.

d. duke.
m. morello.

Locality.
FI S ds Remarks.
. @2o|ao
be - |4240/4.4
Sal Sidhe = & 3
Q i=] Bio
8|S| 3/342
t 7 T y+ | Very hardy. Large fruit of fine quality. Productive.
*2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | A beautiful, large, light-red cherry, highly esteemed where known.
RD ea * | * | One of the best dessert cherries of any class, but athin bearer. When on sandy
soil, or top-grafted on Morello proves productive.
= sei] ka PEE SSE Sh a ce the most profitable market cherries. Not as good as several of the
ukes.
*2 | *2 | *? | *2 | *2 | A new Frenchcherry. An early and prolific bearer.
* | * |) * | * | * | Valuable for dessert or cooking. Ripening after May Duke.
SS ed SES be * | Emphatically the pie cherry of this country.
aS | | |e _-.|.---| A newly introduced variety. Claimed to withstand the winters of the north-
west. Unproductive. ‘
* | *| *) * | * | A strong, healthy tree of the Morello class. Productive, valuable.
*| * | * | * | * | Moderate grower, productive. Good for dessert when fully ripe.
** | #E | KK | ** | ** | The type of its class. One of the oldest and most popular cherries.
* | * | * | *) * | Larger than Early Richmond and ten days later.
* | *) *) * | * | Well worth planting.
*| *| *| *| *| Highly esteemed for preserving and other culinary purposes.
*| *| */| */) * | A healthy and beautiful tree. A popular and desirable variety.
*| *| */| *) * | Anupright, compact grower. Later than May Duke.
T i + | + | + | Fruit like Brusseler, but the tree is smaller.
v +| +] | Very hardy. Bears young.
SECTION VII.—CURRANTS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.
Flavor.
a. acid.
m. musky.
v. very.
Locality.
A S a g Remarks.
< oo\/o9d)|
by ; |-2o\44
#/2/S leah
Q i=} (=)
A/S | a sis
*| *| *| *) * | Its size renders it popular. One of the most acid of currants.
*? | *2 | *2 | *? | *2 | Long bunch. Large berry. Seldom productive.
* | * | *| * |) * | Possibly a slight improvement upon Black Naples.
*) *| *!| *| * | Good culinary fruit. Much sought in the market by foreigners.
* | | *) * | ** | Little injured by the worms. Good asa late sort. t
ee | ee | ee | ee | ** | Has no superior except in size. The best for all purposes. ;
pA NS Md Oe ee By some paetoe to be superior to the Cherry currant. Others think them
identical.
wk | He | *E | ee | ** | Valuable, rather late sort. It seems to be exempt from the attacks of the borer.
ee | ee | ee | *e | HK | Better in quality, and in the habit of the plant than White Grape.
BES CE Se eta eme ahh ae acer i spreading, straggling growth. Larger, but not as good as White
utch,
+| t] T/ +] T | One of the most promising of the new sorts.

188 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION VIII—GOOSEBERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.

Form of berry.

Ov. oval,
r. round.
‘ Use and
Description. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Names. ;

ms w ao °

7) ° be 4 +E =| »

2 be A $=) qa a a = o

g ge | BE S a z m |#/4\#

5 Ls os rm i=] S B o/| 6/8

Zz n od ie) So nN fo) A|o|a
iS Ghampion:. 2: Sts 2 eos ea ee mtol| rov we veg Ages. iecstt2 3/2. oe ee
OT DOW HIN. 4 waa ae 5 ei ae ml r OV we ve Aug. N. Y 8/10] 10
Shi eHoughton 0 ea a eee 8 r pe: ve Aug. Mass 6| 9 8
ai imcdustry. 2.6.59 CS. bo See 1 Tr ov r ve Aug. Eur 9; 9 if
5 m r ov r g m Aug N. Y bY fens 5
6 8 r ov r Aug. ; Am 6| 8 8
7 m Tr OV ye g Aug. Can 9 | 10 9
al esmrchyesee See Veo ee ee ees 1 ov gz ve Aug. Ver 10 | 10 9

COD

aonouw

Locality.
g| ¢
.| . |egle8
be - |0q|/ 0D
3s} 2) 28 iselss
2 2/8 \saie3
a) oO| mia ZzA7

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 189

SECTION VIII.—GOOSEBERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.
Color.

b. brown. r. red,
g. green. w. whitish.

Remarks.

Very productive. Worthy of trial.

Fine, stocky, vigorous plant; quite thorny. The highest quality of fruit.
Slender and straggling, but vigorous, prolific and excellent.

Subject to mildew. Unproductive unless sprayed.

A strong plant. Berry with a very thick skin, and uneven size. Poor quality.
An old sort of slender but upright growth.

Although small, its productiveness makes it valuable. ;

Some doubt as to the vigor of the plant. An excellent variety.

190

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION IX.—GRAPES.—NatIve.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.

Bunch. Form. Berry.
b. broad. 0. open or loose. sh. shouldered. r. round.
c. compact. s. short. Vv. very. o. oblong.
l. long. ov. ovate or oval.
Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Names. Size Form :
i eels ca Velo ee ee
5 Er ile Ne ae = = z SB | else
B ©
z alalaljalsié a 6? laisars
1G WA GITOnG aC he. ee ee ee 1 1 csh r pb | vg | bSept Nee Bie 4
2 | Agawam, Rog. 15___.._.------ 1 1 csh r dr | vg | mSept. | h Mass. | 7 }___- 7
Si PAM INIA ROG Ved 225 ooo eee toe 1k: ea ate r b vg | mSept. | h Mass 8/2 Sar
AA Barry sae eee ho eA ae 1 1 sbc| r b g | mSept. | h Mass ia| een 7
aM PDrightone. wash) eo m ik esh r r vg | mSept. | W.N.Y.| 10 |____ 9
GypCataw bass or) 6 Sree eee m 1 sho| r r ve Oct. Md. 9: | 6
7 | Champion, Talman__.._-..--| m 1 |sesh| r b g b Sept Am. (AS eae 4
Sa Clintons es. 2260, a ee: ee 8 csh b g Oct. NO PYS 32) Roe 3
DH MOONCONG tee se aa eee ene 1 ml | ecsh r b ve | m Sept Mass Calm Vays
1ONECottage eles ts Sy. Eel gael 1 ] r b g | bSept Mass Bre aay
TT) Delaware! oi22 2) 22 Bans 8 esh r lr b | mSept Nite! | 00 eee 9
AO TAMONG see oe LN eh ee 1 lsh r Ww vg | m Sept. Newey Uae 6
13 | Diana ] it cl r ri ve | e Sept Mass. Be 6
14 | Baton vl vl | lsh r b g | m Sept Mass Ce ae vis:
15 | Empire State __ 1 m sh | rov| w vg | mSept N. Y. Slee 6
1ealanamplan ee sat Te | ] m | csh r pb | ve | mSept N. Ores 2
ip fal G fora) des) ae pe ee ce LMT m 1 OV r ye | ve | eSept Mass pleas 3
Wa eHartiord ess ee ee ] 1 esh r b g b Sept Conn CW lage (33
LOOP Hayes. oes cet Sor ee em m 8b r ywliveg Sept Mass Orieeees 6
20 | Herbert, Rog. 44._.___-.-____- 1 1 ] r b vg | mSept. | h Mass (oi Repaioe| MAEP!
ALUUTIES (Co) 0 6s eS ae aa 1 1 och| ro r b | mSept.| N. Y 165 |sees 6
PUPP a LAPSE 0°) UE Seo eae a i ae 1 1 esh oO b vg | e Sept S. Car Glee 3
PAGS AIR Coty AN m m |cshj ro b g | m Sept. Ohio re ee 8
Pra rANOSVillete vo ee ee lee. 8 m 8c r b g | mSept Am. dg aes 8
25 GasiCae ete Lose eer ee TM mig ol eee r ye b b Sept. Ont. Qiixee 7
2Ow I Owellacsssees ek Ur ole ont 8 8 8 r b | ve | b Sept Kans. Sree 7
27 LE10 Bip Re UN one ee m ] le r ye b | mSept Ohio TOA |e 7
28 | Lady Washington_________._ ‘vl m |! she r y g e Sept. N. Y Weel eaes,
29 | Lindley, Rog. 9..--.___..-_-_.| m m le r r ve | mSept. | h Mass i fal Paes fc:
SOM Manth aes eee 2 UL e a ye a 1 sho|] r ye g | mSept. Mo. 4 SP eiG
31 | Massasoit, Rog. 3____-___.___- m ] ssh r r g | mSept. | h Mass 1h ee v
32 | Merrimac, Rog. 19___.___.--_-- 1 ] sbe r b g | mSept. | h Mass Gees 6
Soci Michigan’: 2s) 20 ee m Tp eee Pee wil (rea a cid et yale ae Mich 6] See |e
BED TH DY a a = a See SAE ese a eed te bi |iveg nies ‘ oe MR [Do
35 | Moore Early__.____.-_-_.._--. ] 1 csh r b ve | b Sept. Mass Gases 8
BOD MM Over eae pie i ewan 80 GL 8 8 csh r Ww vg | bSept Ont. foe a se 7
BiM|WNInearae one we SC reo il m | csh r |gyw!] vg | mSept.| N. Y. ko Jel eel fes G1 0)
SSalpeocklingtone aes eee: 1 il lsh r y vg | e Sept. INAS Pg 8
BOLlighegua Og. eS - oo sese es eee 1 1 80 r r g | mSept. | h Mass hg Seat 7
AON Salem) Og: 53-2 col sks el i sbc] r dr g e Sept. | h Mass 7a 8
41 | Telegraph, Christine ________- 1 1 c r b g | mSept Penn. bY |e U
42 Fe) apie Ne oh NE RE Se 1 1 sh r r b | mSept. | N. OF eae 9:
S34) Verrenness. i650 2 Pe m i Os r r ve | b Sept Ver fee 7
44 TO LOT ae sea eel ea ths 8 8 csh r b vg | bSept Kan Sizes i
45) |) Wilder,'Rog. 4.22.2. 2.4027.) i} 1 csh r b vg | mSept. | h Mass Te ers
BG Wanchell: coe 80 Sas Bu m m sh r Ww b |b m Sept Ver. 107 22 eno
Minie WOOGRiE . eo a 8b 1 sh r r ve | mSept. | Mich. Uy Ed sr
ASB NV OrOOn. = ost el oa Ae 1 1 csh r b ve | mSept Nowe to [ease venta LY
49 EV VOMINng? 22) 89.8. 2s Ses 8 m c m br | vg | mSept.| N. Y. ANS eae

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 191

SECTION IX.—GRAPES.—NartTIve.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.

Color.
a. amber. 1. light. r. reddish.
b. black. li. lilac. w. whitish.
d. dark. p. purple. y- yellowish.
g. greenish.
Locality.
o| oo Remarks.
: a6/a6
5 | . |egdiog
2| .|8|4 lacigo
Ble |a| #252
Z| }O | a jaja"
1 (ie oe | ap ___.|.--.| Subject to mildew of the foliage. Rarely successful.
Pa i SN es 2 Mets ___.| Keeps well after gathering.
8 | *| *| ** | ** | * | Very well esteemed by those who bave fruited it. Excellent keeper.
4 | *? | * | *? | * |___| One of Rogers’ very namerous hybrids. Inclined to mildew.
5 | ee | ** | #* | * | * | One-fourth foreign. Highly satisfactory. Needs pollenizing.
6 | *2 |____| *2 | *2 |__| It is yet one of the best in localities where the season is long enough to ripen
it. Good two years out of three at the south. 4
Maes ce |e ___.|_---|_--.| Very early, vigorous and productive, but its poor quality condemns it.
(ait ae hy (ES ___.|.__-.|____| Is seldom good or even passable till ripened by frost. Fruit best on high, warm,
gravelly soils.
9 jek | FE. FE | SE) ee ay as aeakene this is ‘‘the grape for the million,” since it can take care
of itself.
10 | *2 | *? | *2 | *? |____| Seedling from Concord by E. W. Bull. Far from satisfactory. __
11 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Slow grower. Fully as productive as Concord when well established. Fruit
sometimes fails from dropping of the leaves.
2| *| *| * | * | ___| Vigorous, healthy, promising as a variety for amateurs. ;
13 | *? | *p| *| * |__| Rather foxy, with a thick, tough skin. One of th3 best keepers. A thin bearer
F on strong soils. Better on dry, warm soils.
14! *p | *p | *2 | *? |____| Very large in both bunch and berry—market.
15/ *| *| */] *|____|| Promises well for both dessert and market. *
16 | *? | *2 | *? | *? |____| A good dessert grape. May in some localities do for market. It seems to lack
constitution.
17 |____|__. | *2 | *? |____| Rather late for even southern Michigan.
418 |____| *2 |____|____| *? | Still prominent as one of the hardiest and most productive for early market ;
but very liable to drop its berries. Generally discarded.
19} *| *| *| *| */] Vigorous, hardy. Of fine quality. Valuable for amateurs.
20 |____| *2 | *2 | *? |.__.| Another of the Massachusetts hybrids, of fair quality. i
21 |____| *2 | *? | *2 |____| Generally esteemed as the finest of our natives. The vine seems to lack consti-
tution, and is not generally successful.
PoP | Sear | | See *? | =P |__| An old favorite. Still popular where it is sure to ripen. Is not generally
successful,
23 |__..| *? | *? | *? |.__.| Valued for hardiness, vigor and productiveness. A gook wine grape.
24 | *? | *? | *? | *2 | * | Hardy and vigorous. Ripens with Concord. re
25 |_-..| *2 | *2 | *2 |.__.| Vine hardy, productive. Not satisfactory in some localities.
26 | + | +t] *2 | *? |____| Promising early dessert grape. :
27; *| *| *!| * | * | Seedling of Concord, and as hardy and healthy; but not as vigorous and pro-
ductive. Quality superior. ;
28 |____|____|--..|...-|----! Valuable in locations where it willripen. Ripens with Isabella.
29 | *| *| *| **| *| A vigorous and productive vine. But little grown in this State. Worthy.
30 | *? | *2 | *2 | *2 | *? | Much sought for on account of its color. Very sweet, but too foxy. }
31| *| *| *| * | *?2 | Moderately vigorous and productive; like most of the hybrids, liable to mildew.
32 | *| *| *| *| * | Vigorous and prolific. Much like Wilderin quality and season.
83) +t] t| t] | T | Worthy of trial.
34 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 |____| A good dessert grape. May prove profitable.
35 | * | ** | * | * | ** | Vigorous grower. Excellent; especially for the north,
36 | *? | *2 | *? | *? | *2 | Much like Delaware, but less sprightly in flavor. .
37 | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | A promising white, market grape. Very vigorous, healthy and productive.
38 | *| *| *| *|____| Hardy, beautiful. Rather late.
39 | *? | *P | *2 | *? |____| Promising here, but requires further trial.
40 | * | ** | ** | ** | * | The largest, most attractive and popular of the Rogers hybrids. Vigorous.
productive. Bunches often imperfect. Mildews.
41 | *? | *? | *2 | *? | * | Hardy and vigorous. Ripening with Hartford and similar in quality.
42 | *| *| *]| *| * | Hardy, productive. Promises superior excellence.
43 | *| *| *| * | *? | Hardy. Ripens with Concord. Not of high quality.
44; *| * | *2 | *? | * | A promising very early dessert variety.
45 | *| *| * | * | *2 | One of the finest and most popular of the Roger’s hybrids. Will do for market,
46 | ** | ** | ** | &* | ** | The finest of the early white grapes. Green Mountain is identical with it.
47 | *2 | *2 | *? | *? | *? | Hardy, vigorous. A market grape only.
48 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | A week earlier than Concord and better in quality. Very desirable.
SAT Ne pe seams ah fhe ale Showy, but not desirable.

192 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

10

SECTION X.—PEACHES.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.

Form, Color. Flowers. Glands.
c. compressed, ov. oval, b. bright. p. purple, l. large. g. globose.
d. depressed. r. round. c. crimson. r. red. 8. small, o. obscure.
o. oblong d. dark. w. white. r. reniform.
g. green. y. yellow. 8. serrate.
oO. orange.
Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Names,
b Z a 6 a : me) bb ne
= : oz) ® a z aS! | = oD
S| MEMOS, haa Woe aha E ae ek
5 S ° 5 = cael as) ® & 9/6o/S
n Fe ie) o oy ao) <4 mn ie) Aa\lol|4
Allberges wed cinco anny m rT: ypr g 8 g f e Ang Fr. Gy Cea ies
Mlexanderse sili jes m r gwrivg i! g ef | eJuly Il. TN ee 9
Amsdomya itis Sale m r gwr|ve 1 g cf | eJuly. Mo. Oty deans 9
Barnardesnes ) Sh 4 2b ml r ydr g 8 ro f b Sept Am, yisleeyr| 9
Beer-Smock. 2078. eo Ov yr g 8 r f m Oct Am, 6| 9 9
Chileetne one) ee am alhowe. hy yar g 1 r f e Sept N.Y 6) 81%, 9
Coolidge.__.___-__.____- 1 r we vg 8 g f m Aug. | Mass ON orale 7
Worner® 3) Ua ee oe. VMS Ree SAIN Le 2 AE I) 8 Ah eee e'Sept. j)! Mich, 225 ese
Crawford, Early______- ] ra) yr vg 8 g f e Aug N.J 9 9
Crawford, Late______-_- vl r ydr|/|vg 8 g f e Sept N.J 8 | 10 9
Wrosbyne es so Ley m r ry g 8 r f AM gs lic See coe can
PPT CTCEL LN Dyk 1 rT: gwr b 8 g f e Sept. Md. | 10 |___. 7
Damonty at kor bore ee i| r dyr g 8 r f |mSept. | Mich 8 8
Early Newington free..| 1 re ywr b 8 g f e Aug m. Oye 7
Eilbortas i) gains Meie 1 ro ry Ve 8 r if b Sept. Am. Ou eee 9
Engle (Mammoth).___- 1 ro yr vg 8 g f m Sept. | Mich. | 8} 9 9
Hoster J auue vide saul. 3 1 rd dor ve 8 g £ e Aug. | Mass.| 8] 8 9
George the Fourth ___.| m r jywdr! b 8 go f e Aug IND Ye 6) 108 os es
Gold Drop_______--___- ml | rov by veg ] r f eSept. |Mich.?! 7] 9] 10
Grosse Mignonne ______ 1 rd |gypr b 1 g f e Aug. Eur. | 10] 9 6
Hales. eben Sek em m r gwr|ve 1 g fe | mAug. | Ohio. | 10 }.__.| 9
Heath Cling._________. l oov |ywrb| vg 8 r c b Oct Md. Beh og) 7
ACHMESY ee Ste lRe shu) 1 Le | ayr |) vg 8 r f |mSept. | Mass Lee) 9
Kalamazoo ____________ 1 ro by ve 8 r f e Sept Mich, | 8| 9} 10
Keyport) Rou ie ke ayn il r we g 8 r f b Oct. Am. 6) aa 8
Lady Palmerston ______ m |] r ydr g 8 a f e Sept Eng. Creed 7
Large Early York._._..| m1 r we ve 8 2 f b Sept Am. fed | bts} 8
LeOWIRE A! PU a eee aU m re |lgwpr| vg 8 r e b Aug. Eng. fo} eta, 8
Lemon Cling --__.___. _- 1 oO yr ve 8 r c e Sept. Am, Gai 8
Wisye Mier rb sL heat 1 r wr g 8 r f e Aug. | Mich.|} 7] 8 9
Moore . _____._- il rov| wr |vg 8 g f {bm Sept.| Mass 8] 6 8
Morris White___ m Ov |gwp!|vg 8 r f e@ Sept Am, Ua) 8
Mountain Rose___ meal re wr ve 8 g f b Sept N.d. O ici 8
Oldmixon Cling____..__ 1 rov|ywr b 8 g c m Sept Am 8| 9 7
Oldmixon Free ___ ] rov| ywr|veg 8 g f m Sept Am &8| 8 9
Red Cheek ____- 1 rov|ybr g 8 g f m Sept, | Am. diner 8
Richmond -____ m | re ydrj|veg 8 r i b Sept N.Y. 8 9
PRRV OTS hg Ne Lek LIE NN 1h) r |ypink|] b ] r f m Aug Eng. Oueug) 8
Saint John.___.___.___- 1 re yr ve 8 r f b Sept Am tsa ie ta Ph)
Crane’s Early.
alway uo iy 1 rd!|ycr | vg 8 r f b Oct. Eng. Sila 8
Smock Free __ ove |oydr g 8 r ti Oct. N.J. 6] 9 9
Snow Orange__ m | r |bydr|veg ) r fi b Sept. | Mich.| 6] 7 9
Steadley______ .__ 1 r ov wr vg 8 r f b Oct Am PU a ee ta
Stump 22. vl ro |whbr] ve 8 g f e Sept N.J. 8| 8 8
Susquehanna - vl r yr ve 8 r f m Sept. | Penn.| 7}| 9 6
Troth ee. m r wbr g 8 g f e Aug. N. id] eee 7
Wider) e 2s m |oov y ve 1 g f bSept. | N.Y. | 8| 9 8
Yellow Rareripe___..__| 1 ro} oyr|veg 8 g f b Sept Am 8| 8 8

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 193

SECTION X.—PEACHES.

Since the peach is generally used in its fresh state, or for canning, which is only a mode of preserving
it in a nearly fresh condition, we have generally omitted to give valuesin the column headed ‘‘cooking.’’
Throughout Central Michigan, except in favorable localities, occasional severe winters prove fatal to the
fruit buds of the peach, and sometimes even to the trees. These facts cannot be properly expressed in
the starring, and hence are disregarded.

S won oopw wm em | Number.

Remarks.

This is one of the earliest of yellow-fleshed peaches, and only desirable for that
reason. ?

A partial cling, much like its supposed parent, Hale, and two or three weeks
earlier. Profitable for market.

Almost exactly like Alexander in tree, fruit, and season of ripening.

When thoroughly thinned, the size is large; often overbears, becoming small.

Preferred to Smock by some growers.

Hardy; a good bearer and a profitable late variety on young trees. Lacks
quality. Losing reputation. “

One of the best pale-fleshed, early market peaches.

Grown and valued for market in Allegan county.

Very popular with both market men and fruitgrowers. Much used for can-
ning. Others often sell under this name. Bloom tender, hence uncertain.

Lacks productiveness on light soils, and on young trees. Many place it first

A hardy and promising market sort.

An excellent late pale-flsshed peach that should be better known.

Tree and buds hardy. Shipping qualities best.

Sometimes clings slightly. A fine amateur peach. Fruit large and beautiful.
Very profitable at Lawton.

Well worthy of trial. Subject to leaf-curl.

Promising. Hardier than Crawford.

A good market peach, but almost identical in season with Early Crawford.

One of the best for home use. Too tender and delicate for market.

Probably an unrecognized old variety. Largely grown for market.

The true variety is one of the most delicious of peaches.

A fine peach and a vigorous tree. Sometimes rots before maturity. By many
highly esteemed for market. A semi-cling.

One of the finest clings, but needs a long season in this latitude. Very profit-
able when it ripens fully.

Profitable, but not of high quality. ;

Highly praised by all who have fruited it.

Does not matare perfectly in unfavorable seasons. Surer on light soils.

Originated by the late Thomas Rivers. Promising.

Has not become generally popular in Michigan.

Ripens in advance of Hale or Beatrice. Very high quality. At Lawton said

The largest and best of the yellow fleshed clings. Does not sell well,

An Allegan county seedling. A market peach. :

A beautiful and promising peach. May be valuable for market if productive.
Valued for preserving and canning on account of its color.

A valuable market variety. Highly prized where fully proved.

Where a cling is desired, this is one of the finest of its season.

A very old variety, which atill holds a high position as a market peach.

An old sort. The parent of Crawford’s Early and Late.

A new and valuable variety. A few days later than Early Crawford, and less

An excellent very early sort; lacks color. Fruit large and beautiful. At Law-
ton very profitable.
Identical with Flaters St. John, Crane’s Karly and Yellow St. John.

Will only ripen at the south with certainty; fails in unfavorabla seasons.

One of the latest profitable market peaches in Southern Michigan. Valuabls.

Similar to Barnard; brighter in color, and slightly later. Must ba thinned to
insure good size.

Excellent for either dessert or canning. ;

A large and beautiful market peach of fair quality. Very profitable.

A large, beautiful and fine, rather late peach. Lacks productiveness.

An early and productive white fleshed peach of only medium quality.

Said to be the most profitable variety in Mason county.

Locality.
Adico
eo -

a 556/565

be : | So/o4

PE A testa PE pe
g| 8) 8 2328
| ees tea | ee ame
*? | xp | *D | *? | ¥?
* * | x
* * * * *
* | ex | x | ee | xx
eS il esl
eA Rd RE |. oe
vs lh i
ax | xe | ak | ee |
* | ax | ae | * |] x
for profit.
i ab 9) ae 2a
Slee) Fa os
ba ee *
*) | *p | #2 | *? | 2
ht] tft)
iT iF
SC Mee al Res A |
ree toute Se Ni ep
ak | ex | ex | xe | x
PO \ieaere eon | are, | ee
sek | ek | ee | eK |x
2 SS ae es *? | *?
x | ee | ee | ee] x
we [ek | ex | ee | ox
Ps *2 | *2
aoe 5 foot
Teo |G eal” elle &
*>p | xp | ep | *P | x2
to sell well.
Ty WM pasath i tester | [esas 2
Ree | PS d eae || oy || ey
* | ox | ee | ee | xe
*p | «Pp | *p | ¥? |
* * | sex | ee | ox
* * * wee *
acid.
* | ax | RR | RE es
* * * | *2 | *?
PEST | eee ee) | en
“aff | RETA |e sol Tal
“#D | =p | #p | #2 | #2
Fa eae 3] ie ie

The genuine is a fine early peach. The one grown here is probably spurious.

194

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION XI.—PEARS.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.

Form.

a. acute. e. elongated. ob. obtuse. ov. Oval or ovate.
da. depressed. o. oblong. obo. obovate. p. pyriform.
Descriptions.
Names. na

5 5 ; :
o . Ao] a A

E g gE SAA i =
Z Z re S S Z fo)

1 | Angouleme, Duchess_____.-._--_- vl o obo gyru a4 Oct Fr,

25 VATA OEE fee Ao oi) NY ai 1 ob p grucb| vg Nov Fr.

SePebanblethosce 2 boo. © See] oobp yrar | vg Sept Eng.

4 || “BlGodeO0d 22) bos ee m t obo yro | veg Aug. N.Y

DUMBORGs 6s sion Lc Ss a ee 1 p dyrur;| b Oct. Bel.

OM ; BOURSOCK oi ee Sa 1 obo p dyru | vg } Sept. Oct Bel.

Ujipprandy wine 26220). -o ie eee m e ob p ygrur)| vg b Sept Penn.

Bal cinitom oaes 2 2 i hk. m ob obo yr ve Sept. R. I

OF) Olairr enn 30) el 2 a) ee 1 p yocru g Oct. Nov. Fr.
10) Clapp Favorite... -_-2.) See 1 obo ob p cy vg pt. Mass
itelColambiaee: n> +e ee l 0 obo gyo | g | Nov. Jan. | N.Y.
12 | Comice. Doyenne du Comice ____| 1 robp yeru b | Oct. Nov. Fr.
13%) “Dana iHovey o.- &2o= snc Eig obo ob p gyru b | Noy. Jan. | Mass
1s Dearborn feo. 2. 5 eae 8 rp ly ve a Mass
TDs iol wel 2 nN ae eee 1 obo obp | yorub! vg |§ept. Dec.| Bel.
16: Waster Beurres. 250-55 ere || roboob | ygrub| vg |! Jan. Mar Eur.

|
17 | Emile d’Heyst_____- 2h ews 1 0 obo p yoru | b | Noy. Dec.| Bel
18 | Flemish Beauty_._.._....---._-..| 1 oboobp | yrurb veg Sept. Bel.
TAD ae Gah 12: ns Cote SAR or ed m p gyr vg e Aug Fr.
20: | Glout Morcean .._-..- =.) -._2 L122 1 obo ob p gry oT ee Dec Fr.
2t|>Gray Doyennes 22-0 22 sae a m oo lru b Oct Eur.
22 CG fe a SS Pea glu. ES 1 obo ob p grub Vie<| Sept. Oct:|. 22-2
OUR LONVOLL Ati Nas ic ee Gok Dee eee ] rp lyru ve Oct. Conn.
PaASLING Vahl aN c Wine oe Ses Se ene ee Bee 1 r ob obo gyro ve Oct. Idaho.
25 | Josephine of Malines___________. m robp gyru veg | Jan. Feb Bel.
264 oKaetor to eM Ne i Bae 1 robp Yroae Nov. Am.
Ain uawrence lisse i 8) 2) ee ee MObOlob) p yru | vg Dec N.Y.
28 | Louise Bonne (of Jersey) _--.---| 1 op gbr ve | Sept. Oct Fr.
DOr SE necrative.) 2522.6 28 2 2 ee m obo ob p yeru b Sept. Fr.
Fondante d’ Automne.
30 | Madeleine ____. ____- 103s ee ee m obo p yeb | vg July. Fr.
31 | Manning Elizabeth___.____ ____- 8 obo ob p lyr | veg | Aug. Sept Bel.
Sor Mountivernon.-) i) es m1 robp tuybr| veg ov. Dec. | Mass.
dos Napoleon essen es ee 1 obp ye Fs Sept. Bel.
saa eOngndaga. 2s 2222 is bs 1 obo ob p yru ve | Oct. Nov. | Conn
35 | Osband (Summer).-____.__----- s |r ov ob op| yrru | vg Aug. N. Y.
36 | Paradise (of Autumn)-__-__._____. 1 0 oboap yru vg | Sept. Oct Bel.
iff | fesl 240) 1006 eo pane eae me Mee ea 1 p ygeb g | Dec. Mar. | Eur.?
SONS ECEGOr en cui s Meee os Ai ile sm robp yru -| *b Nov. Noy
ROmIPRORTIOZER ome Us Se Mee ee 8 obo op yerb b Aug. Eur
BOhinweckelaeee as thie Tse Ae ei obo ybrru b Oct. Penn
At eShelden! eo. 2 bet ete m robobo | gyruc| vg Oct N.Y
42 | Souvenir du Congres__________-. 1 pr yg vg Sept. Fr.
Moa le sterling se: eh Vira Ae a re rovp yruc vg Sept N. Y.
44)\ "Stevens. 22 82 34a ee ] ve y vg Sept. N.Y.
45 | Summer Doyenne.___-___. _-_____- 8 robo p yr vg July Bel.
Doyenne @’ Ete.

AG ciesperfine ove Sa ee al am rp ycru ve Oct. Fr.
47 BR ean Se ee ale a ae ms Qptrs yruc b | Aug. Sept.| Penn.
a5 si rpaniste te Sula Ghee m | obo p yru veg | Oct. Nov. Fl.
MSTA LORI eel 6 oho dn gi neat 1 ] lp yb g | Noy. Jan. Fr.
50 | White Doyenne_-__. ___.__-._____- m1 obo yr b Oct. Fr,
51 | Wilder (Harly)___._-.._.---.---- 8 obo ybrro| ve Sept. Am.
Dor Uanter Nellis: 22 {ote a” m r obo yeru b | Dec. Jan. Fl.

r. roundish.

t. turbinate.

Use and

value.
Scale 1 to 10..

Auys88Kmo | Dessert.

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FRUIT CATALOGUE. 195

SECTION XI.—PEARS.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.

Color.
d. dark. 1. light. r. red, y. yellow.
g. green. o. orange. ru. russet.

Remarks.

When neglected proves unproductive, Profitable under good treatment, and
on dwarfstocks. At north loses quality.

One of the best late autumn pears, whether for market or home use.

The leading market sort. Too musky to suit some tastes.

No garden should be without this. Fruit best when house ripened.

Fruit fair and even in size. Will bear to be planted for market.

Popular as a market pear. Also a good amateur fruit.

But little disseminated. A good early amateur pear.

at bared on account of the health, vigor, and productiveness of the tree.

arket.

Soon becomes dry and insipid, after ripening. A showy market pear.

A strong grower. Fine large fruit. Inclined to rot at the core. A good mar- -
ket pear if gathered early.

Liable to drop or be blown from the tree prematurely.

New; gives promise of value.

One of the few winter pears of high quality.

Well known and esteemed, but too small to become very popular.

Fruit apt to be astringent on young trees. Shonld be house-ripened.

In a warm exposure and favorable season, this will be found satisfactory.
Better south.

Little disseminated. A fruit of high quality.

Vigorous tree. Large, showy fruit, which decays soon at the center. Drops,
and sometimes scabs or spots.

Fruit requires to be gathered before maturity—decays rapidly.

On old trees, when well ripened, this is an excellent pear.

Excellent for the amateur.

Not as well known as it should be.

Quite freely planted and generally esteemed.

Promising. Much like Sheldon.

Not as freely planted as it should be.

In this climate only valued for market and canning and that only at the south

| but when well grown it is a very profitable variety.

| Tree healthy and vigorous. Should be grown on dry, warm soils.

A good market pear. Should always be grown as a dwarf.

An excellent and profitable old variety.

The earliest pear of good quality. Sometimes slightly astringent.

| One of the most desirable amateur pears of its season.

| A promising late autumn and early winter pear. Bears young.

| An early and abundant bearer. Lacks quality.

A good, constant bearer of large, showy fruit of fair quality in most seasons.

Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit sufficiently good for the market.
| Fruit somewhat like Beurre Bosc, but more variable.

Chiefly valued for the kitchen. Trees, strong, healthy.

A New York seedling from Winter Nelis.

Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit excellent, but unattractive in appear- -

ance.

The standard of high quality among pears. Tree forms a beautiful pyramid.
Profitab!e when buyers come to know it.

A hardy, productive tree; and a good fruit for general purposes; not attractive .
in appearance. J

Very large and beautiful. Variable in size. Not of high quality.

Both tree and fruit well adapted for the market.

An excellent and fine looking pear, but soon decays at the core.

The best and most satisfactory very early pear. Valued for early market.

A fine pear. Sometimes a little too acid. Productive.

A beautiful tree. Fruit grown to some extent for themarket. A tardy bearer.

| Too tardy a bearer. Ie being abandoned; probably for this reason.

Tree very vigorous and productive; its greatest recommendation for this cli-
mate. It often fails to ripen well.

This old favorite is seldom successful in this State as it scabs and cracks.

Much like Seckel but earlier.

The fruit if well grown and ripened, is scarcely inferior to the Seckel. The
tree must not be allowed to overbear.

196 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION XII— PLUMS.

In. the grading and starring of plums no reference is made to the prevalence of the curculio in the
district; nor yet to the tendency of the tree to the premature rotting of the fruit or loss of foliage.
e

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.

Form,
d. depressed. ob. oblate. 1. long. obo. obovate.
n. necked. ov. oval. o. oblong. r. roundish.
wo Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Names.
5 es g ; st “i +3
2 2 : xs ‘oD 8 a Pea es i)
E $ E Ss 3 3 z bo z cr .
S N ° 5 > ®
Z a | ef S fe) z B 6 |alsls
dai@Abundante’s-¢—--- 8) hee m r ov r g fe Aug. Jap 8| 8 9
paBAVAY seee ee {ios iit ae © A |, oa il gy b Oct. Bel 9) <9 9
egal fe 183 PEY=) Zc) gta ae pe m | rov y veg fc e Aug. N. Y. Suleell 8
A Boban 2 oe So. 52S eee rm. |) OV: y g 1B Aug. Jap 8] 8 8
Sypilfad 631 fz 1a (2) aks gee ae mi ee 1 jovobon| rp g cf e Aug. Am, 7110/ 10
63 ;burbank. i030). eee m r p Pare ease Aug. Cals). 22 TGR Wes
7 | Canada Egg [localname] __.| 1 |eseeteee|locsceses g c m Ang. Ont wale 8
8 | Coe Golden Drop..__._______- {pea | ovn y vg c e Sept Eng 8; 8 9
Sei oppertcc oc} Sooo a eee |B |. OV Bi cb g c e Sept. Eur 4} 8 9
1Oy eDanmison {2 s" si! oe 1 a eee Siaee |/ OV bp g fe Sept. Am. 3 | 10 7
ay) Dunne Prrple 2222 eee vl 0 OV rp g fe m Aug. | N. Y 7) 4 6
12 | Fellemberg, Italian .___.____- | m ov b g f b Oct. Eur. 6| 8 8
SE TASS nC CORBY NS ea ae acne 2 la rovn p g cf m Aug. 7)}10] 10
14° (sGeneralsHand. “25 2 ois Welt OV, g f Sept. Penn.? (he awk 7
fonjeGerman Prune ..22 5.1 eee eit Loy bp g f Sept. Eur 6| 9 9
HGxiGeution = eshte 220 eee Yue lov: rp g fe Sept. INGAY: 6/10} 10
Grande inke. = oo ste a ee Tov p ve fe Sept. Mar. |. 0 aes eee
iS Groeen|Gaget ees. 2 ees 8 r gyr b f e Aug. Eur 10| 8 5
TOasrinlinge oes A ee vl r ov gy g c e Aug. Penn | ea 5
POuimperial tes 65 3558 Beet ee gy b f b Sept. | N. | 9] 9 8
21 | Jefferson.. 1 Ov ypr b f b Sept Nu YO o1e69 9
22 | Lawrence Favorite_ 1 rob ye b f m Aug Ney: 10 |e
23 OMbpard yo) ee | eres | oO VG. rp g c b Sept. | N. Y 6 | 10 9
pan Moelaughlin= 2) 1 robd yr b c e Aug Me. 10| 6 7
Pastry bl cs Ba C2) Si a a eS i oo mm lr pr g c b Oct. Penn 6} 6| 4?
26 | Orleans. __-_ m r rp g f e Aug. Bars) (e soa ae
is Peaeh. | yo. vl rd br g f b Aug. Eur. 6 Hog 7
28 | Pond, Fonthill..__ vl ovn yr g c m Sept. Eng. 6.) 7) 10.
29 | Prince Englebert_ 1 obov | pbr ve f b Sept. Bel. 8; 8] 10
30 | Prince Yellow.__ ml Ov y ve f b Aug. ING ON 8] 8 9
81 uackenboss _________ 1 or p g fe Sept. INE oe 6 hs 9
32 ed Magnum Bonum ____.-_-- l Ov ra he f b Sept. Eur. Balad 7
33 | Shropshire Damson ___.___--| 8 ov dp g fe e Sept. Eng. 4} 10 8
S4aSiniith Orleans. 22) Sea ov rp ve c e Aug. N. Y 8] 8 8
SO al eS UAC: fe re CR ie ON) Sa, r OV dp g c e Sept. Eur 8| 8 9
Soc Washington.) so ose ee vi rov | gyc veg f e Aug. N. Y. 8 | 10 7
Bills Goose. fa. 2-1 0 .al os m Tr ov p g c eJuly. | Tenn.? 6) | bt eees
SSriewellow, eee soos ee ee Vv ov y c CG Avs tere ne 6] 8 7

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 197

SECTION XII—PLUMS.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.

Color.
b. blue. br. brownish. p. purple. r. red.
c¢. copper. y. yellow. g. green.
Locality.
SAS Remarks,
2 asc|a6
: -| . |BS/5S
2 i=] ceils Q 3 @Q
g | 3 2/3 |Selse
£\d|é|5 a2"
S| 8 FA\z-
1| *| *| *| ** | * | Very productive. The hardiest of its claes.
2| *| *| *| *| * | Nearly or quite as fine as Green Gage. Tree a better grower.
3; *| *|** | * | * | Hardy. A good regular bearer. Shootsdowny.
4 | *? | *2 | *? | *? |____| Similar to Abundance except in color.
5 | * | ** | ** | ** | ** | Grows and bears well. A superior market variety.
6) +| tl]/t| +t] t+ | A promising Japanese variety. .
7 |____| *2 |_-__| *2 | *2 | Probably an unrecognized old variety. Very hardy and productive in Mason
county.
Sl ES a 2) es Ul Ue Geen 2 Excellent. Perhaps may not ripen with certainty at the extreme
north.
9 | *P | *2 | *2 | *? | *? | Valued for market and cooking.
10| *| *| ** | ** | * | A slow grower. Productive. Valued for preserves. Nearly free from rot,
11} */|} *| *| *{| * | Too soft and uneven in size for market.
12; *| *| *| *)| * | Tree vigorous, spreading, branches smooth.
13/ +; t+! +] + | + | Promising, as it ripens ten days earlier than Bradshaw.
1 Lan a *2 | *? | Does not succeed well in Mason county.
15| *| *{| * | ** | ** | Valued for drying and preserving.
16 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | One of the most valuable of the new plums.
17| +| t| t+! t} |New. Worthy of trial.
18 | *| *| *| *) *? | The standard of quality among plums. Tree a slow grower.
19 | *? | *?2 |____| *?2 | *2 | Tree very vigorous, upright, moderate bearer.
20| *| *| *} *| * | Productive, excellent; shoots dark, downy, vigorous.
21 | *2 | *?2 | *2 | *?2 | *2 | A slow grower, good bearer. Profitable at the north.
22 | *? | *? | *2 | *? | *? | A seedling from Green Gage. Productive. :
23 | ** | * | ** | * | ** | Tree vigorous, hardy and productive. The leading market variety. Tree not
satisfactory at St. Joseph. Too much grown to be profitable. |
24; *| *| *| * | * | Nearly or quite equal to Green Gage. Hardy, vigorous, productive.
25 | *2 | *? | *? | *2 | *2 | Comparatively unproductive if standing alone. Very hardy, One of the best
Fe of the Americana species.
26 | *P |____| *? | *2 | *2 | Vigorous. Branches gray and very duwny.
27: |_.__|----|-.--| *? | *? | Tree upright, vigorous. A moderate bearer. E
28 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Productive, vigorous. Branches smooth, grayish. Dorr’s Favorite of Oceana
county is identical with this.
29; *| ** | * | * | ** | Tree a great bearer. Valuable for market.
30 | *? | *? | *2 | *2? | *2 | An old-favorite. Hardy, productive.
3L, *| ** | * | * | ** | A rapid, upright grower; productive.
32) *| *| * | * | ** | The genuine has slender, smooth shoots.
33) * | ** | * | ** | ** | Better than Damson for market. :
g4| *4{ *| * | * | * | One of the most vigorous; shoots glossy, reddish purple; very productive.
3)| +! +! TI] TI +} Worthy of trial as a late sort. :
36) | = | ** * | «| «* | One of the largest and most beautiful, but inclined to rot on the tree. Free
from rot at the north.
37 | *? | *2 | *? | *2 | *? | An uncertain bearer at the north; probably from imperfect pollenization. A
variety of the chicasa species.
38 * | * | * | ** | A fine market variety, but rots in some seasons at the south, and as far north

as Mason county.

198

be SOIR a | Number,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

SECTION XIII—QUINCES.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.

Form.
ob. obtuse. p. pyriform. r. round.
|
te ca Use and
Description. value.
Scale 1 to 10
Names. | na
. : tT) :
. = iP a A aed fk = [0 bes
d 5 = S = Sie ee
g) 214) 9 | 2 8 tela
a ea is) e) D fs) alos
Champions 6652s 2s oe eee vl obp y Vv Nov. Amis! : |: so aes 8
Meson 2pt 52° a eee robp| y vg Oct. Nov N.J 2 ON SO
Orange, -Apple-2.- 3 Le eee 1 rp y vg Oct. Nov Eur 222. SOR ae
eae ee ON ck ae Pe ee ee 1 robp!/ y g Oct. Nowy poe ps (i) 10

SECTION XIV.—RASPBERRIES.—Rusus OcciDENTALIS AND SUPPOSED HyBRiIDs
RootTinG FROM THE TIPS OF THE BRANCHES.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION,.

Form.
c. conical. ob. obtuse. r. roundish.
Use and
Description. value.

Scale 1 to 10.
Names. ia ;

5 s : : Pea be re

fa | . # = q Fa Mes Cr)

: py ok.| 2) o2 he ee

5 N 3) i) I e ‘5 0/56/38

Z Nn es Oo < 9) io) A/;oO\a
tes hs ee Me Sa SS SS ee
1 | Carman_-____- bee er Aah Soe ee m r b ve m July Conn fe lout | 6
PUIPCATOLINe es eho. i, Tee m r oy veg m July. N. 91-9 6
SP ECOREY Pict 1 LAE NI Ae Sas Olea oe < ml r b ve b July Mich 8| 9 9
Se MOrOniWwelles2 3a Se ee m r bell “eave b July Conn Koad ez 8
5 | Doolittle, American Black__.__-_- 8 r b g m July Nea; 35 heed 7
(i) |p LO Tia SSE aie ae a a eee ee oe m r bey July, Oct.| Conn OS ai 4
eel Gina ed as ee ORS Se Bel Dd ee ee vl r b vg m Jaly Ind. yf et ed lors SE
Sin ME Orne eo ee ae vil r b veg m July Ont. 9 S87 0-10
Bieiapkann 298 Lh eels ml| r b anihe mJuly. | Kan. | 6| 6.| 8
10 | Johnston Sweet -________..--_--_-- m r b g b July. N. Y. 4| 4 7
MiKCaAnGag- oS Shek Ee ml r b =) (sve b July. Kan potent). oa!
12 | Mammoth Cluster, McCormick__... ml} obe | b vg July, Aug. Am, 6| 9 9
3 | Muskingum (Hybrid?) __-.______-- 1 r pr! veg m July, Ohio 8| 9 8
ere GMe aoe a Ss Dede. oa ee See 1 rob b g m July. Neb. Bil 5 9
Fo gie nO me: 2 la ae Se ee Oe oe 2 Oe 1 r b | g me July. Ohio 8] 9 9
BGR POl dors. Fe 222 stg ee m | r bye) ee m July. Iowa. 8/9 9
Mim sPaliner ieee. ate ke = 0) in r b | ve bJuly. | Ohio. | 8| 9| 9
18 | Shaffer (Hybrid ?)-.._-.._..._-_--_- 1 r pr ve me July. BN 8 | 10 &
19") Souheran, Tyler. 2 oe ; m r b g bm July. | N. H. 8| 9 8

|

FRUIT CATALOGUE, 199

SECTION XIII—QUINCES.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Color.

y. yellow.

eters Roied | Number.

Locality.
o

a6

5 PRR
me : |Oa
$|\3 \S0
8| 8 \53
Oo] a |n™
* * *
wee we bod
|

a eee |
tit: lake shore.

Remarks,

An early and prolific bearer. Very downy. Very late.
Said to be very productive and of superior quality.
Well known and universally approved.

Larger than the orange and equally good. Tree thrifty.

SSECTION XiV.—RASPBERRIES.—Rusus OccipenTALIS AND SUPPOSED HysrRips;
RootTinG FROM THE TIPS OF THE BRANCHES.

© COG Pwr | Number.

Pale
xX Hew %&

* UK *

x%
* %

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.

Color.

b. black. p. purple. r. red. y. yellow.

Locality.
a}
-
oe
i - |O@
2/4 lao
~ Yr |S
g| 8 |83
Olm in”
eon ke Oe Oe
* | ex *
* * *
* * *
*? | *D | *P
ee *% eR
KE chk *
* * *
*? *? *E
cS ee *E
of * *
ok * see
* | x
ak | ke | ex
I * ok
* ok *

Northern

kia

% Hero

*

* *¥U

x
Hero

lake shore.

1
1
%& 1
1

Remarks,

Of medium quality only.

Supposed hybrid between Idzeus and Occidentalis. A family berry.
One of the most promising of the new early sorts.

A new and promising early variety.

Desirable when great hardiness is required. A little later than Souhegan.
Fruits on new canes till killed by frosts.

Larger than McCormick. Is now the leading Black Cap. _

Nearly as large as Gregg; better in flavor, and clear black in color.

A very popular sort. ¢

Very seedy. For this reason profitable for drying.

One of the largest medium early black caps. :

Plant vere vigorous with stout thorns. Very productive. Formerly very
popular.

Apparently an improvement upon Shaffer. Fruit firmer.

Much like Gregg, and claimed to be hardier.

A profitable market variety; good for drying. Very hardy.

A promising new variety.

The best early Black Cap. Posie ear ’ . 1
Enormous grower and bearer. Fruits ripen in succession. Superior for canning.
A good, early, market Black Cap.

200

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION XV.—RASPBERRIES.—Rusus Ipmus snp Srricosus, INCREASING BY

SUCKERS OR SPROUTS.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.

Form.
c. conical, ob. obtuse. r. roundish.
Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Names. nk vy, ;
g : Pa evk (ea d goo} cakes
E Br. 8° i) eeeeed 2 & |l|2/4
5 AS 3) i) I a ee | 6] 8
A D fy i) eo RQ S AlO|la
IN Brandywine ots hei ae ee m )}|/ Pobies| bir ve July. Am. 8} 9 9
An bk Os Fist MI CS nee ed Ea c be Vv e July. Conn, Salas 7
a) |onimeon Beauty 2.022 ee m re be ve b July. Kas. Sree i 8
£N@uth pertss woe eee ] ine be b m July. Neos 81° 8 110
OuiGolden(@neen.-2 Sos a Raa 1 ric oO b m July. N.J. 8| 8 i)
Dbaimilansell gS. Wt So eee a 8 r r g b July. N.J Chal 7
di peerstine. 2220 Vel 2 ee ee ] robe} bs ve July. Penn. | 10/ 10 8
Sie Mariboro i 2... 27 2845 ee 1 r r g b July. N. Y. Valea 9
ON Oranges: st Shed tel CGS Mul eee eye 1 c fo) b July. Penn. | 10} 10 4
105" Philadelphia: =: -.2 4 = ee Se eae. m r pr g July. Penn. 6| 8 8
UA ReGen ees eS Mes eee 1 r br ve m July. Mich. 9| 9 6
2m) Reliance sss = ob 2) She eS m r br g e July Navi 9/ 9 8
s TS 3 ed Rad 8 (5) Dea 9 am Ie eo m r br veg July. Ml. 9/ 8 9
SECTION XVI.—STRAWBERRIES.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form. Color.
ce. conical. o. oblong. b. bright. p- pale.
co. coxcombed. ob. obtuse. c. crimson. r. red.
l. long. ov. oval or ovate. dudanks. 8. scarlet
n. necked. r. roundish.
Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Names. ?
s ‘ ; f to |.
5 eae: | Bg Be
E PAN OD utp eS i Ba Me al = & B | B\3|s
S ‘NS 5) } o 3 ® = By o| 6/8
Zz n cd 'é) Co 7] a io) io) Aalo/la
TAT hacen weeny her aoe m ove r b m 9 June. Ont. 8; 9 6
20 | wieder, Wood) ooo ] re c b Misa toms Til. 7A een pe Lb
Su belmon be uu yee eS vl lre b b f 2078 Mass 10/7) 825 a
PBI well eet a a ie Wo eraser ewe b f Tes Mich. 9 6
Miebubsch: Now pense) LDU vl j|obre ec | ve p ree ANE ve Nl. Soles 10
Gy \Captainiwack --. 2b m re be | ve b Eval Ole nse Mo. Beng
7 | Charles Downing--_______-__- ] re ds | veg b WU LO ee Ken. 8/ 8 5
Sil ROrescenbiet od ee ee eel 1 c ds g |bobs| s jae Conn. 7| 4 2
SGumberland 25222312 23 ae vl j|robc| b ve b my lieu ties Penn 98 8
AO HANAN alee hie ee 1 cco | dr g b f PAF Ohio. diate 9
PE ping eae seem Rn ml|rdc/| bs g p f TG ies Nii Balok 9
ou PATEK eee ee Oi we Ce vl oc be | ve p mia ees Ohio Sal eves 8.

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 201

SECTION XV.—RASPBERRIES.—Ruvusus Ipmus anp Stricgosus, INCREASING BY
SUCKERS OR SPROUTS.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Color.

b. bright. c. crimson. oO. orange. p. purplish. r. red, s. scarlet.

Locality.
S| 9 Remarks.
Pe Sle
[9] 7 ~
ae §| 4 \gs\ge
5/3/48] 8 l|Salon
zlalola la-lan
1 | *2 | *P | *? | *2 | *? | Its beauty, size, color and firmness are strongly in its favor.
ay [eset | eck yt he An early red. Does not set well. Not fully hardy away from lake protection.
Unproductive on southern lake shore. itt
8 | *2 | *2 | *? | *2 | *2 | Not self-fertile. Must be planted with other varieties.
A EET ES Ry) ey |e yee fe, productive and hardy. Has come to be the leading market variety
of its class.
5| *) *| *| * {| * | Like Cathbert, except in the color of the fruit.
6| *{ *| *| *| *| Hardy. Lacks vigor and productiveness.
7 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *? | *? | May not be fully hardy in the interior of the State. Lacks firmness. Valuable
where it will stand; especially for home use.
8|-*| *| *| *| * | Fairly vigorous and productive. Is being extensively planted.
Oilaeeaee | se se ||) ae gate ee winter protection. Unequaled for amateur purposes; but very
tender.
ONY eee ee eee ee ee Entirely hardy; dull color; lacks quality and size. Suckers but little. A bad
shipper. Nearly abandoned.
1i | *? | *2 | *2 | *2 |____| Highly esteemed where fully tested. Canes not always healthy.
12 | *? | *P | *2 | *? |. *? | Berries good, even size. Profitable, but its color is too dark. ‘
ASalecouere re ee | fe. Very Berey ; productive. Suckers profusely. Lacks firmness. Old but still
valuable.

SECTION XVI.—STRAWBERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SEOTION.

Sex of blossoms. Texture. Season.
b. bi-sexual or perfect. f. firm. The date (in June) of the ripening of the first perfect
p. pistillate. m. medium. specimen is given in each case as the most con-
8. soft. venient mode of indicating the relative season.
Locality.
S| © Remarks.
2 q 3 q S
® | . jogiog
2 Del cia [see lectoe
GB #/e/ 3 selee
Bial|o a|Ood
z2\|a@|/o/ea leanlao
1 | *? | *? | *2 | *P | *2 | Hybrid of the late Chas. Arnold. A fairly productive early sort for home
use.
2) *| * | ** | ** | * | Plant healthy and vigorous—Market.
C5] See | tere ____|.__.| Superior dessert fruit, May prove profitable for market.
4 | *P | *P | *2? | *? | *? | Does not always ripen well at the tip. Valuable no longer.
5 | ** | ** | ** | ek | & | One of the best new varieties for market.
6 | *? | *? | *2 | *P | *? | Productive. Even sized, but not large enough or good enough.
7 | *2 | *? | *2 | *? | *2 | Rusts badly. Its place is now occupied. :
teh fie SSO AS WIS Roll od) ia 2 Miscrous plant. Very prolific, but lacks quality and firmness. Foliage
ealthy.
9) *| *| *| *| * | Excellent asa berry for home use, or for near marketing.
10} ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Oneof the largest and most productive.
11] +} +] + | | 1 | Promising for market. ; ;
12 | *? | *2 | *P | *P | *? | Bears profusely. Will not remain long on the list.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECTION XVI._STRAWBERRIES.—Continvuen.

Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.

Names. ,

A S g ee eee

2 . . = 5 q As) me a=] ®

E Sree tS | ad Walia g ® |2|2/14

= N i} o} =} () i) ® [= [-) 3° o

Z mn od io) oe 2) i= n ° Al|O|a
13 EIT k pepe Pee alate me oe Uae vl obec | bc | vg b m | 19June.| N. J. 9 i) ae
14 | Gem (Nehring)________-___- vl c br g p f 1 Tit. 6) |e S(Ge9
159 "Groonvillosse seseee rane 1 re be g p brated tent fps 2 Ohio. 8|-alaae
T6s|\WHavoriangd ses eee sue 1 oc be | vege p f£ 11 Ohio. Qi ee 9
17 | Jersey Queen_-____-_-_-.-__- m obec c g p ri ds Gye ae N. J. 7 LSS al
18) ROBBIO Sees ae ee ee vl obc | bc | vg b fi 0 Yen Wis td Pees |e
195 "Kontuckky.02 00) 2 eae eas 1 ries Dissa| avis b Ty? | AB ate: Ky. ro (nae We 27]
20 | Manchester. _____._____-_-_- 1 er c g p f 26, 5.% N. J. 8 8
ais Marshall ye ote ys ere a serene mee) ss lls Cee eos ees Be one Mass; |.22 4.
P20) Miner es 52s Aj ees 1 re c g b 8 a ee N. J. ree) 7
BM Ge Vernon onal ess) enka 1 cr bs g b peeve We Ee beeen |p ee ee Yi aes: 8
24 | Mrs. Cleveland -_______.___- in Sa | er eae Dea Sess ibys Ohio. gl eS)
25 | Parker Earle _______.______- ml c c ve b i pee Texas 8) aa eei6
26nlParrye soe. eet Gee ee vl |robe 8 b f 26a N. J 10) ese
OA Pearl): e222 2 52 koe Dek m oc c b b perv aly 7 a) N. J. eee ee
285) Saunders). 5-2 2 ] c c veg b f i Pee Ont. pe eee I)
29 | Sharpless, Ontario ____.-__- vl|occo| br]|vg b et ea Penn ty | eine | ft)
Oat ces rao lad eaeges ot Se ee hf a a ee | ns eee |
FL) (SA By 6 0 0) 2) 0 Rem Nh eG, | [eS (| Wee gc) PSS SIE) kVp Os ON ca al || ee lye ee al
32 | Triomphe (de Gand)--_____- 1 robc}| br b b f 1 Pe Bel. 10))) S22 RS
SSUhVickee at eck sk eae re m re c ve b f 1 Yin Mo EWE E Pale
84 | Warfield No. 2_..-....-.___- m c dr|ve p f 120 48 Tl 9 |--2] 10
Soul aWlison eee. as wee a l re de g b f qi N. Y 6 9

SUMMARY OF REJECTED VARIETIES.
List oF APPLES.
(The dates, 1893, etc., show the year the variety was dropped.)

Names. Year. Names. Year.
(American “Beauty. 2-22 22. 2 oe eee 1898))|| (Drap @’ Or eee ee 1893
American, Lippin 222 2.2 i See 1393)": Harly Wong Stemiesses sere: See eee pees 1888
An PlovAmoerican. oe. io) kee ee 18939 -Evening artyee soe oe ee een eee 1890
Avni iannahe - ti Se eee 1890 || Flower (of Genesee) -__.___.-----_------ ---- 1893
Autumn Pearmain: 2292" eee 1879! |i Bort: Miami 22 oe ee ie es eee 1888
Foundling 26 ea Re ee eee 1893
aolu NS OLS RE eee aS ee Fourth of July=st22:-. 2 se Se 1893
Bantyiot Want, <5. 1.0.4... een 1893 || Gabriel (Ladies’ Blush) _______._----------- 1888
Balls ot Bonne. 26/5 0.200 aes oe | 1893 i ae den [Comstoee =) ee cae

= a a ETS Mra en Lie tuk es) : Feen’s OhGice ame ao ers a ee
BentloyiSweetso2. - 22 kee ee eee 1893 Hall Pa) he URPC REET TC TR ee AE ER 1883
Better) Than|Good=.- 22222 225-22 ee 1883 0
Beatie Greming 1.0). 20 ee 1203 || Heneetee es er el ae
Sg Sweet -_.--_-----..--------------------- cas Hop Tsland/Sweetis:- ass ee eee ae
Se SS ess epee se SSS cae SSS sss Sass Holland. Pippin W252. S222 eee aes

Ciro nical = eer Shee ose enna eee 1890 || Hollow Orewa ooh Dias ee Oak a 1893
CraisisvAngust=—— >t ee 2 ae oes ts area TSBB) | Horse: 424 eee ae eg ee a 1893
Camberiand (Spices 2s = eee ee 18033) Eousnnts sited seems fae es eee 1888
ID Jet | lan ae aE ee TER Cee Rorroe. 5 ne? 1590))||\eEont Oh nssetes se ee eee een ee ee 1893
Metro Black Lae IN a eae ie Ce TOS hi bral burt iyo ee we en Sa eee ce eee 1893
Detroit Hee een SS eee BE ORE Se 1893 /l| Indiana Havorite so. ss lee 2 ee ee aes 1898

FRUIT CATALOGUE. 203

SECTION XVI.—STRA W BERRIES.—ConrinvueEp.

Locality.
©
i=

ee
ie
S/da|as
a ~~ ~
a| 8 \ss
O}@m |c
* * Oo
xp | *p | *P
haloctathest
ee | RE *
* *p | *?
*p | *P | *P
#2 |-#2 | +
* | *p | *?
Veet eal aes
*p | => | *p
*2 | *D | *?
* * *
ae | ee | ek
*p | *p | *?
*p | xp | x2

* * *

* * *

Tt if tT

T T

*? | ¥2 | *?
ke | RE | ek

* * *

Northern
lake shore.

Remarks, =

Desirable late market berry. Good dessert fruit.

Plant exceedingly vigorous and prodactive. Fruit very large and showy.
Very promising for local market.

Plant vigorous. Proves valuable in many places. Stem weak. Fruit soft.

Variable. Sometimes productive, but is little grown.

Highly praised when preduced, but not generally productive.
Vigorous. A good late market berry. Nearly superseded.
Has been a leading market berry.

A highly praised new sort.

Vigorous and productive in some sections.

Very highly praised as a market variety by some growers. Quite late,

An Ohio seedling of fine promise.

Of good size and quality. Hardy. Very productive. Valuable if given high
cultivation.

Very pesniiect fine flavor. Large. Productive in some places. Plant generally
weak.

A promising fruit, of high quality. Subject to rust.

A promising market variety, originated by John Little of Ontario.

Is attracting much attention. Lacks firmness for distant marketing. Does
best in hills.

Introduced with high enconiums.

Not yet tested. Promises well.

Flavor rich, excellent. Must be grown in hills to warrant success for market.

In plant and fruit much like Captain Jack.

A vigorous plant. Very productive. Best for market.

Colors early. Only good when fully ripe. Later pickings fail in size, Form-
erly the leading market berry with the.mass of growers.

SUMMARY OF REJECTED VARIETIES.—Continvuep.

APPLES.—Continued.

Names. Year. Names. Year.

POLerseniCounty s-22 4-3 eee. 1393) ||Progress) ue. 8-52. a ee ee 1888
Jewett best a2 22 at es abchy Re CAR oe 1893) ||Peompkin Vkusset/.2 2022. 2 eee eee 1888

OWEN OCs Aer ie Set Ee SR 15032||;}Ouarrenden 8.) 22) 2 eee 1893
eR ivi) eee eet ne oy ee AN ee ReeteY eS eee eee eel’ TOSS 7| | RODECCRS-. = 05. 2-23 oo ee ee 1893
lanrotieetas 2 see Los Sea S eS 18930 ||P Richardson= — > 2.32. ae eee 1893
Hisie Korres cag Soe eat fo, ree ee NESSES Riverss ooo so ke ee eos eae 1888
Hancaster Greening: 2-22 he a 2k 1879 || Rose Red (Autumn Red).__-.___.-_--.___-- 1893
PISA EOI WOGtet see eine et se eR oy 2 Ae £893)’ Scarlet: Pearmain®._____. ee eae 1593
MAGNONS A eye Lh AR OE Se ee) 19SclE Sine @ asa, Non, es seer eae 1898
WEACORMDOR: 82 2th Ses ok Fed Eo Sree 1893s igSlingerland—.0. 32 = Shee aes 1893
MEAT SONS S52 ce See ee ees 1893); Somorset: (N.Y. e222 eres 1888
May (Seek-no-further)___________ “ 1393) ||eSpiced Sweets 23222. ee eee 1890
ayaa CS Sea eee a TS98y Stillman: 2: 7252 Os Se ee ees ae ee 1893
Melt-in-the-mouth_-_______________- f J888:||)Striped)| Bellflowers.22 2 ee 1893
NewarlchPippin. see! Rohe ee 18883) Summer Pippin eee 18938
Neiman jie ken eae eee a 1 8987| | Summer Rambo (Mich. 2 ee 1893
Northorn Sweeties 02s i 1888 || Summer Bellflower (N. Y.)-------------. -_-- 1888
Orange Pippin___________ ¥ 1893 || Summer Greening _____.__- u 1888
Ortley (White Detroit) __ _| 1893 || Sweet Baldwin ______- 1888
2TH AC] 9) bg 019 ea ee ee 1893 || Sweet and Sour__ 2 1890
Pound Royal (Winter) 22252 1893 || Sweet Rambo-_______-_-___ 1893

204

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SUMMARY OF REJECTED VARIETIES.—Continvep.

Names.

APPLES.— Continued.
Sweet Vandevere
Sweet Wihesap ..- 2.222222 coe ace nee
Table (Greening) 2:052> SSeS wee
Toole Indian -2-5- oe: a yee

Witorsaite se eae Cotte hie pasa Se =

Wostern-Spyen Ca. Jo. Ae. ae

Wihite Juneating 2 > 7s 2) See ee
White Spanish Reinette______._._____.____-

Wanter>Pippin ((Mich;) <=> 2 aes
Winter, Paradise. = 22°. 20 23) eae

Byers

Archduke. pte e. fson ee ee ee
Bauman May

Brant

Ghampagner' -2 2225" Ssa- 2 es eee
China Bigarreau—__ == 2. 222-2
Woelicates Ts. fo. 2 oie cues
Doctor: 225025 2128 3 esse ape aco cens eee

Names.

Sparhawk:2> 5 Ass aie ee eee
‘Tradescant/2_ 2222 oes ES Le Se ho
Transparent Guighe 2-22 oe eee
Tecumseh

CURRANTS.

Anger’s (Fertile de Anger) .___...___-_--_-_-
ative co . <i os a eS e ee

Canada; (Armold’s16)2-2 = eee
Cornucopia (Arnold’s 2) .__. __-.-----__-___-
Crevaling 8 2) 26! soe 2a 6 Se ieee res
Croton= =. 2 en ae ee
Blyira-2% oe ee eee

Kalamazoo.
Mottled

Nett (Keuka) so2-7 22-5.) tees osc ee
Norton's: Virginia. = eee ee
Othello \(Arnoldisist) ea ee
Perkina 2 ess eee ee

Rebecca sak ee ee ee eee ae
Roger’s:20 322 ees ae a eee
Senasquanl 4222 eae a es ee eee

Taylor's; bollitt.2- = ee eee
To Kalon ee ae
Union Village?!) oo iae ss See ee
York Madeira 3-22 3s es See

Stanwick-22 3 tos ee ee ee ee

Goubalt). 35-20 a 5 a See ee ee ee

Oswego -___-_-
St. Ghislain -.
Washington __
SW INGSOr 202 e CURL hn ee Lk oe, eee Ce eee

\

/

FRUIT CATALOGUE.

SUMMARY OF REJECTED VARIETIES.—Continvuep.

Year.

Names,

{SOUT oe eats Fi Oa ee ae Se ees

eine pret oes es ees Sot

ANTES ys UE BW fa CE ES ie RN Spe
Rep RASPBERRIES.

/NSSTRVAG Ge Ls oe es Oe ee Ae ee

Rip tole Be Pe sie ak eee ae a he

MarlysAmdnews= 522-295 2. 4 Se eo
HaSLOL(NaOmt) ios S231 eae hee es
Franconia

Hine 2S gel SE Ee eee ee eee

Naomi

BAHHOGI BSS! - eee 4 see ae ES os 3 ee

BuLAok Cap.
PEUIOLICATIOV DIVO 2 oss. 25 ae eed ee Pe

C

Migdale teres. le: oe ae ee ON Santee
Morenea= see See ies

GAsIAT OMG eee Es So ee ee ey
Golden Thormlless: 322202. -8 aes -ae aos

Lum’s Everbearing
Miami

Peeeen

el sry ete ee ee ee A
Downing

Large iwrhite Cina ches SoN 2 ee oe.
MaterAdmiraples:: a5. ease. oo eee tS Se he

Mate hed Rareripe: 2. 22.2552-=".[el=ss0 cece
Macon (iocal yee == 4228 oe fe Se
NIB COREE Roe eaeoua Be Ee
Nonnarell fstea 2 a ie SS

Oblong 22... i Se ee ee a ee

ullen

Reeves Late

nding Late: <9 2). eee er ee

Arbors 7. oe" 12 oo eee

Tippecanoe
Van Zandt
Variegated

Windoes

Afrique_____- See e tapos don Doe Sa Sete eee
Aericnlturalist= sss 4 55 eee

America. -

IBOSLOnY Pings. eee ae ne ee

Boyden (S

Bright [da

Sth boyden). >.) 252s Sa

IBEreesse ks ee oa ee ee

Burris New, bine) 22co- ees ee

Caroline

Cinderella.

Comeliges - iets We Laer a Eh Ae

Cowing

Damask: Beau tye see ees oe
Daniel Rognes oe ses ee
IDEM Warder soe tossee sli. eee

Downer

Dunecane sees Fi kee eee
Marky Canada tio) oe. ofS eee

Early Hudson

Hmpergr. ts oc s0 AE e

Essex Beauty

French

Grace

Great American
Green Prolific

Hervey Davis.s.2232-- iS eae

Flenderson! 28-222 ee eee ee ee

Hooker

205

206 | STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SUMMARY OF REJECTED VARIETIES.— Conrinuzp.

STRAWBERRIES.— Continued.

Names. Year. Names. Year.

indiana 2028 jee. he Jee ha Sek ee S03) OHIO =e: 2 22 oe Sak eee eel eee A ee 1393
FowalProlific Situs] elses er ee 1883 || Phelps (Old Iron Clad) .___..-..-..__2.-.__- 18938
AWOL ty 2k cote ees As aoe, NO, SD #893: Photoi(Martha) "one eee 1888
DUCHNOGN wee Sie a Ae Ae ee eee oe 1893'||; Pioneer ie eo ees 1888
RairkwoOod) 62 28a20 220A sie ee a eee 1885: || Pres. uincolntei. 22) eee ee 1883
Pres: Wilder es 3 so0 50 a ae ee ee 1883

IKGSsan y= kee ele ec es ee” la a ee 1883
(arzethy, Scarlot<-:i20 oes a. eae 1883 Romers eo coe soon ann conan noe an snn een n ns -an= 1883
Eeunig’s, White... 0-2. 2.22- ee 1883 || Russell-___._--.__-_..----------------------- 1885
Longfellow -_____ Hook obaalt Sub ae eee ere 1890 Bassett pe vanee Pos ROS sSSSseS seo a5 sac esee Hee
PSL Noe or "683 || Seedling Bliea 7s ct. ele aa
Gackhorst -_---.----.-_---------- 12---25--=-- 1883 ||| ‘Sanoen: CHinh: 2 eels ote awe peneenl tea 1885
PG eee ee een eee ene 1893 || Seneca Oneen 2 Te gee 1893
Major MeMahon 2. 2:2 200221 a2 Pears Ss 1883 || Springdale ety 1885
ja SSL SE 1885 || marta ee
AE ETE Sock Coane Seen ee Sone ee 3-52 des 1885 || Star of the West.._.....-...---..-......... 1883
Mayan 2 oc eg). te 2 os Ue ee 1893" | iSite (pee oie eee eee 1883
Metcalf bis Fai .328 S50 ee ee 1885: ||| Sterling-£220 02 ee ea es ee Be 1888
1 SEV ee en CER ee ee ee? Pee 1893" || SnekeriStates 2&3 ee eee 1893
Michipan = Meee seca. eee ey 1885: (Sninmiites 697 see Oa ee ee 1893
Minnesota 2 22-6. ok ee 1885 || Victoria (Golden Queen)-.._-..____.___.___- 1888
Monarch of the West.__._...-...._-__.------ }'* 1888: |/"Wiarre nes = 2a ke 5 ea ae Tae Sey nee | 1890
Napoleon Tn kes oes oe eee ease. 1883) Walden 22. 2aeso. see, a oe ee 1883
News Dontiniont]: 522-222). an eee #893 || Wilding Seedling 222222225!) ili ns » 1883
Now: erseyiscarlet i). 0_ = aaa 1883: ||| <Windsor Chief 2322 otics Sol iaar ot Paes 1881
NIC AOR St ot es ee es 1890 Woodrottet 3) a7 ee eee ee 1893

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

OF

fee) erly ido oa Ls

Prof. L. H. Barry isa Michigan product. Weare proud of his success
in life and we are glad the impulse which has enabled him to reach a posi-
tion in which he can wield a potent influence for good, was given him in
our state.

He was well born and his early formative years were spent in an atmos-
phere which was redolent of fruits and flowers. It was not a mere
sentimental appreciation of the good things of horticulture, but the com-
mercial spirit was uppermost, and the all-important question of “ Will it
pay” was constantly before him. The village of South Haven was his
birthplace and the date, 1858, was before our famous peach belt was a
matter of great notoriety.

BaILEy’s taste, even in his early boyhood, led him into interesting fields
of investigation. He had a passion for the acquirement of knowledge in
the realm of natural history, and while he was criticised by the older, very
knowing ones for chasing bugs and butterflies, hunting wild flowers, and
watching the habits of birds, he was nursing the germ which has grown
and not only made him famous, but enabled him to doa noble work for
horticulture, and none are more proud of his achievements than his early
critics.

His early contributions to the programme of the local horticultural
society were suggestive of the later lines of investigation which he has
undertaken, and in the early official horticultural literature of our state
are contributions from his boyhood’s pen.

He took the course at our State Agricultural college and was a marked

208 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

man in his career there. Aside from rounding out the scientific side of his
mind, he began here his work in journalism, a work he has continued in
varied lines to this day. His first editorial experience was as manager of
the college Speculum, before he completed his course of study there.
After taking his Bachelor’s degree, for a couple of years he enjoyed the
great pleasure to any student of botany, of sitting at the feet of Dr. Asa
Gray, America’s greatest botanist. On the suggestion of his recent
instructor and cherished friend, Dr. W. J. Beau, he was appointed by Dr.
GRAY as assistant in Harvard’s famous botanic gardens. This gave him a
grand opportunity for development along his chosen linés; and while
drinking in the technical knowledge of botany at Cambridge he acquainted
himself with the methods of the amateur and professional gardeners about
Boston and became a voluminous writer for the agricultural press upon
horticultural topics.

It was while engaged here that a vacancy occurred in the chair of horti-
culture at our own Agricultural college. The state board of agriculture
remembered BaILey’s career as a student and, although he seemed very
young, and himself would not have thought of being a candidate for the
position, he was called back to his native state and his alma mater. For
more than four years he was professor of horticulture, then endearing him-
self to his students, his associates on the faculty, and to the horticulturists
of the state. Horticulture was given a great impetus at the college and
became a popular department with the undergraduates. Prof. BatLry’s
college lectures were very entertaining and he succeeded in making usually
uninteresting subjects so juicy and wholesome that the young men
were tempted to take with him more than their allotment of horticultural
instruction.

While occupying a chair at this college his ability as a lecturer gave
him many calls to address local horticultural societies, granges, and
farmers’ clubs, the acceptance of which gave him a large and valuable
acquaintance in the state.

In 1886 Prof. BaiLEy accompanied a party of botanists and did some
excellent work, under the auspices of the Minnesota geological survey, in
gathering data concerning the flora of northern Minnesota. A little later
he accompanied a similar party which took a trip across the state of Mich-
igan in the region of the jack-pine plains, gathering botanical information
and making notes of especial value to forestry interests. In 1888 he took
a flying trip to Europe and from that year until the date of this writing
he has occupied the chair of horticulture at Cornell university, to which he
was called by the trustees of that institution, at the earnest solicitation of
leading horticulturists of the Empire state. The position has been a

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF PROF. L. H. BAILEY. 209

grand one in which to develop and employ his admirable qualities of mind
and heart.

During these later years he has not confined his attention to giving
tuition in horticulture to the students of Cornell, but has been teaching in
a far broader school; for as editor of American Gardening, which in many
respects was the finest horticultural publication in the world, he made his
impress upon the horticulture of America.

He has written many books, attractive and valuable, illustrative of the
progress of the art to which he is devoted. Among them are “Talks
Afield,” “Annals of Horticulture for 1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, and 1893,”
“The Horticulturist’s Rule Book,” “The Nursery Book,” “ Cross-Breeding
and Hybridizing,” ‘“‘ American Grape Training.”

He was associate editor in charge of agriculture, in revising the last
edition of Johnson’s Encyclopedia, and is now engaged in revising Grey’s
Field, Forest, and Garden Botany for the trustees of Harvard university.

As horticulturist of the experiment station at Cornell university, Prof.
Baiey has done some of his best original work, the results of which have
been very thoroughly disseminated by means of bulletins and the
agricultural press.

But the value of his work centers in his ardent endeavors to elevate
horticulture as an art and to emphasize the importance of the close rela-
tionship of scientific investigation to progress in skillful methods
employed in commercial gardening and fruitgrowing.

The labor and influence which redounds most to his honor and useful-
ness are his earnest and persistent efforts to popularize rural life and its
possibilities, as aided by a knowledge of horticulture, and his stirring
appeals for an appreciation and utilization of the natural beauties of the
earth, especially in the forms of shrubs, trees, vines, and plants, in making
homes more attractive. He has spoken eloquently and written attractively
upon the preservation and maintenance of nature’s beautiful forms, that
are so often sacrificed in “clearing up” a country.

His warm and enthusiastic pleas in favor of choosing an occupation
which will not only enable men and women to have attractive dwelling
places, but be enabled through their occupation to bring into their lives
the sweetest things of the earth, have been a power for good throughout
our land in assisting toward more permanency in home life, and a larger
appreciation of horticulture as a factor of the happiest existence in this
world.

The horticulturists of Michigan, and especially the Michigan Horticult-
ural society, feel honored in pointing to the work of Prof. L. H. Bai.ey,

in behalf of an advanced horticulture. It gives us satisfaction to announce
27

210 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

his nativity; and when some captious critic of our Agricultural college
asks, “‘ What has it doue for practical agriculture?” we point to men like
Baiuey and say, “The investment of our state is bringing forth through
the work of these sons of the college a hundred fold, which is turned
directly into the lap of practical agriculture.”

In presenting the portrait of Prof. BarLry as the frontispiece to the
volume we indicate our recognition of his services to our society and state.

C. W. GARFIELD.

BULLETINS

AMRICULTURAL EAPERIMENT STATION,

MICHIGAN,

AT LANSING.

MICHIGAN EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS.

PEACH AND PLUM CULTURE IN MICHIGAN.

IBN Bis sd aha wu RY be

Bulletin No. 103.—Horticultural Department.

INTRODUCTION.

The importance of peach and plum growing as productive industries is
but slightly appreciated, except by those persons who have visited the large
commercial orchards in the fruitgrowing sections, during the shipping
season. During the past two or three years the crops have been so remu-
nerative that the acreage has largely increased, and many persons have
engaged in growing these fruits who have had little or no experience. In
order to handle their orchards successfully they have endeavored to inform
themselves as to the best methods to pursue and, as one source of informa-
tion, this station has received numerous letters asking about the best loca-
tions and exposures for peach-growing, the methods and time for pruning,
the best soil and fertilizers, the varieties to plant, and the methods of com-
batting the various insects and diseases.

Appreciating the importance of these crops, and the necessity for accu-
rate information as to the proper way to handle them, the following bul-
letin has been prepared. In the few pages that we shall devote to the
subject, it is our aim to take up such topics relating to the cultivation of
these fruits as seem of most importance, and regarding which the most
inquiries have been received.

As is well known, it will be difficult to find two fruitgrowers who can
agree upon all matters of planting, pruning, cultivation, etc., and it can
not be expected that every one will coincide with the methods of procedure
here recommended. It must be understood that the character of the soil,
of the season, the variety, or the surroundings, will exert such an influence
that what may be a proper method of handling an orchard at one time or
place, may be unwise at another. On the other hand, while, under average
favorable conditions, some particular distance of planting, height of head,
and method and time of pruning will give best results, a slight deviation

214 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

one way or the other will make but little difference, and the conditions may
make it a rational one.

The methods here recommended have been found valuable in our own
orchards and are used by the most successful fruitgrowers of the state.
Believing that no iron-clad rule will answer for all cases we have frequently
outlined two or more methods of procedure and, as we have stated the con-
ditions that would influence our selection, trust that the grower will have
no difficulty in making a rational choice.

THE PEACH AND ITS CULTIVATION.

While it is probable that the peach was grown in Michigan at a much
earlier date by the Indians and the early French settlers, the first well-
authenticated planting of peach trees in the state was by a Mr. Burnett
in Berrien county about 1809, some of which were alive in 1830.* As
early as 1835 the peach crop of Berrien county began to be of commercial
importance locally, and in 1839 the first peaches were sent to Chicago
market from St. Joseph. From that time the planting gradually increased,
not only in Berrien county, but it extended northward along the shore of
lake Michigan and in favorable locations in the interior counties. In
1874 there were more than 650,000 peach trees in Berrien county, but the
scourge of “yellows” destroyed most of the orchards and spread into
the adjoining counties. As a method of holding the disease in check has
been found, confidence in the crop as a commercial venture has returned,
and in the county of Berrien alone it is estimated that 200,000 peach trees
will be planted in the spring of 1894, while large areas will be set in other
sections.

In favorable locations the peach has shown itself a profitable crop, and
in the words of C. D. Lawton of Lawton, “itis an undoubted fact that
the production of peaches in western Michigan, when circumstances are
favorable and the cultivator skilled in his work, is one of the most profit-
able branches of agricultural industry pursued in the United States,” while
another well-known Michigan horticulturist has said in speaking of this
fruit: “The peach is the most delicious, the most beautiful, and the most
profitable of all our fruits, and nowhere on this continent is it grown to
greater perfection than here in Michigan.”

By the “ Michigan peach belt” a tract from five to ten miles in width,
extending from St. Joseph to Grand Haven, was originally meant, but the
“belt” has in recent years both lengthened and broadened, as some of the
orchards that have been most profitable are located in Oceana, Mason, and
Grand Traverse counties, and even as far north as Charlevoix (Lat. 45°
30’) they are grown with considerable certainty. Not only are there
orchards which have produced profitable crops in favorable locations scat-
tered all over the lake shore counties, but they can be found in nearly
every county south of Montcalm (Lat. 48°), and during the past few years
the climatic conditions have been such that, in many sections in the
interior of the state, the crop has been nearly as sure as in the famed
“peach belt” itself. It must be understood, however, that these orchards
are in exceptionally favorable localities and that while they may succeed
upon one acre, there will be a thousand where not only the crop, but the
trees themselves, will be destroyed in any except the more favorable sea-
sons. With a proper selection of a a location, especially if the ameliorating

* Winslow’s History of St. J oseph.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 215

mfluence of lake Michigan can be secured, with a suitable elevation, a
well-drained and properly fertilized soil, and intelligent treatment of the
orchards, a crop cai on an average be expected in two out of three if not
three out of four years. The crop is, therefore, not absolutely a certain
one, and judging from the past we may occasionally expect a winter in
which, even in the peach-growing sections, the peach trees except in unu-
sually favorable locations will be badly injured, if not killed outright.

HARDINESS OF THE PEACH.

While the peach is classed among the tender fruits, it is only relatively
so, as, if in good condition, the fruit buds of our best commercial varieties
can withstand for a considerable length of time a temperature of twelve
or fifteen degrees below zero, and instances have been known where
peach trees have been subjected to eighteen or twenty degrees for a short
time, and a fair crop secured the following summer.

In a location adapted to peach culture, and with hardy varieties, it is not
the extremely low temperatures that are to be feared, so much as the
entering on the winter with trees in an unripened condition, or the injury
likely to follow the swelling of the buds during a warm spell in winter,
while in some localities the danger from late spring frosts is even more to
be dreaded. Among the other conditions that will greatly affect the
amount of injury done by cold, are the circumstances under which the
trees are thawed out. If after a very cold snap, when the thermometer has
gone as low as minus eighteen or twenty degrees, the sun comes out bright
and an immediate and rapid rise in temperature ensues, the fruit buds
will almost invariably be destroyed, and the trees themselves may be seri-
ously injured; on the other hand, if the sun remains clouded and the trees
are slowly thawed out, many of the buds may, if they were in perfect con-
dition, escape. Little, if anything, can be done to secure a gradual thaw-
ing out of the trees, but an earnest effort should be made to so handle the
orchard that the trees will enter upon the winter in as perfect condition
as possible. So much depends upon the effect of elevation and exposure,
that the intelligent fruitgrower will make a thorough investigation into
the climatic condition possessed by a certain locality before selecting it as
a site for a peach orchard.

A section of a bud that is in a perfect condition, compared under a
microscope with one from a bud in which development has commenced,
will show how it is that one may escape while the other is injured. The
dormant bud has its scales folded closely together but, in the one that
has started, they have a loose, open appearance that causes them to feel the
effect of the slightest change in temperature; on the one hand they are easily
chilled and, on the other, the thawing out will be so rapid that injury will
almost certainly ensue. While the. structural condition of the bud itself
has much to do with its ability to withstand cold, it is probable that the
main reason why the dormant bud is less susceptible to cold is that the
vital functions of the tree are at rest while, after the buds have commenced
to swell, the cell contents are in an active condition and the amount of
water they contain is much increased.

INFLUENCE OF LAKE MICHIGAN.

The fruitgrowers in the western part of the state, with orchards within
one to ten miles of lake Michigan, have a location that is particularly

216 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

favorable. During the month of February, when as a rule the tempera-
ture is lowest, and there is the most danger from severe cold, the record
for twenty years shows that the average temperature at Ludington is
about the same as in Branch and Hillsdale counties, and “ careful records
kept for several years at Traverse City and Northport show that the mean
temperature during the winter months is several degrees higher there
ae at Ann Arbor” (Sanford Howard, Report State Board of Agriculture
or 1867).

The lowest temperature to which the thermometer falls is, however,
of more importance than is the average temperature and, in that
respect, the lake, so long as the breezes are from the west, has a
marked effect in keeping the temperature above zero. Again, in April it
is desirable to have the growth held back as long as possible in order
that the buds and blossoms may not be injured by late spring frosts.
The observations of the Weather Service show that for the month of
April the average temperature at Grand Haven is about the same as in
Roscommon county, nearly one hundred and fifty miles further north,
while in May the isotherm of Grand Haven crosses the center of the state
at Otsego county, or two hundred miles north of its initial point in the
state. The lowest limit at Traverse City is about eight degrees F. higher
than at St. Louis, Mo., which we think of as well to the south. The pre-
vailing cold winds in winter are from the west and, before reaching the
“peach belt,” must pass over lake Michigan, which is unfrozen in the coldest
weather. It can be readily seen that the cold winds coming across the
plains to the westward, at a temperature of from 30 to 40 degrees, when
they reach the lake with a temperature from 60 to 70 degrees warmer,
will be considerably ameliorated in passing over the eighty or ninety
miles of open water between the shores. In fact, the effect produced in
extremely cold weather is often as much as twenty-five degrees, so that
when it is twenty-five degrees below in Wisconsin, it is not likely to be
zero at the same latitude in Michigan. A glance at the map will show that
to escape its influence, a wind must come from some point to the east of
north, from which direction extremely cold winds are almost unknown.
The waters of lake Huron and lake Erie have a slight influence upon the
temperature, as is shown by the isothermal charts.

A third effect of the lake is to delay the occurrence of the frosts in the
autumn, thus giving grapes, peaches, and other crops an opportunity to
ripen. Although the average temperature of the spring and early summer
is somewhat lowered by the influence of the cold water of the lake, it has
the reverse effect during August, September, and October, so that the
average temperature of those months is about the same at Traverse City

as in Katon and Clinton counties.

ELEVATION AND EXPOSURE.

Except in the southern part of the lake shore “peach belt”? (and even
there it should not be entirely overlooked), it is of the utmost importance
that proper regard should be paid to the selection of a site for a peach
orchard. While we generally speak of elevation as being desirable, it is in
a relative sense, principally, that it is of value, as a location upon a hill-
side where the land slopes off gradually to a valley one hundred feet below
is far preferable to one on a level plateau, even though it be two or three
hundred feet higher. Cold air is heavier than warm and, if the conditions

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 217

are favorable, it will sink to the lowest possible level. A slope of a few
feet, down to a little pocket-like depression, will be of but little value as
this will soon fill with cold air. What is needed is a depression of consider-
able breadth or depth, or, if it is only a narrow valley, it should lead into
another one into which the cold air can have uninterrupted flow. For
this reason it is always desirable to have a stream, even though it be buta
small one, flowing through the lower ground. Judge Ramsdell of Trav-
erse City, in “ Michigan and its Resources,” mentions a well authenticated
case where a difference in temperature of eleven degrees was noticed in four-
teen feet elevation, where the lower level was in the form of a pocket, but
on his own farm he notes one instance of a difference of ten degrees in one
hundred feet elevation, where there was a gradual slope towards Traverse
bay. As he well says, “A hundred feet elevation, with open air drainage
to lower levels, may determine the difference between a crop of fruit and a
ruined orchard; and in enclosed valleys, or basins, twenty feet may do the
same.” The truth of this can be seen when it is understood that peach
buds will withstand a temperature twelve or fifteen degrees below zero,
while the trees are often killed at twenty-five degrees below. Asarulea
hillside is preferable to a hilltop, as a location for a peach orchard, espe-
cially if the latter is of considerable extent, and level, both on account of
the better air drainage, and because the trees will be less exposed in severe
wind storms.

Regarding the best exposure for a peach orchard, it is not possible to
offer any set rule, as the seasons and the locations vary to such an extent
that it would not apply in all cases, and in all seasons. In one year a north
slope will give better results than one with a westerly exposure, while the
next year it may be reversed. The following general statement may, how-
ever, aid the prospective planter of a peach orchard. While a westerly slope
has its advantages, near lake Michigan, as the influence of the water is more
marked on that side than on the other, it has the disadvantage of exposing
the trees to the full force of the wind and sleet storms from that direction,
which often cause great loss both of trees and fruit. The south slope is
seldom advisable, as there the temperature often rises so high in bright
days in winter, as to swell the buds, which are then likely to be injured by
the first low temperature; moreover, and this is perhaps the more com-
mon cause of injury, the buds start earlier in the spring, than on the north
slope, and are more likely to be destroyed by spring frosts. Another objec-
tion to the southern exposure, and one which also applies to an eastern slope,
is that the early morning sun will more quickly thaw out the frozen buds,
than it will when the trees are planted on the north or west side of the hill.
We can only take the average of the seasons and say that in sections, within
ten miles of the lake shore, where there is no intervening elevated land,
the first choice seems to be the westerly and the second the northerly expos-
ure, followed in order by the slopes to the east and south. In the southern
portion of the state, away from the immediate influence of lake Michigan,
there seems to be but little choice between the east and west slopes, but
the concensus of opinion among fruitgrowers seems to place them in the
above order, except that, for some of the late sorts that barely ripen,
the westerly slope is generally chosen. As stated above, the climatic con-
ditions of a certain season may make one of the exposures, for the reasons
given, by far preferable to either of the others, while the following winter
may be so different, that the slope which was least adapted to succéss the
previous year will give best results, and the proper course to pursue

28

218 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

then is to select the exposure which, everything else being equal, has given
best results for a term of years.

THE SOIL AND ITS PREPARATION.

The location and exposure have so much to do with the success or failure
of a peach orehard that they are considered here, before the matter of soil
is takenup. This seems to be eminently proper, as, while a variety of soils
will give good results, peaches can not be grown with success unless they
have a suitable location. It is often said that any good corn or potato soil
will do for peaches, but while this may be true it is well to be more explicit.
The ideal soil for peaches is a well drained, rich, sandy loam. Not only
is it as well or better adapted to the growth of the tree than any other, but
they are more sure to bear, wili ripen earlier, and the fruit is larger, of bet-
ter quality, and superior in flavor to those grown on a clay, or clay loam.

Peaches are very susceptible to the presence of water at their roots, and
unless the land has thorough natural drainage it should be freed of its
surplus water by means of tile drains. The fact that heavy soils are likely
to be somewhat wet, owing to their having an impervious hard-pan, is
another reason in addition to those above given, why peaches are prefera-
bly grown on a light soil. If well drained and at a suitable elevation, good
results can, however, be obtained on a clay soil.

While a location where the land is in sod can be selected and the trees
set the same season, it is better to give at least one year to preparation,
using the land for some hoed crop. If it can be secured, a clover sod
turned under in the fall is excellent for an orchard, or for any fruit crop.
On light soils, where the sod is thin, it can be brought into fair condition
for the trees if plowed the fall previous to planting. Before the trees are
set it will be well to replow, although a thorough dragging will answer.

Except in very favorable locations, it is hardly safe to set peaches on
new land where there is much vegetable matter in the soil, as it is likely to
cause a rank and late growth, which is likely to be winter-killed. After
one or two crops have been taken off from the land, the trees can be safely
planted. Another reason for delay is that the soil is so light, owing to
the presence of the partially decayed roots and leaves, that unless care is
taken to obtain clear loam to pack around the roots, the trees are likely
to dry out. The leaves and other litter, however, are excellent to place
around the trees, upon the surface, as mulch.

METHODS AND DISTANCES FOR PLANTING.

When only a few trees are to be set, the holes can be dug with a spade,
but for a large orchard, labor can be saved if two furrows are run so as to
open up all of the rows in both directions. This will allow the trees to be set
at the intersections of the rows, without the labor of digging the holes
by hand. The trees may be planted at various distances and be arranged in
several ways. When planted in squares, some growers place the trees as
close as sixteen feet each way; very few plant at less than eighteen feet,
however, and a majority are now setting their orchards with trees at least
twenty feet apart, requiring about one hundred and nine trees per acre.

In some localities it is a common practice to plant in rectangles with the
trees from twenty by eighteen and twenty by sixteen feet to twenty by
fifteen, or as near as eighteen by twelve feet. At the last distance, the

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 219

trees, while small, have plenty of room but, after a few years have passed,
they begin to crowd. Such close planting is not advisable unless one has
an abundance of trees, when it may be economy of space to plant as above,
and, when the branches meet, take out every other one so that they will be
eighteen by twenty-four feet. At this distance, almost exactly one hun-
dred trees wili go upon one acre. With the trees twenty by fifteen feet
there will be the same chance to go between the rows one way as when
they are twenty by twenty feet, and one hundred and forty-five trees can
be set to the acre, or one third more than when the square is used.
After the trees are five or six years old, they will interlace and the crops
will be but little larger than would be borne by the smaller number of
trees. The same objection will hold against the trees planted twenty-two
by sixteen feet, and at either distance it will be more difficult to cultivate
than when they are in squares.

A third method of planting, known as the quincunx, or triangular
arrangement, consists in arranging the trees in diagonal lines across the
orchard, and thus making room for about one eighth more trees than can be
planted by the square method, with the trees the same distance apart.

' METHODS OF ARRANGING TREES.

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Squares. Rectangles. Quincunx,

This is an increase worth considering, but the distance between the rows
will be decreased in the same proportion, and this is a serious objection.
It does not hold, however, when the trees are placed twenty feet apart in
the rows and the rows are at the same distance. In this way the same
number of trees can be set and there will be an increase of about one
eighth in the distance measured diagonally between the trees, which will
then be about twenty-two and one half feet apart. While this distance
will be desirable on rich soil, if the orchard is to be on light sand or sandy
loam, the other may answer.

In laying out the land, it is a good plan to first stake it off into squares
not over four hundred feet on a side. If two opposite sides are marked
with stakes, at intervals the same as the proposed distances between the
trees, the location of the trees can be fixed by stretching a line or wire
marked at the proposed distances, and setting stakes at those points. A
No. 14 galvanized wire will be found best for the purpose, as it will not
stretch, and the trees can be more accurately located. The points for the
trees can be marked on the wire by twisting around it a short piece of
small wire and fastening it in place by means of a drop of solder. If a
garden line is used instead of a wire, one should be selected that will not
stretch, and the distances can be marked by tying short pieces of twine
about it. The holes for the trees should be about one foot deep and
eighteen inches in diameter, varying with the size of the roots and the
character of the soil. The trees should be set sufficiently deep that the

220 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

o]d stock will be covered, and the holes should be deep and wide enough
to take in the roots without cramping them. Upon soil with a stiff hard-
pan, it is well to dig the holes considerably wider than is needed by the
roots, as it will give them a better opportunity to develop.

In setting the trees, the soil should be carefully worked in among the
roots and firmly packed around them, taking pains by first filling the hole
half full of soil, that they are not bruised. The fine surface soil should be
used for the lower half of the hole, and then, after the roots have been
well covered, if they are partly rotted the sods can be put in, filling up
the hole with the subsoil.

The surface should be left level or slightly sloping toward the stems of
the trees. The opposite plan of mounding the soil around the trees is not
a good one except for fall-set trees, or in localities where mice are trouble-
some, when they may be banked up in the fall and the soil leveled off in
the spring.

SELECTION OF TREES AND VARIETIES.

One of the pivotal steps in peach-growing is the selection of the trees
and the varieties, as, however well the location may be chosen, or with ©
what care the orchard may have been handled, there will be no fruits to
reward one’s toil unless a judicious selection has been made.

If the grower has the necessary knowledge and can wait two years for
his trees, it will be as well, perhaps, if many trees are wanted, for him to
propagate them for himself, but the average person will do better to pur-
chase his trees of a nurseryman, who knows how and has the time to grow
~ and care for them in the best manner. Everything else being equal, it is
better to obtain nursery stock of all kinds from a nurseryman in the same
locality, or where the soil and climate will be similar to that of the orchard.
If purchased near home it will enable one to select the trees in the nursery,
and there will then be a better opportunity to get trees that are satisfac-
tory. In case the local nurseries are not patronized, the next best thing
is to write to some of the large nurseries of this or adjoining states,
giving the number and age of the trees, the names of the varieties desired,
and any other facts, and ask for prices. Before giving a large order it will
be well to have samples sent on for examination, and if everything is
satisfactory the trees could then be ordered from the man who furnishes
the lowest estimate, with a fair degree of safety. With all nurserymen,
however, this will not be a safe thing to do, as a low price may mean
inferior or worthless trees, and (although there should be a distinct under-
standing that there is to be no substitution) inferior varieties. If one is
familiar with the standing of the different firms, and if the samples are
satisfactory, it becomes a plain business transaction, and the trees ordered
will be most likely true to name and up to the standard in size and general
appearance. .

Many persons advocate the purchasing of trees from local tree agents who’
are known to be honest and reliable, but if a large number of trees are wanted
you can obtain them from the nurseryman, at as low a price as can the
agent who must charge for handling the trees, and besides, since they must
pass through the hands of a third party, there is the increased risk that
the varieties are incorrect, or that the trees will become dry or injured in
some way. The fruitgrower has little use for the average traveling tree
agent; although many of the so called tree peddlers are honest, understand

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 221

their business, and sell trees true to name and at fair prices, the proportion
is very small. Too often they fill orders for new and high-priced varieties,
with seedlings, or with cull or surplus stock, made up of any and all
varieties purchased from some grower. Asa rule his prices for trees of
standard varieties are from two to five times what they can be obtained
for direct from the nurseryman, and the novelties, many of which are
frauds on their very face, have not been sufficiently tested to determine
their value, and are seldom worth the price charged for them. While the
large grower can not, asarule, afford to get his trees from a tree agent,
there may be instances, when only a few trees of common sorts are wanted,
when the order can be given with safety, if the agent is known to represent
a reliable firm, and the trees can be obtained as cheaply as when obtained
direct and the carriage paid. The general rule can be given, that it is
unwise, from a commercial standpoint, to order from an agent a novelty
of which nothing is known except what can be learned from the gorgeous
plates he shows, and his lauding words.

It has been stated that it is well to purchase trees grown in a similar
climate and soil. This is not because other trees may not be as good of
themselves, but because trees placed under conditions unlike those under
which they have been grown are obliged to accustom themselves to the
changed conditions. This is especially true of trees grown in a warm
climate, where the soil is rich and moist, and carried to a cooler climate
with a short season and a dry, sandy soil. The original growth will be soft
and watery, and with the usual amount of roots found on nursery trees it
will be found necessary to cut the top back severely, thus giving an added
check to the trees. It isnot uncommon, when the large, bare stem is exposed
in this way, for the bark to be burned, and if the tree recovers at all it will
not be for several years. These conditions and results are more common
with the cherry and pear than with the peach.

AGE AND SIZE OF TREES.

A tree one year from the bud is of the proper age for planting, and any-
thing older should be rejected at any price. In digging a two-year-old
tree, all of the branching roots are cut off, and when set out it does not
recover itself until the second year, by which time a vigorous one-year tree
will have caught up with it, and will soon outstrip it. A medium-size
tree is best to plant, a large tree with its soft, watery stem and branches
being rejected for the reasons given above. Trees whose small size is
owing to a poor soil, or unfavorable season, may, if placed in good soil,
make a satisfactory growth, but it is often the case that the small size of
cull trees is owing to some inherent weakness in the stock or scion, and,
although they may in time outgrow it, the slight saving in price is not
enough to insure the risk.

Of fully as much and probably of more importance than the size and shape
of the top is the condition of the roots. They should be well-branched and
the divisions should not be less than six inches in length. While this will
not be the entire length of the roots in trees one year from bud, the tissues
of the roots will be so soft that rootlets will readily be sent out.

CARE OF THE TREES BEFORE PLANTING.

If a grower raises his own trees they should be dug in the fall and care-
fully heeled in, in some well-drained place, convenient to the orchard site.

222 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The trench should be dug one foot deep and two feet wide, in which the trees
should be placed, slanting toward the south at an angle of 45°. If placed
in single layers so that the soil can be thoroughly worked in between the
roots, they will come out in the spring in good condition.

Care should be taken to select a spot free from stubble or other litter,
and no straw or hay should be used to cover the trees, as it would invite the
field mice which might work havoc with them. If in a wind-swept spot
it would be well to cover the trees with evergreen boughs, or to provide
some similar windbreak, but it is hardly advisable to bury the trees in the
soil. If the trees are purchased, it is best to obtain them in the fall and
heel them in, as above described. By thus doing, you are more likely to
get the first pick of the trees, while if left until spring the desirable vari-
eties are likely to be sold out, and only culls left. Besides, in the rush of
the spring packing there are more chances of errors occurring and the pack-
ing may be put off until the buds have started, and a delay in transit is
more likely to cause the trees to dry out, or heat, than in the cool weather
of late fall.

Whether purchased or grown, precautions should be taken not to expose
the roots to the sun or drying winds. Blankets, tarpaulins, or straw should
be at hand to cover them, and if to be left any length of time, when there is
danger from either sun, wind, or frost, they should be heeledin. It fre-
quently happens that trees become dry or shriveled in transit, so that if
planted in that condition a large part of them will be lost. If not too far
gone, the bark and buds can be induced to fill out so that the tree will be
far more likely to grow, if it is buried tops and all for a week or ten days
in moist soil.

When trees are shipped any distance, a considerable saving in the cost
of boxing and freight would result if they are trimmed before they are
packed. The nurseryman can do it as cheaply as the planter, and asaving
of from two to five dollars can be made on each thousand trees, if they are
pruned as described later on.

SELECTION OF THE VARIETIES.

In making out a list of varieties of peach for planting, the first consid-
eration should be the hardiness of the trees and of the buds. Many of the
kinds that are spoken of asshy bearers are so only because the fruit buds are
so tender that in an average year they are destroyed; of course such kinds are
of little value and should not be considered in selecting varieties, especially
for a commercial orchard. Many of the kinds that are valuable in the states
to the south of us do not mature in Michigan and all such should be ruled
out. Whether for home use or market, a list should be chosen that will
furnish fruit in succession throughout the season.

The varieties should be regular and abundant bearers, and the fruit pro-
duced of good size and showy in appearance. The flesh should be firm
enough to ship well, yet fine, juicy, and melting, and of a rich, luscious
flavor. For most markets a free-stone peach is desired. While a variety
with yellow skin and crimson cheek is very attractive, those with white and
red are perhaps equally valuable. A moderately thick skin is desirable in
a peach for distant shipment, but its quality is to the same extent lessened,
while a thick, fuzzy covering is in no way of value and detracts much from
the worth as a dessert fruit and for market purposes. As is the case with
most fruits, it is impossible to combine all of these qualities in a high

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 223

degree in a single variety, as, if they are of high flavor, rich, and melting,
they are generally deficient in hardiness.

One of the difficulties in offering a list of fruits is, that sorts
which succeed well in one locality do not seem to thrive in another. If
the most successful fruitgrowers in the state were asked to furnish a list
of their most profitable varieties, the ten sorts having the most votes
would be: Hale, Lewis, St. John, Richmond, Barnard (or Snow’s Orange),
Jacques, Gold Drop, Late Barnard, Hill’s Chili, and Smock.

Although the above varieties have been found to succeed quite generally,
attention should be paid to the character of the soil in making out a list
for planting.

Hill’s Chili needs rich, well-drained soil, as, if planted upon hight sand,
the fruit will be under-size, and upon cold, wet land they are very fuzzy,
and late in ripening.

The Barnard is another peach that needs a fairly rich soil, but it does
better upon one that is of a sandy rather than of a clay nature.

Conkling and Wager seem to thrive upon arather heavy soil, while Hale,
Lewis, Jacques, Gold Drop, and Smock are generally fruitful upon either
sand or clay.

As varieties for home use that are of rather better quality, but less hardy
in fruit-bud, Honest John, Mountain Rose and Oldmixon may be used,
and in favorable locations they will be found good market sorts.

Salway is an excellent late variety but should not be planted except in
favorable localities, as it requires a long season. These kinds with, if
desired, a few Alexander (or Waterloo) and Early Rivers for early sorts,
can be generally relied on in all parts of the state, where any of the
varieties will grow. The following lists for orchards of one thousand
trees have been submitted by the well-known, successful peach- -growers,
whose names are prefixed:

J. N. Stearns, Kalamazoo: Hale’s Early 50, Lewis 50, Richmond 100,
Barnard (or Snow’s Orange) 100, Jacques Rareripe 100, Kalamazoo 300,
Gold Drop 200, and Smock 100. J. F. Taylor, Douglas: Wilder 25,
Rivers 25, Hale 25, St. John (Lewis or Mountain Rose) 100, Early Barn-
ard 100, Jacques 100, Late Barnard 100, Hill’s Chili 100, Bronson 100,
Eng!le’s Mammoth 100, Gold Drop 100, Smock 100, Allen 25. A. Hamil-
ton, Ganges, recommends the following: Waterloo, Rivers, Hale, St. John,
Barnard, Early Crawford, Engle’s Mammoth, Bronson, Hill’s Chili, and
Smock. “TI would omit Late Crawford, because it is a shy bearer, and let
Engle’s Mammoth and Hill’s Chili take its place.” It will be notieed that
none of the large yellow peaches of the Crawford class, such as Karly and

-Late Crawford, Foster, Red Cheek Melocoton, and Susquehanna are
included, and the fruitgrower will say that they are such shy bearers that
he can get five bushels of almost any of the kinds recommended to one from
the Crawfords. While they are excellent in fruit, there are few if any sec-
tions of the state where they are sufficiently reliable to merit their being
planted upon a large scale as market sorts.

There are a large number of new sorts that have been sufficiently tested
for us to say that they are worthy of planting, but from our present knowl-
edge they can hardly be placed in a short list. The most promising are:
Kalamazoo, Elberta, Engle’s Mammoth, Beer’s Smock, and Crosbey. Other
varieties that have a local reputation are Brigdon, Corner, and Gudgeon.
While several of these are undoubtedly seedlings, it is quite likely that
others are old varieties whose names have been lost. Several growers

224 7 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

who have watched them carefully are propagating and planting them
exclusively. OC. Engle of Paw Paw also has a large number of new sorts,
mostly seedlings of Hale, Crawford, and Chili, that in some respects are
better than the parents, and are being watched with much interest. From
its behavior with its originator (J. N. Stearns), the Kalamazoo promises to
be one of the most profitable peaches, and is certainly worthy of a trial on
a somewhat extensive scale.

WATERING THE TREES.

As generally applied, the water given to trees at the time of, or after,
transplanting does more harm than good. If the roots of the trees are
not exposed to drying winds, and if the soil is not unusually dry from a
prolonged drought, no water will be necessary. If, however, the soil is
dry, it will be well to give a thorough watering at the’ time of
transplanting. This can best be done by filling the hole half full of soil
and working it around the roots as recommended above, except that less
care is required than when no water is to be applied. Then fill up the
hole with water, and after it has soaked in the planting can be completed.
The water will not only moisten the soil, but will puddle it in around the
roots much better than could be done in any other way. As a rule, no
other watering will be necessary, but if it becomes desirable it should be
done in much the same way, the soil being drawn back from around the
trees so as to form a basin for the water, and after it has soaked in the soil
can be replaced.

The stirring of the soil of itself will be a benefit to the tree, and if applied
in this way it will soakrdown to the roots where it will be of use. As gen-
erally applied,none of the water reaches the roots, and although it may benefit
the tree for a few days by checking evaporatiou from the soil, it soon dries
out and, acrust forming, the evaporation is increased and more harm than
good is done to the tree. The one thing that is most necessary, to secure
growth in a tree, is to so conserve the moisture in the soil that at all times
it is present about the roots. As all the food taken from the soil by the
root must be in a solution, the importance of this can be seen. Ifa crust
can be prevented from forming, the evaporation will be decreased and any
light, open material spread over the surface will add in the retention of the
soil moisture. A mulch of almost any vegetable matter is excellent for
the purpose, and waste hay, straw, or cornstalks are often used. They
have one serious fault, as they induce the roots to grow in the moist surface
soil, and for this reason are not desirable with the peach and other trees
that are liable to injury during the winter.

The orchardist has, however, a mulch at his disposal that is easier to
apply than those mentioned above and is in every way is preferable. It is
secured by stirring the surface soil to the depth of perhaps two inches,
once in a week or ten days during the dry weather. In the early spring,
when the ground is full of moisture, it is well to aid in drying out the sur-
face by working to the depth of three or four inches, but later on, when the
opposite condition is necessary, the depth should not be over one and one
half to two inches. If some shallow-working tool is used during a dry
summer, it will be found that, although the surface soil which has been
loosened has lost its moisture, the underlying soil in which the roots feed
a been able to retain its moisture by the mulch-like action of the surface
soil.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 225

If for any reason it is not possible to give the care outlined above, a
mulch should be put on covering aspace at least three feet more in diame-
ter than the hole dug for the tree. This should be left on until the middle
of August when it should be removed to allow the trees to ripen off for
winter. In localities where field mice are not troublesome the mulch may
be replaced around the trees as soon as the ground freezes, but otherwise
it is not safe. While some hoed crop can be grown in a young orchard for
two or three years, with little injury to the trees, it is not advisable to use
those that will require much stirring of the soil to harvest them, during
August or September. For this reason the potato is not a good crop,
except in case of late varieties that are not harvested until after the middle
of October. Corn, late cabbages, squashes, tomatoes, melons, and similar
crops that need cultivation up to the first of August, or that will allow the
trees to be worked up to that time, should always be chosen, and in no
case should anything be grown within three feet six inches of the trees, and
if given four or five feet it would be better for them. For the reason that
the trees can not be cultivated, a grain crop is not advisable. It is a mis-
taken idea that cultivation will cause a late growth and consequent winter-
killing. Improper cultivation may do it, but, as recommended above,
there need be nofear. If a strip four feet wide on each side of the rows is
kept cultivated, the remaining ground may be seeded down, the first year
or so. Fruit trees, like most other plants, make their growth during the
early part of the season, the period during which the branches of any one
kind of tree elongate, varying with the character of the season, as influ-
encing the food supply. When very dry, during the month of July, the
trees stop growing prematurely and at once begin to ripen their wood for
the winter, storing up in the meantime materials for the next year’s
growth.

If, after this period of partial rest, the climatic and soil conditions are
favorable to a renewal of growth, 7. e., warmth and moisture present—the
buds, that should remain dormant until the following spring, will expand
and a second growth will ensue. In this way we can account for the blos-
soming of peach, plum, and other trees in September and October. The
wood thus formed will not ripen properly and the buds will be so imper-
fectly developed that the growth the next spring will be very weak. The
regular and uninterrupted stirring of the soil during the months of May,
June, and July will conserve the moisture and tend to prevent a premature
cessation of growth.

If not continued later than the tenth to the fifteenth of August, the
wood will have an abundant time to ripen and there will be no danger
either of unripened wocd or of a second growth. As oftener practiced,
however, cultivation may do harm. The orchards are worked during May
and June, but, as the other work is pressing, no cultivation is given during
July and August, until, as the ground is getting weedy, it is dragged in
September; a drouth in July will stop the growth before it is completed,
and the late cultivation joined with warm rains will almost surely promote
a second growth, to be injured by the winter. In a general way, the culti-
vation should be about the same, during the next one or two years, as for
the first year after planting, but after the fourth year, at latest, it is hardly
advisable to crop the land unless the trees are at least twenty feet apart.
In some localities it is a favorite practice to sow rye broadcast, the last
time the ground is worked in August and turn it under the following spring.
It is claimed that the growth of the rye aids the trees in ripening off by

29

226 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

taking from them some of their food supply and thus lessening the danger
of a second growth. It also admits of later cultivation. The decompos-
ing rye will add nothing to the supply of plant food, but it will piace in
the soil a considerable amount of humus in an available form for the use
of the plant, and will be of value in lightening up a heavy soil. Espe-
cially in the dry seasons and for bearing trees of late varieties, it is well to
keep up cultivation until the end of August as the moisture thus conserved
will increase the size and hasten the ripening of the fruit. With kinds
that tend to overbear, such as Hill’s Chili and Gold Drop, moderately late
cultivation will enable them to carry a much larger crop and develop it to
a good size, than if there is no cultivation after the first of August.

PRUNING AT TIME OF TRANSPLANTING.

As a rule, if the trees have been properly dug, the roots of one-year-old
peach trees will need but little pruning. At best, the roots that have
been bruised or broken should be smoothly cut off, and it is generally
well to smooth off the ends of all roots over one fourth of an inch in
diameter that have ragged ends. While by no means necessary, it will
hasten the callousing and thus enable the
trees to throw out roots earlier inthe season.

It will be best to have this done in the fall !

as it will enable the trees to form the callous |

during the winter. In fact, if trees are dug
in the fall any cutting of the roots in the
spring may do more harm than good. The
pruning required for the top of the peach
is unlike that required for any of the other
fruit trees, except such as are also planted
when one year old, when it would be the
same. Nearly all growers now cut back
their peach trees to a single stem, removing
all branches close to the stem and cutting
this off about one foot above the point from
which the lowest branches are tostart. The
strong axillary buds will then develop into
vigorous shoots. A modified form of this
pruning is to leave four or five of the :
branches arranged at intervals along and
around the stem, cutting them off so that one
strong bud will be left on each, while others
go still further and cut the branches so as to
leave five or six with a length of about six
inches. Although good trees can be grown
from either method of pruning, the first is 5
preferable, as the growths made will be b
stronger than they would be by either of the Z
other methods. For nearly every situation
it will be best to start the trees so as to form
a moderately low head, and if the first
branches are two to two and one half feet
from the ground it will be in accordance Fee te Nigcnene ames

with the methods of the best orchardists. @ unpruned. b pruned.
If started with low heads, the trunks will not only be short but they will

oe

eS a

a
POSES
ae

==

ay

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 227

be shaded from the hot sun and less likely to be injured by the freezing and
thawing of winter. Short trunks will bring the branches nearer the ground
and will facilitate the pruning, thinning, and gathering of the fruit. The
low heads should not be carried to the extreme of starting at the ground, as
this would hinder proper cultivation and favor the workings of the borer.

FORMING THE HEAD.

Some growers, after heading the trees in,
do not attempt to do anything toward form-
ing the heads until the following spring,
allowing them to grow as they please during
the summer unless they become quite notice-
ably misshapen, while others go around occa-
sionally and rub out the surplus shoots. In
the spring the head is formed by selecting
four or five strong branches so located as to
be well distributed along the stem for a dis-
tance of one foot down from the top and
pointing in different directions, thus form-
ing a well balanced head. A strong branch
with an upright tendency should be selected
as a leading shoot. It will be found prefer-
able to have the branches somewhat distrib-
uted, as they will be less likely to break down
later on than if they were all crowded
together at one point. The side shoots that
are left should be cut back about one half
their length. The leader should be kept
somewhat longer and trained so that other
branches will be given off from it. If this
is done it will be found much better than to
have all the branches needed to form the
head developed as side shoots from those

ay
i Lat —
WAS
ys

left upon the tree when the head was first =e
formed.

Fic. 2,—PRUNING AT END OF TWO YEABS.
PRUNING THE TREES.

After the first year, as a rule, only one annual pruning is given, although,
if any shoots are noticed that are out of place, it is well to remove them at
any time.

The spring is considered to be the best time for the pruning of the
peach, and for that matter of all trees, the work being performed after the
severe weather of winter is over. Forthe best results a peach tree can
carry about so many branches and so much fruit, and to secure this one of
the following two methods of pruning is commonly employed, the first
being to head back, the other to thin out the small branches. By heading
back the branches a low, rounded and symmetrical tree is secured, from
which the fruit can be readily thinned and picked; the buds remaining
will develop a few strong shoots, well back toward the base of the
branches, the tree will be less likely to break down, and the stem and main
shoots, being sheltered from the sun, will be more vigorous and healthy

228 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and consequently the trees will be long-lived. When pruned by the other
method, the small branches along the shoots being removed, there is only
a brush-like tuft of twigs at the ends of long, slender branches. As a rule,

Wh)
ee
Fia. 3.--PRUNING BY HEADING IN.

growth takes place from a number of weak buds near the end of the
branches, and the shoots thus formed transmit their own weakness to
those to which they give rise. The fruit being formed at the extremi-
ties of the pole-like and comparatively weak branches, the weight, with the
increased leverage, often breaks them down. The sap must pass the entire
length of the branches before it reaches the fruit, and the amount of plant
food provided will consequently be less than when upon short-branched
trees, with a comparatively large amount of sap wood, since the fruit buds
are formed on the last year’s growth. When the heading-back method is
used, much can be done toward the thinning of the fruit, and, for that rea-
son, it should be delayed as long as possible in order to obtain a correct
idea of the condition of the buds, and thus prune judiciously. If all of
the buds have been destroyed, the last year’s growth should be headed
back severely, leaving only one or two strong buds, in this way keeping the
trees in as compact a form as possible. If only a few scattering fruit buds
are alive, only the ends of the shoots should be cut back, thus leaving

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 229

practically all of the buds to develop; but, on the other hand, if most of
the buds are alive, the shoots can be cut back one half or two thirds and
thus about one half of the work of thinning the fruit will be saved. While

it is best to prune before the trees blossom, the pruning can not be used
to thin as judiciously as when delayed until it can be determined how much
fruit has set.

CROTCHES.

If there is any rule that should be uppermost in one’s mind when prun-
ing, it is “ avoid crotches,”’ as, whenever two branches of about equal size
form a fork, it can be put down as absolutely certain that in time one, or
both perhaps, will break down. If possible, one of the shoots should be
cut out while small, but if they occur in large trees it will be safer to cut
one of them out and head the other back, so as to cause it to send out side
branches, than to leave it to break down the tree. In case the pruning has
been improperly done and a tree divides above its trunk into two branches
of equal size, forming a distinct crotch, so that the symmetry would be
greatly injured by cutting out one of them, both can sometimes be saved
by clamping them together by means of a bolt, thus relieving the crotch
from any strain.

230 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
CROSSED LIMBS.

A second thing to havein mind is to remove all branches that seem
_ likely to interfere with each other. Although it is less common than in the
cherry and pear, the branches of peaches cross each other and become par-
tially girdled by the chafing that ensues. As soon as they show any tend-
ency to cross each other, the one that can best be spared should be cut out.
While it is desirable to have the head thick enough to keep the sun from
burning the bark of the limbs, and to have the main branches clothed with
fruiting shoots back to within four or five feet of the main stem, the mis-
take must not be made of keeping the heads so thick that the sun can not get
in to color the fruit. When well laden, although some of the centre shoots
may maintain their upright position, the side branches will be sometimes
drawn down by their load of fruit and the sun can thus get down among the
branches. If, however, the branches are so thick as to prevent this, some
of the weaker ones should be cut out, in addition to the heading back that
is given the others. A pair of pruning shears will be all that is needed for
the removal of the surplus branches if the work is not neglected. How-
ever, although its excessive use will shorten the life of the tree, a saw must
sometimes be resorted to. Whatever method of pruning is employed, the
cuts should be as smooth as possible, care being taken not to bruise the
bark, or tear it down the stub. While no general rule can be given for the
place of making a cut, it can be said that, when cutting back a branch to
the main shoot, care should be taken not to leave any projecting spur, and
the wound should be as small as possible.

As arule, the cut should start from an eighth toa fourth of an inch
from the main branch and come out in about the middle of the thickening
which is generally present on the under side. When made parallel with |
the main branch the wound is unnecessarily large, and it is better to have
it made 10 to 15 degrees from a parallel. In heading back a branch the
cut should be made at an angle of 45°, just beyond a strong bud or branch.

THINNING THE FRUIT.

One of the most difficult things about peach-growing is to have the trees
properly thinned, as few men without previous experience will remove
enough of the fruits even if those left upon the trees are properly distrib-
uted. Not only will there be as many bushels of fruit upon a properly
pruned tree, as on one that has twice or three times as many fruits, but the
peaches, being larger and handsomer, will sell readily at a highly remuner-
tive price, while others of the same variety, that have been given-exactly
the same care except that they were not thinned, will be a drug in the
market at any price and may not bring enough to pay charges. It is
extremely unprofitable not to thin the fruit, and it will also be found a
short-sighted policy, as the trees will be greatly weakened by the strain of
supplying the phosphorus and other mineral elements required for the
formation of the excessive number of pits. The large, thinned fruits con-
tain only perhaps one third as many pits as the others, being largely com-
posed of the flesh, which is mostly water. The mineral elements are most
likely to be wanting in the soil, and are consequently most difficult to
obtain; since they are required in large quantities in the pits, it can be
readily seen that the practice of leaving the fruit unthinned is very
exhausting to the trees and will’so lessen their vitality that the growth will

_

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 231

be checked and future productiveness lessened. If a tree is left unthin-
ned, particularly if the summer isa dry one, it often attempts to relieve
itself by dropping part of the fruits; and, as they are somewhat loosely
attached, a heavy wind-storm may strew the ground with the half-grown
peaches, oftentimes taking nearly the entire crop. While the trees
would have been more likely to retain the fruit had they been
thinned, there would also have been a much less serious strain to the
tree, as the small number of pits formed would take less mineral food.
In some seasons the fruit drops badly soon after it has set, from the
effects of curculio, curl, extremes of moisture, or other causes, and for
this reason the thinning should be delayed as long as possible without
drawing on the trees too much. If done just before the pits begin to
harden, as a rule, there will be little loss from dropping after that time.
The fruit will be about the size of a natural peach pit, and it will be early
enough to avoid a strain to the trees. The time will vary with the season
but, as a rule, the 12th to 18th of June will answer in southern Michigan
and the 15th to 25th in the northern half of the state. In localities where
the rose chafer is troublesome, it will be well to at least delay the final
thinning until danger from them is over. In thinning the fruit, no set rule
can be given, as it varies with the size and vigor of the tree, the variety,
and with the amount (if any) the tree has been headed back. The old
rule, when trees were not headed back, was to leave a peach every six inches
upon the branches, and it is a safe rule to follow under those conditions, but
when the fruit has been partly thinned by heading back it will not answer.
. If evenly distributed over the tree, and when the branches are clothed
with soft, spur-like branches, it will be well, as a rule, never to leave
more than two peaches upon any branch unless it is long and unusu-
ally strong, and not to have them under any conditions nearer than four
inches from each other. On the other hand, if the side branches are not
numerous, and if the shoots are cut back very severely, the distance may
be somewhat lessened and the number increased. In thinning, an effort
should be made to leave the peaches as evenly distributed as possible,
making due allowance for the size and strength of the branches. The
larger fruits, and particularly those near the base of the shoots, should be
left and the others removed. With a little experience, a tree can be very
readily thinned, particularly if it has been well headed back, which, as
noted before, will greatly reduce the number of peaches that need to be
removed with the hand; and lessening the height renders the operation
much easier, as most of the work can be done from the ground. The
length of time required to prune a tree varies to such an extent with the
size and height of the tree and with the number of fruits to be removed,
that no estimate of the expense can be given. It can be safely said, how-
ever, that the cost will be several times repaid, to say nothing of the bene-
fit to the trees. If when thinning the trees the peaches are thrown into a
basket and burned, a great number of curculio will be destroyed and future
attacks lessened. When peaches are properly thinned the danger from
rot will be decreased, as it is a common occurrence to have one diseased
peach transmit the rot to all others in contact with it, and when crowded
together the rot will be much more likely to appear, than when the fruits
are arranged singly.
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS.

So much depends upon the condition and natural fertility of the soil,
that only general rules for the application of manures and fertilizers can

232 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

be given. If the soil is in condition to furnish a good clover sod to be
turned under, no better preparation can be furnished, and frequently it will
supply plant food until the trees come into bearing. If the clover sod
can not be secured, and if the soil is not rich enough to grow a good crop
of corn, some manure or fertilizer should be applied. The application of
ten tons of decomposed stable manure broadcast, before the land is dragged
in the spring, will supply food for the growth of the trees and for the
crops that may be grown between them; a method of supplying food to
the trees, without feeding the other crop and by the use of a comparatively
small amount of manure, is to spread three or four forkfuls evenly over
spots four or five feet in diameter, where the trees are to be planted. In
any case, it should be incorporated with the soil and not allowed in con-
tact with the roots. While the application of stable manure is advisable for
the young trees upon poor soil, rather better results in some respects can be
obtained when they are of bearing age, particularly upon soil that contains a
fair amount of organic matter, by the use of the so-called mineral fertilizers.
It is known that if we supply plants with potash, phosphoric acid, and
nitrogen they can, as arule, obtain the remaining elements needed for their
growth from the soil and atmosphere. The nitrogen is necessary for all
growth of plants, but if present in excess it is likely to cause a soft, watery
growth. Itis generally present in sufficient quantities in soils of fair
fertility to carry the trees up to the bearing age, provided the soil is not
robbed of its fertility by other crops. Phosphoric acid is also found in all
parts of plants, but is particularly abundant in the seeds, and as soluble
phosphoric acid is gradually removed from the soil by successive crops,
there are few bearing orchards that will not be benefited by its use as a
fertilizer. Wehave at hand materials that supply these elements in a con-
centrated form, at prices no higher than would be the cost of the more
bulky stable manure, when it has to be hauled any distance.

One of the best fertilizers for orchards will be found in unleached wood
ashes. They contain all the elements needed for plant growth, except
nitrogen, and these are present not only in about the proportions needed by
the trees, but they are in combinations that can be readily taken up by them.
A good sample of wood ashes should contain about three to five per cent. of
potash, and one and one half per cent. of phosphoric acid; if they have
been leached or washed by rains the amount will be considerably reduced,
while in some cases the amount of both potash and phosphoric acid is
fifty per cent. larger than is given. From a half peck to a bushel of wood
ashes per tree, according to the size, can always be used to advantage, and
if the trees are large, so as to cover the ground, it will be best to use from
100 to 150 bushels per acre, scattered broadcast, covering the entire ground.
Since ashes tend to render a clay soil still more tenacious, care should be
taken that they are not applied in large quantities upon stiff soils.

Among other sources of potash are the German potash salts, which are
imported as muriates and sulphates, and contain varying proportions of
chloride of sodium (common salt), and chloride of magnesium. The best
grades contain about 50 per cent. of potash, and are préferable to the
cheaper ones, as the expense of transporting the worthless materials in
the lower grades makes the potash cost more per pound than in the
higher grades.

From one half pound to three pounds per tree, or from fifty to three hun-
dred pounds per acre, should be applied, taking care it is not brought in too
close contact with the roots. In soils deficient in potash it must be applied

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 233

to secure a proper development of the trees and it will also increase the
amount of sugar and heighten the color of the fruit.

The best source of phosphoric acid is from bones, either ground or as bone
charcoal. The value of ground bone depends to a considerable extent upon
its fineness, and the action will be hastened if it has been treated with acid
and rendered soluble, in which case it forms what is known as a superphos-
phate. Fresh bones contain a small amount of nitrogen which adds to
their value. A fair sample of ground bone should contain rather more than
20 per cent of phosphoric acid, of which about one third can be utilized by
plants; while the remaining 15 per cent. is in an insoluble form, it will grad-
ually become available. The amount of nitrogen in ground bones is quite
variable but is seldom less than 2, or more than 5 per cent. In addition
to the fresh bones, bone charcoal in the form of dissolved bone-black is also
used as a source of phosphoric acid, it containing some 16 to 20 per cent.,
nearly all of which is immediately soluble. Nitrogen is not present in
bone-black, having been removed by the burning. Phosphoric acid is also
obtained from various waste products of slaughter-houses, from guano and
fish scraps and, in less valuable forms, is mined at Charleston, South
Carolina, and in Florida, and is found in iron slag. The Charleston phos-
phate rock is largely used in fertilizers, but its phosphoric acid is less val-
uable than that from bones. The iron slag phosphate, sometimes known
as “Odorless,” is highly commended by many who have tried it. Although
it has some value, the extravagant claims made for it can hardly be sus-
tained. Analysis shows that it contains about 20 per cent. of phosphoric
acid, of which some 3 to 4 per cent. is soluble. i

The nitrogen supply, except as furnished incidentally in the bones
-and waste animal products, is obtained from nitrate of sodium and
sulphate of ammonium. In both of these salts it is readily soluble and
is considered more valuable than when from other sources. The quantity
of the salts required varies with the character of the soil as well as with
the age of the trees. Stable manure is preferable as the source of nitro-
gen, but if it can not be obtained, and the condition of the soil is such that
some form of nitrogen is needed to give a fair growth to the trees, 100 to
150 pounds of either of these chemicals per acre would generally be ample,
while a considerably smaller quantity would suffice for young trees. There
is much danger if it is used in large quantities, particularly if it comes in
close contact with the roots. One can determine the relative value of the
various fertilizers, as their guaranteed analysis must be furnished,and with
this and the value per pound of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen it can
readily be computed. Potash is reckoned as worth about 6 cents per pound
when in the form of sulphate and five cents as a muriate. Phosphoric acid
when soluble is valued at eight cents, reverted at seven, and when insolu-
ble in bones it is valtied at from three to seven cents, while in rock and
similar materials it is only worth from one to two cents at the most, while
from some materials it has little if any value. The variation in the value
of nitrogen is still greater, as in nitrate of soda it is worth sixteen cents
per pound; as sulphate of ammonia eighteen cents; in blood, meat, and fish
scraps fifteen cents; in bones from ten to fifteen cents according to the fine-
ness of grinding. In stable manure nitrogen would be worth about
eight cents per pound. As they are for the most part readily soluble, it is
best to apply the fertilizers in the spring; if this is done just before the
land is to be harrowed it will be better than to plow it in. In seasons when

30

234 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

droughts prevail there is less effect from fertilizers than from stable manure,
but, although there may be some loss of the nitrogen and potash, the phos-
phates will be retained in the soil with litéle or no loss.

THE RATIONAL USE OF FERTILIZERS.

As nearly all, if not quite all, soils contain a considerable amount of lime,
there will be little use in applying lime in any form for the sake of supply-
ing that element to plants, and the same can be said of sodium and chlo-
rine; and, as these elements make up our common salt, it will be seen that
salt is of no value to any crop as a fertilizer. Of the three elements
mentioned above that are often deficient in the soil, potash, phosphorus,
and nitrogen, it can be said that a rich virgin soil will generally contain
all that is needed for an orchard; but, after the trees have matured several
crops of fruit, the available potash and phosphorus is likely to become so
reduced that a satisfactory growth can not be obtained, and if the soil is in
any way deficient in organic matter the amount of nitrogen will probably be
rather small. In order to determine what one of these elements is lacking,
and the amount that should be used, it is well to make use of them experi-
mentally, applying, for example, ground bone upon one row of trees,
muriate of potash or wood ashes upon another, nitrate of soda, if the land
is poor, upon a third, and combinations of two and: of all of these materials
upon still other rows, with a proper number of untreated rows. If the plots
have been properly selected, one should be able to tell at the end of the
second or third year which of the elements are needed; and if the experi-
ment has been carried on so as to have plots with different quantities of
the fertilizers upon them, the amount that can be properly applied to each
can be learned, and in this way one can be saved the useless application of
fertilizing materials that are, perhaps, already in excess in the soil.
As a rule, where no experiments of the kind have been conducted, a bear-
ing orchard should have, once in two years, from 300 to 500 pounds
of ground bone, 200 to 300 pounds of muriate of potash (instead of the
muriate of potash, 100 bushels of wood ashes if unleached, or 300 bush-
els of leached, may be used); 150 pounds of nitrate of soda, or 25 tons of
decomposed stable manure, will be beneficial if the soil is light. In addi-
tion to their value for supplying plant food. the chemical fertilizers have
an additional value, that is perhaps equally important, as, by supplying
soluble plant food early‘in the season, they enable trees to make their
growth during the first of the season and ripen their wood thoroughly
before winter. The growth is, as a rule, much more firm than that
obtained by the use of stable manure, or from the natural fertility of the
soil. In fact, the chemical manures can be used as correctives, since, if
those containing potash and phosphoric acid are added to soils that have
been highly enriched with stable manure, or that are naturally quite rich
in organic matter, they will have a tendency to make the new wood more
firm and compact. It can then be claimed that the proper use of chemical
manures will increase the hardiness of the trees, and will both render the
fruit buds less susceptible to sudden changes in the weather and lessen
the danger of their winter-killing.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 235

THE NURSERY CULTURE OF THE PEACH.

While the farmer or village resident will prefer to purchase his peach
trees of a nurseryman, it often happens that an extensive grower can, at
a slight cost in labor, propagate his own trees and thus be more likely to
secure the varieties he desires to plant, and to have them free from all ,
taint of disease. There are no secrets in the nursery growing of peach
trees that can not be readily acquired by any one, and, although practice
in the various operations will necessarily make one more expert, if the
instructions here given are carefully followed any intelligent person can
grow peach trees.

SOIL FOR A PEACH NURSERY.

Peaches need about the same kind of soil, whether in the nursery or in
the orchard, although the nursery soil should be rather more fertile, and
for propagating peach trees a well-drained, sandy loam should be chosen.
A clover sod plowed under is an excellent preparation of the soil, and if
the soil is naturally fairly fertile it will need no other dressing. If stable
manure is used, care should be taken that it is not applied in excessive quan-
tities, or in an undecomposed condition, as it would probably cause a
watery growth that would not ripen, and winter-killing would ensue. If
any fertilizer is needed, unleached wood ashes- at the rate of 150 bushels
per acre, and about 500 pounds of ground bone, will supply the necessary
plant food, in anything but an exhausted soil, and a strong, well ripened
growth can be obtained. If these are not used, and if the soil is deficient
in organic matter, ten or fifteen loads of decomposed stable manure, spread
broadcast and plowed in, will greatly aid in growing good stock. As stated
above, a good clover sod plowed under will be preferable, as it will not only
supply the necessary plant food to the soil but it will improve its physical
condition. The land should be carefully fitted, as time expended in this
will be doubly repaid by the amount saved in the after cultivation.

THE SEED AND ITS PREPARATION.

As in the growing of all kinds of nursery trees, the first thing is to
obtain suitable stocks upon which to work the improved varieties. As
stock for this fruit, peach seedlings are almost universally used. The plum
is preferred as a stock for the peach by the English, when they have a
cold, wet soil, and is recommended by some for use under similar condi-
tions in this country, but it is doubtful if there are any soils, or localities,
in which peaches can be relied on to fruit, where the plum stock is
necessary. Nearly all writers advocate the use of natural pits, or those
from seedling peaches, and this is the almost universal custom. The claim
is made that seedlings grown from natural seed are more vigorous than
from seed of improved varieties. The natural seed owes its value to the
fact that all the efforts of plants in a wild state are used in perpetuat-
ing themselves, while our cultivated varieties have been so modified by
man in his endeavor to increase the amount, or the quality of the flesh
surrounding the stone, that the reproductive properties in the seed itself
are weakened, the seeds will be less certain to grow, and the trees will be

236 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

less vigorous, less hardy, and consequently shorter lived. At any rate,.as
nearly all of the natural seed comes from Virginia and Tennessee, where
“yellows” is not known to be, there will be less danger of obtaining the
germs of this disease in them, than when pits of improved varieties
are used, unless one is familiar with the source from which theseed comes.
The pits from canning factories that obtain their fruit from infected dis-
tricts should be looked on with suspicion. The natural’seed can readily
be distinguished from that of the improved varieties, as it is smaller,
more nearly spherical, and lacking the wing that is so noticeable around
the edge of the latter; the canals upon the surface of the pits, also, are
not so large nor deep as in the latter; the halves of the shell are more
firmly united, and the kernels are firmer and thicker. The pits should, if
possible, be obtained in the autumn, and although they may at once be
planted in nursery rows, it is not the best plan, as the pits thus treated are
not all of them sure to germinate the first year, if at all, and an uneven
stand will result. It frequently happens that, when thus treated, part only
of the pits sprout in the spring, others appear the following year, and still
others may show themselves the third year from planting.

P STRATIFYING THE SEED.

In order to secure the prompt germination of the pits, they should be so
treated that they are exposed to the action of frost. If only a few are to be
planted, they should be placed in thin layers, alternately with an inch
or so of soil, in boxes, and after that closed up so that the moisture can not
escape, and placed on the north side of a building where they will be out
of the way of the drying influence of the sun. To secure the full action
of frost, the seed should be soaked for twenty-four hours before being
placed in the box, and it will be well to thus treat the seeds, however they
may be stratified. When nurserymen stratify large quantities of seed,
much the same course is pursued, except that they excavate a trench, ten

inches deep and large enough to hold the seed, in some moist but well-

drained soil. In this the seeds are placed in alternate layers of soil toa
depth of eight inches and covered with two inches of sand. Unless the
soil is moist it will be found well to wet the bed down thoroughly before
covering it up. Another method is to spread out the seeds upon the sur-
face to the depth of three inches, and then spade them in, taking pains to
have them all covered. Treated in either way they will be exposed to the
freezing and thawing of winter and the shells will be so loosened that as
the seeds swell in the spring most of them will fall apart. When the time
for planting comes they can be taken out, separated from the soil by means
of a screen, and all that have not opened carefully cracked with the ham-
mer. When an even stand is desired, and especially in localities where
moles are troublesome, another method of stratifying will be found still
more reliable. The pits are scattered on the surface in a single layer,
forming a bed four feet wide and of the necessary length, and cov-
ered with two inches of soil. In the spring they will be so well cracked
that most of them will sprout and send up shoots; as soon as they are
three or four inches high they should be carefully taken out and trans-
planted with a dibble to the nursery rows at intervals of eight inches,
placing them so that they will be about two inches deeper than they were
in the seed-bed. By keeping the plants in pails of water, so that they

f

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 237

will not wilt, very few will be lost if the soil is moderately moist. If the
season is very dry it may become necessary to water the plants once or
twice.

PLANTING THE SEED.

In case the seed is planted in the fall, or in the spring before it has
sprouted, the operation is not unlike the sowing of peas. Drills are made
- with a marker, or with a hoe if only a few are to be planted, two inches in
depth and at intervals of about three feet eight inches, being rather more
in rich soil and less in sand; in this the seeds, which have been previously
_eracked, are dropped about four inches apart. They should then be covy-
ered with a hoe or rake and the soil firmly pressed down, using a roller in
light soil. From eight to ten bushels of natural seed will be required per
acre, and with good success this should give twenty thousand trees; as arule,
however, not over ten thousand first-class trees will be obtained from an
acre even under the best of conditions. In laying out the nursery, it is
preferable to have the rows run north and south, and space should be left at
each end to give room for turning in cultivating. During the first part of
the season, the young seedlings should be cultivated once in ten days and
the soil between the plants occasionally stirred with a hoe to keep the
weeds down and a crust from forming. The cultivation should be shallow
and with an implement with small teeth or shovels. About the first of
August it will be well to go over them and rub off the leaves to a height of
four or five inches on the stem. In case the season is dry, the cultivation
should be more frequent, and if,it looks, by the middle of July or the first of
August as though the stocks would not reacha suitable size for working, they
can be aided by scattering broadcast along the rows ground bone at the rate’
of three hundred pounds per acre and a bushel of wood ashes to eight or ten
rods of row. Instead of the above, guano or superphosphate could be used.
Nitrate of soda is also excellent to promote growth, but it should be used
very carefully at the rate of not over 100 pounds per acre. These should be
thoroughly worked into the soil. If conveniences for watering are handy
it will pay, if the drought continues, to give the plants a thorough watering,
which will help to render the fertilizer available.

By the last of August the smallest of the seedlings should be as large as
a lead pencil and the others will range from that size to a half or five
eighths of an inch in diamater.

BUDDING.

As the object of this operation is to obtain trees of certain desirable
varieties, every precaution should be taken that the buds used are true to
name. As arule, they are more reliable if taken from bearing trees, but
they are not as vigorous nor as easy to obtain as from nursery trees. If
buds from small trees are used, especial pains should be taken, as a mis-
take with asingle bud may make a difference with a hundred or more trees
when buds are taken the following year. The buds, above all, should be
healthy, plump, and well ripened; as a rule those at both the upper and
the lower ends should be rejected. After cutting the bud-sticks, the
leaves should at once be cut off, leaving the leaf stems about three eighths
of an inch long, as handles to use in inserting the buds; to keep them
from drying they should be wrapped in oiled cloth.

As a rule, the budding can be done as soon as the stocks are of a suit-

238 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

able size, and when the buds have become firm, but if the growth of the
stocks is still very rapid it will be well to delay the operation, as a too
vigorous growth may throw out or cover up and smother the buds. The
budding should be completed ten days or two weeks before growth stops,
and while it can be performed with good success as late as the first week
in October, it is better to have it finished by the middle of September.
If the budding is performed early in the season and the period of growth
is long, the buds may start into growth and be injured by the winter. In
addition to the seedling stocks and scions of the desired variety, the only
materials required in budding are a budding-knife and something for bind-
ing the buds. The budding-knife (Fig. 5, a), has a thin, sharp blade with
its end rounded so that the point is even with the back. To assist in open-
ing the bark there is either a thin piece of ivory in the other end of the han-
dle, or the tip of the blade may be rounded so as to make it blunt. As a wrap-
ping material raffia, which is obtained in narrow strips from the epidermis
of the leaves of a certain kind of palm, is most commonly used, although

Fig. 5.—BUDDING.
a, Budding-knife. b, Bud-stick and buds. c, Bud inserted and wrapped.

yarn or the bast layer of bark of the basswood are preferred by some.
The operation of budding consists in making a T-shape cut in the bark
of the stock and, after lifting the bark, placing under it a bud from the
scion with a little bark attached and binding the bark firmly down upon it.
The cut is made within three or four inches of the ground, drawing the
knife either vertically or horizontally first, as is most convenient. In case
the horizontal cut is first made, the knife should be drawn upward to the
cross-cut, when making the vertical incision, and when the two meet a
slight twist of the wrist will cause the knife to turn up the edges of the
bark so that the bud can be easily inserted. If the horizontal cutis made
last, it should be ata slight angle (Fig. 5, a) so that the corners of the
bark will be somewhat raised from the stock. If the stocks are in proper
condition for budding, the bark will be sufficiently raised to readily admit
of the insertion of the bud. If for any reason the bark does not lift,
the ivory at the end of the handle, or the rounded end of the blade
of the budding-knife, can be used to open it. Having made the

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 239

stock ready for a bud, one of the bud-sticks (Fig. 5, b) should be drawn
out from its wrapping and a bud (Fig. 5, b) removed. In cutting the bud,
the scion is held in the left hand, resting on the forefinger, with the small
end toward the body. The knife is inserted about half an inch below the
bud and a cut is then made deep enough to take off a thin shaving of the
wood and extending one half inch above the bud. The cut may be brought
out through the bark at this point, entirely severing the bud, but this is
likely to cause the bud to fall to the ground. The usual custom is to
remove the knife and complete the severing of the bark, by a cut at right
angles to the one first made. The shaving of wood taken off with the bark
is removed by some budders, but it is not necessary and is sometimes
harmful, unless carefully done, as the base of the bud may be torn out
with the wood. Then take the stub of the leaf stalk, left for the purpose
attached to the bud, between the thumb and forefinger of the right hand
and insert it in the slit in the bark of the stock, crowding it down
until the top of the bark attached to the bud is below the horizontal cut
on the stock. If still loose, it is well to push it down until the bark of the
stock presses firmly against the piece of bark attached,to the bud. The
bud is now ready for tying, which consists in wrapping a_ strip
of raffia or other material that is to be used for the purpose, from twelve
to fifteen inches in length, according to the size of the stocks, and from
one fourth to one half inch in width, from two to four times around the
stock beneath the bud, and about twice above it (Fig. 5, c), giving it tension
enough to press the bark firmly down upon thebud. This pressure of the
bark is beneficial in two ways, as by shutting out the air it prevents the
bud from drying out, and by bringing the bud and stock in close con-
tact the union is more rapid. The operation of budding is now completed
but the tree is by no means ready for the orchard. In about ten days or
two weeks the trees should be looked over, and if any of the buds have
failed to take, new ones can be inserted. In all cases where the buds have
taken, the bands should be cut, by drawing a knife across them on the
opposite side of the stock from the bud. If one of the folds is cut it will
be sufficient, as the wrapping will open of itself. Sometimes the growth of
the stock before the bud has taken is so rapid that the pressure of the
band will so check the flow of the sap that, if left to itself, the stock would
be girdled. Upon all such stocks the bands should be loosened and retied.
In case the budding is done toward the close of the season of growth, it is
not always necessary that the bands be cut, as there is no danger of con-
striction and they will decay before spring, but under other conditions it
is safer to be sure that the bands are cut. Nothing further is necessary the
first year, unless the trees are on rather moist soil, where there is a good
deal of freezing and thawing, in which case it is well to throw up a
light furrow, on each side of the rows, covering the buds. In the spring
this should be thrown away from the rows and the narrow strip between
the trees drawn away with hoes. The stocks should then be cut back, the
cut being made somewhat slanting, beginning on the side opposite the
bud, about half an inch above the bud itself, and giving the top of the stub
a slope of about 45 degrees. Sometimes the cut is made several inches
above the bud and, later on, after the bud has sent up a stem twelve or
fifteen inches high, the stub is cut back near enough the bud to admit its
being readily grown over. Cultivation should begin as soon as the soil is
in a suitable condition and should be kept up through the summer until
the trees are large enough to shade the ground. In case the season is a

240 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

dry one, or if the trees make a slow growth, it should be kept up until the
middle of August, using a fine-tooth, shallow-working implement. When
growth starts, a number of suckers will start up from the stub of the stock.
When they get to be two inches long they should be rubbed off, taking
pains to remove every portion. Asa rule, no others will come out, but if
they make their appearance they should be promptly removed. The hoe
should be used this season sufficiently often to keep the crust between the
trees broken. The trees will be of a suitable size for orchard planting in
the fall or following spring. _ :

By the first of November, or earlier if most of the leaves have fallen, the
trees can be dug. In doing this, pains should be taken not to cut the roots
too short, as this would lessen the chances of living, and at best will shorten
the growth the first year.

JUNE-BUDDED TREES.

In some sections, what are known as June-budded trees are grown, but
they are of little value except as a means of rapidly propagating new sorts
of which buds were not set in the fall. The scions must be cut in the fall,
or winter, and kept dormant until the stocks have begun to grow so that
the bark will lift. When the buds are set, most of the top is cut off, and in
two or three weeks the stock is cut back to the bud, which soon breaks and
forms a weak growth. In the south the method is used with fair success,
but in this state it has few advantages and several disadvantages, the princi-
pal one, in addition to the weakness of the growth, being that it is likely to
make a late growth and be injured by the winter.

THE CULTIVATION OF THE PLUM.

During the past ten years the plum has come rapidly to the front as a
desirable fruit for the commercial yrower. The success met with by the
people of Oceana county in the cultivation of this fruit, and the highly
remunerative prices obtained, have led to its being largely planted in various
sections of the state, and the returns thus far obtained from the earlier
plantings have been very generally satisfactory.

There are many sections of the state in which this fruit can be grown,
where the peach will not thrive, and it will undoubtedly greatly increase
in value as a commercial fruit.

While the care required by a plum orchard differs in some of its details
from that needed by the peach, the general principles upon which we work
are the same; we shall therefore treat the subject of plum-growing largely
by referring the reader to the preceding pages upon peach culture, and
merely pointing out the particular points in which the treatment given to
the plum should differ.

SOIL AND OLIMATE FOR THE PLUM.

The climate of Michigan seems well suited to the plum, and it is a sure.
crop in all parts of the state except in some of the interior counties in the

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 241

extreme northern part of the lower peninsula and in portions of the upper
- peninsula, but even there the failure is due more to soil than climatic con-
ditions. While the same general rules regarding elevation and exposure
apply to this fruit as have been given for the peach, they vary in degree,
and plums can, owing to the greater hardiness of the fruit-buds as well as of
the trees, be grown in locations where the peach will fail. In fact, itis a
common practice, when large areas are planted to these fruits upon rolling
land, to use the higher portions for peach trees and to set the plums in the
depressions, although if the soil is suitable the plums would do better upon
the elevated land.

As arule, it may be said that plums need a strong and rather heavy
soil, but on the contrary the most successful plum orchards in the state
are in Oceana county, where the soil is light. The soil there, however, is
rich in lime and seems well adapted to the growth of the trees and to the
production of large crops of fine fruit. For the best results, the land
should be fairly moist, but success can not be obtained if it is not well
drained. If moisture is present, with a proper supply of plant food, fair
success can be obtained upon almost any soil, although a light sand, muck,
or heavy clay should be avoided, with a moderately heavy loam, either
sand or clay, as a choice.

AGE, SIZE, AND CARE OF TREES.

Ina general way, the same rules apply here as were given for the peach.
_ The ordinary planter will, however, find trees that have been grown in the
nursery two years from the bud, preferable to one-year trees.

It may be well to state that plum trees are generally budded upon
Myrobalan stocks, (another name for Prunus cerasifera, a dwarf Euro-
pean plum). The peach is sometimes used as a stock for American varie-
ties, and is recommended by some nurserymen as a stock for European
sorts on sandy soils. Sometimes St. Julien stocks are used, and others
grown from cuttings of the Marianna (a Texas variety with close affini-
ties to Prunus cerasifera) are meeting with favor. The first two kinds may
be grown from imported seeds, but it is amore comman plan to plant Euro- ~
pean-grown stocks. They are placed about three feet eight inches by
six inches, and if strong may, under favorable conditions, be budded the
same season. If not large enough, budding may be delayed until the fol-
lowing year. The season for budding the plum is earlier than for the
peach, the operation being performed as a rule either the latter half of
July or the first half of August. Other than noted, the care of plums in
the nursery is the same as for the peach.

In heading back the top of the trees at the time of planting, the common
practice differs somewhat from the method pursued with the peach.
According to the amount of growth and the amount of root area, the
branches are cut back from one half to two thirds, and the weaker ones
are thinned out so as to leave not over five side shoots in addition to the
leader, which should be shortened only about one third. The branches
should be distributed upon the different sides of the stem as evenly as pos-
sible, taking pains also to secure a vertical distribution.. Both extremes
should be avoided in fixing the height for the head; three feet from the
ground to the lower branches may be taken as an average, although many
would have that as the maximum, and under some conditions it would be
preferable to a greater height.

31

242 : ' STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The after-pruning is confined to the thinning out of unnecessary
branches, particularly those showing a tendency to rub against others, and
the heading i in of rampant shoots. The extremes of either heading in or
thinning out, as practiced upon the peach, do not apply tothe plum. A
plum tree properly pruned at the time of transplanting will need but little
training thereafter, and that given should be the least that will suffice to
guide it into a symmetrical form.

As is the case with all other fruits, the plum needs thorough cultiva-
tion if we would obtain the best results. There is even greater need of
fertilizers than with the peach, as the plum does not seem to be as good a
scavenger as does that fruit, but if possible it should be in some mineral
form. Stable manure can, however, be used under some circumstances to
improve the physical conditions of the soil, its effect either upon a light
or heavy soil being beneficial.

VARIETIES OF THE PLUM.

Nearly all the varieties commonly in cultivation belong to the so-called
Kuropean species, Prunus domestica. The better kinds are as follows,
arranged in the order of their ripening:

Duane’s Purple.—Tree vigorous, shoots very downy, leaves large and
downy. Fruit very large, oblong-oval, one side larger than the ” other.
Stem slender, three fourths of an inch long, set_in a narrow cavity; color
red-purplish, red in the sun, dotted with yellow and with a lilac bloom;
flesh light yellow, juicy, rather sweet; adheres slightly to the stone even
when ripe. Ripens the middle of August. A profitable market sort.

Washington ( Fig.6).—Tree strong growing, forming a round head, leaves
large and glossy, branches light brown, downy. Fruit quite large, roundish-
oval, suture slight. Stalk five eighths of an inch long, stout, downy, set
in a shallow but wide cavity. Deep yellow with crimson blush and dots,
marbled with green before ripe. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet and rich, free.
Last of August. One of the best yellow plums.

Bradshaw (Fig. 6) (Niagara).—Tree very vigorous, with large, purplish
and smooth shoots. Fruit large, ovate, with a stout stem threefourths of an
inch long, slightly inserted in the narrow cavity, sometimes with a slight
neck; purplish red with a blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, becoming brown-
ish yellow, rather coarse, Lut juicy and pleasant. Clings slightly to the
stone until fully ripe. Last of August. One of the best of the standard
varieties, although the new variety, #ield, which in many respects resem-
bles it, is preferred by many as it is one or two weeks earlier.

Green Gage ( Reine Claude).—Trees small, slow growing, smooth shoots,
buds with well-marked shoulders. Fruit small, with slight suture, round,
green or yellowish green, mottled with red in the sun when fully ripe.
Stem slender, one half inch long, slightly inserted. Flesh light green,
rich, melting, juicy, luscious, free. The best in quality of all plums. Last
of August and first of September.

Lombard (Fig. 6).—Tree vigorous with glossy,purple shoots, leaves
crumpled. Fruit of medium size, oval, slightly flattened at the ends, suture
indistinct, violet red, with thin, white bloom. Stalk slender, five eighths of
an inch long. Flesh, deep yellow, juicy, pleasant, adhering to the stone.
Early September. One of the most productive varieties. While it should
be in every collection, the immense number of trees of this variety that
have been planted within the past five years will tend, by lowering the

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 243.

price, to make it less desirable for planting upon a large scale as a
shipping variety.

Jefferson.—Fruit large, oval or slightly obovate, with faint suture, golden
yellow with reddish blush, and thin white bloom. Stalk stout, one inch
long, but slightly inserted. Flesh, deep yellow, juicy, melting, and of high
flavor, free from long-pointed stone. One of the best dessert plums. First
part of September.

Prince Englebert (Fig. 6).—Tree vigorous; branches smooth, downy.
Fruit large, oblong-oval, deep purple, with brown dots and blue bloom.
Stalk medium with a swelling at the base, set in a deep, narrow cavity.
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, and of good flavor, free, Early
September.

Gueu (Fig. 6).—Tree strong, vigorous, spreading, an early and abundant
bearer. Branches stout, smooth, grayish brown. Fruit large, oval, slightly
pointed at both ends, suture slight if any; dark purple with thick bloom.
Stem long and slender, inserted in a deep, broad cavity. Flesh light yel-
low, rather coarse, firm, sweet when fully ripe, free. Middle of September.
Excellent for shipping.

Imperial Gage.—Trees upright and fairly vigorous, shoots long and
dark, downy. Fruit of medium size, oval with distinct suture. Stalk one
inch long, moderately stout, set in a slight depression. Skin pale green,
becoming yellowish with a distinct marbling of green stripes. Flesh green-
ish yellow, juicy, rich, and melting, generally free from oval-pointed stone.
Quite productive. September. Excellent for both table and market.

Pond (Fig. 6) (Hnglish).—Tree very vigorous; branches grayish and
smooth. Fruit large, oval, with distinct neck, reddish violet with a thin
white bloom, and dotted with brown spots. Flesh yellow, rather coarse,
but juicy and sweet. A very showy fruit, quite desirable for market.
Middle of September.

Quackenboss (Fig. 6).—Tree, a strong, upright grower, shoots smooth.
Fruit of large size, oblong-oval, deep purple in sun, with reddish spots, dark
amber in the shade, stalk short, suture indistinct. Flesh yellow, rather
coarse, sweet, and juicy. Quite productive and a valuable market sort.
Middle of September.

German Prune.—Shoots smooth, slender. Fruit large, oval, swollen on
one side, tapering particularly toward stem, suture well marked. Skin
purple, with dense bloom. Stem slender, three fourths of an inch long,
cavity shallow. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, sweet, free; stone flat, slightly
curved. Used for preserving and drying. Middle to last of September.

Damson (Fig. 6).—Tree small, branches slender and thorny, subject
to black-knot. Fruit small, oval, depressed, purple with a dense blue
bloom, stem slender. Flesh melting and juicy, a partial cling, quite acid.
September.

Shropshire Damson.—An English variety. Blue with a thin bloom,
oblong or obovate, of rather better quality than the common Damson.
Useful for preserves. Last of September, and October.

Coe’s Golden Drop.—Tree moderately vigorous and quite productive,
smooth. Fruit large, oval or obovate, with a slight neck, unequally divided
by a well marked suture. Light yellow or greenish yellow with red dots on
cheek. Stem seven eighths of an inch long, quite stiff. Flesh firm, yellow-
ish, adheres to stone, juicy, sweet, excellent. Last of September, and
October. Where it ripens it is one of the best late plums.

244 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Engleher7. S/Uppers Pride Lombard. |

Fia@. 6.—VARIETIES OF PLUM.—(One third natural size).

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 245

Fellemburg (Italian Prune)—Tree slender.. Fruit of medium size,
oval, tapering to both ends. Dark purple with a dark bloom; stem ina
shallow and narrow cavity, slender, one inch long. Flesh greenish yellow,
sweet and juicy, and of good quality, free. First of October.

Baway ( Reine Claude de Bavay).—Tree vigorous and productive, smooth;
fruit large, round-oval, depressed, greenish yellow with red dots and pink-
ish green stripes; flesh juicy, yellow, sugary, of fine quality, nearly free.
October. Desirable both for home use and market.

Of the comparatively new sorts that are meeting with favor where they
have fruited are Moore’s Arctic, naturally quite hardy, but the foliage
drops badly and hence it often winter-kills. Tree vigorous, smooth, grayish-
brown, and an early and abundant bearer. [Fruit small to medium, round-
oval, purplish-black with blue bloom. Stalk medium, slender, in a narrow
cavity. Flesh greenish-yellow, rather coarse, juicy, sweet, pleasant, adheres
slightly to stone. Seems to have little to recommend it, although it has
been largely planted on account of its supposed hardiness and earliness.

Shipper’s Pride (Fig. 6).—Tree vigorous, quite hardy and productive.
Fruit above medium in size, oblong-oval, deep purple with thick, blue
bloom. Middle of September.

French Damson.—Tree more vigorous and a better grower than the other
Damsons, hardy and very productive. Fruit of medium size, deep copper
color with a rich bloom. Middle of October. Considered the best of the
Damsons by Mr. Willard of New York.

Peters’ Yellow Gage.—An old but littie known plum. Trees fairly
vigorous, with short, downy branches. Fruit medium to large, roundish-
oval, light yellow, marbled with red in the sun, and with a thin bloom.
Stalk large and stout, set in a wide cavity. Flesh yellowish, sweet, and
Juicy. One of the best of the yellow plums. Last of August.

Stanton.—Tree a good grower, fruit medium to large, round-oval; deep
purple with a thick, bluish bloom. Quite productive. Last of Septem-
ber and early October. An excellent keeper and a promising late sort for
canning purposes.

Purple Egg (Hudson River).—Tree vigorous and quite productive.
Fruit large, purplish-red with thin bloom. Flesh deep yellow, rather
coarse. Last of September. A promising market sort.

Of the other new and promising sorts are Czar, Grand Duke, Murdy,
Prince of Wales, Black Diamond, and Early Rivers (Rivers’ Early
Prolific).

‘Simon (Prunus Simoni).—Tree small, upright, branches rough. Leaves
are small, narrow, and glossy. Blossoms small, very early, and hence very
likely to be injured by frost. Seems to be a productive sort in this state.
Fruit of medium size, round; flattened, with a well marked basin at apex,
firm. Color, reddish-purpie with brown dots; flesh dull yellow, sweet,
rather dry, slightly acrid. Last of August. It seems to have no qualities
that make it especially desirable.

AMERICAN PLUMS.

In the common works upon pomology little attention has been paid
to any except the varieties of European origin (Prunus domestica).
There are, however, a large number of varieties in cultivation that are
derived from native species. While many of them are largely grown in
sections of the south and west where the European varieties do not thrive,

246 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

they are of but little value in most parts of Michigan. Even when pro-
ductive, they are generally small in size, with a tough skin and firm flesh,
and many of them are of an acrid nature.

Until recently our cultivated native plums have been grouped into two
species, the American or Canadian wild plum (Prunus Americana,
Marshall) and the Chickasaw plum (P. Chickasa, Mich.) A few years
ago they were carefully studied by Prof. Bailey of Cornell University,
and a new classification made as follows:

Group A. The Americana Group (Prunus Americana, Marshall ).—This
species is found from New England to the Rocky mountains and extends
from Manitoba to Texas. In the group are placed a number of hardy, ~
strong-growing varieties “characterized by a firm, meaty, usually com-
pressed, dull-colored, late fruit, with thick and usually very tough, glau-
cous skin, and large, more or less flattened stone which is often nearly or
quite free, and by large, obovate, thick, veiny, jagged, dull leaves.” “The
fruits are somewhat flattened at the ends, and are commonly marked by a
distinct suture. All of the varieties have a light purple bloom.”
Among the best varieties of this group are Cheney, De Soto, Forest
Garden, Hawkeye, Louisa, Maquoketa, Purple and Yellow Yosemite,
Rollingstone, and Weaver. Wolf and Van Buren are classed as Prunus
Americana var. Mollis, from the fact that they have pubescent shoots and
foliage.

B. Wild Goose Group (Prunus hortulana, Bailey)—This embraces
all varieties with a “ wide-spreading growth and mostly smooth twigs, a
firm, juicy, bright colored, thin skinned fruit which is never flattened, a
clinging, turgid, comparatively small, rough stone, which is sometimes pro-
longed at the ends, but is never conspicuously wing-margined, and by
comparatively thin and firm, shining, smooth, flat, more or less peach-like,
ovate-lanceolate or ovate, long-pointed leaves which are mostly closely and
obtusely glandular serrate, and the stalks of which are usually glandular.”
This species is found in the Mississippi valley from Illinois southward.

The species seems to be more closely allied to the Chickasaw than to the
Americana group. “The fruits are usually covered with a thin bloom and
are more or less marked by small spots. In color they range from a vivid
crimson to pure golden yellow.” On the other hand, the varieties of P.
Americana seldom or never bear fruits of a pure yellow color, being more
or less clouded and splashed with red. ‘They are also generally thin-
skinned and of a dull color. Prof. Bailey recognizes two types in this
group, one of which is characterized ‘‘ by thin and very smooth, peach-like
leaves, which are very finely and evenly serrate ” (Wild Goose), while the
other is distinguished by ‘thicker, duller, and more veiny leaves, which
are more coarsely and more or less irregularly serrate.” (Moreman, Way-
land and Golden Beauty.) The latter type seems to connect the plums of
the Miner type quite closely with those of the Wild Goose group.

C. Miner Group (P. hortulana, var. Mineri.)—It differs from the
species ‘by the dull and comparatively thick leaves, which are conspicu-
ously veiny below and irregularly, coarsely toothed and more or less obovate
in outline, by a late, very firm fruit, and by a more or less smooth and Amer-
icana-like stone.” Most of the varieties are quite hardy and are among the
best of the native plums for southern Michigan. The best varieties are
Clinton, Forest Rose, Miner, and Prairie Flower.

D. Chickasaw Group (P. angustifolia, Marshall), (P. Chicasa,
Mich).—The trees of this group have a slender, spreading, and irregular

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLEIINS. | 247

growth, the trees are smaller and the leaves are small, lanceolate or oblong
lanceolate, closely serrate, shining, and generally folded together or trough-
like in appearance. The twigs are red and bear, on spurs upon the old
wood, dense clusters of small flowers, quite early in the season. The fruit
is small, generally red, and more or less spotted; the “ flesh is soft, juicy, and
more or less stringy and very tightly adherent to the small, broad, rough-
ish stone.” The small-leaved type of the Wild Goose group greatly resem-
ble some of the varieties of the Chickasaw. Even in a cultivated state
some of the varieties are quite thorny. Several of the Texas varieties are
lacking in hardiness. Among the best of the Chickasaws are Newman,
Pottawatamie and Robinson.

Marianna Group.—In this class were placed the Marianna and De
Caradeuc, both of which have originated from the Myrobalan plums, the
former as a hybrid with some native sort and the disseminator of the De
Caradeuc whose name it bore believed it also to be of hybrid origin.

The DeCaradeuc is a valuable plum in some localities.

The Marianna was highly recommended as an early market plum when
it was sent out, but its principal value is asa stock for other plums. It grows
readily from cuttings and it has all of the good features of the Myrobalan
and none of its bad ones when used for that purpose.

Many of the American varieties are incapable of fertilizing them-
selves. It has been particularly noticed with such well-known sorts as the
Wild Goose and Miner, and from their failure to bear fruit the whole class
has been condemned. When planted in alternate rows with some good
pollenizers they will be found almost sure bearers. However, it must be
stated that for nearly all sections of Michigan, the much more desirable
_European sorts can be grown to such perfection that there is but little
occasion for the planting of American varieties.

JAPANESE PLUMS,

Within the last ten years quite a number of varieties have been brought
into notice that have come from Japanese species. Most of them have
been traced to Prunus Mume, either directly or as hybrids between that
and some other species. One of the first of this class was the Kelsey,
which is a large, fine plum in the south, but it is not sufficiently hardy
for successful planting in Michigan. Under the name of Botan an
extremely hardy race of plums has been introduced. It includes both red
and yellow varieties and the much-lauded Abundance plum is sometimes,
and properly, called Sweet Botan. It is quite hardy, very productive, and
although the fruits are not large it is a quite desirable early plum.

The Burbank and other seedlings originated and sent out by Luther
Burbank of California have been planted in portions of the state where the
climate is tempered by lake Michigan, and they seem hardy there, but it is
too soon to judge of their value, although they are very promising varieties.

The Satsuma is another variety of Japanese origin. It starts into
growth very early and it is probable that it will be tender except in
protected locations.

248 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

INSECTS AND DISEASES OF THE PEACH AND PLUM.

The intelligent and skillful commercial grower of these fruits is
blest by a large number of insect friends—biest and friends, because, if
not for them, so many persons would engage in the business, and the
crops would be so large, that the price at which they would sell would not
pay for their cultivation. Under the present conditions, the number of
growers is kept within bounds, and fair prices can be obtained, but even

-now the man who makes use of the remedies at his disposal in a rational

manner will have jarge and perfect fruit, in years when his less intelligent
or less industrious neighbor may have lost his entire crop, or will have
inferior specimens that will be a drug in the market, even in a year of
scarcity and of high prices. The fact that many of our insecticides and
fungicides can be used in combination greatly simplifies and reduces the
expense of preparation and application.

Every grower who expects to secure a crop of plums takes some means
to destroy the curculio, and the day is not far distant when every successful
peach- and plum-grower, to say nothing of the growers of other kinds of
fruit, will make as free use of his spray pump for the application of
insecticides and fungicides, as he now does of his curculio sheet. Their
use is rapidly increasing, and last year the amount of copper sulphate sold
in the state of Michigan for use in fungicides was not less than five tons.

In addition to the remedies given, too much stress can not be placed
upon the importance of securing vigorous trees, by use of proper soil and
a suitable location, an abundance of mineral fertilizers, and, above all,
thorough cultivation. Clean cultivation not only aids the trees in their
growth, but it breaks up the hiding places of insects. Untidy fence-rows
are favorite breeding places for insects, and should not be tolerated. In
the following pages will be found formule for some of the standard
insecticides and fungicides, and descriptions and life histories of some of
the more injurious friends.

FUNGICIDES.

In Bulletins 59, 83, and 92, formule have been given for many of the
more useful fungicides, but as they may not be at hand we repeat several
that will be found valuable. -

Bordeaux Mixture.—Slake two pounds of stone lime, and dissolve two
pounds of copper sulphate in a wooden or earthen vessel, pour together
and dilute so as to make from twenty to forty gallons as desired. Care
should be taken to properly slake the lime, as injury to the foliage may
otherwise result. A small amount of hot water may be used, or if cold
water is employed it should be added only as fast as the lime will take it
up. Air-slaked lime may be used, but the amount should be increased
one half. To make sure that all of the free acid of the copper sulphate has
been neutralized by the lime, after they have been poured together, and
been thoroughly stirred, add a few drops of ferro-cyanide of potassium,
and if it gives a brown color it indicates that more lime is needed, and it
should be added until no effect can be produced by the ferro-cyanide.
When that condition can be secured it shows that the free acid has been
taken up, and that there will be no danger from using the mixture
properly diluted upon any foliage. Of the various strengths for this mix-

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 249

ture there seems to be little difference in the effect, whether one pound of
copper sulphate is used to ten gallons of water or for fifteen gallons, but if
much more water is used the efficiency is reduced. For all applications
before the leaves appear we prefer to use at the rate of two pounds of
copper sulphate to twenty gallons of the mixture, and increase the
amount of water by about five gallons for each subsequent application. If
the first and second sprayings are made in a thorough manner at the proper
times, 7. e., before the buds start, and just after the petals have fallen from
the blossoms—a third application at from three to four weeks after the sec-
ond will suffice unless it is desired to control the curculio by means of
Paris green, in which case an intermediate spraying with that material alone,
about two weeks after the second application of Bordeaux mixture, will be
desirable, although, as the cost of the material is so small, it will be well to
add the copper sulphate, the lime being necessary to prevent the burning
of the foliage by the Paris green.
_ Ammoniacal Carbonate of Copper.—Dissolve three ounces of copper
carbonate in 3 pints of ammonia water (26°) and dilute before using with
32 gallons of water. The original solution if kept in a glass stoppered
bottle will retain its strength for a long time.

This mixture seems rather less effective than the Bordeaux mixture in
the destruction of fungi and is more likely to injure the foliage; in fact, it
is hardly safe to use it upon the peach, particularly as it is only applied in
midsummer, when it is not desirable to use lime upon the ripening fruits.
So far as the spotting and poisoning of the fruit with the preparation are
concerned, there is but little danger, although it is not advised to spray
fruits with it that are to be gathered within three weeks.

As sold upon the market, copper carbonate costs from 30 to 50 cents per
pound, but it can be made for less than half those prices. To make it,
dissolve one pound of copper sulphate and one pound of carbonate of soda.
Pour together and, in the precipitate that forms, there will be the equiva-
lent of eight ounces of copper carbonate. Turn the water off and either
allow the precipitate to dry, or use at once as desired. The modified
eau celeste is practically the same as the ammoniacal carbonate of copper,
made as above, except that it contains more copper carbonate and it is
rather more effective.

INSECTICIDES.

In order to make an efficient use of insecticides one must vot only under-
stand the methods in which they act, but he should have at least some
general information regarding the habits of the insects to be treated.
Many of the failures reported are due to lack of this knowledge, since a
remedy may be used that is unsuited to the purpose, as a little knowledge
would have shown. Not only are remedies for sucking insects used upon
leaf-eating forms and vice versa, but many persons seem to have an idea
that spraying will prevent all injuries to their fruit, and, without giving
thought to the proper remedy, expect to destroy insects by the use of
fungicides, or the reverse.

Arsenites.—For all leaf-eating insects some form of poison should be
used, when it can be placed so that they will obtain it. The more com-
mon remedies are Paris green (arsenite of copper) and London purple
(arsenite of lime). White arsenic and corrosive sublimate are used by

32

250 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

some persons, but while less expensive are rather more dangerous to have
around.

Paris green is rather more efficient than London purple, and being less
soluble is not so likely to injure the foliage. When purchased in large quan-
tities the cost is little if any more, and if to be used in combination with
Bordeaux mixture, as is generally desirable, it is preferable to London
purple, as the Paris green itself is quite a valuable fungicide. When used
alone, however, the water must be kept continually in agitation to pre-
vent it from settling, and as there is less danger of this with London
purple it has the preference under those conditions.

Neither of these arsenites can be used alone in a proper strength upon
the peach, except very early in the spring, without danger of burning the
foliage. They can, however be added to Bordeaux mixture at the rate
of one pound of arsenite to 250 gallons of the mixture, and the lime will
serve to neutralize any free acid. If it becomes necessary to use them
independent of the Bordeaux, they can be rendered innocuous if one
pound of lime is added for each pound of the arsenite. Combined in this
way, it can be used even upon the peach, as strong as one pound of London
purple, or Paris green to 200 gallons of water.

Kerosene Emulsion.—This is the best known specific for such insects as
obtain their food by sucking it through a tube-like proboscis, although it
is fatal to nearly all insects with whose bodies it is brought in contact. It
can be readily prepared by heating one quart of soft soap until it becomes
liquid, then remove from near the fire and add one pint of kerosene. With
a force pump violently agitate the mixture for from three to five minutes until
it becomes homogeneous and cream-like throughout. Stirring should not be
relied upon, and even when the pump is employed there will be danger
from its use if, on standing, the oil collects upon the surface. Every pre-
caution should be taken to secure a perfect and stable emulsion for which
rapid work is necessary, which should be kept up until a foamy mass is
secured. Before using, add six quarts of water, so that the kerosene will
be about one sixteenth part of the mass. If soft soap is not at hand, from
two to four ounces of hard soap may be used instead. Dissolve it in a quart
of hot, soft water, and after bringing it the boiling point, remove from the-
fire, add the kerosene, and proceed as before. Even more care will be nec-
essary in securing a stable emulsion than when soft soap without water
was used.

It should be remembered that, to be effectual, this remedy must be
brought in contact with the bodies of the insects, and as the leaves often-
times act asa shield, it will need to be applied with considerable force
through a fine nozzle in order to produce a mist-like spray.

Carbolic Acid.—The use of this substance about plum and peach trees
seems to prevent the curculio and other insects from depositing eggs. The
usual way of applying it is as carbolate of lime, or as ‘‘ carbolized plaster.”
A half pint of crude carbolic acid is mixed with about fifty pounds, either
of air-slaked lime, or with land plaster (gypsum), and thrown over the
trees while the dew is on, about the time the blossoms have fallen. It
should be repeated twice at intervals of ten days, or oftener if washed
off by rains.

Carbolic acid can also be used to advantage, combined with kerosene
emulsion, for washing the trunks of peach, plum, and other fruit trees, for
the destruction of insects; one pint will answer for ten gallons.

Other Remedies.—For the destruction of aphides, scale, and simi-

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 251

lar insects, there are several effective remedies, although none of them
equal kerosene emulsion. Strong soap-suds will be found a simple and
quite effective remedy, and tobacco tea is even more reliable. This can be
made by soaking tobacco stems in hot water. For some purposes pyreth-
rum, or buhack, will be of value. This can be applied as a powder with a
bellows, or in water at the rate of a teaspoonful to the gallon.

LEAF—EATING INSECTS.

Under this heading we may include any forms that injure the foliage by
biting and chewing the foliage. The plum has something like forty insects
that have been known to feed upon it, and there are at least ten that have
been found injuring the foliage of the peach. None of them, however,
are particularly troublesome, as it is only in rare instances that they become
sufficiently numerous to be injurious. When their presence is discovered,
it will be a very simple thing to destroy them by the use of Paris green,
and as a safeguard we would always recommend the addition of a small
quantity, say two ounces to forty gallons, whenever Bordeaux mixture is
applied during the growing season, and at the present time the extent of
the injury caused by fungous diseases is such that the application of this
fungicide should not be neglected.

The cherry slug (Hriocampa cerasi ) sometimes appears upon the plum,
but can be controlled by the arsenites.

SNOWY TREE CRICKET.—(Oecanthus niveus, Serv.)

~~ The branches of the plum and peach are often punctured by this insect
and eggs are deposited in the punctures. They select the young growth
of the trees and make their punctures in long lines one above the other,
until from thirty to fifty eggs have been deposited; sometimes a half dozen
or more groups of punctures are made upon a single branch. The injured
tissues become dry and the branch is much weakened, although, if in a vig-
orous, growing condition, the injury soon becomes covered up. Some of
the punctured branches can be cut away, but in recently set trees it is gen-
erally impossible to cut all of them out without removing too many of the
shoots.

The eggs hatch in the early summer and the mature insects are rather
beneficial than otherwise, as they feed upon plant lice. In the fall they
deposit eggs, and if they are so numerous as to need a remedy, this is the
best time. As soon as they are found to be at work, the trees ‘should be
sprayed with kerosene emulsion to which one pint of crude carbolic acid
has been added for fifteen gallons of the emulsion. It must be confessed
that this is not an ideal remedy, as, while the kerosene will kill all the
insects it touches, its effects are not lasting, the carbolic acid merely tend-
ing to keep the insects from depositing eggs in the trees sprayed, and
driving them to other plants. The raspberry, currant and grape, are also
injured by the snowy cricket.

PLUM CURCULIO.—(Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst.)

The fruit of the plum, peach, and cherry, as well as the apple and pear,
are often much injured by the larve of this pest, so much so that unless
precautions are taken it is almost impossible to secure a crop. The plum

252 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and peach are so injured that they drop from the trees, while the presence
of the worms in ripe cherries not only ruins those containing them, but
renders the others objects of suspicion.

The perfect insect is a grayish-black beetle about one sixth of an inch
long, with a hump upon each wing cover and a short curved snout, which
is turned back beneath the thorax when not in use.

The insects appear about the time the trees blossom (sometimes a few
days before), and, as soon as the fruits form, deposit one or more eggs in
each. With the snout a small hole is made, upon the side of the fruit,
and a cavity is excavated just under the edge of the skin, in which an egg is
deposited. To cause the growth of this part of the fruit to stop and thus
to prevent the egg from being crushed, the beetle makes a crescent-shaped.
cut (thus ¢) around the egg. In this mark we have an infallible
sign of the work of this insect. Ovipositing continues for about ten days,
from five to ten being deposited daily.

The eggs generally hatch in from four to seven days, the larve being small,
white grubs. They feed upon the flesh and quickly eat in to the stone,
ey reach full size in from three to five weeks,
and the fruits are often so injured that they
“x fall to the ground before this time. When
full grown, the larvee emerge from the fruit
and enter the ground to the depth of five
inches, where they change to pup, and at
the end of from four to six weeks become
fully developed beetles. In this form they
pass the winter hidden under the rough bark,
or other similar protection, and come out in
the spring ready for work. The mature
beetles, contrary to former belief, feed upon

: the foliage, and bark, and even eat holes in
ee ue CURGULTS the young fruits merely for the purpose of
a larva. pupa. cadalt. dplumstong. obtaining food. From the life history as
given above, various preventive remedies are self-evident. It will
always be well to have all fruit as it falls eaten by hogs or sheep,
while poultry are quite useful in a plum orchard. In thinning the fruit
those removed can readily be dropped into baskets and then burned.
Frequent cultivation at the time the insects are entering the ground will
destroy many of them, and fall plowing will also be beneficial. If the
trunks of the trees are washed in the early spring with kerosene emulsion
we shall both kill many curculio, as well as other insects, and deprive them
of a hiding place under the bark, as the growth will be less likely to crack.
As a rule, however, this will not suffice, and other remedies must be
resorted to. The most effectual is the shaking or jarring of the trees at
the time the insects are depositing their eggs. While the curculio may fly
from tree to tree during the day, in the early morning they are not active.
and if disturbed they generally fall upon their backs and “play possum.”
By jarring the trees at this time they are thrown down and can be caught
upon sheets. A screen is made from eight to twelve feet square by tack-
ing cotton cloth upon a light frame-work, with an opening in one side
large enough to admit the body of the trees, or two narrow frames may be
used, one upon each side of the trees. Another form of screen is often
made by tacking strips of wood to two opposite sides of a square of cloth

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 253

of suitable size, which is open to the center from one end to admit the
tree. Sometimes a screen is mounted upon a wheel-barrow. The trees are
jarred by bumping them with a maul padded with rubber to prevent
injury to the bark. To admit of giving heavy blows to large trees, some
of the branches are cut off leaving stubs to pound against, or pieces of
half-inch gas pipe or large nails may be set in the trees for this purpose.
The frequency and number of jarrings will depend upon the abundance
of the curculio, varying from daily to three or four days apart and con-
tinuing for from one to three weeks. The insects should be collected upon
the screen and placed in a pan with a little kerosene in the bottom.

While the jarring is the surest way of fighting this insect, the use of
arsenites will generally be effectual in saving enough for a crop if they
have been kept in check in previous years.

Witha good setting of fruit and a comparatively small number of insects,
a good crop will be insured by spraying, and where the treatment is kept
up from year to year little or no harm is done by the curculio, even when no
jarring has been done. Whilespraying is sure enough to be recommended
as above, especially if Bordeaux mixture is also used, we advise all to watch
their trees, and if the curculio are present in numbers to jar and thus
make sure of them.

The first spraying should be made as soon as the blossoms fall, and will
need to be repeated about twice, at intervals of ten days. If rains inter-
vene, three or four applications at shorter intervals should be made. —

By combining arsenites with Bordeaux mixture we shall also havea
remedy for the various fungous diseases of these fruits, and will both
render impossible the burning of the foliage and make it more efficacious
as an insecticide, as the lime will tend to hold it for a longer time upon
the foliage, and will also in part prevent the deposition of the eggs.

The use of carbolized lime also will be found of value, when the arsen-
ites are not employed, or a similar result, 7. e., the driving of the
insects away from the trees, can be secured by the addition of about one
pint of crude carbolic acid to twenty gallons of Bordeaux mixture.

\THES PLUM GOUGER. (Coccotorus prunicida.)

The gouger in some respects resembles the curculio, but it differs in
being of a grayish-brown color with frequent white and black spots upon
its back; its legs and thorax are of a dull yellow color. In size it is some-
thing over one fourth of an inch long, and its snout is stout, projecting to
the front, so that it can not be doubled back under the body. The eggs
are placed in pits that the insect bores in the fruit of the plum nearly as
deep as its snout is long. The pits are enlarged at the bottom and the
snout is used in pushing the eggs to the lower end. The larva, upon
hatching, eats its way into the seed and feeds upon its kernel. It pupates
within the stone, and then emerges as a perfect beetle in September. The
gouger is seldom very injurious, but the same remedies answer for it as for
the curculio, whenever it does appear.

THE ROSE CHAFER—( Macrodactylus subspinosus).

The rose chafer, rose beetle, or rose bug, as itis variously called, is fre-
quently quite injurious from its eating the flowers, young fruits, and leaves
of the peach and plum, as well as the grape, apple, and other fruits, and
various flowers.

254 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, |

It proves ironclad against the arsenites and kerosene emulsion, and the
only effectual remedy is hand-picking im the cool of the day. The use of
earbolic acid as recommended for the plum curculio seems to be distasteful
to the beetles and tends to drive them away. Clean cultivation undoubt-
edly tends to destroy them to some extent, as they pupate in the soil.

THE APHIDES OF PEACHES AND PLUMS.

Both fruits are often injured by plant-lice. The foliage of the plum is
attacked by the so-called plum-tree aphis (Aphis prunifolia, Fitch),
while the peach tree aphis (Myzus persicae, Sulzer) attacks the leaves
and twigs of the peach, and the black peach aphis (Aphis persicae-niger,
Smith) attacks roots, leaves, and tender shoots.

The plum tree aphis, when first hatched, is of a greenish-white color,
but it soon grows darker, and later in the season becomes nearly black.
Like other plant lice, these insects obtain their food by sucking the juice
from the leaves and young shoots. This tends to weaken the plants and
the leaves become more or less blistered, and finally ro!l up. If the attack
is severe they may drop from the trees.

The eggs are deposited upon the branches, at the base of the buds, or in
cracks in the bark, in the fall. The insects are hatched about the time the
buds open in the spring. The first brood consists entirely of females,
which develop in ten or twelve days, after which, for some three weeks,
they give birth to about two young aphides daily, and then they die.
This is repeated by the successive broods until cold weather approaches,
when both males and females are produced. After pairing, the females
deposit eggs as noted above.

These insects obtain their food by sucking the juice of plants through
their long, slender beaks. It will be seen that they can not be destroyed
by the use of arsenites, and some remedy must be employed that will kill
by contact.

For the aphides upon our fruit trees we have no better remedy than
kerosene emulsion, although tobacco water, soap suds, and pyrethrum in
water are valuable.

The peach-tree aphis works in about the same way as does the plum
aphis, and the same remedies should be employed. Like the plum aphis,
some of the females and also the males are winged, to permit them to seek
fresh pastures after one has been fully occupied. The winged females are
nearly black in color and about an eighth of an inch in length, while the
wingless individuals are of a yellowish-red color. The males are yellow
with brown markings. :

The black peach aphis has been very destructive in the eastern states,
where it is found in large numbers upon the branches in the spring, often
killing outright small trees and the younger branches of the older ones; they
have destroyed entire orchards in some localities and are particularly
troublesome to the young trees in nursery rows. They are dark brown or
black in color, and have unusually large beaks.

As noted above, this aphis also feeds upon the roots of the trees, and upon
sandy soil it is particularly destructive. Dr. E. F. Smith, who first dis-
covered its workings, attributes to it many so-called cases of yellows. The
trees made a weak growth, the leaves were yellow and shrivelled, but none
of the distinctive features of yellows were present. The fact that this
insect has an underground existence favors its development, as it is out of

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 255

the reach of ordinary remedies. They are most likely to appear upon trees
growing in exhausted soil, hence we should ward off their attack by sup-
plying proper food. If ‘they appear, the use of several pounds of com-
mon salt, kainit, or muriate of potash to the tree will destroy the subterra-
nean form. All of the above species are destroyed by the common “ lady-
birds.” These, as mature insects, are about three eighths of an inch in length
and nearly as wide. They are beetles and somewhat resemble a small Colo-
rado potato beetle except in color, which in this insect is generally yellow
or red, or some intermediate shade, with from one to fifteen, generally round,
spots upon the wing covers. The larve of this insect and of the lace-wing
and syrphus flies are also quite destructive. They should be recognized
as friends, and not treated as enemies.

THE PLUM-TREE BORER. (4egeria pictipes.)

The trunk and branches of plum trees are often considerably injured by
the larve of this insect, which gnaw the inner bark and new wood of the
trees. The flat-headed apple-tree borer and the peach-tree borer are also
sometimes found in the plum tree. An idea of the life history of these
insects and the remedies for them can be obtained from the following lines
regarding the peach-tree borer.

THE PEACH-TREE BORER.—(Sannina exitiosa.)

This is one of the most destructive insects that the peach-grower has to
contend with, as, unless its attacks are guarded against, the very life of the
trees is menaced. The borers are hatched from eggs that are deposited
upon the trunk by moths that have a general resemblance to wasps, and at
first sight are often mistaken for them. The male has transparent wings with
a spread of about seven eighthsof aninch. It has aslender, bluish-colored
body with yellowish markings. The female has a wing spread of fully one
and one fourth inches, the front pair being opaque and of a glossy, blue color,
the same as the body, while the hind pair are transparent with dark margins.
The body of the female is cylindrical and considerably larger than that of
the male. As arule, the eggs are deposited close to the ground, but are
sometimes placed higher up on the trunk. They soon hatch, and the larvee
eat their way through the bark and generally work their way toward the
roots. The sap, together with the castings, extrudes and forms a gummy
mass at the surface of the ground. The full-grown larve measure
about three fourths of an inch in length, and are of a yellowish-white
color with black jaws and a yellow head. The larve remain at rest dur-
ing the winter, but in the spring, after completing their growth, they form
cocoons at, or just beneath, the surface of the soil and close to the root of
the tree. After three or four weeks, the perfect moths appear, generally
during July or August, and soon deposit eggs of other broods. The pres-
ence of the borers can readily be detected by the gummy exudation and
steps should at once be taken to remove them. The tree should be exam-
ined in the autumn and again in the spring, and all borers dug out with a
sharp-pointed knife. In order to find them readily, the soil should be
drawn away from around the trees, but it must be replaced lest the trees
be injured during the winter. Under all conditions, the destruction of the
larvee should not be neglected, and as a rule it will be sufficient; but, in
localities where they are very troublesome, it is well to apply some kind of
wash to the trunks of the trees about the first of July, to prevent the

256 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

deposition of the eggs. One of the best washes is made by thinning down
soft soap until it is of the consistency of thick paint and adding a table-
spoonful of crude carbolic acid to each gallon of wash. Paris green and
lime are also added by some people. The wrapping of thick paper, or of
fine, wire netting, about the tree trunks will also keep the insects from
depositing their eggs.

MICE AND RABBITS.

In orchards where the trees are growing in sod, or where there is litter
of any kind about the trees, mice sometimes girdle them, and rabbits
are frequently quite troublesome. In the first case, a remedy will be
found by removing the conditions that favor the mice, which are also of
themselves injurious to the trees. If this can not be done, a mound of soil
free from litter placed around the trees toa height of one foot will save
them from the mice. Mice, and to some extent rabbits, can be fenced
out by wrapping the trees in the fall with paper or netting. Another
remedy is to paint the tree trunks in the fall with a lime or cement wash,
‘to every ten quarts of which a heaping tablespoonful of Paris green has
been added. The smearing of the tree trunks with blood is claimed by
some to keep away rabbits.

PEACH YELLOWS.

Of all plant diseases none is to be more dreaded than the one that for
the want of a better name is -known as “yellows” of the peach. The
character of the soil, its location, and the variety of the peach seem to have
no effect upon its appearance, and whenever it manifests itself the best
thing to do is to immediately dig out and burn the trees. Nothing is pos-
itively known of the nature of the disease, but as it is undoubtedly conta-
gious it is probably caused by some low form of vegetable parasite allied
to the bacteria. The disease has been studied by many persons, both chem-
ically aud microscopically, and for six years the Department of Agriculture
has had an expert who has given his entire attention to studying and exper-
imenting with diseased trees; every means has been afforded him, but,
although much valuable knowledge has been acquired regarding the
disease, nothing has been learned of its real nature. The disease has
been at various times ascribed to the effect of soil exhaustion, of borers,
of cold, of root aphides, of eel worms (Anguillule), of wet subsoil,
neglect of cultivation or of pruning, the excessive use of nitrogenous
manures, or the use of pits or buds from diseased trees. If trees are prop-
agated from either pits or buds of diseased trees, yellows will undoubt-
edly appear, but experiments by Dr. Erwin F’. Smith, the expert mentioned
above, and others, seem to show conclusively that the other conditions will
not of themselves cause yellows to appear in the peach, although they
may induce an appearance that to the inexperienced eye may resemble that
disease: It is also very probable’ that trees weakened by any of the
above adverse conditions may be particularly susceptible to it.

HISTORY OF YELLOWS.

Although we have no definite information regarding the time and place
of the appearance of yellows, it is quite certain that the disease has been
known for at least one hundred years in the neighborhood of Philadelphia,
and from that point it gradually spread in all directions, appearing in
New York in 1801 and in Massachusetts in 1818. Within recent years it

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 257

has exterminated the peach orchards of Maryland and northern Delaware,
and is gradually spreading southward. It appeared in Berrien Co., Mich-
igan, in 1866, the germs being presumably brought in nursery stock from
New Jersey. Fora few years it spread very slowly, but after 1875 it became
very destructive and showed itself in nearly every orchard in the county.
In 1874 there were fully 650,000 peach trees in Berrien county, and in 1877
the shipments were more than a half million baskets, but such was the vir-
ulence of the disease that after 1875 few orchards were planted, as young
trees were carried off within two or three years. The attack was so severe
and so widespread that the number of trees in the county fell to 50,000 in
1884, and in the townships of Benton and St. Joseph, where it first appeared,
hardly a tree remained. It worked northward and appeared at South
Haven in 1869 and at Paw Paw about 1877. The disease was not particu-
larly destructive at South Haven until 1875, but from that year until
1880 it increased in virulence. The fruitgrowers of South Haven, profiting
by the experience of their neighbors at the south, waged a war of extermina-
tion and, where it was followed up, the loss was quite small. In some cases
the proper precautions were not taken and entire orchards were destroyed.
The history of the disease is about the same in Allegan, Kent, and Ottawa
counties, where it appeared later. Whiie it has undoubtedly appeared in
other counties it has done little harm. It behooves the peach-growers in
all parts of the state to be on the watch and on its first appearance to
stamp it out. With our present lack of knowledge of the real cause of yel-
lows, we can dono more than to subject the trees to such conditions as will
be most likely to keep them healthy. We should, then, use trees free from
taint of disease; plant upon high, well-drained soil; avoid the use of excessive
_ quantities of nitrogenous manures, supplying necessary plant food for the
most part in the form of chemical fertilizers; give frequent, regular cultiva-
tion; cut back and thin out the trees to secure a strong growth; remove all
surplus fruit while still small and thus prevent it from drawing needlessly
upon the trees; fight early and late against the borers and other insects, the
curl-leaf, rot, and other fungous diseases. This treatment should give us
strong, vigorous trees that will be more likely to escape the attack of yellows
than those grown under opposite conditions would be. Whileit is believed
that favorable conditions for the growth of the trees will render them less
susceptible to this and all other diseases, it is not claimed that the trees
will have entire immunity, and it is not likely that a case of yellows can be
cured if it once appears in a tree; but if yellows makes its appearance in an
orchard where some of the conditions are unfavorable, it is probable that,
if the diseased trees are at once removed and the remaining trees are given
proper care, they will be less liable to attack than if nothing had
been done except to remove the diseased trees. From the fact that we have
no definite information, as has been previously stated, regarding the exact
nature of the disease, the above can not positively be stated to be correct,
_ but from our general knowledge of plant physiology, and the fact that
plants as well as animals that are in a healthy condition and with con-
genial surroundings are less subject to disease, than those that are
weak and exposed to unfavorable conditions, it will be well for the prac-
tical fruitgrower at least to hold to this belief until it has positively been
demonstrated to be false. The course recommended is the one that will be
most likely to give profitable returns, and if in any way it aids in warding
off the disease it will be so much gained, while if it fails to do this there
will be no loss.
33

258 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TREATMENT FOR YELLOWS.

If the disease makes its appearance, there is but one thing to be done,
and everyone now advises that the tree be at once dug out and burned. It
will probably be best to dig around the tree and take out the trunk and the
larger roots to a distance of perhaps two feet from the stem, although
some growers top off the branches and later on cut out the stump. The
removal should take place immediately after a tree is found to be dis-
eased, and all growers should familiarize themselves with the appearance
of the disease in its first stage, that it may be taken in hand in time.

APPEARANCE OF YELLOWS.

While by some persons the term “yellows” is applied to almost any
unhealthy condition of the trees that gives them a yellowish appearance,
the true “ yellows” as known to peach-growers is a specific disease with
certain well-defined symptoms by which it can be recognized.

While it may be somewhat modified by local conditions, it almost inva-
riably passes through certain changes and runs a definite fixed course.
Yellows first manifests itself in a tree, in the premature ripening of
the fruit. In a healthy tree each variety has a somewhat definite time
of maturity, but, if the tree is attacked by this disease, the fruits may
color up two or three weeks before those on the neighboring trees of the
same variety are ripe. The time of ripening, however, is variable, as
sometimes the difference is only a few days but in other casés it may be
four or five weeks. Not only do they ripen prematurely, but the fruits
upon diseased trees is quite different in appearance from that on healthy
ones. Besides being much higher colored than healthy peaches, the
surface is more or less blotched with dark red dots, giving the fruit
a speckled appearance (Fig.8, 1). As a rule, the blotches are small
and show quite distinctly against a lighter background, but sometimes
they are so numerous as to run together and give the face, or perhaps
the entire surface of the peach, a purplish appearance. A still more
distinctive feature is that the discoloration is not confined to the epidermis,
but extends into the center of the fruit so that upon being cut open the
flesh has a mottled appearance, the coloring being in the form of streaks,
dots, and splashes; around the pit the coloring is unusually dark, and
sometimes in light-colored varieties the entire flesh is of a uniform red
color. As a rule, the flesh of premature peaches has but little flavor,
although in some cases it is slightly bitter. The fitness for food of pre-
mature peaches depends upon the extent to which they are affected, as, if
the attack is but slight, they are palatable, but in the advanced condition
they are not fit for food. The safest plan is to destroy all affected fruit.
The disease may not appear upon all parts of the trees the first season, but
if a single peach ripens prematurely and has a spotted flesh, it is an infal-
lible indication that the tree has yellows in its incipient stage, and there
should be no delay in destroying it and its fruit.

We give here a description of the illustrations on the next page: in Fig. 8,
1 represents a peach attacked by yellows. 2. A healthy peach for compari-
son. 38. Specimen taken in the autumn, showing how the tree has put out
leaves and blossoms from the winter buds. The spring foliage has already
fallen. 6. Represents a similar specimen. 4. Shows the tufted spring
growth due to yellows. 5. A branch taken in the autumn; the spring
foliage has nearly all fallen, and autumn leaves have developed from
winter buds. 7. A healthy peach branch for comparison.

( The illustration was kindly loaned by the publisher of the American Cultivator, Boston, Mass.)

Fie. 2. PeEacH YELLOWS.

260 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECOND STAGE OF YELLOWS.

Following the appearance of the disease in the fruit. it shows itself by
the development of small,wiry twigs ( Fig. 8,4), commonly spoken of as a fun-
gous growth. While these frequently do not appear until after the tree has
given a crop of premature fruit, a tree showing the twigs will always bear
diseased fruit. Asa rule, if only a small portion of the fruits are prema-
ture, the wiry, starved growth will not show until the following season,
although they may appear in the autumn on the trees that were healthy
the previous year. These shoots grow in clusters (Fig. 8,4) upon any part
of the tree, but generally are most numerous upon the main branches and
near the forks. Sometimes they are straight and unbranched, but, as a
rule, especially late in the season, they are branched, the buds in the axils
of the leaves making a premature growth the same season they are formed.
The shoots are often short-jointed and form thick tufts. The leaves are
small, being about half as long and wide as healthy ones, and have a
yellowish tinge. The buds are small and generally winter-kill, as the
shoots do not mature their growth.

Another way that it appears, is when apparently healthy trees send out
in the autumn the small shoots distinctive of yellows, with the pale yellowish-
green foliage. The trees show the same symptoms the second year as
were noticed the first, and in addition the fruit, if any is borne, is small,
both in size and quantity, bitter in taste, or at least of inferior flavor. All
of the tree is now generally involved, and the foliage is quite yellowish
and even red in color and considerably curled, particularly on the shoots
sent out in the spring. Sometimes the tree dies the second year, but it is
usually the third, or perhaps the fourth year that it finally succumbs. The
diseased shoots are quite brittle and seem to have little life. There are no
well-authenticated cases of recovery from this disease. After a tree affected
with yellows has been removed, it is a common practice to set a young
tree in its place, and no harm has been noticed from replanting the spring
following the removal of the diseased tree. In case the affected tree was
lett long enough to transmit its contagion to the neighboring trees, there
would undoubtedly be danger of the newly planted tree becoming in time
infected by its diseased neighbors, but at any rate the young tree would be
less likely to be attacked than other trees in theorchard. In practice, with
prompt removal of diseased trees, there seems to be no danger in replant-
ing the next year, and peach orchards of recent years have suffered but
little from yellows, when steps were taken to promptly eradicate the disease
as soon as it appeared. This indicates that, up to the time of its outward
manifestation, the disease is not readily transmitted.

YELLOWS FROM DISEASED PITS AND BUDS.

While there can be no question that the disease can be communicated to
nursery stock by the use of pits or the buds from diseased trees, we
believe there is less danger of introducing yellows into a locality in this
way than by means of nursery trees grown in the vicinity of diseased
orchards, or where the trees themselves were from healthy stocks but were
infected by neighboring nursery trees which may have acquired the dis-
ease either through the pit or bud. In the experiments of Dr. Smith, less
than one pit in a thousand, from premature peaches, grew, but there may

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 261

be some danger of the disease manifesting itself in trees grown from pits
produced by portions of trees that as yet show no signs of yellows, but that
will exhibit signs of yellows the following year. In most cases, however,
the nursery trees from such pits will show signs of yellows the first year
and will hardly fail to escape the second, so that on purchasing them the
fruitgrower will be able to detect the disease before the trees are planted.

It is nearly seventy years since it was claimed that yellows could be
spread by the buds, and it is quite certain that if buds are taken from a
tree in the second stage of the disease few of them will start at all, and
those that do will make but a feeble, unhealthy growth. When from trees
that are just coming down with the disease, 7. e., when if in bearing a few
of the fruits will be premature, the disease may not appear to any extent in
the nursery, and an unscrupulous nurseryman will sell the trees that do
not show it, in this way scattering the disease. The only safe way is to
‘purchase trees in localities where yellows either has not appeared or is
in check, and where one has good evidence that the pits have come from
uninfected regions, and the buds are from healthy trees. If any of these
precautions are neglected there is great danger of obtaining the germs of
the disease. Many growers claim that if, in carrying a diseased tree from
the orchard, a branch rubs against a healthy tree, it will convey the dis-
ease, and while this may not be true, it is very probable, and prudence
would seem to dictate that the tree be cut up and burned upon the spot, or,
if carried to a brush pile outside, it should be removed with great care not
to bring any part of the tree into contact with a healthy one. As soon as
possible the trees should be burned. In localities where the disease pre-
vails, if the affected trees are promptly destroyed the loss seldom exceeds
three per cent., while if this is neglected it spreads with increasing virulence
until every tree may be destroyed. From the contagious nature of the dis-
ease, it can be seen that it can not be guarded against unless there is con-
certed action in the infected districts; and to secure this the state of Mich-
Ben has enacted what is known as the “ Yellows Law,” which reads as

ollows:

THE YELLOWS AND BLACK-KNOT LAW.

AN ACT to prevent the spread of the contagious diseases known as yellows and black-
knot among peach, plum, cherry, prune, almond, apricot, and nectarine trees, or the
fruit thereof, by providing measures for the eradication of the same, and to repeal
act number one hundred and fifty-eight of the public acts of eighteen hundred and
ninety-one, entitled “An act to prevent the spread of yellows, a contagious disease,
among peach, almond, apricot, and nectarine trees, and to provide measures for the
eradication of the same, and to repeal act thirty-two of the session laws of eighteen
hundred and seventy-nine,” approved April four, eighteen hundred seventy-nine.

Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That it shall be unlawful
for any person to keep any peach, almond, apricot, plum, prune, cherry or nectarine
tree, infected with the contagious disease known as yellows or black-knot, or to offer
for sale or shipment, or to sell, or to ship any of the fruit thereof, except the fruit of
the plum and cherry tree; that both tree and fruit so infected shall be subject to des-
truction as public nuisances as hereinafter provided. No damages shall be awarded in
any court in the state for entering upon the premises and destroying such diseased
trees, or parts of trees or fruit, if done in accordance with the provisions of this act.

It shall be the duty of every person, as soon as he becomes aware of the existence of
such disease in any tree, parts of trees or fruit owned by him, to forthwith destroy, or
cause said trees or fruit to be destroyed.

262 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Src. 2. In any township, city or village in this state in which such contagious
diseases exists, or in which there is good reason to believe they exist, or danger may be
justly apprehended of their introduction, it shall be the duty of the township or village
board, or city council, as soon as such information becomes known to either such board
or council, or any member thereof, to appoint forthwith three competent freeholders of
said township, village, or city, as commissioners, who shall hold office during the pleas-
ure of said board, village or city council, and such order of appointment and of revoca-
tion shall be entered at large upon the township, village, or city records: Provided,
That the commissioners now appointed and in office shall continue in said office until
their successors are appointed and qualified.

Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of said commissioners, within ten days after appointment
as aforesaid, to file their acceptances of the same with the clerk of said township,
village or city, and said clerk shall be ex officio clerk of said board of commissioners,
and he shall keep a correct record of the proceedings of said board in a book to be pro-
vided for the purpose, and shall file and preserve all papers pertaining to the duties
and actions of said commissioners, or either of them, which shall be a part of the
records of said township, village, or city.

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the commissioners, or any one of them, upon or without
. complaint, whenever it comes to their notice that either of the diseases known as yellows
or black-knot, or other contagious diseases, exist, or are supposed to exist within the limits
of their township, village, or city, to proceed without delay to examine the tree or fruit
supposed to be infected, and if the disease is found to exist, a distinguishing mark
shall be placed upon the diseased trees and the owner notified personally, or by a
written notice left at his usual place of residence, or if the owner be a non-resident, by
leaving the notice with the person in charge of the trees or fruit, or the person in
whose possession said trees or fruit may be. The notice shall contain a simple state-
ment of the facts as found to exist, with an order to effectually uproot and destroy, by
fire, or as the commissioner shall order, the tree so marked and designated, or such parts
thereof, within ten days, Sundays excepted, from the date of the service of the notice;
and in [cases] case of trees known as nursery stock, or fruit so mfected, such notice
shall require the person in whose possession or control it is found to immediately destroy
the same, or cause it to be done; said notice and order to be signed by the full board
of commissioners.

Sec. 5. Whenever any person shall refuse or neglect to comply with the order to
remove and destroy the tree or parts of trees so designated and marked by the com-
missioner as aforesaid, it shall become the duty of the commissioner to cause said trees
or parts of trees to be removed and destroyed forthwith, employing all necessary aid for
that purpose. The expenses for such removal and destruction of trees or parts of trees, to
be a charge against the township, village or city; and for the purpose of such removal
and destruction, the said commissioners, their agents and workmen, shall have the right
and power to enter upon any and all premises within their township, village or city.

Sec. 6. If any owner neglects to uproot and destroy or cause to be removed and
destroyed as aforesaid, such diseased tree, or parts of trees or fruit, aftersuch examina-
tion and notification, and within the time hereinbefore specified, such person shall be
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred
dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding three months, or both in
the discretion of the court; and any justice of the peace of the township or city where
such trees may be, or where such nursery stock or fruit is sold, shipped, disposed of, or
delivered as aforesaid, shall have jurisdiction thereof. The words “parts of trees,”
wherever used in this act, shall refer to the black-knot only, and not to trees affected
with yellows.

Sec. 7. The commissioners shall be allowed for services under this act two dollars
for each full day, and one dollar for each half day, and their other charges and dis-
bursements hereunder, to be audited, as well as any other charges and disbursements
under this act, by the township board, village or city council, all of which costs, charges,
expenses, and disbursements may be recovered by the township, village or city from the
owner of said diseased fruit or nursery stock or from the owner of the premises on
which said diseased trees stood, in action of assumpsit.

Src. 8. All of act number one hundred and fifty-eight of the public acts of eighteen
hundred and ninety-one, be and the same 1s hereby repealed.

This act is ordered to take immediate effect.

Approved May 25, 1893.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 263

It will be seen that the fruitgrowers of any section have it in their
power to secure the prompt destruction of all fruit and trees in which the
disease appears. In Berrien, Van Buren, and Allegan counties there are
numberless cases where the disease has been kept in check, even after it
has appeared in an orchard, and one can also find in those same counties
other instances in which the law has not been enforced, where yellows
appeared in fully 30 per cent. of the trees in 1893, and even then nothing
was done beyond cutting off the branches and leaving them on the ground
to scatter their contagion, while the trunks of the trees left standing
sprouted and sent up wiry shoots that show unmistakable signs of yel-
lows. If the owners alone are to be the sufferers, after all that has been
said and written on the subject, one would hardly waste a thought upon it,
but one can not help feeling sorry for the neighbors whose orchards seem
doomed to destruction, even though they have not shown public spirit
enough (to say nothing of their private interests) to secure the enforce-
ment of the Jaw. As will be noticed, the law also provides for the destruc-
tion of the “black knots,’ upon plum trees, which is a disease fully as
fatal as peach yellows, where its appearance is not guarded against. With
a little concerted effort, however, this disease also can be readily controlled.

BLACK KNOT. (Plowrightia morbosa. Sacc.)

In some parts of the state entire plum orchards have been destroyed by
this disease, and there is great danger of its obtaining a strong foothold
in the plum-growing districts and crippling that thriving industry. The
only hope of safety is in the thorough awakening of every plum-grower to
the danger that menaces him. If they could see the thousands of acres of
plum orchards that have been blotted out by this disease in the state of
New York, during the last five years, they might be upon their guard.

In order to successfully combat this disease, all the plum-growers in a
given locality must be leagued in an intelligent warfare against it. If one
man allows the knots to form upon his trees he will spread the disease to
his neighbor’s orchards. As much of the danger comes from the disper-
sion of the spores, formed by the knots before they have taken on the black,
pimply appearance (Fig. 9, 1) that is usually regarded as distinctive, every
one should be familiar with the changes through which the knots pass. The
spores (seeds) are borne through the air and, falling upon the branch ofa
plum tree, soon germinate and penetrate the tissues. They grow there
until the following spring without manifesting their presence. A swell-
ing will then be seen at the point infected, generally two or three inches
long; the bark cracks and the branch seems to puff out to twice its normal
size. If these incipient knots are cut off and burned at this time, the
injury to the tree will be stopped and, what is of most importance, it will
be destroyed before it has had time to ripen and scatter itsspores. In one
or two months, if left upon the tree, the knot becomes covered with an
olive-green mold, made up of an immense number of spores upon their
supporting stalks; these are soon scattered by the wind and disseminate
the disease. In the autumn, a hard, black crust forms over the knot; this
is covered with minute pimples in which a second form of spores is pro-
duced. They ripen late in the winter and are the source of other knots.
Hundreds of knots often appear upon a single tree, and as they not only
rob the tree of food, but practically strangle and starve the branches upon
which they are located, by girdling them and thus shutting off the supply
of food, the tree is soon destroyed.

264 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

One source of contagion is through nursery stock, and young orchards,
should be carefully watched, when trees are obtained from infected dis-
tricts. Not only is there danger from
knots upon other plum trees, but it
seems probable that the knots upon
the cultivated cherries, choke and
other wild cherries, and wild Ameri-
can and other wild plums, may be of
the same species and be able to com-
municate the disease to plum trees
in our orchards. Experiments by
inoculation would seem to indicate
that the knots upon choke cherries
_ will communicate the disease to cul-
tivated plums, and the only thing
that points to the contrary is that
the plum orchards in Oceana county
are sometimes surrounded by thick-
ets of the wild pin cherry (Prunus
Pennsylvanica L.), and yet remain
free from disease. However, as these
thickets of wild plums and cherries
are at best a nuisance, prudence
would indicate the desirability of
applying the ax and fire to them,
as there may be conditions under
which the disease may be transmit-
ted. It has been noticed that there
are unknown conditions under
which the disease has greatly in-
creased virulence. For several years 0 seat
it may make but little headway, but 0!
at length a time will come when 7 As
will sweep like fire through the con

; Fie. 9. Buack Knot. Plowrightia morbosa. Sacc.

plum orchards and entirely blot _1. Stem of plum tree with knot upon it, as it appears
them out in the fall and winter.
d : 2. Perithecium with mycelium, a a between the cells

The disease is certainly getting a of stem,and covered with filaments bearing spores,
strong foothold in some sections, ‘4 "Filaments and spores (conidia), more highly
and ut behooves SEL plum-grower, oh Bection through a cavity containing stylospores.
even if he has but a single tree, to After Farlow.
be upon the alert.

It is now nearly five years since the writer began a crusade against the
disease, and, from the reports that come in, it is encouraging to see that
the growers appreciate the danger that menaces them, and are acquiring
the knowledge of its appearance necessary to enable them to combat it
upon its manifestation. What is needed now is a united public sentiment
against it that will secure prompt action upon the part of all.

While the destruction of the outside sources of contagion should not be
neglected, it seems desirous that the trees should be kept in such a condi-
tion as will enablethem to withstand the disease; hence, thorough cultivation
and liberal quantities of mineral manure should be given the orchards. As
severe outbreaks of the disease often follow years of full crops of fruit, it

#)

'

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 265

will be a wise precaution to prevent overcropping, and the consequent
weakening of the trees, by a judicious thinning of the fruit.

As indicated above, whenever a knot appears it should be cut off, while
still but partly developed, and destroyed by fire. The cut should be
made several inches below the lowest point where any discoloration can be
seen in the wood, in order to remove all of the tissues of the fungus and
prevent its spread down the branches. If the knot is upon the trunk of
the tree, while it might be economy to remove and burn the entire top of
the tree, if not the ttee itself, it can generally be prevented from spreading
if the swelling is carefully pared away and the wound treated with tincture
of iodine, which seems to have the power of destroying the tissues of the
fungus without injuring the tree. The wound should then be covered with
linseed oil paint. Good results have been found from the use of the oil
alone but the treatment with iodine seems more efficient.

Cut off or treat the knots whenever they are found, but careful examina-
tions of the trees should be made in the spring and again in the fall to
prevent the knots that may have escaped attention during the summer from
developing spores.

To secure proper attention to the destruction of the knots, a law was
enacted by the last legislature, as a part of the yellows law (which is given
in this Bulletin under that heading). The intelligent and wide-awake fruit-
grower does not need to be compelled to destroy his knots, by legislative
enactment, but he should avail himself of its aid in securing the destruction
of the knots upon the trees of his criminally careless neighbor.

PLUM BLADDERS. (£xoascus pruni. Fuck}.)

The fruits of the European plums and both branches and fruit of Amer-
ican sorts are often attacked by a fungus causing them to swell up. The
fruits in particular are greatly distended, the contents are destroyed, and
only a hollow shell remains, hence the name. The diseased twigs and fruits
should be removed and burned. While entire immunity may not be secured
by spraying, as for the rot and shot-hole fungus, with the Bordeaux mixture,
there are no other known remedies.

THE PEACH AND PLUM ROT. (Monilia fructigena. Pers.)

Particularly in wet seasons this disease has caused frequent losses to the
peach-and plum-growers, the entire crops in some cases being destroyed.
The apricot and cherry also are subject to the same disease. It is most inju-
rious to the early sorts, but few if any varieties are proof against it. Inthe
case of the cherry, and plum, the foliage as well as the fruit is attacked and
the young twigs, particularly of American varieties, may also be involved.
Not only does the presence of moisture seem necessary for the germination
of the spores, but the spread of this disease is in proportion to the humidity
of the season. The appearance of the disease is familiar to all, but it may
not be generally understood that the patches of yellowish-brown dust
seen upon the surface are the spores or seeds of the disease, by which it
is disseminated. When two or more fruits grow so closely together that
they touch, the sides in contact are generally covered with moisture, and
the germination of the spores is hastened; it is a matter of general obser-
vation that if one fruit is attacked the rot always spreads to all fruits that
touch it. By the proper thinning of the fruit, the rot is made less destruc-

. 34

266 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tive. From the fact that the early varieties of the peach seem most sub-
ject to the disease. many growers have given them up entirely. In seasons
when damp, muggy weather prevails, it is doubtful if the rot can be entirely
kept in check by fungicides, but under fairly favorable conditions there
will be little if any loss from this disease, if Bordeaux mixture is used as
directed for the treatment of the peach-curl, and of course there will be no
additional expense. When we consider the loss that often occurs from even
one of these diseases, it should induce every fruitgrower to make use of
this simple and cheap remedy.

In case the month of July is wet and lowery, there will be danger that
the early applications of Bordeaux mixture: may not be sufficient to hold
the rot in check, while in case of the plum, the shot-hole fungus may
need treatment. For late varieties that will not be harvested for six or
eight weeks, the Bordeaux mixture may again be used, but for the August
sorts it will be better to use the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate,
although this should not be used within three weeks of the time the fruit
is to be gathered.

PEACH-LEAF CURL. (Exoascus deformans. Berk.)

This disease, which is known to be of a fungus nature, is in wet, cold
seasons very destructive to the foliage of peach trees, often causing all of
the older leaves to drop from the tree, and the result is that much of the
fruit also falls. The tissues of the affected leaves become thick and later
on are blistered and distorted. At first they are ofa light olive color
but, later on, as the spores develop, they are covered with a whitish
powder. It was at first thought that as the conditions that favored
the appearance of the disease (wet, cold weather) were so unsuited to suc-
cess in the application of fungicides, that at best they would prove only
partially satisfactory, but although the past season was so wet during May
and June that in some parts of the state the disease was quite trouble-
some, the results were unexpectedly favorable. At the college little curl
appeared, but along the lake shore many growers were considerably
troubled and where tested the fungicides were of value in keeping the dis-
ease in subjection.

When in attendance at the summer meeting of the State Horticultural
society at Shelby it was my pleasure in company with others to visit many
of the neighboring peach and plum orchards. The curl was quite pre-
valent, but where the trees were sprayed a marked difference was noticed.
In the extensive orchard of A. Adams about one half of the trees
received a single application of Bordeaux mixture after the disease
appeared, but at the time of our visit (June 15) the effect was very notice-
able, as the loss of foliage and fruit was far less upon the sprayed trees.
At our South Haven sub-station, as will be seen by the accompanying
report of Prest. Lyon, the curl was almost completely held in check,
although fully half of the leaves had fallen from unsprayed trees in the
neighborhood.

With such a cheap and effective remedy at hand, this disease need not
be especially feared. To secure the best results the trees should be
thoroughly sprayed with Bordeaux mixture in the spring before the leaves
start, the application should be repeated within a week after the petals
have fallen, and a third application should be made in about three weeks. If
very rainy, a more frequent use of the fungicide may be necessary, and an

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 267

additional application can often be used with profit, as, even if the curl is
not particularly troublesome, the treatment will be found effective against
the rot of the peach, which in wet seasons is so destructive, and by the
addition of Paris green the ravages of the curculio will be lessened.

SHOT-HOLE FUNGUS—(Septoria pruni.)

The disease to which this very distinctive name has been given has,
during the past two years, caused the death of thousands of plum trees in
the state of Michigan, and yet, had proper precautions been taken, they
could have been saved at a cost of not over three cents per tree.

The leaves of plum trees during July and August are often found pierced
with a number of holes about the size of a pinhead, the tissue which filled
them having been destroyed by the above fungus, and the dead structure
then dropped out.

In severe cases, the injury to the foliage is so great that all of the leaves
upon the trees, except a few at the tips of the branches, drop off, generally
before the middle of August. A tree thus denuded of its leaves is in
poor condition to ripen its growth and prepare for winter, and not only are
the watery, unripened branches injured, but the entire tree is often killed
to the ground. If the ravages of the fungus can be checked, the foliage
will be able to perform its functions, and the trees will in most cases sur-
vive the winter without injury.

As a rule, if the trees have been treated with Bordeaux mixture, as rec-
ommended for the plum rot, there will be but little injury from the disease.
It will be well to spray young trees, that are not yet in bearing, about the
middle of July and again early in August, and the spread of the disease
can be almost entirely prevented.

PLUM AND PEACH SCAB.—(Cladosporium carpophilum.)

This fungus is in some seasons quite injurious to the fruits of both of
these trees, and it also attacks the leaves and tender shoots of the peach.

At the time the fruits begin to color, small greenish spots appear; as
these spread the centers take on a brown and even a black appearance.
When the spots are numerous they unite and may cover the entire surface
of the fruits. The De Soto plum and Russian apricots seem particularly
subject to this disease; in 1898 the crop was practically ruined byit. Its
workings were not noticed until too late to test the efficacy of fungicides.
Prof. Pammel reports the disease upon the increase in Lowa, and it may
become generally troublesome.

BROWN SPOT (Helminthosporium carpophilum.)

In September, 1893, a basket of seedling peaches in a peddler’s wagon
was noticed to be badly spotted with some fungus, that although it had some
slight resemblance to Cladosporium, was manifestly distinct from it. Super-
ficial examination failed to reveal any specific spores, and specimens were
sent to Prof. Galloway of the Division of Vegetable Pathology at Wash-
ington, for identification. He was not familiar with it, however, and was
not able to make out any distinctive spores. Dr. Beal had, however, inde-
pendently obtained specimens of the disease, and after long and careful
search found the spores and was able to identify it as the above disease.
The fungus seems to be quite superficial in its workings and the fruits

268 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

were not noticeably distorted. Many of the fruits were badly spotted and
in some cases nearly covered with yellowish brown scabs. From the fact
that the disease was not more widely known it evidently has not. been very
destructive, but if it becomes distributed it may become quite injurious to
our peach crop.

GATHERING AND MARKETING.

Even if a good crop is grown, success is not assured until it has been
gathered and put upon the market, in fact, success or failure will often
depend upon the ability with which this is done.

From the fact. that both of the fruits under discussion are of a decidedly
perishable nature, great care must be taken to gather them at such a period
that they will be still in good condition when placed upon the market.

With the peach, for such markets as are likely to be supplied, the fruit
should be gathered just as it is reaching a ripe condition, a period which
can better be shown than described. The green color should be just dis-
appearing from the under side of the fruit, giving way toa yellowish-white
or flesh color, as the case might be. As an indication to the touch, the
flesh of the upper side should give slightly, when pressed with the ball of
the thumb. The latter sign is not infallible, but the former seldom ever
fails. With a little experience,a man can judge of the condition of a
peach without employing either method except occasionally as a test.
Under no circumstances should the thumb nail be used to test the fruits,
and every precaution should be taken not to bruise them. Taking a fruit
lightly and yet firmly, between the thumb and fingers a slight twist of the
hand will serve to separate it from its stem. The rule of “ handling as if
they are eggs” will not apply with peaches, since they need even greater
care.

PACKAGES FOR PEACHES.

The packages best adapted for the shipping of peaches depend, first,
upon the wants of the market and, second, upon the grade of fruit and the
distance it is to be transported.

For a local market it is generally best to use either peck or fifth-bushel
baskets for the best quality of fruit, and the bushel or half-bushel size for
seconds. Much the same rule holds good when shipments are made by
rail or boat. It is best, however, to study well the wants of a market
and to use the size and style of package that is most in favor with the
middlemen and the consumers, as, however it may be in other things, it
will not pay to attempt to educate the taste of the public in the style or
size of package to be used. With the packing, however, it is different,
and an endeavor should be made to put up the fruit in such a way that it
can be transported without unnecessary bruising, and at the same time be
attractive to the eye. The packing, however, should be honest, and all
the peaches should be of the grade indicated by the top layer.

Regarding the use of the fifth-bushel and other sizes of packages that
were brought out as “snides,” it should be said that in some markets they are
recognized as standard sizes and are sold on their merits. If the middlemen
prefer to handle that size, and if the consumers desire it, the producer
should by all means supply the demand, as, if the fruit is shipped in pecks,
the jobber or retailer will quite likely repack it. The price being by

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 269
the basket, he will be a gainer to the extent of twenty-five per cent., which
really belongs to the producer. On the other hand, where the best trade
recognizes the peck basket only as a legitimate size, it will be very unwise
to ship in fifths, as the shipments from parties who use peck baskets will
receive first attention, while those in fifths, which are here regarded as
“snides,” are sold for what they will bring.

No arbitrary rule can be given for the grading of peaches, but for an
appreciative trade the number of grades should be two, if not three. On
the other hand, in some markets and with some dealers, as much can be
obtained when fruit is packed without being assorted, as when graded and
put up in the most careful manner.

' For the average market, after rejecting all decayed and badly injured
fruits, two grades are all that it will be desirable to make. The method
of grading will depend something upon the market, but, in a general way,
the first grade should contain only large, well-colored peaches that are
perfect in form and free from blemishes. All other marketable specimens
should go into the second grade; the distinctive line between the second-
grade peaches and those that are to be rejected will depend upon the mar-
ket and the abundance of the crop.

If a person can secure a reputation for the grading and perfect packing
of his first-class peaches, his brand will secure him an advance of from ten
to twenty-five cents per basket above his neighbors, who may have shipped
just as good peaches, but for all that the dealer or purchaser may know,
unless he inspects every package before buying, he has stuffed with “culls”’
and the price given will be sufficiently low to insure against loss. The
grower who desires to work upa reputation and thus obtain this extra
price should carefully brand his packages, showing, in addition to his name
and address, the grade of peaches contained in the package and a guaran-
tee that the packing is honest. If he does this, and lives up to his repre-
sentations, he may be sure of an advance over the market price, and in the
case of a glut, when his neighbor may not get enough from his shipment
to pay charges, he will be sure of a sale at a fairly remunerative price.
Many growers do not place their names upon the packages in which the
“seconds” are shipped, although the same guarantee of honest packing
wouid have fuily as good an effect with them, as with the first-class fruit,
in securing its full value and a ready sale when the glut comes. Even if
the packages do not have the name of the shipper upon them, they should
bear a private mark that would be recognized by the commission merchant
or retailer, and enable him to guarantee the honest packing of the baskets.

The growers in the “peach belt” are as fast as possible releasing them-
selves from the grasp of the South Water street, Chicago, commission men,
and are so far as possible seeking out markets for themselves. The ship-
ments are generally made by express to consumers and retailers in country
towns and small cities in non-peach-growing districts, and if well managed
a desirable trade can be built up. For shipping in this way the first-class
peaches only are used. :

The so-called wagon trade is of considerable importance. This consists
in the sales made to men who have driven, oftentimes, fifty or seventy-five
miles, from points in Indiana or Illinois, perhaps, for the purpose of buy-
ing ten to forty bushels of peaches. They peddle them out on their way
home, reserving enough for the use of themselves and their neighbors.

One should have some ready communication with his market. The
growers in most sections of the ‘“‘ peach belt”’ can ship either by water to

j
270 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Chicago or Milwaukee, or by rail to all points. Im this way they secure
competition in rates, gentler handling of their shipments, and more
courteous treatment, when favors are requested or complaints made.
In localities where one or more cars can be loaded in a day, very low
transportation rates and prompt service can be secured, either by fast
freight or by express. The thing most needed by the grower is a low
express rate to small interior points on small lots.

For the purpose of securing market for the fruits and by coédperation
obtaining the highest market prices, the so-called ‘Shippers’ Exchanges” or
similar organizations have been found very successful in some states, but
although they have been formed at various shipping points in Michigan,
through no fault of their own, they have not proved as successful as they
should. Fairly successful in securing low rates of transportation, they
have failed in raising the price obtained for fruit by guaranteeing the
packing, through the selfishness of parties who persisted in using “snide”
packages and stuffing them at that.

PICKING AND MARKETING THE PLUM.

The general rules given for the peach apply also to the harvesting and
penne of the plum, but need to be slightly modified in some of their
details.

The plum, for any except local markets, will need to be picked slightly
before it is ripe, this depending upon the length of time necessary for
transportation.

The color, firmness, attachment to the branch, and the taste, are all
employed in determining the fitness of a variety for market; but, with the
differences that exist in the long list of commercial sorts, no infallible
description will be attempted asa guide for picking. A little practice
will soon teach one the proper conditions.

In handling the plum, the same care is needed as for the peach, and
particular attention should be paid to the preservation of the bloom.
The usual packages for plums are the fifth or peck baskets or the ten-
pound Climax basket. The style, however, changes from year to year and
differs with the market.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, }
January 25, 1894.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. BT.

A YEAR AMONG FRUITS.

Bulletin No. 104.—Horticultural Department.

It is now five years since arrangements were made for a fruit testing
sub-station at South Haven, in the midst of the great commercial fruit
interests of the state, and the fifth annual report of the superintendent,
Hon. T. T. Lyon, is appended. The fifteen acres at our disposal are
closely planted with the leading tree and vine fruits hardy in this latitude.
In making the selection an attempt has been made to secure all of the
promising new varieties that are brought out, if possible, in advance of
their introduction. As the first planting was done in 1888, with large
additions in 1889, 1890, and down to 1893. many of the large fruits are as
yet not in bearing, but an idea of the amount of work that has been done
can be obtained from the report.

Under the skillful and painstaking care of Prest. Lyon, the plantation
has been in splendid condition, and is well worthy of a visit from any one
interested in pomology. All such will always find a welcome.

Attention is called to the following points in the bulletin:

First, The elaborate notes upon the varieties under test, as they give
the unbiased opinion of one of the most experienced pomologists in the
country, they are certainly worthy of careful study. The lists of peaches
and grapes contain quite a number of Michigan seedlings that should be
watched with interest.

Second, The methods used in combating the insects and diseases.
Although the treatment was rather more thorough than would be used by
commercial fruitgrowers (or than will be necessary a second year, so well
are they in hand), the results have been so beneficial in the freedom of
both foliage and fruit from their attack that all expense has been well
repaid. In previous years, the injury from raspberry anthracnose, currant

272 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and gooseberry mildew, strawberry leaf-blight, peach curl and rot, plum
rot and shot-hole fungus, pear and quince leaf-blight, and from various
insects, has been quite severe, but the treatment given has sufficed to keep
the trees and plants in almost perfect health.

It has for some years been known that the Bordeaux mixture and other
copper compounds were reliable remedies for many fungous diseases, but
although our previous experience upon a small scale had led us to believe
them of value for strawberry leaf-blight, raspberry anthracnose, and peach
leaf-curl, the experiments at South Haven the past year have fully con-
vinced us that they should be freely used upon these plants whenever the
diseases are troublesome. As is well known, certain varieties of straw-
berry are much injured by leaf-blight, but where they were properly
sprayed the plants were practically free from the disease. The same thing
was true of peach curl. and of raspberry anthracnose.

Elaborate experiments were carried out upon several varieties of grape,
to ascertain the number of applications, and the time of making them,
desirable in combating the various diseases to which they are subject.
The black rot did not show itself, and there was but slight injury from
other fungi. Attention is called to the results upon the Brighton, which
was considerably troubled with powdery mildew. As the number of appli-
cations increased from none to five, the health of the plants improved in
the same degree. Much of the benefit derived from the fungicides was
andoubtedly due to the fact that all of the plants were sprayed before the

growth started.
i. ie PAE:

Horticulturist.

To Professor L. R. Taft, Horticulturist :

Sir—In submitting my report of operations for the season of 1893, at
the South Haven fruit testing sub-experiment station, it seems convenient
to consider the several classes of fruits in the order of their maturing.

The preceding season (1892) proved to be specially favorable for the
development of the various species of fungi, the ravages of which proved
more than usually injurious. The entire plantation was given a spraying
during the late autumn, after the foliage had fallen, and prior to the
advent of freezing weather, for the purpose of destroying the winter or
resting spores, and thus, at least to some extent, preventing their develop-
ment the following season.

The apparent effect of such fall spraying, as well as of spray applied
during the present season, will be noticed in connection with each class of

\

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 273

fruits in its order, as will also the depredations of insects and the reme-
dies applied.

STRAWBERRIES—(Fragaria).

The plat of which the following is a record was planted in the spring of
1892. The stand of each variety, when full, consisted of twenty-six
plants, of which one half were kept in hills, by the removal of all runners,
while the remaining half were allowed to form a matted row.

Very soon after the planting had been completed, a series of almost
continuous rains commenced; the showers followed each other in such
rapid succession that the soil ‘remained saturated for a considerable period,
while the recently set plants were gaining a hold upon the soil.

The enfeeblement consequent upon this trying condition, occurring at so
eritical a juncture, proved so serious that, followed as it was by drouth in
late summer and early autumn, many, if not most, varieties failed to fully
recover their pristine vigor, the result being fewer crowns, in the case of
hills, and more limited stands of plants in matted rows, though the latter
obviously overcame such check more promptly than did the larger hill
plants, a circumstance which may be supposed to account for the fact that
the relative productiveness of varieties under hill and matted row culture
is very generally reversed, as compared with that of 1891, at which time
no serious checks upon the development of the plants occurred during
their season of growth.

The present plat was treated to a spray of Bordeaux mixture (4 lbs.
copper sulphate, 3 lbs. lime and 32 gallons of water), prior to the advent
of freezing weather last fall, and it was repeated on the sixth of April
last. Apparently from this cause, the entire plat has been free from
attacks of fungi throughout the season—at least till the 29th of July, when
it was plowed under.

Whether from the same cause or otherwise, the plat was also almost
wholly free from the depredations of insects. Only a very few leaf-
rollers were observed, which were at once destroyed when discovered.

It will be observed that in the naming of varieties we have applied the
rules of nomenclature of the American Pomological society, and the
practice of the National Division of Pomology: under them; in case of
possible doubt, inserting the objectionable word in parenthesis as a
synonym.

We omit all tabulated descriptions of varieties, since such must neces-
sarily be too brief and imperfect to be valuable for identification.

35

274

| Numbers.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

STRAWBERRIES—(Fragarai).

oe

z |
aS |
a2 |
Ao / eT
Names ae 3 g a |
ie cB ppc tee ekoata

oa A a = =

me 7 = » ~

oh nee Be Pps
a eo) By By & |
Accomac -.__._--_- b | Del. ___.|1892) May 22] June 21
AT TON eee ses DUNS 1892S eeo|e ook
Alabama). 5°22 —-- De | Alas 2-22 TS90 Nees eae «21
Albis Yio eee DH Ont, -2ea 188i semean ok al
American (Great)_| b | N.J.___- S75 |e 20h i) 17
Atlantic ___...___- 1 a a oe 1890} * 24) “ 21]
Auburn: 82.58 se Dane ices TSO a6) Oe 2
Augwiek..3 222-222. pels See MSGR VERSES! moo) § = 21
Banquet ___..--_-- DAN We Saso2 |e 0} st 8
Barton (Eclipse)-__| p | Div.Pom./1891} ‘‘ 22) ‘ 23
Beder Wood ___-_-__ | SELES Sees PSSO ree cabape te) 92,
Beebe. 2. S222 oe 10 Goes Pir eee! tr E23
Belmont’ 22. -=---. b | Mass.___|1885) ‘' 22) ‘ 23
IBGEBIO.2 9 ose 2 Dp |VAlar se 16901) 22°)" Ibi) $416
Baltes) te sk bale NSO setae 2 7
Beauty. ene tet Ley Lb re Be aes PSP pe CRS Lr UA |
Beverly tt bol Mags Pe1892 |e are
Bidwell 223k b | Mich.___|1876] May 22|June 21
iBoynton)=2 = 25. D) HOhIOs = POT ee 20) 5-22
PUnSuuemen se ! b | Ind, ____/1892) ‘‘ 19/June 16
Babachi(b) 22-2 =.= rope | fue OD es See) be ERP eee |
Bubach tie aed <3 Ip | Ee es eet (1) [it ee bt) ba a)
Bubach (132) _____- eS e | T880) SS © Tes} 19
Bubach (137) _____- De] ea 1S90| Soa ee 17,
BB Onb ye DANG Ye ces esol ote S19
@alifornia —2- 22 3)-2-- Del; eo 180 ee eb SS
Cameronian _____- b | Ohio____|1892) May 22| June 23
Centennial (Ohio)| b | Ohio____|1892} ‘‘ 24) ‘* 23
Charleston .______. b |:;Ohio-__*}1890| = .-22) “23
Glare’ Ot Sion bb?) Md es ISO Ol £§ AT
Cleveland (Mrs.)_-| p | Ohio___.|1888} ‘‘ 17) ‘* 19
Clingto b | Ohiow 1800 88
AO ee pi Gass TSSSi esses): “028
Covell ______- BONG die SS S88 ee tO 16
Crawford bi Ohio. 22211889) > 12) ** ~ 21
Crescent ._____.__- D sConn. 2/1880 |) eret al 21
Cumberland _____-| b | Penn. _.}1880} ‘* 24) “ 21
Curtis (15) __ 2b) TS So 189s Nee sor 21
Curtis (159) _ 2A) sp] SB 2222 R82 Bee oO es 2.
5D Ah ee ee eee DP | Ohio: 23/1890) eek 21
Dayton - Ohio22- 2 |1892 5 eteaie ace a:
ew. __ Mich.___|1889} ‘' 29) ‘* 26
Dutter Png 1889) ee eras eet” 26
Edgar THES VN 1SS0t ee Oe 23
Engle (1) Mich: %S-|1890)0 Sr 80S" «21
Enhance ._....__-.| b | Ohio_.<|1890} ‘‘ 12) ‘* 19
Hstelle fs. b | Mich22_|1891}> ““2520)7.*) 26
Hurekas eS D | Ohio 22211888) eae Sk, 126
Fairmount___-____- boy Nees ee A891) sSiraO Pes Ot
Farnsworth .__.__ Db Ohio 2s |1891), sere oe 2
Helton 7. chs bb) Ohio <2. 1800 ee ae eet 26
Florence -_____.__- b | Ohio____|1888} ‘‘ 22) “ 21
yp eet See DiS. ee S87! oe eea Ses 2B
Gem (Nehring).--| p | Jl. _.__- 1890) Tierra 19
Glendale .._______- b | Ohio____}1882) ‘* 22) “ 23
Gillespie -..__.___- b ! Ohio___.|1891| ‘“* 12) “ 21

S
°
Pe
=
wm lo
A le
a ia
a if
2 (8
oc =
See
Jaly, 7| 3
oe 3 5
aes aa ir fa
: 7| 6
VG
“4s
Se S129)
e049
eae
“14 8
biden (IP
4“ 5
esr eph Oud
se F810
“14/10
La 5 6
pa Ler mees 3
July 10 3
July 5| 7
: 12) 8
vg 3) 5
77
i 7 5
aa | 8
July 12] 9
sets 7h 3°
ADA
June 30} 8
July 10) 6
") 10\;4
eR
June 30) 6
July 7| 7
f 7|.7
14| 9
: Bir
ao, 12),8
oe q 6
June30} 8
July 12/10
ee PRG
wae
p 17| 8
we Ole.
ora i ets;
: 14| 7
*!.) 10/7
ae FY)
sities ua be lr)
“ 14) 6
cane CORY
“-12}10
412178

Product with hill

culture.
Product in matted

SNES |
| row.

Not fully tested.
New.
Needs further trial.

Planted too late.
Needs further trial.

Try further.

Needs a longer trial.
Imperfectly tested.

Much like Wilson.
Untested.

Needs further trial.
Promising.

Try further.

Not productive enough.
Southern.

Plants lacking.

Large; lacks color.

| But imperfectly tested.

Large; late.

Uncertain value.

New; promising.

Of Paw Paw, Michigan.

Usually very productive.
From Paw Paw, Mic

Promising.

Popular; late.
Usually productive.
Old; late.

Needs further trial.

Numbers.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS.

STRAW BERRIES—ContTINvED.

b, bi-sexual; n p, nearly
pistillate; p, pistillate.

Names. 3
~
a
dq 2
‘& a7
52] Be,
oe) om
Greenville _______- Dp
Hampden -_-______- p | Mass, ___|1889
Hatheldt S222 2 bane 1890
Hattie (Jones)___-| p | Ind. ___. |1892
Haverland _______- p | N. J.____|1887
Henderson -_____-_- DaleNe dese 1888
18 cists) | pee ene b | Ohio___. |1892
Hinman’s: =o 22) iy | ee eS 1890
15 o\ci(s le aa ee b | Wis.___- 1888
iHotman 20) e DD: ONG ieesee 1859
Holyoke ___.._.__.| b | Mass.___|1891
werd cs). 2eclt p | Mass.___|1892
120s fo) ee bi NGS es 1891
Huntsman _______- 1D: |More 1892
HIVRLOp Sotelo oe fae Del. ____ 1892
Iowa (Beauty) -_-.|___- Iowa __.|1892
Vanhoos 12 Fis" b | Ohio____}1889
RIGSSIO See este eS: Di \aWaiascon: 1889
WONOS ae a3 UL 2 b | Ind. ____ |1892
JucundaImproved| b | N.J.___- 1890
Katioy222 254.08) Di binds e. 1892
Kentucky -___-___- b | Ken.e___|1876
Weader eet. 52) 4 b | Ohio___-_|1892
Mehizh => 335 D hPa 1891
Heroyge ses. LA wee eS Ba]! bays eee 1892
ethan ese b | Ohio___. |1892
Shee eee p | N.J.____|1886
Lillie (Monroe)-.--| b | Cal. ____|1891
Lincoln. 2--22—..| 1p, |v Del. .-2_|1802
Logan b
Louise
Lovett
Mammoth
Manchester
Marke = ene stp
Martha
Miami
Miller ___
Michel __
Miner
Monarch (Ohio) __| b
Monmonuth__-_-____- b
Moore. 22>" b
Muskingum b
Mystic 212s ee b
Neptune _________. p
Novelty (White)__| b
Oliver: = 39> ©. b
Omega 22 p
Oregon (Everbearing)|} p
Osceola (Michel)._|_ b
Pacific (Great) ___| p
Parker Earle_____- b
PpAPT yp eee eee b
Pearle 22222822: b
Pineapple... ______- b Ohio... 1889

First bloom.

aa

“

First picking.

Last picking.

| Vigor—Scale, 1 to 10.

275

Ounces.

Product with hill

culture.
Product in matted

row.

5

Ohio.___|1891 May 48 pues July e

WH OCOIM OH CrOCoo~wo ad -490t-I

AHOMR0OCHO VBOOWA MOrD AOVMM TI WHOWHF BVI FO HIT04F1 BANSHo

Promising.

Promises well.
Valuable.

Superior quality.
Promising.

Worthy of trial.
Southern.

Try further.

Named for Victor Hugo.
New.

Not fruited.

Not fruited.

Need longer trial.
Scarcely improved.

Try further.

Old; late.

Needs further trial.
Promises well.
Imperfectly tested.
From California. y
May be a re-introduction,
Has desirable qualities.
Of medium season.

Old; valuable.

Of little value here.

Needs further trial.
Try further.

A fancy variety, F’. vesca

Try further.

Identical with Michel.
A market variety.
One of the best.
Large; high quality.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

| Numbers.

Names.

Prince (of Berries)
Paritan =: =e

Putnam (Gen’l) _-
Repina eee ccs
RK Gs ees

Thompson (1) ___-

Thompson (4) ____-
Thompson (5) ___-
Thompson (7) ___-
Thompson (8) ____-
Thompson (9).__-

Thompson (17) ___-
Thompson (25) ___-
Thompson (26)____
Thompson (31) ___-
Thompson (34) ____

Thirty-one _______-

ippecanoe ______-
Townsend (2) -___-
Townsend (3) ____.
Townsend (19) ___-

Townsend (20) ___.
Triomphe (de Gand)
weenen (Mit.) eo oo=:

Wialdronysstss 2s
Walton )2i2a =
Warfield (2)______-
Westbrook________
Weston’) 2. Sis

Williams_________-
Walson: Ao oti se
Windsor ___. .____-

STRAW BERRIES—ContTINv_ED.

ae
ape) Ounces.
° o o .
oo S
as rd ay ao]
-@ ols )
| + re)
ie ; : ol ee
wn 3 E = ap 6/8 ig
Ber = g — A 3 is qd
52 g i} a 3 |slF 1a
ho = aS} 2 o |PQla din
on 2 2 Q, om | OoH/|]O
ire AS So a lplssis .
ae] 2 |f) 2 | 2 | = [sgaige
= = A= A ed emt | =
es tee ic) me | & ee fs (9 |-P Ph
itl Negba 1890} May 27| June21| July 10} 6| 64! 75
il ONE seer 1892} ‘ 20) ‘* 21; ‘* 5] 9] 48) 58] Try further.
p | Minn. __/1892} ‘* 27) ‘* 23; ‘* 10] 6] 85] 97] Give further trial.
bi eNe Je 1888} ‘* 22) ‘* 17) ‘ 7] 4| 19] 50) Excellent; unprofitable.
Ps) Ohioe a SST ee 121) 2, AT ss 7| 6} 83) 19
pal \Ctaees 1890} ‘* 19) ‘* 21) ‘* 12/10) 62; 105) Promising.
p Bee OO F398) Sse 4a ORE 25 | e6S
np “ 12) ‘S 21); ‘* 12) 7) 89} 160) Market variety.
Dp fe AO SS AG) See Reed A187
b “* 12) ‘* 21) ‘* 14] 4) 51) 126) Warfield, No.1.
b “26; ‘ 21) ‘* 10) 9} 83) 178] Valuable.
p 28) ‘* 26; ‘* 14] 9) 33] 35] Needs longer trial.
b pe Od) ISSO OS lin PTO m0 ee
b SE 2A OSS ei Ah pene) 8 SO
b ** 23] ‘S 21) ‘* 10) 6] 74] 157) Valued east.
b sens 1s) Pench Gee SM Siri! Gir
b “© 20)°‘* 19} ‘* 10] 7] 102] 122} Promising.
b ee 2) SS a) Se 8/56) 4a Srvaorestally-
np of) 26) 85? 321) 2° 1019 (104 b6iiGoodk
np AT ESOT eS 0!) Slee 8 8s
b eats Pee bye 3] 7} 38) 86
b $e 029). tS OS in sew ona (e649
b “ 30} ‘* 26) June30; 7/ 17|.__..| May be the old Surprise.
p 22) “* 23) July 12| 6] 124) 124) An unfortunate name.
b Plana rd Cece tes tpn | lars} pe WG)
b Tn PA a et
b re AD | SSD] RT S| 7 ee ee
Dp “ 19) ‘© 21] July 12] 6} 85} 185) Promising.
p tot 8!) OT e188 ee ONO
b hts 1S) WR STR dle iGtE)
p 2 AU a RANG) SR
b ore eb] tS: 28 Ih eo y gone
Dp 22) ‘* 23) ** 12) 8! 46) 187) Promising.
Dp bee AO} oS) 521) Sa OO aS ees MY
Dp S19) Se 21 SSeS ee 958
b SSP22]) “$2 23) oe 12) BS Sate 72
b Se eLa| toe AST 5| 9} 35) 78
b ioe oA ee O61) ee eT Leela sO ~
Pp | Ohio S22 1888) 9 24) S23) 8 0) Gea se.
p | Ohio____]1888} ‘' 19) ‘‘ 21) ‘* 12) 8! 118] 183) Promises well.
p | Ohio_.._|1888} *‘. 29} ‘* 23/ ‘* 12) 6] 78) 142
bb | Beles 22s 1Si6 Wh ateeeed| ss 26). See Sai hit at ay
by Kas. 2s! LST tees nna ee eS Nene
b | Mo.___-- 1878} ‘* 22) ‘* 23) ‘* 10] 6} 97) 206] Fruit lacks size. -
| TOTS LSE TSO0 |e | ee Tee |2--- | Not fruited.
p | Ohio____|1891) May 20|June 17| July 7| 5) 27) 43] Try further.
WIN dee 1890} ‘* 20) ‘* 23) ‘S 14! 6} 51] 180] Promises well.
p | Ill. _____|1890) ‘* 20) ‘S 21) ‘+ 10) 9] 94] 349) Well known.
p | Na Ye 25/1891) 255515)‘ 17) June s80l- 7), 25) 75 i
ple Wigs se. 1891! ‘* 29) ‘* 28) July 12] 5} 37} 62] Or Blue Vine.
b | Ohio____/1892! ‘* 29) ‘* 21) ‘* 14! 8} 56] 152) Very promising.
b | N. Y. ._.11876} ‘* 15) ‘* 21) ‘* 12) 8] 124] 168) Old; well known.
p | Mich.._./1880} ‘* 17) ‘‘ 17) ‘* 44] 6| 96) 125) Old; well known.
Ds Ont 2S 1891 aol) ee Oils tee 7/ 9} 38) 41) Give it a better trial.
b | Ct. ..__.}189u; ‘‘ 24) ‘* 23) ‘* 14!) 8) 44! 49) Valued at the east.
| |

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 277

Brief notices are appended of such varieties only as have yielded not
less than one hundred and fifty ounces of fruit from a row of thirteen
plants, either in hills or in a matted row.

American (Great American), bisexual; originated in New Jersey. It
was exhibited, by the originator, at the Centennial Exposition, where it
received the highest commendation. It originated under high cultivation
and has only proved satisfactory when grown under similar conditions.

Atlantic, bisexual, is a comparatively old variety which, though fairly
productive and generally acceptable, has not gained a high standing, so far
as profitableness is concerned.

Auegwick, pistillate, is but recently introduced. The plant is vigorous
and productive, and the berry large, firm, and of medium quality. It has
only fruited here this season.

Banquet, pistillate, is new, having only fruited here this season. The
plant is vigorous and fairly productive, and the fruit of medium size and

uality.
¢ Beder Wood, bisexual, has now fruited here three years, and, both here
and elsewhere, has won high reputation for vigor and productiveness. In
form, color, firmness, and quality, it promises well as a market berry.
Origin, Mlinois.

Centennial (Ohio Centennial) bisexual, is a seedling from southwestern
Ohio, and was so named from having first fruited during Ohio’s centen-
nial year. It is vigorous and fairly productive, and the fruit quite large,
and of much more than average quality. It promises value for market
purposes.

Crescent, pistillate, has been too long and favorably known to require a
lengthy notice. Too soft for distant marketing, its hardiness, vigor, and
great productiveness render it desirable for near markets, though it is, to
a considerable extent, confined to a low grade of cultivation.

Edgar (Edgar Queen), pistillate, is a fairly vigorous and productive
plant; named for Edgar county, Ll, its place of origin. It is compara-
tively new, and has not yet a well established reputation. The fruit is
large, of good form, attractive color; of high quality for so large a fruit.

Fairmount, bisexual, originated in New Jersey; was received for trial
from the National Division of Pomology, during the hot, dry summer of
1890. We have been unable to fruit it satisfactorily till this season. The
plant is of fully average vigor, and, so far, is fairly productive. Size,
above medium; quality, medium.

Haverland, pistillate, introduced several years since, as larger and of
higher quality than Crescent, as well as its rival in productiveness, has
scarcely verified this latter claim and, either for that reason or for the less
satisfactory character of the plant, the variety has not acquired the antici-
pated popularity with commerciai planters.

Holyoke (Mount Holyoke), bisexual, although received as early as
1891, has not been in condition to satisfactorily manifest its qualities till
the present season. So far, the plant seems to possess more than aver-
age vigor and productiveness. The fruit also ranks high, so far as both
size and quality are concerned.

Hugo (Victor Hugo), bisexual, originated in New Jersey, but was
received for trial from the Division of Pomology. The plant is very vig-
orous, and of more than medium productiveness. The fruit is large to
very large, and of satisfactory form, color, and quality. So far it seems to
be well worthy of trial as a market variety.

278 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Lincoln, pistillate, is of more than average vigor, and very productive;
fruit large, color attractive, but of scarcely medium quality. In the*
absence of a history of its origin, its tendency to grow misshapen or
cockscombed fruits would seem to warrant the suspicion that it may be
merely a re-introduction of the President Lincoln of the previous decade.

Manchester, pistillate, is too well known to require extended notice. —
Inclined, as it is, to overbear, if in good soil, with high culture and a
renewal of the plantation after each full crop, it proves eminently
profitable.

Miner, bisexual, though an old and productive variety, under favorable
conditions, may now be properly laid aside in favor of newer and more
desirable varieties.

Oregon (Oregon Everbearing), pistillate, hails from Ohio. Whatever
its habit may be in its original locality, it is not a continuous bearer here,
although the plant is vigorous and fairly productive in the usual season of
this fruit. In size and quality itis fully medium. This is its first fruit-
ing here, and improved conditions in the future may develop more favor-
able results.

Rusk (Lady Rusk), nearly pistillate, was received from Illinois in 1889.
In vigor of plant it is above medium. In productiveness it scarcely real-
izes the commercial] requirement of the day. Fruit of more than medium
size, firm, of good form and color, and of medium quality.

Sadie, pistillate, is vigorous, and has, this season, proved more than
usually productive. The fruit is of less than medium size and of medium
quality and texture.

Saunders, bisexual, is a very vigorous and productive plant; originated
by John Little of Ontario and named for one of the most noted horticult-
urists of the Dominion. Im size, quality, and firmness it is quite above
medium. It is worthy of extensive trial as a market berry.

Shuster (Shuster’s Gem), nearly pistillate, is a popular variety in some
parts of the east, though apparently less in favor at the west. Here the
plant is above medium in vigor and productiveness, and slightly so also in
size of fruit, though of only medium firmness and quality.

Stayman (No. 1), nearly pistillate, is very vigorous and productive, of
only medium size, and scarcely of medium quality. It is probably more
at home in its native Kansas.

Thompson (No. 7), pistillate, comes to us from Ohio. It has not been
favorably conditioned heretofore. This season it has proved quite pro-
ductive; above medium in vigor, quality, and firmness, though of only
medium size.

Thompson (No. 26), rat iS from the same source with the foregoing,
has more vigor of plant and rather larger fruit, of only medium firmness,
and quite low in quality.

Thompson (No. 31), pistillate, is vigorous in plant and large in fruit,
but only medium in texture and quality. Its more than usual productive-
ness and size render it desirable for a near market.

Townsend (No. 19), pistillate, has, this season, shown more than medium
vigor and productiveness. The fruit is large, though only medium in
texture and quality.

Vick (James Vick), bisexual, is a low-growing, very hardy plant, of
scarcely more than medium vigor, which, this season, has fairly exceeded
itself in productiveness. The fruit, though rich and bright in color, is of
less than medium size, though of firm texture and high flavor.

{

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 279

Warfield (No. 2), pistillate, is too well and favorably known to require
description. It is generally prized as a market fruit.

Williams, bisexual is vigorous and of more than ayerage productive-
ness. The fruit is large, firm, and of more than medium quality. It may
be regarded as.a promising variety for both home use and market.

Wilson, bisexual. This old and once universally popular variety is
noticed here, mainly, as a medium for comparison. When well grown and
free from fungous diseases it is yet fairly productive, and, when allowed
to thoroughly ripen upon the plant, it has even yet few, if any, superiors,
all things considered.

RASPBERRIES (Rubus).

So many plants, in the trial plat of raspberries, were either killed or
seriously injured by the persistent rainy weather of the spring of 1892,
that although those remaining have generally recovered quite rapidly, and
are now generally in thrifty condition, there are so many vacancies and
such unevenness in the size and fruiting condition of the remaining
plants that a comparison of actual products would afford but an imperfect
and even erroneous idea of the relative productiveness of the varieties
when under equivalent conditions. For this reason the productiveness of
the several varieties is estimated upon a scale of 1 to 10.

The plat of raspberries was included in the general spraying with Bor-
deaux mixture of the usual strength (4 pounds copper sulphate, 3 pounds
of lime, and 32 gallons of water) applied to the plantation late last fall,
with the purpose to destroy, so far as possible, the winter spores of fungi.

A spray was again given on the 3d of April last, prior to the commence-
ment of the season’s growth, with the same material and strength.

This was repeated April 24, with the same mixture, and with the addi-
tion of two ounces of Paris green for each 32 gallons of water.

On the 9th of May the plat received a final spray, with a still weaker
solution, consisting of 2 pounds of copper sulphate, 14 pounds of lime,
and 2 ounces of Paris greeu, in 22 gallons of water.

Early last spring all canes, whether new or old, seriously affected with
anthracnose were cut away and burned.

Whether as the result of these sprayings and pruning, or otherwise,
scarcely a trace of anthracnose has been visible upon the growths of this
season, while the foliage has remained perfect throughout the entire
period, and neither the attacks of fungi nor the depredations of insects
have at any time proved troublesome. .

Dry weather and extreme heat during the ripening season occasioned
the blasting or withering of more or less of the immature fruit of several
varieties.

1. Rubus Ideus.

Varieties of European origin.

2 =] =
z id Nes
a Name. ue re) Ss ia Remarks.
[-*) a ® fo) “a oO -
2 net oe) : Soa
| bo q R @ ser.)
5 = CS | ep ae
a © 4 | & x Ay
3 leit
1} Herstine.___.._........| Penn. __/ 1888 | June 12.) July 6_-| 6 Excellent; requires protection.
21 Sapper s. 224 ee pes NY eee 1888 * 18.) ‘* 19._| 4 | Hardy; fruit large, dark purple.

280

2. Rubus neglectus.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Botanists include, in this species, several varieties, by many assumed to be hybrids between Occidentalis

and other species.

re oO
: ‘3 oS
: at lee
o Name. “5 S&S 3 Be Remarks.
2 Sch) ie ieee Be Hee
fg ce ee £ \28
2 fo) Ay 3 fa (He
LinGaroline 2 o2ses to) N. Y. .-_| 1888 | June 12_; July 10__| 10 | Yellow; hardy; very productive.
ANC Taf" Oe Sean ae see Kan. ..__| 1890 12.) “ .10_-| 8 | Roots by both tips and suckers.
8! Muskingum ...________- Ohio___.| 1890 “ -15.| ‘* 14__| 10 | Very vigorous; new; valuable.
4\ Reliance =! 0 sole 2 ING, oes 1888 “© -12.| ‘“* 12__| 8] Very hardy; dark; purple.
bieShatter + 254254 8 N. Wo 2 22} 1888 “15-| “ 14__}| 9 | Tip rooting; large; dark purple.
3. Rubus occidentalis.
Black and yellow tip-rooting.
BS ma
: 'B oe
g Pa ys
Pa Name. ¢ & 2 Be Remarks.
2 q g = ae) |
FE ‘& | B a7 soar
5 ‘E & hz aes
z o) Ay i & a
Le. bye Sos 2 et ee _---| Ohio__..| 1888 | June 15_) July 17__| 6 | So far is not valuable.
2} American Everbearing| Ohio____| 183 |__..____-. _-.----.-|----| Has not yet fruited.
Bl Beebe nese ra ee N, Y. _--| 1888 | June 10-| July 10_-| 9 | Yellow; unsightly if overripe.
*iWanadg ot 3 ee Ont. -._- 1891 “ —18.| ‘* 12_.; 6 | Of doubtful value.
Di @anmane se = 2s Da Conn. __| 1888 *-10-| ‘“ 8__| 8 | Good; but not relatively profitable.
6), Centennial) 5525-2522}. eee 1888 12.) * 12__| 8 | Not relatively profitable.
7| Conrath (Early) ..____- Mich.___| 1891 “ 15.} ‘* 15__| 9 | Highly promising.
S| Cromwell =: 22 222 Jonn. _.| 1888 ** -10.} ‘* 10_.| 5 | Injured by last year’s wet.
SE Doolittiere. 22. = . Y.___| 1888 “—-10.| ‘* 8__| 5 | Generally profitable.
10)\cGomore)..~ = 2 eA? Ohio____| 1&88 “* 12.) ‘S 10__| 4 | Is unprofitable.
bt WMarhart. 922.5 Se 25 i BI Pgs f 1888 “-10_| ‘S 8__| 8 | Yields a second crop in autumn.
12) Parnsworth ____-2____- Ohio-____| 1891 |__-.......| ‘* 12_.| 3 | Promising; needs further trial.
IS Gregpe Sis ere! ind yeas or June 14_| ‘‘ 29__|.___| Badly injared last year.
14| Hathaway (1)__...._--- Michi 2 4 188 Le eee se =| _..-| Not yet fruited.
15| Hathaway (2)___. .____- Mich. 255 | gg ig Sires So 2 oS __--| Not yet fruited.
46) Holborn”! 256 622 Ont: 3 1888 | June 14_| July 21__|____| Badly injured by last year’s wet.
iiipHopkins 2.22.2) 2 3 Moye 1888 pe ela > ts 1022 Suffered from wet last year.
AS ellahoe. oa ook Be Ohio? __| 1889 ‘* 18_| ‘* 17__| 4 | Badly killed last year.
AOinidisnia- 2s 2 te ae rides 1888 *-10-| ‘* 8 __| 4 | Badly injured last year.
20| Johnston (Sweet) -___- N. Y. ___| 1888 “18; ‘‘ 14__|__..] Nearly ruined last year.
AL KaAnNgAG ot ed. OS Kans. 1889 ** 138.; ‘‘ 19__| 2 | Nearly ruined last year.
22| Lovett (Early) _______. Naa: 1892) | eee. = 2-2 Not yet iratted.
28| Mammoth Cluster____- N. Y. ___| 1888 | June 10_| July 14-_| 6 | Plants considerably injured.
ate ohlerine.. 5 2.25 = Obio>® 2.| (48925) es (eas eens _._.| A few fruits on current year’s canes.
PoeNemahe = 8 Fe Neb. -__- 18885 |= soe _-..-..-.|.--.| Nearly ruined by wet last year.
26 TOHIO Mae= oo ES N. Y. __-} 1888 | June 10_| July 10__| 10 | Very productive, too seedy.
Pa Older. he iat ee ING ie 2 | ASOLE| See oa Aa .| Fruited but slightly.
Zo PLalimer: 2 se se tee Ohio ___| 1890 | June 10_| ‘‘ 8 __| 10 | The best early blackcap.
OPE FORTOSS 2o. seu ee IN ISGON ieee ian 2-----|2---} Nodraitithis: years
BONAR UNGOLE Soe ee ee 2h Mich.___| 1890 | June 10_| July 12__) 10 | A reproduction of Beebe.
$1) Smith (Giant)... _____- Onts2222 1889 ** -13_| ** 17_.} 10 | Very vigorous and productive.
Boi Souhegan’..—. 22 aa N. E. ___| 1888 MG org (UE Roe 7_.| 6 | Usually an excellent early variety.
BSissnmreye ee Ohio _._| 1889 ‘** 13.| ‘* 20_.| 1 | But imperfectly tested.
84) Sweet Home_____ _____. Ohio _._}| 1890 « -14.| ‘* 15__| 2 | So far, not promising.
274 |Vel EAT 2) pel ee ae eI SRE Os 1888 *“ 10.| “* 8__| 7 | Practically identical with Souhegan.
SOV e TTA st nee: Ohio ___| 1889 *“ 10.) ‘* 10_.| 6 | Not promising, so far.
VV On) 2 ese Ohio . _| 1891 “ 14_| ‘“* 17__|____| Was nearly ruined last season by wet.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 281

4. Rubus pheenicolasius.

43 a.
geal Ble
i aie |ee
= Name. = aS) B ‘Se Remarks.
8 d g = R |Bo6
g ‘& q B 2 Oa
B 3 x Ne Se re
Z ie) om 9 = Ay
1; Japanese Wineberry _-| Japan _-| 1891 | June 27_|_________- 1 | Worthless except for the beauty of
its bloom and foliage. :
5. Rubus strigosus.
S| aealig
F 8; 289
o o > na G
= Name. S} a Bu Remarks.
® . no} 3 oa Ooo
2 a £ » > ar
g do q Q D ‘S 9
5 = Ee Ez £ |oa
a o) a. = & ho
1) Brandywine -____-._.-.| Penn.___| 1888 | June 15_| July 10..| 9 | Hardy. A good market variety.
2) Church (Royal Church)| Ohio____| 1892 “14.| * 17__| 1 | Has not yet shown its true quality.
wHOnthbert-..2 2. =) =, N. Y. -_-| 1888 “-17.| “* 11__| 8 | Has no superior in its class.
AtMarly King. 9.202 = \ Nereis onde |B Ct St] ep | ee a ae Not yet truited.
5| Eastern King __.______ N. E, ---| 1888 | June 12_| July 10_-| 7 | A good family berry.
6| Gladstone ________-_--- N. Y. ___| 1892 “14_| “ 14__| 5 | Needs further trial.
7| Golden Queen ________- N.J..___| 1888 “© 15_| ‘* 14._| 8 | Excellent for home use.
Sie Hanselle te es N. J.-..-| 1888 “ 12_| “ 8__| 6 | One of the earliest.
8) Marlboro 2222. 22222215 | N.Y. 21888 12.) * 10. | 4} Next to Cuthbert for market,
RO|PRedere. 25552 34 eee Mich..__| 1888 “-12_| ‘ 10__| 4 | Large, bright colored, high quality.
11| Scarlet Gem___________ [ee eect tS 1888 cme PES SSO SSG Eevetttal: but not relatively profit-
able.
12H Thompson. .-- 2222.2 Ohio..__| 1888 ““-12_| “ 8..| 9 | A goodearly variety.
aD eh wac kere) acl fe oS 1892 Sel eels | Seen Shon este: igorous, productive, poor in quality,
tiv Enrnen-— <= es 1) Bee 1888 eg WA eRe ce 4 | Very hardy; canes without spines.

Notices are appended of the more desirable varieties, also of other more

recent ones not yet fully tested.

BLACK OR YELLOW CAPS.—TIP-ROOTING.

Beebe—A yellow variety, very productive;

of fair quality if used

promptly, but if allowed to become overripe the color becomes dark and

forbidding, with loss of flavor.

Rundell (the name of the originator), a more recent seedling from south-
western Michigan, is merely a reproduction of the Beebe, with the same

general characteristics.

Cromwell has now been several years before the public, and seems to be
winning a good reputation as an early blackcap, ripening nearly with

Tyler, and surely quite as early as Doolittle.

Doolittle was the forerunner, introducing the blackcaps to cultivation.
It even yet maintains a creditable standing among the various rivals
which have since arisen to contest with it for popular favor.

Karhart produces a light crop at the usual blackberry season, and also
a second crop in autumn, upon the canes of the current season’s growth.
It may be desirable in the home plat, as a means of supplying this fruit

out of the usual season.

Farnsworth, a recent variety from Ohio, has only fruited here this sea-

36

282 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

son. It gives indications of value, as a fruit of medium season, for both
the home and market.

Gregg is too well known as a profitable, strictly market, variety to
require special notice. Aside from its dense pubescence and rather low
quality, its chief fault is lack of hardiness.

Hilborn has not, so far, acquired a wide reputation as either a family or
market variety, although, to the writer’s apprehension, it deserves a posi-
tion nearly or quite at the head of the list, so far as quality is concerned.

Nemaha is a reproduction of the Gregg, with improved hardiness, as
alleged by those who claim to have thoroughly tested it.

Ohio is popular as a hardy, vigorous, and very productive variety. It is
specially commended for its large, proportionate yield of the dried pro-
duct; but it is doubtless true that the increased yield consists not of dried
pulp, but of seeds instead.

Palmer, origin Ohio, proves to be early for a blackcap, and one of the
finest and most vigorous and productive of its season.

Smith (Smith’s Giant), so far, has proved to be exceedingly vigorous and
very productive. It hails from Ontario, which may be taken as assurance
of its hardiness.

Souhegan and Tyler, although doubtless of separate origin, are, for all
practical purposes, identical. They are valued especially for earliness,
although somewhat lacking in both size and productiveness, as compared:
with several later varieties.

Sweet Home is an old variety which seems not to have taken a hold
upon popular favor, or to have developed specially valuable qualities. A
limited experience with it here gives little promise of better results.

RED, YELLOW AND PURPLE VARIETIES.
Increasing by root-suckers; a few of which are also tip-rooting.

Brandywine, though by no means new, is still valued as one of the best
red raspberries for marketing. Even when so overripe as to drop from
the plant, it may yet be marketed in fair condition.

Caroline is an alleged hybrid between R. Idwus and R. occidentalis. It
is very hardy, and roots from either suckers or tips, though somewhat
reluctantly from either. The fruit is of scarcely medium size, pale yel-
low, of delicate texture, and produced very abundantly. The quality is
only medium. Origin, New York.

Cuthbert still holds an unquestioned position, as one of the most desir-
able of the red varieties, whether for the home plat or for market. The
plant is very vigorous and resists mildew of the foliage unusually well.

Golden (Golden Queen) is clear bright yellow in color. Otherwise it is
very much hke Cuthbert, in both plant and fruit. For the home plat it is
excellent.

Griesa (the name of the introducer, temporarily applied) is a red vari-
ety. The habit of the plant is intermediate between R. strigosus and R.
occidentalis. Like Caroline, it roots, rather reluctantly, from both suckers
and tips. The fruit possesses the general characteristics of R. strigosus.
It requires further trial to determine the question of productiveness. It
hails from Kansas. .

Hansell is early, and the plant hardy. It is valued for planting, to a
limited extent, for both home use and market, on account of its earliness.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 283

Marlboro, though rather low in quality, is large and bright colored. It
is popular as a rather early.market variety.

Muskingum is of comparatively recent introduction, coming, as we
understand, from Ohio. The plant is exceedingly vigorous and very pro-
ductive, with characteristics referable mainly to the species strigosus,
while the fruit has the large size, dark color, and general appearance of
Shaffer. It equals Shaffer in productiveness and, like it, is excellent for
canning.

Reder (although the plant may not be satisfactory for commercial uses )
has few if any superiors in size; rich, bright color, fine texture and flavor,
for the table. It is fairly productive. A native of Berrien county,
Michigan.

Reliance, like its parent, the old and now abandoned Philadelphia, is
very hardy and productive. The fruit is high flavored, but dark colored,
and rather small. It is well adapted to localities in which great hardiness
is requisite.

Shaffer is too widely known to require extended notice. The vigor and
productiveness of the plant, with the high, rich flavor and large size of the
fruit, specially adapt it for canning, for which purpose it has long been
popular.

Thompson has, this season, proved highly productive. Should it con-
tinue thus, it may prove desirable as an early market variety.

Thwack, though only planted last year, was well tested here several
years since. It is hardy, vigorous, of good size, and productive, although
very low in quality. Although old, it has never become popular for either
amateur or market purposes.

Turner is small and very mild in flavor. The plant is vigorous and the
canes destitute of spines. It is the hardiest of the red raspberries and
(doubtless for that reason) is somewhat popular at the west and north.

Herstine, like all varieties of its species (Jdwus), tested in this country,
lacks hardiness, requiring winter protection, eyen in the comparatively
mild winter climate of southwestern Michigan. On account of its large
size, bright color, and superior flavor, it is deemed worthy of the needful
winter protection. Origin, Pennsylvania, from seed of a foreign variety.

BLACKBERRIES (Rubus villosus).

The entire loss of many plants, and the serious injury cf others, result-
ing from the almost continuous drenching rains, during the late spring
and early summer of 1892, were but partially remedied by the subsequent
growth of that year, leaving the stand of plants decimated or uneven to
such extent that comparisons of actual fruitage during this season will
afford no just indication of the comparative productiveness of the varieties
under ordinary conditions. Under such circumstances, therefore, resort is
had to estimates, based upon the actual performance of such plants as
appear to be most nearly in a normal condition, results being indicated
upon a scale of one to ten.

Anthracnose having been very prevalent during the year 1892, attacking
nearly or quite all the varieties of blackberry as well as of raspberry,
the plat was included in the spraying which the plantation received, after
the dropping of the foliage in late autumn, 1892. Early last spring

284 f STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

examination was made, and all canes showing indications of anthracnose
were cut out and burned.

On April 1 to 3 last, the plants received a spray of Bordeaux.

Again, on April 24 and 25, they were sprayed with reduced Bordeaux,
using 32 gallons of water and adding two ounces of Paris green.

A final spray was given on May 8 and 9, using two pounds of copper
- sulphate with one and one half pounds of lime in 22 gallons of water,
and adding two ounces of Paris green.

As the apparent result of these several sprayings, with the removal of
the previously diseased canes, scarcely a trace of fungus has at any time
during the season appeared upon blackberries, while, in all cases, satis-
factory growths have been made.

The leaf miner is apparently not amenable to spraying, having proved
increasingly troublesome this season, confining its attacks almost wholly
to the blackberry.

BLACKBERRIES—(Rubus villosus).

S 183
é 5 om
a | E (es
5 Name. mee a) 3 par Remarks.
3 es g ma & 138
| = SR A Ba 2 (|gs
5 “h g re pl £2
AZ io) Ay fy & Ay
pAgawami-s" 22°. eae N. E...__| 1888 | June 12_| July 27__| 4 | Usually large and fine.
AiBonanzaes eh. 4! sr) a ea ae ie 1888 ea os __| 4 | Name a misnomer.
3} Briton (Ancient Briton) _____- Eng.___- 1888 ‘© -12_| ‘* 28__| 3 | Usually over-productive.
A\iChilds (Ere) i. -- 3. ae ee eee Es 1892.) 2 Se eee ae Not yet tested.
5} Cluster (Early Ciuster)_______- INS. 1888 | June 13_| July 25__| 10 | Of little value.
6) PRldoradete o>. 2. «eee ee Oho 211802) oh ee a ee Not yet tested.
Mire = aesce S-_ 2) et ea Pan 1888 | June 12_| Aug. 2__| 5 | Generally productive.
Si Hruttlande 22-0 aie eee Ohio . __| 1892. |.2:..2___- Pee enya Good grower. Not fruited.
9| Harvest (Early Harvest) _____- IN hs= 1888 | June 13_| July17__| 5 | Small. Very early.
10|SHoosac => Oe eae Masshtee| 18010). == S| 2 eee ae Old. Thornless.
11) King (Barly, King), . =. ....-222-) N.J.- 1890 | June 14_| July 21__| 10 | Very desirable so far.
a2 Kattatinny = 22 eee Neseses 1888 “ 14_| “ 29__| 6 | Oneof the best; rather tender.
ASR NO xis eee), So. ae ee 1888 ‘© 15.| *S 27...) 5 | Large. Bears thinly.
1a SA wWton-. to ae ee eet N. Y..._-| 1888 “© 13_| “ 27__| 4} Old. Often winter-killed.
AD slhncoln se: shee) od & Se eee 1891 “© 12_]_-...._.__|.--.| New. Not yet fruited here.
16} Mammoth (Early Mammoth)-| Ohio - __} 1891 ‘* 14_| July 31__| 4 | Needs farther trial.
17) Minnewaska 2 > » oe 4 | Is generally more productive
1s Nevadae 2a 2 = ; 2 Not valuable here.
ASiwOhmere es 3 a i p 29 2 | But partially tested.
20} Oregon (Everbearing) : p Not yet fruited here.
aliisnyder-22. os a lL : Rather small, Very hardy.
DAE NLONO-fswes Se ai le Fee ea i 8 | Small. Very hardy.
OS LAV OR eens ae ee ee oe A 6 | Hardy. Excellent.
24] Thompson (Early) _______- _.| Ohio _ __| 1890 ‘*. 13.) “* 28._| 9] New, Promising. | = hie
25| Triumph (Western Triumph) _}.__-_-___- “18838 “* 14_| Aug. 1_.| 2 | Small. Hardy. Vigorous.
DoleWachusett 2-6 es bo nes Mass.___| 1890 “* 10.) Jaly 27 5 | Old. Thornless.
PUOWallace 25 he O25 a Lo eo Se ee 1888 18.) *¢ 29_-) 59) Tuarge.’ “Very good:
28 vi 75) eas ES Shee BEES eo Nie 1888 “ -13_| ‘* 28__| 61 Canes tender. Large. Early.
POlAWIMGON Pre. meee ee IN@dise see 1888 cm lS Seas 6 | Is Wilson reproduced.
|

Notices are appended of some of the older varieties, with their per-
formance during the current year, together with a few of the more recent
introductions.

Agawam has been fruited here for several years. It has rarely, if ever,
suffered injury from the lake shore winters. It is productive, and the
fruit is large and excellent. It is eminently worthy of a place in the home
plat.

- EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 285

Briton (Ancient Briton) has been a long time in cultivation in this
country, and is popular at the west, where the larger varieties fail from
lack of hardiness. It has been assumed to be a native, but recent investi-
gation determines that it was originally imported from England. Its com-
paratively small size renders it unpopular where larger though less hardy
varieties can be profitably grown.

Erie is very vigorous, with many large, strong, prehensile spines, and is
hardy in this climate, though it suffered seriously from the long wet spell
of last year. The fruit is very large, and of fair quality, if allowed to
fully ripen upon the plant. The habit is spreading and the canes
should be tied to a trellis or stakes to prevent injury from high winds.

Harvest (Early Harvest) is a moderately vigorous, very upright grower
and very productive. The fruit is rather small, of firm texture, ripening
quite in advance of the usual blackberry season, and, for that reason,
profitable. A spurious variety, of similar habit, has been disseminated
under this name.

King (Early King), received from New Jersey, has fruited here this
season only. The plant is vigorous and productive, and the fruit quite
large and of good quality, ripening rather early.

Kittatinny has long been recognized as the best of the large varieties,
though deficient in hardiness. For some years it has been more or less
subject to attacks of the fungus known as red rust, which has, in many
cases, proved a serious drawback upon the value of the variety, though it
may be held in check, and even exterminated, by promptly digging and
burning the diseased plants when discovered.

Lawton, though not the first blackberry subjected to cultivation, was the
first one extensively disseminated for such purpose. It lacks hardiness
and, as usually marketed, is objectionably acid, though, when thoroughly
ripened upon the plant, it is large, sweet, and delicious.

Mammoth (Early Mammoth), was received from a nursery formerly in
Ohio (now in Virginia), and has only fruited here this season. It prom-
ises well. Fruit large, of good quality, and the plant is vigorous.

Minnewaski was received some years since from its originator, the late
A. J. Caywood of New York. The plant is a strong, rather erect grower,
pene and of fully medium hardiness. The fruit is large and of good
quality.

Oregon (Everbearing) comes to us as an estray from the Pacific coast,
as its name indicates.. It has not yet fruited here, though it seems desir-
able, if only as a curiosity. The plant has the trailing habit of a dewberry
with the usual reflexed spines of the blackberry. The foliage has the
usual five-leaflet arrangement of the blackberry, with each leaflet some-
what irregularly divided, lobed, and serrated, somewhat after the manner
of the cut-leaved birch or maple.

Snyder is well known as a hardy and productive market variety, exten-
sively planted in localities in which special hardiness is requisite.

Stone (Stone’s Hardy) hails from Wisconsin. It is a spreading, vigorous
grower and very hardy. Fruit too small to be acceptable where larger
varieties are successful.

Taylor is nearly as hardy as Snyder, with more branching, light-colored
shoots. It is very productive, ripening its rather large, superior-flavored
fruit, somewhat after the average season.

Thompson (Early) comes to us from Ohio. It proves hardy here, and

286 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
has this year excelled most other varieties in productiveness. The fruit is
of fair size and good quality.. (Probably Mammoth, L. R. T.)

Triumph (Western Triumph) is one of the varieties approved at the
west on account of hardiness. The plant is tall, rather upright, branch-
ing, although the fruit is of less than medium size, the deficiency is more
than compensated in productiveness. It must have good soil and culture
to produce marketable fruit.

Wallace came to us from the west. The plant is vigorous and moder-
ately productive. Fruit of large size and good quality. It is worthy of
more attention than it has heretofore received.

Wilson and Wilson Jr. (the latter a seedling of the former) are for all
practical purposes identical. Both have, to a slight extent, the spreading
habit of the dewberry and, like it, will sometimes root, though reluctantly,
from the tips. Both are deficient in hardiness. Fruit large to very small,
and not of high quality.

SERVICE BERRY.—(Amelanchier.)

An indigenous form of this plant, forming a large bush or small tree,
occasionally from twelve to fifteen feet in height, is more or less dissemi-
nated in Michigan forests. It varies greatly in productiveness, as well as
in size and quality of fruit. So far as known, no attempts have been
made to subject this to cultivation.

The dwarf variety, which was planted here as early as 1876, under the
name Service Berry, only tends, if left undisturbed, to form dense clumps,
by means of underground branches or stolons, under which conditions it
becomes comparatively unproductive. When such tendency is prevented
by occasional transplanting, or otherwise, the result is a very considerable
improvement in size, as well as in quantity of fruit.

Birds have a special liking for the fruit, which ripens in succession, and
invariably falls a prey to their rapacity, before full maturity.

The bushes rarely exceed three feet in height, and the fruit, which
resembles the huckleberry, is by no means its equal in quality.

Three varieties are on trial here.

The first, lacking a varietal name, is designated as common. Ona scale
of one to ten, it ranks, this year, about eight in productiveness.

_ The second, received from Indiana as Mammoth, is slightly larger in
plant, and in productiveness ranks nine.

The third is named “Success” by the recent chief of the Division of
Pomology at Washington. In productiveness it will rank ten.

A few plants received a covering of netting, to protect the fruit from
the birds. This was applied on July 7, when the fruit began to color.
The fruit was gathered about July 18, fully ripe, and beautiful in appear-
ance, though, from lack of rich flavor, it can scarcely supersede the better
varieties of huckleberry, where such are obtainable.

CURRANTS.—( Ribes.)

The plantation of currants suffered more or less from the long contin-
ued drenching rains of the spring of 1892, although the most serious
injury arose from the cutting away of a large portion of the bearing wood,
in the effort to eradicate the twig borer (Aegeria tipuliformis, Linn.)
which has long been extremely prevalent in this region.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 287

The currants were included in the spraying given the entire plantation,
after the fall of the leaves in the autumn of 1892.

A spray with Bordeaux mixture was given them on April 1-3, 1893. They
received a second spray on April 18, using 41bs. copper sulphate, 3 lbs.
lime, and 2 oz. Paris green, in 32 gals. water.

Rain having intervened, a reapplication of the same was given on
April 24 to 25.

On May 8-9 another spray was given, using 3 lbs. copper sulphate, 14
lbs. lime, and 2 oz. Paris green, in 32 gals. water.

The currant worm having put in an appearance, a spray of 2 oz. potas-
sium sulphide (liver of sulphur), and one oz. Paris green, in ten gals.
water, was applied on June 2.

This was repeated on June 21, using 3 oz. potassium sulphide instead of |
two. Rain having intervened, the same was reapplied June 24.

This preparation was again applied on July 6, omitting the Paris green;
and yet again for the last time, on July 22.

These sprayings have, apparently, had the effect not only to hold the
currant worm in subjection, but also to prevent the attacks of the fungus,
which has so generally ruined the foliage early in August, since, under
this treatment (which was also applied to the gooseberry), there has been
no loss of the foliage of either, down to the time of this writing (Oct. 1),
while the plants generally have made satisfactory growth.

It may also be stated, as a possible result of these repeated sprayings,
that few indications are visible of the attacks of the twig borer; the infer-
ence being, either that the liver of sulphur is repulsive to the moth or,
otherwise, that the Paris green may have proved fatal to the larvee when
making their first meal upon the recently sprayed twigs.

1. MISSOURI OR YELLOW FLOWERING CURRANT—(Ribes aureum).

+ 2 P
: | om
se | Gea
B Name, = & 2, Sy Remarks.
. To) —
e Beye le. tins 3s se
5 {2 Ss Az = om
Z fo) ou i ee oy
1 | Crandall_______________.__..___]| Kan. __.| 1889 |} May 12__| July 8.__| 5 | Of doubtful value.
2. BLACK, FETID CURRANTS—(Ribes nigrum).
sat Wee
E FE slge
~ 0) [o}
)
x Name. ; eS = A Bo Remarks. -
8 | $ = ie oa
i 2 |2| & E |B
Zz fo) St = & ie
1 | Champion (Black eon) Europe _| 1889 | May12__| July11__| 7 | Try further.
eee ae ee) ee a er
Eapieg aot sao? BOY Coe eee eae chet Yast em me oO} e best blacks.
4 neue ee Naples) ______.. 1888 15 =, 10 4 | Old; well known.
5. Saundersiccs sess ee se ea Ont; --3 1890 pote 10 4 | Yet too recent.
6 Wales (Panes of Wales) -_____- ¢ 1890 12 * 14 3 | Yet too recent.

288 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

3. RED AND WHITE CURRANTS—(Ribes rubrum).

|
has Be
: i)
di | oe oles
Satis Pca ta ete
re Name. i xe) [ihe ee 5) Remarks.
3 E d © 2 2 g B
g “tp q ae lee
5 2 & -| A no
Z fo) AY & henley oe
| ee meee | ate ae
Mi @herrys eek Lee Eur. __-- 1888 | May 12__| July14__| 0 | One of the largest. Acid.
Ol MMay enter wee eee te) ae N. Y.___| 1883 Let (esha bbe 1 | Large. Plant unsatisfactory.
3} Holland(Long bunch’d
Holland) =a 1D ah ee 1889 * 10_-) ‘* 11_.| 6 | Strong, healthy. Late.
4| Lakewood_.___.__-__--- Ohio -.__| 1890 © 10._| ‘* 14__| 1°} Need a fuller trial.
5| London (Red) -_-__---_-- Eur. ___-| 1890 “*12__| ‘* §&__| 10 | Best for culinary uses.
6| Moore Ruby-_-.--_----- AT eee 1890 SS MOPS FS '8e_| 6 | Bestired variety.
7) Moore Select___-...---- Mass..__| 1890 SE LOEB | eae es 0 | Requires further trial.
|} North Star -2-- 2222-2. Minn..__| 1892 ‘© 14__| July14__| 1 | Very vigorous. Hardy.
9itRedsDatch 2s. ent Eur. -_-. 1888 “© 10__| ‘* 8 __| 5 | Most valuable red currant.
10} Raby Castle________---- CGO SOA = 2S ween eee) Se 1 | May prove to be Victoria, but said to
be distinct.
11) Versaillaise___._____._- “¢ ____| 1888 | May 12__| July10__| 0 | Much like Cherry.
12) Wictoria,.2 022 2 eases | elses © 10__| ‘* 10__| 7 | Seldom attacked by borers
13| White Dutch____.._--- Ee eS 188s Ser ORE ies LOL 7 | Finest flavored currant.
14 hite Gondoin___-___- thy 22311890 “ 10_.| ‘* 8__| 8 | Needs further trial.
15| White Grape_________-- seve Ss iba tste's} “ 10__| ‘* 8__.| 7 | Most profitable white variety.
1G Wilders 222022352 = Am.222)2 1890 COS eee 1052 | a Promising:

Owing to the operations of the twig borers during the year 1892, and the
amount of bearing wood unavoidably destroyed during the past spring, in
the effort to exterminate them, the product of the season now past has
been greatly diminished. For this reason the estimates of productiveness
given in the foregoing tabulation indicate but imperfectly what would be
the relative yield of the varieties named under more favorable conditions.
For this reason short notices of some of the varieties are given, for the
purpose of, at least in part, remedying such defect.

Crandall (when the heaviest fruiting plants only are considered) proves
highly productive. The quality of the fruit, when well cooked, is good,
but for the extreme thickness and toughness of the skin, even when thor-
oughly cooked—a difficulty which, apparently, could only be obviated by
straining the cooked product.

Naples (Black Napies) and Lee are the only fetid black currants sufli-
ciently tested here. How the remaining varieties upon the list will rank
as to quality. size, productiveness, etc., can only be surely determined after
a somewhat lengthened trial. From present indications, they differ but
slightly in these respects.

White Dutch, White Gondoin, and White Grape rank in about the order
named, so far as rich, mild flavor and consequent adaptation as dessert
varieties is concerned. In these particulars they are quite superior to any
of the red varieties, with the possible exception of the Moore Ruby, which
is yet but imperfectly tested.

Cherry, or its close rival, Versaillaise, must be allowed to stand in
advance of Fay so far as profitableness and adaptation for market are con-
cerned. All are acid and large and, for that reason, popular in the
market.

Red Dutch, although one of the oldest varieties, yet stands first among
the red currants, so far as quality as well as productiveness is concerned.
But for a slight lack of size, it would doubtless lead also in the market.

Victoria is scarcely as large as Red Dutch and is a little later. On

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 289

account of its comparative exemption from the attacks of the twig borer,
and the greater persistence of its foliage, it is pdpular for market planting
in many localities.

‘Holland (Long Bunched Holland) is doubtless the most vigorous of red
currants, and holds its very large foliage more persistently than any other
of our acquaintance. It is productive and late, the cluster long, but the
berry small.

London (London Red) is exceedingly productive, the berry medium,
said to be superior for jams and jellies.

Lakewood, Moore Select, and Wilder, though some time on trial, can not
yet be definitely characterized.

North Star was planted only last year. It shows unusual vigor, but its
other qualities remain undetermined.

Raby Castle, planted in 1892, may prove to be Victoria, although Mr.
J. H. Haynes of Delphi, Ind., from whom the plants were obtained, claims
that.it is a new variety, quite distinct from the old Raby Castle.

GOOSEBERRY (Ribes).

The plantation of gooseberries, being adjacent to that of currants, the
two have been subjected to the same treatment, so far as spraying is con-
cerned, for an account of which the reader is referred to the section on
currants.

The result of such repeated spraying has been an entire absence of mil-
dew, whether of foliage or fruit, save*in the single case of the Smith, which,
apparently from previous enfeeblement, has failed to fruit this year, and
- has also prematurely lost more or less of its foliage. .

The use of a few ounces of Paris green in the potassium sulphide spray
has kept the currant worm in subjection.

The crumpling of the young leaves at the tips of the branches (mainly
of the Houghton), attributable, doubtless, to minute aphides, has been
but slightly troublesome this year, it having been cut away and burned
upon its appearance.

Nearly all varieties, whether of native or foreign parentage, have
fruited very thinly, a result probably due to the enfeeblement consequent
upon the excessive and long continued wet weather of early 1892, together
with the mildew consequent thereupon, preventing, as it doubtless did, the
development of the fruit buds necesssry for the next season’s crop.

1. WILD GOOSEBERRY—(Ribes cynosbati).

sae) ae

= =} Sc!

g & |38
“e Name. 2S é B cae Remarks.
3 Bl | aes al ena ae
5 ze |4a| E (22
Z o) Ay & & Ay
=, |
ao Downing o-2~ 524.24 59.28 et N. Y...__| 1888 | May 9_-| July 14_.} 3 | Valued for market.
2) Mountains = eee eg N. Y..._-| 1888 “*17_-| ‘* 17_.| 0 | Not desirable. ;
Ou sSinith ase ee N. E. ___] 1888 CTO (0 oe eee 0 | Poor grower. Fruit superior.
4 Strabler* Pee FAL S. TH 1802; Rivas, ol eee _.--| Strong grower.
i el be oc). ieee ae nee mR Ohio 4241892)" sess 2 |e _._-| Strong grower.

* Nos. 4. and 5 have not yet fruited. Their correct classification is doubtful.
37

290 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1. EUROPEAN GOOSEBERRY-—-(Ribes grossularia).

| 3 -
| a ee
| gd | & ge
| Name. =] S ney ene Remarks.
iB ; a= 25
2 3 2 = ie Bs
g| 2 [a] & glen
Al s) A, fy fit
SvAt born eeee ee | | N. Y..__-| 1890 | May 24__| July 15__| 1 | The correct name unknown.
2 | Golden (Golden Prolific)__| N. Y.--_- 1890 1b See 0 | Quite liable to mildew.
OP induswry se ons eee | Eur. ._.%] 1889 ‘* 12__| July 14__| 1 | Mildews, unless sprayed.
4 | Orange (Early Orange)____| N. Y.-___| 1890 To eS Tels Mildews, unless sprayed.
yur Mal Roce wil [ER a a ae Ont, _._-| 1890 “ 9.-) “* 17__| 8 | Very promising.
6 | Oregon (now named Apex)! Oregon..| 1892 |_____.___.|____._____ ___ | Not yet fruited.
Ahebrlump hie) fee ass as | New ees 1891 | May 10__| July 19__| 0 Objectionable name.
3. SMOOTH GOOSEBERRY—(Ribes hirtellum).
| .
| 4 |és
5 om
FI a |38
i Name. a & By es Remarks.
S d g = Bot lee
g “h AN reer B 3S
5 5] & H A EQ
a | jo) Au oH Fy Ay
m: sy: er a ‘ abhi =
ie han pions eae) es er _.| 1888 | May 10._|] July 15__| 0 | Strong; healthy; unproductive.
Za eH Oughton ssoss 6.2 N. E. __.| 1888 “© 12__| ‘* 17__| 5 | Hardy; very productive.
Saebalet Redo 2), Woe Aras 1890 | *““-10__| ‘* 17__| 6] Nearly identical with Houghton

Downing is a strong grower, with stout, very thorny shoots. Fruit
large, round, green when mature. Popular in the market.

Smith is not a vigorous plant; very thorny. Fruit large, greenish-
yellow, oval; of superior quality.

Mountain is a strong grower and free from mildew. Fruit large, but
variable in size; poor in quality. Worthless.

Auburn is of European type, a moderate grower; has not mildewed
here. Fruit large, light red when mature. The true name is unknown.

Golden (Golden Prolific), Orange (Harly Orange), and Pear] are Ameri-
can seedlings of the European type. Industry is an importation from
England. ‘hey are all more or less liable to mildew here, requiring
occasional spraying to maintain their health in this climate.

Triumph, received from New Jersey, and Oregon (now named Apex)
from the Pacific coast, received but recently, are understood to be Ameri-
can seedlings, the former of the European and the latter of the Pacific
coast type.

Champion, although vigorous and apparently mildew proof, is so unpro-
ductive and the fruit so small and poor as to render it practically worthless.

Houghton and Pale Red are much alike. Both are hardy, productive,
and mostly free from mildew. They will bear neglect better than most
varieties. Fruit small.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 291

CHERRIES (Prunus).

Probably few, if any, species of fruit trees are as impatient of excessive
moisture in the soil as are the cherries. In their case the injury from the
copious and long continued rains of the spring and early summer of last
year has proved more serious than was apparent during that season, since
quite a number of trees have this season shown indications of injury
obviously attributable to that cause.

A large number of varieties have bloomed and fruited this season, but
most of them so sparsely that, on account of the depredations of birds in
many cases, it has been difficult to accurately determine the date of
ripening.

The cherry plantations were included in the spraying given the entire
plantation in November, 1892.

April 10 and 11 cherries were sprayed with diluted Bordeaux, using 4
pounds copper sulphate, 3 pounds lime, and 24 ounces Paris green, in 32
gallons of water.

On June 8 they received the second spray this season, using 4 pounds
popper sulphate, 3 pounds lime and 24 ounces of Paris green, in 32 gallons
of water.

On June 27 they were treated with kerosene emulsion to extirpate the
slug (EHriocampa ceras?).

On July 7, the pest having reappeared the trees were treated with the
extract of tobacco stems, after which further treatment for this insect was.
not found necessary.

On July 14 and 15, cherries received a final treatment, consisting of 2
pounds copper sulphate, 14 pounds lime, and 24 ounces Paris green, in 32
gallons water.

The slug (Hriocampa cerasi) has been much less troublesome this year
than formerly, yielding readily to the sprays given as stated.

No other insects have proved troublesome upon the cherry, the curculio-
apparently confining operations to adjacent rows of plums and peaches. |

No attacks of fungi have been noticed, except as the cause of premature
loss of foliage by a few of the injured trees already mentioned.

Experience has shown that the Mazzard or sweet cherries (and to a'slight
extent the Dukes also) when grown rapidly, as under thorough cultivation
they usually do in our Michigan soil and climate, are often seriously if not
even fatally injured during subsequent severe winters, and when branched
as high as is generaliy done they are liable to what is known as “bark-
burst” during severe cold in winter, followed by death after a very few
years of decrepitude and disease.

No remedy has yet been discovered for such conditions. Prevention is,
so far as known, the sole alternative. This may be accomplished by giving
only so much manure and cultivation while the tree is still young as shall
produce only moderate, healthy growth and partially or wholly omitting
cultivation thereafter; also branching them so low that the trunk and.
larger branches, in which, if at all, bursting is likely to occur, shall be well
shaded from the influence of the mid-day sun, by the foliage.

Under such conditions trees of these species may be reasonably expected
to reach mature age in sound condition, while under opposite conditions.

292

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 7 ‘

they would be in danger of perishing even when scarcely yet in full

bearing.

In the following tabulation the arrangement of last year, placing Heart
and Bigarreau cherries together in one class and Dukes and Morellos in

another, is continued.

1. HEART AND BIGARREAU CHERRIES—(Prunus avium).

+
z 5
8 ay
a Name. = & 2 Remarks.
2 2 i)
2 a a3, = =) J
5 eee, (8 | ued
a iS) (o) Ay fy em
1) Bigarreau (Yellow Spanish)-|} Big. _._.| Eur. __- 1890 | May 20__} July 10__ ane of the Bigarreau
class.
Wie@loveland mers eee sess Dp, eee Ohio -.__| 1890 peteott tile Se eae Lat Ne Originated by the late
Dr. Kirtland.
SIE DOW OCLs 4 sat oe a8 7 ae Heart.__| Mass..__| 1888 ‘© 15__.| July 4__| Profitable for market.
4 Bass ‘(Biack Hale) Sear Heart___| Eng..___| 1888 e182)“ 8s|"Old: . Excellent.
Bel tone 2 os) fo te eee Bigs 1 eee 1890 ene Fa Pa ah ee Yellow, with a red cheek.
Giielorences=ss. eee a nae Big Rtaly..3| 1891s || Sean ees Se ee Has not yet fruited.
7| Knight (Knight's Early)__..| Heart.._| Eng. ....| 1890 | May 19__|.__.._____ An excellent early cherry.
8| La Maurie (Karly Lamaurie)| Heart._.| Eur.____| 1892 |_____._.___}_-_--__--- Not yet tested.
9| Mary (Kirtland’s Mary) -___- Bigs Ohio 222 |518907| May ioe A seedling of Dr. Kirtland.
LO |p ozel ees seer See eee Biggs burs... 1890 eae | GS) Nana CO ek Large. Popular in Eu-
rope.
ATiMNapoleon 2642 22) 5222 =e Bigsec) | Mur, _. 1892 Beis TL ul cee: eye Nery firm. Fine market
cherry.
12 ube oe iBeanty)/2 2-25 Heart.__| Ohio ..__| 1890 et Ole peat ale A fine variety from Ohio.
TS SR Uri hye. teem ean Uo Sl oe | ES eee AE 199155. fey eT ae Yet untested.
14 Bees (Early Purple) ______- Heart-__.| Eur.? 1891 | May 22_-|__...__._- The earliest of the older
cherries.
1D PRocKpoRtster 22 225 oe Big. ___.| Ohio- 1890 SST SU NCe Se Se Popular.
16| Tartarian (Blk. Tartarian)_.| Heart.__| Eur. ___- 1888 “ 17__|__........| Large. Tree upright, vig-
orous.
17| Transparent (Coe’s Trans-
ATEN) esses eso ees Heart__-| Conn..__| 1888 po Wie ns See Ae One of the most beautiful.
18| Windsor ____- ee Bigteees|tOnti 22. 1890 Sf 41 eee New, late, promising.
19] Wood (Gov. Wood)________- Heart.._| Ohio -.__| 1890 Sia) 1 ks P| hes A By 2 A popular market variety

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 293

2. DUKES AND MORELLOS—(Prunus cerasus).

25
‘ 5
g &
= Name. “fi OR, a Remarks.
8 Seep see gh es pa
oO ™ » ~
5 a =e |a| 8 E
a iS) ie) Ay cy ica
1] Abbess (Oignies).._..._-__-- Morello.| Europe_| 1888 | May18__| July12__| A slender grower. Late.
2\sAneonlemosesss 2) bs) ee Duke? -- sf ABBE: [RSE Is ee ees Vigorous. Promising,
Sip Baenderw eee tee Morello. us 1302 |) 8 20) .| Sees Not yet fruited. :
Al Bessarabian: 23) 22 as tf 1888 | ‘* 17__| July8__- Eaported by Prof. Budd,
of Iowa.
5| Brusseler (Braune)_______-_- Wy : ESSSy ass 20 2: ||: = ee eee Imported by Prof. Budd,
of Iowa.
GitCarnation:=- 23) £23. Duke __- Bs BOON Pees RG |e ee Needs further trial.
TCO ye ee eee tay ese wee ees ee 1888 | ‘‘ 20__| July5_._| Beautiful. Excellent.
Amateur.
8| Du Nord (Griotte du Nord)_| Morello. oe TSSBr | pioee 2AS8 P22 ase ee iu by Prof. Budd,
of Iowa.
SPD yehOURG so. soso) so heee fs Arn -=- 1890 | “* 19__|___....__.| Very early. Slender.
drooping.
TOMMUgeNIC! oss. <2. ho ei nn Duke..._| France _| 1888 | ‘‘ 6__| July6__.| Comparatively new.
Promising.
11] Everbearing -_.._--...-.--_- Morello: Am 22 1892 te 22a Yet untested.
12} Frauendorfor (Weichsel)___- ae Europef_|°1888 | ‘ 18__| July8___| Late, very acid.
1S RGalopin ee. 22>. Ste Fee fg a ee eee LES 24 ee eel OS 2 ee oe Not bloomed or fruited.
14| Glass (George Glasskirche)-| Duke?__-| Europe_| 1888 | May 22__| July1___ ae Syertaion by Prof.
udd.
To Hortense: 22 02 at ‘“ __| France _| 1888 | ‘‘ 16._| ‘‘ 6___| One of the largest of the
Dukes.
16 King (Amarelle)_...-....--_- Morello:| Hurope=| 802) \22- 2222 2)-2 Only tested as to growth.
Vilebate Duke. se ce Dukes. |. --4 asso 1890) | 9 May 20! 2|2 22. .258 Old, but little known.
18] Lithauer (Weichsel) _______- Morello.| Europe _| 1892 |___._____- 2 ewe ae ao shown bloom or
ruit.
19] Louis (Phillippe) -.______-_- Ys se 1888 | May 15__| July5.__| Late. Good. Lacks
productiveness.
BOI en tOVikd. 8, 8h eet 32 * fs a Refsto lle COP? ia l/s ieee Bie ee Promising,
21| Magnifique ______ .| Duke __- “ 1888 | ‘‘ 20__| July31__| A fine late variety.
22| Mahaleb _.-.. Mahaleb u ASOD 2 ee eee ee Used only as a stock.
23|)( May Dukes. 525222 Duke __- o 1888 | May 18__| July 6__| The type of the class.
24| Minnesota(Ostheim) - Morello.| Am. ____| 1892} ‘* 19__| ‘‘ 10__| Requires further trial.
25| Montmorency _--_---_-------- § | Europes} 1888 | ‘“ 20__| ‘* 5 __| Probably Mont. Ordinaire.
26] Montmorency (Large) __---_- a vy S000 ee O |. oe Cee Fruit destroyed by birds.
27| Montmorency (Ordinaire) _- a = SOON eres ae |" 2k ee Fruit destroyed by birds.
2S Wontrentl pans sess) Duke __- ‘e TSO0R mee “200 | ou ae Very promisiing.
DOPOhivatet Sister ea ees ue ae WR ook Se g8087 Me) 99 | ake ow es But partially tested.
30} Osthoimia 2 2 ee eee Morello-| Europe _| 1888 | ‘‘ 18__|___2_____. Requires longer trial.
SuLOstheimer. 2 Sas ee ie 5 TSOO Me, 242. \|5¢ eee Not yet fruited.
32) Richmond (Ey. Richmond) - eS ee 1888 | ‘* 22__| July 1__| Most popular for market.
Od |(seoval Dukes. 2) see s> Dakeve=| yy 1SG0N RS’ 20s) eee Old, but little known.
a4 Sklanikay: 522202 ire Morello. se 1888 | ‘* 20__| July 4__| Imported by Prof. Budd.
35| Spate (Amarelle)____________ a “ A888.) 5° (22. 8 ee Imported by Prof. Budd.
36| Strauss (Weichsel) ______-__- se ee 1888) '|,.°* 98S: |e eee Imported by Prof. Budd.
Vi SUdA sates aee Coe a oe ES panel io Aes t 1892:\' °S 772253 (aes Not yet well tested.
88| Twenty-tive (Orel) _._-_.___- ue [pHaroper|G1892)|" 2282 eae eee Not yet well tested.
39| Twenty-seven (Orel) ___.___. + 1892) |. 222 oe eee Not yet well tested.
AD RWer2 ee: 8 os Pi be EE ae poe a 1892) | May2223| ee Not yet well tested.
ahiWragev 2 ur i, Soren Te MY Lowal=2-|/ 1891), “> © (2722 Sees eee A palanoee grower. Late.
cid.

SWEET CHERRIES.

Purple (Early Purple), nearly black when fully ripe, is the earliest well
tested cherry, of fair size and good quality, with the possible exception of
La Maurie (Early Lamaurie), which has not yet fruited here.

Knight (Knight’s Early), Eagle (Black Eagle), superior in quality, and
Tartarian (Black Tartarian), valued for market, are among the most pop-
ular dark colored cherries.

—

294 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Of light colored varieties, Transparent (Coe) is excellent and very beau-
tiful, while Cleveland, Elton, Wood (Gov. Wood), Napoleon, and Rockport
are firm, good handlers and, for that reason, adapted to marketing.

Bigarreau (Yellow Spanish) is the best of the light colored, firm fleshed
varieties, but, unfortunately, it is liable to crack and decay before ripening,
during warm, wet weather.

Downer, though less firm, is hardy, rather late, very productive, large, of
rich color, profitable.

Windsor is newly introduced; said to ripen quite late. It is highly
commended by those who have fruited it.

THE DUKES.

Intermediate between the sweet cherries and the Morellos, so far as
vigor of growth and acidity of fruit are concerned.

Choisy (Belle de Choisy) is exceedingly beautiful and of mild flavor,
and, in the opinion of many, unexcelled in any class. Unfortunately it
lacks productiveness.

Eugenie, Hortense (one of the largest Dukes), Magnifique (very late),
May Duke (the type of the class), Olivet, and Montreuil (comparatively
new varieties), are all worthy of greater attention than they generally
receive.

Royal Duke and Late Duke are old varieties though, so far as known,
not yet thoroughly tested in this state.

MORELLOS.

There appear to be several more or less distinct races which, among
Europeans, appear to have been sub-classified accordingly. In this coun-
try, so far, such sub-classification has not received attention.

Dyehouse is a very spreading and even drooping grower and, so far, has
been the first to ripen.

Richmond (Early Richmond) is so well known as a popular market
variety that extended notice seems unnecessary. In season it closely fol-
lows the foregoing.

Louis (Phillippe) is large, late, and excellent for culinary purposes, but
is slightly lacking in productiveness.

Wragg is valued at the west for its hardiness. It is late, nearly
black, and quite acid. The tree is a slender, spreading grower.

Montmorency (see table) is probably identical with Montmorency
Ordinaire.

Of the remaining varieties of Morello, a considerable number have now
fruited; several of them, apparently, are quite late. Further trial is need-
ful to determine their comparative values.

MULBERRIES (Morus).

This, in one or more species, occurs, though rarely, in the forests of this
state, occasionally as a tree of considerable size. ~

The varieties grown at this station, however, are imported, being of
such as have become improved and taken on the habit of maturing their
fruits in succession through a considerable period.

Downing is an American seedling of this character from Multicaulis

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 295

(M. alba). In severe winters it is occasionally injured, even in southern
Michigan.

New American and Hicks also have this habit, with apparently superior
hardiness.

Russian (M. Siberica of nursery catalogues) is abundantly hardy here,
though of no value so far as fruit is concerned.

Tea’s Weeping, when grafted high on upright growing stocks, makes a
beautiful lawn tree. The foliage is glossy and beautiful, much superior
to that of Kilmarnock willow, long popular as a weeping lawn tree.

PEACHES (Prunus Persica, Amygdalus Persica, or Persica Vulgaris of various
botanists).

The trees of this species upon the station grounds received a spray of
Bordeaux of the usual strength after the leaves had fallen last autumn.

April 10 and 11, 1893, they were again sprayed, using 4 lbs. of copper
sulphate, 3 lbs of lime, and 24 oz. of Paris green in 32 gallons of water.

June 8-12, the spray was repeated, using the same mixture.

June 29 they were again sprayed, using modified Eau Celeste. (Two
lbs. of copper sulphate, 14 lbs. of carbonate of soda, and 1 qt. of ammonia
water in 32 gallons of water. )

July 14 to 15 a final spray was given, using 2 lbs. copper sulphate, 14
lbs. lime, and 24 oz. Paris green ‘in 32 gallons water.

This last spray caused considerable loss of the older foliage, leaving that
near the extremities of the young shoots in all cases apparently unaffected.

As the apparent result of the first two sprayings mentioned, there has
been an almost total absence of “leaf curl” ( Taphrina deformans) which
is usually quite prevalent here in early spring and which was present this
year in neighboring orchards, causing many of the leaves and fruits to
drop.

Apparently also the fungus which usually, in this climate, attacks the
foliage and growing twigs of the serrate varieties of the peach, has been
subdued by these applications, since a single serrate variety growing here,
which has been annually very severely attacked by this fungus, has this
season almost wholly escaped, making sound, healthy growth as in the case
of other varieties. |

The only insects which have proved troublesome are the curcyio, for
whose attacks jarring has been the remedy employed, and the borer
{ Sannina exitiosa) to remove which the trees were “ wormed” in September
-—a process intended to be repeated in April or May next.

For more convenient reference all abbreviations are inserted at the head
of the columns in which they are used.

In very many cases the origin of a variety is unknown or uncertain, for
which reason in most cases the source from which the variety was received
is inserted instead of the place of origin.

The word “cling” is appended to the names of varieties of that class,
and in a few cases only the word “free” is appended to the name to avoid
uncertainty. In all other cases the word “free” is to be understood, the
column usually devoted to this particular being omitted as unnecessary.

In many cases names are simplified or objectionable portions enclosed
in parentheses to indicate probable future elisions in compliance with the
rules of modern nomenclature. ;

296

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

PEACHES.
a ba SS lSSe ol
oe (co) or
9) ee > es :
EEE = gs |g
ee ee 3B BES |Bs
Name. aa eel si & esl eal Mec Remarks.
Z sles Heel eee ae aa)
E g [Bless] 3 | = [8 .8lge
F ® | a |Bgigo! ¢ 2 |Ssleslea
5 Fi Sl|SalSm) 6 |S Pal 2 bl Se
a io) Ay fy 1 a=) fy CO | |
LISI eG La as a ert Mo... _[1992|__--}
2.| Alexander2: 2.) 22 aris: 4 UU PRT eI Ng Pea | | ang wr! p| v|A partial cling.
SalwAllen Gee aire es 2S Mo.___|1891} 5 | r |May 22
AN eA pha 159. Oe e aL, Mo._-_-|1891]____| r ;
Da\Ameliay soaks eS Mo.___/1890} 1 | r pln 7d poet Papeete HEN .--.| Of Carolina.
Ou SAmsd ens oa - oie See Mich] /1800 lal Sg) SS 22ies cae wr| p| v| A partial cling.
7 | Andrews (Mammoth) .--_-_- Mo.___/1892}___.| r
oY |W) 6175 7s) ge ee ee eR gE aa ye Mich. _|1892|____| r
Ouse Barnard: = se) J 25s Core Mich. _|1888) s | r ‘* 22\Sept.11) yr | y | s | For market only.
10 | Beers (Smock) -_.____.____. Mo._._|1890} 5 | r See) olet
MG pelle es ise tee Mich._|1891|____| ¢ ‘
12 | Bell (Favorite) -..____.____ Del..__|1890} s | r MS. lod ee Seeet eee Hee .---| Distinct from Belle.
13 | Bequette Cling___._.______ Tex._._|1890) 5 | r SO ie
14 | Bequette Free_____________ Tex._._|1890} 5 | r oD
15 | Bickell (Late) -__._.___-_- Del..__|1890} 5 | r “ 22/Oct. 30) wr] p) a | May not ripen here.
16 | Bishop (Early) -_________.. Mo....|1891} 5 | g| ‘ 22
Mig Bonanza tee = ee Mo.._-|1891} 5 | r ee Toy)
Shi Boylos sesso Mo.___|1891| s | g| ‘‘ 22/Sept. 20)._-.|.___|___.| Only a specimen or
19) Brandywine. 22 _/2 32723 Nope 1890) (sel “S22 two.
20 | Brett (Mrs. Brett)_______- Mo.__.|1890} s | r Sear
PATH IBEIEO ON = tae ee ee N. Y.../1890| 1 g| ‘* 22/Sept. 20) yr| y | v | Valued for market.
22 | Briggs (Gov. Briggs) ____- Tex..../1890/ s | g | ‘ 24
25m MBTONSONV ena. co to ee Mich. _|1891} s | r fin OD,
24 | Brown’(Early) _._._______- Mich. _|1892} 1 | r se 22
Bon Mborke > saaeee os ae Mich. _|1892|____| r
26 | Canada (Early Canada)-___| Mich._|1892) 1 Fd eae PP.
27 | Carolina (Beauty) _______- Mich, .|1892
28 | Chair (Choice) _____-_____- Ohio _|1890} s | r 22
29 | Champion (Mich.)_______- Mich._|1890} 1 | 8s te OR
30 | Champion (Ohio) ________- Ohio _|1892} s Fah een |
31 | Chili (Hill’s Chili)_______ Mich. _|1888) 1 r ‘© 221\0ct.. Siyr]| y | 8 rome true from the
pit.
32 | Chili (Seedling 33 SNE. yew Mich. _|1888} 1 , r aig PA te 2 ii yr! y |sv! Seedling by C. Engle.
33 | Chili (Seedling 3)_________ Mich.) 1888) 2-5) 9- | 8” Es Ti yr | y |sv! Seedling by C. Engle.
34 | Cleffey (Allen). ____.______ Mich. -|1892| 5s | r
35 | Collister (McCollister)___| Mo..__|1891) 5 -| r |May 24
Soni Golambia = eer. at ee Mo.__.|1891} 1 | r 22
Bin sOonkling 22 45.2.8 nens Mo._._|1890} 1 | r ere
38) |“ Coolidge: 2.. 22 2 2s \ Mich. 2|1892/esmiioe.|) S26). 220 wr| p| v | Old and valued.
39 Oe SEE RISERS ee Pee Mich. _|1891} 5 | r Mr): 22|OGtaw up seas | ee eee An Allegan Co. seed-
g.
40 | Crawford (Early) -___.___- Mich. _|1888) s g| ‘* 22Sept. 7iyr| y v | Fruit buds not hardy.
’
41 | Crawford (Seedling 1)____| Mich,_]1888} 5 | gj} ‘' 22} “ 10lyr] y | v Seedling by C. Engle.
42 | Crawford (Seedling 2)____| Mich._]1888} 8 | gj ‘* 22} ‘ 14/yr]| y | v | Seedling by C. Engle.
BSW OTOBDY 2s" > 82 seni esas! Mass. -}1892) 5 | r | ‘* 29 E
CUE Gixoy8 '\:) 2: one eae Ree ee Tex..._|1891] s ge} ‘ 22/Oct, 9)____]_-__]..--| Quality good here.
45 | Cuba (Dwarf Cuba) __.___ Mich. _|1892].___} r
AGu\ Wennis aul 55.6 sles ake Mich. _|1891} 1 g hie 22,
Ais WIAMONGs. sent hoa ee Ohio _|1892) s°| g | ‘27
487) SD raids Halls. 1) 2 2. N. Y.2_|1891} s |g} “© 22
490 eDunlap: 5 Ss) Sa Mich._|1892) 5s | r Pee vat)
50 | Early York (Large) _______ Mths 1892) sie Wine eee |e wr| p |svj| Old, popular, market.
51 | Ede (Capt. Ede) ____.-___- Mich..}1890} 5 | r |May 22
DA PE berta te. fs ae Tex....|1890) 5 | r te c22
53 | Eldred Cling...___-....__- Mo..-_-|1891} 1 g |! 20\Aug. 30 | fan
54 | Hilison___._______.._..__..| Ohio -}1889] s | r | “* 23/Oct. 9) yr| y |sv] A promising market
Py variety.
55 | Engle (Mammoth)-________ Mich._|1891| s | g| ‘* 22/Sept.20; yr} y | v | Promisingformarket.
DOS SROSLOr s Seek it) fe Se Os Dk Mich. .|1888} 5 | g] ‘S 22) “ Qfyr|y v | Large and showy.
Pp OK: ote oe Pe Be ON Mo.__-|1891} s | g| ‘* 22/Oct

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 297

PEACH ES—Conrrinvuen,

| } }

ja |B ee (i ss
Yr or, | Se! [farsa ligee Wnt
(0 | oo 8 -|o jos
5 ES | # jase ies
i crs ac eam ere sien ge a!
Name. So) ehh 8 a ata} es a [eae Remarks.
lesen es o i) @ B .-| Or .| 7.
yeh Sy eee AD) B) Bl 3
H |S \|ssigs| 2 e TeSlasies
"SD gq |EBsiqc oe BS OGlaaleg
qa S\Sa\Sm & | lori Or) ee
O |i te |S Ber Sie SE (3 oe eine
| =. = = — = — — eo =: ==
Hutuke Greate i oe Mo.._-|1891}____| g |
Garfialdeee eee i 22 ay Mich. |1892)____| zg
Gem Cling - _ a eR FE Tex..._|1890} s | r |May 22
8s | g| ‘ 22/Sept. 6} wr] p|svj| An amateur variety.
| 8 |g} ‘* 22} ‘ 29) wr} p| v | Unproductive so far.
a leet ere Lh >t) | a y | y | 8 | Probably an old vari-
oe mp By +) eal Peer ee ety.
Grant (Gen. Grant)______- Mole [teva | rl te “OB
Great Western____._.._...| Mo... |1892}.__.| r
Gudgeon (Late) ._..____. | Mo.__.|1891) s | r | ‘“* 22/Oct. 17; wr] p| v | Late, promising.
Te eels | Mich.1888) 1 | g | ‘“* 22/Ang, 14) wr| p/| v | Best and latest of the
Wea | | half clings.
Hale Oblong____.__..._._.| Mich._|1888) 1 | gj} ‘“ 22) ** 18! wr! pj v | Seedling of C. Engle.
Hale Round __....._..---.| Mich._|1888) 1 | gj} ‘* 22) ‘* 18) wr} p| v | SeedlingofC. Engle.
Hance Golden. __.._...-- | N.J._.|1890} s | g| ‘* 22
Hance Smock ___._______- Del..__|1590} s | r | ‘“ 22/Oct. 16] wr| p| v | Only oneortwospeci-
| | mens. ;
Haas (John Haas)________ | Del.__.|1880} 1 | r | ‘* 22/Aug. 30) wr] p| v | Promising.
Heath Cling ¢_)-__ 5 -_-3) Del-_|1890) 5 Zi ee ae
Pmnmen esse a ee ol Mee ESO fT fee! SGP!
H. No. 34__ TIT N. Y._-|1890 | [sen
Hold On (Geary’s)______- | Mo..../1890] 5 | r | “ 22/Oct. 12 eet
| |
Hughes Cicadas pee ee = LMG, = 41892 |e | }
ustedie22 22.82 i |, Mich. 2/1890) VP) ri * 22iSept.4| wr] Dp |v
Hyatt ._.__..-...).._.2_...| N.J._./1888} 1 | g | ‘ 22!Aug, 23) wr] p |} v | Finer than Hale.
Titant (Wonder) 2.2 -::. Mo._-__/|1892| s Pega ee |
Ingold (Lady Ingold)____| Mo.___|1892) _ ger fostss 22 |
PACER Se ee is SL Mo.__.|1892) s | r SA |
Jacques Late. tO Moen 1892) a) ive | Seo? i
MONGRIS sey ee Mo.___/1882) 8 Bal aed
June Rose _____. Tex....|1890} 1 | gj}-‘* 22|Sept 16) wr| p|sv}| Promising.
Kalamazoo. 22 02 hot. Mich._|1890; 5 | r | ‘“* 22/\Oct. 2) y | y |8v| Profitable for market
Kaloola_ . -| Ned. ./1892) jg |“ 22} |
Kevitt Cling (McKevitt. | | | |
Clini ele ey Mowe 189 eal ae 22| |
Late Barnard_ ; Mich, 1892) 6 | r en 22
Late Snow (Snow’ 8 s Late). | Ohio _/1890} 8 | r “ 22/Sept. 20! yr| y | s | Promising.
ate White. 2322.22.23) Mich.: |1888} s | r “ 22/Oct. 7| wr] p| v | Seedling of ©. Engle.
| |
Femon gine: ope Nagsee 11808) 81/1], ce ceZisept 25 yr} y |sv| An excellent cling.
Mawisie. sat aaa Mich. .|1891; 1 | r Ey DONS TS] |
wae Relies. a. | Mo..._[1892) s | r | “22 |
Louise (Early Louise) __| Mich._1891| 1 | r Pits ee
More Ae Ae ce eee | Mo..-_|1892} s | @} “* 24
Lovett (White) ______ __a1.| N.J.L_|1890} 8 |r ECS a
Mandala sare 2 acer ee aN Wes S90l ess ira vio 522
Mammoth Heath | Mo.- _-| 1892 116] oot EE ae
Marshall (Marshall’s Late) Ohio _/1890} 5s | r Paes 224i
MarshalsNerlise © Ja out Mo.___|1892/ I | r | “22! }
Miliezer seein onc} | Mo.___|1892] s | g | Ge pet
Minnie _ _ iebexeas (S90 (ss. sx hs papa
Missouri (Blood Leaf)___.| Mo.__.|1892] _. | xr |
Moore (Moore’s Fay.)- | N.J._.|1890| 5 | g j 8 221 18) wil pi | -v | Promising:
Morris County (Rareripe)| Del..._/1890} 5 | r | ‘“ 22)Oct 20)
Morris White________.___.| Mich._ 1988 s |r| ‘“ 22!Sept.29) w}| p| v | Valued for canning.
Mountain Rose _________ Mich. _|1858| 5 g~| ‘* 22] “ 4! wr| p|sv/] Profitable.
as Benen Se RS ae N. J... /1890) s | r | are
rat. Mich.. i
ree (Yellow Mystery) N.J._.|1888} s | r | “ 22) “ 14} yr} y | v | Beantifu! and good.
N. Amer. Apricot._______- Mo. s== 1882 pea | |

38

‘

298 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

PEACHES—ContTInvueEp.

| | | a |%E | SUleeis
| | hs ae | Sle les
| = Rd | : see | oO.
|) el a Bale lee
Name, | al! ote) Be EL 25) ee a ea Remarks.
e | gy | hae 8 | i) B ee Ae 2 =
al 2 Z Sete 3 = ae B) Bl) .g
go q Sideiaa| #2 | # eo
g ® |a@iEgiaS! @ | & |Sslasled
5 5 S|\Qa\Su & | # |Sorlor| Sb
a jo) Ay i 16 ee ey SD | |e
1145) Nectarine)s 2.22) 22250 See N. Y.._/1889) 1 | r |May 22/Oct. 7| wr| p| v_| Beautiful, English.
115 | Need (Need’s Barnard) __.| Mo.___|1892} 5 | r PPD)
NIGSISNOL SEH. bo et N. Y.-2/1890) 1) | or ss 22|Sept. 18] y s | A yellow market
117 | Normand (Choice) -_.---.| Mich._|1892|___.| r peach.
118 | Oldmixon Cling_________. Mich. -|1888} s | g | ‘* 22/Oct. 14) wr! p| v | Popular foracling.
119 | Ostrander (Early)___-___. Mich. _|18$2|____| ¢g
120 | Palmerston (Lord Palm-
erston) 22 ees Ne Y,cetLSS0I cers 6 922)
IPA Pangy so eo Sole ee Tex._../1890} s | r | ‘* 22)
Lagu eam bb sh Se Se Mich._|1889}____| g | ‘ 22/Sept.25) wr! p | v | Seedling by C. Engle.
123.) Picket (Late)_._..-._-_-- Mo.__-|1890) s | r ¢ 2210ct. 18:
DOSS APrate <2 ee cs ee) INGOs 890s Al or ‘* 22!|Sept. 18} yr| y | v | Promising.
125 | Prince (Prince’s Rareripe)| Del..__|1890} s | g| ‘‘ 22) |
126 | Princess (of Wales) ____- NV GeI SOUP Ri |i ge jy FELD |
Lia) Merizesae 4 2 Se | Mee RO2 a! ig | } |
128 ul Prize te sce. ee a -Nele isso! se | 2} “ 22 |
129 | Reed (Golden) ______<.___.| N-J.__/1890| 5 g oo Oat
180 | Reeves (Favorite) _____-_-. Moe ee!1890|' 8°). = |. to 422
TSIM shingolaes =: er oes! Tex._..|1890}._..| r
ISO River ‘Banko 8.0 er Mo. __.|1892} 1. | g eer Y|
133 | Rivers (Early Rivers) _-__-. N. Y.../1888} 1 | r ‘“* 22/Aug. 14) wr} p| v | Excellent for home
use.
134 | Rivers York (Riv. Ey. Yk.)| N. Y...|1890} 1 | g | |
135 BOI ere ee ae eee Mo.._..|1892; 1 r £8 22 |
186 | Roseville Cling.___.____-. Mo e2s11892)) Lg |“! 22
137 RoSeStevens {22 2. SONS 1891) a.) 7 3)
138} Saint ohn... 2 Del..__|1890} 5 | r ‘© 22\Sept. 11) yr| y | s | Has many names.
P |
1800) (Sakwaye 2. c=. 2 cf Mo.._-|1890} s | r ‘* 22)Oct. 30) wr| pj v | Best very late.
140 | Scott (Nonpareil) ________- Ohio _|1890| 5 | g ceo)
141 zis WAM ae AE SNe .J.__|1888] 8 | r here)
ANN hipleyees seg ees | Mo.__-/1892} s | eg] ‘S 22
143 | Shipley Late___._____.___- Nee eeiteoOlvel s.r, | =" 522)
144 | Silver (Early Silver) _____- N. Y...|1888} 1 | r | ‘* 22/Sept.10}._..|___.|__-_| Pure white to the pit.
145,| Smock Free.___.____-__-.. Mich._|1888) 5 | r “ 20/Oct. 27) yr| y | v | Astandard late peach,
AAG SM OCK RSS sees lle TORE ISO? ees | or
147 | Southern Early__________. N. J._.|1890! s | r er
148.) Stark Heath ..22--_-_-- Mo.___|1892) s | r eee
t490GSteadly su) fa) 235.8. Mo. ___|1888} s | r ‘+ 22] ** = 10/____]____|___-| So far unproductive.
150 | Stevens’ Late____._______. Del.___/1890} 5 | r 0 90) S17 ee ie ee OL doubtial via line
151 | Stevens’ Rareripe ________| Del..__/1890) 5s | r ere here. :
152 | Strong (Mar moth) Posey Mo.__.|1892) 5 | g| ‘“ 22|
153 | Stump (the World) ______. Mo.-..|1890)} s | g| ‘‘ 28
154 | Superb Cling____._______. Mo. .__/1892|__..| r
155 | Surpasse (Melocoton)---.| N. Y.../1890} 5 | r | ‘“* 28 ey
156 | Surprise (Hynes)._______. Tex..._/1890} 1 | g | ‘' 22/Aug. 28] wr) p| v | Promising.
157 | Switzerland __-_____ _____. Mich..|1891} 5 | g~| ‘S 22 ;
158 OOUID] 2 eee Cree Mich._|1892) 1 | r ‘© 22'Sept. 19] y | y |sv| A market variety.
159 | Townsend ________ ___.---. Mo.__.|1892) s | g@| ‘ 22 :
160%)20roth, (Barly) 228 ce Mich._/1888) s | g| ‘‘ 22|____._2.]___.|._-.|_--.| A market variety.
161 | Tuscany (Hardy ‘'uscany)| Mo.-_-.|1892).__.| r Nas
NG2aeWiager 3 2 ea Del... 21890) eee are “© 22/Oct. 7)__--|----|----| Wariety incorrect.
163) Walkers ees eS Mo._-.|1892| sy jn g | ‘22
|
164 | Walker Variegated _____.. Mo.._-|1890} s | g | “ 22! | ie
toowigWatenloo<. <6) =e 8 2 N, Y.../1888) 1 | r | ‘‘ 22/Aug. 4| wr] p| v_| Veryearly, promising,
166 | Wheatland___. ___._______ . Y...|1888) s | g | *! 22|Sept.18} wr} p| v_| Desirable if produc-
167 | Williamson (Choice) -____. Mich._/|1892) s ye A 29) tive, —
168 | Worthen (Jennie Worthen)| Tex..-./1890) s | r “© 22) “* 20iyr| y | s | Promising.
1693) Wonderfal 9-93 ee Mich..|1890) 8 | r “© 23/Oct. 24) yr) y | v | Of uncertain value.
170 | Yellow Rareripe ___._____. Mich._|1888| s |'g| ‘* 22|Sept.13) yr! y | v Bevetal varieties so
named.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 299

NECTARINES.

Botanists class these with peaches, the chief difference being in their smooth skins.

o woe bm lo |p
oe Oe) on
© on ze x
wm | Ss 8 .Jjo |od
= | is a | O-m
Gs Oo B= ‘33 so} Eo
= |On So fi\e2 a
etl ures 3 = hee ve
Name. | eae es 3 oH en F oe Remarks.
© @ B .-|& | 7 o-
“Se ie} or n
4 - mo | 2! 3 — Ee E| - =]
Oo I Qo
8 & | Sisdiss| 8 beloba foe pees) ic
8 80 qd |B g|/ag a QD oGlaal e.g
EI 3 Si\Sa\Sw & H lOoh|2m| Ser
a je) we Id <7 oD |e |
1 | Pitmaston (Orange) -_--_- Mich._|1892)____| r :
2 | Unnamed seedling.______- | Mich,_|1888] s | r |May 22/Sept.12) wr} pj} v | May prove desirable.

Very many of these tabulated varieties are but imperfectly tested here
and are included to afford at least a partial means of identification through
the flowers and leaf glands.

Short notices are given of the more desirable varieties whether for mar-
ket or domestic purposes.

Barnard, Chili (Hill’s Chili), Gold Drop, Gudgeon (Late), Hale, Kala-
mazoo, Mountain Rose, Stump (the World), and Salway (very late), are
each and ail more or less popular as market varieties.

In addition to these, Crawford (Early and Late), Foster, Oldmixon Free,
and Smock Free are only less valued for such purpose on account of
greater liability to the winter-killing of the fruit buds.

The delicate texture of many varieties to some extent unfits them to
endure the rough treatment to which commercial varieties are usually sub-
jected, while for this peculiarity they become the more desirable for home
uses. Among such are the Crawfords (Karly and Late), Foster, George IV,
Hale, Rivers ( Karly), Surprise (Hynes), and Waterloo.

The very early varieties, Alexander, Amsden, Waterloo, and others,
which with their typical parent, the Hale, are known as semi-clings, are
quite inclined to rot before ripening. Still, if planted in an airy location,
a few may prove desirable, at least in the home plantation.

Surprise (Hynes) obviously is one of this class, coming from Texas. A
longer trial is needful to determine its value here.

Brigdon comes from central New York where it is deemed valuable for
the market. It first fruited here this season.

Two seedlings of Chili (Hill’s Chili), by C. Engle of Paw Paw, which
have produced fine crops here this season, are slightly later than the par-
ent, more highly colored, and of finer flavor.

The same is true of two Crawford (Karly) seedlings from the same source,
at least one of which promises well as a market variety.

Engle (Mammoth), also from the same, has already acquired some repu-
tation as a market variety.

Hyatt and two Hale seedlings by Engle have produced fine, large crops
of fruit; a little earlier, larger, more highly colored, and less “clingy” than
Hale. They give indications of value for both amateur and market
purposes.

Morris White and Silver (Early Silver) are heavy bearers with clear,

300 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

white flesh, not colored at the pit, and for that reason especially desirable
for canning or preserving.

Ellison has borne a fine crop; fruit yellow, a good handler, and promis-
ing for the market.

Toquin, originating in the town of that name, and also a variety received
for trial from New York with the cabalistic cognomen, “No. 34 H.” have
borne a few specimens each giving indications of adaptation to the market.

Wonderful, with a name apparently devised to promote sales, has borne
a few specimens which prove wonderful, if at all, from their failure to
justify the name.

A very considerable number of others have shown more or less fruit,
but in most cases not sufficient to warrant an opinion as to their probable
value.

GRAPES (Vitis).

With the exception of the very severe drouth of the past summer and
early autumn, the season has been favorable for the grape.

The rose chafer (Macrodactylus swbspinosus), although very numerous
on a number of plum trees on light soil, has, this season, been very rare
upon the grape. A few grapevine flea beetles, (Graptodera chalybea),
have been found, but not in considerable numbers.

Of fungi, powdery mildew, and anthracnose, (Spaceloma ampelinum),
have been somewhat troublesome, although almost wholly confined to var-
ieties hybridized with V. vinifera.

The grapes, in common with the entire plantation, received a | spray of
Bordeaux mixture, of the usual strength, after pruning in the autumn of
1892, for the destruction of the resting spores of fungi.

Prior to the commencement of operations for the current year, plants
were reserved as the basis of a set of experiments in the use of a variety of
mixtures as preventives or remedies for fungi, as follows:

Of Moore’s Early, Salem, Ulster, and Wyoming, five sets, of two plants
each.

Of Brighton, six sets, of three plants each.

Of Concord and Niagara, six sets, of two plants each.

Of each variety, the first set was left unsprayed, as a means of
comparison.

The second set of each of the four first named varieties vas sprayed four
times, on April 15, May 25, June 20, and July 10, with 4 lb. copper sul-
phate, 1 lb. carbonate of ammonia, in 32 gallons water.

The third set of the same received four sprayings on or near the same
dates, with ammoniated copper carbonate in 32 gallons water.

The fourth set was sprayed at above dates, with modified Eau Celeste.

The fifth received a spray at same four dates with 1 lb. copper sulphate,
# lb. stone lime, in 50 gallons water.

Upon examination made at the close of the growing season, upon the
scale of 1 to 10:

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 301

Moore’s (Early) AeA ol ranked. (| Wyoming, 222582). No. 1 ranked 2
rT. 2 79 3 66 SAA: Cet 66 2 ¢ 1

‘6 Nie y 6 3 6“ 4 60.0) WMA Ran ee eo 73 3 73 3

aaa eda whl Po Oo 6e 4 “cc 4 a eMed is MeM Or at) Seon! “ec 4 6c 1

a A boda he's MTN Je ee 5 6“ 2; Liam SS k feta BC Wy ate | “cs 5 “cc 1
re er ihn ee aomlemy. 2 2 oo eee Pare Lal Tt. ]
COSC! Panik ato) Ai etaiaal “ 9, ee 5 Seta arbi HURT E).ch St lee “ 9, 6c 9,

ERY We aot AP Mice oa “e 3 se 3 COE (Reem EP oh “ec 3 ““ 9

SERA DT Nate Bt he tee sé 4 se 3 oe LA Ast lel Ae oe 4 “ce iI

‘“ 6 5 6“ 3 GG 4 STA ARN Re 52, 66 5 6 9,

Of Brighton, Concord, and Niagara, also, the first sets were not sprayed.

The second sets were sprayed but once, and that before growth
commenced.

The third sets were sprayed once only, and that soon after blooming.

The fourth sets were sprayed on April 14, and again on June 15, using
4 lbs. copper sulphate, 3 lbs. stone lime, in 22 gallons water.

The fifth sets received three sprayings of the same on April 14, June 1,
and July 1.

The sixth sets were sprayed four times with the same on April 14, May
27, June 20, and July 10.

L206 i a a Bait vac ORG: SINGLE ee Sate 696 po: eee Cae ero
By Eas Nara aan cc Sy “ce 5 | CO in a) Pie ete a Ra “ce 9, 6s 9
ECaMpMbeo ir etre ato tia oc 3) (73 4| SEAN Mrs hd bai RA oe 3 3 1
Cs, | i ha MR esl ae ‘6 4 “ 3 | Sone Den yd is 8 ee as ‘ 4 66 9
6 UN Cy en a 66 5 ‘ 9 | Cent? abi) ina aa 66 5 «6 4
og nes See SiG ‘ l OOM ih ae oe 6 ‘“ 2
Rromearc Veh eo 2 ses LY See ea
se BAP CHIL gt “cc 2 6“ i
Spild ly si TO We ae “« 2 és 1|
Ot» Dr ae Pi ge ae an cog Ts 1|
CT ae (5 rT; 1|
‘ “ 6G 6“ 1|

In all these cases the defects were mainly in foliage rather than fruit.

The annual pruning of grapes having been completed, and the cuttings
and fallen foliage removed and burned, on November 9 and 10, a thor-
ee spray was given them for the purpose of destroying the spores of

ungi.

It is clearly true that, in the interest of pomological accuracy as well as
brevity, the use of numbers, whether in connection with names of fruits
or otherwise, should never have been tolerated, and should be discouraged
and abandoned, notwithstanding the fact that very many otherwise critical
and careful pomolorists still indulge i in their use. In the interest of reform
therefore, in this report, numbers attached to names are omitted, save in
the case of trial varieties not yet offered to the public, and which have not
yet established their right to receive a name.

Short notices are appended of several desirable, well-known varieties,
also of others, less generally known, and of yet others, comparatively new
or yet unintroduced.

302

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name:

——! | ——— | —_

Agawam..__.___---
Aminig so 2225 58
August Giant-___-

(Barry tie oh hme
IBedetees aussi?
Bell
Belvidere __.__._-
Berckmans_____-_-

Black Eagle_____-
Black Pearl _____-
Blancs see et
Brighton

Brilliant
Bornettme soo
Cambridge
Campbell
Catawba

Cayne ies cat 25
Caywood 50
Centennial
Challenge ___ ___-
Champion... _-__--

Chidester 1______-
Chidester 2_______
Chidester 3_____--
Chidester 4______-

Clevener
Clintome ss.
Golerain*®- 2).
Jolumbia ___.___-
Woncords =)
Cortland _ ___

Gotare e222!
Crevelling
Delaware______._-
Diamond
Diana

Dracut (Amber) -
Duchessye t,o 2
Early Market.____
Early Victor
aton
Elaine

Bivaras 2) 2
Empire State.____

Eugenie
Eumelan

: 3
Asal
ao =|
52) a
° Ay

N. Y.__|1890
Mass...|1888
Mass. _|1888
N. Y.__|1859
Mass. _/1888
Texas /|1889
Texas_|1889
Ili. ___/1890
8. C.__]1891
N. Y.__|1890
Ohio__|1890
Texas_|1889
N. Y.__|1888
Texas_{1889
Ont. __|1891
Mass. _|1890
Texas _|1889
S. C.?_]1888
N. Y.__|1889
N. Y.__/1888
N. Y.__|1890
N. J.__|1890
N. Y.__/1889
Mich._ |1888
Mich. _ |1888
Mich._ |1892
Mich._ |1892
Div Pom|1892
N. Y._./18&90
N. Y.__|1891
Ohio__|1892}_
D. C.../1891
| Mass.._/1888
|-N. ¥.__]1890
Mass. _|1890
Penn._|1890
N. J.__|/1888
N. Y._.}1889
Maes._|1888
N. Y.__/1889
ee 1890
N. Y.__/1888
Texas 1889
Kan. -_|18&8
Mass. _/1888
Mich. _|1889
N. Y._.|1889
Mo.___|1890
N. Y.__|/1888
Mass. |1589
“Mo. .__|1890
N. Y.__/1891} -
N. Y.__|1888

GRAPES.
om lp -— ees s
See alia ves
£ a Sv. = f=
fEleSzlael ©
a Be5/8 =| ees
Sales loa|
WD. |) oS iPS
SEISEsiss| 2 =}ha Remarks.
2 pat eaten pe es : |S
— = con ~ 8 ~
S al
= -“|+4
Bunch. Berry i) fey
+2 © 4\3
es ele
Size.|Form. |Size,)Form & od Ciny
1 ahaled r |June 24/Sep. 10-17) 8] 8) Plant of uncertain iden-
tity.
13 ssh rr 24) ‘* 17-24] 7) 8) A long keeper.
mj} sh |m r ** 26) ‘* 17-24] 8} 9) A Rogers’ hybrid.
1 sh 1 ro) pe} hash 2.
Oct. 1| 5} 4) Identity doubtful.
1 sh l r ‘© 24|Sep. 17-24] 8} 7| Inclined to mildew.
mj} sh |m r “\ 24/Oct. 5-10) 6} 7) Of medium quality.
8 s |m r ‘* 26|Sep. 17-24] 4|__| Trial imperfect.
1 sh | m Dip eee Aa eee 3| 9| Very early.
sc ace eae ae Reema) I OE SEO S| rede Soh |e Not yet fruited here.
1 | msh} l r |June 27 Sep. 10-17} 3} 9} A wine grape here.
ee 8 r ss 2 Oct. 3-10/__|__| Only a wine grape.
5 Eee 8 i st Needs further trial.
1 | lsh} 1 ie sf 7 Sep. 17-24|10] 7 Heute cross fertiliza-
tion.
8 8 1 rr ““ 28] ‘* 17-24) 3]__| Mildews badly.
1 | msh| 1 Ona Sete ee Uc ee eee eS Try further.
1 sh ] o |June 24/Sep. 10-17) 6] 8
_ ts eee m r “* 22) ‘* 10-17) 5|__| Imperfectly tested.
1 sh | m r ‘* 27/Oct. 1-8] 7| 8) Scarcely ripens here.
| ees 8 r _-| 8| Needs a longer trial.
rah Eee l r June 21|Sep. 10-17] 6| 9 Promising for market.
m | msh| m r 22] ‘* 17-24] 9/10} Foliage not healthy.
8 sh |m r ‘© 21) ‘* 17-24] 6] 8] Very early.
1 sh |m r “ 24)Aug. 27-
Sep. 2} 3} 8) Almost worthless.
m} sh |m r ‘* 26|Sep. 10-17| 9} 3} Good, but unprofitable.
mj} sh |m r,| ‘* 27) ‘ 17-24) 6) 8} Promising for market,
5 |e S| ey Ie ‘* 26) ‘* 10-17|__|__| First fruited.
~— ae ee Oo 26)" ‘* -27—
Oct. 2} 8)__| Imperfectly tested.
= SEV S| (Rien cee se et a ee Cuttings from Div. of
Pomology.
m 1 8 pl eee Oct. 3-10] 6} 7) Imperfectly tested.
8 |ssh| 8s r |June 21} ‘‘ 3-10) 3/10] Very acid till late.
<2. )52.2 4 SE es RS | ee a a Ae a _-|.-| Awaits further trial.
aais,,| Sa) Bose)\= oe 225 |e eee [eee 2 ee | =e SVine AC poorerower
ml} 1] sh}|m r |June 21|Sep. 24-30) 5} 9) Standard market grape.
m 1 ire) | eee ‘« 21/Aug. 27-
Sep. 2} 4| 8! Very early.
m m |m r ‘ 22!Sep. 10-17] 4] 5| Not valuable.
M4 1 m r ‘« 26} ‘* 8-10} 8] 5| Early. Thin bearer.
8 sh 8 r “© 22! “* 17-24/10/10) Has few superiors.
1 sh 1 r ““ 27) “* 13-17) 8/10! Amateur and market.
mi iam | om r “* 26/Oct. 8-15) 7| 7| Alongkeeper. Foxy.
1 sh 1 ro) ** 24/Sep. 24-
Oct. 1} 8| 7] Hybrid. Keeps late.
LS Slcshalal r ‘*-24|Sep. 10-17} 3] 7| Utterly unworthy.
Pi ikshelme| ro “© 29) “* 17-24/10] 5| Mildews badly.
8 8 s r “* 28) “* 10-17} 2] 2| Not desirable here.
m | sh |m r 26) “ 3-10) 8) 7) Promising.
1 sh a) eat ‘© 26) ‘* 17-24] 5] 8| Showy. Market.
fe SIC AC P|, oS 2G Eee ede eG ingle. ck Gysrurchors
1 sh 1 r ss 29) SY 27-24) Bio! One of Rickett’s seed-
ings.
8 |s sh} m r “* 28) ** 10-17] 2)10) Not valuable here.
1 sh |m|]| ro “© 291 ** 17-24] 8] 7] Excellent. White.
mj}ssh]j] l r ‘© 27) “ 24-30) 5] 6] Not valuable.
Py eres | Eee) | IE) Pe nee (ae BS Not yet fruited.
8 sh | m r |June 28|Sep. 24-30| 2| 8) A wine grape.
Bape (ete fe See eee |b gap ee ete | ll bee Not yet fruited. :
m/ sh |sm r |June 24|Sep. 17-24] 7) 8} Has many good quali-
ties.

,

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS.

303

‘ GRAPES—ConrTINnveED.
ee Oe Ee = ie
Sogeclsst'e
B= He .|8a] ©
= ~O8| = g| o |
E 5 As 5 = aT
Daligoloa |
oo ;eosla.| 8 abe
Name. ssl/Ogsi/se] 2 Shh Remarks.
7P|_-5 a) 5) |. - oS
— — a 8
e) = |he
= ears s ahs
a dq 2 Bunch. Berry. 2 ! $ 8
8 & |g 2 g fais
2 : 6 AQ, |Size.|Form.|Size./Form.| [ rc Sid,
HDI overeat sete oe Penn. _/1889} 5 s |m r June: 24/2.) 22 3|--| Unworthy.
56 | Excelsior. _ N.Y 889) 1 Dy | een | ee 8|_-| Of donbtful value.
57 | Faith. ____ --|--| Not properly tested.
58 | Gaertner_ _.|--| Needs longer trial.
59 | Geneva __ --| Not yet fruited.
Con Goethotes.2 os Mass. -|1889} m1} sh 1 ro) ‘* -26/Oct. 1-8 | 5|--| Too late forthe north.
61 | Golden Drop-_-_-_- N. Y.?_|1889] 58 8 8 r Aer Sep. 10-17} 9)--| Vine unsatisfactory.
62 | Golden Gem___.__| N. 8 24 =/10)--| Vine a slow grower. |
Gig uinevraneeleeees Meh TOOT i] ee oe pees ee 2 bie ee ee ee _-| C. Engle. Not yet fruit-
fle EP eure es cee Meh = (BOS ee es Safle ee | ea de OS Ta [eo Not yet fruited.
65 | Hartford - t Sep. 10-17} 2 10| Too poor. Fruit drops.
66 | Hayes ___- ** 10-17} 8) 9] Excellent. White.
67 | Herbert ___- 2 ‘““ 10-17} 7} 8) Of fair quality.
68 | Highland _______- NEY eo | 1869) ela ieee le|/meril| ee o0| secu ke 5| 9! Does not ripen here.
GonMmrlOnoy se ake ee | MICH AIS ON | oom [SEES at te Iie Le ee ee C. Engle. Further trial.
70 Sep. 17-2410) 5) Best, often fails,
71 ez ‘* 17-24} 8)_-| The first fruit.
72 Oct. 8-15] 9| 9; Needs a long season.
73 Sep. 10-16} 4) 9} A market grape.
74 ‘* 27-30] 4|10| Hardiness its chief
merit.
75 Oct. 8-15] 9/10) A jong keeper. Excel-
ent.
76 Aug. 27-
Sep. 2/10) 8] Rich. Early. Seedy.
dis \edewell 5222. 522% Kan. __/1889}m 8s} 8s |ms|] r “ 27\Sep. 3-10] 8} 8) New. Try further.
78 | Josselyn 5-2-1____| N. Y._.|1890| m | m sh] 1 r ** 26) ‘* 17-24) 6}_-| Its first fruiting.
MON | PuGRBel yin d= o- lee Niety 2 0 SO0) sense a cee eG ee a Not fruited.
80 | Josselyn 9-2-1____| N. Y.__|1890}___.| sh | m r |June 29/Sep. 24-30] 5|_-| First bearing.
Ole osselynilOreateesE Ni Wes (1890 seec te es ae ee ee Not frnited.
82 | Lady ___--_______-| Ohio__|1885)m 5] s |m1l| r {June 27/Sep. 10-17] 9} 7| Early. Sweet. Rich.
83 ade Washington| N. Y.__|1888| 1 sh | m r ‘* 27/Oct. 8-15} 8/10] Ripens late. .White.
84 Deader 222) 42) er Ohio__}1890}____!___. __ m r Gi OA) Il | a 6|--| But partially tested.
85 | Leavenworth____- Bra 1S00|/ Fe sn ize SES | ese ee pee ___..|_-|--] Not yet fruited.
S6c Lindley = 2s Mass. -/1889}m 1} sh | 1 r |June 27 Sep. 10-17] 7|_- enelek the Rogers’ hy-
rids.
Sia|plautie:-24. 22.2 ues Tenn. _|1890} m | s sh| m r “\ 22) “* 24-30} 2! 9] Foxy. Sweet, worthless.
SculeMarthane 28) SoS Penns (1800) wees eit [eb ee ee Ai] ie ea ty S| Plant not true to name..
rattled abl) IesYs(o) « ieee ea Miche s 1891 | ee | Pee es ey a _._.|__]--| A Michigan seedling.
90 | Massasoit _______- Mass. _|1888} m s |mli r June 22 Sep. -17-24| 8] 8] Anthracnose on fruit.
91 | Merrimac_-_ _____- Mass. _/1888] s s 1 ip 24 17-24| 7| 7] A vigorous grower.
92 | Michigan________- Mich. _/1889] s he pel teers ‘© 27) ‘* 10-17] 7|--| Need further trial.
SSB Mills so) 2 SA Onte ea 1888}- 1 sh ] r 27) ‘* 17-27) 8} 9} Along keeper. Fine..
94} Minnesota_.__..-.}| Minn._|1890] m 1 m r ““ 24) ‘* 24-30! 4) 8] Showy. Not valuable.
Son" Monroe’ ) 2222102. N. Y.__|1889} m | sh | m r “ 2a) «** 17-24) 7) 9 Beodius of western N.
96 | Moore Early-____- Mass. _/1880} m | m J r ‘* 26] Aug. 27-81) 4| 6) For early market.
Wisi Moyer. = sss 2 Ont, __|1888) 5 | 8s sh} m r ‘« 27|Sep. 3-10] 7| 7} Very early. Amateur.
SoyiNaomi a2) 2855 > N. Y.__/1889) 1 | ]lsh]|mJ| ro “© 29/Oct. 1-8 | 6] 8| Value doubtful.
OG Nectarts 222 os N. Y.__|1858] 1 sh 8 r |July 5/Sep.10-17| 8 Depeaucuye Poor
oliage.
100 | Niagara _______--_- N. Y.__|1888) 1 sh 1 | ro |June 24) ‘* 24-80] 5/10} Vine vigorous, healthy.
101 | Northern Light __| Ont. __|1890} m i) m r ‘© 28) ‘* 17-24! 8]_-| Needs further trial.
GO2S|[Olitar es Mexagy 1BkG| Pi es ee ee Nae *Se~ "20 | ane ee __|--] Needs further trial.
103 Oneida Lee ares . Y. .|1890| m | sh ] r ‘+ 26|Sep. 17-24! __|__| Give further trial.
104 ||: Osage. = ee Keaieres | 100 |e tee k= 1 r ‘* 27) ‘* 10-17) 7|__| Needs further trial.
105} \ Owosso! 0.222 Mich... |1490} 1 8 1 r parr sel tke WE oH 5/10 eee Catawba, but
earlier.
106 | Ozark ______._____| Kan.?.|1890} m | s sh| m r 128 | ees 3] 6| Nota table grape.
LO Palmer 22a eure N. Y.__/1890} m | m 1 r ‘* 26|Sep. 10-17) 6} 5| Probably an old variety.
108 | Peabody___.___.__| N. Y.-_ .]1890} m | m sh| m ro) “26; ‘* 3-10} 5}10} Flavor not pleasant.

504

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GRAPES—ContTINUED.

' to 0 el |
_ =| — ~ | |
B.j32 (3..| g |
Rafal Fa] & |
agegeae) ©
Dali aovlog s eke
w/e || Bs l=]
Name. SEISBSisg] g =} Remarks.
st =) AS =a ee! - a ols!
— = — i] e o |
ee eee == [o) a =
rs eo & “|e
& 5 2 Bunch. Berry. fe} : s =
g &o q & a = alc
=] a> S&S 4 - | _ =e
Z, fe) A, /Size.|Form.,|Size./Form.| —, ia] O|4
1091) Perkinss 2.0 25225 Mass. _|1889) m | sh | m o |June 24Sep. 3-10) 3) 7) Foxy, very poor.
110 | Pocklington ____- N.Y, --|1888) 1 6h 1 r ‘© 26) ‘* 24-0! 6} 8] Foxy, showy, late.
111 | Poughkeepsie ____| N. Y.__|1888} s | msh|} s |}ssh}| ‘* 27| ‘‘ 17-24|10) 1) Nearly a failure here.
112 | Prentiss___.._____| N. Y.__|1888) m m |m]|ro “© 27] “ 10-17/10) 5) A good keeper.
113 | President (Lyon) | Texas_|1889; 5s 8 8 r ‘© 24) ‘* 17-24] 6) 1) Unworthy so far.
114 | Progress ._______..| Kan.?.|1890) 8 8 1 r a |peeee et 6;--| Not fully tested.
115;)) Polpless--.222 Mich® -|\892) 2225 /eeoe 2: Jel eee wacko! Nhe? See eee IC ingle. Nob frniteds
116 | Purity______-.__..| Ohio__|1889) m 1 ] r j|June 27|Sep. 8-15) 6} 6) Identity doubtful.
117 | Rentz be Ohio! 1889) 71 sh 1 r ** 29) ‘* 17-24) 4|__| Needs further trial.
LURE ING foe (Ce Mass. _|1890) 1 | msh} m r ‘* 27) ‘* 10-17} 7) 7} Another Rogers’ hybrid.
119 | Rochester ______- - Y.-.|1890} 1 | msh| m r “© 22! ** 10-17] 6/10] Soon loses in flavor.
120 | Rockwood ______- INE War | 1890) | eee | eee = ey eto: Seen __|--| Not yet fruited here.
121 | Rogers 5__....____- Mass. _|1889) m1) 8 ] r |June 27|Sep. 17-24] 7). -| Sweet and rich.
122 | Rogers 8.______.__| Mass. _/1889] m | m ] r ‘* 26) ‘* 24-80] 5] 7] Rather late.
123 | Rogers 24 _______- Mass. _/1889} m | m 1 r ‘© 27) ‘* 17-24) 4) 7) Bunch often small.
124 | Rogers 30_________ Mass. _|1859} 1 m i rr ‘* 27\Oct. 1-8 | 6|_-| Bunch often imperfect.
125 | Rommeill _______- Texas_|1889} m | msh/} m r ‘© 26)/Sep. 17-24] 3) 6| Too far north.
260" Salemi sais 2 oo Mass. _|1888) 1 s 1 r 6h A SS TSI ear gest of Rogers’ hy-
| rids.
127 | Secretary _._____.| N. Y._.|1890) | | lshimJ]| ro “© 24) ‘* 10-17)10] 9] Vine unhealthy.
128 | Telegraph ______.| Penn..|1890;}m1]} sh {m1 r “24! ‘* 3-10] 6} 8] One of theearly natives.
12931; Phemige 2) 26.2: Miche tSen hes eee ah sh ed |e ee ......-..|--].-] Engle. Not yet fruited.
1305) Triamph')__--:--3 Ohio__}1890) 1 | lsh] 1 r j|June 29|/Oct. 15-22) 8/10} Will not ripen here.
131) Ulaters-2- 2. +. | N. Y._-]1888] m | sh | m r ‘* 22|Sep. 8-15) 9/10} Excellent. Red.
132 | Vergennes._______ Vite ar: 1890} m 1 1 r ‘* 24) “* 24-30! 6! 7| A market grape.
1333) sVestayoe. 2-2 | Mach ants Onetta |e et eo as a J ee | ngles aNot.yetirulteda
134 | Victoria ________.| N. ¥.__|1890} 1 | lsh} m r |Jane 25|Sep. 24-30] 3/10) Variety is spurious.
1ST Wiardersern des VIL Poe BOD ere ee NES ls a ee ee _|..| From Div. Pom. Not
fruited.
186 | Wells______-"_____]| Mo.__.]1890} 5s sje esen r jJune 24/Sep. 8-15) 2 Needs further trial.
137 | White Ann Arbor| Mich. -/1888]_-_.|----. |.---!------|_------ __..------|--|--| Has failed to fruit here.
138 | White Beauty __-__| Kan.__|1890)____}.-___- 8 r |June 25/Sep. 17-24] 6 Needs further trial.
139 | White {mperial__} Kan.__|1890] s 8 8 r “* 22! ** 3-10} 8|__| Promising, white.
140 | Wilder _______.__- Mass. -/1588} 1 | sh | 1 w “« 24) ** 17-24] 8| 8) One of Rogers’ best. _
B41 ys Whindge fee use Til.____}1890} m | sh |m r “26! ‘* 10-17}__|_.| Plant probably spuri-
ous.
142 | Winchell _______. Vt. ____]1889] 1 sh | m r ‘* 26|Aug. 27-30/10) 10) Best of its season, early.
E35 SWatbioe a sees fe: Ohio - A L889 hs ee eee “© 29\Sep 17-24| 7| 7 White Concord — seed-
ing.
144 | Woodraff ________ Mich. _/1888} 1 | s sh} 1 me “© 24) ‘* 24-80] 4| 7) Varies in quality.
145 | Worden _______- _.| N. Y.__|1888} 1 8 ME r ‘“* 24) ‘* 17-24] 6) 8) An improved Concord.
146 | Wyoming _______- N. Y.__|1888] 8 sh js m| cr © 24) ‘© 10-17] 3} 6] OF little value.

Agawam is one of the numerous Rogers’ hybrids, of fair quality. It
keeps till March, with ordinary care, in a cool cellar.
Aminia is, by some good judges, considered the best of the Rogers

hybrids.

Beagle, Bell, Blanco, Brilliant, Campbeil, Olita, President (Lyon), and
Rommell, all seedlings of T. V. Munson of Texas, are now just in bearing,
with little apparent promise, so far, of value in this, to them, far northern

region.

The fruit mildews badly, although thoroughly sprayed.

Brighton is very vigorous and productive, planted as it is here among
other varieties, which may be supposed to insure the more perfect fer-
tilization of its bloom. In quality it has few if any superiors, though it

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 305

soon begins to deteriorate, not retaining its fine flavor beyond early
December.

Caywood (No. 50) was received in 1888 or 1889 for trial, from its orig-
inator, the late A. J. Caywood of Marlboro, New York. It has now fruited
two or three years, giving promise of value for the market.

Chidester, Nos. 1, 2,3, and 4, are Labrusca seedlings, by C. P. Chidester
of this state, which give decided promise of value. Nos. 1 and 2 were
exhibited for premium at the state fair in 1887, and the first premium
was awarded to No. 1 by the State Horticultural society, which named it
President Lyon, the same name having been subsequently bestowed by T.
V. Munson of Texas upon one of his seedlings (see tabular No. 113).
The quality of No. 1 is excellent but, so far, it is a very thin bearer.

Cortland has, this season, produced a bountiful first crop here. It is
very early, even earlier than Moore; large, black; it has a possible value
as a market grape for that reason.

Delaware, here, proves quite as productive and profitable as Concord,
since its beauty and superior quality, notwithstanding its diminutive size,
insure higher prices in the market.

Diamond is early; both bunch and berry large; the plant is vigorous
and productive. Its good quality and showy appearance render it a special
favorite with the birds.

Goethe (a Rogers hybrid), Highland (a Ricketts hybrid) and Triumph,
a hybrid by Campbell of Ohio, are all too late for the latitude of Michigan,
save under exceptionally favorable conditions.

Guinevra, Honey, Iris, Michigan, Pulpless, Thermis, and Vesta are
seedlings originated by C. Engle of Michigan. So far as tested, several of
them are of good quality. Several, if not all of them, are vigorous. A
longer trial is needful.

Hayes, of medium season; Lady, early; Pocklington, rather late, and
Lady Washington, still later, are amateur white grapes, with the exception
of Pocklington, scarcely adapted to the market.

Iona stands out prominently as the finest of the high flavored class of
American grapes. The late Edward Bradfield of Ada, Michigan, was
eminently successful in growing and fruiting it, and the same, for a time,
was true of Judge Ramsdell, even so far north as Traverse City, and yet,
with most growers, it has proved a sad failure.

Isabella, one of the oldest of our native varieties, where it can be fully
Se still stands high, even as a dessert grape. It is also a good

eeper.

Janesville is valaable, if at all, for its earliness and abundant hardiness,
which render it useful in trying locations in which better varieties would
be likely to fail.

Jefferson, a cross of Concord and Iona, by Ricketts, is among the most
desirable of long keepers. Its flavor is mild and pleasant and the pulp is
very tender. It can be kept till March without special care.

Jessica is a very early white grape; small, white, and very sweet; seeds
large for the size of the berry.

Jewell, originated by the late John Burr of Kansas, is rather small in
both bunch and berry, but, on account of its earliness and generally good
qualities, it is one of the most desirable of black amateur grapes.

Of four varieties received for trial from Josselyn of New York, two
have now fruited here, for the first time, one a black grape and the other

39

306 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. |

white. Both are promising, although they require more extended trial.
They are yet nameless.

Lutie has been several years before the public and, so far, meets nearly
universal condemnation. Although sweet, it is intolerably foxy. Unde-
sirable for any purpose.

Niagara has apparently already acquired an assured position as the
leading white market grape. Though not superior, if even equal, to Con-
cord in quality, here at least it is even more productive.

Owosso, a Michigan seedling, is somewhat like its reputed parent,
the Catawba, though shorter in bunch and earlier in season.

Palmer is a large black grape, found growing in a garden here by the
person whose name it temporarily bears. Since including it in the fore-
going table, we learn that it is a seedling originated in New York by Mrs.
Millington, who subsequently removed to this place, bringing the variety
with her. Such being the fact, it should doubtless bear her name, rather
than that here given. From its trial thus far it seems likely to prove ~
desirable as a market variety.

Poughkeepsie is very much like Delaware in fruit but, so far as grown
here, the plant is the least vigorous and productive one upon the premises.
It may be fairly considered worthless, certainly so here.

The variety received and fruited here as Purity, in color and general
appearance of fruit might appropriately bear that name, but it is clearly
not the genuine variety, as named and described by Geo. W. Campbell, the
originator.

Rochester, originated by Ellwanger & Barry of Rochester, New York, is
a fair quality, bunch large, and the plant a good grower and an abundant

arer.

Secretary, one of the best of the Ricketts hybrids, so far as the fruit is
concerned, but the plant is far from satisfactory, being of feeble habit and
specially liable to mildew.

Ulster is high in quality and the plant very productive, though slightly
lacking in vigor.

Winchell. This variety has been several years before the public under
this name, which is that of the originator or discoverer. Originating, as
it did, in Vermont, it has more recently been disseminated from a New
England nursery as Green Mountain. Under pomological rules, the
earlier name, being an appropriate one, is clearly entitled to precedence.
The plant is vigorous and productive, and the fruit very early and of
excellent quality.

Martha, as received and tested here, proves spurious, being a black
grape.

Massasoit, Merrimac, Salem, and Wilder are valuable, well-known Rogers
hybrids; too generally known to require description or characterization.

Moore ( Early ) occupies a somewhat doubtful position as an early market
grape of the Concord type. It has several competitors of higher quality.

Moyer is very early, sweet, and pleasant. Bunch and berry rather small.
An amateur grape only.

Nectar has small, imperfect foliage and has, so far, proved very
unproductive.

Woodruff, named for its originator, a resident of Ann Arbor, Michigan,
is a large, bright red, Concord seedling sometimes of very good quality but

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 307

variable. The plant is very vigorous, and occasionally over-productive to
such extent as to seriously affect the quality of the fruit.

Worden is a typical Concord seedling, with a larger bunch and berry, of
somewhat improved quality, as well asearlier. It is, tosome extent, popular
as a market variety.

Wyoming, occasionally known as Wilmington Red is, at the best, but a
slight remove from the wild type and, with the many more recent and
greatly improved varieties, it can scarcely be considered worthy of

* cultivation.

PLUMS (Prunus).

Insects have been less persistent, than in previous years, in their attacks
upon the foliage and fruit of the plum.

A little Paris green was applied in connection with the spray, but jarring
has been the chief reliance for defense against the “ Little Turk.”

Upon a few trees, growing in light soil, the rose chafer (Macrodactylus
subspinosus ), has been troublesome, as has been the case for several years;
since poisonous sprays prove ineffectual, hand-picking was resorted to for
their suppression.

The slug (Hriocampa ceras?), has been less troublesome this season than
last and has yielded readily to a spray of tobacco water.

In common with the entire plantation, the plums received a spray of
Bordeaux late last autumn.

On April 10 and 11, last, they were given a spray composed of 4 lbs. cop-
per sulphate, 3 lbs. stone lime, and 24 oz. Paris green in 32 gals. water.

On June 8 they were again sprayed with the same preparation.

On June 28 a spray of kerosene emulsion was applied to subdue the
slug, using ? lb. soap, 2 gals. kerosene, in 10 gals. water.

July 14 and 15 a spray was applied, using 2 lbs. copper sulphate, 14 lbs.
lime, and 24 oz. Paris green in 32 gals. water. Several varieties of plum
lost more or less of their older foliage, apparently as the result of this last
application. (Due probably to the use of air-slaked lime. )

Aug. 7 and 8 they received a final spray of tobacco water, to subdue the
slug which had again appeared in considerable numbers.

The following table includes only such varieties of plum as have -
bloomed and fruited (one or both) this year.

The species to which several of these varieties should be assigned is yet
an open question among botanists, for which reason, in such cases, a mark
of doubtfulness is appended.

This being the first crop of nearly all the varieties of plum here tabu-
lated and the crop, in most cases, comprising but few specimens, it seems.
inexpedient to venture upon descriptions or estimates of values. These
are, therefore, deferred to await subsequent developments.

308 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PLUMS.

No Name Species. Planted. | Bloomed.| Ripened.
Ji [td Beh (2) ee eet Mr PA SA Cote SR Domestica-_.2-__ 2... 4. | 8892 ae May 22._| Aug. 80.
auiwolack Prune2o2 20 ett be MS ee en Domesticassec ws. 2 1888 ____. 22._| Sept. 1.
Seibovanin syace eek re 2 Ea AEN SARA Re Hattaneeeeeee ee oe gop ae is ss 9:

A ESTACS AAW mee 4 ao ener ede PN ee Domestica te eb k- | ABBO eS Ane ee
OM Burbank, (2.2. f 2220 2eo Se -2 ee eee, | Domesticnr eye Fils = 1590____. pola oS
Gee Bunparike Mili: 4i 2 es fe es ee Domestiears) 22 2:22. 42 1890____- areas [es
pie herney tie sis STS RS ee A ae ey Anfericanarsns se 8. 2.0 8 || Bases So Ete Daa |e
8 | Cook (Choice) We PIN Bas fae eA) ERS Te AAMOKICAHAP Neste) fe 1890252 She 24,
ITSO COR ee eee ee cra eee ie ee ee ANIenicAngres le. 1868-2 adie) ie ert Ly

LOb Hing lebert ete: see 2 ene ees ae eee Domestiese-es ie oot oe 1890____. Hoeee 7
Dipiatorest Garden. 205: Vee ewe ee Amenicanaesst 0 2.) 5. 2h 1889____. oP aes
12 | Forest Rose. ee sb Je ee oe ortnlanauvar: Mineri: --y4 alse sass of 24;
ie Golden (Beauty ioc. en lee lien yt ete) Hortalanate. 222.) 52 1890____-. re, OEM Ocha te
Sool aAw keye t-te ti ses fo ee a ee Amopnicnnal {2222 et et 1#88____- Re eae
Ronieaewell= =o 25i-8)2 eee el PE ee es ae Renee ater ine, 6 6 OO ee rer
16 RODS et See ee a Dey erie eel ID OTHOR UGH e252 222 ROO en $4 i193
7a rong, (Rratted i.) muh ee vo Le et anpameeer. (oA AS SAO” yee S22.

ASE Magno kebtape sleek iE wh te ae A eae Agnenicanalece, y- fo i | es ere TSSSE ete eM ode ds C7
Ove Marianna ts 7 2. ei eeke oe e @erasifera Hyb:?.-- 2. 22S ei890r 2” Sea
ZUM MIMebUiaKa, set Nate § AS) Acie Nee ie eae Womesticass 2.2) Viele 1888. 2 =. elt 2oee|| AT eel oe
Bre ANVAGUE Rae ee Sok he eR ey eee RRA THAT ss et a ae 1SGQeee es: oe a:

22 | Miner - we se tee eee heortoanal var. (Mineris.2 | e1s9ont = men:

23 | Moore (Aretic) __ Linh GRRE ee see Ot Domesticas =)... Ee 18902 38—" aS.
om MOTOMAN her eee ae eo aL ee een ortntana) 24 AY od.) se) ee 1890_ .__. ous
CORIO Poros Bee Eo TSR le es Cane ee Pathan 2s 8222 4.4. ea 1890____- S20 Pala eal
POdePottawatomie 220022 = 4 el eee Aneustifolia..2"_ yaaa Se | bottle June hese tse
27 | Prairie UE CURE ee ora pia _____.| Hortuiana var. Mineri?___ | 1890_____ May 24._| Oct. 10.
Pst MEROG LAN APALOH- 62 tna: fein” in Die Pea ttan ss 2 ee 1890____- ak PIE
COs MRODINSOMI: 6 ote Uk ee i Anrustifolias._.2- 2225. 1890____. ‘* 30._| Sept. 8
SO WOLLINgStone--0 2-5. 2. oe ee ee Americana 22) 322 Seas 1888____- A eT A
BT || SEC he ye oR ae ci ae as NE WT Attanse2 009. oo eee 1890____ OP Lal (Ove ay 5
SAS MITOWIMOMOt =... a: ee See Hattant "2 o-. + eee )to}!/ 1 “* -19._| Aug. 12.
BOM U LINO Nite: Gee ee a Le ees hee PUNTO se os 1888____- So a: ve ptbos
Bree wontyeOrely-. 2... sol eee es Domestica: 252.055 See Ssouee MDD

SA PROD BoTene ene Sle s eho oo ee | Americana var. __________-- 1890____- pe ya
BOUIN OGAVeOre <n fice nu) Ec ee eee ee eAmmoricana 2 Jo. - fo lee 1890_____ et aes
37 WWinite Nicholas). 20. buchos ak sek om ONE Ee i Coe 1800.22) 225")

SSM VWVOlEre © rece aster tae. ao oe ee eee SHO AMONICANG — 2.-: 2.4: asa an oor 1888_____ ‘© §24._| Sept. 14.
De Bi@YORBDOR ett ao tie) Pee eS ae Hattan seca Jp Cee eee A ROORecen S522 | eu vaebs
UA WM OLOOVKa oar: Jka) Ca eh as ee ae Domestica.-.:.225- 2e0se Seg esaees “ 22..| Aug. 22.

Bailey is the name temporarily attached to a variety of the common
garden plum of the east, which was received, in scion, from S. S. Bailey of
Kent county, Michigan. It proves to be very vigorous, of upright habit,
and the fruit is of more than medium quality and size. It has produced a
few fruits this season for the first time here.

Black Prune, Merunka, Moldovka, and Twenty Orel are varieties imported
by Prof. Budd of Iowa, from northeastern Europe. They are of the
domestica species and, should they prove productive, may be found desir-
able here.

Botan (foisted upon the public as Abundance, for the apparent purpose
of promoting sales), Long Fruited, Masu, Ogon, Red Nagate, Satsuma,
Shiro Sinomo and Yosebe are varieties coming from Japan. Satsuma is of
a type distinct from all others. It is large, round, and very dark purple in
both skin and flesh. Yosebe is notable fo its extreme earliness, it being
more than a week in advance of any other variety, though not of high
quality.

Bradshaw, Englebert, and Moore (Arctic) are extensively known as
market varieties, wherever the domesticas are successful.

; EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 309

Burbank Nos. 2 and 11 are understood to have originated with that noted
experimenter, Luther Burbank of California. They have blossomed here
the past season but have not fruited.

Cheney, Cook, DeSoto, Forest Garden, Forest Rose, Golden (Beauty),
Hawkeye, Jewell, Maquoketa, Miner, Moreman, Pottawatomie, Prairie
(Flower), Rollingstone, Van Buren, Weaver, and Wolf are all more or less
generally known and valued, at the north and west, where the finer eastern
varieties fail.

Kingston and (White) Nicholas have had but a short and imperfect
trial here and have not yet shown their qualities sufficiently for character-
ization.

Marianna is far better known for its ability to root readily from cuttings
and afford a supply of stocks for the nursery than for its value as a pro-
ducer of fruit.

Robinson proves to be a vigorous grower and has, the past season, pro-
duced a fine crop of good-size, pleasant-flavored fruit quite superior to
most if not all the native western varieties that have so far fruited here.

Simon (Prunus Simoni of nursery catalogues), has now fruited here
profusely; the large, bright colored, very peculiar fruit, as grown here, is
far from agreeable in flavor. Botanists seem to consider it a sort of |
Ishmaelite among plums, having specific characteristics peculiar to itself.

PEARS. (Pyrus communis.)

The unprecedented drouth of the past season had, apparently, little
injurious effect upon the pear, perhaps on account of the deep rooting
habit of the species.

The spray of Bordeaux, given late in the autumn of 1892, was followed
on June 12, 1893, with a spray composed of 4 lbs. copper sulphate, 3 lbs.
lime, and 24 oz. Paris green in 32 gallons of water.

On June 28 the pears received a spray of kerosene emulsion, applied to
subdue the slug (Hriocampa cerasi). ;

On July 10 to 13 a final spray was applied, consisting of 2 lbs. copper
sulphate, 14 lbs. lime, and 24 oz. Paris green in 32 gallons of water. This
application, which injured the foliage of peaches, plums, and cherries,
occasioned no perceptible injury to that of pears.

The blight which, late in 1892, ruined a few pear trees, has again
appeared this season, upon a tree of Seedless (Bessemianka), which, when
discovered, were promplty cut back to apparently healthy wood. Indica-
tions, however, point to its probable reappearance next season. This
appearance of blight in two successive seasons, in both cases upon Rus-
sian varieties, may be supposed to indicate a special liability to such
attacks. Since both were standing upon rather moist soil, this might be
supposed: to have induced the attack, but for the circumstance that they
were alternated with Bosc, Anjou, and Mount Vernon, which remain in
obviously healthy condition.

The foliage of the pears has been exempt from leaf spot (/usicladium
dendriticum) (which attacks both foliage and fruit of the apple and pear),
except that three or four trees of Jones and Mount Vernon pears (which
aN ome may have been omitted in the spraying), have been seriously
attacked.

310 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following varieties have bloomed this season, and a few fruits have
been brought to maturity:

- Variety. Bloom. Ripened. | Remarks.
BS PASAT fe teas Cee 2 gE aracid heh = AF ean May 22__.| Nov. Dec. | European. Promises well.
OM Ms OOD GOs se) as SA ee *« 22___| Aug. 23_.__| An excellent amateur pear.
3 | Clapp Favorite____- Gees Fee eee ““ 29___| Sept........ Large, good; soon rots at the core.
Ae Daria cH GVOY.o 2 se. oe 2k eee SEA Cw ‘** 24___| Winter .--| A small fruit, of high quality.
SrinGakovekea G20. tl eee a ee Je 0 TSS 8 a An importation from Russia.
Gal etlOwOlas tas 2 ee Sere eo ee ‘© 22___| Oct. ___._.| A good market and home fruit.
TAs Wrence =o. = sus oat Se ‘+ 22___| Winter ___| A desirable winter variety.
Sh MEMCT AVG se. caee 8. ce eee ‘s 27___.| Sept. _ _. | A superior pear for home use.
Oe Mount ernon:-i a. 5 ls eee ** -22___| Nov. Dee..| A very good amateur pear.
NOW GROStIOZer © 7_3 e P ye ss ovehs 2 eee ee ‘© 27__.| Aug. ...._..| Not beautiful, but excellent.
TA OBC KO ts Ss te ‘© 27._.| Oct. ___.._| The standard of high quality.
MORI WACCOLINA: 6222-222 ho es eee OL): Sam eek Russian, not yet fruited.
WSs Winter NOLS]. 5.7 i) yo A eee “OR ins a Dee The prince of winter pears.

APPLES (Pyrus malus).

The severe attack of scab, Fusicladium dendriticum, of last year so
enfeebled the apple trees that, in most cases, few fruit buds were devel-
oped and, doubtless for this reason, at least in part if not wholly, there
was a decided paucity of bloom last spring. There were, however, a few
notable exceptions, prominent among which were the Keswick and Olden-
burg, both of which were, in a great measure, exempt from scab last year,
and have produced fine crops of perfect fruit this season.

The green aphis (Aphis mali) has proved somewhat persistent this
season, yielding reluctantly to sprays of kerosene emulsion and tobacco
water, both of which were applied in turn. No other insects have, to a
serious extent, infested the apple during the season, except that a very few
fruits were found to be inhabited by the larvee of the codlin moth, which
were promptly gathered up and effectually disposed of.

A very considerable number of varieties of apple (as well as of other
fruits) were received, in scion, from the National Division of Pomology, on
the 28th of March last, coming originally, as is understood, from eastern _
or northeastern Austria. These were topgrafted upon trees in orchard,
heretofore planted for such purpose, and also scions of each variety were
inserted in nursery stocks, as a precaution against the loss of a variety.
These are expected to be in condition to be planted out the coming
spring.

Aside from the general spraying in November, 1892, which included the
apple, additional sprayings have been applied as follows:

On June 12, a spray composed of 4 lbs. copper sulphate, 3 lbs. lime, and
24 oz. Paris Green, in 32 gallons of water.

~ On June 22, a spray of kerosene emulsion, to subdue the aphis.

On August 5 to 8, a spray of strong tobacco water, for the same purpose.

Whether as the result of the sprayings specified, or otherwise, the foli-
age of the present season has nearly or quite resumed a healthy condition,
and the trees generally have nearly or quite recovered their pristine
condition.

The following varieties have bloomed and matured fruit the past season:

7

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLEYINS. 311

Name. Remarks.

Bloomed
Ripened

hee eaea eee eS | May 24__| Sept. -..| This proves to be identical with Oldenburg (as pr.
age Downing, page 102).
Keswick (Codlin)______.._- ; ‘*. 23__1 Oct. _-_.| This resists the scab, having fruited last year and
| produced a heavy crop this year.
itoyikal eee oe ‘+ 29__| Sept.

Winter Streifling _________ 2p Oct:

mo b | No
ve)
°
x}
°
<
e
=]
i
~

It will be observed that Nos. 1, 3 and 4, are Russian or Hast European
varieties, while No. 2 is English. "This last has no superior if indeed it
has an equal in this climate as a hardy tree, bearing early and profusely.
It is strictly a culinary fruit, for which purpose it scarcely has an equal.

; QUINCES (Cydonia).

The quince during the two years last passed has been notably free
from insect depredations. The vigorous condition of the plants may per-
chance have contributed to this apparent exemption, since many insects
seem to avoid healthy, vigorous trees, devoting themselves rather to such as
may be enfeebled or diseased.

The slug (Hriocampa cerasi) made its appearance at the usual season.

There has been no indication of fungus upon either plant or fruit, which
was undoubtedly due to the use of fungicides, as in former years there has
been much injury from leaf-blight.

The plants were treated with a spray of kerosene emulsion on June 20,
to subdue the slug, and a spray of tobacco water was applied on August 5,
to 8 for the same purpose and with similar result.

Varieties of auince have bloomed and fruited this season as follows:

No. Name. Bloomed. Ripened.
Ti GNI GVEA Ff; igs REPS oF gS Cae we Te ee eR ea May Tos teeser No fruit.
Oe ROTATION oo 26s) re te aera es SR Om June se Last of October.
G3 HIS DEPT Cay Sek SE Sb ee a ae Aa ee Se ot DS eee May 1822) Noirait:
mate Moachy eso et re OE Aas Ae oe SN Sel le ed Pk June ase Last of October.
5 | Missouri (Mammoth)._____.______-_--_--- 2 OR ete see AR o fruit.
Gig bran pe ies AE eas Fe ee WR ae ie NE a eee Octopers
ME One eee Case ee hit ste mL Ty eR AE a en are FS i (Deas ==" | October:

Champion is vigorous and very prolific but rather late.

Meech is in season about with Champion.

Orange is yet at the head, so far as season and general desirability are
concerned.

Rea is much like Orange so far as appearance and size are concerned.

NUTS.

Seedlings from the large native Hathaway chestnut (Castanea vesca),

EEN Gate in 1888, have this season shown a few catkins, but failed to set
Tuit

312 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Paragon, which has for three or four seasons produced only abortive
nuts, has this season ripened a very large crop (for so young a tree), the
branches being so heavily loaded with the large burs that more than half
were removed early in the season to insure the development of the remain-
der. The nuts were frequently three in a bur, of the usual size of the
imported ones, and superior in quality, ripening about with our natives. —

Among the varieties received and planted as Japanese chestnuts, one
received as “ Japanese Imported, grafted,’ planted in 1890 and now less
than seven feet in height, has this season ripened a fine crop of large nuts.
The burs are even smaller than those of our natives, usually containing but
a single large round nut. ‘They ripen at the usual season.

The European or Spanish chestnut, planted in 1890, has also shown a
little fruit the past season.

CHINQUAPIN (Castanea pumila—or Dwarf chestnut).

Owing to the inability of this to bear transplanting, the nuts have been
two or three times obtained and planted, but so far without success.
Another lot has been obtained and planted this fall, the nuts coming
from Tennessee.

| PECAN (Hickoria oliveformis).

Nuts of pecan were received from southern Iowa and planted here in
the fall of 1888. They prove hardy, so far, and this season have made
good growths. The Stuart pecans, received from the Division of Pomology,
have grown and have been protected for the winter, since, coming as they
do from Texas, their hardiness in the climate of Michigan must be
regarded as very doubtful.

ENGLISH WALNUT, OR MADEIRA NUT (Juglans regia).

This was planted in 1889 and, so far, has not winter-killed and has made
moderate, healthy growths.

Dwarfs of this species, under the name Preparturiens, were also
planted in 1890 and have, so far, suffered no apparent injury from our
winters.

JAPAN WALNUT—(Juglans Seiboldi.)

This was planted in 1890, and has proved perfectly hardy here. It is a
very vigorous grower, and has matured fruit here this season. In both
tree and fruit it is much like our indigenous butternut, though more vig-
orous. So far the fruit is scarcely equal to the butternut.

ALMONDS—(Amygdalus communis.)

The Luelling almond, received from a Missouri nursery and planted in
1892, has proved hardy here. but has not yet fruited.

The “Soft Shelled Almond,” planted here last year, proves hardy so
far.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 313
FILBERTS AND HAZEL-NUTS—(Corylus.)

The Kentish cob filbert planted in the spring of 1892 has withstood the
past winter unharmed, and has made satisfactory growth this season. It
promises to fruit next season.

The unnamed hazel-nuts from the Division of Pomology planted last
spring may be expected to more fully develop their peculiarities during
next season.

FIGS—(Ficus carica.)

The cuttings of Brunswick fig, from H. E. Van Deman, rooted here
last season, were planted permanently last spring. They are showing par-
tially developed fruit this fall, and have now been laid down and covered
with earth and litter to protect them from the alternate freezing and
thawing of winter.

SourH Haven, MicuHiaan, | TA" RSE YON,
November 24, 1893. — \
40

314 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MICHIGAN FRUIT LIST.

i, ArT.

Bulletin No. 105.—Horticultural Department.

With the long list of varieties found in the fruit catalogues of our State
and National horticultural societies, and the even more confusing ones in
the nurserymen’s list, it becomes a difficult matter to make a desirable
selection, unless a person has a definite knowledge of the varieties that
succeed best in the locality where he lives.

While a few varieties seem to thrive in nearly all sections, others, that
may be very valuable in some localities, are nearly worthless elsewhere,
owing to the unsuitable conditions of climate or soil. It will be impossible, . |
then, for any one list to suit the wants of all persons. In order to learn
the opinion of the growers in the different sections of the state as to the
best varieties for their respective localities, a circular was last summer
sent to some two hundred fruitgrowers asking their aid in the preparation
of a fruit list for Michigan. The circular contained the last fruit list for
this state issued by the American Pomological society, and the varieties
there given were marked by the correspondents with various symbols to
indicate their value for the different localities. In several instances the
lists were considered by the local horticultural societies, and votes were
taken to determine the mark that should be given them.

The symbols used to indicate the value of the different varieties were as
follows: two stars (* *) when they were generally successful in the particu-
lar locality and were worthy of being placed in every list; one star (*)
for varieties that were less generally successful and that were of less value
than those given two stars; a dagger (fT) indicated new and promising
varieties and a dash (—) that the varieties were of no value and should
be stricken from the list. A great difference of opinion was noticed in
the returns, as, in a few cases, varieties were given two stars by some
persons while others in the same county marked them with a dash. As
a rule, however, a remarkable unanimity of opinion was shown, not only

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 315

in the different counties, but in the dozen or more counties that go to make
up one of the sections. So far as concerns the varieties marked with
two stars, there seems to be but little difference in the rating given them,
except that they are occasionally dropped out in the northern counties on
account of their lateness or lack of hardiness.

The varieties marked with two stars in the following list were rated in
that way by a majority of the correspondents in the different sections into
which the state is divided, and, as will be seen, they appear to be
adapted to nearly all sections. Those marked with a single star
received a minority of the votes for the two-star list, or were regarded as
worthy of one star by a considerable number of persons. The fact that a
fruit is thus marked indicates that it has considerable value, but that as a
rule the varieties with two stars are of more value and that, unless a long
list is desired, it should not be selected. There are, for various reasons,
exceptions to this rule, and so far as possible they will be explained in the
notes that follow each class of fruits.

When a variety is marked with a star followed by an interrogation mark
(* ?), it indicates that its use is favored by a few persons, but it is
regarded as less desirable for general planting than those given one star.
For certain purposes and in some localities it may be worthy of trial.

We have dropped from the list all varieties that were given a dash by a
majority of those reporting upon them, or where there have not been as
many as five persons from the entire state who thought them worthy of
either one star, or a dagger.

The dagger has been here given to such new kinds as have been suffi-
ciently tested in the state to warrant the statement that they are at least
promising and worthy of trial upon a small scale. In the notes, mention
is also made of some of the new varieties that have done well in other
states but which have not yet been sufficiently tested in Michigan to deter-
mine their value, although most of them are under trial.

In dividing the state into sections we have placed in the Southern Lake
Shore division all of the counties bordering lake Michigan south of Mus-
kegon, and in the Northern Lake Shore section all north of and including
Muskegon. The two southern tiers of counties are considered to be in
Southern Michigan; the three tiers north of this make up Central Michigan,
and the counties north of Gratiot are considered as in Northern Michigan.

APPLES.

The list of apples will enable any intelligent person to select a collec-
tion that will be reasonably certain to succeed in his locality, and by not-
ing the column marked ‘“ Use”’ the particular purpose for which they are
valued can be learned.

Particular thought should be given to this, as upon it the selection
should depend. In making outa list for home use, we should not only
select kinds that are healthy, vigorous trees and abundant bearers, but it
should include both sweet and tart sorts, and afford a supply throughout
the season of both dessert and cooking varieties. To secure this, one will
need have from fifteen to twenty varieties in the orchard designed for
family use. Of the summer and fall sorts one, or at most two, trees of a
kind will answer unless fruit is desired to sell or give away, but of the win-

316 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ter sorts a larger number is desirable, in order to be sure of a supply in
years of partial failure; if there is a surplus at any time a ready sale can
always be found for well-grown fruit of desirable sorts.

APPLES.

ABBREVIATIONS.—Si1zE—1, large; m, medium; s,small. Form—r c, roundish conical; r ob, roundish oblate;
r, roundish. CoLoR—y r. yellow and red; r s, red striped; g y, greenish yellow; rus, russeted; y rus.
yellow and russet. QUALITY—g, good; v g, very good; b, best.
market; F M, family and market.

Oricin—Usual abbreviations for names of countries.

sE—F, family use; K M, kitchen and ©

SEASON—3S, summer; E A, early autumn; L A, late antumn; W, winter.

Description. Value.
Bre :
Names, ’ iS) iS) q qd A
‘ . |, | fa) ga) ee |o8) ee
i. “ & d d Go195/ a5] da | om
3 w = i) Ae Sh as aq Od) 4a
é|/2/|2/4)/s)| 3 |] ee] ea] $8 | ae] ee
45, r=} a > o
afield |/6|/p 1816 |a2?| 24) 84) d= 124
Moxanders. 4 erste ss elo 1 re rs g |KM| EA /Rus.| * * * * *
/Aitpibethal) Stas (40 ee eee ae ee m re wey | we F EA | Am.| *? PPE eae Ba pa tag Pe
IBailéySweet ts 22 ie- Ss ee Loa iec rs vg |FM/LA|Am * * * ** *
Bal diwititw 2 et Se 1 re re | ve |\EM|)) W | Am, | 4 #% 7% * **
Belmonte. os eee ee 1 re yr 1a) eM | Vi eA ee * * *. (75| |S seas
BOH AVIA) tees eee eee ee 1 re yr g KM; W | Am #* * * ¥ *
IB6nOniee pee ae a ah oe eS Mi eob syne) avs | SelM S74) eles ey ee * 42 | oe
Blenheim Pippin_____________. 1 robijeync |, ve. | M | WwW Rng) Fee *? Ds.) 2a 4
Bloe ‘Pearmaine. 2) Si es 1 re r g M Wie sama Pa (ih em ec fo
1310) 114 tho pe en See ech ema 1 ob gy |ve|FM Ss | Am +* ¥m *e %*
Bullock, (Am. Golden Russet)| 5 reayy rus |) “b= | Mel Wy cama) ore ae eee tse
Canada Reinette ___.________-- 1 Pee ye) Vie ae Me Ww, F. ae Eee URL re ae ee
Chenango (Strawberry) _-____- m |obcj| gr! ve!|FM!]EAj|Am.| * = ia **
Wlavtonusesses, tie Fe 1 c yr 0) ME SWies | Am eet) sey: 5 gan ee
Wolvertieetne one. SMe ] rob| yr g |FMj|LA]|Am 3 *? =? carta eames
Dyer (Pomme Royal).________- m r gy | ve F EA F. Fe cee At ee RP :|leeeevees
Mariv Harvestee en.) 22 em arobpaieeye 4 vie | BOM Si |pAmey ee *? * * *
Harliva cogs ee ee ee 8 fi yr b F 8s Am.) -* *? * sa | (Se B.
Barly Strawberry--____--_-.___- 8 T rs | vg F S | Am * * * * *
DED) dT) SE ee re ee 1 ob yr b |FM| W | Am = * * 2 ae =
Fallawater (Tulpehocken) ___.| 1 re | gy g M W |Am.| * “a = * *
Halledenneting 2. ~- 2 2.522 1 fl gy g Me |) BAC cAmin ie aot ee *? FD use Ay
Hallt@ranges2os0. se 2 Te yr KM GAS Aare | oe ee | eee
HANS Pippin 2 eis aL) ee 1 Tobie ove | EM.) Dads Ama ese ae * *
Fameuse (Snow Apple)._...__.| m |rob| rs |vg |FM| W 1 - + * * *
Garden Royal -2-.2--222_:_- m |rob| yr | b F Sy |" Amiy it Se 0 ess es ea es ee
EUICBOW SS ae es in shee eA ee eS | ee (ee eG eae Who it 7 t tT
Golden Russet (N. Y.)-.______.| m | rob |]yrus| vg | FM Why) Ams | * * + *
Golden‘Sweet 2-5-7 e4. 2 1 r gy | vg |FM S# >| vAmauiees * *? of "ee eae
Golding ster Woes 1 rob! gy | vg |FM]| W | Am.| #*? *? *? ba | (Roe
iGravenstein- =~. .2--. 2 1 rob | yr | vg |FM|LA |Ger.| * ig * * *
EATING S ee eet eS Ee m |rob]| gy ]|veg F Wy) Ans - kr SN die
Hubbardston (Nonesuch) ____- 1 re yr owen | Mol We} Ames Mii ae beta (ones
etoriges , 67.08 e025 2) Sie Se) mi Ob aheyae ve |FM|EA | Am.| * * * ee | 2
Jersey Sweet 2.) 3s | om r yr | vg |FM| EA} Am * * * tues | ES Sale
Jewett Red rob r g |FM| W | Am *2 FAS LT ae) eee
Jonathan re yr | veg |FM| W Am *E + ee ** +*
Keswick re | gy ge |KM/EA|Eng.} * * * apes Lae BS
CG Kaen ae a fl yr ve |FM!|] W F. Et Were Mo *? FP Na fess
Lady Sweet. r yr | ve |FM| W | Am aia (Ever | fe ae 5) yeh (ase es
Late Strawberry (Autumn)-.__| m r yr | ve |FM|LA| Am * * * * +
Lowell (Tallow Pippin) -__--- ] re | gy | vg |FM}; EA} Am te eee cd 5 ke [eee
Maiden Blush_.__________ m r gy g |FM|EA|Am.| ** =% *% + ¥
Li Gib ee aa m jrob| yr} vg{/FM| W | Am * oP Ut eee +
Boelonet es. het s m |rob} ys b |FM{| W | Am Fe ee bat he bat he

EXPERIMENT STATION

BULLETINS.

APPLES.—ContTINUED.

317

|

Northern
Michigan.

Description. Value.
o ©
ames, a ra!
5 ; | g | 82] §2|68| 28
g Sh se 6 | SB (ee |2o eo bea
$/—f|Si/¢|¢|8/|8 | ee) ea/ $3 |e
ailelds|6&/5}2816 |a4]s4| 2=154
Monmouth - 2. ss pe ah fi Vi) eVaee te be Wet Anya eee *? *?
Mother m re yr bee PE Wiel nam * *? *2 *
Munson (Orange Sweet m fi yg ge |KM|LA| Am ~ ce *? *?
Newton (Spitzenburg) _ -_| m |robj} yr b |FM! W ! Am Ph [a * *?
Worthermspy:--- 2 Fe. 1 re yr b |FM W | Am ¥* ** ¥* **
Oakland (Co.Seek-no-further)} m | rob] yr | vg F W | Am * * *2 *
Oldenburg (Duchess of)-_____- m |rob!/ yr g M S | Rus * ¥% *e ¥%
Ortley (White Bellflower) -__-- m ob gy |ve|}|FM| W}Am sees | ee tS. * *?
[el ice ee Se ee m r gy | ve |FM| W | Am * * * *
Perry nussetes 8. au 122 m re | rus g |FM! W | Am bet sie = *?
Rewalkeers es kan) 1 fi rs ea Beh ie SW eA Wes Ed Se (aha *?
Ont. Jes ee ee eee 1 ob | gy b | FM A | Am * * * **
Primates72 |. eek) Sea eS m re Zy b F EA | Am +* * * #*
Pumpkin Sweet( Pound Sweet)| 1 |robl| y g |KM|EW| Am £2) |e nee *?
ESTED ED) a eR ae es) a 1 fl yr | vege |FM|LA| Am * * *? *
= ERR epee ee 2 ee 1 re iD ale vi ee Me OWE eee ces * *? a
ReavAgtrachan:... 5.25. -._.- 1 i yr ge |KM Ss F. ial ¥¥ ial **
Red Canada (Steele’s Red)-.___- m | rob] yr Bi BM ei fe ** il **
Rhode Island Greening_-___ _- 1 trob| gy | ve | EFM) W | Am.| * * *
EN DSLON Se ee { m r yr | vg |FM] W |Eng.| * * * *
Home besuty so. Pee 1 r yr Z M |}LA| Am tee geen || 32 *?
Roxbury mussets 2225. 22 0 = m |rob|{yrus} veg |FM| W | Am *y fe * ‘e
Saint Lawrence...______.-_-__- ] fl yr | vg M Aap a roe 2 * * el has
Mhinwasseot 22 oe el om fi ry | vg | FM A | Am + ¥# ¥* #€
Smith (Cider) = _ eee 1 rob/ yr g |FM! W | Am * Real Jy *?
Sfankteeet 26 Foc oh L re yr g F W | Am ** *? * *?
Summer Pearmain(American)| m ob yr b F S | Am Bin) |) SESS eee ee de
Sammer Ee rppin y=.) ot m | obc] yr g |KM|LS| Am Fi See ees *2
Summer Queen_-____-_____-___- 1 re yr g |KM S | Am s ade (2am ei 2 Fa Phe ec eee
NiWnn reek. oe eee i] rob} gy b> Eee Wo) Am * pedo [ee ES
Motofsky- 2422 Oe m fle | yr g K S |Ros.| * * *? *
Wane Be TOT ee m r gy vg |KM| W | Am.| ** *% 7 **
ompking King ] r yr | ve |FM| W | Am.| * 6a * **
Twenty Ounce (Cayuga Red).| 1 r rs | ve |FM|LA| Am.} ** Sg + a
Wrenner 250s 7 tae ee m {rob]j yr b F W | Am.| ** x * =
Walbridge___ rob! rs vg F W | Am tT tT T #2
Wealthy #222" rob r ve |FM| W | Am * a) ee *
Westfield (Seek-no-further Pee yr b |FM]| W | Am.| * * * *
Watliarns eect ee ee ae re yr g M S | Am peed (eo ee = *?
\ufiba ost) op 8 so eee Bee ee eee SS r yr |vg |FM! W Ho, |e ES eZ %
Wiolf#Rivers 2.) eo es 1 rob r g |FM]| W | Am carpe ct [tae BAI ead (fd
White Bellflower___.____.____. i ob | gy | vg |FM| W } Am * = * *
Yellow Newtown_____________- 1 rob| gy | vg |FM| W | Am * * *? *
Yellow Transparent__________- m | rob y g |KM/ES|Rus * * * *

For nearly all sections of the state the following twenty varieties will

make a good family collection:

Red Astrachan, Bough (Sweet), Oldenburgh, Primate, Chenango, Kes-
wick, Maiden Blush, Shiawassee, Twenty-Ounce, Bailey (Sweet), Westfield,
Jonathan, Hubbardston, Grimes, Baldwin, Talman, King, R. I. Greening,
Red Canada, N. Spy, and Golden Russet (N. Y.).

As a second choice some of the following could well be used: HKarly
Harvest, Yellow Transparent, Tetofsky, Williams, Early Strawberry,
Early Joe, Alexander, Lowell, Gravenstein, Fameuse, Colvert, Porter, Fall
Pippin, St. Lawrence, Jefferis, Bullock, Canada Reinette, Wealthy, Esopus,
Late Strawberry, Oakland, Mother, Peck, Rambo, Rall, Swaar, Winesap,

318 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Yellow Bellflower, and Roxbury Russet. Wagener succeeds well in the
northern counties, and there would be in the two star list.

Of the varieties given in the second list, President Lyon recommends
the following for a place in the first list for a family collection: Early
Harvest (or Yellow Transparent), Early Strawberry, Jefferis, St. Law-
rence, and Roxbury Russet. He would also retain in the fruit list such
apples as Cogswell, Manomet, McClellan, and Mexico, which are certainly
valuable sorts for dessert or cooking purposes.

In the third class, marked * ?, are such kinds as Autumn Bough, Blen-
heim, Dyer, Fall Jenneting, Fall Orange, Garden Royal, Golding, Jersey
Sweet, Perry Russet, Pewaukee, Rome Beauty, Stark, Summer Queen,
Summer Pippin, and Wolf River.

Of these the Pewaukee, Stark, and Wolf River, have not been very gener-
ally tested; the Pewaukee and Stark have fruited in several localities, and
the reports are generally favorable. Walbridge, Gideon, and Clayton are
also new sorts, and although nothing can be stated with certainty, it would
seem safe to try the Walbridge and Clayton in an experimental way, in all
except the northern counties, while the Gideon, from its origin, should be
as well adapted as any variety to the northern half of the southern
peninsula.

It is hoped that some of the better of the Russian varieties will be
found valuable for that section. We have about one hundred varieties
here at the college, and a similar collection at Grayling, Crawford county,
besides smaller numbers at various points in that section.

Upon the thin sand of the Jack-pine plains they have grown for three
years without injury either from the cold of winter or the drought of
summer. Some of those first planted at the college gave a few fruits in
1893, and among these the Charlottenthaler seems particularly valuable as
an early summer variety. The tree is an early bearer; the fruit is large,
light lemon yellow in color, and, although rather acid, it is of a pleasant
flavor; it seems well worthy of a place in a collection intended for supply-
ing fruit for a local market.

It should be stated that had the returns been accurately canvassed
Fameuse would have been in the double-star list, but its seedling, Shiawas-
see, has all of its good qualities and is, moreover, a better growing and
more productive tree, and the fruit is but little injured from the scab
which in some seasons nearly ruins the Fameuse. The growers familiar
with both varieties in every case marked the Shiawassee with two and
Fameuse with a single star. As the Shiawassee can not always be obtained
from nurseries, many planters will find the Fameuse useful to plant in its
stead. (Among the nurserymen who have a stock of this valuable sort
are Buttrick & Watterson of Cascade, Mich.)

The Keswick seems to be quite a sure bearer, even in off years, and it is
particularly valuable as a fall variety for cooking purposes, since it remains
for a long time in season.

There is often a good local market for apples, and a collection suitable
for that purpose may be desired by some planters. The varieties to be
used should be selected with rather more regard to productiveness and high
color than those designed for home use. Such varieties as Red Astrachan,
Oldenburgh, Shiawassee, Twenty Ounce, Jonathan, Hubbardston, Bald-
win, King, and Northern Spy, if planted in rather larger numbers than
when intended for home consumption only, would furnish a supply for sale.

In planting an orchard to secure fruit for shipment it is unwise to

‘EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 319

choose too many varieties, and one should be guided largely in his selec-
tion by the kinds that succeed hest in his locality.

They should be productive, of good size and color, and of, at least, fair
quality. In nearly all parts of the State, where they are sufficiently hardy,
the Baldwin and Northern Spy are valuable for planting in commercial
orchards, although the latter is a long time coming into bearing. The Ben
Davis is also largely planted, although it, as grown here, is much inferior
to the same variety grown in Missouri and Illinois. Hubbardston and
Westfield are much prized for their quality. Red Canada is very popular
as a market sort in the central and eastern part of the state, its productive-
ness, high color, and good quality making it especially desirable. In the
northern counties, especially along the west side of the state, Wagener is
in high esteem. Further south it is less valued, as, unless thinned and
given high cultivation, the fruit is small and the trees short-lived from their
tendency to overbear. Of the varieties for winter use, none are more

' profitable than Tompkins King, although with good care the Jonathan in

many localities is preferred, as its medium size, rich color, and high quality
make it sought for as a dessert apple and for sale at street fruit stands.
Grimes Golden is also profitable in nearly all parts of the state. In plant-
ing a commercial orchard one should select the two or three sorts that do
best in his locality.

Of the new sorts that do not appear in the fruit list the Sutton is well
worthy of trial. It has long been grown in Massachusetts under conditions
much like those in this state and it is there highly valued as a variety for
both home use and market on account of its hardiness, productiveness, and
the high color and quality of the fruit. Among the other varieties that
are desirable from their behavior elsewhere are Princess Louise, Early
Colton, and Carlough (sweet).

CRAB APPLES.

While this fruit is commonly grown for home use and local market, the
quantity shipped is comparatively small. Little attention has been paid
to the introduction of new varieties and, of those given in the following
list, the Whitney is the only one that has not been in general cultivation
for many years. As will be seen from the list, the Hyslop and Transcendent
are best known. The Montreal Beauty and Whitney are also desirable
sorts.

APPLES.—CRABS.

Description. Value.
aor. e
Names. S) S) A =| d
e : fa | ba | £o|—6| go
g Pe SS 8 2 |se|s¢/s6| eo) a6
Weevase OVS ae [v6 fr ao |p na tepretnacered eae Pesaro Gee
|S 5 3 Ss Ea $s A |} og] 4] os | ss | oS
| = e) Cc P DQ Oo |n Zz 7) o a
| i rd |
Hyslop 2s er eben 1 r r g | FM A Am,| ** | #*¥# ** +¥ +**
Moitrcdh Besntyoee sss ee Keen rob] yr g |EM Age yAm = |) = * * * *
Red) Siberian’ v.88 ss wane m r r ge 'FM A FE, *? *? *? *
Transcendent - Det moby yr er | UM AGS Arnie ee * ** ee, pad
Whitney - (Ste ETM ] rfl r ve M SrotpAmin iia coat Kee FMM ro
Yellow Er id ee Is m r y g | FM A RS pa Leah | awe Sete *

320 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

APRICOTS AND NECTARINES.

In most parts of the state these fruits are not successfully grown as,
if the blossoms escape the early spring frosts, the trees are short-lived.
Along the west shore, however, and in favorable locations in Southern
Michigan, fairly good results are obtained, particularly with apricots. The
varieties mentioned in the list are among those best known, but for commer-
cial planting it is probable that the apricot known as Harris, which is
proving very profitable in New York, will be preferable; the Acme is
another sort that seems worthy of trial. From the behavior of the Russian
apricots it is doubtful if any of them are desirable for planting.

APRICOTS.

ABBREVIATIONS.—SI1zE—1, large; m, medium;s, small. Form—r, roundish; rf, roundish flattened; r o,
roundish oval; ob c, oblong compressed. CoLoR—y 0, yellow, shaded to deep orange in the sun; or,
orange with red cheek; 0, orange. QUALITY—g, good; v g, very good; b, best. UsSE—AIl apricots bein
valued for the dessert, the letter F will signify that it is extra for the dessert, and F M that it is value
for the dessert and at the same time profitable for market. SEASON—EH, early; M; medium; L, late in

season of ripening. ORIGIN—F, foreign; Am, American.

Description. | Value
ae | g| f\_a| ¢
iene: ea |ee|es|_é
arene g 14 |£else| 25 | £2.
SMES |e | gg Se tee lise 1g
& 9 i) 5 @ 3 | 1 6S | 59 | 65 | 8S
Nn i 1) <; i=) oO |m 4 io) Oo
PS POU e SCL ee ee ee mone o |ve |FM | E F, *? *2 *? *?
MarlyiGoldon 22 22220: fis aS 8 | ro oO vg |FM E F. *? *? *? *?
Maarparkes ts. i) me el ths | Andaettere b |FM| L Ee <P) #2 ese
|
NECTARINES.
| Description. Value.
Paap vl
Names ° S) |
dgildqgias
| 0) deleg | ezaee sow a8
R : is) 4 gO}; a0}] 00] 2s
Ftc A BR Ue le ey ge os
q CS)
s1/2€181/8!'8/218 |85/85| 84 | a2
OBLON Sem eee eae! Re E el) 1 ro | orivg F M | Am *? *? *? *?
HarlyaVvioletise s2o2 eee Ae 1 r or b F E F *? *? *? *?
Starwit ko eee gle) pe re 1 ro | or| ¢ L | F *? | *? | *? | *?
1
BLACKBERRIES.

As with many other fruits, the varieties of blackberry that are best in
size and flavor are deficient in hardiness. Where this quality is necessary
to a high degree, recourse to such sorts as Stone and Snyder will be neces-
sary. In most parts of the state, however, the Taylor will succeed and will
be found preferable to those sorts, so far as size is concerned. The Agawam
is in every way a desirable sort except that it has strong curved spines, that
render picking unpleasant. Erie, Kittatinny, Lawton, Wilson, and Wilson
Junior will be found excellent sorts where they have the necessary hardi-

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 321

ness. Although so deficient in hardiness as to require laying down in
winter, the Early Harvest is very largely grown as a commercial variety in
Berrien county, and its productiveness and earliness make it a very profita-
ble sort.

BLACKBERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS.—S1zZE—l, large; m, nedium; s, small. Form—ob c, oblong conic; r c, roundish coni-
cal or oval; ob ov, oblong oval. CoLtor—b, black. QUuALITY—g, good; v. g., very good; b, best. Usz—
: m family and market; M,market. SkASON—M, medium; HE, early; L, late. Ortatn—Am, American;

, foreign.

Description. Value.
Ss d , :
Names. iS} iS} d
: ga | fa | g6|_8| £6
: ~ qi =| Q o 3) Orn or ERE
g 5 Ha - ° or ay | 38 33 BS ao
e/E/2) 2/2] 8) = | 28| 53) 28 | ee | ee
ale lS/6/p|8|6 |e |34| | 84/28
| SEER EMERY ce ee I Oi ee es ee ee Se 2 ee | = ee hapten | *? od en a Se
Ancient Briton. _.”. =. - 2.22... 1 jobov{ b Veen ne PON Ams) |e) | eee ¥? ae ee 2
Early Harvest __......_--...__- m Ov b g FM| VE | Am SV aioe * SA ee
LATE ee ee ee 1 ‘'obov| b g FM;| M | Am * *? *? a dik | eee oat
Kattatinniy = 2-2) et l re b b FM/| M | Am * * Stee) Seat
|
TUES an dae eR a ee ec 1 | ov bile Mis) Oia} Am. | * #0} ee eee) eee lise
increta se. te to he Ae 1 jobov| b Wise OM WS |) Am: | FS) 9) ee ee | ee eee
Minne waskis 222 kes 1 ov b g M By Am: 2" t *? % |e ul
120 Coupe Bed a Se aa ee AE m | rov b ve | FM! E Am.| ** ** ** +* *
Stone (Hardy) Gee 1 ob b g 1 iy le See Am.| * *? *? *? *
Taylor, Taylor's Prolific __..-- 1 |obov! b g FM; M | Am + * *% +4 *
Wachusett) —-) ie Seu ee m jobov; b Sa ore |e Ry eA ON Arya eee *? *? at po ees
Western Triumph..___._______. m |jobov; b g TOPO Efi es oY Ge ey el | * enn feet oe
WWISOM ese or aS te ae a 1 Jobov| b ve M E Am * *? * LAG Ere
Wilson Junior. 2) 0 a! 1 jobov) b ve M E Am * *? * Ll fa (aoa Ba

CHERRIES.

As noted in the accompanying bulletin by Prest. Lyon the sweet cherries
are, as a rule, short-lived in Michigan, although the method of training
and handling them that he recommends will undoubtedly prolong their
life. Black Tartarian, Gov. Wood, Yellow Spanish, and Napoleon easily
stand at the head of the list. Windsor is highly commended in some
places but seems to be lacking in hardiness in others. Among the varie-
ties in the Duke and Morello class, Early Richmond, May Duke, Large
Montmorency, and Morello seem most generally successful, although Late
Duke, Royal Duke, and Olivet thrive wherever they have been grown.

In localities where hardiness is desirable the Wragg, Ostheim, and
Brusseler seem worthy of trial. The Vilne Sweet has fruited this year and
seems to be the equal of the Gov. Wood in every respect and is said to be
much superior in hardiness.

For the most part the cherry is troubled by the same insects and dis-
eases as the plum and the treatment recommended in Bulletins 103 and
104 will be found useful.

41

322 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

CHERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS. —SIZE—1, large; m, medium; 8, small. Form—ob h, obtuse heart shape; r ob h, round-
ish obtuse heart shape; rh, roundish heart shape; r, roundish or round. CoLor—lr, lively bright red:
dr, dark red, almost black; a m, amber mottled with red; y r, yellow ground shaded and marbled with
red. Usk—F, family, for dessert; F M, family or market; K M, for cooking or market; M, market.
SEASON—BH, early; M, medium; 1, late. Oriain—F, foreign; Am., American.

Description. Value
| s| ¢

Names. ° iS) | =| =|

ca | ga] eel) 28

. i=] qd Q © ® © eel om Oo

oI (s} =] aq aq a HQ] 20

$/2/8|¢|2| 2 | 83] Be] So) #8] ze

S)
afie|s|p|eé| 6 |&}24| 24! 64| 24
Heart and Bigarreau Cherries—
Bigarreau, Yellow Spanish__-_----- 1 obh| yr |FM| M F, * * * # | tees
Blackshagles =. @ ba) yee oes 1 |obh|] dr| FM] M F, *? *2 *? +?) | oa
Bidek- Hoart.---. ey ee 1 rh{| dr|FM| M F. *? *? *? cod deb Mapai =
Black sPartartan’ 2.22. 225 ss 1 r dr|FM| M F. ** + ** sat Wane
Mowner Wate. -62 bs es m seed eM [aot ay Ba ells lt Oe Pe Gory at ate Veen) Er SP ¢ he Pies
HarbysPurple + 222 eos 8 Loe m rh| dr|FM| E F. * *? *? *\. | a es
Hilton 27h e = is ee Oe Ae l rh| yr|FM| M F. * * *? Lp bak Se
Governor Wood: 2... 2.222. =.2..2223 1 rh} yr |FM| M | Am,| ** * ¥* Bo hd Pome.
Napoleon 24=. -2.)o 2 eee ee rab hi yirs| he ME.| oe F, * * S salen Be oe
ock:porte: 2ojstees Ce Use iy 1 jJrobh| am|FM]| E Am.| * *? *? oe
Windsor. ce. 255 sah eee 1 mh |G r M G |;Am: |) + a Reel (see |e
Duke and Morello Cherries—

Carnation! Si). 22 S25 ees m r am/|KM| L F. Sea ae ee *? 5 a eee
Marly Richmond 222"... 2.2225 5e 8 r lr |KM| E F, * ik 7K 7K ae
Eugenie Empress Eugenie _______- m jrobh| dr|FM/ M F, * Pere eats aN Sees
iorben6e ee. ee. ee 1 r lr | FM! L iin sat * *? Enel A ae PS
atemMuke sec 22s. eee ea Kobi sar | KoM. |) Ep a|e sae ES * * a eta hs

nate Kentish 8)" a ees ee em r r K M F. roa | an See *? cae ee
ous) Phillippe: 2 2s eee 1 r dr|KM| L F. = del eae ei ea
Marnifiques: +. 222-0 So eee 1 rh] ir |}KM)|-L F. “ * *P Fs He
MayeDulkos) «Sie Sie ees 1 jrobh| dr |KM]| E F, * ** 7 * *
Montmorency, Large ____. 1 r dr|KM!/ M F, ia * * ade
Morello, English Morello 1 mh) eer | KM F. ** + + * *
Olivet 1 r r F M i ar Nee *? *? Fh ames
Royal Duke 1 r dr|KM| M FE, * | * | * =) yl ae

CURRANTS.

The notes upon these fruits in the South Haven report are very com-
plete and little more need be said. Although the Cherry, Fay, and Versail-
laise produce much larger fruit than the Red Dutch, Victoria, and Prince
Albert, they are so infested with borers that the latter will be found much
more reliable. The Prince Albert in particular should be commended, as
it is but little troubled by currant worms, and carries its fruit until all
other varieties are gone.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLELINS. 323

CURRANTS.

ABBREYVIATIONS.—SIZE—], large; m, medium; s, small. Form—with reference to form of bunch—], long;
vl, very long; s, short; m, medium. CoLoR—r, red; b, black; w, white. QUALITY—a, acid; m a, mod-
erately acid; v a, very acid. Use—K M, kitchen and market; F _M, family and market; M, market.
SEASON—B, early; M, medium; L, late. OriGgrin—Am, American ; 12), foreign.

Description. Value.
heel ae : ‘ P
Names. S) ° q q q
; | , |g2| e@] e8| 8] g8
‘ a lug = 8 A | So|eco] 3 / £8 | aR
$ aa eS i ee @ BO) dO een) Sale lee
aie | so) Sie | Ss | B SS hea | os tesnies
n ey i) oC Pp nn © jw Zz oo) o Zz
Black Napless.-- 352 1 8 b |ma!]KM/] M He rs * * * *
Chenryite See Se 1 Bye ait 2 va M M F, * * * * *
2 eerie es Se ee oe fs 1 1 sg ma|EFM| M | Am./| * * * * *
eS BAS DT Ce ee 1 1 b ma|EM!] M F. * * * * *
Pinos Apert ee ees eo otk 1 1 r ma M L iB * * * * *
RedsDntches 225 eek. m m r ma|FM!/ E F. ** #* ** #* #%
Wensaillaise 2250) 225255) eit 1 8 r a M M F, * * * * *
Victoria, Raby Castle..__.__-- 1 vl r a FM|;] L F. ** ** 7 +t #*
White Duteh ve ete m 1 w ma|FM| E F, #* *% wR a ek
WihiteiGrape: 22.2022) ne m 1 w }ma|FM| E F, = 3 * * *
GOOSEBERRIES.

The Downing. is as yet the variety for market, although Smith, Hough-
ton, and Pale Red are largely grown. The Industry has been extensively
advertised and quite generally planted, but except in a very few localities
it has been a failure. The plant is a poor grower except in cool, moist
soils, and the leaves and fruits are much injured by mildew. The use of
fungicides will suffice to hold this disease 1 in check. Red Jacket is the

most promising of the new sorts.

GOOSEBERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS.—S1zE—l, large; m, medium; s, small. Form—r, round; 0, oval; r 0, roundish oval.
CoLor—r, reddish, when fully ripe; g, greenish yellow, when fully ripe. QUALITY—g, good; v g, very
good; b, best. Usr—K, Kitchen; M, market. SEASON—EH, early; M, medium; M L, medium late.
Orrain—Am, American; F, Foreign.

Description. Value.
Calne
S) (S) + 4
Names. } aq/dcq] aq 5 5 q 5
B j ABI SE) Ue ice aus
g al ees 3 A |} ge0|/s0| qq | S48 | os
® Q oe 5 im Fee liretoes ola set torso (ee yee
2 Be = 2 3 = Ba |) ka] oo] ag B
N 3 iS) 5 ® o4 Hy | 95 | oa =|
n i .o) Ce =) 9) Omaha A io) oO Zz
Downinierss een ec ee m ro g vos |) K ML? Am *e ial eR 7 7k
OMB hon sone eee ce tae 8 ro r g |KM]/ E | Am * * * * *
Industry ene Bien VTE 1 ro r ve |_K M | F. Ho 7 =e Ay x)
Smith,. Smith’s Improved.____- 1 ro) g vg |KM| M | Am * * * * *
GRAPES.

Not less than fifty varieties of this fruit are brought out each year, and
the list has become so loaded down that many of “the best varieties are
buried out of sight. Worden and Concord are still our best black grapes,

324 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and Delaware leads the list of the reds, followed closely by Salem, one
of the Rogers hybrids. In some sections, however, the Brighton is
preferable to either of these sorts, but, in many localities, it is so subject
to mildew that it is not held in high esteem. Of the white varieties, the
Niagara stands at the head of the list. Although not universally success-
ful, it is very productive in the grape-growing districts, and the large size
of the bunches and the quality of the fruit make it readily salable at a
remunerative price. Winchell (Green Mountain) of the new grapes is
certainly an acquisition as an early white variety, while Colerain is very
promising.

GRAPES.

ABBREVIATIONS.—SIZE—with reference to the berry; 1, large; m, medium; s, small. FormM—with refer-
ence to the bunch and berry; s r, short bunch, round berry; | r, large and round; m r 0, medium bunch,
roundish oval berry; mr, medium bunch, round berry. CoLOR—b, black, or nearly so when fully ripe;
r, reddish or copper-brownish red; g, greenish white or yellowish. QUALITY—g, good; v g, very good;
b, best. Use—T'’, table; M, market; W, wine. SEASON—H, early; M, medium; L, late. Or1aiIn—The
species to which each variety belongs is designed as follows: Lab., Labrusca; Aist., cestivalis; Rip.,
riparia; Vulp., vulpina. Anx after one of the species denotes across witha variety of some other
species. Hyb., hybrid, between a foreign variety and one of the native species,

Description. Value.
Bi 38 / : 3
Names. (S) S) qd
5 . |. | fa | ga | 28|68| ge
- » q q a © a © On on On
=I a (2) od a a ao eo | 24
SE 1.8 |] 2) pg] so ee | Badass ee
N 3 a 2 SC) CS)
ale |S'!6&/p!3]6 |e 124 | B= | 3=| 24
Acar aiiee eee he eee 1a sion} ur g TM| M |Ayb.} * * * P| ae es
(Barrge et asses te ete 2S eae 1 v b g TOM) 9M Oey) oS 5 eee * a) Jee
Briehton se ee eee 1 r dp!veg T E | Hyb.| * * ** RECS | See ae
Wataw patsy. Wy ae a ee 1 jmro! r b |TMW! L |Lab.| *2 *? *? WP eS
ASONCOTO See see eee es 1 lr b ge |TMW| M | Lab et *e #K ee *
Wealawares. 22 eee sr r b |TMW] M xP +* #% + ** **
innate a sn See m) |/s'r'o}) (xr ve |TM!} L | Lab.| * *? *? at die eed
Hintpire! State ssa! 2 oe eer snes 8 rr w ve |TM/; M |Hyb.} * *? * bie een =
melanie to ee ene m r b vg 7 M | Lab.| *? *? *? 1 Ml ee a
RT OOLN Ome sae eee ee Lire ie Wee | LW es) aly Boch ens Oi cee | Sa P| acerca |e
Hartford (Prolific) _....__.-_-- Tmiroln ib g M E |Lab.| *? *? *? *? *
AVOSE rests kn eed m sr w veg T Mi aba) ghee) co) al es ee ee
Herbert eee ne ie Se 1 Ir b Wie | Me es Ely aie e ene *? Lae | ee a
POnR ee arte ee m |mro| r b |TMW| L | Lab.| *? all Lae *? ap tines
VER pes open SE ete ke) am a ee) g MW] M !Lab.| *? sl a) eer eT ae Le
AFOHOrSON Sores eae eae ed m jmr me VOSA Boyles *? ep . 1) aa
GEV Bigs SE ee ee ira AE ] r w g TM| B abs cs! eee * fg ek
MIN Glog! sare es ee ee ee m |mroj r g TM} M: | Hyb:) ** * * BO ail ae ae
MASSABOLUR LD Yo saan PREY Be mr r g TTI Via Etc oe bie *? Pes! ame a |p tt
Merrimac._______- | eh EEN sr b g M WWE akyoy | se [see es cdo Wes fia hed
MooreiParly: 2.2.22 oe 1 r b g TM{|VE}Lab.| * * ial ** **
ENIAC aT ee st eee ee 1 r Ww g TM/| M |Lab.| * * *% ¥* **
Pocklington depen ree | lr w g TM{| M | Lab.| * Seal feo ee ae
ren tisse: sy so ee oe mimr w Vas Mt Mea abe) Bee val ae
Salemycsemee le: i ae Te il re b g M M !Hyb.| ** * ** ee
Wercennes- 20. oo at ee 8 der p ve | <M |) Ee | abs = * * gene oe
Wien mies fant ee Se roe 1 lr b vg |TM; M |Hyb.| * *? *? * psy
pWordondiege 28s JP a TS ee 1 r b g TM| E Lab.! ** +e ** #** +
WWOOGTU He 1) Ween es 1 mr Ir g M MM) dieiyb |e eens * Sat ee
WivOudinme ce 2 2) See a ea m |mr r g M M7 Mabie eeeeoe * * og

While the above varieties are sufficient to cover the season of ripening,
and embrace the leading commercial sorts, some growers may wish for a
somewhat longer list, and for them the following additional kinds would
be desirable: Agawam, Barry, Empire State, Lady, Lindley, Massasoit,

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 325

Merrimac, Moore’s Early, Pocklington, Vergennes, Wilder, Woodruff, and
Wyoming. Hartford and Ives are sometimes of value. The other varie-
ties in the list have been given *? in nearly every section and, while several
of them, as Catawba, are among our best grapes where they thrive, they
succeed in very few sections of Michigan. For notes upon these and many
other sorts, reference is given to our South Haven Bulletin.

PEACHES.

In the peach list, the varieties with two stars will make up a good col-
lection for market purposes and the addition of a few sorts of rather higher
flavor from the single star group, such as Mountain Rose and Oldmixon,
will give one as good as can be selected for home use. As this fruit has
been treated at length in Bulletins 103 and 104 nothing more need be said
here.

PEACHES.

ABBREVIATIONS.—S1zE—], large; m, medium; s, small. CuLAss—F, freestone; C, clingstone. CoLor —
relative to the flesh, w, white or pale color; y, yellow or yellowish; g, greenish white, red at stone.
QUALITY—j v, juicy vinous; mjr, melting, juicy, rich; s j, sweet, juicy; s jh, sweet, juicy and high flay-
ored. GLANDs—s, serrated, without glands; g, glands, globose; r, glands, reniform. NStASON—E, early;
M, medium; L, late; V E, very early; V L, very late. Orra@iN—Am, American; F, foreign.

Description. Value
BG
Names. gs g a qd
as a : : En ED E & <1.
ael| cee ise emote |S | cere heres eee tee
a Soe. be | | Breen eer ces
— i=] = oH
aioe) s|@loe}é | 6-}al24 hears
INEST Ci ge EAE eS Cre eee m F Ww Bj g | VE|Am.| *? * *
IBarnarde ees eat 5 Sees Late 22 m F y jv g 1D ae Rees *% +* ** **
Beer smock se oe fe ee 1 F y she ort Ey + Ams) lies * * *
STONE ON see eee eee od EE m F y To ee) eee I | Am?) | + Se +*
Orawrord) Barly: 312 ee ea eee 1 F y jv g M | Am * diet Be nS
Crawford Late___ 1 F y jv g Li Ama *? * *
Early Michigan m F wr Th eee E Am. ** ** ** **
Elberta 1 F Var ashi oo. M | Am. * = * *
Engle Mammoth-_____ ] F (ee |e) g M |Am.| *¥* +* #% #*
Foster 1 F y jv g L |Am * *? *? *?
Coanrgey UV es 22 te a Se ee! m F ye ehmMejes: os Me PAriaateesr *? *?
GbldeDrop-)-- ee Se a ies m F y Dye |) or VL | Am, ** ¥* *k **
1S EVE) pe te es SE EE ee ae ts TANS] BN F w |mjr!] eg VE |Am ** +% ia **
TS GALEN Olan) beat ie Si AIS Ae er eis m F y 3k | ee L | Am * * *k #*
Katia szoor sae snows tide Se TRS m F ViewpemMygr jet... L | Am Ea “Bee {| ETS #*
arrearage. 2s ere «ee ] F yr Ps (e203). | MSS Amn * +¥ * *
Warcotharly Yorks -= "2-1/7" 3 ven. | m F Ww sjh g VE/|Am.! * * * *
ILS ha, sea papers © Oa a Ts SIS died / m F w |mjr g E |Am.| ** * * **
MonntaineRose! 5 os 2). aed m F Ww Bane M | Am, |~* Bat ables *
Olimaxonglreo 25 2252305 ess 1 F gz |sjh g M |Am.! * ae * ++
Oldmixon Clings =. 6 22 C w !imjr!] g M | Am * * * *
Red Cheek Melocoton________._____| 1 F y jv g Mo FAm-e|> * * % *
Richman) see ee NY m F Ww mj iP M |Am.| * * * =
Rivers (Harly Rivers) _.__.._._.____. 1 F py |mr = E |Eng.| * * * *
Sainthd ohne eee) ae eae er oe ark y sj 2 eve BS | Ams |) * * * *
LW Sy ree ae ee gee ee 1 F yr ' mj r Mo |Anr |. * *? * #2
Smock! tess ae Oe a ie 55 1 F y jv r L |Am.| ** ¥ + oe
Snow?)s Orange) o6o= es Sr eee m F y mj r Me Acre) fen ** #* iad
Stump the World _-__-2_.-___-. 2 -: 1 F w |sjh g i | Am. |: * * ** ##*
Sueqnehanna j.22 522 See ae 1 F y | 8ijv g J Teun Seen a Ma ee Rn eae ne *?
VellowRareripe:. sess ey 1 EF y jv g E |Am.| * * * *
i i

326 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PEARS.

While many commercial pear-growers make a specialty of some one
variety that seems particularly suited to their soil or method of handling,
others select such sorts as will give them a succession throughout
the season, and as a rule they will be about the same as would be
pianted for family use. Pear trees are known as standards or dwarfs, the
difference being due to the kind of root upon which they have been
worked; in one case they are budded upon seedling pear stocks while, in
the other, quince stocks have been used. Dwarfs are seldom used in com-
mercial orchards although, if the branches are cut in annually, so that they
will correspond with the area of the roots, and the trees are given plenty
of plant food and thorough cultivation, they will be found quite profitable.

Reference to the “value” column of the pear list will show that the
Bartlett and Anjou stand high in the estimation of fruitgrowers, both of
them receiving double stars in every section of the state. The first is a
well-known sort that succeeds everywhere, but the other is not so well-
known. It grows and fruits well, both as a standard anda dwarf, and is
one of the most valuable sorts both for home use and market.

The varieties that come next in general favor are Bosc, Clapp’s Favorite,
Flemish Beauty, Howell, Seckel, and Sheldon. The Bose stands very close
to the Anjou as a variety for either home use or market; coming
between that variety and Bartlett, it is well worthy of a place upon every
list. Clapp’s Favorite is liable to rot at the core unless it is picked early
and ripened in a warm room; while a productive variety, it is not as valu-
able as the kinds above mentioned, and although a few trees may be desir-
able it is not worthy of extensive planting. Flemish Beauty succeeds well
in some localities and contests with the Bartlett for supremacy in its
season. In other sections it is so subject to scab and cracking that it is
not appreciated. With a proper use of Bordeaux mixture, fairly good
results can be obtained with this sort in nearly all localities.

The Howell is one of the most desirable of autumn pears for market, in
particular, and is worthy of a place upon the list for home use. The
Seckel and Sheldon are well-known and valuable varieties, but they require
(the Seckel particularly) thorough cultivation and high manuring if large,
perfect fruits are to be obtained. Onondaga in some respects resembles
Bartlett, but it is later and a good market sort. Lawrence follows Anjou
and is excellent for early winter use.

Of the varieties particularly desirable for market sorts are Kieffer and
Clairgeau. In the southern part of the state these varieties, when well
ripened, have a ready sale for cooking purposes and have been found quite
profitable.

The Angouleme (Duchess) has quite generally been given two stars, and
when grown as a dwarf it is certainly worth planting, as the fruit is large,
of fair quality, and produces in abundance. The Louise Bonne is another
sort that should always be grown as a dwarf, while Anjou, Bosc, Howell,
and Seckel do well that way. °

Of the other varieties that are worth a place in the list, Boussock,
Buffum, Josephine of Malines, Lawrence, Lucrative, Madeleine, Onondaga,
Osband, Sterling, Stevens’ Genesee, Sumner Doyenne, Tyson, Vicar, and
Winter Nelis are most valuable. As a list that gives a succession through
the season the following is submitted: Sumner Doyenne, Sterling, Clapp’s

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 327

Favorite, Bartlett, Howell, Onondaga, Bosc, Sheldon, Anjou, and
Lawrence.

Of the varieties of pear recently placed upon the market, the best known
are Idaho, Wilder, and Vermont Beauty. While they have not been suf-
ficiently tested in Michigan to warrant an opinion of their value, it may be
well to state that the Idaho is almost identical with Sheldon, while the
other two resemble Seckel, the former being earlier and the latter later
than that variety.

PEARS.

ABBREYVIATIONS.—SIZE—s, small; 1, large; m, medium. FORM—p, pyriform; ro p, roundish obtuse pyri-
form; ra p, roundish acute pyriform; ob p, obtuse pyriform; ob o p, oblong obtuse pyriform; r, round-
ish; r ob, roundish obtuse. CoLOR—y g, yellow or yellowish green with a red or russet red cheek; y r,
yellow and russet; y, when mostly yellow or yellowish. QUALITY—g, good; v g, very good; b, best.
Usre—F, valuable family dessert; K M, kitchen and market: F M, family and market. SEASON—S, sum-
mer; LS, late summer; A, autumn; E A, early autumn; L A, late autumn; W, Winter. OrrtGiNn—Eng.,
English; Am., American; F, French; Fl, Flemish; B, Belgium; H, Holland.

Description, Value.
aes ae . : i ce anne
Ms x | an ; 2
Names. A ° S eo a
el ba by | Ba | Bee eee
4 ~ s=ie| A A yD | Oo eee) eae cies
oy eyes (a) a | | Sa) Be | eee
N } @ | S) ost
ale |dS!|@/5/28|6 |a4|24 | a4 | 34) 2A
Angouleme (Duchess) -__._---- 1 Jobop| y ve |FM)| A F, ** a ** 7% **
Anjou, Buerre d’ Anjou___---- 1 |obp] ye | ve |FM/LA| F. ** *F *% ** #**
Bartlett ote oe eee 1 jobop] y ve |FM|LS/|Eng.| ** ** ERE ee +¥
Blood rood ae. see m r yr |_.veg F S Am,| * *? *? VaR (Esa
Bosc, Beurre Bosc___--.----_-- 1 p yr b FM/|LA! B. * * #* FP ORES
Boussocks.§ 65. 09) ea. es 1! |rop |) yr) ve EM | BA B: * * * 2 eae ee
Brandywine =. eee ee Me OD yee vee ee Ss d-500 (een ee he oor * *
LSP eben ies OR EE Se eee ee m |rop! yg 2 NM (ep BA: | Am. | .* * hs i ees! le eee
Orairgenmete oe a 1 p yr g M {LA F, * * * #E *
Clapp’s Favorite_____.__-...__- 1 jobop| ye | vg |/FM| §S Am.| * * * *K ¥
Dann’s) Hovey _.--..-...--- ---2 s |robp| yg b F Wie Ati). | Sate Seas ee eee eee
De eet Fy he sae 1 jJrobp|:yr | ve |FM/|LA| B. * > ) | oe ae so All ee
Baster Beurres_.. 2.252402 1! 1 jrobp| yr | ve/|_F W By) #22 | eee ees
Flemish Beauty..-..-.-.-....... m |robp| yg | ve |FM/|EA| B. * * *#* | ie
Gilterde er Se ah abe 1 Dp ye !|ve iFM Ss F. ¥2> aoe *? Td Pee Ne
Glout Morceau .__..----.---.-- lob p | _y g F TVA, |, Ba | Posse *2 POM ee ae
Gray: Doyenne!_ 2.822208 i m rs yr Dyes EM TapAL |) HY. | Saas | *? st aah tere
Hardy, Beurre Hardy __--___- Te obipy| syiewli sve. EM AR *? ? #2 FD \ |e
Howe eer ee eae eke eS 1 Tp eyecal we eM |e AS Aime % * * Sie Mil, Stes
Josephine of Malines________- m |robp| yr |ve |FM| W | FE. “2 * * | ea eee
Kerefforee ts sunalens bee en 1 jrop! yr g KM]! A ! Am * * * SE eth, ies maceos
ewrence fu ps ae ye m |rop| yr|vg|FM| W | Am * * * She Penis Ss
Louise Bonne of Jersey______- 1 obp| ye |ve|FM!EA| FE. * * * * *
WaNICTALIVG == see ee ote ie m | obr!/ gy b F EA | Fl. * * * pa ae | aed
Madelinep ee Sse ee aS 8 m p ye |vge |FM Same ale Mn See. * pie ee ees
Manning Elizabeth __________. 8 |obp| yr]|ve F SViifns ED? Sollee Sees *? EUG oe
MountVernon 22.2025 822052) am Lrio'p |) yr | ve | WM) LA | Ami, |) 1*2 *? *? A eG RU
Onondaga, Swan’s Orange ___.| 1 |obp| yg | vg |FM|LA|Am.| * ES be Ey es bmi
Osband Summer ______________ 8 rp | yg | ve F Ss Am.| * * * an Amor ee
JectyrhoG gue Sale Seas es 1 p y gZ EME Weg 2 oie ee Gin P| a * *
ROshiozeneen eo Foo a 8 p ye b F Si basen *? *? *2 bd oie ele a
BC RON ment eae wh fy in 8 r ye b FM A Am,| * * ** ** *
Sheldones 29 Se Pra he} m r ye |ilvgelFM! A PNepHs |) 5 * #* ** *
Souvenir du Congress____.:..| 1 |pyr| ye | ve |FM| S Ce) |e el ban oalliy Be * Ps
Sterling yes ere eee a me ye |ve!/FM!|EA|Am.| * * he Rey A phetzea
Stevens’ Genesee______________ 1 r y ve |FM!|EA}Am.| * * * Riot) | eee
Summer Doyenne_____________ s |rop| yg | ve F NS) B. * a * * *
Superfin, Beurre Superfin___.| m rp spiel ers H A ENS ai gee *? *? ot at) | ae oe a
RYSOD\ HE ee tes ea m |rapl yg b EF Ss Am.| * *? * > 5, Sta ay es
Vicar, Vicar of Winkfield.___- a Dp y g KM|{ W He * | * . Ea eos
White Doyenne. Virgaliew._..| m |obp| yg b |FM| A F. *? *? *? *? *
Winter Nelists ) ene m |obp! yr ba: CEM Winans * | * gale all a

328 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PLUMS.

~ ABBREVIATIONS.—S1zE—1, large; m, mediam;s, small. Form—o, oval; ob, obovate; r, roundish. CoLoR—
g, greenish; p, purplish; r, reddish; y, yellow. QUALITY—b, best; g, good; v, very. Usz—F, family; M,
market. SEASON—H, early; L, Late; M, medium. OrragIn—Am, American; F, Foreign.

Description. Value.
ddl tee = : : :
Names. ° 3} q
s| | a| a ||] eb) e8| es
g i I 6 A igo|ao|qg| fa | as
o 2 rr Ghee Sor) Age aes a Or aS eee
So) Sule ieee oO) Se ase SNOW Seta gmt enees
mn By Oo So =) n (Se fae) Z wa CS A
European—
Bavay, Bavay’s Green Gage.| 1 r gy b F L 10h * * * =o eae
Bradshaw. =) 2ocs oe ee! 1 oob! rp!) g M M | Am.| ** 7 * ** +
Coe Golden Drop._-_-__------ I ra) yr|veg|FM! L F, * * 7k ** **
Glee St ees 1 row | tp g M EK Am.! Tf T t 5 ae) eee
WODDEM en. en) ae m oO p g FM| M | art; T Toes
WAMBO. Foo ee Ss ee 8 ra) p g M L Am.| * ** * * *
Duane Purple-:_!.-)._0. 2 1 roy rp g FM| E Am.| * “3 * se | fed 22
Germanserune.. soon an ] oO p g FM;| M F, oe * ** * *
GrandsDake =~ 508, oe 1 ro p ve | FM; L F. Ti T T TS» | Seaee
Green Gage. te. oes 8 r gy b EF M F. % xe * * *
Imperial Gage... -_..2.- -c.- m oO gy b FM; M | Am.| * % * | eee
Italian Prune, Fellemburg_-| m ro) p g FM; M F, * * * a | 2 os
DOHOCrSOL ote pe aoe 1 re) yr b FM{;| M | Am.| *? *? *? gel gs
Gombarde- 5.2.0 et oe m ro /rp g M Visa Ann Sires *e ** +* **
Maclaughling@- 622-5 ss 1 r yr b MA) VE Si Anna see eae PL ee Ae
MooreyArctic#] = 222-5. ae m ro p g Mf ee Amn een * *? * *
Pond’(Eneglish)) 2225-5 1 ro) yr g M M F. * ** ¥* ** +
Prince Englebert___________- l ro) p ve |FM/ M 1 ee ee *e * ia *
Quackenbossi..._ 222 17S! 1 r p g M M | Am.! * *#e * *% *
Shropshire Damson_-___-___-- 8 ra) p g FM| L |Eng.| * *F x * ¥*
Smith Orleans __.__.___.__- 1 ro) rp |vg|;FM! M ! Am * * * Eanes Mie
Stantone® 220s ea eee m ro/}/dp!vg!FM| L | Am T tT t 5 ee eee 8
Washington. 2° {al 1 ro }gy|ve|FM!| M | Am * Lad *% ie
Wellow Meg. u2) 2.3 es 1 | co} Vel eee Nes I el = * ea * %
Japanese— |
Abundance (Sweet Botan) _-| m ro p EFM! M |Jap.| * * * A *
Botan-(hyiite) 0-2 m }|}roj|rp| g BY M*| oie ap eee *? *? Ao eae
Birr beni: Ne Shah se? tee ah m r p g FM| M | Jap.| t tT t T |- oe

For extended notes upon the varieties of plum reference is made to
Bulletin 103.

QUINCES.

ABBREYVIATIONS.—S1zE—l, large; m, medium; 8, small; vy, very. ForM—o, oblate; ob, obtuse; p, pyri-
form;r,roundish. CoLoR—g, greenish; y, yellow. QuALITY—H, half tender; T, tender. UsE—F, kitchen;
M, market. SEASON—H, early; L, late. OrIGIN—Am, American; F, foreign.

Description. Value.
Bl el Se
Names, q q
, |g2| ga | 288] €8
5 eal 818 )/So0|/30/35 | 85 / a8
él Bl Sigeig!2!& |seleel ge! ae! ee

Q e)

bead || eneligeaime | kan, 17 O-) ea ee g= |3d2 | 2H
Apple or Orange _______..____- 1 r y ae ae fel O21 CSS] OR Bras baat *% * *% BE ea
Wi DLON ee ae ee ee vl jobp]| y t MK}; L |Am.} * * * 5) dune eee
lence eee ee les Te rob! y t !'MK! M ‘Am, 7 t Taha pees
A ie SS ces OT | | rob | y | ht (ae E | am eee | * | | * | “1 Clee

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 329

RASPBERRIES.

The varieties of sub-section 1 are not used for market purposes, but on
account of their superior flavor they are valued for home consumption in
the southern part of the state.

Of those in sub-section 2, Shaffer seems to be the only one that is fav-
ored. The berries are large and are produced abundantly, but their dull
color and peculiar flavor are against them. Insub-section 3, Palmer
seems to be the favorite for early, and Gregg for late, although Conrath,
Ohio, and Souhegan had many votes. The Hansell and Marlboro seem to
be well liked as early red sorts, and Cuthbert is universally favored for
late. Turner is liked in the northern section because of its superior hardi-
ness. Crimson Beauty seems also to succeed in some localities if planted
with other kinds that can fertilize it.

RASPBERRIES,

ABBREVIATIONS.—SIZE—l, large; m, medium;s, small; v, very. ForM—c, conical; o, obtuse; r, roundish.
CoLor—b, black; p, purplish; r, reddish; y, yellow. QuALITY—b, best; g, good; v, very. Use—M,
market; F, family. SEASON—H, early; L, late; M, medium. Orrtarn—Am, American; F, foreign.

~~ —— — oe

Description. Value.
| ee Ban lider ibe.
Names. iS} i) qd qa
a|¢ || €4| 88/481 88
L F a 5 A | a0|a0)]oqq | fa |) a4
é/e/8/e!]¢|3 | ® | se] be] 3 | as | BS
aS 3 | @ S)
geile |lo|@ipss | 6 \a4|24| 24) s4i24
Sub-section 1.—R. Idaeus—
Wlarkeesse 77.27 seo ee mt oe r 20 EMG |eAm: e:* “aL giscit ome eee
Horstinerts tose He obec r Vie eee | ee Am. > tee *? ae al ae
Hudson River Antwerp----- ees eta r gs | OES Nt Arm, |p Fo Rees a iy Yet
Orange, Brinckles...___......! 1 | ¢ y b F ee Aci. | 4 | ees *? YS det
Sub-section 2.—R. neglectus—
Caroline sea roe ks m ro y g F MP re Annis: | (7 ar pees * Teele
BRiadoelphigne css) =. m tr p g M MSs |eAma. (i) Sea eoeeee * heen (ea
Burple) Canesa isos tea r p g M Me PA |) pen | eens * bf ed (eet BA
Shaterrt es 22 sho pt dee vl base p | ¢ | FM, M | Am + ¥* ee ae *
Sub-section 3.-R. occidentalis—
Conrath Seo ak ees m r b g FM E | Am.| * * ¥# ba Ne | poe
Noolithlesd: 6 eS eee 8 Te b g M MP Amys a ¥ sige ire gC
(Seat Ee ae ee oe vl r b ee OM Mi |), Ams |= +% #% ¥* *
a HOrM ee fee Pe ee vl r b g | FM; M | Am.! * ¥ *2 palin (Se eS
Johnston Sweet_______-.-__- m r b vg | FM; M | Am * * *? fof (ad ae as
|
MacCormick, Mam. Cluster_| m | obc | be love, |; M [i | Ams) * “$ cial eee
De ere eeb ais tec WM |) Ml Am. lyon ee ¥ ROR [oak
m ie b g FM;| M Am.| * ne ** ** *
m r b g F M E Am. | ** eK ok ** *
m r b g EF Bh Ama ae* * * aa Es
Sub-section 4.—R. strigosus— | | | |
Brandywine --__- AGS a ee | m re Ye ie, PE Mo): MY | Ams aie emer Fee ee tae SV eye
@mthbert sah ea et 1 Tro Tee HM MS ay cAani ss ee ¥* ** ¥* +**
Golden Queen______ pee EIOLET re Tier |e ME |) eM | Ame * * Ego ey Bee Pe
ansollnes coe ine 2k MA) om re r 7 eel) UMC Ve Bip eA ete an eee * gh See
Marlboro nes S20) 5 oo 1 re Br ees | REM | MP Aamn eee * *? * a
ALa iin Be ee eae vst r rn | «f \WFM)|-E Frat Re aes * + *
STRAWBERRIES.

The new strawberries do not seem to have met with much favor, as there
were very few votes for kinds that have been introduced less than ten
years. In addition to those mentioned in the list there were a few votes
for Enhance, Greenville, Beverly, Marshall, Shuckless, and Timbrell, but

42

330 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it is not likely that the last three had been thoroughly tested. All of them
are probably valuable sorts, if we can judge from their behavior elsewhere.

For notes upon other new sorts of raspberry and strawberry, the reader
is referred to Bulletins 104 and 106.

STRAWBERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS.—Sizze—1, large; s, small;m, medium. Srx—B, bisexual; P, pistillate; P B, nearly pestil-
late. CoLoR—d c, deep crimson; d s, deep scarlet; b. s, bright scarlet; w t, whitish tinted with red;1c¢;
light crimson. ForM—rc, roundish conical; 0 c, obtuse conical or coxcomb form; c, conical; r, round-
ish; r oc, roundish obtuse conical. FLESH—s, soft; f, firm; m, medium. SEASON—Early; M, medium-
L, late; E L, early to late, Ortagin—Am, American; F, foreign.

Description. Value.
Bile ve Ve ate be
_ Names. as |aglag | I q 8
_| a |g | B2| 2 | 22] g®| BS
d|ai|4/|8| 2/8) 88| ae |28| 22
8 ba = | 5 ® Fa 2 B@ | 6a) 85! ag! Bs
aloe aSeleeet | & | oO Wise tee Sani
Bidwollove- oe ee ee eee vl B bs c f Ml |) Aamir ceg oe *? dt gee eee
BubachNG, bokns: Soke s ees 1 P direiaric m M | Am,| ** * ¥** ** **
Captain Jack 20 2. 5822. ] B drj|re f L Am: ||peee" eae ee * #5 || eee
Charles Downing -__-..--._--- 1 B ds c f M | Annie r ise ees *? *?
Wrawtorde. 222 ee ee ee 1 B be | oc m M O. ee ca eae eal SS etd sie) Poet
Wrescontyss 2 -- Pr cee 1 12 bs | re m M |-Am.)|\ies * *% *% **
Comberiang=.2. 23 ee Dae 1 B bs | re 8 M | Am,| * sci * ¥** *
TET a eg TN Es ey 1 12 br r m M oO. = *? * * *
GATIG yer eed BR NS m B br c f L Am.| *? * * ial *
Haverlandy 222.255 25 2224 1 P rsc| oc | m M | Am.| ** “3 * ¥% **
Jersey Queen ._..__....-.--_.__ vl ye bs | re f L Am *? *? *? bed il | EE ac
ACT RSs ae ee eee vl B bs | re m M | Am *? *? *? *
Kerntacky 802 24 a ies ] B bs | re f L Am > *? *? coat (fs Be
Manchester 2: 62. --o Ses 1 Pp 8 oc f M | Am *? * *? * *
Manor meee ne se A Pee vl B c re m M | Am * ¥ ¥ ¥* a
Mount Vernon ___...2...-__.-- 1 B ls |roc| m L Am * * * * *
Mrs. Cleveland___.__...__.___- 1 |e be | re m M O. * * * * =
Parker Warle.- = 005142 2720) 1 B Diasec: t| yf M | Tex ¥ *¥* * ¥** *
Worries wee ee eA eae m B br | oc tt M | Am.| * * * a eas
SHAT OIGSS ie lee ee a vl B br} oc f M Am.| * * * ¥*¥ *
Fit (2) (6 | apa a Rt 2 m Pp dr c f M TS = * ** ee *
Wilson =a ook Tai 1 B dc re i EM|Am.| ** +* +* ** ¥

In the above lists, the data regarding the size, shape, color, season, and
quality of the different varieties, etc., have been taken from the last report
of the American Pomological society, and the starring will be used in
making up the Michigan Fruit List for the next volume, soon to be
issued.

In the preparation of this catalogue, great assistance has been afforded
me by the many persons who filled out and returned the circulars that
were sent out. In most cases it was done so thoroughly and in such an
intelligent manner that the returns were incorporated into this bulletin
with a very few slight changes.

To all persons who aided in the preparation of this fruit list, the thanks
of the collator are extended, for the help that was rendered and the many
useful suggestions that were made.

While it is undoubtedly faulty in many particulars, it is sent out with
the hope that it will be of value to prospective planters of fruit trees and
plants.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
February 1, 1894.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. odL

STRAWBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES.

BY L. R. TAFT AND FH. P. GLADDEN.

Bulletin No. 106.—Horticultural Department.

The variety tests of the above fruits have been quite successful the past
season, and we trust the results will be found useful. Thesoil upon which
they have been grown is of a sandy nature, but it contains a considerable
amount of clay; before the plants were set, it was well enriched with stable
manure, and the raspberries were mulched with that material the winter
after setting. A mulch of straw and marsh hay was given the strawberries
late in the fall of 1892 and, just as growth was starting in the spring, it
was removed, to admit of the cultivating and loosening of the soil between
the rows, and was then replaced to act as a mulch and keep the berries
clean. The strawberries from which the notes were taken were set in the
spring of 1892, although we had another plantation, of most of the older
sorts, made in 1891, which we used for comparison. The raspberries were
for the most part set in 1890 and 1891; a few, however, of the newer sorts
were not obtained until 1892.

The season was very favorable for the strawberry crop, although it was
somewhat cut short by leaf blight and hot weather; the raspberries were
considerably injured by the winter and the crop of berries was lessened by
the hot, dry weather of July.

The data for the tables were obtained by or under the direction of Mr.
Gladden, and many of the notes were prepared by him.

STRAWBERRIES.

In August a bulletin was issued containing the notes on eighty new
varieties, that fruited for the first time the pastseason. In the table below,
the varieties marked with an asterisk (*), are those described in that
bulletin, and any one wishing for a further description of those sorts,
except the few that are here given, is referred to Bulletin No. 100.

332

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TABLE No. 1.—STRAWBERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS.
Form. Size. Color.
b, broad. 1, long. 8, small b, bright. ], light.
¢, conical. o, oval, m, medium c, crimson. r, red.
d. depressed. rr, round. , large. d, dark. 8, scarlet.
i, irregular.
y 3g z
a ie: E :
S & ba 2 2 :
Variety. at a B =| ai) , 2
rs 3 a a aS eile testo,
aie) 8 z S| Bo] eS eee eae
N > a fy ra a-| wn cs es) Cc | &
b 6 May 24 | June 21} June 30| 6 m Ve-} dic’ 9 7
Dp 8 oe 19) Joly 10| 9.5 | mtol|-re | de j 9 8.5
b 7 So=30 19 | June 30 | 5 m re |de | 9 9.5
b 6 ees Peta uly 5r| 8.b m c le 8 6
p 8.5 “24 “fa oe 10) 0) aera re 8 8 8
Dp 9.8 “29 AEP b “ 40/8 | m oc! le 9 8
Dp 8 24 Lea) sob ama) HY | m c dc | 95 | 6
b 8.5 | 2A eon asa AO i} OLD if rbc|bds|]| 85 | 6
b 9 Od ** 17 | June 30| 9 stom r le 7 8
b 8.5 +625 23] July 9| 9 mtol}] le | bs } 8 9
p 8.5 ey 5) EP) | hy =<9) 1) vOc5 1 rbec|bds| 8 8
b 9 fe "25 Se ot: O80)" 85 1 re | de | 9.5 | 95
p 8.5 24 Ene Oy | 2-2. ..2. |, Op BabOm pate ls 7 7
Dp 9.5 aS | “oto | daly 57 |) 9 stom ro) le 8 8
b 9 «29 or 22, Cs 1008 1 re |vdc]| 9.5 | 9
p 9.5 “* 30 ceetd S10 ev8:5 1 de | le 9 8
b 7 = 99 f° 26 Sie Capel stom] le |bds| 9.5 | 9
*Cameronian b 9.5 Pest) CaS S888 m re ls 7 Ht
*Cheyenne ___- Jee 8 Se 420 fe SOT Aw Br TA Weert m le | bs 9.8 | 9
+Clark Barly 2-2 357 2! “b 9.2 “* 29 dea K) * 10! 85 | mtol) ro }die | 9:8 9
Clark Seedling....._“..| b 8.5 2b «22 | June 30| 8 mtol|~re | de | 9.5 | 9
2Clydeu #2) ory aeeee b 9.8 * 24 “ 21) July 8| 9.8 | ltom| re |bds| 8.5 9.2
(Cathy Aka) ys ie ee b i) ‘+ 30 ay “ 9 m re 8 9 9
Grescenh, 22 oe Dp 9.4 eeeer 83 = 18 ee cd eel m re 8 7 8
Maiay wees oe. Pe Ty b 8.5 ‘¢ 26 Pier | so weiG!| USio m Tc ls 8 7
Havtongess =e k= b 9 Ok: 21 | June 30 | 3 8 kee ees 9 8
By reenter b 9.4 S31 26) July 6| 7 1 i dc | 8 9
EDnthens=- ete es ee b 9 es) ear 4 | sted ie Tha) 1 le | bs | 9 8.5
Melipse esse te Per Dp 9.5 Spy On 20) “ 10 | 85 |stom ro) le 8 8
Edgar Queen -_________- b 9.2 Shy 3) Meal BE AOS ng mtol|ire| le 7 8
Mtharnice: 22 Peon b 9.5 * 24 ES gal: power el ett) mtol|irec|] de 8 9.5
EHUPARGO 220s eee b 6 od! oe 26 ee afele 55 1 be 8 8.5 | 8
LDVaT 02) cs p 9.3 ei Paes Poe AES. m re | dc 7 8
Shairmount ee b 9 * 25 Shes be) ee oO yl ED 1 dec j|de 9 75
anid yee ns b 9.5 ee il ee 20 se ORES mtol|rbc| le | 9 8
Gen. Putnam .____.___- Dp 9.5 aa" | SecA er JENS CE mtol| r ls 8 8
+Glonfielde 2 vis ise = ks b 9.2 (604 real Some h ON Pao m le | dec | 9 7
Great Pacific.____._____ p 9.5 aber) area | He 5] 95 m dc r 9 8
*Greenville ___._______- p 9.2 ‘89120 22 ce AOA SO) 1 rdc| bec | 8 7
on Gif 012) fea se p 9.3 bai! | Boe A Seo m re | dc 9 g
SHArMON ey ee b 9 4 ‘* 19} June30| 4 1 re |vdec}| 9 9
*Hattie Jones___._____- p 9.4 agar “ 21 | July 8/ 95 | mtol!rdc|lsc! 6 7
Haverland 2) D 9 ee a! epee gi ba’, m le 8 8 8
Hermit ee eat b 9 24 coer ak a glOnins 1 re | be | 8 8
Garde Sas ve eee b 8.5 25 so va 9 1) 9 mtol| re le 8 8
*Huntsman ___._.__....| pb ! 9.8 6 29 ers LOMAS. 0 1 re ;dc]} 9 8
SH VSIOp Ss see oe b 8 PRS) rent a SUR 29 | S--=-- 8 Pe oo |e ee
*ITowa Beauty ____._.--- b 8 5} Soa) duly -d | ‘7 1 re | be | 10 8.5
AG RSs eo a Re b 8.5 eee 4 “19 er 8 mtol|] re | dec | 7 9
*Jones Seedling...____- b 8.8 5) Gee. pee fill eats) 1 dc|dc} 9 8.5
ECR TIO Sete ea b 9.4 29 JG Spal ash \| 97 1 rdc| c Soa eaep
KangiNos oo ee ae b 9 £926) ee ret) ape tie Tal Me m re jile 8 8
Pedder he be Pe b 8.6 er | saat nazis) FPS Ha 1 le |bdec| 9.5 |} 9
FL OLOy. ee sos 9.4 roe peat be} he 29 1 dec |dc| 85 | 8
*Leviathan ___._______- 5 15 ‘s* 28 ct pet O 8:5 1 bd} ls 6 5

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS.

TABLE No, 1.—STRAWBERRIES.—ConrTINUED.

e oa o
ok E g
Sen wie 2 alee
Variety. al = 2 ‘3 Be
= 3 7 & o=
: 8 oo) - » |
Wye = A>] Fe of
op) > A cs 4 Eines
ida, <a eee p 7.5 May 25 | June 21| July 10} 9
*Lillie Monroe_-_--___--- b 8.5 er) oe TN) eS DN ae
*Lincoln: oo eee p 9 hati) hiss | Sa 1Oi |) £9
ittle No. 15..._-.-.--- 2 une wo
Little No. 15 b 9 of oe SE 1nd 30} 8.5
Hovett)3s 2 ee b 9 “24 So 19h daly: 5 1}"'9
Trower se se eee b 9.2 fee 26 S19 ee a8
eMacnatatee p 8.5 oe 24 ea) aT GS
Bree ave} US SG Sen re b 9.8 “24 “16 | June 30 | 6
Middlefield ___.____._-- b 8.5 * 20 Se alee ys Sh |e udco
Minera feoae ss b 9 aco 7 2349 + 6] 8.5
Moore Early -__-.---_-- b 9 © 25 pier | Set OA IES
Mrs. Cleveland._______- p 9.8 a 5) mae ks) S10" IO)
Muskingtim.---- 2. >_-- b 9.8 629 eae all wy (al haa)
FM vapor ee te eS b 9.8 ars!) ye} OLS
FNoptuneye 2-02 eee p 9.8 er) eet 8 Ea AED) IG
*Nos (Allen). -.2-2-2- p 8.5 629 yee? so ise 115g WR
eNos si(Allen) 22k 2) b 9.5 eats 7 | S26 se 8] 7.5
ENoway( Belt). 22 b 9.2 25 £2 ab 0) 9
*No. 2 (Cameron).__._.| b 9.2 2! Se et See alt Sib
*No. 6 (Cameron) _____- pb] 85 eet) “te 222, SLO) te 43
*No. 13 (Cameron) ____- p 7.5 * 29 Se eed = 10.8
*No. 1 (Engle) ____._- + b u * 29 seiod rs ro a)
*No. 2 torent) pe FN b 9 6 25 es “ 10.| 9.5
*No. 3 (Feicuat).._.____- p 7 +t 25 Pe Seo vLOnINS
*No. 31 (Haynes)-.__ __ p 9.8 $e 29 ama LAST TTD
BNOMen Ue.) coc seco b 9 oO pemeer| t LONG:
NOW Eee) eee = eee D: 9 ar: | 21 * ct 3)
*No. sa Sats 5) | leases Fee p 9 SPP s eh SS 1Oe ee Ob
*No. 1 B tpieete) re ea iets 8 6 24 ey 18 Se) e895 "85
*No. 26 (Little) ______- b 8.8 8 25 peal abi 9
*No. 42 (Little) ___.__-- b 8.5 oe Oe separ | ee 10 kD
*No. 1 (Stayman)-_-____- p 9.5 * 29 20 ve 6] 9.5
*No. 3 (Stayman) ______ b 9.8 eee ee) | poe tOK 9.5
*No. 34 (Thompson) ___| p 8.8 ear) so 22 Sore 28. 5
*No. 77 (Thompson) __-|_ b 25 24 Fo wd SO Tell “OL5
Odessa heise teak p 9 * 29 See OS CS ay (ae
Ohio Centennial -_____- Dp 9.4 © 29 es ee Ot '9
*Ohio Monarch _______- b 9.8 ss" 29 se 23 Bae aie)
Ontariom-ce= ae b 8.4 ‘29 Ser26 = 8] 9.4
Parker Earle____._____- b 9.6 e829 SO 25 se10) 15 918
HRawnees 2.2228. 55022. b 9 ‘2d ren ake sem Obi lhag deo
SPrimatescee fal a b 9.2 26 21 ooh PLONE G
IBaineessr ts ese cle Dp 8.8 eG ie ty | Set ules
(s(20o bic fay apse tee Te ae See p 9 oe tae: “ 19 | June 30 | 9
Dati dens. sles Te b 9 5 PAN | hed bz eal ts)
Sharpless i3-.2 2. 2b Sy b 9.5 di Ay E et Ons
*Smeltzer Early 67a b 9, ne) “eee | $8 eB OB
‘Southard 2225200. b 8.8 st. 2a (33 “e 4|} 8
BStandardeo ss. es ile b 9.5 SDE so 24 aaj 2)
sotevensi 226s <2. b 9.2 £6 25 “21 | June 30 | 9
AoImMoel NOs ole saws Dp :
St: 1 No. 15 8 oS 2A: a9 oe BON esp
Stimmel No. 20 ________ p 8 24 eal Soon.
*Surprise ee |b 9.2 ce O8 TG || S Hulye aden:
*Swindlopis sae ae p 9 £26 sce 23) He 5| 8
*Tom Walker __________ Dp 9.8 Saar 3) eee te) SO SAPO AEG
WVanw Domanness sa Sirs b 7 $e 25 Coe tat) eae et 53
Westbrook..__________- De es teat | UNO) | cai gulag
*West Lawn ________>_-. Dp 8.5 U5 5} “21 | June 30} 6
SWeston/ 2242522 eae Dp 9.5 £5299) SO 20 Daly 9) 98
* Williamson ene b 8.8 29 beat Sor OF Sia
Wilson 23. -<.F 2e aes b 8.5 28 ea me. SEOR [Er
Woolverton...__-..___- b 8.5 CU pst) cee OT sO 1051)" 8:5)
*Yankee Doodle_____-__- p 9.8 KN Ob ae (:) OamreL | Weak)

Size.

Babe BEErB

m tol
m tol

m
m tol

B
ot
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_

m tol

B
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B

Be Bgeee BRR HEHE

D
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SBB++S BRY+SBS BB--BE

B

=

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| Quality.

in

GPAI000000 «COCA OOM =-ICOCCOOCH =A =10000 Got ~100~1
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Go =a codO=I=31 =SO0OGOOO=I S100 0000 00 Go comasiGo =~ OCC OOMT COCO AISH =—18H 000000 =Ie=3I0000 000000=100

o

over

334

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

-To test the comparative productiveness of a few of the leading varieties,
the berries, upon rows eighteen rods in length, were picked and measured,
and in the following table the crop obtained is given in quarts:

‘

TABLE No. 2.—YIELD FROM ONE FORTY-FIFTH OF AN ACRE.

Dates of picking.

Variety.
| June |June| June} June| June} July | July | July | Total
| 20. 23. 24. 27. 29. 3. 5. 7. | quarts..
| =
SACHS. et 0k AS 2 ee ee ee ee ee 5 10; 2529 13 8 144% | 2% % 6034
Haverland’. 6: $24 7+ S ye A aL i 34%|10 | 6 16 8 13 3 1 60%.
randy te te Ee Thy Tee hs ae ae | 23% ei heen il 15 12 3 1% 404%
ower? ioe. ae 5 SOR ee ee yy 3 | 4%} 12 li Sie al eee 1 43
|
ES ES 1m CESS ORS ona i De) 4 4 14 5% | 1 2 83%.
Baigkae SLALOl ce eae i See iveen ie 22 4 3 10 4 7 wy 29%-
OOLO i ae eS ee ee a eee 1% | 3%]! 6 8 Dorp eee 4% 2434
|

Most of the varieties were grown in narrow matted rows,

five plants in a space of forty feet.

. with twenty-

At the time of blossoming, the plot containing the new varieties was.
carefully gone over, and the more promising sorts were marked, that
their productiveness might be accurately determined. Some varieties that
were very promising early in the season were disappointing at the close,
hence the variableness of the yield. The same amount of space and equal

care were given to each sort.

By dividing the season into three periods

and giving the yield for each division of time, an attempt has been made
to show which are valuable as early varieties.

TABLE No. 3.—YIELD OF TWENTY-FIVE PLANTS IN QUARTS.

June| June| Jane| J yea, |
: une| June! June| June} yield,
Variety. 21. | 24. |°26. | 27. | June
H 21-27.
Afton: #2102 22-2 1 4 mM 3) Sees 6
Banquet ___-___- 1% | 2 1%; 1 54
Beanty. "2222222 )-"4 2 P aie (eran 8 5
Beverlyx 85/3) oh 2. oe 2 p aa (eee 3
Brunette________ %| 14/ 1 1 35g
ope 2 ee eee. yee yf oS Ss. 8
2 aoe She Se ye 2% 2 meh? Ss 5
Hattie Jones..__| 1 24%| 4 1 8%
Huntsman______ 441! 3 3% % 14
Jones Seedling._! 4 2 1 AS 7
KRationtes es. - <3 %| 3 Pins) eee | 5%
Header "2. f 1 226) are e| Caer 5%
Wproy, ei? Si. |be se 4 4% | 1% 94
Leviathan -____. % 5: a Vr ie ee 3%4
iviti hi ek oe ea ae S3gi)| See 556
Hincoln 2. =.= %} 1% 200 eS ae 4
Lovett Early__..| 1 So es)" 6 10
Mrs. Cleveland_| 1 ae eae eee 9
Muskingum ____|__-___| 3 Brel 6
Parker Earle____|_____- om bone baa eee 2
2 1 6
2% % 4%
2 1 4
2 14% 64
S| RYE oe 5%
2 2 6
3) tu! ee 7%

Total
June|June|June| yield, || July | July | July
28. 29. 30. June 1. 8. | 7-10.
| 28-30.
2 os | ee ay 4 2 Vg Ye
ene see 1% % CAS | Nea ee % %
rE“ eats 1 (8 Bascal es entea
1 22eee 4 BY eh ene 1% 3
is ee Se eis ee 1% eee oh ie a | yy
a [am 5 mes 2 ae %
=. 24) Se Eee 0 2 1 AR eee es
254) 55) es 4 4 ee So Laer}
Le eee | eee ee | (eee ea ie) Pee
5 Sate ees 2 20 Dees 2 %
7 eee % 1 patel (pene Y%
CA Se ete EN eS 2% 1% 3g My
pete 2 Balk (oi 2 ce Ss 2 "%
hy 0) (lee ae il pA el ea 1% wy
io (ee ee &. 1 5 1% 1
it | pees it Pty | es 8 1% 4
seme eS s| aes 1% |}_-----|. 14] DBs
iS, DSS eee 1% 2 1 1
Fes ee SE eee cee |e 4 % Vy
} RAS Renan 64 10% 2% |...--:| 44%
pemere ae eue |” + 26 Ye a3 5.| LY sa eeeees
ae Se | eee 1% %
1 Feel ee eee 3 he | ee 2 A
Lae! i BAA! eae ee 1 Ea EP fo ba | yy
Uo eS 344 434% |) ad oe %
oye lpn | ee Pe} Creal ee 1% %
eee Spas 1 3 2 1% 2

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 335

In the following diagram, we have endeavored to show at a glance the
_ relative productiveness of the varieties in the above table, selecting only
those with a yield in excess of ten quarts from the forty feet of row.

TABLE No. 4.—YIELD OF FIFTEEN SELECTED SORTS.

ate Pa ; a.
Vaosreay rela va quarts : |
| Neate SOW Wome EE ey SA Bf (21a i ie IE ACIS 1920
S54 8 Reese
eee eee | Lt Le me
ee ee ee .
‘Woolwedbon re ee | (ec Ee al 16
. woo ‘4

Wis. Qevelord Rab Abéciel | slats Res heig a WA

\ooiett Barly bY,
Westow eer. | | Lt hy
Lavo 1%
Uijoo 13
Revers | 0
Voaes Qeedlng ABE ReEeReAs We
ies Baa Ae

one OMe reek Pe | | ee
_Wustivagura Pe tated |

NOTES UPON VARIETIES.

We append brief notes upon the vigor, productiveness, quality, and firm-
ness of some of the more promising of the varieties of comparatively recent
introduction, and refer the reader to the preceding tables for further
information regarding the size, shape, and color, of their fruit and their date
of ripening, ete.

Banquet still deserves a place as a home berry. It is handsome in
appearance and of high quality, but is not productive enough for market
purposes,

Beder Wood—In last year’s report this variety, although quite vigorous
and productive, was placed in the doubtful class from its low quality and
lack of firmness. It is, however, the equal of Crescent in these respects,
and except that it is likely to be injured by the leaf blight it would
probably surpass that sort in vigor of plant and productiveness. Since it
can be kept free from this disease, at a slight cost, by the use of fungicides,
there is a promising future before it.

336 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Belle should take a high place as a variety for market purposes, as it
adds firmness to the other qualities desired in a profitable variety. The
fruits are of good size, and are even in size, form, and color.

Boynton is a promising sort, so far as the vigor and productiveness of
the plants are concerned, but the berries are so small that it is not likely -
to become a profitable variety.

Edgar Queen is quite vigorous in plant and above the average in pro-
ductiveness; the fruits often reach a large size and, although somewhat
deficient in firmness and quality, it is likely to be desirable for local
marketing.

Enhance has again shown itself one of the best varieties for either local
market or shipping purposes. Im yigor of plant and in firmness it
stands near the head, while it is surpassed in fruit production by very few
varieties.

Gandy is very vigorous in plant and is valued for its large, handsome
fruit, its high quality and lateness in ripening, but it is rather below the
standard of productiveness.

General Putnam has for four years been one of the most vigorous kinds
grown and, although it does not stand particularly high in quality and
firmness of fruit, it is surpassed by very few sorts in productiveness. The
berries are from medium to large in size and quite regular in form.
Worthy of trial.

Great Pacific, although in fruit of only medium size and moderate firm-
ness, is so vigorous and productive that it is likely to be well worth
planting as a variety for local market purposes.

Jessie and Lida require extra care to do well, and neither has been
generally profitable, but the latter in particular has given us excellent
results.

Loudon No. 15, now named Hoard, is a promising market sort. The
plants are strong and productive, and the berries are above the average in
size and firmness, and of very good quality.

Lovett is not as early as was claimed by its introducer, but it is vigorous,
fairly healthy, and quite productive, besides equaling, if not surpassing, the
best of the old sorts in the quality and firmness of its fruit.

Michel (Osceola) is very vigorous in plant and is highly esteemed as a
pollenizer and for early fruiting, since it furnishes a large amount of pollen,
and one or two pickings can be obtained from it before other varieties are
ripe. While of little value as a market sort it can well have a small place
in a family collection. Tyas

Mrs. Cleveland is one of the healthiest and most vigorous varieties grown. ~
The plants are quite productive and the fruits make a fair showing in
quality and firmness.

Muskingum has been grown by us for several years under the name of
Kearns and, although somewhat troubled by rust, it is one of our best late
varieties for sale in a local market. It is one of our most vigorous kinds,
besides being quite productive, of good quality, and fair firmness.

Ohio Centennial has for several years held a high rank for its vigor of
growth, productiveness, and excellent quality,as a variety for family or
local market purposes, but it is rather deficient in firmness for a shipping
variety.

Parker Earle is by many regarded as the most valuable of the compar-
atively new strawberries. It makes very few plants, but sets an immense

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 337

number of fruits, and with high culture and a favorable season will ripen
most of them.

Princess is hardly productive enough for a market berry, but its vigor
and the high quality of its fruit give it a high rank among the varieties
for a family collection.

Sadie is quite vigorous and productive; although of only medium size,
its quality combined with its other good features makes it well worthy of
trial, especially for home use.

Stayman No. 1 needs only a greater degree of firmness to be near the
head of the list, as in vigor and productiveness it compares well with any
sort grown the past year.

Stayman No. 3 has the vigor and productiveness of No. 1 and the fruit
is fairly firm, but it lacks in flavor.

Swindle has qualities that would make it an excellent market sort were
it not for the fact that it rusts so badly that it can not be grown to advan-
tage, unless it is sprayed. It is a seedling of Crescent and resembles that
variety in the shape of its fruit. The berries, however, are firmer and of
larger size.

Van Deman made a promising showing in 1890 but since that time it
has been lacking in productiveness. As this is due to a large extent to
the leaf blight, the variety should not be condemned.

Westbrook has thus far seemed rather deficient in productiveness, but
its firmness and fair quality render it worthy of further trial as a shipping
variety.

Woolverton, which has somewhat disappointed us iu past years, in vigor
and productiveness, made an excellent showing this season, and if it retains
these characteristics will be a valuable shipping sort, owing to its more
than usual firmness.

Although a full description of the varieties that have fruited but once
upon our grounds was given in Bulletin 100, it seems desirable to repeat
here the description given of the half dozen most promising sorts, viz.:
Clyde, Greenville, Leroy, No. 2 (Feicht), Weston, and Yankee Doodle.

Clyde. B.—Plants from Stayman & Black, Leavenworth, Kan. First
received as Cycloma. The plants are of very strong growth; leaf-stalk
long, slender; leaflets usually small, ovate; color medium green; texture
papery; teeth large, rounded. First ripe fruits June 21. Crop at best
June 24-26. Fruit large to medium in size, round conical, or broad coni-
eal, dark scarlet color, flesh dark; productiveness 9.8, quality 8.5,
firmness 9.2.

The plants remained healthy and crop held out well to close of season;
they are productive and the berries are firm. One of the most promising
of the new varieties for market purposes.

Greenville. P.—Plants from E. M. Buechly, Greenville, Ohio. Plants
of strong growth; leaf-stalk usually long, quite stout, but reclining; leaf-
lets usually large, round-ovate, turned up at edge, dark green, texture
papery; teeth large, rounded. First ripe fruits June 21. Crop at best
June 26-28. Fruit large, round conical or depressed conical, sometimes
ridged; color, bright crimson; flesh dark; productiveness 9.5, quality 8,
firmness 7.

The plants are strong growing, healthy and productive. The crop held
out well to close of season. The fruit is lacking in firmness, otherwise
excellent. A promising variety for use in a local market.

43

338 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Leroy. P.—Plants from J. H. Haynes, Delphi, Ind. Plants of strong
growth; leaf-stalk of medium length, stout; leaflets medium size, narrow
ovate, color dark green; texture papery; teeth large, pointed. First ripe
fruits June 19. Crop at best June 24. Fruit large, depressed conical,
sometimes ridged; color dark crimson; seeds prominent; flesh dark;
productiveness 9, quality 8.5, firmness 8.

Plants are of vigorous growth and rust but little. The crop holds out
well in size and productiveness. The fruit is not very firm but the seeds
are prominent, making it a fairly good shipper. Early. Promising.

No. 2. (Feicht). B.—Plants from David Feicht, Little York, Ohio.
Plants of strong growth, leaf-stalk usually long; leaflets of medium size,
ovate; teeth sharp. First ripe fruits June 18. Crop at best June 24.
Fruit medium to large in size; round conical; crimson color; flesh dark; |
productiveness 9.5, quality 8, firmness 8.5.

Plants strong and healthy. Crop ripened early and held out well. Its
productiveness makes it promising for home use or local market.

Weston. P.—Plant of strong growth; leaf-stalk long; leaflets medium
to large in size, broad ovate; color, dark green; texture, thin but tough.
First ripe fruits June 21. Crop at best June 24-27. Fruit large, broad
conical, somewhat ridged, bright scarlet color; flesh, medium dark;
productiveness 9.8, quality 8, firmness 8.5.

Plants very strong and healthy. Crop held out best of any variety.
Berry of attractive appearance and fair quality, seeds prominent, making
it a good shipper. One of the best varieties grown here this season. }

Yankee Doodle. P.—Plants from Geo. Q. Dow, North Epping, N. H.
Plants of very strong growth; leaf-stalk varies in length; leaflets large,
broad ovate; color, dark green; texture, tough. First ripe fruits June 21.
Crop at best June 24. Fruit large to medium in size, round conical or
depressed conical, bright scarlet color, flesh light; productiveness 9,
quality 8, firmness 9. Now known as Hpping.

Plants strong, healthy and productive. Crop held out fairly well.
Promising as a market sort.

Closely following the above were the following varieties, some of which
seem to have considerable value:

Afton. Gypsy. No. 3 (Stayman).
Beauty. Huntsman. Pawnee.

Belle of La Crosse. Leader. Smeltzer.
Beverly. No. 1 (Allen). Standard.
Brunette. No. 2 (Cameron ). Stevens. ,

Clark (Early). No. 26 (Little). Tom Walker.
Fairmount. No. 6 (J. 8.). Williams.

About forty varieties marked with asterisk (*) in Table No. 1 seemed to
have some good points, but were so deficient in others that further trial
will be needed to determine their value. The list includes:

Accomack. : Leviathan. No.4: Giasa)
Alabama. Lillie Monroe. No. 34 (Thompson ).
Bickle. Lincoln. No. 77 (Thompson ).
Cameronian. Jones. No. 18 (Little).
Cheyenne. Katie. No. 42 (Little).

Clark (Seedling). Magnate. No. 2uGcsi:

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 339

Dutter. Mystic. Odessa.
Glenfield. Neptune. Ohio Monarch.
Harmon. No. 3 (Allen). Primate.
Hattie Jones. No. 3 (Feicht). Southard.
Hermit. No. 6 (Cameron ). Surprise.

Towa Beauty. No. 13 (Cameron). _Westlawn.

Several varieties were so lacking in one or more of the characteristics of
a good strawberry that they are placed in the following rejected list:

California. E. P. Roe. Nigger.

Dayton. Kstelle. No. 1 (Engle).

Dr. Moraire. Hyslop. No. 31 (Haynes).
SUMMARY.

The old varieties Bubach, Crescent, Haverland, Warfield, and Wilson
are still most commonly grown as market varieties, but the Crescent and
Wilson, from their liability to injury from leaf-blight, have in some sec-
tions been superseded, respectively, by Warfield and Bubach. They are
all (with the exception of Wilson) pistillate varieties, and must have per-
fect-flowering sorts planted with them to supply pollen. Miner, Cumber-
land, and Sharpless succeed in most localities and are excellent for the
purpose. Wilson and Michel are also used. For home use, or for local
markets, the Cumberland, Great Pacific, and Sharpless have much to
recommend them. To precede these sorts by a few days, Alpha and Michel
can be used, but they will be found considerably less productive than
Warfield and Crescent, which follow soon.

Lovett, Mrs. Cleveland, and Townsend No. 19 are also worthy of a place
among early market kinds.

It is too soon to pass upon the varieties marked with an asterisk (*) in
Table 1, but of the older and yet comparatively new sorts, the most prom-
ising for market are Belle, Crawford, Enhance, Florence, Muskingum,
Ohio Centennial, Parker Earle, and Stayman No. 1. As will be seen from
the table, Parker Earle leads the others in the list by several points, but
it will not succeed without the best of care. For local markets the Beder
Wood, Edgar Queen, General Putnam, and Hoard seem worthy of trial.

VARIETIES OF DOUBTFUL VALUE.

Of the older sorts, the following seem to have little to commend them,
and as our lists are much too long, and as many of them, although sent out
several years ago, are not generally catalogued, they will receive no further
consideration: Acme, Arlington, Auburn, Bubach No. 34, Cling-to, Clin-
ton, Cloud, D, and D., Daisy, Dubois, Howard, Lady Rusk, Little No. 5, .
Logan, London No. 34, Martha, Ohio, Prince (of Berries), Shaw, Tippe-
canoe, Townsend No. 3, Waldron, Welch, Woodruff No. 1, Yale and
Zanesfield.

STRAWBERRY LEAF-BLIGHT OR RUST.

Although some of the varieties are so nearly exempt from this disease
that the crop is not noticeably lessened by it, others are so badly injured

340 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

that what would otherwise be profitable varieties have been quite generally
discarded. The disease first shows itself upon the leaves as purplish spots,
these enlarge and, the center tissues being destroyed, they change to a
‘yellowish white color. The spots are often so numerous as to destroy the
leaves. The fungus also works upon, and does most injury to, the flower
or fruit-stalks, as very small spots, especially upon the pedicels will serve
to girdle them and thus cut off the supply of food. Asa result, the berries
wither and dry up. The disease is generally most troublesome upon old
varieties and in plantations from which one or more crops of fruit have
been taken; a dry soil and a dry season also seem to increase its effect.

While much can be done by selecting varieties as little as possible sub-
ject to scab, using plants from young plantations only, planting upon rich
and fairly moist soil and conserving the moisture so far as possible by
heavy mulching, or frequent shallow cultivation, it will generally pay the
commercial grower, in localities where the rust is troublesome, to make
use of fungicides, for the destruction of the spores of the disease, as it is
now known that they are entirely efficient.

The best preparation is Bordeaux mixture prepared in the usual way,
using 3 pounds of copper sulphate, 3 pounds of fresh lime, and 32 gallons
of water. (If leaf-eating insects are present it will be of advantage to add
2 ounces of Paris green for their destruction.) A bearing plantation
should be sprayed after the flower-stalks have developed and just before
the blossoms open. This will serve to protect the fruit-stalks and will
hold-in check the rust upon the leaves. The young plantations should be
sprayed at the same time. This will suffice for them until July, when they
should receive a second and final application, but the bearing plants, if the
disease is particularly destructive, will be benefited by an intermediate
application soon after the fruit has set. Care should be taken not to apply
Bordeaux mixture to strawberries, or other fruits, within three weeks of
the time they are to be gathered, as the lime will spot the fruit and,
although there may not be enough of the copper to furnish a fatal dose, it
is not a desirable thing to take into the stomach.

RASPBERRIES.

The plants were set eight by three and one half feet, and from four to six
stems were left in a hill. In June, as the young canes developed, the
tips were pinched off to induce them to send out side branches. After the
danger of freezing weather was over in the spring, the side shoots were cut
back to lengths of from six to ten inches.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 341

TABLE No, 5.—BLACK AND HYBRID RASPBERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS.
Size. Form. | Color.
8, small, r, round. b, black. g, glossy.
m, medium. c, conical. p, purple, 1, light.
l, large. oO, ovate. Oo, orange. pu, pubescent
| : | |
S 8 4 = 8
Variety. ali 8 2 3 on :
ea hes e £ | 83 Ee acta Be
= 2 2 2 Beh >) So Zs
00 ed |= ES 2 >| 8 5 i) =]
a Q io) =| Ay mM & ) Ce
INGE A Se Be Se EE ee en ol 7 June l4}| July14| July 24] 7 m r eb | 8.
Warasiin aie oS eS wera & sian Al 22) |) 825 m lo 8
@olumbiani Hedi > 252 32 9.5 ve wet some LOn lerAt@: Om, <9 1 re | pr | 85
Waormnatinee re e882 a a 9 a ad ee eel hep bal ee) 1 r b 8.
Wromwelly a es yA AE Dake 8.5 ie oo inde fi) 221 (Seb m r b 78
Hons wOnuless st eee ee oe os aS 8 Se 12: et: eae 85 m r b 8.5
ETE 2 A SUN Ee eo tee oe 8.5 412 Lb GAME. 5 ta Sib l r |bpul| 7
Mririnreeen se. oe ee! ee 7 ei “ 7) July 24 | 6 1 r gb! 8
a wrbuesen 5 be Oe a Men oe caer 9 12 arto SOT ee y m r b 9
Werniahine ss. oo eo ee ee A ar 8.5 aa Y “ 15] Aug. 4] 9 1 r |bpu| 7
COUP y | Ae ne SSE aN ae ee eet 9 ela See sat Re 1] 9.2 l r b 6
COLE (Sip SAP Ae Res 5 Sim a Aa a hl WY | oa ke > 9)| Sully 24) 8 1 r b 9
EAtingr ee est ele ee ee 8.5 se 9 ss 8 oe" 22) 8e5 m r b 8.5
EPDETONR tty en see eae ee Et 5 ee) ty 10 Comey gts) m re b 8.5
Ti) ae A ES 6k” 2 ei Sa a 9 bhi Ft ‘ 16} Aug. 8] 8 1 ro Dp 8
SOUTH Ye) ee Rh Se Pee ae | (er iy Teh [ees 5| July 25] 9 m r b 8
pimithsGerolinic) 278s ee ee eae 7 ats 1a eens Ui | tf 9 1 r b 9
REDTG yore Sar Seti Aes Eee 8 td att ne einAaee 5 | 5 m r |bpul| 7
tard (oi pie A oe A RC |" Gee < SOLE Re 8 igen Tats) Se ouly.24 |2.9 m r b 8
Wirresirivieee sre) Te She eee BRL Ps 4 9 i 9 aaa | ee.” a) RE!) ] re | b 8.5

342 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
NOTES ON VARIETIES.

Conrath.—The plants are productive and of vigorous growth. Canes
somewhat injured by winter, but quite free from disease. The berry
ripens early; is large, firm, and of good quality. A very promising early
variety, being the largest of the early black-caps.

Columbian Red.—Plants from J. T. Thompson, Oneida, N. Y. It is of
the Shaffer type. The canes are of very strong growth and bright red
color. The berry is of the color of the Shaffer, but it is firmer, less acid,
and better in flavor. Productive.

Cromwell.—Bushes of vigorous growth and fairly productive. Canes
slightly injured by the winter. Worthy of trial as an early sort to super-
sede Souhegan and Tyler where they are troubled by anthracnose.

Farnsworth. Plants from W. W. Farnsworth, Waterville, Ohio. It is
not sufficiently tested, but it seems to be a promising early sort.

Gregg and Nemaha.—Among the best late, market sorts. The latter is
the hardier of the two, and will be desirable where the former fails.

Kansas.—The canes were quite badly winter-killed, and the bushes
were much less productive than last season. It is as large as Gregg and
fully a week ahead of that sort in ripening.

Lovett.—The tips of canes winter-killed. Although it may prove more
valuable than Souhegan, from its behavior thus far, it seems less desirable
than Conrath and several of the other new sorts.

Ohio.—The bushes are vigorous and productive. One of the best
medium-season, market sorts. It is too full of seeds to be the best type of
berry for family use, but it has one valuable quality in its hardiness, which
allows of its being grown in localities where other kinds fail. One of the
surest of the black-caps. Much used for evaporating.

Older.—Less promising than last season, but still the equal of most
‘sorts. Its high quality makes it valuable for home use, even if it does not
prove sufficienty productive for market.

Palmer—Hardy. Bushes fairly vigorous and productive. This variety
is highly esteemed as an early market black-cap and for this purpose it
has few if any superiors.

Progress.—Needs further trial. Its behavior thus far does not indicate
that it will take a high place.

Shaffer.—One of the best for home use and for market where its dull
color and peculiar flavor are not distasteful.

Souhegan and Tyler.—The leading early, market sorts of past years.
They are so badly injured by anthracnose that they are less commonly
planted than formerly, Palmer taking their place.

Smith ( Prolific) —Plants from Ezra G. Smith, Manchester, N. Y. The
first season of fruiting. Berry large, round, jet black, firm and of best
quality. Very promising as a late variety so far as can be judged from a
single season’s experience.

Virginia.—One of the largest and best of the early black-caps. It has
generally been quite productive, and it seems well worthy of general trial.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 348

TABLE No. 6.—RED RASPBERRIES.

ABBREVIATIONS,
Size. Form. Color.
s, small, r, round. d, dark, oO, orange.
m, medium, c, conical. r, red. b, bright.
1, large. 0, ovate. p, purple.
| ,

| x 43 2

: 3 = Z

| é a (8

Variety. ° S me | 2 a :
| 3 oot | = Be | | i S B
i o _
g TT bean Sot ("eth Brace nies
| 3 A= } cs) aS S. S S) 5
} 8 fe et | Ay mn ie) <7
|
Brandy wines = a2) see se ee!) ot = une 14)" July 11 |. Jaly:28 7 m re dr 8
Re tblibertqe eet ne Sees La re STAT EP lGh Ate YGF" Daal Te r 8
TIRE SEO TOME ee eae iiss eres De foe ee es uae) ore ths) Oo hy ok Fs | Poe re |dpu 8
FeATIRGeeeee eet Ae Fle ere beet me |r ob 3 “22 8 m r dr 9
PEEETER TTI epee eet ae a le Sar hed ates See ee WAT A. bp 8 m r br 9.5
Marlboro ese. co be oe a Sse 6 “ 7} July 24 8 m r r 8.5
LETS 707 nd Dd BC Rae 2 CATS) ss | 9 8 r r 9
Miller’s piWoodiaid BaD oe Ls Wane ns SU Ee Ree gif! 8 S22 7 m r r 8.5
} |

RETIC OCH ee et dae eee tree ete 8 ts Foe So Diles SRO CO Te a m r r 8.5
USO ie Bes Oa ae get ee ee a fetal eeene rele ATL: 5 7 m Me r 9
Red instar Lan Be heen ee: oR a eee SY eG Soe oS sé 5 7 m re re 9
LTE GG Tae) an CR SS a reg «12 poe Meares (24: |'" 8.5 1 Mer) ae 8.5

NOTES ON VARIETIES.

Gladstone.—The bushes bore little fruit and that was small and imper-
fect. Last season it promised well. Needs further trial.

Royal Church.—The bushes are hardy, vigorous, and productive. The
Berry is of handsome appearance and high quality, but falls to pieces
easily.

Hansell and Michigan Early are good early varieties, and Marlboro,
although a failure in some sections, is all that can be desired in others.

Cuthbert is the leading market sort and as yet has no equal as a late red
raspberry for market purposes.

Golden Queen for home use is worthy of a place. It resembles Cuthbert
in plant, but the berries are of superior quality and of a yellow color.

344 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

ANTHRACNOSE.

Raspberries, both red and black, have been much troubled with this dis-
ease. Asa preventive it is desirable to obtain plants from young plan-
tations. In case the disease shows itself, the treatment should be the same
as practiced at South Haven (see page 71, Bulletin 104), cutting out all
badly diseased canes and spraying with Bordeaux mixture. In severe
cases, an application of the fungicide should be made just before the
growth starts, and should be repeated, at intervals of two weeks, after the
canes start, until the fruit is half grown. As soon as the crop is harvested,
remove the old canes, thin out the new ones, and spray thoroughly. While
this may not be entirely effectual in keeping the disease from showing
itself in an old plantation, it will prevent serious loss.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, |
February 10, 1894. §

{ .
EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 345

INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

Bulletin No. 97.—Chemical Department.

Act No. 26, session laws of 1885, provides for the inspection of com-
mercial fertilizers in this state. The law has been in force for eight
‘years. It was designed primarily for the protection of farmers, and sec-
ondarily to protect honorable manufacturers who place reliable goods upon
the market from the competition of untrustworthy dealers who seek to
place fertilizers of inferior quality upon the market and sell worthless
stuff for high-priced manures. The strict enforcement of the law has
driven some inferior goods out of the market, has improved the quality of
many fertilizers by keeping manufacturers up to the quality claimed for
their goods, and in these several ways has saved thousands of dollars to
our people. Michigan has ceased to be the dumping-ground for fertilizers
of so poor quality as to be unsalable in other states.

OBJECT OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.

In these analyses attention is directed exclusively to nitrogen, potash,
and phosphoric acid, in form available for the plant. These are not the
only materials concerned in raising crops, but they are the only manurial
materials for which the farmer can afford to pay more than ten dollars per
ton. The common soil materials, lime, magnesia, silica, alumina, oxide of
iron, etc., make up the bulk of our soils, which the farmer can not afford to
buy at twenty to thirty dollars per ton*to manure his fields made up of
the same materials. These common soi! materials, aside from nitrogen,
potash, and phosphates, do not enter into consideration in making up an
estimate of the value of any fertilizer.

COMPLAINTS OF DEALERS.

A few dealers complain of the injustice of paying a license fee of twenty
dollars, when the profits of the sales for a season may be little more than
_the license fee, and that they should not be taxed until they had estab-
lished a paying business. In some states the license fee is graded by the
number of tons of fertilizers sold during the year, but that is not the law
in this state. Our law was planned for persons who carry on a com-
mercial business and not a huckstering trade. If the business is too
da

346 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

small to justify a license it is too small for this climate. It would be mani-
festly unfair to allow a trade to go forward in hope of building up a paying ~
trade in competition with dealers who have paid their license fee and
demand the protection of the law.

MANUFACTURERS SHOULD PROTECT THEIR RETAIL DEALERS.

By the proviso to section 3 of the law, a dealer in this state is not
required to take out a license for the sale of any fertilizer if the man-
ufacturer has taken out a license for such fertilizer. In this way the
manufacturer can protect all his agents in this state by payment of a
single fee. Otherwise each dealer must take out a license. The object
of the law is not merely to collect a revenue, but to secure the analy-
sis and certification of every fertilizer sold in the state. If, then, any
manufacturer neglects or refuses to take out a license for his goods,
it would be a matter of prudence for all dealers to refuse his goods,
and sell only the fertilizers of such manufacturers as will protect their
agents in the state. If outside manufacturers neglect their state agents,
then the law exacts the fee for license from each dealer in the state.

One Cleveland party refuses to pay for a license on nitrate of soda, |
which is largely used for fertilizer, because they did not manufacture
the material and sold it simply as a chemical substance, ‘and in no
state in the Union do we pay a license fee for selling them.”

A letter addressed to the person in charge of the chemical depart-
ment of the Ohio experiment station elicited the reply, “ but should it
be offered to the farmers as a ‘fertilizer’ it would have to be regis-
tered as such and analyzed, and the packages marked with analysis.
The fact of its importation would be of no consequence; we consider
merely whether it is on the market as a fertilizer and sold to farmers.”
In many of the eastern states it is considered as requiring the same
treatment for license as other fertilizers. Under these conditions the
chloride and sulphate of potassium, nitrate of sodium, and similar com-
mercial salts used for fertilizers will require a license fee in this state.

It may seem a hardship to the dealer to require a license from each
one for every brand of fertilizer he offers for sale. Yet it is obvious
that the system of inspecting and licensing is necessary to protect the
farmers from heavy loss. If a license is required of one, it must be
required of all.

OBJECT OF INSPECTION OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS.

The law does not prescribe any standard for the composition of a com-
mercial fertilizer, the manufacturer being free to make his own standard,
the law simply requiring that the fertilizers offered for sale shall be up to
the standard set up by the manufacturer. The license to sell does not
certify to the value of the fertilizer, but simply states that the manufact-
urer or dealer offers for sale a fertilizer for which a certain content of
nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid is claimed, and that samples of such
fertilizers have been deposited with the secretary of the college with
affidavit regarding the composition. Analysis is then made of each of
these fertilizers, gathered in the open market as far as possible, and the
results of such analysis published in bulletin. The clutmed composition
and found composition are arranged in parallel lines, so that the real com-

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 347

position can be compared at a glance with the composition claimed for it
by manufacturer. In this way the buyer can see at once by this bulletin
whether the fertilizer is as good as the claims made for it.

WHAT TO LEARN FROM THE ANALYSIS.

The three most valuable materials in commercial manures are potash,
phosphoric acid, and available nitrogen. Hach of these has a commercial
value, and the worth of any given quantity in the market may be stated
in dollars and cents. Only these three substances are considered in the
inspection of commercial fertilizers, because the other materials are of too
little value to be purchased at high prices. The essential value of these
fertilizers lies in, the potash, phosphoric acid, and available nitrogen they
contain. The law does not prescribe the amount of these substances in
any fertilizer, but requires the manufacturer or dealer to certify the com-
position of the fertilizer, and to deposit a sample of the fertilizer with the
secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. In this way the composi-
tion of the fertilizer as claimed by the manufacturer is offered to the public.
Samples of the fertilizer are gathered in the open market, and analyzed,
and the results directly compared with the claims of the manufacturer in
the bulletin. The farmer can thus find in the bulletin, on lines opposite
each fertilizer, the amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash as
claimed by the manufacturer, and as actually found by analysis at this
laboratory. If the analysis shows more of any given substance than is
claimed, the goods are better than claimed; but if much less is found on
analysis than is claimed, then the goods are proportionately of less value
to the farmer. For example, an Ohio potato fertilizer was sold in the
state last year that fell short of the claimed amount of available nitrogen
by more than two per cent, and of potash by more than three per cent.,
and the fertilizer was not worth so much as claimed by $11 per ton. By
consulting the tables in the bulletin, the market value of these commercial
fertilizers can be estimated on the basis that available phosphoric acid is
worth eight cents per pound, insoluble phosphoric acid three cents, potash
six cents, and ammonia eighteen cents. As there are 20 times 100 pounds
in a ton, if we multiply the value of a pound by 20, we get the value of
one per cent. of each substance, and thus obtain a factor for obtaining the
value of the material in a ton from the percentage given in the tables of
the bulletin. One per cent. means 20 pounds in a ton, and if the material
is worth eight cents per pound then each per cent. equals $1.60 per ton.

Multiply $1.60 by the per cent. of available phosphoric acid.
60

insoluble o
. 3.60 Zs be ammonia.
ss 1.20 ‘ ; potash.

The sum will give the market value of a ton of such fertilizer. Take
for example Vegetable Bone fertilizer as found last year:

Peramonin DiiteeG arta 00s 2 6 eo oe ek le A a se $20.74
Avatable phosphoric.acid.s.40 % x 1.604 2 S<2 2 ae se 8.64
Insoluble < Bian Ao «COR eer eRe ad 89
POLAND 1 OO raed aU Sari atin Pe cs a A ae eet ET RID ss 9.36

Markatavalue spor uonr: eet ss 0 1 Seek OR LCs Sar $39.62

f

348 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The law respecting inspection and licensing commercial fertilizers is
again inserted, because so many seem to be ignorant of its provisions:

[Session Laws of 1885, No. 26. |

AN ACT to provide for the inspection of commercial fertilizers and to regulate the
sale thereof.

Section 1, The People of the State of Michigan enact, That any person or persons

who shall sell or offer for sale in this state any commercial fertilizer, the retail price of

_ which exceeds ten dollars per ton, shall affix on the outside of every package containing
such fertilizer a plainly printed certificate, stating the number of net pounds therein;
the name or trade inark under which such article is sold; the name of the manufact-
urer; the place of manufacture, and a chemical analysis, stating the percentage of
nitrogen in an available form; of potash soluble in water, and of phosphoric acid in
available form (soluble or reverted) and the insoluble phosphoric acid.

Sec. 2. Before any commercial fertilizer is sold or offered for sale, the manufacturer,
importer, or party who causes it to be sold or offered for sale within this state, shall file
with the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture a certified copy of the analysis
and certificate referred to in section one, and shall also deposit with said secretary a
sealed glass jar containing not less than two pounds of such fertilizer, with an affidavit
that it is a fair sample of the article thus to be sold or offered for sale.

Sec. 3. The manufacturer, importer, or agent of any commercial fertilizer, the retail
price of which exceeds ten dollars per ton as aforesaid, shall pay annually to the secre-
tary of the State Board of Agriculture, on or before the first day of May, a license fee
of twenty dollars for each and every brand of fertilizer he offers for sale in this
state: Provided, That whenever the manufacturer or importer shall have paid this
license fee his agents shall not be required to do so.

Sec. 4. All such analyses of commercial fertilizers required by this act shall be made
under the direction of the State Board of Agriculture and paid for out of the funds
arising from the license fees provided for in section three. At least one analysis of
each fertilizer shall be made annually.

Sec. 5. The secretary of the State Board of Agriculture shall publish in his annual
report a correct statement of all analyses made and certificates filed in his office,
together with a statement of all moneys received for license fees, and expended for
analysis. Any surplus from license fees remaining on hand at the close of the fiscal
year shall be placed to the credit of the experimental fund of said board.

Src. 6, Any person or persons who shall sell or offer for sale any commercial fertil-
izer in this state without first complying with the provisions of sections one, two, and
three of this act, or who shall attach or cause to be attached to any such package or
fertilizer an analysis stating that it contains a larger percentage of any one or more of
the constituents or ingredients named in section one of this act than it really does con-
tain shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined not less than one hundred dollars for the
first offense, and not less than three hundred dollars for every subsequent offense, and
the offender shall also be liable for damages sustained by the purchaser of such
fertilizer on account of such misrepresentation.

Src. 7. The State Board of Agriculture by any duly authorized agent is hereby
authorized to select from any package of commercial fertilizer exposed for sale in this
state, a quantity, not exceeding two pounds, for a sample, such sample to be used for
the purposes of an official analysis and for comparison with the certificate filed with
the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture and with the certificate affixed to the
package on sale.

Seo. 8. All suits for the recovery of fines under the provisions of this act shall be
brought under the direction of the State Board of Agriculture.

Approved March 10, 1885.

For the information of the parties concerned, the fertilizers that have
been licensed for 1893 are contained in the list of this bulletin; also
those that have not been licensed and whose sale is illegal in this state
will be marked with a star.

The primary object of this law is to give information in regard to the
composition of commercial fertilizers, and to protect farmers from impo-
sition and loss. The question of their agricultural value, and relation to

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 349

crops and different kinds of soils is not touched. These subjects require
a separate examination for determining the relative value of any given
fertilizer with reference to different soils and crops. The farmer can
settle for himself such questions by trials of the fertilizer on a small por-
tion of a field by comparing the results with other parts of the same field
and crop on which no fertilizer has been applied. The conditions of crop,
soil, and climate are thus brought home to him more completely than any
investigation in other places and conditions can furnish.

How the state may place before the farmers the agricultural value of
the various fertilizers offered for sale is a very different subject from that
contemplated by this law for the inspection of such fertilizers. The law
of inspection offers no advice whether the farmer shall buy such fertili-
zers, or depend upon the home supply. In case he determines to buy, it
affords him some basis for calculating the commercial value of the differ-
ent brands offered for sale, and to select honest goods which are found to
be the same in the market as are claimed by the seller. He may also be
on his guard not to buy the goods which are not licensed for sale as not
worthy of confidence.

With this brief statement of the objects sought by inspection, and the
results of analysis of goods selected in the open market as compared with
the claims of the manufacturer, this bulletin is submitted to the public.

R. C. KEDZIE,

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Chemist of Experiment Station.
July 12, 1893.

350

Manufacturer.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers

Trade Name.

Dealer and Locality.

Crocker Chemical Works. te
Nay

Practical Ammoniated Super- '
DhGsplafese ees es. Lek, é

Dan Wiliams, Morenci, Mich.

poker Chemical Works, Ea

. Om mee own ewe === =~ = =~ - = - - =

New Rival Ammoniated Super- :
phosphatess tees e2 ooo ee

C. C. Van Doren, Adrian__-____-

Vegetable Bone Superphosphate

C. C. Van Doren, Adrian______-_

Crocker Chemical Works, Ba

Potato, Hop and Tobacco :
Superphosphate____________-

C:. C: Van Doren, Adrian__.___-

Crocker Chemical Works, Buffalo, Ammoniated Bone Super- 1
NVSROR OUR SS op Nae ripe ' WHGSDHATEC eu le ‘ C. A. Slayton, Tecumseh_______
Creer Chemical Works, Buffalo, t Pure Ground Bone ____________- C. A. Slayton, Tecumseh__-____-

pecker Chemical Works, Buffalo, ‘

Ammoniated Wheat and Corn }
Superphosphate_________ ei (

Buffalo Superphosphate No. 2_-

Dan Williams, Morenci .__-__--

Special Potato Fertilizer______-

Crocker Chemical Works, sneer
N.Y

J. Carpenter, Blissfield________

Crocker Chemical Works, Buffalo, |
N.Y f

Niagara Phosphate___.____.___- Manufacturer 2.) 2 eee
Crocker’s Lawn Fertilizer____. Manutacturer! 2 350-8 ee
Ground Bone Meal____.._______- Manufacturer «3.2822 eee

Cleveland Dryer Co., Cleveland, O.__-

Cleveland Dryer Co., Cleveland, O.__-

Buckeye Bone Superphosphate_

E. W. Spencer, Petersburgh __-

Ohio Seed )Maker_ 22-22. .2..2.

Fred Weisenger, Deerfield____-

* Not licensed: Sale unlawful if the retail price exceeds $10 a ton.
See Sec. 6 of the law.

sale a fine of $100.

Penalty for selling or offering for

The fertilizers that are not starred have been licensed for 1893 and their sale is legal.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS.

in Michigan for 1893.

351

!

Available Phosphoric Acid. Potash Soluble in H:O.
Nitrogen. pe
Estimated as Available Insoluble Total Estimated as|Estimated as
N Hs. Py, O;. 2 Os. Py», Os. K,0. Ko SOx.
Claimed ----- 1to2 8 to 10 1to2 9 to 12 1lto 2 2to 8
oung 22-2 1.10 9.91 1.27 11.18 1.62 2,99
Claimed ____- 1.50 to 2.50 10 to 12 1to3 J1 to 15 1.60 to 3 8to5
OunGe ss ney 1.60 10.05 3.09 18.14 1.74 3.11
Claimed -.___ 6 to7 6to7 HO. Tto9 6to 8 11 to 15
Found.______- 6.27 4,22 2.81 7.03 10.41 19.25
Claimed ____- 2.50 to 3.50 10 to 12 1to2 11 to 14 3.25 to 4.80 6 to 8.
Found______. 2.46 10.92 .64 11.56 8.36 6.21
; Claimed ____- 3.50 to 4.50 10 to 12 1to2 llto 14 1to2 2to 8
Hounds). * 5.71 5.73 1.43 7.16 | 7.92 14.65
Claimed .:__. Sa ors G7 (Sh Makeroaiet Natya Ree Se Coli ig, 25 erat: 25) eo ha
Found: __._- ay yo eS a ee ee ee 23108, 2A Oe ene
he 5 Claimed _____ 2.50 to 3.50 10 to13 1to2 il to 15 1.60 to 2.70 3to5
Found____ _. 2.80 10.21 8.78 13.94 1.79 8.31
{ Crisimiede ss si PSib oh es ve lito 13 1to 2 12 to 15 1.35 to 2.00 . 2.50 to 3.50
1h it SS a 9.07 2.11 11.18 1.59 | 2.94
pi aia oe Se. ra
; Claimed _.__. 4.50 to 5.50 8to9 1to2 9to 11 5.40 to 6.40 | 10 to 12
Found..____. 4,25 7.10 1,82 92 5. | 10,87
{ @laimed= == |e . 3 ple Wy EN W kel 11.50 to 13 1lto 2 12.50-to. 1D ye We alee, ava. ate ad Ie eee
Mounier ese tes as See 11.45 8.51 BA 9G geass St Lea Rn
§ Claimed ____- EV oN peek a) Aare eel skews Be || Ce see ould ee ee 18:to'20." Feats See 6to 8
Hound. = 23 CSO Mg ee ak rete ae a SAP ENR AY CY oe : 21.34 2,18 3.94
{ pcimed BAS LOO COS: O0) ip, eres 2 ees Be ferns ee 25 pint eed tn ales [ieee ees 3
Bounds 22 BPP) Al Seek Se Ea. SN Se ee nee ae PA'OR: Ioses oa ee | Ree eee
Pe ained ‘ey ied 3to 4 GEO LO Win |ie seaman So oo 11 to 12 1to 2 De ds Soe LEY
Hound e221 3.82 12.01 2.64 14.65 1.12 2.07
{ Claimed _____ 1.50 to 2.50 ULI) raya oie ol es eee ee 15 Cow dt (ot peek ee ie ce eens eee
Found 3-0)! 1.97 9.21 2.81 12.02

do2

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers

Manufacturer.

Cleveland Dryer Co., Cleveland, O.__-

Trade Name.

Special Potato Fertilizer_____-

Dealer and Locality.

Martin & Blood, Hudson ______

Cleveland Dryer Co., Cleveland, O.__-

Squanerbones fs = 22 lee

Cleveland Dryer Co., Cleveland, O.__-

Ammoniated Dissolved Bone--.

E. W. Spencer, Petersburgh -__-

E. W. Spencer, Petersburgh ._-_

Cleveland Dryer Co., Cleveland, O.___| * Nitrate of Soda _____--.__-----

Cleveland Dryer Co., Cleveland, O._--

G. B. Pomeroy, South Haven_-

* Chloride of Potassium _-___---_-

Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit,
MBB airs ce Le, Eee ee

5

Jarves Celery Grower_.______---

- carte leas Carbon Works, Detroit,
ital eeek AUS ASR Be Se

Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit,
IM Chen ys at Sy SR eee

5

Jarves Drill Phosphate ________-

G. B. Pomeroy, South Haven _

Geo. Hancock, Grand Haven _-

C. B. Waterloo, Port Huron__-

Homestead Potato Grower --__-

Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit,
Mirch ier se ieee ee eae

5

Michigan Carbon Works, Detroit,

roe ed 2 So eee

Homestead Superphosphate ___-

P. Coddington, Morenci ____---

Banner Dissolved Bone___-_-___-

Geo. Hancock, Grand Haven _-

Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Chica-
go, Ill. . z

§

Horseshoe Brand Prairie Phos- ;
JO] EFEE HS), etal Nae

C. B. Waterloo, Port Huron__-

Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Chica-
go, Ill

5

Horseshoe Brand Corn Grower.

Jas, Stevenson & Son, Adrian_

Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Chica-
go, Ii}

Horseshoe Brand Garden City : GB! Waterloo, PortiHuronee

Superphosphate___ ________-

— ———e

“Northwestern Fertilizer Co., Chica-
go, ill

CeloryaGroweneen os) ee

J. F. Farnum, Kalamazoo -___-

Worthwestern Fertilizer Co., Chica-
£0, 117 =

Horseshoe Brand Fine ee C. A. Slayton, Tecumseh_.__.-.

Boner eee ee

* Not licensed: Sale unlawful if the retail price exceeds $10 a ton.

sale a fine of $100, See Sec. 6 of the law.

Penalty for selling or offering for

“ /
EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 353
in Michigan for 1893 Continued.
Available Phosphoric Acid. Potash Soluble in H2 O.
Nitrogen.
Estimated as Available Insoluble Total Estimated as| Estimated as
N He. P2 Os. 2 Os. Po Os. Ko O. <9 SO,
eine Lees 4to5 § to 10 Fe eel NB ae UE 10 to 14 4to Ge ES Se Sis
Found.) 4.01 7.71 40 i 8.11 6.51 12.04
Claimed____- 3to4 KtotOS eee eet 20 to 25). Tbe ee Ee
Found_____-.- 3.84 13.87 8.66 22,58)\)| 2222.5 le eee oe eee eee
{ Claimed...__. 1.50 to 2.50 Aber day sh ee Pet ek 15 to 18 .
Found._____- 2.09 3.95 14.12
; PERS rv ieee ees Nef e Noee k pl ete OE Yeh |S es Sas AH oe
Moune =e -f: USB A |B eer ee Pea) BRI ie eS |e eee) ere Re te
§ iepit raters Ly ed (Ce eS Leek a «| eee See Oenn Stee ae ne ee a ee te ee eee ret oe SE 8
LEUNG ate Ea aa Sh ee an (a dad ba oe 2 ee 80.42. a eae
; Claimed______ Ne hae cee en aye SS ES ete Ds AP ea ee ee
Found______- 1.90 10.66 1.08 11.74 8.27 6.04
j Jlaimed ____- 1.25 to 2 8.50 to 9.50 2to3 10:50'to:12.50: |e ee eee
Found_____- ne 7.53 2.14 9:67. 25 ee eee
; Claimed ____- | 3to4 | _ 9.50 to 11 -50 to 1.50 10 to: 12:50: +| = eee 5.50 to 7.50
Found ______- 3. | 9.19 2.22 11.41 3.62
j Claimed ____- 1.85 to 2.40 PEO TOME Ween tase ae ee ee eS sense ek ye 2.75 to 3.50
Round2=-: 2.93 8.39 1.20 9.59 1.75 3.28
tenet AT Ss A Pcie ae Spee 2S 34 to 38 tise ae eee 36:t0 400. Juscet eo eee eee
TTUTG jae SRN eR ann Pees 24.17 6.65 SOL824 a eee oe Be feo ee
qeinimed ee. PALO cOOs Mpa ee par SRR NE 9tod Lite See ee eee
Founds =. -:- 1.90 wares 3.01 AO 74: spe St Ee eS a eeetee-
Pe caed nes 2.50 to 3.00 CON EGA?) oy | (Re Re Ln Ree ee Eg 4 toulidsig Pe atet oe eye.
Hounds. )==~ 3.13 10.30 3.77 14.07 iit | 2.05
5 Claimed _____ 2.50 to 3.00 8to9 4 to 4,50 12 to 13.50 DE tOMGS Ses roe. 2 ee
Hanne so) 22 2.13 10.10 2.56 12.66 -81 1.49
aa BED 3to 4 LOMO emt [tases eee SC Ee: TtoS 7. ee ee | 2to 8
Found_______ 3.02 8.89 6.74 15.63 4 | 1!
{ jlaimed _____ Ritort sak Meee GND. [ambatet e iil Ag 22 toes eee stesh eee | LP Eee
Found 225% CANES a Tie a AE Ra 2 (UD ee ees PEA Lett eee ee Jovosoe east aso
45

t

354 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers

Manufacturer. Trade Name. Dealer and Locality.
W.S. Dunbar, St. Joseph, Mich, -__-- Meatands Bonen. 852 oo 2 kag Mannfactnrer== = es
Wis: Dunbar, St. Joseph, Mich. ..--2| Fish Guano -_-_ 2. ..----.-L---=-- Manufacturer 2-2... 2 eee

Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass, -

* Bradley’s Dissolved Bone wlth ‘ C. Kraling, Kalamazoo...

IPGtash pee eee Se
Bradley Fertilizer Co., Boston, Mass._| *Sea Fowl Guano ___--___-------- C. Kraling, Kalamazoo ________
Pottstown Iron Co., Pottstown, Pa._-| Odorless Phosphate_______-.___-| ©. A. Slayton, Tecumseh-___-__-

Lister aaa pir ll Phere ' Lister’s BuCCess2.- = sea John McCullough, Ypsilanti_-_

Joseph Lister, Chicago, Ill.__________- Pureseone, Meals 3. 32 22 see C. B. Waterloo, Port Huron___

H. J. Baker & Bros., New York, N. Y._ Complete Lawn Dressing Ma- ; Alfred Brown, Grand Rapids__

I Grade ‘‘A”’ for Potatoes, Spec- :
H. J. Baker & Bros., New York, N. Y.- Sitennics Manura: 8. eee ‘ Alfred Brown, Grand Rapids_-

prac ree ae Oe Grol aps Pen aieratien Manofacturer eon
eiehigan Phosphate Des ‘Paginas ‘ Pure Ground Bone--.--.-.-----. Mannfacturer --- 321/225
Ee eee | era teense MSs yt Manufacturer ie 2a ee
wehigan ppepiate phos BegInAy ; Bone and Meat_____- : a aha : Manufactorer 22202-2238
ee cece tee Co. Umea 't ia Phosphate -.._-....---. A. J. Hasbrouck & Co., Hudson
nena Q caine pon Eineia ‘ * Gilead Phosphate__--____._. ___- | A. J. Hasbrouck & Co., Hudson

* Not licensed: Sale unlawful if the retail price exceeds $10 a ton. Penalty for selling or offering for
sale a fine of $100. See Sec. 6 of the law.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS.

in Michigan for 1893—Continued.

355

Available Phosphoric Acid. Potash Soluble in HO.
Nitrogen.
Estimated as Available Insoluble Total. Estimated as|Estimated as
N Hz. Pg Os. P2 Os. P», O; Ko O Ko SO4.

{ Fea rr ek ee | re eer a ae ee ee ee ee coke Sh | Oe Ne ek es |e eee es
Found_____-_. 5.79 4.68 6,24 10.92 -65 1.20

; COURT rege oe Ta a ea Leet ee a <a ene eran ee HS Vallee de UO DS
Found_____.- 8.05 2.44 2.04 4.48 97 1.75

j Claimed -__.._- 1to2 Got Signe [teeta alee Sh 10 to 12 4 t016) 5). | Sea trea
Hound! <2. -:_ 1,20 6.59 2.75 9.84 2.12 3.92
feuaimed ec Ie, ae RG ae 2 Se a LENE eee ee mene. ee |
Houndss 22 2.07 9.20 3.08 12.28 2.00 3.70

; OVATE ce soe eet OOM 2 ta ase Ie 2087) ke Se oe a ah ER ep nt oer
LNG GITG eS eee AS eS Ree eee 7.79 12.17 19,96) eee Se ea ee eee ae

{ Claimed a Shed 1.25 to 2 ae seas (Wine eae, ely 10.50 to 12.00 | 1.50to2 |__.-_-._._!_.
Hound! =.) "- 1.82 9.22 1.85 11.07 roe 3.85
Claimed ____- BH a9 | Pgh ath har) tee Dea | AS EB Be OA 2 24.65)" |) 22.2 a |e es
Found______. SUA A ee es cr OS Se ee PA BP an (am rees Nae Tne ee pes WRAL Scat td
poeta Bed i. 4.50 to 5 fr week ee a Bs Gc ee 7.50 to 9 peels
Found_______ 2.60 4.91 1.08 5.99 12.73 23.55

§ Claimed ____- 8 to 6 DeLOsOu ye 1 | eee eee ede eee as 3. T to lOse Al et
Found______- 5.26 4.15 2.81 6.96 13.81 25.54

f Raimed At aE et We eee ap Lhe Bae Sa es RN 8 2 cove! a A ee PRE HY Cede) UN tga (mney 58 aS
Found SS ae 3.82 6.38 7.34 58 1.08
{ Claimed ____. | AOOLtOIO DU gn aa eee eee ee eee a A ny 21 toyQa oN |e eee ee | Sa en
Found_______ SOTA A eee en ANS ey, Bee ee, f 26205) EET Ae RS ai aes
f Glaimed Soa 2to8 De DPB ete eee tay 9 to 11 GON: oS ese Seu eta,
Hound ss. 21 3.31 6.14 5.63 11.77 1.41 2.60

¥ ¥ ig f

Ores __...|. 3,50 to 5 ADA EOE ea 10 to 13 An Paes Sere mt e tale reat
Hounds sees .* 3.92 9.27 6.26 15; 1.80 3.33

; COTA URI GU eed eee Se eel ee La a a ce | AES ERS DO RM DeLee ot ‘ REE ee rae ate fl
Honnds2. 20m 2,66 7.78 | 3.37 11.15 1.02 1.88

Ratha NG |

jousnes SA OME hy 2S ke Botha SI CB | | Riba a iy | ete Ale at il SS ae Lee eek vie or ge :
Found.______- 3.36 9.65 4.09 13.74 2.08 3.84

306

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Analysis of Commercial Fertilizers

Manufacturer. Trade Name.

Dealer and Locality.

Swift & Co., Chicago, Ul.-._---_--___-

Swift & Co., Chicago, Ill.._.___._____.

Swift’s Steamed Bone-_________--

Swift’s Pure Raw Bone Meal___-

H. Roossiew, Grand Haven -___-

G. W. Miller, Grand Haven.___-_

Swift & Co., Chicago, Ill.-_____..._---| * Swift’s Dried Blood.___.__.-.---

Martin Keift, Grand Haven ____

Swift & Co., Chicago, Dl... __-.-____-.-.

Martin Keift, Grand Haven ____

Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Potato and Tobacco Phosphate-

Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y.! Great Value

Oakfield Fertilizer Co., Buffalo, N. Y.

Domestic Fertilizer_________--_-

Jarecki Chemical Co., Sandusky, O._-

Lake Erie Fish Guano_________-

Jarecki Chemical Co., Sandusky, O._-

OO) me nosphatezs-- 9: soars

Manufacturer

Jarecki Chemica! Co., Sandusky, O.._| Ground Bone

Manutacturers=_=—- 9-2) - eee

Ypsilanti Plant Food Co., Ypsilanti,

Mich * Odorless Lawn Dressing

Miss Rogers, Ann Arbor_______-

American Cutlery Co., Chicago, IJ].._.|* Fine Bone Meal

Alfred Brown, Grand Rapids__-

James Boland, Jackson, Mich.._______ Blackman Fertilizer__________

* Not licensed: Sale unlawful if the retail price exceeds $10 a ton.
sale, a fine of $100. See Sec. 6 of the law.

Manufacturer) eee

Penalty for selling or offering for

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 357

in Michigan for 1893.—Concluded.

Available Phosphoric Acid. Potash Soluble in H2O.
Nitrogen. Pace Les
Estimated as Available Insoluble Total Estimated as|Estimated as

N Hs. Pp» O;. Po Os. Po O;. K20. Ko SOq.
{ Claimed .___- TED ONLON SS OOP [eee eee bend ss eae LEAS eo” 25 to 30 peep 0 5 Raa ae ROR Lie Se “Sr.
Found______- elie Pa ht A ae Se Sa 25.35 PES Eee a SEE
{ Piaimed See SUSU IOV till eae ea a a 25 to 27 ee Saas | SAS Ae See
Found...___-- ANQAS Die LS PS hg. SEEN 8 ak Fed at 24.69" |). 2 es, | ee ee ee
; CUT EET ET cho) peed Dy Ri YS | IE A Si ed fee ae ee Ae ON | Si Me OE (AM POS ye ek kre
Fonnds.22).- RG GO yee ta Ee 8 Re Ye Ed othe io, Ad 21 38
; (CUEICERGG Le op SRI SE irs Ly ES eee et ane eee enon eee ee ee (aeaeetEe Cres reyes
Found______- i201 | Saaeee eee hla i tae 860" je ee eee

{ puaimed oat 38to4 6to8 1to2 to 10. - rs |e eee 8to 10

Round =. 1.85 8.05 83 8.88 4,91
|

ee tet 2 1to2 6to 8 1to2 7 to 10 Fa Wee 2to 3
‘ound: = 1.2 6.72 1.03 7.75 1.42 2.62

Reet aa 2to3 8to 10 1lto2 Site: 12) - ViE ak se cee 2to3
Hounde:: 1.64 8.27 02 9.29 1.95 3.60
§ Claimed ____- 2.50 to 3 CU a5 betel nls ee PO 14 Lto2 oe) |e eee
Found)... 2. 3.78 14, 1.03:
{ Claimede eo lene ee ee ee gay ra Dir Se Peas. fat le a |
amines Vee ie eae Wh SEs 11.48 4.99 16:42) 5] Pe ee (ene Cees
{ Clatmedeeers |p eas: eerecueee (Peas eae ec OR enwe eee. ee SEEN |S nt = oS aie oa eee ae |e ee
Found______- E59 DA A a PE a eT SO en DU AS | eek eae See
| Claimed .___- | Rap eee tel thee Ny fe 2 SES Tete tS or eee: oe a Re eR ees | oh ces Se SANE REN Se se
LEN OVT VCC Woak | Dalen ee Aare Eee Ohl co aa Shoe 2S aa ee 19:96 0) | Saree eT ee eee ee
{ Oe Tavaricgl eae ae Le ee alas easy a eens RA | eam rE |! 7 Sie A ee a (epee ard ue WD |e cL epee
Rounds s) 2) CU) Ge ei eid a Ee tl a Sh ASt ee a ak pepe eeeedi 2

358 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE SOILS OF MICHIGAN.

Bulletin No. 99.—Chemical Department.

No state in the Union has suffered more in reputation from false state-
ments and ignorant misrepresentation than Michigan. At the time of its
first settlement, to the popular apprehension the far-off and unknown
Michigan was only, and would forever remain, the home of the wolf, the
Indian, and ague. By the white man it was uninhabited and uninhabit-
able. Ina report made to a religious body in regard to the feasibility of
establishing missionary stations in order to christianize this heathen wild,
it was stated that the project was impracticable, ‘because only a narrow
strip along the border of the territory was inhabitable, the interior being a
vast and impenetrable swamp.”

In his address at the laying of the corner stone of the new capitol in
1872, Hon. W. A. Howard made the following extract from the report of
the surveyor-genera] of Ohio, bearing date November 30, 1815: “The
country on the Indian boundary line, from the mouth of the great
Auglaize river and running thence for about fifty miles is (with few excep-
tions) low, wet land, with a very thick growth of underbrush, intermixed
with very bad marshes, but generally very heavily timbered with beech,
cottonwood, oak, etc.; thence continuing north and extending from the
Indian boundary eastward, the number and extent of the swamps increase,
with the addition of numbers of lakes from twenty chains to two or three
miles across. Many of the lakes have extensive marshes adjoining their
margins, sometimes thickly covered with a species of pine called tamarack,
and other places covered with a coarse, high grass and uniformly covered
from six inches to three feet (and more at times) with water. The mar-
gins of these lakes are not the only places where swamps are found, for
they are interspersed throughout the whole country, and filled with water,
as above stated, and varying in extent. The intermediate space between
the swamps and lakes, which is probably near one half of the country, is
with a very few exceptions a poor, barren, sandy land, on which scarcely any
vegetation grows, except very small scrubby oaks. In many places that
part which ray be called dry land is composed of little short sand hills,
forming a kind of deep basin, the bottoms of many of which are composed
of marsh, similar to the above described. The streams are generally
narrow and very deep, compared with their width, the shores and bottoms
of which are (with a very few exceptions) swampy beyond description;
and it is with the utmost difficulty that a place can be found over which
horses can be conveyed.

“A circumstance peculiar to that country is exhibited in many of the

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 359

marshes by their being thinly covered with a sward of grass, by walking
on which evinced the existence of water or a very thin mud immediately
under their covering, which sinks from six to eighteen inches from the
pressure of the foot at every step and at the same time rising before and
behind the person passing over. The margins of many of the lakes and
streams are in a simular situation and in many places literally afloat. On
approaching the eastern part of the military lands toward the private
claims on the straits and lake, the country does not contain so many
swamps and lakes, but the extreme sterility and barrenness of the soil
continues the same. Taking the country altogether, so far as has been
explored and to all appearances, together with the information received
concerning the balance, it is so bad there would not be more than one
acre out of one hundred, if there would be one out of one thousand that |
would, in any case, admit of cultivation.”

From the number of persons who have continued to decry Michigan in
whole or in part it would seem that the surveyor general of Ohio had a
large family. But as settlers poured into the new territory they were sur-
prised and delighted to find, instead of impassable bogs and sterile sand-
hills, a region of wonderful beauty and fertility. Thus one county after
another was rescued from the supposed dominion of chimeras dire, and
pronounced to be the best farm lands on which the sun shines. But who
shall say how many persons have been deterred by such ignorant and reck-
less assertions from making their home in the best state in our Union?
Sin drove the first pair from the primal Eden, but ignorance has barred
out thousands of their children from many an earthly paradise.

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION.

When we cast our eyes upon the map of our country we are struck with
the unique position which our peninsula occupies in comparison with other
lands in the same latitude and mark how Nature clasps with her protecting
arms of water the “beautiful peninsula”’ and pours out the vast ‘“‘ unsalted
seas” a rampart against the cold. Its geographical position and surround-
ings point it out as eminently fitted for productive industry, while its
easily available water carriage will save it from the blighting influence of
monopoly in transportation. The watered stock of railways finds more
than a match in the water ways of our system of lakes, drowning out
monopoly of transportation. Michigan is planted on the highway of
nations—the highway of commerce that must last ‘so long as grass grows
and waterruns.” Such aregion must occupy a prominent position in the
world’s industries and commerce, unless these exceptional advantages are
offset by unusual disabilities.

LUMBERING YS. FARMING.

The vast. wealth of Michigan in lumber has so filled the public eye that
it could not see the greater wealth of its soil. Men seemed to assume that
the better it was for lumber the worse it must be for agriculture—as if a
soil that could sustain such a wonderful forest growth must be incapable
of growing anything but wood. As a consequence, men seeking for new
lands to make new homes have turned their back on rich soils, well watered
lands, ready markets, available transportation, schools and churches,

360 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

security and civilization to seek in the far west their resting place amid
the alternate parching heat and deadly cold, and the wild disorder, discom-
fort, and insecurity of border life. They reached for sunset and grasped a
shadow. The great mass of these restless wanderers have rejected Michi-
gan for a home because they were ignorant of this region—of its soil, pro-
ductions, capabilities for cultivation, and it adaptedness to make desirable
homes.

ANALYSIS OF MICHIGAN SOILS.

Desirous of obtaining reliable data for estimating the value of our soils,
I sent out a circular fifteen years ago asking for representative soils from
all the counties of the state, for chemical analysis, calling for soils that
would be fairly representative of the locality, and not soils of exceptional
quality. In response to this circular, thirty-one samples of soil were
received, analyzed, and the results of analysis published in the report of
the State Board of Agriculture for 1878. Some attention was also directed
to the physical properties of the soil, especially as related to water.

When chemistry was first applied to agriculture, it was supposed that
the greatest benefit which chemistry could confer upon agriculture was to
be derived from the analysis of the soil. The striking results which Sir
Humphrey Davy obtained by analysis of a soil, barren from excess of the
sulphate of iron, and the removal of the barrenness by adding lime to
decompose the sulphate, confirmed the impression of the signal benefit to
be derived from a chemical analysis of the soil. It was supposed that the
fertility of any soil, the kind of crop it was fitted to raise, or the material
which must be added to the soil to develop its greatest productiveness,
were each and all to be determined simply by a chemical analysis of the
soil. These extravagant expectations have not been realized. It was found
that chemical analysis will not always distinguish between a fruitful and
an unfruitful soil. A soil may be unproductive for physical reasons, though
it may still contain all the chemical elements of fertility. The complete
‘failure of Liebig’s mineral theory of manures when put to the test of
experience rang the knell of mere soil analysis.

But if chemical analysis failed when so much was demanded of it, we
are not to go to the other extreme and conclude that because it is not good
for so many things it is good for nothing. Chemical analysis of the soil
is of value in determining whether a soil is capable of fertility or the con-
trary; also in determining the measure of its possible fertility. There are
certain ash elements which are absolutely necessary for plant growth, in
the absence of any one of which vegetable growth is impossible; if the
supply is relatively limited, plant growth will be limited correspondingly.
Tf all the ash elements are present in sufficient amount and in available
form, such soil is capable of fertility. Hence, chemical analysis of a soil
is of importance in determiniug possibility of fertility and of the relative
fertility which may be secured under favorable conditions.

CLASSIFICATION OF MICHIGAN SOILS.

No minute and technical classification of soils is attempted. The soils
are classed rather for their agricultural uses than their chemical composi-
tion, the geographical position and climatic conditions in some cases
affording a basis for classifying, e. g., the peach lands.

s

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 361

A word of explanation in regard to the meaning of the tables of analysis
may be proper. To any one not familiar with agricultural chemistry, such
tables will appear very dry and uninteresting, or even unintelligible. In
these tables sand and silicates, alumina, and oxide of iron make much the
largest part of most soils. Everyone is familiar with sand; alumina is the
basis of clay, and oxide of iron gives the brownish color to most soils. The
great bulk of nearly all soils is made up of sand, clay, and oxide of iron.
Alumina is never found in the ash of cultivated plants; a certain amount
of silica and oxide of iron is found in the ash of all plants; but the great
mass of these materials as found in the soil is in large excess of the
demands of the plant, and is of no worth in the chemistry of plant life;
they are the mechanical agents of the soil, and are of worth mainly from
their relations to temperature, moisture, and the mechanical support of
plants; their chief office in the soil is physical and not chemical, rendering
the soil light or heavy, porous or retentive. The organic matter of the
soil, besides furnishing a supply of combined nitrogen, is valuable for its
physical relations to temperature, moisture, and porosity of soils, and
because it is an active agent in securing chemical changes in the soil,
bringing the reserve elements of plant growth into active form.

The numbers attached to the following analyses refer to sample
bottles of soils placed in the exhibit of the experiment station of the
Michigan Agricultural college in the World’s Fair, and to coresponding
sample bottles in the Michigan state exhibit in Agricultural hall and
one other set of such bottles at the Michigan Agricultural college. By
referring to these sample bottles the reader can find the soils as well as
learn their chemical composition.

Il. Wheat Lands. Nos. 1 to 9.

A large part of the soils of Michigan are well fitted for the growth of
winter wheat, and it might seem invidious to select any portion as wheat
lands in particular, but the four southern tiers of counties are so specially
adapted to this crop that they may be called the wheat belt.

No. 1.—River Raisin Bottoms, Deerfield,

No. 2.—River Raisin Bottoms, Deerfield,

Lenawee, County. Lenawee Co.

Selected by Geo. H. Kedzie. Selected by Geo H. Kedzie.
Forest Growth: Ash, Basswood, Hickory, | Virgin soil.

Black Walnut, Oak, ete. Timber: Ash, Basswood, Black Walnut,
Soil cultivated forty years, without] Oak, etc.

manure. Sand and silicatesmees= =e e aoe enone
Sac andssilicaes 24 oss. - ele Hs Alumina toc tee ee ag ee ee LOGE
PAMUNTTA TTA eet sar Led eb ote C48 \Oxide of ironewee gee eee eee ee
Wxideroteinon =o 2 Pees Se wee sy Se (iA oP Al el Dy 0a = yeepiniaey ae ee) 5 ks CATES Ny 2 PANS ae ed 2.10
Lapiieay Sh Se Lee ae ae hee eee OB Machi esta: . 2s apne ae he ik ee 1,59
WWMitcnesianiare ie) ck oes dt ak co NG 1a Wied fo) rts) atemeemie ed A el A ee ieee ay 2.05
(Ghanem me Se lc Daehn tt LE BA SoG aie JS ae ane le) Sle 0) oe ae a OTL
SOddpete eae ed ee ee | Sulphuric acide aeey eae e soe ya waren 24
PUL INU AC Le eee ee een ee 232i] LE hOsphoricraGid see ee ae eee 41
IPHosphoric acide ses ae ae eee .40|;Organic matter containing § .37
Organic matter containing .42 INitrogennmae ates een Oe) etka 9.39

INGO era ee Ses oe a rae eB HOOT; Water eae eee ee, ae ee 6.08
ASSTAGH (7s pete are ek ae 1 OC NST CIN, a ae 9.45 -——-

~———|Capillary capacity for water, 61.20

Capillary capacity for water, 65.60

46

362

No. 3.—Burr Oak Wheat Lands, Saline,
Washtenaw county.

Selected by J. S. Wood.
Timber: Burr Oak.

Sand_and silicates... - £2052. 2222222 81.00
PANN Der ges Ue ee 5.23
<OxIGSOfsITON 5 es eee 4.66
rane ore se PO a ee ee oe LOS
WMasngsine. 2) Shih) 2 i ae .86
LECGU AT YS) (Weed Bi lpranty, MORN BIS Same Neiid beey abe pre 1.18
ET Fa a TR EA Re a ee A a RY ce 19
SUiphunic-acidect 2-0. kee 42
BROsphoriciacid 222. = =e an eee 40
Organic matter containing .11 nitro-

OMe Se Se Se ae eS
Wiaterecec 8 sabi A ust 2S ed ole 1.72

Capillary capacity for water, 36.30.

No. 5.—Prairie Soil, Volinia, Cass Co.

Selected by M. J. Gard.
Soil has been cultivated for thirty years,
has been plastered.

Sane and silicatess-) she ses 75.74
UII anes eee Sy) ots Re pee ee ae
Oxidewroarons:. 2. eee 5.46
inimig mete eed els oo + or ea 1.38
Wacneslas. 2220. 2's 22 Sees 2 56
Bp bash sie at St ee 1.10
OG aw ee tree Ae ae SP eat abel ey Re AS
SUP MUTICACIG 2-5. ke eee ee 18
IFHGSpHOLIC TaCiG 224 ate eee 23
Organic matter containing .21 nitro-

fiq2h 3 RO ae Re AONB un ch PSR NS 1/5)
Witton fo le. 3) 55 een ae eee 3.10

Capillary capacity for water, 50.55.

No. 7.—Garden Soil, Agricultural College.

Shlected by R. C. Kedzie.
Timber: Oak, beech, maple, elm, cherry
and sassafras.

Sand and silicates’ 2. 9. 5 Lea 85.37
AN) CEUTA, C2 a as, ee a ae 4.53
OxmGevOUlron eso ee eee 1.81
Tere ae leh ee Sr Ou Ne ha ee 122
Wiaoresia® 22 ean a's) EO eS,
ECO IRSIST Cpa, apes a Ue ka ee Seinen Een 85
ROCESS Weeks pata e es Cia 2 a ee Sif
SU POUTic ACG te eke 8 aot ee alae 23
HTOSPNOTIC ACIC ase oe. -e on ee Ee 30
Organic matter containing .16 nitro-

(142) 5 eae ee EE, Pd eee 3.14
AYAT) P55 2D ARS ep anne oe ag fe 1.55

Capillary capacity for water, 39.60.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

No. 4.—Prairie Soil, Volinia, Cass Co.

Selected by M. J. Gard.
Soil has been pastured but never culti-
vated.

Sand ‘and ‘silicates ==.2 2-2" 6-222 2) 63.77
Ana fe Os eo SS os oe
Oxideof irons:. 2 22522 5.) pee aes 5.11
Warnes oe es oo 2 eee 2.02
IMacnosia. 22) ~\.2 3. ae aes 22 6G
iRotashiss 2 5-2 ee eee eee 1.18
"S100 1 pa ON RE OLLIE AIA hea 56
SiipHUric Acid ._: \\ eye eee As
iPhosphoric acid. 22 22ae2oea eee 44
Organic matter containing .23 nitro-

Wen) 2" 2122 2s ee ee 12.30
Witter {22 os ee ee ee ee 10.19

Capillary capacity for water, 73.20.

No. 6.—Bottom lands of Tittabawassee.

Selected by Geo. F. Ball.

Timber: Beech, maple, oak and basswood.

Sand and silicates___. ___.._<2 -_---_ 67.20
Amina. 2s Se ee ee ai
Oxide. of ‘iron 2 552 =e eee ee 7.91
hime. 232). 222 4 ee eee 1,64
Magnesia. 2. 2) 22 eon oes Soe 1.23
Potash:2.22 keen ee ee 1.85
Oda... 0-0 Se ee
Sulphuric acid=*2222 > =e ee 30
Phosphoric acide ae 49
Organic matter containing .22 nitro-

@On 32+. JUS els tel el ae ee 7.48
Water. sa ee ge ee

Capillary capacity for water, 51.40.

|No. 8.—Clay Soil from Vineyard Agri-

cultural College.

Selected by R. C. Kedzie.
Timber: Oak, maple, beech and elm.

Sand and silicates_._____._.____-_._- 65.48

Alumina ~.. = 22 ei ee eet
Oxide of:iron =: 2 c= ee Oe
Tee ee es ee ee ees 1.28
Macnesia. 2): 22 tai co ee
Petash! 0.) 02 si ee ee eee
S{0(0 (ee rept Se tenaty olan Dos hon) Ir
Sulphuriciagid 2.12 .= 21s" ee ee 25
Phosphoric-acid= 22 9s .soee eee 41
Organic matter containin 11 nitro-

Pen ets 2b NS ve ae 4.10
Watery wile eS oo i ae ae 2.28

Capillary capacity for water, 59.15.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS.

363

No. 9.—Loamy soil from field No. 8, Agricultural College.

Selected by R. C. Kedzie.
Timber: Oak, beech and maple.

Re ED SUPIGR ALC Mme a ere nero ae WR NEE 8 td Ve i ye oe ed 74.65
CLINI ee eee eee es Se aioe lie we Wee OL 222 ook Sa ee id DO ee 9.66
Cixi Goi Oa ine rime: Se at a pe yey eat BA Le a ea
green ee eee eer se CT ee ey af bk El i ee De ee Be 1.46
UI igi cena eee eee eee he a Be CR a ee ee 43 |
LSU kY oe 2 aia 2S pp Se ee NE AI RO ge CN a eee ROS eae ERE AD (07 [S74
SO it 2 oe oo ae ES a a EP) AY eee a 113
Papeete ere Pye We oe canes Sl FS ASO a Ls Sys ee ee, Ney
Eri prem NO ee = es en ie noe a kN 3 ae ee
@repinemaduber contathing -12 nitrogen. 222 222. sii .224..22. 225 222 eee ee 4.66
OPE TT ak oe a Se ES ERS Sp feed Sea ee a DRM vag a Pao es LOE 1.25

Capillary capacity for water, 43.50.

Il. Peach Belt.

The conditions that determine the successful cultivation of the peach

in our state are climatic to a large extent.

Yet the peach thrives best

and produces fruit of finest quality on light, porous soils which are found

in abundance along the eastern shore of lake Michigan.

Yet fruit of

good quality is produced on some of the heavy clay lands found in this

belt.

No. 10.—Peach belt soil, South Haven |
Van Buren Co.

Selected by A. S. Dyckman.
Timber: Hemlock.

SANGIANG SiliGAtes — =e as see 87.23
PAT CRTTOI) oe ees cae ket 2 ee ol 2.87
WIG GOL ETON eet ys es a TD,

plat CSL Ek i a a SELON Oee be eres Epil
WUTC DST go Oe A ae ea ete 46
TEVeC HV] wih a SC Gag EA i a ea 83
POLS EFI 5 a a Oe ot
Sulphuriey Acide: ss eke .20
IPNOSDNGMG WA Giae 22 oe i eS

Organic matter containing .07 nitro-

PON Cees ae Se gates a La ae 3.41
YC ES esa ot ats A PA a plik Oo 2.23

Capillary capacity for water, 44.70.

No. 12.—Soil from Eden, Mason Co.

Selected by C. E. Resseguie.
Timber: Hemlock, intermixed with Hard

Wood.
ancdiandislicates.2- 54226 052 ea 92.43
AUIPTICP A Tag Ee ee a ee eer 2.99
Oxidevofslnon ho. iN el 1.23

PERE) es | Se a pe et .66
BVI eR Test re eee ee ke ee in aD,
TE Leis lesan ote get AE (nay Fifa Sh bed oh .65
SO Cke eet eee etre oie tat fol silent 2 23
Wl pMuUniceeA Clase tate ee ey tees 10
IF HOSPHOLIGPACI Giese a bee aD,

Organic matter containing .03 Nitro-

Capillary capacity for water, 32.40.

No. 11.—Soil from Chase, Lake Co.
Selected by J. Brown.
Timber: Maple, Elm, Hemlock, Basswood,
etc.

Sand and) Silicates_22 22. 2282s 422s 87.32
XY ADO U6: oe SR ene ANE AN TTBS
Oxideofiron )..) 32-25 eee 2.10
A yi 0 (= yet a mo De Be SE ys 62
Magnesia sia 2% 3s. ie See .28
IPotashiseet so. 0 Sent) ee See eee 90
SOc are Ss a Sl a eat ey
Sulphuric Acidi)] a) Sees eee ee 10
iPhosphoric Acaid Sew eee eee ony
Organic matter containing .12 Nitro-

fone st A ho ee eee eee 3.78
Watery: 20)... 5 2) eae ae Se ee ae

Capillary capacity for water, 45.55.

No. 13.—Sandy Loam, Eden, Mason Co.

Selected by C. EH. Resseguie.
Timber: Hardwood, mixed with Hemlock.

Sand vand) Silicatesass ae ee (5.27
PASM ooo ee See ee AE Se a Oey
Oxide: of Tron tesa ne: 6.10
Brn © ts ae eee es See MTD
Magnesia: 2 arias areal ya sree th .89
Potash cae Bigeye Ey oe 2.10
Sod ai: 2. <s6 Se OPTS Eee .90
Sulphuric Acide ae ae DAL
Phosphorice Acid taser et tas oa 30
Organic matter containing .09 Nitro-
PON ee ae ee a Set LE falda Ma ae)
WV Ore a a a LAID Se 2.92

Capillary capacity for water, 42.85.

364

No. 14.—Soil From Evart, Osceola Co.

Selected by F. York.
Timber: Hardwood, mixed with Pine and

Hemlock.
Sand angisilicates!222 22) 22 be ee 83.80
NUS C01 0 2 oe Bae ge Re EL eT 510
Oxideotiron sl J22 ee ee ee 3.24
PAIGE Sean eee ey ee .80
Wien eOBle "St 2 Moe a Oe SE ee 64
PPOUAB I et ine ci ee A Oe Ne Ae 1.19
DOU ase nies Lek i wel LE ee eee 52
DH DWMTIC AGIG 2) = ate Sees nee ye
EAOSBRONC ACI 2-35.52 4 .29
Organic matter containing .07

INGtrop ent He EE ee = Bas ee Seen 3.06
Wistert 60S ine Li tir 2) see ae sake 1.24

Capillary capacity for water, 45.80

No. 16.—Hardwood Lands, Big Rupids,
Mecosta Co.

Selected by G. W. Warren.
Timber: Beech, Maple, Basswood.

Sand and silicates____.._.____.__._- 76.00
AUN A eee FE ees Se LOCO
Oxidelok Iron Ve.) 2 Neh eee ee ee 3.41
AN ae, CP OS Reema eat 1.14
Mao nesta et oe a) eines ate AQ
Potash fat $02) 2s ene eee te 1.80
SOG ae tied ee 22 Re ee 1.16
SH phurie acide: eae ee eee ee 24
Bhosphoric acid 2 ss eee 3d
Organic matter containing .10 Nitro-

(2g 2) 7 RE A ean ea aN BA i 3.18
\WGIUTE get Pea ene ep Rerier Aerie eRe a 1.90

Capillary capacity for water, 43.80.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

No. 15.—Pine Land, Colfax, Mecosta Co.

Selected by Fitch Phelps.
Timber: Heavy Pine Forest.

Dane sand SiiGates. 2 eee 75.54
Asiaing oes Se ee eee age 10.62
Oxideof iron. ee 3.80
ARUN. ee SE a 94
Magnesia". 002.522 oe ee eee 48
IP OAS ios oo aC ae eS ee 1,96
SOA. 228 22 EF vic eae 1.25
Sulphuric: acid . 29222520." eee .26
IBhHOsphoric acids: 2a s22 5 ee ee 44
Organic matter containing .12
Nitrogen, - 2252 eee eee 297.
Wiaterys 2/2 oo! ees pe ee 1.44

Capillary capacity for water, 45.40

No. 17.—Hardwood soil, Sherman, Weax-
ford Co.
Selected by H. D. Griswold.
Timber: Maple, Rock-elm, Beech, Basswood
and a little Hemlock.

Sand and silicatess=.-- =e 86.74
Alumina 2: 22 22 Cees ER oe eee ae 4.32
Oxide of iron] eee ae ae ees 2.10
Wjime —- . 2 2) ee ee ee :
Magnesia - 222222 Se hee ae ees 24
iPotashi . 2-2. Sst Seer eee ge ee see 83
Sodaw 24a ig ee ee eee B84
Sulphuric acide= ess eee 14
Phosphoric 7acid aes a ees 15
Organic matter containing .11 Nitro-

SON. ok I eae eres SO)
Water 220 oe Se eee oe ee eee 86

Capillary capacity for water, 44.00.

No. 18.—Soil from Lake City, Missaukee Co.

Selected by L. A. Barker.

Timber: Beech, Maple, Elm and some Pine.

SanGtane silicates <=. tt: 4 2.0 seen ek es oe aie Se eed ere 69.39
J2X4 Wo) cu bets ieee ae eeprom ape ety gag so) 1k aN eta A Geis TN Metall Ue 2 ood:
WIG! OF TON 20 se ee 2 se ee I 9 cy a 9 cee CS
| B00 = ge i aa nae a See gen) Ss A a ge Tae OSS oy Send “nage 2 1.5
Mia rnesia sec 208 ao) Ses, Cie SR eae eet AP alg | eae eee te ae .98
OAR ee oe ee eee Ee ee iy ee TD hs oi ae 1.95
PS tOtG Fz te eee I OE RMD RG: Pe ee LT (CY DN Sih Dee ie See py oe os Se 1.15
LUMP IUT IG FACIL Sets) en gee rN 2 LS ol) SEAS ee lp 20
PehOSPHOLIC ;ACIGs eo fa a I pee ccm a a ge ee 28
Orcanic matter, containing /11 mitrocene sss) 2 ks eee 4.73
BV erate = SR Pak el 0h) Se i a ep A 1 Ee Sti ee ae 5.38

Capillary capacity for water, 39.10.
TTY:

The Potato District.

Numbers 19 to 2i embrace several counties in the Traverse Bay region,
where the soil is a sandy loam, rich in lime and potash. The fall of snow,

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 365

caused by proximity to the lake, often comes before the ground is frozen,
and root crops may be left in the ground all winter without injury. The
porous nature of the soil, the abundance of lime and potash, and the
climatic conditions all contribute to the production of potatoes of superior
quality.

No. 19.—Potato Soil, Grand Traverse.

Selected by C. F. Davis,
Timber: Beech, Maple, Ash and Rock Elm.

| No. 20.—Potato Soil, Benzonia, Benzie Co.

Selected by C. L. Northrop.
Timber: Beech, Maple, Ash, Elm, Cherry,

Sand and silicates______-__. ---.---- 88.65| ete.
PQ dee a ee 2.95) Sand and silicates: = 2- S222 25325 cree 90.08
xideRataslonesaee a hese See 60) Alumina 222. oe eS eee 2.86
TES ULERO pesenee Sit Oxide. of Aron 4). 2222s ee ey geen ee 1.50
INiaeniesiamassene se sare Loe ae PAs INN Gt es eS oe Bee OD
Rovashee ee ers ta Eee a 89) (Miarnesiay.c ~~ 22) to. s pee eee Pll
SKOVS EY oa IL se Ul gar i ee em an soo |HEODAGIY Le 2 5 a7) 2 is si A eee ee 1.10
BuUInnuUmiG Reid. 2240 2222) LL wld odan sss 2) FL UC te ee 45
Peoephome Bord: 2 225-243. 52+ > 313 |ipulphurie acid |: 502.0 eee eae
Organic matter containing .04 nitro- Phosphoric acid2.2200 2. eee 21
er es eats a se 2.05 | Organic matter containing .07 nitro-

VV TAIGTP = ot LO) Beck, a ane DSA ee CR oe a AOI OMe ne ns facil) Ma Ae ess eee 2.45

=| Waters. soste 2 85. en B19)
Capillary capacity for water, 40.20. ———

Capillary capacity for water, 39.30.
No. 21.—Potato Soil, Elk Rapids, Antrim Co.

Selected by Geo. E. Steele.
Timber: Maple, Basswood, Elm, Beech and some Hemlock.
CMAN CCST Cae its See eed etree aly sans Su tag NE AT | oe ek Nae 84.68
PENG ENIRAD LE Cates yacht Slt Lape A il es 2 TL SR ee EY 2 a ee 482
Prxirclorotwlrone =a suse ls eras atic GO 4 Ly eH BW ahs a LS 3.20
JEW TRC ace ee Re EA TS I eg ARN le TN te Ot 2S hd ad 95
PER In ees tate te Leet ec Rin Sine rt ta 2 a es 36
IO LaS genre es eee ne ee BA raat nce wren See earl UE PPR Ss da le en .98
Pecictor ere eens a Ome ee Yee A ls Se en 40
OPTERON Seer OS ea ee ie em SAS see Aa An es Pia 16
ROR IOUIG SACI ese tetra, NONE VER as Ee Sea aA A ee
Organic matter containing .08 nitrogenz.... 22.222. -2-. .. ene ees e ee 3 He

SUE LI nee gee ee mee ut VER ey ek kN Le AINA Ma ect ND 1g Eee

Capillary capacity for water, 52.10.

IV. Jack-Pine Plains. Nos. 22 to 25.

r

In the northern central portion of the lower peninsula is a large tract of
light sandy lands which have been called jack-pine lands, the barrens, the
plains, etc. It is a light, sandy soil, of a brownish color from the presence
of oxide of iron, very porous, and little retentive power for water. The
principal timber is pinus banksiana (jack-pine), scarlet oak, with scatter-
ing trees of Norway pine and white pine. The subsoil seldom has any hard-
pan, and the water line in the soil is usually from fifteen to thirty feet

elow the surface of the soil.
The annual fires which sweep over these plains burn up the yearly

-accumulation of vegetable matter, and the soil contains very little humus.
The small lakes have an abundant deposit of marl of good quality.

Some experiments have been made to ascertain the possibility of the use

366 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of these lands for agricultural or grazing purposes, on the experimental
farm at Grayling, Crawford county. Three specimens of soil from this.
experimental farm are offered for inspection and one of marl from a lake
near by. By comparing No. 22, the soil in its natural condition, only fenced
in and protected from fire for three years, with Nos. 23 and 24 which have
been cultivated and enriched by plowing under the green crops raised
without manure (green manuring,) the changes in the physical appear-
ance and in chemical composition can be observed. The north field (No.
23) has raised successive crops of spurry, vetch, and peas, which have been
plowed under. The south field (No. 24) has raised successive crops of
spurry, peas, and red clover, all plowed under.

No. 22.—Virgin soil from the experimental | No. 23—North field of the experimental

farm at Grayling. farm at Grayling.

Sand and Silicates_________________ 94.97 | Sand and silicates__.______.________.. 94.30:
PARTI AS Seal Es eve ir eee OS PAT min 8 _ Yate Sa ee eee 61
Oxiderotiron)- 22593) 2 hk ae S61] }Oxideok iron) 2s see) een see er Irs
MVNO. ot Peon Ses ps RM ee 220) alm. Ss 1 ee eee eee 24
Niagomesiawis @ 22282 2s Se tee nee orks Magnesia 2.252 eee ee eee Sil
120) 213) ah eR eat Re ip a Pome I S20 Otash |... 22-8. eee eee eee ee 33
OO UA ees eh See cS OUR S.No ae OO Soa, bo. fos a ea ee a igre see aS
Sip nUTIC ACIC. 2 3002 2S ne .06 | Sulphuric acid Ju ieee Wee oom aor 05
iPhosphonichacid 2. 0s Wee eae res 05) Phosphoric acide==se== eens .04
Organic matter containing .02 Nitro- Organic matter containing .05 Nitro-

(5.2) 0 Loe Ney See nana a aes Sepiest Bag eed GTO PON a es Re ee eee 2.50
1 YEE 2) a pe ea ae ee A a 8) Se A fan) Witten > ss Ss See ae Se a eee 20

No. 24.—South field of the experimental
farm at Grayling.

No. 25.—Marl from the lake, Grayling.

Sand and silicates._.--__.=-------=- 1.90
Sand ‘and silicates... fo. 2022 2) 95/02; "Alumina +2 li 3 Sie tae Oe a aan eee,
VE TY sa aes PSR I Re ap hg at CR ALLS 49) |Oxidejot ironte een eee 10
Oxidersofeiron ! 2236 522 see Ore ee OU Tie = 2c ee See ee eee eee 45.16
Reanire tO e pe)| Marnesia U0. 22 ee ee Oe ene By
J [ee acro STS} grt ta ear A | Potash: i): 122 Se eee eee eee aif
POLARS Mets oe CNM re. eel Ayah eee ROO SOB oe ei! 2 See ae eee ee ae 2.65
Guo Mey eC RW es ie 2 TU.) 4 tee 162) Sul phiric! a cial < seers ene eee eee 56.
SLU pPAMTICHACIC = ion e >t Sb F057) Ee hosphoric) acid eae ee ea 01
IBnoOsphoric achat.) 62 (OlS) (Car bonic#acid =. sess a eee 43.10
Organic matter containing .04 nitro- Organic matter containing .20 nitro-
faq's) alpeaoie 1d Me au ROU pe Rom mei. aii P1015 Fa} 0 apie wre ys ae See ST BUN 5.69:
ere ee RR et UNV GOT yo A ee eee ge 64

V. Soils for special crops: Muck lands adapted to the growth of celery,
cranberries, peppermint, etc. Nos. 26 to 28.

Of all our kinds of soil, swamp muck has been most conspicuously held
up to public opprobium. Nothing good was said about it; nothing too.
bad could be said against it. Yet for certain kinds of crops it was found.
the best land in the world, and the fame of Michigan celery has gone
into every state.

No one who has tasted Kalamazoo celery will forget its fine flavor,
which has established its reputation far and wide. Many will look to the
pepiporition of the soil on which it is grown as the typical one for raising”
celery.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 367

No. 26.—Michigan celery soils: Kalamazoo celery soil from Kalamazoo, Michigan.

Selected by J. Dunkley. :

Syed ees 6 | Yaad Mea arr ce eI EEF a, Ne EE rd AE. 2 JOE a RUE SA EER 19.16
CASUALTY ATT ea os ee eee EN oot ee NY ne ME FN I ee yop ts ae Meee)
OXIME Ole ITT eee ee eu ne wa SL ol ae NE a, 3.94
Tibaa ayes es et So ot Ss PN TI Se 2 eR Ua YOSSI, Bertie cy DN 5 oe RSLS ie Pa 6.09

Otis Leer nn eee a re re ae oe eS ys SS are Oi Se 34

USED Cg) ce a AN eT Se oe ke ca Re a Ue Nhs th
[Deraeieepaineae ie metrtaleeete re we Te Ts Le ben ae
War umicaneleme eye se en oe he ee SE eee a Le es ee ene ee RO
Oreanic metver containing 2.53 nitrogen [222 <1. = 2+. 2022 so-- 2.2 2222 2 ee 63.76
Ue Ler pee ae ee pelt re NS Sa we NP oe ee Re a eee 6.51

Grand Haven has also become a center for the production of this deli-
cious and appetizing plant. The extensive deposits of muck near the mouth
of Grand river afford a large field for this plant.

No. 27.—Michigan celery soils: Grand Haven celery soil from Grand Haven, Mich.

Selected by George Hancock.

‘Sypiayel raya (Spl CR ret) Say ae OS a pe ee Shea 2 a NM A FG 24.09
PAUIVERLULT eee ee a ee PoP ie NP Oe Dea Nee cy A oS UAe(ah
MORI CLO OMe LO Me see ey he ee eee Ne cege pk re Ney IIL SY OS bye a arcane
Pir eoeeeengee oe eet OP edie epee eke ogee Lee Ey EN Ge RS? a ee NE ae ee 5.02
Nir epic te cee ee erigee Sie aU ee ek So 2 Ba Ae 62
ERS HES) OVS SOR A ON PE NS 1 EP Fe Sa TIE Oa yi el Ad 11 By 3901 AR a a REE Peet AEEY .20

Soe ha et Ve AOE ley ets ce Oe Abed OY nen eS 00) en Sie TL

ten TARLAC see ce ee a 8 iE oft wy TN ae IS eo Le 2 SU a a

HARICEIIOTIC AOI Ce acct nee! STEN Bie ie 2". 2 OE eee ape 69
C@armponicmacic ecste we mee fees ee Me el eT =. See er ee 1.05
Orcanic matter contaiming 2:32 nitrogen! 8) 2 ae oe a ee GIS
VASE TE NLS Ri ate Ee Bl A ee OR OY a OE DE) | AY, 10.85

But celery soils are not limited to the lower peninsula. A choice speci-
men of celery muck was received from the Newberry Celery & Improve-
ment Co., at Newberry, Luce county. Superintendent H. L. Harris writes:
“On this soil we have produced the finest celery grown in the state.
The celery grown here has a fine, nutty flavor unknown to the celery
grown in the southern part of the state. The soil is from sixteen feet to
unknown depth, and there are thousands of acres of the same character
of soil in our vicinity. We would also say that during the eight years we
have been growing celery here we have not had a failure of crop.”

No. 28.—Michigan celery soils: Newberry celery soil from Newberry, Luce Co., Mich.

Selected by H. L. Harris, superintendent of the Newberry Celery and Improvement
Company.

PNGLUD EVAR Cert epa alm amt WLI ENTES ec Soph A UR CP ye, 9 2 al a Rc Ral ae MR Ea POA
(Oras eye: Fe OD OTe ale OE NI he ee Md ee PRE mR cP OP WIE Ii dW IE, be 1.30
I OTH TVS ial hs 2 aad its ae ROO niet ce OC Eas ere es EM oa nl Re eee a coal e 4.18
IVE TGS eye) eee cre eens eer es dee my kN 2S et he a A Rf aa NE Ue De es
APO GAS lies: ae es eran Ne em Ma eee IL LA EN Tig! CL Sk on SoA IS eR ea a eer Sa I ge 42
BOG eae ee lol a rd eee ca mee Me NL a gr Os oe a ale RAR aS cba 0 Si las 40

SHC HU ACT Le aa reas Tonle Pino VS oh tee Rn eee Ne ag Bee oS
IPHOSPHOriGTaGid see mee kere OU eg Ee 7 Seria meee ed 2 Al
CALDONICH AGC Hic Mat wenemcbeni ale een Me «ET a ee are Oe We IE hued Oe peta 1.10

NI Fea ake Te apt od, Ce ye er ea NNN ee ran Pt SA Rt an AIO dae LO OAR sey le

368 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A comparison of these celery soils brings out the fact that, except in
the amount of sand and silicates, the composition shows a close similarity.
The common supposition that oxide of iron is especially injurious in celery
soils is not borne out by these analyses. Sulphate of iron is very injuri- .
ous, and when more than one per cent. is present no valuable crop will
grow. A specimen of muck was sent here from Decatur which was barren
from this cause.

PROPERTIES OF GOOD MUCK.

In the moist condition, all these kinds of muck have a deep brown-black
color, the blacker the better; they are friable, easily breaking between the
fingers, and are free from coarse, fibrous material; they have a pleasant
earthy smell but no acid odor, and are entirely free from acid reaction.
When moist muck of good quality is pressed against blue litmus paper so
as to wet the paper, the blue color remains and no reddening takes place.
Any muck that will redden blue litmus is unfit for cultivation while this
acid condition remains. Sour muck is sorry material for cultivation. All
the specimens of infertile muck that have been sent here for analysis—
muck that would not grow weeds even—have been of this sour class and
would turn blue litmus paper red very rapidly. By draining and weather-
ing such soils by exposing to the action of frost, and especially by the
application of lime, wood ashes, even leached ashes, the acid condition can
be removed and these barren soils made to produce abundant crops of a
certain class.

OTHER MUCK CROPS.

Celery is not the only plant that can be profitably raised on muck lands.
Cranberry farms have been made on the mucky soil near St. Joseph and
cranberries of superior quality produced. But success with this crop
requires a soil free from acid; patches of sterile muck are often found in
parts of cranberry fields, but in every instance the muck was sour.

Another crop distinctive of Michigan cultivation is the peppermint. The
center of peppermint farming and distilling the oil seems to be in St.
Joseph county. A request was made for a specimen of the muck that pro-
duced such large crops of the mint but none came. Another letter was.
sent which brought the following reply: ‘ Yours of March 11th received.
Your first communication was referred to —, of this town, who
is the largest mint raiser in the state, and who promised me he would for-
ward the soil desired, but I saw him this morning and he said the ground
was so frozen that he could not get it without being to greater expense
than he wished to incur. The facts are that he does not want published
to the world the benefits of reclaiming marsh land, for that is all there is
init. Any marsh land that can be drained so that it can be worked and
still hold enough moisture to carry the crop through is good enough mint
soil * * * [could go twenty rods from my store and get marsh
soil and send you but it would not be essentially different from what you
could get on the Agricultural farm.”

My modest fiiend, the mint-grower, had ‘oil in his vessel,’ but was
unwilling to “let his light shine before men.”” However, a college student
brought a specimen of the mint muck, but too late for analysis and mount-

. EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS.

ing to exhibit at the World’s Fair.

369

It does not differ in appearance and

properties from the Kalamazoo celery muck, No. 26.

Viz

General Purpose Soils.

Nos. 29 to 38.

This embraces a number of soils found in the central and northern
counties of the state, which are of too miscellaneous a character to be

placed in a more restricted classification.

They are inserted to round out

the list of Michigan soils that have been analyzed at this college..

No. 29.—Gilmore, Isabella Co.

Selected by P. H. Robins.
Timber: Hardwood.

Sandsand silicates®.—. 222-2 =~ 8843

S27) SNTEH Take 9 AN a PS ee Sf
Peeiacomuron eine ee BAO
ILS G) st te RR SS ee oan eee 87
Vioiros lara. eae ees Oe ee ee IU PU
TROY REG] tp Se oot BO ng Se ee Sana pe A .86
PRICE Me a vat eT U7 eS 387
Sulphune acide. 22222-2205... 22-1 - 16
Phosphoric aclhdta-. erases es ie ANY)
Organic matter containing .08 nitro-

FON eg cet Nye Sane ee SE 2.35
recreates See tte ee TEN ye et SLI SS 52

Capillary capacity for water, 49.60.

No. 31.—Sheridan, Clare Co.

Selected by J. C. Rockafellow.
Timber: Pine, hemloch, birch and maple.

Sand-andsilicates=...- =. 8). Eee 93.31
J NVMKa yA) 0S SRS a Pa erg on Sie 2.03
Oxide otirons-225 2 6. 2. es Se 1.40
INO ee eel fae oe ee PE 2 36
IVPAG TOSI aL oe tien eh 8 eS Sa hoe) .16
easter eee emt ce ree LiLIe pe et he 8 54
PAYG Epa ec aS ee a ee A i a A 26
Sulphuricsacidies — 2.25 2s Fh ee .08
iIPRoOsphoricwaciduss.. toes Se 15
Organic matter containing .03 Nitro-

FEEL OEE |S LTE aRAn ee ta es Sate a 1.34
NER ey RS Ss STE is a nT ee cee 37

Capillary capacity for water, 43.10.
47

| No. 30.—Midland, Midland Co.

Selected by Gee. F. Ball.
Timber: Beech, maple, oak and basswood.
Nand and silicates2.2_ 22 ss ae 67.20
ATuminges =). 2 = 220s eee een
Oxidesof iron. 2.25). 2 eee (en
Hines. Jah s__ _ SL e 1.64
Macnesiae 22). 22 eee 1.23
Pothshies 2 30 bak 2 eee 1.85
Sodageeeus. <2... ios eee 1.15
Sulphuric acid. _- + 35 ae ee eee 30
Phosphoriciacid):-_. #22 ee AQ
Organic matter containing .22 nitro-

PON ele Ss hs SG ea da 5.30
Wreatereiet 2.2. 2. oh ee 2.10

Capillary capacity for water, 51.15.

No. 32.—Grant, Clare Co.

| Selected by J. C. Rockafellow.
Timber: Maple. beech, basswood, ash, oak,

etc.
Sand and silicates --22 2-0 3-222 = 71.45
lamina 222 ee eee eae 6.50
Oxide. of iron ee et ee ara
TET Ge ee eee eh a
Magnesia, oo 5 eee ea Se slo
Potash 72 ee eee, Da Sn ee ee 1.90
Sodas tod eee tN eed
Sulphuric wacidarss eae eer es ae 19
Phosphoric}acid eee a ae oe eae 36
Organic matter containing .16 Nitro-

POWELLS eee ae BA Be a) ence SO
"Water: 2 tyes Meir ae oy he eke 3.70

Capillary capacity for water, 44.90.

370

No. 33.— Webber, Lake Co.

Selected by George W. Townsend. ‘The
Plains.”
Naharandisilcaes= 2. sass ee 92.48

PNM STAT TE AOE edgar eae ah en Neen S I)

WxaneoOr ron. 2 ot 3 et Se eee en OR
LT, 7S SS oS i a as Wy RR 35
Waoneasia a 2s: 2s ae eo eee ese 30
LE 1 FCS ape RRO Sop OR A MR. .73
SCC a2 Si Rae Mae PEER aR EP 32
Salphurcy acid io) ee he .06
IZWOSPHOFIG ACIdia se ese ee ee 14
Organic matter containing .04 Nitro-

LOMA ie ty. ee aaa lee Da 1.22
UEP TREE Eh gi le) OP NE oP Ka 40

Capillary capacity for water, 35.30.

No. 35.—Bay City, Bay Co.

Selected by Judge Marston.
Timber: Not stated.

Sandvand’silicatess4 2 3 ae 82.24
NUT Ga 6G aNe CO OE ee eae ean 1 Ie 4.60
OxIae OL arony $2 ee 2.42
ie eet ee ro Be Ok 2 eae Ne eR TS
Magnosidy: p55 91) oc le Aes a ae LAG
POtHp ieee er ue 5) Sale tek 1.18
Og ree ab LoL 5 18 ae eS 54
BPONMe BCI... oJ: LYSIS SS .20
Phosphoriciacidt 2-2 =o Sa 38
Organic matter containing .17 nitro-

PRIN rs Ny LR MR US le 5.57
«(UEDE PSS 2 OME RST RE ASE, Se aa 25

Capillary capacity for water, 47.30.

No. 37.—Gaylord, Otsego Co.
Selected by S. H. Crowl.

Timber: Maple, Beech, Hemlock, Bass-
wood, etc.
Sand and Bilicatest eos. Noe 91,92
JANIICUIPETI SYS hs ev as pe oie ae re RS. 2.93
OXIGMEvOL LITO] Leen we el OAT
TV Meee ee pa tS NT hs 40
ON TIOBl AR yA Ue) wap dae Ut Digs 13
MOT ASTI S Se TP Nate et EE et 61
SIDE Hi 5 ae oe lace eee 28
SMIPHUTIC ACG |. 7882! ee oe ee 10
Phosphoric acid... 222 ele 14
Organic matter containing .07 nitro-
COPY oi Ns ROU A NERD Eure er See ig Se 2.20
AWE PSY Ps Ee SA oe SDPO ea eps ak 39

Capillary capacity for water. 39.60.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MIcH.,
July 2, 1893.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

No. 34.—St. Louis, Gratiot Co.

Selected by S. S. Hastings.
Timber: Pine, Beech, Soft Maple, Oak and
Sassafras.

Sand-and. silicates..< 75 7-use 88.54
SMU MAAN GAP e201) Nae SIE ee a a fill
Weide or iron 2 e) Ae eh eae ee 2.15
1 Wii =o ee EN pg toe IY EOE we .68
INA oN OAIa, “< s 22 es aes 30
Dera 22k Ee ee ee 92
Badnics. OL!) Cee oo eens .26
Sulphuric ‘acid ..°). water ot eee 15
IPhosphoricvacid2== =. ss) aes eae 14
Organic matter containing .06 Nitro-

qe) 1 RA NG Pe ELE 2.82
VaGer a2 SU een ee, ee Al

Capillary capacity for water, 38.40.

No. 36.—Greenville, Montcalm Co.
Timber: Not stated.

Sang and silicatessaes = = ae ee
MLC © 2. 2 ee ee
Oxide of iron) Joo Rees es ee ORI

AMG) oo et eer 82
Magnesia :-. fice eae eee ee ee ee ol
Potash 2. 2 2 ee ee Vals!
ORR: — os Won el Re a
Sulphuric acid 22-2 ee ee
iPhosphoric acida= == =.= soar eee .20
Organic matter containing .10 nitro-

PON. 22. LL Ra es a ed
SW ater’. 2). bal ie ae ee 1.48

Capillary capacity for water, 37.80.

No. 88.—Tawas, Iosco Co.

Selected by J. A. F. Scheffler.
Timber: Hemlock, Pine, Beech and Maple.

Sand and silicates... _- 80.06
ATam ina i500 22 TOR eee ONE a enue 7.15
Oxide/of irons3 6 sees fe ee 3.0a
Naim 6 yh. 2, ete me .93
Magnesia: = 2025 tiie Desai ee eg 36
PP OLAS 2 eh ee 1.10
Sodaded oo 22 Near Se Dit SN 38
SUlphurictacid= -2 = sete een eo 19
IF ROSPHOLiG ACIGs == ste ee ee eee ee 16
Organic matter containing .09 nitro-

(=) 11 OPA A apa A i REM SE Sra 4,59
Witenes oS al ee ee 82

Capillary capacity for water, 63.80.

R. C. KEDZIE,
Chemist of Experiment Station.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. OTL

MINERAL RESIDUES IN SPRAYED FRUIT.

Part of Bulletin No. 101.—Chemical Department.

The practice of spraying fruits with certain mineral compounds to destroy
insects and fungi has called out discussion in regard to the ripened fruit
after such spraying, and its fitness for food. The subject has awakened an
earnest discussion and many wild statements have been made on both sides.
of the subject. The first condition for intelligent discussion of any sub-
ject is to know the facts in the case.

The Horticultural department in 1892, and again in 1893, sent to the
Chemical department specimens of fruit for analysis which had been
sprayed during the season of growth, with a careful statement of the com-
position of the mixture used in spraying, the quantity used, and the dates.
of application.

Two kinds of spraying mixtures were used. No. 1 consisted of 1 ib Lon-
don purple in 200 gallons of water; and 6 tbs of CuSO,, 5H,O (crystallized
sulphate of copper) and 4 ibs of lime in 32 gallons of water, the spraying
mixture sunlees otherwise stated) consisting of equal measures of the Lon-
don purple and the Bordeaux compound. The No. 2 spraying mixture
differed only in the use of 2 tbs of the copper salt and 14 ibs of lime for 32
gallons of water with an equal measure of the London purple mixture.

In stating the results of analysis the calculation is made on the basis of
one pound avoirdupois of fruit, and the metals found in a pound stated
in grains; the “arsenic” as white arsenic (As,O;) and the “‘copper salt”

as blue vitriol (CuSQ,, 5H,O).
RESULTS IN 1892.

Strawberries No. 1. Sprayed with No. 1 mixture June 18 and 23, one
half gallon on one rod of row. Picked June 24. Fruit excessively sprayed,.
the berries nearly covered with the mixture.

NCRemIe apie sams Tiere Re Ai ee .044 grains
Coppemsnlmom we weer an wig N OT |. os ae ean 4.87 .

Strawberries No. 2. Sprayed June 18 and 23 with No. 2 mixture, one-

half gallon to rod of row. Picked June 24. Excessively sprayed.
AC TSe mile’ epee es eee eS .0298 grains
Gop Perse tee epyaw eNOS a iil Se ee aes oe 1.821 e

372 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Red Cherries No. 1. Sprayed June 18 and 30 with No. 1 mixture, one
gallon to a tree. Picked July 6.

‘Arsenic founds 2 ieee ee ai ee .0882 grains
Coppersalt. oc. 5 8 oo oi eee SE 090

Red Cherries No. 2. Sprayed June 18 and 30 with No. 2 mixture, one
gallon toa tree. Picked July 6.

IATSOMIG | LOGNG 2155.0 Oh eee CON 2 ik ae 025 grains
Copper salto 5 cay i ee et aL .252

White Cherries. Sprayed June 30 with No. 1 mixture, one gallon to a

tree. Picked July 1. |
ATHONIG TOMMGys 0 ol Cea eer Pe sin ys .121 grains
Copper salt not estimated.

Red Currants. Sprayed with London purple solution May 25, June 7,
18, and 30, one gallon to one rod of the row the first and second times and
three fourths of a gallon the third and fourth times. Picked July 8.

NGeeRIe) Lom 22 2 cco eens a ee .0503 grains

Raspberries. Sprayed with No. 2 mixture June 6 and 28 and July 8.
Picked July 20.

Asenie” found #4) sane ee .0098 grains
Copperisaliot.. Doce ieee 2 ee .028

Gooseberries No. 1. Sprayed with No. 1 mixture June 18 and 29,
July 8 and 22, one half gallon to a row two rods lony. Picked August 2.

The fruit was first washed with 10 per cent. Hydrochloric acid to dis-
solve off the visible remains of spraying and the acid washings and washed
fruit separately analyzed.

Arsenic im acid washings./: 2... -.-.2.723 .0186 grains

Mapper salt: ste eie 2 2 8 153) 5 3) 463
Washed fruit:

Arsenic” founds Abse. ios eee. so. SL oe ee 0047 =“

Copper sali meee oer kat eres OY Ss 138 ::
Total residue found on and within the fruit:

PAUNSOTI Gi tp eo Beet a mpeg pO Ae a 0233 =“

Copper sali 2 Se erry ee 2) .601 <<

Gooseberries No. 2. Sprayed June 18 and 29, July 8 and 22 with mixt-
ure No. I, 4 gallon to two rods of row. Picked ‘August 2.
Fruit washed with acid the same as the preceding specimen.

Arsenic found in acid washings______________- .0207 grains

Gopperisaltze 5) SMe Rema ee BS oo = Sea eee 2) Ee
Washed fruit:

‘A raemie\ found, f 224 ue ees 20) os Be .0165 grains

Copper salt 2. oe re = ai reat a ol a ee 5) 0 ee
Total residue found on and within the fruit:

3M io|c) £1 ana a a FPS FS Fk a RY 8 0372 grains

@oppersalts 202. a ae soe ae 362

Pears. Sprayed June 15, July 7 and 21, and August 7 with mixture
No. I. Picked September 6.
PAT SOT TOU: as 0 0 Maan are 20 bor a Na .0088 grains
Copper. Salts). hs Vo) a ees LS gh a 0738 “

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 3738
RESULTS IN 1893.

In the experiments with tree-fruits this year the Bordeaux mixture of
2 ibs copper salt and 2 ibs lime to 32 gallons of water was used for spray-
ing the fruits on the tree. The London purple was omitted.

' Pears were sprayed May 15, June 12, and July 10. One pound of the
fruit gave the equivalent of .100 grains of copper salt.

Russian cherries were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture May 14, June 10
and 18, and on July 15 with modified eau celeste.

One pound of fruit contained .147 grains of copper salt.

Plums treated in the same way as Russian cherries, and at the same
time, gave .2 grain of copper salt to a pound of fruit.

In these experiments, extending through two years, the minerals used in
spraying the fruits were found in appreciable quantities in every instance,
though the amount was small in all cases except when the spraying had
been purposely excessive.

The inquiry naturally arises whether these poisons merely adhere to the
surface or penetrate the substance of the fruit? The results with goose-
berries seem to show that they penetrate the body of the fruit to a limited
extent. <A test of this question has been made with some of the sprayed
pears. A pound of the pears was selected, the skin carefully pared off and
burned by itself, and the body of the pear burned to ashes by itself and
each ash separately analyzed. The pear pealings from 1 pound of pears
gave .106 grains of copper salt, and 4he flesh gave .071 grains, showing that
while most of the copper salt adheres to the surface, a portion finds way
into the body of the fruits.

The copper salts adhere to vegetable surfaces more persistently than is
commonly supposed. A student in chemical analysis (W. F. Wight),
during the first week in May, 1893, made some investigations on this subject.
The outside bark of trees that had been sprayed with Bordeaux mixture
was gathered, burned to ash, which was dissolved in nitric acid and the
copper plated out on a platinum dish and weighed. The results are cal-
culated for 100 square inches of bark surface. The bark of a tree that
was sprayed April 18, 1893, gave .124 grains of metallic copper. The bark
of a tree more recently sprayed, and on which the spray was still visible,
gave .28 grains of copper. The bark of an apple tree sprayed about one
year before gave .05 grains, and the bark of a plum tree sprayed about
June 1, 1892, gave .044 grains of copper.

The suggestion has been made that an opinion in regard to the safety in
the use of such sprayed fruits as food would not be out of place. The
condition where the poisons are applied directly to the fruit a short time
before ripening is quite different from that where the poison is applied to
one part of the plant while an entirely different part is used for food, such
as the application of Paris green to potato vines to kill the Colorado
beetle. So also the spraying of the young apples with Paris green soon
after the blossoms have separated in order to destroy the larvee of the cod-
dlin moth is quite different from spraying the developed and ripening
fruit. The persistence with which such poisons adhere to the bark and
other surfaces as shown in preceding experiments is quite significant.

The use of poisons in horticulture in my opinion is largely in excess of
the amount required for a fungicide. One half or even one third of the
amount usually employed would probably give as good results.

In the spraying of some fruits, such as strawberries in 1892, the amount

374 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

was purposely used in large excess. In one case nearly five grains of blue
vitriol were recovered from one pound of fruit—a dose no sensible person
would want to take in his food. Yet even that dose would not probably be
fatal, though it might cause vomiting. Any of the doses of arsenic or of
copper found in a pound of these fruits might be swallowed without
endangering life by such single dose. It is the repeated doses, day by .
day, of such poisons that might produce slow poisoning and the gradual
undermining of the health without obvious cause. It is safe to refuse all
fruits which have been sprayed with these poisons (especially arsenic)
during the period of ripening.

For a large part of the analytical work which forms the basis of this
bulletin I am indebted to my assistants, W. L. Rossman and H. E. Harri-
son. I am fortunate in having such able and faithful helpers.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

September, 1893. R. C. KEDZIE.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 315

/

CELERY INSECTS.

BY G. C. DAVIS

Bulletin No, 102.—Entomological Department.

Michigan is peculiarly a celery state. It no doubt has enough swamp
lands, of the peculiar muck soil, so requisite to the best success in celery
culture, to supply the whole country, and certainly will make use of them
largely for this appetizing plant in the near future. Every year brings an
increased acreage. When celery was first introduced and raised only in
‘limited areas, no insect attacks were ever reported, and probably none
occurred, as an introduced plant is seldom attacked for several years. As
several species acquired a liking for it, occasional reports of injury would
be received. The past two or three years, the species that attack celery
have so greatly increased in numbers and severity that the calls demanded
a more extended knowledge which would assist both professional and amateur
celery-growers to keep these little depredators in check by means of the best
remedies that could be suggested. So far as can be ascertained, only two
species have been reported in economic literature as celery insects.

But little celery is grown at the college, and what has been learned has
been largely by frequent visits to the extensive fields at Kalamazoo,
Tecumseh, and Jackson, and through correspondence with some of the most
intelligent growers at these places. More might have been learned could
the fields and myself have been in closer proximity, but the most destruc-
tive species are briefly described, illustrated, and remedies given. Many
are spoken of that are not numerous at present but may be in the seasons
following.

I wish to express my thanks to the members of the Board and the
Directors of the station for their generosity and assistance in making this
bulletin what it is, and to Mr. Russell of Tecumseh, and Mr. Wilson of
Kalamazoo, and the many other cclery growers at the various places
visited, for their ever ready assistance in the field work. I am also very
grateful to Mr. VanDuzee, Prof. Fernald, Prof. Osborn, Prof. Williams, the
department at Washington, D. C., Profs. Cook and Wheeler of this
college, and others who have so kindly assisted me in determining the
various material gathered.

376 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
LOCUSTS AND GRASSHOPPERS.*

Owing to favorable seasons last year and this for grasshoppers and
locusts, they have been very numerous and made their work felt on various
plants—celery being one of the number. Those celery fields that have
been surrounded mostly by high meadows, grain fields, forest or pasture
lends, have suffered the most severely. It is on the drier, more sandy land
that they are the most numerous early in the season, and then, as vegeta-
tion in these places becomes dry and partly dead, they avail themselves of
the fresh and green fields of celery in the low lands. They will never be
found on the low lands in numbers except in dry weather when they are
driven from the uplands by a scarcity of food. The eggsare laid on sandy
knolls or the mellower parts of the uplands, and here the young hatch and
attain considerable of their growth before they travel any distance.

If the fields where the hoppers breed could be plowed and thoroughly
rolled in the fall, and kept under cultivation the following season, the
hoppers would probably be considerably reduced in numbers. The roller
is especially important as it is found that rolling crushes so many of the
frail egg cases.

THE MOST DESTRUCTIVE SPECIES.

Fig. 1, The red-legged locust, Melano- Fig. 2. The two-striped locust, Melanoplus femo-
plus femur-rubrum. (after Riley.) ratus. (after Riley.)

The species most frequently found and found in the greatest numbers
was the common red-legged locust, Melanopius femur-rubrum (Fig. 1).
While no special study of the species on celery was made, it was evident
that those common in meadow and pasture lands were proportionately
common in celery fields. They stripped the celery of its leaves along the
border as readily as that of any forage plant. Some of the species
besides the red-legged locust that were common are the two-striped locust,
Melanoplus femoratus (Fig. 2), and Dissosteria carolina. Of the common
meadow grasshoppers, Orchelimum vulgare, Xiphidiumfasciatum and X.
- strictum, and the katydid, Scudderia furculata (?) were plentiful.

REMEDIES.

A very good preventive, in one instance at least, that came under my
observation while in one of the fields, was to leave a strip of land about

* The term locust is applied in its more restricted sense to the brown hoppers with short horn-like
antenne, or feelers, and grasshopper, to the green hoppers with long thread-like antenne, and will be so
used in this bulletin.

‘

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 317

four rods wide without plant growth. The instance cited was a strip used
in the spring for a plant bed. It was-along the end ofa field next toa
pasture field. The plants had all been taken up and transplanted in‘other
parts of the field and the strip left idle until used for a late crop of celery.
The locusts were plentiful along the border, but only a few wandered in
far enough to reach the celery, while the other borders were suffering from
locust invasions. ‘The disuse of so large a strip of land makes this method
of prevention rather expensive unless the surrounding land is of little
value. The surrounding of the fields with ditches partly filled with water,
although reported as effectual, is also quite an expensive outlay.

At my suggestion, Mr. Slater of Tipton tried sweetened bran with Paris
green added, as suggested on page 4 in bulletin 98. He reports that he
had no trouble in getting the hoppers to eat it, but was unable to tell
whether it killed them or not. From some experiments conducted by my-
self there seems to be no doubt but that they are killed and quite quickly.
The locusts were placed in three lots of which one was fed on molasses and
bran with enough Paris green added-to give it a green tinge, another the
same with strychnine instead and the third without poison. Inside of
twenty-four hours those fed on the Paris green were all dead. At the same
time only one of those given strychnine was dead, and all were lively and
active in the unpoisoned case. It is quite probable that Paris green used
in this way will prove very helpful in keeping the number of locusts
diminished, but care must be taken that it is not used where fowls or stock
can get at it.

What at present seems to be the most effectual means of thinning the
numbers is a modification of the ‘hopper dozer” spoken of and illus-
trated in bulletin 98. This modification was devised and used by Mr. C.
H. Hardy of Tipton and, from his trial of various remedies through the
season, he feels that this method is superior to all others. He bought large
flocks of turkeys and chickens hoping they would keep the locusts in check,
but they trampled the plants and ate the plume of the older ones and did
not diminish the number of locusts as much in a day as two men would
in a few hours with his hopper collector. The accompanying cut shows

F1a. 3.—Modification of the ‘‘hopper dozer’’ as used by Mr. Hardy. a, Whiffletree attachment— (original),

the outline plan. The pan is made of sheet iron and is about 12 or 15 feet

long by 4 to 6 wide. Then with a high fender on three sides and project-

ing wings from these and a whiffletree attachment at one end as at a, the

mechanism is complete. The horse draws the pan to where it is to be set
48

378 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

on the grass at the border of the celery, then two men go into the celery
and drive the locusts toward the pan. The two wings aid in crowding them
into the center, and soon a large number of the hoppers are on the tar
which has been previously coated over the inside of the pan. The collector
is then driven up another space and the same operation repeated. Mr.
Hardy used an old sugar pan with one side cut off and wings added. It is
easier to collect the hoppers before their wings are fully developed, or in
the cooler part of the day when they do not fly so readily. The regular
hopper dozer is not practical in the celery fields as it must be raised so
high to run over the plants without injuring them that the hoppers mostly
go under the pan.

THE TRUE BUGS—ORDER HEMIPTERA.

This order of insects furnishes nearly one
half of the celery pests, and several of the most
injurious ones that we have. They do not bite
or chew, but puncture the plant and draw the
sap through the puncture. They are all charac-
terized by having a beak. In the accompanying
cut, the head and beak of the tarnished plant bug
are shown. The four needle-like parts work
together in the groove inside the beak, and,
after they have pierced the plant, the sap is
sucked up through this groove into the stomach.
The beak does not enter the plant, but only
presses against it. In the very young stage of
this tarnished plant bug, the whole operation
showed more plainly than any before observed.
The piercing needles entered the plant as
Ls f as Aa a ae rapidly and apparently as easily as one could

ig. 4 Head of the tarnished plant push a pin into a cushion. As the needles
rostram,a, and. the four nese: passed on through the stalk, the jointed _beak
ing plants—(original). - -~- became telescoped till it was all in two joints
and scarcely half the length it was at first. It
is thought by many that these bugs injure the plants by secreting a poison
when the sap is drawn. It is quite probable this may be so for the pur-
pose of increasing the flow of sap. We all know of the mosquito poisoning
for a similar purpose the puncture it makes.

LEAF HOPPERS.

All through the season, leaf hoppers were common on the celery. Early ©
in the season they were especially abundant, usually flying ahead of one
like a swarm of flies, as he passed through the field. When the plants are
small, these leaf hoppers do a great deal of injury by sucking the sap
from the plant through the thousands of little punctures that they make
with their pointed, beak-like mouth parts (see 4a, plate I). While the
plants, for the first few weeks after transplanting, are having their hardest
struggle for existence, the little leaf hopper’s work is the most destructive.
This season many fields of celery were retarded in growth at this period.
This is a part of the season when the celery grower can the least afford to
allow any interruption in the growth of his plants.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 379

¢ CDovis

_ PuatE I.—Fig. 1, Cicadula 4lineata; 2, Empoasca mali; 3, Platymetopius acutus; 4, Athysanus
énstabilis n. sp.; a, front view of the head showing cypleus, lora, cheeks and front; 5, Megamelus piceus
0. 8p.; a, complete wing of macropterous form. All drawn ten times the natural size.

380 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SPECIES THAT WERE MOST NUMEROUS.

1. Cicadula 4-lineata Forbes (Fig. 1 of plate 1) was the most common
species everywhere. At the college and where the muck had considerable.
elay in it, they could be taken by the hundred at almost any time in the
season. The species is greenish brown, with yellow scutellum, and head
spotted as shown in the figure.

2. Hmpoasca mali Le B. (Fig. 2 of plate I). This is a pretty little
yellow species with transparent greenish wing covers and green legs. It
was very common through the season after July. At Kalamazoo many
were found down in near the heart on blanching celery. It is probahle-
that they help spot the white stalks. They breed on the plants.

3. Platymetopius acutus Say (Fig. 3 of plate 1) was common the lat-
ter part of the season. The young were found on the plants early this.
fall. The species probably does little harm as it prefers to be high up on
the leaves instead of on the stems. To the naked eye it is a dark brown
and can be easily told by the acute projection of the head.

4, Athysanus instabilis* n. sp., Van Duzee (Fig. 4 and 4a of plate I).

Form of Deltocephalus inimicus Say. Black, dotted and marked with fulvous as fol-
lows: hind edge of the vertex, a dot, sometimes wanting, touching this either side of
the middle, another near each eye, two marks on the disc, a line before each of these,
an angular mark at apex including a short longitudinal dash, a dot on the temples, six
or eight arcs and the central line on the front, the latter expanded on the clypeal
suture, two dots on the base of the clypeus, another on each lora, a spot on the cheeks
and their slender outer edge, the irrorations of the pronotum and a few large spots on
its anterior edge, six spots on the scutellum—four marginal and two discal—and its
median line, knees, a transverse band on the femora and the slender hind edge of the
abdominal segments. Posterior legs pale, more or less clouded with fuscous, with the
inner face of the flattened tibia black. Elytra pale, slightly clouded at apex, the are-
oles broadly margined with fuscous, nervures whitish, Last ventral segment of the
female long, feebly arquated either side of the middle, with the lateral angles promi-
nent. Valve of the male short, plates triangular subacute. Length 4-414 m. m.

Quite common at the college through August and September. Mr. Van
Duzee has the specimens of the same species from Colorado also.
5. Megamelus piceus n. sp., Van Duzee (Fig. 5 and 5a plate I).

Piceous-black; base of the vertex, keels and narrow hind edge of the pronotum, disc
of the mesonotum, or at least its carine, disc of the tergum, especially towards its base-
and apex, and the edge of the dorsal keel; the genital segments and sometimes the base-
of the venter, brownish yellow. Face pale shaded to brown above, clypeus deep black.
Antenne, rostrum, tylus, and legs pale, soiled yellow, the later lineate with brown.
Elytra reaching to the second abdominal segment in the branchypterous form, with
the apex truncated, piceous-brown, or even black, with the apical edge white more or
less broadly interrupted with black at the middle; nervures strong, granulated. In the
macropterous form the elytra extend considerably beyond the tip of the abdomen about
as in Liburina pellucida; they are smoky with pale granulated nervures, the exterior
and interior of which are forked at about three-fourths their length. Pygafers of the
male cylindrical, on their ventral aspect cut out for about one-half their length and
carrying on the broad base of this incisure a broad and short projection extended into:
a short conical divergent tooth at each angle, beyond this are the incurved spine-like
ayers included between the long slender ventral projections of the plates. Length,
216 to3 m. m.

New York and Michigan. Described from many examples of both sexes taken in
western New York on grass in low swampy meadows in August and September, and
one female taken on celery at Kalamazoo, Mich., August 26, 1892, by Mr. G. C. Davis.

In this species the vertex is shorter and broader, the pronotum shorter and the meso-

* This and the following species were found to be new to science and Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, a specialist
on Jassids, to whom they were sent, has kindly consented to describe them. His same Geseanieae will
also appear in the Canadian Entomologist.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 381

motum longer with more divergent carine than in M. notulus. The yellowish markings
above vary much in extent, some specimens being almost entirely of a dull piceous-
black while some are pitchy brown with the pale markings much extended. The
characters of the head, the pale face and the black vertex and clypeus seem quite con-
stant as does also the color of the tylus, rostrum, legs and elytra.

Of the otherspecies Phelpsinus trroratus Say and Agalliasanguineolenta
were quite often taken; Tettigonia noveboracensis, Thamnotettia clitellaria
Deltocephalus melsheimeri Fitch and D. inimicus Say, occasionally taken.
No extensive collecting was done in getting this material. To secure

specimens of those most common on celery rather than a complete list was
the object.

REMEDY.

Owing to the fact that leaf hoppers do not feed by chewing the plant,
but live on sap taken from the inside of the stem or leaf, most of our
insecticides are of little avail. This being the condition and the hoppers
so injurious to the young plants, another method was devised that has

Fie. 5.—The hopperette used in collecting leaf hoppers, flea beetles and many of
the celery bugs. a, string—(original).

succeeded even better than my first anticipation had predicted. It is by
means of a small tarred pan attached to a hand wheel hoe as in Fig. 5. The
pan is made of sheet iron. The bottom is 16x20 inches with a notch

382 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

six inches deep by four wide cut in the center of the front edge.
On the two sides and back is an upright sheet about four inches
high to prevent the leaf hoppers jumping over. The edges of the front
side and notch are rolled up merely sufficiently to prevent the tar on the
bottom from running off; one eighth of an inch is ample. The hopperette,
as we will designate this collecting pan, is attached to the wheel hoe by
two strips of strap iron fastened under the pan as a support and at the
other end bolted to the frame of the hoe or fastened in any~ way that will
make it solid. The shaping of these braces and the lowering of the pan
depends entirely upon the make of carriage used. The one used in my own
experiments was a two-wheeled hoe sold by D. M. Ferry & Co. under the
title “Planet Jr.” With this machine the pan was lowered five inches
below the axle, which brought it very close to the ground and still kept it
level. When placed entirely in front the pan can be raised or lowered
considerably to conform to the uneven surfaces on the ground. The notch
cut in the bottom is a great aid as it permits the plant to be nearly sur-
rounded before it is disturbed and all insects are caught that jump to the
sides as well as back. Another feature that added considerably to
the efficiency of the hopperette was a strong twine string stretched across
the notch about four inches in from the edge, as at a. This not only pro-
tects the plants from the sharp edges, but causes the hoppers to leap at
the right time. Ifthe holes punched for the string cut it, eyelets may be
used or a wire about the same size may be used.

COST OF HOPPERETTE.

The first cost for collecting leaf hoppers in this way is very slight and
it takes comparatively little time in collecting, as a man can pass over a con-
siderable area in a day. The pan made of sheet iron cost $1.25. There is no
patent on this or the collector spoken of under locusts and they may be
made by any tinner. The coal tar used in coating the pan is very cheap.
Enough of the tar should be kept in the pan to occasionally run over the
bottom and recoat it, and by this means cover over, refuse’ material and
insects that have accumulated. Those who may wish to purchase a
“Planet Jr.” for use in the celery fields and for leaf hoppers too will find
it listed in D. M. Ferry & Co’s catalogue at $4.00. With an outlay of not
over $6.00, and a few hours’ work, many times that amount wili be saved in
the celery crop where the little leaf hoppers are at all thick. One may not
realize how many there are of them till he stirs the plants and watches the
number hop away. In my first trial of the hopperette, the hoppers were
not as common as a week or two earlier, but on a row five rods long at
least two hundred were caught.

THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG (Lygus pratensis Linn).

OxrpER HEMIPTERA. Faminty CAPSIDA.

A brown bug that is the cause of the rusty, dead spots and streaks on celery known among growers as
gue foun of ‘sun scald,”’ but different from the disease known as leaf spot, which will be treated of
Although not found in such great numbers as some other pests, the tar-
nished plant bug is one of the worst with which the celery-grower has yet
had to contend. It goes directly to the tender stalks of the plant that are
blanching and by means of its beak draws the sap from the stem, and

~

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 383

leaves a large brown wilted spot which greatly mars the attractive appear-
ance on the market and lowers the price accordingly. Ido not remember
of talking with a celery-grower this season, who knew the real cause of
these brown spots on celery. The most general belief was that it was
caused by “sun scald,” or perhaps bruised in blanching. This is not at
all surprising as the bug is so shy and retiring, when one is near, that it is
only by quiet and careful watching that it is seen feeding. Then, too, it

Fia. 6.—The tarnished plant bag, showing the various stages of growth. A, very young bug; B, second
ae C, a fourth stage; D, the matured, winged form. The line at the right shows the natural size
—(original).

_is almost always well in toward the center of the plant and is protected largely
from view. Very often when disturbed, or even on the approach of possible
danger, the mature form will take wing and fly away, and the younger
ones not having wings will drop to the ground and seek protection there.

LITERATURE,

The tarnished plant bug is a native of nearly all parts of our country.
For this reason, coupled with its general destructiveness, it has been made
the subject of many articles. Nearly all are brief notices of injury done.
The only really extensive or exhaustive article on the species is by Prof.
Forbes in the 13th Illinois Entomological Report, 1883, pp. 115-135 (IIL).
All of the more important literature is referred to here. The work treats
of the bug as a strawberry insect, causing the berries to shrivel by suck-
ing the juice from them. Pyrethrum is the remedy recommended. In
the following year, report 14, pp. 79-80, additions to the previous report
are given in which Prof. Forbes describes the egg of the bug and records
an experiment with pyrethrum not working as well as expected.

Several other authors have before and since written short accounts of it
as a strawberry bug.

The earliest important article was by Dr. Harris in “Insects Injurious
to Vegetation,” pp. 199-203. Under the name of Phytocoris lineolaris, he
treats of it as injurious to flowering plants and potato vines, and recom-
mends simple but as inefficient remedies.

384 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF GROWTH.

As a usual thing it is only the larger winged form that we notice, the
young forms remaining concealed in the denser part of the plant. The.
common name, tarnished plant bug, is a very appropriate one for the adult,
as it has a stained or tarnished appearance, though still retaining a pol-
‘ished surface. It is a very variable species in its markings, and has until
recently been considered as several distinct species. The females, as in the
figure, are quite a light brown with yellowish white markings; the males,
a dark reddish brown with scarcely a light marking. Intermediate mark-
ings, ranging between the two extremes, may also be found. There are
four distinct stages of growth between the egg and the mature form; the
first, second, and fourth of which are illustrated in the accompanying
figure. Thesmall line at the side shows the natural size. The first two
stages are entirely wingless, and in color are a light green. They resem-
ble the plant very closely, and this affords them a means of protection
which they often make use of by keeping very quiet on the stalk of like
color and so are easily overlooked. The next two stages begin to show
evidences of the wings, quite small in the first but very distinct in
the next. They are still green with a very few dark markings, but the
color does not seem to be used much as a protection in these two stages.

THE LIFE HISTORY.

Karly in the spring the first insects to make their appearance on early
vegetation are the imagos (adults) of the tarnished plant bug. They
have lived through the winter in this form, under boards, bunches of dead
leaves, grass, rubbish, or anything that they can find which will give them
shelter. They are very general feeders as will be readily seen in looking
for them on the plants in one’s immediate vicinity. They feed on all the
common weeds as well as grass, clover, and plants raised for their flowers.
The fruit, blossoms, and foliage of the pear, apple, quince, strawberry, and
grape suffer alike from their piercing beaks. Our vegetables suffer in the
same way. They not only feed on these plants but breed on them also.
Early in the season the eggs, described by Prof. Forbes as minute, white,
smooth, slender, oblong ova, are deposited on the plant. From these the
young soon hatch. They are at first very slender for their size, but, as
they grow older, the imbibing of so much sap tends to expand the body
much faster than it lengthens. From the first part of June through the
remainder of the season, all stages from the youngest up could be found
on the celery, though at times certain stages were more common than
others. Before the cold autumn weather becomes severe, the adults are
again in winter quarters. ;

BEST MEANS OF FIGHTING THE BUG. |

A great many insecticides have been tested only to find them ineffectual
and unsatisfactory. Owing to the bug sucking its food from the inside of
the plant, no remedies affect it except those that kill by contact. Of these,
the kerosene emulsion, so often recommended in our previous bulletins, is
probably the best, but as the bugs are so shy and hide, or take flight so
readily, a large per cent. of them escape even with the most thorough
work. It was noticed that in collecting leaf hoppers with the hopperette,

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 385

uite a number of tarnished plant bugs were also collected and it seems
probable that this is a quicker and cheaper means of fighting them than
is any insecticide.

As prevention is better than cure in disease, so it is with this bug, and
we must look largely to this means in keeping it in check. The relation
between the number of bugs and the manner in which the celery fields and
surrounding borders were kept, was very noticeable in every celery field
visited this season. If long grass, weeds, loose sods, or boards were left
scattered along the border or in the vicinity of the field, the bugs were
sure to be there in greater numbers than where everything was kept picked
up and cleaned up so that the bugs could find no protecting shelter in
which to hibernate. This is the reason certain localities suffered so much
more than others. Occasional exceptions in locality were seen, but where
such occurred the bugs were scarce in proportion to the care used in keep-
ing rubbish cleared from the fields.

The loss produced by the bug is impossible to estimate as it is not a
total loss of celery, but only a decrease in the market price. The loss in
this way is a serious one as every celery-grower who has a poor article to
put on the market well knows; and when it can be avoided, at leaat the
ee of it, by .a little care and tidiness, it is well that all such precaution

e taken.

THE LITTLE NEGRO BUG (Corimelaena pulicaria, Germ).
OrpER HEMIPTERA. Famity CORIMELAENIDA.

The little black bug which appeared so suddenly and in such great numbers on celery this season. ft
kills the leaves and dwarfs the plant. By the remedies suggested it is thought it can be controlled,

Fig. 7._The little negro bug. A, upper side much enlarged, a, natural size; B, under side of the same
showing the beak; C, section of a leaf with bugs at work—(original).

No celery insect up to the present time has caused more alarm over the
State than this species did the past season. It came so suddenly
and in such great numbers at Tecumseh that for a time it appeared as

49

386 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

though many fields would be cut to the ground in a few days. The attack
was quite general all over the celery-growing portions of the state, but not
so severe as at Tecumseh and vicinity. The fields at Jackson suffered
slightly, and one field at Kalamazoo was quite badly injured. The bugs
appeared on the college celery but did no harm.

On the 22d of J uly | letters from Tecumseh and vicinity began coming
in, asking for information and help. The following may be taken asa
sample of those received.

“DEAR Sir—I mail you a box containing some bugs. Millions on
millions have commenced work upon our celery, from twenty-five to fifty
collecting about one leaf and in an hour or twoitisgone. * * * They
are doing great damage and if they last many days, will domany thousand
dollars’ worth of damage. Please state if there is any remedy and how
long they will last and what you know about their habits, Please answer
at once. Yours truly,

E. L. Russet.”

Several similar letters being received the same day made it imperative
that something be done, and before Mr. Russell’s reply reached him, I was
in his field of bugs and celery.

METHOD OF ATTACK.

The attack was very sudden and severe and Mr. Russeil’s statement was
found to be no exaggeration. They had not acquired possession of the
entire field, but were extending their domain daily. The first thing that
would be noticed in the attack upon a plant was a knot of little black bugs
around the node where the three top leafiets met, and here they would suck
the sap till the leaflets wilted and drooped, when they would go down to
the next joint below and so repeat the operation till the leaf was drained
of its sap; then they would pass to another leaf and attack that in the same
way. They always went in bunches of usually from fifteen to thirty when
feeding. With so many little beaks drawing the sap from the leaves, it is
no wonder the destruction was so rapid and alarming.

The attack was almost invariably made on the highest leaves. When
one of them was cut down to the denser part of the foliage, the leaf would
be left and others reduced to the same level. When they came to the
plume (central white leaves), it suffered the same and then the plant was
spoiled for market. This habit of taking the highest leaves first is no
doubt due to their love for heat and sunlight which they could not have
when below the crowded central leaves. In looking over a field after the
bugs have worked in it a few days, it has the appearance of having been
clipped off about half way down and the dead leaves left just where they
had been cut off. The plant would be in a much better condition
after recovering from a clipping than from an attack of this kind, as the
dead leaves are still attached, which in itself is harmful, and then they
so completely cover the living part that it is almost entirely shaded.

In their attack the bugs showed a great preference for the older celery
that had commenced to grow stalky and was nearly ready to blanch or was
blanching. The younger celery, where the leaves were spread out and the
center exposed, was injured comparatively little. Where the bug did work
on such plants, they were found sometimes on some of the higher leaves
as described before and sometimes in little groups around the heart stalks.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 387

THE EFFECT.

As the heart stalks of celery form the edible part of it, the bugs could
not have attacked any other part of the plant where as little harm would
be done as on the higher and older leaves. Then, too, the severest part of
the attack did not last over three weeks. It was the attack of such
countless numbers that made their work so severe. Most fields at Tecum-
seh suffered less than was at first feared, but where the bugs were abund-
ant the loss to celery was considerable. Plants, that had suffered a severe
attack, were retarded in their growth from two to three weeks, and when
they appeared to have recovered it was not with the same large, perfect
stalks, so characteristic of Tecumseh celery, but with a large number of
little, curling, gnarly stalks that would be of little or no market value. We
might as well say that in such cases the crop was an entire loss.

NOT THE CHINCH BUG.

Owing to the sudden appearance of this little negro
bug, a great many in the region thought it surely must
be the chinch bug. Some were not convinced till speci-
mens of the chinch bug were sent from Iowa and com-
pared with the negro bug when they at once saw a great
structural difference. Both have the odor peculiar to all
similar bugs and have a beak for sucking, but are very
different in most respects. The form, as will be seen in
the two cuts, is entirely different, and the chinch bug is
not shining black, but a dull, dusty brown with the ter-

He minal half of the wings membranous. There is little
Fig. 8—Chinch buz anger of a chinch bug invasion so far north in Michigan
(Blissus leucopterus). as the celery fields.

GLEANINGS FROM LITERATURE.

Before we attempt to suggest any remedies let us learn more about the
little negro bug’s habits, and what others have learned of it.

The earliest account of its destructive habits that was found is an article
in the Canadian Farmer for August, 1867, where Rev. C. J. S. Bethune
speaks of its attack on strawberry plants in Canada.

In the same year B. D. Walsh, in the Practical Entomologist, Vol. IT,
p. 119, reports it as swarming on raspberries in Missouri in such numbers
as to render the berries worthless both from odor and taste.

Walsh and Riley, in the American Entomologist, report itas puncturing
strawberries and causing the blossoms and fruit to wilt; also as attacking
the cherry, quince, and pear in the same way. The remedy suggested was
cresylic soap, which has long since been superseded by better remedies.

Dr. Riley, in his second Missouri Report (1870), gives a review of the
aris attacked and reports it very common all over the state the year

efore.

In the Prairie Farmer, August 15, 1868, he reports a new growth of
stems and leaves of grape vines injured by it.

In the U. 8. Agricultural Report, 1884, p. 390, Mr. Webster reports
breeding the bug on wheat.

Prof. Forbes in his Illinois Report for 1890, p. 51, reports it common in

388 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

wheat and grass fields along with the chinch bug, and for this reason often
considered injurious by farmers, but it seemed to feed only on weeds.

There are a few other minor references, but these give us something of
an idea of its habits and the cultivated plants attacked. Italways has been
known best as a strawberry insect, because the oftenest found injuring
that plant. The above references are all largely incidental, but with these
and what has been learned of it on the celery this season, we are enabled
to more closely determine its

LIFE HISTORY.

We owe thanks to Mr. Webster for assistance by his notes on the early
stages of this bug, as it is single-brooded and the first brood was mature
when found on the celery. His record is: “Adults were observed copulating
May 9, and were at once confined on wheat under glass, being fed on ripe
strawberries. The females began to oviposit on the 20th, placing their
eggs singly on the leaves and sheath of the grain. On the 26th, after
depositing a few eggs in the intervening time, _ made their esa
The eggs may be described as follows: Length, # m.m.; diameter, 3 m. m.;
form elongate oval; and when first deposited the color is shining, very
light orange, which gradually deepens until just previous to hatching,
when it is a livid red. One of these eggs, deposited on May 21, hatched
June 6, the larva being 2#m.m. in length, brown anteriorly | and red
barred with brown posteriorly, legs yellow.”

Careful search was made for the nymphs through the celery, and only a
short distance on one row next to a ditch, were there any found, and then
only an occasional one. They were like the mature form except the abdo-
men was blood red, soft, and segmented. These fed in the group along
with the adults. After reaching the mature stage they lose their appetite
in about three weeks, so that after the 10th of August this year they did
the celery no harm and gradually disappeared. Those kept in the breed-
ing jar have not cared to feed, but have have collected in crevices in a
semi-torpid state awaiting the coming of winter. They hibernate under
boards and rubbish as does the tarnished plant bug.

PREVIOUS APPEARANCE ON CELERY.

With only one exception, no one, when asked regarding the bug, had ever
seen it at work on celery before. This one was Mr. Frenthway of Kala-
mazoo who says he has seen it on his celery for the past seven years; only
a few each year, not enough to do any harm. It certainly never has been
numerous or others would have noticed its work.

DOES IT BREED ON CELERY?

This is a question which was studied very carefully while in the fields,
and while it can not be said positively that they do not breed on the plant
at all, yet it seems very certain that such is the case. In every
instance where the bugs were the worst, a rank growth of weeds was found
near by. In most instances the weeds had been cut only a few days before
the bugs appeared on the celery; but in some cases the weeds, while still
standing, were nearly deserted and the celery attacked. The border of
the celery field nearest the weeds always showed the first signs of attack,

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 389

and was injured the worst for the first few days, after which the bugs
would scatter so that no difference could be noticed.

The bugs are not general weed feeders like the tarnished plant bug, but
are partial to a select few. They were found feeding on five different
species bordering the celery fields, viz: *beggar-ticks, stick-tight or fork
weed (Bidens frondosa); tick-seed (Coreopsis trichosperma); red root
(Amarantus retroflexus); ground nut ( Apios tuberosa), and great lobelia
(Lobelia syphilitica). In addition to these Dr. Riley reports them on
rosin weed (Stlphiwm) and speed well ( Veronica peregrina); Webster, on
evening primrose (Cinothera); Forbes, on plantain (Plantago lanceo-
lata), and sometimes on rag weed (Ambrosia) and: smart weed
(Polygonum persicaria). When found on these weeds they are always
more plentiful than on celery near by; but in some instances where found
in large numbers on these weeds a few days previously, the weeds had been
deserted and the celery attacked. All seems to point toward their breed-
ing elsewhere than on the celery at present; but even if this is true,
should they continue to make celery a food plant, they will undoubtedly
make it a breeding plant as well.

INEFFECTUAL REMEDIES.

While celery-growers should not be discouraged at the start, for it is
probable the bug can be controlled, yet it is quite evident after experi-'
menting with the remedies usually effectual on such insects, that nearly
all the remedies belong to this first class—the ineffectual. Our most
effectual remedy on the true bugs is kerosene emulsion and this was the
first to be tested on these bugs, but they were too well armored for it to
penetrate. They were even placed in the dilute emulsion and forced to
swim for five or ten minutes, but they soon recovered when taken out and
were as lively as before. The full strength emulsion that would kill the
tarnished plant bug as soon as dropped into it, would not kill the little
negro bug for several minutes. Similar in nature, but even less effectual
was “ Little's Chemical Fluid,” a prepared sheep dip and insecticide.

THE MORE EFFECTUAL REMEDIES.

Finding our most effectual remedies that kill by contact were of no
avail, we next'turned our attention to repellants and here found a vulner-
able point. They were driven and scattered by offensive odors. Crude
carbolic acid mixed with water at the rate of a tablespoonful to two
gallons and sprinkled over the plants or mixed with air-slaked lime or
land plaster at the rate of a teacupful to each bushel and dusted over the
plants, seemed to serve as a repellant the best of anything tried. The odor
from a field sprinkled with carbolic acid water could be detected quite a
distance off for at least twenty-four hours after the application was made.
The odor from carbolized lime is not nearly so strong but seems to be more
permanent. Lime alone was of little effect. It was intended to procure
some gas lime (a refuse product in the manufacture of gas), but none
could be obtained, and ammonia water with a strong sulphur and coal tar
odor was taken instead. For the plants it had to be reduced at least
seven eighths, but the bugs could swim in it full strength without appar-

* The plants were determined for me by our station botanist, Mr. C. F. Wheeler.

390 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ent injury. Asarepellant it did some good, though not equal to carbolic
acid. Other repellants, such as coal-tar water, salt, sulphur, etc., were
tried but were of no evident effect.

The only remedy found which would kill the bugs was hot water. Celery
will endure a stream of water heated to 175° Fahrenheit, and the bugs
succumb at 155°.

MEANS OF CONTROL.

We now come to the most important part, viz.: how to protect from
future attacks. With the present knowledge that we have, probably the
best method will be a combination of the carbolic acid and hot water. It
is probable that the bugs will appear about the same time again next
season, and careful watch should be kept from the 10th of July on. When
they appear it will be in large numbers in some spot along the margin, and
this is the time to treat them before they spread over the field. Carbolic
acid can then be used on the plants surrounding the bug-infested patch for
some distance back, or to make it more certain, on the remainder of the field;
then, while the bugs are held in this little patch, dose them with hot water.
It should be between 155 and 175 degrees Fah. when it strikes the bugs.
The use of hot water is impracticable in a large field, but if used only on a
little patch, is not so difficult. It may be applied with a cup from a pail
or with a spray pump without the spraying nozzle. The water must be
thrown in a stream, as it will cool too rapidly when thrown ina spray. The |
application of hot water will necessitate the use of a thermometer that the
‘temperature may be accurately known. ,

A good precaution against attack would be to keep all weeds in the
vicinity of the celery fields and along ditches cut down close through June
and July so as to prevent the bugs from breeding on them. Unlike the
tarnished plant bug, the amount of rubbish under which the negro bug
can hibernate does not seem to affect its numbers in the least.

THE 13-SPOTTED LADY BIRD BEETLE (Hippodamia 13-punctata, Linn.).

Many suspected this spotted beetle, which-was so often
present with the little negro bugs or found at the node
after it was left by the bugs, of helping harm the celery;
but the beetle was there only for the sap that issued from

j the wounds made by the bug. The beetle is one of our
Fra. 9.—The threestages little friends as it feeds on plant lice and seldom, if at all,

f the 13-spotted lady
Bird leetlersct size on the plants themselves.

\ 7 2 /
EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 391

THE THREE-LINED THRIP (Coleothrips trifasciata, Fitch).

ORDER HEMIPTERA. Famity THRIPIDA.

In June and July these very minute sap
sucking insects were common on the celery at
the college. The species is our most common
one in the heads of clover and is found on
onions and various weeds. The individual spec-
<imens are only about one eighth of an inch
~ long, slender, and prettily marked with three
white cross bands along the wings. They were
found mostly on the tender central portion of
the plants, often hid in considerable numbers
between leaves, but as often scattered singly all
over the plants. They no doubt assisted the
leaf hoppers in making the celery look sickly,
but they are so minute that they are not likely
Frc. 10.—The three-lined. thrip; 10 Go special harm unless very numerous.

wings in natural position on one Should this occur, a spray of kerosene emulsion

side and spread on the other. The : poet ont « :

line at theside shows the nat. size Will diminish their numbers.

ae The method of preparing the kerosene emul-
sion may not be well known to all celery-growers, and so it will be given:
To two quarts of water add one quart of soft soap or one fourth pound of
hard soap, and heat the whole to boiling. When the soap is dissolved,
take from the fire, add a pint of kerosene and agitate so thoroughly and
rapidly with a force pump without the nozzle that the mixture will foam
like milk when filling the dairyman’s pail on asummer’s evening. It
should be churned in this way until the soap and oil become permanently
mixed; that is, until the oil will not rise or appear on standing or when
diluted. This will take at least three minutes’ rapid work. Stirring with
a stick or spoon or slow pumping will not emulsify the soap and oil,
though an egg beater may be used for a very small quantity. The emul-
sion as first made is too strong and will injure the plants unless diluted
before applying. The soft soap emulsion should have as much water
added as there is emulsion, and the hard soap emulsion, twice its bulk of
water added and well stirred. They are now ready to be applied with a
spray pump. The dilute emulsion should be stirred frequently in
applying.

The above is the regular formula. The emulsion can be made in larger
quantities in the same proportion, but if made in quantities larger than
six or eight times the regular formula, it will be difficult to make a
stable emulsion with a small hand force pump. This has been one of the
discouraging features in the use of kerosene emulsion. It now seems
evident that we can overcome that difficulty in a large measure. The
method is to use the soft soap formula, as given above, without the water.
The soft soap is heated until it becomes liquid and then, without water,
add half as much oil as there has been soap used, emulsifying according
to the directions given as above. The emulsion made in this way is as
perfect as when used with water and it is so concentrated that it is one
third oil, or in other words, the,same emulsion in this way occupies less
than one half the space that it would when made by the first formula
given. An emulsion made in this way, without water, will need to be
diluted with four times its own bulk of water before using.

392 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE: CELERY APHIS (Rhopalosipum dianthi, Schr).

OrpER HEMIPTERA. Famity APHIDA.

Nearly all plants are troubled with plant lice, or “green fly.” On celery
the above named species has been very common except from the latter part
of July till the September rains came.
Prof. T. A. Williams of the South
Dakota station and Mr. F. A. Sirrene of
the Iowa station pronounce it a very
common species feeding on many plants.
The dark, winged form has been the
most conspicuous and so common at
times that a dozen or more could be
counted on single plants. The very young
wingless ones were found early in the
season and very isle but through ee

ie raeaaabe ine, rest of the season neither young nor old
gabe at ado and natral size at were found. They ES bably breed on
|e er some other plant. Had they continued
to breed in the field throughout the season as rapidly as they did in the
breeding jar where confined, the plants would have suffered severely. As
it is, they did little harm the present season. It would not be surprising
if they should acquire a better liking for celery and in a few years should
breed on it. As with the Thrip, kerosene emulsion becomes our “ helper in
the time of need.”

THE CELERY APHALARIA (Aphalaria calthea, Linn).
OrpER HEMIPTEBA. Famity PSYLLIDZ.

This is another insect very closely related to the celery Thrip and Aphis,
that was on the plants in the spring along with these two species and about
ascommon. Later in the season it was
not found. It is about the size of the
celery aphis and is of a yellowish brown
color with a reddish tinge. The family to .
which it belongs is known as “ jumping
} plant lice,’ because many of the species
jump rather than fly. There are but few
of the species known to be injurious, and
Fra. 12.—The Celery Aphalaria, enlargedas it is not at all probable that this species

prerwn. by the line beneath —(erleine)) Swillbe, a serious celery pest.: LE atvetim
time it becomes so, the best remedy that can be suggested is the kerosene
emulsion.

OTHER LESS COMMON BUGS.

Besides the species of true bugs already considered, there were several
others found less common on celery which were either seen sucking the
sap or else known as plant feeders. The most conspicuous one of these is
a common stink bug, Huchistus tristigmus. It is a broad flat bug that
seems to prefer a mixed diet, as it was not only found with its beak thrust

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 393

into the celery stalks but into some unfortunate larva that came in its way.
The species is not common enough to do any great injury, but another
darker and somewhat more slender species, closely related to the tarnished
plant bug, may prove harmful. This species is known as the dusky plant
bug, or Dereocoris (Calocoris) rapidus Say. It was only occasionally
found on celery this season. Two other species, Agalliastes associatus
Uhl. and Poeciloscytus basalis (?) Reut. were also occasionally found.
Remedies suggested for the tarnished plant bug. will apply also to these
species.

CELERY BEETLES.

In this order of insects, the beetles, with their hard shelled wing covers,
the injurious species are very few. What there are belong to one tribe
—the flea beetles. They are given this
name because when disturbed they will leap
a? and jump like fleas, instead of flying. The
largest of these little beetles is not over a
twelfth of an inch long. Im feeding they
are not like the bugs just treated of, but have
biting mouth parts with jaws that chew the
leaves. The work of the fiea beetles is easily
recognized by the numerous little round
holes that will be found eaten in the plant on
which they feed. We always find them the
worst in the early part of the season when the

j i plants are young and tender. On the celery
Fic. 12.—Longitarsue melanurus, one of there were three species, Longitarsus mel-
the celery flea-beetles—(original). anurus (Fig. 13), Crepidodera cucumeris,

and Cheetocnema parcipunctata that were common in the order named.
The second species named, along with the turnip flea beetle, Phyllotreta
vittata, has often done much harm on our grounds to turnips, radishes,
tomatoes, and cabbages, and no doubt their work is familiar to all. They have
often skeletonized the leaves so that little but veins would be left, or, with
the plants recently transplanted, have eaten them so that they have wilted
and died. The work of the flea beetles on celery is the same as on other
plants, and their work in spots last spring was considerable. If the beetles
are at all numerous at transplanting or soon after, they will soon do the
plants harm and the plants should be freed of them. To do this a very
safe and sure means would be to use the hopperette spoken of under leaf
hoppers on page 29. The beetles are very easily disturbed and leap so
readily when it is warm that they are almost sure to be caught. Prof.
Cook found a few years ago that a strong tobacco decoction worked
admirably in keeping the little flea beetles off the plants. He used a
double handful of tobacco dust to each gallon of boiling water.

THE CELERY CATERPILLAR (Papilio asterias, Fabr).
OrpDER LEPIDOPTERA. FamrLty PAPILIONIDA.

We now come tothe caterpillars that in the mature form become butter-
flies and moths. The first caterpillar of which we treat is one of the most
conspicuous of all the celery insects. Its large size when nearly grown,
and the striking color of yellow with black transverse bands, makes it on

50

394 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the dark green background of the celery leaf an object that is readily seen.
It has been known as a celery caterpillar for some time. Every year we
receive specimens of the caterpillar with a great many queries regarding
it; not particularly because it is so plentiful, but because it so quickly
catches the attention and arouses the curiosity. The Y¥-shaped yellow
horns, that it throws out when annoyed, have no sting and are harmless.
They are scent organs that emit a very disagreeable odor as a protection
~ against its enemies.

FROM CATERPILLAR TO BUTTERFLY.

Of course, this caterpillar first hatched from an egg that was laid on the
celery plant. At first the caterpillar is small, but in only a few weeks it
has grown to its full size. Then it attaches itself to the stem and in a few
hours time the caterpillar will have become a chrysalis as seen at d, Plate
II. This is the resting period, as it has little power to move and eats noth-
ing; but on some bright sunny morning a fresh, new, black and yellow
butterfly comes from this pupa case and spreads her gauzy wings ready for
flight. The butterfly feeds only on the sweets from flowers and does the
celery no harm, except that, after a few days of her career, she haunts the
celery field and deposits her eggs there for another brood. The cater-
pillars are the most common through September, but are occasionally seen
in July and August. They live through the winter in the chrysalis stage.

OTHER FOOD PLANTS,

Parsnip, carrot, and wild parsnip are fed upon by this caterpillar as
readily as celery. Many other plants as caraway, parsley, sweet fennel,
etc., belonging to the same family, also furnish it food.

NUMBERS REDUCED BY A PARASITE.

Whenever these caterpillars are present,
wasp-like parasites with yellowish red
bodies and black wings, may be seen dart-
ing through and around the plants in
search of their host. The young of these
“parasites feed inside the caterpillars, and
1 fs after the caterpillar has changed to a
~~ chrysalis, the parasite gnaws a hole in the
case and comes forth instead of a butter-
; ; fly. The parasite (Trogus exessorius)
Fra. 14.—Trogus exessorius on the pupacase helps greatly to keep the number of cater-

from which it has issued at the side. Twice _ :
natural size (orignal). pillars lessened.

REMEDIES.

As a usual thing the caterpillars will not be plentiful enough to need
special attention. When so large and conspicuous, hand picking would be
a ready remedy.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 395

PLATE IJ.—Transformations of the celery caterpillar. a, egg; 6. full grown caterpillar;
c,front view of the head, showing the scent organs; d, chrysalis attached to a stem;
e, butterfly at rest; 7, butterfly with wings spread—(after Weed).

PARIS GREEN AS A REMEDY.

Our usual remedy for all caterpillars is Paris green or some of the
arsenites, when they can be used without endangering the plant for food.
Celery is a plant that will permit the poison to settle around the edible
portion at the base and caution has been used in recommending the

396 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

arsenites. To test the possibility of poison being concealed between the
stems, a row of plants was sprayed with Paris green at the rate of one
pound to 175 gallons of water. Two weeks later a part of the same row
was again sprayed with the same. The plants then stood another week
when both lots were taken up, the roots, leaves, and green stems taken off,
and the remainder washed under the hydrant without separating the stalks.
The bunches were in this way prepared as they are for market. They were
then sent to our chemist for analysis.

His report is as follows:

Agricultural College, Mich., Oct. 12, 1893.

Dear Str—The specimens of celery sprayed with Paris green have been
analyzed by Mr. Harrison, and the quantity of arsenic (As, O;) determined
in a pound of clery.

He finds the following quantities of arsenic in grains in one pound:

Nowlisprayed onceiea saa we ete 0244 grains
No. Zisprayod twice sea as wee Pee Se OS65\r igen
Yours truly,
R. C. KEDZIE.

This amount, Dr. Kedzie tells me personally, would not poison anyone
at once but the effect would be evident with frequent use. The poison
was freely applied, much more thoroughly than it generally would be, that
our information might be certain whether or no it might be recommended.
From the above analysis we can hardly recommend the use of any of the
Bree pce to protect celery against insects and must resort to anti-poisonous.
remedies.

THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR (Mamestra picta, Harris).

OrpER LEPIDOPTERA. Famity NOCTUIDA.

A common zebra-like caterpillar that feeds on the leaves of celery. It is found occasionally early in
the season but becomes more plentiful and often harmful later.

eT OD Cire nny nt ot a irks bi”. BPS
Ai ee Loh ge mei ops (apap hc me FP
dj - i
i 22
s Z
E

Fic. 15—Mamestra picta in its various stages. A, cluster of eggs as seen
ona leaf; B, one of the eggs magnified, C, the young caterpillar; D, the
mature caterpillar; E, the pupa; F, moth. All natural size except the
single egg—(original).

Though not so large, this caterpillar is even prettier and more striking
than the preceding species. For the seasons of 1891 and 1892, this was
the most common celery pest reported to us. Last year it was very com-

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 397

mon on our own celery, but it was the late brood, and although it nearly
stripped the leaves in some places, the work came so late that the celery
was nearly ready for market and had completed its growth. Parasites so
thinned the numbers of the caterpiller last fall and early this summer that
this season only a few appeared. The caterpillars feed only on the leaves,
remaining in a group while young, but soon separate and feed by
themselves.

LIFE HISTORY.

The eggs (see A, Fig. 15) are placed by the moth in a little group on the
under side of the outer leaves, often near one edge. She is very prolific,
laying in a compact bunch usually from 125 to 150 eggs, but in one
instance this season a cluster of 452 eggs was counted. In from two to
three weeks the eggs hatch into little hairy, speckled, white caterpillars .
with a black head and black crescent on the thorax. While in this condi-
tion they feed in a group and will suspend themselves by a web when dis-
turbed. Their life in this attire lasts only two or three days when they don
a bright new coat entirely different from the former one. The covering
now is of much the same color that it is in the mature form. The head and
legs are a reddish yellow and the rest of the body black except the two
stripes, one bluish white and the other light yellow, connected by irregu-
lar cross lines. The caterpillars pass through several more moults as they
erow. At maturity they measure nearly two inches in length. They then
go into the ground where they pupate and after they remain in this rest-
ing stage for a short time, appear as moths.

There are two broods each year, the first one coming in June and July
and the second appearing in September. This last brood is hardly half
grown when it leaves the celery for winter quarters in some protected
place and comes forth early in the spring to complete its growth.

PARASITES.

The second brood last fall were largely parasitized by a small four-
winged fly (Microplitis mamestree Weed), bred from the zebra caterpillar
and described several years ago by Dr. Weed. We have no access to his
papers on this parasite, but perhaps a few notes from what was observed
by myself will show the method of its work to those not familiar with the
ways of parasites. By the time the caterpillar is nearly half grown the
parasite inside the caterpillar is full grown. It then issues from the side
of the caterpillar only a short distance in front of the last pair of legs.
When only part way out it begins spinning its silky threads and attaching
them firmly to the caterpillar around it. From this foundation it weaves out
by looping the web outward nearly an eighth of an inch and fastening each
time as it is brought back. After a little basket is formed in this way on
one side, the parasite issues entirely and enters the web sack it has made.
The next thing isto stretch and shape the sack, strengthening it all the
while in the weak places. Then begins the gradual closing of the embryo
cocoon around the parasite, finishing last on one side next the caterpillar,
but before entirely enclosed it fastens webs that draw it tight to the side
or else under the caterpillar. The work so far has taken the parasite
about three quarters of an hour. The rest of the work is a series of weav-
ing, turning, pushing, and shaping till it has made the web so thick in two
or three hours that it can no longer be seen. The cocoon is about one

—

bd 5 y

398 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fourth of an inch long. The caterpillar remains inactive after the parasite —
escapes and in a few days dies because of the internal injury done by the
parasite. Safe in its tightly woven cocoon, the parasite remains till the
following spring when it comes forth as a winged fly to attack other
caterpillars.

This season none of the Microplitis have been seen, but another parasite
has been even more destructive to the Mamestra. These parasites are so
minute they can hardly be seen with the naked eye, being three fourths.
of a millimeter, or one thirty-fifth of an inch long. They do not attack
the caterpillar but mature inside the eggs of the Mamestra and destroy them
before they hatch. From two thirds to three fourths of most of the
bunches were destroyed in this way. The parasitized eggs change to a dull
lead color in a few days. Mr. Ashmead writes me that he has bred the
same species from the cotton boll worm (Heliothus armigera) of the-
south and has given them the name Telenomus heliothidis.

In addition to these two parasites on Mamestra picta, two predaceous:
species were seen doing their share in destroying the eggs. One of these:
is a lady bird beetle (Megilla maculata), and the other is the tarnished
plant bug (Lygus tercicus) previously treated of as a celery pest. Our
celery pest in this case becomes a destroyer of another pest by inserting
the lance of its beak into the eggs and sucking the contents. The lady
bird beetle eats shell and all, but the bug leaves the shell entire though
usually it is split where the lance enters. Seeing every once in a while
quite a number of the egg cases empty and split open in this peculiar man-
ner, I was led to watch for the cause of it. I soon found a tarnished plant:
bug at work on a cluster of eggs and watched it for some time. The eggs
seemed to be greatly relished by the bug as it would repeatedly return
when driven away and begin feeding at once. With so many vigilant foes.
to overcome, the zebra caterpillar will have difficulty in reaching maturity.

FOOD PLANTS.

The caterpillars of this species are very general feeders and are
especially fond of most garden crops. They sometimes become plentiful
enough to be injurious. Dr. Harris, in his “Insects Injurious to Vege-.
tation,” p. 451-2, gives us one of the earliest accounts of its destruct-
ive work. He mentions it as injurious to cabbages, cauliflowers, spinach,.
and beets.

Dr. Riley in his 2d Mo. Report, p. 112 (IIL), after giving habits and
history, mentions, besides many weeds and flowers, asparagus in addition
to those given by Harris.

In the 6th Ill. Report, p. 60, Thomas reports it being very partial to the:
leaves of the pea.

In the 5th Ent. Report of N. Y., p. 206-10 (Ill.), Dr. Lintner gives a
very complete article on the species and adds currants and buckwheat to
the list of food plants.

Here at our college we found them common on two species of clover,
alsike and alfalfa.

REMEDIES.
When a cluster of eggs is found ona celery leaf or the very young larve

are seen, they can be very easily crushed. With the older ones Dr. Lintner
has found that pyrethrum powder mixed with five parts of flour and dusted.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 399

over the caterpillars was a very satisfactory and speedy remedy. The
powder can be bought already prepared at the stores. Care should be
used, though, to see that the dealer obtains it fresh from the factory, as the
powder loses its strength upon standing any great length of time. The
powder is made from the blossoms of a plant similar to the chrysanthemum
and is perfectly harmless to man and all animals breathing with lungs.

THE SPOTTED CUT-WORM (Agrotis C-nigrum, Linn.).
ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. Famity NOCTUIDA.

A fat, light colored caterpillar with dusky spots taken on the stalks of blanching celery. It is usually
known as the corn cut-worm, because so often found injuring corn in hills.
A single specimen of this cut-worm was taken July 28, feeding on
the stalks of a celery plant after it was boarded for blanching. The cut-
c ) worm pupated August 9, about half an
ie (_<™% inch below the surface of the ground and
appeared as a moth September 5. This was
the only cut-worm found, although quite a
number of the moths were seen early in Sep-
tember, and also moths of Hadena sputatriz
were quite plentiful in the various fields and
probably this species feeds on celery also.
STII The c-nigrum is usually known best as a corn
ear ae ‘<=) eut-worm. Itis also known to destroy cabbages
+ **" and other garden plants. In 1890 it was reared
Fig. 16—The hanees cut-worm B, ana here on the currant by Prof. Cook from eggs
moth A; both natural size— (original). found June 26. There are two broods each
year, the last one remaining over winter in the grub state. There need be
little fear of either of these cut worms becoming plentiful enough to injure
the crop seriously so long as the soil is kept constantly stirred, as it is,
from early spring to late fall. Should they become numerous, their work
on the stalks may prove quite serious and in such a case bait traps of little
bundles of clover poisoned with Paris green and distributed through the
field, will be found helpful.

THE CELERY PLUSIA (Plusia simplex, Guen.).

OrpEeR LEPIDOPTERA. Famity NOCTUIDA.

Feeding on celery, lettuce and a few other plants; a naked, green, span worm, whose body is marked
with eight white lines, and is provided with only twelve legs.—Coquillett.

A single specimen was taken in the pupa stage, wrapped in a white
silken cocoon, and this rolled up in what was left of a leaf it had nearly
eaten. The moth appeared on the 14th of July.

In the 11th Ill. Ent. Report (1882) p. 38, Mr. Coquillett reports this
Plusia as destructive to celery in many gardens in the locality of German-
town, Ill. It is very closely related to the cabbage Plusia that becomes
destructive at times and then apparently disappears for years before
again attacking the cabbages in numbers. The habits of the celery Plusia
are probably much the same. In the absence of a drawing, a few words
from Mr. Coquillett’s description may enable growers to identify the’
caterpillar. The body is very robust posteriorly, from whence it tapers to
the head. It is a pale green, with a dark line on the back, and on each side
three white lines, the middle one longest. Below and above the white
stigmal line the body is dark green. The white spiracles are ringed with

400 ~ STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

black. The head is green with black eyelets. Length one and one fourth
inches when full grown. The moth is slightly smaller than that of the
spotted cut worm (Fig. 16) and is marked with light gray and dark brown
with a silvered hook extending into the center of the front wings. Three
broods each season are reported in Illinois by Mr. Coquillett.

REMEDIES.

The only remedy suggested is cold water. In his rearing experiments
with the larve, Mr. Coquillet found the leaves when wet produced a
disease of violent scouring that soon killed the caterpillars. The speci-
men reared by myself seems to be an excepticn to the rule as the weather
was exceptionally wet up to nearly the time of the appearance of the
moth. Perhaps it was owing to confinement that the water produced such
an effect. Should this not prove sufficient, the pyrethrum powder spoken
of under the zebra caterpillar no doubt will be effectual.

THE CELERY BORER (Phlyctenia ferrugalis, Hbn.).
OrnpER LEPIDOPTERA. Famity PYRAUSTIDA.

Greenish translucent caterpillars, about one inch long, that were taken both boring in the stems and
feeding on the leaves.

The habits of this species seem quite variable. It both bores in the
stems and feeds on the leaves. While at Kalamazoo the 26th of August
one of these caterpillars
was found burrowing on the
inside of the celery stalks
close to the base. The
crown had been eaten out
and the plant nearly eaten
, up. The outer leaf stalks
4 were channeled at the base
and nothing left except the
shell on the outer side. An
immense amount of frass
was left for so small a
feeder. No other plants
near this one seemed to
Tiere with the wing: tolled chi ot Paty Cito cian ch tke tail have been molested.) On
grown caterpillar; D, the pupa. Twice natural size—(original). the game day in other fields
larvee that appeared to be the same were taken quite plentifully either
rolled up or sewed in between celery leaves. These caterpillars fed on the —
leaves around them and did not molest the stems. Both lots were placed
in separate breeding jars, but from this on, all acted and fed alike. On
the 28th the most of them webbed up between the leaves, or cut chunks of
leaves out and pasted them to the jars. Others webbed up a day or two
later. The first moths appeared the 14th of September. The borer
appeared the next day and proved to be the same species as the others.

REFERENCES.

For the identification of this and the following species of small moths
and references to them, I am indebted to Prof. C. H. Fernald, our well-
known authority on the Micro-lepidoptera. He writes me that to his
knowledge the species has never been bred in this country before. In an

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 401

English periodical (Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, Vol. XIV, pp. 200-
204) we find all the early stages fully described. This species was bred on
the leaves of boneset (Hupatoriwum), and was also taken on hedge
nettle (Stachys) and strawberry leaves. It is thought to be two or more
brooded.

DESCRIPTION.

The full grown larva is nearly an inch in length. Head and thoracic
shield drab, with black markings as shown in the drawing. Along the
body is a dark green dorsal line on each side of which is a very faint
almost obscure opaque white line merging off to a translucent greenish
and bordered by another opaque white line. On the sides is a very obscure
yellowish green line. There is a distinct caudal shield of white and dark
green. The caterpillar is sparsely covered with hairs.

The moth is reddish brown on the front wings and a grayish brown on
the hind wings. Both have the faint black markings shown in the
drawing.

REMEDY.

It is probable that the usual habit of this caterpillar is to draw the leaves
together and feed on the leaves rather than bore in the stem. When feed-
ing on the leaves alone it does much less harm. At present the species is
not plentiful enough to cause any immediate alarm. Were the life history
of the species better known, it is probable that some good means of control
could be found.

THE SULPHUR COLORED TORTRIX (Dichelia sulfureana, Clem).
OrprER, LEPIDOPTERA. Famity, TORTRICIDA,

Fie, 18.—The sulphur colored tortrix. A, full grown caterpillar; B, the same as seen rolled in
a leaf; C, the pupa; D, the moth with wings spread; E, same with wings closed and showing
variation in color markings. The hair lines show natural size—(original).

41

402 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. —

This was the most common celery leaf roller found this season. It was
found more or less common in every locality visited. There are at least
two broods and probably three. Of the first brood noticed the larvee
became full grown about the first of August and pupated early in the
month, remaining from five to nine days in this state before issuing as
moths. The next brood reached maturity the latter part of September and
probably remain over winter as pups. Previous to this the species has
been bred on clover and common buttercup (Ranunculus acris).

The larvee are light green all except the tips of the mandibles (jaws),
labrum (upper lip), and front feet which are black, and the head and
thorax which are lighter—almost a flesh color. They live in leaves drawn
together around them by a web which they spin, and feed on the adjoining
leaves. They pupate in the same leaves in which they live. The little
moths are a bright sulphur yellow with a network of small red lines and
larger reddish brown bands on the primary wings. The hind wings are
dusky. The band on the front wings varies considerably, the two extremes
of the specimens reared being shown in the figure.

Should the species become still more common, and perceptibly reduce
the foliage of the celery, it is probable that a great deal can be done to
prevent the attack by cleaning up all leaves and refuse material left in the
field in the fall and burning it. From our present knowledge, it would
seem that this would destroy many winter pupz.

THE CELERY TORTRIX (Sericoris bipartitana, Clem).

Only occasional specimens of this species were found. The larve feed
on the leaves and live in a gallery made by drawing several leaves together.
They are half a inch long, or a little

& more, quite slender and very active,
“NP throwing themselves with great vio-
¥x lence when taken from the case.
aN They are a dark greasy brown (almost

. black) with black shield on thorax.,,
legs and plate on terminal segment
black, prolegs and under side lighter.

Fig. 19—The celery tortrix three times the natural There are four shining dots above on

Be ae ee eee Onena each segment forming a square. On
the sides are pits, one to each segment, and a dot above and below. The
body is sparsely covered with hairs. They pupated early in August and
appeared as a moth two weeks later. The moth is black and white with
dark posterior wings and light abdomen. Prof. Fernald says the species.
has never been bred before to his knowledge.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 403:

OTHER CATERPILLARS ON CELERY.

One of our common leaf rollers and one that we might expect to find on
celery, as it is such a general feeder, is the oblique banded leaf roller

Ge ; (Caccecia rosaceana Harr.). The pale
green caterpillar is one of our largest,
plumpest leaf rollers.

Very similar in shape but of a uni-
form buff color is another moth (Tor-
trix pallorana Rob.) that was bred on
the leaves of celery, August 17. Itisa
Bees leaf roller with habits similar to the
others, and is also quite a general feeder.
Hog 1 Sone SE ea Only one specimen of each of the above

ie aceand, a, moth: 6, caterpillar; c, pupa Species was reared. Another caterpillar

pe ee) that destroyed at least two rather smali
plants by eating stems and leaves was the large hairy red and black
one (Pyrrharctia isabella 8. & A.) that is so common everywhere in the:
autumn. It is probable that this one specimen was rather partial to celery
as others of the same species were found around celery that did not seem
to feed on it at all. In confinement they eat it readily.

There were several other caterpillars (at least four species) that were
taken feeding on celery but they did not reach maturity. One of these
was a dark, dingy specimen, about half an inch long, that bored in the:
hearts of very young plants. It possibly was a cut-worm but looked more
like the larva of a butterfly. Only the one was found and by an accident
it escaped from confinement before reaching maturity. Another partly
grown specimen was determined at Washington, D. C., as_ probably.
Leucarctia acrea.

“RED SPIDER” (Tetranychus telarius, Linn).
OxpER ACARINA. Famity TROMBIDIDA.

Our common little greenhouse mite, commonly known as “ red spider,”
has taken a liking to celery this season and enrolls itself along with the
celery insects. The latter part of the season was extremely dry, and favor-
able for its increase and, before the drought was broken, little blotches.
made by the mite began to appear in places quite thickly over the under
side of the leaves. By raising the leaf the yellowish mites about the size
of a pin head, will be seen through a slight web in which they live. They
thrive only in a dry, hot atmosphere, and plenty of water is equivalent to
poison for them.

Quite a number of other insects of various orders were collected on
celery and although suspicion brands many of them as celery insects, they
are not mentioned, as they were seen neither feeding nor breeding on the
plant. Being in the fields only at intervals has interfered somewhat with
extended observations that are so essential to the best work. Enough has:
probably been given to show the number of insects the celery-grower must:
compete with in raising his crop.

404 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CELERY LEAF BLIGHT.

As the leaf blight is dwarfing and injuring celery so much in many
localities and spreading to others, it was thought best to investigate this
disease and give it a portion of our consideration along with the celery
insects. In many places over the state the leaf blight is not known. In
fields where celery has been grown on the same ground for a series of
years, the blight through the hottest part of the season is severe. It is
very generally known among celery-growers in these places as “sun
blight” and is supposed to be produced by the hot sun. One season,
several years ago, it took nearly the whole celery crop at Kalamazoo. The
blight has troubled the fields in the northern peninsula for the past three
years, as Mr. Wheeler, our station botanist, learns through correspondence.
The same letter says, “‘ White Plume’ and ‘Golden Self Bleaching’
suffered more than other varieties. ‘ Henderson’s New Rose’ has been
entirely free from blight.”

The blight is caused by a fungous disease working inside the celery
leaves. No experimental work has been done on it here. Dr. B. T. Gal-
loway has experimented on the blight in eastern fields and he kindly sends
his unpublished notes for our use. The following are his notes in full:

CELERY LEAF BLIGHT, AS AFFECTED BY WATER SUPPLY TO THE PLANT.

Celery leaf blight, caused by Cercospora apii, is an exceedingly destructive disease,
especially in the eastern part of the United States. For several years we have been
making experiments in the hope that some means of cheaply preventing the trouble
might be discovered. In 1890, 1891, and 1892 a number of trials made were with various
fungicides, including both liquids and powders, but none of these gave very satisfactory
results. In every case where the celery was planted on upland soil it blighted badly,
despite the fact that the leaves were kept nearly covered with such well-known fungi-
cides as Bordeaux mixture, ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate, etc. Where
these preparations were used, however, the celery was not so badly attacked by leaf
blight as the plants receiving no treatment at all.

Noticing that celery on low, moist ground was seldom severely injured by blight, an
experiment was made in 1892 on upland soil to test the effect on the disease of water
applied to the roots. The plants selected for the experiment were fully exposed to the
sun and were set in such a way that they could be flooded sufficiently often to keep the
ground always soaked. Without any further treatment these plants made a vigorous
growth and were almost wholly free from blight. The average height of the plants when
bleached was thirty-two inches. Plants in the same bed which received only water fall-
ing naturally, asrain, blighted very badly, in consequence of which there was not enough
leaves to bleach when the time came for this operation. In height these plants aver-
aged a little over eight inches, or about one fourth that of the watered celery. The
experiment shows the importance of an abundant water supply for this crop and
explains in a measure why in certain localities celery is seldom affected with the
disease. Of course it may not be practicable for all upland celery-growers to water as
extensively as seems necessary to keep the crop growing and free from disease, still
there are no doubt many places where irrigation could be practiced at comparatively
little expense, making the crop, even in regions where the soil and climate is naturally
unfavorable, a certain and profitable one.

G. C. DAVIS.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 405

VARIETY TESTS OF VEGETABLES.

BY i Be PART:

Bulletin No. 109.—Horticultural Department.

For several years it has been the custom of this department to make
careful tests of the varieties of vegetables sent out by the different dealers
as novelties, and to issue the results in bulletin form at the end of the
season. Many of these so-called new sorts are sold at prices much above
those of standard varieties, but although highly praised by the introducers,
are not always worthy. On the other hand, they are often greatly
improved strains of some of the old and valuable sorts or new and distinct
varieties of marked merit, and would then be desirable acquisitions.

The purchaser can only determine their value by actual trial, and for
any one person to purchase and grow all the highly praised varieties sent
out in a single season will require a large expense in money and time.
The experiment station can do this work and the reports of the results of
the trials will be of value to every one who purchases garden seeds. It
must be admitted, however, that in many cases we are one year behind the
time, but the grower will have the report for use the next year and by that
time the cost will be reduced so that a start can be obtained with a smaller
outlay. It is desirable, and the seedsmen are each year doing it more and
more, that promising novelties be submitted for trial, to some half dozen
experiment stations in different parts of the country, who make a specialty
of testing varieties, the year before they are catalogued. Before a seeds-
man takes up a novelty he generally tests it for at least one season upon
his own trial grounds, and if, when he obtains a sample of a variety which
he proposes to introduce should it upon trial prove desirable, he would send
a sufficient amount to some of the experiment stations, or require the
originator to do so, not only might it save the public from loss should it be
inferior, but, if it has real merit, a report to that effect by the stations

406 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

would both increase the sales of the dealer and assure the public that the
variety has value.

In the course of our variety tests we have had frequent occasion to
ascertain the character of the seeds sold by different dealers, both as to
vitality and the value of the strains, and we believe that most of them are
doing what they can to keep their seeds up to a high standard. We find
that as a rule far better results are obtained when the seeds are ordered
‘direct from the dealers, rather than purchased as box or bulk seeds of a
grocer; but, however reliable a seedsman may be, it will always be found -
safest to test the vitality of the seeds before putting inthe crop. Seeds of
low germinating power are occasionally sent out by all dealers, unwittingly
oftentimes, and a few minutes spent in testing the seeds may save one
from serious pecuniary, as well as a vexatious, loss.

The tests of the cabbages, cauliflower, sweet corn, and peas have been
under the charge of my assistant, Mr. R. J. Coryell, and the report was
prepared by him, while Mr. H. P. Gladden has looked after the beans,
celery, cucumbers, lettuce, salsify, squashes, and tomatoes, and has pre-
pared the appended notes. Quite a variety of other vegetables were grown,
but in very few of them were there any novelties that have been found
better than the old sorts.

The seeds used in the tests were obtained from the following firms:
Robert Buist, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa.; Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia,
Pa.; Currie Bros., Milwaukee, Wis.; D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit, Mich. ;
J. J. H. Gregory, Marblehead, Mass.; Peter Henderson & Co., New York;
D. Landreth & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa.; A. W. Livingston’s Sons, Colum-
bus, Ohio; W. H. Maule & Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; A. M. Nichol, Gran-
ville, Ohio; W. W. Rawson, Boston, Mass.; John A. Salzer, La Crosse,
wae J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York City, and J. C. Vaughan, Chicago,

CABBAGE.

R. J. CORYELL.

The forty-eight varieties tested this year included nearly all of the new
sorts listed by the seedsmen, and some of the standard kinds for compari-
son. ‘The seeds were sown in the forcing house on March 20. The plants
were transplanted into flats on April 8 and set in the field May 16.

The severity of the drought, which extended from July 16 to well into
September, was so great that the test was a failure in that many kinds
headed out of season. The test was of value since it showed clearly those
kinds that would produce a good crop under adverse conditions. The
earliest varieties were not affected, the injury being most severe on those
that mature at midseason or later. Of these the larger kinds, or those
that have many leaves, suffered most. The medium-size varieties that
had but few outside leaves were generally uniform in heading and pro-
duced a fair crop.

Of the early varieties the Hiampes, Currie, and Lightning, Salzer, were
the first to head. The latter, a strain of the Wakefield, produced very even,
solid heads. The Charleston Wakefield, Henderson, was a day or so
later and enough larger to make up the difference in time. clipse, ~
Currie, advertised as a second-early variety, matured with the Charleston

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 407

Wakefield. The type did not appear to be fixed, but a good crop was
produced. Following these kinds within a week are several larger
varieties. Henderson's Early Summer, Ferry, proved to be an excellent
strain of that well-known sort. Jdeal, Salzer, was much like it and as
good. Bloomsdale Early Market, Landreth, and Karly Flat Dutch, Ferry,
were of the same season as the preceding kinds, but not so good.

Of the mid-season sorts, All Seasons, Ferry, followed closely the
second-early kinds. Every plant produced a salable head. It is a strain
of the Flat Dutch and will be found a reliable variety.

Succession, Ferry, was four days later than All Seasons and much like
it, maturing in eighty-six days from the time of setting in the field. It
was the best variety of this class and in fact the best of any planted this
year. The heads were of medium size, solid, and uniform. The stump was
short and leaves few. Reynolds, Maule, and Fottler’s Harly Drumhead,
Ferry, were a few days later than Succession. _They produced uniformly
good heads.

All the late cabbages did poorly. Awtwmn King, Henderson, and

Zorld Beater, Burpee, are similar in growth and appearance. Safe Crop,
Burpee, did fairly well. Large Late Mountain, Landreth, resembles the
preceding variety closely. Fewer plants headed, but those that did were
much better.

CAULIFLOWER.

Eleven varieties were tried. They were treated nearly the same as the
cabbages, being planted and cultivated on the same dates, but were given
‘richer soil. The drought affected them as it did the cabbages, causing a
failure of the later maturing varieties.

Of the earlier varieties, the Snowball, Ferry, Dwarf Erfurt, Ferry, and
Sea Foam, Rawson, were the best in the order named.

Mont Blanc, Buist, made a good showing. The head is well protected
by leaves, which is an advantagetoit. Awtwmn Giant, Vaughan, was much
like this variety but it did not do as well.

SWEET CORN.

Each variety of sweet corn occupied a row 100 feet long, except in a few
cases where the amount of seed was too limited. The rows were four feet
apart and the hills in the row were put at a greater or less distance accord-
ing to its growth. The planting was done on May 25. Five kernels were
placed in a hill and afterward thinned to four stalks. Many kernels did
not germinate and the varieties did not average more than three stalks per
hill. All varieties grew well until the hot winds and drought came during
the first part of August, which affected all except the earliest varieties.
The frost injured a few of the later kinds.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

408

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410 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

When the ears had reached the edible stage, all except those upon four
or five hills were gathered, counted, and weighed. Those that remained
were allowed to mature and were then counted and their weight estimated
to be the same as the others. This formed the data for determining the
yield as shown in the table. In computing the yield per acre, four stalks
were reckoned per hill, which was not the actual case, but it gave a fairer
estimate of the value of that variety than had the actual number of stalks
been used.

The distance apart that each variety should be planted was carefully
studied and the one recommended as well as the distance actually used
this year is given in the table. This point may be of value to some in
making the most economical use of their land when sweet corn is grown
in large quantities. Many varieties would do better by being planted less
than four feet apart in rows and at a greater distance between the
hills than is recommended in the table.

The following are new varieties:
Eastman Early.—D. C. Hicks, North Clarendon, Vt. <A variety similar
in growth and in ear to the Cory The ears are not quite so regular nor as

even in size as that variety and the kernels are more wrinkled than any of
the early varieties, while the cob is variable in color from white to pink.

Extra Early Vermont.—Hicks. This is the most prolific variety among
the early kinds. While excelled by the Cory and White Cob Cory in
earliness, its productiveness makes it valuable. It set at least two ears
per stalk and matured this year with us an average of one and one half
ears. The type is not yet fixed, the cobs varying from white to red; ears
slim, of fair length, and well filled.

Early Champion.—Vaughan. This variety follows the first-early kinds
within ten days. The ears were of good diameter, but were very short
this year, while the plants lacked productiveness.

New Eclipse..—Hicks. An eight-rowed variety having the same char-
acteristics as the Cory, but maturing later. While setting a sufficient
number of ears, they were very small and poorly filled.

Zigzag.—Northrup, Braslan & Goodwin Co. This is a late variety
covering a long season. There is little or no difference between it and
Country Gentleman.

The following varieties are recommended:
EARLY.

White Cob Cory, Extra Early Vermont, Chicago Market and Stabler
Early.

MIDSEASON.
EKgyptian and Nonesuch.
LATE.

Gold Coin and Country Gentleman.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 411

PEAS.

Fifty-six varieties were tested. These included most of the new varie-
ties and many standard sorts. Considerable attention was paid to
classifying the varieties. Those that were known to be of the same season
and the same manner of growth were planted close together for conven-
ience in comparison.

On May 10 the seeds were sown, two hundred seeds of each variety be-
ing planted in double rows ten feet long. After the vines were well up,
all but one hundred were removed and the remaining vines were supported
by a woven wire trellis. The season was favorable for a good test, although
the hot weather hastened the maturity of the late varieties.

When the pods were in an edible condition, they were picked and the
data for the last three columns of the table were obtained from them.

Among the smooth, white, early varieties there is but little choice. The
Bergen Fleetwing was the most prolific, but the pods were small. Maud
Sand Extra Early had the best filled peds. In earliness, there appeared
to be no choice.

Following these varieties very closely are several blue peas. Although
edible in from forty-nine to fifty-one days, they were about four days
behind the first-early kinds in market maturity and in ripening.

Between the Alaska, Clipper, and Lightning there appeared to be no
difference. Of these the table shows the Clipper to be the best, although,
as they grew, no choice was noted. Of these second-early peas the Blue
Beauty easily stands at the head. It is a dwarf, stocky grower, productive
of medium-size well-filled pods. Universal, a new variety of dwarf
habit, is fairly promising. The pods are small and rather variable.
Chelsea differs from the Premiwm Gem in the color of the peas and
slightly in the appearance of the leaves. McLean’s Little Gem belongs in
this season. The pods are of good size and the peas are of good quality.
It is well known and planted everywhere. Kentish Invicta is a very pro-
lific variety, but its pods ran very small at the last. Wm. Hurst with-
stood the hot weather well. The pods were crisp and the peas were very
sweet, but the vine was unproductive.

Exonian, a new kind imported into this country, is a day or so later
than the above varieties. It is fairly promising, but did not withstand the
heat as did the native sorts. Harly May, a new variety, was said to be as
early as the American Wonder, but it was much later. The pods are
mostly borne profusely in pairs, and all reach maturity nearly at the same
time. It fills the season very nicely between the second-early and the
mid-season kinds. Petit Pois is a new variety introduced from France as
of the highest quality. The vines are slim, medium tall, and very pro-
ductive of rather small but closely filled pods. The peas are very delicious
until full grown, when they rapidly harden. Profusion is a good variety
for this season; its pods ran rather small at the last picking.

Following these varieties come those that are known as the mid-season
kinds, most of which have larger pods than those preceding. Among
these varieties there are a large number that are so nearly alike in growth,
pod, and season, that if a grower had one of them he would not need any
of the others. |

Belonging in one class are the Stratagem, Juno, Stanley, Shropshire

412 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Hero, Pride of the Market, Gladiator, and Heroine. These have strong,
stocky vines about two and one half feet high, and bear medium large,
thick, well-filled pods that are slightly recurved. The pods are borne near
the extremity of the vines and reach maturity nearly at the same time.
Also covering the same season are the Abundance, Bliss Everbearing,
Blue Imperial, and Yorkshire Hero. These varieties have smaller,
broader, flatter, and more pointed pods than the Stratagem class. These
differ from each other in season slightly. The Yorkshire Hero is a little
later and the Blue Imperial is slightly earlier than the Bliss Everbearing.

The Telegraph, Long Island Mammoth, and Evolution are varieties of
medium tall, slim growth that cover a longer season than the preceding
mid-season varieties. Their season begins with the Stratagem class and
extends several days later. This is especially true of the Long Island
Mammoth, from which edibie peas could be picked for a period of eighteen
days. ll Bashet resembles these varieties in the shape of its pods, but
' the vines are shorter and more stocky. It covers a long season and was
the most productive variety of the mid-season sorts.

The Duke of Albany and American Champion are alike in every respect.
Vines are tall and pods large. The pods of the former were not always
well filled. They cover the same season as the Evolution class.

Eugenie, a new dwarf.variety that follows the Stratagem class in a few
days, is very productive. Pods medium large, well filled. Dwarf Tele-
phone is a short, stocky variety with large, long pods like those of the
Telephone, but it is more productive. In season it is about two days later
than that variety. Sutton Satisfaction is a new late variety, very branch-
ing and very prolific if planted thinly.

Melting Sugar and Tall Sugar are two varieties with edible pods. The
former is in season just before the Stratagem, while the latter follows the
Champion of England. They are very tender and all parts cook nicely
except the ventral suture, which remains stringy.

Best varieties for planting:

EARLY.

Extra Early or Maud S.
SECOND EARLY.
Blue Beauty, Early May.
MID-SEASON.

Fill Basket, Heroine, Eugenie.

LATE.
Sutton Satisfaction, Champion of England.
The following new varieties are promising:

Dwarf No. 2, Universal, Exonian, Early May, American Champion,
Dwarf Telephone, Eugenie, Sutton Satisfaction.

413

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS.

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STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

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416 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUSH BEANS.
H. P. GLADDEN.

Beans do best in a rather light, well drained soil. Although, in ordi-
nary soil, a fair crop may be grown without the use of manure, its applica-
tion, in a well-rotted form, can be made with profit.

If the garden is laid out in long rows, which is the preferable way, as it
permits the use of the horse cultivator, the drills should be from two and
one half to three feet apart, but where the work is done by hand, the rows
may be as near as fifteen or eighteen inches. The beans should be sown
two or three inches apart in the drills, and, after covering two or three
inches deep, the soil should be firmly pressed over the seed.

Beans are easily injured by cold or excessive moisture. It is usually
safe to plant the first crop at the time corn is planted. For a succession
sow every two or three weeks until the first of August.

Care should be taken to give the plants shallow cultivation, as disturb-
ance of the roots, especially during the blossoming period, will result in a
decreased crop.

There are many varieties of bean, differing in earliness, productiveness,
and in the size, color, and quality of pod and seed. Of the green-podded
varieties, a well selected strain of Red Valentine will prove satisfactory.
For a family garden preference is given to the wax-podded sorts. Cylin-
der Black Wax is very productive, with long, round, and light yellow
pods. This variety planted in succession will give snap beans that are ten-
der and of best quality throughout the season. Mammoth Waza and
Butter Wax may also be mentioned in this class. As ashell bean, Dwarf
Horticultural or Goddard Bush are excellent. Among the recent intro-
ductions may be mentioned Speckled Wax, very promising as a snap bean
and later as a shell bean.

POLE BEANS.

This class of beans is very tender and should be planted two or three
weeks later than the bush beans. The rows should be from four to five
feet apart, with four feet between the hills. The poles, which should be
about eight feet long, can best be set in place before the beans are planted,
as disturbing the young plants injures their growth. It is well to make
the hill quite rich, by working into the soil a shovelfull of well composted
manure.

Golden Cluster is an excellent pole snap bean. The plants are strong
growing and very productive, and the pods are large, tender, and of the
best quality. Golden Champion is also a good variety.

The Pole Limas are late in maturing and are usually killed by frost
before much of the crop has been gathered.

A variety worthy of special mention is the Horticultural Lima. It is
productive and ripens the crop before frost comes. It is unexcelled as a
green shell bean and is a good cooking bean when mature.

Warren, Gregory. A recent introduction. Plants of strong, vigorous
growth; pods three to four inches long, usually straight; flesh thick,
tender. and of best quality. The plants are productive and the pods
mature successively for a long season. An excellent home variety.

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. AIT

CELERY.

Celery is seldom grown in the farm garden, as its cultivation is thought
too difficult for the amateur. The growing of this excellent vegetable is not
so hard as imagined and it should receive more attention than is now given
it. 'The seed should be sown early in the spring. Select a level spot and
make it rich with well rotted manure. Thoroughly pulverize the soil and
sow the seed in rows about eight inches apart. The seeds are small and an
ounce will produce over five thousand plants. When the plants are three
or four inches high the tops should be clipped to make the plants stocky.
To grow good celery it is quite necessary that the soil be heavily man-
ured and one that will not dry out, and, if possible, loose and deep,
though good celery may be grown on clayey ground. The rows may be
four or five feet apart and the plants six inches distant in the rows. The
plants should be set not deeper than they were in the bed and the soil firmly
pressed about the roots. When the plants are about ten inches tall
the celery wanted for fall use should be banked up to blanch it; this opera-
tion should be repeated as the tops grow. The celery intended for winter
storing should be earthed sufficiently to induce the stalks to grow upright.
Celery will stand several degrees below freezing without serious injury.
About the first of November the plants should be placed in trenches or in
_ the cellar to blanch for winter use. If stored outside, trenches should be

dug eight or ten inches wide and as deep as the celery is tall. The earth
should be loose at the bottom of the trench. The plants, with the roots
on, are taken from the rows and packed closely in the trench with the tops
even with the surface. As cold weather comes on the tops should be cov-
ered gradually, with some loose material, until they are protected from
serious freezing. Celery may be placed in the cellar by having boards
eight or ten inches apart to prevent packing in a compact mass. Soil
should be packed about the roots that they may start to grow, as this
growth in the trench or cellar blanches the stalks. Earth is not necessary
between the stalks.
The dwarf varieties seem to give better satisfaction than the larger grow-
ing kinds. Golden Self Blanching and White Plume are good varieties.
Jf a pink sort is desired, Rose will give good satisfaction.

CUCUMBERS.

__ Cucumbers prefer a light sandy loam well enriched. The rows may be

five to six feet apart, and the hills three or four feet distant in the rows.
In this locality, June 1 to 10 is the time to plant. The striped beetle
is very troublesome to the young plants: A good way to protect the plants
is to grow them for a time under a cover of netting or wire screen fastened
onaframe. When the plants are well started they will keep ahead of the
insects. Seed should be planted every two or three weeks to provide a
succession through the season. Plants will continue to produce fruits
much longer if no cucumbers are allowed to ripen on the vines.

One of the best varieties to grow for general use is White Spine. There
are several strains of this variety differing somewhat in growth, productive-
ness and in time of maturing. Fordhook Improved White Spine, Burpee,
is one of the best of its class. The plants were very strong growing and

53

418 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

productive and the cucumbers large and perfect in form. As a sort for
growing pickles and for early table use Russian is good. The fruits are
small but are produced in large numbers. As a later variety Long Green
rae be mentioned. The cucumbers are large and among the best for
table use.

LETTUCE.

A common mistake made in growing lettuce is in having the plants too ~
close together. To reach perfection the plants should be ten to fifteen
inches apart in the rows.

Lettuce is quite hardy and the seeds can be sown quite early. To pro-—
vide a succession sow every two or three weeks.

As varieties for general growing Black Seeded Simpson, Hanson, Grand
Rapids, and Prize Head are among the best .

The following are sorts of recent introduction: ;

Onondaga, Burpee. It forms a large compact head. The outer leaves
are curled, yellowish green with brownish red edges. The inner leaves are
rich yellowish green in color and of excellent quality. It stands heat well
and is a promising variety.

Iceberg, Burpee. Ice, Pitcher and Manda. The heads are of medium
size; leaves somewhat curled and wrinkled, edges brownish red. Every
plant formed a good head during very dry weather. Its handsome appear-
ance, high quality, and ability to withstand drouth make it well worthy of
general planting.

SALSIFY.

This vegetable is of such easy culture and so little known that a few
words in its favor may not be oat of place. Sow the seed early in spring
in drills. If hand cultivation is practiced the drills may be twelve or fif-
teen inches apart. The plants should be thinned out if they are growing
too close. Late in the fall the roots may be stored in the cellar or a trench
outside for use during the winter and spring. They may be left in the
ground until spring without injury to the roots. The roots make a most
excellent dish and the vegetable would be largely grown were its good
qualities more generally known.

SQUASHES.

Of late the squash vine borer has made the growing of this vegetable
somewhat uncertain, though a large proportion of the damage supposed to
be done by the borer is due toa fungus which attacks the vine. Corn
cobs soaked in coal tar and placed about the hills when the plants are
small repels the moth that lays the eggs which produce the borer. The
tar should be renewed every four or five days. The striped beetle may
be kept away by covering the plants as recommended with cucumbers. A
tablespoonful of turpentine mixed with a pailful of ashes and sprinkled on
the plants early in the morning has been quite successfully used to keep
away the beetles.

Summer Crookneck and White Bush Scallop are usually planted for
early squashes. Long Island White Bush, a recent introduction, seems to
be an improvement upon the usual type. The plants are very productive

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 419

and the squashes larger, smoother, and more regular in form than the com-
mon Bush Scallop. Boston Marrow is a good fall and early winter squash.
Hubbard and. Marblehead are among the best for winter use. Hssex
Hybrid is a productive sort and the squashes are of good quality; by some
they are preferred to the Hubbard for fall and early winter use. Cocoanut
and Fordhook are strong growing varieties which are almost sure to bear
a large crop. The squashes are small, but of good quality.

Delicata, recently introduced by Henderson, belongs to the above class.
The plants are strong growing and healthy. The squash is about six
inches long and three to four inches in diameter. It is of a rich, creamy
_ yellow color and the flesh is dry and of excellent quality. Matures the last
of September. Somewhat similar to Fordhook, but is less ridged and more
oval in form.

TOMATOES.

The seed was sown in the forcing house April 1. The plants were set
out June 6 and 7. The rows were six feet apart and the plants set four
feet apart in the rows. The trellis described in bulletin No. 57 was used
to support the vines. Ninety varieties or strains were grown. The table
given below shows the time of ripening and the yield of a few of the older
and better sorts, and of the new varieties grown. Six plants were set of
each variety. All the ripe tomatoes borne on these six plants were picked
and weighed. After the frost had killed the vines the green tomatoes were
also gathered and weighed.

The variety which has given best satisfaction, as an early tomato, for
several season is Harliest, from Vaughan. The six plants supposed to be
Earliest in the experimental plot were not true, so that a comparison for
this year could not be made. Our field planted for general use contained
a large setting of Harliest, and here it was the first, by several days, to
ripen fruits.

Advance, which is a little later than HKarliest, but bears a smoother
fruit, shows up well as an early sort.

Ignotum, Lorillard, and Optimus may be recommended as among the
best for the general crop.

The following notes on some of the new varieties may be of interest:

Royal Red.—Dreer. Careful comparison could note no differences in
plants or fruit from Zgnotum, though Royal Red ripened fruits a week
earlier and the tomatoes averaged much smaller in size.

Buckeye State.—Livingston. Plants are strong growing; fruit grows in
clusters, is round and of good size, color a uniform pinkish red; flesh solid
_ and walls thick. Free from rot and does not crack. Promising.

Belmont.—Gregory. Plants are strong growing and spread but little.
Fruit round or somewhat oblong, many-celled and cell walls very thick,
few seeds in cells; color bright, light red, does not ripen well around stem.

Terra Cotta.—Thorburn. This is one of the Rural New Yorker's cross-
bred tomatoes. The type is not fixed and the fruit varies greatly on the
different plants. The typicai fruit is of medium size, nearly round, with
slight ridges or irregularities. It has very thin skin and the cells are
close to the outside and have thin outer walls. The center of the tomato
is solid and the flesh is bright red in color, juicy, and fine flavored. A
novelty in tomatoes and possessing many points of excellence.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TABLE 4.—TOMATOES, TESTS OF VARIETIES.

Variety.

Patomne ser ope ees oh ce
McCollum Hybrid_.______ .__

Potato-leaf Ignotum ___.___-
Picture Rock: =" _--= 23.2222
ATO Tye oe SRO
MM ajoetie ts: ih [0s eT. Be igh
Prize Belle Sie Ee

Royal Red
Buckeye State_._.....__.___-
Belmont Peewee Nek Aes

Early Michigan ____________-
NicholiNoibere 5 2 ee fa
‘The stone’... 2 2--f-.- tk
LTO DRY pe ee at oe ee
hichmond 22003) Se

Giantiirse | ee ee TS
irs tips sees s) es |

Trucker Favorite
Matchisgat wis! 4

Seedsman.

Dreer? 2-2
Livingston. __
Gregory 222".
Thorburn Saas

Vaughan______

Gregory
Henderson. __
Salzer Eee ess

College ._._-_-

. . . 5 . . 5 Q
= Sarr ON st | ee ene
B Bas | Bus 5 B | S68] oF
26 | of | ga | Se | Ba| 2G | me] BF
a ad nD mn |2o| Bo | oel,o
2 t= Ho Eo | ga] Pa | Bea] Ss
= qa os © =) = O'n ow oO
=| 62 ce aca Aa ae toe |
5 coe ae cel rm } a ° S ° 8
3 sa | 3S 2 5 $ - | @E
a) Ss Pa Es) = a <i iiss
Ibs. oz.|lbs. oz.|lbs. oz lbs. oz.| oz. | Ibs.
Aug.14 |) 265 |20 6/2 5 561 | 72 O| 2.00 | 22%
sores 0 S44) .12.. 8 | 21. 5 200 | 42 11] 3.41 12
Sept. 2 OMe ia) SON bse de 158} 70 5 7.12 344%
s 2 a) 2) 80) 9:80) *9 141 | 62 4) 7.06 81
Aug, 29/22. = 30 4/21 10| 174] 51 14] 4.78 | 77%
65 (eae ee BBy i 74 |e 3) 35} 201 | 67 1] 5.33] 66
(2) 0) Tre al jel 3t 5 523) 46" - 19 258 | 83 11] 5.19 824%,
Cy? | 41 1-35. 10 162 | 76 11) 7.58 90
Aug. 29} 6 12|27 2/16 14 91 | 50 12] 8.92) 66
Sept. 2} 0 18/11 10/11 7 80} 28 14) 4.77 51
Age te ie 81082) 197) at! 138 | 58 11] 6.08 i
Sao iG.s 53) 20° 15) 18.479 224 | 56 18] 4.05 60
Seon eG: 1 Sri Ab. (61) toate 140 | 40 5] 4.60 | 25
eee do! ONO 513 518 SL 190 | 39 14] 3.32 21
Soe 2g 0) 10 |. 12 1b | 22, “OP AB8a) AS) Ta) Sason aa
Be eeot So) ald th On Glib) aS 156 | 834 3 | 3.50] 28%
sf. (30 O18) 18." Si) sans 84 | 36 13] 7.01 524
ery ae 6 7") 20%. 20) ab) 02 168 | 48 3] 4.11 42
* 30] 5 8] 29 14] 31 10} 206] 67 Of} 5.20] 544
£26 Dowel | 86.7 64) aoa 1711 :65: | 8 [612 50% .
‘30; 4 14) 40 14) 29 83] 196| 74 15] 6.1] 97
ei | Gio, 1216), 1) 48 al 161 | 71 51] 7.09 71
Septet s{)oe 25 2 '2 : Ree ipatiy 1.) 37 | 20 7) 8.84} 106%
oe 2 21a 22), Oasis 74/48 51] 9.86 814%
Avera 48 40 8 2 Ouidah oo 180 | 42 5] 3.76 0
PemlOn | Agia Oils 1b 8 24 274| 38 8°} 2.25 20
ao So) te Ol TS Oy 12 96 | 28 12] 4.79 25
een) eo) OU MaOl Faas ae 147 | 54 5] 5.91 | 55
Sesh ed sy Ol 18. 12a) 1 Ae 130 | 37 12] 4.41 |. 35
Peamena| (Osta 40! « Fi tate 184 | 62 Of] 5.39} 50
avery 7 11; 40 18) 19 12 186 | 68 4] 5.87} 58
Sept. 2} 0 11/30 9/380 13} 103] 62 11] 9.64] 56
“ 2 115.)|) 282-1536 ie 132 | 61 7] 7.44 64

EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. pe 4

Lemon Blush.—Thorburn. Another of the Rural New Yorker toma-
toes. Plants of very strong, upright growth. Fruit of medium size, round,
regular form. It has very thick outer walls, few cells with many seeds
and the flesh is juicy and more acid than is usual for yellow tomatoes.
Color a rich light yellow. A promising yellow sort and a distinct type.

Early Michigan.—Ferry. An improved type of the old Red Apple.
Plants very vigorous, the branches growing in a close mass. It was not
very early but the plants are very productive and the fruit is of good size,
regular form, bright red color, and free from rot or cracking. One of the
best.

Nichols No. 5.—Nichols. A tomato of the potato-leaf type, but the plant
grows stronger and more upright. Fruit a lighter pink and of more solid
flesh. The plants are productive and the tomato an excellent shipper.

Richmond.—Landreth. Plants are not of strong growth. Fruit small
to medium in size, rough and angular in shape and many-celled. One of
the first to mature fruits. Valuable for its earliness.

Comrade.—Gregory. In plant and fruit closely resembles Advance,
though fruit is a brighter red and has more green around stem. Also
some fruits are much larger than Advance..

First Ripe.—Salzer. Plants strong and of low spreading growth. Fruit
round, of medium size, smooth, bright red color; flesh solid, juicy, and
quite acid in flavor. Matures early and plants fairly productive.

Trucker Favorite—Burpee. Plants strong growing and productive.
Closely resembles Acme in plant and fruit. A valuable market sort.

Red Ponderosa.—College. Very similar to Ponderosa in plant and
form of fruit but the color is red. Plants are productive and ripened a
good amount of fruit before frost came.

Ever Fruitful.—Pitcher & Manda. Plants are strong growing and set
a large amount of fruit. Fruit large, regular form, and light red color;
flesh not very firm but of good quality. No rot appeared and fruit does
not crack around stem. Resembles Ignotum but the tomato is more
spherical in form.

Worlds Fair.—Reed. This proved to be the old Red Pear, an early
ripening sort of but little value.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
February 10, 1894.

HXTRACTS FROM PROCEEDINGS

NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

S. D. WILLARD.

BIOGRAPHICAL SK E'TC Ee:

OF

PSV aii Rly;

OF GENEVA, N. Y.

Michigan horticulturists will gladly see in this volume a portrait of the
New York pomologist with whom, because of his frequent visits among
them, they are most familiar. He has attended many meetings of this
society. and at each one he has given freely of his valuable experience and
terse, sound advice. His papers read before it have been widely published
and distributed in the State and have had a marked effect upon the work
of our fruitgrowers. It is no more his great worth as a horticulturist,
however, than his abounding good nature and genial ways that have
endeared him to us. Few men have so rare a combination of qualities
which make them an aid and a pleasure as has Mr. WiLLarp, and few are
more generous in revealing the methods which have been the source. of
their success with fruits. He has come to be so much expected, that a
meeting which lacks his presence is felt to have sustained a misfortune;
and the warmest of welcomes is ever ready for his coming.

Mr. 8. D. WILLARD was born and brought up on a farm on the banks of
Cayuga lake, where fruitgrowing has ever been regarded as an important
interest, and with such surroundings a taste for horticulture was developed
at an early age, which in more mature years led him to engage in the
nursery business at Geneva, and with it the growing of fruit for com-
mercial purposes.

The success with which the plum was being grown, twenty-five years ago
in the country adjacent to the Hudson river, attracted the attention of Mr.
~ WILLARD, and induced him to make this a leading feature in his orchard

work.
a4

426 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Wriiarp has imported many new varieties for the purpose of
testing their value as orchard sorts, and he is now fruiting about fifty
varieties, many of which he finds of no practical value to the orchardist,
but the experience thus obtained he regards of great vlaue to him in the
work in which he is engaged.

He believes the nurseryman should also be the grower of fruits, and that
the commercial orhardist should not pin his faith too strongly upon the
production of any one of the many fruits that can be grown so successfully
in western New York. He was the first to plant the Kieffer pear as an
orchard tree in New York state, and has ever been a strong advocate of this
variety as a profitable orchard fruit. His faith is shown by his works, as
he continues to plant largely of the variety, and has recently shipped a car
load of the fruit to Chicago to parties who have been handling it there for
him for several years. He is a believer in thorough drainage and regards
it unwise for any one to plant orchards on land which is not naturally or
artificially well drained.

As he is now approaching sixty years of age, with no boys to take up his,
work, he feels that he must contract his efforts for the future, but declares
that were he thirty years younger his future planting would be measured
only by his means,and that, if possible, he would be the owner of the
largest fruit orchards in America, so great is his confidence in the future of
this industry.

He has been wonderfully interested in fruitgrowing in northern Michi-
gan, and has often declared that, were he younger, this northern region
would offer to him inducements more attractive as a field for operations in
fruitgrowing than any other section he had ever looked upon.

He is a strong advocate of growing the greatest variety of all adapted to
the section of the orchardist and required by the markets patronized, and
fully believes that the Michigan lake shore is well adapted to the produc-
tion of a wider range of such products than has generally been supposed.

In his own work, while prominence is given to the plum, the pear,
cherry, quince, apple, apricot, and many of the small fruits come in for
their full share of attention. ;

Mr. WittarpD is no theorist, but thoroughly practical and knows well
the nature and habtis of every tree of which he is the owner. For years he
has been one of the most active members of the Western New York Horti-
cultural society, of. which he is vice president. He is a member of the
executive board of the State Agricultural society, the horticultural depart-
ment of which, under his management, has growns to be the finest in its
exhibit of any state in the union.

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY:

EXTRACTS FROM PROCEEDINGS AT ANNUAL MEETING,
JAN. 24-25, 1894. p

PRESIDENT W. C. BARRY’S ADDRESS.

Members of the Western New York Horticultural Society :

GENTLEMEN—To-day we are assembled to hold the thirty-ninth annual meeting of
this society. At this time I can with propriety congratulate you upon the prosperous
and flourishing condition of this organization. There are now nearly four hundred
members enrolled, and with a little effort the number can be increased to tive hundred.
The attendance at the meetings has been large, and great interest has been manifested '
in the proceedings. The annual reports are valuable compendiums of practical and
scientific information and are indispensable to the progressive horticulturist and
fruitgrower. For this success much credit is due to the scientists, who have honored
us with their presence at the meetings, and who have so liberally contributed to our fund
of experience and information through their papers and addresses. I avail myself of
this opportunity publicly to acknowledge our obligations to them for the interest they
have shown in the society’s welfare.

THE OUTLOOK FOR FRUITGROWERS AND TERRACULTURISTS.

The present outlook for fruitgrowers is not by any means hopeful; on the contrary
the prospect is rather discouraging. ‘his industry, like almost every other, has suffered
from several causes. Many will attribute their failures to excessive production, while
some will ascribe their losses to the ravages of diseases and insects. I will not attempt now

. to trace the causes of failure, but rather to suggest some means to meet and overcome
the difficulties which confront us. As regards excessive production, all are agreed that
there is annually sent to market an over supply of indifferent fruit. Buyers and con-
sumers everywhere complain that not enough attention is given to the production of
high grade fruit and that consequently the markets at certain times become glutted
with an article, the sale of which has to be forced. Gathering, handling, sorting, and
packing come in for their share of criticism and condemnation. Itis therefore obivious
that every fruitgrower and horticulturist should give more care and attention to these
important details. The best business methods should be adopted. The demands of
the various markets should be attentively studied; old and worn-out machinery and
tools should be discarded, and Jabor-saving devices and implements should ba employed,
so that the greatest economy in labor can be practiced. Wastefulness of all kinds, in
cultivation and management, should be avoided, and expenses reduced. When compe-
tition is so keen, success is impossible if we do not keep fully abreast with the times
both in thought and methods. ;

The youth who propose to follow this pursuit should prepare themselves by a course
of study at an agricultural school. where the dignity and importance of their calling
will be impressed upon them and where a desire for knowledge and a taste for study
and science will be acquired. The condition of affairs in the cities of this country
to-day furnishes evidence enough, that it is unwise and foolish to forsake the farm
with a view to bettering one’s self at other industries; thousands are now out of employ-

428 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to encourage the young men to believe that the opportunities for reward upon the farm
are as great, if not greater, than elsewhere? Should not the advantages and pleasures
of an out-of-door life, and the disadvantages of indoor occupation, be considered and
compared? Do we fully realize what a privilege it is to possess acres of good land,
) pleasantly located and producing satisfactory crops? The farmer and fruitgrower are
ever inclose communion with Nature, and as Lubboch says:

“ Happy indeed is the naturalist; to him the seasons come round like old friends; to
him the birds sing; as he walks along the flowers stretch out from hedges or jook up
from the ground, and as each year fades away, he looks back on a fresh store of happy
memories. Every week brings some fresh leaf or flower, bird or insect. Every month
again has its own charms and beauty. We sit quietly at home and Nature decks her-
self for us; and yet too many of us see nothing in the fields but sacks of wheat, in the
meadows but trusses’ of hay, and in woods but planks for houses or cover for game.
Even from this prosaic point of view, how much there is to wonder at and admire in the
wonderful chemistry which changes grass and leaves, flowers and seeds, into bread and
milk, eggs and cream, butter and honey.”

This picture is not overdrawn, and yet how often do we find that these beautiful
conditions are ignored, the pleasant country home forsaken and city life preferred.
How many surrender all the advantages of rural life and pass their days in small, dingy,
badly ventilated offices, or behind the counters in crowded stores— occupations which
afford few opportunities for real pleasure, and which rarely furnish great rewards,
while the close application and constant confinement impair health and frequently
bring on bodily ailments which become permanent in the course of time.

On the other hand, the young man on the farm is led to believe that there is no
money in fruit-growing or farming. Hard work and small pay are the only induce-
ments offered him. It is not strange that, under many existing conditions, he becomes
discouraged and turns his back on his old home; the lands are exhausted, buildings
are falling to pieces, crops small. and returns unsatisfactory; encouragement and advice
are never given, but, on the contrary, every attempt at improvement is ridiculed and
belittled. In this state, with its rich and varied soil, and unsurpassed climate, tillers
a pe land possess advantages which are not enjoyed by any other people on this
globe.

Secretary Morton reminds the croakers that only about three per cent. of all merch-
ants escape failure; whereas hardly three per cent. of the farmers fail. Statistics show
that agriculture is safer than banking, manufacturing, or railroading; taking all things
into account, there is no farmer, he says, of good sense and good health, who can not
make a good living for himself and family, and that is as well as the majority of men
are doing in any other pursuit. And there are numerous instances of profitable farms.
and well-to-do land owners, but every one of them attributes his success to industry, .
perseverance, vigilance, and intelligent effort.

There seems to be no good reason why farming and fruitgrowing should not pay well,
if the business be conducted on correct business principles. Let those advanced in
years make way for those who are soon to succeed them. Give the young men a chance
and let their standard be a high one. There should be noscrub stock on the farm;

’ horses, cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry should all be of the best breeds, and attention
should be given to develop breeds suited to special purposes. Cultivate only so much’
land as can be properly cared for. A few acres well tilled will yield more profit than a
larger number half cultivated. This assertion is verified in the old countries where
land is scarce and where consequently high cultivation is imperative.

Enthusiasm and a desire to excel should be infused into every undertaking. Then
will the farm be cared for and not forsaken, and an intelligent course of tillage adopted;.
sterile fields will become fruitful, and our country will boast of a sturdy, enlightened
class, happy in the enjoyment of God’s greatest gift to man—good health and proud of
their possessions.

In the words of Whittier: :

Give fools their gold, and knaves their power,
Let fortune’s bubble rise and fall,

Who sows the field, or trains a flower,
Or plants a tree, is more than all.

/ ment and without homes; many are without the necessaries of life. Is it not possible

For he who blesses most is blest

And God and man shall own his worth,
Who toils to leave as his bequest

An added beauty to the earth.

And soon or late to all who sow
The time of harvest shall be given;

The flower shall bloom, the fruit shall?grow,
If not on earth at least in heaven.

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 429

AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL LITERATURE.

There is nothing that will tend to make home more pleasant and attractive than agood
library, and especially in the case of the farmer and fruitgrower, who during a portion
of the year have much time to spare indoors. A good weekly horticultural and agri-
cultural paper is a necessity. The reports of the experiment stations, as well as those
of the department of agriculture, should be obtained and read carefully. These pam-
phlets are prepared with great care and embody the latest information on questions of
the highest importance to every tiller of the soil. Most of these publications are sent
free on request, so that a library can be started easily and inexpensively. The experi-
ment stations, too, should be consulted whenever questions difficult of solution present
themselves, and much time and experience will be gained in that way, and expensive
errors avoided.

PROGRESS MADE IN CONTROLLING INJURIOUS INSEOTS AND FUNGOUS DISEASES.

The great losses which have been sustained the last few years in consequence of inju-
rious insects and fungous diseases, have almost discouraged fruitgrowers; but, thanks
to the scientists, relief is at hand. Effectual remedies have been proposed and applied
with success. Spraying is now practiced quite generally and with satisfactory results.
The codlin moth, or apple worm, bud moth, tent caterpillar, canker worm, plum cur-
culio, currant worm, cherry and pear slug, apple scab, black knot and grape mildew are
all recognized, understood, and controlled. It is surprising how effectually and inex- |
pensively the work can be done by those who have had some practice. I can not allow
the occasion to pass without referring to the agricultural department, under whose
direction so many experiments have been made, and so many successful remedies sug-
gested. The value of various kinds of insecticides and fungicides has now been fully
determined and established, so that the different formule can be relied upon. But not
until the practice has become more general will the results be noticeable; every owner
of a fruit farm, gr even a fruit tree, should procure a spraying machine and learn how
to operate it. Apathy, prejudice and ignorance should no longer prevent the adoption
of remedial measures.

A systematic treatment should be carried on throughout the state. Nothing will be
gained unless ageneral effort is made. Let there be concert of action on the part of the
- growers and let the work proceed in such a manner and on such a scale as will secure
the desired results. Let there be no pest breeding places. If our neighbors are not
sufficiently aroused to the necessity of prompt action, appeal to them and show them
the danger and losses which they will incur if they do not join in the work. If the
multiplication of parasitic fungi and insects continues, and no attempt is made to hold
them in check, efforts in the other direction will be unavailing and all will be obliged
to give up fruitgrowing. Bulletins 48-60 of Cornell University experiment station on
“spraying of orchards” should be consulted and kept at hand for ready reference.

THE EYE SPOTTED BUD MOTH.

Among the most serious insect pests which have caused great injury to fruit trees is
the eye spotted bud moth ( tmetocera ocellana). I referred to this pest in my address
of 1892, and quoted the remedies suggested by Dr. Fernald of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural experiment station (in bulletin No. 12). During the years 1892 and 1893, Mr.
Mark V. Slingerland of Cornell University, traced the life history of this insect and
studied its habits, and published the results of his observations and investigations in
bulletin No. 50, March, 1893, a pamphlet I advise all to secure. This pest seems to have
made its first appearance in this country in Massachusetts, about 1841, and is now widely
distributed. For a number of years it has done considerable damage, but not until
recently have the evidences of harm been so marked. Mr. Slingerland says this pest
makes its presence known early in the spring, as soon as the bnds begin to open, usually
about the Ist of May, on early varieties, and a week or ten days later on late varieties.

The caterpillars work in opening fruit and leaf buds, often eating into the buds, espe-
cially the terminal ones, so that all new growth is stopped. Such work, in all but a few
buds on anursery tree,especially, soon checks and disfigures its symmetry of growth and
often spoils the tree, for marketing. He recommends spraying about the middle of
April to combat the pest successfully.

EXPERIMENTING IN PREVENTING LEAF DISEASES OF NUKSERY STOCK IN WESTERN
NEW YORK.

During the seasons of 1891 and 1892 several experiments were made by Mr. D. G.
Fairchild, of the department of agriculture, at Geneva, with a view of preventing the
various leaf diseases in nursery stock. The object of these experiments was to deter-

430 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mine whether the leaf blight of pear, cherry, plum, and quince stocks, and the powdery
mildew of the apple, could be prevented by the use of Bordeaux mixture or ammoni-
acal solution of copper carbonate. In nearly all cases the experiments were successful.
and already nurserymen are spraying their stocks to prevent defoliation. A report in
detail of the experiments is furnished by the agricultural department.

READ THE BULLETINS OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS.

The mailing lists of the various stations in the United States show that only about
300,000 of the farmers are taking advantage of the benefits of the stations. The work
done atthe stations is being more and more appreciated from year to year, and while
the number receiving bulletins is small comparatively, yet it is evident that a bene-
ficial influence is being exerted. At the different stations in the United States there
are at present 71 directors, 120 chemists, 47 agriculturists, 50 horticulturists, 30 botan-
ists, 36 entomologists, besides others who assist in different ways. This great work is
now permanently established, and it will be difficult to estimate the good results which
are to follow if the bulletins.are studied and the recommendations put in practice.

WINDBREAKS FOR THE PROTECTION OF ORCHARDS.

The wind storms of September last which were so destructive to fruit, teach a lesson
which should not be forgotten. Although such storms are of rare occurrence, yet,
early in the autumn, it is not unusual to have high winds which cause the largest and
best fruit to drop, and it seems advisable that planters should’ prepare for such
emergencies by planting on the north and west sides of their orchards, windbreaks
either of evergreen or deciduous trees. Care must be taken not to surround the:
orchard, for in that case the air would be too much confined. These windbreaks will
also Be a protection ones winter storms.

THE EXHIBIT AT THE STATE FAIR,

Through the efforts of Mr. Willard and others the exhibit of fruit made by this.
society at the state fair in Syracuse, was a great success. The possibilities of fruit-
growing in this state was there demonstrated in the most effective manner, and at the
same time the members of this society proved beyond a doubt that they could and
did produce choice fruit.

It is to be hoped that the interest and énthusiasm manifested in the exhibit will
increase from year to year. Every member should exhibit something and preparations.
should be made in season.

THE MISSION OF THIS SOCIETY.

I can not too frequently impress upon you the usefulness of this association and the
importance of the work it has on hand. ‘The present, when business generally is so
depressed, 15 a most opportune moment to revive interest and enthusiasm in fruitgrow-
ing and farming. MHorticulturists, recognizing the losses and reverses sustained by
those engaged in other industries, will begin to place a higher estimate upon their
own resources and the stability of their calling, and will be encouraged to greater
efforts than before. Intelligent and thorough culture of the soil will bring its reward
and insure a regular and reliable income which can not be affected by conditions such
as influence and often injure other industries. The produce of the earth if grown
with care will find a ready market, and though there may seem to be at times an
excessive production, the laws of supply and demand will regulate the production and
maintain prices, so that a sure and safe livelihood will be gained for all who persevere
and labor honestly, industriously, and intelligently. Let us thereforestudy the demand
and vary thecrops as may be necessary. Do not devote too iargean acreage to one crop.
Rather plant several, so that if one fails another will succeed. In fruit this is par-
ticularly true. As the year advances be prepared to offer the fruits of the season, in
their highest perfection, and thus secure ample returns from June until December.
It is the purpose of this society to encourage and foster fruit culture, and to elicit and
disseminate correct information pertaining to it as well as to other branches of terra-
culture. Much good has been accomplished thusfar; let us therefore continue to work
harmoniously, seeking higher degrees of improvement in the fulfillment of our mission,
and in the words of the sturdy invocation of Gerard:

‘“ Forward in the name of God; graft, set, plant, and nourish up trees in every corner
of your ground; the Jabor is small, the cost is nothing, and commodity is great; your-
celves shall have plenty, the poor shall have somewhat in time of want to relieve their
necessity, and God shall reward your good merits and diligence.”

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 431

RIPENING AND PRESERVATION OF FRUITS.

BY DR, G, C. CALDWELL, PROF. OF CHEMISTRY, CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

The decay of fruit is the final ending up of a series of chemical changes, the
beginning of which is away back at its first appearance after the flower withers and dies.
The green fruit behaves likea green leaf; it takes up carbonic acid from the air, and
water from either air or soil, and gives off oxygen, and makes what we call vegetable sub-
stance, such as cellulose of the walls of the multitude of very little cells or chambers
of which the fruit is built up, and which increasein number and sizeas the fruit grows
as we make a house larger by adding on more rooms, or adding to the size of those that
we already have. Then, in these cells, other vegetable substances are stored, such as
starch, fats, acids, pectin bodies, tannin, albuminoids and so on—perhaps not all of them
in the very youngest fruit, but all of them, sooner or later, and others besides.

But, in the building up of the fruit, and stockingits multitude of cells, the fruit itself
is by no means required to do the whole of the work: it receives help from the other
green parts of the plant, whether a shrub or a tree, or a mere garden plant, like the
tomato. In the case of real fruits the most interesting stage of chemical change is
that of the ripening period, during which the fruit changes color, becomes softer, usually
sweeter and less astringent or puckering. The fruit loses its power more and more
as the departure from the original leaf green color widens, of making the material for
its own growth out of carbonicacid and water, and such matters as are drawn from
the soil; and instead of taking up carbonic acid and giving off oxygen, it comes more
and more to behave like animals in their respiration. It takes up oxygen and gives off
carbonic acid, and it comes to be entirely dependent on the green parts of the plant,
the leaves, for whatever more it may need of new building material, or of material to
put into its cells. This process of respiration in animal results, as you know, in a slow
burning up of certain substances in the body. Heat isa product of the operation, as
» heat, more or less intense, is a product of all burning, whether slow or fast; if slow we
may see no fire, but there is heat nevertheless, and it is this heat that makes the living
animal body warm. So, if the ripening fruit takes up oxygen and gives off carbonic
acid, a slow burning must take place in it also; tannin is probably burned first, or is
among the first substances to be destroyed; the puckery character of the fruit grad-
ually lessens, and finally disappears altogether, as one of the important phases of the
ripening. This is true at least of the grape, and in all probability of fruits in general.

Insoluble pectose substances change to soluble and the fruit become softer espe-
cially toward the end of the ripening process. The proportion of albuminoids increases
and consequently the fruit becomes more nutritious. The most important changes that
take place, however, are in respect to the sugar and the acids. These changes have been
studied more than any others; for upon the relative proportions of these two constitu-
ents, as well as on those subtle substances that give aroma and flavor, the eating quali-
ties of the fruit depend altogether. ‘The proportion of sugar increases from the
beginning—sometimes steadily, as in the peach and strawberry. In the gooseberry and
cherry a sudden increase has been observed at just about the time when there is a cor-
respondingly rapid growth in the size of the berry. In the grape the sugar increases
rapidly also through a certain period, which some investigators make out to be longer
than others, and some make later in the season than others do.

The proportion of acid also usually increases through at least a large part of the
period of ripening; but in the case of some fruits it afterward falls off, and in some
cases. as in the strawberry, it may rise again. In the grape the acid seems to diminish
steadily, and it has been supposed that it was converted into sugar—a change which,
though not possible in our chemical laboratories, may be brought about in the plant’s
laboratory. But it is not probable that this is the source of the sugar. It has been
fairly proved that sugar is transported into the fruit in the current of sap from the
leaves; and it is generally believed that when the acid increases too, it also is carried
into the fruit from without.

While, in the grape, the greater sweetness of the rips fruit, as compared with that
whizh is only partially ripe, may be due to the lessened proportion of acid, as well as.
the increased proportion of sugar, it is evident that this can not be the case m those:
fruits whose acid increases as the ripening progresses. The ripe fruit is sweeter only
because the sugar increases more rapidly than the acid does.

As fruits differ in their method of ripening before being plucked, so do they differ, and
much more, in their methods of after-ripening, when detached from the plants on which
they grew. All fruits undergo a certain amount of ripening on the tree or vine; but

432 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

some ripen no further when detached therefrom, while others need to be picked before
fully ripe in order that we may finally have them at their best. As to the grape, the
best authorities find no after-ripening, or no chemical change taking place that makes
the fruit better; others find some diminution of the acid, without any loss of sugar,
which would make the fruit sweeter. But Ido not know that any one will ‘affirm that
the grape is ever better than when fully ripened on the vine, or that the strawberry,
raspberry, or blackberry is improved by keeping in storage. But.on the other hand, we
_all know that the pear is spoiled if allowed to pass a certain stage of maturity on the
tree. What this deterioration consists in has not, so far as I can learn, ever been ascer-
tained. The apple comes in between these two extremes. We can enjoy it in summer
or fall, if freshly plucked when fully ripe, and can store our winter varieties, quite
eeeetavle when picked, to go through a process of after-ripening in our celiars or fruit-
ouses.

This after-ripening of the apple has been somewhat extensively investigated. The
most reliable results show that there is no increase in the sugar; that is, no new sugar
is formed, in addition to what was in the fruit when picked. ‘There are many kinds of
sugar, with two of which all of us are acquainted—ordinary cane sugar and glucose.
The latter is much less sweet than the former. In this after-ripening of the apple,
much over half of the cane sugar was, in one series of tests, changed toa less sweet
sugar, not entirely glucose, but a mixture of that with still another sugar, levulose.
This was an average result obtained on twelve varieties of apple, kept six months.
While some other investigators found a slight gain in sugar as a whole, all agree that
the acid diminishes, and hence the fruit may in any case become sweeter. As to the
sugar and acid in the pear, the changes are about the same as in the apple, so far as the
very meagre investigations of the subject inform us.

Now we have reached the point where we wish to keep our fruit, either as it is, in
the fully ripe condition, or in a condition somewhat short of full ripeness, till a little
while before it is to be consumed; or, thirdly, in some artificially prepared form, as
when dried or canned. As we all know, an immense amount of care must be bestowed
on the fruit in order to keep it unspoiled, whether it be one or another of these three
conditions that is to be fulfilled.

There are two general reasons for this. First, those same agencies that have worked
within the fruit to produce the chemical changes involved in the ripening, a part of
which changes I have briefly explained, are still in full force in the ripe fruit; ferments
they possibly are, still active since nothing is done, except. when the fruit is canned, to
make them inactive; and their action on fruit which has reached its best stage of ripe-
ness can beonly harmful. Any change in fruit which is already at its best can not make
it any better, and can only make it poorer.

Second, living organisms stand ready, great armies of them, to attack the fruit from
without, settling down all over it and starting decay and rotting wherever there is a
weak or broken skin. Those of you who have attended these meetings regularly have
heard a good deal about bacteria; those exceedingly minute living beings which are,
according to their kind, friends or enemies of the farmer and horticulturist. His friends
when they heip to convert all the nitrogen of dead animal and vegetable matter into
nitrate, the most useful form of nitrogen-food for new plants that arise out of the ruins
of the old ones that have done their work and died; his friends when, working in the
growing clover, or pea, or bean, they give to the farmer or gardener the power to draw
upon the unlimited stock of free nitrogen of the air, for the making of nitrogen-manure
for other crops which must get their nitrogen from the soil or not get it at all; his ene-
mies when he must fight them all the time to keep his meat, or his milk, or his
vegetables and fruit from spoiling.

Nothing is safe from them, for the dust of the air is charged with them, the dust on
our clothes, and on our furniture, on the shelves in our closets and cupboards, is charged
with them, and they are always ready to begin work afresh whenever, in the traveling
that they are forced to do as they are borne hither and thither by currents of air, they
settle down on any dead vegetable or animal matter. Fruit, when once separated from
its vine or shrub or tree, becomes dead vegetable matter, and therefore is open to the
attacks of these unfriendly bacteria.

A short time ago an English chemist, and at the same timea good bacteriologist,
undertook to determine approximately how many bacteria there were in the dust that
settled out of the air under various conditions in a given period of time. This number
ranged all the way from about twenty up to eight thousand on a square foot of surface _
in a minute of time. The highest figure was obtained in a barn where flail threshing
of grain was going on, and where the air was full of dust. In a museum, on a holiday,
when a large number of people were moving about, the number falling on a square foot
in a minute was one thousand seven hundred and fifty; and | might give many other
interesting details of the results that were obtained. .

»

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 433

It follows from what I have said that fruit which has been exposed to the air, as is,
indeed, the case with all fruit, will be liable to have bacteria on its surface. Both for
proof of this, and to satisfy my curiosity as to the number of this little people likely
to be found on fruit as usually exposed, I asked one of my students who is engaged in
this line of study to find out for me how many bacteria there were on an apple, about
as big as my fist, which I took from a basket of the fruit that had recently been left
in my cellar by the grocer. He did the work very carefully, and reported 115,000 —quite
a good sized city on a very small piece of land one would say; and yet not much more
thickly settled than a Western prairie, since it would take 400,000,000 of these beings to
cover one square inch of surface. But they were there, nevertheless, scattered over the
surface of this apple; some of them very probably of the kind that starts the rotting
of fruit, and ready for work whenever a place should be opened, or weakened in the
skin where they may begin. Beset, then, as the ripe fruit is from within, in such a
manner that it cannot grow better, but must grow poorer, if it changes at all; and beset
with worse enemies from without, is it any wonder that the soft, ripe strawberry or
blackberry or peach, or the mellow apple or pear, is hard to keep? ‘There is but one
really effectual and practicable way to meet this double evil tendency, so that it shall
be entirely suppressed, and that is to heat the fruit up to the temperature of boiling
water. Thus all power for evil of the ferments working within, and of the bacteria
that stand ready to work from without is permanently taken from them, and we have
only to prevent exposure to air, completely, so that no fresh bacteria dust can come in
contact with the fruit. This is the familiar process of canning fruit. Complete drying
also stops the action of these ferments and bacteria as effectually as heat does; but
really complete drying, leaving no moisture at all in the fruit, would yield a product so
far removed from the original fruit that it would have little value; and if the drying is
not complete, as in the evaporated apple, we must resort to other and additional means,
such as cold storage, if it is desired to carry the fruit through the warm weather of the
following season. This low temperature of the cold storage is of itself a means of
checking the tendency to décay; forferments and bacteria do not work well in the cold,
and the latter not at all at very low temperature... But as there are limits to which the
temperature must not be allowed to fall, if we would not spoil the fruit by the cold itself,
this is but a partial and imperfect means of preservation. Finally, there are certain
chemical substances, like borax, boracic acid, salicylic acid, sulphurous acid, which act
as poisoason bacteria; but as they can beapplied to fresh fruits only in such a way that
harm would come to those who eat the fruits. their use is out of the question in such
cases.

Therefore it is that, if we want to enjoy all the lusciousness of the ripe fruit, we must
usually eat that fruit just then when it is ripe. Canned or dried, it may be good still,
but it is quite another thing. Cold storage may preserve the lusciousness for a while,
but not for long. Especially is this true of the berry fruits, which have only a very
thin protecting skin to defend them from the attack of bacteria and consequent decay.

In the canning process we have, as already stated, the only way of preserving these
tender fruits in a condition at all approaching that when they were picked; so that we
are at least reminded of what they were when fresh and of the pleasant summer days
when we picked them, as they come upon our tables in the midst of winter. And this
is a perfectly wholesome way of preserving fruit, when honestly done, as well as an
entirely successful way, so far as keeping the fruit in an eatable condition for an indefi-
nite length of time is concerned. But there are temptations not to do it honestly, which
are sometimes yielded to, and the product so obtained cannot receive unstinted praise
and may sometimes even deserve severe condemnation.

The complete success of canning fruit as to the mere matter of preserving it from
any further alteration, which would mean moulding and decay, requires that the con-
tents of the can or glass jar shall be heated throughout toa temperature at least nearly
as high as that of boiling water; to do thistakes time and care. If a little salicylic acid
is added to the contents of the can, it will so far assist the action of heat in killing all
germs, that the heating need not be quite so thorough: and we find mention made in
the horticultural journals of the possible usefulness of such an addition. But its use
is not honest. The addition of salicylic acid to wine has been prohibited, as well as of
all other preservatives, in European countries; because, while small quantities added
may do no harm, there is no guarantee that if any at all is allowed, it may not be used
to excess. It is not harmless when taken into the system. Fruit properly canned
without it wlll keep perfectly; fruit improperly canned, or poor fruit canned in any way,
may keep with its aid and not without; and the more careless and slovenly the selection
and preparation of the fruit, and the heating and sealing of it, the more freely must
the preservative be added in order that it shall not spoil. Salicylic acid is widely used

55

454 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in this country in the canning of vegetables and tomatoes; probably it is also used in
the canning of fruits.

Then we have two kinds of tin plates; the “bright” and the “terne.” The latter
contains much more lead alloyed with the tin than the former. In Germany the law
requires that tin plate used for canning fruit shall not contain over one per cent of
lead. In the chemical laboratory of the Department of Agriculture at Washington,
the tin of some fifty cans, in which peas had been put up, was examined for lead.
Thirty of them were found to contain from 1.2 up to 13¢ of this poisonous metal.
Then, again, solder rich in lead is easier to handle than if poor in this metal. In Ger-
many canners are prohibited from using solder with more than ten per cent of lead in
it. The solder of twenty-four cans, examined in the laboratory above mentioned, was
found to contain from forty-three to sixty-five per cent of lead. There is no question
but that the use of lead, or of materials containing much lead, that are to come in con-
tact with articles of food, and especially of acid food, is to be strongly condemned.
And further, it is very possible that the poorer the quality of the materials put into
the cans and coming in contact with these alloys rich in lead, the greater the danger of
getting some of the lead, and the tin also into the contents of the cans. How far such
materials are used in the canning of fruits, I cannot say, but if used so often as they
are in the canning of vegetables, it is reasonable to suppose that they would often be
used also for fruits.

In respect to the drying of fruit, we have again a temptation to depart from scrupu-
lous honesty in the use of sulphur, or of sulphuring to an excessive extent. You all
know that Dr. Hilgard, Director of the California Experiment Station, has for some
time been carrying on a crusade against so much sulphuring. He does not believe in
the bleaching any way, and calls the handsome light colored slices of dried apple
“ whitened sepulchres.” He believes that this sulphuring may be used to cover up
dirty and damaged fruit, and that fruit excessively sulphured is less digestible, because
it contains so much of this antiseptic, all antiseptics whether borax salicylic acid or
sulphites being unfavorable to digestion when taken into the stomach with the
food, All fruit when dried darkens owing to the action of the oxygen of the air
upon certain constituents of it, and he thinks that this coloration which, is in
itself perfectly harmless, “should be looked for by every consumer as the
natural mark of an honest, unmanipulated article.” In all this I must
allow that I am inclined to agree with him. At any rate, all honest men will
agree that only clean and perfect fruit should be used for drying, such as needs no
manipulation of any kind to cover up defects. A1l will agree that any form of manipu-
lation which can be used to conceal such defects, has its dangers, as long as there are
unscrupulous men engaged in every kind of business, and that where a large number,
honest and dishonest alike, are engaged in the production of any manufactured article,
the extensive trade in that article thus brought about may be seriously damaged by
any dishonest practice ; and that it is usual in such cases that a great many honest
people suffer for the misdeeds of a very few rascals. Even carelessness may bring
about a like result. Fruit dryers became careless in the use of the zinc trays in their
evaporators, and zinc got into the dried fruit that went to Germany. It may be and it
may not be, that the German government at about that time wanted an excuse for put-
ting some obstacle in the way of the importation of so much fruit, and pounced upon
this occurrence of zinc in it, as a pretext. But, at any rate, if the zinc had not been
there, the chances are that they would not have been able, on any other pretext, to
hurt the trade so much as they did. A

But the public has acquired a perverted taste, and demands the “whited sepul-
chres:” so till the public taste can be reformed, it is good business method. of course,
to conform to it. But let it be done honestly, by using and insisting that all shall use
only the best material, and only just so much sulphuring as is necessary to bleach it
to the desired point. Mr. Green of the Ohio Experiment Station stated in a paper
read before the Michigan Horticultural Society that some varieties of apples, such as
the Fameuse, need no sulphuring in order to get a white evaporated product; and he
would not use sulphur at all in the evaporator itself ; he would merely expose the fruit
to the fumes for a short time as soon as prepared for the drying. Thus he would use
it, not to bleach out a dark coloralready formed, but as a preventive against any appear-
ance of discoloration.

Concerning the preservation of fresh fruit a rather singular method is proposed by
Monclar ina recent volume of the French Journal d’ Agriculture Pratique. It consists
simply in bedding the fruit in lime. He gives the following general statement of the
results of his experiments:

= eee lime does not in the least attack the skin of the fruit, even after prolonged
contact.

>

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 435

2. The fruit does not dry any more in the lime than in the air.

3. No change takes place in the fruit other than such as is the natural consequence
of its evolution. y

This method was tested on oranges, artichokes, cherries, gooseberries, prunes, toma-
toes, onions, potatoes, grapes, apples, pears, sugar beets, and chestnuts with their shells
removed. There was certainly no lack of variety in the material used. Not every test
was successful. Tomatoes kept well for two weeks, and half of them for nearly five
weeks. In another trial, tomatoes picked before fully ripe, in order tosave them from an
early frost, and putin lime October 22d, were good until January 15th. Pears, of avariety
that he had been unable to keep beyond December in any other way, kept well in lime
till the middle of April. The most interesting results, and itseems to me the moststrik- -
ing, were obtained with grapes. Three varieties were packed in lime on September 13th.
The first examination of them was made December 22d, when all were in good condi-
tion. April 15th, two bunches of one variety were taken out, one of which was fairly well.
preserved, the other very well; all of one of the other varieties was in a bad condition
and were removed. On May 2d the box was emptied, and all of those varieties were
in excellent condition. In another trial, made in the preceding year, the last bunch of
grapes in the box was taken out July Ist, when half of the berries were well preserved
and had an exquisite flavor.

These remarkable statements sound somewhat romantic; but, given as they are in
full detail in an old and reliable journal, they merit at least the test of experiments to
determine whether the tests are reliable, and whether the method is capable of prac-
tical application. .

Mr. J. W. Spencer: Can we improve the flavor of fruits by a free use of potash as a
fertilizer?

Dr. CaLDwELL: Some time ago I desired to try experiments with grapes, and in order
to do so asked for grapes to be sent for examination. Some said that was a scheme of
mine to get grapes free of charge, and I was disgusted and let the matter drop, I do
not think experiments are continued long enough to decide the matter. Potash com-
bines with some of the acids and makes a combination that has no acid taste; so that it
may reduce the acid and thus, perhaps, make a sweeter fruit.

Mr. Spencer, If the professor wishes to continue his experiments, the members of
the Chautauqua Society will supply him with grapes.

Dr. CanpweEtt: I should be pleased to continue the experiments.

GRAPES—NEW AND OLD.

BY GEORGE W. CAMPBELL, DELAWARE, OHIO.

Among the most important events in the history of the grape in this country,
was the discovery of the Delaware grape at Delaware, Ohio, about the year 1850. Its
introduction and dissemination, some ten years later, made a deeper impression upon
American grape growers than that of any or all other varieties which preceded it.
The-real origin of the Delaware is still a matter of conjecture. And, notwithstanding
its small size, rather slow growth, and delicate foliage, in many places disposed to mil-
dew, its early ripening, great beauty and unrivaled excellence, placed it immediately at
the front, and gave an impulse and impetus to grape culture before unknown. The
advent of this charming little grape may truly be said to have inaugurated a new era
in grape growing in this country, and the interest which it awakened has never ceased,
though decades of years have passed, and hundreds of competitors have vainly striven
to dethrone it from its high position as the standard of excellence among our native
grapes.

Closely following the introduction of the Delaware, appeared the Concord, which was
first exhibited at the meeting of the Massachussetts Horticultural Society in 1855 ;
and although its recognition was not so prompt and decided as that of the Delaware, it
advanced steadily and securely in public favor, until it occupies to-day the most
important position in the estimation. both of grape growers and grape consumers, as
the most valuable variety for general use, and almost universal planting, yet known.
We all recognize its faults or short comings:—but its good qualities, in the way of
hardines, health, vigorous growth, great productiveness, fine appearance, and fairly
good quality—-combined with remarkable adaptability to almost every condition of soil

436 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

4
and climate where grapes can be grown, justiy gives it a high position, from which it
cannot be easily displaced.

‘Many seedlings have been grown from the Concord, some of which have good repu-
tations and are more or less planted; but none have yet superseded or equaled their
distinguished parent.

The Worden, originated by Mr. S. Worden, of Minetto, N. Y., is perhaps the best of
the lot, and resembles the Concord in most respects, but usually ripens a week or ten
days earlier. It has very nearly the health, productiveness and vigor of the Concord ;
but the fruit can hardly be called better ; and it has the same. or greater tenderness of
skin, softness of pulp and non-keeping qualities, which render it difficult to handle and

‘ship successfully.

Moore’s Early is probably next, if not equal in value to the Worden, on account of
earlier ripening, firmer berries, and fairly good quality, with a hardy, healthy and vigor-
ous vine. It is not, however, generally as productive as either the Worden or Concord,
and has smaller clusters, with larger berries. Its period of ripening—some two weeks
before Concord—makes it very valuable for early market, and especially desirable for
northern localities where neither Concord nor Worden mature. It seems still growing
in favor, and each year to be more largely planted.

The Eaton, a still larger production, I think is claimed to be a Concord seedling.
It has a strong growing, heavy vine, with large foliage, generally healthy. Clusters
and berries rather later than Moore’s Early, but hardly as good in quality, and is
later in ripening than the Concord.

There are also several white seedlings from the Concord among the older varieties,
of which the Lady, and the Pocklington are perhaps the best known and most valuable.
The Lady is one of the earliest good grapes; ripenmg with Moore’s Karly. It is hardy
and healthy, moderate in growth, and requires a good fertile soil, when it bears regular-
ly and well. Its fine quality and early ripening make it quite useful for early market,
and for northern sections where only early ripening varieties mature.

The Pocklington, which I believe was first exhibited in this city of Rochester, in
1877, is now largely planted and quite popular for market, and general planting. When
well-grown, and weil-ripened, it is large, attractive and of good quality. Vine, vigor-
ous, healthy, hardy and productive—often inclined to over-bear. Ripens a week or
ten days after Concord.

Two newer varieties of white Concord seedlings which originated in Ohio, have good
local reputations, and I think they are, at least, worthy of trial.

The Witt, named for its originator, the late Michael Witt, of Columbus, Ohio, is
certainly one of the best of its class, for quality ; bearing full medium-sized clusters of
large berries, very handsome in appearance, and ripening a week earlier than‘Concord.
The vine makes a moderate, healthy growth with good foliage, and is very productive ;
but is quite difficult to propagate. It was awarded a first premium at the Ohio State
Fair in 1885, for best new seedling grape.

The Colerain, also a white grape of fine appearance and quality, is in many respects
similar to the Witt. The vine is of stronger growth, though less productive, and the
fruit somewhat smaller. They ripen at the same time, and are much alike in quality.
Propagates easily, and has been favorably received wherever tested.

The only red grape, claimed to be of Concord parentage, so far as I know, is the
Woodruff Red, which originated near Ann Arbor, Michigan. In vigor, health and
hardiness, I think it has no superior. It is very productive; berries and clusters of
the largest size. in quality not of the finest, but seems good enough to suit the aver-
age taste, and it is becoming very popular as a market grape, especially in the south
and southwest. I know that much has been said against the quality of this grape by
eastern growers—and it may be, from some cause, not adapted to their soil and climate
But the demand for it has increased largely each successive year; and I have received
many expressions of satisfaction from those who have successfully grown and fruited it
—reporting it asselling in market at the same price as Delawares. Several persons
have also assured me that they regard it as equal in quaiity to the Delaware. That,
however, is not my estimate of its quality, though, when well ripened, I have found it
to my taste, equal to the Niagara or Pocklington.

The Brighton, originated by Mr. Jacob Moore; of Rochester, N. Y., has been received
with much favor ; is quite largely planted, and occupies a prominent place among our
standard, valuable varieties. Its healthy and vigorous growth, large and handsome
clusters, early ripsning and excellent quality will doubtless retain it in its deserved
popularity wherever it can be successfully grown, nothwithstanding some serious
defects. It is not quite hardy in severe winters, without some protection. Its blossoms
are imperfect, and it is consequently liable to partial failure and loose, irregular clusters,
in unfavorable seasons. It cannot be called a good keeper, and does not retain its.

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 437

character and fine flavor long after maturity. This admirable grape doubtless owes its
fine quality to judicious crossing of its progenitors—having the Concord, Black Ham-
burg and Catawba, the later through the Diana Hamburg—in its composition.

Moore’s Diamond, another of Mr. Jacob Moore’s seedlings. said to be a cross of Con-
cord with Iona, has been highly commended, and seems to have given satisfaction in
many places. I have had it under trial since its first introduction, and find it a vigor-
ous grower with good foliage and hardy ; enduring a zero temperature with little or no
injury. It isa beautiful white grape, bearing large and handsome clusters of excellent
quality. Although I have it planted in several different locations on my place, it has
proven, invariably, very unproductive during the four years in which it has borne fruit.
Tam glad, however, to say that reports from other localities indicate that this is not
always its character.

The Niagara, said to bea cross of Concord with Cassady, and old and practically obso-
lete variety—I have found to be a strong grower, with generally healthy foliage, and
very productive. Not as early as claimed by its introducers,— but attains full maturity
somewhat later than the Concord,—when it is a handsome, light-colored grape, with
large, well-formed clusters of good quality, and it is in many places quite popular asa
market grape for general use. It will not endure severe winters without protection,
and seems too much disposed to mildew and rot in unfavorable seasons.

The Himpire State, another white grape, grown by Mr. Jas. Ricketts, of Newburgh, N.
Y., probably a cross of Hartford with one of his Clinton hybrids, is a remarkable pro-
duction, principally on account of the large price, $4,C00, for which it was sold to the
late Geo. A. Stone, of Rochester. who was a nurseryman of great enterprise and intel-
ligence. I think it has not fulfilled the expectations which were entertained upon its
introduction ; for, although the vine is generally healthy and tolerably hardy, and the
fruit, where well-growr, handsome in appearance and excellent in quality, it seems to lack
the vigor, ana root power necessary to carry and mature a profitable crop to perfection.
This has been my experience ; and is probably the reason why it has disappointed the
expectations of many who have not been able to grow it successfully.

The Ulster Prolific, originated by the late A. an Caywood of Marlboro, N. Y., was
first exhibited in 1883 at the meeting of the American Pomological Society in Phila-
delphia. It is a handsome red, or Catawba-colored grape, and appears to retain the
favorable impression made upon its first appearance. It has proven healthy, hardy,
moderately vigorous in growth, and remarkabely productive: bearing its medium-
sized clusters of fine flavor in great profusion, and ripening medium early, about with
Concord.

The Nectar, a later production by Mr. Caywood, which was first named Black Dela-
ware, seems quite promising, and worthy of trial, with the probability that it will be
found valuable for general planting. The vine is of moderate growth, quite hardy in
winter ; the foliage healthy and not disposed to mildew. The clusters and berries are
full medium size, well-formed and handsome; color black, with fine bloom ; quality
very good, and ripening with Delaware. So far as tested, has shown no tendency to
rot.

The Vergennes, originated in the town of the same name, in Vermont, and intro-
duced about the year 1880, may be mentioned as a variety that seems to have, as we
say, “held its own,” and perhaps has increased in popularity. The vine makes a
moderate and healthy growth, and is quite productive of medium-sized clusters and
rather large berries of red grapes of good quality and pleasant, but not high flavor.
It is among the varieties that are classed as good keepers, and which retain their flavor
well after being gathered from the vine. Ripens usually a little after Concord.

The Green Mountain, or Winchell, said to have originated in the Green Mountain
region of Vermont, so far as I have tested it, seems very promising for a valuable,
early grape, pure-flavored, and of really fine quality. Vine and foliage hardy and
healthy ; bearing well and not subject either to mildew or rot. The clusters and ber-
ries are of medium size, handsome and well-formed ; color, light green with white
bloom ; seeds, few and small. Altogether one of the most promising of the recent
introductions.

The Mills grape, perhaps I should mention, as it is grown successfully and regarded
as valuable in this section. I believe it is a so-called hybrid, between the Creveling
and the foreign Miller’s Burgundy; and it is one of the few varieties i have been
utterly unable to grow, after repeated trials. I have, however, seen some fine clusters
of this grape, that were grown upon the lake shore at Euclid, and also in the southern
part of the state near Cincinnati. The latter, I was told, by constant application of
Bordeaux mixture.

The Moyer, another recent introduction, brought from Canada, a small early, red
grape somewhat resembling the Delaware, with a hardy vine, of slender growth and

438 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

good foliage, has now been grown for some years ; but can hardly be said to have made
much advance in public estimation. Though a little ear lier, it is inferior in quality to
the Delaware, with smaller clusters, which are often loose and straggling by reason of
imperfect blossoms. I can see very little to recommend it, beyond healthy foliage and
early ripening.

The many grapes, both new and old, which have appeared from time to time of so-
called hybrid origin, I regarded as worthy of special mention, both for what has already
been achieved, and for what may be expected in the future.

Allen’s White Hybrid, a cross between Isabella and Golden Chasen originated by
Jno. Fiske Allen, of Salem, Mass., was, [ believe, the first of its class, and was exhib-
ited at the meeting of the Mass. Horticultural Society in Sept., 1854, where it was
regarded with much interest, and on account of its fine quality and handsome appear-
ance, was extensively tested by enthusiastic planters, who hoped more from it than
was ever directly realized.

Rather more fortunate were the hybrids of Mr. E. 8. Rogers, also of Salem, Mass.,
reported to have first fruited in the garden of their originator in.1856. Out of some
sixty or more varieties only about a dozen are now found in our catalogues, and but
few of them have any very extensive reputation. Many of them have imperfect blos-
soms, and nearly all need protection in severe winters. Those which are still planted
to greater or less extent, are Agawam, Barry, Gaertner, Goethe, Herbert, Lindley,
Massasoit, Merrimack, Salem and Wilder. These succeed fairly well with a little extra
attention, in all good grape-growing localities, and they are mostly of good quality,
with large and handsome berries and clusters, and good long keepers.

The hybrid grapes of Mr. Jas. H. Ricketts, of Newburgh, N. Y., as grown by himself
and for many years exhibited at various fairs and horticultural assemblages—notably
those of the American Pomological Society—were of such remarkable beauty and
excellence that they naturally excited the greatest interest in the minds of grape-grow-
ers, and awakened the belief that the finer varieties of the old world would soon be
rivaled by him and his co-workers, through the agency of skillful crossing and hybri-
dizing. Medals, premiums and high commendation followed Mr. Ricketts’ exhibits
wherever they were made, and seemed to warrant and confirm this opinion. Notwith-
standing all this, it is greatly to be regretted that extended trial has failed to sustain
the high promise of these grapes in public estimation, and few, if any, of them appear
now to be regarded as having great, or permanent value. It is not because they are
lacking in high character; nor because they cannot be successfully grown; for Mr.
Ricketts was, by his wonderful exhibits, constantly demonstrating that it could be
done. It may be, however, that our grape-growers are not yet educated up to the
point of giving the necessary care and attention to produce the same splendid results ;
or, perhaps, because they believed it would not pay. It may also be that there is want-
ing in the grapes themselves some element of hardiness requisite to adapt them to
general culture.

After Mr. Ricketts, the work of Prof. T. V. Munson, of Denison, Texas, has followed
and although it may be too early to say anything positive or definite as to its impor-
tance, I believe he is, and has been for some years, doing more extensive work in striv-
ing to improve our native grapes than has ever been done or attempted by any other
person. He has from time to time sent me specimens of his productions; and as they
are grown in Texas. many of them are of very high character, remarkable not only
for fine appearance, but exceilent in quality. I can only speak of two varieties from
personal experience as grown at the north, but they are now many of them
offered for sale and being tested in various localities, and I think we have reason to
hope that there will be found among the great number which Mr. Munson has produced
those which are suited to all localities where grapes are successfully grown.

The variety named Brilliant, I have fruited at Delaware for three years. Itis claimed
to be a cross of Rogers’ Lindley and the Delaware. lt has great vigor of growth,
healthy foliage, hardiness in winter and ample productiveness. Having perfect blos-
soms, the clusters have always been full and well-formed, medium to large, much like
well-grown Lindleys. Color like Delaware, but lighter, with more red. Quality inter-
mediate, but very nearly equal to Delaware. I have very favorable reports of its
success in Michigan, and certainly regard it as promising to be generally useful.

The other variety of Mr. Munson’s is one which he named, G. W. Campbell, as it was
srown from the seed of the Triumph. one of my earlier seedlings. It has fruited but
twice at Delaware. The vine is a moderate but healthy grower, with good foliage.
It bears medium-sized, long clusters, berries the size of Delawares or a little larger;
color white; quality very good—ripens a little after the Delaware.

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 439

A few words as to my own experience, illustrating some of the trials and disappoint-
ments which I have met with in endeavoring to produce new varieties of merit, by
crossing the Concord and Delaware, may have some interest.

One seedling which I grew had the character of the Concord in growth and foliage;
leaves thick, downy and rufous underneath, and was impervious to mildew. Clusters
medium large with form and color of Delaware, similar in flavor, without any foxiness;
good enough in quality to make it a valuable acquisition. But after further trial, a
defect which did not appeur serious at first, destroyed it. Soon after maturity. it
would “shell off,” leaving only bare stems; and some clusters, which I had bagged to
insure perfect condition. I found all loose in the bottom of the bags. Itis now grafted
over, and bearing Ulster Prolific.

Other crosses of Delaware and Concord, and Delaware and Worden, produced strong
vines and healthy foliage, but seemed to have retained and intensified all the unfavor-
able characteristics of both, or of their ancestors, with none of their good ones, and, so
far as the fruit was concerned, were entirely worthless.

A later combination, still in hope of improving the Delaware, produced a vine with
fine growth and healthy foliage, clusters large, with the form and color of the Delaware;
flavor rich and delicate, and very nearly as good; ripening early, and berries hanging
perfectly to the stems. What was the matter with this? I will tell you. It had too
many and too large seeds for the size of the grape, and would be fit only for those who
press out the pulp and bolt seeds and all; but as I do not eat grapes in that way, and do
wish to encourage it in others, this nursling of years from which I had at one time
great hopes, is relegated to that banishment “where hundreds have gone before.

I have just one more of this type, which hasas yet developed no fault, and still prom-
ises well; but may, or may not, be of any value, hereafter.

Some of my later efforts have been directed towards a possible improvement of the
Concord, and I am happy to say, with much greater promise of success. The faults of
the Concord, to which I have before alluded are—First, skin tender and easily broken;
Second, pulp quite soft, next to skin, rendering handling and shipping difficult ; Third,
lack of keeping qualities—breaking down or decay too soon after gathering, or if left
too long on the vines; Fourth, too late in ripening for many northern localities ; and
Fifth, quality not quite good enough for highly cultivated tastes. At present, I do not
care to say more than that I believe I have, after many trials, succeeded in producing
a variety that remedies all these defects and at the same time retains all the good
points of the Concord, in vigor of growth and health of the vine and foliage.

There are many more varieties, “which I might comment upon and some of which
may have greater value in certain localities than these which I have mentioned. But
I have mainly spoken of those with which I have had personal experience. I recognize,
also, the principle that there can be no practical benefit in multiplying and introducing.
or recommending new varieties, unless they have some important characteristic or
excellence above those which we already possess.

The time has passed when the mere fact that a variety is a new seedling or hybrid is
sufficient to commend it to public favor. And I believe there are many grapes, which
might with advantage be left out of our catalogues—and I think this will be done at
no distant day, with no loss to our nurserymen and with decided benefit to their
customers.

In reference to my comparatively unimportant efforts in producing new varieties to
which I have before alluded, I can say that I have conscientiously worked upon the
lines of rejecting all which did not prove in some important respect better than any
others yet known; and although hundreds have been thrown away in carrying out this
determination, I still have an abiding faith, resultmg from my experiments, that pro-
gress will continue through the agency of skillful and intelligent efforts by growth of
seedlings ; by crossing and hybridizing ; combining, selecting and re-combining ; and
although it may be slow, will eventually result in substantial, and as nearly perfect
success, as man can reasonably expect to achieve. And if I could live my seventy-
seven years over again, or the half of them—I would still continue my labors in this
field, notwithstanding its many discouragements and disappointments, never doubting
that I could make some valuable advancement worthy of the efforts which I would
gladly make in this interesting pursuit. And although I may not live to see it, I
believe the time will come when we shall have, through the efforts of our enthusiastic
experiments, grapes for all useful purposes, and suited to all sections of our country
where the vine will grow and flourish—that will be second to none grown by any other
nation or country upon earth.

440 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

THE ART WHICH DOES NOT MEND NATURE.

BY HON. CHARLES W. GARFIELD, GRAND RAPIDS, MICHIGAN.

The object in the selection of this topic is not so much to indicate what it shall cover
as to form a sort of clothes-line, upon which can be pinned a number of articles in the
form of criticism and suggestions upon subjects that are quite diverse, and not
arranged in logical order, but having one common factor.

Step with me, for a moment, to the border of the average city or village cemetery,
and note the methods in.which the so-called embellishments of the grounds, in
the form of trees and shrubs, plants and flowers, have been handled. See how trim
and accurately pointed are the forms of the Junipers and Red Cedars, scattered here
and there over the premises. Note with what precision the shears have been employed
in forming the oval, globular or pyramidal heads of Norway Spruces. Just see how
the native drooping habit of the Hemlocks has been metamorphosed into a stiff geo-
metrical form. Here and there a lot has been enclosed by a hedge that has been
pruned into the rigidity of right lines. Cast your eyes upon the triangles, rectangles,
circles and ovals of the flower beds that adorn theindividual graves. Even the shrubs,
the distinctive character of which is due to the individuality of leaf and branch, have
been cut to one model. There isa stiffness and unnaturalness that makes one feel as
if he were out of place except he is arrayed in swallowtail coat, choking collar and silk
tile ; and still. some of Nature’s most beautiful forms, most attractive creations, have
been taken in the name of adornment and shorn of the very elements of attractiveness,
in order to bring about this condition of things that seems to be concomitant with the
term “city cemetery. ”

I wish to enter an emphatic protest against this misuse of the beautiful creations of
Nature, and to suggest if cold, stiffformality is to rule, that granite and marble be
employed exclusively, and that the delicate live things that naturally, if ieft alone,
assume beautiful proportions and delicate forms, be excused from forming any intrinsic
part of such an environment, after being shorn of all those attributes that render
them attractive to people of taste. I find men all over the country in charge of these
places (which should be, because of their association, made quietly beautiful), even cal-
ling themselves plantsmen and horticulturists. who are entirely lacking in every ele-
ment fitting to these employments. Ought not our horticultural clubs and societies
devoted to progressive horticulture, to give utterance in no feeble way to their protest
against these outrages upon the professions they are engaged in developing and
elevating.

The professional tree-pruner counts himself an artist in his way. Upon various
theories and hypotheses, with shears and pruning-knife and saw, he modifies the forms
of trees to accord with his artistic (?) notions. The grounds of many people who have
been willing to expend money without stint in the embellishment of their premises,
bear witness to the presence of these men who are in the constant practice of the art
which does not mend nature ; men who have never heard of a tune that was pitched to
the key of B natural. To them there are certain ideal forms to which all tree life must
conform, and every specimen, no matter what its own tendencies may be, must be
brought into line with one of the forms in their list.

This is especially true in the treatment of Evergreens. With the ostensible purpose
of thickening the branches, of beautifying the outlines, of shaping the tree, they elimi-
nate all the natural beauty and individuality of the specimens. The only morphology
they know anything about is found in the regulation figures that adorn the pages of a
geometry. I cannot express too strongly my lack of sympathy with this devotion to
the shearing business.

A gentleman of my acquaintance, whose life for years had been devoted to the destruc-
tion of trees ; whose ideal value in a tree was to be calculated by the distance from
the ground to the first limb, bought him a beautiful place upon the front of which
there stood two magnificent specimens of the White Pine. They had been planted
rather too closely together in the beginning, so that at the date of this purchase, each
was intrenching upon the domain of the other, and both obstructed the view from the
favorite window of the mansion to the highway. One could have been removed leav-
ing an open vista from the window, and the other would have developed grandly in
proportions, and given an individuality to the place that would have even suggested a
name as connected with the tree. But what did this dealer in lumber, laths and

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 441

shingles do? He trimmed them both up from the ground so that a view could be
obtained beneath the branches, to the permanent destruction of all that was beautiful
and attractive in both trees. In later years, notwithstanding some attractive features
have been added to the grounds, the inexcusabie mutilation of these noble trees is
snch a blemish as to detract from whatever else of value has been or may be added.

An excuse is found, sometimes, for cutting in the branches of trees, because the
owners in planting them had forgotten that,

“Art is long and time is fleeting.’’

and placed them too near a building or other trees. In rare instances this sacrifice may
be excusable, but usually it would be better art to remove the:specimen than to sacri-
fice its individuality. Even the average deciduous tree that may adorn the lawn, like’
the Norway Maple, Scarlet Oak, the Linden or the Sycamore, if given ample space in
which to grow, will derive an added beauty from the privilege of throwing its branches
directly from the ground ; and it is the exception, as in the case of the American Elm,
when a lenghty naked bole adds to the beauty of the specimen. An instance here
occurs to me, in which delicate sprays of foliage which relieved the bareness of the
trunk of a magnificent Rock Elm were entirely removed at one fell swoop of the sharp-
ened blade of a professional pruner, accomplishing for the tree what a barber would
for a man by shaving off his eyebrows.

Instances of this kind have taught me to fight shy of the men who from long experi-
ence in the “old country,” know just how to make fine models of your trees. Years
ago, in the establishment of the Agricultural College of Michigan upon the site selected,
there were scattered Oaks of various species, White Woods and Elms. One of the
first improvements made to the grounds was to saw off the tops of all these trees.
The first time I visited the grounds, a mere lad, in thesame carriage with Dr. Wayland
and Prof. Olney, I was greatly struck by the diverse opinions of the two men, with
reference to the future of the institution, the former advocating a bright promise of
great usefulnessin the development of the agriculture of the state, the latter question-
ing seriously if there was really any call for that kind of a thing.

The argument was waxing warm, and as we approached the grounds, the decapitated
tress, in all the ugliness of their shorn beauty, hove in sight, and Prof. Olney remarked
with scathing irony; “Lo! behold the triumph of agricultural art! If this is the
beginning, what may we not predict for the end;” and Dr. Wayland’s only way out of
it lay in the incident of a self-opening gate throwing out its wings before us with no
apparent motive except to bid us welcome, and he remarked ; “the triumph of mechan-
ics is demonstrated, at any rate.”

A generation has passed since the spoliation of those magnificent trees that had
occupied the attention of Nature so long in the perfecting of their grand and noble
forms. The work of decay thus invited, secured their humiliation, and one by one,
they have dropped out and there is scarcely a remnant left of what ought to have been
the pharer lenge feature of the campus. Illustrations of abuses like this will occur
to you all.

The spirit of better roads is in the air, A perfect road-bed is greatly to be desired,
but once securing this, it is just as important to render the highway on either side
attractive to the traveler and pedestrian. Two things people seem to know about this
subject ; and judging from manifestations, these two things are known to the exclu-
sion of every thing else that is valuable: First, that the natural growth that may
have adorned the highway must all be removed; and Second, in its place must be
planted at exact intervals, trees in right lines, of every shape and uniform contour.
To accomplish this and to maintain the balance of root and top, and inasmuch, as
most of the root has been removed, the part above ground of the newly planted tree is
reduced to a truncated stick.

Against this method of highway adornment I wish to enter my emphatic protest.
It is often true that through the removal of the road fence in accordance with the
spirit of these later times, the very elements of the most perfect embellishment of the
road side are to be found in the growth that has been protected by the fence. Let me
cite an example. Along the eastern border of my farm originally there was no high-
way. It was a line fence between neighbors, and because it was on the line and
erected in the early days of pioneer farming, when the matter of greatest import was
to secure enough from the soil to make both ends meet, the native growth of tree and
shrub and vine was given the utmost license. It transpired in the course of a gener-
ation that a highway was laid upon this line. The fence, once removed, revealed the
line of sylvan growth with artistic natural groupings rarely seen anywhere. The
shrubs and vines and wild beautiful things that grew at the base of the trees were

56

442 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. >

sacrificed at once as mere rubbish, and only by dint of hard fighting on the part of my
father, and the maintenance of the battle on my own part, have we preserved this
natural grouping of trees, a half mile in length, which to-day is the most beautiful
feature of our neighborhood. If all of the growth could have been preserved, nothing
could equal it in the way of adornment for a highway, for the satisfaction of the lover
of shade, the artist, the school children that daily pass it, or the stranger who might
visit our region. Scattered over the country everywhere we can find examples of how
beautiful the roadside could be adorned by the saving and continued protection of not
only the Oaks, Elms, Basswoods, Sycamores and other native trees that have sprung up
there, but also the preservation of the Dogwood, Hazel, Wild Roses, Winter Berries,
and Thorns, with here and there bunches of Asparagus that have grown up at their
roots, and form a rare mantel of embellishment; and then, if instead of pulling out
every snarl of climbers, there can be saved the Grape Vines, Virginia Creeper and Bit-
ter Sweet that have entwined themselves among the branches, and in many cases
almost cover, the trees, an added enjoyment can be given every lover of beauty who
passes by. Why must we allow the despoiler to have such sway throughout our
country ? Why can’t our horticultural societies, which have claimed to have done so
much in the education of the people, allow this important matter to take a prominent
place in their methods of education ?

Possibly I may err, but it seems to me that we are living far below our level of proper
influence if we, without a protest, allow in our public parks and even upon private
grounds, the monstrosities of forms created in trees and with plants and flowers to be
leading features of the improvements.

What satisfaction can there be in so metamorphosing a vigorous growing tree, and
showing our control over its energies, as to make an elephant, bird or fish out of its
transformed branches and foliage? There is no beauty in it, and no satisfaction, except
to illustrate how much grief a poor tree can bear. To me the operation seems as foolish
as that of pinching a Chinese woman’s foot or crowding an American woman’s ribs, in
the interest of false notions of what is beautiful. It is a degradation of beautiful
things, to use them in the development of such unartistic elements of adornment; and
when park boards and distinguished foreign professionals make these monstrosities
leading features of their art, Nature is not mended, but sacrificed.

In this connection I desire to mildly exhibit my dislike for the attention that florists
give to the exhibition of flowers upon metal forms. There are, without doubt, great
occasions in which formality is the leading factor, where the representations of various
material things can be made in flowers and be tolerated, but the display upon every
available opportunity of elaborate forms representing every thing from a ship at sea to
the gates of heaven, seems to me an utter degradation of the most delicate things Nature
produces.

It is without question a commendable development of art to bring out a new form of
flower, or to add to the variety of tints in which a species may be shown. This is the
utilization of Nature’s law under the control of men, who have learned how to interpret
them in such a way as to add to the beautiful things in the world. But to take these
delicate creations of Nature and mass them, so as to eliminate their individuality, into
the forms that illustrate at most a little mechanical genius, has not the semblance of
art init. A graceful arrangement of flowers, taking advantage of the laws of appro-
priate combinations of color and form, is a form of artistic work eminently desirable to
develop and magnify; but the average florist’s hand bouquet made in precise geometri-
cal lines, with flowers having scrimped stems pieced out with tooth picks; or the mar-
riage bell remarkable simply for the number of white carnations used in covering its
framework; or the funeral pillow, the creation of which is suggestive of nothing to
relieve pain or soften sorrow; the floral representation of the beautiful gate’s ajar, or
gate wide open, are not symbols of a highly developed taste in artistic effects. We can -
afford to reduce them, by our influence and example, to their lowest terms, and develop
a wider employment of rare floral forms for their own sake, as accompaniments of joy
aud sorrow, and in the adornment of the person, as well as the places that we wish to

eautify.

I have another article or two to hang on my line, and if you do not deem it improper,
I desire to mildly criticise the efforts of those good people who think to add to the
attractiveness of their exhibits of fruits and vegetables by devoting a good deal of time
to ‘shining them up.” ‘There is nothing that renders the apple, or peach, or pear, and
especially the plum and grape, so particularly attractive, as the native bloom that adorns
its surface. It is quieting to the eye, it adds dignity and modesty to the fruit displayed,
it is a serious loss to remove it. Why do we tolerate in exhibitors the habit of removing
Nature’s delicate adornment of our fruits?

The most noticeable feature in that magnificent display of grapes made by the state of

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 443

New York, at the World’s Columbian Fair, was the marvelous care in the handling, which
resulted in the perfect preservation of the bloom upon every cluster. ‘Che shiny sur-

aces of most of the potatoes shown at the Fair were examples of the unwisdom of fol-
lowing the pernicious practices of polishing the surfaces. The habit should be
condemned.

And now a last word about the display of culinary art in despoiling fruits of their
distinguishing flavor in fitting them for the palate. Is it just the thing to do, after we
have expended all our energies in fertilizing the soil and cross-fertilizing the blossoms,
and have given the highest cultivation to produce in a strawberry the most delicate
flavor, to stamp out every vestige of that flavor by smothering the fruit in cream and
sugar? Is it just the proper thing to take our fruits as we have developed them, which
afford us a wide range of delicious flavors, to so manipulate them in the process of
‘canning as to render it impossible to distinguish one variety from another, or even one
species from another, because of the use of rich sucrose syrup, in which they are envel-
oped? The suggestion, perhaps, is sufficient.

There is a grand field for man’s noblest endeavors in weaving into attractive combi-
nations the elements of beauty and good taste which Nature provides as working mate-
rial, but our forms and originations must always acknowledge Nature’s own supremacy
when at her best, or else that which we aim to make a modei of attraction shall appear
only as an excrescence on the bosom of the earth. He who cherishes a desire to gain
laurels in the art that does mend Nature, must himself live near to Nature's heart.

Mr. L. B. Prerce (Ohio) thought there was a middle ground in the matter of pruning
evergreens. Only a day or two before, he had been a visitor at Dosoris on Long Island,
and spent a half day with Mr. William Falconer in looking at the beautiful evergreens
of a hundred different varieties that were growing around the home of Charles A. Dana.
They were all kept within bounds by cutting back the leader two-thirds and allowing
anew oneto form from the uppermost bud left. The end bud of the leading shoots
of the upper third of the trees was pinched off just after commencing growth in the
spring—any straggling shoots below were pinched in the same manner. The trees made
a thick, rank growth, and were oblate-conical in form. They were annually manured
in the spring with the stable manure that had been scattered on the lawn during the
winter. The trees werein this way kept within bounds, and at the same time lost none
of their beauty or characteristic traits. At the best, evergreens only preserve their
highest beauty for a short time, and when we talked about natural beauty in the
evergreen, we could only refer to the brief period of its youth, for, with very few
exceptions, most evergreens left to nature’s ways, outgrow their beauty in a few years.

Mr. D. R. Rutnp of -Canandaigua said that circumstances alter cases; many trees
were out of place if left entirely to themselves on a neatly-kept lawn. On a lawn kept
closely mowed and dotted with flower beds, big, shaggy evergreens were out of place;
trimmed to a certain extent, and kept low down on the lawn, they made an excellent
back-ground for flower beds, and were in accord with the general beauty. A flower-
‘bed under a huge spreading elm would be out of place, but close beside a nicely
trimmed evergreen it was appropriate and could be made very beautiful.

ARE NOVELTIES WORTH THEIR COST?

BY PROF. L. H. BAILEY, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

It is a perennial question, this asking if novelties in fruit pay; and yet it is never
settled. The manner of answering the question seems always to be the same; the
respondent cites his own experience with the new varieties, with an inclination to dwell
most upon those which he considers to be dishonest or unworthy; and so it comes that
there are as many opinions of the “ novelty question ’—as the discussion has come to
be called—as there are persons who try to answer it, with a tendency, always, to decry
the introduction of new things. It is evident that the fundamental merits of the ques-
tion can never be determined from individual experiences of a certain number of noy-
elties, for it is rare if any two experiences agree upon even the same variety. If there
is not some broader and scientific basis of judgment, the question may as well be
dropped forever.

What we really need to ask is this: Is there a constant tendency for new varieties
‘to surpass the old? Or, in other words, have we yet reached the limit of improvement

444 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and evolution in any species of plant? Before attempting a direct answer to these
questions, we shall need to consider for a moment if varieties are pre-limited in dura-
tion, or if they “run out;” for if they do pass away, new varieties must take their
places, or the cultivated type of the species would cease to exist. Or, to state the
proposition differently, if varieties run out, the species can be rescued from oblivion
only by new forms; but inasmuch as all valuable cultivated plants tend constantly to
increase in extent of cultivation, it follows either that they do not run out, or that new
varieties are better than the old and drive them out. And yet, there are persons who
hold tenaciously to both dogmas,—that varieties run out, and that novelties do not pay
—without seeing that the logical result of such opinion is to drive the cultivated flora
from the face of the earth. Now, it is true that the varieties of any plant are, as a
whole, constantly changing, as one may prove by comparing the catalogues and man-
uals of a generation ago with those of to-day. ‘These changes are most rapid in plants.
of shortest duration, or those in which there has been the greatest number of genera-
tions, showing that the greater the opportunity for renewal of stock, the greater is the
variation and number of recorded varieties. Thus, the apples of to-day are as much
like those of a century ago as the strawberries of to-day are like those of ten years ago;
and there is about the same number of generations in the one case as in the other.
This means, as I said before, that the rate of change in named varieties is in proportion
to the length of life or profitable duration of the species. This at once raises a strong
presumption that varieties do not wear out from mere age, but that they pass out
in the process of reproduction or regeneration; and, as varieties of standard merit
are more numerous in all plants now than they were a century, or even a human gen-
eration ago, it must follow that.new varieties have been appearing all these years
which were good enough to obtain the confidence of all careful growers. In two
papers which I have presented to this society, I have shown, I think, that varieties do
not wear out; but all plants which are habitually propagated by seeds, as garden veg-
etables and flowers, tend constantly to change or differ from their parents, and finally
to pass so far away from them that they receive new names; and plants which are prop-
agated from cuttings of abnormally developed parts, as the potato. constantly tend to
deteriorate, unless grown and selected under the very best conditions; but all plants
propagated from normal or unvariable parts, as by ordinary cuttings, cions and layers,
remain substantially the same from century to century, as is the actual case with
several prominent orchard fruits. If the orchard fruits do not run out, therefore, the
only reason why the varieties should change is because better ones appear and drive
them-out; and inasmuch as it is a matter of common knowledge that change does take
place, it follows that profitable novelties have appeared.

Up to this time, therefore, novelties, or at least many of them, have paid. Is there
any reason for supposing that they will not pay equally wellin the future? Or, to
raise my original question: Is profitable variation no longer possible? This question
is not new, and there is no special reason for asking it at the present time. It is cer-
tainly as old as commercial horticulture; and, for all I know, Noah, when driving the
animals into the ark, may have asked if so many varieties paid. If novelties have
furnished all advancement up to the present time, it would seem that they must con-
tinue to do so in the future; and the only reason for discussing the question at all
must be a prevalent belief that varieties are now so many and so good that the limit of
profitable evolution has been reached.

I have said that all advancement in types of cultivated plants has come about
through the origination and introdution of new forms. It is necessary, then, that
this advancement be defined. A novelty does not necessarily need to surpass every or
even any old variety in order that it may have merit. It may possess attributes.
which fit it for some entirely new condition or use. A currant or gooseberry which
is sweet and tender enough to supply the dessert may be a useful novelty, while
in all other respects it may be inferior to all existing varieties. And this is a point
that we should keep constantly in mind,—that we need new varieties for unfilled gaps,
for new regions, various soils, new markets and new household uses. If, therefore, a
variety is successful, or profitable, with one person only, and fails with all others, it is
worth introducing. The trouble is not so much that novelties are unworthy, as it is
that they are recommended promiscuously and that their particular and distinctive
merits are not discovered. Now, I like to think that the evolution of cultivated varie
ties follows the same laws as the evolution of new types in nature; and it is pretty welt
agreed by all naturalists that there are more distinct species or forms upon the earth-
to-day than there have ever been at any one previous time. We are apt to think that
both the animal and vegetable kingdoms have passed the zenith of their development,
because the great number of monstrous forms are now extinct. There were giants in
those days. But size or bulk is not a measure of the height of development. Evolution

\

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 445

is perfected only when every phase and condition of the external world has some type
of life particularly adapted to it; and inasmuch as new conditions in the physical
features of the globe are constantly appearing, there must be a constantly progressing
attempt on the part of animals and plants to adapt themselves to these new condi-
tions. The surface of the earth was probably never so varied in physical characters as
at the present time, and it is safe to assume—particularly as such facts as are known
support the assumption—that there has never been so many diverse forms of life upon
the globe as at present; and this differentiation is proceeding as rapidly to-day, proba-
bly, as it has atany time inthe past. In other words, the only limit to the expansion and
evolution of wild plants is that of the surroundings in which they live; and as culti-
vated plants modify themselves through the same laws, it must follow that there is no
predetermined limit to their amelioration or improvement, as long as man continues to
cultivate and modify the earth. Every year may witness better varieties until the
plant becomes so unlike its ancestors that its parentage may be lost or unrecognized,
and new specific forms, even, may originate under the hand of man; and this has
actually occurred in many instances.

If philosophy teaches us that there is no set or predetermined limit beyond which
plants may not progress, reflection must likewise convince every one of us of the
essential truth of the same proposition. We know that most important cultivated
plants have come from a very inferior ancestry ; and some, if not most fruits have
sprung from parents which are scarcely edible to cultivated tastes. And we have a
graphic means of comparing the improved side by side with the inferior types in the
small-leaved, small and austere-fruited and often weak and tender “crabs ” and other
seedlings, which, however, are only partially reverted to their aboriginal condition.
And in America, where vast new regions have been settled with great rapidity, we have
seen the extension of fruit growing, by means of new and adaptive varieties, into regions
which were thought to be unfitted for such purposes but a few years ago. It is a fact
that all plants, especially our fruits, have responded with really remarkable facility to
all the new demands which our markets and soils and climatic limitations have placed
upon them. This response has been in the way of new varieties, and it has, of course,
been most marked in those fruits which were comparatively little developed and to
which almost every condition of cultivation and dissemination was new. You will
recall the readiness with which the native plums, within forty years, have given us
nearly two hundred varieties adapted to a remarkable range of conditions and uses ;
and the blackberries and raspberries within a generation have given results which show
that they will equal, if, indeed, they do not eclipse, the wonderful evolution of native
grapes within a century ; and many of you will recall the fact that it is less than a gen-
eration ago when it was thought that roses could not be successfully grown out of
doors in this country. Evolution, therefore, undoubtedly becomes slower the more the
plant is improved, for it has constantly to compete with its own progress ; but if worthy
new varieties are less frequent in the old standard fruits, it does not follow that there
are none.

I assert, therefore, that the tendency to produce new varieties is the means by which
cultivated plants are ever more and more improved and fitted into new conditions and
uses; and novelties must pay if horticulture is to forever pay. But not all novelties
pay, and the reasons must be apparent. They may not be good enough to pay. Nov-
elties are introduced both hastily and indiscreetly. If the philosophy of the question,
as we have considered it, teaches us anything, it is: First, that the older and more
improved the type, the less are the chances of securing a worthy novelty ; Second, that
there is most use for novelties in those plants which are propagated by seeds and by
abnormally developed parts, because such plants usually quickly run out by variation ;
Third, that worthy novelties appear less frequently in old regions than in new ones,
because of greater competition of established varieties there ; and Fourth, that the
merit of a variety lies in its adaptability tosome particular use or demand. I therefore
look with caution ypon novelties in the old standard fruits and in the old horticultural
regions, the more especially as these fruits are propagated by buds and the good old
varieties remain with us; and I look with suspicion upon all those which are recom-
mended indiscriminately, indefinitely, generally, and for everything and equally for all
regions, because their descriptions cannot be truthful and cannot be founded upon
experience. I believe that the time is now at hand when a man can establish a more
lucrative nursery or plant business by giving his novelties careful and discriminating
tests and by telling what they are not good for as clearly as he tells what they are
good for, as he can by possessing himself of the desire to introduce a certain number
of novelties each year and to paint them in such faultless colors that every thoughtful
man knows that they are false.

446 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

COLD STORAGE FOR NEIGHBORHOODS.
BY C, H. PERKINS, NEWARK, N.Y.

For some thirty years the writer of this paper has been personally interested in the.
growing of apple orchards, in nursery stock and in the buying of apples. ‘The business.
has included orchards in Kansas and Michigan, also the exporting of apples from
Western New York to Europe.

By the term “cold storage” I have not meant to imply the great storage houses in
cities and other points, where the temperature, by means of ice or chemicals, is kept and
even contracted to be kept at a certain point for months, where thousands of crates of
eggs, carloads of beef, and even ship-loads of fruits, are held and distributed to the
trade as they may be wanted; neither do J mean that system of cold storage used and
employed by the eight or ten large canning factories located in Western New York,
where immense amounts of Bartlett pears and other fruits are held for months for
canning purposes (a low estimate of Bartlett pears alone, held some years, would not be
less than fifty thousand bushels).

The idea of this paper is, that neighborhood cold storage may be run in some of the
details and on about the same principles as those of the codperative cheese-factories of
the great dairy counties of this State, where, thirty or more years ago, every individual
dairyman made his own cheese, and the result of that system, which had been in use
years and years, was that there were as many grades, brands, qualities and sizes of
cheese as there were individual farmers, attended with all the different details of mak-
ing and selling the thousand and one different productions and brands. Then came the
coéperative system of cheese factories, by which the dairyman only contracted to
furnish the factory with the milk produced by a certain numberof cows. As far as the
dairyman was concerned, all the details were done away with; instead of numerous
brands and qualities, one uniform quality was insured, the brand of the factory becom-
ing well known and found worthy, the natural result was that it was sought after, and
instead of, as formerly, so many small lots being sent tothe large cities to be sold as best
they could, the buyers came to the doors of the factories, and now it is no unusual
incident for buyers from Liverpool or London to be in the markets of Little Falls or
Utica, and often favorite brands are shipped direct to Europe from the factories, and
the enhanced value more than covers the cost of manufacture, and the relief to the
dairyman, and to his wife, from the care and details of the old way, is beyond estimation.

Naturally, one asks what necessity for coéperative storage for apples in barrels, and
what particular advantage will accrue to the grower? The grower of apples in Western
New York has only to cast his eyes about him to perceive that he is being surrounded,.
and that in the very near future market he has depended upon will be wholly
or in part monopolized by his Canadian and Western neighbors. Besides, another fac-
tor is looming up, larger and larger, as the years go by. It is said that a conservative
estimate of the oranges to be shipped this season from Florida is not less than seven
thousand to ten thousand carloads; that the crop of oranges in California will exceed
five thousand to seven thousand carloads; add to this the importation from the Medi-
terranean, and let it be understood that the consumption of oranges, to acertain extent,.
comes in direct competition with that of the daily use of apples. Will the apple orch-
ardists of Western New York go with me and see what our Western neighbors are doing?
In 1890 I had occasion to spend a good part of the months of September and October
in Missouri and Kansas, buying the dried fruits (not the barreled apples), the produc-
tions of the orchards of those states. I found one orchard in Kansas with an out-put
of twenty thousand barrels, besides all the drying and cider apples. I found one
orchard near Springfield, Mo., that the net income was sixteen thousand dollars, and
plenty of others that the income from them ran from five thousand to eight thousand
dollars. This last season, traveling in Michigan, I found one section where, for twenty-
five miles long by eight miles wide, the farms were solid blocks of fruit. You would
hardly see a vestige of any other production than that of fruit. Great, double-decked
wagons, with three to six horses or mules, were hauling the fruit to the market, and it
was being distributed all over the Northwest. Then think that from New England,
from Maine to far west of the Missouri river, this planting of apple orchards has been
going on from year to year. Should all these orchards come into bearing and produce
even a fair or small crop, with present methods of marketing, would the fruit pay the-
cost of harvesting to the Western New York grower? But we must not forget the
great increase of our population, the enormous growth of our cities and villages, the
immense export demand for our apples for the markets of Europe; also that, scattered

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 447

all over the country, but especially in Western New York, the many hundreds of evap-
orators that afford a market for a great amount of apples (it has been estimated that in
an average year the value of evaporated apples in the county of Wayne alone, is not less
than one million dollars); add to the above the thousands of cars of cider apples con-
sumed by the eight or ten great mills located in New York state, that produce pure cider
vinegar, and also sparkling cider for a beverage. If, therefore, every neighborhood in
Western New York had a cold storage house for barreled apples, that would protect
against frost and hold anywhere from ten thousand to twenty thousand barrels, run, if
need be, on the same codperative principles and methods as the cheese factories of
this state, or the fruit associations of California or Michigan, would not the result
be very much more satisfactory to the grower than present methods? Would not the
season of marketing be extended from October to April? Would not the fearful gluts
be a “back number,” a matter of the past? Would not well-packed apples, carry-
ing a well-known brand, a guarantee of honest worth, be sought after? And would not
buyers from Europe and our large cities come to our own doors, the same as they do in
the cheese markets of Little Falls and Utica, and in the prune, apricot, raisin and
orange markets of San Jose, Fresno and Riverside ?

Such a building may be of moderate cost and yet substantial and durable, and it
need not always be located at the nearest railroad station. How many have ever
figured or thought of the cost to the grower, of transporting his apples to the railroad
or canal station, from his farm during the months of September or October when there
is much work to do and time is of most value? Say the grower is five or eight miles
from said station, I believe that for less cost per barrel the dealer located in Western
New York will deliver the same apples in barrels at Chicago, Milwaukee, Duluth,
Philadelphia, New York or Boston.

To return, there are quite a number of apple houses in Western New York owned by
dealers, but there are few that were built for the express purpose of safely storing
apples. I have a building that I built for the storage of nursery stock, and in which I
have had apples stored all winter. It is frost proof, built on a heavy stone wall twenty-
four inches thick and three feet high. On this wall were set up 2 x 4 scantling ; these
were sheathed with inch hemlock then covered with tarred building paper; then
furred out with strips four inches deep and again covered as before, until the wall has
three air spaces ; the roof is constructed in the same way to protect against frost ; light
and ventilation come from two rows of windows at the top ; the roof is gravel; the out-
side is covered with novelty siding ; the building has double or two sets of doors at each
end and adriveway through the center; it is painted inside and out; it is one hundred
feet long by forty feet wide ; the whole cost was one thousand four hundred dollars
and it would afford storage for ten thousand barrels; the atmosphere is the same
inside as out, only that the building is frost proof and can be run in the winter months
with a variation of not over twelve degrees ; there is no smell of a cellar whatever and
stock always keeps perfectly.

Such a house, or a better one, in a neighborhood would pay, four years out of five, at
least fifty cents a barrel over all costs of labor for handling, sorting, insurance, etc., and
this year, where there were apples, it would have paid one dollar to one dollar and fifty
cents per barrel. Some of us have thought, when we considered the immense planting
of apple orchards, the thousands of carloads of oranges that Florida and California can
supply now, with the prospect that a few short years will increase that production, until
the retailer will supply your table and mine with the best of oranges at a cost not to.
exceed one cent each, that the days of a profitable apple orchard were numbered. But
let us consider this competition. In all the great markets of the world a good -red
apple brings more money than an orange. In London you pay fifteen to twenty cents
for an apple and a few pennies for an orange. Florida imports buttermilk and kerosene
oil from the north to kill the scale on her orange trees, and California covers every
individual orange tree with canvass and then fills the canvass with a certain gas to kill
the Australian scale. It is said that there is not one orange orchard in Florida aside
from the few on hammock lands, that pays a profit and until the Nicaragua canal shall
be built, the overland transportation will wipe out the profit to California orange
growers.

It was my fortune a few years age, while investigating a bee or honey ranch in Cali-
fornia, to stand on one of the foot hills. Back of me the San Bernardino mountains.
snow-capped, rose twelve thousand or fourteen thousand feet before me, the canon IJ
had climbed was covered with live oak; but out on the plain beyond, were the gardens
of oranges, lemons, apricots, olives, and the broad Pacific in full view beyond; I
thought of the tales I had read of the gardens around Grenada in Spain, and wondered
if anything could be more beautiful? Again, I sat on a fence in the valley of the Kaw
river in Kansas, between Lawrence and Topeka; before me on an eastern slope stood

448 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

four hundred acres of Wine Sap, Missouri Pippin and Ben Davis, all red apples; the
trees were low headed and the limbs touched the ground with their burdens of fruit ;
two hundred men were at work. The production had been sold for sixty thousand
dollars for the barreled apples and some ten thousand dollars for the dryers and cider
fruit. Just beyond and belonging to the same orchard, were eight hundred acres not
yet in bearing, twelve hundred acres in all.

I have not changed my mind, that if our apple growers will take care of, feed, spray
their orchards, and market their fruit in a business like way, taking advantage of, and
making use of any new and better methods than those which their fathers followed,
that they will find their profit and loss account a very satisfactory one.

THE CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR GROWING CROPS.
BY PROF. I. P. ROBERTS, DIRECTOR OF COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

Water carries all of the food of plants and animals into circulation and all excreted
material out of circulation, so there cannot be abundant growth and vigorous healthy
life, without there is an abundance of water always present in the tissues of growing
organisms. Most living plants contain from seventy-five to ninety-five per cent of
water. Notwithstanding the great need of plants for a liberal supply of water, yet, the
soil may easily contain so much as to injure or even destroy them.

For carrying off a superabundance of water, in all ordinary cases provision may be
made by means of surface and underground drains, but the problem of supplying
water cheaply to plants when there is a lack, is a difficult one.

In most localities in the Eastern and Middle States surface irrigation is found to be
not only impracticable on account of lack of water, but also because on many soils
surface-irrigation results in injury to the land. Clay lands unless most thoroughly
under-drained become puddled, sour and reduced in productive power when surface-
irrigated. Only on certain classes of soils, usually found in arid countries, does surface-
irrigation become fully successful. Sub-irrigation is the ideal method, but it is so
expensive that it can come into use only where large amounts of very valuable products
can be secured on small areas.

With few exceptions all cultivated plants have to depend on the water stored in the
soil. How to make a great storehouse for water in the soil without saturating it, and
how to get the water near to the surface for the use of the plant without letting it
escape during dry weather become subjects of prime importance to every plant grower.

It should not be forgotten that water moves up hill as easily as it does down: that
is to say it obeys the strongest force ; if it were not so the oceans and lakes would soon
overflow the land. Parenthetically, I might say that in the early period of the earth’s
formation the water moved uphill so persistently that it covered the whole face of the
earth.

An acre of soil one foot deep will weigh about one thousand six hundred tons, and
may contain when in good condition for growing crops thirty-two per cent. of water.
This is equal to five hundred tons or four thousand barrels per acre. If the soil is too
compact or too loose not more than half this amount, sometimes not more than one-
quarter will be contained in the interstices or pores of the land. Soils vary very much
in their power to hold on to water without being saturated. A friable clay loam has
the power of storing water to a much larger degree than heavy clay or loose sandy soils.
Heavy rains in the fall and spring tend to puddle the land, that is, fill the interstices
which are between the particles or molecules of earth, thereby diminishing to a great
extent the storage capacity of the land. Often about the only object of deep culture
is to overcome the effect produced by heavy beating rains and to enlarge the capacity of
the soil for holding on to moisture. We find then that there is a large amount of water
stored in the first twelve inches of the surface soil, and we know that a large additional
amount is found in the sub soil; in some cases it is far more than is found in the
surface soil, although usually that is not the case.

The question arises how to make the best use of and how to conserve this stored up
water, which finally contains all the fertilizing material which enters into the circula-
tion of the plant? Thin seeding assists very materially in the conservation of moist-
ure. Plants usually suffer in the middle and latter part of the summer when they are
trying to produce fruit. If too many plants are growing upon the surface, the land

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 449

will already have been robbed of its moisture, before the fruiting season, and a failure
to produce satisfactory seeds and fruits is inevitable.

Another method of conserving moisture is to shade the land, and if this is done with
growing crops as clover and the like, the amount of water which is evaporated from
the leaves is greater than that which is conserved by the shading. So where the
object is to conserve the moisture for the tree when it is fruiting, it is not wise to have
growing crops in the orchard.

Mulching of the soil with straw or other coarse material cannot be practiced in any
large way, so although valuable, little dependence can be placed on this method. In
bearing orchards it should be done if at all about the last of June. ‘The conservation
of moisture by surface culture has been found to be eminently successful. The
enlarging of the capillary tubes at the surface prevents the water from rising, also
shades the land and keeps it cool, thereby preventing to a large extent surface
evaporation.

Some experiments conducted during the winter in a warm room out of the direct
rays of the sun gave the following results:

On plots cultivated about one and a half inches deep, two thousand pounds of water
less evaporated daily on soil of a similar character and under identical conditions
which had no surface culture.

On a heavy clay soil the evaporation from the cultured plot per day was four thous-
and pounds less than from the uncultured.

On a clay loam it was four thousand four hundred pounds per day less.

Ona light garden soil it was two thousand five hundred and fifty pounds less on the
cultivated plot per acre than on that which was not cultivated.

It will readily be seen what avast influence the daily cultivation had on the moisture
of the soil. Some experiments conducted several years ago with a mixture of equal
parts by weight of salt and plaster applied to the land at the rate of four thousand
pounds per acre conserved the moisture of the first four inches tothe amount of fifteen
tons of water per acre: that is to say the soil which had been treated with this mixture
contained about two weeks after the mixture had been sown fifteen tons of water per
acre in the first four inches more than the adjoining plots which were not treated. This
amount of water it is true is not large, but it was large enough during a drought, when
the experiments were conducted, to furnish enough extra moisture to the growing oats
to be easily discernible by the growth of the plant. There is not the slightest doubt
but what a weekly surface cultivation of crchards from June until the last of August
greatly conserves the water in the soil, while at the same time culture sets free plant
food, keeps the lower strata of the soil cool and moist. Wherever the conditions do not
forbid surface cultivation it should be practiced extensively in orchards for the three-
fold purpose of conserving moisture, preparing plant food and shading that portion of
the soil which is occupied by the roots of the growing plants.

SOME EXPERIENCES IN 1893 IN TREATING PEARS TO PREVENT
PEAR SCAB.

BY PROF. S. A. BEACH, NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, GENEVA, N. Y.

At the New York State Experiment Station, in 1893, some experiments in treating
pear trees with Bordeaux mixture for the prevention of pear scab were very successful
in accomplishing the desired objects. The plan of the experiments was:

1. To test the efficacy of dilute Bordeaux mixture against pear scab.

(In these experiments the formula used for the Bordeaux mixture was four pounds
of copper sulphate to forty-five gallons of the mixture. The necessary amount of lime
was determined by the potassium-ferrocyanide test.)

2. To compare the efficacy of three sprayings before the blossoms open with two
sprayings before the blossoms open.

A large orchard near the experiment station, situated on the upland about two miles
west of Seneca lake, offered a very favorable opportunity for the proposed investigation,
and the owners, Messrs. E. Smith & Sons, very kindly offered the use of it, free of charge
for this purpose. Some varieties in the orchard, being particularly susceptible to the
attacks of the scab, had produced comparatively little first-class fruit for several
years on account of the scab. Two of these varieties, White Doyenne and Seckle, were

57

450 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

accordingly selected for treatment with Bordeaux mixture. The Seckle trees were
used for the double purpose of testing the Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide for pear
scab, and also for comparing the value of two treatments before blooming with three
treatments before blooming. Several other interesting and practical questions invited
investigation, but it was thought best not to complicate the experiments by trying to
make them answer too many questions at once, and therefore attention was directed
chiefly to the two objects just named.

At the last meeting of this society, in a paper on recent results in spraying for
apple, it was shown that the leading investigators in the United States and Canada were
almost unanimous in their verdict for the Bordeaux mixture as being on the whole the
most satisfactory fungicide yet tested for apple scab, and many of them especially
mentioned a dilute Bordeaux mixture with favor.

The fungus that causes pear scab is much like the apple scab fungus in general
appearance, and also in habits of life so far as these habits are known at present. It
was, therefore, thought that the dilute Bordeaux mixture which had given so good
results in treating apple scab might also prove equally effective against pear scab.

In the paper just mentioned on “ Latest Results in Spraying for Apple Scab,” it was
also stated that it was very important to begin spraying before the blossoms open, for
recent investigations at the Geneva Experiment Station had shown that both with pear
scab and with apple scab infection begins before the blossoms open. In planning these
experiments for 1893 it was therefore decided to test the efficacy of early treatments,
and so three treatments before blooming was compared with two treatments before
blooming.

In one part of the orchard three rows of Seckel trees were selected for the experiment.
Each row contained originally thirty-six trees, but there were now some vacant places
and occasionally a tree of another variety was found, so that the number of Seckle.
trees included in the experiment was but sixty-four, of which number fourteen were
sprayed six times, fourteen were sprayed five times, and thirty-six were left untreated
for comparison, Fourteen White, Doyenné trees located in another part of the orchard
were also selected for the experiment. Six of these were treated five times, and
the remaining eight were left untreated for comparison. The treated Seckel trees
were in two blocks, one of which was surrounded by untreated infected trees, while
the other was hemmed in on three sides inthe same way. The White Doyenné trees
were somewhat scattered, but in most cases the treated trees were separated by a
short distance only from untreated infected trees. In considering the results of these
experiments it is therefore well to note the fact that the sprayed trees were thus
constantly open to infection from adjacent trees that were not sprayed. Where an
entire orchard is treated this source of infection may evidently be obviated in a large
measure.

TREATMENT.

One block of Seckels was sprayed May 3. At this time the buds were swelling, but
none of them had begun to open. A week later, May 11, this block was treated again,
together with the second block of Seckels and the White Doyennés. At this time the
cluster buds were opening. After this all sprayed trees were treated exactly alike.
The next treatment was made on May 19, when the trees were just beginning to
blossom. As soon as the trees were out of blossom, on May 31, they were sprayed
again, and Paris green, at the rate of one ounce to about eleven gallons was now added
to the Bordeaux mixture. June 12, and again June 28 the trees were sprayed with
Bordeaux mixture and Paris green as before.

The fruit was picked the fourth week in September, assorted into three classes,
namely: firsts, seconds and culls. The firsts and seconds were marketed. No use was
made of the culls. The grading and marketing was done by Mr. William Smith,
according to his usual custom, and a record was kept of the sales. The fruit sold at
the following prices:

Sprayed. Unsprayed.
Seckel.
HUTStBy eee eee alt ON eer at 9296 te S62. i uDere DUBN, en: $1.25 to $1.75 per bush. keg,
DECOR Bat cette teh. ee en hee 1.75 to. °2:00)7** ue s 1.00 to 1.30 ‘ “ bh
Wihite Doyentié=). Osea
GT OLR ee es Tote er OS OS ew EN AS 4.50 per bbl1=$1.80 per bushel. None.
Neconds. Senta oe So a es ie mS tein 1) rune e $2.00 per bbl. =$0.80 per bushel.

/ y ,

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 451
There was no first-class fruit among the unsprayed White Doyennés. The second-

class fruit from the unsprayed White Doyennés was much of it unfit for market, and

was not sold. What was sold brought the price above named.
At these prices the average receipts were as follows:

Rees PBN. i Gain from treatment.*
| Number o eceipts
Name. | treatments. per tree. j
Per tree. Per 100 trees.
|
- —— an ——— — — ———— } — }
Seckel ______-_-- ie Oa iy eae ee Phe URS Gee cee ASL hu $5.48 to $6.67
SH SRE Ag PEERS Ee ee INonet Sess 0.68 to 0.90} $4.80 to $5.77) $480.00 to $570.00
ee ere a eres we ee eS ne Se he es Pr PlVvoie S28 22 5.76 to 6.92
Sete Ske EP aes ee. None 32 4<- : 0.93 to 1.26) 4.77 to 5.66! 477.00 to 566.00
MIUEONE) (RV ORTLG meson fo cee Be SESS. Hive eee. 6.55
bs Ss a ee Ce None) :22225—- 0.45 6.10 610.00

* {side from extia cost in packing and handling due to the increased yield,

The White Doyenné second-class fruit was not all sold, so that the gain from treatment
appears in this statement less than it actually was. About three weeks before the
pears were picked a severe wind storm blew off many bushels of the fruit. There can
be no doubt that but for this unavoidable occurrence the showing would be much more
favorable to the sprayed trees than it really is.

The cost of treatment was as follows, counting the cost of the mixture as one-half
cent per gallon :

First treatment average per tree 3.3 gallons @ $0.005—$0.0165

Second < A. .005=_—s«.025
Third os ct rf Ler PUL we Se 005 — 035s
Fourth < aS ae o: ees C 005= .04
Fifth se a of < lo ¥ + 005—) 104
Sixth ce as ui cee) us ‘ .005— .04
Total cost material six treatments __________- $0.1968

_ Cost of labor for six treatments _____._____.-_..---_ ----- 0.3561

Average total cost per tree six treatments________------- 593
s cost per treatment per tree_______._-_._____---- 092
total cost per tree five treatments___________.__- 476
ie cost per treatment per tree____ -_-_____---_----- 095

The gain per hundred trees therefore varied from $423.10 to $562.40, not including
the extra cost of packages and handling.

For several years past these trees had been quite unprofitable on account of the
attacks of pear scab. The trees were thirty-five years old and the largest ones were
from twenty-five to thirty feet high. They had been given but little, if any pruning,
and the tops were therefore very dense. This made it difficult tospray them thoroughly
and the treatment was consequently more expensive both in labor and in material than
it would have been with open top trees of the same size. It is reasonable to suppose
- that had it not been for loss of fruit by the wind storm above mentioned, and had the
tree tops not been so dense the gain from spraying would have been more than it really
was.

It should be remarked that the five hundred and sixty-two dollars’ gain per hundred
trees from the sale of the sprayed fruit does not represent all the benefit resulting
from the spraying. Early in the season it was noted that the foliage of the sprayed
trees was of a more healthy color than was the foliage of the unsprayed trees. Later
in the season the difference in the health of the foliage was very marked and on
account of having healthier foliage the sprayed trees evidently went into winter in bet-
ter condition, and are better prepared for a good crop in 1894 than are the unsprayed
trees. It was also noted that during the wind storm above mentioned a larger propor-
tion of fruit held to the trees that were sprayed than held to the unsprayed trees. This
indicates clearly that the fruit and foliage on the sprayed trees were in a much more
healthy condition than was the fruit and foliage of the unsprayed trees.

Of course both the Seckel and the White Doyenne pears are varieties especially sub-
ject to the attacks of the scab fungous, and the large gains resulting from their treat-

452 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ment could not be expected to result from spraying every other variety. Yet the fact
remains that the fruit and foliage of many of the varieties grown in New York state
pear orchards suffer considerable damage each year from the fungous diseases which
may be successfully treated by spraying with the Bordeaux mixture and also from
insect foes that may be treated at the same time with Paris green. It is no doubt true
that tens of thousands of dollars annually might be saved to the New York pear
growers by the universal adoption of the method of treatment which is here shown to
be very successful in preventing the depredations of some of the worst insect and
fungous enemies of the pear.

SUMMARY.

1. Bordeaux mixture containing one pound of copper sulphate to eleven gallons of
the mixture was effective in preventing pear scab.

2. It is still doubtful, whether three treatments are better than two treatments before
blooming and after the buds begin to open.

3. With the three treatments after the blossoms fall, Paris green used against the
codling moth may be safely combined with the Bordeaux mixture at the rate of one
ounce to eleven gallons of the mixture.

4. Since the Bordeaux mixture is a preventative rather than a cure for the pear scab
the success attending its use depends very largely onits early and thorough application.

Mr. Hooxer: We thought we saw the effects of the Bordeaux mixture in a russet—a
sort of roughening of the skin, and we regarded the treatment objectionable on that
account. The roughening showed on the Duchess, but not on the Bartletts.

Prof, Braco observed a russeting on the skin of the Clairgeau, but attributed it to
some other cause than spraying.

In answer to a question, Prof. Bracu said he had not experimented with the ammo-
niacal solution for pear troubles, but from what he had iearned he was led to believe

. that Bordeaux mixture was the best.

Mr. T.S. Huspsarp: Do you consider it makes any difference whether the mixture is
applied to the upper or under side of the leaf?

Prof. Beacu: Would prefer, of course, to have it applied to both surfaces, but could
conceive that spores floating around in the air are more likely to light on the upper
surface. In using the Vermorel nozzle you are apt to get some under the leaf when
spraying.

Prof. Battey: Tell us something about the condition in which this fungus passes the
winter. Do you suppose the first spraying kills the fungus on the twigs?

Prof. Beacn: Ido not know how the fungus passes the winter. While the winter
treatments have shown some beneficial results, yet I think the first application, when
the buds are opening, is early enough for all practical purposes.

Prof. Bartry: My question is whether these fungicides will kill the spores.

Prof. BeacH: Experiments have shown that certain spores in the presence of a small
amount of copper do not germinate, but after being removed to pure water the same
spores germinate. [do not know whether the Bordeaux mixture kills the spores of the
pear scab or not.

Mr. J. A. Root: Would an orchard fairly sprayed one season be affected as much
another season as one not sprayed?

Prof. Beacu: Naturally, [should think not. If you sprayed thoroughly, and kept
the fungus under control, it would not be so apt to affect it. In grape vineyards
they have found increasing benefits by continuous spraying. In these experiments the
sprayed trees were surrounded by unsprayed trees, so that in every instance there was
a constant source of infection from the unsprayed trees to the sprayed trees.

A MemeBer: If you lose a crop of pears by the fungus this year, would it be possible
to have a good crop another year without spraying?

Prof. Beacu: 1 think the fungus is something you cannot prophecy about, and with
unfavorable conditions you may get an attack, so that with the amount of fungi we
have it is better tospray. Where the unfavorable conditions exist there ismore danger.
I nave noticed in low, damp, situations that we are more apt to have it, and it is more

_apt to spread in cool weather.

In answer to a question, Prof. Bracu said that a strong application of the iron sul-
phate for grape anthracnose be applied to vines early in the spring, before the buds
open.

Prof. GREEN (Ohio): The Bordeaux mixture, when applied more than twice after the
fruit is set, is liable to cause a rusty appearance on some varieties of pears, notably
Angouleme and Vicar.

A Memser: Put the sulphate of copper in an old bag or basket and let it go under
the surface of the water, and it will dissolve faster than if dropped in a barrel.

x

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 453

Prof. Loprman: Isprayed apples six times with Bordeaux mixture that was much
stronger than for peaches.

Prof. Green: It will hurt some varieties more than others, Belmont particularly,
which we can only spray twice.

Mr. CamMpsBeLuL: Could not the injury done to the foliage by use of the ammoniacal
solution have been prevented by diluting? ;

Prof. Braco: The experiments which have been tried with the ammoniacal solution
show that where it is used the foliage, as a rule, is not of as healthy a color and in as
good condition as under the Bordeaux treatment. The latter really helps the foliage.
T do not know that the solution could have been weakened to any extent that it would
not have been injurious to the foliage.

Mr. CampsBett: Have you used the modified eaw celeste?

Prof. Bracn: Not to any extent in my work, because when I first began the experi-
ments conducted by others showed that it was really inferior to the Bordeaux mixture.

Mr. CamMpsBetu: I have understood that it was very nearly as good as the Bordeaux
mixture and pleasanter to use becauseof the trouble in mixing the lime.

Prof. Bracu: I want to recommend what I consider best.

RAMBLING THOUGHTS ON HORTICULTURAL SUBJECTS.
BY HON, J. H. HALE, SOUTH GLASTONBURY, CONN.

{[Stenographically reported by the SECRETARY. |

Coming here last year I felt more than ever before, what big souled, broad minded,
whole hearted people horticulturists were—above any other class I have come in con-
tact with. Work among trees and plants and flowers broadens a man’s soul and mind,
and makes bim a better citizen in every way. Our plants and trees and flowers and
vines, it seems to me, seem to know and understand that, and respond more readily to
the care of a man who knows and believes inthem. I think those of us who are in
horticultural work,—first, because we love and enjoy and believe in it, are the ones
who get the most out of life—not wholly in cash returns, although the money is valu-
able. No one has aright to waste the God-given energies in following even a burden.
The man who gets pleasure out of his daily work is the one who is getting the most
out of life, and the one, also, who is likely to get the best financial results.

This thought of the heart and soul of a man being in his work should be considered
in the employment of our help. We makea mistake in employing men who have no
love in their work. The man who works only for his dollar is only on a par with the
old horee or mule. I have found that to secure men who have a love for the business
is economy, even though we pay them more. I have employed men from different sec-
tions of the world who have settled down in our New England work. When we cannot
get natives, the Italians are making us the best horticultural laborers. They seem to
have had some experience in their native Jand and to possess a natural love for horti-
culture. I have found them intelligent, industrious and polite. We furnish comfort-
able cabins for them in the back part of the farm, with bunks and straw for beds, fire
wood, etc., and find them the most peaceable men I have ever employed, and loving
their work. They board themselves, living very economically, eating brown bread and
drinking some of their native wines. Then, too, the man who loves his work, handles
everything more carefully. I like aman who is so enthusiastic in his work that he
feels just as if every tree he approaches was saying “ Good morning” tohim. He feels
that he knows his trees and plants and vines; he Jearns to love them, is careful not to
injure them, and in gathering and packing fruit feels as much interest in their safe
arrival in the market as though they were relatives whom he was starting off on a long
journey.

I was pleased with that part of Mr. Garfield’s paper which spoke in regard to trees
and care of cemeteries. The only place for such men as he describes is under the
ground. There are too many who start out in horticultural lines because they see
others making money; failure follows, and then they see something else, take it up for
a brief spell, and then drop it. And so they are continually making failures because
they have no real soul in their work, and are simply striving after the money part.

454 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIBTY.

Too many of us start out and think we have the love for some kinds of fruit and soon
are led off again with the thought that we want something in which there is more
money.

MUST RAISE BETTER STOCK.

Another thought. It was brought to my attention in the census investigations of
1890, when I found that nearly one hundred millions of apple trees, and forty or fifty-
millions of plums and other kinds, were sold yearly. And when we know how few
there are that thrive and come into full bearing, I feel that our nurserymen have a
duty to perform if we are to make the profession of horticulture what it ought to be.
This tendency of producing so many trees and plants, because of the tremendous com-
petition, has stimulated cheap production, cheap handling and cheap sales. The man
who buys a cheap article thinks it is not of much value, because if it does not live he
can replace it. Novelties do well in the hands of originators and disseminators,
because they believe in them, give them the best care and treatment all the way
through. The man who buys these novelties and pays an extravagant price for them,
has got to believe in them, consequently he gives them great care, and if they are
adapted to his soil and its conditions, he comes somewhere near obtaining the objects
sought. The fact that the thing cost something stimulates the best of care. You give
a neighbor a scion of some fine horticultural product, and a year later enquire how it
has progressed and receive some flimsy excuse for an answer; the man knows nothing
of it. Why? It was toocheap. If you had sold that same man some high-priced
novelty, and it had proved a failure, you would have heard of it pretty quick. So it
seems to me there is a chance for the nurseryman to produce more and better stock,
then charge what itis worth, and we shall get better returns in the field and in
the markets.

DEMAND FOR BETTER PRODUCTS AND STYLE IN PACKING.

* The season of 1893 taught a good many of us object lessons in horticulture. When I
heard Mr. Josselyn read the report from Chautauqua county, I thought the grape
growers could not be getting very rich with the prices they got. The working man
and the middle classes are the consumers oi fruit, and if they are short of funds, it at once
affects the markets. But the Chautauqua grape growers learned in 1893 that a nine
pound basket could be sold for twelve cents and give good returns. The tendency of
the times is for better products and better style in packing, and if our fruits are well
grown and honestly packed the pockets of buyers will be opened.

PLEA FOR THOROUGH CULTIVATION.

The year 1893 in Connecticut was peculiar. Early rains were abundant and fruit
started gloriously. Three months of terrible drouth, followed by terrific wind storms
then came and we learned some lessons. The fruit orchards that were in condition to

_be thoroughly cultivated throughout the season kept steadily growing a little during
that drouth, and when the storms came those thoroughly cultivated orchards held on and
‘the damage done was nothing compared with what visited the less highly cultivated
orchards. In the latter the fruit ceased growing in July and stood still, when the
storms came nine-tenths of that fruit fell tothe ground. The fruit that was left started
again when the rains came. The free-stone varieties were cling-stones and would not
start further. There were great complaints in the markets, fruit came back, and we
had a good deal of trouble.

MUST THIN FRUIT MORE.

The question of thinning peaches, apples, pears, etc., has been brought more forcibly
to me than ever before. ‘The curculio has worked more seriously on the eastern coast
than ever before in my memory. In thinning the fruit it has always been our custom
to take off every curculio-stung specimen; put them into bags, take them away and
burn. We have been less troubled than have our neighbors, The demands of the
market are such that we must thin our fruits if we are to be successful. The demand
is for larger and more showy fruit and of better quality; but particularly for fruit of
fine appearance. We are allowing our friends from over the Sierras to come east and
take the money we should have. Why? Because they bring in finer looking fruit than
ours. Are you going to let the large sized fruit of California beat the ingenuity of the

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 455

Eastern States? We can put up fruit that is better, and that looks as well on the
market. There are many things in favor of fruit growing here which do not prevail in
California.

SPRAYING,

The question of spraying has been pretty thoroughly gone over here. An exhibi-
tion of oranges was made at our State Pomological Society’s meeting last week.
They were taken from a grove that had been thoroughly sprayed and cared for on
intelligent lines all through. Another display was from a different grove and where the
fruit had been ordinarily treated. One was magnificent and the other had the
ordinary appearance.

FROST DRAINAGE DESIRABLE.

In Conneticut the climatic conditions interfered seriously with the successful pro-
tection of all our fruits. The subject of frost drainage has been very interesting to
me. I have found that frost runs down hill almost as freely as water, and that it wants
some way to get off. I prefer elevated sites for peaches. Where such a site slopes off
into a basin at its foot, were neither frost nor water can run off, the frost kills the buds;
but if there isan opening into avalley, with a stream that is not blocked up with
weeds, etc., the frost will follow down and away, and the peach buds are saved.
Elevated land with abrupt slope in a valley, affords frost drainage. The protection
of our fruits as to soil conditions, climatic influences, cultivation, feeding and spraying,
have all had a great deal of thought and study by the most successful horticulturists;
but there, it seems to me, we have stopped, instead of pursuing the subject from a
business standpoint and studying the position further along.

STUDY THE MARKETS.

We must not complain if we produce certain things and the markets do not want
them. We should first find out what the market wants and then produce the article.
Study the demands of the markets and aim tosupply them. Don’t remain as you were
twenty years ago. Study the works of every successful and every unsuccessful horti-
culturist and profit by it.

It is the duty of the Horticulturist to study the markets and the people. It is all
too true that the dealer in fruits knows much more about the business end of the matter
than the producer. Who should know so much about why and how and when to place
fruit as the producer? And yet, asarule, I would rather go to the intelligent, honest
dealer for information than to the average producer. I will admit that the thoughts I
have advanced, of love and interest in the production of fruits, should be the first con-
sideration with the producer, and our greatest pleasure ; and if we are entirely absorbed
in that direction, we shall be sure of the financial returns we ought to have. The
tendency with us as producers is to stay too much among our trees and plants if we love
them, and forget the business end; and the tendency with others of us is to be ever-
lastingly at work with our thoughts and our muscles until we are tired out, and do not
get away from home so as to study the markets and the people. Unless our fruit-
growers will take more interest in their work and in the markets they will be as
dead men. When I see much of our fruit going on the market I think, if the fruit-
grower is not already dead, he is mighty near it, or he would have his fruit on the
market in different form, or he would produce different fruit, or in a different manner.
The question of supplying the markets is a serious one to the small producer if he is
not close to a good market. The man who is so far away that he has to consign his
fruit to distant markets is at a disadvantage; and he is going to remain there if-he
keeps to himself. The tendency now is to coéperation. There are large orchards com-
ing along that are going to make their reputation on the markets of the world. Small
growers must get together. It may be a difficult thing to do, but they must. Tilling
the soil is the best business on God’s green earth, always will be; and because it is so
any blunderbuss can work at it. Railroad men combine; so do manufacturers and
professional men and mechanics and laborers. They have to get together. It is
because of the absolute independence of the fruitgrower and farmer that we have let
the pendulum swing the other way. But the fruitgrowers have got to get together, if
not in the dissemination of fruits, at least in the marketing of them, The tendency is
towards combinations, and our fruits will have to be sold in that way, and a name and
reputation made for a locality. he man who buys your small lot of fruit here or in

456 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Buffalo, and is pleased with it, doesn’t know where toget more. But the large orchards
are going to be able to supply the demand and make a reputation and create a demand
for large amounts. This question is puzzling me in’ regard to my Georgia orchard of
six hundred acres of peaches. Our Connecticut orchards are so established that we
can afford to advertise and make a reputation, and so secure a ready market at con-
siderably higher prices than others get. With six hundred acres of peaches to market
it becomes necessary for me to make a name and reputation for that fruit and it must
be my study to find how best to reach the ear, eye and pocket of the consumer in
the northern states. This is the problem that faces me, and I shall have to pay for the
solving of it before that orchard can be the great financial success I hope and believe
it will be. And those same questions must enter the mind of every orchardist in the
future.

I said that the dealers at the present time know more of the market and of the busi-
iness than the producer. Last year Sullivan county had quite a crop of apples and
they could hardly find a man in all that county who knew bow to pick, grade and pack
that fruit properly for market. The producers had to send to New York for men who
were proficient at the work, with the result that they made nearly all the profit.

THE VENTILATING CRAZE.

When Dr. Caldwell was talking about the preservation of fruits I thought how
important it was. In the early days of my berry culture much was eaid about ventitat-
ing crates and baskets. My observation has taught me that we are ventilating too
much. If you can pick the fruit dry and pack moderately cool, the tighter crates and
baskets you put them in, and the less you expose to the air the longer they will keep.
I have experimented some in sending and receiving samples of small fruits. Where
strawberries are to be shipped a long distance take them when the dew is off in the
morning, or at night before the dew is on them, put wads of cotton around them and
pack tight, thus excluding air and germs, and you can ship to any point in the United
States. I have had strawberries packed in that way keep for fourteen days. It is my
plan in my southern orchard to build a large cold storage house, manufacture our own
ice, and when they begin to pick peaches in the morning follow around and have the
first picking reach the shed half an hour after leaving the trees, send to sorting bench,
pack in the carrier and go into cold storage within an hour after leaving the tree; and
keep it up all through the day. The same with berries. Pick when most convenient,
but if done in the heat of the day let the fruit cool off. After once cold, the tighter
you shut up the better they will keep and be more showy for the markets.

APPLE ORCHARDING NOT OVERDONE.

I was somewhat surprised to hear the opinion expressed here that apple-orcharding
was being overdone. My observation in travels all over the country, is that intelligent
apple culture is not keeping pace with the consumptive power of the people. There is
a wonderful opening for the intelligent planting and care of apple orchards. And I
want the young men here at this meeting to know this. It makes me ashamed of
horticulturists when I go into the markets anywhere and see better oranges than
apples, when apples can be grown for so much less. Apples are in greater demand not
only as a healthy food, but alsofor the ornamentation of the table. The future of the
apple industry is bright; and I believe it will pay greater returns than any other
legitimate investment made on the farm or off. You must plant large orchards; the
larger the more economical and more intelligently you can care for them. Save every-
where. They will last longer than a peach orchard. | was up in northern Vermont
last year, near Lake Champlain, a section particularly adapted to the production of
fine apples. I was speaking of the results from apple growing and a gentleman got
thoroughly aroused on the subject. We are going to plant three hundred acres there.
The gentlemen who are putting their money into it, some of them farmers, some
capitalists, think they see a safe investment and liberal returns. But three hundred
acres will hardly supply one county in New England. This idea that planting on a
large scale is going to overdo the thing, is a fallacy. I can sell fruit easier to-day, and
more of it than I could thirty years ago. My mother was left with two young boys.
Some people labored with her and wanted to know why she let those boys take some
of her best tobacco land and put it into fruit; told her they would run her into the
DECE HOUR, but as yet no such calamity has overtaken her. Don’t be afraid of over-

oing.

Dr. CALDWELL thought the speaker was right in his ideas concerning the packing

=

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 457

and shipment of fruit. Pack carefully and tightly and keep cold. You then have the
very best conditions for keeping it. Science and practice come together there.

Mr. Wine R. Smirx asked Mr. Hale what he would do with men who never seemed
to find anything they liked or have a taste for? They should earn a living.

Mr. Hate.—That is a hard question. If a man doesn’t love to work or do anything
on earth, I would like to put him under a peach tree. I pity any person, man or
woman, who doesn’t like to work.

Mr. Roor.—We have four or five hundred Italians working on the waterworks
conduit in our section, and we have been surprised to note their intelligence. I would
like Mr. Hale to tell of their efficiency.

Mr. Hate replied that he had found that Italians have a love for fruits, plants,
fiowers and trees. They handle them with skill, enjoy their work and are apt in their
work. Give them steady employment and they are more than willing-to stay. I have
never seen any unkind spirit among them. They are most faithful, and I can recom-
mend them. In the South, negro labor is so cheap and efficient that we do not use any
other labor there. It is good help.

; Mr. HASMER: Can you put them off by themselves or do you have American
osses!

Mr. Hater. A boss of any kind is a good deal of a nuisance, if you put much
emphasis on the word “boss.” We send them off by themselves, and, if they are green,
we send someone with them; but as soon as they show they understand we do not
hesitate to send a gang off and never go near them, and we know there is no shirking.
I wouldn’t employ a man that I couldn’t trust out of my sight.

Mr. Scoon: Did those orchards that were seeded down hold the moisture in the
very dry time as well as those which were cultivated through the season?

Mr. Hate: In the orchards that were seeded down the fruit stopped growing, and
was as I referred to. It was an exceptional drouth and thorough cultivation was the
only one thing that saved it.

SOME NATIVE FLOWERS FOR GARDEN CULTURE—WHERE TO GET
THEM AND HOW TO CARE FOR THEM.*

BY C. C. LANEY, SUPERINTENDENT OF PARKS, ROCHESTER, N. Y.

Wild flowers are delightfully described in George H. Ellwanger’s “The Garden’s
Story,’ W. H. Gibson’s “Strolls by Starlight and Sunshine,” and “Sharpeyes,” in
Henry D. Thoreau’s books, in Meehan’s Monthly, and Garden and Forest, by John
Burroughs, and in Mrs. Wm. Star Dana’s “ How to Know the Wild Flowers.”

I wish that every school district in the State had these books and papers in their
libraries, that boys and girls might learn the names and many curious things about the
wild flowers that they see on their way to school, and in their rambles in the fields and
forests. A person who has learned to distinguish the different species of one genus of
plants or shrubs,—for instance the different species of dog-wood,—that the fiowering
dog-wood and the tiny bunch-berry, the shrub called Kinnikinnik, the pigeon-berry, or
pannicled cornel, the red osier, the round-leafed cornel, and the blue dog-wood, all
belong to the same genus, and that the leaves of all, though considerably different, are
similar, and they all bear similar berries, though of different colors, has acquired a
useful lesson in the observation of common things that grow about him.

Partly for the purpose of studying shrubs, a collection of all the shrubs that will
grow in this ‘climate, has been started in Highland Park, one of the three parks of
Rochester. Though not a part of the plan, a collection of our native wild flowers and
ferns is‘being made, and planted in ground as nearly suitable to their requirements as
possible. The following is a partial list of the flowers planted:

The hepaticas H. triloba and H. acutiloba are among the earliest plants to blossom
in the spring. The flowers appear before the leaves and are beautifully shaded with
all the delicate tints from the palest pink to lavender and purple. They are found in
dry stony soils in the woods, and are easily transplanted. The trailing arbutus,
Epigcea repens, follows closely the hepaticas in the order of blooming. This delici-

* Although this paper relates to the native flora of Western New York, it has so much in come with
Michigan, it is here included as a valuable contribution upon a too neglected subject.—E. C. R

58 .

458 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ously fragrant little evergreen is at home on a sandy soil with chestnuts, white pine,
and hemlock. among the trees, and wintergreen. partridge-berries, shin-leaf and
princess’ pine for its lowly companions. Generally it does not thrive in captivity, seem-
ing to pine for its native wilds. A plant dug with a large mass of earth and planted in
leaf soil from the swamp, on shaded banks and copiously watered during dry weather
has blossomed one season, but whether it will eventually succeed is questionable. The
blood root Sanguinaria Canadensis, has a beautiful pure white flower about an inch in
diameter, scentless and of short duration. It belongs to the poppy family and Burns’s
reference to the poppy in Tam O’Shanter,

‘* Pleasures are like poppies spread,
You seize the flower, the bloom is shed.”

is descriptive of the frailty of the flower. I find it along old fences in the fields, whence
it is easily transplanted and improved by cultivation.

Karly Saxifrage, Saxifrage Virginiensis, another common early sun-loving flower,
found on exposed rocks, is interesting and pretty for your garden, and if it be a rock-
garden, so much the better.

Spring beauties, Clatonia Caroliniana, the favorite of every child, goldthread, Coptis
trifolia, a pretty little white flower with bright shining leaves and a root like a thread
of gold, the pepperworts, Dentaria Diphylla and D. laciniata, Dutchman’s breeches,
and squirrel corn, Dicentra cucularia, and D. Canadensis, bishop’s cup, Milella diphylly,
and false bishop’s cap, Tiarella cordifolia, are all shade-loving plants found in damp
woods. Tiarella cordifoliu isalso found on the north side of dry banksin rocky woods.
The heart-shaped leaves are beautiful in winter as well as in summer. The foamy
appearance of the white flowers has suggested to some one the name, foam-flower.

he dog’s-tooth violet, or adder’s tongue, Hrythronium American, is the subject of an
interesting sketch by John Burroughs in St. Nicholas for June, 1891. He says:—

“It is a pity that this graceful flower has no good and appropriate common name. It
“is the earliest of the true lilies and it has all the grace and charm that belongs to this
“order of flowers. Hrythronium, its botanical name, is not good, as it is derived from
“a Greek word that means red, while one species of our flower is yellow and the other
“is white. How it came to be called adder’s tongue, I do not know; probably from the
“spotted character of the leaf which might suggest a snake, though it in no wise
“resembles a snake’s tongue. The dog’s-tooth violet may have been suggested by the
“shape and color of the bud, but how ‘violet’ came to be added is a puzzle, as it has
“not one feature of the violet. It is only another illustration of the haphazard way in
“ which our wild flowers, as well as our birds, have been named.” The bulb is about
eight inches deep in the ground, and it should be dug with a long knife or a spade.

Bluets or Quaker ladies, Houstonia cwrulea, pretty small blue flowers, with a yellow-
ish eye, reminding one of the forget-me-not, thrive in thesun. They are scarce in
Monroe county, but are found on the shore of Canandaigua lake and in Tompkins and
Allegany counties, and in the New England States. An effort should be made, either
by purchase or exchange to get these innocent looking little flowers.

Wild ginger, Asarum Canadense, a plant that thrives in rich alluvial soil in shade,
has a very odd purple flower, growing close to the ground, sometimes even buried just
beneath the surface. The large dark green leaves are very attractive. The plant grows
abundantly along creeks, particularly Black Creek, seven miles south from Rochester.
A plant in my yard has blossomed for several years.

A plant pleasing to children, is Jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum, an odd
plant found in moist woods, and easily grown. It has a bulb that is a few inches below
the surface of the ground; pull it up and plant it almost anywhere.

The pretty little bunch-berry, Cornus Canadensis, a member of the interesting dog-
wood family, having four broad leaves at the top, and greenish flowers surrounded by
a showy white involucre, grows in dense masses in moist peaty woods. The bright red
berry-like fruit is very attractive, as is the fruit of all the dogwoods. I find it in the
woods near the lake, and at Bergen Swamp, whence a number taken and transplanted
into Highland Park are living in apparent healthfulness.

Seven species of violets grow near Rochester. Viola blandu, the tiny white violet
and V. Canadensis, Viola pubescens, downy yellow, and V. sagitatta, V. pedatu, and V.
cuculata are purple. All are well worthy of cultivation, and they look well in the grass
in partial shade.

One of the most desirable of all the wild flowers for cultivation is the trillium. The
white trillium, Trillium grandiflorum, is most beautiful, and a mass of them planted
under the shade of trees is a charming sight. Two other species, the purple, 7. erectum
and the painted trillium 7. enthrocarpum, are found in this vicinty. The latter is

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 459

scarce about here, but it is abundant in the Adirondacks. The cut flowers of the
trilliums last for several days in water. The white trillium with its three leaves and
three white petals, is a favorite flower for trimming churches on Trinity Sunday. The
bulbs may be taken up when the plant is in full flower. The flowers increase in size by
cultivation.

Spiderwort, Tradescantia Virginica, is a flower that was a favorite with me when a
boy and when it was a common flower in gardens. Mehan, in the first number of The
Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States, illustrates the Tradescantia and says:
‘Tt is one of the first of our native flowers to find a home in England, having been car-
“ried to that country by the younger Tradescant before 1629.” Ihave not found Trades-
cantia growing wild in New York State, but it grows in Michigan and on the western
prairies. I found it on the outskirts of Chicago last June.

Wild crane’s bill, Geranium maiculatum, is very effective in large masses in the sun.
Last year the masses of this flower growing in the fields were particularly fine. Herb
Robert, Geranium Robertianum, found inshady swamps, requires planting in leaf-mold
in a shady place.

The delicate evergreen moss-pink, Phlox subulata, with its pretty pink flowers, is a
charming plant for massing on rocky soil. It forms a dense sod, and it can hold is own
against all comers. I find it near Scottsville, and on sunny, rocky places near the lake.
It has been claimed that the purple phlox, Phloaw divaricata, found in the dense shade
of beech woods, is capricious under cultivation, but plants set out three years since, in
Highland Park, were in a flourishing condition last year.

For several years I have been looking for the lung-wort, Mertensia Virginica, a most
delicate pink and blue flower with pretty, pale-green leaves. Last May, while strolling
along a romantic, rocky stream, lined with beech trees, I suddenly came upon a small
island, containing about an acre of land, covered with these most beautiful flowers in
all their glory, and it was a most entrancing sight, worth walking miles to see. The
name of a station on the Auburn branch of the N. Y. C. & H.R. R. R. has been changed
from West Farmington to Mertensia, for this plant that grows near the station. The
yards in the village are filled with the flowers early in May. A few of the plants are
found on the banks of the upper Genesee river.

Marsh-marigold, Caltha palustris, a favorite flower of poets and painters, though
found in shaded streams, grows well in the garden. To a critical eye, it seems out of
place away from its native marshes.

The twin-flower, Linnea borealis, a pretty, evergreen creeping plant, is scarce. It
thrives in crevices in rocks in shade, and also in swamps, but it requires a rich,
peaty soil. Linneas had a special regard for this plant, and, at his request, it was
named for him.

Early in June, comes the lovely lady-slippers. Five species, Cypripedium candidum,
C. acaule, C. pubescens, C. parviflorum and C. spectabile, the last not flowering until
July, are growing in the vicinity of Rochester. C. spectabile is the most beautiful of
them all, and fortunately is easy to cultivate. C.acaule, though scarce about here, is
abundant on the north shoreof Long Island. It isdifficult toestablish. Five hundred
plants of these five species are growing in a shaded leaf-soil at Highland Park. During
the dry summer weather they are well watered.

The showy Orchis spectabilis, bearing white, pink and purple flowers, grows on sandy,
shady hillsides, and it thrives in rich garden soil. ‘The small fringed orchis, Habenaria
psycodes, and the yellow fringed orchis, H. ciliaris and H. orbiculata, are found in
swampy places, and are easily cultivated. Another plant of the orchis family, that is
found on sandy soil, is the rattlesnake plaintain, Goodyera pubescens. The leaves are
thickly clustered around a base, and are beautifully netted with white and green. The
flower spike is about a foot long and handsome. A large number of these have been
planted in the parks, and they are thriving. Ladies’ tresses, Spiranthes gracilis, and
S. cernua, are found in moist banks in September and October. I have found
S. cernua in dry, sandy meadows. S. lutifolia blossoms in June and grows on moist
banks. They are all easy to cultivate.

Calopogon pulchellus grows in sandy soil as well as sphagnum moss. Its bulb is like
alarge bean. It is well to plant it in chopped sphagnum moss and peat in the shade,
and to water it copiously on alternate days during dry summer weather. Culypso
boreal has not been tried sufficiently to warrant its recommendation.

The pretty little member of the primrose family, the star-flower, Trientalis
Americana, with its starry white flower, grows in moist beech woods. Planted last
June, it now seems to be thriving.

The barren strawberry, Waldsteinia frageroides, a dwarf-growing plant with shining
jeaves and a yellow flower, a companion of the star-flower, thrives in sun or shade.

Three lilies, Liliwm Canadense, L. superbum and L. Philadelphicum, are well adapted

460 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for planting among shrubbery. The plants should be staked when in blossom, and the
bulbs taken late in the fall.

Blue-eyed grass, Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, an accommodating little plant that
adapts itself readily to almost any condition, is scarce. A few have been found on the
Pinnacle hills. The tall meadow-rue, Thalictrum polyganum, with its long white
flower-spikes, and handsome foliage, looks well in masses. It grows wild in damp,
shady woods, but thrives exposed to the sun. Rue-anemons, Thalictrum anemonoides,
a rare and choice plant growing on the north side of ravines, with azaleas, has thrice
compound leaves and umbiliferoun white flowers. The tuberous root bears removal..
Early meadow-rue, Thalictrum dioicum, though not having a showy flower, has grace-
ful foliage.

The four plants called Soloman’s seal, Polygonatum, biflorum, false Soloman’s seal,
Smilicina racemosa, Smilicina biforia, and S. Stellata, the mandrake, Podophyllum
peltatum, highly esteemed in England, bearing great green leaves and waxy white
flowers, wild sarsaparilla, Aralia nudicaulis, spikenard, Aralia racemosa, white bane-
berry, Acta alba, and the bellwort, Uvularia perfoliata are early blooming plants
that are abundant in dry woods and desirable to plant in shady places.

Senecio aureus, the golden ragwort, a bright yellow flower, of the composite family,
blooming late in May, is found in moist places. The anemones, Anemone Pennsylvani-
cum, and A. nemorosa, are pretty flowers with pure white blossoms. The former
grows along the shaded banks of creeks and rivers, and the latter on the margins of
woods, not plentifully in Monroe county,—a few only being found in the town of Ham-
lin, but they are abundant near Buffalo.

The turtle-head, Chelnoe glabra, frequenting moist woods and having a peculiar
white flower with a turtle-like head, is an interesting plant, disliked by many for its.
snaky appearance, Black-snakeroot, Cimicifuga racemosa, bearing long white
racemes of feathery flowers, is conspicuous at a distance and is good for a massing in
shady woods.

Collinsonia Canadensis, is a pleasing plant, growing in masses on the border of oak,
chestnut and sassafras groves, has small yellow inconspicuous flowers.

The columbine, Aquilegia Canadensis, is a showy plant for the rock garden, and
the Rocky Mountain columbine, Aquilegia cwrulea, is very beautiful, having blue and
white flowers.

Thoreau writes of the lupine, in ‘‘ Summer” under the date of June 5: “The lupine
is now in its glory,—it paints a whole hill-side with its blue. The earth is blue with
it.” Growing on dry, sandy soil, it is sensitive of disturbance, and the roots, being
long and straggling, require the removal of large balls of earth.

Swamp Rose-mallow, Hibiscus Moscheutos, not found in Monroe county, grows in
the marshes at Cayuga lake, and marshy lands near the eastern sea coast. The large
flowers, varying from a pure white to a deep rose color with a lighter center, are not
beautiful, but as Meehan says: “ the plants aid in giving beauty to the natural scenery.”
It is easily raised from seeds in the moist soil of a garden. A gentleman interested in
our parks has presented a large number of the seeds to the Park Commissioners, and.
the young plants from the seeds are thriving.

The flaming orange-colored butterfiy-weed, Asclepius tuberosa, is a grand plant for
massing on dry, sandy soil in the sun. All the milkweeds are pretty when examined
closely. The four-leafed milkweed, A. quadrifolia, found early in May, in the dry
woods, is the prettiest of them all. The others are the common milkweed. A. cornutt,.
poke-milkweed, A. phytolaccoides, and the swamp milkweed, A. incarnatt.

White snake-root, Hupatorium ageratoides, abundant in shady ravines and.damp
woods, is a charming plant for the garden or the house, and requires, rich, moist soil
and shade.

Early in July the hedge-nettle, Stachy palustris, having a pretty purple flower-spike
appears along the edges of running streams or ponds. The banks of the old Genesee.
Valley canal are lined with it, and the effect, when the flowers are in bloom, is very
fine. The plants are easily raised from seed.

A pleasing effect is produced by massing several hundreds of asters, Aster Nove,
Angélic, and its variety, rosa, A. puniceus, both the white-stemmed and red-stemmed
varieties, A. levis, A. multifolius, A. cordifolia, A. eriocides and Solidago lanceolata, S.
Canadensis, S. nemoralis, S caesia, S. latifolia, S. Aguta, Eupatorium purpreum, E.
ageratoides and two hundred or three hundred plants of Helianthus divaricata, and
Helianthus decapetalus, in a deep hollow against a background of wiilows and osage-
orange. ,

The cardinal flower, Lobelia cardinalis, the brightest in color of all the wild flowers,
is attractive with its deep scarlet flowers, which may be seen at a long distance. It is
easily cultivated, and it is particularly fine when massed against evergreen shrubs.

7

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 461

The rich alluvial soil of creek bottoms, in partial shade, is the home of the cardinal
flower. I have found it in great abundance on Black creek, near its confluence with
the Genesee. The great blue lobelia, L. syhilitica, is at home both in sunny and shady
places, in moist soil, and is easy to cultivate.

The lovely fringed gentian Gentian crinita, of which Bryant sings so sweetly, and
other poets praise, is comparatively plentiful around Rochester. It delights in the
water-soaked soil on the sloping banks of the lower river, ‘“‘the Dugway ” and Mendon
ponds, and itis mentioned in“ Cayuga Flora” as being found at the ponds of West
Junius, several miles north from Geneva. It never seems at home in cultivation, but
to be enjoyed should be sought for in its native haunts. What brook-trout is among
fishes, so is the fringed gentian among flowers. The five flowered gentian G. quinque-
flora, and the closed gentian, G. Andrewsii, grow near the fringed gentian, but I have
never found them all together. The closed gentian, a perennial and easily cultivated,
is abundaat on the upper river flats, where I have not found the other two.

We have four climbing vines besides the grape vines in Western New York. The
wild bean a member of the pulse family, bearing fragrant “ reddish-brown ” flowers, as
Ellwanger describes them, is one of the best. Bitter-sweet, Celastrus scandens, though
having no attractive flowers, has brilliant fruit, which persists all winter. The virgin’s
bower, Clematis Virginiana, with its numerous white flowers, climbing over shrubbery
along river banks, is very pretty. Canadian moonseed, Menispermum Canadense,
bearing dark green lobe leaves and black berries, is a desirable plant. Night-shade,
Solanum aulcamara, a plant naturalized from HKurope, has become established here.
Its purple flowers and bright red berries are quite attractive. The berries are said to
be poisonous, but I believe that point is not settled.

To enumerate all the wild flowers that may be grown easily in the garden, would be
a tiresome task, and I must omit many of my favorites. When one becomes familiar
with a few wild flowers, the interest in them increases until he wishes to know them
all. First you find your flower, and then try to learn its name. In nearly every village
there is some one familiar with wild flowers, who will gladly tell all that he knows

about them. In several villages of Western New York there are wild flower clubs |

that meet weekly during the summer, and they are always pleased to receive wild
flowers for identification. The fear of being poisoned deters many people from going
into the woods, and it is not strange when so much is heard of poison things. We
hear of poison ivy, poison oak, poison elder, poison dogwood, poison hemlock, poison
sumach, deadly nightshade, and ali the banes from bug-bane to wolf’s bane, but there
are only two plants, easy to distinguish from all others, poison ivy and poison sumach,
that are poisonous to the touch. By keeping away from these, and abstaining from
eating anything not known to be harmless, a person is safe.

President Barry said the object of this paper was to awaken among the members an
interest in wild flowers—the cultivation of beautiful things which could be secured
by members in their own neighborhood without cost. He commended this subject to
the young people of both sexes, and hoped that at some future meeting they would be
favored with a paper on this subject from the daughter of some member of this
society.

PLUM CULTURE FOR WESTERN NEW YORK.

BY S. D. WILLARD, GENEVA, N. Y.

It is quite proper for me to say that circumstances beyond my control have so
absorbed every moment of my time for weeks past that not one moment of thought
has been given to the subject on which I have been expected to address you at this
time, until afew hours before leaving home, hence I shall be quite brief and, I fear,
devoid of the interest that may be expected on such a subject. In short, I shall only
answer such questions as have been presented to my consideration from various parts
of the country during the past twelve months relative to the subject of plum culture,
coupled with some observations and my opinion as to future probabilities.

Well, in a wide range of correspondence, from Kansas to Nova Scotia, from parties
interested in fruit growing and desiring the greatest possible light on which to base
future operations, every letter has been full of inquiry regarding plum culture. ‘What
I think of future probabilities and possibilities? Is there any likelihood of its being
over-done; varieties of most value; best method of pruning; would I advise thinning of

:

462 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fruit on the tree, and if so, when?” and hundreds of like questions, many of which it
would be impossible to answer, all showing a rapidly-growing interest upon this branch
of fruit culture and an inclination to study the question of plum growing to the
exclusion of everything else in the way of fruits. Apple, pear and peach seem to be
ignored in the struggle to push the plum to the front. Hence, the occasion of taking
up these points in treating the subject at this time. Perhaps the reading of a letter
received only yesterday would better illustrate the situation, and yet this is only one
of hundreds received during the year, except that this is more concise and easily
answered. ‘Is the Japan plum hardy? What are the three best varieties of Japan
plums? Are Bradshaw and Niagara identical? What five varieties of plums, and in
what proportion in a hundred would you set for market? Is the Wilder pear hardy?
The questions relate to our Jocation here, where we have only summer and winter.
The ground never freezes; potatoes and carrots can be left in the ground all winter.
Snow comes in the fall and stays until spring. We have two feet now. Mercury goes
a little lower sometimes, but we do not feel the cold so much and like this climate.
Peaches will do about as well here as at Rochester. We lost a few Reine Claude last
year, set the year before. It is not hardy.”

Even in the state of Maine, as represented at the late annual meeting of the State
Board of Agriculture, they seemed more interested upon this than any other topic, and,
to my surprise, showed a degree of intelligence upon the subject and all of its bearings
not equaled in this favored region. They are there growing this fruit with great
success, and are sooner or later to become sharp competitors with New York growers,
Boston and other eastern markets.

Nova Scotia, through her Annapolis Valley, so long noted for her production of
superior apples, is now pushing the plum interest more rapidly and extensively than
any portion of equal territory in the United States; and with the removal or reduction
of the existing tariff as a possibility in the near future, can place her products in New
York, Boston and Philadelphia, by water, in better condition and at far less expense
than we of Western New York.

California is already supplying our city fruit stands with its fruit, so beautiful in
appearance, although poor in quality, as to force the sale of such varieties as are grown
by us for the same purpose, at prices far below what we received a few years since.

The lake regions of Ohio are planting plums more than formerly in resetting land
formerly covered with vineyards, as they have been found to be far more profitable.

This fruit will find its way south and westward to markets which have heretofore
been supplied largely from our own state, and possibly in seasons of surplus to Buffalo,
which by water communication can be reached quite as cheaply and in better condition
than from many sections of New York, while Northern Michigan, unequaled for the
production of this fruit, on its cheap lands, with a climate tempered and rendered
especially congenial by the waters of Lake Michigan, can defy competition from Cali-
fornia or any other section for a long way to the south and westward to the Missouri
river.

Let the doors be opened wide and the province of Ontario will fill the markets bor-
dering and contiguous to the lake region, which are already compelled to unload their
surplus at interior points by express at rates of transportation entirely too high to
afford very profitable returns to the producer.

I trust I may be regarded as no pessimist, but my observations made and compiled
with care with reference to practical deductions, impel me to present these thoughts to
the fruit growers of Western New York now here assembled in convention, with the
suggestion that this subject be studied with the care and wisdom that it deserves, as I
know that the profits of a few years since have led many to regard this branch of
horticulture with exceptional favor when considering the subject of what to plant.

The fact that my own ventures, began years since, have been accompanied with a
fair degree of success, has in some instances at least, produced a misapprehension in
the minds of those who have assumed that I was an ultra advocate of universal plum
planting. This I desire to assert is a mistake. There is a very strong tendency upon
the part of our people, whether in New York or elsewhere, to over-production in every-
thing they undertake. As goes one, so goes all. This has been notably so in all man-
ufacturing, the result of which is the extreme prostration of such interests in this time
of financial troubles, and none understand this better than those in the production of
trees, an industry involving risk and an outlay of capital which often requires years to
again turn into money, Conservatism should govern at every corner, but the reverse
has proven to be true. The strife has been to see who could plant most with no
thought as to the final outcome, hence, the existing conditions of the hour—over-
production and incalculable loss on every hand. We had once been led to believe that
America could never supply the world’s wants for bread, but labor-saving machinery

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 463

and cheap land have stimulated production so far beyond consumption that we are
confronted with the proposition of ‘May wheat in 1894 at 64c.”

Not many years since an acquaintance, in reply to what varieties of apples should be
planted for profit, said, “I would plant ninety out of every hundred Baldwins, and then
I guess I would make the other ten Baldwins.” We have lived to see that in a year of
great productiveness for the apple there is too great an excess of Baldwins to afford
the largest profit—an over-production of a single variety of the apple—and so our illus-
trations could be multiplied without limit. Our danger line is in over-production of
everything raised, and let the plum grower approach it cautiously in his future deliber-
ations, remembering that the consumption of this fruit beyond the requirements of the
near-by canning factory must be in villages and.cities of easy access by quick and
expensive transportation, or its perishable nature will soon render it unfit for market.

It should be understood that we argue from our own standpoint 4s a New York
fruit grower, while if twenty-five years younger, holding the views now entertained, we
might see the subject in a vastly different light when viewed from some other of the
sections referred to. But, as the plum is not a long-lived tree, requiring intensive
culture and intelligent care to the attainment of satisfactory results, we should com-
mend this culture in a moderate way in connection with other fruits, so as to have the
greatest variety of allsuch fruits as can be successfully grown and marketed from our
location. This has been the theory of our own work and that advised for others for
several years, and which we believe not only safe, but entirely practical.

We regard systematic annual pruning as very desirable in a plum orchard, begin-
ginning at the second or third year after planting, depending on the growth made and
upon varieties inclined to make wood rapidly, removing or cutting from one-fourth to one-
half of the previous year’s growth, thus taking the necessary steps toward the formation
of a compact head and the development of the fruit spurs near the body of the tree where
the future crop may be carried safely against violent storms, and reducing the liability
of the limbs being broken and split to pieces. This work may be done safely at any
time during the time that the tree is dormant. Nor can a lack of care in this regard
while the tree is young be overcome in after years by any subsequent effort to make
good lost opportunities.

As a subject of no less importance, oftentimes involving the health and even the
vitality of the tree itself, is the proper thinning of the fruit. The average quality
rarely sells at anything over average prices, which are often very low, while large,
finely-developed fruit, only bring prices that afford the profit, and such fruit is not
found on trees over-loaded beyond their power to properly mature.

In every department of nature the effort of reproduction so taxes vital forces as to
make it a weakening process, nor in all of our fruits is this more manifest than in the
plum, which is so often depleted from a single year’s over-production, as to never
recover from the injuries so inflicted.

Do not be deceived. It is not the production of the fruit, but the perfection of the
pit to perpetrate its species, that reduces the vital powers of the plant, and often leads
to premature death.’ Hence, we say after the droppings which usually follow the set-
ting of a large crop of fruit, the wise plum-grower will see to it that a large portion of
that which remains is removed, the result of which will be an increase in the quantity
fit for market, quality greatly improved, and trees unimpaired in vigor that at once
upon the removal of the crop begin to store up the necessary material for its repetition.

A lack of the exercise of common sense, coupled with the greed of man to attempt to
eat more than he can digest, has destroyed or rendered worthless more plum trees
than all other causes that can suggest themselves to human minds. Unimpaired con-
stitutional vigor, in the tree as in the man, is required in the attainment of the object.
in its broadest and best sense, for which either were created.

So closely connected with the question of thinning is the time of picking, that the
two should be considered together; hence, we say, at the earliest possible moment
after fully grown, colored and sufficiently matured to answer the purposes for which
intended, or the markets designed for, pick and ship, although a week later might show
a material advancement in price. They will ripen to a certain extent after being
picked, and at this stage of maturity will stand up well for distant shipment, while the
overburdened trees, with the relief offered, will begin to recuperate, and the processes
of nature set at work to restore the exhaustion incident to the product and equip itself
for making another crop. Certainly no mistake will be made in working on this line.
Preventives are much more potent than are any attempts to repair damages already
accomplished.

But, while every one is thinking of the plum, let our attention be directed to the .
cherry, the pear, the peach, and the to-day greatly-neglected apple—that most valued
of all fruits—not one orchard of which in one hundred is receiving even decent care in

464 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

this or any of the apple-growing states of the Union. The thorough-bred animal is fed
with the well-balanced ration fitted to develop the desired qualities to be attained, or
to ruminate over the richest pastures of the farm in search of the choicest plant-foods
of its own selection. But the tree, located at one point for life, is left uncared for and
unfed to struggle for its existence in the circumscribed area of its roots, from which
years since have been gathered all of the essential elements required in building up
the structure on which to produce anticipated crops. ‘“ Life is a failure.” We see
only a moment of man’s stupidity. Have we not been told, ‘‘ We cannot gather grapes
from thorns, or figs from thistles?” “ By their fruits ye shall know them.” It can be
easily understood why so many have come to regard the apple crop asa failure—too
many of one variety and starvation everywhere has much to do with existing condi-
tions of the apple orchards as found where they have been growing for years.

This treatment, as applied to the plum, will never answer, and will result in utter failure
of root and branch long before the apple has attained its maturity; hence, we say,
give the plum the most generous care, and the most liberal plant-food, well balanced
with phosphoric acid, potash, and a slight percentage of notrogen, if you would secure
anticipated results. Consult your best authorities as to varieties that can be grown
with profit, and wanted in the markets you may ship to, and then confine your
efforts to planting only a few varieties, and avoid the mistake of attempting the
culture of forty or fifty sorts, many of which have no value whatever except for exhi-
bition purposes at our fairs, but test in a very modest way new varieties, which often
are of no value in the commercial orchard. Do not under-estimate the battles to be
fought with diseases and insect life, which are annually on the increase, and will so con-
tinue so long as there be an increase of trees on which to feed. ,

Arm yourself with all available information from those whose life-work in connec-
tion with our experiment stations and other institutions of learning especially fit them
to give all required instructions as to the work in which we are engaged, and you will
find yourself qualified well to conduct, with the greatest possible success, the growing
of such varieties of fruits as should be found in every commercial orchard in Western
New York.

The position we occupy in relation to our markets commercially and geographically
is essentially different from that of most other sections of our country, and while our
soil and climate afford opportunities unexcelled for growing the greatest variety of such
products as are needed to meet the requirements of a rapidly-increasing population,
let us not make the mistake of ignoring our talents and confining our efforts only to
raising any one of the many kinds which may in adverse seasons over which we have
no control, prove a failure, and lead us to join the procession of those who, from their
disappointments, pronounce their life-work a failure.

By special request the following list of fruits are commended for general orchard
culture for western New York: :

Piums—Sia soris: Reine Claud De Bavay, Field, Coe’s Golden Drop, Hudson River
Purple Egg, Bradshaw, Fellemberg.

Pitums—Twelve sorts: Reine, Claud De Bavay, Field, Coe’s Golden Drop, Gueii,
Peter’s Yellow Gage, Grand Duke, Hudson River Purple Egg, Bradshaw, Fellemberg,
German Prune, French Damson, Monarch.

Piums—Japan sorts: Yellow Japan, True Sweet Botan Burbank.

Appues: Duchess of Oldenburg, Wealthy, Ben Davis, Hubbardston’s Nonsuch, Lady
Sweet, Sutton’s Beauty.

In connection with the request that Mr. Wiuvarp should recommend lists of varie-
ties, a number of questions were asked, to which the essayist replied that he would
commend Reine Claude de Bavay for one. It is tender, and the question of over-pro-
duction, to which he had called their attention, was one of the prime causes of the
failure of this variety. The most healthy trees of this variety on his own place, and
which have been planted twenty-two years, were top-worked on Lumbard. Fellemberg
should be top-worked on Union Purple or Lumbard, the two best plums to top-work.
on. Grand Duke is better when grafted on something else. He never had a failure,
and preferred to top-work as last named. Monarch is larger than Grand Duke and a
little later; one of the best late, new plums.

Speaking of the Japan plums, Mr. Wituarp said: True Sweet Botan is different
from the Abundance, which came to me as “Botan No.6.” Another, No. 30, is the
True Sweet Botan, and it is different from the Abundance, and a better plum.

Prof. Barney: What about Botan No. 32?

Mr. Witiarp: That is Yellow Japan.

Pres. Barry: What is the matter with Victoria?

Mr. Winuarp: Ellwanger & Barry’s Victoria, and the one from Rivers’ are one and
the same. The fruit did not seem to mature, and has a disposition to decay. We

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 465

have grafted over what we have of the Victoria, because we thought we could make
more money with something else. 1 think those I have named a little better.

Prof. BartEy: If you were to name twelve best plums would you put any Japans
in them.

Mr. Wituarp: Yes, I would. I differ in opinion with some in regard to the
handling qualities of the Japan. Certainly some have a tender skin, and unless care-
fully handled in packing, the skin becomes discolored, which hurts their market value.
If handled nicely they are good to market. ;

Prof. Bartey: This Yellow Japan—are you sure No. 32 is the same that Berkman’s
had? Theirs is supposed to be yellow-skinned.

Mr. Witwarp: Mine is yellow with a carmine spot on one side, a superior plum.
The list of varieties is different from what I would recommend to a Michigan fruit-
grower, because there is the question of hardiness to be considered. I prefer a solid
body of frost through the winter. The damage comes, not from excessive cold, but
when ae is no frost at all in the ground; and when we have snow at the same time I
feel good.

Answering further questions, Mr. WILLARD said: Mooney, Bradshaw and Niagara
are the same. Niagara is not a good canning plum. While Coe’s Golden Drop is not
as ae a bearer as Reine Claude. It is more hardy, and one of the best yellow plums
we have.

Mr. Prerce: At the Ohio meeting in December you named a different list from that
named here.

Mr. Wituarp: I make my list with regard to climate, etc. There is a difference in
degrees of hardiness. I put in Golden Drop and give both in the list because they are
hardy. Field is agood bearer. Turkish Prune is not different from the Italian. I
have been told by good men that they are identical—also Fellemberg.

Mr. J. O. Rupert: Two years ago, at the state fair, the Turkish Prune and Fellem-
berg were in one exhibit, and there was a difference in the sample.

Pres Barry: What about the Hungarian Prune?

Mr. Wrutarp: The same as Pond’s Seedling.

Pres. Barry: That may all be, but when you get to the right name there is a distinct
variety under the name of the Hungarian Prune, one of the most distinct of all the
prunes; and if California has taken the liberty of attaching that name to Pond’s Sead-
~ ling we should put our foot down on such a proceeding. The nomenclature of fruits
has been very correct, and it took a great deal of labor to secure their correctness; but
the tendency now is to bring up a confusion and destroy the value of the labor of our
forefathers. Through the efforts of the American Pomological Society, the nomencla-
ture of fruits was settled definitely. We must not allow this confusion to come in and
destroy their work. I ‘insist on the Hungarian variety.

Mr. Wixtarp: I wrote the department of agriculture three years ago, asking if they
could be positive and tell me what the Hungarian Prune was that was being dissemi-
nated. Mr..Van Dreman wrote that it was the same as Pond’s Seedling; but 1 know
that in California they are disposed to do the thing our president speaks of.

Prof. Barney: Hungarian Prune as grown by Ellwanger & Barry is a very different
thing from Pond’s Seedling.

Pres. Barry: I hope we will now go on record as defending the nomenclature as it
has been settled. We have standard authorities in Downing, Barry, and the American
Pomological Society.

Mr. Wituarp: I received a plum from Oswego, which I was told was an extraordi-
nary good variety. We grafted several good trees, and it turns out to be Pond’s
Seedling.

Mr. Roor: It is important that we have good shippers. Express charges are high,
and thousands of bushels go to waste. I have known farmers to pick and market them
at twenty-five cents a bushel, and it is discouraging to have plums go to waste because
of being unable to ship more cheaply.

Prof. GreEN: Some growers of German Prune in Ohio complain that it blooms late
and does not fertilize well. —

Mr. Jacosp Wentz said the German Prune was one of the best plums Rochester has
had for, the last thirty years. They have sold as high as $8 per bushel, but within a
year or two have sold as low down as fifty cents. The average price obtained is from
$2 to $2.50. If the German Prune is thinned out it will stand with any plum. In Ger-
many they call it “Schweitzer.” There is one here which is as large as an egg plum,
and is called French Prune; it is good only when top grafted, and is a little scrubby.
One year he shipped plums to New York City and got $5 for French Prunes against
$3.50 for German. The German Prune in Rochester is a free-stone.

.. Mr. Hooker: There is a peculiarity about the true German Prune; they bloom after

59

466 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

other varieties; flowers small. You can tell them by the flower; think they have always
fruited after a certain length of time; slow growers; tender and liable to injury in
winter.

Mr. Root: Is there any benefit in setting other varieties near them?

Mr. Hooxer: I think very little fruit is lost from want of fertilization. I think the
German prune the last to flower.

Mr. Lurrs: I kept a record last season of about fifty or sixty varieties and found
that the German prune was the last to blossom; think it fertilized itself. The first
ten or twelve years they did not set the blossoms.

Mr. Arwoop: Are not many of the German Prunes that are in bearing in the neigh-
borhood of Rochester raised from seed?

Mr. Wentz: Yes; and about two miles north of the city there are some two hundred
farmers who have raised these fruits from sprouts; but the fruit is smaller than those
we propagated. 3

Mr. Lurrs: Do the seedlings come into bearing any sooner than if taken from the
nursery rows?

Mr. Wentz: In about five or six years.

QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS.

What is the cause ( process) of injury to the roots of dormant trees under the action
of freezing and thawing, and what is the best method of drawing the frost out of
frozen roots?

Mr. C. M. Hooker: I do not know the cause. We found that trees which had been
frozen experienced no injury when the frost was drawn out slowly by placing them in
earth out of doors or in cellars. When the frost was taken out rapidly in the atmos-
phere or by the application of water the trees were entirely destroyed. A good many
years ago a load of our apple trees, on a tree rack, left in a barn over night, were
frozen. The foreman applied cold water to the roots, thinking it would be a nice way
to take out the frost. The result was that every tree, the roots of which were touched
by the water, was killed. Those which he placed in the earth came out in perfect con-
dition. So that it is not so much the actual freezing which causes the injury as it is
the manner in which the frost is extracted from the roots.

Mr. J. F. Wuirr asked if Mr. Hooker examined the roots of the trees to see if the
water that was applied had cracked the bark of the roots?

Mr. Hooxrr: Where the water touched the roots they turned red, as if scalded.

Mr. Wuire: In my experience I believe damage resulted from the fact that the
water applied entered the cracks in the bark of the roots.

Mr. T.S. Hupparp: The great secret is to keep frozen stock from exposure to the air.

Mr. Wine R. Smitu: If the trees had been submerged in water would not that have
had the same effect as burying in earth ?

Mr. Hooker: The water was simply thrown on. The trees which were saved were
all heeled in alike.

Mr. M. B. Warrt® said, freezing concentrated the water in crystals, and thawing
suddenly released the water too quickly, drowning a portion of the protoplasm and
leaving the rest dry, thus disorganizing the cells.

Mr. G. W. Campsett, Delaware, Ohio: My experience has been with grape-vines;
and we all know that a vine planted in the ground will freeze in winter deep down as
far as the roots grow, and thaw out gradually in the spring. I have had grape-vines
shipped to me in boxes, which arrived frozen solid. They were planted deeply and let
remain until the frost gradually left them and they received no injury.

Prof. S.A. Bracu: In one of his publications De Bary states that when freezing
takes place the water from the cell passes through the cell-wall and freezes on the out-
side forming needles of ice on the outer surface of the cell-wall. When thawing takes
place rapidly, the water is liberated in the midst of the tissues on the outside of the
cell-walls and cannot then be absorbed into its original condition as a portion of the
protoplasm and cell-sap. On the contrary, when the crystals are thawed out slowly,
the water, as fast as it thaws, is absorbed within the cell, and combines in the original
way with-the protoplasm.

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 467

Are the Botans and the Abundance plums worthy of attention by western New York
growers?

Mr. Wixtarp: Yes, they deserve attention on the part of all who are experimenting,
but Ido rot recommend them for cultivation on a large scale until more thoroughly
tested. ‘“ Botan” is a general name for an assortment. Abundance is one of that
family. Burbank, a seedling,is better and more profitable to raise than the others,
Yellow Japan, I think, better than all.

Pres. Barry: ‘To what extent are they grown, and how as to their hardiness?

Mr. Wiitarp: Hardy on my grounds, having stood, without injury, with the ther-
mometer fifteen below zero; and that, too, when the trees had been cut back strongly
for buds and had sent out a second growth. They have been found hardy in Michigan.

Mr. J.S. Woopwarp: Is not Burbank a“ Botan?”

Mr. WiLttarp: No. They were imported direct from Japan. Prof. Van Deman
recommended Burbank to me. He said it was the best because the others bloom a
little too early sometimes. I said we didn’t often suffer that way at Geneva. He
said it bloomed later. I found it just exactly as he stated. In my opinion they are
not nearly as liable to the black knot as our European variety. I have seen only one
instance, and that very slight.

Replying to an inquiry as to the quality of the fruit, Mr. Wimuarp said with such a
great variety of tastes as one found it would be difficult to give an honest expression.
He thought them pretty ggod, as good as Lombard. They are reasonably good ship-
pers, but need to be handled with care, as they are thin-skinned.

Mr. Bett: How long have you propagated Abundance?

Mr. Wiutarp: At random, should say, perhaps, seven or eight years or more from
the bud. I think I was the first to attempt the cultivation of any of these plums in
western New York.

Mr. Hooxer: Most varieties of Botan plums blossom very early, and consequently
are more liable to destruction from frost than any ordinary variety. We lost a crop.
We have the Kelsey, Ogon and Abundance ; have found them very hardy ; never sawa
twig injured. Some are of fair quality, the Abundance being about as good as Lom-
bard ; comes earlier. They are good keepers and good shippers; but it is too early to
recommend them for general planting. Abundance is early and that is its principal
sa in addition to which it is of vigorous growth and free from black knot or any
disease.

Mr. Witiarp: Burbank is not an early plum; in fine condition about September 10.
We have four hundred trees worked over to that variety, and have great faith in them.

To the question as to the difference between Ogon and the others, Mr. W1LuarD said
he would not grow it.

Mr. Hooxer: We have only one tree.

Being asked about a variety called “Botan 26,” Mr. Winuarp said it was one of a lot
of scions he got from San Francisco. It ripens July 15, and rarely fails, but it is the
poorest of any in quality ; not so pooras Ogon, but would not commend it. Satsuma is
a good plum, and very different from others; purple in skin and meat; late; has not
yet been tested, and but little inquiry for it.

Mr. J. 8S. Woopwarp had visited a gentleman in Columbia county who has the
largest Japan plum orchard in this state. He took some fruit home and it was in good
condition for two weeks. The Japan trees are good bearers and the plums good
keepers. The Japan plums possess a good deal of merit. There was another variety,
larger than either Burbank or Abundance, but he did not like it so well as those
varieties.

The question was asked, “ What is the best soil on which to raise Japan plums?” and
Mr. Wixtarp said he thought they would grow on any soil; he had seen them on sand
on the lake shore in northern Michigan. He had some at Geneva on heavy clay and
could see no difference. He thought Mr. Burbank of California had produced a lot of
seedlings that are going to change the character of plum-growing throughout the
country.

Mr. Henry Lurts said he considered Ogon one of the finest of canning fruits. It
was not good out of the hand, but as a market plum there were none that would keep
better; will keep three weeks after being picked. The Burbank, with him, last year,
was ready for market August 15. They can be shipped green and will get to market
in good shape.

Prof. Baitey thought there was a great deal of confusion about the nomenclature of
the Japan plums. There were thirty-four named varieties and a number of unnamed
seedlings. The Japanese plums may be classed under three general heads: Sumomo,
a small, very early type of round plums, represented by the Berger; Botan, round or

468 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

flattened plums, of several varieties in this country; Hattan, pointed plums, to which
the greater number of our forms belong. The varieties which are known to be hardy as
far north as New York are Willard (Botan 26), Abundance, Chabot, Satsuma, Burbank,
Ogon, Berger. The latter is too small for market. Most Japanese plums are good
keepers. Regarding the Kelsey there was noevidence on record, so far as-he knew, that
it ever ripened north of Carolina. Mr. Van Deman found that Kelsey, which was said
to ripen north of the Carolinas, was not the Kelsey. It would not ripen where figs would ©
not thrive; had winter-killed in Texas. It probably blossoms successively and ripens
through a series of three months at the south, rendering it very valuable; a magnifi-
cent plum, but not suited to northern localities. Burbank is better than Lombard,
and Abundance will average as good. The Willard poor one year and good the next.
in Japan they eat stone fruits green, breaking off a bunch of unripe plums and eating
them from the branch. The Japan plums are certainly a coming fruit. Satsuma in
quality is not high, but is otherwise a good plum.

Hon. J. H. Haus, of Connecticut, considered this one of the most important subjects.
He had been watching these Japan plums, and in New England fruitgrowers were
satisfied that for profitable market planting the Japan plums held out wonderful
promise of profit. In his opinion one of the greatest horticultural openings to-day for
profitable orchard planting, lay in Japan plums. His observation had been that they
were better shippers than European plums and better keepers, in which respect they
had a great advantage. Beautiful in appearance and very good in quality, except the
Ogon. The others are from good to very good. He thought Satsuma very good indeed
and an excellent keeper; will keep two weeks. They could not do that with European
plums. The Japan plums offer a wonderful field for study and for great reward, com-
ing into bearing the second or third year after planting, and the fruit will command
the market anywhere.

Mr. Joun Craic, of Ottawa: We have tried all the named varieties of Japan plums,
and they have all left us except one, which, I believe, belongs to the family of Simoni.
it is the earliest one we have. The tree had stood thirty-two degrees below zero for
days together. We are top-working the other trees on our American plums, and I
think the Burbank and Abundance will be grown successfully.

Prof. Bartey thought the variety referred to by the last speaker was a Botan, he
having received a sample from Mr. Craig.

Are there any of the new peaches more hardy than our old sorts?

Mr. Hate could not say, from his experience of late years, that they were. Hill’s
Chili is an old one, and exceedingly hardy; in twenty years it had never failed to give
him some fruit. The Alexander is exceedingly hardy. Of the. newer sorts that he had
tested, it was strange that the foreign variety, Elberta, was one of the exceedingly
hardy peaches; far more so than Stump, Old Mixon and Mountain Rose, which are
among the most hardy of the old standard sorts. Elberta, he was satisfied, in both
New England and Illinois, was one of the most hardy, and will rank with Hill’s Chili
and Alexander. It is less troubled with curled leaf than other varieties. Crosby has
never failed to produce a crop; ripens with Old Mixon, after Early Crawford.

A member asked what Mr. Hate thought of Stephen’s Rareripe, to which he replied
that it was hardy, but the fruit was inferior in appearance. He had never seen any
satisfactory crops except about eight years ago on the Hudson river, but in his orchard
it mildewed and blotched up.

Mr. Newtson Smitu, Geneva, said that Stephen’s Rareripe, in the Seneca lake
region, was one of the finest peaches grown; white, with red cheek; one of the hardiest;
no mildew. He had grown Elberta for several years, and had quite a crop last year.
It was one of the best in New York state.

Mr. WILLARD substantiated what the last speaker said of Stephen’s Rareripe: ripens
just after Late Crawford; perfects itself finely and sells for the highest prices; hardy
in the fruit-bud. Hill’s Chili is a very poor peach in appearance, and not good to eat
from the hand, but it is the best canning peach that was ever raised in this state. The
factories will give more for it than for any other variety. We must discriminate
between peaches raised for market for the city fruit stands, and those for the can-
ning factories.

Is lime beneficial applied to the soil in orchards or nursery rows?

Mr. Wituarp: There is no plant food in it. It may, perhaps, set free some other
agent in the soil, but I don’t suppose a man would know anything about it.

Mr. Root thought the soil abundantly supplied with it without applying.

Mr. G. G. Arwoop: An interesting fact was brought to light in the vicinity of
Geneva, where the soil is limestone in character. One of the professors from the

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 469

college has been canvassing the section with a small bottle of muriatic acid. He came
into the fields to find at what depth lime could be found. We found, partjcularly in

clay, that lime was not present above almost on average of eighteen inches. It was so ~

marked that in the case of a railroad cut, where the land was rolling, the lime was
almost uniform at the top and bottom.

Has anything been done to prevent strawberry rust or blight ?

Mr. Taser: Iam not troubled much with rust, and have had no occasion to do
other than leave out varieties troubled in that way.

Mr. Hooxer said Bordeaux mixture had been recommended.

Mr. Tick (Oswego): It troubles us directly after planting, the first year. We always
plow under the second season.

’ Mr. Farmer: The best way isto plant on new ground every time. We planted some
on ground on which three crops had been raised, and they rusted. It cannot be held
wholly in check by Bordeaux mixture.

Mr. Ticr: I havea piece that has not had strawberries on for thirty years, and it
rusted just as bad as anywhere else.

Would thorough cultivation and manuring have a tendency to make grapes crack
under any condition ?
Mr. Snow: Why should it cause them to crack?

Pres. Barry: They do sometimes.
Mr. Ssow: There might be some cause aside from the fruit having a thin skin, such

'as hard weather striking them when nearly ripe. It is a defect in a variety to have

too thin a skin.

How long should young pears and peach trees be allowed to limb, or how low
should the limbs be allowed to branch?

Mr. Wituarp: My ideas are at variance with some. I do not believe it a wise thing
in planting a tree to divesst it of every limband bud. Would takeoff a few of the lower
limbs six or eight inches high, if a peach, and “spur” it, leaving an opportunity for the
bud to develop; think that will help the root system. But the second year I believe
the tree is greatly benefited by trimming it up three feet high and allowing it to branch
out. Our methods of pruning are so diverse that the system has to be varied to meet.
the views in regard to it. Would treat pears pretty much the same way.

Mr. Priekce said that trimming at transplanting was a matter in which judgment
should be employed. If the ground was very rich and the tree quite thrifty, it would
not not do to prune very closely, or the result would be some very strong shoots diffi-
cult to manage the second year. Some of the large peach growers of Georgia had
allowed but three or four buds to grow at planting, and the result was enormous shoots
eight feet or more long and necessitated very severe cutting back the second year. Had
the growth been distributed through a dozen buds it would doubtless have resulted in
a shapely tree the first season.

Mr. Hate: Our system of late years both in our orchards in Georgia and our ten or
fifteen thousand trees in Connecticut, is to take quite small trees, medium, or lower
grade; cut down to whips eighteen to twenty inches high. They will sprout all the way
up, and after getting about an inch in length we rub them all off except three or four
buds on different sides; let them grow freely. Formerly, in the second year, we
sheared close, but now shorten in but very little, just enough to make a well-balanced
head. Then, in after years, we shear off one-half to two-thirds of new growth each
‘season as well as thinning out crowding branches. We can also thin the fruit more
economically, and pick better. Am thoroughly in favor of low headed trees.

Mr. Henry Lurrs: I infer that Mr. Willard wants a tree three or four feet. That
is the way we havedone; the“ spur” system of pruning in my experience is correct. Let
the growth come out from the spur, and the following season you have a chance to
make a head that you cannot get any other way.

Mr. Atwoop: I have found we made a mistake in heading standard pears too high;
three feet is high enough.

A Memper: Is not there some truth that the shading of the bark of a tree will pre-
vent blight?

Pres. Barry: The natural way for a tree to grow is to branch, but we have to
remove some. The fewer you remove the better, I think, for the tree. Trimming
things high up is a mistake. Where the side branches are removed the outer bark
pesomes rough and dry; but with the opposite plan of trimming, it remains smooth and

ealthy.

Mr. W. H. Hart advocated low prunning, and planting the best trees you can get.

‘

470 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

v4

The first choice of stock is the best. We want the strongest trees, then head low, and
we get a more rapid growth.

Mr, Prttow: With low pruning, trees are less liable to be affected by heavy winds,
especially if the winds follow heavy rains.

A Memser: In cultivating, what will you do with what is left close to the tree?

Mr. Hane: Our southern orchards are all June budded trees. Thirty thousand of
them were headed down below eighteen inches, and those made the most vigorous
growth I have seen anywhere. They have been only growing two years. We cannot
run the cultivator close to them, but as the trees shade the ground the weeds do not
grow directly around them. :

Pror. Battery: In orchards in southwestern Michigan trees are headed low. In
June I should advise starting heads rather high except in peach trees; always low in
dwarf pears.

Mr. Leroy Pease: Will the fungus work more readily on low branching trees? Also
about cultivating. Grass will grow in the shade in the vicinity of Oswego.

Mr. Hooker: We have tried both ways,:and finally have settled on the medium
height as best. In cultivating dwarf pears we first let them grow low; they became
infested with fungus and died out and we got no fruit. Planted twelve feet in the row
and twenty feet apart. Our orchard is set and trimmed pretty high, and we can culti-
vate near them. If allowed to branch too low, you have afterwards to trim up
for cultivation. Standard pears should be trimmed about half standard; you can culti-
vate near enough, and get your tree heads sooner.

Which is most trying to plant life—long-continued cold, or alternate freezing and
thawing ?

Mr. WItLLarp was called on to answer the question, but said he did not know that he
could answer the question. He had observed and found it to be true, and could confirm
the statement by a man who has worked for him for twenty years, that when they had a
fall of snow before the ground froze they were more apt to have damage on the trees
than where the frost cut in three feet deep. The wood winter-kills.

Mr. Pierce: I was in Meehan’s nursery last week and saw acres of small stuff
mulched. They told me it was tender and they considered the mulch a protection.

Is it advisable to prune apple trees at the present time if found necessary to cut off
large limbs?

Mr. Hooxer: If I had much, would rather wait till spring. Have never seen any
serious damage result from moderate pruning at this time of year. We are pruning
more or less this winter.

Mr. Witiarp: With trees we are going to graft we cut off the top, and then when
we want to graft we have clean sailing. Am speaking of fruiting trees.

Pres. Barry asked Mr. Hooker if he had known of damage to nursery stock by early
winter pruning.

Mr. Hooker: Yes; some years ago we had a fine block of two-year old apples on low
ground, that were trimmed late in the fall. They froze to the heart and were badly
damaged. The varieties were Baldwins and Greenings. Would recommend the
pronihg of such trees in the spring. It has always been our practice to commence in

arch.

Mr. Wituarp: I think their being on low.ground gives the key to the situation.

Mr. Hart: The damage comes from the drying and checking of the wood, prevent-
ing the downward passage of the sap.

How many personsin New York state grow apricots for profit?

Mr. Wiiuarp did not know; but he knew of some instances where the effort had been
made with tolerable success.

Has any one noticed leaf blight on the Japanese plum?
Mr. Wituarp: I have never noticed it.
Is there any mixture that will prevent rot in the plum?

Prof. Beacu: I do not know.

Mr. Warre did not know. Rot on the peach was caused by the same fungus as on
the plum. It was claimed, as a result of some experiments in Delaware, that Bordeaux
mixture saved the plum crop from rot, in a favorable season; but he did not consider
this conclusive.

Mr. Wittarp: Give proper plant food and your will prevent it in a measure.

Mr. SLinGeRLAND: Pick off the mummy plums before spraying, and pick up the
rotten ones as they fall, and burn both.

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 471

I have an orchard of three hundred and fifty Baldwin apple trees thirty years
planted. The trees are very strong and thrifty, but have never borne much fruit, not
as much as other orchards on the farm of same age. It has been in grass five years,
mowed or pastured each season. In fall of 1892, was top-dressed with farm yard
manure under the trees as far as the branches extend. Some of it was very coarse.
In 1893 had a good growth of wood, but no fruit. The soil under the trees is full of
small roots clear up to the surface. Would you advise plowing in spring, say five or
six inches deep; cultivate until June 15,and then sow to rape, (to be fed off with
lambs in the fall) with an application of three hundred pounds ground bone and one
hundred pounds muriate of potash?

Mr. Hooker: I would think that pretty good treatment. The Baldwin is one of the
kinds that has failed of late years. It may be entirely in the season, as Baldwin is
more susceptible to climatic influences than other varieties of apples. When we have
good dry weather at time of flowering and setting of germ we get excessive crops.

Mr. Purpy: Have these trees blossomed in that number of years?

A MemBer: Yes, in 1892, but they did not bear.

Mr. Purpy: Graft the orchard over.

Prof. Rosperts: If the roots are coming near the surface of the ground, would not
it be better to drain the orchard with tile?

Mr. Hooker: If you plow in an apple orchard you will find the soil permeated with
eng roots. I would plow only three or four inches deep and with a Rochester gang
plow.

Ts salt of any value as a fertilizer on fruit trees—would it pay at $2.50 per ton.

Dr. CaLPWELL could not give any general answer to the question. Salt is not a plant
food, but it might release fertility already in the soil.

ae Roserts: It acts beneficially on light lands, but is a detriment on heavy, clay
lands.

Should the ferro cyanide test, in mixing the Bordeaux mixture, be made as soon as
the lime and copper sulphate are mixed, or a few hours later?

Mr. Hooker: At the time the mixture is made.
Mr. Woopwarp: A single drop is enough and it is very sensitive. A drop with a
quart will decide it.

To what extent, and with what success has grape juice, bottled and unfermented,
been placed upon the market? Is a license required to sell it?

Mr. Snow did not think any license is required. He could not say to what extent it
was on the market, but it is being manufactured in many places, and quite a good deal
is sold. He does not think the proper process for making it has yet been found. The
difficulty seems to be in finding suitable packing for it andin keeping it entirely excluded
from atmospheric influences. :

From the experienee of the last few years what system of training and pruning the
grape is proving the best for this state; is the single stake system again coming into
use?

Mr. Syow: The single stake system is not coming into use that J knowof, Methods
of pruning differ in different sections. Am not prepared to say which is the best.
On the Hudson River the Kniffen system is used, and the Brocton system in the
Chautauqua region.

I have an orchard of three hundred dwarf Duchess pear trees on a dark clay loam.
Trees are ten years planted and strong, making good growth of wood each year, but
never bearing fruit to any amount. Ground cultivated yearly and manured with
stable manure. Could these trees be top-worked to Bartlett and Anjou, or other
varieties that are more certain to bear, with a good prospect of success? Bartlett
standards on the farm bear good crops yearly.

Mr. Wituagp would give them a severe pruning if they had not already been
pruned; and if they did not bear then he would graft them. If dwarf pears are
pune annually, cutting back one-half to two-thirds of the season’s growth, they will
yield.

Mr. McCuttom: If the trees have not fruited would recommend trimming as jate as
March, and if they do not bear fruit would break off the ends later.

A Memser: Where not cut back they continue growing with high cultivation, and
_ did so for three years. Last spring we cut back more thoroughly, not only the large
limbs, but especially the small ones that form from the body, thinking I would get a

472 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

better balanced tree by having the fruit nearer the body. We pruned any time when
we had time and a good, sharp knife.

What is the best method of grafting old grape vines of worthless varieties?

Mr. Snow knew of no method except the cleft method; saw the stock off about two
inches below the surface, split and insert the scion, taking care to keep the earth from
the cleft. Itis simple as grafting a tree. Would do it in the spring about the time
the sap starts, or up to the time of the buds opening.

Mr. Taser grafted by digging up a large root and inserting the scion in the end of
the root, wrapping it with clay at the junction, burying the cutting or scion so that
only one or two buds appeared above ground, and mulch the ground. If the graft
grows take the old one out the following spring.

Mr. Lurts: It does not matter so much how the graft is got in. My best success is
where the graft is put below the first year’s growth; use pruning knife, giving a chance
to put ina larger graft. I don’t have to drive it in, but justslipin. A good deal
depends on how the graft is cared for; we mound up; we shade with a peach-basket
until the graft has started for two inches.

Is there a remedy for the cherry worm?

Mr. WituarpD raises a good many cherries, but was never annoyed by any insect-
inside the fruit. He thought the question had reference to curculio, and if so he
would say plant the cherries near plums and they will have no trouble.

Prof. SLINGERLAND: Doubtless it is curculio. Two years ago I advocated spraying
for plum cureculio, but am not so much of an advocate for it now. I advocate the
jarring method.

Prof. Green, of the Ohio Experiment Station: We have succeeded in Ohio in
keeping curculio insect in check by spraying. We would not go back to jarring,
but think the two processes can be combined. We jarred occasionally and destroyed
the plums by burning. Where pear orchards are grown near plums it is just as nces-
sary tospray. Wesprayed four times for plums, using Paris green in connection with
Bordeaux mixture.

A Memeper: Has any one had éxperience with spraying for the quince curculio, and
the time for doing it?

Mr. Geo. T. Powrtu: Using Bordeaux mixture with Paris green we kept quinces -

entirely free, and the fruit was handsome and bright throughout the season. The
explanation of failure with plums is because the spraying is commenced too late. We

“commenced when fruit was about the size of peas, and repeated about every ten days
for three or four times; and had to thin about one-half to three-fourths of the fruit.
We have had seventy-five per cent of fruit stung by curculio. It is equally true with
the cherry; the spraying must commence early.

Mr. J. J. Harrison, Painsville, Ohio: JI sprayed cherries for three years, and the
third year the fruit was perfect. Previously we had always had seventy-five per cent
of crop injured by curculio. Subsequently I leftthe place; my successor did not spray,
and two years from the time I left the curculio became very bad, and now the crop is
almost entirely destroyed.

Is Sutton’s Beauty a profitable apple to raise for market in western New York?
Mr. Wittarp: One of the best apples in the world.

What are the best fertilizers for vineyards?

Mr. Woopwarp: Ashes and bone-dust.

Mr. Taser: Apply muriate of potash if you do not get wood enough; use potash
and bone for fruit. We generally get wood growth enough.

Mr. Campsert: As arule use ashes and bone-dust; but there might be cases where
suitable manure, well-rotted, would be better.

Willit pay to sow oats ina vineyard or among fruit trees at last plowing for
fall protection or winter mulch ?

Mr. Spencer: It is my custom to sow rye in the fall and plow under in the spring;
soil is clay, heavy and underdrained. We plow under about May 15. Clay is more
friable, though last August sowed crimson clover, which is now looking very fairly.
In addition I put on bone and muriate of potash. If too much yard manure is applied
the grapes will shell some and be wanting in flavor. By using potash and bone you get
a better flavored fruit.

Mr. Woopwarp: My ideal way of treating a peach orchard is cultivating till the
middle of August; then sow to rye and oats, half and half, and it makes a nice crop to

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 473

plow under inthe spring. I upplise’ potash and never have grown peaches of so high
a color and good quality.

What is best for an orchard of Northern Spy eighteen years old, that has not
fruited a barrel of good apples?

Mr. Wituarp: Cut off and graft over to something that will bear.
Mr. F. H. Puums, Westfield, Mass.: Northern Spy is a sterile variety. Graft it
partially with a non-sterile variety. ;

What success has attended the top working of weak-growing varieties of pears upon
the Keiffer?

Mr. Wittarp: So good that we don’t want anything better. Mr. Powrxn has had
the idea that by working the Bartlett on the Keiffer he could retard the ripening of the
Bartlett. I told him he was perfectly safe, because if it was a failure he could saw off
the graft and still have a good pear.

Does any one know anything about the Fodder Plant?

Mr. H. Frost said it was “ Polygonum Sachalinense;” described in a French catalogue
as “a perennial plant, growing to a height of twelve feet, with heart-shaped leaves
which come to sixteen “inches in length. and twelve inches broad; color dark green,
largely maculated in places by dark purple; bears white flowers in groups. One of the
finest ornamental plants.” The Garden and Forest speaks of its introduction into
Russia some years since as an ornamental plant. It is a vigorous grower, has large
leaves and is rather a handsome plant with leaf stalks of cardinal red. Its inconspicu-
ous flowers produce a good deal of nectar and are much frequented by bees. This
Polygonum has especial interest just now as a forage plant, since it has been recom-
mended in several Huropean journals for that purpose. It is said that the young plant
quickly pushes up fresh shoots in all directions and will soon occupy an area a yard
‘square. These shoots when young are edible, and when blanched can be used as
asparagus, though not of as high quality. When they have grown from three to four
feet these shoots can be cut and fed to cattle. which seem to relish them very much.
It is propagated by division of rhizomes, and if set out a yard apart the surface of the
soil will be covered in a year or two with abundance of forage from which three or
four crops can be taken every season. Its yield of green fodder is said to range from
thirty to fifty tons per acre, and it might prove a valuable crop for ensilage. It pro-
duces six or more crops (or cuttings) per season after the first year. When not cut, the
plant attains a height of six to ten feet with alternate cordate leaves eight to sixteen
inches long, and six to eleven inches wide. It should be cut twice during the first
season whenever it reaches a height of three feet. After that it should be permitted to
go to seed. It will remain green and leafy until frost and withstands drought very
well. The annual amount of green fodder produced is very large. The agricultural
department of the United States has written to France, asking the price of several
hundred sections of roots for distribution among the different agricultural stations
throughout the country.

A Memper: Can it be excavated?

Mr. Frost: It will be hard to get rid of.

What is the Columbian raspberry ?

Mr. Farmer: The Rural New Yorker says it is the same as, or no better than
Shaffer’s.

Mr. Taser: They say it does not differ very muck from Shaffer's, yet that it is a
little lighter in color and of a little better flavor. After seeing the fruit here last year
I procured a half dozen plants from the originator. They were good ones; started into
‘growth quickly and one went over eight feet in length. J set them ina grape-row from
which the grapes had been taken out, and tied them to the wires. I laid them on the
ground to root for tips. So far, I am pleased with their growth, and hope they will be.
better than the Shaffer. The juice is lovely, in my opinion.

Mr. Farmer: The Rural New Yorker, speaking of the Columbian and the Shaffer,
says if you have one you do not need the other, so I don’t think it is worth while to
pay out big money for the Columbian.

Pres. Barry: I went to see it last summer when covered with fruit. It is a strong
grower; a great yielder; and of the Shaffer type. The impression I gained was that it
was better than Shaffer, but I should want to see the two grown together to form a
correct idea of their value. Shaffer’s has a peculiar color, and I don’t know whether
this variety would be an improvement over that or not. It is lighter in color than the

60

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474 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Shaffer. I could not say whether it would be a good shipper; its particular value is for
canning.

Mr. Tick: Would not there be more vigor in the plant now than a few years hence?

Mr. Winwarp: It has shown that same vigor for three or four years. I first saw it
at Oswego.

Mr. Farmer: I don’t want it to go out that I condemn the Columbian; but we
really need a good red raspberry. I swear by the Ruwral, and they say it isn’t any
better than the Shaffer. The Burt strawberry was considered a new variety for
mapy years, and it eventually proved to be nothing but Captain Jack. The reason it
was better than that variety was because it received better culture. It may be the
same with the Columbian. Shaffer’s is a wonderful berry, and the best we have.

Mr. Z. H. Harris: I visited the Geneva Experiment Station three or four times the
past season, and saw Shaffer’s and Columbian side by side. I think the latter has most
decided advantages over the former, particularly in color; and it is in every respect
more pleasing.

THE BUD MOTH AND THE PEAR PSYLLA.

Mr. M. V. SuincerRuanp, of Cornell Experiment Station, was invited to make some
remarks regarding this pest, and he said: This insect pest seems to be alarmingly on
the increase in the orchards of western New York. It appears on the opening buds of
apple, pear, peach, cherry, plum and quince trees, early in the spring, as a smal] brown
caterpillar. The opening leaves are tied together with silken threads and the cater-
pillar feeds on the leaves or flowers within this nest thus formed. About June 15
the caterpillars are about three-quarters of an inch long, and are ready to change to
pup, which they do in a silk-lined case in their nest. The little moth, which looks
very much like a codlin moth, emerges in about two weeks, and curious, scale-like eggs
are soon laid on the leaves. The minute brown worms hatching from the eggs feed
during the remainder of the summer on the surface of the leaves, but protected by a
silken covering. Just before the leaves fall in autumn the caterpillars, then half
grown, migrate from the leaves to the angular places in the bark of the twigs, usually
within a few inches of the terminal buds. Here they spin over themselves a little
silken covering, within which they pass the winter, and from which they emerge in the
spring to “nip in the bud” a prospective crop of fruit, a graft, ora budded stock. The
pest is a very difficult one to fight. It cannot be successfully combated in the egg or
moth stages. The only time when we can hope to reduce its numbers is in the spring
after it leaves its winter retreat. A thorough spraying with Paris green when the buds
are opening, and again a week later, will, I believe, destroy a large percentage of the
caterpillars. On young, small trees the nests, which are quite conspicuous about June
1, may be picked off and burned with profit, thus preventing the increase of the pest
for the next season. Another practicable method by which the caterpillars may be
destroyed before they have done much damage is to burn all the prunings from the
infested trees. The pruning should be done, of course,some time in the winter. or
before April 1, in the spring. If these suggestions are intelligently followed out I
believe this fearful pest can be kept in check. The bud moth is discussed in detail in
bulletin No. 50 of the Cornell Experiment Station.

The pear psylla is present in a majority of the pear orchards of our state, and, under
favorable conditions, is capable of causing whole crops of fruit and most of the leaves
to fall from the trees in mid-summer, and in many cases the death of the trees has fol
lowed. It is thus one of the worst pests that pear growers have to fear. The pest
appears on the trees during the first warm days of spring, before the buds start, in the
form of an active, jumping flea, scarcely as large as a wheat kernel, «nd resembling a
Cicadain miniature. These forms, the adults, have come from the crevices of the bark.
where they spent the winter, to lay their very minute yellow eggs in the wrinkles on the
bark just below the terminal buds. From these eggs there hatch, about the time the
leaves-are expanding, minute, flat, oval, yellow lice, which move quiteslowly into the axils
of the leaves and flowers, where they begin at once to suck up the sap from the tree.
‘Thousands of them often occur on a small twig, andso many little pumps at work soon
cause the new leaves and shoots to droop or turn yellow and look sickly. These
appearances are about the first signs that tell the pear grower the pear psylla is at work.

WESTERN NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 475

‘The insect is so small that it is overlooked unless especial pains be taken. (Every fruit-
grower should have a small pocket magnifier or lense, and make frequent use of it on
his trees.) The nymphs which hatch from the eggs become full grown—(it would take
twenty of them to measure an inch)—in about a month, and change to the adult jump-
ing forms, which lay eggs on the leaves for another brood. There are four or five
broods during the summer, all working in the same manner mostly in the axis of the
leaves and fruit stems. A very curious and characteristic feature of an attack of this
pest is the immense quantities of a sweet, sticky fluid called honey dew, which is
secreted by the nymphs, and which covers the leaves, fruit and branches of the tree, or
even drops off onto the vegetation beneath. Within this honey dew there grows a
black fungus which causes the tree, especially after the leaves have fallen, tolook as
though it had been thinly painted with black, or as though soot had been sifted on it.
Most of the damage is done before June 15, by which time the fruit and many leaves
are so much weakened that they almost cease to grow and soon drop off. The pest
prefers the Bartlett, but works extensively on most of the other varieties. A long
. series of experiments showed that we cannot kill the pest in the egg without injuring
the tree also. As the pest obtains its food by sucking and not by chewing, the arsenites
or other poisons will have no effect upon it. In kerosene emulsion, however, we have
a very effective agent for the destruction of this serious pest. To make emulsion,
thoroughly dissolve one-half pound hard or soft soap in one gallon boiling water.
While this solution is still very hot add two gallons of kerosene and quickly begin to
agitate the whole mass through a syringe or force pump, drawing the liquid into the
pump and forcing it back into the dish. Continue this for five minutes or until the
whole mass assumes a creamy color and consistency will adhere to the sides of the ves-
sel, and not glide of like oil. It may now be readily diluted with cold rain water, or
the whole mass may be allowed to cool when it has a semi-solid form, not unlike lop-
pered milk. This standard emulsion if covered and placed in a cool dark place will
keep for a long time. In making a dilution from this cold emulsion, it is necessary to
dissolve the amount required in three or four parts of boiling water, after which cold rain
water may be added in the required quantities. I found that by spraying trees once,
just after the leaves had expanded in the spring, with this emulsion diluted with fifteen
parts of water that I killed from seventy-five to ninety per cent of the nymphs. This
emulsion must come in contact with the insect, and thus the spraying should be very
thorough; but the nymphs die within a few seconds after being hit so that
a rain storm soon after spraying does no harm. It is better to make the application
just after a rain, when the leaves have dried off. for the rain’ will wash
off much of the honey dew which often so covers the nymphs as to render
it impossible to hit them with the emulsion. A second application a few days
later will doubtless be advisable in a serious attack by the pest. Do not
wait until after June Ist to do the spraying, for most of the damage is done by the
first spring brood of npmphs. It has been found impracticable to spray the adults
as they are too active, flying away from the tree in clouds when the spray strikes it,
and they are also not so susceptible to the emulsion. In some orchards the birds seem
to have picked a good many of the hibernating adultsout from the crevices of the bark.
So far as now known the pest hasno other natural enemies. Watch your trees in the
spring, and spray before June Ist with the emulsion, and if it is thoroughly done this
pest can be kept within bounds. For full discussion of this pest refer to bulletin 44 of
the Cornell Experiment Station.

Mr. Wituarp asked what effect the pear psylla had on the fruit?

Mr. SuinGertanp: So far as I know there are no external visible indications of the
work of the insect on the fruit itself. Of course the fruit is stunted in its growth
from the loss of sap taken from its stem by the nymphs; and finally the fruits are
so weakened that they drop off when about half grown in mid-summer. Often the
honey dew runs down on to the fruit and renders it somewhat unsightly. The pest
has no jaws by which it could mar the fruit in any manner, as does the plum curculio
or codlin moth.

Mr. Pras, of Oswego: Can you mix the arsenites and Bordeaux mixture with the
emulsion?

Mr. Suinceruanp: Yes; Paris green, Bordeaux mixture, and kerosene emulsion can
be mixed together, and the mixture would then contain all the elements to make it
almost a panacea for all the insect and fungous ills of the fruit grower. But unfortu-
nately the combination is not easily secured; the Bordeaux must be in a neutral con-
dition or the emulsion will not mix with it satisfactory; and some other minor factors
enter in so that.one cannot depend on getting a good staple mixture although all the
conditions are fulfilled. Again, when the combination. or Cornell mixture as it was
dubbed, was applied to trees, it was found that the liquid did not spread over the

476 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. .

surface of the leaves and branches as well as would either ingredient alone; it seemed
to gather in small drops on the tree. Therefore, for the reasons that the combination
is hard to make and cannot be so effectively applied as could be either ingredient.
alone, I cannot recommend the Cornell mixture to fruitgrowers. There are aiso, on
the whole, but few instances where we need to spray for the sucking insects at the
same time as for the chewing insects and fungi. The kerosene emulsion also cannot
be mixed with the arsenites alone. -

SPOTTING OF QUINCES.

Mr. Wituarp said Mr. Hopkins had spoken to him in reference to his large planting
of Orange quinces beginning to spot. The speaker said Mr. Maxwell came to look over
a few quinces he had, and finding them clean, and free from fungi, asked how he cared
for them. His reply was that he gave them no care; he cut off about one-half the
previous year’s growth, and the only thing furnished in the way of plant food was
wood ashes. Some years before, when Mr. Willard gave them rich, barn-yard manure
they did spot; but they stopped it, and he believed that was the trouble with others.
Mr. Hopkins told him his plan of cultivation. Mr. Willard does not plow deep, but
uses the Rochester gang plow, and cultivates entirely with the spring-tooth harrow.
Mr. Hopkins had some quinces that were not disturbed during the summer, and they
have not been inclined to spot. The proper plant food had more to do with this disease
than anything else. Mr. Willard believed fruitgrowers had been using too much
nitrogenous substances and too little potash; and they would have to do less spraying.

Mr. Wooparp had a little tool made specially for him to cultivate his orchards of
peaches, quinces, etc. It was a cut-way harrow. Instead of putting the sections close
together, he had it made so he could work the heads and arrange it so he could
cultivate close to trees. He had three of these tools, and would not sell them for a
hundred dollars apiece if he could not proeure others of the same make.

LIFE MEMBERS OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.*

Name. P. O. Address. County.
Penni ia Aloe eres ee A ate. 2. | Galesburg-iee +. 2. SES Kalamazoo,
dome) Mrs. H.Dalei)-.0) | Galesburg_.._.. __...____|) Kalamazoo:
AATUTTTEE 5 TSS YR ig ee ER aaa PNG al teal = Bie yt ee eas Lenawee.
Athps Missi Marys Coa 228 so oe oo ee Ariane pone a eye Lenawee.
prenery Uioning -) toes eee ees .._ St., Josephy. 2. - 4 s0.- Berrien,
Pnmmntiare: Samos ote ess ees. |) Monroe, 2223-2 -2el ced Monroe.
emi OWy Sheena ee ye ee Tomiae eo 8 26.) and. _ 2s Tonia.
MEENA Geb oe neeead ee oer eS. 4 Si Olde Mission... 427 8 Grand Traverse.
aclcy,Joun. (aeceased)-.4----. --S_-| Detrone 2) <2 22 2 ay Wayne.
Bailey. buy bl toe ae eee 2) South Haven _._. 2. .2. 2), VaneBurenms
alleys backers cee ae. ee es ithaca es Se ek Ae SN ata New York.
valley irradi: eee) ey meee eee oe Wetrotee e..o oes wy Soe Wayne.
LBL lyre aye bl D ) poe ee aes el ele ae Anne Aroor 2.0 22) Washtenaw.
Ball; sehn (deceased): 22.222... 2-.--- Grand Rapids 422522225 Kent.
Barnett, G. W., 159 South Water street__| Chicago ______---------- Illinois.
ates Ts os a We es oh Draverse City ..2_.¢_)_|- Grand Traverse:
Baxter, W. J. (deceased) Bae eee OL ONeSWILIG 92 . = Nh sate eS Hillsdale.
Beale igen eae ee oe Saat sR Agricultural College____| Ingham.
Becker, Albert aU eee ee Sapinaw 20002425 See Sarinaw:
Hace en get ee ee ek Sl Plymouth __ 2.2L Wayne:
Blodeettri Ane tbe eige oo 28 et Grand Rapids ______--_-| Kent.
iBrackettn Goris ee ee en Mon mark hiss 25 yee Towa.
Bradfield, Edward (deceased) De ete eG Wolas 2 Goss ae ee Kent.
Brn beg ee ee Le to eee pea! Kalamazoo .kbot hs ol Kalamazoo.
Bruchner, George Wi euel et eee | 4 VMiOntOe! «95a ee ous Monroe.
Bryant, ©. Teves ee | South Haven-2295=._2-/:.|, Van Buren:
Bullock, R. D. (deceased)... .--------_- Jackson. 2328s ed ACK Son.
Burham, W oh, See AE ENT Nero hee Tonia see eee ease) Sonia
Burrows, George L.._.___-. -------- --.-| Saginaw City -._.._--..--| Saginaw.
ieaie Roberts ee ee oe ee | Yarmouth. 2-1... 75 Novasscata.
GasvelloGoorte eee sen 28 *|) Saginaw City _-. - 202452 Saginaw.
Chandler, Je (ecensed) ceo 3 ek | DetrorAZ eae ee Wayne.
Chapman, H. B. (deceased)_______------ Reading #25 )5.G Sas ive Hillsdale.
eeeiame Vinee et, ee ee | Bangor se oo ia sie as Van Buren.
@GhapmanwAmshinub.: ee Jos eet Rockford 22 5-282 712222) Montroe:
Chilsons Nathaniel 21 ck Tower City eee ee Dakota.
Chilsons\issildas er aeen ye tls. | Power City. Sens sees Dakota.
Ao leieleieenN eet toe i) ae AC KSOM es Lae ee SEEe Jackson.
COOKAR Minors cou Eo eb 2 | Agricultural College____| Ingham.
Coaleaverinc ee eb ei |_| Grand Rapids: uc ma. Kent.
Cooley, Elisha (deceased) __ Binge tet. S| taeleeo nese aes cece ee se ase Jackson
CoapernGeorrea tes se | Tonia. 2 2s Saas Tonia.
Crosby Misa be see S| Grand hapidsic-ss0es oo~ Kent.
Crozier Any A eee ee ee CY 21 Washing ton see eee JOBAGE
Warrtis. ERWe oa eee et te tt OF Mission yrs a Grand Traverse.
Curshimipin SH) eels se arte ge CECA | Cli ee yee ne aera Ohio.

*Note.—A Life Membership is $10. The fund thus gathered is invested in good securities and
only the interest employed for general purposes.

478 STATE HORTICU

LTURAL SOCIETY.

Name.

ok a

Wavisabyy Ores ye gee eo ee eee Pe pe
Day, Benjamin
Dean, A. J
DeLisle, Wm. H.
Dickinson, G. W. (deceased)_-_-___ ----—-
Dieckman, Mrs. Josephine M.__..______-
HD retmi Clinard creche 2ie oh Le eee eee ee
Dixon, A. 8.- é
Dorr, S
Doyle, Thomas
Dyckman, A.S
LO ded reaa yh avi [Balms es paar arene me NES BGAN omhe
Bdmistons ls Geeta SOR NA te ST
BIE eye SME ace pen tenn et Se Nee,
lernya by Wise seo ee ee
Mields,-Miss, Jennie: W:___ = .2-. =...
Flowerday, Robert
iHoster..VW:..D.:(deceased) -2---s!2-2 75.
HlostenMirs,Maryclic. 22 hot ee se

Fowler, SPA AE ace SO Tg coe SO at Pe
Fuller, Ss. 1 EES be Gre Eis ores i ge
Fuller, § R.- Loy one ae be ae ea

Garfield, Shee Wins aioe aes
Geddes, David
Gibson, VET SURV Ral Marcose ie tee tee ee)
Gilbert, John (deceased) -___-___-__----
Grahams Miwood.f.° 2.22. esac. ..|
(Ere Sy aula eee] fy UI ae ee in ad ts Sete eh el
Griggs, aacoree W. (deceased) ____--__---
Guild, EB. F.

Hall, pybdecel (deceased); 232 =. 3347.
Hanford, Hs Pa(deceased) 222542 a ahs -*
Hannah, Perry
Hathaway, Bese. oe ed ea, Meee
Haviland, J. B. (deceased).___._-______-
Hayden, MEMaA A Ke tn erm

P. O. Address.

Kalamazoo
Ann Arbor

Bay Oyen cee soe 22S
Grandiitapids 2 2).-- 2
East Saginaw
Chicago
Blast paginaw =... --22--
Manchester
Monnoem foe. 3552-28
SouthiHaven === 2
Kast Saginaw

Grand Haven). os.
Kast Saginaw _-_-_---

Detroit. 22 == 523 =e
Grand Bepidh-: x: he eee
Amn; A TbOre2 =. >
Manistee _ eee Le
Grand Rapids = 2 epee
(Waton Rapids! —2= = som

Grand Rapids ____------
Saginaw... = Ss) eee
Jackson. 42-22 See
Grand Rapids’ 2254s
Monroe
Grand Rapids
East Saginaw ____-
honia eth es sis” eae
Bristol
Traverse City

iiraverse City. 2-2 see

HignaMnOy Ves ee oe South Haven... 22-25.
EISLeECeR AMES ye ee eS ae es Wineyard <2 552825 A a
insted: Noaht Peo. 2 2 Sppueeer hee) Gf Powells > Se ee
LCs Eo Ts [SS D2 ec Nenroe . 2.2.52 eae
DiermernineG Ante 22 foe Net ee Migaroe: 2. 2.354
Hivoome alolprnci: bts) en eee ee a eMonrde: - 2. 2.2 pee
Jexomes rss DavidiHw sos. Seas Saginaw City_______-_-

Molamsonervyal lie may 2) yt eee Wit B aie 22S Doe eee
[icrayG vatra ies Ri, OLY Ye Be ipa ie ie een egg eye eo |] [71 cY2] U6 a a
1ESCE)IS GN 75 9/ Bisa] 2 Nee ee eer ey Same Wont ews 2 eee
TTC IG Ly Uns 1d Ih aR re ene rele ae Honataeees = eee Eas
MloinmwhetsvloO. St.-AUbin ayes =_. 5. 2) sDetroibe- 2.0.2
Knapp, 8. O. (decedsed). 2 oa 2 9. Lee CRACKSOL pes ee it ee
Parte, 0 uA nal enenapiag oo 2 oe
Pbaloy hie). eo 22 2 ks Jk fae) Benton Harbor _._ 2...
Lawton, George W. (deceased) NE ee Wnawtony elon 222 oe
iimeoln wr iC ye mr Bae a ae Greenvale yee a
Lincoln, Mrs. L. C Greenville_________ uae

Linderman, Harvey J. (deceased)

Linderman, A. Bia P ira sie Vidas tame
Littlejohn, F. J. (deceased)_________ ____
I Lik @ueeis}y 9 22 Bio 7 ee a er pee

Southtiavenu 2.2
Whitehall

SouthebHaven] 2... 2222
(silanmood\ Seer on 252
Old Mission

| Little Prairie Ronde ____|

County.

Kalamazoo.
Washtenaw.
Lenawee.
Bay.

Kent.
Saginaw.
Illinois.
Saginaw.
Washtenaw.
Monroe.
Van Buren.
Saginaw.
Lenawee.

| Wayne.
| Ottawa.

Saginaw.
Wayne.
Kent.
Washtenaw.
Manistee.

_| Kent.

Eaton.

Kent.

Saginaw.
Jackson.
Clinton.

Kent.

Monroe.

Kent.

Saginaw.

Tonia.

Indiana.

Grand Traverse.
Cass.

Grand Traverse.
Jackson.

| Van Buren.

Georgia.
Kent.
Monroe.
Monroe.
Monroe.
Saginaw.
Tuscola.
Ingham.
Tonia.
Tonia.
Wayne.
Jackson.
Kent.
Berrien.
Van Buren.
Montcalm.
Montcalm.
Van Buren.
Muskegon.
Allegan.
Jackson.
Van Buren.
Florida.
Grand Traverse.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Mason MinenoagahyAyacs 522.2 222 2b.
me We@rllara.. Biwiteeee oa oA es
NieClatchien Ga@ieees” 22 ke)
MeDiarnnd:, Jamesi).. £2. 2.5) 22.
MeNaughton, Robert T.__-___.----------
Nviatne vee Witkisi Ge ee Se et et

I itcoranmays) OK 7 [ep ee ee RS Ri ae aren eee
Monroe, Judge (deceased)-____ -__- ---- --
Montague, A. K
INabOres Nelkia Sic 2 ge) oe 2 ies 228 be
INA ELVO) Sse NWSE
TMG TIE AVA ete es, Bee pt lg a
Wdellk Samuel Wits.) ae ee eh
PAlIMei yy POOMABAW hoe - aes ae Se
Parmelee, George (deceased) ____--__- _-
Parmelee, Mrs. George (deceased)______-
Ranke, Mir Amos7S:0 82s ne Le
JPET Sova ys Ped 24 at Pos ea Pe a a
aririG ents bee ts a he eS ee ee
BRC ATSH tae Neches oP ue ee eS
IRBETY AG COLi6 Wap 2! shee tes ot
Imeuiya Lnomapie= te. 2 oe oo ae
ERTTIC ORIN xs ee NY eh
LEAS YEAST DR 91 LE ses RR a nee a a
“ETL DT SUE Gi ae ee ee
Ramesdell, Mrs. J. G.-
Ransom, ORT cae ae Oe oa a

Reynolds, IDE Ash 4 em SA ee a eee
fReyinoldsssEie (Goes es hh se
Ere hata tones ae ae
ROOT AI OB yee oe os lee ue cine ee a
ROReD Shorsytls ss 350 eee = Se ak
Rose eMirgesophieriin t= 2222 2s oie ae
owes Walliam. 2s ky ee
Rowe, William N.__ Z
Russell ubrs Geos oss eee
FSS bo Combe 3 Ve eae Te ORR 4 UE eae creat
WAtLOPICO ya AMOS a me ae SUG ye
Savidge, Hunter (deceased)____ ____-___-
Scott, J. Austin (deceased)____-___-__--
COULD Tr AUIS Glee eo pee a
SCO Lae ie Els ee ete <n ee See Nee
Sessions OharlesiA.s 205 2222
Sessions, Alonzo (deceased) ____ .___-___-
Sessions liam ete ee a ee
Hod PUT Sted Dic Ina 2 lt tg cee <n ee
SUGop rie VO ature 28 yl
THC AMR Greet eae ree he te
IMS AMUN USS ee ok he
DS LAVLOMMAB ARV eee se See tye a
Sleeper, F. S. (deceased)____ ________-__-
Smith, KE. T.

Stout ee) JAM Bs ue Sh i
MLABbOnnG Wok eee dee Be SY ye
POPGA TION fel oING Mn et er ety ee hate anne ih
SOURS E: ira sbi ICO Yad Dyes ea A ee a pee eee

P. O. Address.

East Saginaw-____2__-_-
East Saginaw___________
imansin gree ees ees
uading tonysa es
Bear Gaket. 28h oe
Jacksons. - 2 uae Aare
Traverse City _. _
Mansi ose totes ee
pouth, Hayen=s2 9-2 ee
Lawr ence

Flint AS Ee Ne See
IMOnTOGe:5 tects saheeer ees
Muskeron= 222... ae
Detroit] 2 2 a ee
Old Mission
Old Mission

Detroit ei se Ses
Baye City 9) a he ote
Grand Rapids ____._.._-
itansingy oS oss. Se
Spring Take. 2... 2222
mirding ton) 225s
Manderson)-22_ ayaa
Traverse City... . =222~
Rraverse: City 22-4 ae
Strvosephi:._...222 =e
GrandiRapids’]:_2 2
IMfonroe: 223.52 ese
Agricultural College____
(On ae 2 2) ary. ee ee
Jackson’. 32 seems
East Sogn rs td Oe
Iasi) Sac ina Wee
Grand Rapids ____
Grand Rapids
Detroit. 8 ape eae

Albany 20a eer
Spring Lakoo iin ok 2
Ann Arbor
Newark

Toniame2cs Shine se oper
Shelby 235 severe pce
Hastings 2 eee
Grand Rapids _______-_-
Adrian Sos.s 2 esas
Grand Rapids
Galesburg=- sets ea
FONT C2 e ae Seo
L@nta. te tet ee te a
Jackson, 22-7222 eg
rontpont eek eee
Grand) Rapids 5-2-4202
Kalamazoo. 22) 22-252 =
Kalamazoo cee ene

479

County.

Saginaw.
Saginaw.
Ingham.

Mason.
Manistee.
Jackson.

Grand ‘Traverse.
Ingham.

Van Buren.

Van Buren.
Grand Traverse.
Genesee.
Washtenaw.
Monroe.
Muskegon.
Wayne.

Grand Traverse.
Grand Traverse.
Saginaw.

Nebraska.
Grand Traverse.
Grand Traverse.
Berrien.
Kent.
Monroe.
Ingham.
Tonia.
Jackson.
Saginaw.
Saginaw.
Kent.

Kent.
Wayne.
Tonia.

New York.
Ottawa.
Washtenaw.
New Jersey.
Washtenaw.
Oceana.
Tonia.

Tonia.
Oceana.
Barry.

Kent.
Lenawee.
Kent.
Kalamazoo.
Tonia.

Ionia.
Jackson.
Muskegon.
Kent.
Kalamazoo.
Kalamazoo.

480

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Name.

P. O. Address.

DSteekormlae yee eee ee oh Cee eee
1 GTa Push IME Stes gl eda as a es MR I

Sterley). Me ss. Lies

Sterling, J. C. (deceased) ______________-

Sterling, W. C

Sterbine, Weer te aa ye ee

Sterling. Mrs. Emma M._

Stockbridge, F. B__

Suttle, John (deceased) -
Taylor, George. 2.224.

eawlonuGeorge| Ons) ease het es ee

AM avarenge spel sly] Rees ee Ne
Thompson, W. D.____-__-
Thompson, J. P. (deceased).

Towles, George W. (deceased) ____-____-

iRnacye Walla ese 2 ook

Vick, James (deceased)

Wicke Sameseytssss 2. =
Wek. rank (Hes ol

Vick, Charles H.__
Vick, E. Colston

Waite, Gilbert M.
Walker, S S.-
Watkins, L. D.

Webber. Miss Frances E.
Wells, H. G. (deceased) -
Whittlessey, John

\Wilde, Thomas
Williams, S.P
Winchester, A. O.
Wooding, Charles F.
\Voodward, David
Wurtz, Elias H._____

Webber, William L._____
Webber, George W.____ _

Wier, Antoine____ eee

Wadsworth, W. R.______

LETTS OT RY OR SS a ne ea

Grandskapids =e) = see
Kalamazoo ___-_
Kalamazoo

Detroit

Rochesterias)= =a eee es
Rochester: . 2 ape
Rochester
Rochester ____ __-

Manchester, «2ssa" sakes
Hast Saginaw ____-
ONLAL Se 3 te re
Kast Saginaw ______
Kalamazoo
St. Joseph
Monroe

Monroe a oe
Lowell
@linton.c 2S eee
Hast Saginaw. 2a
Saginaw City. sae

County.

Lenawee.
Monroe.
Monroe.
Monroe.
Monroe.
Monroe.
Monroe.
Kalamazoo.
Kent.
Kalamazoo.
Kalamazoo.
Jackson.
Jackson.
Wayne.
Berrien.
Wayne.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York.
New York
Lapeer.
Van Buren.
Clinton.
Washtenaw.
Saginaw.
Tonia.
Saginaw.
Kalamazoo.
Berrien.
Monroe.
Ottawa.
Monroe.
Berrien.
Kent.
Lenawee.
Saginaw.
Saginaw.

TEN JD RX:

Ate ;

Page

PeMIGHEINO HLA LOIDY=la ws NOW, INAOO: so seek ae PAE ee ei Se eh eS cea ed 15
AI VECR OSOlIS OL UM IchWeane = fae el lol PE RR ee ee Eo ee Tal 358.
PERT AIIee tine a prOCOCOINE ROE thom = sak. a UE peer Pee ee wt et 91
OLsITNGIE BLAbe SOCIOL y Es |= ee ge te Se, SE ae 97

Anihracnose of the raspberry...-=--.=<22----=-2-- = 2 selec eee ek Whe 2 8 SE ES a Dn SRE eee B44
PeMIGes Of peach anGmpltiiner 22st. ey wee SON es a ee Ne a ee 254
ENNIS ORN COLON Y.+< rt Seen pee Pn eg CP BEL oY ae eg po i ce wee Pe 392
PMO DION Aine ex Derlineng Stations yee a. 2\ oe el LO Oe een ee oh le 310
CHtALOSTIC Olea ee ee ere et eet i ee eet SE A See 174, 315
TOJCCLOG VATIEUION) Obstet wee ae Se OY ee he a 202
MnnICHLS Cava lOP TIO OL ete ae et ene eg Vs Pee © Nee Se i ee ew gt 2 al ey 182, 320
FOIDCLOGNVATIO LION Olea a ess oe SL a Ee eer a A a ls eee ae ys Sak POS 204

Ashes, wood, value of as fertilizer___.____-_________- Le th: epee wee ee Na ee Sate ee ee ee 142
EEC Meets DEO Yrs ce te ee aes ee ee ee Sr a ee eS oS oe 94

B.

BHC Robt oth Od sOlMODErAtlOD s- 24. s0te2.-2 2-45 ea Sere Ne ee eee Ee Sioa 64
Bailey seror.. lik biographical sketchiols =o Jo! .-2 0-8 es es a ee eee eee te 207
DADO LID Vie eee oe cm tue ee ed LL ee ody oe IE 80

iid Pes aPots Gite Bd ee 9 0s) 0 Ch 2-5 ee Sy Se a Bers 1s Ss at a CE A et Be es et Ue 42, 50
Barnett, Geo. W., paper by_____._- Le es Se, OE, ee RE DN Dee oe aS en ah 153
Bos bre Wierds, (abel Dyess sae Ser aes Se et ee te 135
Beabloronmicelony.- 4) seer ene a Sa rR no ee 8 ts 393
perienrcountya state os horticnlturein-—-- esses = Se eee ee, eats eee 17
ESE. AV ob EL 2.0 Dk OE Rhye ees et eg CT ee ge | event 129
BGNeyerOUnG. ands HONG-OIACKs <2) 6 snk eee A ee i ad 143
Borerokuhe pam: trees. 2 ke ee ©. : as ee ee ae Oe ee 255
GACH ire re ee a ee ere ree ee a Piper ei. co eee) oe kee 159, 164, 255

CRIORY ae eee nee ee Lt oe eg Se Se MPa ae 400

Brows pouo hp peac hand plums seen a eee i Pe oe 267
Brows LROMAgUIs-., Da DOLD, (ee ee ee fae oat, SERA ES ST Ae GR eee 46
ESET eB Vic Aves Ht OOP) Dy ee ee ee! ee Pog he get ee Oe 7
inekperry (Chl ture andrvarietios‘ottng ee. =) 2 «= ee eR ar NE ee ee ee ee eee 82, 111
RIS MInAnN Oring Obstnomeee ae eee os =. hs) Re eee ay, i Refs ee Se J 85

FRIGC COC LV ATIOnl CSO bese vess sees. <2 2 ee ee AN SMC Re Me Meret ee Ly SEE a 204

IAC KMOLriesainthe ox periment, BbatlOl soo 2-2. oe be on ee ee 283
CHUALO RTO CO fee ee ee en oo ee ge INE NE ee 184, 320

Dac K-KNOMOntHE: pli ANG CHEETYy = — as eos ee ee ee ee a ek 263
plum and Cherry GiSCUSSION UPON 2 = lege ee ere es eo ee 57, 59

PETS 5.08 0) ol: GR ek aig ee SP oo NAG Sale es a eer ee 57

worse on certain. KinGsy 2a ee een Oe ay Fee 58, 459

JAW LOLISH Dp DECESIOM OLS ce. tcc ee pier, CO eg ce is es yy 261
Balletmmotexpornnent stationee.ih.o- 6) oe. ee oto ph eo De 210
Burnett. hs | DAaDer Dyp eee. 2k ne er 155
Byala wart DiensOCleby <5. eeraree nn wee: tee bi | UI ee ee ys 0 10

GC

Cabbare testaobatAcrenitural collerercs. 2. fee Se ep eiaee ke a 406
Catalogue of Michigan fruits___-__-.___..________- BT ) At So Sl te, Ge a eee eae 169
Gaterpillarsionicelary sess ea eee ee ee hc |W SPARE Re CNA Asst abel ok we NUE 393, 396, 403

484 INDEX.
Page
Cauliflower, tests of at Agricultural College .-_.-----.---------------------------------------- ------- 407
@elory culture, POINTS Ane eee ee eo nes wane eae eer one cee fa anan ooo eee 147, 166
TRIB SCLC GREE UC EL SOLO ee eee cea a ee ee Ae eR oe a ae a ee 375
Rea e iG ie ee a Ba ee tA See te ee ene ne oa et ete eee 404
PLS sees a eS ee ee ee Sete ae eee ee ela a ae ee 399
Cherries at the experiment station ___.__-.__------------------ ---- ---- ---- ---- ----------------------- 291
Catalogrie |i tea ease a ms ET a Sa ae a os oe ee 185, 321
POJOCEAG VATIGLIOBION ee ees one ea. Oe oe eee eo a yen a een le oe ee 204
Ohicarowmarket; Quality Ol. 22 te see sen) eee oe ons oe ee ae ake ease ee oe meee eee ree 111, 113
Whides torn DADEL Ya ee ee ek re nae we eee aa oon ee ne eee 128
Columbian exposition, places for exhibition of fruits at ___..__. .-.---.------------------------------ 24
Wommisnsion Merchants ehh ms Obs a er ee ne eee 156 |
(Gainanthivesy Mota tees) Be Ds a ee eee ee ee rpe encase Sats tosses 13
vanes ee meee sek Le Roa Moyle NS ee SSE hos Se ee eee 13
BG TIN TITE LOO LPO SOC LOL yee ee ee ee 9
Morvoll wie DADCR DY ze 2 ee ae an 2 cee tle ae a= eee tan ee eae eee ee ee 40, 61
Grabappleswcate)] opus Olmos ee ee ee ae ee ee ee eo ene ee ee ee 182, 319
MOJECLCURVATIOLLES Ole oan ee re ere ee 204
Cini tiveanttayay, real rae Weta ee a oes cass Face Saseasees 167
Ginrenirarottbe yp) Wii wee nee eed ee ee AE ee ee ae eee 251
mM EvHOCSOMSIDDEGSBION Of. to oss ae te a a ee 52
fenmieloafiot theypench see kg ye eee eee en ee ee 79, 266
Grrraniiaia tii nhoes DerimenbiatetlOn see = an = See eee he ee ee 286

Gatalorueof cies eS es Sa ne ree ee
Tejectodkvarlotios Ol ee =e kt at PLS a Se ee ee 204
AGEitipy GLIRKOTNCOLON Yea ee ee as re ee ee ee 399

D.
DrvinsbrolnG.enc, sbUlletin Dy! ste 2- 2 oo eo a oe os ee 875
Wow barry, relocvedwvarictios\Obe-2-- 5-2 -- 8 =. 2 sek le ee 204
DIB CHRERIOMECULUS Heke te see et eed ee os ee Bee ee eee ete 63
Hrouthwovercoming. eects! OLs. 42-8225 6222-525 8! eos oe ee ee eee eee 144
WAnleywwosepny paperby ve se4.a eee te as) neo ae ee ee See 166
E.
Reamiston’ Ws G.papen Dye: (> ses = ge ead nese ats Shabba coe Ce ee eee 35
inp len. ~ DAapeM Ys 2--. <0 Ss. -2a-- 52 = este ee ee ee nc oon ao ee ee a ee 124
Hxerutiuveiboard. duties Of the 2225225 2s ee seae as + cele kone ces Cen ee ee 12
iExhibiisat summer meeting, Teport UpON--2- 2 =) ------ 2-2 os. ne enone 182 l Eee 89
anntial meeting...) 535) = eee ne ee a ee es eee Oana
Experiment sub-station, work at the___.__-._____+ Bre oo ee eee 163
F.
Herbilizers, pesttkinds for worn soils: 2... o2---ee ee) ee ee ee 60
commercial inspection: Of 2224 ha en ee See oe oe ce ee 345
[FENU CVs) | Cae ae aah een et ene ays LL" 1) Se See a ee Se cols ae ee 143
FinancesOLbheisOclebty 22) so<- oes = 8 a ce ee en aca he ee ee 100
Hrevhivelassitication Unjuste.c. 22-2. 2h et a a ee eee 29
HrniiswAmericansin london markets: 2). <=. =~) Seen on tk ol ee ee eee 33
FV GAT ATONE 2 seeise ee ee ok se ee a et Ln) 2 Se 271
MISGABER OL et ace ee eT ot a ee oe eee 63
BOX TIy eee Shere te eh NG ee te aN 2 SE eo ee er 80
rarieties;oL that. are :seli-sterile: 2.2 se rh a 83
sumathaharerproritablen «=... 00 5 {20k Ss eS 8 a eee 110
nnCnta LOmuee a oe * See YN a NS aoe Sok a SE ie ee ve 169
NIST ALON MLC hi aarye oe le ee ea NS nie Ys ee ENN oe 314
Hinaerrmenhous OnerowtnhiOr . 2°20 2% 22 ee be a 64
CLETECC ELCs BS ee Ne ine ap pe SPN MR Ty CS ae a OI, Maree ae OE) 65, 164
HO WALOLOCRLT OVE Bae ine ee ie Rh re foe sepsis. bn Te Sen REE LS DearS 5!)
Munpreidessformulas for... 2.2.22. 2 ik PUNE eee. 25 A Sane 249
TO PATA GOULD 20 eats eS el IRE Cae SU Sy ce 8 cs lg 66, 125
MITATIVATIG OS Ole lee nt Cen aoe NA Oe Ue cet WL ULE pence Vee aly Ove ree En 67, 68, 164

when should not be used 67

\

INDEX. 485
G.
Page
Sacoeld we Huss ACOTESSAOY (oe oe Ue) eee tee ee, et TS ee te ee 2 ss 32
pe EPPO TA Ae Dn SEE Ee Se CIF Re ee eS he Seah Se ee ee ea 97
Selita: Aran, TEEyh i) oF plea a es a ES Vi ne i ts i ee Se ae ee ee 54
Spipeelpeniep bes Mier lOp ena yee se ose s) 4 Sal ae ae et RS oe eS ee ates ue ecole 331
UGE berries Ati Ghe experiment Stations] 25! <2 es Se ee ae ee psa ee 289
PLUGS EEL a ns) VSIA ONS A WO Me Pe Ree ANI 5 Se 189, 323
THiCayeger el Tie 2s Re ST 2 eee ee Meee See SES AS ee ee ae ere oe oe een eee lil
PREC CMBNOr MAT ION OF NSAVORIOL e288 5. Sak pee ee oe ee Ue eh ee 137
Beestos Sy POLS OCH ULC LV. LO COlOry” 2. = 26400) Sse op ee ee oe Ao eM 376
PIR InRCLOR IC SOTO lOMnOba oso Soa an OE ew eee eee eee Se eed 116
Re CrAvaIOn ane fertilizing Ol2 <2 3h tee Oe a ee ee ee ee 134
IDIeLeLrred.variebicslo= tor Michigan | = — 52222 e 5 ee ee ee ee ee eS eas deseo
A GTHOOS TOM GEEINNET) eet = ae ey tee 2 Ne RR Oe ee phen e awe t/ 127, 129, 132, 149
PA OMCHTY ANOCIOM Ole: oe. Sates. wt on a a ee Aor Ne ee ee 114
MIMNESOHI A VAnIOUIOS Of. 22-422 cok ea A ee ee NR ee 118
‘ Vvarieties:or developed in, Michigan’ . = 2652:004 228 ee ee eee ee 117
PAISINIEY GOCE TIN EACOL== = oe ee ee ee ES he Pi ee ee ee 121
FOUND OS OR DEMME = eee at oe ee eee 124, 126, 127, 129, 132, 134, 149
culture for the north.___-___.------ ese 4 So 5 SE Re a ae Ee ee ee es Se rare Lae 113
TEOMA C ITP ANDER Me eae oe ie Nt) ange 4 er oe ep ee eo wea OO ea 128; 127, 134
Grapes at the experiment station) 22». 2. . 2 22 eke Pepe Bemets, YEA ACS 2 aa 300
PALA OPH ENG ieee eee, neonate 2 ee Seth te IS eee eee es eed EEO Oa 190, 323
SPEER ONE ET CEV LEU ES RON a ley Cn a i a Aes A ap Ne S pes Slee Oy: kee. ee 125
REDO AL eae ey ieee eet nN ie Se Ne ee ae ee ees © eae 128, 131
Srroline OLnoOwdosITaA DIOS: 4 0a) 428 — en ee ee A Se ea Pe 128, 131
WARIO TOACOLT Oraniel yitaee sts ke ha: DOE he Se et eS ee ee ae eee 130
RETOC TAC VATIOUIC OL: se ae oest meee = oy a) ee See ee eee eee 204
Prop rmnannrineoL OTCHATUR: ee. see 2 See lS 8 os ee ea DN Aes ee 85
H e
PE by eT OHEy -aDE DOI DY eee oe a eae ae SM ee Ole 161
EV GMAT GESIOR Ur HCRAraAnMergss ep hee 528k, ee ee eg eee ee ee 47
Iorticn ume seavuslorim Dberriem cOnnlty. © 22... Jee fee 8s Ne 2 ee ere 17
(OPE SETI ry A fe be eu fe ae ee ee Re pre SS eae eae eS 54
atin whOnesetee ee Mr ke) leak... eh eda. BE ery! he Sy 94)
POSSI DT EGBA AYRE eee ee ee eens cure eee A _ te Te Ee ge, ee 103
SLAVES OL AnEerrien: COUNGY: ete ee ees 2 2. bn cl a ee 17
Horiicnlsnra eyournals pest: 42.5 e- ee ke ge ee) SON ee ee OD 158
ie
Bcc La odt CALI eee teen oes em NS ene ee Nr ou ot 251
Miner liCigee slOrmu las tOrl. = -2 ca wr eh! 2 Lp et ee ee 249
K.
Hed zie Ww EEOk ty Ore. tullobinib yas oer pee sae ee eae aie eT 345, 358, 371
Kellogg, R. M., paper by___.-_.--_.__-_- esd 7 ee RS) Se ee Se ae eee ye 144
Li
torr ee On Gre) DreEG el Gye ee see eee Se ee ee re eid bt 94
Ment phchtiohtnoisulawherry eee eet a ee ee es eee 339
CE ease eae ac AST E. S ta aa , SY U Ph /2) CEAE SPRe RP ern oe Ms 404
pain DCES OINCCIGEY Hs eo. we Na see era: RE a ee Se ee ous es 378
RHC HR RUA TC EL ae sae et ne 5 an een ee RE ee Se 381
SA VeA ALU CLULG MiG OHICOIOL 2 sae eo ek. | 2 I Seis ie en es ee Opi ey 136
Lewis, N. W., paper by_____.___- Re 2, |. Se I pe ON SS thee os Oe 157
Aira riatin LICH Orbe ps soars ee ete en. | ee Dee jee AO ee ae LE EP 2s 12
TTC IMG DCrs Ola HERBOClEbys asses ec ke nh neh ee eee
hiCerOmpeAc brane Inns ee eee A Ce eGs st. Be es a ee I 254
TROcHste deshnncehveNtGneclerye: wettest oso a Ue ea Ree oe oe SS eee 376
DIPANE FOMCHOC HIN omen yn comet ek | SR ea en yee le 8 Ys Te Bee 377
yon ee Ee Do listiiub yas sameeren ee CME ee DA RO ate oh) al sy Pe 271
Gr Dye ane ee ciet Se CS Spat) ee eee eer | Dk le ae 19, 86, 163
ANT SITE DOr’ EO leener ers te cae. oS ee ae eo Pc oN eee 99
MaInITO, SLADIO ANE LNCIOLe= muck mee”! as ee ee Et ee as es ee 141
PFT GOT Rh ie, eer ene EMS ie Ay Lye) |.” ANGE. Bp yeeseNet 2.” 5 | 38 ie ee a 142.

486 INDEX.

Page

Marketing, methods'in 2)... ..._..24 6-2. ss ee ee 150, 158, 155, 156

Marketiplaces,;charncCberistics:Of =e oe see ao eee oe oe a ae a ae eet 32

Mootings: society times OLjs = 6) eee Weems ene St oe ee ee eee ete a eee 14

Mineral residnestin: sprayeqsiruits a) este ee oo ete ot ok oe eens ade oe ee aa ed 371

Mice sto} Killofrom OreHard sot a see ay Ee REE Be ee Se ee oe 256

MOLE nS GL ATO DADETID Ye se ee eee ee Se ae Soe eee ees apy 2s 73, 103

Nulberriesiat the~experiment stahiona. 2-8. ak oe ee ee eee Saas 294

Walch cHltrvablonsthe peste a6 ee eee ee es i ee SS ON es oa 145, 146

Munson, 0./Vs, paper Dy... 2202 e ase nee Stee ene AW 2 2 SUR os Sed oe Ne ee 113
N.

Nectarine. catalosneof 320: rejected varietios of >_... 2... ==... ----\- 2652-2 4 --n a eee 204

atitheexperimentistation=. 2 = eye 5 bos Hh s Loken soo See 299

INSarolbme OnuCelery =: see ee are yee = 2 i Ue os eae ee aoe 385

INUItS; tests, OL 8b,the experiment SUatiON.~—- 5 — == <%= 262 22S v2 ee 312 _

0.

Oepinacounty, HOnticulburewWr ese 220-252-2225). 2eSo sen ot a. 5 A eee = ees See 54

Oticarssannnal electionsOf-— se oe soo in ee eee eee 110

Orchardsiand fruits, deterioration'o£ in: Michigan .°2--2_2 = --2: <=) ..<-s22ee.-- oe oe ee ees 19

Over-production, sit possible --.-) 2.3. 2.8 aio e252 i ee eee 109
Pe:

Paachpne scm gbes-) -ae sso oe assed os eg oes eek 2. - See eee 73, 74, 86, 89, 157

PTUMI POL sas ere FT tel Es be ee ha ee ee ee ee 158

new varieties of_______- eh ee SoS csu cw oSceasko ees bis eee ee 166

insectsrand GiseRses Of. 2s. 22. =o ase el esha 2k ee 75, 248

HMETSELY/CUlUOTS OF sceoee | oo ae hat hoo ee on ene Se ee eee 235

ISTELPLTOO (WVATICUIGS Obes feeces Soo nen ee aoe ee eee 26, 29, 77, 79, 107, 111, 166, 222

VOLO WSO Leet ee ee ge ee ee ee 69, 77, 159

curl-leatiot; canseand remedy... Jo. es soe ee ee ee eee 79

MOJOCLOUuVALIOLIOS*Ols 250 ee ee a NS. 7 ere eee 109, 205

inNiprovement OL Varlevies OL-2: = 22 -s2-5. 22-8 22 ok 22s oS ee ee eee 76

cultureof at; Benton Harpors.22.. 22. ee 8 ee a ee 107

WeackeswCabalOgue: OL ona) ee eae ate eee a eR ek 8 sa Sees oe ee ee eee 192, 325

ait bnelex periment stations a. ie se ee el ne Se 295

pins = Se ee Te ee eee et Se ee a ee 280

Dickine andimarketing Or 22.24 eee as. k oe ee eee ey a SS 268

DACKAGOS LOD 3.02 eo ee on ee ane oe oe ee ee eee 268

iReachaculturommnuMichipan © 22 22 Cees ee Sa Le a ee ee 213

NOLNIKELY/tO DO;OVELU ONG se ae oe 8 es Se ee eee 160

POMC OL 2 Se SS en Ye ee oe eee 160

Totnre Of 260 Fe oo oS ae SN Sk A ee ee 161

Va;-eoneral farming. 5/2 22 wale ec ee ee eee 157

IPeuch-Prowernrequisites Of 8.2 one: se 5 2a ane ae 282. acd ee ee 73

(EGC Ont HCE Tae es ee soe ee eee eee 266

orchard location OF ..2-.-2202 5.2 ae ee eee enn 158, 216

cultivation Of). 2<.2 5-280 eee a 158, 162

moethods‘and distance for.plantingies-—_—. --. 2-22. eee 218

fertilizerd for 22220 ie a Re a ee eee 231

POR CHITOL eters eee oe ee ee ee ee ee ee 265

seBd wpreparation Of for planting. 22>. 5 ee a ee eee 235

OLANLIN OL ~ cet ek Ud Sone eee ee a ere Ot, Li es ey 287

ireesicare: Of after planting hee a epee ae ya Ca ee 224

DEUnINS OL At planting =~ -<... 25 = ee ee ce ee ee 226

LOrming hoead-Of is. est oe sw SS RU S|) ted) 227

selection Obj-sses © Choe. 5. a ae ee oo A ee ee 220

care of belore’ plantings! 2-3. Ben ae eee 221

faperapnoning Oba foe oon Fes ee sa ROR. eee 227

budding of 244 =c e S See Soe ee DS EAL Sak 237

ipenr ihe smethods Ofcultivation Of — 2.222. 3) eee ee sp Ls Se

DIElOETOC VATIOLICR OL. oe en feos ees Acc Se hard ER yo) Oe es 37, 38, 112, 167

JANE LOXTIEGS (DE) EzY 0) Ve Mae IO GP Ne a Rp DD) 8 SS Nt A RRS GW ES eT 167

BArblobb tag LtslOlghos 4. = 552505. ee Ee eee Oe Le 2 ee eee 37, 38

RPI BC LRU LVADIOULON Of es oe sR ah NE eee eee 204

INDEX. ; 487

: Page

TEPER URL Ny ee db ETUC AY a a es he arg ee oe Oe SE ERE A 194, 326
Pathe DOLINON th ALA GION 0%. 5 aos Ate ee we a ie oe ON ea pee he OS es a 309
IBOATS ened mere DOR Ole Sore ere RAS AS SE Oa tan chee cee Fae eee 100
Blair TOOe ACO SED LYPATIONCGOMANG fos! eee Oe te CR es Se Re st a ee 139
ECW gL DOL CATE OLN GSthD 2-22 oe cee ae NR ae a ae ee Oe et LS 135

RYT GU INGO Lee sees yt 2 Bat ree ST es et oe oe ee eee RR Oe ee at 138

Plants, relation of atmospheric ingredients to___.___.___..__.___.----__----_------_----- Shea PN ora 137
BANOO CLONSO Oke 522 ee ST ey es es dae eA eta vibe Smee ate 139

Ee Wee COR UNGER IO he see er ES otk NT DN Re a a ae 146

PrP AS nrSnl ta rGrrOLpLll Zorg eee ee lea oN ee eg ee 143

EATOISCAD LLOALMON G.OLesree sia! esses 2E ES Md Ne Sse Ae eae 61

Pomology, right of to recognition as a science ___________________- ghia ta Sea le as Be 86

IPARLArO Ure ISOs Dest WOOUMOr: = 3. SS. 258 Su) Woo ea a ee ee eee 167

PreRIGelttat oles Ole these sateen es 2 Eeee doe a At a oe ke te ee ae 10

BRITO POAC CLOCS eee as or ae ee hn 2 ee ees nee 227

PEGA LERVATION OS OL frUltaee saa wetter ieee oo a UN ane ee ene 110

biotite tO ang Clim ten Ole =o eens oa: (28 lode ee See eh ee ee 249

IpIprerredsvariquion) Ole tee. fle OC ot ee a ee 242
TNSECLS ANG GIsASeR! OL one aes ee ee OMS 52 She ae Seas 248
TOTRCLOGLVARIOULOO KON st areas Se = = SS A ay ee ree ee rel as ae et 205
culture in Michigan ._........-_.-__ Be ee TA Te nt eR a ee ene 241
RYLSCGLORS ears ee ere ee ge a ee ee Se Se I See 265
RRB] Pata ASS OL SE GO ge 2 ec a ee On SR ee SER ee SRS Se NOaENT he LE ee Ree os 265
OEE ES Tee nee ee ee agen Se MS eta aes) 8a ek ee ee ~ 253
PTOGA PAE OuAIZe ATO CALE Olsen eet. 0nd, Se 8 a eee ee 241
SIC SpA ING CI CHI near ere heen a ee ies Fo oe Oe eee SE ee 245
SUT CAG eee ee ae a ere cet Sy 8 LE Te NEE ee Se Ste ee a ee se ye 247
BHLALOO HE 0 Leena erent ae ere 2 ee Je Shae Ae ee see Oba
PLC E LTE WC PVOELINIGNAT: 25 EAU LON I eee es 2 EE es a I oe kp ene 307
PRC TTS ANCAP OULIE OL eet ie ol ois ae ass Pte 2) ea aes eae eens 268
ACCS CAT Ole eae ee tee ee eo Sot Ss ee oh eel Re St ee ee od oan 268
SUsCEDLDIIty OF, variobios:to black-knot. |.) 3. 8 a ee a eee 58
SVHACORrADeA ONEDOACerOOUS = 22 S8e2 oN. 2 ek eee ie ie hed eS ha ge 59
willguiore pe! Gy Ol DrOdMe MOL OF 20290 8 fe ee ae eo ee Cee 59

Q.

Tine om POlOC LOORVAEIOLION Obeeses nee ate t tos Ln eer 8 2 os ae ke 205
at fherexperimentistation 9-92) -= o.oo cetk tye hse a ee. eee 311
Catalogue ates — eee kee eee ol ae = Se ae fe ho 198, 328

R.

feet DELS DOPICTE PT rOMVOrc hANGs= 28) se eens dy ee ee ee ew eh eee 256

EBeRENI SEL © a eired co Gr <u DeLE PO Ten ine ere Seem se sn EON is 5 Se ee 150

An DVAREY AN tOTACH OSG Ol CHO son =e ener Se eee eee 344

Cultureandnvariotiossols liars eres ot. 2.) je a ee BE 31

ARN DeLTICN se DlACkK CALALORTO Ole eee ee eS a ee ee he 198, 329

TOjSCLOCLVARLOLIOR Olme mesa ee... Le ee a ee ee ee 205

red ncataloguey Of mee eee) ee ee ae 1 Ouse ee 200 Nao

FEHCCLOU AVAL IOULOR Olea ere eee =... ||: at eee ae Sins ed eres ae ees eae 205
aistheexperimentatatlonra teeie a2) __. Eee Une ee ea eee ee Se ee 279

featsio€® av Aericulonral Colleges... -/2. eee ees ee a le ee 340

ACCT MRE GIOMECOLORY pee os eae ee a a ec eee 403
LevtTGy LEG AAT Cen SON Oe) a] Ob Lge ate ee ee eee nn ne eet AR Ce YE no mM ee MAREE 1 2 22, 43
RDG Og ee ee ee So I a Se SPUR UP ee OEM = eae oe i Soe 101

RICH OnSUOMM L DADOR! DY). 4820-28 o eels nS eee SO eee Se ere a Ceara AIL OE oa 3
PRORCT ACTH aE DOTS DON tes ee ees ey ee 8 I ee 39
SWIRLS Cay T oy poe SE Sa) eae RS SS a Dosh RL SRR eS A OM rbot es NO PR nee RES i ae 45

FOOL HEUTE TODINIONSIU DON Setee 9 tes CS i ie) Se De cael Mage oe nets Soe ae Be ape 53

SOREL Ite OR Seer ere he eee etna es MAS OS ee th ed Se 253

IROUOEDORCHANO nS linipeetirs = tae een fF LOR 8 Pere en ay nei er aa ee eee 265

Bvexvecorm ine peach angen lamrorcnargs\.2-< 7 4) bere Sah oe oes eke oe 85

Ss.
Sea Ols POLALOO:, ULeavmnentr Ol ne wee ee od a le os eb bite aee Sn ee aes 61

Medqchirake Gap lamented ue Se er eS ee ee rae ee 267

488 INDEX.
Page
Socrotary, annual Teport: Obs: 4¢o_- 30 = ah) ety ee A Se ee. Sie ose Le, oes eee 101
dnuticsob thes! fie Shoes Be ie eS) ga) Sy Sa dt eee bea)! ee eee ry:
Seedlings/o£ pear and apple;streatment Of 22.2 2e) ee ee eee ee ele ee BB
Seadlingjerapes; hows proguced se. 3.20 Sece fee ne Le Ane” SAE US eee otters ease eee 121
SELVICO WOLEV« LOStB OLA). Uo asee ein oes (Pein ae a ei Je ee A ee oe 286
SORSLTM PULLS GS =e =k Mee ce ee ae See ees ee eg tS ee eS a 80
Shot-holarnngusss: 9-2 400 snes Ue te eee Ped Pad Sead & tae Fel te sae 92. 4 ab} ee —— 267
STILE Vea} (DADO END york hee a eS Teen) 1 EM at S20 e Pe 2 Lt See 126
MTT Wy LOG CPLG RGU ee 25 4 Uh ois Se eM uae Sb eign te el Ee go Le ee 251
NOcioties sau llanyA\provislObOneeoa sos) eee oe ese Ss 2 A ee eee pA 14
Soda Lratool. as TORbIEZOns 428s ee mee ben Ao bo ae oe eer eee 144
PA TOUroxhanslOoniairealitys 7 eine sees ese tle eer he oT NS oe ee eee 58
Soilsiofsviichizan! anal ysesob=as secs yee ses oe ey ee ee ee eee 358
BVOPN Orel lDZOnR OVUM: | mau ten waren eee aN Ah SERN fe & oe ae eee ee 60
Bpravedsrult.-minoraliresid wosnnessee ete cs 2a ae oh POND ee 371
Squash, good varieties of itis wo i EO ene Meee Dram yi Tk Co 52
bugs whowstorcombatesss sae mere pe Us, | SR ee ee 35
NEMAsHEs NOwWsGPTOW:ANREIKEGD a ete e e A Le oso) See es 50
SOARS weve DON IRy se eee eee eee ee Sele Ue Ss ts a ee 26, 110
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