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TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT 


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SHCRETARY 


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STATE TOR TIGULPORAL SOCIETY 


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1894 


BY AUTHORITY 


LANSING 
ROBERT SMITH & CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS 
1895 


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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 


OF THE 


MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ALLEGAN, MICHIGAN, 
December 31, 1894. 


To Hon. Joun T. Ricu, Governor of the State of Michigan: 

I have the honor to submit herewith, in compliance with legal 
requirement, the accompanying report of 1894, with supplementary 
papers. 

Respectfully yours, 
EDWY C. REID, 
Secretary of the Michigan State Horticultural Society. 


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OFFICERS 


OF THE 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 189%. 


PrestpDENT—ROLAND MORRILL, Benton Harbor. 
Vicre-Presipent—C. J. MONROE, South Haven. 
SecreTary—HDWY C. REID, Allegan. 
TREASURER—ASA W. SLAYTON, Grand Rapids. 
LipraRtAN—ROBERT L. HEWITT, Lansing. 


EXECUTIVE BOARD. 


L. D. WATKINS, Manchester, 1 year. F. J. RUSSELL, Hart, 2 years. 
L. R. TAFT, Agricultural College, 1 year. C. J. MONROE, South Haven, 3 years. 
C. W. GARFIELD, Grand Rapids, 2 years. T. 1’. LYON, South Haven, 3 years. 


STANDING COMMITTEES. 


On Fruit Catatocur—bL. R. TAFT, Agricultural College, Chairman; T. T. LYON, 
South Haven; A. A. CROZIER, Agricultural College; W. A. SMITH, Benton Harbor; 
C. A. SESSIONS, Grand Rapids. 

On New Fruirs—T. T. LYON, Chairman; C. A. SESSIONS, Grand Rapids; S. R. 
FULLER, Eaton Rapids; C. ENGEL, Paw Paw. 

On Finance—C. J. MONROE, L. D. WATKINS, C. W. GARFIELD. 

On Entomotocy—G. C. DAVIS, Chairman. 

On VEGETABLE PuystoLocy—L. R. TAFT, Chairman. 

On LanpscaPe GARDENING—H. FERRAND, Chairman. 

On VEGETABLE GaRDEN—W. W. TRACY, Chairman. 

On Forrestry—C. W. GARFIELD, Chairman, Grand Rapids; L. R. TAFT, Agricul- 
tural College; C. A. SESSIONS, Grand Rapids. 


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CONSTITUTION 


OF THE 


MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ARTICLE I.—NAME, TERRITORY AND OBJECTS. 


The name of the society shall be the Michigan State Horticultural 
society, and its territory shall be the state of Michigan. Its objects shall 
be the devolopment of an adequate appreciation of the peculiar adaptation 
of the soils and climate of the state to the pursuit of horticulture in all 
its branches; and the collection and dissemination of information bearing 
upon the theory and practice of the same, as well as upon the arts and 
sciences directly or indirectly associated therewith, or calculated to elevate 
or mprove the practice thereof. 


ARTICLE II.—OFFICERS AND MODE OF ELECTION. 


The officers of the society shall be a president, a secretary, and a treas- 
urer, together with an executive board of six members, aside from the 
president, secretary, and treasurer, who shall be ex officio members of the 
said board. 

Said board shall designate one of its members as vice-president. The 
officers shall be elected by ballot. 


ARTICLE III.—A QUORUM. 


Four members of the executive board shall constitute a quorum for the 
transaction of business at any meeting of said board: Provided, That 
each of the members thereof shall have been notified, in the usual manner, 
of the time, place, and object of such meeting. 


ARTICLE IV.—ANNUAL MEETING AND ELECTION OF OFFICERS. 


The annual meeting of the society, for the election of officers specified 
in Article II, shall occur during the time between December 25 and 31 
of each year, according to call of president and secretary, and the election 
shall be held during the second session of such meeting. 

9 


“= 


10 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
ARTICLE V.—TERMS OF OFFICE. 


The officers specified in Article II shall hold their offices until the 
thirty-first day of December of the year for which they were elected, and 
thereafter until their successors shall have been elected, and shall have 
signified to the secretary their acceptance: Provided, That the terms 
of office of the six members of the executive board shall be so arranged 
that but two regular vacancies shall occur in each year. 


ARTICLE VI.—ANNUAL AND LIFE MEMBERS. 


Any person may become a member of the society for one year by pay- 
ing to the treasurer the sum of one dollar; and the yearly term of all 
annual memberships shall expire on the thirty-first day of December of 
the year for which they were taken, but be regarded as continuous, except 
as may be provided by the by-laws... Any person may become a life mem- 
ber by the payment at any one time of the sum of ten dollars into the 
treasury of the society. 


ARTICLE VII.—AMOUNT OR LIMIT OF PROPERTY. 


The society may hold real and personal estate to an amount not exceed- 
ing twenty thousand dollars. 


ARTICLE VIII.—BY—LAWS. 


By-laws for the government of the society shall be framed, and when 
needful, amended by the executive board; but changes thereof may be at 
any time proposed by the society in general meeting. 


ARTICLE IX.—AMENDMENTS. 


This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting of the society 
by a vote, by ballot, of two thirds of all the members present and voting: 
Provided, That notice of such proposed amendment, specifying its pur- 
port, shall have been given at the last previous regular meeting. 


BY-LAWS. 11 


BY-LAWS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL 
SOCIETY. 


I.—THE PRESIDENT. 


Ist. The president shall be the executive officer of the society, and of 
the executive board; and it shall be his duty to see that the rules and 
regulations of the society, and of the executive board, are duly enforced 
and obeyed. 

2d. He may, in his discretion, and in the lack of needful rules, during 
the recesses of the society and of the board, prescribe rules for the man- 
agement of the interests or business of the society, such rules to continue 
in force till the next session of the executive board, and until, by its 
action, they shall have become no longer necessary. 

3d. He shall act in conjunction with the secretary in the preparation of 
programmes or orders of business, for the sessions of the society; and in 
the devising of plans and processes for the maintenance of its interests. 

4th. He shall have the best interests of the society at heart, and shall 
lead in forwarding any and ail enterprises calculated to add to its perma- 
nency or to increase its usefulness, and establish it more firmly in the 
public confidence. 


II.— VICE-PRESIDENT. 


The vice-president shall perform the duties of the president in case of 
the absence or inability of that officer; and may be called upon by the 
president to assume the duties of the chair at any meeting of the society 
or executive board. 


III.—THE SECRETARY. 


Ist. The secretary shall be the recording, corresponding, and account- 
ing officer of the society, and he shall also be, jointly with the business 
committee, its financial and auditing officer. 

2d. He shall incur no expenditure of a large or doubtful character 
except with the sanction of the executive board or of the business 
committee. 

3d. He shall submit all bills or claims against the society to the busi- 
ness committee for approval, and indorsement to that effect, before draw- 
ing his order upon the treasurer for the payment of the same. 

4th. He shall attend all meetings of the society, and of the executive 
board, and shall keep a faithful record of their proceedings. 

5th. He shall sign all certificates of membership, and all diplomas and 
certificates of merit awarded by the society. 

6th. He shall have charge of the society’s books and papers, excepting 
only such as, by the advice or direction of the executive board, shall be 
placed in charge of the librarian, and he shall be responsible to the board 
for the safe keeping of the property placed in his charge. 


12 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


7th. He shall be the custodian of the seal of the society, and shall have 
authority to affix the same to documents when needful. 

8th. He shall seek by all suitable means to secure the fullest announce- 
ment of the meetings of the society in this state, as well as in adjacent 
states, when such shall be found desirable. 

9th. Heshall,so far as practicable, cause the transactions of the society, 
together with such valuable or interesting papers as shall be read at its 
sessions, to be properly published, and thus placed within reach of the 
state. 

10th. It shall also be his duty, yearly, to prepare for publication the 
annual report of the society, together with such other matter as he shall 
deem proper—he being aided in the selection of such matter by an 
advisory committee of the executive board. 


IV.—THE TREASURER. 


Ist. All the funds of the society shall be paid into the hands of the 
treasurer. 

2d. He shall disburse the moneys of the society that shall come into 
his hands only upon the order ofthe secretary, countersigned by the 
president. 

3d. He shall keep the moneys received by the society for life member- 
ships as a distinct fund, and shall invest the same under the advice and 
direction of the executive board, applying only the interest accruing 
thereon to the purposes of the general fund. 

4th. Immediately upon assuming his office, and before entering upon 
its duties, he shall execute to the society an official bond with sufficient 
sureties, conditioned for the safe keeping and disbursement of the moneys. 
of the society, and for the proper discharge of the further duties of his 
office, in such sum as shall be specified by the executive board. Such 
bond shall receive the approval of the president and shall be deposited 
with the secretary. 

5th. He shall, at the close of each year, report to the executive board 
the amount of money that shall have come into his hands during the year, 
Kee sources from which it has been derived, and the disposition made of 
the same. 


V.—THE LIBRARIAN. 


Ist. The librarian shall have the custody of the library of the society. 
He shall be appointed by the executive board, and may be displaced at its 
pleasure. 

2d. He shall act jointly with the secretary in the care and arrangement 
of the same, and in the reception, custody, and disposal of the volumes of 
the transactions annually supplied to the society by the state. 

3d. He shall have the custody of the rooms assigned to the society at 
the state capitol, together with such books and other property as the 
society or the board shall direct to be deposited therein. 

4th. He shall report annually, at the close of the year, to the executive 
board the amount and condition of the property in his hands. 


BY-LAWS. is 


VI.—THE EXECUTIVE BOARD. 


Ist. The executive board shall enact all rules and regulations for the 
management of .the affairs of the society, determine the salaries of its offi- 
cers, and assume the control and management of its exhibitions. 

2d. It shall have power to displace any officer of the society for neglect 
of duty or abuse of position, and to fill all vacancies by appointment, to 
continue till the next annual election. 

3d. The board shall hold four regular sessions during the year, to occur 
at the times and places for the regular meetings of the society. 

4th.. Other meetings may be called by the secretary under the advice or 
direction of the president, or of a majority of its members, at such times 
and places as may be deemed most convenient; but in all such cases each 
member must be notified of the time, place, and object of such meeting. 

5th. It shall be the duty of the board to carefully guard the general 
interests of the society, to watch over its finances, and to provide for its 
necessities as they shall arise. 

6th. All important measures shall be submitted to this board, but they 
may by the board be resubmitted to the society with recommendations. 

7th. The board shall, at the annual meeting, submit through the sec- 
retary, in connection with the reports of officers, such further report 
upon the condition, interests, and prospects of the society as it shall judge - 
necessary or expedient. 

8th. Two members of the executive board are to be elected each year, 
to hold the office for three years, but if any such member shall absent him- 
self from two or more consecutive meetings of the society and of the 
board, without reason satisfactory to the board, the said board may, in its 
discretion, consider the office vacant, and proceed to fill such vacancy by 
appointment, to continue to the next annual election. 


VII.—THE BUSINESS COMMITTEE. 


Ist. It shall be the duty of the executive board, annually, upon entering 
upon the duties of the new year, to‘appoint from their own number three 
members who shall constitute a business committee for the year. 

2d. All accounts or claims against the society, when presented to the 
secretary for payment, shall, before payment, receive the sanction and 
indorsement of the business committee. 

3d. Such claims shall be submitted to this committee and approved in 
duplicate, one copy to remain with the secretary as his warrant for the 
payment of the same, and the other to be transmitted by him to the pres- 
ident, along with his order upon the treasurer, as his warrant for counter- 
signing the same. 

4th. Itshall be the duty of the business committee, upon application 
of the secretary, during the recess of the executive board, to advise with 
him as to the expediency of making any contemplated but questionable 
expenditure for which occasion may arise during such recess. 


VIII.—STANDING COMMITTEES. 


Ist. There shall be a standing committee on revision of the catalogue, 
to be composed of one member from each of the five districts into which 


14 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the state is, for this purpose, divided, with one member chosen from the 
state at large, who shall be the chairman of the committee. 

2d. Kach member of said committee (except the chairman ) is empowered 
and expected to choose a sub-committee for his district, of which he shall 
be chairman. 

3d. It shall be the duty of each sub-committee to collect and report, 
each year, to the general chairman, such facts respecting fruit culture in 
the district as shall promise to be of value in the revision of the catalogue. 

4th. There shall be a standing committee on new fruits, to consist of a 
chairman, with as many associates as such chairman shall find it desirable 
to appoint. 

5th. Such other standing committees may from time to fe be 
appointed by the executive board as, in its discretion, it shall deem desira- 
ble or necessary. 

6th. All standing committees are expected to report at the annual meet- 
ing in December, any information of value to the society or its members 
that may have come to their knowledge during the year, as well as any 
scientific theories, deductions, or facts that, in their opinion, may be use- 
ful in advancing the objects for which the society is laboring. 


IX.—LIFE MEMBERSHIP FUND. 


Ist. All moneys coming into the treasury of the society in payment for 
life memberships shall constitute a perpetual fund, to be known as the life 
membership fund. 

2d. The principal of this fund shall be invested by the treasurer under 
the advice and direction of the executive board. 

3d. All interest accruing upon any portion of said fund shall consti- 
tute and become part of the fund of the society devoted to the payment of 
its ordinary expenses. 


X.—MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 


Ist. The society shall hold its first regular meeting for the year during 
the month of January or February for the inauguration of the officers 
chosen at the annual meeting held the previous December, as provided in 
article IV of the constitution, and also to arrange its plan of operations 
for the year. 

2d. Its second regular meeting shall be held in the month of June at 
such date as shall best accomodate an exhibit of the early summer fruits. 

3d. Its third regular meeting shall be at its annual exhibit of autumn 
and winter fruits, in the month of September or October. 

4th. Its fourth regular meeting shall occur in connection with its 
annual election of officers, in December, as provided in article IV of the 
constitution. 

5th. The times and places for the occurrence of these regular meetings 
(excepting only the ime of the annual meeting), shall be determined by 
the executive board. 

6th. Other meetings may be called by the secretary, under the advice 
or direction of the members of the executive board, at times and places 
by them deemed expedient. 


BY-LAWS. 15 


7th. In case of the calling of a special meeting for the election of offi- 
cers of the society, in consequence of any failure to elect at the annual 
meeting, as provided in section IV of the constitution, all persons entitled 
as members to vote at such annual meeting shall be considered as retaining 
such membership for such purpose until such election, and until such 
officers so elected shall have been inducted into office. 


XI,—RULES FOR DISCUSSIONS, ETC. 


Ist. The deliberations and discussions of the society shall be conducted 
in accordance with ordinary parliamentary usages. 


XII.—AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 


Ist. The society shall, in all reasonable and proper ways, encourage the 
formation of local horticultural or pomological societies auxiliary to this 
society in all such counties or other municipalities of this state as shall 
afford a reasonable prospect that they will be able effectually to maintain 
the same. 

2d. It shall be the policy of this society in supervising the organization 
of such local auxiliaries to secure an identity of constitutional provisions 
throughout, and in so doing to insure harmony among them; but at the 
same time it will not discourage the including by them of special or local 
objects in cases in which such shall be found desirable, so long as the 
introduction of the requisite provisions therefor into the constitution and 
by-laws of the auxiliary society shall not be deemed likely to interfere 
with the harmonious workings of the whole. 

3d. Any person may become a full member of an auxiliary society, for 
one year, by paying into its treasury the sum of one dollar; and a compli- 
ance with the provisions of clause fifth of these by-laws shall constitute 
him also a member of this society for the same term. 

4th. The wife, and the resident single or unmarried daughters, of any 
full member, may also become members of such auxiliary society upon the 
payment of fifty cents each: Provided, That in such case such entire 
family shall become entitled to a single copy, only, of the current volume 
of the transactions of this society. 

5th. On receipt of the names of such members, with the required fees, 
the secretary shall immediately transmit their names and _postoffice 
addresses, together with half the membership fee of each, to the secretary 
of this society, who shall record the same and pay the money into the 
treasury for the benefit of the general fund. 

6th. It shall be the duty of the secretary, on receipt of such remittance, 
with list of members, to supply each auxiliary society with a certificate of 
membership in this society for one year, together with a copy of the cur- 
rent volume of transactions for each full member so remitted for. 

7th. The proceedings of such auxiliary society shall, at the close of the 
year, be forwarded, in succinct form, to the secretary of this society, to be 
by him incorporated into the annual volume of transactions, accompanied 
by a list of its members for the year. 

8th. The auxiliary societies shall, so far as practicable, be made the 
medium for the distribution of the annual volumes of the transactions of 
the society, the nuclei for its meetings, and the means of creating interest 


16 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


therein, as well as the means of collecting such facts or other information 
or material as shall, from time to time, become needful or desirable in the 
conducting of its various operations. 


XIII.—M—AMENDMENTS, ADDITIONS, SUSPENSIONS. 


lst. Amendments or additions to these by-laws may be made by a 
majority vote of the executive board, at any meeting; but if objections 
shall be made the same shall “lie upon the table” till the next regular 
meeting of the board. 

2d. These by-laws, or any one or more of them, may be suspended for 
the time, by order of a majority of all the members of the society present 
and voting. 

3d, A proposition in the general meeting of the society for an amend- 
ment or addition to these by-laws shall be referred to the executive board 
for consideration and decision; but the society may submit therewith its 
advice or request. 

4th. All amendments of the constitution and by-laws of auxiliary 
societies shall, before they shall take effect, be submitted to the executive 
board of this society, by whom their approval or rejection shall be con- 
sidered upon the principle provided in section XII, clause 2, and the 
determination of said executive board shall be final and binding opon the 
auxiliary society. 


PROCEEDINGS 2On Ee.) WINTER | MEETING: 


HELD AT CHARLOTTE, FEBRUARY 14-16, 1894. 


HILE at this meeting there was a number of excellent papers, the 
discussions were of a rather primary kind, being mainly instruc- 
tions from the experienced horticulturists present to those who, in the 
vicinity of Charlotte, are about to embark in fruitgrowing in a commercial 
way, or who are owners of orchards once fruitful but now unproductive 
from neglect. For these reasons there will be but little of the latter fea- 
ture of the transactions reported, because it would be a restatement of 
what appears in many places in these Reports. 

The meeting was held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the 
Eaton County Agricultural Society, and the union proved to be greatly to 
the mutual advantage of the societies. 

The Eaton county fair is in one respect an anomaly among fairs, in that 
it is managed, and with remarkable success, by twoeditors. In turn, these 
two editors were not long ago farmers, but whether they were successful or 
otherwise as agriculturists, they are decidedly so as journalists. It almost 
goes without saying that they make of the fair a complete success, showing 
the past year, when every other fair in the state lost money, a balance of 
nearly $500 in the treasury, with scarcely any demands upon it. These 
officials are Messrs. F. N. GREEN of the Olivet Optic and GrorGE A. 
Perry of the Charlotte Tribune. They were, respectively, president and 
secretary of the fair. 

The programme was a long one, covering in time from Wednesday 
evening to and including Friday evening—seven sessions. The papers 
furnished by the local society were many and in every case meritorious. 
Mayor Frank MERRITT made an excellent address of welcome, to which 
Mr. GARFIELD responded. Mr. J. C. NicHots, a Charlotte attorney, treated 
the “Tramp evil,” suggesting methods for its abatement. Hon. D. 


STRANGE of Oneida spoke of “ The wife’s share in the family purse,” treat- 
3 


18 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ing the rather delicate subject in a sensible and pleasing way. A. F. 
CLAFLIN of Benton treated “Substitutes for clover, or how to save it,” 
which brought out a valuable discussion upon the forage question. Mrs. 
Lucy Berrs of Chester had an interesting essay upon “ Farmers’ clubs, 
how made successful.” One of the very best of the many good things was 
“ Kitchen culture,” by Mrs. Marte Spracut of Battle Creek, the ensuing 
discussion of houskeeping methods and participation in them by the men 
and boys being one of the most enjoyable half hours of the meeting. The 
whole closed with a lecture by Justice C. B. Grant of the Michigan 
> in which the learned 
jurist clearly showed how and why it is the duty of officers, and not alone 
of the private citizen, to see that crime is repressed and criminals hunted 
down and justice meted to them. 

At many times through the programme the very best of music was sup- 
plied. This was also greatly varied. There were vocal solos, quartets, 
and choruses, some of these being furnished by the Congregational choir of 
Vermontville, and in part by Charlotte people. Besides, there was, the 
first evening, an excellent orchestra, and at other times various instru- 
mental pieces. Not content with this treat, recitations in wide variety 
were provided, both by ladies and by two lads, one of these of such tender 
years or diminutive size as to need mounting on a table to get him within 
sight of his auditors. But each selection was admirably rendered—in 
strong contrast to the usual run of such things. 

Friday afternoon, under the lead of Mayor Merritt and Mr. Perry, with 
assistance from President MorRILL, a local horticultural society was formed, 
to become auxiliary to the state society. In rapid succession sixty-five 


supreme court upon “The enforcement of law,’ 


members were enrolled. A temporary organization was effected with Mr. 
Merritt for president, Mr. L. W. Witton secretary, and Mr. O. E. 
PAcKARD treasurer. 

There was a most remarkable attendance. At no time was there a 
vacant seat in the large circuit-court room, while in most of the sessions 
extra benches and chairs had to be brought in, and even then people some- 
times had to go away unable to so much as get into the room. 

The Thursday evening session was mainly occupied by two papers, the 
one by Prof. L. R. Tarr, upon “Plant Diseases,” the other by Prof. 
GLADDEN, also of the Agricultural College, upon “ Potatoes.” It is deemed 
unnecessary to reproduce either of them here, the one being covered fre- 
quently in the Annual Reports of the State Society, and intended for pri- 
mary instruction for the beginners at Charlotte; and the other concerned 
field culture of the potato rather than growing potatoes in gardens, and 
therefore is more germane to agriculture. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MERTING. 1h) 


The session of Friday morning began by the appointment of committees 
as follows: ; 

Resolutions —Messrs. L. D. Watkins of Manchester, R. M. KELLoGG 
of Ionia, C. P. CH1pESTER of Battle Creek. 

Exhibits—Messrs. L. R. Tarr of Agricultural College, W. W. Tracy 
of Detroit, CHas. SHRIVER of Benton Harbor. 

The session of Friday afternoon, February 16, of the winter meeting of 
the State Horticultural Society, was opened by a paper on “ Insects and 
Insecticides,” by Prof. G. C. Davis of the Agricultural College. It was 
a general resume of this topic, stating in comprehensible form the current 
knowlege upon this subject so far as relates to horticulture. Its publication 
is omitted for the same reason as given in case of the paper by Prof. Tarr. 

The most enjoyable part of the whole, perhaps, to the many who 
attended from about the state, was the charming hospitality of the people 
of Charlotte, who opened to them their homes in cheeriest hospitality. So 
cordial was the welcome, so abundant was the provision for the guests’ com- 
fort, that one allotment of visitors vied with another in praise of their enter- 
tainers; and long will they remember the cordiality and comfort of their 
visit to Eaton’s handsome county seat. 


PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS. 


THE NEW PRESIDENT’S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 


BY MR. ROLAND MORRILL OF BENTON HARBOR. 


The Michigan State Horticultural society is now entering upon the 
twenty-fourth year of its existence. That its life has been one of useful- 
ness can not be denied. One has only to look at its annual bound Reports, 
and know how well they have been received by the horticulturists of 
America, to realize that ours has been a successful career. Permit me to 
read right here article 1 of our constitution. 


Art. 1. The name of this society shall be the Michigan State Horticultural society, 
and its territory shall be Michigan. Its objects shall be the development of an adequate 
appreciation of the peculiar adaptation of the soils and climate of the state to the pur- 
suit of horticulture, in all its branches, and dissemination of information bearing upon 
the theory and practice of the same, as well as upon the arts and sciences directly or 
indirectly associated therewith or calculated to elevate or improve the practice thereof. 


20 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


This explains the whole intention and desire of the society in a nut- 
shell. The extent to which they have carried out their original intention 
has only been limited by the men and means at their command. In these 
respects no state has done better. Still, much more might be done by the 
society if allowed the facilities and encouragement they are entitled to. 
There is no method by which the material wealth of our state can be so 
rapidly increased as by the proper development of her horticultural 
resources, and the state society must always be looked to as the medium 
through which correct information regarding the ways and means of such 
development can be secured. 

Never in the history of our state has there been greater interest mani- 
fested in horticulture than now. In such times many people are likely to 
make mistakes from lack of correct information. To prevent this, so far 
as possible, must be the duty of the state society. This can be accom- 
plished by the dissemination of correct information regarding varieties of 
fruit, methods of culture, insecticides, fungicides, and markets. The 
amount of such information that can be collected and distributed by the 
state society is only limited by the desire of the people and their willing- 
ness to join with us in this work. The conditions today aré such that no 
man can keep up with the horticultural procession unless he attaches him- 
self to some such organization. There is so much to contend with and so 
much information needed, even in advance of publication, that, I repeat, 
it is impossible to keep-up without the advantage of such association. 

Probably no state in the union is better located for commercial horti- 
culture than Michigan, a very large proportion of her soil being remark- 
ably well adapted to the production of choice fruit and vegetables; the 
best city market in America right at our door; the great northwest nearer 
to us than to any other fruit region; the immense lumber and mining 
markets on our north; plenty of good railways; cheap water transportation 
on all sides, all combined give us the best advantages of any state, and 
it is no wonder that we have attained the high position we now hold. 
Still, what we now have is only a beginning toward what we shall have 
twenty years later. 

The fact that we have cheap transportation and excellent markets near 
by has been the means of giving Michigan in some respects a lower repu- 
tation than she deserves. Many growers send their low-grade fruit just 
the same as the best. If Michigan was compelled to ship her fruit as far 
as California, to reach a market, her reputation would be of the highest, 
as she would then utilize her low-grade fruit at home and her reputation 
would be world-wide. “ California can not ship her low-grade fruit to 
market, as it would not pay the freight.”’ 

If a reform is ever made in this particular it must come from a better 
education, by popular sentiment, or by that harshest of all remedies, ejection 
from our markets by smarter men. This can never be done if we combine 
for mutual benefit and heed the plain dictates of common-sense. 

It is a fact that there is not sufficient organization in our line in this state 
to control or even reach the majority with information or even suggestions 
for their own benefit. That this is the case is not the fault of the leading 
men of the state. It is that of the commercial growers. The loss is also 
theirs, and the remedy rests entirely with them. The state society, as well 
as the various local societies, gladly welcome them as members and through 
them all information is disseminated. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 21 


The state society should, by virtue of its charter, larger membership, and 
position, be the recognized head of the horticulture of the state. The 
various local and auxiliary societies, by working in harmony with the state 
society, can always be most useful, all working together for common good. 

With this idea in view, none but men with broad ideas, unselfish spirit, 
and a willingness to work for common good should be elected to office in 
this or any other society. A better education than generally exists seems 
necessary to make successful horticulturists. It is apparent to any think- 
ing man that, in the near future, to make a success we must have a fair 
understanding of botany, chemistry, mycology, entomology, and a good 
practical understanding of nature’s laws in general. This can hardly be 
attained by many of us who are well along in years; but we have trained 
men working in these lines in our experimental stations, and we get the 
results of their labors for the asking. Our general government has estab- 
lished these stations for the purpose of saving us time and money, giving 
us full and practical information on topics which interest us, and we can 
get in no other way without great expense. 

In connection with this, allow me to speak of a sentiment which prevails 
among a certain class of farmers, that our scientific men are not practical. 
Nothing could be further from the truth. Science is the very essence of 
practice, and no man can be a successful instructor who is not intensely 
practical. 

It is only a few years ago that Prof. Cook and a few other scientific men 
were telling us that we could fight the codlin moth and canker worm by 
spraying with arsenites. His statements were considered ridiculous by 
many, and it took several years to get spraying into general practice. Our 
shrewdest men adopted it early, and to them science has revealed wonders. 

Our professors have sent one remedy after another among us, until the 
insects, rots, mildews, and nearly all fungi are at our mercy by the use of 
the little $10 or $15 spraying outfit, which now all acknowledge must soon 
be as necessary a part of the farmer’s tool outfit as his plow and harrow. 
Don’t say that these men are not practical. Would that we were half as 
practical! 

The value of our experiment stations can not be estimated, as their work 
is of such character that it saves us the loss of much valuable time as well 
as dollars. I feel that it is a safe statement that the knowledge gained by 
Michigan farmers, from our own and other experimental stations, and 
turned into good dollars, will run into the millions, and is rapidly increas- 
ing. Still, there was a move in congress this winter to repeal the Hatch 
bill under which these stations exist; but, fortunately, the farmers had a 
few friends left in congress and the movement was killed. 

The busy season will soon be upon us, and there is every indication of an 
excellent fruit crop, especially of apples, and it behooves us to be ready to 
care for it. We should not wait for a thing until we need it, before secur- 
ing it. We know that we can control the codlin moth and canker worm 
with Paris green, and the apple scab with Bordeaux mixture, and to apply 
either we must have aspraying pump. Be prepared and attend to these 
things on time, and we will probably be satisfied with the crop. Neglect 
them and we will be sorry for it. 

When you secure a crop, pay a little attention to markets. It is just as 
essential to be a good salesman as it is to be a skillful producer. We can 
never sell a poor grade of fruit at top prices. Therefore, strive to pro- 
duce the best. If you succeed in this, the fruit is more than half sold. 


22 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Do not think for a moment that you can always get the best price in the 
largest cities, unless you have established a reputation there. Look around 
you and see if you can not do better nearer home. We must learn that, 
while only the best fruit gets the top prices, there is plenty of demand for 
ordinary fruit at fair prices if it is only as good as it appears to be; but 
no profit can possibly come from deception. It is best that we experiment 
with new varieties in a moderate way. I do not mean by this the unheard 
of and impossible things so freely offered by the fruit tree sharper, whose 
song is now heard in the land from morn until eve. He is not out for his 
health, he sings for shekels, and gets them. 

All fruitgrowers should be on the right side for good roads. None 
need them more than they and none can enjoy them more. 

In conclusion permit me to speak of a matter which to me contains 
much to regret. I refer to the retirement of that grand old man who for 
seventeen years has presided over our meetings and has been the guardian 
of our society. To him is mainly due the prosperity and popularity of 
this society. His steady hand and clear head have guided us free of the 
many horticultural reefs which have wrecked so many promising organiza- 
tions during those.years. His courage and honorable convictions are 
known to all, and have been a pillar of strength to us. Asa pomologist 
he stands today without an equal, and must be considered one of the great 
group with Downine, WILDER, and Barry. These names will pass down to 
posterity as the shining lights of American pomology. His private life 
has been spotless, and never has he been an idler. His time has been 
spent in doing good to his fellow men and for his adopted state. A man 
of fine education and refined taste, his voice has always been heard 
denouncing inferior and worthless varieties; careful with his statements 
regarding new ones, but never withholding a full measure of praise when 
merit was established; ever ready with a word of caution for the new 
beginner, we have come to believe him incapable of making mistakes or 
assuming false positions. We are pleased to say that his health is good, 
considering his age, and he is pushing his work along with all the vigor of 
a younger man; but his increasing infirmity of deafness has for years 
made it very difficult for him to preside at our meetings, and it has seemed 
absolutely necessary that some one should relieve him of that duty. He 
is still with us, and we hope to have the benefit of his counsel and the 
pleasure of his company for many years; and I know that every true- 
hearted horticulturist in this state will join me in a hearty ‘‘ God bless you, 
President Lyon, for what you have done.” 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MERTING. 23 


ADULTERATION OF FRUIT PRESERVES AND OTHER FOODS. 
BY PROF. R. ©, KEDZIE, MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


If a man sells you anything as good as what you ask for, but yet entirely , 
different, are you cheated? asked Mr KeEpzir. Somecontend not. Mr. 
HAVEMEYER said to GEORGE GEDDES, in reference to refined sugar, that 
he could put in such an amount of glucose that no one could tell the dif- 
ference, and net a profit of $1,500 per day. So, too, a man may say his 
butterine is as pure and wholesome as genuine butter, and therefore why 
not sell it as butter? With the man who will ask such questions there is 
no use for argument. He will sell it if he can. 

In Chicago, twenty carloads of corn per day are turned into starch and 
glucose. The latter is now so refined as to be available for adulteration, 
whereas it was not so originally. As well might it be argued that peas 
may be sold for coffee and that there is no harm in so doing. One brand 
of coffee, with a prize in each package, was analyzed and found to contain 
but twelve per cent. of coffee. The correct principle is, that every article 
should be sold under its proper name. Let glucose be sold, but as glucose; 
let butterine be sold to those who wish to eat it, but as butterine, not as 
butter. In five pounds of glucose there is the sweetness of only three 
pounds of sugar. Let anyone have it who wants it, but he shoula not be 
deceived as to what it is. 

As to vinegar, the manufacturers of it claim that their article is of great 
purity because it has so much acetic acid and so little foreign substance. 
Fruit vinegar does have acetic acid, but it has other constituents which 
give it flavor. Acetic acid is white, and these manufacturers add burned 
sugar and other things to give it color and flavor. Cider vinegar contains 
certain products of fermentation, including acetic ether, which give its 
peculiar flavor and odor. The Alden company’s vinegar contains 25 per 
_cent of acetic acid, and they say that if they put in the legal amount it 

would be so strong that no one could use it. This is an excuse. Such 
vinegar is made for three cents per gallon and sells for twenty cents. 
Unless this fraud is checked, no one wil! be able to make cider vinegar at 
a profit. 

Turning to the subject of jellies, Prof. Kmpz1E showed samples of apple, 
raspberry, blackberry, and currant jelly, the latter colored with analine. 
But, said he, all are from the same kettle; only the flavors are different. 
He passed around the currant jelly for inspection. It was said to be from 
Pasadena, California. A pail of it, twenty-five pounds, may be bought for 
seventy-five cents. It could not be sent from California for that amount, 
even if made and packed for nothing. How can this be done, when a man 
using fruit and counting its cost as nothing, can not compete? Because 
in these jellies there is not a particle of fruit. The acidin them is sul- 
phuric; a few of them may contain some other acid, but all have sulphuric 
acid in their composition. The jellies are made from starch—they come 
from the cornfield, not from the orchard. 

Mr. Kenzie made tests of these jellies for sulphuric acid and starch. 
There is no starch in the apple, yet the so-called apple jelly, when to it was 


24 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


added a little iodine, to test it as to starch, turned a muddy black, as 
would be the case with any union of starch and iodine. 

One bushel of cornmeal will make forty-five pounds of such jelly. 
Besides starch, there is used in making these jellies, glucose, detrine, and 
sulphuric acid. The glucose is boiled with a little sulphuric acid, and the 
process stopped a little short of the complete change, producing the 
gummy material for these jellies. Efforts are made to remove the sul- 
phuric acid with lime, with the result that sulphate of lime is left and not 
all the acid removed. 


A sample of apple jelly, bought in Charlotte, was tested, showing the 
same result as the others. It was sold for five cents per pound, and was 
made by FRANKLIN McVeEaAcH & Co. of Chicago. 

Is it injurious? asked Mr. Kepzizr. Well, if you wish to hang on to 
your teeth you must not eat sulphuric acid. On the other hand, if you 
are going to live on jellies,.you will need no teeth! 

Unless you fruitgrowers come to the front and put down these frauds. 
and compel the sale of them by their correct names, your making of cider 
vinegar must go the wall. If jellies are to be so made and sold as fruit 
jellies, your fruit crops must suffer and your orchards must decrease in value. 

Mr. Witcox: If there is no law to reach these men, they must be a 
favored class. If I should put one-dollar potatoes into the center of fifty- 
cent apples, I would be arrested for fraud and convicted. 

Mr. Kepziz: You ought to be! 

Mr. Morritu exhorted the people to arouse public sentiment upon these 
questions, and, as a means to that end, the support of the State Horticul- 
tural society which labors to advance in every way the interests of fruit- 
growers. He knew of an institution in Chicago into which go three cars 
of corn per day, and a stream of syrup comes out. 

Inquiry was made as to the manufacture of syrups from corn. Dr. 
Kenzie said that this sort of fraud was shown up long ago, and for a time 
the sale of such syrups nearly ceased. If these things drop out when we 
drop upon them, we would better drop! Saccharine is made from coal tar, 
and has four hundred times the sweetening power of sugar, and this is 
used to tone up these syrups, which have.little or no sweetness of their 
own. 

The next day, Mayor MERRITT resumed the experiments with apple 
jelly, to reveal adulterations. After reperforming the experiments of Dr. 
Kerpzi8, he produced some jelly, home-made from pure apple juice, and 
the mixture of iodine into it gave none of the dark color so quickly shown by 
the adulterated samples. Tests were also made with pulp of an apple, 
with the same result, while pulp of potato turned dark at once, because of 
the starch it contained, as in case of the Chicago “‘ pure” jellies. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 25 


DAYS WITH EASTERN POMOLOGISTS. 


BY CHAS. W. GARFIELD OF GRAND RAPIDS. 


A few things noted on a recent visit among the horticulturists of the ' 
east may be of interest to the meeting. Everywhere, as at home, the 
markets are filled with oranges and bananas. This fact is depressing 
to our northern fruitgrowers, for although some of us try to get a grain 
of comfort in the belief that the tropical fruits eaten only whet the appe- 
tite for our northern products, we know that this is not true. 

Fresh fruits from the south take the place of canned fruits and fresh 
fruits of our own growing. We must settle down to the fact that we will 
have to compete with this imported fruit by putting on the market only 
that which is the very best and most attractive. There is no doubt in 
my own mind, that for a large majority of people a fine Jonathan, Hub- 
bardston, Oakland, Shiawassee, or Wagener apple is intrinsically of greater 
merit than the finest oranges, as dessert fruit. But apples of the quality 
of these are not common on our fruit stands, and when shown they are not 
carefully handled nor attractively exhibited, as are the imported fruits. 
It made my loyal blood boil when I stepped from the train for a few 
moments at Philadelphia, and was met by a boy crying ‘‘Florida oranges, 
Jamaica bananas, Malaga grapes and California Bartletts!’’ If our horti- 
culturists were up to their opportunities, there would have been native 
grapes of the highest quality and of exquisite beauty; and Jersey pears 
finer than California Bartletts, with which to attract customers, in place 
of the beautiful but less toothsome importations. 

I took a meal in a dining-car, and after getting pretty well satisfied 
asked for fruit. I was given a plate containing a large banana, a beautiful 
Navel orange, and a poor, scabby Rawle’s Janet apple—with a worm in 
it. There was no excuse for this, because New Jersey had a fair crop of 
apples last season, and, by the basket, they were selling in Trenton at 
very reasonable prices. 

The trouble is, we do not appreciate our own fruits, and the care and 
attention required to place them on the market at their best. 

At the meeting of the New Jersey board of agriculture, which I 
attended, the horticulturists several times attempted to get before the 
meeting a resolution urging the legislature to enact some laws with regard 
to the destruction of noxious insects. I confess to having been some- 
what in sympathy with the men who prevented the passage of a resolution 
of this character, for I have little sympathy with men who expect to find 
a remedy for all ills in ‘‘Be it enacted.’’ The money and energy expended 
in securing the enactment of many laws of the character sought here, and 
the enforcement of them, if put into the dissemination of information, 
enlightening the people in regard to what they would better do in self- 
protection, would be far more wisely spent. 

-I visited the home of President Wixuiams, of the New Jersey Horti- 
cultural Society, at Montclair. Mr. Wriiurams is the most practical writer 
upon growing and handling grapes that I know, and I was interested to 

4 


26 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


see his vineyard. It consists of the better market’ sorts, and he manages 
each vine as if it werea pet. He knows its individuality and the best 
method to pursue that it may give the largest measure of profit. His 
pruning is very close, and he calculates just how many clusters of fruit 
each vine will perfect. He lives in his vineyard during the growing 
season, and I can well imagine that, before he takes his breakfast, a round 
in the vineyard is made, to see that his pets are all right. He bags his 
fruit, so that there are no chances taken on mildew and rot. He is not 
satisfied to sell his grapes by the ton, at lowest wholesale rates, but puts 
upon the market a fancy product that brings a fancy price. 

I found a great many interesting things on Mr. WiLiiams’ place, among 
them an English walnut which bears regular crops, and a fine native 
chestnut grove. 

Mr. WILLIAMS kindly drove me to many places of interest. The garden 
of Mr. Cras. L. Jones, treasurer of the State Horticultural Society, who 
lives in Newark, was a revelation to me. Here, upon an area of 100 by 94 
feet, including walks, is grown about everything that heart can wish, in 
the way of fruit, flowers, and vegetables. Among the fruits I noted an 
‘arly Richmond and a Black Tartarian cherry; ten pears in variety, which 
supply the family and many baskets to dispose of otherwise; two peach 
trees, Early York and Stump; two quince trees which some years, ‘besides 
the family supply, bring in an income of over $20; seventy-three varieties 
of grape, very closely and neatly pruned, which must yield a large supply. 
I noted the area given to vegetables, and was told that the asparagus bed 
was eighteen feet square. A similar area was devoted to beets and onions. 
Tomatoes are grown upon a trellis. Early potatoes are grown upon 
ground subsequently in the season given up toa bed of strawberries, which 
in turn furnishes one crop the next season, and a crop of late sweet corn 
follows the strawberries. Lima beans, peas, cucumbers, pie-plant, and 
egg-plant are grown in abundance, and black and red raspberries, with a 
row of currant bushes, complete the list of fruits. Mr. JonEs prefers Fay 
currants and Souhegan and Gregg black-caps, supplemented by Cuthbert, 
Montclair, and Golden Queen. I was told that Mr. Jonzs’ roses, carna- 
tions, bulbs, and annuals were a great embellishment to the grounds, and 
the pride of the family. 

This was a sample of intensive farming that gladdened my heart. 

I visited the fruit farm of Mr. W. R. Warp of Newark, which furnished 
a goodly proportion of the fruit which graced the tables of the New Jersey 
world’s fair exhibit, which, by the way, was a gem in the great horticultural 
building. I noted the acres of strawberries, mostly Downings, were well 
protected by a coating of rotten manure, and upon removing the cover I 
saw a wealth of plants for next season’s crop. The pear orchards and 
currant plantations were exceptionally fine, but the matter of greatest 
interest to me wes his cold storage house for pears. This was not the 
complicated affair I expected to find. It consisted of two cubical spaces, 
one above the other, well enclosed, and an ice house accompaniment. 
The lower space was beneath the ground and enclosed by a stone wall. 
Inside of the stone work was a wall of sawdust, with a good bed of sawdust 
upon the floor beneath. The upper space was enclosed by walls of saw- 
dust on all sides, but the Hoor was of a thickness equal to the sawdust wall 
below plus the thickness of the stone wall. The floor of the upper space, 
which was the ceiling of the lower one, was open work with quite wide 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MERTING. 27 


spaces between the pieces. Fruit is stored in cubical boxes in the lower 
spaces, placed closely upon one another and covered over the top with 
loose pieces of board to protect from the direct falling of the drip from 
the melting ice, which is placed on the upper space in sufficient quantity 
to last two weeks at a time. There is no elaborate system of drainage and 
no method of absorption by use of chemicals to keep the fruit dry. The 
water from the melting ice is allowed to trickle freely through the pack- 
ages of fruit, keeping the atmosphere of the storage space saturated 
constantly. 

When Mr. Warp’sJ,000 bushels of Bartletts are ready to pick, he 
attends directly to the business of gathering the crop. He has no anxiety 
about the market, but first places his entire crop in the storage room. 
Then, while taking a rest after the arduous labor, he looks over the market 
reports and studies when and where to place his crop to best advantage. 
He feels safe about his fruit, and can take his time to market it; and when 
he places it upon the market he knows from experience that, because of 
the condition of moisture in which he has kept his fruit, it will stand up 
as if fresh picked from the trees. 

We are just beginning to feel the importance of cold storage and appre- 
ciate its possibilities. Mr. Warp has certainly solved the problem for 
apples and pears, Other problems come in with soft fruits, not so easy 
of solution, and we have yet to learn the best method. 

A novel arrangement I noted on a farm near Trumansburg, New York. 
A gentleman, whose name escapes me, has planted quite largely to 
peaches, pears, quinces, and apples. It will be some time before he will 
have fruit to sell, but cultivation and care of a high order must be given the 
growing orchards. That he may have an income during this interval, he 
raises early lambs for the great markets. He has erected a sheep barn 
with all conveniences, and in it isa silo. The roof of the barn is partly 
glass, and he is perfecting an arrangement for growing under this glass 
early vegetables and ornamental plants. When his fruit comes into bear- 
ing, his barn will be converted into a storage and packing house, and his 
silo into an ice-house and cold-storage room. All this with very little 
metamorphosis of the building. The planseems logical and itis certainly 
unique. Its success, of course, will depend greatly upon the man. 

The meeting of the Western New York Horticultural Society was a 
great treat tome. Rochester is a great center of a region teeming with 
progressive fruitgrowers. They were out in force at the meeting, and I 
have never attended a gathering of horticulturists more entertaining, 
unless it was the meeting of the American Pomological Society in Michigan 
some years ago. 

Promptly at the hour of the meeting, the president Mr. W. C. Barry, 
called to order, and his method of conducting the sessions reminded me 
strongly of his honored father, who was a prince among presiding officers. 
The management was somewhat autocratic, but no time nor opportunities 
were wasted. Everybody was alive, and there was no listlessness nor 
wrangling over non-essentials. Without a resolution, the president 
appointed committees, one of which arranged the order of business. 
The reports of these various committees were, when presented, adopted 
without a vote, upon the theory that, no objection being made, there 
must be general acquiescence. To my astonishment, the report of the 
committee to nominate officers was treated in the same way. The chair, 


28 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


hearing no objection to the report, it was declared adopted, thus electing 
the officers for the ensuing year with no semblance of formality. This 
was delightful, for evidently the society has a good set of officials and 
there is no sense in wasting time in getting any other fellows in. The 
object of the meeting is to get out important information, not to log- 
roll for positions of honor. 

Papers were uniformly short, and in discussing them, while a good deal 
of freedom was allowed, the society would not tolerate long a man who 
inaudibly mumbled his words, or another who had not learned the power 
of condensation. 

It was expected that every man present would become a mamber, and 
invitations to join the society were frequent and urgent, but given with 
the utmost good nature and often with hilarity. 

The president’s address was replete with pleasant historical information 
and excellent suggestions connected with the trend of horticulture, and 
the opportunities that fruitgrowers must grasp or become side-tracked. 

The papers presented to the meeting were usually short, meaty, and 
attractively put together. The discussions were always able and spicy. 
No time was wasted in rambling to no purpose, and the audience would 
not be patient when a man wandered from the subject or spoke unintelli- 
gibly. The conduct of the convention was a refutation of the slur often 
thrown out, that farmers are not business men. 

I was especially delighted with Mr. Gro. W..CAMPBELL’s essay on 
‘Grapes, new and old.’’ He is a man greatly respected, and western New 
York makes no mistake in thus drawing upon Ohio for assistance. 

J. H. Hae of Connecticut is always entertaining, and was especially 
so in his talk before this convention. He always mixes some good juice 
with his fruit talks that makes them exceedingly palatable. 

Our own Michigan boy, Prof. L. H. Barney, finds in New York a 
delightful field for his ready suggestions and ability to work. The horti- 
culturists there ‘‘swear by him,’’ as if he were grown on their own soil. 
Michigan is honored by his success, and New York honored herself in 
recognizing his great ability as a horticulturist. He spoke upon the 
question, ‘‘Are novelties worth their cost?’’ and commanded the most 
perfect attention. He brought over with him from Cornell university 
fifty of his students, who were received with cheers by the convention and 
given every opportunity to absorb valuable hints from the proceedings. 
Coa furnished several speakers, as did the State experiment station at 

reneva. 

One of the interesting features of the convention was a list of questions, 
over forty, upon practical horticulture, which had, previous to the meet- 
ing, been sent in for discussion. These were published in the programme 
and sandwiched into the proceedings in a very interesting way, giving 
brightness to the exercises and bringing out facts wanted by somebody. 

The truth is, when a man prepares a paper he is at sea as to just what 
his audience wishes evolved; but, place him on the platform and allow an 
audience to fire questions at him, and if he is well equipped the people 
draw out the information they most desire. 

The display of fruit was large, and so placed as to be of use to the meet- 
ing. An exhibit of forced vegetables from the state experiment station 
was very attractive and interesting. , 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MERTING. 29 


The meeting was a model in many ways. In hospitality to outsiders; 
in recognition of facts, no matter how homely the garb in which they were 
presented; in the economy of time shown in the management of the 
society; in the utmost good nature which prevailed, and in the faith 
exhibited in the future of horticulture, I have rarely seen the equal and 
never the superior of this gathering of men. 


ARE WE TO HAVE AN APPLE FAMINE? 


BY W. F. BIRD OF ANN ARBOR. 


As fond recollection presents to our view the scenes of our childhood, 
the orchard—ah! yes, the orchard—in summer its boughs bending 
beneath their loads of apples, and in winter the cellar filled with its 
luscious fruit of Spys, Rambos, Seeknofurthers, Baldwins, Newtown pip- 
pins, Talmans, Red Canadas, and dozens of other varieties. Contrast the 
present fruitless branches, the empty cellars, the cheerless hearth. We 
almost wish the past forgotten. The question above has come too late. 
We already have the famine; and, like the prodigal of old, having squan- 
dered our heritage, we are trying to fill our bellies with things that 
satisfy not—bananas, oranges, lemons, and the like. However cheap these 
may be, they can never take the place of apples. 

We may not be wholly to blame for the famine, but, having come, it is 
ours to enquire the reason why. 

It is the almost universal custom to tax the orchard land with other 
crops, the same as though there were no orchard there, and with no extra 
fertilizing. If trees have feeling, as some wise ones seem to think, they 
must rebel against such an odious tax. But, feeling or no feeling, the 
food supply once exhausted there is nothing to do but stand still and die 
a lingering death. 

In this case it would seem to be plain that a little less cropping, a little 
more food, and better cultivation would be of great benefit. For want of 
these we are certainly to blame. 

Another practice for which we are to blame, and which results in fail- 
ure, is planting too closely together. And what is worse, in some sections 
where peaches are grown, apples and peaches are planted together alter- ° 
nately only a rod apart each way. An orchard of this kind stands in view 
from where I write. It is perhaps twenty-five years old. The land was 
strong and good and the peach trees bore abundantly; but they have long 
since passed away, and the apple trees are locked together like trees in 
the forest. Two rows on one side of the orchard were planted to pears 
instead of peaches. These have shot up into the sky to get light, but 
bear no fruit worth mention. The apple trees have borne one fair crop, 
and that is probably all they will do until some thinning, manuring, and 
cultivating is done. 


30 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


During the past season my attention was called to a tree in the corner 
of an orchard which is worthy of note. On one side of the tree is a culti- 
vated field, well manured; on another side was the hen-yard. Thus the 
tree had plenty of room and sunlight, and manure on two sides at least. 
As we might expect, it was loaded with bushels of fine fruit, while the 
rest of the orchard bore very little and inferior fruit. 

Another cause of the famine for which we are to blame is neglecting to 
plant a new orchard every twenty years. We expect too much of the old 
orchard. It has paid for itself many times over, and we wonder why it 
does not keep on doing so forever. As well expect a good day’s work 
from the old man who goes tottering on his cane. 

For the insect enemies and fungous diseases we think we are not to 
blame. But even this is questionable. Nothing would help to multiply 
these enemies faster than simple neglect. We now have, I believe, reme- 
dies or preventives for every known enemy to the apple. Neglect of 
our orchards under these circumstances would seem about as reasonable 
as neglect of our children when they have scarlet fever or small-pox, or if 
starving to death. 

Still, the question that confronts us on every hand is, will it pay to 
grow apples? It would be more sensible to ask, will it pay to grow fifty- 
cent wheat? We seldom hear such a foolish question asked, yet the busi- 
ness of wheat-growing goes right on as though it were paying the mort- 
gage and putting money into the bank. 

The question of apple-growing should meet with a decided answer in 
the affirmative. The day for profitable apple-growing is not yet past by a 
long way. The production of apples seems to be diminishing, while the 
demand is steadily increasing. ven apple scabs and worm-holes have 
found a ready sale of late years, while first-class apples bring almost any 
price named. 

Science also comes to our aid to increase the demand for apples. It 
finds the apple composed of albumen, sugar, chlorophyl, malic acid, gallic 
acid, lime, and a larger per cent. of phosphorus than any other fruit or 
vegetable. This phosphorus is of immense value in toning up the nervous. 
system. It was doubtless this property that gave the ancient Scandinav- 
ians the idea that the apple was the fruit of the gods, who, when they felt 
themselves to be growing feeble or infirm, resorted to this fruit for renew- 
ing their powers of mind and body. 

The patent-medicine man has caught this idea, and is furnishing the 
phosphoric water of life in the bottle at great expense to us. Likewise. 
the dentists all over the land are growing rich because we do not eat more 
apples. In the meantime we groan with toothache. And, strange to say, 
the acids of the apple correct, rather than provoke, acidity of the stomach. 
These acids are of immense value to people of sedentary habits, in elimi- 
nating from their disordered livers those noxious matters which, if 
retained, make the brain heavy and dull, inducing dyspepsia, jaundice, 
and skin diseases. 

A knowledge of this fact, perhaps, led to the use of apple sauce with 
pork roast, rich goose, etc., the malic acid of the apple neutralizing the 
_ excess of chalk and fatty matter in the meat—a sort of a reciprocity treaty, 

as it were, between the fat goose and the rosy apple. 

Though the question of the growing demand for apples is conceded, we: 
are yet told that we can no longer grow them. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 31 


It is true that the failures of the past few years have been many and 
discouraging, and some of them beyond our control. But these may not 
occur again in a quarter of a century. 

It is also true that we do not now see, nor can we hope for, the immense 
crops that the early settlers had almost for the asking. 

The Lord was good to them, for they needed help. But he never 
designed that the earth should bring forth spontaneously forever. 

It is not the design of this paper to go into detail as to the best method 
of growing apples, but to stimulate our zeal and brighten our hopes for 
the future. We already know much better than we do. Still, we need 
‘‘line upon line,’’ and I may here emphasize a few of the more important 
points connected with successful apple-growing. 

The first is the stock to plant, and this may include the matter of vari- 
eties. One of the most common causes of failure is bad stock—stock 
propagated from old. worn-out, or diseased trees. black-hearted or nearly 
lifeless from careless handling, and, worst of all, not true to name. 

Here allow me to digress long enough to say that this latter is a crime, 
and as fruitgrowers we ought not to rest until a law is passed to prosecute 
such criminality. We may now, in some cases, get the stock replaced; 
but even when this is possible, what satisfaction is it compared with the 
blasted hopes? A neighbor some years ago bought 1,800 peach trees. 
Not five per cent. of them were true to name, and the most of them worth- 
less, so that he dug up the whole orchard. He did not even get the trees 
replaced. 

Some years ago I bought a lot of grape vines for Worden. They turned 
out Concord. The former have been selling in our market at four to six 
cents, the latter at two to three cents per pound, a difference of 24 cents 
per pound, or fifty dollars per ton. So far this is all the satisfaction I 
have had. I might add many more such cases, many of which are the 
result of rascality, pure and simple. 

At present our only partial remedy is to deal only with the most reli- 
able nurseries, with no agent to come between, unless it be an honest 
neighbor. 

As to varieties, no rule can be laid down. What we must ,have are the 
varieties that are most productive, healthy, and hardy, of high color, fair 
size and flavor, some of which must be good keepers. 

The locality and soil will also have to be considered. But, whatever the 
variety or location, the soil must be strong and good. 

My father was always a great lover of fruit, and among the first things 
he did, on coming to Livingston county,, was to set an acre to apple trees. 
These did so well that he set six acres more in an adjoining field. When 
they came into full bearing he sometimes had as many as 300 barrels in a 
season, and one year sold the large crop at $4 per barrel. He thought if 
a small orchard paid so well a larger one would pay still better. So he 
set out ten acres more in a distant field. The soil was also distant, for in 
a windy time a warranty deed would not hold it. But there was an 
immense marsh near by, and he hoped by the use of muck and lime and 
barnyard manure to make the frisky sand forget its habit of dancing 
around and producing nothing. And the trees did grow well for a few 
years, came into bearing young, and produced a few light crops, then 
stood still a while and quickly turned into a sheep pasture. In the other 
orchards, set forty and fifty years ago, many of the trees are still standing 


32 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


and producing some fruit. The moral is plain. Having planted sound . 
stock and good varieties in proper soil, our work is just well begun and 
must be followed by cultivation, fertilizing, and pruning of the most 
intensive kind. The day is past and gone for successful apple-growing 
by letting the trees take care of themselves. Life is too short and com- 
petition too sharp to even hope to succeed by any practice which omits 
or neglects any one of these important points. 

It would seem that these remarks were in these days almost needless; 
yet three of my neighbors, last spring, set peach and apple trees in their 
wheatfields. About five per cent. of them died before the wheat was har- 
vested, and many more of them since. 

Pruning should begin before the tree is planted, and be continued every 
year, thinning and shortening in so long as the branches crowd each other 
or make too much growth. It requires a good deal of backbone to prune 
properly, but no time or work in the orchard pays better for the labor. 
This is no theory. 

And now, last but not least, spray thoroughly; and while you are spray- 
ing, sometimes omit the ‘‘s,’’ and a kind Providence will enable us to live 
over again the scenes of our childhood, with our cellars full of apples. 


THE FUTURE APPLE ORCHARDS OF OCEANA COUNTY. 


BY BENTON GEBHART, OF HART. 


The topic of apple culture in Oceana county and western Michigan 
calls forth our attention and needs more thorough investigation. In 
this day and age of modern improvements and new inventions, it 
becomes very necessary for us to seek improved methods in the line of 
successful horticulture. New inventions, with their improved processes, 
are incalculable in mechanical science, proper in agricultural pursuits, 
and quite necessary in successful horticulture. With this thought in 
view, I wish to fully impress in the minds of my fellow-fruitgrowers, 
especially the apple-growers of Michigan, the need of beginning a new 
era in apple culture, to advance upon a new line, with improved methods, 
in the culture of this most reliable fruit. Come out from under the prac- 
tice of years gone by, of profitable apple-culture with no cultivation for 
the fruitful orchard, and of still planting the varieties which were in culti- 
vation half a century ago, thinking they are yet valuable and able to pro- 
duce abundant fruit for home use or market. 

The promising apple tree, with its beautiful crops of choice fruit, does 
not flourish at the present day by standing in a stiff sod during a number 
of years without receiving any cultivation, or, still worse, when the land 
is seeded to some grain to take up all the moisture and fertility the soil 
may contain. But it can be found where good and clean cultivation is 
given each year, with good fertility and the best varieties. Given these 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. oe 


conditions, a profitable crop is assured nearly every year. Furthermore, 
we can continue to cultivate and grow, with any reasonable success, but a 
very few of the old and once famous varieties. I wish to ask my fellow- 
fruitgrowers, where are now the majority of our choice and promising 
varieties of apple, pear, raspberry, strawberry, etc., which were cultivated 
with profit and great success forty years ago? Truly can we say, they are 
not grown at present, because, in most cases, they are no more considered 
reliable varieties. So they have passed out of date, almost to be forgotten 
by the practical apple-grower of today. 

It has been proven without a doubt that many of the cereals and vegeta- 
bles do degenerate and become unproductive and of inferior quality. 
In other words, the old varieties are mentioned as having run out. While 
this has become an acknowledged fact in our agriculture, the same con- 
ditions exist in horticultural affairs. Especially is this the case with 
small fruits cultivated at the present day. Therefore, if the idea of 
degeneration of all fruits holds good with the apple, why not profit thereby 
to practice improved methods in cultivation, to seek after the few old 
standard varieties which are reliable and those of the new varieties which 
have proved to bear successful crops of fruit at the present day? 

There are but a very few of the old standard sorts for market which will 
still bear heavy crops of choice fruit. The most promising variety with 
us in Oceana county, during the past two seasons, is the Northern Spy. 
This most excellent variety has produced double the quantity of No. 1 
fruit of any other variety, for the number of trees in full bearing. It has 
done remarkably well in Oceana county, and perhaps nearly all over 
western Michigan. Nearly all the old and standard varieties of apple 
have suffered to a greater extent with the fungus or so-called apple-tree 
blight. The trees and orchards as a whole, during the last two years, have 
been much injured by this fungus, both in the lack of heavy foliage, 
growth of young wood, and failure to produce sufficient fruit buds to 
insure a crop, while nearly all varieties suffer more or less from the 
effects of blight. It also is a noticeable fact that the orchards which 
receive good and constant cultivation recover much sooner in vigor of 
growth than those which do not have the proper cultivation. The best 
and most reliable mode of cultivation for the bearing apple orchard, with 
us in Oceana county, is to give the orchard constant cultivation until it 
comes into bearing condition, then to seed down to clover and let this 
grow and remain two years. If you think you can afford to do so, let the 
crop of clover go back into the ground, and at the end of two years plow 
under the sod. Give thorough cultivation for three years, followed again 
by seeding to clover and plowing as before. We also are in need of some 
way to exterminate the codlin moth, and this I firmly believe lies in 
spraying, if done at the right time and with thoroughness. What we 
need as fruitgrowers is more practice, the getting of the process of spray- 
ing down to thoroughness. It certainly has proved very beneficial here 
when the proper test has been given. 

The Ben Davis has shown large crops of fine-appearing fruit in some 
of the off years, but does not nearly equal the Northern Spy in value. The 
Baldwin, too, as a fair bearer of fruit, has met with some favor, but its 
fruit is so very wormy and foliage so liable to the blight, it is not consid- 
ered of much value with us. As to the best and most reliable fall apples, 
the Oldenburg takes the lead of all varieties, producing‘large and abund- 

5 


34 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ant crops of extra-fine fruit each season. It also is almost entirely exempt 
from blight. The Twenty-Ounce follows next in value. This gives some 
excellent crops of very large and salable fruit. It is a heavy bearer, fine 
grower in wood and foliage, and considered valuable. 

In any locality where these varieties have done well, the best treatment 
of other sorts is to top-work or regraft all such which do not bear regu- 
larly and are subject to blight, to these better kinds and some of the newer 
varieties which I wish to mention. The method of cleft-grafting and 
changing bearing trees is very simple. Any one who has ever seen a scion 
set can do his own grafting and be successful. Trees treated in this way 
will come into bearing much sooner than would a young orchard of 
the same kinds. 

As to the newer varieties, or those of later introduction, there are a 
number which I believe will soon prove very valuable for general orchard 
planting, which will bear good crops of choice fruit, and which will bring 
the money. Of those which have fruited and are worthy of general plant- 
ing, I will first name the Yellow Transparent as the best summer apple. 
It is a very tine and strong grower, free from blight, an early and abundant 
bearer of extra-choice fruit, ripens from a week to ten days ahead of Karly 
Harvest, and is valuable fcr its season. The Wealthy is’a fine grower in 
wood and foliage, and produces some very fine, high-colored, early 
winter fruit. It begins to bear early and also seems to resist the blight. 
Gideon’s Winter is another one of great promise, This is one of the 
strongest in growth of wood, with healthy foliage, comes into bearing very 
young (at three or four years from planting), bears heavily of large, yel- 
low fruit covered with a bright red blush on one side. Its keeping quali- 
ties are good, and I consider it one of the coming apples. Sutton’s Beauty 
also is very promising in the growth of tree and for resisting blight. 

There are others which I might mention, but deem these sufficient for 
the present. 

The future successful apple orchard will be the one of select and 
improved varieties, and to succeed we must plant such varieties or regraft 
the old orchards to those which do bear fruit; and by giving the proper 
cultivation and using;the spray pump we may be able once more to grow 
the king of fruits. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 35> 


SPRAYING AND SPRAYING COMPOUNDS. 


BY J. N. STEARNS OF KALAMAZOO. 


This is a broad subject to be covered in one short paper. So, if I but 
outline ideas of the work, I trust that the enlargement of those ideas 
may be thoroughly brought out in the discussion to follow. If I were 
to select soil and location for an apple orchard, just to suit me, it would be 
good strong soil sloping to the north. If quite rolling, it would need no 
tiling nor subsoiling; but there is little level land with heavy subsoil but 
is greatly benefited by both. This is practiced by the best orchardists and 
nurserymen in New York state, and is being adopted by many in our own 
state. 

I find land that has been planted to corn or beans the previous year is 
in the best condition for the planting of trees. It should be plowed fully 
as deep as it is necessary to dig in planting the trees. 

One of the important points in subsoiling is to carry the trees safely 
through the first season’s planting, as ground so prepared will better stand 
continued dry as well as continued wet weather. 

The best of trees for the masses to plant are thrifty two-year trees, and 
care should be taken in planting that the trees are not put into the ground 
too deep. A very good rule is not over one inch deeper than they were in 
the nursery, which line is easily seen by difference in color of the bark. 

Never put manure next the roots of trees. I have known thousands of 
trees and plants ruined byso doing. I have in mind a striking illustration 
of this. I had sold peach trees to a certain man in South Haven, several 
years, and he lost nearly all of them; and what did grow were so feeble 
they were worthless. He said he did not know what the trouble was, as he 
had taken extra pains in planting and caring for them, and he knew the 
trees were fresh and good when he received them. I decided to go to his. 
place to see if I could discover what the trouble was. He had but ten 
acres, so had plenty of time, and had fixed up a mixture of about half 
manure and half soil, to fill in around the roots, which, as soon as the hot 
weather came, were burned by the manure. 

If the soil is not rich enough, put the manure around after the roots are 
thoroughly covered with the soil. When the soil is about two thirds filled 
in, if half a pail of water is poured in and allowed to soak away before fill-. 
ing in the rest of the soil, it will save many a tree if dry weather follows 
planting. 

After the tree is planted it is very important that the top be headed back 
fully more than the possible loss of roots in digging: If this is not done,. 
the tree pushes out more leaves than the roots are prepared to take care of, 
and the result is the tree’s growth is stunted and does not recover in many 
years. I consider that starting right is the work half done, and in the end 
you have trees to be proud of. 

I believe in thorough cultivation of the orchard so long as one expects 
profitable returns. If the ground is good and fertile (if not, it should be- 
kept so by the application of suitable manure), some hoed crop may be 


36 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


planted among the trees for several years; but in this I make ita point 
never to plant nearer than four feet to the trees. I find beans the best 
crop to plant in young orchards, as the right cultivation of them is season- 
able for young trees, cultivation ceasing in time to give the trees ample 
time to ripen before winter. The next best crop is corn. Never plant 
potatoes in a young orchard, as stirring the soil in digging the crop stimu- 
lates a late, soft growth, to be injured by winter. By all means never 
plant the orchard and sow in grain, unless you wish to throw away so 
much money and have a continued reminder of your folly. 

Trees need but little pruning if attended to yearly, cutting out small 
limbs that are likely to be thick and crowded as they grow. I find it nec- 
essary to do most of the pruning and some shortening in on the east side 
of the trees, to keep them properly balanced, as our prevailing winds are 
westerly. 

The selection of varieties depends quite largely on the soil on which they 
are to be planted and the object of the orchard, whether mainly for home 
use or for market. We have some varieties that do fairly well on any good 
soil, while some others of our best apples are unsatisfactory unless planted 
-on soils just adapted to them. As anillustration, the Rhode Island Green- 
ing, every one knows, is of the very best and always brings the highest 
price when well grown, but is not profitable unless planted on the best 
strong soil. I have frequently replied, when asked the question, what would 
you plant in planting 1,000 apples on a place on which there was no apple 
orchard, “I would plant one half Wagener, and would plant these between 
trees planted for permanent orchard, or on ground I might want in the 
future for some other purpose, and would plant them twenty feet apart to 
obtain best results.” The Wagener is a fine apple in quality if kept well 
pruned, so as not to set too much fruit, for, as usually managed, it will bear | 
itself to death before the Spy and Greening begin to bear. 

For asummer apple I know of none equal to one originating in Kala- 
mazoo something over twenty years ago, with Mr. McSweeney on Park-st. 
It is a seedling of the Sweet Bough, which it much resembles in appearance, 
but is very tart and is the best cooking apple of which I know, being much 
superior to the Astrachan in bearing qualities, bearing very young and pro- 
ducing good crops every year, while the Astrachan only bears alternate 
years. The past year was an off year for apples, but I had trees of this sort 
on which limbs were broken with the load of fruit. Wecall it McSweeney. 
I began propagating it some fifteen years ago, and now it can be found in 
either of the nurseries in Kalamazoo, but I am not aware that it has been 
propagated outside of the county. 

Oldenburgh, Gravenstein, and Maiden’s Blush are reliable fall apples. 

Among some of the best winter apples that succeed on medium soils are 
Wagener, Hubbardston, Grimes’ Golden, Northern Spy, and, for extra-strong 
soil, Rhode Island Greening, Jonathan, and Shiawassee Beauty. 

The Baldwin is losing some of its former popularity for market, on 
account of the bitter spots under the skin. In the east, Sutton’s Beauty 
is taking the place of it, being a good, strong grower, of good size, and 
bright red. For sweet apples, Talman and Bailey’s succeed well. 

For extended planting for market, of varieties that have been well tested 
in this state, where soil is favorable, I think the following will be found to 
pay the best with intelligent management: Spy, Rhode Island Greening, 
Jonathan, and Hubbardston. These are all apples of good quality. I 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. oT 


would plant none of the poorer quality, like Ben Davis, Cooper’s Market, 
Limber Twig, Flushing Spitzenburg, etc., although they succeed well, and 
when well grown are fine to look at; but you will have to sell them for 
about one half what the better apples mentioned above will bring. 

Of course the orchards should be closely watched for all destructive 
insects and fungi, which may be easily warded off by the application of the 
combined Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. 


Mr. R. M. Kewxoae said that in his judgment the real cause of the fail- 
ure of the orchards had not been stated. It is, of course, the result of a 
cause, and that cause began its operation thirty years ago in excessive 
pruning. In those days they also picked the leaves off from grapevines, 
not understanding the fact that we can not seriously disturb the balance 
between top and roots without doing perhaps permanent harm to the 
tree or vine. Excessive pruning has deranged the whole system of the 
trees, preventing proper assimilation of the sap. When trees have been 
weakened they are attacked by every fungus and insect known to their 
life. Later on, the apple was weakened by bad methods of propagation. 
Nursery stock should be budded from bearing trees, yet there is now 
scarcely a tree-grower but propagates by buds from nursery rows. Such 
buds do not transmit the vigor which comes from the buds of mature, 
strong, bearing trees. The nurserymen are propagating for money only, 
not caring whether the orchardists get any fruit. I have been offered 
apple trees at $3.50 per 100. They can not be grown for that price, 
at the present rates of labor, if grown as they should be. We might as 
well try to renew an old animal as an old tree. Get trees on good, hardy 
stocks. Mr. Post of Lowell got seedlings from Mann, Ben Davis, and 
Janet, and grafted them low in the root, then topgrafted them and so got 
a good foundation for his trees, and I feel sure he will succeed. Mr. 


KELLOGG related how he had seen four men, at different times in the same 


forenoon, in Rochester, N. Y., buy of a man four different kinds of apple 
tree from the same load, the owner each time declaring the entire load to 
be of the variety wanted by the purchaser. So long as our stock is taken 
from old beds, canes, and such apple trees as these, so long will we con- 
tinue to enquire, ‘Why don’t they grow?” I am going to set a new 
apple orchard, and do all the good things recommended, and I expect to 
grow rich from it! 

Prof. L. R. Tarr: Iam glad to endorse what Mr. KELLOGG says, in 
many respects, but in some things he is wrong. He has some wrong ideas 
as to scions and stocks. It has been said that Mr. Post used hardy wild 
crab stocks, but he denies having done anything so foolish. While scions 
from the nursery row grow faster the first year or two, than those from 


38 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


bearing trees, they do not do better afterward. Nurserymen often use too 
short roots, though we have found that the second and third cuts usually 
do well. Many of them use nursery scions, but many othersdonot. Some 
are rascals, but not all. Order trees direct from nurserymen whose stand- 
ing you know, and buy only first-class stock. 


SEEDS. 


BY PROF. W. J. BEAL, MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Of all the scientific definitions of a seed that I have found, none suit 
me better than one mentioned by W. W. Tracy of this society, who 
knows, probably, more about seeds, in a commercial way at least, 
than any man in Michigan. It runs as follows: ‘‘A seed is a plant packed 
ready for transportation.’? ~ 

To secure good seeds with a substantial genealogy (and seeds have 
genealogies as well as men) which shall go far toward securing uniform 
good plants, true to breeding and name, we should go back several gener- 
ations. As Dr. O. W. Hotmss said, with reference to the training ofa 
child, he would begin with its great-.great-grandmother. 

When very young, a seed is called an ovule, and is usually situated in 
the midst of a flower, which contains male and female parts. The posi- 
tion of ovules, in the ovary, and their structure, are here illustrated. We 
have to be exact in our botanical terms, using each in its own peculiar 
place. The leading object of a plant is to reproduce itself by seeds or 
spores—at least, of most plants. To get ready for reproduction, the par- 
ent plant must grow for a season or more, to acquire size and strength. 
After flowering, food is carried to the young seeds to build them up, and 
a surplus is added for a start in the world when cast off or left to shirk for 
themselves. 

The external markings of seeds, their shapes and colors, are truly won- 
derful, and in many of these points there can be found an advantage to 
the plant. Seeds are often surrounded by a pistil or fruit, which is red, 
white, yellow, or otherwise conspicuous, and this attracts mammals, birds, 
or even frogs and fishes, as much as to say, ‘‘Here I am, pick me up and 
give me a lift on my journey.’’ Many seeds found in edible fruits have 
coverings so hard and thick that they pass undigested through the alimen- 
tary canals of animals. Some seeds and small fruits are carried by the 
wind, aided by wings or a downy substance, while others hold to animals 
by means of hooks. Some float upon the water. . 

Seeds are composed of small cells, mostly filled with food in a condensed 
form. In case of beans, peas, squashes, acorns, etc., nourishment is 
nearly all stored in two large seed leaves, while others, like Indian corn 
and buckwheat, have much reserve food stored outside or around the seed- 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 39 


leaves. Here are illustrations of seed-like;fruits, most likely to be mis- 
taken for seeds. They are small fruits, containing a seed inside. Of such 
are all of our true grains, like wheat, corn, rye, oats, rice and barley; also 
the seed-like germs of the dandelion, thistle, and sunflower; of butter- 
cups, maple, elms, chestnuts, and acorns. 

Fruits usually have one or more jackets or coats over their seeds. 

The most wonderful thing in every seed is its living protoplasm, which 
may remain dormant, ready to manifest itself in growth, after a long period 
of rest, whenever all the conditions are favorable. The food of seeds is 
starch, aleurone, protoplasm, cellulose, inulin, oil, etc. Here were shown 
some of the forms of granules of starch as seen in potatoes, wheat, barley, 
corn, buckwheat, euphorbia, and other plants. A study of these is neces- 
sary to enable one to detect adulterations in many kinds of food. 

Heat, moisture, and oxygen swell the seed and start it to growing. 
Complicated changes take place in the food materials. 

In getting out of their coverings some seeds perform queer antics, very 
interesting to study. 

The food stored inside the seed-leaves, or at one side or surrounding the 
young plant, gradually becomes soluble and is all used. The substance is 
absorbed by the young plant on all sides, and not through any special 
mouths or organs. The young plant fairly rolls in the fat of the land. 

In germinating barley, for example, the cel) walls of the endosperm 
near the embryo disappear gradually, further and further out, disintegrat- 
ing the starch which slowly turns to sugar. 

The cellulose of the cell walls is dissolved through the agency of a fer- 
ment called diastase, analogous to the changes produced on milk by the 
rennet in the stomach of a calf. 

I quote from the Journal of the Royal Agricultural society of 1890, page 
508 : 


In the barley, the ferments are formed in the matrix of protoplasm. Besides giving 
rise to the ferments, the protoplasm is the seat of other chemical activity, processes of 
gentle oxidization and reduction taking place there as long as it is living. The barley 
grain, then, contains a living embryo, surrounded by a store of reserve food materials 
which can be called into the nutritive processes only by the action of the embryo, which 
has, in part, to secrete the ferments necessary for the digestive processes. These 
changes comprised in germination are set up only when the seed is exposed to moist- 
ure and warmth. Why is it necessary to thus wait? Why should not the changes in 
the reserve materials follow at once on the maturity of the seed, and so cause the 
growth to go on without any resting period? The answer to this turns on the condition 
of the ferments in the resting seed. If these were in an active condition there, as they 
are in the germinating seed, there would seem to be no reason for the suspension of 
activity. The ferments do not make their appearance till termination begins, and the 
commencement of this process is really dependent on their development. From what 
do they arise? The ferment is in the cells of the seed, but not in active condition. To~ 
put it in other words, the seed, before germination, contains in its cells something, 
which, though not the active ferment, can be readily transformed into it by warming 
with a little weak acid. To this something, which can be extracted from the resting 
seed as easily as the ferment can be from the germinating one, the name “ mother of 
ferment” or zymogen has been given. The resting seed, therefore, differs from the 
germinating one in containing zymogen instead of ferment. On the outset germination 
is brought about by the conversion of the former into the latter. The condition of the 
resting seed is neutral, neither acid nor alkaline, whilst the contents of the cells are 
’ dry. The change in the reaction of the seed, from neutral to faintly acid, can be easily 
seen. The vegetable acids so formed convert the zymogen present in the cells into the 
active ferment, and at once the conversion and transportation of the nutritive materials 
toward the seats of growth or of absorption set in. The reserve materials are insolu- 
ble, but are changed and made soluble during germination. The young plant absorbs 
and uses the decomposing or changed reserved food. 


40 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


We now know that the food of the embryo of a plant is as complex as that of an 
animal; that besides starch it may comprise very many kinds of carbohydrates; that 
nitrogen-containing matter or proteid is an absolutely essential constituent of it, occur- 
ring in some form in all seeds; and that very many plants accumulate various fats or 
oils for the same nutritive purpose. 

The embryo or young plant, then, finds itself provided for by its parent, shielded from 
the adverse influences of its environment, if such there be, by being wrapped up ina 
strong protective integument; situated in the midst of plenty of nutritious material, 
and furnished in itself with all needful powers of calling these supplies into active use 
as soon as changes in its environment supply to it the necessary stimulus to its develop- 
ment and growth. The whole process of germination, indeed, is one which is strictly 
comparable with that which goes on constantly in the animal body, viz.: digestion and 
the absorption of the products of digestion. 


When this reserve food is gone, what then? The thing is no longer a 
seed, but has become a seedling. It has, in case of our cultivated higher 
plants, acquired chlorophy! in its protoplasm—has become capable of 
elaborating and assimilating the crude materials taken from the air, the 
water, and the soil, and using them to build up itself. 

A chapter may be written on the impurities contained in seeds of 
grasses and clovers, such as dirt, chaff, stones, seeds of weeds. The latter 
are carried by man and sown by him in good soil well fitted to sustain 
growth. 

_ Another chapter could be written on the best modes of preserving the 

vitality of seeds, showing that there is no one best way for all sorts of 
seeds. Chestnuts, acorns, walnuts, must not be thoroughly dried, while 
this is just the thing for beans, mustard, and wheat. 

There are some queer things about the germination of the seeds of many 
of our worst weeds. Fourteen years ago I buried seeds of some twenty 
kinds of weed. After ten years one set was tested. They were in a bottle 
of moist sand, twenty inches below the surface. The sand was taken in 
spring into the laboratory and kept slightly moist, when at once many 
seeds began to grow. Alternations of moisture were kept up till late in 
November. During all of this time seeds sprouted more or less abund- 
antly. I set the sand away dry and in acold room, all winter, when the 
next spring, warmth and moisture were applied. At once some seeds. 
sprouted, and others kept coming on slowly for some weeks. Why did 
not all the seeds start during the first few days after they were taken to 
the laboratory? We can not answer. But this we see, that the difference 
in time of germination is a great benefit to such species of weeds, for a 
new crop may appear, if accident destroy the first. 

Seeds of wheat and buckwheat may often be sprouted five to seven or 
more times before being exhausted. In these cases the root is the part 
starting. The tip dries up and dies, and when again moistened pushes. 
out one or more sprouts at the side. The terminal bud in each case starts 
more slowly and is not killed till the final drying is made. If killed, no. 
branches appear. 

Seeds of some plants are sown or scattered by quickly bursting pods. 
i may be found in the wild touch-me-not, peas, witch-hazel, and 
oxalis. 

Seeds are often buried or covered by the falling leaves in autumn. hey 
work into cracks in the soil, by means of the motions above referred to; 
also by twisting awns as in some of the grasses. Water carries many into 
small crevices and washes soil over them. In case of the grains of porcu- 
pine grass, they bore or twist themselves into sand for several inches, or 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 41 


even bore through the skins of sheep and dogs, causing them much 
annoyance. 

There are a host of little ‘‘ear-marks’’on the outside of a seed, as well as 
inside, which the botanist must understand to enable him to separate one 
kind from all others and give ita name. Comparisons of the seeds in 
question with some known tc be true to name are often made. Seeds can 
usually be easily tested for vitality by placing a thick, wet cloth or blotting 
paper on a plate, with another plate turned over it, watching it for a few 
days, in a warm place, to see that it is not kept in water, nor allowed to 
dry. 

The most valuable seeds of farm crops and garden crops, and of some 
plants grown for flowers, have a pedigree, or might have one, like those of 
our choicest horses, cattle, or sheep. 

Plants are improved by cultivation, by changes of environment, and 
these selections are made for some generations, where propagated by seed. 
Crossing of the flowers is afterward resorted to. 


The ‘above is only a synopsis, prepared by Dr. Brat, of his extended 
lecture, which was illustrated by use of numerous charts of botanical 
specimens. 


SELECTING SEED CORN, 


Mr. W. W. Tracy followed with remarks concerning seed-breeding. 
Upon nine tenths of our farms, he said, the product of corn could be 
increased 5 to 21 per cent. by a day’s work each season in selecting seed. 
Animals differ in their ability to transmit their qualities to offspring, and 
it,is not always the best animals which can best transmit their qualities. 
The same state of things exists among plants, and the same differences 
among seeds of the same plant. In my work I may find in an acre of 
tomatoes three plants bearing more fruit than others. I save these and 
plant them. The product of two may be no more than the average of the 
field, but the third plant may give very markedly better fruit than that of 
the original or any of the three, increasing both the quality and the quan- 
tity. Each farmer here should select, this winter, five or ten ears of corn 
‘which he thinks meet his idea of his wants, his soil, etc. First think 
what this type of corn should be, note down the requirements, and then 
make the selection. Next spring plant the corn in a corner by itself, in 
squares, ten hills each way, from each of the ears. Go through the cen- 
ter of each plat in the autumn, and you will be surprised to see to how 
great an extent the product comes up to the ideal. Select ten ears again 
from each plot, and compare the several lots. Plant from the plot which 
furnished the greatest number of ears. Again take the best, propagate 
the next year in the same way, and so on till you have enough seed to 
supply a whole field. You will find a 20 per cent. advance in yield over 
6 


42 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


any seed you can buy. There will have been only a little extra labor, 
while the direct benefit will be great, besides the pleasure derived. 

In answer to a question, Prof. Tracy said there is no difference in the 
value of the grains of corn upon the same ear. It isthe potency of the 
plant, not the size of the grains or fruits, which determines the matter. 
In this Dr. Beat concurred. 


CAUSES OF SUCCESS OR FAILURE IN FRUITGROWING. 


BY C. P. CHIDESTER OF BATTLE CREEK. 


I have had some very dearly bought experience, and if I can feel 
assured that by giving it to others I can prevent them from making 
some of the mistakes I made, I shall feel that the duty we owe each 
other has been partially performed. 

When we see how prominent a place fruit occupies in the economy of 
nature, and how much care and attention are given to its cultivation and 
improvement, we believe a wise Providence designed that we should use 
it in every way conducive to our health and happiness. 

The value of ripe fruit in preventing disease and promoting health can 
hardly be overestimated. Ripe fruit is one of the greatest blessings nature 
bestows upon mankind, and the pleasures and benefits to be derived from 
its use should be more forcibly impressed upon the minds of our people. 
Apples, in the years past, used to stand at the head as the most useful 
kind of fruit. But their widespread failure during the last few years has 
led the horticulturists all over our country to enquire for the causes which 
have produced this failure. The sales of apples in Michigan, in 1888, 
amounted to over three millions of dollars. When we consider that vast 
quantities of other kinds of fruit are produced in Michigan, we can readily 
see that the fruit interest ranks well with other interests of the state. . 
While in the aggregate the amount of fruit shipped from this state is 
very large, it must be evident to most of you that success in fruitgrowing 
is far from being general among the farmers of this state. All who have 
lived here forty years can look back to the time when apples, peaches, and 
plums grew almost spontaneously over the inhabited portions of Michigan. 

But what a change has taken place! The fact is, nearly one half of the 
farmers in certain localities have to buy these fruits or go without them. 
Now, there must be reasons why we can not grow fruit to the same perfec- 
tion as in former times. There are three main reasons, in my estimation, 
why fruitgrowing so often proves a failure. The first and greatest cause 
of failure is insufficient protection by a lack of windbreaks. The second 
is insufficient protection against fungous diseases and insect enemies. 
The third cause is the lack of proper fertility in the soil. There are 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 43 


secondary causes which sometimes seriously affect the success of the fruit- 
grower, among which might be named improper location, lack of cultiva- 
tion, and improper pruning. 

This question, the cause of the failure in apples, was discussed at great 
length at the farmers’ institute at Adrian the last week in January by 
some of the leading horticulturists of the state. Every conceivable theory 
of cure was advanced, including spraying, fertilizing with ashes, different 
modes of cultivation, and some even attributed the causes of failure to, 
fruit tree peddlers. Failures have been noted under all kinds of treat- 
ment, thus proving that the great cause has not been found. President 
HorTOoN, in summing up the question, said: ‘‘ The question is, are we 
justified in planting new orchards? I ccnfess I am discouraged.’’ He 
said he had thus far seen no answer to this question that would lead him 
to invest in a new orchard; that he had 200 trees, Baldwins and other 
varieties. It should be an orchard in its prime, as it is twenty years old, 
yet it has never had enough apples to pay interest one year on the 
investment, 

I ask no farmer to adopt the theories that I advance for the increased 
failure of fruit during the last few years, unless they are found upon 
investigation to agree with the laws of nature scientifically applied 
Should the causes here given meet your approval, the sooner they can be 
carried into effect the better. As before mentioned, I consider the great- 
est cause of failure in apples and peaches is due to the exposure of 
orchards to the prevailing winds during the winter season. In my opin- 
ion there is no subject of so vital importance to the fruitgrower, or one 
that so imperatively demands his attention, as windbreaks or shelter to 
his orchards and fruit gardens. All who are acquainted with foreign hor- 
ticulture are aware that the principal gardens and fruit grounds are sur- 
rounded by walls or hedges, which show that orchard and vineyard pro- 
tection is calculated to be very essential if not absolutely necessary to 
success. Any one who will take the trouble of observation can be con- 
vinced that where orchards are protected by windbreaks the fruit attains 
a greater degree of perfection. It is also true that trees so located are 
much less liable to disease than those in more exposed situations. It will 
often be noticed that trees of tender varieties often thrive and bear well in 
such sheltered locations, while the same varieties in more exposed loca- 
tions would not succeed at all. 

It is an established fact that many of our best varieties of fruit trees are 
more liable 1o disease, and the fruit generally of inferior quality, as com- 
pared with former times. Even if we should admit that much of this 
inferiority is produced by the increased age of our orchards, as well as 
neglect in other respects, it can not be denied that, even with our 
improved knowledge in cultivation, many fruits are not produced in 
such perfection as formerly, with what would now be called unskilled 
labor. I think the facts will warrant mein making the assertion that, 
taking all parts of our state where orchards have no protection from the 
winds, it is a very rare occurrence to find them producing fruit of any 
worth as compared with former years. On the other hand, it is equally 
true that where our orchards are well protected and receive the proper 
care they have produced paying crops until the last two years. 

Our orchards were visited, during the time the trees were in blossom 
in 1892, by astorm of unusual severity, which destroyed nearly all the 
fruit blossoms. ‘The orchards in 1893 had but few blossoms, probably 


44 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


owing to the excessive number of blossoms of 1892. That year and 1893 
being exceptional years, no account can be taken of them as a basis for 
calculations in the future. Now, the question naturally arises, to what 
shall we attribute this great difference in the productiveness of orchards 
in the same latitude, if not to the absence of wind protection? Since the 
natural windbreaks have to a great extent been removed, it now remains 
for us to provide the necessary protection by artificial plantations. 

The Norway spruce is probably better adapted to this purpose than any 
other evergreen. A timber belt from four to six rods wide, planted twelve 
feet apart, upon the south and west sides of an orchard, will in a few years 
form an efficient protection. 

It is the province of man to assist nature in producing such results as 
he finds most desirable for his purposes, and if he removes the natural 
protection from his orchard, and then leaves it to take care of itself, he 
must expect to realize the usual consequences of neglect. 

As before stated, the second great cause of failure in fruitgrowing is 
insufficient protection againt insect enemies and fungous diseases. I am 
firmly impressed with the belief that the future success and profit of 
apple-growing will greatly depend upon our success in protecting our 
apples from the injury done by the codlin moth. The experiments during 
the last few years have clearly demonstrated the efficiency of London pur- 
ple and Paris green for the destruction of this orchard pest. I am satis- 
fied from my own experience that the use of the arsenites in connection 
with Bordeaux mixture is much to be preferred to using them with water 
only, for the reason that the poison very seldom injures the foliage when 
used in connection with Bordeaux mixture. I was very successful last 
season in saving my plums by spraying with the following mixture: Four 
pounds stone lime, four pounds sulphate of copper, one quarter pound of 
London purple or Paris green, and fifty gallons of water. Spray just 
before the trees blossom and again as soon as the marks of the curculio 
are noticed. I was also successful in preventing the black rot on my 
grapes by the use of the above mixture without the addition of the 
arsenites. 

The third cause of the failure in fruit is a lack of proper fertility in the 
soil. We can not expect to raise good stock or good crops without giving 
the proper food and care. The same rule holds good in growing fruit. 
With the proper knowledge of the principal ingredients of which fruits 
are composed, we are enabled to supply to the soil that which is required 
for their perfect growth and development. We have learned by analysis 
that the wood of the apple tree contains 18 per cent. of lime, 16 per cent. 
of potash, and 17 per cent. of phosphate of lime. The natural conclusion 
from the above analysis would be that that which would be called a lime- 
stone soil would be the best suited for orchards and vineyards, and 
wherever deficiency of lime exists in our soils we must supply a liberal 
amount of lime, ashes, and barnyard manure. It is a well-known fact that 
fruit trees or vines that are properly nourished produce more and better 
fruit, and that they are less likely to be injured by insects or diseases. 

For fear of trespassing upon your valuable time, I have only treated 
upon a few of the most important topics relating to horticulture. I would 
say in conclusion that, in looking over the state and seeing the dilapi- 
dated condition of our orchards and fruit gardens, and realizing the great 
increase of our insect enemies; also, noting the destructive climatic 
changes which have taken place by reason of our indiscriminate destruc- 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MERTING. 45 


tion of timber belts during the past few years, it seems to me necessary 
that we become better educated in the science of horticulture if we would 
become successful fruitgrowers. Taking the above facts into consideration, 
how important it is that we cultivate, cherish, and protect these delicious 
fruits which have been placed.in our charge and for our use, to refine our 
tastes, increase our happiness, and*to better prepare us (morally, physi- 
cally, and intellectually) for the important duties of life. 


Mr. L. W. WILTON said he would not cultiavte an apple orchard after 
it was ten years old. ‘‘One hundred of my trees 1 have cultivated, using 
a rotation of crops, while the rest have been mulched and supplied with 
ashes at the rate of four to five bushels per tree per year. I am well satis- 
fied that it is detrimental to trees to cultivate them after the tenth’ year. 
The 100 trees gave me but little fruit, while the others have not missed a 
crop in twelve years. 


QUESTIONS AND REPORTS. 


THE QUESTION-BOX. 


Are coal ashes of use as a fertilizer, or to soften clay soil ? 

Prof, L, R. Tart: They are of no use as fertilizer, if they are all of 
coal and no wood; they contain neither potash, nitrogen, nor phosphoric 
acid; they do lighten, make porous, clay soils. 

Mr. T. C. Pizerce: At a meeting a few years ago, a professor said 
coal ashes were of no value; but one year ago last spring I put corn and 
oats into a box containing only coal ashes, and both matured. 

Prof. Tart: There may have been some wood ashes mixed in, or 
the roots may have passed through the box and into the ground. 

Mr. PIERCE was sure that neither of these things were the fact, but said 
the product was not normal. 

A voice: Would you take home ashes which were two thirds coal and 
one third wood? 

Prof. Tarr: Yes, I would; and they are worth going after two or 
three miles. 


46 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. W. W. Tracy: In cities, bones and garbage are burned in the coal 
fires, making the ashes the more valuable. 


Is salt good as a fertilizer, or to retain moisture for the blackberry? 

Mr. Tracy: Salt affords no plant food; yet it seems to have some good 
effects, but it is not known exactly how. Salt and plaster on clover have 
been known to produce good results. 

Prof. Tarr: If you have cheap, refuse salt, it is well to apply it;. 
but, as for moisture, I would depend upon shallow cultivation rather than 
upon salt. 

Mr. DaniEL STRANGE: Would it not effect such chemical changes as to 
make available more ‘or less of the potash in the soil, which is not in con- 
dition for assimilation by plants? 

Mr. Crozier thought not. 

Prof. Tart: Mr. STRANGE is right as to there being large quantities of 
potash in the soil, unavailable for plants, but salt would be of little benefit. 
in liberating it. 

Mr. R. M. Kettoae: I have been told it is effectual against cutworms, 
but have found it of no use in this respect. 

Mr. Haui: Will it not exterminate the grub fromclover? I have found 
it beneficial upon clover and potatoes in extermination of grubs or pre- 
venting their attacks. I used it in the hill, keeping it away from the seed. 

Mr. WaLKErR: I have had good results from the use of salt upon light 
soils, 

Mr. Crozier: Is not the benefit more from the impurities in refuse salt 
than from the salt itself? 


What are the best three varieties of red raspberry for market, coming: 
ahead of Cuthbert ? 

Mr. 8S. R. Futter: Hansell is the best I can grow upon my heavy soil 
with clay sub-soil. 

Mr. Kettoae: Crimson Beauty does well with me. It is pistillate and 
must have other varieties near it. Hansell is not so vigorous as it should 
be, save upon very heavy soil. But Hansell is the best early red berry I 
ever grew. 

While neither Mr. Ketnoaa@ nor Mr. Fuuuer liked Marlboro, Mr. 
GREEN said he gets double the amount of fruit from Marlboro as from 
either Shaffer or Cuthbert. 


What is the best treatment for the apple-tree borer ? 
Prof. Tarr: If the borers are already in the tree, dig them out with 
a pointed knife or wire. One preventive is cultivation, keeping the grass 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 47 


away from the trees. Wash the trees with diluted soft soap with a little 
Paris green in it. Lime is of no use in itself, but will help hold Paris 
green, which may be applied in form of whitewash. Borers come of eggs 
laid by a moth. Keep the bark smooth and there will be fewer places for 
deposit of these eggs. Paper may be wrapped around the trunks, and 
under this the eggs will be placed, when they may be destroyed. The 
washes should be applied in late spring or early summer. But, though’ 
these will in some measure prevent the laying of the eggs, or destroy the 
larvee before entering the tree, do not rely upon them, but dig out the larvee 
wherever they may be. The rough bark may be rubbed off, but this must 
be done lightly, because damage will come of exposure of the green bark. 
Washing will tend to give smooth, healthy bark. 

Prof. G. C. Davis answered several questions which were asked or had 
been previously referred to him, at conclusion of his paper on “ Insects and 
Insecticides.” The first of these related to the squash-vine borer. Several 
insects and a fungus, said Mr. Davis, attack the squash vine. The borer 
gets into the pith of the vine, near the roots, and works backward toward 
the root. It is aserious pest. The fungus acts in the same way. Very 
little is known of it, and there is no known remedy for its ravages. This 
fungus is carried about by the little striped beetle. Carbolized lime dust 
will keep this beetle away from the vines, and the borers may be kept away 
by corncobs dipped into tar (coal tar is best) and laid among the vines. 
If summer squashes are planted among the winter varieties, the eggs of the 
borer will be laid among the former, which may be pulled up and burned, 
and the borer so destroyed. 

Mr. R. M Keuwoace asked Mr. Davis if he had had any experience in 
treating moles with bisulphide of carbon. Mr. Davis said this gas might 
reach the mole, but his burrow is along and near the surface, so the gas 
would be likely to escape before affecting him. I knowof no poison which 
is effectual against moles. 

Asked as to strength of washes of lime and Paris green, for use upon 
fruit trees, Mr. Davis said he used enough of the arsenite to show a green 
color in the mixture. 

Stone fruits should be sprayed both before and after the blossoming. 
No harm would come to bees in either case. 

Mr. C. P. Curpester: I have sprayed my grape vines when in bloom, 
and no harm came to the fertilization. I spray plums first just before the 
blossoming, and again when the work of the curculio is shown, using four 
pounds each of lime and copper sulphate in fifty gallons of water, with one 
fourth pound of London purple. I believe this will kill the larve of the 
curculio. 


48 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Davis: The clover-root borer is an annual insect, making three 
changes of form each year, all in the clover. No remedy for it is yet 
known which is effectual. Rotation of crops will probably have the best 
results of any method of dealing with it. The egg is very small, a quarter 
the size of a pinhead, is white, and is laid in the stem; it hatches in ten 
days into a white, footless grub, which burrows in the roots; in the latter 
part of summer these pupate, turning from white to brown, and then 
change into the beetle state. This form of the insect is quarter of an inch 
long. It feeds upon the roots, as did the grub, and lays eggs which hatch 
again into the larvee described; but whether the eggs are laid in fall or 
spring is not yet known. Wet or dry weather seems to have no effect upon 
the insects save as it affects the growth of clover. 

Mr. L. D. WATKINS said he had had a new forty-acre field of Alsike 
clover wholly ruined by these borers. 


REPORT ON EXHIBITS. 


The committee on exhibits would report that they find on exhibition a 
number of good specimens of several varieties of apple. Considering the 
almost entire failure of the apple crop the past season, it certainly shows 
that apple-growing is not a lost art in Eaton county. The apples were for 
the most part of large size and free from scab and the apple worms, which 
we understand is due to spraying. 

The largest collection of apples is shown by M. H. Bainey of Windsor, 
and consists of Baldwin, Talman, Fallawater, and Bellflower. A remark- 
ably fine plate of Northern Spy from MicHarL MERKLE of Eaton; of Ben 
Davis from L. W. WILTon, and Fallawater from H. P. Hayes of Benton, 
deserve particular mention. 

Several other plates of apples were noted, but your committee were 
unable to learn the names of the owners. 

C. P. CuipEesTErR of Battle Creek shows a plate of Chidester’s No. 3 
seedling black grape. Both bunch and berry are of a large size, and it 
seems to have unusual keeping qualities. 

We notice also a photograph showing several trusses of the Conrath 
black raspberry, now being introduced by ConratH Bros. of Ann Arbor. 
The berries are of large size and quite numerous upon the trusses. It 
seems to be promising as a large early black-cap. 

R. H. Warren exhibits a parsnip the size of which indicates that the 
soil of Haton county is well adapted to the growing of roots. 

One of the most interesting exhibits was the collection of adulterated 
vinegars and jellies, shown by Dr. Kepziz of the Agricultural college. 
From his statements of the results of his analyses, and the tests made in 
the presence of this society, we would urge that, as individuals and as a 
society, every possible means be employed to arouse a public interest that 
will secure a law to control the sale of such and other adulterated articles 
of food. Not only should the injurious effect upon the health of the con- 
sumers be considered, but the fact that the sale for the pure-fruit products 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE WINTER MEETING. 49 


is almost destroyed, except at prices that will not pay for handling the 
crops, should stimulate all farmers and fruitgrowers to their utmost efforts 
to protect themselves. 

L. R. Tart, 

WILL W. Tracy, 

C. W, SHRIVER. 


RESOLUTIONS. 


Resolved, That the members of the Michigan State Horticultural society 
hereby tender their sincere thanks to the members of the Eaton County 
Agricultural society for the hearty welcome and numerous courtesies so 
freely bestowed upon us; 

That our thanks are due, and are hereby tendered, to the citizens of 
Charlotte, for the liberal hospitality which we have enjoyed at their hands; 

That we also tender our thanks to the editors of Eaton county, who by 
their presence and influence have added so greatly to the success of this 
meeting. 

Our thanks are also due to the city government for the use of this 
beautiful hall for our meeting at this time. 

We also thank the musicians who have added so greatly to the enjoyment 
of this meeting. 

R. M. Kettoae, 
L. W. WATKINS, 


C. P, CHIDESTER. 


1 


PROCEEDINGS: OF “THE SUMMER MEETING 


HELD AT SOUTH HAVEN, AUGUST 21 AND 22, 1894. 


VISIT to South Haven is always a pleasure to the fruitgrower, the 
more so if he goes in the growing or fruiting season. Those who 
went there upon attendance at the summer meeting of the Michigan State 
Horticultural society found no exception to the rule, if, indeed, they did not 
find the pleasantness of the place and the hospitality of the people a little 
more tangible and hearty than usual. There were far more visitors than 
could reasonably have been expected under the circumstances, enough to 
make, with the local attendance, large audiences at each of the sessions. 
It had been planned to have the meeting a little in advance of the middle 
peach harvest, but the dry, warm season, hastening the ripening, caused 
the interference which it was hoped to avoid. The visiting attendants 
mostly arrived the morning of the 22d, though a few were on hand sooner, 
and were received at the station by a committee with carriages, who took 
them at once to the experiment station. The company included Gov. 
Ricu, Pomologist Heras of the national department of agriculture, Profs. 
Tarr and Davis of the Agricultural college, and a number of other gentle- 
men from different points in the state. 

At the station, which is under the careful superintendence of Mr. T. T. 
Lyon, everything was found to be in perfect order, the trees and plants 
showing as good a state of cultivation as could be wished, while growth 
and fruitage were as good as could be expected under the conditions of 
the season. A trip about the grounds was made by the large party, who 
found very/little to criticise and very much to commend. The visit was 
made chiefly to ‘the pear, plum, and grape plats, as the peaches, like all 
others so close to the lake this season, were not in bearing. But the trees 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 51 


were in healthy condition, giving proof of proper care. Everywhere the 
benefits of spraying were distinctly visible in perfectly healthy foliage and 
fruit. . 

Leaving the station, the party were driven through the plantation of 
Mr. J. N. Stearns, than which it would be hard to find, in Michigan or 
any other state, one more perfect in all points. Peaches were scarce here, 
too, but the pears and plums were the very picture of abundance. The 
trees had been well watered, upon a plan afterward detailed by Mr. STEARNS, 
at one of the sessions, and the beneficial effect of the irrigation was plainly 
discernible. So loaded were the pear trees that much loss and injury 
would have ensued had they been left to the chances of rain. The varie- 
ties in bearing were Anjou, Louis Bonne, Bartlett, Angouleme, Clairgeau, 
and perhaps others. Of plums there were at least Bradshaw, Lombard, 
and McLaughlin, and of these the visitors were permitted to help them- 
selves freely. As Mr. Stearns cultivates a full line of Michigan fruits, 
and gives each and all the very best of care, the man who is seeking the 
best knowledge obtainable of cultural methods could nowhere become bet- 
ter informed. Mr. STEARNS is one of the comparatively few men whose 
practice is in all respects quite equal to his advice to others. This fact is 
one of the secrets of his great success in both orchard and market. 

The other orchards seen in passing seemed all to be in good condition 
of tilth, though the fruitage was light, so far as peaches were concerned, 
while apples showed in most cases a third crop or less. Pears were every- 
where abundant and remarkably free from scab, even Flemish Beauty 
being in fine order in this respect. The same seems to be true through- 
out the state, without regard to spraying. This is the more remarkable, 
considering the prevalence of scab on the apple and the susceptibility of 
Flemish Beauty to this disease. 

The first session was held in the fine oak grove on the north side of town, 
but it was comparatively brief, the company not assembling till about 
eleven o'clock. 

Adjournment was made for dinner, which was served in horticultural 
hall, a large building erected by the local society, in the grove, and great 
was the abundance and the toothsomeness of the repast. This charming 
form of entertainment was repeated next day, there seeming to be no limit 
to the supply of delicacies and none to the generosity of the hosts. 

After dinner, from two to three hundred people answered President 
MoRRILL’s call to order and listened to music by the ladies’ band of South 
Haven. It is a cornet band, composed almost entirely of ladies, who show 
no little skill in their renditions of the usual style of brass band music. 
The fruitgrowers had the pleasure of their entertaining efforts at several 


52 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


others of the sessions, and the thanks they expressed in their final reso- 
lutions were very far from being the mere formalities such resolutions 


sometimes are. fe 


ADDRESS BY GOV. JOHN T. RICH. 


The chair presented the Hon. Joun T. Riou, governor of Michigan, who 
for a half hour or more interested the audience in a review of some of the 
sources of the state’s good fame. He could not discuss horticulture, he 
said, because all present were experts in the art, while his experience as a 
farmer had been in altogether different lines. This is a region not better 
in soil than many others in Michigan, but in it has been developed the 
business of fruitgrowing, and its inhabitants are much the better off in 
consequence. 

Horticulture is of great advantage to a community because it affords a 
great variety of employment in the industries dependent upon it, as well 
as in production of the fruit itself; and it does not so extensively, as does 
general agriculture, enter into competition with itself. 

I have hoped to see the time when this country produced all the . 
sugar necessary for its own consumption, whether from beets, sorghum, or 
the sugarcane. It ought to be done. I still believe it will be done. 

Mr. Ricu proceeded to speak of the broad and generous policy which 
was adopted by the founders of the state, a policy the subsequent enact- 
ment of which has made the state government and institutions second to 
none in the Union. He mentioned the great university, the normal school, 
the Agricultural college, the mining school, and the system of common 
schools, and said the state not only made generous donations of lands to 
the support of the educational institutions, but a share of the specific taxes 
as well, so that a round million each year is turned into the fund of the 
common schools, a sum equal to two thirds of the entire state tax. This 
aid to the schools can not be diverted from them, for the fund is not in the 
form of commercial loans, but is held by the state, which puts the princi- 
pal back into the pockets of the people, who well can afford to pay interest 
to such an object as this. Besides this, the state cares for the insane and 
educates the deaf, dumb, and blind. The former must be done for simply 
the sake of humanity, while the latter is a good investment for the state, 
because it makes these poor unfortunates self-supporting instead of 
dependent upon the state as otherwise they would be. Then, there is the 
industrial school. This was at first called a reform school, and was but 
little different from a jail. Now all traces of the prison are removed from 
it, the name changed, and the boys treated as worthy of confidence, as 
being worth saving. Although they are originally sent for some offense or 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 5S 


other, they are often more sinned against than sinning. This is also a good 
financial investment for the state, for the boys are saved from lives of 
crime. The school for girls at Adrian is equally good for the same purpose, 

The state has invested in these institutions $10,000,000, and expends 
two million dollars per year for their support. They are managed by 
boards composed of some of the best men in the state, who serve without 
compensation and are willing to sacrifice their valuable time for sake of 
the welldoing of their work. 

Then, too, there is the insurance commissioner, working to keep the 
people from loss from unsound insurance companies. The railway com- 
missioner stands for the rights of individuals in controversies with railway 
companies, giving them help which they could not otherwise obtain, for 
the average man is ill prepared to cope with a corporation in maintaining 
his rights. The inspector of illuminating oils engages to protect the pub- 
lic from the sale of unsafe illuminating oils and from the explosions and 
accidents which otherwise would be frequent. The commissioner of labor 
collects most valuable statistics of the state of labor in the commonwealth, 
ascertaining conditions, a knowledge of which is essential to wise legisla- 
tion concerning workingmen and their needs and rights. . 

I congratulate you upon your success as horticulturists, but still more 
upon your condition as citizens of this grand state, whose interests are 
yours, and to guard which and to do your portion toward making this a 
model government is your sacred duty. 


ADDRESS BY POMOLOGIST HEIGES. 


Prof. S. B. HeIcEs, pomologist of the national department of horti- 
culture, was introduced, but spoke but briefly. He had not come to make 
a speech, he said, and after listening to such a “ Rich” address he felt 
still less inclined to say much. He spoke of difficulties of the department 
in determining the names of fruits, of apples especially—of the various 
markings, shapes, colors, and variations of kinds under varying-conditions. 
All these have to be studied and recorded in order to determine the variety, 
and the same work has to be done for the peach, the plum, orange, and 
every other kind of fruit. There is no end to these peculiarities, and yet 
we are supposed to know all of them—but we don’t. One peculiarity of 
the division of pomology, the youngest division of the department, is that 
so much of its principles and details are not fully known and understood. 
But we all delight to study it, and the advancement made is highly 
promising. He said the department is always ready to help the fruit- 
growers, and told how to send sample fruits for inspection and name, 


54 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


either the name of the fruit itself or of its diseases. Write to the depart- 
ment, and franked boxes will be supplied. Then send more than one of 
the fruits (for fruits vary upon the same tree) ; send also some of the 
leaves, twigs, and a description of the tree, for all these are necessary to 
the full determination of the variety. Mr. HricEs said he would remain 
through the meeting and would be glad to help in any way possible. 

In answer to a question, he replied: The Japan plums are hardy trees, 
and as such have a certain value, but I am doubtful if they will succeed in 
this region. The flora of Japan is very much like that of the Pacific 
slope, and the Japan plums flourish there, but are not likely to do as well 
on the Atlantic slope, or in the Mississippi valley or elsewhere. These 
plums by natural habit bloom very early—so early as to be quite sure of 
injury from frost. But I believe they will become the parents, by cross- 
fertilization, of a valuable race of plums. 

The evening session, in the opera house, was the time of gathering of 
one of the largest audiences of the meeting, the place being filled to its 
complete capacity. The ladies’ band again laid the people under obliga- 
tion for its excellent music. 


PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS. 


STATUS OF THE FRUIT CROPS OF 1894. 


BY SECRETARY REID. 


When the time of blossoming came to the orchards, vineyards, and 
small-fruit fields of Michigan, this season of 1894, the promise they made 
of fruitage had seldom if ever been exceeded. With no kind of fruit was 
this more the case than with the apple; and the people, who had for two 
years mourned the failure of the king of fruits, were cheered with hope of 
his abundant reappearance. The present and the approaching harvest 
time will leave those hopes but partially realized. The returns from half 
a hundred letters of inquiry sent to growers in the counties of the lower 
half of this peninsula show every grade of condition, from total failure to 
70 per cent. of a full crop of apples. In a general way it may be said 
that there is a very light crop or none at all in the central, eastern, and 
southeastern parts of the state. Nothing like a good crop was reported 
from further east than Kent county, save that in Ingham the crop was set 
at 40 per cent. In the northern part of the western fruit belt the crop is 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 55 


reported to be from 30 per cent. to a nearly fullone. Further south in the 
belt, on down to Berrien county, the crop is in a numberof places reported 
nearly a full one where unharmed by the canker-worm. The reports from 
Washtenaw, Barry, Clinton, Eaton, Kalamazoo, Calhoun, and Lenawee 
are of almost total failure save in isolated cases, the summer fruit showing 
a little better. None of these counties report enough apples for home 
consumption, and, save pears, there will be not much fruit of any kind for 
export. It seems plain that buyers of winter apples will have to look for 
them in the western portion of the state, from the southern line up to the 
Traverse region, but need scarcely go further than fifty miles eastward 
from lake Michigan. 

Within this region there has been a very fine crop of Oldenberg, while 
Red Astrachan has quite generally failed. Reports of full bearing are 
made of Baldwin, Spy, Ben Davis, Rhode Island Greening, Johnathan, 
Hubbardston, and in some cases small young trees of Wagener. 

Many writers speak of the old orchards as unfruitful, but one reporter, 
the owner of 4,00) bearing trees, Mr. 8S. SmirxH of Watervliet, says his 
plantings of 30 to 40 years ago are bearing best. But it is safe to say that 
none of Mr. SMITH’s trees are of the sort seen in the old orchards of the 
average farm. The causes of the unfruitfulness are generally conceded to 
be the “blight” or scab of the two preceding years, cold weather at the 
blossoming season and immediately afterward, and the prevailing drouth of 
the past two months. There is a general averment that spraying with Bor- 
deaux mixture was highly efficacious wherever persisted in, subduing scab 
upon both fruit and foliage. But while many who used this spray met 
with partial failure from heavy rains, the success of many others must cer- 
tainly cause greatly increased use of Bordeaux mixture hereafter. Indeed, 
so well settled is belief in its efficacy that one correspondent, Mr. W. F. 
Brirp of Ann Arbor, paraphrases Poor Richard’s rhyme about thrift at the 
plow thus: 


“* Whoever hopes success to crown 
Must either work the pump or drown.” 


Possibly some in California or elsewhere, where the annual production 
of every sort of fruit is carefully noted and compiled, will wonder what is 
the meaning of the phrase, “thirty to seventy per cent. of a full crop.” 
But no one in Michigan can tell him ‘“ within forty rows of apple trees.” 
The agricultural and horticultural statistics of Michigan are ludicrous in 
both their meagreness and their inaccuracy. These statistics are gathered 
by supervisors when taking the annual assessment. At first they exer- 
cised some care, but latterly have become quite neglectful of the duty, 
until the annual compilation of their reports, by the secretary of state, 
has become almost valueless. So we will go back to earlier and better 
years for some approximate figures. In 1883 there was a good crop of 
apples in Michigan, and it was reported to have been 1,364,202 barrels. 
If we accept this as reasonably correct, and assume that, as my returns 
show, one third of the acreage of that year is this year producing forty 
per cent. of a crop, we have 176,420 barrels as the crop of 1894 available 
for sale at home and abroad. But I regret to say no one can tell anything 
definite about the matter. My opinion is that our merchantable crop this 
year will be more than double 176,000 barrels, but it is all guesswork. 

We are able much better to approximate the yield of peaches. By stat- 
istics of shipment by rail and water from Allegan county, in 1893, it was 


56 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


clear that not less than 4,000,000 fifth bushel baskets of peaches were ship- 
ped from that county. I believe 2,000,000 baskets will fully represent the 
product of peaches for the rest of the state, making a total of six million 
baskets in all. The crop of 1894 will be from one half to two thirds of 
this amount, but probably will not equal the latter proportion. 

The season saw a quite unusual appearance of the canker-worm in the 
apple orchards, a greater one than lies within my recollection. It was 
prevalent throughout the state in some degree. The most serious ravages 
were reported from Clinton county, where, within an area eight miles 
square, or thereabouts, scarcely an orchard escaped. This worm and the 
scab fungus are the chief sources of injury to the apple trees and their 
fruit this year. The codlin moth has yielded to arsenical spray, but there _ 
is comparatively little harm from this source, even where spraying was 
not practiced. Probably the two preceding unfruitful years had greatly 
diminished the numbers of this pest. It is disheartening to read the 
reports of the prevalence of scab throughout the central and eastern parts 
of the state; and still more so to learn that so little spraying has been 
done, despite the manifold and earnest efforts to instruct farmers in this 
necessary and very simple means of preserving their orchards. There 
seems to be a general opinion in those sections that apples can be no 
ionger grown in Michigan. In the “fruit belt,” the people know better, 
and the interest and abiding faith in the security and profitableness of 
horticulture is evidenced in the extensive and constant planting of fruits 
of ali kinds. ; 

Yellows of the peach tree has developed very strongly everywhere this 
season, unless it be in the extreme north of the fruit belt, where, if it has 
yet appeared, the reporters are careful not to mention it. But in Berrien, 
VanBuren, Washtenaw, Lenawee, and Allegan counties this insidious dis- 
ease is making great inroads upon the orchards, yet there is no discourage- 
ment among peachgrowers in consequence. 

The small fruits promised richly, and the strawberries very nearly ful- 
filled the promise, as did currants and gooseberries; but the others, the 
blackberries especially, were cut very short by dry, warm weather. 

Grapes were severely harmed by the frost of May 28. While at Lawton 
some vineyards wholly escaped (those on the highest grounds), in many 
others the fruit was wholly cut off, so that altogether only about thirty 
per cent. of a crop will be realized. On the whole, not far from sixty per 
cent. of a full crop will be harvested. The fruit is likely to be of very 
high quality, for no disease of either fruit or vine is reported, and ravages 
by the usual insect pests were slight. 

Pears and plums are quoted at from seventy-five per cent. to a full crop 
and in excellent condition. Many correspondents speak of the excep- 
tionally fine condition of the pears in their freedom from scab and worms, 
but blight of the foliage is spoken of in several cases. 

Damage by hail is reported from a number of points, being severest at 
Ann Arbor and in a narrow strip through the peach orchards of Ganges. 

But, despite all these untoward conditions, there is great hopefulness 
and determination among horticulturists in all regions where the grow- 
ing of fruit has become an agricultural specialty. As one reporter 
expresses it, ‘The fruitgrowers seem to be the only ones likely to escape 
the poorhouse this winter.” In conclusion of report of a very disastrous 
season at Ann Arbor, Mr. Brrp says: “From the above report the reader 
may infer that horticulture about Ann Arbor is doomed. As to its prac- 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 57 


tice by many, such is unfortunately the case; but to the intelligent, per- 
sistent worker there is still hope.” In the Grand river valley, from Ionia 
to the lake, the horticultural interest was never so flourishing, and the 
same is true of Allegan, Berrien, Van Buren, Oceana, Mason, Grand Tray- 
erse, and the other fruit-belt counties. If horticulture shall decline in the 
rest of the state, but increase here where it receives more satisfactory 
attention, we shail have a thorough test of our president’s decisively stated, 
idea that prevalence of yellows and other such menacing and destructive 
agencies is a good thing for the fruitgrower. At any rate, if horticulture 
has elsewhere declined seriously, it is no worse off than are the other 
branches of agriculture, while here, where Pomona’s rule is supreme, there 
are few or none at all dissatisfied with their prospects. 


Several gentlemen were called upon for supplementary reports, but only 
a little new matter was obtained. It appeared that there had been more 
rain in the Oceana region than further south, yet there had been injury 
there to the early varieties of peach. Oceana and Mason will have the 
largest crop of peaches in their history, and much more fruit of all kinds. 
than ever before. Japan plums (Burbank and Abundance) prove disap- 
pointing, suffering from late frosts because of their habit of extremely 
early blossoming; but their fruits are good when obtained. 

In Kent county both the apples and peaches are better than on the lake 
shore, due, probably, to the absence of excess of cold wind and rain and to 
the higher grounds. Drouth is making the apples under size and to some 
extent they are dropping. 

In Allegan county there are very few peaches upon the immediate lake 
shore, but further back, two miles or so, the crop is full in many cases. 
Small fruits paid very well, and are being more generally set. Currants 
sold for $1.60 to $2.25 per case, and gooseberries were profitable also. 
Peaches were never finer in quality. The harm near the lake was done by 
cold winds and rain and fogs, at time of fertilization, rather than by frost. 
Peach trees on sandy soils recover quicker than others from curl-leaf. 
The lower lands, where not too wet, have latterly seemed to be the better 
for peaches. 

In Berrien county all small fruits promised well, but suffered from 
drouth, yet paid as well as if the crop had been full. Fruitgrowers are 


very much better off than other farmers. 
8 


58 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


IRRIGATION FOR THE ORCHARD AND GARDEN. 


BY PROF. L. R. TAFT, MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Protracted drouths, the soil baked and cracked, blasting winds, crops 
dried up, and farmers discouraged are among the reports that come from 
all parts of the country. While the meadows, oats, and wheat escaped 
severe injury, the potato and corn crops will be much reduced in yield. 
All this is due to the fact that the rainfall has been deficient in nearly all 
parts of the country, and the drouth has been so protracted, some sections 
not having been favored with even a passing shower for eight or ten 
weeks, that many farmers have cut up their corn in order to save the fod- 
der, even before the tassels appeared. With these reports of widespread 
injury to farm crops, the results must have been even more disastrous in 
the vegetable gardens and orchards. From the fact that the products of 
the horticulturist are very largely ‘composed of water, and that they are 
grown on a more intensive scale than those of the farmer, it can be readily 
seen that this must have been the case. Another point that should not be 
lost sight of is the money value of the two classes of crops, as, while the 
average selling price of the more common farm crops per acre will vary 
from perhaps ten to as much as fifty dollars, taking one season and one 
locality with another, the horticulturist may get from one hundred to 
five hundred or even one thousand dollars for the product of a single acre 
of land. In seasons of severe drouth, like that through which we have 
just passed, it will seldom happen that the ordinary crops of the farm will 
be reduced more than one half, from its effects, and, large though the loss 
may be in the aggregate, upon a single acre it will be comparatively small, 
so that unless some simple and inexpensive method can be employed for 
furnishing an artificial supply of water to supplement the rainfall, the 
increased returns will not warrant the outlay. On the other hand, the hor- 
ticulturist, with his more valuable crops, can not afford to leave a single 
stone unturned that will in any way aid him in saving hiscrop. In sea- 
sons like the past, unless in exceptionally favorable locations, many of the 
less hardy plants are so weakened that the crop is practically ruined. 

The fruitgrower suffers a double loss from seasons of drouth, as his crop 
of the current year not only is lessened, but the trees are often unable to 
make a normal growth, much less to form fruit buds, from which the crop 
of the following year will develop. Thus one year’s drouth may cause the 
loss of two year’s crops. 

The experience of the past few years has convinced many gardeners and 
fruitgrowers that they can not afford to be without the means of carrying 
their crops through dry seasons by means of irrigation. 


HISTORY OF IRRIGATION. 


Although it has been used but comparatively little in the United States 
except in the arid regions of the west, it was employed thousands of years 
ago in Egypt and Arabia, and, although the methods used were very 
crude, enabled those countries not only to maintain a dense population but 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 59 


to export grain in large quantities, and that, too, from land which today, 
from want of water, the reservoirs and irrigating ditches having been des- 
troyed, is covered with the drifting sands of the desert. Today the most 
productive sections of India and the Piedmont and Lombardy regions of 
Europe, which are famed for their crops, owe their reputation to the fact 
that they are provided with well arranged systems of irrigation. In our 
own country, irrigation has been used to a limited extent for more than 
one hundred years in many of the eastern states, where the small streams 
are carried along the summit of ridges and the water is allowed to trickle 
down the hillsides. The land thus watered is generally used as a perma- 
nent meadow or pasture, and the growth of the grass is generally more 
than doubled. In the west, the Mormous in Utah were among the first to 
utilize the water of the streams for purposes of irrigation. They dug 
ditches along the base of the foot hills, and catching the waste water pre- 
vented it from entering the streams. It was then carried in trenches and 
used to irrigate the cultivated lands. Throughout Colorado and Califor- 
nia, and to some extent in other western states, irrigation is regarded as 
almost necessary for the growing of paying crops, although in some sea- 
sons the rainfall is sufficient, without it, to give fair returns. We find 
here many elaborate systems used for supplying water to the orchards and 
wheatfields. Some of them have cost hundreds of thousand of dollars and 
carry the water for fifty to one hundred miles, with the capacity to irri- 
gate fifty thousand to one hundred thousand or more acres. In most 
cases the water is taken from the rivers, a dam being used to raise the 
water to the level of the bank. At other times a wing dam is used to pro- 
ject obliquely into the stream and turn a portion of the water into the 
irrigating ditch. To keep up the supply in the dry season, when the water 
is most wanted, immense storage reservoirs, some of them holding enough 
water for 50,000 acres, are often constructed back in the mountains, from 
which the water is taken as needed. 

The main ditches, which are often twenty-five feet wide and six or eight 
feet deep (a few measure from fifty to seventy feet wide) are carried at a 
slope of two to three feet to the mile, and from these the distributing 
ditches are taken off. The angle which they make with the main ditch 
depends upon the slope of the land, as, if they descend at a greater rate 
than eight feet to the mile, the banks will be badly washed. Ifa quick 
descent is imperative the water is carried in wooden fiumes or in iron pipes. 
The bottoms of the smaller ditches are often paved or lined with cement, 
wherever the fall is considerable or so open as to permit of rapid perco- 
lation. When ditches of considerable length are necessary it is estimated 
that as much as three fourths of the water is lost from evaporation and 
percolation before it reaches the distributing ditches. 

The method used for applying the water to the land depends upon the 
character of the crop as well as on the nature of the land and the amount 
of water. 

HOW SHALL WE IRRIGATE? 


In very few sections of the eastern states is it probable that irrigation 
will become sufficiently general to admit of any concerted action, and for 
the most part small private plants will be the rule. While we expect 
increased attention to the distribution of the water of streams over the 
surface of water meadows, the interest that is now being shown in the 
subject of irrigation by horticulturists in all parts of the country warrants 


60 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the prediction that in the future it will be made use of in orchards and 
market and kitchen gardens. Not only can the streams themselves be 
thus used, but the water from springs and the storm water from the hill- 
sides will be caught in reservoirs and stored for use in time of need. In 
many places, too, when one lives near large towns and cities with an abun- 
dant supply, arrangements can often be made with the local waterworks 
for what is needed. If these resources fail, there are few sections where 
sufficient water can not be readily obtained from a good driven or bored 
well to water at least five acres. A good pump worked by a twelve-foot 
wind-mill, or by hot air or steam, will bring the water to the surface and 
elevate it to the storage reservoir. Especially if the wind is depended 
upon as the power, this should be of ample size, as this fickle force may 
fail at the very time it is most needed, and at best it can hardly be depended 
upon for more than eight hours per day. 

A large storage reservoir can often be cheaply constructed by damming 
up a ravine or by excavating for it at some point where it will have an 
impervious hardpan, but when a well is drawn upon for the supply, a large 
wooden tank will be found to answer the purpose. For irrigating five 
acres it should have a capacity of not less than 800 barrels. This will 
hold water enough to give one acre a covering to the depth of one inch. 
With a well and pump able to fill the tank in twenty-four hours, an acre 
can be irrigated each day, and as the land will seldom need water oftener 
than once in a week or ten days, the five acres can be handled without 
trouble, and in most seasons there will be a considerable surplus. 

Although the common ditch may be used to advantage where the water 
is plentiful, some impervious pipe will generally be found preferable to 
convey the water to the land. When not larger than two inches, a wrought 
iron pipe will generally be cheapest in the end, but for larger sizes a gal- 
vanized iron pipe lined with cement will answer every purpose, and if 
properly made and laid will stand any ordinary pressure. In California 
laminated iron pipes are largely used. They are made of two thicknesses. 
of sheet iron with a space between them of an eighth of an inch filled 
with asphalt, while the inner and outer surfaces are coated with the same 
material. When there is but little pressure, vitrified sewer or cement pipes 
can be used and will answer every purpose. In the west a machine is 
used which makes a cement pipe in the bottom of the trench, but it is not 
regarded very favorably. 


DISTRIBUTING THE WATER. 


The method that will be best adapted for applying the water to the soil 
is yet to be determined, and is, perhaps, the most important question of 
all. 

SPRINKLING. 


In the past there have been various attempts made to irrigate land by 
sprinkling the water upon it from perforated tin pipes supported some 
five or six feet above the ground, while others have called the street sprink- 
ler into use. But little or no success has been obtained from either method. 
A third method is by means of revolving lawn sprinklers, while others 
have used lines of hose with a nozzle at the end arranged to throw a fan- 
shape spray. For watering in either of these ways hydrants are located 
at the center of tracts rather smaller than an acre to which iron pipes of 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MERTING. 61 


about one and one half inches in diameter run. With a strong head of 
water and a large hose it is claimed that a man can water five acres 
per day, but it certainly would reach no great depth. Moreover, this 
method of watering can not be unreservedly commended, as even if water 
enough is applied to soak to the depth of ten inches it is more than likely 
than one half if not two thirds of it will be lost by evaporation. I¢ will 
tend to compact the surface soil, especially if it is inclined to be heavy, 
and if it can not be cultivated it may do as much harm as good. At the 
very best, then, this method of watering the land is not adapted to clay 
soils, and it does not seem equal to some of the other methods, except, 
perhaps, upon small areas, where the town or city waterworks can be 
drawn upon for the supply. 


SURFACE IRRIGATION FROM FUBROWS. 


If water is to be applied in any way upon the surface, running it over 
the land in furrows and allowing it tosoak into the surrounding soil will be 
found the best system. If this method is used, a little attention is often 
required to prepare the land for irrigation by filling up depressions and 
scraping off elevations, but as this can all be done with a team and scraper 
the expense will not be heavy. Care should be taken that the furrows 
have only a gentle slope, and it will be best if it is only enough to give a 
gentle current to the water, as the furrows can then be flooded and the 
water will soak in evenly along the rows. If no more than one foot in one 
hundred, they can run down the slope, but if much in excess they should 
run diagonally or even be carried along the slope with a slight fall. In 
land that is quite steep the hills can be circled and the water run over the 
lower edge, any surplus being caught by the furrow below. In some cases 
slight terraces are made with a plow and the furrows for the water are run 
on these. On level land a shovel-plow can be used to advantage, but on 
the side hill a common mould-board plow, used so as to turn the furrow 
up the hill, will be preferable. When an ordinary cultivator is used in 
working the crop, if the soil is slightly turned from the rows, a trench 
sufficiently deep for the water will be made. In small gardens the trench 
can be quickly made with a hoe, and one should be made use of to even 
up any inequality of level and to dam the water back when necessary. If 
close together, furrows between alternate rows will be sufficient, but when 
further apart, for such crops as the melon and cucumber, a furrow close 
beside each row will be preferable. The method used in the west for 
crops in close drills will also be found useful here. By back-furrowing 
the land twice, a proper slope can be given the beds (15 to 30 feet) from 
side to side, but special pians will be required in laying out the beds in 
order‘that an even slope longitudinally may be secured. When used for 
small fruits that are planted at four feet or less between the rows, if there 
is a furrow in every other space it will suffice, but if the distance is much 
in excess of this, there should be one in each space. In orchards, one fur- 
row will, as a rule, answer for two rows of trees, if a branch furrow is given 
off to each of them. The water can be applied to the best advantage if 
the soil under the trees is so arranged that the water can be spread out in 
a thin sheet as large as the circle of the branches. In the case of bearing 
trees, however, it will be best if the water is not allowed to come within 
from two to four feet of the trunks. 


62 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


No general rule as to the amount of water that will be required ean be 
given that will apply to all crops and all seasons, and the same can be said 
as to the length of time that should elapse between the different irrigations. 
Besides the above conditions, there are several others that should be con- 
sidered, such as the temperature and dryness of the air and the amount 
and distribution of the rainfall. Asa rule, we would recommend that not 
less than one inch of water, amounting to eight hundred barrels per acre, 
be used, except, perhaps, for young trees and other crops that do not fill 
the entire ground with their roots, at one watering. The amount supplied 
to the crop can be varied by the number of applications. In seasons like 
the present, a thorough watering once a week will be none too much for 
many crops, but for others, from one to three waterings will suffice. For 
the small fruit crops the last watering should be given just before they 
begin to color, as water applied after that time will make them too soft 
for shipment. 

Even with this method of irrigation a considerable portion of the sur- 
face soil will be saturated, and if it is clay it will bake so that a large 
amount of water will be lost from evaporation If water is scarce, and 
especially if the irrigation is less frequent than once a week, the surface 
should be given a thorough cultivation so soon after each watering as the 
land is fit to work. In case the ground beneath the trees is flooded as 
recommended, a mulch will be of value to hold the water. 

When this method of irrigation is practiced the water can be carried to 
the furrows in various ways. If pipes are used and the furrows are twenty 
or more feet apart, the pipe line may be carried along the ends of the fur- 
rows and the water supplied at pleasure through small hydrants or fau- 
cets opposite each of them. A small wooden flume may also be used in 
the same way. When closer together the water from the feed pipe may 
be turned into a distributing furrow that is carried along the upper side 
of the field from which the small furrows receive their supply. A better 
way is to locate hydrants supplied by one-and-one-half to two-inch pipes 
from which the water can be turned into the furrows through large fire 
hose, which can generally be bought quite cheaply second hand. If a 
large area is to be watered, three-inch pipes should be run to some central 
point from which it can be distributed insmaller ones. In some cases the 
small pipes are run upon or just beneath the surface of the soil and are of 
course taken up in the fall. 

If the furrows are properly laid out and a good head of water is at hand 
it can be run along a trench for three or four hundred feet, and only a 
minute or so will be required to fill it; if the land is nearly level it will 
generally be best to be able to apply the water at intervals of not over two 
hundred feet. 


SUB-IRRIGATION, 


Although somewhat more expensive at the start, this system will work 
with little or no care, and on many accounts is preferable to any of the 
others under proper conditions. It consists of lines of drain tile laid from 
one to two feet below the surface and at intervals of from ten to thirty 
feet. The lines of tile should have even less slope than the furrows, if an 
even distribution is desired, and if level it will be all the better. If there 
is much head to the water the joints of the tile should be laid as close as 
possible, and at any rate all large cracks should be avoided. The depth 
and the intervals between the tiles will depend to some extent upon the 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 63 


amount of water at hand and the character of the soil, as the deeper and 
further apart they are the more water they willrequire. In an open sandy 
soil some of the water will be lost in the subsoil, but the system is parti- 
cularly adapted to land with a stiff subsoil which will retain it until it is 
all absorbed. While good results can be obtained upon a sandy soil, 
especially if it is rich in organic matter, the system of applying the water 
to the under soil is decidedly preferable upon a clay soil to any system of 
surface irrigation, as there will be no trouble from the baking of the sur- 
face, and if an occasional stirring of the soil is given the surface will be 
kept light and open and will form an almost perfect mulch, which will go 
far to prevent loss from evaporation. On scraping this away, the under 
soil will be found full of moisture, while in unirrigated land it will be as 
dry as dust. As showing the conserving effect of the earth mulch, it may 
be stated that footprints in the light surface soil show up almost black, as 
compared with the light color of the loose, dry soil, in the morning, before 
the water that has been brought up from below is evaporated. This is of 
course @ common occurrence in any soil, but is particularly noticeable 
upon irrigated soils in dry weather. 

In sandy soil it will be best if the tiles are not more than twelve or 
or fifteen inches below the surface and unless there is an abundance of 
water, under a good head, the nearer the tiles are together, down to a dis- 
tance of ten feet, the better, and a saving of water can often be made if they 
are even nearer. When as near the surface as this, unless the soil is well 
drained, care should be taken that the lower ends of the tile are open, that 
the water may run out in winter and not burst the tiles by freezing. 

Three-inch tiles will answer for the laterals (a smaller size may be used) 
and a number of them may be connected by a larger size, into which the 
water can be turned through a line of hose or directly from the supply 
pipe. When this method is employed in the orchards of California, 
cement or sheet iron pipes are used with a small hole near each tree 
through which the water is supplied to the roots. When a moderate pres- 
sure can be obtained a circle sixteen feet in diameter is watered through 
each opening. For use in young orchards, where the trees do not occupy 
all of the ground, a saving of water could be made if, instead of leaving all 
of the joints between the tiles open, those between the trees are closed 
with cement. 

In soil that is inclined to be wet in spring or that is likely to be satu- 
rated by heavy rains during the summer, the pipes used for sub-irrigation 
can be so laid as to serve for the removal of the surplus water. If placed 
at a depth of from twenty to twenty-four inches it will only be necessary 
to connect the lower ends of the lines of tile to a main drain, and have it 
so arranged that the water can be held in them or let out, as is desired. 

It may be well to note here that on stiff soils the best results can not be 
obtained from irrigation unless some efficient means of drainage is com- 
bined with it, and when the combined bed and furrow method of watering 
is used for garden crops it is often desirable to have a line of tile beneath 
each of the dead furrows between the beds to take off any surplus water. 
The system of sub-irrigation described above will serve for both purposes 
with little extra expense, and if at any time the water in the soil is present 
in excessive quantities, either from rainfall or careless watering, it can be 
readily removed. 

Another advantage of sub-irrigation is that considerably less water is 
required than with any other system of watering. With a stiff subsoil 


' 


64 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


many claim that better results can be obtained with one fourth the water 
required by any other method, and even on almost clear sand the amount 
is less rather than more. 

Sometimes one does not have water at hand that can be applied in any 
of the above ways, and yet he has some valuable crop that will be greatly 
reduced in value in seasons like the past if water is not supplied in some 
way. Water can often be hauled in tanks a distance of a mile or so and 
applied in furrows between the rows of drilled crops or in basins around 
fruit trees, from which it will soak into the ground and perhaps return 
twice the expense of the outlay. With fruit crops the gain is especially 
noticeable, as not only is the crop of the present year benefited, but it 
enables the trees to form fruit buds for the next year’s crop. In the older 
parts of the country the apple has its odd year from the fact that the soil 
has become exhausted and the trees are not able both to perfect the crop 
and form fruit buds for another year, but when irrigated they give boun- 
teous crops each year, and the trees being at no time pinched for lack of 
food make a much better growth and come earlier into bearing. 


DOES IRRIGATION PAY? 


Well, it depends. In what we have said above we have endeavored to 
point out some of the best methods and the reasons for and against each, 
but the conditions are so variable that it is difficult to give any general 
rule. Taking one year with another, for garden crops we can say that as 
much can be raised upon one acre of irrigated soil as upon two without 
irrigation, and where the price of land is high and the crop is such that 
the expense of cultivation is large, one can go to aconsiderable expense for 
irrigation, with profit. From fruits, on many soils, an even greater gain 
can be obtained. For such crops, if running water is available, there can 
be no question as to the profit of irrigation. 

An engine, pump, and piping sufficient for irrigating ten acres should 
not cost more than eight hundred to one thousand dollars, while a wind- 
mill and tank with piping for five acres will cost about half as much, so 
that there is little difference in the first outlay, but the latter is of course 
cheaper to run, although less reliable. If much irrigating is to be done, 
it will be well to have both powers, so that steam or hot air can be used if 
the wind fails. The expense of preparing the land for surface irrigation 
will often be little, if anything, while if sub-irrigation is used it will run 
from twenty-five to fifty dollars or more per acre. The cost of applying 
the water will be one dollar per acre if obtained by means of a windmill, 
or two and one-half to three dollars if a steam pump is used, for each 
irrigation, and will seldom be more than four or five dollars in the one 
case to ten in the other, per acre, for the entire season. Supposing that 
the pump and other machinery were only used for this purpose, which is 
hardly probable, and allowing for interest and depreciation, fifteen to 
twenty dollars per acre per year will be a high estimate. It should also 
be noted that if the water supply is sufficient and an engine is used it can 
be made to do more than twice as much as is called for above, if irrigation 
is carried on at night, and the cost of maintenance will be reduced one 
half per acre. 

We have then at the very outside to consider as to the profit when irri- 
gation costs twenty-five dollars per acre (if the pump and power are used 
for other purposes this can be reduced one half), and while few farm 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 65 


crops will stand this outlay, it is certainly a good investment upon many 
grown by the horticulturist, as will be seen from the fact that a crop worth 
one hundred dollars if irrigated, is only half as valuable without it, which 
gives a net profit of one hundred per cent. 

Many cases can be cited where crops that would not have been worth 
one hundred dollars per acre, if they returned the cost of harvesting and 
marketing, without water, were worth from three to four hundred dollars 
when given two or three irrigations. 

Where failures have been met with, it has been generally the case that 
too much has been attempted for the amount of water at hand. Good 
results can not be expected without a supply sufficient to wet down to the 
roots at least once in ten days in a dry season, and if this is done there 
can be no question as to the results. 


Mr. Monroe called out Mr. M. B. Witutams of Kalamazoo, who had 
been making some experiments in the way of irrigation of his fruit farm 
near Douglas. 

Mr. Wituiams: We decided this season to see what could be done in 
the way of watering a portion of our ground, but did not get our plans 
into operation soon enough to secure very decided results. Weonly began © 
three weeks ago, too late to save corn, but it helped some with the straw- 
berries. We started with the idea of using a wind-mill to pump the water 
from a brook to the requisite hight, the top of a ridge, whence the flow of 
water would be toward the river, but we found that the mill had not power 
enough to elevate water for any but small tracts. So we got a ten-horse- 
power engine and have placed a four-inch pipe along the ridge. We have 
intended to tap this with other pipes, but have found that the water will 
run far enough in open trenches. The supply from the stream was found 
to be inadequate also, and next season we shall pump from the river. 
From a four-inch pipe the water will run in a quite respectable brook. 
Whether one dollar expended in irrigation can be made to return more 
than ninety cents of increased yield is something we are not yet able to 
decide. Prof. Tart’s figures correspond closely with our own, as to cost 
of plant and operative expenses. One difficulty, that of carrying water 
over undulations, we have not yet solved. The stream can be banked up 
and carried over slight depressions, or may be led around the little eleva- 
tions. If I were to select land for irrigation, I would choose that which 
is level, for the head of water will carry it some distance; at least, a very 
slight descent is sufficient. It would be difficult to make use of storage 
tanks but reservoirs may be used if not too expensive, Generally, water 
enough can be obtained from tubular wells, for the supply is practically 
without limit, but it would probably be too expensive. In our present 
experiment we have to elevate about forty feet, and can supply enough 


‘water for twenty acres. 
9 


66 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


It was asked if any injury comes from use of cold spring water in sup- 
plying plants. Prof. Tarr said he used such water upon cucumbers and 
squashes, which are as tender plants as any, but without damage to them 
on account of the temperature of the water. 

Mr. WituiAms: After running the water two hours, and covering two 
acres of strawberries, between the rows, we found that the water had 
soaked outward only two or three inches; but next morning we found that 
it had gone down, and returning had wet the entire ground. 

Prof. Tart: That is the natural action of the water. It rises by capil- 
lary attraction in the soil. J have had the same experience. Water has 
been known to meet in this way from ditches which were two rods apart. 

Mr. J. N. Stearns of South Haven, who was to supplement the treat- 
ment of the irrigation question, was presented. 

He said that the past three years have given us seasons of prolonged 
and severe drouth, nearly as bad as the dry seasons of California;. and, if 
these are to continue, or occasionally recur, we shall have to depend upon 
artificial supplies of water. He is thoroughly satisfied that what watering 
of orchard trees he has done has been profitable. He can in a single day, 
with two men, give twenty-five to thirty gallons of water per tree to 80 
to 100 trees. The earth is first pulled away from the tree, hoes being 
used for this purpose, to the depth of several inches, but not so deeply as 
to injure the roots. The water is then poured in and allowed to settle out 
of sight before the earth is replaced. Moisture may be found around the 
trees for two weeks after such a watering. The removal and replacement 
of the upper earth prevents crusting and acts asa mulch. This should be 
done each two weeks, and he should have begun earlier this season. He 
has 500 bushels of plums this season, which he would not have had 
but for the water given the trees last year, so beneficial is the irrigation to 
the trees in ripening their crops and establishing fruit buds for the next 
season’s crop. He has-had three successive crops of Lombard plums, and 
this would have been quite out of the question but for the irrigation. 
Effect of the water is very perceptible in the pear orchard also. He has 
only watered the bearing trees, and on these the foliage is fresh and green, 
while on those having little fruit, and no water, the leaves are dropping. 
He thinks the interest upon cost of windmill and tanks sufficient to be of 
much service would do the watering upon one thousand trees or more. 
He places the water four feet away from the body of the tree but it will 
soak throughout a circle eight to ten feet in diameter. He uses casks and 
draws water from the river, but thinks a tank and hose would be better. 
His soil is mostly clay and he keeps up cultivation during the time of 
watering. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 67 


Mr. M. B. Witutams: I have been surprised to see how much Mr. 
STEARNS has done with a little water. His practice of pulling the soil 
back over the water provides a mulch and is superior by far to surface 
irrigation in his soil. I think the amount of water and the manner of its 
application, however, would not be so good for my lighter soil. 

Mr. Morriut advocated planting further apart all sorts of fruit trees 
and vines, partly in order that they shall not so quickly absorb all the 
water from the soil. 

To this Mr. STEARNS agreed, saying his observation had convinced him 
that more room should be given to fruits of all sorts. He instanced the 
much greater yield of his outer row of gooseberries, as an illustration of 
the better results to be obtained by such wider planting. 

Mr. C. B. Wetcu: Will subsoiling answer as a substitute for 
irrigation? 

Mr. Stearns: Nearly all of my ground is subsoiled, which I think 
nearly equal to underdraining, but I do not regard it asa substitute for 
irrigation. 

Question: What is the proper distance for planting peaches and 
pears? 

Mr. Morritt: Not less than 20x20 feet, and better 24x24 feet for 
peaches and standard pears. Like Mr. Strrarns, I find my best product 
of gooseberries at the outer rows of the field. 

Mr. SreaRNs: I have made two mistakes in my planting of fruit 
orchards and fields: I have planted too closely and taken too many crops 
from a plantation before replanting. 


68 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


AN ADDRESS. 


BY HON. HENRY F. THOMAS OF ALLEGAN. 


President Morriuu introduced the Hon. H. F. Thomas, member of con- 
gress from the fourth district of Michigan, who made the following 
address, which was very heartily applauded at its close: 


GENTLEMEN OF THE SoctETy:—I am happy to be with you for two 
special reasons. In the first place, you represent an industry which in 
its material benefits to society, as well as in its ennobling influences upon 
character, places it at once in the first rank of human occupations. Chem- 
ical analyses and medical experience demonstrate that fruits and grains 
are the normal food of man. It is worthy of note that the Lord God 
planted in the center of Eden not a slaughter-house but an orchard. It 
was a tradition among the Greeks that in the golden age mankind lived on 
acorns while the gods lived on walnuts. Our historical scripture informs 
us that in the beginning man was given the freedom of the garden, but 
the apples were reserved for the gods. 

In the next place, you represent the leading industry of the. district 
which I have the honor to represent. The successful culture of fruit 
depends upon a peculiarity of soil, atmosphere, and temperature which 
prevails in a wonderful manner in the southwestern counties of Michigan. 
Each of the four seasons furnishes those characteristic conditions without 
which our most delicious fruits would never reach perfection. The same 
apple grown in Van Buren county, commanding the highest price in the 
Chicago market for its flavor and richness, planted on the Pacific coast in 
the orange belt is woody and tasteless. The prevailing western winds, 
tempered by the waters of lake Michigan, over which they sweep, shield 
us from the late and early frost. And here, where but a generation ago 
dense forests prevailed, filled with wild beasts and Indians, today -the 
entire country from the lake to the headwaters of the St. Joseph, and from 
the Grand river to the Indiana line, displays an unbroken series of gardens, 
‘orchards, and grain fields that would have excited the envy of the Pha- 
raohs in the palmiest days of Egypt and the Nile. 

Pomology as a science, we are told, dates from the reign of Henry 
VIII. Since then a voluminous literature has sprung up on both sides of 
the Atlantic. In order to understand its position among the sciences, let 
me say that it deals with but a segment of the vast circle of vegetable life. 
Botany is the generic term embracing the entire circle, dealing with plants 
only as to their normal condition, while horticulture deals with such spe- 
cies and varieties as are produced by cultivation and exemplify nature as 
elaborated and modified by the art of man. Pomology, then, is only a 
department of horticulture, and has for its specific object the culture of 
fruit as distinguished from vegetable or grain culture. 

But, after we have thus limited and located the subject, to advance 
which your society was formed, we have still before us a vast field of inquiry 
which the short years of a lifetime will not suffice to master. DOwNING, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 69 


in his elaborate work on fruit culture, devotes nearly three hundred pages 
to the enumeration of the species and varieties of the apple alone; while 
another writer selects from this exhaustless catalogue about eighty varie- 
ties which he thinks may be grown to perfection in the state of Michigan. 
In fact, the subject has already assumed such proportions that WARDER 
has published a large volume devoted to apple culture alone. And so, in 
all large libraries, separate works may be found on the culture of the 
orange, lemon, grape, peach, apricot, and other fruits. Annual conven- 
tions are now held in most of the states, devoted to the subject of fruit 
culture, and the fruit exhibits of our county, state, and world fairs has but 
few rivals in magnificence and display. 

Of the commercial advantages of fruit culture, of the art and science of 
cultivation, I have not the time to speak, but will take this opportunity to 
refer briefly to certain ethical and intellectual considerations involved in 
fruit culture. We have said that it was one of the most ennobling of 
occupations. The conditions are most favorable to health. The character 
of the soil and climate, which gives color, flavor, and richness to fruit, 
gives strength to the arm that cultivates it, light to the eye, color to the 
cheek, and health to the body. Few fruits, indeed, and none of the highest 
order, come to perfection in malarial districts. The apple, the peach, the 
cherry, and the strawberry, most delicious of fruits, are products of the 
temperate zone, within which cultivation has achieved its greatest con- 
quests, man his highest development. 

But physical health is not the only boon of fruit culture. Its oppor- 
tunities for mental discipline and study are of the most interesting char- 
acter. Here the biologist finds himself in the midst of phenomena which 
embody the origin of all life; for animal life is nothing but an elaboration 
of vegetable life. Here the geologist may learn the properties of strata 
and of soil in the flower and chemical qualities of fruits. The reason why 
the wine of the valley of the Druro, the prunes of Turkey, the coffee of 
Java, and the apples of Michigan have a flavor so unique and so incom- 
parable is to be found in the soil or beneath it. And then, in the art of bud- 
ding and grafting, what unlimited scope for analysis and synthesis and 
mechanical ingenuity! It has been said that God made man in his own image. 
I suppose this means that man is endowed potentially with divine power. 

f man ever reflects the image of the creative First Cause, it is in the 
wonderful triumphs of fruit culture. The power which transformed the 
original crab apple into the luscious Baldwin or Northern Spy, is certainly 
akin to that high prerogative which created the crab. 

The most valuable of northern fruits, perhaps, is the apple. It will 
resist the changes of climate, endure neglect more patiently, and respond 
to kind treatment more readily than any other fruit. Its juices forma 
delicious and wholesome beverage; as a table decorative and dessert it 
surpasses its tropical rivals, while in the dried state or in cellar storage it 
supplies our wants for the entire year. Excellent bread has been made by 
the French by a mixture of two thirds flour with one third apple, without 
water. For cattle and hogs, sweet apples have long been held in high 
demand. Think of pork, ham, and bacon fattened on sweet apples! If 
anything could prevail against the conscience of a Jew, I think it would 
be fruit-fattened ham and eggs. 

Again, fruit culture has an ethical bearing as to food. The dispositions 
of men are affected by diet. This is seen in the study of the different 
races. The Indian, living principally upon meat, is bloodthirsty and 


70 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


cruel. The Brahmin, who eats no meat, is sympathetic, kind, and spirit- 
ual. Mankind, in its evolution toward the highest, will use more fruit and 
grain and less liquor, tobacco, and meat. It isa known fact that the habitual 
use of stimulants and narcotics destroys the taste for fruit. This alone is 
a conclusive argument against the use of stimulants and narcotics. Who 
does not call to mind the fruit eaten in-childhood? I remember well the 
early days of Michigan, when apples were exceedingly rare and pumpkin 
sauce was plenty. How often, in the late months of February and March, 
I have explored the cellar for the last decayed survivor of the apple crop! 
and I declare to you that the finest specimen now exhibited at our fairs 
falls far below in flavor those fragments that my childish tongue fed upon. 
Alas! the fault is not in the apple—my taste has degenerated. 

But, in another sense, fruit culture is ennobling. The orchardist culti- 
vates a friendship for his trees which is reflected in his own character. 
He plants them with his own hands. He watches their growth from year 
to year, remembers their age as he does those of his children. He knows 
their history, remembers the date and character of the budding and graft- 
ing, the year they began to bear, their dessert and keeping qualities, 
their relative standing in the market, and the difference in size and 
flavor between the same fruits raised in New York and raised in Mich- 
igan. And he delights to recount these facts to his friends and visitors. 

I am indebted to a newspaper article for the following bit of history: 
On an orchard ranch, two thousand five hundred feet above the sea and 
sixty miles from the Pacific coast, lives a retired physician, spending the 
remainder of his days among the flowers, plants, and trees of his own 
planting. Showing a stranger through his orchard one day, he stopped 
by a French prune tree loaded with fruit, its first bearing. ‘This,’ said 
he, ‘is a very choice variety. It was selected by my son and by him 
budded into a plum tree only three years ago. He was anxious to know 
the result, but, poor boy! he died of hereditary consumption last year, 
and at his request we buried him on yonder knoll, overlooking the orchard 
in which he took so much interest.” 

Thus the tree-planter breathes the fragrance of the blossoms of his 
trees, gathers the autumn harvest from their branches, rejoices in their 
growth, entwines their history with the memory of friends and home, and 
lives and breathes in the very atmosphere of their fragrance and beauty. 

Beforce concluding I wish to recommend the practice of planting fruit 
trees along the roadside and fences. This practice has long prevailed in 
Germany, and to some extent in England, and in our own Atlantic states. 
It has the merit of utilizing space which otherwise would be wasted. 
Many fruit trees are decidedly ornamental, especially the cherry and hick- 
ory nut, and thus the highways would be made more attractive and the 
farms beautified. But there is another consideration which should appeal 
to every land owner, and that is the blessing that would be thus conferred 
upon the wayfarer and stranger and those neighbors who are too poor to 
own orchards, in the gratuitous supply of fruits. And again, the cruel 
barbed wire, whose treacherous wire-dogs often lacerate like the fangs of 
a serpent, could be safely shielded in a beautiful hedge of blackberries, 
currants, or grapes, guarding at once from danger and supplying an added 
dish to the poor man’s table. To be sure, such trees and plants would lack 
the order and care of a regular orchard, but I can not doubt that the reg- 
ular orchard would gain many compliments by the contrast that would 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. qu 


never have been suggested without it; just as finished pictures are often 
put in rustic frames. Moore, the Irish poet, describing an oriental scene, 
says: 
“ Rocks are rough, but smiling there 
The acacia waves her yellow hair, 
Lonely and sweet, nor loved the less 
For flowering in a wilderness.” 


After all, every occupation, in some sense, should possess an aspect of’ 
disinterested kindness for those who are less fortunate than ourselves. 

When the title to our lands has passed to strangers, in the shade of the 
trees we have planted many a foot-sore traveler may sit down to rest and 
bless the benefaction, although he kas never heard the name of the bene- 
factor. Let us in all things adopt the language of the universal prayer: 


“Teach me to feel another’s woe, 
To hide the fault I see; 
The merey I to others show, 
That mercy show to me.” 


POSSIBILITIES OF NUT CULTURE IN MICHIGAN. 


BY MR. W. A. TAYLOR, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 


Nut culture is of recent development in the United States. Like all 
new fields of horticultural enterprise, it requires careful investigation 
before being entered by the cultivator who would avoid disappointment 
and financial loss. What is its history? What are its limitations and its 
possibilities? These are the questions that I would briefly discuss, pay- 
ing particular attention to the needs of the Michigan grower. 

History—Its history in Michigan is chiefly noticeable by its absence. 
Aside from local tradition and an occasional reference in print to a small 
chestnut or black walnut grove, it has none. In that admirable and exhaust- 
ive sketch, ‘“‘ A History of Michigan Horticulture ” prepared a few years ago 
by President Lyon, the references to the culture of edible nuts do not out- 
number the fingers of one hand. With native beech, shagbark, hazel, but- 
ternut, and walnut widely distributed throughout the state and the chest- 
nut growing in a few localities, the pioneer had little need to look else- 
where than to the neighboring woodland for his family supply. Quantities 
of wild beechnuts, butternuts, and walnuts were marketed in the earlier days 
and doubtless are now in some sections. But taking the state as a whole, 
and especially that portion of it lying south of Port Huron and Grand 
Rapids, it can safely be said that the day of self-planted nut groves is ended. 
If the city and village markets, as well as the farmer’s table, are to be sup- 
plied from within the state rather than by purchase from other states or 
by importation from foreign countries, nut bearing trees must be planted. 


72 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Limitations—Will the planting of nut trees pay? There are two sides to 
this question, one of which can be promptly answered in the affirmative. 
Prof. SATTERLEE, writing some years ago of his own experience with a 25- 
year-old mixed grove of 100 trees of chestnut, walnut, and butternut in 
Montcalm county, stated that the same land in potatoes would have paid him 
much better than the trees had done in either nuts or timber. ‘ But,” he 
continues, ‘‘ happily its value does not depend on the amount of stovewood 
it would make now or the amount of sawing timber it will make at some 
time in the distant future. It has paid a good interest on the use of the 
land every year since it was planted by its adding one more attraction to 
the old home place.” This view of the question should not be overlooked. 
Viewed from the standpoint of the believer in more attractive and interest- 
ing farm homes it will pay. But the other and more practical side of the 
question to the grower who is after the dollars, is that of the pecuniary 
return from such planting. 

In discussing this let us first consider the question of present market 
demand for nuts. We have no statistical information on either the present 
production or consumption of edible nuts in Michigan. But from certain 
data within our reach an approximate estimate of the latter item can be 
made. 

The production of edible nuts (exclusive of cocoanuts) in the United 
erates for the year 1889, according to the census of 1890, was valued as 

ollows: 


| 24Yos1 s Rg De Sa Mla, CPO ceae oth eetity a eee eee AT $1,616,576 50 
NE 170) 616 DIG, BUT AD ctnpat le og Rae eMa iNT Seu) IE ws Hh eee WD 1,525,109 85 
Persian walnut (Madeira nut, English walnut)---_ 1,256,985 00 

ED cotiea a ee eo 55) OO apr as rs $4,398,671 30 


No statistics on other nuts than these were collected by the census. 
The importations of nuts for the fiscal year 1889-90 (almost entirely of 
the crop 1889), were as follows: 


A inonds Mie te. 5s Bier! 2 ae Seals ei a a ae $813,278 00 
All other (except cocoanuts) 20 22~ Peso. 800,376 00 
Potala. «sachs we few heer baelle dabei $1,613,654 00 


This gives us a total of $6,012,325.30 as the value of the nuts used in 
the United States in one year, without including the beechnut, blackwalnut, 
shagbark, and pinon of which large quanties are used, or the omnipresent 
peanut which forms an important article of commerce. It will be noticed 
that none of the kinds mentioned in the statistics of either the home 
production or importation are grown to any extent in Michigan. 

By comparing the population of the country in 1890 with the value of 
the nuts consumed it will be found that the consumption amounted to about 
92 cents for each person. If Michigan got her share (and in the matter 
of edibles I think it will be conceded that the Wolverine usually does) the 
2,093,889 inhabitants of the state consumed a little more than $200,000: 
worth of nuts and nut products, in addition to those grown within the 
state. Allow one half of this amount for the inaccuracies of the census. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. te 


and other uncertainties and we have left'the somewhat startling fact that 
the nut importations of the state equal in value 200,000 bushels of wheat 
at present prices—the product of 10,000 acres of good land. 

It is not to be presumed that all, or even the greater part of this con- 
sumption, will be supplied in the neac future from within the state. 
Many of the imported nuts are of a tropical or semi-tropical character and 
are therefore not to be considersd in this connection. Of the leading nuts 
consumed the almond is hardly worth a trial unless possibly in the mildest 
sections of the fruit belt. Its early blooming habit is its chief defect. 

But the hardier, late blooming varieties of Persian walnut, and the 
precocious, large-fruited chestuuts of both the Japanese and European 
types are worthy of the attention of experimenters who have land and 
climate suited to their requirements. The European filberts and cobnuts 
should also be tried, especially in localities where the native hazels thrive. 

Possibilities.—As a beginning in the line of husbanding our resources, 
a careful search should be made for trees of the shagbark hickory, yielding 
nuts with thin shells, that crack so as to yield their kernels in unbroken 
halves. Such trees should be protected and cared for and their product 
kept apart from inferior nuts in harvesting. A market for these nuts can 
be readily found at good prices when any considerable quantity is avail- 
able for purchase. They are sought by confectioners who use them in 
candying and cake-making, and their preparation for these uses has 
developed into an industry of considerable magnitude in some parts of the 
east. In portions of Connecticut and Pennsylvania, where native shag- 
bark trees have been preserved and cared for on farms, they now afford 
considerable revenue to their owners. The shagbark is of slow growth 
and in the north is a very difficult tree to transplant or propagate by 
grafting. It is therefore not so well suited for planting as some others. 

As an erect and handsome ornamental tree I am confident that the 
pecan will be found a success in the mild climate of the fruit belt. Trees 
not more than one year old, or fresh nuts secured in the fall, may be 
planted in the rich, moderately moist soil. Whether trees or nuts are 
planted, they should be from localities as far north as good stock can be 
secured. They should by all means come from north of Cairo, Illinois. 
The fruitfulness of this species in our climate, as well as the desirability 
of its product in the north, is a matter of doubt. It makes a magnificent 
tree much further north than it bears profitable crops of nuts. 

Of the walnuts worth planting, the Persian is the only one that can now 
be recommended for its fruit. The varieties best suited to Michigan are, 
without doubt, those that like the college boy in the song, “‘Go to bed 
early and get up late.” The worst fault of most of them is that they start 
growth too early in spring and fail to properly ripen their wood in the 
fall. This early blooming habit is a strongly marked characteristic of the 
so-called ‘‘ English” walnut, the discovery of which has cost California 
growers years of time and thousands of dollars in crop failures. Such 
recently introduced varieties as Preeparturiens, Mayette, Franquette, and 
Chaberte, all of French origin, have proved to be late bloomers and early 
and abundant bearers. ‘They are worthy of trial by those who have rich, 
well-drained soil, in situations not exposed to the full sweep of cold winds. 
They can be propagated with some certainty from seed but better by means 
of grafted trees which can be had at some of the large nurseries. Trees 
of this species should be given plenty of room. They should not be 

10 


74 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


planted to stand closer together than thirty to forty feet, after reaching 
twenty years of age. They can be readily transplanted when one or two 
years old. There is a strong probability that some of these varieties will 
be found hardy enough for sheltered locations in the fruit belt. Where it 
is possible they should be planted in the vicinity of black walnut trees to 
insure fertilization of the blossoms. California growers are planting the 
black walnut and several other species in their Persian walnut orchards to 
accomplish this result. 

The recently introduced Japanese walnut (Juglans sieboldiana), 
resembles the Persian walnut in appearance of nut, though the tree is more 
like that of the butternut. Those that I have had under observation start 
into growth in the spring even earlier than the Persian walnut and are 
therefore more likely to be injured by frost. Unless there are other types 
of this nut which bloom later it is of doubtful value to the Michigan 
grower. 

Were it not for a somewhat mysterious disease to which the leaves are 
subject, the filbert could be recommended as likely to succeed in Michigan. 
And in view of the ease with which it is propagated, both by seeds and 
suckers, it is perhaps worthy of experiment. It will thrive on dryer and 
poorer ground than any other nut tree save the chestnut, though a moder- 
ately rich loam suits it best. As a shrub for the lawn where alow mass of 
green is desired, this can be planted. After becoming well established it 
should be pruned back in spring, taking care that the fruit spurs and cat- 
kins be not removed. They new growth requires some thinning out in 
summer to prevent a too vigorous growth of sprouts in the middle of the 
bush. The hazel, unlike the chestnut, thrives on limestone land. Named 
varieties have been but little grown in this country. The writer has 
received from Mr. A. S. FULLER of northern New Jersey some very good 
nuts grown from seed obtained by him from England. It is probable that 
varieties suited to our climate could be developed in a few years by grow- 
ing seedlings in this way. 

What seems to me to be the most promising nut tree for Michigan is 
the chestnut. As already noted, this is native in but few localities in the 
state. Beal and Wheeler’s Flora record it as occurring naturally only in 
Monroe, Washtenaw, and Wayne counties. But the tree thrives in most 
of the lower four tiers of counties when planted in suitable soil. It 
prefers a somewhat elevated slope, with a dry, sandy or gravelly soil, con- 
taining little or no limestone. It is therefore suitable for planting on 
many sites not suited to other nuts. All native bearing trees should be 
carefully preserved. Were quality the only point to be considered, the 
American species would be the best one to plant. But productiveness 
and large size are important factors, and in these particulars the native 
nut is inferior to the Japanese and European types. When large fruited 
varieties of the native nut are discovered (and there is good reason to 
believe that they exist), the native nut will probably lead all others in the 
market plantations. But until these come to light, the planter should 
confine his efforts mainly to a few of the best varieties of the foreign types. 
Of these it may be said that the Japanese varieties are more dwarf in 
growth, bear earlier, and furnish the largest nuts, though they are often 
of very poor quality. The European type is of larger growth, bears at 
a comparatively early age, and furnishes nuts of fair quality. The 
Numbo is perhaps the best of the tested imported varieties. Paragon and 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEBRTING. 75 


Ridgely, both seedlings grown in this country from trees of the European 
type, bear nuts of good size and quality, and both are very productive. 
The three varieties named are probably the best now obtainable. With 
good care, in favorable locations, grafted trees can be expected to yield a 
few nuts within four or five years from planting and a considerable quan- 
tity at six to ten years of age. They should not be planted in isolated 
locations; the proximity of trees of the same species adding materially to 
their fruitfulness. 

Our conclusions may then be summed up as follows: 

1. Recorded experience indicates that with the possible exception of 
the chestnut, the native nut-bearing species are unworthy of planting in 
Michigan for their fruit alone. 

2. The large and increasing consumption of nuts makes further experi- 
mentation with introduced species advisable. 

3. Trees bearing choice shagbarks and chestnuts should be carefully 
preserved and their product kept apart from inferior nuts for marketing. 

4. Theintroduced nuts most promising to the experimenter are believed 
to be the improved varieties of the European and Japanese types of chest- 
nut, the hardy, early bearing varieties of Persian walnut, and the filbert. 
The pecan is worthy of trial and will probably make at least a satisfactory 
ornamental tree if grown from stock secured north of the Ohioriver. The 
almond blooms too early to make its trial advisable outside of the most 
favored portions of the fruit belt. 

5. There is not sufficient evidence at present to warrant the extensive 
planting of any of these nuts in Michigan, but experimental work by 
growers should be encouraged in order that the limitations and possibili- 
ties may be determined. 


Mr. B. Haruaway of Little Prairie Ronde: As to the difficulty of trans- 
planting the shagbark, I have trees in bearing which I transplanted from 
my nursery, eight out of ten having lived without trouble. Last year I 
got two bushels of nuts from them besides what the boys took. They 
were transplanted at two years of age, when they had four or five feet of 
tap-root to one foot of top. Holes for them were dug with a post-hole 
digger, giving ample depth for the placing of the tap-root in its natural 
position. These trees have been planted eighteen to twenty years. 

Mr. Lyon suggested the cutting of the tap-roots a year previous to the 
transplanting, but Mr. Hatuaway objected to this as an interference with 
the natural habit of the tree. At two years of age they have very few 
lateral roots and are not likely to supply them if the tap-roots are cut. 


76 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


BORERS THAT THE HORTICULTURIST MUST FIGHT. 


BY PROF. G. C. DAVIS, MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 
APPLE TREE BORERS. 


What is commonly known as the flat-headed apple tree borer is one of the 
commonest that we have. It is so named from the flat appearance of the head 
of the grub and can be told the flattened burrow which it makes. The 
grub may further be known by the anterior por- 
tion just back of the small head being enormously 
enlarged and rounded on the sides. But one year 
is required for the development of these borers 
and hence they grow rapidly and bore with equal 
energy to satisfy the appetite. They pupate in 
the spring in their burrows and come out as a 

beetle in early June. 
Dileee I CArieobcehits ferme The beetles are great lovers of sunshine, and 
ratus): a, larva; >, beetle. —§ ay be seen quietly basking on the sunny side 
of a fence, stump, or tree, or perhaps running very rapidly around as if 
in search of something, instantly taking wing if one tries to catch them 
with his hand. 

Through June and July, the eggs are laid in crevices over the bark, 
and the young grub, like all others of this family of borers, has to gnaw 
its way through to get under the bark. 

Besides working on the apple, this species is known to work on the 
cherry, pear, plum, peach, and most of our shade trees and shrubs, It is 
even more common in the forests than in our orchards, so that the species 
is not likely to become extinct for want of a food plant. As a general 
rule, in depositing their eggs, the beetles will select a tree that is not 
really thrifty or rugged in its growth. Small trees that have been 
recently transplanted are also sought for the same reason, and special 
attention should be given such trees to prevent the borer from taking 
undue advantage of them for a few years until they become as thrifty 
and rugged as the rest. 

Dead, partly decayed, or badly injured branches should never be per- 
mitted to remain in an orchard, neither on the tree nor off, as they are 
ideal breeding places for the flat-headed borers. Such branches as these 
in an orchard not only breed the borers very rapidly, but attract others 
that are traveling. When the dead or sickly trees have been killed off, 
the beetles will attack the thrifty trees and they in turn will succumb 
to the beetle’s work. Brush piles left in an orchard or vicinity are 
equally good harbingers of all kinds of borers as well as other vermin. 
I feel very certain that I am right when I make the assertion that no 
orchardist need worry over the flat-headed borer injuring his trees to any 
extent if he will keep his orchard in a healthy condition and keep all dead 
and dying limbs cut out and burned. So long as an orchard is kept in this 
condition there is nothing to attract the beetles and they will leave the 
orchard entirely alone and search for orchards more to their liking. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 17 


For the entire class of flat-headed and round-headed borers, alkaline 
washes of some kind serve nicely as a repellant. They seem to be 
unpleasant to the beetle and she wili not deposit her eggs on a tree 
washed with them nor remain long on such a tree herself. Soft soap is 
generally considered the best wash, as it can be so easily applied and 
when once thoroughly dried upon the bark is not easily washed off. Ifa 
small amount of crude carbolic acid, perhaps one part to twenty parts of 
the soap, is used, this mixture will be even more effectual in repelling the 
beetles. Soft soap, as generally made, is a little too thick to use as a’ 
wash; but it should be diluted only enough to spread well and leave a 
soapy film over all the bark. It may be applied with a broom or scrub- 
bing brush. Care should be taken to reach all crevices in the bark, as 
there is where the eggs are most likely to be deposited. The first applica- 
tion should be made early in June and, if the next few weeks are rainy, a 
second application should be made in early July. ‘The base of the tree, 
near the surface of the soil, is the most likely to be attacked, but the rest 
of the trunk and the large limbs should also be washed as far up as can 
be conveniently reached, for the borer works there, too. 

When at work under the bark, the borers may be detected by the chips 
pushed out of the opening. They may be dug out, but unless care and 
good judgment are used, one will dig such large holes in search of the 
borer that the knife will do more harm than the borer would if left alone. 
Hot water may be injected or a wire entered and little or no harm done 
to the tree, but it is usually quite difficult to reach the borers in this way 
and be certain that they have been killed. 


e THE ROUND-HEADED BORERS. 


Another family of borers, that work on the sap wood mostly, are the 
round-headed borers. They belong to the Cerambycide, or long-horned 
beetles. The swollen portion just back of the head is nearly spherical 
and the borers make a round or oval instead of a flat burrow, hence the 
names of the two kinds. These borers, like the flat-headed ones, are foot- 
less and move in the burrow by alternately contracting and expanding the 


RounD HEADED APPLE TREE BORER (Saperda candida). a, larva; 
6, pupa; c, beetle. 


body. There are several species that attack the apple, the most common 
being in the mature form a beautiful white, striped beetle known as 
Saperda candida. The eggs are laid in June and July, singly, over the 
bark, and the young grub hatches from them inside of two weeks. 
Instead of going through all the transformations in one year, three years 
are required for its development. While the actual work of the flat- 
headed borer does not last over six months, that of the round-headed 


78 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


borer continues for more than two years. This length of time enables the 
round-headed borers to go much deeper and further, and although they 
are not so common as the flat-headed borers, their work is to be dreaded 
as much or more. The same remedies and methods of treatment are to 
be used as recommended for the fiat-headed borer. 

There are several other borers on the apple tree besides those already 
mentioned, but they are not usually common and their work is confined 
almost entirely to dead or partially decayed wood. If what has already 
been said about dead limbs and brush in an orchard will be heeded, there 
is no danger of serious loss from their work. 


FLAT-HEADED CHERRY TREE BORER. 


Closely related to the flat-headed apple tree borer is. 
another large species that works on cherry trees and occa- 
sionally on peach trees. The larva bores under the bark on 
the sap wood and can be readily told by the large flat head. 
The remedies are the same as recommended for the fiat- 


Fuat HEApeEp headed apple tree borer. 
CHERRY TREE 
Borer (Dicerca 
divaricata). PEACH TREE BORER. 


The common peach tree borer, Sannina exitiosa, is seldom seen in the 
imago stage, and should it be seen it might very easily be taken for a 
wasp, as it has such a wasp-like appearance. In the grub stage it is too 
well known to need much description, and can readily be told by having 
sixteen legs. Unlike most destructive insects that we have, this ong is of 
American origin and is unknown beyond our shores. 

The moths appear through July and 
August, and, after mating, the female 
lays her eggs singly over the trunk of 
the tree, usually near the ground 
When the eggs hatch, the larve may 
attack the body of the tree well up 
from the ground or even in the 
crotches of the limbs, though usually 
they work downward ‘to a little below Morus or THE oe TREE BorER (Sannina 
the soil or even to the large roots. ett Oee) eme aee aeae 
The borers develop in one year, though very irregularly. The full grown 
larvee measure over half an inch in length. Fortunately the peach tree 
exudes a copious supply of gum when injured and a borer can be easily 
located and killed. ts». 

It probably is needless for me # dictate to a practical peach-grower, 
who has fought the borer for years, what to do, yet it does seem that a 
prevention of some kind would be more practical and less injurious to. 
the trees than cutting or wiring the borers out after they have spent 
from two to eight months in boring the life out of a thrifty tree. The 
boring, cutting, and bruising of a tree must hurt it more or less each 
season, and many a tree loses its life by combined boring and probing. 
If the soft soap and carbolic acid mixture could be used about the first 
week in July, and then a month later, would it not be much better, and 
keep the tree entirely free from borers? Another means of prevention 
that I should like to see thoroughly tried in Michigan is to whitewash 
the trunks of the trees down to the roots with lime containing Paris green 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 19 


enough to give it a faint green tinge. This is meeting with good results 
in many peach orchards in the east. The theory is that as the young 
grub hatches from the egg and commences to gnaw through the bark, it 
eats enough of the poison to kill it. One thorough whitewashing about 
the first of July would be enough for the year, and it looks to me like 
the simplest and most practical method we can use. 


SHOT HOLE BORER. 


On several occasions the past few years we have received specimens 
from South Haven of peach tree trunks killed by this minute beetle. ' 
The beetle is closely related to the clover root borer that is killing all 
our clover in central Michigan. Like the clover root borer, too, it selects 
thrifty, healthy plants for its work. The holes made in the bark remind 
one of a charge of fine shot having been fired into the tree. The first 
effect noticed is of the leaves turning yellow as in a tree suffering from 
peach yellows, and the leaves will drop off, the bark will crack, and the 
tree gradually dies. The beetle is said to be much more common on elm 
trees than on the peach. According to Harris, in his “ Insects Injurious 
to Vegetation,” it completes its transformations in August and September. 
We have taken it in early June at the college, and I am inclined to 
believe that this is nearer the time when the beetles appear. They then 
bore into the bark and the females lay their eggs singly along the cham- 
bers cut in entering. They work on the trunk and larger limbs. 

Nothing has ever been done, to my knowledge, in the use of remedies, 
but I am very sure that the same poisoned whitewash as recommended 
for the common borer, when applied before the beetles enter to deposit 
eggs, would catch them the same as the young grubs of the borer. Trees 
that are already bored by the beetle and show signs of injury or death 
should be cut out and burned at once to kill the occupants and prevent 
their escape to attack other healthy trees. 


SNOWY TREE CRICKETS. 


Sometimes snowy tree crickets will 
become numerous enough to injure 
young peach twigs by laying their 
eggs in a row along the twig. The 
white eggs are somewhat curved and 
are put into the twig close together, 
often extending in’a row for several 
inches. This can be seen nicely by 
splitting the twig lengthwise along 
the dead crack. The reason the tree 
cricket is spoken of here among 


ET; also canes : ; ° 
showing injury— borers is, that every little while 
a, as seen from the : * 
outside; 6, show. People send me twigs containing the 


ing eggs when cat egos and want to know what grub it 


Ress is at work in the limbs. Crickets 


do the trees little harm, as they do not feed on them, 
merely laying the eggs there in the fall for winter 
protection. The snowy crickets are lovers of weed’ 
patches and will seldom bother cultivated plants if 
the weeds are well subdued in an orchard. Cutting 
off the injured twigs in the fall or spring and burning 
will rapidly deplete their numbers. 


50 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


PEACH BUD AND TWIG MOTH. 


The peach bud moth for the past few years has been the worst peach 
tree enemy in many localities that we have had. The young caterpillar 
hatches from the egg in the spring as the buds are swelling, and it 
immediately begins operations by boring down through the young bud 
into the end of the tender twig which is soon eaten out so that it dies. 
The little dark brown caterpillar then attacks 
another bud in thesame way, and before long half 
the buds on the tips of the twigs are killed. The 
caterpillars are reddish brown with black heads 
and are less than half an inch long when full 
grown. They continue to bore into the ends of 
the twigs until the leaves are entirely ont on 
the trees, but the greatest injury is done when 
the buds are young and tender. If the trees 
are watched carefully, and as soon as the work 
of the bud moth is seen, one of the arsenite 
‘Sprays is used, it will literally and figuratively praca Bup anp Twic Morn. 
“nip the intruder in the bud.” ‘The arsenites eee aa 
should be used at the rate of perhaps one pound 
to 250 gallons of water and should never be used uncombined. An 
excellent plan would be to use with the Bordeaux when applying the 
early spray for leaf curl, peach rot, shot-hole fungus, and other fungous 
diseases of the peach. When the Bordeaux is not used, lime alone may 
be substituted. 


1 Pi GSA pth tre 


PEAR TREE BORERS. 


The pear tree has quite a number of species that bore in its trunk and 
limbs, but none of them are very abundant. The trunk is attacked by a 
small Sessid borer (Sesia pyri), closely related to the peach tree borer. 
The work of the two is alike in most respects and the remedy is the same. 


PEAR-BLIGHT BEETLE. 


Sometimes we find that the blight of the pear tree is caused by a com- 
pany of little beetles, each of which is not more than an eighth of an inch 
long and no larger than a pin head. The beetle lays its eggs at the base 
of the bud, and when the egg hatches, the 
young grub bores inside toward the pith. By 
early July the grub has reached its growth, 
transformed and appeared as a beetle. These 
little dark brown, hard-shell beetles will attack 
a sound, healthy tree ds readily as a sickly 
one. 

Generally, pear blight is caused by a: bacte- 
rial disease which is not the work of any insect. 
When blight appears, the twigs should be 
examined to see whether it is the work of the 


PEAR BLIGHT BEETLE; a, male; b, z A ees 
female, disease or of an insect. If it is the work of 


an insect, the bark will be perforated over the twigs with little worm holes. 
If twigs are split lengthwise and no worm holes found in the inside wood, 
one may be very sure that it is the disease and not the borer. The only 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MERETING. 81 


remedy that we know of for the pear-blight beetle is to cut and burn the 
limbs as soon as they show signs of death. This will kill the young borers 
before they can mature. 


GRAPE-VINE ROOT BORERS. 


The roots of the grape vine are subject to the attack of two root borers, 
neither of which is usually common. One of them is a giant grub that 
requires about three years for it to grow and is from two to three inches 
long when full grown. This grub is yellowish white, with reddish brown 
head and a bluish line down the back, and developes into a large, brown, 
long-horned beetle. The root is often almost entirely eaten up by the 
grub before the vine dies. Vines are often sickly without any noticeable 
disease or injury above ground, and people often wonder what causes 
their vines to be sickly. When vines die suddenly, without any apparent 
cause, the roots should be examined to see if these borers are working in 
the center of them, and if so the grubs should be killed. 

The other borer is smaller—not much larger than the peach tree borer, 
which it resembles in appearance. Another difference is that the giant 
borer has only six legs, while this one has sixteen. This borer, known 
scientifically as Sciapteron polistiformis, works mostly outside on the bark 
and sap wood. When mature, the grub transforms into a wasp-like moth 
which in turn lays eggs around the collar of the vine for the next gener- 
ation. Mulching or mounding the vines with coarse manure or some 
similar mulch will greatly deter the moth from laying her eggs and will 
also be an aid to the vines through dry weather. 


RASPBERRY BORERS. 


There is a borer that occasionally attacks the roots of the raspberry, but 
the only two insects of which I shall speak are those that work on the 
young canes and shoots. The work of either of them will be quickly 
noticed by the wilting of the canes, in June and July, some distance down 
from the top but not clear to the ground. 

One of the girdlers is a slender female beetle which cuts two circles 
about an inch apart and between these circles lays an egg in the cane. 
This prevents the growth of the cane crushing the egg before it hatches. 
The young borer works down into the cane, through the pith, and usually 
kills it before the next spring, The borer by fall is nearly an inch long, 
slender, shining, dull yellow, with a dark brown head. The beetle which 
comes from it the next spring is about half an inch long, slender, dark 
brown, with a reddish yellow thorax on which are two or three dark spots. 

The other girdler is a new pest to the raspberry, whose name we have 
not yet learned. It works entirely on the young shoots springing from 
the roots. It is a little white maggot with black jaws and bores an 
irregular channel down through the center from near the top. Whena 
few inches from the ground, the maggot girdles the shoot on the inside so 
close to the outside bark that it can be seen at work through the bark. 
After the shoot is girdled, the maggot continues its way downward toward 
the root. The maggot is closely related to the cabbage maggot that works 
in the roots of cabbages and radishes. It is elongate cone-shape, and is 
not a quarter of an inch long when it does the girdling. 

11 


82 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The best means of protection that we can recommend for either of 
these girdlers is to watch for the wilted shoots and cut them off some 
distance below where they wilt, and burn, or destroy the injured part. 
re GOUTY GALL OF THE RASPBERRY. 

Ht), The raspberry gouty gall is an irregular swelling of 
oe the raspberry canes, caused by an insect known as the 
4Vy red-necked agrilus, or Agrilus ruficollis. Occasionally 
the beetle becomes numerous enough in some berry 
patches to need close attention, but not often. The 
swellings on the canes are quite noticeable, the bark 
becomes roughened and cracked, much like it does in 
anthracnose, and when split through the swelling little 
burrows with slender, yellowish white borers will be 
found. These borers will appear in June or early July 
as small slender beetles with the characteristic red 
collar. The galls should be cut out in early spring and 
destroyed before the borer can matnre and escape. 


Gouty GALL OF THE RASPBERRY, AND THE LARVA, 6, THAT MAKES IT; ¢, beetle. 
CURRANT BORERS. 


There are at least three species of currant borers. The most common one, 

Sesia tipuliformis, is closely related to the peach tree borer, and is a very 

serious drawback in currant culture. 

The other two are larve of longicorn 

beetles. They are not so common, and, 

as their work ig the same, all three will 
be treated at once. 


CoMMON CURRANT BORER (Sesia 
tipuliformis ), showing larva, 
pupa and moth. 


NEW CURRANT BORER. AMERICAN CURRANT BORER 
(Hyperplatys maculatus.) (Psenocerus supernotatus). 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 83. 


The eggs for the future borers are laid in June on the stems at the axil 
of some twig or leaf, and as the egg hatches the young grub bores inside 
the cane. Here they continue to bore until the following spring, when 
they transform and soon issue as the mature form, which in the most com- 
mon species is a small, clear winged, wasp-like moth. By spring the canes 
will have been pretty badly bored inside and are usually slower in leafing 
out than the rest. By going through the currants at the time of leafing 
out, and cutting out all the injured canes that can be found, fully three 
fourths of the affected canes can be collected and the borers destroyed. 
If this is repeated every year the borers will soon be so reduced in num- 
bers that they will do little harm. 


In addition to this paper, Mr. Davis said he had never been able to find 
in Michigan the true squash vine root borer. Many samples of injured 
vines had been sent him, but none of them had been affected by either the 
root borer or the big black bug, but by a bacterial disease or a fungus. 
The bacterial disease may be prevented by use of lime or carbolized lime. 
The disease is carried from vine to vine by both bugs, the little one espe- 
cially. If we keep these off we will save the squashes. The little white 
worms in the squash roots, spoken of by an inquirer, were larve of the 
striped beetle. These are very destructive, but those who have thought 
them the true root borer are mistaken. Sprinkle lime or carbolized lime 
over the leaves and about the roots. The latter is made by using ina 
bushel of lime one half to three fourths of a teacupful of crude carbolic 
acid. 

Mr. Morriut thought this mixture too strong for use about melons; 
that a quarter cupful of the acid would be enough. Mr. Davis thought 
quite possibly this was true. 

Mr. J. G. RAMSDELL said, as to the currant borer, that the only way he 
knew of to subdue it is to cut off one half of the season’s growth, and so 
discover and kill the borers, but this is hard work and destroys much of 
the crop. 

Mr. M. E. Witurams: This is a very important matter. If, as Mr. 
Davis says, this borer can be detected by the later leafing of affected stems, 
it will be a great aid. 

Mr. Davis: This means of detection can not always be relied upon, but 
in two thirds of the cases the presence of the borer may be detected in 
this way. It looks as though it is doubtful if any remedy save cutting can 
be used, except to destroy the eggs, for the larvee bore in and stay there. 

Mr. Morrinu: I find this really a very reliable cure. I found the Red 
Dutch peculiarly subject to the borer and so I took that variety out 
entirely. In the spring I take out every branch that is not leafing properly. 
I go again later and catch all the rest. I burn all the brush cut out. 


84 STATE HORTICULTURAL [SOCIETY. 


This work costs me $7 to $10 per year on a twelve acre field, and latterly 
I have found very few borers. It is a practical remedy, as I have found 
by experience. 

Mr. HatHaway: What effect has whitewash alone on the apple tree 
borer? 

Mr. Davis: There is not much value in lime alone. Its use in the 
formula is to keep the arsenic spread over the tree. 

Mr. Heices: The best remedy we have found is white lead and boiled 
linseed oil, mixed to the consistency of country cream (not the city sort), 
to which is added one ounce of strychnine to the quart. Remove the 
earth from the crown and paint the crown. This remedy is of proved 
efficacy. It is more durable than mixtures of Paris green. As to the 
cucumber beetle, turpentine in dry, unleached ashes or plaster, placed 
about the vine (not upon it) will certainly repel both the striped beetle 
and the black bug. The latter works upon the under side of the leaves, 
and so it is of no use to put anything on top of them to kill him. To kill 
the asparagus beetle, which is a very serious pest, cut off and burn the 
matured growth. 

Mr. Morriuu: called the attention of Prof. Davis to the San Jose 
scale. Mr, Davis said it had only recently been discovered in the eastern 
states, but already it is to be found in New York, New Jersey, Missouri, 
and Maryland. It was first taken to New Jersey in nursery stock 
from California, and these trees were sent into almost every state in the 
Union. It is worse than all our other pests combined. In form it is a small 
gray scale with brown center and reddish rim, and is perhaps one eighth 
of an inch in diameter. There is a live insect under the scale. It first 
appears upon the leaves and twigs and then upon the fruit. Watch care- 
fully for it upon nursery stock. This scale does not travel very fast of 
itself, but is likely to be sent everywhere with nursery stock. The remedy 
so far known is fumes of cyanide of potassium applied under a tent cover- 
ing the tree, but this can only be used in a limited way. Kerosene emul- 
sion is of some service, but it takes a long time to subdue the insect in 
that way. 

Mr. PackarD said. he thought he had the small borer referred to by 
Prof. Davis. The latter said it is known only in Massachusetts and Mich- 
igan, appearing in an orchard, destroying some trees and disappearing. 
Mr. PackarD said he sent samples of the borer to Cornell, the agricultural 
department at Washington, and to Michigan Agricultural college, and 
received a different report from each. 

Mr. Hetces: I will send a bulletin on this scale to all who may desire 
it. It is one of our worst pests. It may be found in lilacs, sometimes, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 85 


and if you find it there it is very likely to be in your orchards also. I do 
not know how it travels 

Prof. Davis: The San Jose scale is not likely to travel on the fruit, 
and the fruit does not return to the orchard. Birds may carry it while it 
is young, by its crawling upon their feet. It may also be disseminated by 
scions. The young will travel but two or three feet from the parent before 
settling down for life. It could not travel over ground. 


QUESTIONS, DISCUSSIONS, REPORTS. 


NEED .OF A NEW POMOLOGY FOR MICHIGAN. 


Taking up the subject of “Need of a New Pomology for Michigan,” 
which was to have been treated in a paper by Mr. B. Hatuaway of Little 
Prairie Ronde, the society listened instead to a brief address by the same 
gentleman. 

Mr. Hatuaway said he was impressed many years ago with the need of 
a new pomology for this state, especially for new varieties of the apple, 
having noticed that the kinds which were at first set and were successful 
were so no longer. The first test made by severity of winter had affected 
southern Michigan and Indiana as much as it did Illinois and Iowa, and 
so decimated his varieties that he could show at fairs but fifty kinds 
instead of the hundred he before had been able to show. The next such 
winter left only twenty, and the number has been no better since. The 
Iowans sooner appreciated the situation than did the pomologists of Mich- 
igan, and set about making a new pomology, and such was their success 
that at the World’s Fair their display by far exceeded ours. The warn- 
ings spoken by Mr. Haruaway and others passed unheeded, but now their 
position is conceded by every intelligent horticulturist. ‘‘ Michigan is all 
right for fruit,’ is a familiar expression. So it is, but the old sorts of 
fruit are not now right for Michigan. That is the point. 

Mr. Hatuaway read letters from several gentlemen in the west, giving 
names of varieties successful there. One of these was from Mr. W. A. 


86 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


SprinGer of Fremont, Wis. He said that the varieties most successful in 
his vicinity are Oldenburgh, Tetofsky, Haas, Walbridge, and Wealthy, 
and thus continued: 


I do not consider the Russians the coming apple for the northwest. I 
am not familiar with the Russian varieties, but I never saw a good show 
of Russians at any state or other show of apples. No doubt some are good 
but I do not believe there is a Russian that, tree and fruit, will come up 
to the Wealthy, McMahon, and several other new apples (seedlings). 
The Oldenburgh, I believe, is German. Its seedlings have proven better 
in some respects than their parent. Some are good keepers and have as 
good trees. The Alexander (Russian) has givensome good seedlings, bet- 
ter in quality and better in tree. They do not blight. But there are 
many chance seedlings that in fruit-bearing, quality, size, and beauty equal 
any Russian I ever knew. As for double working, I do not approve of it. 
In the first place, trees would have to be sold at three prices to make it 
pay. (2.) Most trees fail in the crotches, and if grafted below would 
spoil in the crotches. If, for instance, you used a Virginia crab for stock 
and then grafted in the limbs near the body, it would make a good tree, 
but the price would be high at which you could afford to sell. I would 
prefer the Virginia to any other stock. 


Mr. S. I. Freeporn of Richland Center, Wis., reported, as the varieties 
bearing best in that part of his state, the following, in order of fruitful- 
ness: McMahon, Wealthy, Titovka, Hibernal, Talman Sweet, Haas, and 
Fameuse. Considerable trouble with ‘‘top blight” was reported. It was 
worse than ever, having begun immediately after the ‘‘ cold spell” of June, 
and was worst on Alexander. ‘Some of the Russians are blighting badly, 
but no worse than American varieties, except Alexander.” Continuing, 
Mr. FREEBORN said: 


I still have great faith in Russian fruits as something to build upon in 
this cold climate for they are far beyond the American varieties for 
hardiness; and not only in apples, but in pears, plums, and cherries as 
well. There are many kinds of Russian apple which seem to blight hardly 
any. The Longfield isone of them. I could not at this time give a list of 
the blighting and non-blighting kinds. We have new and promising seed- 
lings, notably those raised from Switzer seed crossed with Oldenburgh. I 
consider the Hibernal and Enormous the most promising kinds to use for 
stocks for top-grafting, of anything I am acquainted with. 


The third letter was from Mr. O. F. Brann of Faribault, Minn. He 
said the pomologists of his state had not yet been able to find any apple 
among the Russians having leaves, bark, and buds adapted to their climate 
of extreme changes. “They are evidently short-lived and can not be 
depended upon.” Mr. Branp was enthusiastic in commendation of the 
Peerless as the only kind resisting blight, which he reports as being worse 


t 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 87 


than at.any other season. “The Euranda crab is the only one bearing a 
heavy crop of perfect fruit. It is a seedling from Transcendent, and does 
not blight. It is of the size of Transcendent, golden yellow with red 
cheek. Of plums the best I know is a seedling of either Weaver or 
DeSoto. Our future orchards will be of our own native varieties. Repro- 
duce from the best two if you wish to improve. Neither the old nor the 
young Okaberas are satisfactory.” 

“While it is evident that Mr. Brann is enthusiastic concerning a single 
variety,” said Mr. Haruaway, “he is right in his idea as to where we 
should look for the origin of new varieties.” Mr. HatTHaway, in further 
illustration of the way the earlier successful kinds of apple had failed in 
southern Michigan, told of the Red Canadas over three inches in diameter 
which he was at first able to produce, but the trees from which they were 
taken have since those severe winters produced scarcely a peck. The Spy 
went the same way, though holding out longer than any other kind. He 
had used a row of 100 Wageners to support a wire fence, though latterly he 
had taken some fruit from it. The Golden Russet had the same fate. On 
one occasion he spent an hour trying to convince Director Willits of the 
state experiment station that a sub-station for southern Michigan should 
be established, in order to test new varieties of hardy fruits, but was wholly 
unsuccessful. So he went home and set 200 Northern Spy for stocks, and 
got western seedlings and Russian scions, and now has about forty varie- 
ties in test. Healso procured some southern varieties, some of which 
prove hardier in leaf and trunk than our own old-time kinds. The Peer- 
less, about which Mr. BRAND is so confident, is promising with Mr. 
Hatuaway. “The practice of some of the western men, of getting money 
out of such varieties, hinders progress, but the time of their adoption is 
surely coming. In five years more I expect to be able to show valuable 
results; but the testing of apples is necessarily a work of slow progress.” 


THE SEASON AT THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 


Mr. T. T. Lyon spoke of some results and observations of work at the 
experiment station the present season. Because of the two exceedingly 
dry seasons, the growth of some varieties and classes of fruit are not what 
they would otherwise have been. The extremely wet spring of two years 
ago hurt the small fruit plantation so that it must be removed and a new 
one made. It has been the practice for two years to spray everything 
before the leaves start as well as later, and the results have been in all 
respects satisfactory. The effect of spraying the peaches and plums has 
been wholly good but the storm of March and the later bad weather, 
prevented fruitage. The bloom of the Japan plums was ruined by frost, 


88 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


so these show but very little fruit. Yosebi ripened at middle of July and 
Ogon a little later. This is of poor quality and growers would better let it 
alone. Some fruit from American varieties have been obtained but there 
is very little use for these where the varieties of Domestica can be fruited, 
unless exception may be made of one or two varieties. He commended 
trial of the Keswick. It has borne ten times as much fruit as any other 
variety; and while it is worthless for the table it is excellent as a culinary 
fruit. The Titovka a Russian sort, is of two shades of brilliant red, large, 
and of good form. He commended the Yellow Transparent. It ripens at 
the time of the old Early Harvest and its tree is very vigorous. The pear 
plantation, as indeed the apple also, was made without reference to experi- 
ment station work, and was designed to contain the cream of varieties for 
family use. Both these were planted before the station was established. 
Mr. Lyon spoke well of the Wealthy apple, but said it would be a Sep- 
tember fruit here, which is an objection to it because we have enough 
such kinds now. It will be hardy anywhere in Michigan. He com- 
mended the work of Mr. Hathaway, but said he suspects the trouble is 
more with men and methods than with the climate or varieties. There is 
general lack of cultivation and fertilizing of apple orchards. The new 
varieties are likely to go the way of the old ones and go for the same 
reasons. 
IN GEORGIA. 


Mr. W. L. Guessner of Macon was present, being commissioner of 
immigration for a Georgia railway system. He told wonderful tales of the 
fruitfulness of the lands of that state and of the profits made from grow- 
ing peaches and other fruits, and solicited a visit and examination from 
northern pomologists. He said there was no curl-leaf in Georgia nor had 
there béen curculio until last year. Peach trees bear paying crops the 
third year. As fertilizers, use is made of acid phoshates, bone, and cotton 


seed meal. 
THE ELBERTA PEACH. 


Inquiry having been made as to this variety of peach, Mr. MorriLu 
said it was conceded to be hardy and of excellent quality but was subject 
to curl-leaf. However, as this can now be controlled, the Elberta will 
prove the best accession in many years, save the Kalamazoo. These two 
are likely to supplant the Crawfords. 


SPRAYING FOR CURCULIO. 


Some discussion arose over the matter of spraying for curculio, some 
expressing the opinion that it was not effectual, while others, including 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 89 


Prof. HrIGES, were sure that it was. Thosé who were doubtful were 
under the impression that the insect does not eat the foliage and there- 
fore can not be poisoned by the arsenic. But tothis Prof. Davis responded, 
assuring that the curculio does eat both of the plum foliage and fruit. 

He therefore is subject to the operation of the insecticides, which 


accounts for the experience of those who have grown crops of plums by 
aid of spraying alone. 


PEAR BLIGHT CONTAGIOUS. 


Prof. Tart was asked if pear blightis contagious. His answer was, yes. 
It is a bacterial disease which may be and is carried by insects from flower 
to flower and otherwise. 


EXHIBITS. 


Your committee would report that they have examined the exhibits and found the 
following: 

The only exhibit of vegetables was a large collection grown on the trial grounds of 
the Haven Seed Co. of South Haven, many of which were well grown and carefully 
selected. They were grown without artificial watering. It included ten varieties of 
potato, seven of turnip, ten of cucumber, ten of beet, besides carrots, radishes, peppers, 
tomatoes, and exceptionally fine egg plants. This collection added much to the appear- 
ance and interest of the exhibit, and the Haven Seed Co., are to be commended for 
their enterprise in making it. Among the fruit exhibits we noticed a particularly fine 
basket of Lewis peach from R. Morritu,and others from HumpHrey and Monroe 
Bros., and CLARK SHEFFER, and plates from A. S. Packarp and ©. F. Dean. St. 
John (Crane Yellow) is shown by A. S. Packarp and O. F’. Dean, and there are also a 
number of plates from other parties whose names are not known to your committee. 
JouN Miuuer exhibited a fine platter of mixed peaches, There were also a number of 
plates of apples, pears, and plums, most of which were large and fair, but without the 
names of the exhibitors. 

. The fruit table was embellished by a platter of beautiful fiowers arranged by Mrs. 
Mary Harrincton. 

C. D. Lawton, 

J. F. TayLor, 


L. R. Tart. 
RESOLUTIONS. 


Resolved, That the thanks of the Michigan State Horticultural society be tendered 
to the members of the South Haven and Casco Pomological society, and to the citizens 
of South Haven, for their kind hospitality; and that we desire also to acknowledge 
our appreciation of the music furnished by the Ladies’ Marine band. 

Resolved, That our thanks be returned to Gov. Ricu and Congressman THomas for 
kindly consenting to address our conventions; to Prof. Hricss of the division of pomol- 
ogy at Washington, who contributed largely to the interest of our sessions; to Hon. T. 
T. Lyon, for his kindness and attention to those visiting the experimental grounds; and 
especially to those who brought the many specimens of fine fruit and vegetables which 
added greatly to the interest of the meeting. 

A. H. Sirsa, 
F. J. Russet, 
Ep. Haw ey. 


i 
bo 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE, ANNUAL MEETING: 


HELD AT LOWELL, DECEMBER 27 AND 28, 1894. 


NE of its most successful meetings was the 24th annual of the 

Michigan State Horticultural society, held in Lowell, December 27 
and 28. There has been a markedly larger attendance at each of the 
meetings of the past three years, but only on one occasion, that of the 
winter meeting of 1894, at Charlotte, has the attendance been so great 
as it was on this occasion. At each of the sessions there were from 300 
to 400 persons in attendance. While the number from Lowell and vicin- 
ity was large, there were many from abroad in the state. Considerable 
delegations attended from the West Michigan Fruitgrowers’ and Grand 
Rapids Fruit Shippers’ societies, as well as from many of the local socie- 
ties of the western and central portions of the state. 

Reports of the secretary and treasurer showed the society to be in 
sound financial condition, the life membership fund having been rein- 
vested during the year by Mr. C. W. GARFIELD, who acted as treasurer 
in place of Mr. E. H. Scort, elected to the office in 1893. 

President WEEKES of Lowell village made a brief address of welcome 
to which Mr. C. W. GARFIELD responded. Mr. WEEKS having said some- 
thing concerning the value of the society’s work in ornamental horticul- 
ture and floriculture, Mr. GARFIELD replied that he was always glad to 
respond to an address which recognized not fruit alone, but floriculture 
and features which provide for the home. Mr. Tracy has recently said 
the society did good work in urging the adornment of school grounds, 
a few years ago; that he hears from it every year, love for the flowers 
having grown among the communities where they were placed. In this 
the society did a good and benevolent work. It is pleasant to know that 
we are not exclusively devoted to money-getting. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 91 


Messrs. D. W. Wixey, R. M. Kettoce and A. 8S. PAcKARD were made 
a committee to examine and report upon the reports of secretary and 
treasurer. 

Other committees were these: 

Resolutions—Messrs. C. W. FarFiELp, D. W. WILry, and R. M. 
KELLOGG. 

Fruits and Flowers—Messrs. L. R. Tart, T. T. Lyon, A. S. Packagp. 

Implements—Messrs. W. W. Tracy, THomas WILDE, C. J. Monroe. 

The society having decided to have a committee to report a ticket of 
officers for the ensuing year, elected Messrs. W. W. Tracy, W. K. Munson, 
and R. M. Keuioae, for that purpose. Their report was unanimously 
adopted, and the chairman directed to cast a ballot as follows: 

President—RoLanD Morritu of Benton Harbor. 

Secretary—Enpwy C. Rew of Allegan. 

Treasurer—Asa W. Stayton of Grand Rapids. 

Members of Executive Board—C., J. Monroe and T. T. Lyon of South 
Haven. 

Chairman Tracy, after warmly speaking the feelings of the society and 
himself toward Mr. Lyon, gave notice that at the next meeting the com- 
mittee would report an amendment to the constitution by which Mr. Lyon 
would be made honorary president and member of the executive board for 
hfe. 

Mr. Lyon asked for reconsideration* of the report, so far as himself was 
concerned, pleading that the infirmities of age should excuse him from 
further labors. But no one would have it so. He was told by several 
speakers, each of whom was applauded in his declarations, that the society 
had no honors too high for his deserts, and none which it is not anxious 
to bestow upon him; that it was his counsels, not his labors, that were 
wanted and could not be dispensed with. 

Mr. Henry AvGusTINE of Normal, Illinois, president of the Lllinois 
State Horticultural society, was in attendance, and was by motion made 
an honorary member of the Michigan State society. 

President WILEY of the West Michigan Fruitgrowers’ society, presided 
at the session of the forenoon of the 28th. 

Upon motion of Mr. Mori, the society instructed the secretary to 
send Governor RIcH its indorsement of Mr. C. J. Monror for member of 
the State Board of Agriculture. 

Messrs. R. L. Tart, and C. J. MonrozE were elected delegates from this 
society to the meeting of the American Pomological society, to be held ia 
Sacramento, California, January 16-18, 1895. 


92 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The session of Friday evening was made more enjoyable by orchestral 
music by anumber of Lowell young men under direction of Mr. J. H. 
RicKERT, and a song, “In Old Madrid,” by Miss Hattie Witson. Both 
performances were very much above the average work of the amateur 
musician, and elicited the warmest commendation of the audience. 

Messrs. R. Morriuu, C. W. GARFIELD, and C, J. MONROE were appointed 
a committee to attend to passage of such legislation as may be proposed 
in the interests of horticulture by the legislature of 1895. 

The secretary was instructed to send a copy of the resolutions adopted 
by the society, to each member of congress from Michigan. 

At the close. of the meeting a vote of thanks was given the people of 
Lowell for their hospitality; Mr. AUGUSTINE invited attendance upon the 
next annual meeting of the [llinois State society at Kankakee; Mr. WILEY 
invited attendance upon the annual meeting of the West Michigan society 
in Grand Rapids, the last Tuesday in February, and the committee report- 
ed that they found the affairs of the secretary and treasurer in proper 
order. 


PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS. 


ORCHARD IRRIGATION. 


BY MR. M. B. WILLIAMS OF KALAMAZOO. 


It has been said of some one that ‘‘ his future is behind him.’’ The 
converse of this would be nearer the truth concerning my experience in 
irrigation; and, instead of my future being in the past, it might be more 
properly said that my past experience is yet to come, and it would seem 
less presumptuous for such a person to remain silent or speak only to ask 
for information, were it not for the fact that most Michigan horticulturists 
probably feel much the same, owing to our common lack of practical 
knowledge in this matter. 

But there is one thing about it which some of us know, and we know it 
thoroughly, viz.: that in seasons like the past we need some way of sup- 
plying more water to our orchards, and these dry periods that have come 
at some time during almost every season for nearly or quite a decade of 
years past, have caused an interest and inquiry concerning practical meth- 
ods of irrigation to extend far outside the limits of what is sometimes 
spoken of as arid America. But the inhabitants of this district, having 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MERTING. 93 


the knowledge that comes from experience, are naturally turned to for 
information on irrigation. 

Being interested, both as a fruitgrower, in the problem of how best to 
get water on our orchards, and as a manufacturer and dealer in windmills, 
tanks, and other water-supply goods, [ determined, soon after the meet- 
ing of this society at South Haven, last summer, to attend the assembly 
of the National Irrigation congress which met in Denver early in Septem- 
ber; and as this has been alluded to as a reason why I should undertake 
to speak on this subject, you will excuse me for assuming that some here 
may be as ignorant as myself, while attempting to relate a few of the 
things seen and learned there. 

The National Irrigation congress is, as its name indicates, a body of 
men interested in means and methods of practical irrigation, coming from 
all the states and territories where interest enough is felt to appoint dele- 
gates, none, however, but regularly appointed delegates being allowed to 
vote or take part in their discussions, except by courtesy or common con- 
sent. Delegates may be appointed by the governor of any state or by 
any state society or organization cultivating the soil, and therefore inter- 
ested in irrigation—such, for instance, as this society—and a certificate of 
such appointment would constitute proper credentials. Three annual 
meetings of this congress have been held, the first in California in 1892, 
the second in Utah, and the third in Denver, Colorado. The fourth is to 
be in Albuquerque, New Mexico, some time in 1895. The time of the 
congress is occupied with papers and discussions on topics connected with 
irrigation, some of them being quite spirited, especially on resolutions 
pertaining (as many of them did) to legislation, both state and national, 
that was either really needed or supposed to be. 

Adjacent to the building where the meetings were held was an exhibi- 
tion of machinery and appliances for raising and distributing water for 
irrigation, consisting of windmills and pumps, steam and gasoline engines, 
tanks, and other devices, each being the greatest thing in the world, 
according to the statements of the exhibitors. 

But one of the most interesting features of all was what they called the 
itinerary of the congress, or what might be called the excursions for the 
purpose of witnessing the actual working of irrigation in various parts of 
the state. On one of these excursions a special train took about two hun- 
dred of the delegates to Greeley, in the northern part of Colorado, one of 
the greatest (if not the greatest) potato producing points in the entire 
country. Carriages were at the station to take all, free of charge, where- 
ever they wished to go, and we rode for miles over a country where nearly 
entire farms were devoted to potato-growing,’ and where everything, 
although in the midst of a so-called arid region, was fresh and green, 
much more so than in the humid (?) state from which I had come. 

The method of irrigation at Greeley is the canal, or, as it is sometimes 
called, the gravity ditch system, water being taken from some place higher 
than the land to be irrigated, usually several miles up the river or stream 
that supplies it, and being conducted in a canal around the bases of the 
hills, and the tops of depressions, keeping it at the proper elevation to 
insure a good but not too rapid flow, and in a direction gradually diverg- 
ing from the main stream, until it is often several miles from the latter 
and flows at an elevation very much higher, and perhaps several thousand 
acres are embraced between the two, the general slope being toward the 
main stream, although this slope is not, as some suppose, always even, but, 


94 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


by following the same method that enabled them to get the main canal on 
comparatively high ground, they can flow water to all parts of their 
land, although in places it may be quite undulating, providing no point is 
higher than the main canal. In passing over this country one often finds 
streams that appear to be flowing up hill, or in places where it seems as 
though they must have flowed up hill to get there. 

From the main canals are taken laterals, and these again are divided and 
subdivided until each farm receives its portion, which is carefully measured 
out by methods that are both simple and effectual. These canals and 
ditches and the apportionment of water are all under the control of a 
superintendent, who is paid, as also are the expenses of keeping the 
ditches in repair, by a tax in proportion to the amount of water received 
by each, which tax generally amounts to but little where the farmers own 
and operate their water rights; but, where large ditch companies control 
them, the cost of water is usually much higher. In those irrigated 
regions a water-right is as valuable and inseparable from a good farm as 
the buildings, or even moreso. In fact, the comparative value of land and 
water seems the reverse of what it is in Michigan. Here, if anyone con- 
templates engaging in agriculture or horticulture, he first secures a piece 
of land and then thinks about water afterward, or takes what falls without 
thinking about it at all; while there they first look for a good water sup- 
ply and then find some land to put iton. We were told at Greeley that an 
eighty-acre water-right was what water would flow through an opening ten 
inches wide and five inches deep. This amount is spread over a portion 
of the land atatime. If, for instance, the farmer is irrigating potatoes, 
he turns the water to as many rows as will absorb it all, and when they are 
sufficiently wet it is turned off from that part of the field and to another. 

In irrigating alfalfa or similar crops not grown in rows, furrows are 
plowed across the field every few rods in the direction the ground slopes, 
and water is turned into these furrows and allowed to fill them, and in this 
way the entire piece is flooded. After the water is turned off and the 
ground has become sufficiently dry, the furrows are turned back, harrowed 
or cultivated down, until smooth enough for passage of the mower and 
other machinery used in harvesting the crops. 

The methods above described for distributing water over crops, whether 
in rows or not, is practically the same, either in irrigating potatoes or 
alfalfa, or orchards and fruit or other crops, and is also much the same by 
whatever system or source the water may be obtained, except, however, 
that where only a samll amount of water is pumped a reservoir should be 
used to collect sufficient to fill the furrows more rapidly, as it would not 
be practicable to flood land or even to irrigate between rows with too 
small a flow of water because the ground, if capable of absorbing it at all, 
would absorb too great a portion near the source of supply, while the more 
distant ground would receive but little or none. 

After leaving Greeley our company stopped next at Fort Collins, where 
the Colorado Agricultural college is located, but our stay there was brief, 
and much more time could have been spent with interest and profit; but, 
having two other stops to make, at all of which carriages were waiting for 
any who wished to ride around, our time in each place was necessarily 
limited. The last stop was at Boulder, and our train returned to Denver 
in the evening. 

The next day was given to convention work, and the following evening 
another special train took the congress and visitors to Rocky Ford in the 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 95 


southern’ part of Colorado, where we arrived the next morning, that being 
one of the festal days so common in that section, when the people come 
together from all the surrounding country, by train loads. That particu- 
lar occasion was what they called melon day, when thousands of water- 
melons and muskmelons are given away to any who wish to eat them. 
They had also an exhibition of fruits and vegetables, all showing what 
could be produced under irrigation. After dinner we rode several miles 
to the farm of a fruitgrower and nurseryman, where for the first time I 
Saw an irrigated orchard in bearing, the trees being loaded with fruit, and 
water trickling in furrows between the rows; and as I thought of the 
thrifty orchards in our own state, growing (as many of them do) near run- 
ning streams, or in sight of the plenteous waters of Lake Michigan, I 
wondered if necessity, which is said to be the mother of invention, was 
not also the mother of enterprise, and hoped that before the necessity 
grew on us much greater we might manifest some of the same enterprise 
which was bringing such pleasant results to the people of that country. 

Another of the excursions and festal days in which we participated was 
at Grand Junction, in western Colorado, and on the Pacific side of the 
mountains. This was called peach day, and peaches were given away the 
same as melons at Rocky Ford. The exhibition at this place was almost 
entirely of fruits, and, though I have seen much larger collections, I 
never saw nicer-appearing fruit; and, selecting one exhibit that was par- 
ticularly fine, arrangements were soon perfected with the owner for visit- 
ing his place, which was done the next day. Here, on about twelve acres 
of ground, all under irrigation, were growing peaches, apples, pears, 
plums, grapes, and other fruits, and an excellent opportunity was enjoyed 
for studying the peculiarities of fruitgrowing in that country. 

Our time is too limited to tell about fruit day at Canyon City, where 
nearly all kinds of fruit were given away, or of the numerous other places 
visited, for probably some of you are becoming weary of these wanderings in 
the ‘‘Great American Desert,’’ and have been wishing the speaker would 
come back to Michigan and tell us about irrigation here; but it will not 
take a long time to tell all he knows on that subject, and so we will stop 
on our return at one more point long enough to look into another and per- 
haps not the least interesting method of western irrigation viz. : by meana 
of windmills. When at the Denver meeting we often asked about this 
method and for a time were somewhat puzzled over the contradictory 
answers received. A man from Colorado or other mountainous state 
would tell us in substance that they were too small and insufficient to be 
of any value, while another, from some state like Kansas, would reply that 
windmills were a very decided success, and often give names of prominent 
men using them for irrigating from five to twenty acres of ground. But 
we soon discovered that the difference in opinion was simply the result of 
different conditions. The man living where elevation was great, usually 
had to go deep for water if pumped from wells; and besides he could take 
gravity ditches from swift-running streams, and what need had he of wind- 
mills or anything else to pump water, when it could be flowed directly 
upon his land? Those having an inexpensive or insufficient supply of 
ditch water, or none at all, and in a country where water could be obtained 
from shallow wells, were loud in praise of windmill irrigation. This 
method seems to have reached higher utility, or come into more general 
use, near Garden City, Kansas, than almost any other place. Hence we 
visited that point and spent some time riding over the country and inves- 


~ 


96 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


tigating a number of places where windmills were used for pumping water 
for irrigation. 

The peculiar feature which in some form seems a necessity with this 
plan of irrigating, is the reservoir, already alluded to. These are con- 
structed at as high a point as possible, by scraping up the soil into an 
embankment some three or four feet high and enclosing from a few square 
rods to half an acre or more. Then sufficient water is pumped in to wet 
the bottom and sides, and the whole is puddled by tramping with horses 
until the entire surface is reduced so fine as to close the pores in the soil 
and make it capable of retaining water. At the bottom of this reservoir, 
on one side, is provided an outlet to admit water into a ditch, from which 
it is distributed over the land in substantially the same way as heretofore 
described. 

It may be remembered by some who were present at the meeting of this 
society at South Haven, that [ was not very enthusiastic in speaking of 
windmills for irrigation; but in view of what they are actually doing in 
some portions of the west, there seems to be no denying that under certain 
conditions windmills are a success for this purpose. But certain facts 
should be kept in mind. 

A good reservoir of suitable capacity might almost be called the keynote. 
of success, and second only to an abundant supply of water for a good 
windmill and pump to draw from. Then we should not forget that the 
power required to raise water increases as the height increases; or, to illus- 
trate, if one windmill will raise a certain quantity of water ten feet in any 
given time, it would require two mills to raise the same quantity twenty 
feet. Again, the power required increases as the quantity of water raised 
increases, or the power required decreases as the time allowed to raise a 
given quantity of water increases. 

While such facts appear so nearly self-evident as hardly to need stating, 
yet, if we are not careful, some of them are occasionally overlooked. If, 
for instance, a man on low ground could get water by going ten feet below 
the surface, and should erect a windmill, and by the side of it a tank with 
staves ten feet high, might he not fail to realize, without.a second thought, 
that it would require two mills to pump over into that tank the same 
amount of water that one mill would deliver at the surface of the ground? 
Or suppose a man has a well fifty feet deep, and another has one ten feet 
deep, and the nature of the soil and crops belonging to the former is such 
as to require irrigating twice as often as the latter, with the same amount 
of water each time, and each having the same amount of land. Would he 
be sure to realize at first, that if the latter required one windmill, the 
former would need ten mills; or that, while one could irrigate only one 
acre with one mill, the other could irrigate ten acres with the same mill? 

It will be noticed that we speak of using several mills, instead of one 
larger mill, when more work is required, and generally we think that it 
will be found more satisfactory, as the first cost is but little, if any, more, 
and they are less likely to get out of repair and less expensive to put in 
order if they do need repairing; and besides, it enables one to start in 
with an inexpensive mill and then add others as necessity and experience 
seem to make desirable. It also often happens that a vien of water which 
is ample to supply a small mill and pump would not afford enough for a 
large one, although several small ones might be used near enough together 
to pump into the same reservoir. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MERTING. 97 


But perhaps some may be asking, of what use has been all this talk 
about western methods of irrigation, and saying we have no places where 
it would be practicable to construct gravity ditches, and our soil, espe- 
cially the sandy or gravely soil on which many of our orchards stand, is 
not suitable for constructing reservoirs? But let us see if this is so. 
Have not some of you soil containing clay enough to construct a reservoir, 
of such a nature that a few loads of clay hauled in would make it water- 
proof? Ordo we know that a reservoir could not be profitably built of 
bricks and other materials, or that a wooden tank could not be used to 
advantage; and are we positive there are no places in this state where 
a gravity ditch could be made? On the contrary, we found a place where 
it could be done, on a small scale, on our own farm. With the aid of a 
common carpenter’s level we discovered that a small spring-fed brook 
could, by conducting it through sewer-pipe, less than eighty rods, around 
the base of a hill or table-land, be flowed among several acres of lower land 
that is high enough, however, to suffer severely from drought. May there 
not be in some portions of the state inland lakes, not very far from some 
stream, and yet so high above the same, and where the topography of the 
country is such that a canal could be taken in a direction gradually converg- 
ing toward said stream, and between which stream and canal there might 
be several entire farms, and a portion of several others, that could be irri- 
gated? But this would require a survey to determine, and if there was 
nothing in the way, from the engineer’s standpoint, there would still be 
the right of way to obtain and the need of some plan of combined effort, 
so that, for any or all these reasons, such a thing may be impracticable for 
the present. But who shall say that no such thing will ever be under- 
taken, perhaps in different portions of the state, when our people come to 
realize more fully the advantages and profit, if not in certain seasons the 
almost actual necessity, of irrigation? 

It may be needless to say that we believe in irrigation, even for Michi- 
gan, and we have taken the first steps, at least, toward showing our faith 
by our works, although what we did last season was so late in getting into 
operation that but little practical result was obtained, it being the very 
last days of July before we were able to start our pump at all. 

Having not less than sixty acres which in time we hope to get under 
irrigation, we have selected for the work a ten-horsepower engine and a 
four-inch centrifugal pump, the distance we have to raise water being 
about thirty-five to forty feet. Our supply was taken from the small 
stream already mentioned, but we found the quantity of water altogether 
insufficient, and could only pump a few hours at a time, and that by plac- 
ing a dam across the stream, so as to accumulate enough to supply the 

ump. 

The first piece we attempted to irrigate was set to young trees with 
strawberries and some potatoes between the rows of trees, all being well 
cutivated. With about two hours’ pumping we had, probably, two acres 
with water between all the rows, which were five feet apart; and, as we saw 
the water glistening in the sunlight, and running over the sandy soil, 
which was so dry and hot that it had been a question whether water would 
flow over it at all, without being absorbed, we felt that a victory had been 
achieved, and the future of irrigation promised some practical good to 
the fruitgrowers of Michigan. 

1183 


98 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


After stopping the pump we were a little surprised to discover that, 
apparently, the water had penetrated Jaterally only a very few inches, and 
we wondered if so much of it had gone directly downward that but little 
good could result. On the following day, however, the entire surface of 
the ground had a darker appearance, indicating that moisture had come 
to, or near, the surface; and, on pushing aside only thin portions of,the 
soil, moist earth was found. 

The next piece irrigated was a bearing peach orchard that needed culti- 
vation. Here, as on the former piece of ground, we applied the water in 
furrows near the trees, and as before it seemed to go downward without 
wetting the ground laterally. But, unlike the former experiment, it did 
not come to the surface again, and so we gave the orchard another wetting 
by flooding the water over the entire surface so far as practicable, instead 
of confining it to furrows, and as the result of these two experiments it 
would seem that, for orchards at least, cultivation and irrigation should 
go together, the former being necessary to draw and gather moisture near 
the surface; and if cultivation is not practicable, then flooding the surface 
is better than applying water in furrows. 

And now a few words as to results. It must be remembered that water 
was applied to the bearing orchard but a few weeks before time for gather- 
ing fruit, and it had not received proper cultivation; yet, on carefully 
sorting the fruit with a grading machine, a plain difference in the size of 
the peaches was shown, and on the irrigated piece of ground there could 
be clearly seen, within two weeks, an improvement in appearance of trees 
and plants. In fact, before watering, quite a number of the strawberry 
plants were dead or dying from drought, while, after watering, those not 
already too far gone took on an altogether better appearance, while the 
potatoes yielded double what anyone would have expected had water not 
been applied. 

On the whole, our experiments are, so far as we can see, quite satisfac- 
tory thus far, and we intend to continue them another year if the season 
should be dry. Having already moved our engine and pump so we can 
draw water directly from the Kalamazoo river, we do not anticipate any 
further trouble from an insufficient supply; and, while we do not expect 
to show all the benefits of irrigation in one or two seasons, yet in time we 
may be able to demonstrate either our own folly in undertaking such a 
thing, or the folly of allowing orchards to suffer from dry weather in a state 
almost surrounded by water and abounding in streams and inland lakes. 


Mr. Morritu: Is it practicable to drive four-inch tubular wells to a 
lower level, from a height, and pump in quantities to pay? 

Mr. WiuuiaMs: Yes, for fruit, but not for corn or other such crops. 

Mr. Tracy: I have at times been in Kansas where they irrigate by use 
of pumps, many of them being very crude contrivances. They make large 
reservoirs, on elevated spots, from which they irrigate from five to ten 
acres of ground. I have heard men there speak of the great possibilities 
of irrigation in Michigan. Large quantities of water are necessary to the 
accomplishment of anything practical. But they have water in Kansas, 
Nebraska, and Colorado which is thick—you can not see into it. It flows 


. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. aa 


quietly along in ditches so slight that no self-respecting water would stay 
in them. This water, in the former two states, is within twenty feet of 
the surface, and so is very easily pumped up. J ask Dr. Kepziz what 
virtue there is in the sediment of these waters of Kansas and Nebraska? 

Dr. Kepziz: They are strongly charged with alkaline and other mineral 
matter, very different from Michigan waters. The latter will be much 
harder to handle. There the sediment tends to fill the interstices of the 
soil and make the latter quickly impervious. 

Mr. Witi1ams: We were much surprised to find, upon our own farm 
in Saugatuck, how easily the water could be carried. It would go sixty 
rods in a furrow in light soil. We did not calculate how much we used 
per acre. 

Mr. Morritt: An inch of rainfall equals 1,000 barrels per acre. One 
may calculate from this how much water to use in cases of irrigation. 

Mr. Tracy: Out there they think an inch in depth far too little, and 
provide for use of two or three inches each time. 

Mr. KeLLoca: What measures do they use to prevent evaporation ? 

Mr. Wixuiams: None. 

Prof. Tarr: In California they used to do nothing to prevent evapor- 
ation, but they now use much less water at a time, and give thorough 
cultivation, getting a surface mulch of fine soil, and so retarding evapor- 
ation. In irrigation of gardens, the best way to apply the water is by 
means of tiles, laid one foot below the surface, if they are to be permanent, 
but in a simple furrow if otherwise. Two-inch tile wili irrigate spaces 
from ten to fifteen feet wide in ordinary garden soil. In Texas they lay 
title direct in the trenches, by means of a machine which makes of them 
continuous pipes, making holes at certain distances through which the 
water escapes. This proves very successful among vegetables, but in case 
it were used among trees the roots would be very likely to penetrate the 
tile. Experiments of this kind, at the college, last summer, were highly 
successful. 

Mr. J. C. Inciis: Whenever we violate a law of nature, we suffer. 
Why not, instead of all this, advocate replacing the forests? 


=_ 


100 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


TILLAGE. 


BY PROF. L. kh. TAFT, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


The original meaning of the word “‘till’’ is, to aim at excellence, and 
we may define tillage to be handling of the,soil in such a way as will be 
likely to produce the maximum results. It will then include all such 
operations as plowing, sub-soiling harrowing, and the cultivation the crops 
receive. 

Taking these up in detail, we may say that plowing is of value mechan- 
ically, as it loosens up the soil and allows the roots to enter and pass 
through it in search of food. It facilitates the entrance of air to aid in 
the solution of the plant food, and of water which dissdlves the food thus 
made soluble. It also increases the reservoir capacity of the soil, enab- 
ling the plants to better withstand drought. Plowing also, by breaking 
and turning up the soil, exposes its particles to the action of the air and 
water, and of the ferments which induce various chemical changes. 

Sub-soiling, which stirs up the soil to the depth of sixteen to twenty 
inches, by means of a so-called subsoil plow, after each furrow has been 
turned with a moldboard plow, is of value upon land where there is a stiff 
hardpan within a foot or so of the surface, particularly for the pear and 
plum. Very few of the other fruits should be placed upon land that needs 
sub-soiling. It not only opens up the land and offers new feeding grounds 
to the roots, but it increases the reservoir capacity of the soil. While 
this is of advantage in dry seasons, it often proves injurious in seasons 
when there is an excess of water in the soil. 

Especially for garden crops, too great care can not be taken to give the 
land a thorough dragging after it has been plowed, as it breaks up the 
clods, closes up the holes in the soil, thus preventing its drying out, and 
brings it into such a condition as will favor the capillary power of the soil 
and the ready germination of the seed. 

The cultivation that is given the crop itself will not only open it to the 
entrance of air and water, but it is of even greater importance in forming 
a soil mulch, by which evaporation of the water is prevented. 

Not only is water required as a part of the food of plants, since it makes 
up from seventy-five to eighty per cent. of their weight, but it is also 
necessary to dissolve the plant food that is obtained from the soil, which 
can only be taken in by the plants as a solution. 

The rainfall of most parts of the country is from thirty to forty inches 
annually, but of this amount nearly one half falls in the winter months 
when the ground is frozen and a large part of it runs off into the streams. 
During the heavy showers of summer a large amount is also lost in the 
same manner. We must add to the amount that never enters the soil 
about twenty per cent: which percolates downward through the soil and so 
is lost to the crops. We thus find that the amount that is really at the 
service of the plants is never more than fifteen or twenty inches. 

It is reckoned that many crops, such as corn, take from the soil during 
the season about thirty-five times their own weight of water, or, as it is 
sometimes expressed, three hundred times the weight of the dry matter 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 101 


they contain. If for any reason this amount is not available, the crop will 
be cut short. It is said that, even in the so-called moist climate of Eng- 
land, a year seldom passes when the crops would not at some time during 
their growth be benefited by more moisture. From this can be seen the 
necessity of securing for the crops as much as possible of the water that 
falls. 

Among other sources of loss is the evaporation that takes place from the 
surface. It has been found that this can be lessened if a mulch of some 
kind can be provided for the surface. While straw, marsh hay, or any: 
similar waste materials are of value for holding the water, they have the 
disadvantage of drawing the roots to the surface, and as a result the plants 
are likely to be injured in a cold winter. On the other hand, a mulch 
composed of loose soil answers just as well to hold the water, while the 
roots remain in the moist soil at some distance below the surface. The 
soil mulch can be maintained throughout the season if the surface of the 
soil is stirred to the depth of two inches at intervals during the summer. 

With many farmers the main idea in cultivating is to kill the weeds, but 
although this should be considered it should not be the prime object. 
Weeds are commonly understood to be plants out of place, or those for 
which no use has been discovered. From whichever standpoint they are 
considered, farmers have for a long time understood that a failure might 
be expected if they were allowed to grow. The real nature of the injury 
that weeds cause has until recently not been well understood, and even 
now the tillage that is given by most persons, instead of being based upon 
rational grounds, is intended only to keep down the weeds. The old idea 
that the principal injury from weeds was in shading and crowding the 
other plants, thus depriving them of air and light and robbing them of 
some of the food that would otherwise be available, is correct only in part. 
Added to this, and of even greater injury, they take up large quantities 
of water and thus deprive the crop of the means of securing the plant food 
that may be available. The grain farmer also suffers from the injury 
resulting from the presence of foul seed in his soil, while the man who neg- 
lects the proper cultivation of his hill and drill crops, and allows the weeds 
to grow, will find that he has another evil to contend against, due to the 
rapid evaporation of the water from the soil. 

If one ‘is to till his soil merely for the purpose of killing weeds and pre- 
venting the loss that will result if they are allowed to grow, the work 
should certainly be done before they have reached any size. Just after 
they have germinated, as they are pushing their way out through the soil, 
the weeds are very delicate, and the least disturbance of the surface will 
be sufficient to destroy them, while, if left for a few days and allowed to 
become established, they can only be subdued by several deep workings 
of the soil, and even then some of them that have obtained a firm hold in 
the soil may not be destroyed. 

Even if the soil is entirely free from weeds, frequent tillage should be 
the rule. If the surface soil is frequently stirred, so that it is kept light 
and open, the evaporation of water will be greatly decreased. After a rain 
the general course of the water in the soil is downward, impelled both by 
gravity and capillary attraction. As soon as the rain ceases and evapora- 
tion from the surface begins, an upward movement commences, the water 
passing from a moist particle to the drier one above, that has given off 
part of its moisture. This is due to the adhesion of the water to the soil 
particles and the tendency to establish an equilibrium. When the soil has 


102 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


been puddled by rains it is closely packed together, and the sides of the 
soil particles are in close contact. Toa certain extent this is desirable in 
the under soil, as it aids the capillary action of the particles in bringing 
the water up from below, toward the surface where it will be available for 
the plants. 

To be of value to the plants, however, it must be held there and pre- 
vented from evaporating. It is in part because the stirring of the surface 
loosens it, and, by increasing the size of the spaces between the particles 
of the soil, lessens the rapidity with which capillary attraction can lift the 
water to the very surface, that cultivation has such a wonderful effect 
upon the growth of plants. 

It is a well-known fact that evaporation is most rapid, and the most 
water is given off, from a clay soil where the surface has been allowed to 
bake, that is, the rains have puddled it and brought the surfaces of the 
particles very closely together, so that, as capillary attraction is very 
rapid, the water is carried to the surface and evaporated faster than it can 
be brought up from below. Even if a sandy loam soil is untilled, the 
amount of water given off is one half greater than from another of a simi- 
lar nature, where the surface of the soil is kept loose. The portion of the 
soil that is loosened may be the drier for it, and for this reason a soil that 
is too wet may be aided in giving off its surplus water by deep tillage; 
but in a properly drained soil it is better to allow the water to sink down 
to the level of the ground water, than to aid in throwing it off into the air 
where it will be lost to the crop. 

Besides the injury that will be done by deep tillage, in cutting off the 
roots of plants, the water that is given off from the stirred soil would 
prove of considerable benefit to the crop in a dry season. Aside from its 
value in destroying weeds and preventing the evaporation from the sur- 
face, cultivation, by keeping the soil loose and preventing a crust from 
forming, aids in creating and developing plant food in the soil. 

To be effective the cultivation should be given often enough to keep the 
surface from baking, in the case of clay, and from settling down and 
becoming compact in the case of sand soils. At any rate, all soils should 
be stirred after every rain, so soon as the ground has dried sufiiciently to 
work. 

For garden crops it is well to have some tool that can be run“over the 
surface a few days after the seed is sown and before the plants are up. 
This will not only break the crust and prevent evaporation, but it will 
destroy the young weeds and save hand weeding. A little later it should 
be done again. The common steel rake was formerly used for this pur- 
pose, but we have found the Improved Breed weeder to do about as good 
work, and it covers a strip eight feet wide. If it is started before a crust 
forms, and is used once per week, it will keep the ground in perfect con- 
dition without injury to the plants. For orchards, after they have been 
brought into good condition in the spring, they do good work. For heavy - 
soils, especially if they have been allowed to bake, some of the smoothing 
harrows may be preferable, but after the first dragging in the spring it is 
best to keep the deep-working tools out of the orchard. 

The effect of frequent shallow cultivation is not only to enable the trees 
to make a good growth and perfect their crop, but it will generally insure 
the development of fruit buds for the next years’ crop, while on the other 
hand the trees, without cultivation, are in a weak condition and the crop 
of fruit will be small and imperfect. " 


. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 103 


It is claimed by some persons that cultivation late in the season causes 
a late growth, and that the trees are likely to be winter-killed, but this 
seldom results if the cultivation has been continuous. When, from press 
of work or other cause, no cultivation is given during the month of July, 
the trees suffer from lack of water, growth stops, and the wood and buds 
ripen up for winter If, after this has taken place, the soil is again stirred, 
a second growth is likely to occur and winter-killing will be almost certain 
to follow. 

The operation of rolling is thought by some to be of benefit by prevent- 
ing the evaporation of water from the surface, but if anything it has the 
opposite effect. Upon light soils, rolling is of value to increase the capil- 
lary passage of the water from the under soil into the portion that was 
turned by the plow, by bringing the particles closer in contact. This will 
increase the amount that is available to the plants, and for increasing the 
amount of water in the very surface soil it is of special value to aid the 
germination of seeds. The opposite effect is often seen when a soil that 
is quite dry is plowed for some crop in the midst of adrouth. The capil- 
lary movement is greatly hindered and the surface soil will become so dry 
that the seeds will germinate very slowly, if at all, while, had the land 
been rolled; or, in the case of wheat, drilled in without plowing, more 
water would have been available and a better germination would have 
been secured. 

While the nature of the operation required in the fitting of the land and 
its care will vary according to the soil and crop, every one should have a 
knowledge of the requirements of each, and of the effect upon the move- 
ments of the water in the soil, of the various methods of treating the land, 
and then should take such steps as will secure and retain for the crop the 
desired amount of water. 


Mr. Govutp: How about late cultivation of the peach? 

Prof. Tart: Much depends upon the age of the trees and condition of 
the soil. Young trees should not be cultivated much later than August. 
Bearing trees may be cultivated on till the middle of September; but after 
stopping, do not begin again. MJaspberries should be cultivated con- 
tinuously during the bearing season, but strawberries, of course, should 
not be so treated. The surface soil, by cultivation, becomes dry, but it 
makes a perfect mulch, and so it should be stirred every week or ten days. 
Rolling helps make the surface moist, but should not be practiced in the 
orchard. Rolling helps in the germination of small seeds, when sown in 
dry soil, but even then the surface should be stirred, when possible, so 
soon as germination has occurred. If your soil is heavy and wet, stir 
deeply at first, and till the roots take possession, then shallower. Rolling 
is also sometimes desirable in order to break up lumps, but then stir at 
once to pulverize the surface. 

Prof. Tracy: I have to examine thousands of acres each season, and 
have sometimes thought that more harm than good is done by the ordi- 
nary cultivator. I have in mind a case in which a hired man cultivated a 


~ 


104 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


field of beans growing for seed. . In the forenoon he used the cultivator as 
his employer had set it for him, the front teeth cutting the deeper and 
turning furrows toward the plants; but in the afternoon, thinking he knew 
more than the employer, he changed the cultivator so that the side teeth 
cut the deeper, cutting off roots and turning the earth away from the 
plants. The difference was manifest when I saw the field some time later; 
but, until discovery of the change of the cultivator, the owner could not 
understand what had caused it. The yield was 1? bushels per acre more 
on the portion which had been properly cultivated in the forenoon. In 
preparing soil for crops, it is best to cultivate, then plow, then cultivate 
again. Whatever deep cultivation is done should be when the roots are 
yet short, so that they may not be cut off. Yet what Prof. Tarr has said 
about frequent cultivation is true, because but a shallow stirring of the 
soil is intended. The old-style shovel and double-shovel plows are doing 
more damage in this country than any Democratic administration ever did! 
[ Laughter. | 


TRANSPORTATION OF FRUITS. 


BY MR. J. A. PEARCE OF GRAND RAPIDS. 


This question, the transportation of our fruits, is of so much magnitude 
that it may well merit our earnest consideration. The great mass of our 
growers have never given this subject more than a passing thought. They 
do not realize how much there is in it, nor how much the success of their 
business depends on it. Before I proceed, let me give you a few figures. 
Our peach crop in the vicinity of Grand Rapids was estimated at 300,000 
bushels. When the season was over it was conceded that it had gone 
above the estimate. A saving of ten cents per bushel on that amount to 
the growers, is $30,000. If we estimate five cents per bushel saved by 
the half rate, on covered baskets, which we got the railways to make, we 
find that it is a saving to our growers of $15,000, and I am sure it went 
far above that. On the last car of peaches we shipped, the half-rate 
amounted to $44. This half-rate is taken off from Buffalo to the Missis- 
sippi and from the Ohio to the north. So you can make your own esti- 
mate as to the amount of saving it is to the growers living in that vast 
region. This just concession was gotten from the transportation com- 
panies through the combined efforts of the kindred fruit associations of the 
Grand River valley. 

This is only one small item of the benefits that have come to the grow- 
ers through these organizations, and yet some of the growers turn over 
their dollars and hesitate and wonder if they are going to receive the worth 
of their money. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 105 


It is to organization that I look with hope for any further improvement 
that will come to the transportation of our fruits. There should be a closer 
communion between the fruitgrowers and the transportation companies. 
They should be made to feel they are a part of our business, and a very 
important part, too. They must be made to realize that if we go on and 
enlarge our fruit plantations, they must keep pace with us, in giving us 
improved facilities for getting our fruit to the consumer cheaply, quickly, 
and in good condition. In the past some of the railway officials have been 
invited to our fruit meetings. This I think should be encouraged morein | 
the future, that there may be a better understanding on the part of the 
officials as to the needs of the growers, and also that the growers may more 
fully understand what was possible for the transportation companies to 
give them. 

I take little stock in this monopoly cry, indulged in, in some agricult- 
ural quarters, against railways. They are undoubtedly in their business 
to make money, but, so far as I have had dealings with the managers per- 
sonally, I have found them accommodating, broad, brainy men, who were 
sagacious enough to see that it would be to their advantage to help build 
up a business rather than to destroy it. I therefore think if we will go to 
them in a business-like way, through our organizations, and tell them 
what we need, they will try to meet us half way. 

One of the first requisites in securing good facilities is to raise plenty 
of fruit, so there will be a business of importance enough to enlist the 
attention of the transportation companies. Without this we can not 
expect much improvement. One locality can not well make arrangements 
that will answer the purpose of another; each will have to work out a sys- 
tem best suited to its own needs. But whenever the conditions are such 
that what is known as the granger system can be used, it will be found to 
be one of the very best, as that on the Illinois Central, where the berry- 
growers load their own freight, and as soon as it is done the train pulls out 
with all possible speed to Chicago to be in time for the morning market. 
Without such an arrangement you can readily see how impossible it would 
be for the people to raise and market so vast an amount of such tender 
fruit in presentable condition. A man is kept in Chicago to see to the 
proper unloading and forwarding to the commission houses. By this 
system, it has been stated, the rate of freight from Cobden, Illinois, was 
reduced from $2.50 to 22 cents—a valuable saving, I assure you. 

Something of this plan has been in successful operation on the West 
Michigan from the peach belt to Chicago. I had hoped that a train might 
have been started from Grand Rapids, instead of Holland, as now. 
believe it would give us quick connection with the west, a system which 
would be desirable for us and that I think we should work to bring about. 
Inasmuch as our fruit goes out to so many different points from Grand 
Rapids, there should be a night train going out over the different roads to 
important points that might be reached by the morning—say the Saginaw 
valley, Detroit, Toledo, Fort Wayne, Milwaukee by car and boat, and 
many other points that could be well reached. Have these trains held as 
late as possible and make their runs, so that the fruit can be brought in 
from the orchards and started on its way and reach these places of destina- 
tion in as fresh state as it now is put on the Grand Rapids market, when 
it stands in our barns over night on the wagon. Then these points could 
receive the fruit in so fresh a state it could be distributed from them in as 

14 


106 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


good condition as it now is from Grand Rapids, thus greatly widening our 
market. If our fruit production continues to increase as fast as it has of 
late, some such system will have to be adopted. 

There are many other things that are very imperfect in our shipping 
arrangements, that need our attention, but we have not time to mention 
all in this paper—such as the way our fruit is trucked through the freight 
houses, and the poor arrangement of qur ventilated cars, so-called. All 
these things need our attention, knowing that one careless handling along 
the line may greatly lessen the value of a package of fruit to the owner 
and its usefulness to the consumer. 

In conclusion, let me ask that we work together to bring about these 
desirable methods in the transportation of our fruit, as they are not likely 
to come of themselves. 


Mr. R. D. Grawam: We do not send much fruit from Grand Rapids to 
either Chicago or Milwaukee, but mainly to Cincinnati, St. Louis, and 
other parts of the south and the southwest. Nine tenths of what weship go 
in open bushel baskets placed on shelves in refrigerator cars. This arrange- 
ment has proved very satisfactory in all respects, and making the shelves 
costs less than covers for the number of baskets the carscontain. Much of 
my fruit went direct to the cars from the trees, and so handled but once, a 
point of much value. ~Packing fancy fruit in fancy baskets may pay, but 
only a few of us grow such fruit. When fruitgrowing becomes more our 
business, the less trouble we will have about packages. We have done 
ourselves much good, within the past year or two, though paying atten- 
tion only to packages and shipment rates. The cars are packed full, so 
there can be no shifting about of baskets, and we have had no trouble from 
meddling with fruit at point of delivery. My fruit went from the orchard 
in ripe condition, and reached the consumer in the best possible order. I 
got $1.35 net, one time, for two cars, sold in Grand Rapids. I used 
neither tarletan nor any other covering. 

Mr. Mack said he believed the Detroit commission merchants would 
co-operate with the Grand Rapids growers to secure night trains. 

Mr. Munson: The Grand Rapids and Indiana people said it would 
have paid to run special fruit trains north as well as south. 

Mr. KetLoaa: When all the trees in Ionia and Kent counties get into 
full bearing, you will see trains loaded for Cincinnati, St. Louis, Louis- 
ville, and other points. We can not overdo the business of growing 
peaches. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 107 


HORTICULTURE AT LOWELL. 


BY MR. N. P. HUSTED OF LOWELL. 


Horticulture in Lowell, as a branch of commercial industry, dates back 
about twenty years. It has progressed from a very primitive beginning 
until it is now recognized as a leading and profitable industry. The 
experience of our orchardists within the past few years has fully estab- 
lished the: fact that the soil in the vicinity of Lowell affords superior 
advantages for growing fruit. ‘Tillers of the soil who are complaining of 
dull times and thé very low price of farm produce should bear in mind 
the fact that fruit has always found a ready market, selling at a highly 
remunerative price. The present demand for choice fruit is far in excess 
of the supply. The consumption of fruit is rapidly on the increase, and 
in a greater ratio than the production. In addition to our large home 
markets, a foreign demand is springing up for the products of our 
orchards, which will absorb our surplus for years to come. The processes 
of canning, drying, and preserving fruit, within the past few years, have 
made rapid strides. The facilities for rapid and cheap transportation 
have been greatly increased, demanding greater supplies, and the planting 
of more and larger orchards. The products of our orchards are needed to 
feed the millions of consumers. The outlook for fruitgrowers was never 
more encouraging than at present. The experience of practical orchardists 
has fully established the fact that the net proceeds of an orchard on good 
fruit land, in full bearing, is many times greater than the same land can 
be made to produce if planted to ordinary farm crops. There are thou- 
sands of acres of the choicest fruit lands surrounding Lowell, which, if 
set to orchards, would soon return large net incomes for their owners with 
comparatively little labor. 

It is a fact that the price of many farm crops has fallen below the cost 
of production. In 1863; wheat was worth from $2 to $3 per bushel, wool 
$1, horses from $100 to $250 each. In 1894, wheat is selling for 45 to 55c 
per bushel; good horses are bringing from $10 to $50 each, and wool sold 
from 10 to 15 cents per pound. Times have been dull, and money scarce, 
but notwithstanding the depressed condition of trade, and the money 
panic, fruit has sold at good prices, netting the growers large profits. 

For the purpose of showing the extent and condition of fruitgrowing 
in this section, the Lowell district horticultural society appointed com- 
mittees for several townships adjoining Lowell. Their reports show large 
acreage of orchards; a great interest in horticulture; the business on a 
sound basis; the net returns satisfactory, and all interests pertaining to 
fruit culture in a profitable, progressive and prosperous condition. Lands 
are being fitted for the planting of trees coming season on a more extensive 
scale than ever before. 

Tounship cf Boston.—22,000 apple trees, 2,000 pear, 1,000 plum, 153,000 
peach. Commenced setting trees for commercial orchards twenty years 
age. Have had full crops of peaches for the years 1891, ’92, 93 and 94. 
Sold 22,000 bushels of peaches in 184 at an average price of $1 per 


108 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


bushel net, $22,000. Has ten acres of strawberries, eleven of raspberries, 
three of quinces, 

Vergennes.—10,000 apple trees, 300 pear, 900 plum, 26,000 peach. 
Estimate of peaches sold in 1894, 6,000 bushels, $6,000. 

East Half of Cascade—2,800 apple trees, 2,400 pear, 3,600 plum, 22,000 
peach, 15 acres of strawberries, 63 of raspberries. First peach orchard 
set by Dr. WoopworTH in 1864. Peaches sold in 1894, $4,500. 

Keene.—4,500 apple trees, 1,900 pear, 1,000 plum, 105,000 peach. 19,000 
bushels peaches sold in 1894, $19,000. In the Hesler neighborhood in 
Grattan, 15,000 peach trees. Sold in 1894, 7,000 bushels, $7,000. 

_ School District No. 6, Lowell.—5,000 apple trees, 1,000 pear, 700 plum, 

29,283 peach. Peaches sold in 1894, 6,543 bushels $6,543. 

Lowell Township, including above.—19,000 apple trees, 2,000 pear, 3,900 
plum, 107,000 peach. 21,000 bushels sold in 1894, $21,000. 

aon of peaches sold in above sections for the year 1894, 79,500 bushels, 
$79,500. 

‘For the purpose of showing the profits of peach lands, under a thor- 
ough and systematic system of cultivation, we will give the results of a 
few orchards. 

E. E. Cuurcx has an orchard of 500 peach trees; location, seven miles 
southeast of Lowell; soil, elevated clay loam; timber, white oak and 
hickory; well fertilized at the time of setting, with barn-yard manure. 
Trees set out six years and given thorough cultivation; cropped the first 
two years with corn, the third with buckwheat, the returns from the crops 
more than paying the expense of setting out the trees and cultivation. 
Received from the fruit sold: 4th year, net,.$400; 5th year net, $500; 6th 
year, net, $600. Total for three years $1,500. The trees are set one rod 
apart each way and occupy about 34 acres. The above shows a net profit 
of over $140 per acre each year since the orchard commenced bearing. 

FRANK WHITE, from 24 acres of peach orchard, realized $462.75; orchard 
on Peck’s hill, in corporation of the village of Lowell. 

J. E. LEE has an orchard 14 miles northwest of Lowell, 700 trees set 12 
years, from which he sold in 1891, 830 bushels; 1892, 985 bushels; 1893, 
1,335 bushels; 1894, 1,230 bushels, a total of 4,410 bushels at $1.15 per 
bushel net, $5,071. The trees cover 74 acres. -A net profit of $169 per 
acre yearly for the first four years. Mr. Lee has pursued a thorough and 
systematic course of cultivation, pruning, thinning, sorting, and grading 
his fruit, fertilizing annually. 

MartrHEew Hunter has apeach orchard of 910 trees, set in the spring of 
1888 and ’89, from which he sold in 1892, 929 bushels, $1,161.25; °93, 750 
bushels, $750; 94, 921 bushels, $1,151.25, a total of $3,062.50. The orchard 
covers about six acres; cultivation thorough; not fertilized; orchard is in 
the southeast part of Lowell township, five miles from the village. 

Totals for the number of fruit trees in the Lowell district: Boston, 
133,000 peach, 22,000 apple, 2,000 pear, 1,000 plum. 

Vergennes, 26,000 peach, 1,000 apple, 300 pear, 900 plum. 

East half Cascade, 22,000 peach, 2,800 apple, 2,400 pear, 3,600 plum. 

Keene, 105,000 peach; 4, 500 apple, 1,900 pear, 1,000 plum. 

Lowell 107,000 peach, 19,000 apple, 2,000 pear, 3,900 plum. 

Totals, 404,000 peach, 49,300 apple, 8,600 pear, 10,400 plum. 

Evaporators.—EHighteen evaporators were in operation in the year 1894. 
Amount of apples used. 159,000 bushels, at an average price of 25c per 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MERTING. 109 


bushel, $39,750 paid to farmers and fruitgrowers. Amount of evaporated 
fruit, 64 pounds to the bushel, 1,033,500 pounds sold at 6c per pound, 
$62,010; chops sold, 5,000; total, $67,010. 11,000 barrels of apples sold, 
$1.25 per barrel, $13,750. To this add $39,750, paid for evaporating, and 
we have, paid to the growers for their apple product for 1894, $53,500. 

Total received by the growers for apples and peaches for 1894: peaches, 
$79,500; apples, $53,500; tota], $133,000. 

This could largely be increased by addition for sales of pears, plums, 
quinces, raspberries, cider apples, etc., but, having no means of ascertain- 
ing the amounts sold, we do not include them in the report. Yet only 15 
per cent. of available fruit lands are occupied. 

In conclusion we will say to all interested in horticulture, your harvest 
has been abundant and your profits great. Onward should be your watch- 
word. Go forward in the work; properly cultivate, fertilize, and care for 
your orchards, and great shall be your reward. 


Mr. Rice: In New Jersey, it is said, two or three good crops of peaches 
are all that can be expected of a tree. I am glad to know we are so far 
ahead of them in Michigan. 

Mr. Hustep: Time was when our trees would live and bear longer than 
they do now—when the country was new. But now the soil is much 
exhausted, and we do not think of trying to grow orchards without com- 
mercial fertilizers. 

Mr. Lyon of Lowell knew of a seedling peach tree in the vicinity, which 
had borne for forty years, and bore the past season. 

Mr. Husrep: In some places in this vicinity, growers have lost a crop 
only once or twice in twelve years. Others have never missed one. The 
best locations are loam soils 150 to 200 feet above Grand river. I prefer 
a soil as heavy as I can get and yet be well drained. 

Mr. Westy Jonson of Lowell: Mr. J. E. Ler’s orchard has not 
wholly failed in fourteen years. It is on oak openings soil, clay loam, well 
drained naturally. 

Mr. Eart Jounson: I have asmall orchard, four years old. At one 
time last winter the mercury went to 14 degrees below zero, and in the 
morning it grew warmer, and thawed a little during the day, and yet I had 
a good crop last fall. 

Mr. A. Hamitton: I do not think it would be well for Lowell people 
to encourage mercury to go much lower than 14 degrees below zero. 
( Laughter.) 


~ 


110 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


POINTERS ON GRAPES. 


BY MR. W. K. MUNSON OF GRAND RAPIDS. 


In discussion of the subject assigned me, “ Pointers on grapes,” I shall 
go so little into details that much of what I say would apply to the culture 
of other fruit fully as much as to grapes. 

In order to grow grapes profitably, one must have the proper tastes and 
qualifications. I have heard men say they would rather take off their 
coats and split rails than to “putter around with grapes.” Such men 
would better stick to splitting rails, as they would be more sure of making 
a living than in raising grapes. The right man for the place is one who 
can see beauty in a well-loaded vineyard, besides the dollars and cents; 
one who would delight to go through the vineyard as the fruit ripens, and 
when he sees a large, well-formed bunch of grapes, pat it on the cheek and 
say, “ That’s a fine cluster.” Then he wonders what should make that 
bunch better than its mates, and tries to find the reason. 

Grapes will adapt themselves to a great variety of soils, provided there 
is good air and water drainage. 

The varieties should be such as are adapted to the climate and soil, and 
to the market which is to be supplied. The object in pruning is (1) to 
confine the strength of the vine to producing a limited number of bunches 
without materially diminishing the number of pounds produced per vine, 
thus securing larger berries and bunches, of better quality; (2) to so con- 
trol the growth of the vine that it will be in convenient shape on the 
trellis, for cultivation and picking, and to properly distribute the fruit so 
it will get the full benefit of the sun and air. Care should be taken to 
leave a spur near the main cane, with a bud in a good position to produce 
a new cane to renew with next year. 


. POINTERS. 


1. A proper man for the business. 

2. A good location. 

3. Suitable varieties. 

In order that the vines may do their best, they should be made perfectly 
happy and comfortable, (1) by giving them a nice, clean place to live in; 
(2) all they can eat of suitable food; (3) kept free of insects and fungi by 
spraying with the right mixtures; (4) some system of annual close prun- 
ing; (5) frequent shallow cultivation during the entire growing season; (6) 
a certain amount of good business tact, with strict honesty in picking, 
packing, and disposing of the crop. 


Asked what varieties he preferred, Mr. Munson gave the number of 
vines of the several kinds he has in his vineyards: 1,600 Concord, 2,600 
Worden, 1,600 Niagara, 1,000 Brighton, 600 Moore, 600 Delaware. 

Mr. WHirmirE: Will it pay, at present prices, to set grapes? 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MERTING. 111 


Mr. Munson: Well, I make a living at it. My grapes pay me an 
average of $100 per acre. 

Mr. WuitmirRE: Yes, but will it now pay to set new vineyards? 

Mr. Munson: I can only say that I keep making new settings. Wor- 
den pays best, Niagara next; Moore is not very desirable. There is no 
profit in keeping grapes longer than one month; there is too much waste, 
and when grapes come in from New York prices are cut so that there is no 
profit. Concord is about like Worden in point of profit. In supplying a 
market through the season, it is desirable to have these several varieties. 
As to fertilizers, I use stable manure at first, while the young vines are 
growing, with bone meal and ashes later, when the bearing age arrives. I 
am now spreading 200 bushels of ashes per acre. I do not lay down my 
vines. Bone and ashes produce higher color and better and larger 
bunches, of finer quality, than any other fertilizers of which I know, and 
they cause the fruit to stay on the stems better. My soil isa strong clay 
loam. Corn and potatoes are grown among the vines the first year. I 
put vines on their trellises as soon as possible (upon the first wire the 
second year) in order to get straight and strong vines which will in part 
support themselves. I fasten them up strongly at first, to help in the 
latter result. I leave but thirty to forty buds for the new crop. Many 
growers seem to forget that all the fruit grows within eighteen inches of 
of the buds, no matter if the vine goes on ten feet further I practice very 
little summer pruning, only taking off the suckers. My vineyard is 
already pruned for next season’s crop; but pruning may be done any time 
after the leaves fall. It must be completed before the sap starts in the 
spring. I know of good grapes on land too light for general farming, but 
on such soils they require more feeding. 

Mr. H. H. Hayes: Moore does not bear well. I have an acre of this 
variety, but it does not yield a ton per year. 

Mr. Pearce said he knew of a man whose fence about his peach orchard 
is a trellis of grapes, and on one occasion the trees saved the grapes from 
frost. 

Mr. Munson said his line fences are grape trellises, and they pay at the 
rate of one dollar per rod, instead of being an expense, like other fences. 


112 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


MANURE IN HORTICULTURE. 


BY PROF, R. C. KEDZIE, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Twelve years ago I read a paper before this society, on ‘“Manures in 
Horticulture,” but he is an egotist who imagines the public will remember 
what he said a dozen years ago. You will pardon me if I repeat some of 
the things I then said. It is not a matter of first importance to say some- 
thing new, but rather to say what is true. 

Different classes of animals require different kinds of food: the dog will 
thrive on meat, but starve on grass; while the ox would go hungry on the 
best beefsteak, but grow fat on hay and corn. In like manner it was once 
supposed that plants, with their widely varying qualities, needed corre- 
spondingly different kinds of manure; but it isfound that plants grown 
either on farm or in garden have practically a very uniform composition 
and require the same natural elements. 

The Agricultural Thirteen.—Only thirteen elementary substances are 
found in crops, and this baker’s dozen make up the innumerable forms of 
plant life. These elements come from air and soil through the ministry 
of water. Carbon makes up one half of all vegetable substances, but it 
comes to the plant frcm the atmosphere in the form of carbonic acid, and 
it is literally as free as air. We need give it no thought in our scheme of 
manures. Oxygen and hydrogen are furnished to the plant in the form of 
water, which comes from the air in its journey by the sky-route from 
ocean to ocean, and is only stored for the time in the soil. But water is a 
prime physical condition of plant life. If the benediction of the sky is 
withheld, in vain the efforts of the husbandman. A rainless land is a 
dusty desert, no matter how rich in manurial elements; and almost any land 
can be made productive if plenty of water is furnished. Dr. Sturtevant 
published a very striking lecture, ‘‘ Water the Universal Manure.” You 
all recognize the importance of water in horticulture, and that, with 
abundant and well-distributed rain, successful crops are sure, while the 
dreaded drouth is death to the hopes of the fruitgrower. 

Sodium and chlorine, in form of common salt, are found in quantity 
sufficient for most plants, in all the soil-waters of the state. Silica and 
oxide of iron are found in ample supply in all our soils. Sulphate of lime 
furnishes the plant with the required amount of sulphur, and lime and 
magnesia are found in most soils in sufficient supply for the ash of plants. 
This accounts for ten of the thirteen chemicals of agriculture, all abund- 
antly supplied to the plant by the liberal hand of nature to all Michigan 
ens or easily supplied by two cheap and abundant manures, viz.: salt and 
plaster. 

In this discussion I confine myself to the direct needs of the plant for 
growth, and do not cunsider the indirect influence of some of these sub- 
stances by inducing changes in the inert materials of the soil, such as the 
nae produced by lime, plaster, salt, and the vegetable matter or humus 
of soils. 

The Tripod of Agriculture.—The preceding discussion has shown that 
ten of the thirteen chemicals of agriculture are either supplied in exhaust- 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 113 


less profusion or so readily obtainable that the tillers of the soil need feel 
no anxiety. The case is different with the other three, the most precious, 
costly, and indispensable substances, without which no form of life, vege- 
table or animal, is possible—the tripod of agriculture and the basis of life 
—potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen; asilvery metal, a waxy solid, and 
a gas. 

“Tt is not in these separate forms that these materials are found in plants, 
but in states of chemical combination they are found in all plants, and in 
the absence of any one of these no form of life could exist. They are not 
only the tripod of agriculture, but the tripod of life. They exist in only 
small quantities in soils, are soonest exhausted by injudicious cropping, 
and are the most costly to replace. In the majority of cases a soil is 
exhausted by cropping by the removal of one or more of these materials 
below the requirements for a full crop. Not only is each one of these three 
indispensable for plant life, but a limited supply of any one will corre- 
spondingly limit the action of all other manurial materials in the soil. To 
accumulate in the soil and to present to the plant in active form these 
three substances, are the essential chemical conditions of extraordinary 
cropping. With abundant supply of these in soils of ordinary composition 
and physical condition, there are no limits to production save those 
imposed by physical conditions of growth—the sunshine and the rain. 

Manure.—Mauure is any substance added to the soil to increase the 
growth of plants by furnishing increased amounts of plant food. The 
best example is barnyard or stable manure. Animal excrements have been 
recognized from earliest times as powerfully promoting plant growth. 
‘‘Dig about and dung it’’ was the biblical prescription for an unfruitful 
tree. Stable manure is a complete manure, as it furnishes all the mate- 
rials for plant growth in an available form. 

I need not talk to you about the value of stable manure. The only 
trouble is, how to get enough of it. The fruitgrower does not keep 
enough stock to furnish the desired amount. I will, however, speak of 
two points about stable manure. 

(1.) The quality of the manure depends largely upon the kind of food 
fed to the stock. President Wells told me of a farmer near Constantine 
who fed a large amount of stock for the shambles, especially sheep, buy- 
ing grains and concentrated foods to fatten the stock. Ina few years his 
farm became too rich to raise grain, and he had to give away his stable 
manure for atime. Not many farmers are troubled in this way; but the 
hint, how to intensify your manure by feeding coarse grains and bran, is 
worth remembering. 

(2.) The value of stable manure depends upon the way it is kept. 
Exposure to rain greatly lowers its value, especially when the drip of the 
eaves washes the dung heap. 

Some experiments on this subject have been carried on at the college 
this year. Three boxes, lined with tin, and with tubes to carry any wash- 
water from rain into jugs, for analysis, were filled with 400 pounds of 
stable manure, of the same quality, on June 29. The boxes were three by 
four feet, eighteen inches deep. After filling and weighing, one was 
placed where the drip from the eaves of a twenty by thirty foot barn would 
fall upon the contents of the box; the second box was placed in the open 
yard, where it would receive the natural rainfall, and the third box was 
placed under shelter. The drainage from the two exposed boxes was 

15 


114 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


gathered after each rain and analyzed. The contents of the three boxes 
were weighed and analyzed, and the results of the three kinds of exposure 
are given in the following table: The results of simply keeping the 
manure, or conversion of ‘‘long’’ into ‘‘short’’? manure are exhibited in 
the changes in the contents of the box under shelter. 


Results of weathering stable manure for five months, June 29 to November 23, 1894. 


Pounds. Pounds 
eS Seales 
Original manure. 3 8 Oia Losses by weathering. a 3 4 8 a 
© as Q 5 qd ° ad ir) 
Vee (ee re| — | 33| 3 
— Ay py fam) < Ay Ay 
June 29 (69 lbs. dry material) .___- 2.52 | 1.83 | 1.63 || Manure in open yard ____- 32. 86 alii 72 
Manure in open yard____.___.___. 1.66 62 .91 || Manure under eaves _-_-_-__- 383, | 1.07 76 1.37 
Manure under eaves_____--...... | 1.45 57 .26 || Manure under shelter____-. 27. | * 11 00 .00 
Manure under shelter __________-- 2.63 | 1.83 | 1.63 


* Gain. 


Conceding the great value of stable manure, we must yet face the fact 
that the supply falls short of the demand, and the fruitgrower must look 
for materials from other quarters to make up the deficiency. The cheapest 
and best supply for the mineral elements of manures, for vegetable growth, 
is wood ashes, which furnish potash, lime, magnesia, and phosphate, and 
in the proportions in which they existed in the leading component plants, 
woody fibre. No words can express too strongly the value of wood ashes to 
the fruitgrower. Potash and phosphates are especially concerned in caus- 
ing vigorous and healthy growth, since the ash of feeble and stunted plants 
is deficient in potash and phosphoric acid, while strong plants have a large 
amount of phosphate of potash. These chemicals make firm, hard wood, 
short joints, and early ripening of twigs in autumn, while excess of nitrog- 
enous materials causes a sappy growth, and leaves the terminal buds in 
autumn soft and immature, fit for winter-killing. Wood ashes in the 
proper proportion aid in the formation of trees of good constitution and 
hardy growth. They may not prevent yellows and fire-blight, but they 
place the trees in the best condition for resisting these insidious diseases. 
Leached ashes differ mainly in the loss of a good part of the potash con- 
tained in fresh ashes, but they are of great and permanent value for the 
orchard. Coal ashes have very little value as manure. 

If ashes are not available for supply of potash, we must turn to com- 
mercial salts, such as the German potash salts. Here are specimens—the 
sulphate and the muriate of potash. These contain from 40 to 45 per cent. 
of real potash. The sulphate is preferred to the muriate. These salts can 
be applied in doses from 200 to 400 pounds per acre, when potash is 
needed. These salts are very soluble and liable to be washed away in 
drainage water. It is best to apply them when the plant is taking on 
active growth in the spring, so as to be appropriated by the plant. 

For an extra supply of phosphate we use bones, broken and divided 
or ground into bone meal, powdered phosphate rock from South Carolina 
or Florida, or the various superphosphates in the form of commercial fer- 
tilizers, of which many excellent kinds are now in the market. The law 
of 1885, requiring an analysis and license for their sale, has driven some 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEBRETING. 115 


worthless fertilizers out of the market, saving many thousands of dollars 
to Michigan farmers and horticulturists, and has brought most of the 
remainder to a high standard. Do not buy an unlicensed fertilizer unless 
you wish to be cheated. 

I do not know that the time has come in this state when the general 
farmer can profitably expend much money for commercial fertilizers, but 
I am of the opinion that the fruitgrower and truck farmer can often secure 
good profit by their use. 

Phosphates tend to restrain the formation of leaf and fibre, and promote 
the formation of flower and fruit. Many years ago, H. G. Reynolds had 
a pear orchard on his farm at Old Mission, which made a heavy growth of 
wood but did not form fruit buds. Year after year he sought fruit but 
found only leaves. He asked my advice and I told him to give the soil a 
good dose of superphosphate alone. He made the application, but soon 
after sold the place, and I never heard the result of the experiment. 

The tendency also of superphosphates to hasten the maturity of crops 
is worth considering. In many cases it is the early crop that gives the 
profit, especially of perishable products. The early strawberries, potatoes, 
tomatoes, and grapes command the extra price. True, the railways often 
cut the ground from under the gardener’s feet by bringing early fruits and 
vegetables from the south, but the local products have the advantage in 
freshness. Consider also the advantage of securing crops of tender plants 
before the early frosts of September, such as tomatoes, squashes, and 
grapes, with a profit, with a gain of 10 to 15 days in ripening, and the 
dead loss without this leeway. 

Nitrogen.—For most farm crops, and some garden products, the great 
want for large production is an increased supply of combined or active 
nitrogen in the form of ammonia or nitrates. In exhausted lands it is a 
pretty safe guess to say that active nitrogen is the missing link. In the 
free form, nitrogen makes up the great bulk of our atmosphere, and it sur- 
rounds and penetrates the plant every hour. Yet it is beyond the grasp 
of ordinary plants, though they may be starving for it. How to link the 
winds to plant growth, by giving them an unlimited supply of active nitro- 
gen, is the great problem of agricultural chemistry, and the chemist who 
will solve this problem will be greater than a Columbus to discover new 
continents, for he will disclose new possibilities for all the old continents. 

Nitrogen Accumulators.—It was formerly supposed that no plants, 
under any circumstances, could assimilate the free nitrogen of the air, but 
could only use the nitrogen in combination, as ammonia, nitrates, or the 
organic nitrogen of the remains of organic life. But it has lately been 
found that certain plants, such as the clovers, peas, beans, etc., by means 
of certain tubercles or warts on their roots, were capable of using free 
nitrogen in building up their tissues. This explains why the growing of 
clovers and peas, and plowing under their remains, have such enriching 
influence upon the soil. It is well known that a clover sod makes an 
excellent manure, and is a good preparation for setting out an orchard. 
A crop of peas fed down by a drove of hogs, feeds the soil as well as the 
swine. Green manuring is difficult on a fruit farm, and orchardists con- 
sider clover a heavy draft upon the soil, but it is not so if the whole crop 
is plowed under. The clover beetle is making the crop uncertain, in this 
state, and we need some substitute as a fertilizer crop. I think the value 
of peas as a fertilizer has been underestimated by our people. 


116 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Nitrification.—Nitrification, or the natural formation of nitrates from 
the vegetable matter containing organic nitrogen in the soil, is a matter 
of growing importance to farmers and fruitgrowers alike. Under favorable 
conditions of soil in regard to porosity, moisture, and temperature, in the 
presence of the microscopic nitre plant, the vegetable matter of the soil, 
- which contains from one to two per cent. of nitrogen, is converted into 
nitrates to feed plant life with its most stimulating food. Most of the 
operations on the soil (draining, cultivating, mulching, etc.) have special 
influence upon nitrification. In compact, or water-logged soil, or one 
destitute of humus, nitrification does not take place; but in open, porous 
soils, moist but not wet, with a good supply of vegetable mold, nitrification 
takes place every year, and most of the year, when the soil is not frozen. 
It is a process of greater importance to this state than all the nitre beds 
and guano islands ever discovered. 

Nitrate of Soda.—In the absence of a sufficient supply of stable manure, 
where green manuring is impracticable, and where nitrification is too slow, 
the next resource is nitrate of soda, or Chili saltpetre, and it will remain 
such till the nitre beds, like the former guano deposits, are exhausted. 

A sample of this nitrate is before you. It is a very soluble salt, and the 
soil has little power of retaining it, and it tends to rapidly escape from the 
soil in drainage water. It should be applied at such times that the plant 
can make immediate use of the salt. The nitrates are not stored up in the 
soil from year to year, but are annually washed out of the soil by drainage 
water and carried off by rivers to the all-devouring sea. Nature seems to 
mix this stimulating draught for the plant, but throws it away if not 
drunk upon the spot. 

The demands of plants for nitrates are somewhat unequal. Herbaceous 
plants call for more than those of tree growth. More is needed for succu- 
lent fruits, like berries, than for larger fruits, as apples, peaches, and pears. 

Muck and Marl.—There are two abundant and valuable materials of the 
manurial class found in our state, muck and marl, but I need not stop to 
discuss these materials, having given my views in bulletin 115, issued in 
October. I will only detain you to examine these fresh specimens of 
muck taken from the big marsh north of the college, December 13. 

1. Surface muck, fit for immediate use. 

2. Cheesy muck, taken from beneath No. 1. 

3. Slices of No. 2, dried in warm room without freezing. 

4, Same as No. 3, but frozen and thawed, alternately, for two weeks. 

5. Mossy muck, or undecomposed vegetable fibre—worthless. 

By treating as in No. 4, or weathering, No. 2 can be brought into the 
condition of No. 1, and be a first-class material for immediate use. 


Dr. Kenzie exhibited samples of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, 
and performed with them some interesting chemical experiments. 

Speaking of commercial fertilizers, in response to questions, he said he 
once knew of a fertilizer selling for $22.50 per ton, to manufacture which 
cost but twenty-four cents per ton. He published an analysis of it, expos- 
ing the cheat, and was threatened with a $50,000 libel suit in consequence. 
The sellers of the stuff said they had on hand $16,000 worth of the fertil- 
izer, and in consequence of his publication they could not sell a pound. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. aly 


“Very well,” he replied, “that’s what I wanted to bring about. Go 
ahead.” But the suit never was brought, and $16,000 were saved to the 
farmers. 

Mr. WESLEY JoHNSON: I use a great deal of muck in my stables, as an 
absorbent, with straw, and haul it right out to the fields. Do I lose 
anything? 

Mr. Kepzie: What is your soil? 

Mr. JoHNSON: Clay loam. 

Mr. Kepzie: It will hold all but the nitrates. They will wash away— 
the only waste in nature. 

Mr. Tracy: Suppose one takes the cheesy muck, dries it, then moistens 
and allows to freeze; what will be the result? 

Mr. Kepzie: It will stay as hard as Pharaoh’s heart. 

Mr. J. A. Lyon: If you had a tamarack marsh of fibrous muck, with 
nothing on it but tamarack and huckleberries, what would you do? 

Mr. Kepzie: Leave the tamarack and huckleberries. Methuselah 
might make tillable land of it, but the ordinary man can not. Lime will 
change the sour muck; wood ashes would be better. I can not be certain 
as to the time within which one of these muck beds, those not already 
tillable, could be brought under cultivation. 

Mr. Kettoce: How much ashes can be used to the acre—what is the 
limit? 

Mr. Kenzie: I would not hesitate to put thirty bushels per acre upon 
any soil; and forty, if light and sandy. 

Mr. Hamitton: What is the best way to apply lime? 

Mr. Krpziz: Apply on the surface and cultivate it in. If quick lime 
is used, slake it with water. The lower grades of lime, air-slaked, are 
quite as good. 

Mr. M. B. Wiuuiams: Is there not great difference in ashes, whether 
of hard or soft wood, or of pine? 

Mr. Kepzte: Pine ashes are valuable; they have potash and much 
soluble silica. Ashes of soft woods are worth about twenty-five per cent. 
of those from hard wood. 

Mr. A. Ropinson: Are corncob ashes as good as ashes from hard wood, 
or better? 

Mr. Kepziz: They are better. There is forty per cent. of potash in 
them. Ten to fifteen bushels per acre of them may be used. 

Mr. Van AvKEN: I know a man who plowed under rye and turnips. 
Which of these makes the better manure? 

Mr. Kepziz: Best results would come from rye. There is as much 
solid matter in milk as in turnips, which are eighty-five par cent. water. 


118 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Munson: As to the amount of ashes per acre, I am now applying 
to my lands ashes at rate of 200 bushels per acre. 

Mr. Morriuu: I put on 100 bushels per acre each year. 

Mr. Kepziz: I have no objection. You have plenty of ashes, or means 
to get them. I have been advising the average man, who is “short” on 
ashes. 


THE NEW IDEAS IN STRAWBERRY CULTURE. 


BY MR. R. M. KELLOGG OF IONIA. 


The ideal strawberry patch may be said to be one in which the ground 
is wholly occupied with plants, each having an abundance of root pastur- 
age, light, and air, and has the fruiting vigor and ability to bring the 
largest crops to the highest perfection, without the loss of energy in pro- 
ducing surplus foliage or unmerchantable fruit. 

The ideal in strawberry-growing, as in everything else, is the very 
essence of perfection, and since there are many elements over which we 
can have no control, and which must enter largely into our calculations, 
entire success is not always attainable. Nevertheless, nature has well- 
defined laws which may be relied upon to produce certain results. If we 
understand these laws, many obstacles, which seem insurmountable, can 
be easily overcome. If we know the law or cause that produces the 
result, we can proceed with much certainty; but if we find certain results 
and attribute the wrong cause, we are thrown into confusion and uncer- 
tainty. 


Figure 1. 


Let us take a moment’s time to consider some of these laws and point 
out some of the most prominent causes of failure of the average strawberry 
grower. We will begin at the beginning of his operations and follow him 
through to his harvest, and analyze his errors. The grower is told that 
his ground must be elevated and rich, that barnyard manure is the best 
fertilizer, and should be drawn from the stable as made, spread on the sur- 
face at once, several inckes thick, and plowed under in the spring—all of 
which he proceeds to do with great care. He scratches the surface over 
with a harrow until somewhat fine, and lays off his ground with a marker, 
making a furrow from one to three inches deep. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 119 


After having gone to his last year’s setting, or quite often to an old 
bed, and taken up the tip plants from between the rows, where they have 
stood freezing and thawing all winter, he takes a spade and chucks it in, 
moving it back and forward until he has made a glazed surface over all 
parts, which no feeding root can penetrate, whips in his plants, presum- 
ing to spread the roots out fan-shape but nearly always wadding them up 
{Figure 1] sothey can not reach thesoil, and so they sour and rot, poison- 
ing the plants. He now puts his foot on the opening, and, as he supposes, 
closes it, but half the time leaves a large, open pocket at the bottom of the 
opening, where the soil does not come in contact with the roots. 

In about a week or ten days’ time he cultivates with a wide, long tooth, 
going down several inches and very close to the plant, often disturbing 
them, admitting air to the roots, and leaving the surface in lumps and 
ridges. The usual spring drouth follows; his ground dries out, many 
plants die, the rest make a feeble growth, and the harvest is a sad dis- 
appointment. Let us look for the causes of failure. 

First we consider the action of water in the soil. Gravitation draws the 
water down; capillary action brings it again to the surface. What is cap- 
illary action? The word capillary means a ‘‘hair-like passage.’’ We can 
best illustrate this action by taking panes of glass, tied together, one end 
tight, but at the other we separate them with a thin sheet of paper and set 
them in shallow water, on their sides. We notice the water passes up 
rapidly at the closed end, clear to the top; but, when the glass is separated 
by the paper, gravitation, being the stronger, permits the rise of water 
only a short distance. The same law obtains if we take fine, dry sand in 
a case and admit water at the bottom. It passes up rapidly to the surface, 
and, so long as the water is carried off by the hot sun and wind, it will 
continue to pass up; but if we loosen an inch or two at the surface, and 
make the particles of earth so far apart that gravity is stronger than capil- 
lary action, then the water will not pass. We illustrate this here by tak- 
ing coarse gravel in a glass case and admitting water at the bottom, as 
before. But it rises only a short distance, because the interstices between 
the particles are so large, and hold so much water, that gravitation is the 
stronger, and water will not rise. 

We here take another case, filled with fine sand, as before, but through 
the center we have placed a layer of chaff to represent the manure plowed 
under. You notice here that the capillary passages are broken. There 
are none through this chaff, nor are there any in the manure our grower 
plowed under; and the only means of bringing water from the subsoil was 
cut off. The water readily collects under the manure, but it can not get 
up to the roots, neither will the roots pass through the manure, because it 
is poison to them. Capillary action above the straw would continue, the 
soil having been trodden down by the men carrying and setting the plants 
and, the cultivation or loosening up of the surface having been delayed a 
week, the ground has had abundant time to part with its moisture. 

Another serious error committed was in not pulverizing the surface 
before turning it to the bottom of the furrow. Assuming the soil was an 
ordinary loam or clay, with a firm texture, the plow broke the surface into 
lumps and the bottom of the furrow was filled with large air chambers 
which not only would not hold water, but admitted free air and greatly 
facilitated evaporation. The after cultivation was as deep as the rootage, 
with coarse cultivator which did not pulverize the soil, but left it loose so 


120 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the moisture in that part of the soil which the plant desired for a feeding 
ground was soon gone, and the roots were torn and mangled. 

Another serious error was in marking the ground. There was no way 
to determine accurately how deep the plants should be set. The result 
was that those which were planted too deep rotted, and those set too shal- 
low were killed by winds. Now, under all these conditions, you can readily 
see that, unless there were frequent and copious rains throughout the 
season, the plants must suffer. Now, we submit that the above method of 
fitting the ground and planting it is the one adopted by the average 
grower, and the difficulties could have been easily overcome by adopting 
other methods. I have said nothing about the hand weeding and extra 
work performed, and the difficulty on the market of selling fruit. 

Let us now consider the ideal strawberry bed and how to produce it. 
The land has been manured the same as in the first place. However, if 
we had a choice of fertilizers (assuming there was a goodly amount 
of humus in the soil) we would apply a heavy dressing of fine ground 
bone and unleached wood ashes, as being more conducive to the produc- 
tion of fruit than making surplus foliage. 

In the spring we should rake off all coarse straw and plow about five 
‘or six inches deep. A spading or disc harrow or cultivator will do as well. 
We now roll and harrow it until as fine as ashes, then plow about ten 
inches deep, taking care not to go deep enough to bring any subsoil to 
the surface. .This plow is followed by a subsoil plow, going down from 
ten to twenty inches deeper, breaking up and pulverizing the lower strata 
so they will hold several times as much water, thus making a complete 
reservoir in this subsoil for the future use of plants. This subsoiling 
must be done very early in the spring, to get the benefit of rains to fill the 
broken ground. If late, I would not subsoil, because the particles would 
be too far apart to permit capillary action to bring water from the still 
lower strata. The plow we use for this purpose was made by the John 
Deere Plow Co. of Moline, Illinois, and is a perfect tool for the purpose. 


Figure 2. 


We now roll and harrow until all lamps are mashed and the ground so 
mellow we could run the arm down twenty or thirty inches. We always 
firm the ground with the roller, to facilitate capillary action, and leave the 
surface even and smooth. 

We now lose no time in setting the plants. We never take plants from 
a fruiting field, nor any bad which has been permitted to mature fruit, 
but grow from ideal plants, selected here and there and propagated in 
special bed for the purpose. We draw a line, merely making a mark, 
then, with the Perfection plant setter, we make a cone. [Figure 2.] A 
boy follows, taking the plant by the crown, turning it up, giving it a 
quick shake, and the roots quickly fall over the hand, when he [ Figure 3], 
quickly turns it over the cone, so that the roots fall on each side, without 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MERETING. 121 


being crossed, and are never matted nor excluded from the soil, as in” the 
case of setting with spade or trowel. No plant can be too high or too low, 

but must be just right; the roots are braced in every direction, so it can 

not be pulled out nor injured by the weeding machine. [Figure 4.] All 
plants set in the forenoon are cultivated with this weeder immediately 

after dinner, loosening up the surface and making a fine dust mulch an 

inch deep, under which the water will rapidly collect, being drawn up by 

capillary action from the subsoil. The plants make a vigorous growth at 
once. 


Figure 3. 


The roots, not being bunched, have an abundance of root pasturage on 
all sides, and laterals start out in every direction at once. [Figure 5.] Not 
a single dead root can be found, but all are alive and doing their work. 
Not a missing hill should be found on an acre at the next harvest. 

The weeding machine does all the work—no hand-weeding when plants 
are set in this way. If plants were set with spade or trowel, this machine 
could not be used, because so many plants would be set so low that the 
ends of the teeth would tear the crowns out; and many, being set so 
high, would be caught in the roots and pulled out. But, when set as 
directed, with the perfection plant-setter, I guarantee it will not injure a 
single ee and it will do more and better work than any tool ever 
invented. 


Figure 4. 


The ideal bed is always grown in hills. Hill culture may be called the 
concentrating of many small plants with small roots and small fruiting 
crowns into one large plant, with long, large roots going down deep and far 
out in search of food and moisture to bring to great perfection an immense 
number of very large berries of richer flavor, finer texture, and higher 

16 


122 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


color. Its further advantages are that it prevents the exhaustion of the 
fruiting power of the plants. It is the maturing of seed that devitalizes 
the plant. There are as many seeds in a little berry as in a large one, and 
in this case the rootage is so abundant, and the roots go down so deeply, 
that the plant is abundantly able to withstand all the demands made upon 
it; whereas, in the thick matted row, the roots are short, merely going 
below the dry line. More than half the berries are too small to pick, but 
are left on the plant in large numbers, all dead ripe at once, so as to com- 
pletely destroy its fruiting vigor. But in hill culture all the berries are 
large and picked as soon as ripe, so that, as a matter of fact, there are never 
more than a few seeds ripening at once. 

More than twice the work of keeping the runners off is saved in pick- 
ing, as there is no hunting through dense foliage to find them, as they are 
all clustered together, and their size requires only a few berries for a 
quart. 

It also solves the question of drouth. It permits maintaining the dust 
mulch over the entire surface, save the little space actually occupied by 
the plant. 

In applying the winter mulch we can put it on thickly enough to con- 
serve moisture without danger of smothering the plants, as it can be put 
up close around the roots; whereas, in the thick matted.row we are able 
to put it only between the rows, thus permitting rapid evaporation all. 
through the wide row. 

The great difficulty in hill culture, heretofore, has been in keeping the 
runners off. That objection is now overcome in the invention of the auto- 
matic runner cutter. It is used as a walking cane, merely placing it over 
the plant and pressing down about four inches. Two arms or fingers 
quickly pass around, gather up the runners, and draw them into two slots 
where the knives cut them off. A good active boy will go over two or 
three acres per day, and get more fun out of it than he would at a ball 
play. 

Every time we cut a runner, the plant will form a new crown and fruit 
bud, and roots go down deeper, and new roots start from the new crown, 
and thus the plant is built up until it attains immense proportions. If 
the weeder is used, the plants should be set 30x18 inches; and, if we rely 
on the Planet jr. cultivator, set plants 30x30 inches and cultivate both 
ways. 

The half-matted row is the next best thing. Set in rows 34 feet apart 
by 18 inches, for cultivating with weeder, or 35 feet by 30 inches for 
Planet jr., to admit of cross-cultivation. Cut runners as for hill culture, 
until the last of July, when the plants have become well established, the 
ground mellow and moist, and the drouth terminated. The plants have 
made large crowns, the roots grow long and well branched, occupying all 
the soil in the immediate vicinity of the plant. and will throw out largs, 
stocky runners. The ground being moist, they will root quickly, and by 
fall will be much larger than those which have battled with the drouth 
and been threshed round all summer by the wind. There will be no hand 
weeding, because the weed seed has germinated and has been destroyed 
by the cultivator. 

As soon as runners have come out into the row and made one plant, 
we run along each side with Planet jr. runner cutter, and clip runners off. 
This will cause the plant to root quickly and make new crowns. Care 
must be taken to pull the runners off between plants, in middle of the 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 123 


‘row, and thin them out so they will average at least eight or ten inches 
apart, keeping the row not over twelve inches wide and giving them all an 
abundance of light and root pasturage. 

My objections to the unrestricted matted rows are serious, and may be 
stated as follows: There is no money nor pleasure in growing berries in 
_ that way; it involves too much hand work and too much labor in selling 
the berries; the latter are always poor in flavor, color, and firmness; they 
spoil the market, because people will not eat them ,in great quantities. 
Who ever heard of a market being glutted with fancy fruit? It simply 
can not be done or, at least, there is no likelihood of its being done. 


The runners start out just as the drouth begins. They are thrown 
‘around and twisted into ropes by the cultivator, so many can not get to the 
ground at all, and none will root unless the ground is moist on top. The 
runners take all the strength of the plant, and keep it in an exhausted 
condition. The roots of a plant do not seem to be affected by the foliage 
of the runners as they do by its own leaves. The leaves are the lungs 
and stomach of the plant, and must assimilate all the food, and a large 
root growth wiil not be obtained without liberal foliage. The leaves on 
unrooted runners do not seem to perform this office only ina limited 
degree. Examine a very large plant, where runners have been kept off, 
and notice its immense rootage. Now, take a plant grown without restric- 
tion, with two or three times as much foliage or embryo plants, and those 
not rooted, and notice that the roots on the mother plant have made little 
growth. A plant, in respiring through its leaves, gives off an immense 
amount of water, several times as much as the hill plant, all of which 
must come from the short and insufficient rootage of the mother plant. 
But the worst of all is the inability to stir the surface soil among the thick- 
matted plants. The cultivator is narrowed up, and often the row is left 
fifteen or twenty inches wide. The crust forms, and capillary action 
brings moisture to the surface with the greatest freedom, and the ground 
‘soon becomes very dry to the full depth penetrated by the roots. The 
plant may be seen wilting only a few days after a good rain. If thedrouth 
be prolonged, many die and others are stunted and will never make a free 
and vigorous growth, even after fall rains come. If it prove a wet season, 
and a vigorous growth has been made, the runners have formed so thickly 


124 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


and been so piled upon each other, that many do not root at all, but remain 
as blanks to take the strength of the plant. You have no right to expect 
large berries when a dozen plants occupy the space which should be 
allotted to one. Light is the great promoter of plant growth, and when it 
is excluded by such dense foliage, no fruit can or will develop. 

But here is the greatest objection of all: Fully one half the number of 
berries are too small to pick, but are left on the vine with hundreds of 
seeds ripe at one time to destroy the fruiting vigor of the plants. 

The substance of this paper, then, is this: Fine and deep tillage, with 
a dust mulch to prevent evaporation; high fruiting power of plants, that 
there may be no blanks; plants set so as to create a rootage that shall sus- 
tain all drafts made upon it; restriction or concentration of foliage and 
fruit that there may be no lost energies, with an abundance of pleasure, 
profit, and satisfaction to the grower. 


THE NEEDS OF MICHIGAN FORESTRY. 


BY PROF. W. J. BEAL, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


Dr. Brat prefaced his paper with some remarks concerning the reckless 
cutting of timber from the national preserves, and offered a resolution 
commending a bill in congress to prevent this, which was referred to 
the committee on resolutions, and subsequently adopted by the society. 
He then proceeded : 


What is forestry? It is a business, like agriculture, an industry which 
is concerned in the production of a soil crop. It is the art of managing a 
wood crop so that it will make the best harvest of timber in the shortest 
time at the greatest profit. In forestry, unlike agriculture, it takes many 
years for the crops to mature, and the crop is then a complicated one. 

In its most perfect condition, forestry is not a science nor an art, but 
consists in a dabbling in several sciences and several arts. It touches 
botany, chemistry, geology, meteorology, physics, geography, entomology, 
horticulture, arboriculture, lumbering, protection from fire, floods, and 
thieves. 

One of the first things that occur to the younger members of such an 
audience as this is something as follows: What is the chance for a man 
to make a good living at this business, provided he have no capital except 
strong hands and a mind fairly well trained—he has very little experience, 
but may have considerable enthusiasm? My answer to this question is 
rather uncertain and unsatisfactory. It is certain, however, that there 
are no fat salaries now waiting for such men, so far as my knowledge 
extends. What the early future may bring forth, I can not tell. I am 
certain that there is a great opportunity for performing the work of a 
missionary in teaching the first elements of forestry. True, there are very 
few whocare to be instructed. There is very little interest in the subject. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 125 


The masses of people in the country know but little about it. While they 
will listen eagerly to a speaker who discourses on remedies for some insect 
pest which has just devoured their crops, or gives some remedy for the 
apple scab or plum rot, or tells how to exterminate some vile weed, there 
are no calls for a speaker who will give the best modes of managing a 
reserved wood lot, or how best todeal with the subject of forest fires. We 
need 10,000 where we now have one who shall interest themselves in vari- 
ous departments of forestry. We need an enlightened public opinion on 
forestry. The Agricultural college is hardly doing its share to encourage 
the movement. 

‘*Well,’’ [hear some one say, ‘‘ You, old fellow, are professor of forestry, 
and why not take hold of this matter and set the movement on its feet?’’ 
That seems a reasonable question; why not? The courses here are already 
replete with studies well nigh to suffocation, and no one can be found in 
our faculty who has any time he thinks he can swap off for lectures on 
forestry; on the contrary, each is begging for more time in his specialty— 
and the students hardly carry their present burden. 

In the past, our state has made a few feeble efforts, at rather long inter- 
vals, by way of enacting laws on this subject. This is natural and to be 
expected, for the mass of people are little interested, and laws are of little 
benefit unless sustained by a healthful public sentiment. A man usually 
speaks of what he thinks, and sees what isin his head. Farmer A sees 
two cords of wood in a tree, or a nice lot of fence posts because he has fire- 
wood and fence posts in his head. He isn’t troubling himself in regard 
to the benefit the tree will have on the farm crops of the neighborhood, 
nor the effect it has on the landscape, nor how it might benefit the next 
generation. 

The subjects of forest fires and tree planting have received attention 
from legislators in many states, but often the laws are of little use; people 
dislike to complain of offenders. In the state of Maine and some portions 
of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, laws pertaining to forests begin to be 
appreciated and enforced because of the persistent efforts of a few persons 
organized into societies. Michigan, a state specially adapted to tree 
growing, has done very little in this direction, except to permit everyone 
to cut and destroy as he chooses, provided he own the land on which he 
operates. No matter if he leave dead rubbish which in the next dry 
weather will most surely take fire and spread desolation for miles around. 
This isa free country! A man would be liable to arrest for putting a 
little sand in his wool or in his wheat to increase the weight; but he can 
kindle a fire with impunity that will ruin his neighbor’s crops, spread to 
his buildings, and devastate his woodlands. 

The value of the timber crop has been found to be in the United States 
about one third in value of all the crops taken from the land in a year. 
Many states enact laws to protect game and fish. The general govern- 
ment and some of the states have appropriated means to investigate the 
habits of the clam, oyster, lobster, whitefish, trout, etc., with a view to 
securing a better supply, by stocking the lakes and rivers with eggs of 
these edible aquatic animals, but our forests have been almost left to 
chance or the caprice of ignorance and selfishness. The supply of trees 
affects many industries; it affects the climate, the health of the people, 
the steadiness or uncertainty of the water in the streams, the amount of 
‘debris which accumulates at the mouths of the rivers. Considering its 
great importance in many respects, we are doing almost nothing for forestry. 


126 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Every state, especially with a forest interest approaching that of Michi- 
gan, should have a forest commission, whose usefulness should consist 
largely in educating and advising the people. Such a commission should 
aid in securing and enforcing laws pertaining to forests. The laws might 
refer to timber thieves or to the management of stump lands, or the 
reserve wood lots. Such a commission might see that forestry is dis- 
cussed in conventions, in schools and colleges. It might be the means of 
contriving in some way the best methods of securing seeds and young 
trees for planting. It could secure good essays for the press or for bulle- 
tins by offering suitable prizes; it could collect statistics, answer ques- 
tions, hold public meetings. 

Much has been accomplished in Europe, but our peculiar customs and 
the difference in climate will make it necessary for us to experiment and 
devise means suited to our peculiar wants. For some years an active 
organization has existed in Pennsylvania, and one of the means of dis- 
seminating information among its members and securing the aid of news- 
papers has been a little journal called Forest Leaves. Let me read a few 
extracts from one of its pages: 


The legislative bodies, recognizing this general apathy, and feeling that they had no 
popular support, declined to recommend any measures which appeared to have the 
active support only of the pronounced few friends of forestry. Then, too, there was a 
wholly erroneous idea prevalent that, in some way, it was proposed by the friends of 
the forestry movement to place legal restriction on the vast lumbering interests of thé 
state, when, on the contrary, the sole object of the agitation was to perpetuate them. 

In this condition of affairs, the public press of the state, as if by general consent, 
began to urge the importance of legislative action. Immediately a change was per- 
ceptible; it could not be otherwise, for the newspapers entered every household, and 
their solicitations for forestry laws were so direct, frequent, and forcible that an altera- 
tion in the thought of the general public was inevitable. It deserves to be recorded, 
that during the past winter there were hundreds of editorials and brief mentions of the 
forest interests in the newspapers of the state, and that out of these there were not 
half a score that were not urgently in favor of forestry legislation. It would be impos- 
sible to mention any one paper, when all were so active, but it should be stated that 
the newspapers of Philadelphia, without exception, were prominent in bringing about 
this revolution in public sentiment, and the forestry commission appointed by the goy- 
ernor of the state (who is heartily in sympathy with the forest cause) is now receiv- 
ing the most cordial support of the newspapers. In a word, every chance is being 
given to show what is to be done, and how it is proposed to do it. 

It would be unjust to omit mention of the fact that the agricultural organizations of 
the state have long recognized the need of forestry legislation, and have, to a greater 
or less degree, been influential in maturing sound views on this subject in different 
sections of the state. The state board of agriculture has, since its organization, made 
forestry a special feature of its work. Its reports were the first to contain any adequate 
expressions of the present conditions and future needs of the state. The service the 
state board of agriculture rendered the public generally has not been fully realized. 

We may now speak in a more modest way of our own association. It was the first 
organization to make the preservation of our forests its single aim, and well illustrated 
the force of persistent, quiet effort. For years it appeared as if nothing was being 
accomplished, and at times its members were almost in despair of securing an apprecia- 
tion of its work. It is now clear that results were produced which were of wider scope 
than at first supposed, and that the ideas inculcated were already securing public 
attention and gaining public support. 

It is well to remember that all that was asked for was received, and that the associa- 
tion to a certain extent be credited or discredited by the results of this forestry bill. 
There never was an hour in which the association had so golden an opportunity as the 
present to shape the sentiment of a willing public in the best and most productive 
direction. The field is still one of a missionary character, hence we must raise the 
funds required to fully occupy it. Forestry literature must be freely scattered over 
the state. Every prominent citizen, every official, especially the judges, the members. 
of the legislature, the county superintendents of public schools, must be directly or 
indirectly informed as to the work of the association. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 127 


The general secretary would report that he has within the year given about thirty 
public lectures upon forestry, the results being very encouraging. The most frequent 
calls for these lectures came from the farmers’ institutes of the state. 


From 1888 to 1892, Michigan had a state forestry commission, and dur- 
ing that time the interests in forestry made some progress. Since then, 
little has been done, because an economic (?) Democratic legislature voted 
the commission out of existence. Still, in some of the states and in the 
United States as a whole, the comprehension of the importance of the 
subject has kept advancing. 

A few years ago Captian Eads was famous for the work he performed in 
constructing jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi to prevent the over- 
flow. He seemed to have had a comprehensive view of the forest prob- 
lem. Joaquin Miller of California wrote as follows: ‘‘I believe it is 
pretty generally conceded that our continent is being washed into the sea 
by way of the Mississippi and its thousands of miles of tributaries on the 
one hand, and at the same time swept naked of its native forests by annual 
fires on the other. I spent some time with the late Captain Eads at the 
mouth of the Father of Waters, inspecting his jetties two years ago. ‘We 
have begun at the wrong end,’ said this great man more than once to me. 
One morning he threw a bucket over the side of the boat and drew up 
several gallons of dark mud and water. ‘There,’ cried the great engineer, 
‘there is a mixture of one tenth Missouri, one tenth Illinois, one tenth 
Towa, one fraction Kentucky, and so on, through about fifteen states, with 
an addition of about five tenths of pure water.’ ‘And what would you do, 
Captain Eads, to stop this washing away of the states?’ ‘AsI told you,’ 
remarked the energetic old man, as he dumped the ugly mixture back into 
the gulf of Mexico, ‘we have begun at the wrong end.’ But the country 
is not educated up to the point of beginning. It wants the other end for 
wheat and corn. It only wants the mouth of the river kept open so as to 
be able to sell its corn for the present generation and let the next genera- 
tion look out for itself. The other end of the river has drowned out this 
end; state after state is going to be drowned out until some day the coral 
may again build its pretty castles where the people of Iowa are now dig- 
ging wells for water. The United States is tearing away her very heart 
with her gang plows and dumping it into the sea, sir.’’’ Leaves of trees 
and grasses would protect the sources of the river. 

Many experiments should be made for the benefit of the future. And 
here comes in the difficulty. Our people are so impatient for great results 
within a year or two after beginning, that they might be unwilling to 
undertake experiments requiring many years for reaching reliable conclu- 
sions. The details of the subject are too lengthy and comprehensive to 
be enumerated at this time. A study of existing forests should be made in 
many regions for a series of years, noting the changes that take place. 
This involves the anatomy and physiology of trees and shrubs, the physics 
and chemistry of the plant and of the soil, better methods of handling the 
product after it is grown, the study of the peculiarities of each kind of 
tree. For example, pines and beeches will endure more shade than black 
walnut and white ashes. Then, there is the undergrowth to be consid- 
ered, mixed planting in strips and in blocks; also thinning and trimming. 

The two words forest fires must strike a terror to many people of the 
state. I have taken no time to collect details regarding the great loss of 
life, and the suffering of those who lost their homes last summer, to say 


128 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


nothing of the immense waste of timber and other property. The injur- 
ious effect of fire on young trees and on the fertility of the soil is very 
great. That most of these fires, with proper care, could have been pre- 
vented, no one will deny who has investigated the subject. In all, or 
nearly all, cases the fire had a modest beginning, but no one considered it 
worth his time to attempt to check its onward march. In case of fires 
purposely set, who ever attempts to find and punish the guilty? One 
thing is certain, and it should arouse the interest of every citizen: These 
flames in many cases were fed in their intensity by large quantities of tops 
and brush which had been left by people who had taken all they wanted 
from the forest. This is not the time to enumerate all the ways in which 
forest fires originate, nor to point out the numerous remedies, but to 
mention the subject as one of great importance, which should be discussed 
till remedies are found. Fires are most common and most destructive in 
the newer portions of the state, especially where cone-bearing trees pre- 
vail, and where clearing or lumbering is in progress. 

The best modes of managing a reserve wood lot on the farm, und of pre- 
serving young green timber left standing after larger trees have been 
removed, is another problem of no ordinary importance. Neither of these 
parts of the subject seems to have attracted much attention of the owners 
of the land. It is well nigh the universal practice of Michigan farmers to 
pasture the wood lot, allowing cattle, horses and sheep to eat every green 
thing within their reach. This letsin the light and light encourages grass, 
and the advent of grass helps prevent seedlings from springing up, and also 
checks the growth of the older trees. The pastured waod lot is short lived 
at best. Then there is another feature of the subject almost never thought 
of, viz.: After cutting out the ripened oaks which are dying at the top, 
and the mature trees of other species, the second growth often consists too 
largely of scrubby beeches of slow growth. The open places might, with a 
very little effort, be supplied with seeds or seedlings of the most desirable 
kinds. As object lessons, we look in vain for models in our state, and a 
few good models scattered over the state would be worth more than many 
sermons. It may seem strange to you, but, in my estimation the greatest 
need of forestry is more persons who have a keener appreciation of nature 
—a love for trees in particular—persons who like to see trees, to study them, 
to admire their beauty, to read about them, and to discover their defects. 
We need to cultivate a healthful sentiment regarding trees, not exclusively 
as the author who says: ‘‘ Woodman, spare that tree,’’ but in a broader 
spirit which appreciates the uses of timber as well. We need more people 
who know the names and peculiarities of all our trees, the structure and 
uses of the wood—in a word, a little more botany and plant physiology. 

Every teacher in our public schools should have considerable knowledge 
of our trees, then the children would learn of the teachers. 

I have recently attended the first meeting of the Michigan Academy of 
Science, where the subject of forestry was considered among other things. 
I anticipate the society will be in many respects as useful as a college, and 
in some ways different in inducing the young to study nature more. 

Now, since our fathers and grandfathers have hewn down most of the 
trees in the older counties of the state, and the pine has largely been 
driven back to the northern peninsula, people are beginning to think 
more about forestry. I have recently received two letters from William 
G. Mather of the Iron Cliffs Company, Ishpeming: 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 129 


“Dear Str: My attention has been called lately by a trip to Europe and by conver- 
ations, to the art of forestry. This company has many thousand acres of hard-wood 
lands in this upper peninsula, and is cutting them off in the usual reckless manner, 
regardless of the future. I would like to investigate whether it would pay us to adopt 
regular forestry methods. Will you kindly refer me to some practical books or pam- 
phlets on this subject, which would contain actual reports of forest workings on this 
plan, so that I would get at the actual facts from experience, as well as familiarize 
myself with the principles of the art? Again, do you know of any one competent to 
fill the position of forester for a large estate like ours, or whom I could consult, as with 
a consulting engineer? ” 

“Dear Sir: Thanks for your letter and for the report of the State Forestry Com- 
mission, which I have read with interest. I would say that one cause for the indiffer- 
ence manifested is that so much of the forests belong to non-residents, who are desir- 
-ous of realizing quick cash returns. Stronger legislation would touch them. [I shall 
gladly speak to others on this subject, and would also codperate for a state commission, 
I shall be pleased to hear from you on these matters whenever you are inclined to 
write and have suggestions to impart. 

Lectures, illustrated, by competent people on this matter would, I think, aid much 
in arousing interest. Are there any such lecturers available? ” 


These letters show that the people of our state have now and then a 
little thought of our forests. Late in December, I received a letter from 
the U. S. department of agriculture, division of forestry, as follows: 


“Sir: This office has been charged to formulate a bill for the action of congress, 
looking to increased facilities for the study of forestry in this country, the intimation 
peing that the agricultural colleges should institute or enlarge their courses in that 

irection. 

I am desirous, before making any suggestions, to ascertain how far forestry courses 
are carried on at present, and also to hear the opinions of the gentlemen who are con- 
cerned in this matter. 

Will you be kind enough to give me replies to the subjoined questions? I must ask 
you kindly to do so without delay, as the time given for the formulation of the bill is 
~very short and I wish to adapt it as far as possible to what appears practicable to the 
institutions concerned. 

Respectfully, 


B. F. Frernow, Chief. 


1. Is your institution giving any instructions in forestry (time alloted and subjects 
treated)? Outline of the courses offered. 

2. Who gives the instructions, how prepared, and by what classes attended; obliga- 
tory or elective? 

3. How long has the course been given and how many have attended? 

4. Have you in connection with the college or experiment station, either woods that 
-could be used for object lessons, or lands planted to forest, and how large, or are 
there forests in the vicinity that can be used to illustrate principles? 

5. How, in your opinion, is it practicable to extend the course by congressional aid 
or otherwise? ” 


February 6, 1895, Hon. A. T. LinperMAN of the Michigan house of 
representatives presented a bill which had for its object the study and 
care of our state forests, both the lands that have never been sold and 
those reverting to the state after the best timber has been removed. This 
is a move in the right direction. 

Since writing the above, the state board of agriculture, after a few 
gentle hints from the professor of forestry, decided to vote to cut no more 
of the woods at the Agricultural college, where there is still left, in a more 
-or less depleted condition, perhaps 150 acres. Movement is to be made at 
once toward making these acres of timber models of their kind. Different 
portions will be treated in different ways, to serve as object lessons. 

17 


130 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. CHARLES WiLDE: Is it best, in planting forest trees, to have the 
ground entirely clear, or to leave the seedlings under the shade of larger 
trees, or even the small growth usual in wood lots? 

Dr. Beat: This is a question about which there are two opinions; but 
in Europe it is the practice to clean the land off entirely, in “blocks,” and 
let the new growth all come up together. 

Mr. L. B. Rick, as a measure to encourage forestry, would have the 
state exempt from taxation all fenced wood lots, as well as afford some 
other aid to tree-planting, and make better arrangements as to highway 
planting. 

Mr.C. W. GARFIELD: My father always loved trees, and gave me a deed 
to forty acres covered with young oaks. I cut timber from it carefully, 
made a winding roadway through the tract, and it was the one spot 
which I most enjoyed visiting. But the D., L. & N. railway was built 
through it diagonally, and this, with the fires they set, made such ruin 
that I sold the whole, and have planted seven other acres. I began at 
the bottom, in this work, and the trees have done well. I hope to estab- 
lish the wild flowers among the trees. My father once opened a high- 
way and left many of the trees, but the next pathmaster cut them all 
out; and not only this, but he went up and down a small stream which 
crossed this road, and cut all the bushes along its course, for which 
action there was not the least occasion nor excuse. A man on the 
Grandville road left trees in groups along it, and the effect was very 
beautiful, but the next owner of the place cut them all out except those 
which stood regularly sixty feet apart. He cut the trees into fence posts, 
which still lie where he threw them, the whole making the highway 
unsightly instead of the thing of beauty it was. I know of a little valley 
in some waste land which was filled with shrubbery and young white 
pines. Some one went there and cut them all down, although there was 
no need whatever for so doing. They ought all to have been left. Such 
people should die younger. Strips of woods along highways afford a 
pleasing contrast to the fields, and, where it can as well be done, the wood 
lots should be located near the roads, where they will afford pleasure to 
those passing by. No organization in the state has done so much as has 
the State Horticultural society for the advancement of forestry; for the 
state cut off the small appropriation given the forestry commission, and 
now there is left no organization but this to advance this noble and 
necessary work. 

Dr. Breau advocated the planting of the hazel, hawthorn, laburnum, 
and other such shrubs, along the highways, with here and there a grape, 
making thickets and clumps of shrubbery to alternate with the maples, 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 131 


elms, and oaks. ‘We have been called ‘cranks,’ Mr. GARFIELD, Mr. 
Tracy, and myself, for advocating these things.” 

Mr. J. F. Wuirmrre: ‘Trees along the fences sap the fertility from the 
soil which is needed for the crops. Mr. Beat or others should show that 
the trees are of value in protecting the crops. Until this can be done, 
there is no hope for wayside trees. 

Dr. BEAL admitted that the crops close by would not grow so well, but 
they grow better elsewhere because the trees are windbreaks. “But I 
greatly prefer groups and thickets, with open spaces between, rather than 
trees in rows.” 

Mr. Wivey: These men (GARFIELD, Tracy, and Beau) have not 


worked in vain, for they have helped create a sentiment which is. 


increasing and is destined to do much good. The sentiment is constantly 
growing. 

Mr. Tracy: The matter of loss of ground by wayside trees is often a 
serious affair, but there are many spots where crops can not be produced, 
such as knolls, “pockets,” etc., and such should be used for the growing of 
trees. 

Mrs. GoopRicH; Without such groups or other planting of trees, the 
cattle in the fields often suffer from exposure to hot sun and to storms. 
They should be supplied, if for no other reason than this. 


Dr. Beat: And yet I know of a farmer who cut down all his trees. 
solely for that reason—the cattle, he said, would better be off feeding than. 


loafing under the trees. (Laughter.) 


432 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


MARKETING OF FRUITS IN 1894. 


BY MR. GEORGE W. BARNETT OF OHICAGO. 


The subject assigned me is about twelve months long, covering the year, 
‘-but the main portion of this paper will refer especially to the time when 
‘Michigan products were on sale in Chicago. 

It should be understood clearly that I never pretend to speak for any 
other market than the Chicago market, and this should be carefully kept 
in mind. The conditions that prevail in Chicago may be very different 
than those of Detroit, Toledo, or Grand Rapids, and representatives of 
each should speak for their own markets. 

The year 1894 opened with scant supplies of fruit. Apples were the 
only offerings of nothern fruits, and these, mainly from New York, sold at 
about $3.75 per barrel during January. This price gradually increased 
‘until, early in May, $10 was occasionally paid; then $25, and in one case 
(and ‘only one) $50 was paid by L. G. Kunze (a dealer in fancy fruits) for 
one barrel full of choice apples. every apple was carefully selected, and 
the price was paid to establish a “record.” 

February brought a succession of storms, and March weather was not 
uch better, so that, aside from oranges and lemons, but little could be 
sold. 

April brought some strawberries from Florida and a few from Mississippi 
and Louisiana, but droughts and untimely frosts practically destroyed the 
first bloom of the strawberry plants. Thesecond blooming produced some 
fruit in Mississippi and Tennessee, but the outcome was very unsatisfactory, 
and not until southern Illinois sent her crop did the market present 
anything like its normal appearance. 

Notwithstanding the poor quality of much of the fruit, being small, 
inferior, and “buttony,” the condition was excellent and the prices realized 
fairly satisfactory for these times. 

The total output of fruit from the south to this market was quite small, 
and when the raspberries and blackberries were due, and the cherry crop 
from the south should have come, they were not forthcoming, which made 
a good market for Michigan small fruits. 

I do not consider it within the province of this paper to treat the Michi- 
gan crop, or causes for short or full supply—that is left for others, I pre- 
sume—but I name enough of the conditions to make clear my meanings. . 
With the close of the marketing of the strawberry crop, which was cut 
somewhat short by the drought, came the great railroad strike that was 
announced for June 26. As it did not affect the steamer traffic, the supply 
of berries came forward with regularity, and, having little competition 
from receipts by rail, the prices were on the whole satisfactory, although 
the volume of business was too small to be profitable to either shipper or 
receiver. 

The embargo on the railroads continued for about three weeks, and much 
fruit was lost by its operations; but the ‘consequential damages” were 
far in excess of nominal loss. It was not only the loss on the fruit that 
actually decayed while in the hands of the railroad companies, but the 


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PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 133° 


demoralization of the various markets through the remainder of the season, 
from having an extra amount thrown on them for sale after the strike was 
declared “off.” That should be considered. 

One thing should be kept in mind, and that is, in these days no section 
has the monopoly of any market very long. Just as soon as a demand in 
excess of the normal supply is developed, efforts to increase the supply, or 
to procure substitutes, are at once put forth, and are usually successful. 

California is now a recognized factor in the fruit supply in all the prin- 
cipal fruit markets in the country, and is taken into the calculations of 
every careful fruitgrower. It will not do to fold hands and sit down in 
fancied security, because two mountain ranges and a desert, besides a 
thousand miles, intervene between her growers and your market. 

Rapid transit has annihilated space, when a train will travel 3,000 miles in 
six days, and refrigeration laughs at time; when a carload of fruit, twenty- 
eight days from the tree, sells for $1,300. A combination of the two fac- 
tors makes California a very decided factor in the problem of fruit 
marketing. 

When Deps declared the strike “ off,’ a thousand carloads of over-ripe 
fruit were hurriedly gathered and forwarded to market. This came too 
rapidly for the trade to absorb, and an accumulation soon became appar- 
ent, with disastrous effects. 

By the middle of August, Michigan peaches began to move, and then 
actual “trouble” commenced. A fine crop of good fruit was grown, and 
the conditions all seemed favorable for fair prices at least, when the west- 
ern tide was met and disaster followed. The prices gradually sunk from 
35 cents per basket (1-5 bushel) to 30, and so on down, until, September 
4, the prices were the lowest on record. On that day the receipts from 
Michigan were 115,000 packages, and there were sold 29 carloads of Cali- 
fornia fruit, of 24, 000 pounds each, equal to 70,000 baskets of Michigan 
fruit. [ See Figs. 1 and 2. | 

The asking prices ruling that day at 9 a. m., the best hour in the day, 
were: Michigan, extra selected fruit, 35 cents per basket; standard grade, 
25 cents, and inferior 10 cents. These figures were reduced, so that at 
noon selling prices were 28 cents, 20 cents, and 8 cents, respectively. Cali- 
fornia peaches, 20 pounds net, at the morning hour were 60 cents, which 
later were reduced to 50 cents. The cut gives relative size of package and 
fruit, and all were in sound condition. [ Fig. 1. ] 

The same day, Michigan Bartlett pears, fifty-pound box, were offered at 
75 cents, while California Bartletts were offered at $1.25 per box, same 
size. The cut shows but imperfectly the quality. Still, an idea may be 
gained by it, and perhaps it may induce some one to improve in packing, 
wrapping, etc. [ Fig. 3. ] 

For further illustration, I give a view of the standard peach packages in 
general use, the baskets being the selene packages, and the box being 
the standard California package. [ Fig. 

But it was not peaches alone that suitored by the glut. 

A choice article of plums was on sale at this time, and for the Califor- 
nia article, for which 75 cents was asked for the four-basket crate, contain- 
ing about 24 pounds, and the Michigan basket, holding ten pounds (when 
filled), was offered at 30 cents each. 

From these figures I think the situation can be understood by all, and 
that the market was well supplied. Please remember that these prices 
were for standard qualities and conditions. Nothing out of order could be: 


134 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


‘sold at more than half these prices, for buyers could obtain all they could 

use at a considerable discount from prices named. In selling fruit “You 
can not get more than you ask,” and seldom all you ask. 

Do not think for a moment that this was an exceptional day. I have 
good reasons for saying that 150 cars of California fruit were held for days 
in refrigerator cars, and the receipts from Michigan for several days in 
succession were from 100,000 to 120,000 packages per day. 

August 30 the prices were lower, but my illustrations were mainly taken 
September 4, so have used that date for fixing prices. 

Of course, there is no profit to the dealer in handling fruit at such 
prices. The commissions will not pay the expenses at such figures; and, 
while the shippers lose, the commission merchants make no money. 

I know of one firm that handled California fruit (that is sold at auction) 
who stated that the loss to the shippers, on eight cars of California fruit 
sold during the first week of September, was over $400 besides the fruit; 
that is, the eight cars lacked that amount of paying charges. The same 
firm held on track, for three to six days, seven cars, selling on the 10th 
and llth, and the net proceeds on the seven cars amounted to nearly 
$1,700. But they said it was a “head-aching task.” 

I think this is sufficient on this point, and will only say the market 
never recovered from the “slump” to paying figures. A low range of 
prices prevailed throughout the season. Grapes were affected by it, and 
sold low, although not so low relatively as peaches. 

Naturally, the shipper of inferior fruit suffered most. While taking the 
photographs, which are the product of a kodak camera, in one of the upper 
stories of our building, my attention was called to a “ stuffed’ basket, and, 
carefully taking off half the “stuffing” or facing, I took a snap shot at it. 
[ Fig. 5.] It can be readily estimated as to the comparative worth of the 
“facing,” which were of fair size, not selected, and the filling below. 

I then took a fair sample of “toppers” and “tillers,” and present them 
side by side, { Fig. 6.] that they may be impartially judged. Unfortun- 
ately, the number of the stencil was also taken, but I have not looked up 
the shipper’s name. I am sure, however, he has nothing to do with the 
Michigan State Horticultural society. President Morill would not toler- 
ate him. 

California today stands at the head in fruit packing, and you will 
improve your market chances if you follow her example. It is for this 
purpose alone I introduce the illustrations, that you may realize the diffi- 
culties in the way of successfully marketing fruit that is inferior or 
improperly packed or scantily filled. 

The season winds up quietly. Profits have been slight; prices have 
been low, for people must economize; and fruit is always second to bread 
in the mind of the laboring man. 

Apples are $2 to $3.25 per barrel; grapes, Catawbas, 15 cents per 
5-pound basket; California peaches, held in refrigerator cold storage, very 
poor, 5 to 10 cents per 20-pound box; pears, 60 to 75 cents per 50-pound 
box. 

The general result has been unsatisfactory, although but few complaints 
are heard. The people remember times are hard and money close, and, 
whether grower or dealer, take the situation philosophically. No one 
expects the season to show any profit, and should by any possibility a mar- 
gin be found in the transactions of 1894, it will be cause for profound 
thankfulness. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 135 


Mr. AuausTINE: I would suggest that when you Michigan people send 
down to southern Illinois your peaches in exchange for our good Ben Dayis 
apples [ laughter ], you do not put better ones on top than in the bottom. 

Mr. Tracy: And when you send up the Ben Davis apples, please do not 
put worse ones on top than are all the way through! 

Mr. WiuuraMs of Douglas was doubtful if our fruit can be packed as is 
California fruit, without doubling the cost of packages. 

Mr. J. F. Wuitmire: California fruit is bought and shipped by great 
companies, and they know it does not pay to ship culls. If ours were so 
sent, the brands could be depended upon, but they can not be when the 
shipping is done by so many individuals. 

Mr. Munson: The Grand Rapids commission men repack and “stuff” 
in the worst possible way. I brand my fruit, and warrant it, and find the 
practice pays. 


SEED BREEDING. 


BY MR. W. W. TRACY OF DETROIT. 


Among the common misconceptions and ignorant notions regarding hor- 
ticulture, there are none which result in greater loss and more unprofitable 
labor than those concerning seeds. To many people, seeds are a necessary 
addition to the soil in order to secure a crop, much as yeast is necessary in 
bread-making. Wecan not get on without it, but it makes little difference 
what we use if it will only work—will come up. Few people look upon a 
seed as simply a young plant with just as clearly defined possibilities and 
limitations of development as a young calf or colt. Many who would not 
expect a calf from a little yellow scrub cow, giving but a quart or two of 
thin, blue milk, to grow into as good and rich a milker as one from a well- 
bred Jersey, do seem to think that seed from one red beet is just as good 
-as that from another, and should grow into just as crisp and tender beets. 
A great many of the horticultural failures grow out of this misconception 
of what a seed really is, namely, a young plant, packed with infinite wis- 
dom for transportation. Let us examine the pumpkin seed. We tear off 
the outer protecting covering and find just a soft inner lining, and those 
two oval bodies which resemble leaves and would be easily taken for them, 
differing only in being thickened and white instead of green. Between 
these is a little bud, made up of perfect but minute leaves, all mounted on 
a tiny stem; but, you say in triumph, that is no plant, there is no root—how 
can you haye a plant without roots? What are roots for? To hold the 
plant in place and collect food for it. But for one purpose, that of recoy- 
ering bare spots from which all vegetation has been swept by storm or fire, 
we don’t want a stationary plant; we don’t want roots. Again, as to food, 
while our plantlet is in transit to its new home there is little probability 


136 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


that it would be able to collect any food, no matter how liberally it was: 
provided with roots, and so the roots are temporarily dispensed with and. 
the necessary food to sustain it until established in its new home is stored 
in or about the plant itself. 

Now, a plant is like a young child, in that its food must be in a liquid 
form—it can use no other, and all plant food is like milk, unstabie, and 
soon becomes unfit for use. When we have to carry a motherless baby a 
long distance, we wisely provide and take with us some condensed milk 
which will keep indefinitely, but which, by the use of a little water and 
heat, is converted into available food. This is just what is done in the seed. 
The two leaflike bodies referred to are thick because they are crowded full 
of condensed plant food which will keep indefinitely if kept dry, but which 
under the influence of water and heat is changed into a form in which the: 
plant can readily use it and thus be sustained until it has made roots of its 
own. 

But seeds are produced in pods or fruits which follow flowers, and so are 
very different from plants. I havea plant at home called bryophillum. 
If I cut off one of its large leaves and lay it on the ground in a warm and 
moist place, it will form first buds, then leaves, and then roots at each’ 
notch along the edge, and we can cut away the original leaf and have as. 
many separate :plants as there were notches. Now, if we take a leaf like 
that of the basswood, cut off the two projecting sides, let it form along 
each edge first buds, then leaves, and in the place of roots, as did the 
bryophillum, let it store in the leaves some plant food and enclose them in 
a protecting envelope; now let the leaf be doubled up and the edges grow 
together, and we have, you see, simply a pea-pod full of peas. [As Mr.. 
Traoy talked he illustrated what he was saying by cutting out of paper 
representations of leaves and making in them the changes referred to, 
thus giving a clearer idea than can be conveyed by mere description. | 

I assure you, my friends, that while I have not used botanical terms, nor: 
given you a scientific description of seed formation, I have given you the 
essential truths in regard to it, and I have not exaggerated in the least the 
intimate connection of the seed with the plant that bore it. I have not 
magnified in the least the truth that a seed is [ not may become | a distinct 
individual, with similar potentiality and limitations of development to- 
those of the young of the highest animal. Why, then, should we not talk 
of seed-breeding, just as we do of animal-breeding? If the colts sired by 
Hambletonian can be depended upon to grow up into faster trotting horses 
than the sons of some slow moving “plug,” why can’t we expect that the 
seed from a corn plant that produced two large handsome ears, will grow 
into plants giving more and better corn than that from some scrawny 
plant, which gave only one little nubbin? I don’t need to ask the ques- 
tion, for it has been demonstrated, not only by theory but by practice, that 
they will. I know of an instance where a man sat down and wrote out a 
description of the ideal corn plant—the size of the stalk, the breadth of 
the leaves, the character of the husk, the ear, the grain. Then he went 
out to find it. He spent a whole day and found only a few ears which 
were up to the minimum excellence he decided he would accept. These 
were planted and carefully bred, with the result that, five years later, he 
was enabled to show twelve plants in a continuous row, all of which were 
as good or better than the best of those it took him a day to pick out five 
years before.. Are our best animal breeders able to show any better or 
more reliable results of their work? 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 137 


You ask how it can be done. Simply sit down and form a clear idea of 
just what kind of plant you want, and then write out a full description of 
it. Go out into the field and spend a day or two, if necessary, in getting 
a few plants which come the nearest to your ideal. The next season, 
plant the seed from each plant in a square block, one after the other, 
along one side of your field. Study these blocks, and you will be sure to 
find that some of them show more uniformly good plants than the others. 
Select the best block, get out the description of the ideal plant you started 
to breed, and select a few of the plants in this best block that come the 
nearest to your ideal, and save and plant them in the same way the next 


year, using the balance of the crop from the selected plants for your 


general crop. 

There is not a particle of doubt that 95 per cent. of the farmers of Mich- 
igan could increase their corn crop an average of at least 5 per eent. by 
such selection of seed corn, and that, too, at a small cost of labor. Isn’t 
it worth trying? 

But mere increase in the money value of your crops is not the only 
thing I am pleading for. I need not repeat the oft told tale of the decad- 
ence of American farming, of the sons who fly away to the city and to ruin, 
of the daughters to whom farm life is a drudgery to be escaped at any cost. 
Why? Because to both farm work is dreary drudgery, nothing more. 
Would this be so if they were interested in such work as this? Would it 
not be a relief to the monotony of the farm work if more time was given 
to this kind of study and work? I donot need to argue the point. Every 
father’s and mother’s heart answers yes; and if by my talk I have opened 
up a way of developing greater interest in and respect for the intellectual 
. possibilities of farm work, I shall not have taken your time this evening 
in vain. 


Mr. J. A. PEARCE related an anecdote of his nephew, a young man who, 
discouraged with the lack of success with the old farm, in the ordinary 
lines of agriculture, sold it; but, as he could not bear to leave the old 
home, he bought it back again. Meantime he had talked with Mr. Tracy 
and had become inspired to renew work though along new lines. He 
began in horticulture and has well succeeded. Mr. Tracy should have 
the credit for good work done in this instance; and no doubt his good 


influences have been as potent of good results in other cases. 
18 


138 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


LAST YEAR’S WORK AT THE STATION. 


BY EX-PRES. T. T. LYON OF SOUTH HAVEN. 


It was not the intention, when the station was established, that its 
results should be secured by means of high culture and manuring, but by 
fair, average treatment in both respects, such treatment as the trees and 
plants would have among good growers in general, and we drop all varie- 
ties that do not thrive under such conditions. . 

The result with the small fruits, last season, was not most satisfactory, 
because of cold wet weather, followed by drouth. The currants have been 
infested by an insect that is not troublesome in the state at large, the twig 
borer, necessitating the cutting of much wood, and so the plantation has 
not been satisfactory. Mildew has made the gooseberries equally so until 
recently. Bordeaux mixture has been used freely, with marked success. 
We have had anthracnose of grape, blackberry, and raspberry, but in all 
three the Bordeaux mixture has been efficacious. Use of liver of sulphur 
upon gooseberries has made it possible to grow even some of the European 
varieties. 

I concede the correctness of Mr. Kellogg’s position, as to the culture of 
strawberries, on the whole, but we have not tried to go beyond the limit 
of average culture. There are over 200 varieties of strawberry on the 
place. This year, for the first time, we kept over a plat, so as to compare 
results of one and two-year plantations. Record was kept of both hill and 
matted-row culture of each variety, so as to make comparison of results in 
both treatments. 

We have a quite large number of varieties of cherry, but are not yet 
able to speak definitely of the value of the new varieties for general culture. 

Peaches take the most prominent position, because, perhaps, we are in 
the peach region. Most growers have no conception of the large number 
of local varieties of the peach existing everywhere in the state. We plant 
two trees of each kind. We find some very promising new varieties, but 
it takes more than two years to decide what are of real value. 

There are a number of varieties of the sweet cherry, which is not gen- 
erally regarded as hardy. Although it is not likely that the sweet varie- 
ties will ever become prominent in the market, there are some which 
promise to do so. 

In testing plums we have to contend with the curculio, fungus, and rot. 
A number of the Americana and Chicasaw varieties are beginning to bear. 
The curculio works upon these as it does upon the domestic varieties, but 
in many cases the larvee fail to develop. So far, therefore, these seem to 
be exempt, but none of them are equal to the domestic varieties, or in 
any way valuable. We are also testing some of the Japanese varieties, 
and some of them, likely, would have borne last year but for the May 
blizzard, when the bloom was killed. They bloom early, so are not likely 
to bear regularly. I can not advise the planting of them beyond the 
experimental degree. Several of them are very early, ripening by middle 
of July. But they lack in quality, even the best of them. 


PROCEEDINGS OF TH# ANNUAL MEETING. 139 


Most of the peach trees are of such an age as would have caused them to 
show a fair crop, but for the bad weather. Curl-leaf is the most serious 
evil with which we have to contend in cultivation of the peach. — Last 
fall (1893), after the leaves fell, we used Bordeaux mixture, and the effect 
was very satisfactory in respect to reduction of this disease. There is a 
difference in the varietal susceptibility to curl-leaf, but even the worst of 
them, even the Elberta, was by this treatment rendered entirely free from 
it. Another fungus attacks the serrate-leaved varieties, but Bordeaux 
mixture subdued this also. 

The same fungicide was at the same time applied to apples and pears, 
and again in the spring, after the blossoms had fallen, Paris green being 
added to it in the latter case. Only a few apple and pear trees as yet 
need this, as they are not in bearing. 

Spraying on the whole has been very successful and profitable. 

Fruitgrowers are invited to call at any time to see for themselves the 
various branches of the experiments, and they will be welcomed and 
given every opportunity to gain such information as we have to impart. 


A REPORT ON BOTANY. 


BY PROF. W. J. BEAL, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


As the other members of the committee have left the report entirely to 
the writer, he will make the following statements: 

Botany at the Agricultural college is tolerated, in my estimation, solely 
for what aid it can render agriculture and horticulture. I say it, without 
fear of contradiction, that no one now at the college, or connected with 
it for the past twenty-five years at least, has labored more strenuously in 
upholding all that pertains to agriculture and horticulture, than the writer, 
former statements by the press and by persons to the contrary notwith- 
standing. I have never offered any encouragement to students to pursue 
botany with view to becoming teachers of the science, though I have had 
many teachers among my students. 

In our course, at present, a part of one term of the freshman year is 
devoted to laboratory and field work, with some reference to books in 
learning how to observe well common plants and become familiar with 
their structure and names of parts. 

Another term is devoted in like manner to a study of some families of 
plants of most economic importance—for example, those including the 
plants grown in the orchard, vegetable and flower gardens. 

In another term the compound microscope assists in a study of the 
minute anatomy of roots, leaves, seeds, etc., and in learning the functions 
of each part. 

A third of another term is devoted to the study of forage grasses and 
clovers, and another third to weeds, their seeds, etc. 

Three fifths of another term is given to the study of trees and shrubs of 
value for the orchard, vineyard, and landscape gardening, and this course 
is planned by and with the aid and consent of Professor Taft, with 
special view to assist horticulture and ornamental planting. 


140 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


In the senior year the agricultural students may elect for a term the 
study of botany, but the time is not devoted to a general study of the sub- 
ject. They study exclusively fungi which are injurious to farm and gar- 
den crops or to weeds, such as rusts, smuts, anthracnose, mildews, blights, 
molds, ete. 

If any of the topics named above were taught in the laboratories of 
agriculture or horticulture they would readily be accepted as appropriate 
for those subjects. 

To assist in this work, the botanical department has a very good equip- 
ment of microscopes, both simple and compound; maps, charts, and other 
apparatus, convenient rooms, many books and reports. A considerable 
number of the best books are furnished in fives and tens, in the labora- 
tory, to use on demand. We have a fine herbarium, but, better than this 
for class-room work, we have a well arranged grass-garden of one hundred 
or more species, a weed garden of eighty species, and a beautiful botanical 
garden of about one thousand species, and an arboretum, to say nothing 
of the endless list of things to be found growing on the campus, on the 
farm, in the orchards, gardens, and greenhouses. 

There are almost too many, as they sometimes tend to confuse and per- 
haps discourage the beginner. 

Recently Professor Taft has undertaken to plant a grove exclusively 
devoted to trees and shrubs native to Michigan. Although we have them 
nearly all elsewhere scattered about, in this plat they will be together with 
no foreigners to confuse the student. 

The trees and shrubs of the world are now in process of grouping into 
natural families on the campus. In one suitable spot the elms and their 
relatives, in another the willows and their cousins, the poplars; elsewhere 
the oaks and their allies, and in yet other places maples, and so on. 

One, or perhaps we should say two, rooms of the laboratory are used by 
the experiment station. Immense numbers of weeds, wild plants, grasses, 
seeds, etc., are sent from all sources for identification. To aid in this 
work, first comes a good man for the place, C. F. Wheeler; second, a 
large herbarium; third, some 1,500 lots of seeds of weeds, etc., in small 
bottles, all labeled. Every day the professor of agriculture or of horticul- 
ture, or some of their helpers or some of our students call for assistance 
in solving some botanical puzzle. 

Every week, nearly, there is a meeting of the botany club or natural 
history society, which in reality are horticultural or agricultural clubs. 

We have no botanical, agricultural, or horticultural museums worthy of 
the name, but quite a good many specimens stored away waiting for the 
State Board of Agriculture to muster courage enough to ask for money 
with which to erect a suitable buiding. 

I have just come from the first meeting of the State Academy of Science 
held in the capitol. The objects of this society have an economic trend, 
probably influenced that way by work of the Agricultural college and 
such societies as the one here assembled. Its objects are to advance thé 
interests of agriculture, botany, forestry, zoology, anthropology, omitting 
horticulture owing to the existence of a state society especially founded 
for that subject. 

I call your attention to the work of this society, believing that it will 
interest many of you. 

No special investigations in plant physiology have been undertaken for 
this report. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUNL MEETING. 141 


A REMARKABLE PEAR. 


BY MR. HENRY AUGUSTINE, NORMAL, ILLS. 


Mr. Henry AvuaustTINE of Normal, Illinois, on invitation of President 
MorkrI Lt, told of a pear tree in his state that is of extraordinary size and 
fruitfulness. Mr. AUGUSTINE said there are as yet no trees of the variety 
in the market, but there will be presently. It is the policy of the Illinois 
state board of horticulture to investigate promising seedlings of any kind, 
and it was this practice which caused them to become familiar with the 
Sudduth pear, as the prodigy is named. Another pear which they have 
found to be excellent is named the Lincoln pear, a seedling of exceeding 
great promise. The original Sudduth tree is fifty-eight years old. Young 
stock from it is very strong and thrifty. A few years ago Mr. Tirus 
SUDDUTH, who owns the original tree, coaxed me to propagate a few young 
trees from it for him. I-pulled them up and gave them to him, but 
inquired about the trees after they got into bearing, and was greatly sur- 
prised at the result. The trees in size look more like elms than pears. I 
shall set an orchard of them. It is said, upon what is considered good 
authority, that the original tree has borne 120 busliels of pears as a single 
crop. Mr. AUGUSTINE read the following papers descriptive of the Sud- 
duth pear: 


Regarding the Sudduth pear, I consider it a new variety; or, if an old 
one, it is an unknown one to me, both in fruit and wood. 

I learned the following facts by personal observation, measurements, 
and from conversation with Mr. SuppuTH and others owning the land 
where the trees are growing but who are entirely disinterested so far as 
the propagation of the trees is concerned. 

Mr. SuppuTH told me he was 65 years old and that the tree antedates 
him at least nine years, which would make the tree 74 years old. 

His first boyhood recollections were formed while living with relatives 
in a house a few yards from the tree under whose branches the children 
played. He has never seen a blighted twig on the tree. So far back as 
he can remember it has borne fruit every year. He is confident that it 
has not failed to bear annually for the last forty years, considers the fruit 
of good quality and exactly alike on all the trees young and old. He has 
made repeated plantings of quite a number of standard varieties but they 
are all dead and gone and the Sudduth survives them all. The ‘‘old tree,’’ 
the one from which the scions were taken that propagated the others, Mr. 
Ira Knicuts told me was grown from seed brought from Ohio by 
THomas ConsTANT, a relative of his wife. Mr. C. planted it on land he 
bought of the government and sold to Lincoln’s law partner, Judge 
STEPHEN A. Loacan, and by him sold to its present owner, TITUS 


142 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


SuppDUTH, after whom the pear is named. The seed was planted in 1820, 
making the tree 74 years old, or two years younger than the state of Illi- 
nois. It is growing in rich, deep, black prairie soil. Mr. KNIgHTS and 
I measured it with a long tape line and found it to be ten feet in diameter 
four feet from the ground. A little higher, where the limbs start out to 
make the head, it measured fourteen feet. The head of the tree is about 
eight feet high and consists of six branches and one main stem. The 
smallest branch measures three feet four inches around. The tree bore 
this year about thirty bushels of pears. This being an off year, it was 
not a full crop. It has borne eighty bushels in one season. Mr. 
KNIGHTS showed me two trees on his own farm that he knew to be fifty-two 
years old. One measured seven and one half feet, four feet from the 
ground. We tuok asixteen-foot water-spout and by leaning it against the 
tree estimated the tree to be about sixty feet high. The tenant on the 
farm said that the tree bore from twenty-five to thirty bushels the past 
season of good fruit. He had known the trees for fifteen years and had 
never known them to fail. 

On the farm of J. W. Yooum is a row of five trees, set in the edge of 
an apple orchard. The trees varied in size from eight feet seven inches 
to nine feet in circumference. Mr. Yocum told me he was forty years 
old and that his father planted the trees before he could remember, in 
1836 or 1838, making them at least 56 years old. The fruit ripens in 
September, and this year the five trees bore at least 150 bushels. They 
have borne every year as far back as he could remember. On the farm of 
Jno. R. JoNEs there were formerly two trees. One was blown down four 
years ago. The remaining one is about 49 years old. Comparing it to 
Mr. JonEs’ house, standing a few feet away, we estimate the tree to be 
sixty feet high. He had owned the farm since 1860 and the tree had 
borne every year since. In Mr. SuppuTH’s garden are seven trees said 
to be four years planted, one of which measured one foot two inches one 
foot above the ground, which was certainly a remarkable growth for that 
age. 

caver limbs had broken from the large trees, years ago, and the stubs 
not having been removed as they should have been are in a more or less 
advanced stage of decay. On the body of one of the small trees was a 
dark spot somewhat resembling blight, but possibly caused by an accident. 
With these exceptions, I found no disease, decay, or blight on any of 
these trees. 

I talked with five men who owned land on which the trees are now 
growing, or tenants who cultivated the land and have a share in the fruit, 
all of whom stated that they had known the trees from fifteen to forty 
years and all agreed on the following points: The great age of the trees, 
their freedom from blight, their habit of annual bearing, and the good 
quality of the fruit. 

I examined the trees December 15, 1894. 

T. E. Goopricu, Cobden, IIl., 


President of State Horticultural Society. 


I first knew this wonderful pear tree in 1835, the seed of which was 
brought from Xenia, Ohio, and planted in 1820 by Mr. THos. ConsTantT, 
who entered the land from the government. Later on, about 1845, 
the size of the tree its heavy bearing quality, as well as the superior 
quality of the fruit, attracted so much attention among the old settlers 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 143 


that I observed it more carefully; and in 1862 I bought the farm on 
which the tree now stands from Judge Locan of Springfield, ABRAHAM 
LIncoun’s first law partner. 

I am confident that for the last forty years the tree has never failed a 
single year to bear a crop of pears, and to the best of my judgment it has 
borne eighty bushels of pears in one season. During the last forty years 
I have annually eaten pears from the tree, and myself and employes regard 
them as delicious fruit. [I have never seen any wormy pears nor a 
blighted leaf on the old tree nor any of the trees grafted from it. I regard 
it a more hardy and a more prolific bearer than the wild crab-apple. 

In addition to its good qualities as a dessert fruit, the pear is much 
sought after for canning and preserving, and, when sold by my tenants, 
~ has always brought the highest market price wherever known. 

I would estimate the height of the tree, before the top was broken by 
heavy loads of fruit, to have been over fifty-five feet, the trunk measuring 
over ten feet in circumference. I have also a number of young trees 
propagated by Augustine & Co, of Normal, Illinois, that are six years 
from graft, and three years after setting in the orchard they fruited. I 
have also observed the five trees that were grafted more than fifty years 
ago from the old tree, by Mr. Yocum, and find the same characteristics 
in them as that the old tree possesses — long life, hardiness, productive- 
ness, annual bearing, vigorous growth, etc. During these years other 
varieties of pear ( Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Seckel, Angouleme, etc.) 
have been planted in the vicinity and one generation of them after another 
has passed away, but the old tree still stands as a landmark of much inter- 
est, especially to the old settlers. 

Titus SUDDUTH. 


DISCUSSIONS “AND “REPORTS: 


GOOD AND BAD PEACHES. 


Discussion of the peach question was begun by an inquiry from Mr. 
Johnson for the name of a good yellow peach ripening before September 
10. He was told that St. John is such a variety. 

‘““What about the Kalamazoo?” was asked. 

Mr. Morriuu: I have fruited it three years; it is hardy, very produc- 
tive, needs thinning; is of rich flesh and flavor, has an excellent skin for 
shipping; bears early; is in general a grand, good peach; ripens between 
the Crawfords, is about the size of Early Crawford, and is very uniform; 
is but little troubled by curl-leaf, and there is*écarcely a finer peach of any 
season, 

Mr. A. S. PackarD agreed to this commendation of the Kalamazoo as it 
had come to his acquaintance in his own orchard. 


144 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The Elberta was said to be in size, on young trees (the only age now 
bearing in this state), equal to the average of Late Crawford on old trees, 
and to produce very few culls; it is somewhat subject to curl-leaf, but this 
disease is now under control by use of Bordeaux mixture; some of Mr. 
MorRILU’s two-year trees bore a bushel each last season. 

“Ts it advisable to set peach trees 12x18 feet apart and cut out every © 
other one when they have grown large enough to cross?” 

Mr. Morritt: Who ever knew them to be cut out when set that way? 

A voice: I did—by yellows! 

Messrs. MorriLt and PacKArD advised against such planting, the lat- 
ter saying he would never set peach trees less than twenty feet each way. 
Inquiry was made as to the R.S. Stevens peach. Mr. Lyon said he could 
not say much for it. The fruit is small and the tree a slow bearer. 

Mr. Morritu: It looks likeasmall Barnard. The fruit is good but 
the variety suffers from disease or climate more than does Golden Drop 
under similar conditions. 

What of the Champion? 

Mr. Lyon: So far it shows well; it is of guod appearance and quality; 
ripens one week before Early Crawford, which means, in Michigan, the 
second week in September. 

The proper spelling of the name of Crosby, applied to a peach, was 
stated by Mr. Lyon to be as here printed. This peach, he said, is slower 
in bearing than the Champion. A 

The Wheatland was said never to bear well—usually but two or three 
fruits per tree. ‘‘ You will never get more than about half a dozen to the 
row, no matter how long the row is!” One member said this variety in 
his orchard bears better than the Crawfords, is very fine in quality, mak- 
ing for him more money than any other sort. 

The Schumacher? 

Mr. Lyon: It is a poor thing. 

Mr. Morriuyt: I guess that’s so. 

Another gentleman said it was a little better than Alexander. 

Mr. Morritt: Down our way we shake all such things up in a bag and 
throw them away! 

The Wager? 

Mr. Pearce: I regard it as a failure. 

Mr. Lyon: Mr. G. C. MoCratcuie of Ludington regards it as one of 
his best. | 

Mr. Brown: I have had large crops from it, ripening about with Early 
Crawford. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 145 


Mr. WiuEy: I havea peach I bought for Wager; it is very yellow. as 
much so as Golden Drop; in seasons of drouth it becomes dry and moitled; 
this defect is only partially overcome by thinning; it is hardy and prolific. 

Mr. Pearce: My experience is the same as that of Mr. WILEY, and so 
I think that what Mr. Brown has is not the Wager; in good seasons it is 
a good peach—it is good on the average. 

Two others said they had Wager and that the fruits drop and must be 
sold as culls, though their quality is good. 

Mr. Lannin: I would not set Wager, and must place Richmond with it 
as to worthlessness. 

Snow’s Orange was commended as “one of the best peaches a poor man 
can plant.” 

A lady enquired as to the Globe. A member said he waited nine years 
before he got a good crop of Globe; he has fifty trees. 

Mr. Morritu: It is nineteen years, I guess, that I have been trying to 
get one. 

Mr. Lyon was appealed to, but made no answer. 

Mr. Morritu: He shakes his head; he’s not old enough to have gotten 
a full crop. 

Diamond was said to be a very rich peach—the best of all peaches in 
quality. It ripens with the Late Crawford, said Mr. Morri.u, but is not 
quite so large as that peach; it is uniform in size, a very handsome thing. 
I think I shall set more of it, to sell as clings, for there is a demand for 
clings. ‘ 

COUNTY REPORTS. 


Mr. D. W. WILEY, reporting for Allegan county, said: There were cer- 
tain new experiences to the fruitgrowers of western Allegan county, last 
season, among them the most severe drouth known to that region. Yet 
the peach crop was much better than we expected it to be, showing what 
cultivation and thinning will do. We had expected almost complete fail- 
ure. The season showed strikingly the effect of cultivation. Those 
orchards which were not cultivated are in bad condition now. Apples 
were a poor crop, Oldenburgh being the best of the fall varieties. It was 
not so much affected by the codlin moth. Winter apples were a very poor 
and light crop. There are differences of opinion among the growers as to 
the value of spraying apples. The strawberry crop was a good one and 
brought paying prices. Pears were a moderate crop, blight appearing to 
a considerable extent. 

Mr. C. J. Monro of South Haven: I can add little to what Mr. WILEY 


has said, because it so well covers conditions in my vicinity. There was a 
19 


146 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


moderate crop of small fruits, which returned good prices, the strawberries 
being best of all. The apple crop was a medium one, as to quantity, but 
of poor quality. Many orchards suffered from the canker worm. Grapes, 
at Lawton, sold at fair rates, but there was only a moderate crop, some 
growers losing all by the May frost. There will be a great increase in the 
setting of fruit trees and plants of all kinds next spring. 

Mr. A. S. Packarp of Covert: The same conditions obtained in my 
vicinity as related for the others to the north. Small fruits were gener- 
ally good, with strawberries extra; gooseberries were not a full crop, and 
the apples were poor. Apples used to be good with us, but have of late 
years failed, becoming scabby. I sprayed one hundred peach trees, in the 
winter, for curl-leaf, with Bordeaux mixture, under the direction of the 
California experiment station, and the effect was very noticeable when the 
trees were in leaf. I had a three-fourths crop of peaches. Smock was 
light, and Crawford a failure although such had not been the case before. 
From two hundred and eight peach trees, four years old, I harvested three 
hundred and eighty-six bushels, besides what we used and gave away, and 
received for them $360. Peach prices were good. My business is largely 
with order trade, very little fruit going to Chicago. 

Inquiry was made as to the effect of the lake upon apples. Mr. WILEY 
said the best apple orchards of which he knew were within three quarters 
of a mile of the lake, and had always been successful till the general fail- 
ures of three years ago. So he did not think the influence of the lake 
detrimental. 

Mr. J. A. Pearce of Grand Rapids: Apples, where uninjured by the 
canker worm, were a fair crop, nearly full; but many trees suffered injury 
of that kind, rendering them useless for two years. Peaches, plums, and 
pears were full crops. Late frosts hurt raspberries and grapes. Straw- 
berries were injured by the drouth of the preceding year, and so were not 
full crops except upon young and well kept plats. Spraying of apples is 
conceded to have been very beneficial, where well done. My Wageners 
were sprayed, with fine results, while the fruit of other kinds, untreated, 
was worthless for anything but cider. I sprayed with Bordeaux mixture 
twice—once before the leaves appeared, and again, with Paris green added, 
after the blossoms fell. There will be a large setting of fruit of all kinds, 
except apples. What was one of our best apple orchards, has been taken 
out, to make way for peaches. Over 300,000 bushels of peaches were 
raised about Grand Rapids. No variety wholly failed, though Wheatland 
was but a partial crop. Mixon was good. There are but few Globes, and 
these bore about with Wheatland, a little better, perhaps. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 147 


Mr. A. Hamitton of Ganges: The peach buds in Ganges were unusually 
large, at the falling of the leaves, and have not grown smaller since. The 
wood is in the best of condition. 

Mr. DresseL: The same is true as to Oceana county. This is not 
considered bad, but rather as showing more perfect development than usual.. 
All fruits were good in this county, except apples. Of peaches and plums | 
there will be a larger setting than ever, with few apples and less pears. 

Mr. R. M. Ketioae of Ionia: There were no good apples, a condition 
due to scab. Pears were very good, as were peaches—more of the latter 
than for several years. Small fruits were good, especially raspberries when 
cultivated, and all varieties of thestrawberry. There will be a large setting 
of peaches, with not so many pears and fewer apples. 

Mr. W. K. Munson of Grand Rapids: Sales of fruit in the city are better 
than from shipping. Grapes were hurt by frost, in irregular ways, some 
losing all, and others none, though close by. 

Mr. Matcom GrawamM of Jonesville: The northern part of my county 
gave a good cropof cider apples. Spraying made them no better—no bet- 
ter for cider, of course! Pears were good, but there are no peaches grown 
there,of any amount. Small fruits were a good crop and sold well. There 
will be the largest setting ever known of peaches, plums, and pears. 
There will be a large planting of small fruits. But few grapes are raised, 
but what were produced were good. 

Mr. L. B. Ricz of Port Huron: There were not enough apples for the 
home demand. Strawberries were good and very cheap, raspberries few 
and high, blackberries dried up. We have had some peaches the past five 
years, though it has been supposed we could not grow them; there is no 
yellows. Peach planting will be very extensive next spring, as it was last 
year. Of pears and plums, many will beset. Only one man of my acquaint- 
ance sprays, and, as he insists upon using no lime, he burns his trees. The 
northern part of “the thumb” had large crops of apples for a few years, 
but none this season, so there is no evidence of its special adaptability to 
this fruit. 

Mr. THomas WILDE of Coopersville: All fruit crops were good. There 
will be a large planting of peaches and apples the coming season. I like 
the idea of spraying, but am not satisified with the compounds in general 
use. I use corrosive sublimate in preference. 


APPLES DIRECT TO DENMARK. 


At one of the sessions a letter wasread by the secretary, which had been 
sent him by Gov. Ricu, relating to the shipment of apples direct to 
Copenhagen. The season was then so far advanced as to preclude the 


148 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


sending of the fruit to the seaboard, and therefore nothing came of it. 
But it would be well for such growers as may have choice fruit for sale 
next fall, to put themselves in communication with Mr. SoGAarD, who is 
now again at Kansas City instead of at Copenhagen, where he was 
when the letter was written. It was as follows: 


COPENHAGEN, Denmark, Nov. 21, 1894. 
His Excellency the State Governor, Lansing, Mich. : 


Dear Sir—There has for the past few years been an increasing impor- 
tation to the Baltic countries of canned and evaporated American fruit, 
mostly from California. This year there will also be large importations 
of green apples. I have been prompted to call your attention to this 
matter, because the articles referred to could undoubtedly reach these 
countries at considerably less cost from the eastern states; and, inasmuch 
as your state itan exporter, I trust your Excellency will be sufficiently 
interested to make the fruit exporters of Michigan acquainted with this 
probable opportunity of getting a new market, which can be reached about 
as cheaply as can the trans-Mississippi states, where their surplus is now 
consumed. 

Copenhagen has two direct steamship lines to New York (Funch, Edge 
& Co. are the New York freight agents of the “Thingvalla” line), and has 
weekly connection with Baltimore (Patterson, Ramsey & Co.) via Liver- 
pool and Hull. 

I have, during the past three years, done something to effect more direct 
trade relations between the United States and the Baltic countries, which 
are more or less tributary, commercially, to Copenhagen. I am here at 
present to advance the work referred to, and shall be willing to place any 
fruit exporter in your state in communication with some responsible Copen- 
hagen firm, who, through their agents at the smaller ports, can reach the 
entire Baltic market. And here let me say that Copenhagen has dis- 
tributing coast steamers to nearly thirty ports in Sweden, Norway, Finland, 
and the Russian and German provinces on the Baltic coast. 

Michigan fruit exporters can write me care of the Department of 
Foreign Affairs, Copenhagen, Denmark, or, as the season is already late, 
they might, to save time and correspondence, send small samples at once 
and quote prices of goods delivered on board the steamer. 

The Balwin apple is known by all fruit importers here. American 
green apples have in former years come to this market throrgh Hamburg 
agents, but there is no need of those middlemen. T. SOGAARD, 


Danish Vice Consul at Kansas City, Copenhagen. 


APPLES FOR NEWAYGO COUNTY. 


The secretary read the following letter from Mr. Geo. A. Day of 
Newaygo: 
Newayao, December 19, 1894. 
Dear Sir—I am going to set ten acres to apples next spring. What 
variety would you recommend? What do you think of the Shackleford, 


Arkansas Beauty, Jonathan, Akin, Babbitt? My soil is gravelly with clay 
subsoil. Gro. A. Day 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 149 


The secretary said he had told Mr. Day that of the above list only Jona- 
than is known in Michigan, and, as for the rest, he would better let them 
alone, as not having been tested in this state, and use instead the standard 
Michigan varieties, Baldwin, Spy, and others, especially such as he found 
had been successful within his his county or vicinity; and had expressed 
a fear that Mr. Day had fallen into the hands of some tree agent who 
wished to sell him the stock he had, at fancy prices, instead of the kinds 
Mr. Day should be allowed to select’ for himself. 

Mr. Morritu: Our secretary has stated the case truthfully to Mr. Day. 

No one from Michigan knew anything of either of the varieties men- 
tioned, except, of course, the Jonathan. 

Mr. AuaustTINE of Normal, Ills.: Aikin’s Red originated in Kentucky, 
and there are a few orchards of it in Illinois, but I would not advise the 
planting of it generally. Shackleford, the same—originated upon the 
same farm. Babbitt is an Arkansas apple, but I know nothing further 
about it. I would not plant many varieties in acommercial orchard. If I 
were planting 10,000 trees I would not have more than four or five varie- 
ties. I advise no one to plant until he knows what has been successful 
near him. 

Thos. WILDE of Herrington: Oldenburgh and Yellow Transparent are 
the only kinds of which I know, which have been successful in Newaygo 
county. Some of the crabs would likely do well. 

Mr. VANAUKEN: I saw at Fremont, in that vicinity, last fall, apples 
equal to any shown here. I do not-know what sort of soil they were grown 
upon, but in the farmer’s wagon where I found them, Wageners, Spies, 
Baldwins, and some others, were ail dumped in together. They were so 
fine that I gave him one dollar extra for a barrel of the fruit. It was very 
choice. Mr. Morriuy has sampled them at my house. 

Mr. Morritu: They are certainly good. 

Mr. Sessions: The Spy is very successful in Oceana county, west of 
Newaygo, also the Baldwin and Wagener. Much of Newaygo is well 
adapted to apple-growing, to these sorts, and I would recommend them. 

Mr. AuaustINE: How long before the Spy bears in that county? 

Mr. Sessions: Twelve years, but it makes up for it afterward. 

Mr. AucusTINE: I do not like the Spy, because it is eighteen to twenty- 
two years to bearing in any region I ever heard of, and in marketing it 
must be handled as carefully as eggs, for its skin is so very tender. 

Mr. Post: Would grafting the Spy on other stocks, using scions from 
bearing trees, make any difference? 

Mr. Morritu: Yes, and it would make a difference with any kind of 
apple. You would get several years’ start in the stock. 


150 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


A VARIETY OF TOPICS. 


RELATIONS BETWEEN MICHIGAN AND ILLINOIS. 


Responding to a call, Mr. Henry AvaGustTINE, the delegate from the 
Illinois State society, said: I do not like to say much here of horticulture, 
least I mislead some one, for I am in a strange land, a land of horticultural 
wonders. I have learned many things which are peculiar, such as the 
injury to a grape crop in one place while the adjoining vineyard wholly 
escaped. When one of us suffers in Illinois, all suffer together. I have 
been puzzled to know how you can grow peaches here, when we can not 
grow them at all, but I begin to see. Michigan horticulture is of great 
value to Illinois, for the reason that it is so largely different, and supplies 
us with choice fruit which we can not ourselves successfully produce. 
There are 400,000 acres of apple orchards in Illinois, yet we feel justified 
by the demand in planting more. You of Michigan, keep on growing 
your fine peaches; send them down to us, and we will return for them 
good Ben Davis apples. 

A Voice: Send them all to Denmark. 


DO FRUIT BUDS OF VIGOROUS TREES AND PLANTS BETTER RESIST FROST? 


President Morrixu told how the use of wood ashes and ground bone in 
his peach orchard, by making stronger wood and buds, had saved it from 
damage by frost. He thought it probable that Mr. Munson’s vineyard 
was saved by some such condition of good fertility of ‘the soil, when the 
vines of his neighbors suffered. 

Others contended that differences in soil had chiefly to do with exemp- 
tion from frost, not only as to kind of soil, but elevation, air drainage, 
depth of water from the surface, etc. Tests should be made as to the 
liability of localities to frost, before extensively planting the grape. 

Mr. Munson: Now you see how I get amusement, asking people why 
their grapes were hurt and mine remained unharmed. I get all sorts of 
Opinions, but none can tell me anything about it, save that it is some 
peculiarity of the place. The longer we live, sometimes, the less we know. 

Mr. Morriut insisted that while there were these peculiarities in lands 
and locations, still, better fertility has very much to do with the resistance 
of plants and trees against not only frost, but other untoward conditions. 
He believed it had very much to do with Mr. Munson’s exemption. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING, 151 
TILE DRAINS IN ORCHARDS. 


Mr. CHARLES WILDE: Has any one had experience in tile draining an 
orchard? 

Prof. Tart: If the tiles conduct spring water, there is danger of the 
roots of trees entering them; but if only surface water flows through 
them, there will be no trouble from this source. 

Mr. Packarp: A neighbor of mine had tile in an apple orchard, on 
clay soil, some of which he took up and found to be full of apple roots. 


TREATMENT OF APPLE SCAB. 


A Member: What is the best treatment for scab of the apple? 

Prof. Tart: Bordeaux mixture, twice, if rainy weather occurs, before 
the buds open, and again after the buds are formed, but before they open; 
for the scab attacks the flower stems, destroying them. Bordeaux mixture 
makes healthier foliage, and, therefore, stronger trees. 


LEAF BLIGHT OF PEAR AND QUINCE. 


Mr. M. E. Wittiams: Has any one tried Bordeaux mixture for leaf 
blight (not twig blight) of the pear? 

Mr. R. M. Kettoae: I have tried it and found it successful. 

Prof. Tart confirmed this, and said it was equally efficacious against 
blight of quince leaf, but not so as to the twig blight of either. 


AN ILLINOIS PEST. 


Mr. Henry Avcustine of Normal, Ills.: Has any one tried spraying 
for the “‘ skeletonizer? ”’ 

No one knew of this pest in the state. 

Mr. AuaustTIne: There are three or four broods of the insect, and they 
eat all but the skeletons of the leaves. They are very destructive, there- 
fore, to the foliage in both orchard and nursery. The insects look like 
leaf rollers, but swarm thickly and do disastrous work. Paris green does 
not affect them. 


WHY OLD SHADE TREES DIE. 


Mr. Rice: Do what they will, in the city streets and parks, they can 
not save the native, original trees. The fallen leaves blow away because 
there is no undergrowth to stop them, and so the natural nutrition of the 
tree is gone, and cold winds sweep through to the injury of the unpro- 
tected trunks. Besides, the earth is tamped down hard, allowing frost 
to penetrate further, 


152 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Mr. Tracy: The original growth may be replaced, for young trees of 
the same species are planted and flourish. I believe even the old ones 
may be preserved by proper care. 

Mr. Rick: Young trees will strike their roots deeper than did the 
original trees, which mainly fed at or near the surface. They accommo- 
date themselves to the changed conditions in ways the old trees can not 
do. An old oak can not bear civilization, but we all know how young oaks 
flourish everywhere. 


PLUMS FOR A COMMERCIAL ORCHARD. 


Mr. GraHAM asked what varieties of plum should be placed in a com- 
mercial orchard. 

Mr. Sessions: I change my mind on this question every year. I like 
now many of the Damsons, and would set the German Prune; late varie- 
ties are preferable; I would plant many kinds, so as to have a succession, 
but no Japanese varieties, nor Wild Goose; I would have some yellow 
sorts. 

Mr. Kettoaa: There is most money in Lombard, Bradshaw, Coe’s 
Golden Drop; from all others I get only a few fruits instead of a full, 
paying crop. 

All agreed that the Wild Goose and its kind are not desirable for 
Michigan. 

COLD STORAGE OF APPLES. 


Through the secretary, Mr. S. B. Smira of Grand Rapids asked these 
questions: 


What is the best method of storing from 5,000 to 10,000 bushels of 
apples? What is the best method of cold storage for a fruitgrower who 
has a crop of from 3,000 to 6,000 bushels of winter apples? 


Mr. Morritt: Better store apples close to the market where they are 
to be sold and consumed, for when they are taken out of cold storage they 
must be used very quickly or they decay. So, cold storage on the farm is 
not practicable, as a rule. Better send to the large storage houses in Chi- 
cago, if that is the market, where there are ample and perfect facilities for 
keeping and handling the fruit to best advantage. 

Mr. Suayton: Mr. SmirH puts his apples into bins in the basement of 
his barn, five or six feet deep, and sorts and sells them in the spring. He 
has grown mostly Ben Davis, but is now grafting to other varieties. 

Mr. Ketitoee: The Ben Davis is about as good as cork soup, now; but 
it is a spring apple, is pretty good then when there are no other apples. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 153 


Mr. H. H. Haves: Mr. SmituH lately sold 2,000 bushels of Ben Davis 
for 50 cents per bushel. 

Mr. AuGusTINE: I agree that the Ben Davis of this state is not a 
good apple. Neither is it good in my own state, north of Decatur—is 
not fit to eat; but south of that point it is good. I know of a 
man who is planting 50,000 apple trees, and 40,000 of them are Ben 
Davis. I am pleased to learn of the success of the peach, here in 
Michigan, for it is constantly successful nowhere else. There is a strip 
of country through Indiana, [llinois, and Missouri, 100 to 150 miles 
wide, which is a good apple region. There is a much smaller strip in 
Illinois which once grew peaches, but will not do so now. I do not 
believe you can ever overdo the growing of peaches in Michigan. 


FRUITS AND VEGETABLES OUT OF SEASON. 


Mr. Tracy: A man goes from Michigan to Florida and plants 
tomatoes, for instance. By February or March he picks them, just 
before they turn red, and sends them north. A lady buys a few, at a 
high price, and finds them not good. A few weeks later she tries 
again, but fewer are eaten and no more bought. She concludes that 
the family do not like tomatoes; and so, when the Michigan tomatoes 
comes, she, and others like her, do not buy them, and the market 
for the home product is injured and the fruit sells too low. Out-of- 
season fruits and vegetables not only cut the prices of the home- 
grown product, but they spoil the liking and desire for it. Another 
evil in our marketing of fruits is that ninety per cent. of the price 
paid by the consumer goes to parties between the producer and 
consumer. 

PLANT FOR QUALITY. 


Mr. GARFIELD: A word is due in behalf of Mr. Lyon, for his per- 
sistent advocacy of low heads for fruit trees, a principle now universally 
adopted in Illinois and Missouri, as well as quite generally in our own 
state. And he has “fought, bled, and died,’ almost, for better 
quality in fruit, discouraging the planting of inferior kinds on the 
excuse that they would give a greater yield. I am sorry to see these 
immense orchards of Ben Davis in the country (Mr. Augustine has an 
orchard of 20,000 apple trees, mostly Ben Davis), for, so long as we 
raise and offer such fruits, so long will great shiploads of oranges 
and bananas and other fruits be sent in because our fruits are so poor 
in quality. 

20 


154 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
HOW TO PACK PEACHES AND BEAT CALIFORNIA. 


Mr. Morritu: We need not fear the competition of California, if we 
send to market our good fruit in proper shape. Last year I beat the price 
of California peaches, both white and yellow, sending my largest and best 
fruits in flat boxes (the southern tomato packages). I did this for dollars, 
and found it paid first-rate. The fruit was not wrapped, nor was tarletan 
used, but every peach was in sight and sixty to sixty-eight peaches filled 
each twenty-pound box. I received $1.75 to $2 for Lewis, in packages 
which cost fourteen cents each. I sold my culls at the packing- house, for 
fifty cents per bushel, and there was demand for all I could furnish. It 
was dollars in my pocket, not to send them to the Chicago market. My 
seconds were sent in half-bushel baskets. I picked ripe fruit and sent it 
to St. Cloud, Minn., all right, but it was not pinched nor squeezed, and _ it 
reached the consumer without harm. My lowest sales of such fruit was 
at $1.50 per box and from that up to $2. There was not a day but I got 
double the California price. 

Several other members spoke in behalf of better methods of packing of 
fruits, some reciting experience which confirmed Mr. Morritw’s, and the 
general sentiment was favorable to reform in this particular. 


ANNUAL REPORT OF SECRETARY. 
ALLEGAN, Mich., Dec. 24, 1894. 


Gentlemen of the State Horticultural Society: 

The close of this year finds our society in circumstances in most 
respects pleasant to contemplate and affording strong hope for future use- 
fulness and success. Our auxiliary membership has been augmented by 
the formation of four local societies during the year, those at Charlotte, 
Covert, Ionia, and Saranac. In three of these the membership equals or 
exceeds forty each, and they seem to be full of zeal in their work. 
Including these, there are 18 local or district societies in the state which 
have held meetings more or less frequently through the year. The Sanilac 
and Port Huron societies appear to be defunct or nearly so. 


The receipts and disbursements of the year have been as follows: 


Annual,membershipse sco ee ote Mae ce eae $10 00 
Auxiliary ‘SOCIsies sate: 2. ailte wee ty ah aes etry n 82 82 
Interest on life membership fund_____.._..._..------- 143 77 
Balance from last year___--__--- Oe ae, Se 44 26 


$280 85 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 155 


’ 
The expenditures are classified thus: 


BIOTABOGUG LEW eet ee re cle eke AE ee as $50 OG 
Expense of quarterly meetings-__----_.------------- 3 20 
PS pensEA OF MIDrALy=eue wee ent SURI oe Ee 26 57 
Expenses of secretary’s office_*___---_-------.--____-- 75 00 
liemeam treasurer's report 4.) 8: N obs a te OG 
(Baleneerouelicn gl: 427) per els Co ae Fs telen # bere eles 104 33 

$280 85 

Respectfully, 
E. C. Rep, 
Secretary. 


REPORT ON FRUIT AND FLOWERS. 


Your committee on fruit and flowers shown, would report that they find on the 
tables four collections of apples, exhibited by Saranac Horticultural society, 14 
varieties; EK. C. Phillips, 12 varieties; W. B. Andruss, 13 varieties; S. B. Smith, 15 
varieties. All contain varieties of merit, but, as they are unusually free from scab and 
insect injuries, and are well handled, we award the premium of $10 in nursery stock, 
offered by the West Michigan Nurseries, to E. C. Phillips of Grand Rapids, for the fol- 
lowing varieties: Shiawassee, King, Hubbardston, Jonathan, Red Canada, Wagener, 
Baldwin, Grimes, R. I. Greening, Northern Spy, Ben Davis, Talman. 

We also find a few scattering pears and several varieties of apple without name. 

There is alsoa jar of cranberries grown by D.C. Leach, Walton, and exhibited by 
Wesley Johnson. 

There is also a collection of flowers from the Agricultural college greenhouse, includ- 
ing orchids, cannas, Poinsettia, and clerodendron. 

The ladies of Lowell have also taken great pains to decorate the room with evergreens 
and bunting, for which they have the thanks of the society. 

L. R, Tart, 


eT livon, 
A. S. Packarp. 


REPORT ON IMPLEMENTS. 


Your committee would report that they found on exhibition by Morrill & Morley of 
Benton Harbor, the Eclipse spray pump, both complete and in its separate parts. This 
pump embodies principles of construction aimed at securing greater efficiency and 
durability, which make it worthy of the most careful examination of any one who con- 
templates using such an implement. They also exhibit an automatic spraying outfit 
which seems to be valuable as a labor-saving device; and lastly, they show a full line of 
spraying nozzles. 

We think the thanks of the society are due to these gentlemen for making such a 
full and complete exhibit, particularly as we feel certain that often so-called spraying 
proves valueless through the inefficiency of the apparatus used. 

The committee understand that nothing but unexpected delay in the delivery of 
freight prevented the exhibition by J. A. Pearce of Grand Rapids, of the spraying out- 
outfit made by the Bean-Chamberlain Co. 

The committee also found on exhibition by R. M. Kellogg, a machine for cutting run- 
ners and one for forming a properly shaped hole, having a cone of earth in the 
center, for the setting of strawberry plants. They are both ingenious and worthy of 
attention of every strawberry culturist. 

Tuomas WILDE, 


C. J. Monrogr, 
W. W. Tracy. 


_ 156 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
4 


RESOLUTIONS. 


The Michigan State Horticultural society, in annual session at the village 
of Lowell, near the close of 1894, desires to place on record its appreciation 
of the many courtesies extended to its membership by the local society and 
friends of horticulture during a very interesting and successful meeting. 
Kverything has been done for us that genuine hospitality could suggest 
for our comfort and happiness; and the interest manifested in the object 
of our society is assurance that our local branch at this place will bea 
strong ally in the accomplishment of the purposes of our organization. 

Upon matters referred to our committee, we recommend the adoption of 
the following: 


Resolved, That the Michigan Horticultural society is in sympathy with any move- 
ment among commission men which looks toward a better understanding between grower 
and dealer, and which has for its object the well-being and the well-doing of both classes, 
recognizing that sterling honesty on the part of either class should be the basis of any 
method or arrangement. 


Resolved, That this society favors the utilization of lands in our state, not adapted to 
the purposes of successful agriculture, for the growing of timber, and earnestly com- 
mend to the farmers the planting of the less fertile or waste portions of their farms to 
forest trees; and, in recognition of the general effects for the state of increased planta- 
tions of timber, we urge upon our legislature a careful consideration of the problems 
connected with reforestation and the preservation of a proper portion of our land area 
in timber, and the enactment of practical legislation that shall stimulate our people to 
act as well as talk in this matter. 


Resolved, That we earnestly and aggressively commend the bill now pending in con- 
gress, which provides for the protection of our natural preserves through the aid of the 
military department of government, and we urge the prompt passage of the bill, as 
delays are dangerous when thieves are actually at work despoiling these valuable 
properties. 


Resolved, That we are cordially in favor of giving state aid freely to the dissemination 
of valuable information to the people through farmers’ institutes, and we are not 
unmindful that Michigan might well recognize, by small annual appropriations, the 
work of our own society, inasmuch as it requires of us for publication an annual report, 
which for years has been made a power for good in developing our horticultural resources 
ae yore our special adaptability to the growth of a very wide range of horticultural 
products. 


Resolved, That a legislative committee should be named at once, of which the presi- 
dent of the society shall be chairman, and that such committee are hereby authorized 
and instructed to use all honorable means to secure legislative recognition of the valued 
ae of this society in the development of our resources, by giving toit annual financial 
aid., 


Resolved, That the movement instituted some years ago by this society, and warmly 
seconded by D. M. Ferry & Co., looking toward a more general dissemination of practi- 
cal information in the cultivation of flowers by awakening interest in the embelishment 
of the rural school grounds, has been productive of much good and is worthy of a still 
more persistent and extended effort, and we urge the officers of the society to again 
take up the matter and, if possible, secure once more the aid of D. M. Ferry & Co., in 
awakening an interest in embelishment of school premises by teachers and children, 
and the utilizing of this object lesson in giving simple lessons in horticulture of value 
to every home in the land. 

Cuas. W. GARFIELD, 


D. W. WILey, 
R. M. Kewtxiocaa. 


PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 157 


Prof. L. R. Tart offered the following preamble and resolution, which were adopted: 

Wuereas, The American Pomological society has, since its organization, been 
engaged in the onerous task of bringing order out of the confusion so long existing in 
the nomenclature and general literature of our pomology, a work necessarily limited by 
the fact of its volunteer and periodical character; and 

Wuersas, The national government has, through its department of agriculture, 
devised a division of pomology to meet the increasing modern requirement of this 
branch of our national interest, in its more modern commercial phase, which division 
has adopted the ‘‘ Rules of Pomology ” of said society as the basis of its action; and 

Wuereas, Under these circumstances it is clearly of the utmost importance that the 
action of the two be in entire harmony; therefore 

Resolved, That the Michigan State Horticultural society view with great satisfaction 
the proposal to devise a plan to insure such concerted action between the two, looking 
to the purifying of our present pomological nomenclature, the elimination therefrom, 
so far as practicable, of the crudities as well as the worthless matter which now 
cumbers its literature and its catalogues. 

Resolved, That this society further commends the effort to devise a plan through 
which tosecure the suppression of the modern practice of practicing upon the credulity 
of the public, for individual profit, by the introduction of novelties of questionable 
value, and by the re-introduction of the old varieties under new names. 


LAWS t OP MICHIGAN (REA TING io 
HORTICUERURE: 


YELLOWS AND BLACK KNOT. 


AN ACT to prevent the spread of the contagious diseases known as yel- 
lows, black knot, peach rosette, and pear blight among peach, plum, 
cherry, prune, almond, apricot, nectarine, and pear trees, or the fruit 
thereof, by providing measures for the eradication of the same, and to 
repeal act number one hundred twelve of the public acts of eighteen 
hundred ninety-three, approved May twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred 
ninety-three. 


SEecTION 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That it shall 
be unlawful for any person to keep any peach, almond, apricot, plum, 
prune, cherry, nectarine or pear tree infected with the contagious diseases 
known as yellows, black knot, peach rosette, or pear blight, or to offer for 
sale or shipment or to sell, or to ship any of the fruit thereof, except the 
fruit of the plum, cherry, and pear tree; that both tree and fruit so 
infected shall be subject to destruction as public nuisances as hereinafter 
provided. No damages shall be awarded in any court in the state for 
entering upon the premises and destroying such diseased trees or parts of 
trees or fruit if done in accordance with the provisions of this act. It 
shall be the duty of every person as soon as he becomes aware of the exist- 
ence of such disease in any tree, parts of trees, or fruit owned by him, to 
forthwith destroy, or cause said trees or fruit to be destroyed. 

Sec. 2. In any township or city in this state in which such contagious 
diseases exist or in which there is good reason to believe they exist or 
danger may be justly apprehended of their introduction, it shall be the 
duty of the township board or city council as soon as such information 
becomes known to either such board or council or any member thereof, 
to appoint forthwith three competent freeholders of said township or city, 
as commissioners, to be known as yellows commissioners, who shall hold 
office during the pleasure of said board, or city council, and such order of 
appointment and of revocation shall be entered at large upon the town- 
ship or city records: Provided, That the commissioners now appointed 
and in office shall continue in said office until their successors are appointed 
and qualified: Provided, That in case commissioners have already been 
appointed to prevent the spreading of bush, vine, and fruit tree pests, 
such commissioners shall be ex officio commissioners under this act. 

Seo. 3. It shall be the duty of said commissioners, within ten days 
after appointment as aforesaid, to file their acceptances of the same with 


LAWS RELATING TO HORTICULTURE. 159 


the clerk of said township, or city, and said clerk shall be ex officio clerk 
of said board of commissioners, and he shall keep a correct record of the 
proceedings of said board in a book to be provided for the purpose, and 
shall file and preserve all papers pertaining to the duties and actions of 
said commissioners, or either of them, which shall be a part of the records 
of said township or city. 

Src. 4. It shall be the duty of the commissioners, or any one of them, 
upon, or without complaint, whenever it comes to their notice that either 
of the diseases known as yellows, black knot, peach rosette or pear blight 
exist, or are supposed to exist within the limits of their township, village 
or city, to proceed without delay to examine the tree or fruit supposed to 
be infected, and if the disease is found to exist, a distinguishing mark 
shall be placed upon the diseased trees, and the owners notified personally 
or by a written notice left at his usual place of residence, or if the owner 
be a non-resident, by leaving the notice with the person in charge of the 
trees or fruit, or the person in whose possession said trees or fruit may be. 
The notice shall contain a simple statement of the facts as found to exist, 
with an order to effectually uproot and destroy, by fire or as the commis- 
sioner shall order, the trees so marked or designated, or such parts thereof, 
within five days, Sundays excepted, from the date of the service of the 
notice, and in case of fruit so infected, such notice shall require the person 
in whose possession or control it is found to immediately destroy the 
same, or cause it to be done, or the commissioner may destroy the same. 
Said notice and order to be signed by one or more of the commissioners. 

Sec. 5. Incase any person who is interested in any tree or trees so 
ordered to be destroyed shall feel aggrieved by such order and shall believe 
that such trees are not so diseased, he may serve a written notice upon all 
of the commissioners in the township in which such trees are situated, 
which notice shall specify the part of such order to which objection is 
made and the particular tree or trees included in such order which it is 
claimed are not so diseased and shall request an examination of such tree 
or trees by all of said commissioners, which notice shall be served person- 
ally upon each of said commissioners within the five days given for the 
destruction of said trees, and it shall thereupon be the duty of all said com- 
missioners who have not already done so to personally examine such tree or 
trees as soon as practicable and within said five days, and if a majority of 
all the commissioners shall agree that such tree or trees are so diseased, 
they shall order the same to be destroyed forthwith by the owner or cus- 
todian thereof; but if a majority shall decide that such tree or trees, or 
any of them are not so diseased, they shall revoke the order of the com- 
missioner to destroy the same as far as it relates to the trees so found to 
be free from disease, but this section shall not apply to fruit ordered to 
be destroyed. 

Sec. 6. Whenever any person shall refuse or neglect to comply with 
the order to remove and destroy the trees or parts of trees so designated 
and marked by the commissioner as aforesaid, it shall become the duty of 
the commissioner to cause said trees or parts of trees to be removed and 
destroyed forthwith, employing all necessary aid for that purpose. The 
expenses for such removal and destruction of trees or parts of trees to be 
a charge against the township or city, and for the purpose of such removal 
or destruction the said commissioners, their agents and workmen shall 
have the right and power to enter upon any and all premises within their 
township or city. 


160 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Sec. 7. Ifany owner neglects to uproot and destroy, or cause to be 
removed and destroyed as aforesaid, such diseased trees, or parts of trees 
or fruit, after such examination and notification, and within the time 
hereinbefore specified, or any other person who shall sell or offer for sale 
such diseased fruit, such person shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and punished by a fine not exeeding one hundred dollars, or by imprison- 
ment in the county jail not exceeding three months, or both, in the dis- 
cretion of the court, and any justice of the peace of the township or city 
where such trees may be, or where such nursery stock or fruit is sold, 
shipped, disposed of, or delivered as aforesaid, shall have jurisdiction 
thereof. The words ‘‘parts of trees’’ wherever used in this act, shall refer 
to black knot and pear blight only, and not to trees affected with yellows. 

Sec. 8. The commissioners shall be allowed for services under this act 
two dollars for each full day, and one dollar for each half day, and their 
other charges and disbursements hereunder, to be audited, as well as any 
other charges and disbursements under this act, by the township board, 
or city council, all of which costs, charges, expenses and disbursements 
may be recovered by the township, or city from the owner of such diseased 
fruit or nursery stock, or from the owner of the premises on which said 
diseased trees stood, in action of assumpsit: Provided, Said owner has 
refused or neglected to remove said diseased fruit or nursery stock in com- 
pliance with the order of said commissioner or commissioners. 

Src. 9. All of act number one hundred and twelve of the public acts 
of eighteen hundred and ninety-three be and the same is hereby repealed. 

This act is ordered to take immediate effect. 

Approved May 4, 1895. 


SPRAYING. 


AN ACT to prevent the spreading of bush, vine, and fruit tree pests, such 
as canker-worms and other insects, and fungus and contagious diseases, 
and to provide for their extirpation. 


SeoTion 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That it shall 
be the duty of every owner, possessor, or occupier of an orchard, nursery, 
or vineyard, or of land where fruit trees or vines are grown, within this 
state, to spray with a poisonous solution or disinfectant, of sufficient 
strength to destroy such injurious insects or contagious diseases, all fruit 
trees or vines grown on such lands which may be infested with any injur- 
ious insects or worms, or infected with any contagious disease known to be 
injurious to fruit or fruit trees or vines: Provided, That no such spray- 
ing shall be done while said fruit trees or vines are in blossom, except in 
case of canker-worms. 

Sxro. 2. In any township in this state where such injurious insects or 
contagious diseases are known to exist, or in which there is good reason 
to believe they exist, or danger may be justly apprehended of their intro- 
duction, it shall be the duty of the township board, upon the petition of 
at least ten freeholders of such township, to appoint forthwith three com- 
petent freeholders of said township as commissioners, who shall hold office 
during the pleasure of the board, and such order of appointment and of 


LAWS RELATING TO HORTICULTURE. 161 


revocation shall be entered at large upon the township record: Provided, 
That in townships having a board of yellows commissioners, such com- 
missioners shall be ex officio commissioners under this act. 

Src. 3. It shall be the duty of said commissioners, within ten days 
after appointment, as aforesaid, to file their acceptance of the same with 
the clerk of said township, and said clerk shall be ex officio clerk of said 
board of commissioners, and he shall keep a correct record of the proceed- 
ings of said board, in a book to be provided for that purpose, and shall file 
and preserve al] papers pertaining to the duties and actions of said com- 
missioners, or either of them, which shall be a part of the records of said 
townships. 

Src. 4. It shall be the duty of said commissioners, or any one of them, 
upon, or without, complaint, whenever it comes to their notice, that any 
orchard, fruit trees, or vines are infested with canker-worm or other 
injurious insects or contagious disease, within their townships, to proceed 
without delay to examine such orchards or vineyards supposed to be 
infested, and if such injurious insects or contagious diseases are found to 
exist, the owner shall be notified personally; or by a written notice left ut 
his usual place of residence; or if the owner be a non-resident, by leaving 
the notice with the person in charge of the trees or vines, or the occupant 
of the lands upon which such trees or vines shall be growing. The notice 
shall contain a simple statement of the facts as found to exist, with an 
order to effectually destroy such injurious insects or worms or contagious 
disease by spraying such trees or vines with a poisonous solution, or, in 
case of contagious disease, to effectually disinfect said diseased trees or 
vines, within such time from the date of the service of the notice as such 
commissioners shall designate, said notice and order to be signed by the 
full board of commissioners. 

Src. 5. Whenever any person shall refuse or neglect to comply with 
the order to spray or disinfect the orchards or vineyard designated by the 
commissioners, as aforesaid, it shall become the duty of the commissioners 
to cause said trees or vines to be effectually sprayed with a poisonous 
solution, or disinfected, as occasion should require, forthwith, employing 
all necessary aid for that purpose, and the expenses for the same shall be 
a charge against the township; and for said spraying or disinfecting, the 
said commissioners, their agents or workmen, shall have the right and 
power to enter upon any and all premises within their township. 

Sec. 6. If any owner, township officer, or commissioner, neglects or 
refuses to comply with the requirements of this law as set forth in the 
preceding sections, and within the time therein specified, such persons 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished by fine not 
exceeding fifty dollars or imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding 
sixty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of 
the court; and any justice of the peace of the township where such trees 
or vines may be growing shall have jurisdiction thereof. 

Sec. 7. The several commissioners shall be allowed for service under 
this act, two dollars for each full day, and one dollar for each half day, 
and their other charges and disbursements hereunder, to be audited, as 
well as any other charges and disbursements under this act, by the town- 
ship board, all of which costs, charges, expense, and disbursements shall 
be recovered by the township from the owner of said infected or infested 
orchards or vineyards, from the owner of the premises on which said trees 

21 


162 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


or vines may be growing, in an action of assumpsit. The provisions of 
this act shall not apply to the contagious disease known as yellows. 

This act is ordered to take immediate effect. 

Approved May 4, 1895. 


PILFERING FROM ORCHARDS. 


AN ACT to protect vineyards, orchards, and gardens, and to repeal act 
number 1381, public acts of 1869, entitled ‘‘An act to protect vineyards 
in the state of Michigan,’’ being section 9195 of Howell’s annotated 
statutes. 


Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That any 
person who shall enter a vineyard, orchard, or garden, during the months 
of July, August, September or Octobef, without the consent of the owner, 
and pick, take, carry away, destroy, or injure any of the fruits, vegetables, 
or crops therein, or in anywisé injure or destroy any bush, tree, vine, or 
plant, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof shall 
be punished by imprisonment in county jail, not more than ninety days, 
or by fine not less than five nor more than one hundred dollars, or by both 
such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court. 

Sec. 2. That act number 131 of the public acts of 1869, entitled ‘‘An 
act to protect vineyardsin the state of Michigan,’’ being section 9195 of 
Howell’s annotated statutes of Michigan, be and the same is hereby 
repealed. 

Approved April 17, 1895. 


MARKING FRUIT PACKAGES. 


AN ACT to provide for marking on packages, designed for the shipment 
of certain specified kinds of fruit, the number of pounds which each of 
said packages shall contain. 


Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That all 
manufacturers of peach baskets and other fruit packages designed for the 
shipment of peaches, grapes, and plums, and all shippers and dealers in 
the same, shall mark or cause to be marked, in a plain manner, on the 
outside, otherwise than the bottom, of such baskets or packages, the 
capacity of each basket or package, in pounds, at the rate of one pound 
for each 43.008 cubic inches of space contained in such basket or package. 

Src. 2. Any manufacturer of or dealer in peach baskets or other fruit 
packages designed for the shipment of peaches, grapes, and plums, who 
shall sell or offer to sell such baskets or packages without complying with 
the provisions of this act, shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor, and 
upon conviction thereof in any court of competent jurisdiction, shall be 
fined not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, 
and stand committed to the county jail until such fine and costs are paid. 

Sec. 3. All acts or parts of acts contravening the provisions of this act 
are hereby repealed. 

This act is ordered to take effect January 1, 1896. 

Approved May 81, 1895. 


Hm Oia rs Ss 508 as Bae 


OF THE 


AURICULTERAL EXPERIMENT. STATION 


IMT CVE Gy AcIN, 


STATE: EXPERIMENT “STATION “BULEEWING 


FRUITS AT THE SUB-STATION. 


BY Teh. VON: 


Bulletin No. 118. 


To Professor L. R. Taft, Horticulturist: 


Srr—I herewith respectfully submit my report of operations, for the 
season of 1894, at the South Haven sub-station, considering the several 
classes of fruits, as nearly as practicable, in the order of their maturity. 

The grapes were sprayed last autumn after the dropping of the foliage 
and the completion of the pruning, using Bordeaux mixture of the usual 
strength; prior to the commencement of growth the past spring, the entire 
plantation received a spray consisting of one pound of copper sulphate 
dissolved in twenty-five gallons of water. 

Subsequent sprayings were given, which will be noticed in connection 
with the several species of fruits to which they were applied, as will also 
the depredations of insects and fungi, and the remedies therefor. 


NOMENCLATURE. 


The “Rules of Pomology” of the time-honored American Pomological 
society have been adopted as its rule of action, in matters of nomencla- 
ture, by the National Division of Pomology, which, as may not be generally 
understood, is also engaged in the endeavor to renovate, simplify, and purify 
the crudities of oar nomenclature of American fruits. Such being the con- 
dition of affairs, it seems eminently wise and appropriate that such rules be 
generally recognized and applied. Such application is accordingly made, 
so far as the nomenclature of fruits in this report may be concerned. 


STRAWBERRIES ( Fragaria). 


The plat of this fruit represented in this record, having been planted in 
the spring of 1893, was more or less retarded in growth by the protracted 
drouth of the following summer, although by the frequent stirring of the 
soil and the thorough eradication of weeds the soil was kept in porous 
condition, and steady growth maintained. 

As in previous plats, two dozen plants only, of each variety, were grown, 
of which one dozen were kept in hills, by the persistent removal of the 
runners, while the remaining dozen were allowed to form a narrow matted 
row. The product of each dozen was gathered and recorded separately, 
for the purpose of determining their comparative productiveness. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. * 165 ~ 


The plants having been mulched during the past winter, the mulch was 
removed in early spring, and the spaces between rows given shallow culture 
and kept free from weeds. The result was an eminently satisfactory show 
of fruit, at the season of ripening, in June last. 

Unfortunately, soon after ripening had commenced, a season of unusually 
hot, drying weather set in, which soon began to tell upon the yet 
immature fruit, while the constant tramping of pickers, as well/as of the 
numerous visitors, compacted and hardened the previously mellow surface, 
with the result that, from one or both causes, a large percentage (probably 
fully one half) of the prospective crop failed to mature. Possibly such 
result might have been partially averted by continuing cultivation during 
the season of ripening, though more or less to the inconvenience of employes 
and visitors, but beyond doubt the more effective remedy would have been 
irrigation—for resort to which, however, appliances were not at hand. 

Whether due to the early spraying, or to climatic or other causes, there 
have been few if any depredations of either insect or fungi demanding 
preventive or repressive applications during the growing season. After the 
close of the fruiting season, a spray of Bordeaux was applied, to insure 
healthy subsequent growth, it being proposed to continue the plat another 
season for the purpose of comparing a second crop from this, with a first 
crop from a similar plat planted last spring. 

In the following tabulated list of strawberries, descriptions of varieties 
being, in such case, unavoidably brief and imperfect, are omitted, except- 
ing only vigor of plant, size, productiveness, and firmness, which are 
expressed upon the scale, 1 to 10; which scale is applied in the case of all 
the small frusts, 10 representing the highest grade and 1 the lowest. 


TABULATED LIST OF STRAWBERRIES—1894. 


In 
5 ounces 
Na: sb ; S 
4 8/2 g z| B 18 (Sel .| ia 
a| @® Pj olo| .J| - 
¢ Name. 5 2S 3 g ic} 3 zi & ae g Remarks, 
i?) Og 2 Q 2 ° . 3) ps [a q 
2 232\ a = Bg/5S\e 
g ama) © @ @ = Te Bic o| | 48 
S iS e is @ jes egies 
Z anal = = & J ales Fe le le 
A PAT tone eee eee p |1892) May 4.__| June 15 _| July 2___| 51} 66) 5/ 5) 9 
2PpAlphal S22. ae b {1881} April 28_| June 15 _| June 29_| 58) 178) 7| 4| 9} One of the earliest. 
S| AU DOT ess aeeeenes p |1892) May 11_-| June 18-/ July 2._-| 21) 46) 5} 4) 5 
4) Augwick -__________- p |1892| May 8___| June 18_| July 2___| 25] 45] 7| 6| 8) New; promising. 
5| Australian_____.___ b |1892) May 4___| June 18_| July 2___| 18) 27] 3] 6) 5) Athinstandof plants. 
6| Banquet ____-__.___- p |1892) May 3___| June 15_| July 2___| 48] 58] 4/ 3) 6] A dessert variety. 
dipparton! 2222 See p |1891) May 6___| June18_| July 2.__; 23) 48) 7| 6) 7) Not a full stand. 
6|- Beauty. soo eee b |1892) May 3.__| June 18_| July 2-__| 16} 170] 8| 5| 5 
9} Beder Wood__-_-_-_-_-- b_ |1890} April 30.] June 15 _| July 2___| 76] 117] 9] 6) 7) Sent out as Racster. 
NO|PBelt Si aak2 eta ee b |1892) May 7___| June 18_| July 4_._| 45) 92/10/10) 6| Flavor mild. 
MP Bessie ois 2023-2 = p /|1890| May 1___| June 15_| June 29_| 13] 27] 8| 3} 7| Stand quite defective. 
12} Beverly 222322225--2- b /1892| May 8___| June 15_| July 5___| 31] 38) 5| 5] 7) Stand not full. 
13} Brandywine ______-- b_ |1892) May 10__| June 21 _| July5___| 7] 37/10) 6) 8) Promising. 
14) Brunette. -.-_ 2. =. b {1892} May 10__| June 18 _| July 2___!| 81] 68) 8} 7/ 6 
15) Boynton=2 22.222 _ p |1891) May 8___| June 15 _| July 2___| 109) 169] 9} 3) 6 
16))Babach'5.-=-24.. 2 1888] May 9__-| June 15_| July 2___| 76} 138] 9| 8] 7) Showy; market. 
17| Bubach 24 __. 1890) May 8___| June 15 _| June 27_| 23) 26} 8| 4| 6 
18| Bubach 137 _ 1890| May 7___| June 15 _| July 2___| 86) 55/10} 5] 6 
19| Cameronian _ 1892| May 4___| June 18.| July 2___| 24) 54) 8] 5) 6 
20 Chairarmese 223 2). 1898) May 9___| June 15 _| July 2___| 94} 81) 9} 5) 5 
all Childsis= 2-4-2282 b /1893) May 7___| June 15 _| July 2___| 25] 88/10) 8| 9} Imperfect stand. 
22| Cleveland __- p |1888) May 10__| June 15 _| July 2___| 62) 54) 8) 6) 5) Mrs. Cleveland. 
23| Consensus -- p |1893) May 15__/ June 21 _| July 5.-_| 22] 31) 9/10) 8) New; promising. 
24| Copernicus-_. _____- p |1893) May 14__| June 18_| July 2.__| 61/ 28) 9} 9| 5) New; promising. 
25) Crawford ______ ._.. b /|1889) May 11__| June 18-_| July 5___} 47] 72! 7| 7| 8 


166 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


STRAW BERRIES.—ConrINvED. 


In = 
< ounces.|-4 , 
-| Oo tp : a= =| 
a ele g a a (8 |8el8) 
. Name. Beal g x B@ ols ls klAlsl a Remarks. 
= Moi| © = om LS D | OglH]—/2 
[-3) ae 2 Q, a, [3] ae) ° bil a 
2 patiteaea|| “f=! re » Bol Sele = 
8 aaa] © @ 2 tm ss SalSis 8 
=I Pie A= Ba 3 ire aA ag A 
Z eaal cy SS ee |-henl =a od 
26] Crescent___--_---_-- p |1888} May ‘'8.__| June 15 .| July 5.__] 127} 111] 9} 5| 6| Lacks color and firmness, 
27; Cumberland_______- b_ |1888} May 11__| June 18 _| July 5___| 20} 21} 9/10) 5) Lacks color and firmness. 
25 (Curtis toy.) ees b {1892} May 8___| June 15 _| July 2___| 47| 75} 9} 4| 3) Poor in quality. 
29] Curtis 159______.___- p |1892) May 14__| June 18 _| July 2.__| 100} 110/10} 8) 8 
SOeDaisyiss 22. ee as p {1890} May 9___| June 15_| July 2___| 49] 65) 8) 5| 6) Stand imperfect. 
Si pDaytony Soe e b {1892} May 9.__] June 15_| June 29_} 29] 48} 9] 8) 4 
S2\0Dutter 2-20 oe ee b_ |1889} May 12__] June 18 _| July 2._.| 57] 64! 7] 9] 9 
Solid gareto eevee p {1890} May 14__| June 18_| July 5.__| 78} 145) 9/10) 4) Good market variety. 
34) Edwards ____-_-_-_-- b {1891} May 14__| June 21_] July 5.__| 38] 61) 5] 5} 7 
35 | (Ene let See b {1890} May 1___| June 18_| July 5.__} 48] 97] 7} 8] 5) Not productive enough, 
86| Enhance_-_____-____- b {1890} May 8___| June 18_| July 5___} 65] 124] 6| 7/10) A good pollenizer. 
37) Estelle 22. 22 b |1891) May 2___] June 18_| July 5.__| 60] 38] 5/10/10) A dessert variety. 
88] Eureka _.---.__.___.| p  |1888} May 8___| June 18_| July 5___| 69] 78] 8} 7| 8) Market. 
89) Fairmount ________- b |1891) May 7___| June 15_| July 5___| 63] 95] 9} 5) 5 
40| Farnsworth _______- b |1891] May 5___| June 15_| July 5___| 54] 98) 7} 6) 5 
41 Kelton: 282 Pa 22 b {1890} May 10__| June 18 _| July 2___| 66} 92/10} 9) 7) Dessert. 
42! Florence___________. b_ |1888) May 11__] June 18 _| July 5.__| 85] 51] 6) 8) 8) Stand not full. 
AS Gandy toni? se ie b_ |1887| May 14__| June 18 .| July 2___| 17| 55] 9] 8} 9} A late variety. 
44) Gem iNeteiin) ee p {1890} May 14__| June18_| July 5_._| 83) 84! 8] 7| 5 
45| Gillespie __________- b {1891} May 8_-_| June 15 _| July 2.__| 22] 56] 4) 7) 9 
46| Gould p |1892) May 14__| June 15 .| July 5.__| 28] 54) 8] 4] 7) Nota full stand. 
47| Greeneville p |1891) May 11__} June 18 _} July 5___| 78] 185) 8} 6) 5| Promising. 
48] Hampden p {1889} May 10__| June 18 .| July 5___| 47] 125} 3] 5/10 
49| Hattie p {1891} May 10__| June 18 _ uly 5_._| 134] 93] 9] 5} 6 
50| Haverland__- p |1887} May 1___] June 15.| July 5.__| 73] 108] 6| 7} 9} Prized for the market. 
51] Hermit b |1892) May 7___| June 18 _| July 5___} 84) 142/10] 5) 8 
52} Hinman - b_ |1890) May 12__| June 18_| July 5_.._} 92} 97] 9] 7| 8 
53] Hoard __- b {1888} May 2___| June 15 _| July 2___| 55} 80} 7| 6] 9) Stand not full. 
54| Holyoke . b |1891| May 3___| June 15 _| July 2___| 66} 83] 8] 6] 9| Stand imperfect. 
55| Howar p {1892} May 7._.] June 15 _| July 2___| 63) 117| 9] 3] 9 
HORE Oe ee ss oe b_ {1891} April 30_| June 15 _| July 2___| 54] 64] 6} 7) 7) Dessert, promising. 
57| Huntsman_________- b |1892] May 10._| June 15_| July 2_._| 59) 55/10} 4) 8 
DS iTowau ees 2 aU Tas b |1892) May 7___| June 18 _| June 27_| 25] 88] 3] 4) 6 
b9lwEvanhoe 22.3 b |1889) May 10__| June 15_| July 5___| 92) 121] 7] 6| 8 
GO| Jessie. shes} b /|1889) May 8.__| June 18_| July 2___| 63) 81] 7] 7| 7 
Bi Ration 34-50 b_ {1892} May 8__-| June 15 _| July 5__.} 59] 79] 9} 8) 5| Stand poor. 
62| La Crosse ________-- np {1892} May 12__| June 138 _| July 2___| 12] 42) 6) 6) 4 
63/iieader’ 2222s seca b /|1892} May 8___| June 15_| June 29_| 40} 73) 5) 6| 8 
64 ehigh eo p |1891| May 7___| June 15 _| July 2___| 97| 124) 7) 5) 7 
(65)/“eroy-22 = Sma ro p /|1892) May 8___| June 15 _| July 5.__| 145! 96) 7) 4) 5 
66| Leviathan _________. b_ |1892) May 12__} June 18_} July 2___| 46] 52] 8] 6) 9] Stand very imperfect. 
OF idate son hele ee p |1886} May 10__| June 18_| July 5___| 81) 158] 6} 7| 8 Bi 
68isEincoln |) aes s toe p |1892) May 8___| June 18_| July 5.__| 159) 202] 9] 4| 5| Promising. 
69) logan. secre eee b {1888} May 10__| June 18 _| July 5___| 77} 141] 7| 6| 9 
70 Tene Jehu ppmont Fe? b- {1898} May 3___| June 15 _| July 5___| 71] 109/10} 5) 5 
71) uontses- 2223 3252. - b_ |1889) May 14__| June 15 _| July 5___| 64] 122] 7] 7) 9 
1a| uOvetbesssee sansa one b |1891) May 7-_-| June 15 _| July 2___| 86) 106) 5} 5) 8) Imperfect stand. 
73| Manchester________. 1888] May 9__-| June 18 _| July 5.__| 47] 106] 4| 5] 9] Inclined to overbear, 
14) (Markos sae 5 1890} May 12__| June 18 _| July 5___| 30] 79/10] 5/10) Stand not full. 
4b) Martha > Sat sees np |1887| May 9___| June 15 ._| July 2___| 77} 58/10] 5) 6} Stand not full. 
MGW Miami =e.) eageae: np {1889} May 10__| June 18 _| July 2___| 41] 87] 6] 4) 5 
alpine! oa) sree b_ |1890| April 80_| June 15 _| June 25 _| 40} 986/ 9) 5/10} Early; small. 
ASM ior 322222 223 b_ |1890) May 15__| June 23.| July 5___| 23} 5) 9) 3/10 
79} Monarch____________ b_ |1892) May 12__| June 21_| July 5___| 34} 69) 9) 6) 8 
80} Monroe -___________- b /1891) May 9___| June 19_| July 2___| 387} 28] 3] 4/10) Stand poor. 
Sli\Moore 20222 25 be b_ |1888} May 10__| June 19_ July 5___| 61! 105) 7] 9} 8 ae 
82| Muskingum ________ b |1892) May 14__| June 19 .| July 5___| 59] 115) 5) 6| 8) Promising. 
SS) Mivstic ose b |1892) May 8__.| June 19_| July 5___| 35) 28] 6) 5| 7 
84 Neptune _.____.__--- p |1890| May 9___| June 19_| July 5.__| 44] 45/10) 7| 6 
Sb NG gol eS b |1892] May 12__} June 21_| July 5._-| 12} 50/10) 8) 8 


Name. 


Racitic sau So 
Pica tes sae aly 


Sadie 


Saunders 29...) 
Scarlet Ball 
Sharplessse 22 52. 24 

Nawie eee a 
Shuster 


Stevens. 22052 i 
Surprise 
Swindle 


Thompson 5 
Thompson 7 
Thompson 8 _______. 
Thompson 25 
Thompson 26 


Thompson 31 
Thompson 34 
Tippecanoe 
Townsend 2 
Townsend 3 


Townsend 19 
Townsend 20.______ 
Triomphe (de Gand) 
Unnamed (Nehring) 
Vernon 


Walton ____ 


ale 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 


STRAWBERRIES.—ConoLupDED. 


ine |< 

s ounces. | + 

ee b . 3 

EAE 3 8 Bis Se eh 

cS. {-8) | — o\ 
Baol © s aa 4 oso Is elAls 
Ko! 2 2 om 2 o |oqlu|S 
2ge|2| = = a (8 |es/S\a 
Beane |e a s |ESIBSIEl¢ 

@ O16 S| & 
Rien i= a AS E's & 8 he/8 
eae) & ee Fe RS heed Pa 
p {1891} May 10__| June 19_| July 5.__| 61} 102) 8] 8 
b {1890} May 14__| June 19_| July 5___-| 71] 89) 9} 7 
p |1889) May 12__| June 15 _| July 5___| 100} 160) 6} 5 
p |1891) May 9___| June 15_| July 5___| 73] 95) 5| 6 
b /1890) April 27_| June 15 _| June 25_| 31] 66) 9| 5 
p |1890| May 10__} June 19 _| July 2.__| 108] 182/10} 9 
b |1889| May 14__| June 19_| July 5___| 95) 173] 9) 7 
b |1886! May 7___| June1y_| July 2___| 54] 103/10] 7 
b /1888) May 9__-| June 15 _| July 5___| 119] 173} 8] 5 
b |1890| May 5._-| June 15_| July 2___| 43} 53) 4| 4 
b |1892) May 9__-| June 15 _| July 2___| 58] 62) 9] 5 
p |1892) May 8__-| June 15_| June 29_| 67) 102) 8) 5 
b .|1887) May 3___| June 15 _| July 2___| 49] 72) 7) 9 
b |1899| May 3__-| June 21~_| July 2___} 91) 157) 9/10 
b {1893} April 27_| June 15 _| July 2_-_| 58] 20) 5] 5 
p |1891) April 30_| June 15 _| June 25 _| 22] 70) 9) 4 
b |1891| May 12_.| June 22 _| July 5___| 21} 28) 9) 6 
p |1889) May 12__| June 19_| July 5___| 69) 115) 9] 5 
p /1890) May 7.__| June 15 _| July 5.__| 102) 175) 7] 5 
b {1890} May 3__-| June 15-_| July 5.__| 90] 104) 9) 5 
b_ {1889} May 15__| June 19 _| July 5___| 101! 169) 8) 6 
b |1892) May 16__| June 23_| July 5___| 32] 83/10] 9 
b_ |1878! May 10__| June 21 _| July 5___| 53} 152| 9/10 
b |1890] May 10_-| June 19 _| July 5.__| 66) 91] 6) 7 
b /|1891} May 17__| June 15 -| July 5___| 49} 80) 7) 5 
b {1892} May 8___| Jone 15_| July 2___| 77] 95) 7) 6 
b_ {1890} May 10__| June 19 _| July 5___| 91} 124) 6| 7 
b |1892) May 8___| June 15.| July 2___| 42] 36/10) 5 
b |1892| May 8___| June 15_| Jaly 2___| 25) 62] 7) 4 
p |1890| May 14__| Jane 19 _| July 5.__| 83} 129/10) 4 
p /|1890| May 2___| June 15 _| July 5___| 72} 141/10) 6 
b |1890} May 1___| June 15 _| Juse 25_| 45] 70) 7| 4 
b {1890} May 14__| June 15 _| July 5___| 12} 25) 9| 4 
b |1892) May 4___| June 19_| July 2___| 55} 68) 6| 6 
p |1892| May 4__-| June 15 _| July 5___| 52) 176} 5| 5 
b {1890} May 1.__| June 15 _| June 25 _ 2) 39] 8| 4 
p /|1890) May 9___| June 15.) June 30_| 52) 188) & 5 
p |1890| May 1___| June 15 _| July 2___| 72} 193) 9| 4 
b |1890) May 7__.| June 15-_| July 2___} 25] 65) 9) 5 
p /|1890) May 9___| Jane15_| July 5___| 45' 72/10) 4 
p {1890} May 10__| June 19_; July 5___| 66/ 181/10) 5 
p |1890| May 7_ .| June15_| July 5___| 57} 126) 6) 3 
b {1890} May 8__.| June 15 _| July 5___| 75} 121) 7) 8 
b {1888} May 12__| June 12_| July 5___| 34] 50] 6) 7 
p |1888) May 10__| June 15 _| June 30_| 89] 97) 4/5 
p {1888} May 5__-| June 15_| July 5.__| 88) 205/10) 5 
p {1888} May 8.__| June 15_| July 5___|} 84! 147/10] 7 
b {1876} May 10_.| June19_| July 5___| 44] 54] 9] 6 
b {1890} May 4___| June 15_| June 30_| 28] 51] 9] 6 
b {1877} May 9__.| June 15 _| July 5___| 52) 94/10) 9 
b |1878| May 10__| June 15 _| July 5___| 52] 103] 9) 5 
b |1890) May 10__| June 19_| July 5___| 34) 64] 7| 5 
p |1891) May 11__| June 15 .| July 5___| 34) 58] 5} 4 
p {|1890) May 8___| June 15 _} July 5___| 51] 138) 9) 6 
p |1890) May 8__.| June 15_| July 2___| 78} 97) 8} 5 
p |1891) May 7_.-| June 15 _| June 28_| 16) 59] 4| 6 
p |1891) May 14__| June19_| July 5___| 57] 76! 5] 6 
b |1892! May 11__) June 15_| July 5___| 32] 107) 4| 6 
b_ |1876) May 8_..| June 15 _| June 30_| 57} 104| 8| 5 
b {1891} May 14__| June 19_| July 2___| 67] 135] 8) 8 
b {1890} May 10__| June 19_| July 5___| 30] 30) 8) 7 


5S S5aa0 ~smooc | Firmness, 1-10. 


= 
Soot © 


S1000H WROMOD O=100010 


_ 


= = 
S00 Soo 


— 
AFOOMO COMRNOD WRPOMDM WOT OMBCH 70 


167 


Remarks, 


Same as Michel. 


Flavor poor. 
Desirable; from Texas. 
Large; good. 
Southern. 


Flavor poor. 
Stand imperfect. 


Is Thompson 9. 
Named for E. P. Roe. 


From Ontario. 


Imperfect stand. 
Imperfect stand. 


Southern. 


Uncertain vaiue. 


Stand imperfect. 
Stand imperfect. 


Stand quite imperfect. 
Deficient stand. 


Stand not complete. 


European. 


Old European. 
(Mount Vernon.) 


Very hardy. 
Stand not fall. 
Not a fair trial. 
Stand imperfect. 
Popular; market. 


From the northwest. 
Poor foliage. 

An old favorite. 
Origin Ontario. 
Origin New England. 


168 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Soon after the commencement of the ripening season the weather sud- 
denly changed from cool and comparatively moist to hot and dry. Occur- 
ring, as this did, when the ripening of the earlier varieties was already 
well advanced, the effect upon their productiveness was less perceptible 
than in the case of the later kinds, many of which were scarcely past their 
first pickings. For this reason the recorded product of more or less of 
the later varieties may fairly be assumed to be very considerably less than 
it would have been under more favorable conditions. 

For this reason, as bearing upon the question of relative productive- 
ness, and partially on account of the large number of varieties under con- 
sideration, the following notes are made as brief as practicable, little if 
any space being devoted to mere descriptions. 

Alpha, bisexual, has been retained in the collection on account of its 
earliness, fair size, and fair quality as a berry for home use. 

Augwick, pistillate, has not, so far, shown favorable results here, but 
more favorable results elsewhere appear to justify a further trial here. 

Banquet, p., possesses valuable characteristics as a family berry, though 
not relatively profitable for the market. 

Beder Wood, b., holds a high position as a productive variety and also 
as a pollenizer of pistillates. 

Brandywine, b., is favorably reported elsewhere but needs further trial 
here. 

Boynton, p., has done unusually well here this season. 

Bubach, p. and Crescent, p., still stand at the front as market varieties, 
with Cleveland, p. in asomewhat questionable position in this respect. 

Chairs, p., has vigor and productiveness, which adapt it to market pur- 
poses. Otherwise it can not be ranked above medium. 

Consensus, p., and Copernicus, p., are very recent introductions, which 
promise well but require further trial. 

Crawford, b., with us, fails to sustain the character given it by the 
introducer. 

Curtis 159, p., is but partially tested, but gives indications of profitable- 
ness as a market variety. 

Edgar, p., has more or less reputation as a market variety, which it 
promises to sustain. 

Enhance, b., has won a high character as a market variety, and is also 
valued as a pollenizer. 

Eureka, p., is by no means a new variety. It holds a somewhat doubt- 
ful position as a market variety. 

Felton, b., is not new, but has, this season, given better results than 
heretofore. 

Gandy, b., is an excellent late variety for the home plantation, though 
it has not proved relatively productive here. 

Gould, p., is new and has been grown the past season under unfavor- 
able conditions. It requires further trial. 

Greenville, p, although promising here and commended elsewhere, 
needs further trial. 

Haverland, p., has been long and favorably known as a valuable market 
variety and also as desirable for the home plantation. 

Hermit, b., and Hinman, b., have both, this season, excelled their earlier 
performances. 


Hoard, b., Holyoke, b., Howard, p., Hugo, b., and Huntsman, b., so far 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 169 


at least as the current season is concerned, occupy a middle ground, 
between desirability and unprofitableness. 

Ivanhoe, b., has this season quite outdone itself, so far as productive- 
ness is concerned. 

Jessie, b., is practically a failure here. 

Katie, b., gives promise of value, though it requires further trial. 

La Crosse, nearly pistillate, proves unsatisfactory this season, the stand 
of plants being imperfect. 

Lehigh, p., and Leroy, p., are comparatively new, and promising for 
market. 

Lida, p., set an enormous crop of large berries, but, as heretofore, it 
failed to fulfill the promise. 

Lincoln, p., has, this season, proved to be the most productive variety 
in the entire collection. 

Logan, b., still maintains a somewhat doubtful position among market 
varieties. . 

Long John, b., is a new Michigan candidate for popularity, originating 
with that careful experimenter, Thomas Wilde of Ottawa county. 
Though by no means favorably conditioned, it develops promising char- 
acteristics. 

Louise, b., and Lovett, b., together with the old, well-known Man- 
chester, p., seem to hold a doubtful position among recognized market 
varieties. 

Martha, nearly pistillate, Moore, b., and Muskingum, b., scarcely rank 
as popular varieties, although the last, being comparatively new, may 
quite possibly yet acquire a valuable reputation. 

Ohio Centennial, p., (an objectionably long name) and Oliver, b., both 
hold very doubtful positions as candidates for popular recognition. The 
latter yields better results this year than usual. 

Omega, p., and also Oregon, p., have fairly outdone themselves this sea- 
son. In this climate the latter gives no indication of its alleged everbear- 
ing tendencies. 

Pacific, p., would perhaps justify the Great, originally prefixed to its 
name, so far as size and productiveness are concerned, though it is 
deficient in both quality and fineness of texture. 

Parker Earle, b., still holds its well-earned standing as both a family 
and market variety. It holds its double name, in defiance of modern 
Procrustean tendencies, doubtless mainly as a matter of courtesy or defer- 
ence to the wish of its noted and popular introducer. 

Parry, b. Only a slight lack of vigor and productiveness can be sup- 
posed to stand in the way of placing this large and excellent variety in 
the front rank of both the family and market lists. 

Pearl, b., although of southern origin, possesses unusually valuable 
characteristics as a market variety for the north. 

Princess, p., though somewhat deficient in vigor and firmness, has both 
size and productiveness to commend it to popular favor. 

Putnam, b., (omitting the General) is large and productive and will 
probably also serve as a pollenizer. 

Rusk, p., is scarcely likely to win more than a local popularity. 

Sadie, p., has quite outdone itself this season, so far as productiveness 
is concerned. 

Sandoval, b., and Saunders, b., are both very productive. They also 

22 


170 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIRTY. 


possess other qualifications calculated to render them useful as market 
varieties, and probably also as pollenizers. 

Sharpless, b. Only slightly deficient productiveness seems to prevent 
this variety from assuming a leading position, both asa family and 
market berry. 

Shuster, b., is by no means up to the standard, althongh it appears to 
be popular at the east, where it originated. 

Southard, b., is but partially tested here. So far, it gives indications of 
possible, perhaps probable, success. 

Splendid, b., is not yet well tested. So far, it affords but slight indica- 
tions of value. 

Speece, b., Stayman 1, p., and Stayman 2, p., all from Kansas, are pro- 
ductive and promising, though, so far, scarcely up to modern requirements. 

Swindle, p. This name may, very possibly, have been chosen under the 
rule of contraries, to aid sales. So far, there is too much apparent occa- 
sion to fear that it may be found appropriate to the case. 

Thompson 31, p., and Thompson 34, p., have now been on trial here 
several years. They have this year done better than ever before, but 
will now be dropped. 

Tippecanoe, b., has also exceeded itself this year, but is, even yet, lack- 
ing in productiveness. 

Triomphe (de Gand), b., a very old European variety, is now nearly or 
quite out of use. 

Townsend 19, p., and Townsend 20, p., are doing better this year than 
heretofore, the former especially so. If thought worthy to be dissemin- 
ated, they should receive names. 

Vernon (Mt. Vernon), b., once popular, is now nearly or quite 
superseded. 

Vick, b., although hardy and vigorous, is rather deficient in size, and 
is now rarely planted. 

Warfield, p., is too generally known and valued to require characteriza- 
tion. The plants should not be allowed to become crowded in the row. 

Wilson, b., appears to be going out of use, and has been retained here 
mainly as a means of comparison. When allowed to fully ripen upon the 
plant, it has few, if any, superiors, so far as high quality is concerned. Its 
liability to disease of the foliage is the most serious fault, and this is 
readily held in check by the use of Bordeaux mixture. 


RASPBERRIES (Rubus). 


For the purpose of avoiding, so far as practicable, the intermixing of 
varieties, through the running together of suckers, the suckering rasp- 
berry plats have been planted alternately with non-suckering varieties and 
with blackberries. 

Since the injury consequent upon the extremely wet spring of 1892, it 
has proved impossible to re-secure a sufficiently even stand of plants, of 
most varieties, to justify a statement of relative values based upon the 
amounts of fruit yielded by each plat. Estimates, based upon comparisons 
of the products of average plants, expressed upon the scale of one to ten, 
have therefore been resorted to. 

The only insect depredations observed during the season have been 
_ those of the Leaf Miner (Tischeria malifoliella—Clemens )? (See 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 171 


Saunders, page 114) which has been occasionally observed as an apparent 
estray from the adjacent blackberry foliage. Its attacks upon the rasp- 
‘berry foliage have been very limited. 

The crumpling of the foliage of most varieties of [deus and strigosus, 
which usually appears in summer, and often seriously affects the quality, 
especially of the later berries, is supposed to be the effect of a fungus. 
It has appeared as usual. 

Anthracnose, although present, has not been especially troublesome, 
though enough so to prove the difficulty of its entire eradication, and 
possibly to indicate that a more intimate acquaintance with its life history ' 
may be needful to develop other and possibly more vulnerable points of 
attack. 

The raspberries, in common with the entire plantation, were sprayed on 
March 15, before vegetation had commenced, with a solution of one pound 
-of copper sulphate in 25 gallons of water. This was followed, on May 17, 
with a spray of Bordeaux mixture of the usual strength. 

More or less uncertainty is found to exist, even among botanists, respect- 
ing the species to which several varieties of raspberry should be assigned, 
owing to alleged or suspected hybridization between species. Such uncer- 
tainty is indicated by an interrogation (?) and the variety is placed in 
the class apparently most nearly in accord with its characteristics. 


1st. R. Idcus.—With alleged or supposed hybrids. 


Pa = 
Z = | as 

= Name. = § a 5 £ Remarks. 
2 d ® 2 B Ors 
2 AS =) So 

g & qa a a seh 

5 cE ac H A £9 
4 o) aw ey x te Ga 
Pie MHarsting-ae nee Penn. —-_| 1870 | May 26__| July 3.__ 5 | Plant not hardy. 

Ay |) Mariboron ines seeneae N. Y. ___| 1881 | June 2__| July 5__- 6 | Market. 

30 "Phwack-= 2-22 2 ere N. Y.?.__| 1872 | June 4._| Jaly 6__- 1 | Large, of low quality. 


“2d. R. neglectus.—Includes varieties by many assumed to be hybrids between occidentalis and other 


species. 
Pe = 
g — | as 
rs Name. = § A 5a s Remarks. 
2 ® 2 42 Or 
2 A + So 
S| & q 2 2 Ua 
=} 52] S& As | et es 
Z oe) a i> & ar 
1 | Cardinal (Greisa) _____ Kan. -.__| 1891 | June 1__| July 4___ 6 Tiereased by both tips and 
suckers. 
AUC aroling= aes Sols N. Y..___| 1877 | June 1-__| July 4__- 10 | Bright clear yellow. 
3: | Gladstone --.- <2 2.2. Ohio ..__| 1891 | Jane 2__| July 5__- 10 | Bears an autumn crop. 
4 | Muskingum __________- Ohio -._-| 1890 | June 4__| July 5___ 10 | Fruit much like Shaffer. 
BaieShatrorgees ass oer) Ne Yes 1878 | June 4__| July 5__- 8 | Color dark purple. 


172 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


3d. R. occidentalis.—Black and yellow, tip rooting. 


3 ] 
gd | 5 |88 
-G Name. 8 2 BS Remarks. 
g a ih Bl Ye eee ea 
¢ Sula canes eee 
5 33] & A] ie zo 
Z o) Au cy ae) 
ib |G Fe RO Pe eed ODIO. | SOON sas ose ee be ee alee A failure. 
2 | Amer. Everbearing .--.| Ind. ___. ASOS j) 5222 RESINS AA ae ee Not yet fruited. 
Sal Beebe. sees oes. 2 See N. Y.?_--| 1886 | May 28__| July 7__- 8 | A yellow cap. 
Aen @arada soso ee se Ont......| 1891 | May 31__| July 5__- 5 | Not valuable here. 
Del a@armianes soso s= sso ae Conn.___| 1886 | May 23__| July 3__- 7 | Not popular. 
Gancentennialve 222-22 - Mowe-s) 1886 | May 29__| July 2.__| 10} Rarely planted. 
WalmCONTAt ee eee e oan Mich.__-| 1891 | May 31__| July 2.__| 10 | New; promising. 
8 | Cromwell___.__---.-_.. Conn.__-| 1890 | May 23__| June 30- 9 | Similar to Souhegan. 
OuleDoolittle 2-2 see eeees N. Y._---| 1884 | May 25__| July 2__- 9 | The first introduced. 
10 Doompre ee et Ie Ohio ____| 1889 | May 24__| July 3___ 7 | Of no value here, 
fs WManharthes.- 242222 525 58 ieee 1888 | May 29__| July 2__- 7 | Bears an autumn crop. 
12 | Farnsworth.-._...----- te _--| 1892 | May 31__| July 5___| 10 | Promising. 
SiitGreen! 2-2-2 se IN Yoon DSO A 5) Ri Oe ernest ae NaF 2 Not yet fruited. 
* Grega te Sot 6 ess Ind. .---| 1880 a ane d ae ee ! erect et hardy. 
ay 23__| July 11_- et unnam 
16 May 29__| July 1__-| 10 | Unnamed. 
17 May 26__| July 6__- 7 | Large; ae, superior... 
18 May 28__| July 8___} 10 Profitable for market. 
19 May 28__| July 9___ 3 | Plants badly enfeebled. 
20 May 23__| June 30_ 10 | Good market variety. 
21 May 29__| July 6___ 9 | Seeds very large. 
ra - one Z ou Le 4 pale successful. 
ay 29__| July 4.__ romising. 
24 June 2__|} July 6___ 6 | Nearly superseded. 
25 May 29__| July 4._-| 10] Very promising. 
26 June 4__} July 5___ 1 | Much like Gregg. 
27 May 28._| July1.__| 10 uite too seedy. 
28 May 28__| July 11_- 9 ot fully tested. 
29 May 23__| June 29_ 10 | Best early. 
80 June 1__} July 5___ 5 | Plants enfeebled. 
31 May 25__| July 5___| 10 | Yellow; like Beebe. 
32 May 26__| July 9__- 6 | Needs further trial. 
83 May 30__| June 30_ 10 | Try further. 
35 Juve d| July s<| 1 | Of donbital eal 
une 4__| July 5_.- oubtful value. 
36 | Sweet Home_-._______-- i Sea 1891 | June 4__| July 6___ 9 | Of doubtful value. 
ST ylOr je ee INDY 1878 | May 26__| June 30. 9 | One of the earliest. 
Boll Nareinia Sones Ohio? ___| 1890 | May 23__| June 29_ 9 | Of doubtful value. 
BO VWATIONG 2+ ees fee eee as Ohio? ___| 1891 | May 29__| July 2.__| 10 | Needs further trial. 
400 Wises. solo eo NOW a2 |( BOF |) = Ses 2 eee eee Not fruited. 
4th. R. Pheenicolasius. 
3 o 
3 FE gs 
wo om 
A Name. y as & & 28 Remarks, 
B A s = = B's 
g to | a 2 Sa 
B ‘oS & Ae de, a) 
Za jo) Ay & ica ee) 
1 | Japanese Wineberry._.| Japan. __| 1891 | June 15_| Aug. 11__ 5 | A curiosity only. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 173 


5th. R. strigosus.—Increasing by suckers. 


| 


s a 
dg 18) ) es 
Pa Name. aC g B oa s Remarks. 
S s g = e | Bs 
2 rid Bag a aa a |e 
a oe) Oy ey fy A, 2 
1 | Brandywine -_____----- Penn, ___| 1878 | June 8__| July 6__- 8 | Still popular. 
ay @hure hus sae ae Ohio.__.| 1892 | June 4__| July 9___ 1 | The first crop. 
3) | Cuthbert eee NE Yee 1877 | June 4__| June 30_ 8 | The leading red. J 
45 |iarl pKa oe aid sees ie eae NS TSO) Pe ewe ad ee Sree Not yet fruited. 
5 | Eastern King_-_-_.._--- Me. _._..| 1888 | June 4__|. July 5___ 5 | Not generally valued. 
6 | Golden Queen ____.___- N. J.-_--| 1886 | June 5__| July 9__- 6 | Best yellow variety. 

L EEE ES AO Oe ae aah el May 26__| June 27. 6 pained fOr eee 
Ter ont Bae a eee eli? 1804) | 2 28 ee ee ee tee Not yet fruited. 
Reeders 2-8 fs oe7 Mich.___| 1886 | June 4__| July 3___ 4 | Good family berry. 

10) ||PReliances 22 sro? 25 _--| 1880 | May 30__| July 6 6 | One of the hardiest. 
11) Scarlet Gem ---—. ..._.- Kanye = 1887 | May 25__|} July 2__- 4 | Showy; unprofitable. 
123) Thompson Ohio? ___| 1890 | May 28__| July 1___ 5 | Lacks productiveness. 
Seip burnor ss. S22) Des 1883 | June 5__| July5._.|._ 4 | Extremely hardy. 


Since the space available for remarks in the foregoing tables is inade- 
quate for proper or full characterization, more complete particulars are 
appended, in the case of many of the tabulated varieties. 

Herstine, though an American seedling, is claimed to be at least par- 
tially of foreign parentage. It is clear and bright in color, of fine size, 
and superior flavor. The plant is only moderately vigorous, and lacks 
hardiness even in this lake shore climate. With slight protection it is a 
superior variety for the family garden. 

Marlboro, notwithstanding its alleged partially foreign parentage, is 
fairly hardy. It is large and well colored, though not of superior flavor. 
It is specially a market variety. 

Thwack, though but recently planted upon the station grounds, was well 
tested here, many years since, and abandoned on account of its sad lack 
of quality. The plant is vigorous and hardy, and the fruit large, bright, 
and firm, but rather dry, and, for this reason, a good handler. 

Cardinal (which appeared in last year’s report as Griesa—the name of 
the originator), is a native of Kansas. It is one of the few varieties which 
may be rooted from both suckers and tips, though somewhat reluctantly 
from either. The characteristics are intermediate between strigosus and 
occidentalis, more nearly approaching the former, in this, as well as in the 
only slightly darker color of the fruit. So far it proves moderately vigor- 
ans hardy, and productive. Furthertrial is needful to fully determine its 
value. 

Caroline is an alleged hybrid between Jd@us and occidentalis. It is 
very hardy and productive. The color of the fruit is a beautiful pale yel- 
low. It is soft, rather acid, and lacks size. The plant propagates, reluc- 
tantly, by either suckers or tips. 

Gladstone is a comparatively recent introduction, named for the noted 
English statesman of this name. So far its summer crop of fruit scarcely 
justifies so distinguished a name. It, however, produces a profuse 
autumnal crop, upon the current season’s canes, which, unfortunately, is 
quite liable to be ruined by frost while yet immature. 


174 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Muskingum is a comparatively recent variety from Ohio. In habit of 
growth it approaches strigosus, though with the greater vigor of occiden- 
talis. The fruit is much like that of Shaffer, though smaller and some- 
what brighter. It suckers sparingly, and, so far, betrays little if any 
tendency to root from the tips. 

Shaffer is well and favorably known as a very vigorous grower and _pro- 
fuse bearer, rooting only from tips. The pubescence and dark color of the: 
fruit are disliked in the market, though, upon acquaintance, its other and 
desirable qualities, to a great extent, override this objection. The young 
canes of newly set plants often produce a partial crop of fruit in autumn. 

Ada has not, so far, afforded promise of value. 

American Everbearing has not yet shown fruit. 

Beebe is a yellow cap; a prolific bearer, but with too many grave faults. 
to be worth planting. 

Canada was tested here several years since and found wanting. 

Carman has desirable characteristics, but with Souhegan, Tyler, Crom- 
well, and others of similar character and season, it can scarcely be expected: 
to win popularity. 

Centennial also lacks the superior qualifications needful to enable it to: 
rise above its numerous competitors. 

Conrath, Cromwell, and Doolittle are too similar to others which have 
preoccupied the field, to justify the expectation of wider popularity than 
they already enjoy. 

Doomore, as tested here, possesses little if any value. 

Earhart is desirable, if at all, for its habit of producing a crop upon last 
year’s canes, at the usual season, and a second crop in autumn, upon canes 
of the current year’s growth. Reckoning both crops, it may be said to be 
fairly productive. 

Farnsworth fruited this year for the first time. It gives indications of 
value which justify its trial, on at least a limited scale, as a commercial 
variety. 

Green, new, planted last spring, has not fruited here. 

Gregg has so long been a leading market variety that extended notice is 
not necessary. The dense pubescence upon the fruit and a slight lack of 
hardiness are its most serious defects. 

Hathaway, 1 and 2, seedlings received for trial, from B. Hathaway 
of Cass county, Michigan, have now fruited. No.2 proves to be the 
better variety, and is apparently worthy of further trial. It is understood, 
however, that the originator has determined to withhold them from dis- 
semination, asscarcely up to his standard of merit. 

Hilborn may be properly placed at the head of our list of blackcaps, so- 
far as quality is concerned, though it has not acquired prominence as a 
commercial variety. 

Hopkins, Indiana, and Johnston are occasionally planted for commercial 
purposes, the last more especially for drying. Their popularity has 
apparently passed its culmination. 

Idaho, although for some time a candidate for popular favor, possesses: 
too little merit to justify commendation. 

Kansas, though a comparatively recent candidate for popularity, possesses: 
vigor, size, bright color, and productiveness. It is evidently winning a 
a deserved reputation as a market variety. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 175 


Lovett, black cap, suffered more or less injury from continued, drench- 
ing rains soon after planting. For this reason replanting may be found 
necessary to properly develop its actual merits. 

Mammoth Cluster, once very popular, is now nearly out of cultivation, 
newer and superior varieties having superseded it. 

Mohler, a recent variety originating in Ohio, produced its first full crop 
of fruit this season. It gives decided indications of value and is worthy of 
extensive trial. 

Nemaha comes from Nebraska, and is to all outward appearances merely 
a reproduction of the Gregg. It is, however, alleged to be its superior so 
far as hardiness is concerned. 

Ohio is popular among commercial planters, apparently largely on 
account of its large yield after drying. It is probable, however, that the 
excess of weight, when dried, is largely if not wholly due to its excessive 
seediness. 

Older, a recent variety from Lowa, is said to be drouth-resisting, hardy, 


with clear, bright color, size, and productiveness. It produced its first full 


crop here this year. So far it gives promise of value. 

Palmer has now been sufficiently tested to determine that it has no 
superior, if in fact an equal, among the older varieties of the same season. 
For commercial planting it may be fairly conceded the leading position 
among the earlier varieties, as indicated by results here. 

Pioneer was considerably injured soon after planting by the continued 
wet weather at the time, and from that or other cause has not, so far, 
afforded satisfactory results. 

Rundell is but a reproduction of Beebe, with its peculiarities and faults. 

Smith Giant and Smith Prolific are yet too imperfectly tested to be 
characterized. 

Souhegan and Tyler, though doubtless of distinct origin, are for all 
practical purposes identical. They are too well known to require 
characterization. 

Surrey and Sweet Home, though planted several years since, have so 
far failed to develop valuable characteristics. 

Virginia, for one cause or another, seems to be in the same condition 
with the foregoing. 

Winona was nearly ruined by continuous wet soon after planting, and 
has not, even yet, fully recovered. 

Wragg, a new blackcap from Iowa, was received and planted last spring. 

Japanese Wineberry still maintains its reputation as without value, save 
as a curiosity. 

Brandywine, though an old variety, still stands scarcely lower than 
second, as compared with Cuthbert or other leading red varieties. 

Church (Royal Church) has yet to establish a reputation here. 

Cuthbert is very generally recognized as the leading commercial red 
raspberry. 

Early King, though only planted this season, has shown a few fruits. 
From the foliage and vigor it may be regarded as promising. 

Eastern King has been on trial here several years, but has not, so far, 
developed valuable qualities. 


~ 


176 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Golden Queen, although somewhat deficient in productiveness, is large 
and very beautiful in fruit, which holds its rich, golden color, even when 
overripe. The plant possesses the habit and vigor of the Cuthbert, from 
which some persons assume it to be a sport. 

Hansell is mainly valued for its earliness. It is hardy, but only moder- 
ately vigorous. The fruit is somewhat deficient in size. 

Miller was received last spring for trial. There being several varieties 
of this name, it may be impossible to determine which is intended, till the 
plants are in fruit. 

Reeder was received from the late W. A. Brown, as Reder; but since the 
former orthography is adopted by A. A. Crozier, in bulletin 111, it is 
assumed to be correct, and adopted herein. Though not adapted to com- 
mercial planting, its fine size, beautiful color, and superior flavor specially 
fit it for the home plantation. 

Reliance, though slightly lacking in size, is of high quality, and seems 
well adapted to localities where superior hardiness is requisite. 

Scarlet Gem, as grown here, fails to develop qualities such as will war- 
rant its commendation for extensive planting for any purpose. 

Thompson has, this season, borne a moderate crop. Although received 
and planted several years since, it has heretofore proved a very thin 
bearer. 

Turner is doubtless the hardiest of the red varieties. It is too small 
and too delicate in texture to be recommended for even the home planta- 
tion, except in localities where special hardiness is necessary. 


BLACKBERRIES (Rubus villosus). 


The stand of blackberry plants, injured as they were by the almost con- 
tinuous rains of two years ago, remain in such uneven condition that 
resort is again had to estimates of comparative productiveness, as has been 
done in the case of raspberries. 

In common with the entire plantation, on March 15 to19, the black- 
berries received a spray, consisting of one pound of copper sulphate dis- 
solved in twenty-five gallons of water. 

A second spray was given on May 17, consisting of 4 pounds of copper 
sulphate and 4 pounds of stone lime in 32 gallons of water. 

The repairing of the injuries referred to, and in so doing securing an 
even and otherwise satisfactory stand of plants, proves so difficult, not 
to say impossible, that the replanting of the varieties, in a different local- 
ity, is contemplated, to be done, at least in part, the coming spring, when 
such as shall have proved unworthy, as well as such worthy ones as may 
not require further trial, can be omitted, retaining such as shall be deemed 
necessary for purposes of comparison. 

The facts respecting place and date of origin are frequently unobtain- 
able or at least unreliable; for this reason the localities from which plants 
were received are in such cases given instead. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 17% 


TABULATED LIST OF BLACKBERRIES, 


ES Name. c 

3 A 

E = 

i=] = 

Z ie) 

PA sa warmest ss cons ae oer N. E...-- 
Znj.Ancient Bbritones 52 o222.2 = 2 Eng. ? _- 
Sy ADODAD ZA Ree ee ee eee | PL ee 
4: °Childs'(iree) sak. Seer Se INGE Se 
ou) arly Cluster. 22 2 2 INA aoe 
6 | Early Harvest.___._..-_.--_- Nase s 
(apa lye Kang sees eo ste Nev Jroc- 
8 | Early Mammoth-__-______--_- Ohio - _- 
Sle tildorados 224 ee es es Ohio -_ __ 

10 ints) ae eS Se ee ee Penn, _- 

11 

12 | Hoosac 

13 | Kittatinny_. 

14 MO ae 

15 | Lawton 

16 | Lincoln 

17 | Maxwell 

18 | Minnewaski 

19 | Nevada 

“20 | PCO) Cray OE A ee ea 

21 | Oregon (Everbearing) ______- Oregon_. 

PARE SANLOrO tp) es Nee Ney 

2SUBSTVOCY te oe oes eee ndaee: 

24 COB sos elas Se Wis.___- 

2A LAV LOL ee ae EES a 2s My Ue ee 

Zo ieee bOmpsone =a oe. fo. Pee Ohio -_ __ 

ou wiWwachnsebt s+ o-oo te: Mass. -_- 

CBG OW all Oe) eee SU Be bi Wigsee== 

29s) Western) Triamphi es 22220 3|22 et 

30), | WalBontee 22 ee SSE oy NS 

31D | Wilsonyr din ee ee ING mice 


First bloom. 

First ripe fruit. 

Productiveness. 
Scale, 1 to 10, 


i 
wo oo w op wooo Om o-ti-3 


Remarks. 


Large ; excellent. 
Origin uncertain. 


Not promising. 
Value doubtful. 


Very early, 

Very promising, 
Further trial. 

Bat partially tested. 
Very vigorous. 


Promising. 
Thornless, 

Excellent; not hardy. 
Vigorous; fruit large. 
Still popular. 


Partially tested. 
Not yet fruited. 
Usually productive. 
Not valuable. 

Try further. 


A curiosity. 

Not yet fruited. 

Very vigorous; hardy. 
Hardy; too small. 
One of the best. 


Needs further trial. 
A thornless plant. 
Usually productive. 
Fruit lacks size. 
Large; plant tender. 
Like Wilson. 


For the purpose of giving particulars, for which room could not be had 
in the foregoing table, the following notes are appended: 
Agawam had been grown here for a Considerable period before the 


establishment of the Experiment Station. 


From this lengthened trial it 


appears to be unusually well adapted to family use, it being hardy, vigor- 


ous, and fairly productive of large fruit of fine quality. 


Ancient Briton is well and generally known as a market variety, espe- 
cially at the west. It is hardy and vigorous, but inclined to overbear and 
the fruit to become small, unless under thorough cultivation and efficient 
thinning. It is claimed to be an importation from England; but the 
claim seems open to doubt, since neither this nor any other cultivated 
blagkberry is known to have attracted special attention in that country. 

Bonanza, notwithstanding its highly pretentious name, has utterly failed 
to establish a reputation for value here or, so far as we have learned, in 


any other locality. 
23 


178 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Childs (Tree) although not yet fully tested promises, so far, to find its 
appropriate place upon the rejected list. 

Early Cluster is put forward by a New Jersey nurseryman. A some- 
what extended trial has shown it to be of no value here. 

Early Harvest is early, as its name indicates. Under thorough cultiva- 
tion only, should it be expected to yield profitable crops. 

Early King ripens slightly in advance of the average season. The fruit 
is large and abundant, and fully medium in quality. It is apparently well 
worthy of trial. 

Early Mammoth claims too much in its name. Upon a short trial it is 
not especially large. Further trial is needful to determine the measure of 
its productiveness. 

Eldorado is yet too recent here to warrant its characterization. 

Erie is large, and the plant fairly hardy, as well as especially vigorous. 
As compared with several others it somewhat lacks productiveness. 

Fruitland, a new variety received from Ohio, has not yet had time to 
develop its qualities. 

Hoosac is a thornless variety of little apparent value. 

Kittatinny is one of the oldest, largest, and finest varieties in cultivation. 
The plant is somewhat deficient in hardiness and is said to be specially 
liable to the attacks of a fungus known as red or orange rust. 

Knox is a vigorous grower and the fruit of large size and good quality. 
It is however lacking in productiveness. 

Lawton is an old, well known variety which yet maintains a somewhat 
uncertain standing among commercial varieties. 

Lincoln is too recent to warrant its recommendation, although so far it 
promises well. 

Maxwell was first planted here last spring. It was received from Mich- 
igan Agricultural College and also from New Jersey. 

Minnewaski was received many years since from the late A. J. Caywood 
of New York. it is vigorous, moderately productive of fruit of good size. 
Its position as a commercial variety is a doubtful one. 

Nevada is not valuable here. 

Ohmer has not yet had time here to fully develop its character. So far 
it may safely be set down as promising. 

Oregon (everbearing) i is a curiosity. The foliage is very finely lobed or 

“cut leaved,” and the canes are very thickly set with strong spines. The 
plant is of habit intermediate between the blackberry and the dewberry. 
Fruit rather below medium size, ripening in succession through a period 
of considerable length. 

Sanford, planted last spring. Plants received from New York. 

Snyder is unusually vigorous and productive. The fruit is superior in 
quality although deficient in size. Valuable, especially where great bard- 
iness is requisite. 

Stone is a spreading, low-growing plant and very hardy. The fruit is 
quite too small to suit the popular fancy. 

Taylor is vigorous and productive, scarcely if at all less hardy than Sny- 
der, and the fruit of fully medium size and good quality. Mather later 
than the average. 

Thompson came from Ohio with a pretentious handle to its name, 
auch is omitted here. Further trial is needful to establish its character 

ere. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 179) 


Wachusett is a thornless variety originated many years ago. It is of 
no particular value anywhere, save as a curiosity or novelty. 

Wallace was received many years ago, as a new variety from Wisconsin. 
It is vigorous and hardy in our lake shore climate, and moderately pro- 
ductive of fruit of fine size and good quality. 

Western Triumph has much of the vigorous habit and tendency to over- 
productiveness of the Briton, and is considered hardy, but unless given 
superior culture or severe thinning, or both, its size will be quite too 
small. 

Wilson and Wilson Jr., are practically identical. The plants so lack 
hardiness that winter protection is needful even in the lake shore fruit 
belt. The fruit also, though of the largest size, is poor in flavor, though 
readily salable in the market. 


SERVICE BERRY (Amelanchier). 


Although this in our forests may occasionally occur as a small tree, the 
variety in cultivation is a comparative dwarf, rarely above three or four 
feet in height. 

The fruit resembles the huckleberry in general appearance, though lack- 
ing in flavor as compared with that fruit. Birds are especially fond of 
the fruit, so much so that we have only been able to save any portion of 
the crop till maturity by covering it with netting. 

There is but slight difference in either vigor or date of blooming or 
ripening among the three varieties grown here this season, and the same is. 
aa of their productiveness, and the size and general character of the 

ruit, 

The bloom of all opened not far from the first of May, and the fruit, 
(having been protected by netting,) was gathered fully ripe, June 26. 

A portion of the fruit prepared as is customary with huckleberries,. 
proved to be greatly deficient in quality, as compared with that fruit. 


CURRANTS (Ribes). 


Between the depredations of the twig borer, (geria tipuliformis, 
Linn.) and the injury from excessive wet two years ago, the stand of 
plants of many if not most varieties is far from satisfactory, so much so, 
peed that the putting out of an entirely new plantation seems indispens- 
able. 

Currants received a spray of copper sulphate, on March 15, before the 
commencement of growth, in common with the remainder of the planta- 
tion. 

Being in rows adjacent to gooseberries, both were sprayed on May 7 
with potassium sulphide. 

The currant worm (Nematus ventricosus, Klug,) having made its 
appearance, a spray of Paris green was applied May 14, and, rain having 
occurred, it was repeated on the 15th. This not proving fully effective, a. 
spray of two tablespoonsful of buhach in ten quarts of water was applied 
on the 16th. 

More or less currant worms still remaining, a spray of Paris green was 
again applied May 19. Rain followed on the 20th and 21st. 


180 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


To prevent mildew, both currants and gooseberries were sprayed on the 
‘92d, using 3 oz. potassium sulphide in ten gallons of water. The same 
preparation was again applied on June 1. 

Mildew was discovered on the foliage and fruit of a single plant of 
Triumph gooseberry, the plant being under the lee of an evergreen screen. 

Sprayed currants and gooseberries with potassium sulphide on June 
20, and, aphides having appeared on several plants, these were also 
sprayed with buhach in water. This not proving sufficiently effective, a 
second spray was given June 25 with strong tobacco water, care being 
taken to apply it to the under sides of the leaves. 

June 27, again sprayed currants and gooseberries with tobacco water, 
for currant worms. 

June 29 repeated the same. 

June 30 repeated the potassium sulphide spray for mildew. 

July 14 repeated the potassium spray on gooseberries and currants. 

July 28 gave currants and gooseberries a final spray of potassium 
sulphide. 

The fact that the Paris green and buhach were less effective than was 
anticipated, may probably be charged in part to the occurrence of rain; 
and, perhaps, in part, to adulteration of those insecticides. The tobacco 
water was prepared on the premises, and proved quite as effective as the 
other applications. 

With the exception of the cases already noted, no other important insect 
or fungous depredations have been observed, except that, in the effort to 
SEED LOSe the twig borer, considerable bearing wood has necessarily been 
sacrificed. 


1. BLACK FETID CURRANTS (Ribes nigrum). 


es 
es 

Pa Name. ; ; 3 5) a Remarks. 
FE ie ea PN aq |B 
E =z |a| & a | Ea 

a je) Ay ise] ion] om 
1 | Champion (Black) ----.----- Hinge le. 1889 | May 3___| July 9_- 6 
2 |) English (Black) -........---- Eng. -__- 1879 | May 3__.| July11_- 5 
B)| Mee 3 RN Se eer ere Eng._-_-- 1888 | May1___|} July 1_- 4 
4 | Naplesi\(Black))-2= 22" 22222" ores 1888 | May7__-| July 9_- 5 
Bel Saunders 2 ee eee ee! Ont....__| 1890 | May1___| July 1_- 6 
6 | Wales (Prince of)._-_-..-_--- Ont...___| 1890 | May 3_.-| July 9_- 1 
2. MISSOURI, OR YELLOW FLOWERING CURRANT (Ribes aureum). 

gs 
: 38 

5 Name. : | slg Remarks. 
Fs SWE aes as gel es Kee 
q = a 3 & |33 

a 2) Ay m4 fom Ay 
de) Crandall; ee Sk ee | Kan.___- | 1889 | April 26_| July 9_- 4 | Not valuable. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 18k 


3. RED AND WHITE CURRANTS (Ribes rubrum). 


oj 
£2 
E Lo 
3 Name. ; 2 poae Remarks. 
® : z : a oo 
2 a 2 g eI Ba 
A =z |a| & a | ea 
a oe) Ay Q aa] Ay 
fe Cherryo tee eee ee Liye 1888 | April28_| July 1_- 2 | Plants feeble. 
2 Yee ed eee ee N. Y.-.--| 1888 | April 28_| July 1_- 4 | Plants feeble. 
8 | Holland (Long Bunched)---| Eur, _---| 1889 | April28_| July 8_- 5 | Injured by aphis. 
AD Wakewoodl 2) 22-4528 .22- 5822 OBIT OEE | ZIS90), | ieee ce |e ee ee Not vigorous. 
Br ondons (Red) eee esses a 1 Ojon oe 1890 | April30_| June 30_| 10 | Hardy; vigorous. 
Gy |\ Moores Raby seo) 22-245 ---2== Am, -_--| 1890 | April 28_| July 2_- 4 | High quality. 
io| Moore Selecte< imo 6223225. Mass..__| 1890 | April30_| July 1_- 1 | Success doubtful. 
8 | North Star i 2 | April 28_} July 1-- 4 | Very vigorous. 
OnlwRediDateht reer ees 1 April 28_| July 1_- 5 | Old; valuable. 
10 | Ruby Castle 2 | April28_| July 1_- 5 | Promising. 
ii MVersalllaisessm 222 ober ! oS Fr, ____.| 1888 | April30_| July 1_- 4 | Much like Cherry 
VPA al ME (oy 09 of Es), ee a eS Eng.___- 1888 | April30_| July 1-_- 7 | Profitable. 
13) White, Dateh== 2s) 22. ee. Wargo 1888 | April30_| July 1_- 5 | Fine flavor. 
14 | White Gondoin______-_____-- lotr 1890 | April30_) July 2_- 9 | Promising. 
Hop | WhiterGrapes sess ssi kurt Eur.?.._-| 1888 | April30_| July 1-- 6 | Market. 
168 Wilders] sae a ea Amn 21890) | PA prilig0) pease eae cee ae Doubtful value. 


The estimates of relative productiveness given in the foregoing table are 
probably so affected by conditions which could not be considered at the 
time, that they are quite likely to improperly affect the conclusions arrived 
at, which therefore are to be taken with at least some degree of allowance. 

So far as tested the several varieties of black currant show little appar- 
ent variation. To insure productiveness they should be so pruned as to- 
supply a sufficiency of young bearing wood, by removing the old canes. 
which have ceased to be productive. 

Crandall can not be accepted as a hybrid, as was claimed when first 
offered. If desirable at all it can only be as a curiosity; or, at the best, as: 
the possible progenitor of something very much better. 

Cherry and Fay have been nearly ruined by cutting away the canes, in 
the process of subduing the twig borer, to whose depredations, apparently, 
they are especially subject. 

Holland is the most vigorous of the red currants, and holds its very large 
foliage well to the close of the season. With its long bunch, even though 
the berry lacks size, it is usually one of the most productive. 

Lakewood, though a good grower, has not, so far, proved productive. 

London (Red) is scarcely second to Holland in vigor of growth, while 
this year it has excelled all others in productiveness. 

Moore Ruby is apparently worthy of more attention by those who desire 
superior quality for the home plantation. 

Moore Select has, so far, betrayed lack of both vigor and productiveness. 

North Star developed a very vigorous growth. Its productiveness is yet. 
undetermined here. Size of fruit, so far, not above medium. 

Red Dutch has, even yet, few if any equals, all things considered. 
Exceeding in vigor, it very nearly equals the largest in size of fruit, when 
given rich soil and thorough cultivation with judicious pruning. 

Ruby (Raby?) Castle needs a further trial to develop its character here. 

Versaillaise is very much like Cherry, though doubtless of distinct: 
origin. 


182 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Victoria is popular as a market variety in western Michigan, on 
account of its at least partial exemption from the attacks of the twig 
orer. It also usually retains its foliage later than most varieties. 

White Dutch is scarcely as vigorous as Red Dutch, but is fully its equal 
in other respects, and in quality for the dessert it is unequaled. 

White Gondoin closely rivals White Dutch, in most particulars, even 
including its superior dessert qualities. 

White Grape is perhaps slightly the largest of the white currants, and 
though objectionably straggling in growth is rather popular as a market 
variety. 

Wilder needs a longer trial. It has not maintained its previous reputa- 
tion the past season. 


GOOSEBERRIES (Ribes). 


Gooseberries and currants, being in adjacent rows, received the same 
treatment, so far as spraying is concerned; and the reader is therefore 
referred to the preceding section for an account of the same. 

Only in the case of a plant or two of Triumph (of European parentage), 
growing adjacent to the eastern side of a tall evergreen screen, was either 
plant or fruit apparently attacked by mildew, unless we except a few plants 
of Smith, which made no new growth, and produced no fruit, dropping 
their foliage very early. This apparent lack of vitality may probably be 
due to the circumstance that these plants were considerably injured by 
the freezing and thawing, and consequent heaving, of the soil—a casualty 
to which this variety is specially liable, on account of its inherent lack of 
vigor. 

The crumpling of the leaves near the tips of the shoots of several of the 
more slender growers, due apparently to the presence of a minute aphid, 
has been somewhat more prevalent than heretofore. 

With the exceptions noted, there have been no noteworthy visitations of 
either insects or fungi. 


1. EUROPEAN GOOSEBERRY (Ribes grossularia). Also American seedlings and crosses. 


eS / 
P ° S 
g =~|2}/3|&8 
S Bs _ 
K Name. ’ = 3 3 < x = Ss Color, 
2 a g 2 FE Bi ee alas 
f an teeta ve & |2/2/2)]8 
A io) Qu ey lem} Ay ey na mM 
UlpAuburn 222). Sas rfl N. Y.-.--| 1890 | April80_| July 2_- 1 9 5 9 | Red, 
ab||.;bendelon eo soe s. 22 one Mich.___| 1894 
BhEChampion® sass noe ae Ag. Col.| 1893 | May1__.| July 14- 4 6 7 6 | Green, 
4 | Golden (Prolific) ___..______- INS Wee) 00 po aee 1 eae | ee ok || Bee a eres | Skala e Yellow. 
Si] industry sae 7a 8 ee Eng. .._- 1889 | April 28_| July 9_- 7 8 9 10 | Red. 
6: “Keepsake! 2.2222. 2 ee Ag. Col.| 1894 
7 4 Lancashire Lad______-.._-.-- Ag. Col,| 1894 
8 | Orange (Early) __-...........| N. Y¥..-_| 1890 | April30_| July 1_- 7 9 8 5 | Yellow. 
Oi) Pearl it. 2, Seats 15125 32 ie Ont, -._-| 1890 | April 28_| July 9-_- 10 9 10 6 | Green. 
107. Red) Jacket. 22020 35. ccs Ag. Col.| 1894 | April30_| July 17- 2 8 8 10 | Red. 
Le erin pies een are NGJR oS 1891 | April28_| July 9__ 7 8 9 10 | Green. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 


183 


2, SMOOTH GOOSEBERRY (Ribes hirtellum). 


Salma i 

° M as _ = = 
go Name. : a a) oa ey = ee iS) Color, 
© D Te) 2) ° is = 
2 A + ae A & xs I gy 
aS) ath Oe &B }e|g|s/s 
Zz 2) Ay ey fo oy So > mM 
tle Houghton ost aee ee = N. E,-__-| 1888 | April 28.| July 9_-| 10 9 10 | 4 | Red. 
Sit Pale Rod ss eens oe Am. ___.| 1890 | April 28_| July 9_- 9 | 9 10 | 5 | Red. 

3. WILD GOOSEBERRY (Ribes cynosbati). 
Site ic 

g £)/s/8lg 

re) = oF s = 
: Name, : o 5 oy = ° Color, 
E ; cape Hier hy eel pita eo 
5 el Be) Soles heme 8 
Zz ° a a ee ev on a 
AMA DORIC es eee foe te Shes 8 Oregon _| 1892 | May 1 
2 WOhantanqua 2.252. e8e Ag. Col.| 1891 
BL Dawnine 4 6 se . Y...-| 1888 | April28_| fuly 12; 8{ 5] 10] 7| Green 
AS Mountains. 25-2225 — toe N. Y.___| 1888 | May1__-| July 9__ 9 3 10 5 | Red. 
BE |WSiii ghee. Ok ee N. E.__-| 1888 | April28_| July 5_- 7 8 5 7 | Green 
Gr eStntiblon= ss. coe. ets a es Tie 2 1892 | May1 July 11_ 1 10 9 6 | Green 
7p Wi bss) 6 RE ee ee Ohio - __| 1892 | May3 July 23_ 5 5 9 5 | Red. 

| 


In the absence of a column for remarks in the foregoing tabulation 
occasion is taken to more fully elaborate the following notes: 

Auburn was obtained several years ago without name, from the place 
-of that name in New York. Its correct name is unknown. Although 
unmistakably of the European type, it has, so far, been free from mildew. 
The fruit is large and of superior flavor. 

Bendelon is a seedling of the European type, which originated several 
years ago in Detroit, Michigan, and is said to have been, so far, free 
from mildew. It was received for trial last spring from a gentleman of 
that name. 

Champion is apparently partially or wholly of European parentage. It 
-comes to this sub-station without history and, so far, promises well. 

Golden (Prolific) was received and planted in 1890; but either from the 
injury of two years ago or from inherent feebleness, it has made little 
growth and has failed to fruit this year. 

Industry has been several years under cultivation here, but for some 
time it mildewed badly. With spraying the past two years it has recoy- 
-ered and has this season produced a fine crop of fruit free from mildew, 
which is, no doubt, to be attributed to the free use of potassium sulphide. 

Keepsake and Lancashire Lad are varieties of foreign origin received 
-and planted last spring. 

Orange (Early) and Pear! are of foreign parentage, the former in New 
York and the latter in Ontario. They can only be expected to succeed in 
‘this climate by a resort to thorough spraying with fungicides. 


184 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Red Jacket is a comparatively recent introduction and promises both 
vigor and productiveness. Time is needful yet, to determine its char- 
acter. 

Triumph is a variety partially or wholly of foreign parentage, received 
from New Jersey. Planted in 1891, it already gives promise of value. It 
may be regarded as eminently worthy of trial. 

Houghton and Pale Red are very much alike, the latter of a more 
upright habit of growth. Lack of size is their most serious fault. 

Apex comes from Oregon, and is reputed to be a native seedling. Not 
having fruited here, no description can yet be given. In growth and 
general appearance the plant somewhat resembles the European type. 

Chautauqua, planted last spring, is apparently a native. It has not 
fruited here, but is reputed to be very productive. 

Downing, the most popular market variety here, is too well known to 
require a lengthened notice. There is much in its habit of growth to beget 
the suspicion that its parentage may be partially foreign. 

Mountain is an unmistakable wildling. With the now numerous com- 
petitors, it should doubtless be retired. 

Smith, a reputed native, is larger and of better flavor than Downing, 
and but for its slender, weak habit of growth would probably supersede it. 

Strubler (the name of the originator), has now produced a few speci- 
mens of superior flavor. The plant is vigorous. It is apparently a seed- 
ling of the wild type. The fruit is green when mature. 

Tree is also apparently of the native wild type. Productiveness yet 
undetermined. Plant vigorous and healthy. Fruit red when mature. 


CHERRIES (Prunus). 


The ground occupied by the older cherry plantation is sandy, with a 
clay subsoil. These trees suffered serious injury from the continuous wet 
weather of the spring and early summer of 1893. The injury was so 
apparently serious during the next year that it was anticipated that the 
injury would prove fatal. 

During the autumn of 1893 this ground was thoroughly tile drained, 
with the result that, apparently from this cause, during the growing sea- 
son of 1894, these trees, with but three or four exceptions, have almost 
wholly recovered their vigor and health. 

During the unseasonably warm weather of last February and March the 
fruit buds had become swelled almost to the point of bursting into bloom, 
and were caught in this condition by the snow storm of March 25 to 
28—the mercury running down from 50° on the 22d to 16° on the 28th, 
with snow varying from six inches to two feet in depth, resulting in the 
utter ruin of the fruit buds of some varieties and the serious injury of 
many others. 

Following the spray of copper sulphate given the cherries in common 
with other fruits, on March 15 to 19, a spray, consisting of 4 lbs. each 
of copper sulphate and stone lime with three ounces of Paris green in 32 
gallons of water, was given a portion of the cherries on May 17, and on 
the 23d the same, omitting the Paris green, was applied to the remainder 
of the cherries. 


7 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 185 


Commenced jarring for cureulio (on May 23), finding very few on 
cherries. 

The cherry slug (Hriocampa cerasi), made its first appearance July 
2 to 6, and was treated with a strong extract of tobacco, which proved 
effectual for the time. 

A second appearance of the slug, August 21 and 22, was similarly 
treated. 

The spray of Bordeaux mixture and Paris green applied to cherries June 
30 to July 2, was given with reference to the possible attacks of the cur- 
culio; but, owing possibly to their preference for the plums near by, there 
have been no indications of their depredation upon the cherry. 

Fearing that another year’s rapid growth of a block of sixty cherries, 
many of which are sweet or Mazzard varieties, might render them liable 
to “bark burst,” the ground was last spring seeded with grass, a matter 
which would have been deferred at least a year had the very severe drouth 
of last summer been foreseen. 

Since the sweet or Mazzard varieties are so intermixed by crossing or 
otherwise, and are not recognized as botanically distinct, they are tabulated 
together and, since few of any varieties are yet in full bearing, productive- 
ness is omitted. 


BIGARREAU AND HEART CHERRIES (Prunus avium). 


| 
: 3 
=] = 
s Name. ‘ d i we) i Remarks 
= oS 6 
: EI 2 a] £ 8 
Z iS) (2) ~ Fy [ea] 
1 | Badacconyi-.--_...._-.---- Avioum.._._. Aust. ...--.-- ABOAS |S Seka ess Not fruited 
2h ppaltavarte sh. oe Avium____-_. Aust. 22222 SOL, RP aes Oi ease Not fruited. 
3) Centennial ss so 5s Atvinim=2 22 Amie AAs i Oe i Re Not fruited. 
4 cleveland i see A Nee Bigiee Ohio3= = S90 Seo Pee Buds killed. 
Sil Oe rhea Ae ee ee Heart 3s"; Conny s 1888 | April 20_| June 18_| Very beautiful. 
Bol Downer ss 2. 2 -es2 53 Heart= BM ass, 45-5 1888 | April 28.| June 23_| Hardy; productive. 
UP SLO ra Fee ees Se eet Heartost se: Big sree 1888 | April 28_|_...-.___- Excellent. 
8 |))Early Purple. 2-2 -2-2---2 Heart __ ____ 1 ee ES) Lal Se se De The earliest. 
95] Hltonats ss ee Bigy 2h % Barge nee ca S00 eee See ees Excellent. 
NOL eM icrence == ss 22s Big esas * Atalysren res afc) ir peer EES Rees Se Not fruited. 
11 eign feels) 5 ae aE Heart 2" = Fingioss oe SOOM | Ao sesh | eee ae Not fruited. 
ay pa Manrieh ce selene Heart =) 2 = 2 1 Orr yy ie Ae ee S925 Ena Sia ee oe Not fruited. 
13 | Mary (Kirtland) URGE Big; 268-2 Ohiop es 18005 eS eS a ee Not fruited. 
a4 eh astodon)0e 22) res ten Avium .___- Moe ea ASOS | Gato eae Ewe ey Aaa Not fruited. 
15 Modayaneky Th eee Avium.____- Arishae ie ee SS4 Oe 3 oes |e ee Not fruited. 
16 Not fruited 
17 Not fruited. 
18 = Not fruited. 
19 ig. --| Obi Not in fruit. 
ori schmiat= 2.2222 5 eS Aviom! 27) |-Ag; iColt_2: 19913 eee Pt ee Not fruited. 
Piste ArLArian ==. 2). <2 3+" Heart __-- =- Hari. 213% 1888 | April30_|__...__._.| Not fruited. 
ror \| #100 54 rv aa Avium______ NO lee ee ASOSi | ee ee eS ok Not fruited, 
PouWONGeor soe ee es ie ae Ont. 1890 | April30_| July 3__| New; late 
PAL MON MOOG |: Sy aS Se a ee Hearts Olio Ss ASO Le oe eS A Not fruited. 
25 Yellow Spanishsys) -\8o5. if ie le PAS ea 1890 | April 30_]___._____- Not fruited, 


24 


186 


. 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


DUKES AND MORELLOS (Prunus cerasus). 


The Dukes differ so greatly in habit of growth, foliage, and fruit from 
the Mazzards on the one hand, and from the Morellos on the other, as to 
indicate the possible blending of the two some time in the remote past, by 
cross-fertilization, and yet botanists fail to treat the Dukes as a distinct 


species. 


Re Swoaum comer | Namber. 


13 


SSESR FSESRR SSSR KES 


See 


They are therefore classed with Morellos. 


| 
S) 
3 3 S 
Name, iB i] 2 = a Remarks, 
E z a| £ 8 
iS) © Ay Fy fom} 
Albbesse jf. 7 ek Morello.} Rus. .._____- 1888 | May 1___| July 18__; Feeble grower. 
Angouleme) - 22.22.2522 2 2222 Mise ee Rosse 1888 | April 30.| July 17__| Very vigorous. 
Baendar toe te eee ae Meee 28 | eee eee 1892'\| April:s0)| = Failed to fruit. 
Bessarabian 2 oe aM ae Rus; aes 1888 | April 30.) July 18__| From Prof. Budd. 
Brusseler Braune-_-__-.___-_- Meco usr esos 1888 Ped Lesa (eae SR NS From Prof. Budd, 
Carnation 2222222. Duke=--|) Bur. 2= 2s 1890 | April 30_| June 30_| Fruited lightly. 
Choisey 2.2 ata Ase ees 1D Poe Bae! Borie fae 1888 | April 30_}___.______ Beautiful; excellent. 
Dyehouse:: =. 36 22 aes IME oe Ame 1890 | April30_| June 18.| Slender; straggling. 
IMsperel=s = )¢ 252-0 soe ee Mss Bares 1892 ay 3-22 |e Not fruited. 
Inanie = 2 os es renee Hare) tess 1888 | April30_} July 3.___| Amateur. 
HMverbearing= 2. 22203 M Failed to fruit. 
Frauendorfer (Weichsel) ___. Failed to fruit. 
Galopine: 225) 2 ee a7, M Not fruited. 
George Glass_____.._-._____- From Prof. Budd, 
Griotte du Nord_______-__--. From Prof. Budd. 


Montmorency, Large-__--_-- 


Montmorency, Ordimaire____| M._____- Har?.s 1890 
Montrueil see eae hi DRieee Mri ae 1890 
Northwest: iter: 51ers ee Dee Am.2_ = 5 2223)1898 
Olivet Sas ae eee ES 1 8 ie ae ace Am 44 2 es 1892 
Oreli2h + Fare vee IM axe 233 Rosi sao 1892 
Orelials Ae 1 eS Rusts 1892 
Osthoim 222 eos) Sea a GMS ee Rus 72 eA 1888 
Ostheimer= 2 Nee es 1' eee ae Rus? ... ...__| 1892 
Phillippe (Louis).._______._- Mees ree nue Fo 1888 
Richmond Ose2-2- Aare Mista e Har see 1888 
RoyalsDuke ess! See we D222 23h Boni ateeenes 1890 
SElanka 22st se be ee 1 es eee Russa 1888 
Spate Amarelle______________ |. een Rus 25 1888 
Strauss Weichsel_-_________-_ 1.) (ae os Rus. ...__.-.| 1888 
Sudal-t4arhe2 ere 2s aes Da aa oes ee 1892 
Welt Sess seer ie 1 Ree EY e892 
Wrare emi es ae a Maes lowa...-._-.| 1891 


April 30_ 
April 30_ 


April 80_ 
April 30. 
April 80_ 


April 30. 


April 30. 
April 30. 
April 30_ 
May 3__- 
April 30. 


May 8__- 
May 38-_-_- 
April 28. 
May 3__. 
April 30. 


April 30_ 
April 30. 
April 30- 
April 30_ 
April 30_ 


Well spoken of. 
Failed to fruit. 
Not fruited. 
Fruit buds killed, 
Not fruited. 


Failed to fruit. 
Excellent; late. 
Failed to fruit. 
Not fruited. 
Productive. 


.| Slender; drooping. 


Market. 


‘| Productive. 


Not fruited. 
Not fruited. 


Not fruited. 
Failed to fruit. 


Popular. 

Light crop. _ 
Very productive. 
Fruited lightly. 
Fruited lightly. 


Not fruited. 
Not fruited. 
Small; very acid. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 187 


Of the varieties tabulated, notes are appended mainly of such only as 
have already fruited sufficiently to afford some indication of their character. 

In describing cherries, together with the other tree fruits, including 
grapes (with the single exception of apples, which see), size and quality 
‘are expressed upon the scale, 1 to 5, employed for this purpose by the 
Division of Pomology; and in accordance with the practice of the division 
1 is used to express the highest grade, with 1+ to indicate unusual 
superiority; while 5 indicates the lowest grade to which the grading is 
intended to apply; with 5— to express anything of still lower value. 

Badacconyi, Baltavari, and Moduyansky, as indicated by their foliage 
and habit of growth, are of the sweet or Mazzard class. These are among 
a number of varieties, including apples and plums, received from south- 
eastern Europe by the National Department of Agriculture, and entrusted 
to this and other stations for propagation and trial. 

Cleveland, Coe (Transparent), Downer; Eagle (Black), Early Purple, 
Elton, Napoleon, Rockport, Tartarian (Black), Wood (Goy.), and Yellow 
Spanish have all been fruited many years since by the writer, and all can 
be confidently recommended to those who may desire to plant this class 
of cherries, for other than commercial purposes. 

Windsor has borne lightly this season, and promises to deserve a high 
position among those of its species, on account of its late ripening and 
apparent hardiness. 

Abbesse, Angouleme, Bessarabian, Brusseler Braune, Frauendorfer, 
Weichsel, George Glass, Griotte du Nord, Ostheim, Sklanka, Spate Ama- 
relle, and Strauss Weichsel were received from Iowa, coming from the 
collections of Russian or European introductions obtained by Professor 
Budd. All have fruited (the most of them very lightly) during the past 
two years. Sklanka, the only one that has fruited heavily this year, may 
be regarded as promising for market. 

Carnation is an old variety, scarcely at all grown in Michigan. The 
tree is vigorous and of upright growth. It bore very lightly this year for 
the first time. 

Choisey is of French origin. It makes a beautiful tree, and it has no 
superior in the beauty and fine quality of its fruit. Unfortunately it is a 
thin bearer. 

Dyehouse is one of the earliest Morellos. The tree has very slender 
drooping branches. 

Eugenie, another. French production, is beautiful and excellent, well 
adapted to the home plantation. Its desirableness for commercial plant- 
ing is not yet determined. 

Hortense is less popular than its real merits would seem to warrant. 
The at is large for a Duke, and the tree is one of the most vigorous of 
its class. 

Late Duke is of fine upright habit. It bore only a few specimens the 
present year. Its value here remains to be determined. 

Magnifique is of French origin, as may be inferred from its name. Its 
extreme lateness renders it the more desirable. 

May Duke is probably, all things considered, the most valuable variety 
of its class. It is widely known and valued. 

Montmorency, and Montmorency Ordinaire, as grown here, are appar- 
ently identical. They are apparently adapted to commercial planting. 


188 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Montmorency Large is quite distinct from the foregoing, being of more 
spreading and even drooping habit. 

Montrueil, another French variety, is apparently one of the earliest and 
most prolific bearers of its class, and the fruit isof fine quality and size. 
Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. 

Ostheim, though in bearing, has not yet produced enough to properly 
determine its value. 

Phillipe (Louis) was thoroughly tested many years since. The fruit is 
large, late, and excellent for culinary purposes. Insufficient productive- 
ness is its most serious fault. 

Richmond is too universally known to require description. It is the 
leading market variety of the northern states. 

Royal Duke, though an old variety, is rare in Michigan. It has shown 
a few fruits here this season, for the first time. 

Wragg was originated, or at least discovered, several years ago in Lowa. 
It is a weak, slender grower, and the fruit rather small, nearly black, acid, 
and late. It is said to be very hardy and may, for that reason, be desir- 
able in very trying climates. 


MULBERRIES (Morus.) 


Varieties of this fruit usually known as everbearing, and recognized as 
improved or cultivated and named, are the only ones included in our lists. 

Downing is an American seedling from Multicaulis (M. Alba), bearing 
large fruit of improved quality. It is scarcely hardy in southern Michi- 
gan. It is exceedingly vigorous and the foliage very large. 

New American, though no longer new, on account of its superior hardi- 
ness is the most satisfactory variety for Michigan planters. The fruits 
are of good size, with pleasant, sprightly flavor. But for the habit of drop- 
ping the fruit as soon as mature, it would doubtless be more generally 
planted. 

Hicks is a southern variety which so far is less productive, and the 
fruit of smaller size. 

Russian (M. Siberica of the nurseries), is desirable, if at all, for hedges, 
screens, or windbreaks. It is abundantly hardy, tending to a drooping 
habit. The fruit is very abundant but utterly worthless. 

Teas Weeping, grafted on upright stocks, makes one of the most unique 
of weeping trees. 


PEACHES (Prunus Persica, Amydalus Persica, or Persica vulgaris, of various 
botanists). 


Of insects, the curculio, as usual, attacked the early, smooth-skinned 
varieties, but was held in subjection by jarring. The insect apparently 
preferred the plum trees adjacent, as they were less persistent than upon 
the plum. 

The borer (Sannina (_Avgeria) exitiosa), also required attention in Sep- 
tember, and treatment with hoe and knife was employed. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 189 


An occasional specimen of rose chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus) 
was disposed of in connection with curculio, by jarring and handpicking. 

The cool, moist weather of this region in the spring, due to the prevailing 
lake winds of that season, are apparently very favorable to the development 
of curled leaf ( Taphrina deformans), which was more than usually prey- 
alent throughout this region. The peach trees upon the station grounds, 
however, were but slightly affected, owing, apparently, to a thorough 
spray of a solution of one pound of copper sulphate in twenty-five gallons 
of water. 

The fungus (Sphewrotheca pannosa?) which attacks the foliage and 
young shoots of the serrate-leaved varieties in summer, also yields to the 
spray of copper sulphate and to the Bordeaux mixture, though it some- 
times reappears later in the season upon the more recent growths, which 
occur after sprayings have ceased. 

The preliminary general spray, consisting of one pound of copper sul- 
phate in twenty-five gallons of water, was applied to peaches March 19 to 21. 

Peaches received a spray on May 23, consisting of four pounds each of 
copper sulphate and lime, in thirty-two gallons of water. 

Peaches were included in the general jarring for curculio, but so few 
were found upon the peaches that they were soon omitted. Jarring was 
commenced May 22. 

On June 9 a third and final spray was applied to peaches, consisting 
of four pounds copper sulphate and three pounds lime, with three ounces 
of Paris green in forty-two gallons of water. 

The last copious rain of the season occurred on June 26. In early 
July it became necessary to haul water from the river to be applied to 
newly planted trees, some of which were beginning to suffer from the 
extreme heat and lack of moisture. This was done by digging a slight 
trench about the tree, filling it with water, and replacing the earth after 
the water had been absorbed. The drouth, which continued with little 
intermission till October, rendered the continuation of such watering 
necessary till nearly that date. 

Abbreviations occurring in the several columns in the following table, 
are explained in connection with the heading. 

In cases of uncertainty as to origin, the source whence a variety was 
received is the one given. 

Clings are thus designated. The word free is only applied to avoid 
ambiguity. Neither word is to be understood as part of the name. 

In many cases names of fruits are simplified in compliance with modern 
rules of pomology. In occasional cases objectionable portions of names 
are given in parenthesis. 

Descriptions of fruits now in bearing are omitted in the tabulation, and 
given instead in subsequent notes. 


190 


Number. 


—_ 
SeOISm TrRwNRe 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


PEACHES. 
Alphabetical tabulation. 


é 
wy 
os 

= 

— 
| 
a 
=] 
oe 
EB 
io} 

= 

& 


Name. 


Bell (Mevonite) pie SNAG ANS! 78s Del eee 1890 
Bequette, cling 22S eae Tex Ji3 233 1890 
Bequette:freess:67 ees ere Mexa2 sete ane 1890 
BOreniCe wee passe woh eee Delis -2.235 1894 
Bickel) 2i) ae Soe eee Deli 2se2 1890 
Bishop s.a2i2 5. 2 eee ee Mo:2 a2 1890 
Blood tients ae eee nay is Most Sees 1892 
Bonanza eco eee hia ae eee Mo, stese 1890 
Boyles an eae eet ae ee Moe. 1890 
Brandywine 2.22 ee ae Nees 1890 
IBrotties 25k el Seah ie Mo. ae 1890 
184 gf 6 (0) 0 pe Re SOURS OUR eT a ING NR ee ee 1890 
DE Ye pea ey SLE NS SE Oe PAI Tex, ee taes 1890 
Brinson seen eee Mich == == 1894 
BO Wil tetra epee ey ieee oases Michie. 1898 
Bark e.  e Ss eR Mich. 22222 1892 
@anada Wane Se erie Tee eat Ontie ee 1892 
(GQ) ay Weg senate) seers 5 CRANES Reais Ohio: 1890 
Champion 2223 te ee 10D ie ieee 1892 
Champion (Serrate) _._-.__-_____-- Mich ease =e 1890 
Ohi GGA gp) esse Ce 2 FN ae ING Wire ois Sa 1888 
CHih(2) Cee en eee Mich 2.22 1888 
HTH (3) ee Pio ee Miche 1888 
Chinese, clings) See Dela = 1890 
Cleffey) (Alien) 2 Sa Mich.?_____- 1890 
Columbia eee eee ee ee IN ee 1890 
Conkling?) 22 Rae oe es INS Veeco see _| 1890 
Wonnetts “ose oes aoe eee one ele: 22- Ves 1894 
Coolidges(Mam:.) 222-22 nee |e Michi2 228 1892 
Comer. ass aie ae a Mich 232 1890 
Crosbyo ne a ae Mass.______- 1892 
Crothers 2a Bisa ee yo ie aaa POX ee 1890 
Wen nis es 528 UY Re, ASS FTE Mich,?_____. 1890 
Dianvond |< sae ae ee 
ee at we ae 
Diaimont.=--2 Se ay 
Danley “aw. INS Ye.) ee ee aes Ce 
warty Cobassses aces conse 
Marly Bamards. os. 2 2. ees Mich..__._. | 1888 
Barly Crawlorde ese eee eee ene Nee eae 1888 
Early Crawford Seedling (1)_____- Mich i226 1888 
Early Crawford Seedling (8)_____- Doon ss 1888 
Early Michigan (15)_--... _.-..__- Michiir22 22 1894 
Early Michigan (16)----.--_.____-- Mich; 226-4 1894 
Harly?Silvers: 22s ee ogee eet 1888 
ae Work? (argo) acon eae ee Michie ne 1892 
RANI Thal ga ee Caen e Mich,.______| 1890 
Hibate SUM ee Se eas ees Mt lass ee 1890 


8, small. 


Date of bloom, 


DODD DD 


2@OODoOD 


8 
8 
8 
8 
1 
1 
1 
8 
1 
8 


r, reniform; 38, ser- 


rate. 


Glands—g. globose; 


TRO Me Hee RRR BH HHH PHORM BRA RMRARRMR BHR HHA Rae HORRY 


SHRaAn 


Remarks, 


Not fruited. 
Not fruited. 
Rec’d as ‘‘ Good.” 


From Texas. 


A curiosity. 


May be same as 
Garfield. 


New; beautiful. 


From C, Engle. 
From C. Engle. 


Large; beautiful. 


From‘C. Engle. 
From{C. Engle, 


Promising. 


BSS Sesee | Number. 


PEACHES—ContTINvED. 
oO 
po 
xc 
Name. ; 7) = 
i | 2a 
| £ ag 
FI a | oa 
jo) Ay ea 
Misono et Ae Ohio = 1889 ) 
Englet(Mam:) eit eee Miche 1892 8 
ord (New) hoe ees ae et Deli nie: sessi 
Mord! (Red) 2 830220 oe eg ee 
Onde) ee tae as ee ee 
Ford e ert we SNe Se. 
Horde (S) setts ee ha oe 
Moptersssso22 tess Pe ES 
IMG K eee ae eas A Sa 
Gearya(Holdion) 22.22 ae 
Gem, cling __- 
Globe ______- 
Gold Drop - 


Grant (Gen.) - Sea cacti 
Great Western 


Hance Golden 
Hance Smock 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 


Heath i ching ss22e" a ie 


Hughes IX L 


vat ores aie i ee ae 


Ingol 


(0 lS 2 al ee eee a ee 


AC QUCH I: nee sete ste ae 
Jacques Patel. 3 ee ee ai 


WIS! 222 ose es 
hock, cling s).245_55 3/0. eee 

mnehuret=.2) 52. 2 are 
Rovellyee soo 2 tee ee a 6 8 
ovett (White). 2: eee ING ieee 1890 8 
Mardalal coin eae Horo 1890 8 
Mam Heaths 5255.2 kee oe ee Moreen 1892 1 
Marshia) [Poe Seino oS ee LS Ohio= aa 1890 8 
MeCollister? ei 22 Pil ees Moe es 2 1892 8 
MeKevitt cling) 5: aie Michi== 1892 8 
MAH izene Sesto 7 a ee Mich :aa2s 1892 8 
Minnie pee eee ae ee os ee Tex. __. ___.| 1890 8 
IMT Ot a eee ee ee eee Mich.._____- 1889 8 
MOOTe Hee Cet a te N. J.....__-.| 1890 8 
Morris? County? 22222 eh ts? Doles eas 1890 8 
MorrisiWhites 223) yee ae NGJiss eon 1888 ) 


Date of bloom. 


April 30___- 
April 27___. 


April 27___. 
April 27___- 


191 


r, reniform; 8, ser- 


rate. 


Glands—g, globose; 


6 0R 0 4 0 


te Me We BU | 


HAR Rea RRMA 


Le] 


HAO 


Remarks, 


From Cc. Engk, 


Unproductive, 
Market, 


Late. 


From C. Engle, 
From C. Engle, 


Promising, 


Market. 


In bud only, 


From C, Engle, 


Very late. 


Late; fine. 


1 


192 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


PEACHES.—ContTINUED. 
oO oa 
Bo : oa 
& 8 cr 
— ° ob 
. Name ‘ yl = a a i Remarks. 
g : eile = ik 
2 A 2 o§ ° SO60 
8 be q B@ 2 ae g 
5 52] Leia 3 Bie 
Zz o) Ay cy Q o 
1210 | eMonuntain Rosele-es.5-2ss2es--2- Michi=22=25 1888 s | April 27.-..| ¢g 
ODN Mrs nt et ee ee Ni sco bose" I890)| oe eal eee es r 
(28s Mystery0.) 0 ee eee N.J..-..----| 1888 s | April 27___.| r | Unproductive. 
POCTIEN Ama A pte seen pean eanaeeee Mo... 2 es 1892 a April 80 nee) or 
T25ulNectarine:- 2 oss. 2 ase ings 1889 1a) April 2722)" or 
126 | Need (Barnard).-......---..----- r 
127 | Net! (Marshall) 222 see r 
128 | Newington, free “g 
29) New: Prolific. io22 102225 g 
1307) WNormand 222-52 oa eee ee aoe r 
131 | Oldmixon, cling s |. April 27.-.-| ¢ 
ae Oldmixon, free s | April 28__._.| g | Market; dessert. 
DEAE Us eee | are 
134 8). |) April, 272222)" ‘2 
185 
136 Te | Aprilt282223|2 72 
137 s | April 28___- r 
188 rl 8) April) 27-4) 8 
139 | Peninsular (yel.)....------------ Dele ae y RL Wil eee wee 4 PE Se g 
T4On ||P ickett is oe see se eee eee Moses 1890 s | April 28_...| ge | Late. 
Wig lhiPrathe 3s. eo tees gael NW ee aes 1890 8) | \Atpril) 28222) oar 
N42nWPrince(R! Ripe) 2222222 ee Del ness 1890 8) a April cadens ||) ee, 
NASUPrincess!: seo eee Le IDeleeaaies TSO | SS as a PS ee g 
144 | Princess (Wales) ___._--.-------- Engels 1889 LW WAtpril 27a | ere, 
aR rize so ee ae ae ee Mover ee 1892 Sie vApril s0ne ee 
VAGUE izes Nee Ae ee eS Mowe eae 1890 8 April 27___- g 
147 | Red Cheek (Neal)._._-.-.-------- Brie 718938 s | April 28__- g 
118) Redi'Seedling 1222 22 2iss a a Mich eee 1898 1 | April 27_-..| g | Fine. 
AGH Reed te. ER SE UATE Aen ING Jee oe 1890 8 | April 29___.| 2 
AO Reeves. 22222 8208 2 eee ee Moses 1890 s | April 27_--.| ¢ 
POT R Ingo] dea: Sawer eee eee Moxs foe) oun 1890 s | April 27___. r 
ooglhiver Banks! tsi es Moi ee 1892 1 | April 30_---| ¢ 
153u Rivers toh 226 ie ne ee re ek St ng eee ee 1888 oa PApr 2 7eace r | Beautiful and good 
1547 Robenae ie es ee DT Guz RES | RIBO4S| Pewee SIE See ee era See In bud only. 
155) pROser 626022 Se a ee Mich= 1892 1 WApril28 S222 r 
156r | Roseville. {0 Aes 25st Ses Moree 1892 1 WAprill 2902-5 ae 
BTU p Ras. Sbevensoca eel ce arate NEY 22 1891 8) April 2722 4 er 
Mose sSalway. soos. ee se Se Mio eee 1890 s | April 28__-- r | Late. 
SOF GE Scatta se aaks Mien, Bee eee Ohio 1890 8) |pApril! 272222) ee ‘ 
MGT WSenor so cae jee ee Miche tes 1888 1 | April 26___.| r | Unproductive. 
a OTe} Shinloy:-03: ee Ce ed eee IN; Dc eres 1890 s | April 27.__.| g | Late; productive. 
1620\"Smock; free. fet eee ee? Wades 1888 s | April 28___-. r 
AGGeINSMmOck Kose ce! Pees Se Mow 3 iS 1892 s | April 27___- r 
ACA Snow, lates sees Seto ae Mich, ..____- 1890 s | April 27___- ne 
7165 | Southern Barly__.__.-----_...--- peti aes 1890 8) Aprilj272233|(sor 
M66 e ES DOLCE WOOG! sane teas eee ee eee IO peace eotes | LOO fete ee eter cts ete meee 
1670|\(StarkiHeathe tos) fe ee ae s | April 27___. r 
M083|\Steadly.. 2 Sie os Se ee 8 \oApril 27222 r | Late. 
I6O" | Stevenss uate sess sks eee Bey PADril aie ar 
170) Stevens) (Ri. Ripe)22. 222 22 2 s | April 27___. r 
Tif) (hea ket ee eer s | April 27_...| @ | Early; yellow. 
172 | Strong (Mam.)--..-.-..--...... s | April 30___-| r 
173 | Stump (the World) ------------ s || April 27_---| «2 
174 | Summer Snow..------.---.------| Mich...-....) 1894 |---.-.)----- aes ose r 
175 | Surpasse (Neal)......-.---..--.- Sep Aprilmoses2s|/-or 
A760) Switzerland {= 22: +. 4-3---4222 <5 s | April 28....| ge | Hardy. 
1770 ERallimanti) oe. Soba) oeesa es wee Moh tonnes S180 ge aaa eee eeee eee eee In bud only. 
178 | Tallman 2_ 22 Miche s2ce25| 8984 Oe es eee ee ee In bud only. 
70) Tallman’s 22s ee eee SE ee Soe ee le ee In bud only. 
TEST Wes ahs Cyne LO TEES DANTE) I ire) ts See ach eee aes r 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 193 


PEACHES,.—ConoLupDED. 


5 
o ee 
be aaa 
& (o) eo g 
Name, a es < 35 Remarks. 
: j 3 oa 
g E 2 | 38 x) 235 
E % a | ee g |aR? 
5 = 1) Cin S Sts! 
Z io) Ay | fe a) 5 
ASUS Toquints.s) 304 2--eh ats Seas =|) Mich?222- = 1892 1 | April 30__..| g | Market. 
ISPs Rownsend eno s sess es a Mich): = 1892 s | April 30____| g 
1657 MErothh. =) ee Se CaS Mot Ssuse: 1890 s | April 27___.| g | Early market. 
18f |) Tnoskena, cling)_= 32222 2-222 = Mose ae 2 ELA (ena) 1S SOS r 
RSaL Wee ere eee ee © eine re Soca SL Del 22 = 1890 1 | April 80___. r 
ISB t i Wallkkory 24528) 7s Noo as U5 824 Moa ss) 12825 1892 s | April 30__ r | 
Sh Wel Kernan. 222 oaks once ee Mo: ee 1 By Aprilrst. rg 
188) | Washington 2-20.22 sr Le ees Mono tee 1890 gs |April 285222) 2) | 
189) | Waterloo 28722222222 8 Sass ae NOY. eee 1888 s | April 29__ ie | 
100) (SWheatland= 2) sie Ny ee 1888 s | April = g | Unproductive. 
Oy EN UE eee a ee eee Mich2=2 =. i by Tl wp rniersl (eee ALS aA g 
192) |v Walliamson’)=) ai 2022 Mich: >=" 2> 1892 s | April 30____| g 
TOSS Wonderinlo ste ee 6 Le eas NEE ere: 1890 s | April r | Very late. 
194 | Worthen (Jennie) ___._..___.___- Tex pee oe 1892 s | April 30__ r 
195 | Yellow. Rareripe. .--..---1---.-.- Michie ee: 1888 Ba Aprilv 27s ies 


The following descriptions refer to the fruits only. The peculiarities of 
foliage and blossoms are given in the foregoing tables. The letters b, m, 
and e represent the beginning, middle, and end of the month respectively. 
Size is given upon the scale, 1 to 5, reckoning from one downward. 

Abricotee, ripe m. e. September. Size, 2. Form roundish oval; suture 
slight, half around the fruit; color yellow, sometimes faintly red in the 
sun; flesh yellow, with faint red at the pit—lacks juice; mild, vinous, pleas- 
ant;a market peach. Pitsmall,free. Fruit received for identification from 
Ohio and also from South Haven, and identified as above by the Division 
of Pomology. 

Albright was received from New Jersey under the name Good. Ripe b. 
October. Size 1-2; form roundish, compressed toward the suture, which 
is distinct two thirds around, one side enlarged; color creamy white, dap- 
pled with red; flesh white, with a tinge of red at the pit; juicy, mild, not 
rich, free; quality 3 to 4. 

Amsden, ripe July 27; size 3 to4; form round; suture half around; 
color greenish with a red cheek; flesh pale greenish, adhering to the 
whitish pit; flavor mild vinous, pleasant; quality 3 to 4; skin with little 
pubescence; inclined to rot before ripening. 

Barber (Syn. Hinman), ripe e. September; size 1 to 2; form irregularly 
oval, much compressed next the suture, which is distinct half around, . 
enlarged on one side; color rich yellow, shaded and dappled with red; 
flesh bright yellow, red at the pit; juicy, mildly vinous, rich, pleasant; 
free; pit long, oval, small; market. 

Bequette, cling, ripe b. m. September; size 1 to 2; form round, slightly 
elongated; suture distinct, half around; color creamy white, slightly washed 
or marbled red; flesh white, red at the pit; tender, juicy, mildly vinous, 
pleasant; quality 3; an attractive-looking peach. 

Bequette, free, ripe m.e. September; size 2; form round; suture distinct, 
half around; color yellow, with faint red in the sun; flesh yellow, red at 
the pit; very juicy, mild vinous, pleasant; quality 3; market. 

25 


194 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Bishop, ripe August 23; size 3; form roundish, depressed; color creamy 
yellow, shaded with rather dark red; flesh white, faintly reddened at the 
pit, from which it separates freely; very juicy, tender, sweet, rich; quality 
1; a superior amateur variety; also for market, if su ficiently productive. 

"Blood Leaf, ripe b. m. October; size 4; form roundish, compressed toward 
the suture, which is slight, extending half around, apex depressed; color 
greenish yellow or cream, with occasionally a faint red cheek; flesh mod- 
erately juicy, mild, poor in flavor; white to the pit, which is large, adher- 
ent; quality 5; a curiosity, on account of the persistent brownish red 
color of the foliage. 

Boyles, ripe m. September; size 2 to 3; form round, depressed, suture a 
mere line, more than half around, cavity very broad; color bright yellow, 
with a dark red cheek, pubescence slight; flesh yellow, faintly reddened at 
the pit, which is free; very juicy, tender, mildly vinous, rich, excellent; 
quality 1 to 2; table and market. 

Brigdon, ripe September 2, size 5, (probably not a representative speci- 
men) round, compressed toward the suture, color creamy yellow, with faint 
blush, flesh bright yellow, very juicy, mild, vinous, rich, free; quality 2; 
market. 

Brown, ripe August 23, size 3, form roundish, suture two thirds around, 
color creamy, with red cheek; flesh, yellowish white; lacks juice; mild, 
pleasant; quality 4; free; pit small. 

Burke, ripe m. September, size 1, form roundish, slightly elongated, suture 
very distinct, more than half around; color creamy, with a faint tinge of 
red; flesh whitish, very red at the pit, exceedingly juicy, tender, vinous, 
pleasant, free; quality 2 to 3. 

Canada (Syn. Early Canada), ripe July 28, though it scarcely equals 
the Amsden in size, is so much like it in all essential particulars that 
further notice is omitted. 

Champion, ripe August 28, size 2, form round, nearly regular, suture 
slight, two thirds around; color creamy white, mottled with red in the sun; 
flesh whitish, with slight streaks of red at the pit (which is of scarcely 
medium size), very juicy, with delicate texture, free; quality 2. Superior 
for the dessert. 

Chinese, cling, ripe b. m. September, size 1, form roundish, a little elon- 
gated, suture half around; color pale yellow, flesh white, red at the pit, very © 
Juicy, tender, rather vinous, with something of the peculiar, bitter peach 
flavor. Cling; an exceedingly fine, rich-looking peach. 

Chili (Hill’s), ripe m. e. September, size 2 to 3, form roundish, inclining 
to oval, compressed, suture distinct, one sideenlarged, color yellow, marbled 
with red in the sun, quite pubescent; flesh bright yellow, red at the pit, 
which is long and rather large, very mild, almost sweet, not very juicy, 
quality 3, free; market only. 

Chili Seedling No. 2; ripe e. September; size 2; form round, oval, com- 
pressed, suture distinct, two thirds around; color yellow and dark red, 
striped or mottled, moderately pubescent; flesh yellow, moderately juicy, 
vinous, sprightly, rich; quality 2; free. A decided improvement on the 
old Chili. Market. Originator, C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan. 

Chili Seedling No. 3, ripe m. September; from the same source as the 
preceding; is so similar to it that further description is deemed unnecessary. 

Cleffey (Allen), ripe September 6; size 2 to 3; form roundish, suture 
slight, three fourths around; color bright yellow, shaded with light and 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 195 


dark red; flesh bright yellow, slightly red at the pit, juicy, vinous, 
sprightly; free; quality 2 to 3; a good handler; market, if productive. 

Conkling, ripe m. e. September; size 1 to 2; form round, slightly ovate, 
a little compressed, suture distinct half around; color creamy white, with 
red cheek, marked with darker red; flesh whitish, red at the pit, which is 
small and pointed, very juicy, tender, vinous, pleasant; quality 3. Dessert. 

Crothers, ripe e. September; size 2;form roundish, slightly compressed, 
slightly ovate, suture indistinct; color greenish white, with a red, striped 
or marbled cheek; flesh white, red at the pit, Juicy, vinous, rather pleasant; 
quality 3; pit medium, free. 

Dennis, ripe b. m. September; size 3; form round, suture distinct half 
around; color clear bright yellow; flesh light yellow, firm, moderately 
juicy, not reddened at the pit, which is free; flavor sprightly, vinous, rich; 
quality 2; a fine canning peach; promising for market. 

Karly Barnard, ripe August 28; size 2 to 3; form roundish, suture prom- 
inent, half around; color rich yellow, nearly covered with dark red; flesh 
yellow, much reddened at the pit, which is free; juicy, tender, nearly 
sweet; quality 3; market. Fruit buds hardy; inclined to overbear; must 
usually be severely thinned to secure good-size fruit, and to prevent 
injury to the tree. 

Karly Crawford, ripe September 1; size 1 to 2; form roundish, com- 
pressed toward the suture, which extends two thirds around; color bright 
yellow, with a red cheek; flesh bright yellow, slightly red at the pit, which 
is large; free; very juicy, vinous, tender; quality 2; popular on account of 
size and general appearance. Liability to winter killing of fruit buds is 
its most serious defect. 

Early Michigan, ripe August 27; size 2; form roundish, compressed 
toward the suture, which is rather deep, half around; color creamy, shaded 
with light red; flesh creamy white, very juicy, tender, vinous, sprightly, 
excellent; free; pit small. Nos. 15 and 16 of the originator, the former 
with globose and the latter with reniform glands, are being propagated 
indiscriminately, under this name, the difference in the fruit of the two 
being scarcely noticeable. 

Early Silver, ripe August 29; size 2 to 3; form roundish oval, slightly 
compressed, suture distinct half around, apex slightly conical; color green- 
ish cream; flesh white to the pit; free; flavor juicy, vinous, rich; tender, 
crisp; quality 2; excellent for canning. 

Elberta, ripe b. m. September; size 1 to 2; form roundish oval, slightly 
compressed, suture distinct, more than half around; color yellow, with a 
red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the pit, which is rather large, separating 
freely; flavor juicy, slightly vinous; quality 2 to 3; market. 

Engle (Mam.), ripe m. September; size 2; form- roundish, suture very 
slight, half around; color yellow, red next the sun; flesh yellow, scarcely 
reddened at the pit, which is rather small, free; flavor sweet, juicy, rich, 
pleasant; quality 2;.an excellent market peach. 

Foster, ripe August 31; size 1 to 2; form round, one side enlarged, slightly 
compressed toward the suture, which is slight, two thirds around; color 
bright yellow, shaded with dark red; flesh bright yellow, slightly red at 
the pit, which is rather large, free; flavor juicy, vinous, tender, sprightly; 
much like Karly Crawford both in tree and fruit; quality 2; market. 

Fox, ripe e. September; size 3; form oval, irregular, suture slight, three 
fourths around, apex a swollen point; color creamy white, with alittle bright 


196 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


red next the sun; flesh white, with red at the pit; flavor very juicy, mild, 
vinous, rich, free: quality 1 to 2. A dessert peach of superior flavor. 

Geary, ripe b. October: size 2; form round, slightly compressed, suture 
two thirds around; color creamy ‘yellow, with a faint suspicion of red in the 
sun; free. 

Gem Cling, ripe e. September b. October; size 2; form roundish, slightly 
oblate, suture distinct, one side enlarged, apex a depression in the suture; 
color light cream, with red blush in the sun; flesh whitish, red at the pit, 
moderately juicy, mild, almost sweet, firm; quality 2 to 3. 

Gold Drop, ripe e. September b. October; size 3; form roundish, suture 
distinct, more than half around, one side enlarged; color rich, clear yellow, 
approaching orange on the exposed side; flesh yellow to the pit; flavor 
sweet, firm, juicy, a good handler; quality 2 to 3; market. 

Gudgeon, ripe m. October; size 2 to 3; form round, suture shallow, one 
side enlarged, apex a slight interruption in suture; color greenish white, flesh 
white, faintly reddened at the pit; flavor moderately juicy, tender, vinous, 
pleasant for so late a fruit, free; quality 4, will doubtless be improved 
when in full bearing. 

Haas, ripe August 24; size 3; form round, depressed, suture slight, end- 
ing in a depression at the apex; color creamy white, shaded and dappled 
with bright red in the sun; flesh tender, creamy white, very juicy, mildly 
vinous, free; quality 1 to 2, 

Hale, ripe August 8; size 3; form round, suture slight, half around; color 
greenish white, with a red cheek, pubescence slight; flesh greenish white, 
partially adherent, very juicy, vinous, pleasant; quality 3; dessert, market. 

Hale x oblong and Hale x round, are very nearly alike, and very similar 
to Hale, though less adherent and of finer flavor. 

Hance Smock, ripe b. m. October; size 1 to 2; form round, suture distinct, 
half around, one side enlarged; color yellow, with red cheek; flesh yellow, 
red at the pit, which is of medium size, free; quality 3 to 4; market. 

Hyatt, ripe August 8; size 2 to 3; form roundish, suture distinct; color 
pale, with rich, red cheek; flesh pale, rich, vinous, very good. Every way 
much like Hale, but more highly colored, of superior quality and, when 
fully ripe, nearly free from the pit; promising for both dessert and mar- 
ket. 

Hynes, ripe August 21; size 4; color pale, mottled, shaded or striped red; 
form roundish, depressed, suture moderate, ending in a depression at the 
apex; flesh white, tender, very juicy, vinous, rich, nearly or quite free, 
when fully ripe; quality 2; dessert. 

Infant Wonder, ripe September 3; form roundish, slightly oval, suture 
slight, two thirds ‘around; color creamy white, with a little red in the sun; 
flesh white, with a little red at the pit, which is free; flavor highly vinous, 
juicy; quality 3 to 4. 

Ingold, ripe August 20; size 4; color creamy, with red cheek; flesh pale, 
mildly vinous, very juicy, tender, free; quality 1 to 2; excellent for dessert. 

June Rose, ripe September 4; size 4; form round, suture distinct, half 
around; color pale creamy white, blushed or marbled with light red; flesh 
white, faint red at the pit, which is free; very juicy, tender, vinous, "excel- 
lent; quality 1; an admirable dessert peach, 

Kallola, ripe m. September; size 2 to 3; form roundish oval, slightly com- 
pressed toward the suture, which is distinct, more than half around; color 
white, tinged red in the sun; flesh greenish white, faintly reddened at the 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 197 


pit, which is free; tender, very juicy, vinous, rather rich, pleasant; quality 
2; a very good dessert peach. 

Lemon Cling, ripe e. September; size 3 to 4; form ovate, pointed at the 
apex,suture distinct, one side enlarged; color creamy, blushed red next the 
sun; flesh pale yellow, red at the pit; adherent; flavor rich, juicy, vinous, 
pleasant; quality 2 to 3. 

Lewis, ripe August 25; size 2; form roundish, slightly depressed, 
suture half around, slight; color creamy white, shaded and marbled with 
two shades of bright red; flesh whitish, very. juicy, tender, mildly vinous, 
pleasant; quality 2 to 3. A popular market peach; distinct from Early 
Michigan, with which it has been confounded, and scarcely its equal in 
quality. 

Lovell, ripe m. e. September; size 4; form round, suture slight, half 
around; color clear yellow, with faint marbling of red; flesh yellow to the 
pit, which is free; firm, vinous, pleasant, moderately juicy; quality 4; 
market. 

Lovett White, ripe b. m. October; size 1 to 2; form oval, cavity narrow, 
rather deep, suture distinct; color creamy white; flesh greenish: white to 
the pit, which is free; juicy, mild, vinous, not rich; quality 3; rather late 
for this latitude. 

Magdala, ripe September 4; size 4; form round, suture very slight; color 
creamy white, with two shades of red; flesh white or yellowish white, with 
faint red at the pit, which is free; juicy, mild, vinous; quality 3; dessert. 

Mammoth Heath, ripe b. October; size 2 to 3; form roundish oblate, 
suture distinct, two thirds around; color rich yellow, a little red near the 
stem; flesh clear yellow to the pit; juicy, firm, sweet, sprightly, rich; 
adherent; quality 2. 

Marshall Late, ripe m. October; size 3; form irregular oval, suture dis- 
tinct near the apex, which is sunken, one side much enlarged, especially 
near the apex; color yellow; flesh yellow, red at the pit, which is free; 
moderately juicy, and quite vinous; quality 3 to 4; needs further trial. 

McCollister, ripe e. September b. October; size 2; form roundish oval, 
apex pointed, compressed toward the rather distinct suture, one side 
enlarged; color pale creamy yellow, with a bright red cheek, obscurely 
striped; flesh light yellow, red at the pit, which is free; juicy, mild, nearly 
sweet, pleasant; quality 2 to 3; pit medium, long, pointed; market. 

Morris County, ripe m. October; size 2 to 3; form round, suture slight, 
half around, apex a mere speck in the suture; color light cream; flesh 
white, faintly reddened at the pit; moderately juicy, vinous, pleasant, free; 
quality 3 to 4. 

Mountain Rose, ripe August 22; size 3; form round, suture slight, two 
thirds around, apex a depression in the suture; color creamy, with red in 
the sun; flesh creamy white, slightly red at the pit, which is free; juicy, 
slightly vinous, mild, pleasant, quality 2; dessert, market. 

Mystery, ripe August 28; size 1; form roundish, slightly flattened, suture 
moderate, two thirds around; color bright yellow, with a dark red cheek; 
flesh bright yellow, tender, vinous, very juicy, free; quality 2; very beauti- 
ful, but so far a thin bearer. 

Apricot (Syn. N. Am. Ap’t.), ripe e. September; size 3; form roundish 
ovate, suture distinct, two thirds around; color yellow, with a faint tinge 
of red; flesh yellow, faint red at the pit; juicy, tender, vinous, pleasant; 
quality 3; free; an imperfect specimen. 


198 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Nectarine, ripe m. September; size 2 to 3; form ovate, pointed at apex, 
suture scarcely perceptible, half around; color pale cream, with a faint red 
marbled cheek, pubescence slight; flesh white, red at the pit, which is free; 
juicy, vinous, rich; quality 2; a dessert peach. 

New Prolific, ripe b. m. September; size 3; form round, suture distinct, 
half around; color light cream, with a dark red cheek; pubescence slight; 
flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich; free, pit small; quality 2 to 3; a beautiful 
and good peach for dessert or market. 

Oldmixon, cling, ripe m. September; size 2 to 3; form ovate, suture 
scarcely perceptible; color pale yellow; flesh creamy white, red at pit, 
adherent; mild, juicy, pleasant; quality 3. 

Oldmixon, free, ripe b. m. September; size 2; form roundish, slightly 
elongated, suture slight, two thirds around; color creamy white, marbled 
with light red; flesh nearly white, with red at the pit; very juicy, vinous, 
pleasant, rich, excellent; quality 1. 

Pearl, ripe b. m. September; size 2; form round, suture a mere line, half 
around; color creamy white, faintly marbled with red; flesh white, red at the 
pit, very juicy, vinous, tender, rich, free; quality 2, much like Oldmixon, free. 

Picket late, ripe m. October; size 4; form roundish oval, suture indistinct, 
apex a slight interruption of the suture; color creamy with a dappled red 
cheek; flesh white, slightly brown at the pit, which is free; very firm, mod- 
erately juicy, mild, vinous; quality 5, needs further trial. 

Pratt, ripe August 31; size'3; form roundish, compressed toward the 
suture which is distinct half around; color bright yellow with a dark red 
cheek; flesh yellow, red at the pit, which is large and free; flavor mild, 
vinous, rich, tender, moderately juicy; quality 3; apparently a desirable 
market peach. 

Princess (of Wales), ripe m. e. September; size 1; form round, suture 
indistinct; color light cream, with light pink about the stem; flesh white, 
slightly red at the rather large pit, which is free; juicy, tender, vinous, 
rich; quality 1 to 2; a large, beautiful, and excellent dessert peach. 

Prize 1, ripe e. September b. October; size 3; form roundish oblong, 
suture slight, half around, one side enlarged; color yellow, red at the pit, 
which is rather large, free; moderately juicy, vinous, rather rich, pleasant; 
quality 3; market. 

Red Seedling (origin supposed to be at South Haven, Michigan), ripe 
August 24; size 3; form roundish, compressed toward the distinct suture; 
color creamy white, washed with red in the sun; flesh whitish, slightly red 
at the pit, from which it separates freely; quality 3. 

Rivers, ripe August 3; size 2 to 8; form roundish oval, suture moderate; 
color pale cream, with a light pink cheek; flesh white to the pit, which is 
free; tender, delicate, vinous, rich, excellent; quality 1 to 2; dessert and 
market. 

Roseville, ripe b. m. October; size 2; form round, suture slight half 
around, apex sunken; color creamy white, to the pit, to which it adheres; 
juicy, vinous, mild, rich; quality 2; one of the best late clings. 

Salway, ripe m. October; size2; form irregular, roundish, suture distinct, 
three fourths around, apex sunken; color creamy, slight red at the stem; 
flesh yellow, red at the pit, which is free; moderately juicy, vinous, pleas- 
ant; quality 3; may improve when more fully in bearing. 

Scott (Nonpariel), ripe b. m. October; size 4; form round, suture slight, 
half around, apex sunken; color yellow, with a faint red cheek, very pubes- 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 199 


cent; flesh yellow, red at the pit, which is free; rather dry, slightly acid, 
and bitter (noyeau), quality 4 to 5. 

Shipley, ripe m. September; size 3; form roundish oval, suture not 
prominent; color pale, with a red cheek; flesh pale, moderately juicy, red 
at the pit, which is free; flavor vinous, rather tender, pleasant; quality 3; 
market, productive. 

Smock free, ripe b. m. October; size 2; form roundish, slightly compressed 
toward the suture, which is distinct, one side enlarged; color yellow; flesh 
yellow, with red at the pit, which is large; flavor vinous, not very juicy, 
inclined to acid; quality 3; market. f 

Southern Early, ripe August 30; size 1 to 2; form roundish, slightly 
compressed, suture two thirds around; quite pubescent; color creamy 
white; flesh yellow, much reddened at the pit, which is free; texture fibrous; 
flavor vinous, not very rich, moderately juicy; quality 3. 

Stark Heath, ripe m. October; size 2; form roundish oval, compressed 
toward the suture, which is distinct near the swollen apex, and one side 
much enlarged; color light, creamy; flesh white to the pit, which is 
adherent; firm, moderately juicy, mild; quality 3 to 4. 

Steadly, ripe b. m. October; size 1 to 2; form oval, suture two thirds 
around, apex swollen; color creamy; flesh greenish white to the pit, which 
is free; lacks juice; vinous, tender, rich; quality 3; a thin bearer. 

Stump, ripe August 23; size 2 to 3; form roundish oblong; color whitish, 
with a red cheek; flesh pale, vinous, juicy, free; received from Missouri 
as Heath Cling. 

Switzerland, ripe m. e. September; size 3; form round, suture scarcely 
perceptible, two thirds around; color creamy, marbled with red in the sun; 
flesh whitish, red at the pit, which is free; juicy, nearly sweet, pleasant, 
not rich; quality 3; a market peach. 

Toquin, ripe m. e. September; size 3; form round, suture indistinct, half 
around; color bright yellow, with sometimes a faint tinge of red; flesh yel- 
low, faintly reddened at the pit, which is small and free; moderately juicy, 
vinous, sprightly, rich, firm; quality 3; a promising market peach, 
originating in the town of Toquin, Michigan. 

Troth, ripe September 1; size 4; form round, suture slight, two thirds 
around; color creamy white, shaded with dull red in the sun; flesh creamy 
white, tender, moderately juicy, mild in flavor; quality 4; free; an old, pro- 
. ductive market variety. 

Wager, ripe b. October; size 4 to 5; form roundish, slightly elongated, 
suture distinct, more than half around; color pale yellow, with a red cheek; 
flesh pale yellow, rather dry, vinous, rather rich; quality 3 to 4; market. 

Walker Variegated, ripe e. September; size 2 to 3; form roundish, suture 
distinct, two thirds around, apex slightly swollen; color creamy white, with 
red cheek; flesh white with red at the pit, which is free; juicy, mildly 
vinous, pleasant; quality 3; a dessert peach. 

Wheatland, ripe September 4; size 1+; form round, suture slight, three 
fourths around; color whitish. shaded with red in the sun; flesh whitish, 
red at the pit, which is free; tender, juicy, vinous; quality 5;a market 
peach where sufficiently productive, but, unfortunately, unproductive in 
most localities. 

Wonderful, ripe b. October; size 1; form roundish, slightly oval, suture 
distinct, two thirds around, one side enlarged; color greenish yellow, witha 
faint red cheek; flesh yellow, with red at the pit, which is free; moderately 


200 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


juicy, rather acid, slightly bitter; quality 5; too late to acquire flavor in 
this climate. 

Worthen (Jennie), ripe b. m. September; size 3 to 4; form roundish, com- 
pressed toward the rather prominent suture, which extends more than half 
around; color yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellow, with red at the pit, 
which is free; juicy, vinous, not rich; quality 5; so far not desirable. 

Yellow Rareripe, ripe August 28; size 3; form roundish, suture moder- 
ate, two thirds around, one side enlarged; color yellow, with red in the 
sun; flesh yellow, reddened at the pit, which is free; fibrous, very juicy, 
vinous, sprightly; quality 3; a market fruit. 


APRICOTS (Armeniaca vulgaris.) 


Owing to its very early season of blooming, and its liability to the dep- 
redations of the curculio, this fruit is rarely planted in Michigan. A sin- 
gle recent variety only (the Harris), an American seedling, of the type 
usually designated as European, which has been found successful in cen- 
tral New York, has been planted here the past spring, although several of 
the varieties more commonly known as ‘‘Russian” have been on trial here 
for several years, with but ill success, none of them, so far, having shown 
fruit. 

They have been treated, by spraying, for insects and fungi, in connection 
with peaches, to which section the reader is referred for such information. 


NECTARINES (Persica vulgaris). 


This is usually considered to be merely a smooth-skinned variety of 
peach, it being a well-authenticated fact that nectarines have originated 
from peach seed, and vice versa. 

For remarks respecting insects, fungi, and spraying, reference is made 
to the section on peacltes. . 

Pitmaston Orange, planted in 1892; glands reniform; not yet bloomed ° 
or fruited; appears to be deficient in vigor. 

Seedling originated here, from Michigan-grown seed; ripe b. September; 
size 5 (as compared with peaches), form round, slightly ovate; suture 
slight, half around; color whitish, washed and marbled with dark red; flesh - 
white, reddened at the pit, which is free; highly vinous, juicy, rather rich; 
quality 4. Too poor to be recommended, except for hardiness. 


GRAPES (Vitis). 


Although the season’s crop of grapes, of many if not most varieties, has 
been comparatively light, few of either insects or fungi have been specially 
troublesome. 

An occasional rose chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus) has been dis- 
covered, and of course, at once destroyed. 

The only other insect numerous enough to demand special attention is a 
black aphis (Siphonophora viticola, Thomas), which appeared in large 
numbers upon the young, tender canes and foliage, but yielded to a thor- 
ough spray of strong tobacco water. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 


GRAPES. 
Alphabetical tabulation. 


201 


Swmaum ommone | Number. 


49 


3 


. Lo] = 
| -) 
Name. % = 8 é 

ca Ss 2 2) 

io) oy Q ia] 
(Adirondacs 52 ae Nee Viana 1890 | June 20____. Aug.: 31____. 
‘Apawamis. So 6 oe2e io ee Mass,.___.- 1888 oie bee Sept. 14-___. 
Amini eo 0S foo My Mass. 25 2—. 1888 en [es 9 preys k Gee Bea 
August Giantset a ee Ne Vee 1889 ay © pees Cont ty [sy ae 
Bae rye eo La Mass. ..____- 1888 $5 ABEL aes af 
Baagleve: cit. eRe Xe Tex. ___.. _.| 1889 PAD in Bae ee a Se ee 
Bele ene ree Pe Texc) 2ST |L1889 PLO tee Sept. 15____. 
Balvidere= seen an ee PES Src Ue 1892 See Se at Sma hota 
Herckmanse ne ee SCs 1892 a (aa Sept. 1522-25 
Berlin se sede el Ow ra. Michio ESOS aie a es es el aioe EP 
BlackiMagle 222. sear! te ING a Vee hee 1890 | June 20____- Sept. 20____. 
Blsckt Pearle see eee Ohio .| 1890 he dy | Veep (ae oe area 
BIRR COM Stee ee a Tex.) 222. 1/1889. ar | ee Sept. 15____. 
IBMIPHLOn eo cte ee ae INS Vise ee 1888 Ging a kein Se Gees 
Briiliant: eee ech. Tee Texte" | 1889 Paty. us Sie AD ELLs 
Burnette eee eee Ont. . .--.-.| 1891 aan’ t he a) ee SS Ei oe ee 
Cambridge S222 hee Masa: 2 1890 2 ae ol ee On 
Campbell. 28s: 2a ee Texte 251889 ts bt eee Sept. 20_____ 
Watawbacwes- 0 2) Be No C= 1888 aay te Sa Octii5 = 
Cayuga 2 See Ni Weta ee: 1889 poe AG seas Sept. 20____- 
Caywood: (50)! 2s N. Y 1888 SSO ag hi) 
Centennial 2222 A 
Challenge es2 2 eee 
Champions2 Se 
Chidester! (3) 222223 e ee 
Chidester’ (4)-=- 28-22... 
(O\ Feng 'o. Se eae ee 21 Ns 
Clevenen. 42 as 
Clintons eee eee 
Colerain’ 2226252228 ee 
Columbia: 52 eee 
Concorde 32 eres 
Cortland ele: Shae Fen be 
Cottage eae eS 
Crevelling ars. eye 
Delaware. oe wis its 2 
Diamond Per eae ee, 
Digna es Rae ee 
Downing = 22:4 ser eee 
Dracut) 222 eae ra 
Duchess)... Bee 
Early Market.._____-_..___. 
Marly Victories eae Ki 
Batqn sry aa arene 
Mlaine Les ee Bere 
El Dorado 22.8 ees ee 
Bilwira ss ee 
Empire State __ 
E 
Malthe se see ee Mos: SOUS | Gane s2OF ss |(bee sae et oe 
Gacrindr ere ea Mass.-_._-_.-- 1889 Ey eee OctRieas=: 

GVA oe ee eee O28 Je NEY ee 1891 CGMP: Dita Bo | eae y NT ee 

Goothe 2g ee re Mass, ____-_- 1889 eo LG Sere |e a oenraee peane 
Golden Drop-____.____.__--- N, Wools’ 1589 an (enn WEE Degen 


Remarks, 


Not successful, 
A long keeper. 
Good; market. 
Large; showy. 


14__._.| A Rogers hybrid. 


A Munson seedling. 
A Munson seedling. 
Further trial. 

New; promising. 
Not yet fruited. 


A vinifera hybrid. 
Not,yet fruited. 
From Texas, 
Very high quality. 
Yet on trial here. 


Try further. 

Try further. 

Better at the South. 
Very late. 

Worthy of trial. 


A market grape. 
Inclined to mildew. 
Not well tested. 
Indifferent. 
Partially tested. 


Partially tested. 
Not fruited. 

Not fully tested. 

A frost grape. 

But partially tested. 


Mildews badly. 

The staple for market. 
New; early. 

Old; not valued. 
Unproductive. 

Small; excellent. 
Valuable. 

A long keeper. 


Worthy of trial. 
Of no value. 


An amateur grape. 
Too far north. 
Good; amateur. 

A Rogers hybrid. 
New; on trial. 


Seldom planted. 
Mildews badly. 
Worthy. 

Not valuable. 
Untested. 

A wine grape. 
Rogers hybrid. 
Not fruited. 


Rather late. 
A feeble plant. 


26 


. 


202 


GRAPES—COontTINUED. 

B A 3 2 

2 Name. A 2 g é Remarks. 

£ & | iS) oO 

5 a ac oS) le 

Z fo) oF (ea) (em 

615| Golden\Gem:=.2.225.2-)-=.2 Naw Veeeeeses BBQOH ike 3 beet | apa ee po Not yet tested. 

62h uGnineyra seen eee eee Mich sss 20 1891.) |( Jonelals=2"4| Se eee” Engle seedling. 

63 ESSE WOE Coe eee Mich, =) seam 1 bolt): ah (i es hey 9 ep re Bee SW ae ee ae New; early. 

645 Hartford 2 ee eee Conny 1889 | J une peta Aug. 30____- Poor quality. 

Gori avesmee: (ete ees Beane Ue Masso 1888 ASE ce Sept. 16____- Francis B. Hayes. 

Oba Herbertic- oe es eles ae Mass. ._____- 1889 ary) ees ULES ae Rogers hybrid. 

Gia shachland 226. eae IN YS a eo St 1889 Ey 5 ie = Nov. —---_-- Too late. 

68 COs 1Y:} Ses ee a a Miche. 1 E2) Oe (ash a a a eS | Re ee C. Engle seedling. 

69 |(MEostord 2202) 2 Be Mich,______- 1898,\| 2a sec ose | Peer Origin, Ionia. 

OF Yona te? SRL ered ae NEG e sey 1888 | June 20____- Sept. 16_____ Usually a failure. 

Mla rise oe SR. Pavel cee Mich.______- 1891 Se N22 oe so 20 Ne ae C. Engle seedling. 

foal wleabella a et ee Sosa ee Saas eee 1888 rR a Ae S pitta 8 bee ete Oldest American. 

Sc ALVES soo eR. oe ee Ohio === 1490 COS bees ve SO A wine grape. 

B43 |" Janesville coset pee Wiis..72 2222 23)"1890 io yas ee eee Very hardy. 

(Deed OOKSON. | ae eae Seve eee NY Seer 1 S88 rae Gye Oct. 1..__..| Late keeper. 

NG SU OBBICA este et ee Ont; 2h2.22- 1888 OE) |) Sean Sept. Soetet Quite seedy. 

Wiel POW Gl lots seer. ee ae ae Kan. fos. te 1859 fee) AB val } eres Seedling by Burr, 

15) Ps OsBelyN ND) ee eee eee INE See Sees 1890 GS SOO ecole Oe eee Not yet named. 

Hone OSBelyN. (1) sasee= eon eee INS WV Seek 1890 S826. 2k || VEER ere ae Not yet named. 

80), ‘Josselyn (9)i222 220 ee INGNY, eee 1890 BOS 2G = see] SE, Se Not yet named. 

81 Seem CLO) Marotta ee Nei ere vee 1890) | oh a Sra eed Not yet named. 

SAM lbnd ve een oe eee Se ae a Ohio! 2 1888 | June 18_____ Soeptasmenne Barly; hardy. 

83 athe BOER ce See Ohion ses 1890 CC pe) eee | RE ee Not well tested. 

84 | Leavenworth. ___..-__-_-__- Kan. - ______| 1890 OO 20S |b a ee Not tested. 

85 indley ee Se ees Mass. ______- 1889 Ua U2 aes Sept. 30.___- Rogers hybrid. 

S6al uusier 222. Sse ee Tenn 1890 $20 et 6 20 Utterly worthless. 

Ci PIR Mason ese Ssee Pee Bee Michie!so73 PSOTN hee te Ae ere eh i ee Not yet fruited. 

SS)" Massasolt | 222.262 mee eres Mass. _.____- 1888 | June 19____- Sept. 18___.._| Rogers hybrid. 

39) (Merrimac 2225.00 es Mass..______ 1888 SOTA Qe ke Lome [i pee es Rogers hybrid. 

S02 Michigan 22a see) Sane Miche 1889 aantr \Yoe, eae edt ieee C. Engle seedling. 

Oty) Millington! -22-- 2 ee Ne AWeheceee 1891 BER POO INS CaS LS Lay cee Not disseminated. 

Oo MMs yacn on eee ee Ont. __. -_-.| 1888 SS P20 Cer Oct 15 Vinifera hybrid. 

93° Minnesota we on osee ene Minnis 1890732 e Eis aie ee ree Doubtful value. 

SES Monroe. 2e-s8 24. sos sae: Py Gee ees 1889);}) dine oo! ean eke a Origin, Rochester. 

95.| Moore Harly_.___---.--_-__- Mass.._____- 1888 Coan 4) (eee Sept.jo2. sn Concord seedling. 

96h Moyer’: Sab es ee eae oe ee ISSS Gear Gt ea. Ay Ss ee Imperfect clusters. 

Dig Naormian pee Fs Sole CRE EN Ve. se eee 1889 Se RIGS es Chie. Rickett’s seedling. 

SB7i Nectar ieee a oenrt Sekai N: NV iokegeees 1888 Uae Sept. 15____- A. J. Caywood. 

SOs Ningaral erie be Nie Wem tee 1888 6) OO) Se Tee ee Origin, Lockport, N. Y 
100 | Northern Light_____._____. Ont ses 1890 Sin Ae Cre Laan Promising. 
OLE Olita). Se 2 2: Shee: tere eee Texsi cee 1889 Bhd OGL tai permet. eee haa T. V. Munson. 
HO Ze COneidays 22o2 eee eS NAY ese 1890 ih CLO Se ea cn oe ee Little known. 
LOS TOsagoe hears SU eer Ranta 261800 Sn: ee Se EY Little known. 
102-5|Owossok 222i fe) ee Mich 22 1890 OED) tae ts eee Rae eae a Origin, Owosso. 
0D | SOzarkko2o2 aed. bei ite Kani oes 1890 fbi CO omee. bee 5 Si oi leew Not well tested. 
1063|\\Peabody 2.2/8" ee Ni es ess 1890 BEES COG ead lites eete en ete Little known. 
LOTS | SPerking <2. ees ee asd. 252 1889 RiGee. Septrale2e Low in quality. 
1055 Pocklington! so sansneeaaee see tetin 1888 OSes (oo eae es Cia ee Showy; too foxy. 
109 | Poughkeepsie ._______-__-_-- NWesee 1888 SOT S1Of ces Sy FIG f Plant lacks vigor. 
110); Prentiss 2 oe Lee Ne wh oe 1888 bie eeet Co ete Lacks hardiness. 
111*| Pres. Lyon (Chidester)__..| Mich._..---. 1888 pt Woe hide Very shy bearer. 
112+} Pres. Lyon (Munson) -__-_-__- Tax, tee 2! & 1889 SSP NAQRE 2S errors "Ren eau Mildews badly. 
HS) (Progress. soon sees Kan eae 1890 Sos WOBr oetin| de? BR Ee eee Not fully tested. 
114 APolplessess seyee ses is 2 Mich.______.| 1892 Re. Oar ey i. Sita ee ee C. Engle seedling. 
115 7) ee eee ee ed Oniol= === 1889 oe te? Sc ee eee _| Not desirable. 
ML 6s | Requa sos eee re ea ed Mass. -_____- 1890 in} eee | eee eae eee Rogers hybrid. 
LL7s|pRochesteress-5.2 2 en esses IN. GYeE ee 890 Ue | has ee ee Pa ee ae Ellwanger & Barry. 
118 | Rockwood --__s._...-. ---_-- Nake 1890"| 2-2 os| ee Ea Ne Not yet fruited. 
119 | Rogers Better os Se ee th Mass, -__-__. 1889 | June 19____- Sept. 30____. Rogers hybrid. 
120)/)" "Rogers '(8) 1c ae Si ys |, Le ae 1889 La 2. eva i PSO Tees Rogers hybrid. 


*It is understood that, owing to its extreme and persistent lack of productiveness, this grape has not 
been, and probably will not be, offered for sale. _ 
¢ This grape is now re-named Presly by the originator, T. VY. Munson of Texas. 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 203 


GRAPES—ConrTINUED. 


~7 

2 Name. Remarks. 

5 

a 
121 Rogers (24) eee ee ee a Se ee Rogers hybrid. 
1226S Borers: G0) maeseee ee cere ie 7 ane) ees Ts 89 ar, ; Rogers hybrid. 
123) | SRommel tte Sere eae 3 19 Better South. 
124: || Saleompe a ee eee 1888 h Rogers hybrid. 
1252\) Secretary es. 2 esse Ne 21 ee ois fy Not successful, 
126;|Toelocraphh. ese - é Old variety. 
127) |) Dhemises ee: A ee Mic C, Engle seedling. 
128) Retomip hess ee eee oe y Too late. 
AON lateria sn eee eo See Se cen ie b eal F By A. J. Caywood. 
130) eVierzoannesies en Pee toa 16 De ig. A good keeper. 
ASI Westen sete ee te i 0 C. Engle seedling. 
Iota AC OnIaIe ee) are et Ne OY .1__..._.| Which one? 
1BSc pe Warder yes. = T= I 92 2ooo sae ieee S| NOtrirnited. 
134 | Washington (Lady) 5 3 Showy; rather late. 
SSN |W Vielineer entire Lee ay Eh A Little known. 
136 | White Ann Arbor Not promising. 
187 | White Beaaty Not well tested. 
188 | White Imperial .| Not well tested. 
189 | Wilder. ___--- _| Rogers hybrid. 
TO Wallis: 22 See Not tested. 
TA eWinchioll) 2 53h else Ver 4 Best early white. 
UD) Vath eee gees Se ee i 16 rE 20 Little known. 
143 | Woodrnff _____- ts 5 ees i Very variable. 
4a WOrden?<- sot Fe INDY: 1 8 Early ; valuable. 


145u Wiyomin p20 os ; Poor quality. 


The extremely dry season has apparently been unfavorable to the devel- 
opment of fungi, from which but little trouble has been experienced. 

The grapes upon the place were thoroughly sprayed with Bordeaux 
mixture in autumn of last year, soon after pruning. 

They received no further application until May 17, when they were 
treated with Bordeaux mixture, with a little Paris green. 

July 7 to 9, grapes were again sprayed with Bordeaux, using four pounds 
copper sulphate and three pounds stone lime, in forty gallons of water. 

July 16 and 17, applied a spray of tobacco water for aphides. 

The pruning of grapes in autumn was somewhat delayed, on account of 
the persistence of the foliage, due to the absence of frost and possibly to 
the moist weather following the severe drouth. 

In the following descriptions of varieties, for the sake of brevity the 
following abbreviations and numerals are employed: 

b. beginning, m. middle, e. end of the month. 

The size, whether of bunch or berry, is indicated by numbers, upon the 
scale of 1 to 5; 1-++ representing very large and 5—-very small. The same 
scale is also employed to indicate quality. 

The number of seeds in a berry is also expressed in numerals; as, 1 to 2; 
3 to 4, ete. 

Adirondac, ripe e. August, b. September; size bunch 1, berry 1; form, 
long, conical, compact, occasionally shouldered; berry roundish oval; color 
black; bloom slight, bluish; flesh tender, mild, vinous, sprightly, pleasant; 
quality 1 to 2, plant not vigorous; subject to mildew. 

Agawam, ripe e. September, b. October; size bunch 2 to 3, berry 1; form, 
bunch long, rather loose, berry roundish, slightly oval; color dark red; bloom 


204 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


bluish; flesh greenish, juicy, vinous, sprightly, pulp half tender; seeds large, 
1to2; quality 2 to 3; a long keeper. 

Aminia, ripe m. September; size, bunch 3, berry 1; form, bunch roundish 
oblong, moderately compact, shouldered; berry round or roundish oval; color 
black with grayish bloom; flesh greenish white, juicy, pulp tender, very 
pleasant; seeds 1 to 3, very large; quality 2to3; well adapted to the market. 

August Giant, ripe b. m. September; size bunch 1—, berry 1—; form, 
bunch very long, often shouldered; berry oval or oblong; color black; ‘bloom 
grayish; flesh juicy, high flavored, vinous, pulp half tender; seeds large 
1 to 4; quality 2 to 3. 

Barry, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 2 to 3—, berry 2; form, bunch 
short, compact, shouldered; berry round; color black; bloom blue; flesh 
greenish, moderately juicy, vinous, sprightly, pulpy; seeds 1 to 3; quality 3; 
inclined, like several of the Rogers grapes, to set many small, imperfect 
clusters. 

Beagle, ripe b. m. September; size, bunch 4, berry 3; form, bunch long, 
cylindrical, loose; berry round; color black; bloom ‘slight, blue; flesh 
greenish, moderately j juicy, vinous, pulp half tender, rather rich; seeds 2 to 35 
quality 3. A seedling by T. V. Munson of Texas. 

Beli, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 3, berry 3; form, bunch oblong or 
cylindrical, loose, berry round; color greenish with whitish bloom; flesh 
greenish, juicy, vinous, rich, pulp tender; seeds 1 to 3; quality 1; a table 
grape originated by Munson of Texas. 

Berckmans, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 3 to 4, berry 3 to 4; form, 
bunch cylindrical compact, berry round; color dark wine, with slight bluish 
white bloom; skin thin; juice abundant, colorless; seeds medium size, 1 to3; 
pulp tender; flavor vinous, sprightly; quality 1; first bearing, bunches 
imperfect; table; a cross between Clinton and Delaware. 

Black Eagle, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 1, berry 2; form long, 
shouldered, moderately compact; berry roundish oval: color black; bloom 
slight, blue; flesh greenish, lacks juice, vinous, high flavored, pulp tender; 
seeds 2, large: quality 4; said to be of superior quality further south. 

Blanco, ripe m. September; size of berry 4; form round; color white, 
with whitish bloom; flesh white, juicy, sweet, pulp tender, breaking; seeds 
1 to 2; quality 38. Originated by Munson of Texas. 

Brighton, ripe m. September; size, bunch 1 to 2, berry 1 to 2; ; form, bunch 
long, moderately compact, shouldered; berry round; color dark wine, nearly 
black when fully ripe; bloom lilac; flesh very juicy, vinous, rich, excellent, 
pulp tender; seeds 1 to 2; quality. 1; productive when planted adjacent to 
others to insure pollination. 

Brilliant, ripe m. September; size, bunch 1 to2; berry 1 to2; form, bunch 
cylindrical, inclined to conical, shouldered, compact: berry round; color dark 
wine, nearly black when fully matured; flesh whitish, juicy, vinous, rich, 
pulp tender; seeds 2 to 3; quality 1 to 2: a cross of Delaware upon Lindley, 
by T. V. Munson of Texas. 

Cambridge, ripe m. October; size, bunch 1, berry 2; form, bunch should- 
ered, berry round; color black; bloom blue; flesh white, juicy, vinous, 
sprightly, pulp tough; seeds large, 10.3; quality 3. Identity uncertain. 

Campbell (now renamed Early Golden), ripe m. e. September; size, 
bunch 3, berry 3; form, bunch cylindrical, berry slightly oval; color yellow; 
bloom slight; flesh whitish, moderately juicy, vinous, pulp tender; seeds 
1 to 2. Originated by T. V. Munson, Texas. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 205 


Catawba, scarcely ripe m. October; size, bunch 2, berry 2; form, bunch 
long, loose, shouldered; berry round; color deep red; bloom lilac; flesh 
whitish, juicy, highly vinous, rich, pulp tough; seeds large, 1 to 4; quality 2. 
Scarcely ripe when tested, October 10; not sure to ripen in this climate. 

Cayuga, ripe b. September; size, bunch 4, berry 2 to 3; form, bunch long, 
moderately compact; berry round or oval; color black; bloom light blue; 
flesh juicy, pulp whitish, very tender, vinous, pleasant; seeds 2 to 3; 
quality 2; plant moderately vigorous. 

Caywood, ripe m. September; size, bunch 3, berry 2 to 3; form, bunch 
roundish, elongated, berry slightly ovate; color black, with slight grayish 
bloom; flesh juicy, slightly vinous, pulpy; seeds large, 2 to 3; quality 3 to 4. 
Received from the late A. J. Caywood as No. 50. Both plant and fruit 
seem adapted to market uses. 

Centennial, ripe e. September; size, bunch 2 to 3, berry 3; form, bunch 
conical, compact, berry round; color white, with a tinge of red; bloom 
grayish; flesh whitish, juicy, vinous, sprightly, pulp tender; seeds 1 to 2; 
quality 2; plant lacks vigor, and is inclined to mildew. 

Champion, ripe August; size, bunch 2, berry 3; form, bunch shouldered, 
compact, berry round; color black; flesh greenish, moderately juicy, vin- 
ous, poor; seeds many, large; quality 5. Too poor in quality for any 
purpose. 

Concord, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 2, berry 2; form, bunch 
cylindrical, shouldered, moderately compact; berry round; color black; 
bloom blue; flesh greenish white, juicy, vinous, sprightly, pulp half tender; 
seeds large, 1 to 3; quality, 3 to 4; generally valued for market. 

Cottage, ripe b. m. September; size, bunch 2, berry 3; form, bunch moder- 
ately compact, cylindrical, shouldered; berry round; color black; bloom 
blue; flesh pale, juicy, sweet, foxy, pulp rather tough; seeds large, 2 to 3; 
quality 6. Thought by some persons to be superior in quality to its par- 
ent, the Concord. 

Delaware, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 3, berry 3 to 4; form, bunch 
nearly cylindrical, very compact, shouldered; berry round; color red, very 
dark at full maturity; bloom slight, bluish; flesh greenish white, vinous, rich, 
sprightly, excellent; pulp tender, quality 1. With suitable soils and good 
management fully as productive as Concord and even more profitable. 

Diamond, ripe b. m. September; size, bunch 1, berry 1; form, bunch 
long, shouldered, moderately compact; berry round; color greenish white; 
bloom whitish; flesh greenish white, juicy, vinous, pulp tender; seeds 2 to 4; 
quality 2; a superior medium early grape. 

Diana, ripe e. September; size, bunch 3, berry 2 to 3; form, bunch short, 
cylindrical, very compact, berry round; color light. wine; bloom light gray; 
flesh whitish; mild, vinous, pleasant, foxy; skin thick, tough; seeds rather 
etee: 1 to 2; quality 2 to3;along keeper. The foxy odor disappears when 

ept. 

Downing, ripe e. September; size, bunch 1+; berry 1+; form, bunch 
long, conical, compact, slightly shouldered; berry oval; color black; bloom 
blue; flesh whitish, juicy, vinous; pulp tender; skin thick, but rather tender; 
seeds large, generally but one; quality 1 to 2; especially valuable as a long 
keeper. Although of partially vinifera parentage, so far it has been 
unusually free from mildew, and quite productive. 

Duchess, ripe e. September, b. October; size, bunch 1, berry 2 to3; form, 
bunch long, shouldered, compact; berry round; color pale green; bloom 


206 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


whitish; flesh greenish, juicy, vinous, pulp tender, rich; seeds 1 to 2; quality 
1; of partially vinifera parentage, and not always reliable. 

Early Market, ripe m. September; size, berry 4; form, berry round; color 
black; bloom bluish; flesh colorless, moderately juicy, pulp tender; seeds 
2 to 3; flavor mild, sprightly; quality 3; a Texas seedling not promising 
here. 

Karly Victor, ripe b. m. September; size, bunch 8, berry 3; form, bunch 
oblong, conical, compact, shouldered; berry round; color black, with pale 
bluish bloom; flesh juicy, vinous, pulpy, rather rich, pleasant; seeds 2 to3; 
quality 2 to 3. 

Eaton, ripe e. September, b. October; size, bunch 1 to 2, berry 1+; form, 
bunch medium length, shouldered; berry round; color black; bloom blue; 
flesh greenish white, juicy, vinous, pulpy; quality 4; market: larger than 
Concord but not as desirable. 

Empire State, ripe e. September, b. October; size, bunch 1 to 2, berry 2; 
form, bunch cylindrical, shouldered, compact; berry round; color light 
green, with slight whitish bloom; flesh light green, very juicy, vinous, 
pleasant, pulp tender; seeds 2 to 3; “quality 1 to 2: table. 

Essex, ripe b. m. October; size bunch 3, berry 1; form, bunch medians 
length, ‘compact, shouldered; berry roundish, slightly oval: color reddish 
black; bloom slight, bluish; flesh pale, ereenish, sweet, sprightly, pulp 
tender; seeds large, 2 to 3; quality 2 to 3. 

Esther, ripe m. e. September; size, berry 2; form, berry round; color 
whitish; bloom white; flesh juicy, vinous, rich, pulp rather tough; seeds 1 
to 2, lar; ge; quality 3. 

Etta, ripe m. October; size, bunch 3, berry 3; form, bunch conical, com- 
pact, shouldered, berry round: color light ¢ green ; bloom whitish; flesh green- 
ish, juicy, acid; pulp very tender; seeds 1 to 2; quality 4 to 5; a wine grape; 
unworthy in this climate. 

Kumelan, b. September; size, bunch 2 to 3, berry 2 to 3; form, bunch 
long, rather loose, shouldered, berry round; color black; bloom blue; flesh 
pale, greenish, juicy, vinous, sprightly, rich; seeds 2; quality 2; a partial 
failure in some soils and localities. 

Eva, ripem. e. September; size, bunch 3, berry 2 to 3; form, bunch conical, 
compact, shouldered, berry round; color pale green; bloom slight, whitish; 
flesh juicy, vinous, foxy, pulp rather tough; seeds 2 to 3; quality 3 to 4; much 
like Martha; not desirable. 

Guinevra, ripe b. October; size, bunch 1, berry 1; form, bunch long, 
compact, berry oval;ecolor greenish white; bloom slight, whitish; flesh 
greenish white, pulp half tender; seeds large, 1 to 3; quality 3; a seedling by 
C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan. 

Hartford, ripe e. August; size, bunch 1, berry 2 to 3; form, bunch long 
rather compict, shouldered, berry round; color black; bloom blue; flesh 
whitish, vinous, foxy, poor, pulp rather tough; quality 5; drops from the 
bunch as soon as ripe. Nearly superseded. 

Hayes, ripe m. September; size, bunch 2 to 8, berry 3; form, bunch cylin- 
drical, shouldered, compact, berry round; color greenish or yellowish 
white; bloom light; flesh juicy, mild, vinous, rich, pulp rather tough; seeds 
small, 1 to 2; quality 2 to 3. Table, market. 

Herbert, ae m. e. September; size, bunch 1 to 2, berry 1; form, bunch 
roundish, lon’ shouldered, moderately compact, berry round; color black; 
bloom blue: flesh greenish, juicy, tender, sweet, pleasant, pulp half tender; 
seeds large, 1 to 3; quality 2; desirable for either table or market. 


| 
EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 207 


Highland, ripe e. October, b. November; size, bunch 1, berry 1; form, 
bunch long, rather loose, heavily shouldered, berry round; color black; 
bloom blue; flesh faint greenish white, juicy, sweet (when fully ripe, which 
is rarely the case here), pulp tender; seeds large, 1 to 2; quality 3; quite too 
late for the climate of Michigan. 

Tona, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 1, berry 3; form, bunch long, 
loose, shouldered, berry oval; color dark wine; bloom slight, bluish white; 
flesh pale greenish white, very juicy, highly vinous, excellent, pulp very 
tender; quality 1; the standard of excellence where it succeeds, but must 
have suitable soils and judicious treatment. ; 

Isabella, ripe m. e. October; size, bunch 1, berry 1 to 2; form, bunch long, 
rather loose shouldered, berry oval; color black; bloom blue; flesh juicy, 
vinous, sweet, pulp half tender, seeds 1 to 4; quality 2; it needs a favorable 
location to always fully mature in the climate of southern Michigan. 

Ives, ripe e. September; size, bunch 1 to 3, berry 3; form, bunch medium, 
compact, shouldered, berry slightly oblong; color black; bloom blue; flesh 
juicy, sweet, foxy, pulpy; productive. Mainly valued asa wine grape. It 
colors early, but matures later than Concord. 

Janesville, ripe b. m. September; size, bunch 3, berry 2; form, bunch 
short, very compact, shouldered, berry round; color black; bloom slght, 
blue; skin thin, pulp moderately tender; flesh juicy, highly vinous; seeds 
large, 2 to 5: quality 4. Valued for vigor and hardiness. 

Jefferson, ripe e. September b. October; size, bunch 2, berry | to 2; form, 
bunch short, compact, shouldered; berry round; color dark wine; ‘bloom 
slight, blue; flesh whitish, j wicy, sprightly, vinous, pulp tender: skin 
thick; seeds rather large 2 to 4; quality | to 2; very productive; a long keeper. 

Jewel, ripe b.m. September; size bunch 4 to5, berry 8 to 4; form bunch —, 
berry round; color black; bloom blue; flesh juicy, whitish, pulpy, vinous; 
seeds 1 to 4; quality 3. 

Josselyn 5, ripe e. September, b. October; size, berry 1 to 3; form, berry 
round; color white; bloom white; flesh whitish, slightly acid (scarcely 
ripe), pulp rather tough; seeds 1 to 3; quality 3. 

Josselyn 7, ripe e. September, b. October; size, bunch 3, berry 3; form, 
bunch cylindrical, rather loose, shouldered; berry round; color pale green; 
bloom sparse, whitish; flesh pale, greenish, juicy, vinous, rather rich, pulp 
half tender; seeds small, 1 to 2; a promising table grape. 

Josselyn 9, ripe e. September, b. October; size, berry 2; form, berry 
round; color black; bloom bluish gray; flesh juicy, highly vinous, pulp 
very tender; seeds 1 to 2; quality 4; shells from bunch as soon as ripe. 

Lady, ripe b. September; size, bunch 3, berry 2; form, bunch cylindrical, 
moderately compact; berry round; color light greenish yellow; bloom 
slight, whitish; flesh whitish, juicy, vinous, slightly foxy, pulp tender; 
seeds small, 2 to 5; quality 2 to 3. 

Lindley, ripe e. September; size, bunch 3, berry 1 to 2; form, bunch long, 
loose, shouldered; berry round; color brick red; bloom slight, blue; flesh 
juicy, vinous, very pleasant, pulp tender; seeds large, 1 to 4; quality 2; 
valuable. 

Lutie, ripe m. September; size, bunch 3, berry 1; form, bunch short, 
broad; berry round; color dark, dull amber; bloom light; flesh pale, juicy, 
sweet, very foxy, pulp half tender: seeds 1 to 2; quality 5; - utterly unworthy. 

Massasoit, ripe m. September; size, bunch 3, berry 1 to 2; form, bunch 
medium, shouldered: berry round; color dark brownish red; bloom, grayish 


208 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


blue; flesh whitish, juicy, vinous, pleasant, pulp tender; seeds large, 1 to 2; 
quality 3; profitable. 

Merrimac, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 2 to 3, berry 1; form, bunch 
cylindrical; berry round; color black; bloom slight blue; flesh greenish 
white, juicy, vinous, pulp half tender; seeds large, 2 to 3; quality 3; market. 

Michigan, ripe m. e. September; size, berry 1; form, bunch roundish 
oblong, compact; berry round; color pale green; bloom whitish; flesh juicy, 
vinous, rich, pulp half tender, slightly foxy; seeds 1 to 3; quality 2; a prom- 
ising seedling from C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan. ° 

Mills, ripe e. September, b. October; size, bunch 1, berry 2; form, bunch 
long, moderately compact, shouldered; berry round; color black; bloom 
slight, grayish; skin tough, thick; flesh juicy, vinous, rich, pulp tender; 
seeds 1 to 2; quality 1 to 2; a good keeper. 

Naomi, ripe e. September; size, bunch 1, berry 3 to4; form, bunch long, 
compact, shouldered; berry roundish oval; color pale green tinged with 
red; bloom whitish; flesh juicy, melting, highly vinous, pulp tender; seeds 
1 to 2; quality 3. 

Nectar (Black Delaware or Caywood), ripe m.e. September; size, bunch 
1, berry 2 to 3; form, berry, round; color black; bloom blue; flesh whitish, 
tinged red, vinous, juicy, rich, pulp half tender; seeds medium, 2 to 3; 
quality 1 to 2; table; lacks vigor; foliage poor; not productive. 

Northern Light, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch, 1 to 2, berry, 2; form, 
bunch rather compact, cylindrical, slightly shouldered, berry round, color 
greenish white; bloom white; flesh, juicy, mildly vinous, rich, very pleas- 
ant, pulp half tender, separates freely from the rather small seeds, which 
are usually either single or in pairs; quality 2; a very promising seedling 
from Ontario. 

Niagara, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 1, berry 1 to 2; form, bunch 
conical, compact, shouldered, berry round or slightly elongated; color 
greenish or yellowish white; flesh juicy, vinous, sprightly, pulp half ten- 
der; seeds rather large, 2 to 4; quality 3; market. 

Osage, ripe e. September; size, bunch 1, berry 1 to 2; form, bunch com- 
pact, shouldered, berry round; color black; bloom blue; flesh whitish, 
juicy, sweet, foxy, pulp rather tough; seeds rather large, 1 to 3; quality 3. 

Owosso, ripe e. September, b. October; size, bunch 2 to 3, berry 1; form, 
bunch roundish, compact, shouldered, berry round; color dark amber; 
bloom grayish blue; flesh whitish, juicy, highly vinous, pulp tough; seeds 
large, 3; quality 3; originated at Owosso, Michigan. 

Ozark, ripe m. October; size, bunch 1, berry 2 to3; form, bunch compact, 
shouldered, berry round; color black; bloom blue, flesh whitish, moder- 
ately juicy, pulp tough; seeds large, 1 to 4; quality 4; too late for the 
climate of Michigan. 

Perkins, ripe b. September; size, bunch 3, berry 2 to 3; form, bunch con- 
ical, shouldered, compact, berry round; color amber or pale lilac; bloom 
whitish; flesh whitish, moderately juicy, poor in flavor, pulp tough; seeds 
2 to 5; quality 5; too poor even for market. 

Poughkeepsie, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch, 3-4, berry 3; form, 
bunch cylindrical, compact, shouldered, ,berry round; eclor dark wine, 
bloom bluish white; flesh whitish, juicy, vinous, sprightly, pulp’ tender; 
seeds small, 1 to 2; quality 1 to 2; table; plant lacks vigor. 

Pocklington, ripe e. September; size, bunch 1 to2, berry 1 to2; form, bunch 
cylindrical, compact, shouldered, berry round; color yellowish white, gol- 


UOEXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 209 


den when fully ripe, bloom slight, whitish; flesh greenish white, juicy, 
foxy, pulp tender; seeds rather large, 1 to 2; quality 3; market. 

Prentiss, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 2 to 3, berry, 2-3; form, bunch 
cylindrical, very compact, berry round; color yellowish or greenish white; 
bloom slight, whitish; flesh greenish white, juicy, vinous, rich, pulp half 
tender; seeds 3; quality 2; skin thick; a good keeper. 

President Lyon, ripe m. September; size, bunch 2, berry 2; form, bunch 
short, compact, berry round; color dark wine, nearly black at full matur- 
ity, bloom blue; flesh whitish, juicy, sprightly, rich, pulp half tender; seeds 
medium, | to2; quality 1; so seriously and persistently unproductive as to 
render it practically worthless, notwithstanding its superior quality; it | 
will probably not be offered for sale. 

Rentz, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 2, berry 2; form, bunch com- 
pact, shouldered, berry round; color black; nearly or quite destitute of 
bloom; flesh whitish, juicy, vinous, sweet, foxy, pulp tough; seeds large, 4; | 
quality 3 to4; berries drop from the bunch as soon as ripe; a wine 
grape. 

Rogers 5, ripe e. September; size, bunch 2 to 3, berry 1; form, bunch 
round, moderately compact, berry round, color black; bloom grayish; flesh 
whitish, juicy, vinous, rich, pleasant, pulp half tender; seeds 3; quality 2; 
the genuineness of this is very doubtful. 

Rogers 8, ripe e. September; size, bunch 2 to 3, berry 1; form, bunch short, 
roundish, berry oval, color black, bloom bluish; flesh juicy, vinous, 
sprightly, pulp half tender; seeds large, 1 to 6; quality 8. This also may 
prove spurious. 

Rogers 24, ripe e. September; size,bunch 3 to 4, berry 1 to 2; form, bunch 
roundish, berry round; color dark purple, nearly black, bloom light, blu- 
ish; flesh greenish white, juicy, vinous, sprightly, not rich, pulp half ten- 
der; quality 3 to 4; market. 

Salem, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 3, berry1+; form, bunch round- 
ish, compact, shouldered, berry round; color dark chestnut;, flesh juicy, 
vinous, sprightly, pulp half tender; seeds large, 2; quality, 2 to 3; plant very 
vigorous; market. 

Secretary, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 2 to 3, berry 2 to3; form, bunch 
conical, moderately compact, shouldered, berry round; color black, bloom 
blue; flesh pale green, juicy, highly vinous, pulp firm, breaking; seeds 
eu 1 to2; quality 2; table; unprofitable on account of its tendency to 
mildew. 

Telegraph, ripe m. September; size, bunch 3, berry 2; form, bunch 
medium, compact, shouldered, berry roundish oval; color black; bloom 
blue; flesh pale, juicy, highly vinous, spicy, pulp tough; seeds large, 4; 
quality 4. Nearly superseded. 

Triumph, ripe m. e. October; size, bunch 1+, berry 2; form, bunch long, 
compact, shouldered, berry round; color pale green to golden yellow; flesh 
juicy, vinous, rich, pulp tender; seeds 1 to2. ‘Too late for this climate, 
unless in peculiarly favorable situation. 

Vergennes, ripe m. September; size, bunch 1 to 2, berry, 1; form, bunch 
long, slightly shouldered, rather compact, berry round; color light amber, 
bloom slight, grayish white; flesh juicy, vinous, rich, pleasant, pulp tender; 
seeds medium, 1 to 2; quality 2; a good keeper. 

Victoria, ripe e. September, b. October; size, bunch 1, berry, 1; form, 
bunch cylindrical, compact, shouldered, berry roundish ovate; color black, 

27 


210 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


bloom blue; flesh greenish, juicy, vinous, rather rich, pulp half tender; 
seeds large, 1 to 3; quality 3. There are other varieties under this name. 
This was received without history. 

Washington (Lady), ripe b.m. October; size, bunch 1-+-, berry 2 to 3; form, 
bunch long, broad, rather compact, often double shouldered, berry round; 
color, yellowish white, often rosy, bloom white; flesh greenish white, juicy, 
vinous, sprightly, pulp tender; seeds rather large, 1 to 2; quality 2 to 3. 
Ripens rather late here. 

Wells, ripe e. September; size, bunch 3, berry 1 to 2; form, berry oval; 
color, dark reddish or purplish amber, bloom grayish; flesh moderately 
juicy, vinous, pulp half tender; seeds large, 2; quality 3. 

White Imperial, ripe m. September; size, berry 3 to 5; form, bunch cylin- 
drical, berry round; color whitish, bloom dingy white; flesh pale, juicy, 
nearly sweet, pleasant, pulpy; seeds small, 1 to 2; quality, 2 to 3. 

Wilder, ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 2 to 3, berry 1; form, bunch 
conical, shouldered, berry round; color black, bloom blue; flesh greenish 
or pale amber, juicy, vinous, pleasant, pulp half tender; seeds large, 2 to 3; 
quality 2; table; market. 

Willis, ripe m. September; size, bunch 3, berry 3; form, bunch very com- 
pact, prominently shouldered, berry round; color from pale green to 
amber yellow, bloom very slight; flesh greenish white, juicy, vinous, almost 
pulpless; seeds 3 to 4; quality 3 to 4. 

Winchell, ripe e. August; size, bunch 2, berry 3; form, bunch long, 
moderately compact, shouldered, berry round; color greenish white, bloom 
slight; flesh juicy, sweet, rich, pulp rather tender; quality 1 to2. This and 
Green Mountain are clearly identical, and Winchell, being the earlier 
name, is entitled to precedence. It is so far the best very early white 
grape yet introduced. It holds its quality well after maturity. 

Witt, ripe in September; size, berry 1; form, berry round; color green- 
ish white, bloom slight, grayish; flesh greenish white, very juicy, vinous, 
pulp tender; quality 3 to 4. 

Woodruff (Red), ripe m. e. September; size, bunch 1 to 2, berry 1; form, 
bunch roundish, shouldered, berry round; color red, with a slight bloom; 
flesh whitish, juicy, mild, pulpy; seeds 2; quality 3 to 4, variable. Bunches 
frequently small and imperfect. 

Worden, ripe e. August, b. September; size, bunch 2, berry 1 to 2; form 
bunch long, compact, shouldered, berry round; color black, bloom blue; 
flesh greenish, pulpy, vinous, juicy, pleasant; seeds 2 to 3; quality 2 to 3. 
This should take the place of the Concord, at the north, and also in south- 
ern a Sanai when intended for home use, on account of its higher 
quality. 

Wyoming (Red), ripe b. m. September; size, bunch 3, berry 2 to 4; form, 
bunch oblong, berry round; color dark wine, or red; flesh nearly colorless, 
juicy, sprightly, very foxy, pulpy, poor; seeds large, 2; quality 4. 
Unworthy. 


PLUMS (Prunus). 


As a result of repeated sprayings, or from other cause, plums generally 
have been almost wholly exempt from the usual premature loss of foliage; 
while during the unusually severe and protracted drouth of the past 
summer and autumn, resort was had to the constant use of the cultivator, 
keeping the surface well covered with a mulch of mellow soil, with the 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 211 


result that trees generally have made the usual amount of growth; while 
those in fruit have devoloped fully its usual size and quality. 

Watering has only been resorted to in the cases of a few newly planted 
trees, by filling a trench about them with water, and replacing the dry 
earth, after the water had been absorbed. Under this treatment, a few 
spring-planted trees only have failed, mainly those in bad condition when 
received. 

The rose chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosus), which heretofore had 
heen mostly confined toa few plum trees on light soil, has this year 
become more widely disseminated, especially upon the peach, and upon a 
few roses near the buildings. It has been attacked by hand picking, and 
also in connection with the curculio by jarring upon a cloth. 

The curculio, though occurring in limited numbers upon the cherry 
and peach, seems to have devoted its attention mainly to the plum, 
though, after one or two jarrings, so few were found that the work was 
omitted for a time, but resumed upon the reappearance of the insect. 

The slug (Hriocampa cerasi), appeared as usual, and was sprayed with 
buhach in water, which (possibly from adulteration of the powder) proved 
but partially effective. The process was repeated, using strong tobacco 
water, which proved thoroughly effective. 

Plums this year have suffered little, if at all, from the depredations of 
fungi, with the exception of the shot-hole fungus, which appeared upon 
several varieties in apparent defiance of the sprayings given, whether 
because the material employed was ineffective, or for the reason that it 
was not applied at the proper time, can not now be determined. 

Prior to the severe freezing and snowstorm of March 25 to 30, the 
weather had been unusually mild for the season, so much so that the fruit 
buds had become developed almost to bursting. The occurrence during 
such storm of temperatures ranging for several days between 17° and 25°, 
proved fatal to the entire bloom of very many varieties, especially to those 
of the oriental or Japanese type, which are usually earlier in bloom, and, 
for that reason, the more liable to injury from late spring frosts. 

But for this paroxysm of cold there would apparently have been a large 
ee of varieties in bloom, with prospeet of a very considerable show 
of fruit. 

On March 19 to 21, plums (in common with other tree fruits) received 
a spray of copper sulphate, one pound dissolved in 25 gallons of water. 

May 23 sprayed plums with Bordeaux, using 4 pounds each of copper 
sulphate and stone lime in 82 gallons of water. 

May 26 and again on the 28th jarred plum trees for curculio, finding 
very few. Weather cool and windy. 

July 6 sprayed plums with strong tobacco water, for slugs. 

August 25 sprayed plums with tobacco water for slugs. 

In the following table, description of varieties of fruits is omitted, to 
soled subsequently in more satisfactory form than would be possible in 
a table. 

The nomenclature of plums, as is the case throughout this report, is 
conformed to the rules and practice of the American Pomological society, 
and that of the National Division of Pomology. 


212 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


PLUMS. « 
Alphabetical tabulation. 


o 
Name. Species. £ 
a 
ou 
Abundance ls1ee area aescsoceacs Hattan 2222: “ete ese 1894 
AveniPrune 2 a a Domestica 2822 ee 1890 
Archduke ot.) bts eel aes Domestica, eres a ay es 1883 
IAT OTIC Sot ae Se ee Domesticay)_ ee ae 1391 
Baileyee sents ee ee Momestica,22- <= eee ee 1890 
Baker Prune! ecco eee Domestica-222 = 2-2 1893 
BAVA 2222 eee ee eee Domestica).229 See 1892 
Black Diamond Sy eee ae Domestics = 22-5222 iii saree ss 1892 
Black Prune (Spurious) -_--------- Domestica ot Se 1888 
Bo tarts See te Stee es Hattan Lech y eee eee a 1890 
Domestica i 22e- seco ces oes 1890 
Hattan {ces desea aes 1893 
IHathan age ue aes 1890 
Mime see eae te eae 1890 
Hattan 2 sah v ee ere ees 1890 
Hattane tote ee eee 1893 
Amoricana:.-. 22-22-20 22s 1888 
Ee ae 2 DE TELE SOS || Os Ta cae eee oat eee ae 1894 
Domesticae se Se ae 1893 
Doméstica 2S ee eae 1893 
Hortulana? - 1890 
Domestica - 1892 
Americana_-_ 1888 
Domestica - 1894 
Domestica -__ 1894 
Domestica 
Domestica 
Domestica 
Forest Garden. .| Americana 
Horest Rose: 32 eee aS Hortulana var. Mineri 
Freestone Quetsche---_...--.------ Domestica 
French Damson..__.._.... ------- Domestica 
Hrench Prunes. 2! eee es Domestica 
Garfield® bese ee Hortolanaleet 225 te re eee) 
Germanvernnessssesonee eno een as Domestica 
(Od FC: ese a el A Se ee ee eee ae Domestica 
GEAING sates oe te Se eee Domestica 
Golden Beauty.____..-..---.------ Hortulari aes eee ih ees 
Golden 'Pranes! ete eae Domestica ee er as 1894 
Grand Dokken so eee eee Domestica ae ese ee ae 1890 
Grea ee 2 NE eR ah Domestica, 2205 25.Mie se ee 1890 
Hawkoye Wess tee ee Ee ee Americana 06 7a eee 
IHtingarian=*00 25 ree Serre Domestica ys eli Ee 1888 
POW Lee ae ae ei aa ee AMenCAn ats econ sa 1890 
Kelsey sh) Tiers Pale Pores Te Hattany oe es eee are et 1893 
Kin geton <2 ane Rees Domesticas 322-24. ee 1840 
Korai (Quetsche)-_..-........----- Domestica 2:25: e222 52s 1894 
Lincoln shee Rae oes Momestica 2.022 ee ee eee a 189U 
bombard sae Sea ees Domestica, at wee 1890 
Dargo Green ts2- 2 elo Rea Domestica fs = ees 1894 
Mong raiteds ss: o2 28 seen eee Hattan’s's b.ci0 yes tere ee 1890 
Maquoketas 25:22, 20s eee Americana: 225 Se 2 Fs 1888 
Marianaeo 2a) Net ool ee 8 Cerasifera Hyb?_____-._--_--_-- 1890 
Moerunkae cits Set 2 oa Domestica 1) swe aiae se 1888 
Marte el reas a a ee atari ie en ee 1860 
Melaughlin= 2222.02 22) aes Domestica 222202558 ee 5. Se 1893 
Biiddlebrire ) son ce esi ae et Domestica 22 as a es 1890 
Minor ou Bae. Bee: ees ee Hortulana var, Mineri___-._--- 1890 
Moldavka- 22a ee eee NDomestica 2:20 2st eee 1888 
Monarch 3220s seer cis Ae eee Domeatica 2255) Ha eas 1893 


* Proves to be Washington. 


Bloom, 


April 80, 
May 1. 
April 30_-__. 


April 27. 
April 27. 
April 30_._- 
April 27, 
April 28. 


April 26___. 
April 27. 


April 29___. 


April 80. 


Apri 28. 


May 5. 


May 3. 
April 27. 
April 30__--. 
April 30. 


April 30.__. 
May 1. 


April 27__-. 


April 28__.. 


Apri 7 
Mayes 2s 
April 80___-. 


May 
Apel 28._.. 


Ripe. 


August 21. 


August 21. 


August 81. 


August 16, 


August 11, 
Sept. 1. 


August 27. 


August 31, 
August 21, 


August 29. 


August 29. 


Sept. 6. 
August 6. 
August 14. 
August 14. 


Sept. 30. 
August 14. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 213 


PLUMS—ConNoLUDED, 


3 N Speci 3 d 

z ame. pecies. 5 3 é 

Zz Ay isa] en] 

B15); Moremantt 228i eae e a oes Hortulanas-s2208) oss eee 1890 | May 3._____- August 14, 

S2aieMord ys eo es tens ea ee Domestica 2 e245. sss cares a 1892 

G3, |) Muscat! Free 22-222 22--2-=2-- = -- Doniestica ye see eee 1894 : 

64 | Naples (Beauty of) ..-..---..----- Domeshicay: es. Meee ee 1889 | April 30___.| August 30. 

5p Newman oe eee eee auee Augustifolian os Pe ee 1890 | May 10. 

66 | Niagara .__.-- Oe ae Eee ees Domesticayee=ss- es ae asso. 1890 | April 80._..| August 29. 

BIFlwNicholas (White). 22 eee ose ree ie Pe eee coe ees ae ee ee 1890 | April 30. 

CBN Omori te eens ere se ee Se St atari bee tiie eae aie Ue ae 1890 | April 28___.| July 27. 

BORO rel 20 Sark ie a a sae ack Domestica ststss a eet 1888 | April 30____| August 21. 

Oi PE ISSErON sesh? eee ON eee ae Myrobalane sar ee 1889 | April 28. 

71 | Pottawattamie --......--..------- Augustifolia: (2222 8 sae 1894 

72 | Prairie (Flower) --..--.--.---.---- Hortulani var. Mineri____..__-- 1890 | May 1. 

73 | Re Tne ee eee aes Ce) pee eae aa Meee ie tae 1894 

We ReduNagates-eoces =! a2 esse eee Hattante. oso ae eee 1890 | April 30, 

755 WRODINSON 2. te ee ee ea ee ee Augustitoliaes) 2 noes kee 1890 | May 3__._...| August 6. 

iG) |wRollingstone 222. Se20t ee sec c25k Americana 22) _.-| 1888 | April 30___.| August 27. 

77 | Saratoga__....-.---- .| Domestica 1890 | April 28. 

28) Sateama,:© 22222222 Hattan ____. 1890 

79 | Sergent (Robe de) --.- Domestica -- -| 1893 

80 | Shipper (Pride) --_---- Domestica 2 att eee 1890 | May 5. 

St iuShiro Simomo. 2.22 sole eee Hattan{e. coe ee ace cees 1890 | May 3. 

S2alsShropshire.c=s22 so oes ote eee soe Domestica i242) ae Wares 1890 

SBA SESH ET): eR eS SE a age eee Domiestica 222 (ee ee 1894 

SE MpimOnss). wus fae Fe ee Tere Simonipe foresee ee eee 1888 | May1l. 

Shale Spanish (Kang) esas see eee Domestica!: 2232s 1890 

tela} IH Mfsh of: he) Co Phe Ygeteen ee ae eee aS eae Domestica 2. -- fhe: eee ee 1890 

SUlpstarica (Gage) eee ee ee eee ae Domestics. * 225-2 1894 

SS Mirage y 2 te os eco ee IDomesti¢a ee eae 1894 

SOrl Wane burene] sass eee es eee See Americana var. Mollis.___._-_- 1890 | May1. 

SOniMVAiCtLOriagss eee sot ata eeer ese Domestica (2222 ee 1890 | April 30. 

91 | Wales (Prince of)-_...._-.---.---- Domesticaiet 5-62-2222 sabee sss 1892 

92") Wanrenhoim 2-55 22 ae eee Domesticn =) see eae 1890 

OStinWiea vert: eseaot ae Ne Fo ede Americana var. Mollis..-.._.-- 1890 | April 80. 

Sf R White! Queen: 22282 a hu eer! (2) ne Ee Le See eS 1894 

Os Willard ORC eee ih ie RAR Se Hatta eee Ser ee eee, 1894 

OER SWioltse a. tes et iia AG Se ae Americanaivar.. 22-222 2722- 22-2. 1888 | May 1-__-_..- August 29, 

ST oWigant late Lee oso ene aS Americana oe seer oe ae hae 1890 | May1. 

98 | Yellow Aubert Domestica ys | Sse Sees 1888 | April 80___.| August 21. 
Yellow Hgg--- Momestica 3223752 i eee 1893 

100 | Yosebe -.__---- Ea Eten en ee ot nee eS 1890 | April 28___.| July 19. 

101 | Yosemite Purple_____.__ CirAmoericana: se. snot. el eee ee hi) 1892 | May1. 

102 | Yosemite Yellow_-.....-...--.---- (Amoricana-.20snk Seite 1892 | May1. 


Descriptions are added of such varieties as have fruited during the past 
season, using the scale, 1 to 5, to express size and quality. 

Arctic, ripe August 28; size 4; color black; bloom whitish; flesh greenish, 
firm, meaty, mild, pleasant, free; culinary, market. 

Bailey, ripe August 23; size 1; form roundish, oval; color pale yellow; 
flesh orange yellow, juicy, firm, sweet, rich, nearly free from the rather 
large pit; quality 4; tree vigorous, upright. 

Burbank 2, ripe August 20; size 2; form roundish obovate, tapering to the 
apex; color dark red, with numerous minute, rather indistinct specks, 
suture a mere line; flesh pale yellowish amber, very juicy, sweet, with a 
perceptible bitterness; adheres to the rather small, plump, ovate pit; 
imported from Japan by Luther Burbank, in 1885. 


214 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Burbank 7, ripe September 1; size 4; form roundish ovate, tapering to 
to the apex; color whitish, faintly marbled, suture scarcely perceptible; 
pit medium, oval; flesh pale amber, juicy, sweet, sprightly, rich, high 
flavored, free; quality 1 to 2. In both tree and fruit it possesses more or 
less the characteristics of domestica, although said to be a hybrid with a 
Japanese variety, imported from Japan in 1885, by Luther Burbank. 

De Soto, ripe September 7; size 4; form round, suture slight, half 
around; color red; skin thick; flesh orange, tender, juicy, adheres to the 
pit, which is rather large, oval; quality 3 to 4; considered one of the best of 
its species. 

Diamond (Black), ripe m. e. September; size 1; form roundish obiong, 
apex prominent; stem half an inch long set in a moderate cavity, suture 
scarcely perceptible, half around; color black, bloom dense, bluish white; 
flesh firm, moderately juicy, highly vinous or acid, free; quality 3; a mar- 
ket plum. 

Forest Garden, ripe August 27; size 4; stem half an inch, slender; skin 
thick; color red, dotted and marbled yellowish brown, bloom slight, whit- 
ish; flesh orange yellow, fibrous, tender, juicy, go 8 EOS to the rather large 
nearly round pit; flavor very rich, vinous; quality 2. 

Garfield, ripe e. October; size 5; form ovate; suture scarcely perceptible, 
half around: stem one inch, slender, set in a slight, very narrow cavity; 
color dark red with a few small yellow specks; flesh yellow orange, firm, 
juicy, acid, adheres to the pit, which is oval, pointed, plump; quality 5; 
probably too late to fully ripen in this climate. 

Golden Beauty, ripe b. m. October; size 4to5; form roundish ovate, pointed 
at apex; stem slender, seven eighths inch, set in a very narrow, shallow, 
regular cavity; suture half around, scarcely perceptible; color golden, with 
many inconspicuous, light colored specks, apparently beneath the skin; 
flesh yellowish amber, tender, moderately juicy, mild, sweet, pleasant, 
adhering to the very small, oval pit; quality 4 to5; exceedingly hardy, vig- 
orous, and productive. 

Gueii, ripe September 5; size 3 to 4; form round, suture very slight; stem 
half an inch, set in a narrow, reguiar cavity; colur purple, bloom slight, 
whitish blue; flesh pale, yellowish amber, moderately juicy, firm, separat- 
ing freely from the pit; quality 3 to 4; market. 

Hungarian (Prune), ripe August OL: size 2; form long, oval, more 
rounded on one side; color black or dark purple, bloom dense, blue; flesh 
greenish amber, firm, moderately juicy; pit large, long, pointed, free; quality 
3 to 4; promising for market or drying. 

Kingston, ripe m. September; size 1; form rather long, oval, one side 
enlarged, apex pointed; stem stout, three fourths inch, set in a narrow, 
deép cavity, suture half around, one side slightly enlarged; color black, 
bloom dense, bluish white; flesh pale yellowish amber, not very juicy, firm, 
mildly vinous when fully ripe, adhering slightly to the long oval pit; 
quality 3 to 4; a promising, showy, market fruit. 

Lombard, ripe September 5; size 2 to 5; form roundish, slightly oblong; 
stem one half inch, set in a narrow, regular cavity; suture imperceptible; 
color dark purple, bloom light, bluish white; flesh yellowish, rather firm, 
moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant; quality 3; nearly free. One of the 
most productive and popular market plums. 

Maquoketa, ripe m. September; size 5; form round, suture none; color 
red, with many small, yellow specks; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, vinous, 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 215° 


slightly astringent next the skin, adheres to the pit, which is nearly round; 
quality 4, This as well as the entire list of native plums, is only desirable 
where the domestica varieties prove unsuccessful. 

Maru, ripe August 21; size 2 to 3; form round, slightly elongated, tapering 
to the apex, suture scarcely perceptible; color dark brownish or purplish 
red; flesh pale amber or orange yellow, tender, very juicy, adhering to the 
pit, which is small, plump, nearly round; quality about 3. 

Merunka, ripe August 14; form roundish, egg-shape; color dark purple, 
bloom bluish; flesh pale amber, mild, pleasant. 

Miner, ripe e. September b. October; size 4 to 5; form round, remotely 
ovate; stem slender, three fourths inch, set in a narrow, regular cavity, 
suture scarcely perceptible; color dark purplish red, with many minute 
yellowish gray specks, bloom slight, whitish; flesh pale amber, juicy, mild, 
adheres to the pit, which is small, roundish, oval; unproductive at the 
north, apparently on account of defective fertilization of the blossoms. 

Moldavka, ripe August 1 to 4; size 12; form egg-shape, stem rather long, 
stout; color light yellow, bloom plentiful, whitish; flesh light orange, rich, 
adherent at one edge only. 

Naples (Beauty of), ripe September 4; size 3; form roundish, one side 
slightly enlarged, suture very slight; stem one half inch, set in a narrow, 
regular cavity; color purple, with a slight, bluish white bloom, and num- 
erous yellow specks; flesh yellowish amber, tender, juicy, sweet, adheres 
pecHally to the pit at one edge; quality 3; avery productive market 
plum. 

Niagara, ripe September 3; size 2 to 3; form oblong, oval, suture scarcely 
perceptible; color dark purple, bloom slight, bluish white; flesh pale amber, 
sweet, moderately juicy, parts freely from the pit; quality 3; market. 

Prairie (Flower), ripe e. September, b. October; size 4to 5; form roundish, 
tapering slightly toward the apex; stem slender, three fourths inch, set in a 
narrow, regular cavity, suture very slight; color dark purplish red, with 
numerous small, yellowish specks, bloom very slight; flesh light yellowish 
amber, moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant, adheres to the small, roundish, 
ovate pit; quality 5. 

Robinson, ripe e. August, b. September; size 4; form round, suture a 
mere line, often none; color dark red, with numerous light, yellowish 
specks; flesh yellowish amber, tender, juicy, adhering to the small, plump, 
roundish pit; quality 4. A vigorous and productive tree, the most desir- 
able of the western native plums yet fruited here. 

Saratoga, ripe September 28; size 2; form oval; color dark brownish red, 
with a few whitish specks, bloom thin, bluish white; flesh pale amber, 
separating freely from the rather large, oval, pointed pit. 

Orel 20, ripe August 27; size 3; form oval, or roundish cylindrical; stem 
slender, three eighths inch; color black; bloom bluish white; flesh pale 
greenish white, firm, lacking juice and flavor; pit oval, pointed, partially 
adherent; quality 5; of little apparent value. : 

Washington (trees received as Bradshaw), ripe m. October; size 1+; 
form roundish oval; stem one half inch, in a shallow cavity, suture very 
slight; color greenish yellow, slightly marbled, with spots of red next the 
sun, bloom slight, whitish; flesh yellow, very firm, sweet, luscious, free; 
quality 2; tree vigorous and productive; but fruit often decays on the tree 
before ripening, for which spraying is like to prove a remedy. 


216 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Wolf, ripe August 29; size 4; form round, suture scarcely perceptible; 
color dark red, bloom thin, pale, skin thick; flesh pale amber, acid next the 
skin, tender, fibrous, rich, moderately j juicy; quality 4. Origin Iowa. 

Yosemite Yellow, ripe ‘September 8; size 4; form round, suture a mere 
line, half around, skin thick, tough, acid: color red, on yellow ground; 
flesh yellow, tender, sweet, rather rich, adhering to the roundish, ovate 
pit; quality 5. 


PEARS (Pyrus communis). 


Notwithstanding the exceeding severity of the drouth of the past sum- 
mer, the pear has suffered little, if any, apparent injury therefrom, appar- 
ently for the reason that the soil has been kept constantly mellow by the 
frequent use of the cultivator. Watering has only been resorted to in the 
case of a few trees planted last spring, which had not yet a sufficient hold 
upon the soil. 

The blight which, upon one or two Russian varieties, required rather 
severe cutting last year, has not reappeared the present season, and the 
trees are already rapidly repairing the injury. A slight attack of the 
malady has, however, appeared upon a couple of two-year planted trees of 
Vicar, in a location quite remote from the former, which have been sub- 
jected to severe cutting, with the hope to be able to eradicate it. 

The slug (Hriocampa ceras?) is the only insect that has proved trouble- 
some upon the pear, which, however, has been readily subdued by a strong 
deeoction of tobacco stems. 

The scab (Fusicladium dendriticum) has only appeared upon the foliage 
of three or four trees which, it may be suspected, were missed or over- 
looked, in previous sprayings. 

Aside from.the spray of copper sulphate (1 fb. in 25 gals. water) 
which the entire plantation received on March 19 to 21 last, the pears 
were treated as follows: 

On April 28, just previous to the opening of the blossoms, a spray of 
Bordeaux mixture, of standard strength, applied to bearing trees only. 

May 8, two and three year trees (southeast block) received a spray of 
Bordeaux of the usual strength. 

May 23, pears sprayed for scab, using 4 pounds each of stone lime and 
copper sulphate, with 3 ounces of Paris green in 32 gallons of water. 

July 2 and 3, sprayed for slugs, using a strong decoction of tobacco 
stems. 

August 21, treated pears for slugs, with strong decoction of tobacco 
stems. 

The varieties of pear which have shown bloom or fruit, one or both, 
are included in the following table: 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 217 


PEARS. 
Alphabetical tabulation. 
5 3 : 
5 Name. Origin. = E 3 
5 Ss xO ee 
ai | Ay (ea) foe} 
I pAngonlemie iss 25 25). ee KMrancoree sss es ee ee 1881 | May 2 -____. Oct.-Nov. 
OavAmann it ete e ee eee oS SEE) PEF PAN CO see. ge hes 1889 | May 1_____- September. 
Sil BlOOA ROOD Sati kCe oe ee es ESE INOW: VOLK 29 = ey eo 18887 | May 1 .0t le August 10. 
45| (Brandy witto esse ee he se Pennsylvania 2a 1888 | May 9_____- Aug.-Sept. 
571 oC 8) Ei fos i eo ee ee L rance sess 26 eb 18S i Mayrsiaa Oct.—Jan. 
63)-Clapp*Kavorite_--¥ 2: 22> se _|| *Massachusatte= 23223-2222 1888 | May 4____.. August 27. 
Pita FPOVOS aes sa Se 9) Oe Te Massachusetts ___...________ ISSSuloMay 12s Nov.-Jan. 
RetEGAKOVE Ke ee ne ee ene ne ee eee Rossin esses Beto 1888 | May 8____-. August 10. 
SaGrayeDoyennes. oy 5-1 225) 2. See WTANCOy soe See ee ee Te 1888 | May 1_____. October. 
10heHowelles =e A ae Connecticut 22-2 2 ae 1888 | May 5 _____- Sept.-Oct. 
11 
12 _..| December. 
13 ..| October. 
14 ty _-----| & Sept. 
15 | M Ohi ....-.| August &. 
ao | 888} May 4 _____- Noy.-Dec. 
180] bounds. 2) ie? a Se | Boropes che ae et 1889) May 4 =o: Winter 
1OnlwRostiozor. = =! tes eee? STS oe | rance =. miss se toe || 1888s May 22 bs Aug. 21. 
Seckel _.____- gd aS Lat GPEC Re Pennsylvania eo 1888 | May 1 _____. Sept.—Oct. 
Dialer son 22220)! -- bao eae ie, Fk Pennsylvania se. 2 1888 | May 7 _____- e Aug-b Sept 
Ac; @VACLOTINA Ot 9-5 2c) 523 ee ee Russinee st. -- eos eee 1888 | May 1 ___-__- Ang. 23. 
AsiewVinter: Nelisutge-- 285) eT os he Hurope 2.2 sheen 52 seo 1888 | May 1 _____- Dec.—Jan. 


Notices are appended of such as have fruited sufficiently to warrant con- 
clusions respecting season and quality. 

Size and quality are given in numerals upon the scale 1 to 5; b. begin- 
ning, m. middle, e. end of the month. 

Angouleme, ripe October to November; size 1+; form oblong obovate, 
knobby; dull greenish yellow, with much russet; stalk stout, one inch, 
set in a deep, irregular cavity; calyx in a knobby basin; flesh white, 
juicy, buttery, rich; quality 3. Generally grown as a dwarf. 

Ansault, ripe m. e. September; size 2 to 3; form conical; stem three fourths 
inch, stout, set in a slight, narrow cavity; basin broad, very shallow; calyx 
open, segments erect, calyx tube nearly conical, slightly funnel-shape; 
color yellow, much russeted; flesh whitish, moderately juicy, vinous, 

ypleasant; core compact; seeds few, often abortive; quality 3; new, and 
imperfectly tested; gives indications of early and profuse productiveness. 

Bloodgood, ripe August 10; size 3; form turbinate or obovate; color yel- 
low with russet dots and markings; flesh yellowish white, buttery, melting, 
rich, sweet, aromatic; quality 3. One of the best dessert varieties of its 
season. 

Brandywine, ripe e. August, b. September; size 3; form varying from 
oblate to oblong pyriform; stem fleshy, inserted with folds or rings, calyx 
open, basin regular, shallow; color yellowish green, brighter toward the 
sun; flesh white, juicy, melting, sugary, and vinous; quality 4. 

Clairgeau, ripe October to December; size 1 to 2; form pyriform, with 
sides unequal; stalk stout, fleshy, inclined, inserted with a lip, basin shal- 
low, furrowed, calyx open, segments stiff, nearly erect; color warm yellow 
and red, with more or less russet; flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, granular, 
vinous, not rich; quality 4 to 5; market. 

Clapp Favorite, ripe August 27; size 1; form obovate, or ovate pyriform; 
stem one inch, inclined, stout, set in a slight cavity, basin shallow, slightly 

28 


218 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ribbed, calyx partially closed, segments erect; color pale yellow, marbled 
and splashed with crimson, with russet patches; rots at the core if left to 
ripen upon the tree; flesh white, fine grained, juicy, buttery, melting, rich, 
vinous, perfumed; quality 33 dessert, market. 

Dana Hovey, ripe November, January; size 4 to 5; form obovate, obtuse 
pyriform, regular; stem half an inch, set in a slight, narrow cavity, basin 
rather narrow, shallow, regular, calyx open, segments upright; color green- 
ish yellow, sometimes slightly russeted; flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, 
sugary, rich, aromatic; quality 1; dessert. 

Gray Doyenne, ripe m. e. October; size 3; form ovate, obovate; stem 
three fourths inch, set in a narrow, abrupt cavity; calyx small, closed; 
basin smooth, shallow; color smooth cinnamon russet, sometimes reddened 
in the sun; flesh white, fine grained, buttery, melting, rich, delicious; qual- 
ity 1; an old and valued dessert pear. 

Howell, ripe e. September, b. October; size 2 to 3; form roundish obovate; 
stem an inch long, stout, set in a narrow, shallow cavity; calyx small, 
open; calyx tube cup-like; color rich yellow; with a suspicion of red in the 
sun, and numerous, conspicuous, grayish dots; flesh white, very juicy, vin- 
ous, sprightly, pleasant; seeds few, core compact; quality 2; dessert, 
market. 

Lawrence, ripe December; size 3; form obovate, obtuse pyriform, regu- 
lar; stem medium, rather stout, in an irregular russeted cavity; calyx 
open, segments short, persistent; basin broad, shallow, slightly ribbed, 
russeted; color lemon yellow, with patches of russet, and many minute 
brown dots: flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic: quality 2to3; an 
excellent early winter pear. 

Louise (Jersey), ripe e. September, October; size 2; form oblong pyri- 
form, slightly one-sided; stem one inch, set obliquely, with an enlarged, 
fleshy base; calyx open, in a shallow, uneven basin; color pale green, glossy, 
with a brownish red cheek, and dotted with numerous gray dots; flesh 
greenish white, very juicy, melting, with excellent, rich flavor; quality 3 to 
4; much grown as a dwarf. 

Lucrative, ripe e. September; size 3; form obovate obtuse pyriform, 
sometimes nearly globular; stem one inch, stout, inserted obliquely in a 
slight cavity; calyx open, with few divisions, basin rather shallow; color 
pale yellowish green, slightly russeted; flesh juicy, melting, rich; quality 
1 to 2; an old, delicious dessert fruit. 

Margaret, ripe August; size 2 to3; form oblong, obovate; stem medium, 
cavity none; calyx large, open, segments long, reflexed; color yellow, 
mostly covered with deep red, with small russet dots; flesh white, juicy, 
vinous, sweet; quality 4. 

Mount Vernon, ripe November, December; size 2 to 3; form roundish, 
obtuse, pyriform; stem short, stout, inclined, with a lip; calyx small, 
closed, segments upright, short; color yellowish, netted and mostly covered 
with light, cinnamon russet; flesh yellowish, granular, juicy, melting, 
slightly vinous, aroma slight; quality 3. 

Pound, ripe through winter; size 1+; form pyriform; stem stout, two or 
more inches long, curved: calyx large, segments irregular, upright; calyx 
tube funnel-like; basin broad, shallow, slightly corrugated; color yellowish 
green, with a reddish brown cheek, and many large russet spots and 
patches; flesh very firm, austere, astringent before maturity, yellowish 
white, vinous, stews red; good baked or preserved; culinary only. 

Rostiezer, ripe August 21; size 3 to 4; form obovate, oblong pyriform; 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 219 


stem long, slender, curved, cavity very slight, calyx open, basin small, cor- 
rugated; color yellowish green, with reddish brown in the sun; flesh yel- 
lowish white, juicy, melting, slightly buttery, very sweet, vinous, aromatic; 
quality 1. Not attractive, but excellent; shoots spreading, stout, vigorous. 

Seckel, ripe September, October; size 4 to5; form obovate, regular; stem 
half an inch or more in length, cavity slight, calyx small, basin very shal- 
low; color, when fully mature, yellowish brown, with a russety red cheek; 
flesh whitish, buttery, melting, very juicy, with a very rich, spicy flavor 
and aroma; quality 1+; the standard of quality among pears. 

Tyson, ripe e. August, b. September; size 3 to 4; form acute pyriform; 
stem long, curved, inserted with a ring or lip, calyx open, in a shallow 
basin; color clear yellow, when mature, with slight russet, a crimson cheek, 
with many small, brown dots; flesh rather fine grained, juicy, melting, 
sweet, slightly aromatic; quality 1 to 2; a somewhat tardy bearer. 

Victorina, ripe b. m. September; size 3 to 4; form depressed turbinate; 
stem one and a fourth inches long, set in a slight cavity; calyx large, seg- 
ments erect; color yellow, dots very numerous, generally large, dark gray; 
flesh pale yellow, coarse, granular, tender, juicy, sweet; quality 4; decays 
soon at the core. Tree upright, vigorous. 

Winter Nelis, ripe October, January; size 3; form roundish obovate; 
stem one and one fourth inches, set in a narrow, shallow cavity, calyx 
open, segments long, upright or reflexed, basin shallow, broad, regular, 
russeted; color greenish yellow at maturity, often nearly covered with a 
network of russet; flesh yellowish white, fine grained, buttery, very melt- 
ing, juicy, rich, sweet, perfumed; quality 1. Tree productive, vigorous, 
but very straggling. 


APPLES (Pyrus malus). 


The trees upon the place are yet too young to give more than a slight 
indication of productive qualities, though several varieties have matured a 
few specimens each, while in nearly all cases the growth has been satis- 
tect, under constant cultivation, notwithstanding the unprecedented 

routh. 

The green aphis (Aphis mali) and the larvee of the codlin moth have 
been the only injurious insects troublesome the past season, while the 
trees and fruit have been unusually exempt from the attacks of fungi. 

The Austrian or Hungarian varieties, received in 1893, through the 
National Division of Pomology, in scion, and grafted in nursery, have now 
been transferred to the orchard rows. Of these there remain eleven vari- 
eties of apple, a few having failed, apparently from the unfavorable 
condition of the scions when received. 

Scions of forty varieties of new, reputed hardy, western apple, were 
received from B. Hathaway of Little Prairie Ronde, Michigan, several of 
which were grafted upon orchard stocks, and the remainder in nursery. 

The apple plantations were included in the spraying of March 19 to 21 
last, with one pound of copper sulphate in twenty-five gallons of water. 

On May 17, apples were again sprayed with Bordeaux mixture of the 
usual strength. 

May 23, applied a spray consisting of four pounds each of copper sul- 
phate and stone lime in thirty-two gallons of water, for scab, adding three 
ounces of Paris green for the codlin moth. 

July 10, apples were sprayed with tobacco water to subdue the aphis. 

July 18 to 20, repeated the spray of tobacco water upon part of the 
apples, to complete the destruction of the aphis. 


ee 


220 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 


Tabulation of apples blooming and a portion of them having fruited. 


3 Bal ed 
ame. Origin. >] 5 

E . 2 ew & 
Z Oy faa} (om 
fa PAN USE ook ee Fh Minnesota 20. 5-254 22 1890 | May §, 

Oe iBabbittic se ea i Americas: -22282— J ee 1890 | May 

SalsBanty: eee oe SI eae oe America . _.------ =.._..__/__| 1888 | May 12 

sasbatullons2s! Se ean sew ee Russie’ 2 2 1888 | May 10 

5t| -Borovinkace 220 - cs eee ee ROBBIA Ce: 2 eae ne eae 1888 | May 7 _____- b-Sept. 
6:\" Bottle Greening? ==. -2=-- se Mermont 3.222572 Se 1890 | May 10 

7 Ole ts ee EN ee ae IAN OTIC ae eee 1888 | May 17 

Sc) Bradford cia) Soares ah lecrety ee Pele Kentucky __...__...__.___.__| 1890 | May 10 

Go inCorawelle to. 7 abe ee eee Connecticut 222222 ae 1888 | May 12 

10) | \Colton222 2-2 ee eee Americae! 23a Se Pe 1888) |e May i 

ip eCornelive a ese bee ee een cee ees Pennsylvanians 2s ee 1890 | May 9. 

126 ACraine 2255S ee ee See ee Ce Plinojs? ss ae ee pea 1888 | May 10. 

She Dartmouth sos ena a ee eee American se 2 2S. e a 1890 | May 11 

40 oD ecario sh ee Ss a Canada) 22d ee 2 | 1890 May? 10 

15 VODs sae e ts Sel! Sree ee ees America Sk Pees 1888 | May 7. 

LOU WNEXCOlBIOR 5228) 8 Sees ee eee ee New York 2 1890 | May 8 

7A) Wlorencey- sek ee Minnesota 22 eos ee 1870 | May 4 _____. Aug. 23. 
159 |RGIGCOR Seo pled te a ee a ee Minnesota 22-212 Ses eS 1890 ay 9. 

POH EG logget ee a8 ee ee a ea Wisconsin 2222 2s 1888 | May 8 

20 | Golden HReinette._.__.___._--...----- MLODEs =o ee ee 1838 | May 5 

21 | Golden Russet (N. Y.)_.-2--...----_- England=): 2222255. = 1888 | May 8 _____. Dec.-May. 
oui Grimes) 2. tes 252 ES EERE OES WVirginias 232: 32 Se 1890 | May 12. 

OSs MA awley 2.2225 oe ee Ne Americal 2-25.51. 2sse es 1888 | May 12. 

247 | SH bbDarTdston ss. eee ese eee ee Massachusetts ___._.-._____- 1888 | May 12 

25) |i OLL@ris: eet het ee eae Se Pennsylvania 2 as 1888 | May 8. 

26 

27 | Jersey Sweet 

28 | Jonathan___. 

29 | Keswick ___ 

30 | Lo 
81 
82 

33 

34 

85 

36 

37 

38 Minnesota 

39 Michigan? May 7 

40 Ontario 2 S32 na May 10 

AG) Peters see ees a nee ae ee a Minnesotae eee 1890 | May 7 _____. Sept 
42u\Rickett; Wate: so >. 2 eae ee it Am Orica sae en | 18888 |e Mayet te 
ASUIMPrimates 2. sees ee cs, ene OF Americas.) 2 eS 1888 | May 8. 

AA TRAM DO sso cee aegis tye 2 ee eae America tes a ese 1888 | May 12. 

AD ROCA DOLtemete o5. ee e  e Russiatves ess i Se nae 1888 | May 8 _____.| m-Sept. 
46q| "Red -Astrachan*— = jas-25- =.) 2 RUBSI8. se No ee he 1888 | May 7 

47a Ready etLinGn oa. see ee eee Use ae ee eee ee een 1888 | May 4______ b-Sept 
487i "Rhode Tsland is Seles Vr es ees America See re ea 11 888n|eMayells 

AGU RiDStOn: stan on ema ee Se England esse ie ee 1888 

BOLI Onn ks. eee Ss Nes Indiana: sae o eis eer otne sees 1888 | May 8. 
SUG PRosenhagersssacs 2 tee ee ee cee Russias =. nc tae ee | B85 | ayaa se m-Sept. 
62 (Roxbury 7: see eee et Massachusetts __-__.__.._____| 1888 | May 7 -.__-- Dec.—June. 
535, Shorith 22 Sepa oe 2 ee ee Wisconsin: 7-5-4 e ne meee 1891 | May 12. 

BAG Stark: -2oe: ets. ea Oho. ese ee ee SI S8e lo May, 

55) /;Summeribearmaine. oes ee Americn sateen eee 1888 | May 8 

667 | SnmmerRoee 22-4822 ee America) 2 se. Sear yas 1892 | May 12 

B73 DROP 2 hoe wo een ee eee (PENT O DO eee 2a: ae ee 1888 | May 9. 

BSit Ritovka,.t e322 k ee eee Dh Rinesta se — eiee ee 1888 | May 7 _--_-- Sept.-Oct. 
SGU lolman 22-0055. 2 eee Massachusets ______-..__---- 1888 | May 11. 

60s} Townsend 24 2a a eee Am erica a eee ee 1890 | May 9 

Ol wWoeealth y2s25- 20 2-* =o een eee Minnesota 2220222 3-3 ese 1890 | May 9 

G2) Whitnoy 2 S00 te os Se eee RHinOis ee ee eee 1890 | May 12 

68) | SWinter/Streifling2 2222 eae TESA noes aes Se 1888 | May 5. 

64. | Yellow Transparent: 2 92-2 G2 2 | Rossin oe ee eee 1888 | May 8 ------ Aug. 6. 
654 tZolotorethe sent cee ce ee eer Rossier ee NS 1890 | May 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 221 


In describing apples the following scale is employed for expressing size, 
as a combination, including both apples and crabs. 


1+ varieties above 4 inches in diameter. 

1—4 inches in diameter ) 

34 ce “ce “ec | 

oe a ONG > + Apples (Pyrus malus ). 
ot oe 66 “cc | 

3 oe 6c 6s 

ot inches indiameter | 

Dy ag Smhhi es i: Crabs (Pyrus baccata). 
1} 66 ‘cc 6c 

0 3 ce 6c 6é J 


10— varieties below 2 inches in diameter. 
4 


me co CO 103 C1 09 DO 


Florence (crab), ripe August 23; size 8 to 9 (diameter one and one half 
inches); form oblate; cavity deep, narrow; stem slender, one and one half 
inches long; basin broad, shallow, plaited; calyx large, closed, tips reflexed; 
color yellow, with a red cheek; flesh pale yellow, very firm, high flavored, 
acid; core compact, large for size of fruit; seeds large, plump; quality 5; 
originated by P. M. Gideon of Minnesota. 

Gideon (crab), ripe October, November?; size 5 to 6;form roundish, 
slightly conical; cavity, broad, deep, nearly regular; stem one and one half 
inches, slender; basin narrow, rather deep, slightly corrugated; calyx 
small, closed, calyx tube the frustrum of a cone; color greenish yellow, 
with a faint brownish cheek; flesh white, juicy, acid; core medium, 
slightly open; quality 3 to 4; originated by P. M. Gideon of Minnesota. 

Jersey Sweet, ripe b. September; size 3 to 4; form roundish conical, cav- 
ity deep, narrow, irregular; stem one half inch, basin narrow, abrupt, 
irregular, calyx closed, calyx tube very long, funnel-shape; color two 
shades of red, striped on a yellow ground; flesh yellowish white, coarse, 
crisp, not very juicy, sweet, rich; core slightly open; seeds ovate, pointed; 
quality 2; probably the most desirable sweet apple of its season. 

Jonathan, ripe October, March; size 3 to 4; form round, remotely conical, 
regular; cavity deep, rather narrow, generally a little russeted; stem three 
fourths inch, slender; basin narrow, deep, slightly ribbed; calyx closed, 
calyx tube funnel-shape; color dark, glossy red, on yellow ground, specked 
and netted with grayish russet; fiesh white, crisp, juicy, subacid, rich; 
quality 2; valuable for table and market. 

Keswick, ripe during September; size 3 to 4; form roundish ovate, strongly 
ribbed, cavity irregularly five-angled, broad, shallow; stem one half inch, 
stout, sometimes fleshy; basin narrow, shallow, much corrugated; calyx 
closed, calyx tube conical; core medium, closed; seeds few, often imper- 
fect; color yellow, often with an orange blush; flesh firm, moderately juicy, 
ae an excellent culinary fruit, even before maturity; an enormous 

earer. 

Lou (crab), ripe August 18; size 3 to 4; form roundish ovate, narrow, 
deep; stem three fourths inch, medium; calyx closed; color greenish yel- 
low, faintly striped; flesh coarse, tender, acid; quality 3; culinary; orig- 
inated by P. M. Gideon of Minnesota. 

Lowell, ripe September; size 1 to 2; form approaching cylindrical, often 
irregular; cavity rather deep, nearly regular, russeted; stem one inch, 


222 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


stout; basin rather wide, shallow, plaited; calyx closed; color pale yellow, 
with a greasy feel, hence its synonym—Greasy Pippin; flesh whitish, 
coarse, granular, a pleasant acid, juice plentiful; seeds few; quality 3; a 
productive dessert and market fruit. 

No. 2, New (crab), ripe September; size 3; form roundish oblate, 
slightly conical; cavity broad, rather deep, regular, with a little brownish 
russet; stem one and one half inches, slender, baisin broad, shallow, 
calyx partially open; segments reflexed; calyx tube bowl-like; flesh green- 
ish white, acid, juicy, tender; core open, large seeds, many, small, plump, 
nearly round; quality 4; culinary; one of P. M. Gideon’s seedlings, 
Minnesota. 

Oakland (Oakland Co. Seeknofurther), ripe November, March; size 
3 to 4; form oblate, irregular; cavity narrow, deep, irregular, russeted; stem 
one one fourth inches, slender; basin irregular, slightly corrugated, broad, 
shallow; calyx small, closed; calyx tube conical; flesh white, crisp, fine- 
grained, mild subacid, juicy, very pleasant; core nearly closed, small; seeds 
small, ovate; quality 2; table, market. 

Oldenburg (Borovinka of J. L. Budd), ripe b. September; size 2 to 3; 
form roundish oblate, regular; cavity acute; stem medium; basin wide, 
regular; calyx large, closed; color yellow, distinctly striped, with a light 
bloom; flesh white, tender, juicy, rather acid; quality 3 to 4; valuable for 
cooking and market; tree vigorous, very productive, and hardy; Russian. 

Ontario, ripe January to April; size 2; form oblate, remotely conical, slight- 
ly irregular; cavity broad, deep, sometimes lipped, russeted; stem one half 
inch, slender; basin rather narrow, deep, corrugated, irregular; calyx small, 
closed; color bright yellow, with a clear, red cheek in the sun; dots few, 
whitish; flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic, core closed, 
small; seeds few, ovate; the offspring of a cross between Northern Spy 
and Wagener by the late Charles Arnold of Ontario. 

Peter, ripe m. e. September; size 2; form oblate, regular; cavity, broad, 
deep, with gray russet; stem one half inch; basin narrow, deep, slightly 
plaited; calyx rather large, irregularly closed; calyx tube conical; color yel- 
low, washed with red over nearly the entire surface, and striped with 
darker red, with conspicuous yellowish gray dots; flesh white, crisp, tender, 
juicy, brisk subacid, a little coarse; core small, closed; seeds few, ovate, 
conical; quality 3; a kitchen and market fruit if productive; another of 
P. M. Gideon’s, Minnesota. 

Red Aport, ripe m. September; size 1 to 2; form obtuse conical, irregular; 
cavity narrow, densely russeted; stem three fourths inch, stout; basin nar- 
row, deep, irregular; calyx closed; calyx tube conical; color yellow, mostly 
overspread and obscurely striped with red; flesh white, firm, crisp, fine- 
grained, moderately juicy, mild subacid; core small, closed; seeds few, 
ovate, pointed; Russian. 

Red Dettmer, ripe b. September; size 2; form roundish, oblate, conical; 
cavity broad, deep, russeted; stem one half inch; basin shallow; calyx with 
long, half reflexed segments; calyx tube short, slightly funnel-shape; color 
two shades of red, obscurely striped on a yellow ground; flesh white, crisp, 
coarse, sharp subacid, tender, moderately juicy; core rather large, closed, 
seeds few, large, pointed; Russian. 

Rosenhager, ripe m. e. September; size 1 to 2; form round, regular, slightly 
oblate conical, cavity narrow, deep, with faint whitish-gray russet; stem 
three fourths inch, rather slender, basin broad, shallow, corrugated, calyx 
large, nearly closed; color greenish (or yellow when mature), overspread 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 223 


or faintly striped with dark brownish red and with numerous light gray 
dots; flesh greenish white, juicy, acid, crisp, tender, core open, seeds long, 
pointed; quality 4 to 5; European. 

Roxbury, ripe December to June; size 2 to3; form oblate conical, slightly 
irregular; cavity broad, deep; stem three fourths inch, stout; basin broad, 
moderately deep, slightly plaited; calyx large, partially closed, calyx tube 
conical; color grayish russet, with a few lighter raised dots; flesh white, 
coarse, firm, crisp, sharp subacid; quality 2 to 3; culinary and late market- 
ing; a vigorous, very spreading tree. 

Titovka, ripe September, October; size 1; form roundish, flattened at 
ends, somewhat angular; cavity deep, irregular russeted; stem one half 
to three fourths inch, stout; basin rather deep, irregular, slightly plaited, 
abrupt; calyx closed, but not covering the tube, which is funnel-shape; 
color yellow, mottled, faintly striped and nearly covered with two shades 
of red, thickly sprinkled with conspicuous yellowish dots; flesh yellowish 
white, tender, crisp, breaking, rather coarse; core small compact, seeds large 
ovate, one to two in each carpel; quality 3; culinary, and also market, if 
productive; Russian. 

QUINCES (Cydonia). 


During the past two years the quinces at this station have been exempt 
from the depredations of fungi and of insects, as well, with the single 
exception of the slug (Hriocampa cerasi), which yielded readily to a spray 
of tobacco water applied July 3, and again for a second colony on July 25. 

Quinces have bloomed and fruited during the past year, as follows: 


= Name. He ~ . 
: =z |a}] 8 ES 
Z io) Ay foe) fon 
1 Ney VaR) Fas a EE od Nh Re A, ee LL ah Oe RS SN Ie ee ae N. Y.?_--| 1892 | May 16. 
2npCham pion) oes el i RO ONG Cae SE DEE a Am. ____| 1888 ** 16__| e Oct. 
SABNT COC hie ee ee ee Le ee a en BD N. J._--| 1889 ‘* 16__] e Oct. 
AM issonrigees er Dee a ae Ek ee ee et Mo.? _ __| 1890 ma if 
BRO ranwo eee se ee a ak ti Te) ee tees RAE a Eur. .___| 1888 “ 17_.| bm Oct 
Gea Aeie et Mein Ny take emi eS ho Pe a ate Se Ad Am. ____| 1889 | ** 16__| bm Oct. 


Champion ripens so late as to be uncertain in our occasionally unfavor- 
able seasons. The plant is vigorous and very prolific. 
Meech is scarcely the equal of Orange in either beauty or size, though 
ae claimed to excel it in productiveness—a claim yet to be established 
ere. 
Orange yet holds an assured position as the leading market variety. 
Rea is, so far, slightly larger than Orange, and even more beautifully 
colored, but is scarcely its equal in productiveness. 
So far as quality is concerned there is but slight occasion for choice 
between varieties. 


NUTS. 
ALMONDS (Amygdalus communis). 


Luelling, a hard-shelled variety, received from Missouri, and planted in 
she showed bloom last spring, but failed to develop fruit. It is hardy 

ere. 

A soft-shelled almond tree planted in 1893 has also passed the winter 
here without apparent injury, although it is understood that soft-shelled 


224 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


varieties, as a class, lack hardiness for this latitude. This may be expected 
to fruit next season. Till this shall occur, its genuineness may be con- 
sidered uncertain. 


CHESTNUTS (Castanea vesca). 


The seedlings from B. Hathaway’s large native chestnut, which was 
planted in 1889, although they developed catkins in 1898, have not, so far, 
produced fruit. 

Japan Giant has shown fruit this season, which proves to be nearly or 
quite as large as Paragon, though, so far, not equal to it in quality. 

Paragon has again produced a fine crop of very large nuts. In fact, the 
crop set was so excessive that, either from that cause, the excessive heat 
and drouth of the summer, or from the concurrence of the two, a consid- 
erable portion of the crop dropped prematurely. The matured crop was, 
however, a large one, considering the size and age of the trees. 

Numbo, although but one year planted, and making only moderate 
growth, has nevertheless produced a few catkins, affording an indication 
of decided precocity. 

A seedling Japan chestnut has now fruited. The burs are very small 
and the nuts, so far, of no value. 

A seedling Spanish chestnut has also matured a crop of large nuts, but 
is by no means the equal of the Paragon in quality. 


CHINQUAPIN (Castanea pumila). 


Efforts, whether with seeds or plants, have, so far, failed with this, 
which transplants with difficulty, while the seeds received have been gen- 
erally ruined by the larve which so frequently infest the common chest- 
nut. <A few nuts, apparently in excellent condition, have been recently 
received through the Division of Pomology, at Washington, and have been 
carefully planted, with the hope of a more favorable result. 


ENGLISH WALNUT OR MADIERA NUT (Juglans regia). 


This, though planted in 1889, has, so far, escaped injury from winter 
cold, though it has not made the vigorous growth with which it is generally 
credited. Its ultimate success in this climate may be reasonably consid- 
ered doubtful. 

Preparturiens, a dwarf variety of the above, appears to be equally 
hardy but has not yet fruited. 


FILBERTS AND HAZELNUTS (Corylus). 


Kentish Cob filbert, planted in 1892, has not yet fruited. It has, so 
far, withstood our winters without injury, and has proved healthy and 
vigorous. 

Hazelnut plants, understood to be of American parentage, received from 
the Division of Pomology and planted in .1893, are in vigorous condition, 
showing their adaptation to this climate. They have not yet shown fruit. 

Plants were also received from the Division of Pomology, of a hazelnut 
discovered in the state of Washington, where it grows to the size of a tree 
eight inches in diameter; but although a single plant is yet living it has 
made very little growth and is obviously not suited to this locality. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 225 


JAPAN WALNUT (Juglans Seiboldii). 


This was planted in 1890, and has now produced its second crop of nuts, 
which are smaller and less roughened, outwardly, than the butternut, 
though similar in quality and general appearance. The tree also some- 
what resembles the butternut, in both foliage and habit of growth, though 
decidedly more vigorous. It is entirely hardy here. 


PECAN (Hickoria oliveformis). 


Nuts from Iowa were planted here in the autumn of 1888, and, so far, 
have withstood the cold of our winters perfectly. The young plants grew 
slowly for the first year or two, which we understood to be its usual habit. 
More recently they have shown abundant vigor. 

Seeds of Stuart Pecan, a large, thin shelled seedling originating in 
Texas, were received through the Division of Pomology and planted in 
1893. The plants have been “earthed up” for protection during the past 
two winters, since, coming from so far south, their hardiness must be con- 
sidered uncertain, at least for the first few years. 


FIGS (Ficus carica). 


Plants of Brunswick fig were set out in the spring of 1893, to test the 
practicability of growing this fruit in open air in this climate. The plants 
have been trained as bushes, carefully laid down and covered during win- 
ter, and have made moderate growths each year, setting more or less fruit, 
which has, each season, been overtaken by freezing weather before matur- 
ity. From this experience it seems probable that success is only practi- 
cable with the use of a much earlier variety. 


ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis). 


Of the six or seven varieties of asparagus on trial here Palmetto has 
shown a constant superiority in both size and productiveness, with Con- 
over a close second. 

A more recent variety, offered by D. M. Ferry & Company, has been 
this year added to the list, but needs another year or two become fully 
established. 


RHUBARB (Rheum rhaponticum), 


Two or three varieties, claiming to be specially early, were planted to 
et their merits in this particular, but have not, so far, justified such 
claim. 

Linnzeus proves to be equally early, and of quite as good quality, with 
greatly increased size as well as superior productiveness. It has long 
stood at the head of the list, and is yet without a superior. 

Plants of a variety received from 8. 8. Bailey of Kent county, Michigan, 
understood to be a seedling of his, prove to be of fine quality, large size, 
and of unusually dark green color. It seems worthy of extensive trial. 


South Haven, MICHIGAN, 
December 31, 1894. 
29 


~ 


226 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOOIETY. 


SMALL FRUIT NOTES. 


BY L. R. TAFT AND H. P. GLADDEN. 


Bulletin No. 122. 


The number of new varieties of fruits placed on the market each year 
is so large that individuals can not afford to test them upon their own 
grounds, so we have endeavored to keep our collection so complete that it 
would enable us to give information as to the relative merits of the differ- 
ent varieties to prospective planters. Not only do we have a duplicate 
collection upon the sub-station grounds at South Haven, but there are a 
large number of fruitgrowers in various parts of the state who are aiding 
us by reporting the results obtained upon their grounds. 

In many cases the varieties noted in this bulletin were sent here for trial 
by the originators and we are thus able to give information to would-be 
purchasers, as soon as they are placed upon the market. 


STRAWBERRIES. 


The soil upon which the strawberries have been grown is a sandy loam 
containing a considerable mixture of clay. The land was well enriched 
with stable manure the fall before the plants were set. (The plants were 
set in the spring of 1893 and most of the data were obtained from this set- 
ting, though another plat, containing most of the varieties noted, set the 
season of 1892, was kept for comparison.) A heavy mulch of straw and 
marsh hay was given the plants in the fall. The spring following, the 
mulch was moved to adjoining rows to permit of a shallow and thorough 
cultivation, then replaced as a mulch and to keep the berries from the 
ground. Early in the spring the plants were sprayed with Bordeaux mix- 
ture. Four applications were made, the last about two weeks previous to 
the ripening of the crop. The benefit of the sprayings was clearly shown 
in the almost entire absence of leaf blight on the plants treated; while 
plats purposely left unsprayed, for comparison, were badly affected with 
the disease. 

The frequent and abundant rains occurring in the early part of the 
season gave the plants a vigorous growth. Nearly every variety blossomed 
full and set a large amount of fruit, but the protracted drouth soon com- 
ing on greatly lessened the yield. 


b, broad. 
c, conical. 


d, depressed. 


i, irregular. 


Variety. 


Clark Early 
Clark Seedling 


Eelipse 22) 32522 


Edgar Qaeen 


Edward’s Favorite ___- 
Hnhance 228. ai == 
Mp pinge ee aan Tens. 
E. P. BR 


Hattie Jones 
Haverland 


Huntsman 
Hyslop 
Iowa Beauty 


Gandy Soe 53 se 
General Putnam 
Glenfield 


Higatdies ssn ctet 0 ce 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 


1, long. 
o, oval. 
Tr, round, 


Sex. 


svoooe 


nooo 


| Vigor (1-10). 
wo rw) ot Ll orc ce es hs a) 


WIT WHO ODIO MOO =IA1:]0000 90008] 40-3 9000 OF 300 


CoO be b0toimOo 


_ 
Hore ou 


CCU HER OO 


ABBREVIATIONS. 
Size. 
8, small, 
m, medium. 
1, large. 
2 o 
g = 
g E ? 
rs 2 2 
% % E 
Oe cea 
A aI 4 
May 8_-| June 12_| June 27_ 
oe B22 “ 11. ac 28. 
“e 8.5 “ 14_ oe Pri 
oe Se: “ 13_ oe by 
“ Biz “ 122 w“ ret (i 
ve qed “ 11_ os Dir fs 
oe Re “oe 11. oe 28 
“ec [Fae ou 11_ “ec py ie 
“cc 8__ “ iyfs “ bt fa 
“ te “ 120 “ 28_ 
ow“ Ss. “ 11_ “ Pate 
“ce 8. “ee 12_ “ 27. 
oo Re. oe 12. “ 28_ 
ou 6_ “ce 1b iS “ 28_ 
te 14 LS Lad 12. oc 26_ 
ae fas ae 11_ wo pe 
wae Pies Sho ee eres 
“o h fh ee “ 12_ ot 26_ 
“e S= (7) hl “és 28 
ve a Las 12% tec 28_ 
e 5 “ ibe ‘aa 25_ 
“oe mess ‘77 i Pe oe 28. 
“ee 1 bs “ 14_ “ 28_ 
oe TL. eo 18_ we 28_ 
ee SA oe 122 oe 28. 
oe y es 6. ve 28. 
o ible “ 6_ ow 27_ 
o 6 y ow“ 13. oe ry fa 
“cc 10__ [a3 ass “ec 28_ 
se ioe “ee wis “se 26. 
“ 827) oo 11 oe 28_ 
ceca U1 Dita 5 Cat pees Vl te 1 IE 
”“ gs. wo asi “ee 29_ 
“oe ae ve 12_ oe ae 
“ ie “ 13_ wo Pa 
“os 5 ee “ 14_ “ 28_ 
“ Sr “ 12_ “oe 28. 
“ee Sai “ oe “ Pale 
“ 7 PS o 17. “ Paris 
“ 10__ oe 13_ oe 29. 
Sores heel me Jaret Wp 18] eet 
oe 16% “ 16_ ae 28_ 
“oe (ioe “ wis “oe 26_ 
oe Ye oe ibe vw Py 
ag oe fh Usa ep han YR Soy 
ve Bk, ty 11. “ bat fe 
ce eh veer hI omit 
sé Te: “ 10_ “ee 28_ 
ion) VA) aOR 1S (Peete 7. 
“ Gem w“ 1L_ “ PAu 
“ce 6 “ 1b a 28 _ 
oe Bee oe 12% oc 26_ 
SPA aie AL LAE so SNe IR 
ia Gs wo“ he +e 24_ 
wo atl ia) ny oe 28 _ 


TABLE No. 1—STRAWBERRIES. 


Productiveness 


Color. 


b, bright. 
c, crimson. 
d, da 


rk, 


227 


oe a bp & DO min Oo ie StS Endo 0 (os) an & 


oro 


DOWEL LOMO CCOCDODDDKD CONDI WMO] LOH 00 WWM 10-1 MOWOW BOOw wOOwOH WOM 
a 


co pe HO Oro 


B 


5? 


@D a 


B 


B BBeey -si HB 


@D 
Bias 
ao ae 


° 


B 


B 
Det 


+B 


S-+5 BBB 


B 
4 


5 


I) 


Ho eye f1 =e 


_ 
Le} 
Q 


_ 
— 
Q 


B 
= 
° 


B 
}° 


B 
° 


_ 
~ 
° 


| 
° 


° 


_ 
_ 
Ler | 
Q 


1, light. 
T, red. 
8, scarlet, 
le 
; i A 
Re (oa a 
° 5 i 
iS) og & 
dc 9 7 
dc 9 8.8 
dc 9 9.5 
le 8 6 
bds| 9.5 9 
dc 9 7 
bds}| 8.5 8 
le 7 8 
bes 8 9 
bds| 8 8 
dc 9.5 9.5 
ls 7 7 
bds| 9 9.2 
dc 9 8.5 
ls 9 7 
le 8 8.5 
bdc| 9.5 8.5 
bs 9.8 9 
le 9 8 
bds| 9.5 9 
ls 7 7 
be ai 75 
bds| 9 8.8 
bs 9 8.5 
be 9.5 9 
dc 9 9 
dc 9.2 8 
ls 9 8.5 
8 9 9 
ls 7 8 
be 9 9 
dc 8 9 
bs 9 8.5 
le 8.5 1.5 
le 7 8 
bdc| 9.4 9 
dc 9 9 
ls 8 9 
8 8.5 8 
de 7 8 
dc 9 ih 
ls 9 8 
ls 8 8 
dc 9 7 
r 9 § 
be 8 7 
dc 9 9 
vdc} 8.5 8 
lsc| 6 7 
8 8 
dc 8 8 
le 8 8 
dc 9 8 
d 8.5 8.7 
dc 9.8 8.5 


228 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


TABLE No. 1.—STRAWBERRIES.—ContTINuUED. 


. £ @ 
— Qa 
5 5 8 
2 | 2 3 Saye : 
j D — _ @Q 
Variety. a Fu; o 5 Be 2 a 
a ° o BS ; ia a= A 
= (e) 3) = ~ 3 1 s | i) C= 8 
Woot beef 3s H Fe eo | oN S$ | Ball cd 
D > Qa oy 4 Ay n ct io) So | & 
way Gould 222 22-22. e= p 9.2 | May 10__| June 18_| June 28_| 9.2 re | be 9.2 9 
JCSSIO Hos ke b 9 oe aes age gs 15 et} mtol|] re | de 7 9 
Jones Seedling _______- b 8.3 ue Pe tn 6 Ue |i seaereys l WA) 1 dc} de 9 8.5 
(0). b 8.8 sats |: Pie es Gt SS Pea | 1 rbc} le 7.5 7 
Able eae ee ees b 9.1 SAO Loa Se OR SLAC SER 1 Piccare 8.5 75 
King Nos2=.--. 2-5-2 b 9 ines | meio amy beg py Cale eh) m re|le 8 8 
Kilicki ta; 5-5-2 32545 p 8.4 “ Fale Meee Gay Se SV 9's l rdc| ds 9 15 
eager =) 325.2 pie b 7.3 ey se Pee ae b heya Oh aa} 8.2} mtol| le |vde|] 9 9 
TRCTOY eens ee eee Dp 9.8 oS Sa eh ROUTE SS SOROS 1 de|dc 9 9 
meviathan oss) s2.s. 5. b 7.3 SOLO Sees SS Ot a8 ] bd | ls 8.5 9 
ida ee p 8.9 SPSS Soy OS ASM A oak eo OR athe B.S m re | be 8.5 8 
Lillie Monroe ____-__-- b 8.4 SESS FE OT eT Oil Gente ROR Sa 1 dc/|ds 8 7 
Miricolne ere as p 8.6 Sie DOSS Sas COG 9.7 m rdc} bs 8 9 
one John sses eo. - a. b 8.6 noe Aes. eee LS] ye 22701 69-4 lem toullivalic:| Mibre 9 8.5 
Hovet:225- 2522 b 7.3 id Oe meta! VE) Pete | | m re | be 8 9 
8.8 eth Jy hr ae ens Pel hes le bys (3) 1 re | ds 8 8 
8.3 SOS Sze eS AE es OR ale Bh stom im lic. “lbis 9.5 8.5 
8.6 ato he Nera, p oa Os jl imme pes tal ms) mtol] le bs 9 9 
7 ed wh sf re 9. fe 26a e'6 8 c bs Zl 7 
8.5 beta se aon be cea /80 7.5 m c c 9.5 9 
9.5 se ta! fee fered Uy LR Fee ST a 1 c ds 8 7 
8.8 eels onl Rare eek ont bE So OOS mtol| be bs 8 8 
9 Fe Guals ae iim he ats 9 m rbc| bs 8 8 
9 COESEL ORS eS a ae Se RO sang) mtol| dec |]dr 8.5 8 
9.3 a+ aOee PLD) hy» od) 8.5 | mtol| re |bde}| 9 8 
Neptune). 22 =>. p 6.7 © -15--} “* 12.) June '26_| 9 mtol}] re | de 7 7 
Nim’s Seedling_______- p 8.8 es GIRS hel Se Pl fees ON} 1 re 8 9.2 75 
Nowai(Atlen) ane p 8.7 Lane age lie eneradal mG m re | be 9 8.5 
NOsS Noe ee b 9.4 eit: be age bets eters) 8 1 re be 9 8.5 
NOP DRAM oo I Sa Tee: Dp 8 SS S22 es OE ie Se SOR ng mtol|rdc}/vdc! 9.5 8.5 
No. 6 eat ee an p 9.5 hoes 4 ee eT: ia 1 med! 1 re dc 9.8 9 
NONI su) = eee Dp 8.9 SSE TE 27E 9.5) || mito | ridie:lividlelliae9 9 
INOS Tare eee eee Dp 8.3 its U1 VR a BE |e 3a bead m le ls i) 75 
No.3 (Belt) 22 9.5 pipet: | ied Rs Ce ee eo) 1 ec |bls| 9 8 
No. 2 (Cameron) _____- b 7.8 BE Oe TR e _| 9.4 1 le | be 9 9 
No.6 ce ene Bid pb| 9.5 i Go Baka ay SO rs OS Aes aires 1 re | bs 9 7.5 
No. 13 Se 9, Ba p 8.4 hee eet Gale ky woe 8.5 1 re dc 75 8 
NoviiG@ingle)2-= a b 9 Be wi eA i Kiely gO cl x8 mtol|] ir le 8 8 
No. 2 (Feicht) -_______- b 4.5 Le She ae t2siPonevs? 9.2 1 re c 9 8 
No. Lea SA) Dp 9 4 Be eee ae et 9 1 ic le 8.8 8 
No. 31 (Haynes) _____-. p 8.5 A OS ales ee be (RO PR Naat 1 irc! bs 7 7 
Wowai (Ss). os see b 8.6 Ae Fe Vimar a FU a pl eats 1 re c 8 1.5 
NONE ie 5 Je See: p 8.5 - Ga oe ols eee 202). 24 1 be | ds 8.5 9.5 
INOS6% fo Sic) (Ss Dp 8.5 ab a ot ree S28 9.6 1 re |bds| 7 6 
No; 18i(little) iss b 8.8 WL Le U1 $540.26 6 m re lbdc} 8 9 
INO; 2b yee ce) | SAAR b 9.2 oe Seles en 2Oe Salys Tals 1 i |bds}| 9 8 
Wola) o-osr 2 ee b 8.8 cee Sy SO 94s une ws). 9 1 re | de 9.5 8.5 
No. 1 (Roser) _______- b 9.5 ss Be ee | ee! 285! 29/5 1m tollmne seaic 9.5 7.5 
No, 1 (Stayman)______- p 8 eB S| 5 OE AOE ss OG al eo ib m ro/}]ls 8 8 
No. 34 (Thompson)___-| p 8.8 te LAA bien ies PS Ba CN 283 m re | be 8 8 
No. 64 “f eel) aD 8 ce TSS) ae Seog 9 mtol|ire|bds| 8.5 9 
No. 77 s cae 8.5 a 1 Ee ae 9. oe 2S, 9.5 8 le be 7 5 
Odessa 222 4 ot am p 8.8 SIO Stee Stee 14s Suge 20 9 vl |jrorbe} ls 8 7.5 
Ohio Centennial-_____- 9 i ES aa Ga AE pea 9 ] be | ds 9 8.5 
Ohio Monarch .________ b 8 SS 19Fs | '89 14) Jane: 27 5 1 le bs 9 8 
Ontario______- b 9.4 bade | ee ATA Se sobu le 94m toile le 9 8.5 
Parker Earle - b 8.5 6 oe Pes ats © Jal ee OR) ) m le | ds 8 9 
Pawnee.______ b 8.5 oe A ee fh WADE ody 6 l re | dc 8 8.5 
Primate __ b 8 ie ee ry ermal 8.2 l le de 9.2 9 
Princeton Chief_.- p 9.1 pho | aes en HY 2 «. 2.) 88 l le dec 8.5 8.8 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 229 


TABLE No. 1.—STRAWBERRIES.—ConoLupEp. 


: 2 ia 
ce gee: : 
el ae e a 
Variety. oD = a SB cae a 
=a is) > & SS - & 5 
i] Poy —= g ue = 
. ° = @ = feed o (o} = I 
m | a A= EI 2>| 8 6 | 3 oe 
an | A fe 4 Ay a ee | oO: |e | fe 
Princess) 22 ee p 7.5 | May 7_-| June 11_| June 26_} 5.3 m r 8 9 8.5 
L1G, eee ee ee ee p 7.8 a BR a A So Tel 8.8 m re | de 9 8 
Sandoval Sass oe b 8 COS fa PRE 5 bel EE eo ee 1 re jvde| 8.5 9 
Saunders: e222 ees b 9.4 see easels ese SOLIS mtol| le bs 7 8 
Seedling’ Bs 2-2 2-e p 9.7 SEPT Se eh baie ee Be Oe i! re 8 7.5 7 
Sharpless y=-e ao - b 9.2 CO 1 sar tet A) era mero line) m be | be 8 8 
Smeltzer’s Early______- b 9 i ot overt! es a 1 De he Se 1 re | de 9 8 
Southard’. 2-8 22e es b 8.8 ee Coe Ae he ie S.0)| mecto le) xe ds 8.5 8 
Standard ase 22) es? b 8.2 See Ste Mae eee BS eee | OB ] re | dc 9 8 
Stevernas! 92" 22-22, 202 b 7.6 LAF Uy ER is 2h fy TR mon by a (3 m re | dc 9 8 
Stimmel No. 15.______- p 9 A) (NS ee 9: Seecors 2041. 16:b m be ls 9 8 
Stimmel No. 20___.___- p 8.5 SS es a eS ee 206. stom|}| le | dec 9 8 
Surprise b 8.5 ea a iol rece es |. .0 1 le bs 8 8.5 
Swindige eee p 8 Le ee UB eer 205159 mtol| re c 7 9 
Tom Walker _-___-___- p 8.8 Met 22 anal wy 0 Le Pres OOS yf Na 1 re | de 9 8 
Topekae-=~ 222. = b 8.5 Ran O el Sele oem OSE 1S | (OM LONu ner tac 8 8.5 
Van Deman __ : b 7 sient se, Lagan teal ae ee? 3 m re le 8 8 
Westbrook _ p 75 oe al FE ae tS Ha ee i | 8 c dc 7 8.5 
West Lawn.- p 8.8 es 2ST pr eh 1 ee ee bane! m 1 ds 6 8 
Wiestont-s5222 25 te p 9.5 CONES Cd eS ETc ee Be Dele eS} 1 be | bs 8 8.5 
Willianis = 22-2) Sees b 8.7 se 14S eee eet Salee tent 28s|anO-4ellmrto nh time dc 8.5 9.3 
WHiisone = 2558s ea b 8.4 Sipe DI SE Ces ollie oe SOE iS m c dc 8 9 
Woolverton ___-______- b 9.4 Cat al sei TE be eter hist 9 m le dc 8 ) 
Wyoming? 2222) 7) ae b 7.8 COs (0 es ieee 08h 1 HE] ees a 29 ] re ls 9 9 


NOTES ON VARIETIES. 


The following varieties fruited for the first time the past season: 

America.—Plants from Cleveland Nursery Co., Rio Vista, Va. The 
plants are of fair growth, but make few runners. A large amount of fruit 
set for growth of plants. The berry is of very handsome appearance and 
ener form. It is of high quality and sufficient firmness to make a good 
shipper. is 

Bird.—Plants from W. F. Bird, Ann Arbor, Mich. The plants are of 
strong, vigorous growth, sufficient to ripen a large amount of fruit. The 
crop was at best June 21. The berry is large, long conical in shape, and of 
bright, dark scarlet color; seeds prominent and flesh firm, making it an 
excellent berry for shipping. It is of good quality. A promising sort. 

Bowman.—Plants from Cleveland Nursery Co. The plants did not start 
well after setting and made few runners. The berry is large, round coni- 
eal, of good quality, but not firm. The light scarlet color and lack of 
firmness are against it. 

Brandywine.—Plants from Edward T. Ingraham, West Chester, Pa. The 
plants are of very vigorous growth, set and ripened a large amount of 
fruit. The crop was at its best June 22. The berry is very large, round 
conical, dark crimson color, and of very high quality. The berries are 
lacking in firmness and often the large ones are hollow. Promising for 
home use or near market. 

Chairs.—Plants from J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, N. J. The plants are 
of strong growth, healthy and productive. The fruit is of good size 
and fine appearance but is somewhat lacking in quality and firmness. 


230 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Charlie.—Cleveland Nursery Co. Plants of strong growth; blossomed 
full but did not set much fruit. Fruit of medium size, regular form, good 
appearance, of excellent quality, and quite firm. The variety is lacking 
somewhat in productiveness, but is well worthy of trial. 

Childs.—Plants from Matthew Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, O. Plants 
of medium growth, blossomed very fulland set a large amount of fruit. 
Crop at best June 21. The fruit is large in size and of a bright crimson 
color. Its productiveness, handsome appearance, high quality, and firm- 
ness promise much for it as a valuable market variety. 

Dan Bisel.—Plants from Dan Bisel, Tonti, Ill. No variety exceeds 
this in vigor of growth and plant-producing qualities. Crop at best 
June 18. The plants are very productive. The form is somewhat irregu- 
lar but the quality is good and the berries are firm. Very promising as 
an early market sort. 

Jay Gould—Plants from Chas. A. Green, Rochester, N. Y. Plants 
are of good growth. Crop at best June 20. The plants are productive; 
the berry of good size, regular form, high in quality, and quite firm. 
A promising market berry. 

Judsonia.—Plants from John Little, Granton, Ontario. The plants are 
of fair growth and moderately productive, but the berries are light colored 
and lacking in quality and firmness. 

Long John.—Plants from Thomas Wilde, Herrington, Mich. The 
plants grow vigorously in hills, but produce very few runners. Crop at 
best June 22. The fruit is of good size, very long conical form, and of 
bright crimson color; the quality is good and the berry is moderately firm. 
The hills produce a large amount of fruit. The variety is difficult to 
propagate. 

Luther —Plants from W. F. Allen, Jr., Salisbury, Md. Plants are of 
medium growth. The fruit is of high quality and moderately firm but the 
plants were lacking in productiveness. 

No. 5 (Allen).—Plants from W. F. Allen, Jr. Plants are not of strong 
growth. The berry is of good size and regular form. The color is dark 
crimson and the quality excellent. Its handsome appearance and high 
quality make it desirable for home use. The plants are moderately 
productive. 

No. 6 (Allen).—The plants are of strong growth but did not set much 
fruit. The berry is large in size, handsomer in appearance, and better in 
quality than No. 5, but not as productive. 

No. 13 ( Allen),—Plants are of good growth, blossomed full, and set a 
large amount of fruit. Crop at best June 20. Fruit of good size, fine 
appearance, regular form, good quality, and firm. Productive. Perhaps 
the best of Allen’s tried here and a very promising sort. 

No. 14 (Allen).—Plants are not of very vigorous growth. Berry 
medium in size, long conical, with neck, light scarlet color, quality good. 
ae plants lack in productiveness and the berry is rather soft and light 
colored. 

No. 1 (Roser).—Plants from E. L. Roser, Brittain, Ohio. Plants of 
strong growth. Crop at best June 23. Fruit of good size, attractive 
appearance, and high quality, but not very firm, and the berries are often 
hollow. Productive. 

No. 64 (Thompson).—Plants from Cleveland Nursery Co. Plants of 
medium growth but set well with fruit. Crop at best June 23. Fairly 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 231 


productive. The berry is irregular in form, often coxcombed. The fruit 
ripens unevenly and often has a hard core. 

Princeton Chief—Plants from Slaymaker and Son. Plants of medium 
strong growth. Crop at best June 21. Fruit uniformly large in size, long 
conical form, and of good appearance. Medium in quality, firmness, and 
productiveness. The berries usually have a hard core. 

Sandoval.—Plants from Matthew Crawford. Plants of medium growth. 
Fairly productive. Berry large in size, good form, firm, and quite hand- 
some in appearance. A berry of fair promise. 

Seedling B.—Plants from J. Little. Plants of very strong growth, 
healthy and productive. The fruit is large in size, but the color is light 
and the berry lacks in quality and firmness. 

Bulletin No. 100, published in August, 1893, contained notes on eighty 
new varieties of strawberry. Another season’s trial of these sorts, dur- 
ing which the original plants set in 1892 and a new setting in the spring of 
1893 have fruited, should give data sufficient to form a fair idea of their 
respective merits or demerits. 

Of the eight varieties placed in Group 1, as possessing points of superior 
excellence and deserving of a place among the best sorts, Clyde, Green- 
ville, Leroy, and Weston are all that is claimed. Clyde, Leroy, and Weston 
are very productive, the berries are of good form, handsome in appearance, 
and firm enough to stand shipment well. 

Greenville, while well up in other qualities, is scarcely firm enough to 
carry well; it is, however, an excellent near-market berry. No. 2 ( Feicht) 
and Topeka (Stayman No. 3) are excellent sorts and well worthy of trial 
as home-market berries. A further trial is necessary to fully determine 
their place. The light color of the Epping (Yankee Doodle) detracts 
from its appearance as a market sort, otherwise the variety ranks high. 

Allen No. 1 is attractive in appearance and of high quality, but the past 
- geason’s mark was far below that of the previous year in productiveness. 
Several varieties placed in Group II, as having many points of merit but 


requiring further trial to determine their place, have proved worthy of 


special mention. 

Afton is a promising market sort. The berry is of handsome appear- 
ance, good quality, and firm. The plants are strong, healthy, and very pro- 
ductive. It well deserves a place among the best sorts. 

Belle of Lacrosse has again shown itself to be among the first in pro- 
ductiveness. The plants are strong-growing and healthy. The berry is 
medium in quality and firmness. An excellent near-market sort. 

Brunette, because of its fine appearance and very high quality, well 
deserves a place in every garden. It is fairly productive and the fruit is 
quite firm. 

Iowa Beauty is another sort valuable for table use, though the berry is 
not as firm nor the plants as productive as Brunette. ; 

Huntsman is productive and strong and healthy in plant growth. The 
fruit is attractive in appearance and of good quality. Were the berries 
firmer it would be an excellent market variety. It is worthy of trial for 
local market. 

No. 2 Cameron shows up well as a market berry. The plants are not 
very strong-growing but bear a good crop. The fruit is of good quality 
and firm. 

No. 4 J. S.—ast season this variety did not show more than average 
merit. This year it was exceeded by few sorts in productiveness. It 


232 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


possesses all other qualities necessary, and should it continue to be pro- 
ductive it would be a most valuable market berry. 

Weston.—By an oversight Weston was not included in the planting 
made two years ago. In the old patch (second year fruiting) the plants 
were remarkably free from blight and the most vigorous in the plantation. 

Williams.—Last year the plants rusted badly. This season the plants 
were sprayed and the variety made an exceilent showing as a market 
sort. Its good points are productiveness, firmness, and attractive 
appearance. 

The following varieties have much of promise in them, but further trial 
is needed before determining their place: 


Banquet, Hermit, Nos. 26 and 42 (Little), 
Beverly, Leader, Odessa, 
Bickle, Lincoln, Primate, 

Clark, Nim’s Seedling, Standard. 

Gypsy, No. 3 (Belt), 


The following list includes sorts that have some good points, but they 
are so deficient in others that there is little hope of their ever occupying 
a prominent place among the standard varieties: 


Accomac, Leviathan, No. 18 (Little), 
Alabama, Magnate, Pawnee, 
Cameronian, Mystic, Southard, 
Clark Seedling, Neptune, Stevens, 
Cheyenne, No. 3 (Allen), Smeltzer’s Early, 
Fairmount, No. 6 (Cameron), Surprise, 
Glenfield, No. 13 (Cameron), Westlawn, 
Bae Jones, No. 3 ( Feicht), Wyoming. 

atie, 


The varieties named below have little or no merit and will be placed in 
the rejected list: 


California, E. P. Roe, Nigger, 

Dayton, Harmon, : No. 1 (Engle), 
Dr. Moriare, Hyslop, No. 31 (Haynes), 
Estelle, Lillie Monroe, Ohio Monarch. 


A few brief notes upon the comparatively new, yet longer tested, sorts 
should be given. The reader is referred to the table for further data con- 
cerning their qualities. 

‘Beder Wood, in vigor of plant growth and productiveness, is exceeded by 
few varieties. It is the equal of Crescent in firmness and quality. The 
flowers producean abundance of pollen; it is therefore an excellent pollenizer 
for the early pistillate sorts. 

Belle, Gen. Putnam, Hoard, Muskingum, Swindle, and Woolverton have 
proved themselves valuable market sorts. Woolverton is especially valuable 
as a pollenizer for the later pistillates. 

Edgar Queen and Mrs. Cleveland are vigorous and healthy in plant growth, 
are productive, and the fruit is of fair quality. In planting for local market 
they might profitably have a place. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 233 


Enhance as a berry for either local market or shipping purposes stands 
well toward the head of the list. Its irregularity of form and not ripening 
well at the tip are its only bad qualities. 

Parker Earle, under high culture and in a favorable season, is likely to 
be the most profitable variety that could be selected for market purposes. 
It is not a good plant producer and the plants often lack sufficient vigor to 
ripen the large crop of fruit. 

Sadie and Stayman No.1 are well worth a place in the home garden or 
for near market. 

The old varieties, Bubach, Crescent, Haverland, Warfield, and Wilson are 
still the choice of the great majority of the growers for market purposes. 
Perhaps the time is near at hand when the Crescent and Wilson will be 
superseded by the newer sorts, Bubach, Haverland, Parker Earle, and 
Warfield. ; 

As pollenizers for the pistillate varieties, Cumberland, Miner, and Sharp- 
less are the most commonly used, though Beder Wood and Woolverton 
might be a better choice. 

In the table below is given the date of picking and the quarts picked of 
fifteen of the more productive sorts among the newer varieties. By dividing 
the season into two periods and giving the yield for each division of time, 
an attempt has been made to show which are valuable as early varieties: 


TABLE No, 2.-YIELD FROM 40 FEET OF ROW, IN QUARTS. 


A] 
x a | % 
on Re aY | is 
: Sree Nipte He seoecah [octets eet ten ela et tec afrea lh elt ces ean nage 
RasiStae S/A/S/S) Bo] S/R/ S| A/S) S/S] Pe | HE 
—_ ~~ 
e1e)a1s\s5) 8)8iai3i38|a8\ | 82) ss 
ef te) Ney eh ste) MSs el Nye eS eles | ee |) ro 
Sie jel |e Ble Il5 |S] /5/4e a 
IN GtOn seston te Se Seek en a (Oe ieee (ee ee ee Alleeeal) octyl: UGE 
Belle of Lacrosse -- 1%4| __..| 1%|--.-] 5%4)__--] 4%] 1%] 13%] 14% 
Bicklee 222i. s2222 Lael bese % DEES ATG SA | hee ew Oa 
Bird) scene es ee eet 5Y| ----| 1%] 24) £ |---| 1%) 1 10%4| 15% 
Brandywine es ee soot ee ee? Rea By al Sea8I | ES CEA ERS eal rh eles Pe 
hare) Ss stesso ee Sate Sa YaVe ae ogy eee |e | ees |e eee bk vere ae 11% 
DanvBiselss 82 eo ea ae eee NO eee | eye) ee || ae es | eee 3%| 14 
Pin bigin Ce aaee eee ae een eee nee ee CY RECA IGDAllir-y | tbl ape ee eee 11 
eceniyal lee ee eee ChB ee ----| L}__-.| 2%] 4%) 74) 14% 
Jones” Seedling = 22 CA ene eee LYN S7Al OR a Das Psi oe 
Tincoln™ 32st 2s. 2 92s ee %| 114}-_-.| 7 8% 2 ae 3/1 6 14% 
PROVO Soe sa > lacs see ee a ae |e He 14 en i (7 a Vi Wry (a one 13 
INOW 2¢ (Heicht) mses e 2 oe aaa rene | S| A GA) SIA see Peale aia ieee 5%4| 114 
INGOs 4 (a8.3) sso oe aes ae | 2Y%]____| 6 834| __-_| 844]__-.| 144]--_-] 2%4]----| 74] 16% 
Williams 2-5 2s oe eee eee A Eero gi) eee eee | B84 eae 8| ad ties | See 10 11% 


234 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The diagram below shows at a glance the relative productiveness of the 
varieties in the above table. 


ston 
Yo (0.9) 
Qt 
‘Lyineekg 
Bale of yaorosse 
Gy weds 
Dog Bree. 
“Peondywige 
doors Devdlvog 
Chis 
Yyovoy 
Wiliveunas 
Yor, ABeicdid 


Belaunee 
Bite. 


mr ad A Quaits . bo 


chet 5 <a tA? ? 
' Gi Ale BE 


5 Spyder 


ity < 4 
Ae Racers 
=e wey be x 


il 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 


RASPBERRIES. 


235 


The raspberries suffered much from the dry weather and severe heat 


during the ripening season. 


BLACK AND HYBRID RASPBERRIES. 


The bearing period was so shortened by the 
drouth that the dates of last ripening of fruits is omitted. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 
Size. Form. Color. 
8, small. r, round. b, black. g, glossy. 
m, medium, c, conical, p, purple. 1, light. 
1, large. 0, ovate. oO, orange, pu, pubescent, 
. 2 B 
Se AR 
Variety. ae S a = : a 
= fe) es Ss = 
= SS 4 o | 
§| 2 E |e) @|6)4) 4% 
> j=) i _ mM oa oO go 
Y\0 Fri So ese As Oe a Oe SS pe 9.2 | June 5__-| June 30___| 85 | m r zb 8 
Carolinige 62224 532 8 6 8 Sa ee Se Os 9.5 CAs Joly, vl 7 m r lo 8 
(Cobimb rary 00 ee ee ea 9.5 ope Fes ore ie EE Ol ] ro p 8.5 
(Grove gr tia: ie Sa eS IE Se Ue reer eee 9.5 “4-2 3\ June '30)_-|) 9 1 r b 8 
Cromwell ea ease ee ie ee 9. Ke Dee ee Cog kN.) |) mn r b 8 
IIDON BGA Gye ee ee Ra ak ae ee 8.5 oy nee Bea TSP) ees at a7 | m re b 8 
Mars wOcbhh ssa 3 np ORE Te eee 9 ee tee aly, kee 8.0 1 r b 8.5 
REOR ee San ee Fs ee ee! 9.5 neni. eee yee fret of) J r bpu 7 
Hop lcinel oss SESE ee ee a ee iy heart 8.5 oes Sone 2028) 38 m r b 8 
Jackson's) May hinges 2k ee eS 9, £8) aes SONGS SIREN ey Ps) 8 re b 8.5 
JoONrshone sweeties ae eee eee 8.5 be Ae ee ee OOs eal m rife b 8 
KAT Sage = eos Se ae I ee a Ls 9 $f Bes See 2 Bee | BEB. 1 r gb 8 
NMOvOb beter ee eee Le 8.8 Emr ee eR eg 0 ee | oa ie gt r b 9 
Neniahas @ St Uli aoe Joke Oey 9.2 Oe) ES i ja bes ea ars 1 r |bpu 7 
IN ORL OL Sass Ra ee Se a eae 8 Me 25 ane 295-1) -6, 8 r b 8.5 
Gee a Se I he a ee 9.5 as Ae hea | as 8.5 l r b 6 
Olderyee ee Se ig en en ee 9.2 re pee uly ateee 9.5 ul re b 9 
Palmer 22 2 o 2 eee ie) ett) 8 s 223| June 28__| 8:5.) m r b 8.5 
IPPORTOSS hn re ee er? Sep DE os 8 e pied ON er ees a | m r b 8.5 
SHafler: su soy st eae ee ana ea SU et 9.4 Se eG ae aby) Foal BOE Le TAB 1 ro p 8.5 
Smith (Prolific) e- 2) es eee ee eee | 9.5 SPE 4s | colynke sie oO 1 r b 9 
SETOY So eis Soe es Se i ee oa BUSI O 2 1 r |bpu 8.5 
AV Ta et eee ae ae a RE 9.4 eS es SUNG 2622_ kt . Os0 1 re b 8.5 
WIN ORY Soo Re ea Se a et ey 9 Cuvee as COT 282. Go.) r b 8 
Wonder ts5. seks shea vai eee ergs 2 8.5 We eee Oa aay | 8 r b 8 


236 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


NOTES ON VARIETIES. 


Ada.—The bush is quite vigorous and bears a moderate crop of good- 
size berries. 

Columbian Red.—This was the latest variety to ripen fruit. The canes 
are of strong growth and healthy. The berry closely resembles Shaffer, 
but is firmer and of better quality. The bushes were productive. A 
promising variety. 

Conrath.—The vigorous cane growth, productiveness, and large size 
of the berries make this sort one of the most promising black-caps. 

Cromwell.—A desirable early ripening variety. 

Farnsworth.—The plants are vigorous, healthy, and productive. The 
berry is large, firm, and of good quality. Promising as a variety for home 
use or market. 

Kansas.—Lacks hardiness. The canes are of quite vigorous growth and 
moderately productive. The fruit is of large size. 

Lovett.—Not likely to occupy a prominent place among the newer early 
ripening sorts. 

' Norfolk.—Did not do well the past season. 

Older.—Bush of vigorous growth and productive. The fruit is of large 
size, rather soft, but of high quality. A promising sort for home use. 

Palmer.—A good early market variety. 

Progress.—Similar to Palmer, but the bushes are not so productive. 

Smith (Prolific).—The bushes are of strong, vigorous, healthy growth. 
The berry is large, jet black, not very firm, but of good quality. A prom- 
ising variety. 

Surrey.—Bush of vigorous growth, and quite productive. Fruit resem- 
bles Gregg, but is not so late in ripening. Promising. 

Virginia.—Bush a vigorous grower, hardy and productive. A promis- 
ing early ripening sort. 

Gregg and Nemaha are among the best late market sorts. 

Ohio is one of the best medium-season market sorts. It is very hardy 
and productive. It is the leading variety for evaporating purposes. 

Shaffer.—For canning and home use this variety has no superior among 
the better known sorts. 

Ebon Beauty, Jackson's May King, Wonder, and Winona have not 
been sufficiently tested here to judge of their merits. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 237 


RED RASPBERRIES. / 


ABBREVIATIONS. 
Size. Form. Color. 
5, small. r, round. d, dark. oO, orange. 
m, medium. c, conical. r, red. b, bright. 
1, large. 0, ovate. Dp, purple. 
ye | = FA 
a ig Eg 
Variety. = § & ci} e 
Q mH [o) - . 
5 o 2 5+ 3S g 5 = 
oo S fois g I = 3s 
= — ia] = ie} [o) =] 
i (=) Gy at 7) & iS) go 
PAT TIO tear oe He a ae ee a et Se 9 June 5__| July 4.] 5 vl f9) br ct) 
Ballade Hontenay, gosec sacar e eee ee alo oe rote (LU, ars Ya LAr 1 re | br 9.5 
Brandywine eer st ene aa! eek ee ee 8.5 ea ae elt 41 6 m re | dr 8.5 
Cuthbert eee eee Nee ee ss ee 9.5 ee 9 1 re r 8 
Gladstone 8.5 Ss 1625| Junevs0s| ae 8 re |dpu 8 
A Queen_ ) = Het oe ap I re fe a 
ansell ______. ee _.| June 28_ m r r 
Herstine.. _ 7.5 ame oe T2840 6 m r br 9.5 
Lost Rubies 8 SR Bealls 28S Ratt iG 1 re |bdr 9.5 
ee Marl buroyer tk ne ge ee ee 8.5 el ee ee Ul | OY m r r 8.5 
Mirchiganilarlyie se cae ee i ee 9 Se ema el MORAN 8 m r r 9 
Millers awWoodland eve 22a ees 8.5 Oe ea Ake Sl) Ol? m r r 8.5 
eo eeeealphiy PE SES Sr ERE ee LEE oS ee 7 : os eo June 28_ g il re }|dr an 
BN COCHS es ee ee eee eee et os UE a 22 on m ie r 5) 
Rec mater se oe ae ee te eek! eee ole 8.5 ee Ol dalye |. (Sonam re r 9 
RoyaliChurch 233222 ee 2 ot SS es ees 8.5 Se EOL ote Salad 1 re | dc 8.5 
ScanlothGomiewes ss eee ee te ae a 8 “ 8__| June 28.| 6 m r br 9 
TT alCObthee tame ee a ee Ee LS eee) 8.5 SS GRE | eRSS 2 26) [ase m r dr 8 
MN OmMpsSOn warlye= see bo ee aes ey A ee § Sree Oe Pert El eats) m r r 9 
ATTIOTy oe a ee Se es eh 8 Tk 8.5 oP Ae See 30 li piad ] c 9 


NOTES ON VARIETIES. 


Cuthbert.—The plant is vigorous and healthy. This variety has yet no 
superior for general planting. It is valuable either for home use or for 
market. 

Gladstone.—This variety, in addition to a small crop in the usual 
season, furnished two pickings the middle of October. The variety has 
little to recommend it for general planting. 


Golden Queen is clear, bright yellow in color and of high quality. It 
is a desirable variety for the home garden. 

Hansell and Michigan Early are hardy in plant, and as early ripening 
sorts may be planted to a limited extent. 

Royal Church.—The berries have the fault of falling to pieces very 
easily. The bush is hardy, of vigorous growth, and fairly productive. 

Turner is valuable for the extreme hardiness of the plant and the 
mild flavor of the fruit. 


238 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


NATIVE PLUMS. 


U. P. HEDRICK. . 


Bulletin No. 123. 


Native plums have received but little attention in Michigan. In fact, 
until the exhaustive study of them made by Prof. Bailey of Cornell, a few 
years ago, but little had been done elsewhere, and the literature upon the 
subject was scant and fragmentary. Within the last few years, however, 
they have been coming somewhat into prominence, but there is still a 
great difference of opinion among fruitgrowers as to their merit. In a 
small way they are successfully grown in various parts of the state, and 
the indications are that large plantations of the better kinds could be made 
profitable in some localities and under certain conditions. At any rate 
they deserve to be better known by Michigan fruitgrowers. 

The market demand for them is still somewhat limited, but is steadily 
increasing for the better kinds, and the careful grower who has access to 
the large markets, or who controls a small select trade, will find no trouble 
in disposing of his crop. Good fruits of the American plums come into 
the markets at least three weeks before the European varieties are market- 
able. They command prices, when choice and in small packages, ranging 
from $2 to $4 per bushel. While the demand for the earliest varieties is 
greater, yet the later ones have qualities which commend them as well 
worth attention. 

The native plums have many qualities which make them desirable for 
the general farmer or for home use. The trees of most of the varieties are 
hardy, vigorous, and very productive. The fruit comes early, keeps well, 
and has a fine appearance, and, though poorer in quality and inferior in 
size, is very acceptable as offering a greater variety of fruits. A strong 
point with those who grow them in a small way is their comparative immu- 
nity from insects and fungous diseases. 


NATIVE PLUMS AT THE EXPERIMENT STATION. 


It is doubtful if a much more comprehensive orchard of native plums 
can be found than this station’s plantation. It consists of 80 trees, 
embracing 35 of the better varieties planted in the spring of 1886, the 
trees having been obtained of D. B. Wier of Lacon, IIl., and T. V. Munson 
of Denison, Texas. The soil of the orchard is a well drained clay loam, 
having a stiff subsoil composed of gravel and clay. The trees were planted 
18 feet apart each way. Crops of vegetables have been grown in the 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 239 


orchard every season, so that the ground has received good cultivation. 
The manuring has consisted of an occasional application of composted 
barnyard manure. This treatment has produced a healthy, vigorous 
crowth of trees and productiveness in fruit. The trees, which have been 
remarkably free from diseases, bore their first fruit in 1890, and the 
increase in quantity has been rapid, nearly all the trees bearing a large 
crop last season. 


PROPAGATION AND CULTIVATION. 


In propagation, the common stocks, Marianna and myrobalan are largely 
used. The various varieties work well upon Prunus Americana and other 
native species, though the Chickasaws are said to be undesirable 
because of their habit of sprouting and sending out suckers. Prunus 
Americana stocks are especially suitable for northern climates, because of 
their hardiness. In the south the peach is largely used. 

Methods of planting and cultivation need not vary from those employed 
with the common plums, except that, as many of the varieties of native 
plum are not fertile, owing to the impotency of the pollen upon flowers 
of the same variety, the prospective grower must bear in mind that, with 
native plums in particular, he must practice mixed planting in order to 
secure their fertilization. Some of the best kinds, including Wild Goose 
and Miner, are worthless unless so planted. It is a matter of some diffi- 
culty and considerable importance, to determine what varieties should be 
planted near each other, in order to have the best mutual effect as pollen- 
izers. No definite rules for planting can be given without further exper- 
imentation, and about all that can be said is that trees of different varieties 
blooming at the same time should be planted near each other. They can 
be so planted that a tree of a very polleniferous variety will fertilize sev- 
eral barren trees. Some growers maintain that the mutual fertilizing 
trees should be planted very close, eight or ten feet apart, but experience 
here does not lead us to think close planting is at all necessary. Prof. 
Bailey says that it is a “common opinion among plum-growers that the 
European plums, peaches, and even the cherry will fertilize the Wild Goose 
plum” and a case cited seemed to lend color to the view, but the writer 
knows of three Wild Goose plum trees that stood in the midst of an 
orchard of several varieties of common plum and a row of cherry trees 
bordered the plum orchard, but not a plum did the Wild Goose trees bear, 
and the trees were finally cut down by the owner. This shows at least 
that considerable care must be observed in planting trees to fertilize those 
that are not self-fertile. 


SOILS AND LOCATIONS FOR NATIVE PLUMS. 


Michigan has considerable territory that is admirably adapted to 
growing these plums. Undoubtedly the country adjoining the great lakes, 
especially that northward, is capable of greatest development for this 
industry, as it is favored by soil, climate, and immunity from insects and 
diseases. As a class, the native plums are not particular and will thrive on 
various soils, although extremes in sand, clay, or muck must be avoided. In 
an ideal soil, the trees should make a hard, strong growth, the wood should 
mature early and well, the trees should bear young, and the fruit should be 
well-flavored and highly colored. 


240 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The climate of Michigan is suitable for growing most of the native 
plums, in any part of the state except, perhaps, in the central and northern 
portions of the upper peninsula. In the north, especially where it is at all 
frosty, it is well not to plant trees on a southern exposure where the buds 
may start and be nipped by a late frost. 

It is easy to produce an overgrowth in the native plums; if they run too 
much to heavy tops and foliage they are not so productive of fruit, the 
wind easily breaks them down, and they do not bear so early. Such over- 
growths are caused by a soil too strong or by the use of nitrogenous 
manures in large quantities. 


CHARACTERISTICS OF NATIVE PLUMS. 


There are over 150 named varieties of native plum scattered throughout 
the country; experimenters are annually introducing seedlings, and since 
any very promising wild plum tree may be the beginning of a new variety 
there is still abundant material todraw from. There are several groups of 
the plums, the distinctive lines of which have been drawn with considerable 
accuracy. But the rapid multiplication of varieties from seed, many the 
product of natural crosses, has made intermediate forms so numerous, and 
complicated the classification so much, that it is a difficult matter to assign 
varieties to their true positions. Because of this, and since a scientific classi- 
fication is not strictly necessary for commercial purposes, a brief description 
of the varieties must take the place of a detailed classification. 

It is not easy to give even the general characteristics of the native plums. 
There are, even in varieties of the same group, manifold variations in the 
character of the trees, flowers, and fruits. Following the classification given 
in Bulletin 103, there are five groups of interest to Michigan growers. 

Clinton —Fruit medium to large, round, oblong or elliptical; skin thick, 
mottled with dark red; flesh firm, flavor sweet and pleasant; stone clinging, 
circular, smooth; leaves large, serrate, pointed, with glandular stalks; trees 
vigorous and very prolific; season early to medium, from August 1 to 15. 

De Soto.— Fruit large, round, somewhat oblong; skin thick, dark red, and 
with a heavy bloom; stone large, roughish, rather broad; stem # inch long, 
slender; cavity broad and shallow; suture a line; flesh firm, flavor sweet 
and good; leaves oblong oval, medium size, acute, serrate, stalks glandular; 
season early, last of July and first of August. One of the best of the 
American plums. 

Forest Rose.—Fruit large, round, a little oblong, and sometimes 
pointed; skin thin, red or purple; flesh firm, quality good; stone clinging, 
broad, smooth, flat; leaves obovate, pointed, finely serrate, stalks glandular; 
trees with spreading, open heads and thorny branches; not prolific on the 
station grounds; season medium, August. 

Garfield —Fruit small to medium, oblong oval; skin rather thick, very 
dark red; cavity small and shallow; fruit stems long and slender; suture a 
dark red line; flesh firm, juicy, yellowish, flavor acid, pleasant; leaves large, 
ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, stalk glandular; trees weak in growth and 
unproductive; season very late, September and October. 

Itaska.—F ruit small, oblong oval; skin dark red, thick, and tough; flesh 
firm, stringy, quality poor; leaves large and thick with glandular stalks; 
trees dwarf in habit with massed foliage of a peculiar pinkish tint; charac- 
teristics of the tree very prominent; season medium to late; of little if any 
value. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 241 


Maquoketa.—Fruit medium size, round, oblong; skin tough, dark red, 
purple bloom; stone clinging, short, pointed, rough; leaves large, smooth, 
dark green, stalks glandless; stem short, stout, in a very shallow cavity; 
suture prominent, dividing the plum into halves; season late, the fruit col- 
ors early butisa long while in maturing. A poor variety. 

Marianna.—F ruit small to medium, round; skin thin, bright red speckled 
with white; flesh soft, juicy, flavor mildly acid, insipid, poor; stone cling- 
ing, rough; trees much branched with long slender twigs; leaves oblong 
lanceolate, small, finely serrate, dark green; season early, last of July and 
first of August. Of little value. 

Miner. —Fruit large, round, oblong; dark red skin, mottled, thick and 
tough; fiesh firm, sweet, quality good; stone clinging, round, smooth; 
leaves large, serrate, stalks glandless; trees vigorous and prolific; season 
medium. An old and popular variety. Miner and Clinton are almost iden- 
tical, differing only in foliage. 

Moreman.— Fruit small, round; skin thick, dark cherry red with a yel- 
lowish tinge opposite the sun; flesh firm with a pleasant acid flavor; stone 
small, circular, a little pointed; leaves rather large, ovate with a long point, 
serrate, dull green, stalks glandless; trees thrifty, vigorous, and quite free 
from fungous diseases; season late, fruits not ripening at the same time. 

Newman.—Fruit medium to large, round, somewhat oblong, inclined 
to be irregular; skin thin, light bright red, without bloom, dotted with 
spots near the apex, and with a yellow cheek opposite the sun; stem short 
and slender, cavity small; suture a bright red line; flesh firm, juicy, 
fibrous, adhering to a small, flat, rough stone; flavor acid, pleasant; 
trees thrifty, large, round topped, foliage good; leaves large, oblong- ovate, 
acuminate, finely serrate; season medium. The best variety of the Chicka- 
saw plums. 

Pottawattamie.—Fruit medium to large; skin thin, bright red with yel- 
low streaks running partly around the fruit; stem long and slender; flesh 
firm, juicy, quality fair; cavity small, suture a red line; leaves conduplicate 
or trough-like, oblong lanceolate, small; stone, large, broad, rough; growth 
slender, spreading, zigzag; tree very vigorous, prolific; season early, 
August. 

Purple Yosemite——Fruit medium to large, round; skin thick, bitter, 
tough, dark red or purple, covered with bloom; flesh firm, yellowish, stringy ; 
flavor acid, good; stone large, flat, smooth, inclined to be free; leaves large, 
ovate, smooth, dull in color; growth upright, strong, spreading into stiff © 
branches; trees productive; season, August. 

Rollingstone— Fruit large, round, somewhat flattened at the ends; skin 
tough, pinkish purple, mottled; flesh firm, sweet, good; stone clinging, 
circular, flat, smooth; leaves large, serrate, smooth, stalk slender, glandular; 
cavity broad, shallow, suture a line; trees very vigorous and prolific; season 
early or medium, being about that of De Soto. 

Robinson.—Fruit medium size, round, oblong; skin thin, dull red with 
yellow blotches opposite the sun; flesh firm, juicy, reddish, quality good; 
stem short, slender, set in an abrupt narrow cavity; leaves small, oblong 
lanceolate, stalk short; trees spreading, not branching so much and 
shoots not so zigzag as in the typical Chickasaw, very prolific; season, 
August and early September. 

Yellow Yosemite-—Only a shade of difference between this and Purple 
Yosemite, the color being some lighter than that plum with a quite decided 

31 


242 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


yellow tinge; tree and foliage differ but little, season about the same, per- 
haps a few days later. 

Weaver.—Fruit large, oblong-oval; skin thin, yellow, mottled with red; 
flesh firm, flavor excellent, sweet; stone large, flat, smooth, pointed, cling; 
leaves large, toothed, pubescent underneath; stalk short, glandless; cavity 
large, suture distinct; season late, end of September. The most popular 
of the late kinds. 

Wild Goose.—Fruit large, oblong-oval, apex pointed; skin thin, bright 
red; flesh not very firm, a little stringy, quality fair; stone clinging, long, 
pointed; leaves oblong-lanceolate, closely serrate, acuminate, stalks with 
several glands; shoots smooth, slender, spreading; trees very thrifty and 
productive; season early, August. Because of earliness, productiveness, 
and handsome appearance of fruit, one of the best of the native plums. 


SUMMARY. 


1. Within the last few years native plums have been coming some- 
what into prominence. The opinions of fruitgrowers differ as to their 
merit. 


2. The market demand for them is limited, although it is steadily 
increasing for the early kinds. They come into market about three weeks 
before the European varieties. 


3. The station has tested 35 of the better varieties, which were planted 
in the spring of 1886, the trees being obtained from D. B. Weir, Lacon, 
Ill., and T. V. Munson, Denison, Texas. 


4, In propagating native plums, Marianna and myrobalan stocks are 
largely used. Prunus Americana is well adapted as a stock for northern 
climates. 


5. Methods of planting and cultivation do not differ from those used 
with common plums except that mixed planting must be followed in order 
to secure the fertilization of many of the native plums. 


6. Native plums are not particular as to soil, although extremes in sand, 
clay, and muck should be avoided. A soil toostrong or too rich in nitrog- 
enous matter causes a heavy growth of foliage at the expense of pro- 
ductiveness. 


7. There are about 150 varieties of native plum, embraced in five 
species, of which the most important are Prunus Americana, P. hortulana, 
and P. angustifolia. 


8. The most valuable of the native plums are De Soto, Rollingstone, 
Weaver, Wild Goose, Miner, and Newman, of which Wild Goose, De Soto 
and Miner are probably the most popular. 


9. In general the native plums are to be recommended to those who 
want plums for an early market; because of their immunity from diseases 
and insects, to the general farmer; and to large growers who want a greater 
variety of fruits. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 243 


e : 
RUSSIAN CHERRIES. 


U. P. HEDRICK, 


For a number of years considerable interest has been shown in Russian 
fruits. Several importations have been made and some of the kinds are 
promising for the colder portions of our country. A few varieties promise 
well for milder regions and bid fair to furnish our general horticulture 
with fruits of value. 

The introduction of Russian cherries into the United States dates from 
1882, when Prof. Budd of Iowa and Mr. Charles Gibb, a Canadian horti- 
culturist, visited Europe and made selections of what they considered the 
best varieties growing in the colder portions. The trees were taken to 
Towa and Canada, where the hardiest of the common cherries fail utterly, 
and in both places proved hardy. Prof. Budd’s trees in Iowa were one 
year old when imported, and were set in an orchard where the dry sum- 
mers and cold winters had killed all the common cherries, including the 
hardy Early Richmond and English Morello. 

With this treatment the Russian cherries grew and thrived, notwith- 
standing the fact, too, that they were severely cut for scions and buds. 

The trees were soon well distributed among the experiment stations, 
and several reports have been made concerning their peculiarities and 
values, with varying opinions as to their general worth. Through the sta- 
tions and the usual channels of trade they have now been quite generally dis- 
tributed to the public, and some of them are highly spoken of by practical 
growers, who say that they have many points of usefulness for the general 
fruitgrower. In our state, with a few exceptions, they will not be in 
great demand except in the upper peninsula, and in the northern inland 
portions of the lower peninsula, where the common cherries fail to grow. 
For these regions, as a good substitute for the other’cherries, they are 
recommended. They are also commended to those who live in localities 
where late frosts make the cherry crop uncertain. 

The general grower who desires a larger variety of fruit will find among 
the Russian cherries varieties which approach the common cherries in 
size, appearance, and quality. They come very late in the season and this 
may be a point in their favor with some growers. 

It is the object of this bulletin to give information regarding the hard- 
ier and more promising sorts that have been tested on the station grounds 
and which will be desirable for growing in sections where the common 
kinds fail. 

The history of Russian cherries on the station grounds is as follows: 
In the spring of 1888, thirty trees, embracing twelve varieties, were 
obtained from Prof. Budd of Iowa. The soil of the cherry orchard is the 
same as that upon which the American plums were grown, and the trees 


244 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


have received the same care and cultivation. The trees are vigorous, 
strong, and healthy; they first bore fruit in 1891, since which most of the 
trees have borne every year. . 


CHARACTERISTICS OF RUSSIAN CHERRIES. 


There are now scattered through the country almost half a hundred named 
varieties of Russian cherry. There are several groups of them, but the 
distinctive lines are not as yet well drawn; and as the intermediate forms 
are numerous, a proper classification would be dithcult and will not be 
attempted. The aim will be to give only a few general characteristics of 
the cherries and as accurate a description of the varieties as is possible. 

The nomenclature of the Russian cherries is badly confused. In Russia 
different names are given to the same fruit in different localities, while the 
same name may be given to different fruits growing in adjacent dis- 
tricts. The names, though very formidable toan English-speaking person, 
are quite simple and without any individuality, mostly expressing some 
quality of the fruit, such as sweet, transparent, white, round, etc., and it is 
not easy to convert them into good English names. Then again, seedlings 
of like parentage resemble each other so much that it is difficult to distin- 
guish between varieties. However, most of the names used in this 
bulletin have now become pretty well fixed. 

The most distinct characteristics of the Russian cherries are their dwarf, 
compact habit of growth; their small and narrow leaves which are thick 
but finely textured; and, in general, a deep purplish-red or reddish-black 
fruit of a peculiar bitter, yet often very pleasant, flavor. As grown by the 
peasants in Russia the trees are generally of bush form, as they receive but 
little care, seldom any cultivation, and are often grown in dense thickets. 
Sometimes they are planted under other trees as our currants are. They 
are usually grown from seed and in sod, though seedlings vary much from 
the parent, so that the best trees are grown from sprouts. Grafting is 
rarely practiced. Some of the trees are erect in growth though the weep- 
ing form is usually considered better. With such careless cultivation, it 
can easily be seen that, if profitable in Russia, with the comparatively care- 
ful cultivation which we would give them they ought to prove profitable 
for us. In the main the trees have the same characteristics here as in 
Russia, except that the bush form is never grown. The trees are dwarf, 
compact, and vigorous in growth. Leaves and flowers appear later, and 
the fruit ripens later than with the common cherries. The fruit is borne 
in small bunches and tends to remain for a long while on the trees, even 
after ripening. 

The following are the more promising kinds that have been tested on 
the station grounds: 

Bessarabian.—Fruit rather large, roundish, heart-shape, irregular; 
borne in pairs, stalks long, slender; cavity deep, suture distinct; when 
fully ripe, dark red in color; flavor acid, slightly astringent; pit medium 
size, round; trees dwarf, shaped like May Duke; foliage good, leaves small, 
coarsely serrate. One of the hardiest and most prolific of the Russian 
cherries. 

Griotte du Nord.—Fruit medium size, round, slightly heart-shape; 
borne in pairs, stalk long, slender; dark red in color; flesh firm, reddish, 
flavor quite acid, slightly bitter; pit small, round; tree very hardy and 
vigorous, quite dwarf and compact in habit and aslow grower. It is much 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 245 


like Bessarabian, differing mostly in habit of tree and flavor of fruit. Sea- 
son, midsummer. 

George Glass—A variety similar to and identical with Bessarabian. 
Introduced from eastern Europe to Iowa by immigrants; it was discovered 
in Marshall county. 

Lithaur Weichsel.—Fruit small and rather poor, round; suture distinct, 
cavity deep; stalk long and slender; skin thick, dark purple, almost black; 
flesh firm, reddish, juice colored; flavor acid and bitter, quality poor; pit 
very small; tree strong and vigorous. Used only for culinary purposes; 
season last of July. 

Sklanka.—Fruit large and handsome, color yellow with red cheek; flesh 
firm, yellowish; flavor sub-acid, good; pit small and somewhat flat; tree 
well formed, round topped, branches drooping, foliage good; a handsome 
tree producing an abundance of excellent fruit. 

Brusseler Braune.—Fruit large, globular, slightly heart-shape, a little 
inclined to be irregular and to vary in size; in color very dark red; flesh 
firm, reddish, acid, and slightly bitter; stalk long, cavity deep; pits large 
and flat; tree very vigorous and prolific, shoots ascending, foliage good; 
season middle of July. One of the best of the Russian cherries. 

Ostheim.—Fruit about the size of the Richmond; heart-shape; dark 
red or brownish black when ripe; skin thick; cavity deep, stalk long, 
suture obscure; flesh firm, but tender, juicy; flavor mildly acid, very good; 
pit large, somewhat flattened; trees vigorous and hardy, round topped, 
resembling the Morello type; season 20th July to the end of July. One 
of the best known of this class of cherries. 

Schatten Amarelle.—This cherry is almost identical with Brusseler 
Braune. It is, perhaps, a little smaller, not quite so globular, and not so 
dark in color, and is a few days earlier. But in flavor, appearance of tree 
and foliage they are alike in every respect. Like the Brusseler Braune 
it promises to be one of the best of this class of cherries. 

Lutovka—tIn appearance the fruit of the Lutovka resembles the 
Sklanka very much. The quality, however, is better, as it lacks the 
astringency of the Sklanka; the season is later. The trees of the two 
varieties resemble each other in shape, but Lutovka is a stronger grower, 
with coarser shoots and foliage. 


SUMMARY. 


1. The introduction of Russian cherries into the United States dates 
from 1882, when Prof. Budd of Iowa and Charles Gibb of Canada 
imported a number of varieties from Russia. 

2. Russian cherries are recommended for those localities in Michigan 
which are too cold for the common cherries. They are for these regions a 
good substitute for common cherries. Since they ripen very late, they 
may, for this reason, find favor with the general grower. 

3. The chief characteristics of the Russian cherries are: A dwarf, com- 
pact habit of growth; small, narrow leaves, which are thick and finely 
textured; and a deep purplish-red or reddish-black fruit; and a peculiar 
astringent flavor which is often very pleasant; leaves and flowers appear 
later and the fruit ripens later than those of the common cherries. 

4. The following varieties do best on the station grounds: Bessarabian, 
very hardy and prolific; Brusseler Braune, fruit large, tree vigorous and 
prolific; Ostheim, one of the best known of the Russian cherries. 


246 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


THE APPLE ORCHARD. 


Dee Re AE: 


Bulletin No. 124. 


A few years ago the apple crop in Michigan was of large commercial 
importance and the fame of Michigan apples reached all parts of the 
country. For anumber of years the crop has been small and in some 
seasons has not been sufficient to supply the local demand. While other 
causes may have contributed to the loss of the crop, neglect, or at least 
lack of proper care, can be charged in many cases with being the principal 
reason for the loss. Letters are frequently received inquiring as to the 
best methods of planting and caring for an orchard, the soil and fertilizers 
needed, and the remedies for the insects and diseases to whose attack the 
apple is subject; and to supply an evident desire for information on the 
subject, this bulletin has been prepared. 


HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 


Although there is no direct evidence as to the origin of our cultivated 
varieties of apple, they are supposed to have been derived from the wild 
crab, which is common in all parts of temperate Europe. Improved vari- 
eties of this fruit were certainly in cultivation long before the Christian 
era, a8 Pliny and other writers of his time speak of the apple as one of the 
fruits of the Romans, who were said to have brought it from Armenia. 
Even in those times varieties were plentiful, as Pliny enumerates twenty- 
two, including sweet, dessert, and cooking sorts, and one kind that was 
seedless. 

The apple was carried to all parts of the empire where Roman garrisons 
were established, and undoubtedly thus reached England. When this 
country was settled, seeds, scions, and trees were brought over, and from 
the orchards then or soon after planted many of the varieties of today have 
been derived. While a few varieties now in cultivation have been brought 
directly from Europe, most of the kinds commonly grown are of American 
origin and have come as chance seedlings from older sorts. In many cases 
it is probable that they are the result of natural crosses, but in a few cases 
artificial crossing has been practiced. 

As arule when apple seeds are planted, many of the trees obtained will 
be thorny and will give strong evidence of their origin. Most of them 
will produce small fruits that will be inferior to those borne by the original 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 247 


variety, but occasionally one will be obtained that makes a strong growth, 
has large, healthy foliage,and produces an abundant crop of large fruit 
that is of excellent quality. Out of thousands of seedlings it is seldom 
that a sort is obtained that is better than the older varieties. 

Much better results can be expected if cross-fertilization is resorted to. 
This is brought about by selecting two varieties that have the qualities 
desired, and conveying the pollen from the anthers of one to the pistil of 
the other. To insure that no other pollen gains entrance to the pistils, the 
flowers in which they are should have the anthers removed before the 
petals open and should then be covered with small paper sacks, until sev- 
eral days after the crossing is done, to prevent the pollen from other flow- 
ers reaching the pistil. 


THE FAILURE OF THE APPLE CROP. 


Barrenness in an orchard is in many cases due to the natural tendency 
of the variety, as some varieties are very shy bearers, while the Northern 
Spy, among others, is often condemned for barrenness from the fact that 
the trees are late in coming into bearing. 

In the eastern states, the apple has “odd and even” bearing years. 
This is due to the fact that upon the bearing years all of the energies of 
the trees are exerted in developing the crop of fruit, so that no buds are 
formed on the fruit spurs for the next year’s crop, and as a result the fol- 
lowing will be an “odd year.” This is quite generally the case in old, neg- 
lected orchards, that are poorly supplied with plant food. The bearing 
year can be changed if in any way the tree is prevented from developing a 
crop of fruit, as can be done by destroying the blossoms or small fruits, 
since the trees will then be able to develop buds for the next year’s crop. 

Aside from the above, the partial failure of the apple crop in Michigan 
for the past few years may undoubtedly be ascribed to a variety of causes. 
A very large proportion of the orchards in the southern part of the state 
are now quite old and have been growing for years in sod. Many of them 
have in the past borne several large crops of fruit, which have drawn heav- 
ily on the soil, while in very few cases have steps been taken to return to 
the soil the plant food taken out by the trees. Added to these reasons we 
have the total absence of care in many cases, besides the injury that must 
result from improper pruning and unfavorable location. Asif this were 
not enough to insure failure, various climatic conditions have combined to 
bring about the same results, and their effect in some years has been so 
great that the crops have been lost even when other conditions were favor- 
able and the trees were well cared for. 

When we have an even climate, the trees can withstand very low tem- 
peratures, but if the trees are poorly ripened in the autumn, or if the 
weather of January or February is such that the sap starts and the buds 
swell, great harm may be done by zero weather. 

In some seasons we have had cold rains lasting 8s number of days just 
as the foliage and buds were appearing. Asa result the pollen is washed 
from the anthers, so that the trees are not only prevented from fruiting, 
but the cold weather may give them a serious check from which they will 
be a long time in recovering. 

The above conditions are particularly favorable for the development of 
fungi, and to the apple scab fungus we may attribute much of the failure 
of our orchards to bear, as, while other conditions were favorable, the crop 


= 


248 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.  ~ 


has been lost. The tender flowers are attacked on the ovary or pedicel 
and almost invariably they drop from the fruit spurs. 

In the weak condition of the trees, the foliage is often severely injured; 
if any of the fruits set, they are likely to be attacked and, unless 
fungicides are applied, will be small and misshapen. 

Some have ascribed the failure of the apple crop to the changes in 
climate due to the cutting off of the forests, and from the above it 
may be seen that indirectly this may have had much to do with the loss. 


NOTES ON APPLE CULTURE. 


The question of apple-growing interests nearly every farmer, apples are a 
crop that is easily grown, succeeding in most localities and furnishing, at a 
small expense in time, a large amount of nourishing and healthy food for 
the family. 

While He is desirable that every person who is the owner of even a vil- 
lage lot should have trees enough to supply fruit for his own use, it is not 
wise to undertake the growing of this or any other fruit for market, unless 
it is quite certain that the natural conditions are favorable and one is 
well posted as to the best methods of handling the orchard. 

Success in apple culture for commercial purposes can only be secured 
when one chooses a suitable location and soil, selects good varieties and 
good trees, properly plants and cares for them, supplies the needed plant 
food, fights the insects and fungi, and harvests and places his crop on the 
market in good condition, and it should not be expected unless the above 
conditions are complied with. 

Letters of inquiry upon one or all of the above points are frequently 
received, and, as they indicate a wide-spread desire for information, the fol- 
lowing notes have been prepared. They contain not only the results of 
our own experience, but the methods recommended are those practiced by 
our most successful orchardists. 


ADAPTATION OF MICHIGAN TO APPLE CULTURE. 


Michigan has for many years held a high place as an apple-growing 
state, as her success at various national and state fairs, when her apples 
came into competition with those from other states, abundantly testifies. 
The fruit is large in size, of high color, rich flavor, and has good keeping 
and shipping qualities. For a number of years, for reasons mentioned 
above, the crop has been but a partial one. 

While suitable locations for an apple orchard can not be found on every 
farm, there are few townships in the counties south of Gladwin where 
apples can not be grown successfully. In the northern and central coun- 
ties in the lower peninsula, while the soil is generally rather light, there 
are some orchards that are in a fairly flourishing condition. Many orchards 
in the upper peninsula also seem to be doing well. 

For the past four or five years, the better part of the apple crop has 
come from the counties north of Muskegon, taking about two tiers from 
the shore of lake Michigan. Among the reasons for this it may be men- 
tioned that the soil is new and has not been robbed of its plant food by 
grain and other crops. The trees are generally young and vigorous and 
are seldom started by warm weather in winter. Growth begins in the 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 249 


spring about ten days later than in southern Michigan and the blossoms 
are less likely to be injured by the spring frosts, while the cold rains that 
have for several years nearly destroyed the crop in the southern counties 
by washing the pollen from the flowers and offering favorable conditions 
for the development of fungi, have come before the flowers have opened 
on the trees in the northern counties. 

The insects are less plentiful in that section and a crop can be expected 
with considerable certainty on account of the easy transition from autumn 
to winter and from winter to spring. 


SOIL AND LOOATION. 


For a commercial orchard it is of the utmost importance that the soil 
and location should be well adapted to the growth of the trees. It can be 
put down at the outset that apples will not thrive in a soil that is very d 
and sandy, or very heavy and wet. It is often said that apples will do well 
on any high, strong, well-drained soil, that will grow good wheat or corn, 
and this will generally be found to be true. 

While it will always be well to avoid either extreme, a moderately heavy 
sandy loam or a light clay loam will generally prove satisfactory if suitably 
located. 

The orchard should be considerably elevated above the land surroundin 
it, not only because that may aid in securing good soil drainage, but, o 
even more importance, because of its aid in giving proper air drainage, as 
the cold air will flow down to the lower levels and thus lessen the danger 
from extreme cold in winter and from spring frosts. Another advantage 
not generally understood is that the scab and other fungi are more trouble- 
some in hollows than upon hillsides. 


DRAINAGE. 


Few plants will make a satisfactory growth, if at any time during the 
growing season their roots are in standing water, and the apple is no excep- 
tion. While it is better to have the soil naturally drained, tile under- 
drainage should be supplied in case the water does not drain off quickly 
after arain. If lines of two and one half or three inch drain tile are laid 
at a depth of three and one half or four feet, midway between the rows of 
trees, they will quickly rid the land of surplus water. 

The objection is often made that they will fill up, but this seldom hap- 
pens except to such lines as carry the water from a spring. In that case 
there will generally be water in the tiles while the soil around may be dry, 
and the roots will be very likely, under those conditions, to enter at the 
joints of the tiles and fill them so completely as to stop the flow of the 
water. When, however, the only duty of the tiles is to carry off the sur- 
plus water in the soil, the roots will seldom enter, as there will be all the 
moisture they care for in the soil so long as there is water in the tiles. 
With our common fruits, there will seldom be an exception to this rule, 
but the willow and elm sometimes completely fill tiles even when the soil 
is very wet. : 

It does not follow that a stiff, heavy soil, even though it be high and 
rolling, can be brought into good condition for an apple orchard, even 
though it be thoroughly tile drained, as at best it will be stiff and lumpy. 

32 


250 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The expense will be considerable, and the result will be less satisfactory 
than when the trees are set upon land that is naturally drained. While 
it will be advisable and even necessary to drain such land, in case cir- 
cumstances make it desirable that it be used for an apple orchard, it 
will generally be preferable, if one is to plant a commercial orchard, to 
choose a location that has good natural drainage. 


PREPARATION OF THE LAND. 


At the time of planting, the land should be in good tilth and well sup- 
plied with plant food. As a rule, in case the land needs to be artificially 
fertilized, it is preferable to apply the manure to a previous crop, such as 
corn or potatoes; or, if there is no particular hurry, if the land can be 
seeded to clover and the sod turned under, it will be in the best possible 
condition for planting. 

The plowing should be deep, and if there is a stiff subsoil near the sur- 
face it will pay to use a subsoil plow along the lines of the rows, although, 
as noted above, it is not advisable to use this kind of soil for a commer- 
cial apple orchard. Having brought the land into a good condition for 
planting, it is ready for the trees. 


SELECTION OF TREES. 


The success or failure of the orchard will depend largely upon the vari- 
eties and the character of the trees purchased. 

While many experienced orchardists wisely prefer a strong one-year 
tree, to anything that is older, as it enables them to form the head at the 
height and in the manner they prefer, for the ordinary planter a somewhat 
larger size is to be commended. Asa rule the two-year, medium, four to 
five feet, five eighths to three quarter inch trees will do as well, or better, 
than those of a larger size, andthe cost and expense for boxing, freight, 
and planting will be materially less than for the three or four-year-old 
trees that some planters insist upon having. The No. 1, two-year trees, 
graded as five to seven feet, three quarter inch and upward, are as a rule 
not objectionably large. 

While it is desirable to obtain trees at a reasonable price, cheapness 
should not be the only consideration. When buying trees of the above- 
mentioned sizes, care should be taken that the nurseryman does not work 
off cull trees that are three or four years old. By supplying such trees 
and, even worse, if he is unscrupulous, substituting worthless varieties, a 
nurseryman or tree dealer is often able to make a low price that will tempt 
the purchaser, who in the end will find that the trees would have been 
dear as a gift. The fact that a healthy tree of a good variety may in good 
seasons return a crop worth from ten to twenty or more dollars, while the 
crop from a poor tree, even if it lives to come to maturity, may not be 

‘worth gathering, should show every one that too great care can not be 
taken in selecting the varieties and trees, when planting an orchard. 

In the present days of low prices, trees for an orchard can be obtained 
for a comparatively small sum. If only a few trees are needed, it may be 
well to secure them from a local agent, whose stock came from a responsi- 
ble nursery, as the cost for packing and express upon a small bundle might 
be more than his commission, but if from one hundred to five hundred 
trees are needed it will be better to get them directly from a nursery. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 251 


As a rule, the trees should be brought from the nearest reliable nursery, 
when good trees of the kinds wanted can be obtained at a reasonable price. 

If they have to be shipped in the cars, however, it will make but little 
difference whether they are sent 50 or 150 miles, so far as the distance is 
concerned. In selecting a nursery, however, it is well to choose one with 
the soil and climate as much like those where the orchard is located as is 
possible, but from the fact that some sections do not have nurseries or they 
are not reliable, it often becomes necessary to go some distance for the 
trees. If the trees needed can not be found in some local nursery, it wilt 
be well to send a list of the numbers and varieties required to several ' 
reliable firms, and obtain estimates as to the cost. 

For not less than five hundred trees of standard varieties, medium-size 
two-year, the cost should not be more than six or seven cents each, and the 
- first-class trees should not be more than eight cents. When smaller num- 
bers are wanted, the price will range from eight to fifteen cents, according 
to size of trees and number wanted. 

These prices are the highest that should be paid, as many reliable 
nurseries quote prices by the thousand considerably less than those given. 
It must not be forgotten, however, that these prices are for trees at the 
nursery, and that there will be an additional charge of nearly one cent per 
ee Lor small lots, for boxing and packing, and perhaps as much more for 

reight. 


SEASON FOR PLANTING. 


At whatever time trees are planted, it will be found well to give the 
order early in the fall, as there will be less chance of receiving trees that 
have been culled over, and the best trees and best varieties picked out. If 
a large purchase is to be made it will be well to select the trees early in the 
autumn, and arrange that they shall not be stripped until the leaves begin 
to fall. It is the custom in large nurseries to strip the leaves from the 
trees before digging. This is the proper thing to do if the time for it has 
come, which is generally by the middle of October, but in order to get the 
work done the stripping is often performed before the wood is properly 
ripened. The Soft, green, watery shoots are unable to withstand the winter 
and the trees may be severely injured, especially if the winter is a severe 
one. 

In case the land is thoroughly drained, and yet reasonably moist from 
the autumn raivs, fall planting is upon many accounts preferable, as the 
trees will become established, while the roots will have callused and will 
be ready to throw out new fibres by the time growth starts in the spring. 

One great trouble with spring planting is that the warm weather often 
comes on so quickly after the frost is out of the ground, that the planting 
may not be completed until the buds have started, and at the best this is 
likely to give them a check. If planting is delayed until spring, the trees 
should be heeled in. For this purpose a trench should be dug in some well- 
drained place, one foot deep and three feet wide, generally running north 
and south, in which the trees should be placed. They are preferably set 
leaning to the south, and should not be so thick that the roots will be in 
contact. The soil should be pressed firmly about them and for tender 
trees the lower half of the trunks should be coveréd. Straw and rubbish 
of all kinds should not be left near them, as it will invite the field mice 
which may girdle and spoil the trees. 


252 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
DISTANCE FOR PLANTING. 


The majority of planters err on the side of planting at too small dis- 
tances. Some advise planting closer upon strong land than upon that 
which is light, but while more space is desirable to furnish the necessary 
moisture on a light soil, on the other hand it may be urged that upon the 
heavier soil the trees will make a much larger growth and the branches 
will interlace unless they have a good distance. 

Leaving the character of the soil out of the question, we may say that 
the strong-growing, long-lived sorts should have at least forty feet each 
way, while the small and comparatively short-lived kinds, such as the 
Wagener, may be as near as two rods without danger of crowding. 

The usual method is to plant in squares (Fig. 1) but the arrangement 
either in rectangles (Fig. 2), or in triangles (Fig. 3) will often utilize the 


* * * 
* * Ss F * 
FS * * * ie ™ 
Fig. 1.—Squares. Fig. 2.—Rectangles. Fig. 8.—Triangles. 


land to better advantage. When varieties like the Northern Spy, that 
are a long time coming into bearing, are planted, it is a good plan to have 
each of these permanent trees in the center of a hexagon with six or of 
a square containing eight trees (Fig. 4, A and B) of some variety that 


(0) Oo O oO ce) C6) (0) oO 0) 
Oo x Oo x O Oo > oO x Oo 
oO oO oO (8) oO Oo @) r@) Oo 
Fig. 4 A.—x, Northern Spy; o, Wagener. Fig. 4 B. 


bears early, but is generally short-lived. In this way there will be one 
Spy to three of the others. The Northern Spy trees should then be 45 
feet each way if in squares, or 40x45 if in hexagon. This plan can only 
be recommended when the land is to have extra care and the surplus trees 
are taken out when the others need the room. 

As arule the planting of peaches or other fruits between the rows is 
not to be commended, unless more than usual care and fertilization are 
given, especially as there is danger of leaving the other fruits too long. 
Above all, it is poor policy to grow strawberries or raspberries between 
the rows of trees after the latter come into bearing, or at any time in 
fact, as none of them will receive the amount of food or water required 
for a satisfactory growth. 


' THE PROPAGATION OF APPLE TREES. 
The ordinary standard apple trees are propagated by budding or graft- 


ing the improved varieties upon seedling stocks. The seedlings are grown 
for one or two years in the seed bed, from seeds obtained from the cider 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS.’ 253 


mill, by washing out the pomace, or from imported French crab seed, 
which is preferable, unless it is known that the seed is from strong-grow- 
ing, hardy varieties. 

If the trees are to be grown by budding, the seedlings are dug in the 
fall and heeled-in in the cellar or in some well drained place out of doors 
and there kept until spring. The soil for the apple nursery should be 
strong, moist, and yet well drained. While the supply of plant food should 
be sufficient to promote a strong, straight, healthy growth, it should not be 
supplied with large amounts of undecomposed stable manure, as that 
would induce a watery growth that would not ripen. 

As soon as the soil is dried off in the spring it should be deeply plowed 
and thoroughly fitted for the seedlings which, after the fibrous roots have 
been removed and the others cut back to a length of seven to nine inches, 
will be ready for planting. 

They should be set, either with a spade or a dibble, in straight rows 
from three feet eight inches to four feet apart, at intervals of from six to 
ten inches. The greater distances will give the best trees, but with strong 
soil and good care a good grade of tree can be obtained if somewhat closer 
together. During the first season they will need to be frequently worked 
so that the ground will be kept loose and the moisture conserved. With 
good care they should be ready for budding by the last of July or the first 
of August. The scions are obtained from the growth of the present year 
and should have plump, firm, well-developed buds. The process of bud- 
ding and the care of the young trees in the nursery is the same as given 
for the peach in Bulletin 103 and reprinted in the Report of the State 
Horticultural Society for 1893. 

Propagation by Root-grafting.—The process of root-grafting differs 
from budding principally in that, instead of a bud attached to a small 
piece of bark, several buds, attached to five or six inches of scion, are so 
fastened to the stock that a union takes place and one part develops the 
root while the other produces the stems and leaves of the future tree. 

Root-grafting is usually done by the nurseryman during the winter when 
the other work is less rushing. The usual method is by what is known as 
whip grafting, although other methods may be used. 

Whole or Piece Roots.—The more common practice today is to cut up 
the roots of the seedlings into from two to four pieces from two to four 
inches long, and use these as roots for the scions. It is claimed by 
some that the proper way is to graft at the collar and thus get but 
one root from each seedling. It is urged in favor of the whole-root 
graft that not only are better nursery trees produced, but that in the 
orchard the trees will get a better start and that the trees that have 
been collar-grafted will have a tendency to throw strong roots of the 
nature of tap roots deep down into the soil, while the short piece 
roots, and especially the second and third cuts, will form but few roots 
and these will be mostly of a fibrous nature and develop in the sur- 
face soil. By rooting deeply the trees will be much less likely to be 
injured by a severe winter and will suffer less from drought. While 
much depends upon the soil in which the trees are grown and the 
nature of the variety, many of the claims made for the whole root cer- 
tainly hold good. As compared with those grown from the first or 
upper cut there will be but little difference in the growth of the 
nursery trees,and this will depend upon the length of the piece root. 
As a rule, however, the nursery tree grown from the whole root will 


254 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


have rather more branching roots, but the difference will be so small 
that in the orchard it will not be noted after the first year. With 
most varieties, the trees grown from the second, third, and 
fourth cuts will be noticeably smaller and will have poorer roots. In 
the case of some of the stronger-growing kinds, like the Red Astrachan 
and Ben Davis, the trees will after the first year send out a number 
of roots from and above the graft, which soon get ahead of those from 
the root, so that in their case the whole root has but little, if any, 
effect. Many western nurserymen prefer to use the short root, as they 
claim that when the whole root is used the trees make a late growth 
in the nursery and are often winter-killed. It is true that the stocks 
cost less when piece roots are used, and the trees can be more cheaply 
planted and dug; but as a rule more trees can be sold from an acre 
and they will often grade larger, so that, after all, the cost of 
growing these trees will not be much more than when piece roots are 
used. 

From our experiments it would seem best to use a generous length 
of root at any rate and in no case make more than two cuts. 

The question is often asked as to the relative value of budded, whole- 
root, and piece-root trees, and it may be stated that as a rule budded trees 
one year from bud are often as large and on some accounts are preferable 
to grafted trees that are two years from the graft. Whole-root trees are 
also generally larger than piece-root trees, but between budded and whole- 
root grafted trees there is little difference, and they are as a rule to be 
preferred to those that are grown from piece roots. 

Top-Worked Trees.—In case of some of the weak-growing sorts and 
those that are not entirely hardy when budded or root-grafted, it has been 
found that they will do much better when they are top-worked, or grafted 
at the height of four feet upon some strong, hardy stock. This may be 
done in the nursery, but as a rule they can not be purchased in this form 
and it becomes necessary either to purchase trees of the kind it is proposed 
to use as the stock and after growing them for a year, either in the garden 
or planted in the orchard, to whip-graft them with the desired sort. 

Dwarf Apples.—While only desirable for growing as curiosities, or in 
case one has but a limited amount of ground, it may be well to explain 
just what is meant by dwarf apple trees. Any variety may be grown in 
this way, but they differ from standard trees of the same variety by being 
grafted upon some small-growing species of apple, which tends to so check 
the growth that the size of the trees is much reduced. When very small 
trees are desired, the stock selected is the Paradise apple, and when worked 
upon this the trees are seldom more than four feet in height and bear at 
an early age; in case a somewhat larger apple is desired the Doucin apple 
is used as the stock. 


VARIETIES OF APPLE TO PLANT. 


So much depends upon the proper selection of varieties for planting, 
that it should have careful consideration. If one has a neighbor who isa 
successful grower of apples upon soil similar to that to be used for 
planting, it will be well to make a careful study of the varieties as they 
ripen, and in this way one will be able to determine quite accurately the 
kinds it will be best to buy. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 255 


The character of the soil has so much to do that no one can recommend 
a list that will apply in all sections of a township even, but there are many 
well-known kinds that are generally grown with success and it will be 
better to plant them than to rely too much upon the advice of the average 
tree agent or the nursery catalogue. 

A different selection should be made for home use from what would be 
planted for market, as in the former case it is desirable that the selection 
should be such as will give a succession throughout the season. There 
should be varieties adapted both for dessert and cooking purposes, and 
sweet apples for the different seasons. While the hardiness and the pro- 
ductiveness of the varieties should be considered, care should be taken 
that the list contains dessert varieties of high quality for the different por- 
tions of the year. 

As a list for family use the following would be desirable: Red Astrachan, 
Bough (Sweet), Oldenburgh, Primate, Chenango, Keswick, Maiden Blush, 
Shiawassee, Twenty Ounce, Bailey (Sweet), Westfield, Jonathan, Hub- 
bardston, Grimes, Baldwin, Talman, King, R. I. Greening, Red Canada, 
Northern Spy, and Golden Russet. While in some sections it might be 
well to leave out a part of these kinds and substitute others, the list will 
be found as a rule to answer as well as any that can be made. 

When designed for commercial purposes other things should be con- 
sidered. Among the requirements for a commercial variety, in addition to 
the vigor and productiveness of the tree, may be mentioned the size and 
color of the fruit. It should be a good keeper and should ship well. In 
securing these qualities the flavor of the fruit should not be lost sight of. 
While in the past the size and color have sufficed to sell fruit that was 
inferior in quality, the public are each year becoming more and more 
fastidious, particularly regarding their dessert fruit, so that although a 
fruit poor in quality may be sold to aman once, he is less likely to buy 
the same kind a second time. Moreover, the apples of high quality will 
sell for a higher price and more readily than others of the same size 
and color but of an inferior quality. 

As a rule the list for commercial planting should be a short one and for 
the most part it should consist of winter varieties. 

For local markets a few summer sorts may be grown, and there are a few 
of the late autumn kinds that are worthy of growing upon a large scale, and 
among them are the King and Shiawassee, or Snow where the latter suc- 
ceeds well. 

The list given for a family orchard contains the cream of the varieties, 
and almost any of the summer or autumn sorts may be grown with profit 
for sale upon a small scale; but to follow the King it would be well to 
select not over two or three of the following kinds: Northern Spy, Bald- 
win, Red Canada, Hubbardston, Jonathan, Wagener, and Westfield. The 
Northern Spy is as reliable as any of them, but the trees are a long time 
in coming into bearing; Wagener and Jonathan are particularly valuable 
in some sections but they require extra care, as otherwise the trees are 
likely to produce small, inferior fruit from their tendency to overbear. 
The Baldwin in high, well-drained locations is generally successful but is 
often injured by severe winters upon low land. The Red Canada is a 
poor orchard tree when root-grafted, but grafted standard high upon a 
strong stock it is very popular in many sections of the state. 


_ 


256 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES. 


Red Astrachan.—One of the most valuable and best known of the 
Russian apples. It is said to have been imported into England from 
Sweden about 1816. The tree is vigorous, hardy, and a regular andabundant 
bearer. Shoots spreading and ascending, stout and brown. Foliage thick, 
large, and healthy. Fruit medium to large, roundish-oblate or slightly 
conical, regular. Skin greenish yellow, nearly covered with crimson, 
mottled and striped. Stalk one half to three fourths of an inch long, 
inserted in a regular cavity of medium depth; basin medium, nearly regu- 
ular; calyx nearly closed. Flesh white, crisp, and juicy, rather acid. One 
of the best culinary apples of its season, which is early August. 

Bough (Sweet).—One of the best early sweet apples, highly valued for 
eating. Tree vigorous, round-headed, and quite productive. Fruit con- 
ical-ovate, regular, greenish yellow with a few small brown dots. Stem 
rather long, in a deep, acute cavity, which is sometimes russeted; basin of 
moderate depth, narrow; calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, and 
juicy, with a very sweet, sprightly flavor. Season, August. 

Oldenburgh.—This is a Russian variety that is highly esteemed on 
account of its hardiness and productiveness. The tree is of only medium 
giz3, round-headed, and an early bearer. Fruit of medium size, regular, 
flattened. Skin a waxy yellow nearly covered with stripes and splashes of 
red and carmine, with a light bloom. Cavity regular, acute; basin shallow, 
rather wide, generally irregular; calyx large and closed. Flesh yellowish- 
white, tender, juicy, and sub-acid. An excellent culinary sort and fair for 
eating. 

Primate.—Tree vigorous, strong, and stocky, shoots short and stout; 
buds quite prominent; fruit of medium size, roundish and slightly conical, 
angular and irregular, yellowish green; when ripe nearly white with a 
slight blush; cavity narrow, pointed, irregular; stem medium to long; 
basin abrupt and irregular; eye long, but small and closed; flesh white, 
tender, and juicy, with a mild sub-acid flavor. Quality very good. One of 
the best family apples, lasting from August to October. 

Chenango.—Tree a vigorous grower, spreading, but with an upright 
tendency; fruit medium to large, long conical, angular; yellowish white, 
nearly covered with stripes and splashes of bright carmine; cavity narrow 
and deep, pointed, stem medium; basin narrow, abrupt, folded; eye medium 
closed. Flesh nearly white, tender and juicy, with a mild sub-acid flavor. 
~Generally quite productive and valuable either for dessert or cooking. 
Season, September and October. 

Keswick.—Tree strong and vigorous. A very early bearer and quite 
productive; fruit medium to large, oblong conical, truncated, ribbed; 
cavity acute; stem medium long, slender, deep-set; basin medium, irreg- 
ular, calyx quite large; skin greenish yellow, sometimes with a light 
blush; juicy and acid, excellent for cooking. It is especially valuable 
for home use as it can be used from July to November. 

Maiden Blush.-—A handsome, vigorous, and productive spreading tree; 
fruit medium to large, regular, flattened; pale yellow with a handsome 
blush of deep carmine covering half the fruit; cavity wide and deep; 
stem rather short; basin shallow and regular; calyx closed, small; flesh 
white, tender, sprightly, fine-grained, sub-acid, aromatic. Rather too 
sharp for most persons as a dessert fruit, but excellent for cooking. 
An early and sure bearer. Season September and October. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 257 


Shiawassee.—Tree a strong, upright grower, becoming somewhat 
pendent when full grown; young wood reddish brown; fruit medium 
size, regular, flattened; skin greenish white, nearly covered with stripes 
and splashes of deep red; basin wide, corrugated, eye medium, close; 
calyx reflexed; cavity wide; stem short; flesh very white, tender, 
sprightly, aromatic, pleasant sub-acid; quality very good. A seedling 
of Fameuse, which it resembles, but the tree is more upright and the 
fruit is larger, and much less injured by scab than is that variety. 
Season October and November. 

Twenty Ounce.—Tree a hardy, thrifty, compact grower, and a regular, 
bearer; fruit very large, regular, or slightly ribbed, round-conical, 
smooth; yellowish green, nearly covered with rich red, splashed and 
striped with scarlet; basin regular, abrupt; eye small, closed; calyx long 
and reflexed; cavity wide and deep; stem short; flesh white, granular, 
juicy, and rather acid. Rather coarse and of poor quality, but a good 
cooking apple, while its size and color cause it to sell well. Season 
October to January. 

Bailey Sweet.—Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive; fruit large, round 
or slightly conical, obscurely ribbed; bright red with indistinct stripes 
on yellow ground; dots large and numerous; basin narrow, abrupt, 
plaited; eye small, closed; cavity small, narrow, slightly ribbed; stem 
slender, one inch long; flesh yellow, tender, but not very juicy, mild, 
rich, and sweet. November to February. One of the best of the early 
winter sweet apples. 

Westfield—Tree strong and vigorous, with fruit on young trees quite 
free from scab; fruit rather large, round-conical, generally regular; dull 
red, striped with russet and with yellow dots; stalk slender, three 
fourths of an inch long, in a regular cavity; calyx sometimes partly 
open, in a regular basin of medium size; flesh white, tender, spicy, and 
juicy and of fine flavor. November to February. One of the very best 
varieties either for home use or market. 

Jonathan.—Tree a moderate grower, shoots slender and spreading; 
fruit of medium size, round-conical, sometimes slightly truncated, regu- 
lar; yellow, nearly covered with bright stripes of bright red; stem slender, 
inserted in a deep and regular cavity; basin deep and rather broad; 
flesh white, spicy, juicy, and sub-acid. November to January. On strong 
soils an excellent variety, bringing the highest price in the market if well 
grown. 

Hubbardston.—Trees strong-growing, branching; fruit large, round- 
oblong, slightly conical; skin yellowish, nearly covered with stripes and 
splashes of pale and bright red; stalk three fourths of an inch long in an 
acute, russeted cavity; calyx open, in a ribbed basin; flesh yellowish, juicy 
and tender, rich and sub-acid, excellent. November to January. Shoots 
rather slender, downy, and gray. Valuable in every collection. 

Grimes’ Golden.—Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, and productive; 
shoots with swellings at the base, dull red, downy; fruit medium size, 
regular, round-oblong; skin a golden yellow, sprinkled with gray dots; 
stalk short and slender, in a deep, russeted cavity; basin abrupt and irreg- 
ular; flesh yellow, fine grained, firm, and crisp, with a rich, spicy flavor, 
sub-acid. November to February. Excellent for home use but, as with 
other yellow varieties, its color is against it for market. 

Baldwin.—Tree strong, vigorous, branching, and productive; fruit large, 
round-ovate, flattened; greenish yellow, nearly covered with crimson, often 

33 


258 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


russeted, particularly about the stem; stem rather short, varying in size, in 
an even, rather deep cavity; basin narrow, plaited, calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish white, sub-acid, with fair flavor. Tree a vigorous grower and 
in nearly all parts of the state a profuse bearer. In heavy soils, espe- 
cially if low and wet, it has been found lacking in hardiness in severe 
winters. One of the best varieties for all purposes. Season from Novem- 
ber to March. 

Talman.—Tree very hardy and productive. One of the best cooking 
sorts. Generally spreading and with stout branches. Fruit round or 
slightly flattened. Skin yellowish white, with slight blush in the sun and 
a number of lines from stem to calyx. Stem long and slender, inserted 
in a wide but shallow cavity. Basin small and but slightly depressed. 
Flesh white, sweet, and of fine flavor. November to March. 

King.—Tree vigorous and spreading and generally quite productive. 
Fruit large, round, conical, slightly angular. Skin yellow, shaded with 
red and nearly covered with crimson splashes. Stem large and stout, 
inserted in a large and irregular cavity. Calyx smalland closed, in a 
small, corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, coarse, but tender and juicy, 
with a pleasant vinous flavor, decidedly aromatic. Generally a desirable 
variety. December to March. 

R. I. Greening.—Tree very vigorous, with large, spreading branches. 
Generally a profuse bearer. Fruit large and round, considerably flattened ; 
sometimes slightly ribbed, green, becoming whitisb green when ripe, 
with a dull blush in the sun. Stalk small, three fourths of an inch long, 
curved, thickest at the bottom. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, 
and with an aromatic, sub-acid flavor. November to February. 

Red Canada.—Tree of slender growth and should be top-worked ona 
vigorous grower. Fruit flattened and generally conical, size medium. 
Skin yellow, nearly covered with deep red or crimson, generally striped 
and splashed, and with many large, gray dots. Stem short, in a_ broad, 
deep cavity. Calyx closed, segments long, in a small, narrow, and gener- 
ally irregular basin. Flesh white and crisp, and with a pleasant flavor. 
Trees bear early and abundantly and need the best of care. Season 
December to May. 

Northern Spy.—Tree a vigorous and upright grower, slow in coming 
into bearing, but often quite productive when ten or twelve years old. 
Fruit large, roundish conical, generally ribbed in the larger specimens. 
Skin greenish-yellow, about one half covered with stripes of dull red, 
with a few pale dots and a thin, white bloom. Stem three fourths of an 
inch long in a wide, deep cavity, sometimes marked with russet. Calyx 
small, closed. Basin narrow, furrowed. Flesh white, fine grained, tender, 
and slightly sub-acid, with a pleasing flavor. Quality very good to best. 
December to June. 

Golden Russet.—Trees vigorous and spreading, generally with small, 
drooping shoots. Fruit of medium size, round or slightly flattened, con- 
ical. Skin rough, yellow, nearly covered with russet and with a bronze 
cheek in the sun. Stem short, small, ina medium deep cavity. Calyx 
closed, segments long. Basin large, broad, and corrugated. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, firm, mild, sub-acid. Quality good. Generally productive. 
December to June. 

It has been observed that orchards where only one variety is planted 
are often unfruitful. The observations of’ the National Department of 
Agriculture have shown that this is because many varieties are not self- 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 259 


fertile, or in other words that pollen from another variety is required for 
the proper fertilization of the flowers and setting of the fruit. 

For this reason we would advise that in large commercial orchards, 
unless one is sure that the varieties selected are self-fertile, several varie- 
ties should be grown, and that no more than five or at most ten rows of 
any one variety be planted without introducing at least one row of some 
other kind. While this will to some extent injure the appearance of the 
orchard, and perhaps increase the labor in picking, the benefits to the 
crop will more than balance these drawbacks. 

The same thing is known to be true of pears to an even greater degree 
and is probably true of other fruits. 


LAYING OUT AND PLANTING THE ORCHARD. 


In locating the position of the trees a garden line or wire, with a mark 
of some kind at the interval determined upon for the trees, should be 
used, and stakes set where the trees are to go. Tosecure the placing of 
the trees at the precise spots occupied by the stakes, a planting board of 
some kind can generally be used to advantage. A simple form is shown 
in Fig. 5. It consists of a strip of board three or four inches wide and six 
feet long, with a noteh at each end and another in the middle. 


eT ht ate a A Ree  ne NS e PRES  o 
Fig, 5,—Planting board. 


To use the board, place the center notch against the stake where the 
tree is to be set and insert stakes at each of the other notches. The 
board can then be removed and used at other trees in the same way. 
When the hole for the tree has been dug, the board is again placed so 
that the stakes will be in the end notches, and, if the tree is placed in the 
center notch, it will be in exactly the same position that the original stake 
occupied. In this way, if the land is carefully marked out, it will be a 
simple matter to have the trees in straight lines. 

If, before setting the trees, the land is deeply plowed, the holes need be 
only large enough to receive the roots without crowding, but if this has 
not been done it will be well to make them three or four feet in diameter. 
Should it become necessay to set trees in land that for any reason is not 
adapted to them, it will aid them in making a start if the holes are made 
large and rich loam is used for filling them. 

Before setting the trees, the roots should be examined, and if any of 
them are large and have been bruised or have rough ends, they should be 
cut smoothly off. Also, if they have a mass of small, hair-like roots, and 
especially if these have become dry, it will be well to remove them. The 
holes should be deep enough to allow the trees to stand an inch or so 
deeper than they were in the nursery. Asarule, they should be deeper 
on light soil than when it is heavy and poorly drained. Having adjusted 
the tree in the center notch of the planting board and spread the roots 
out evenly, the fine soil should be slowly thrown in and carefully worked 
among the roots, taking pains that no cavity is left beneath the tree. As 
soon as the roots have been covered the soil should be firmly pressed upon 
them, using either the feet or a wooden tamper. About three fourths of 
the hole should be filled in this way, but it is better to leave the surface 


260 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


soil light to act as a mulch and prevent evaporation. As a rule the soil 
about the trees should be left level, although, in spring planting, if the 
land is rolling, a slight depression may be formed which will catch the 
water that would otherwise run off. 

In handling the trees care should be taken that they are not exposed for 
any length of time to the action of the sun or wind, and while planting it 
will be desirable to heel-in the trees until needed, by covering the roots 
with soil, unless canvas or other coverings are used. | 


WATERING THE TREES. 


If the soil is fairly moist it will not be necessary to apply water to the 
trees at the time of planting, but if a drouth prevails the use of water 
will generally be desirable. Even though the soil is fairly moist, water 
will often make the trees more likely to start into growth. ‘To use water 
in transplanting trees to the best advantage, it is well to cover the 
roots as recommended above and then fill up the hole with the water. As 
soon as it has soaked in, the remainder of the soil should be placed in the 
hole. If at any time it becomes desirable to add more water, it is a good 
plan to scrape away the soil from around the trees so as to form a basin 
from four to eight feet in diameter according to the size of the trees, and 
into this from ten to forty gallons should be turned, replacing the soil as 
soun as the water has been taken up. 


FORMING THE HEAD. 


As soon as the trees have been planted they should be pruned and the 
heads formed. When branched trees are used, the first thing is to 
remove all surplus shoots, selecting the weaker ones and leaving four or five 
of the others arranged at intervals along the stem. Beyond this it is not 
necessary to go, but if the remaining shoots are long and slender it will 
be well to head them in from one fourth to one half. The center shoot 
should be left considerably longer than the others, to grow upward and 
develop other side shoots. A tree formed in this way, with its branches 
given off at intervals from a central axis,is much less likely to break down 
than when they start at the same height. 

When one-year trees without branches are used, it will only be necessary 
to cut back the trees at the proper height for the branches to form. A 
variety of opinion exists among fruitgrowers as to the proper height for 
an apple tree, but as years go by it would seem as though the better fruit- 
growers were becoming quite unanimous that it is a mistake to have very 
high heads. The only exception to this rule is in sections where the snow- 
fall is heavy and there is danger of the branches being broken down if 
they are within three or four feet of the ground. 

While varieties with a spreading habit may require a greater height of 
trunk, for the upright growers three feet is perhaps a fair height for the 
lower branches, while some head even lower than this. 

Among the reasons for having low heads is that the branches can then 
prevent the burning of the bark by the sun during hot weather, also that 
the wind will be much less likely to turn the tree from the perpendicular. 
It will also be easier to prune and spray the trees and gather the fruit than 
when they have high trunks. About the only objection to low heads is 
that they interfere with cultivation, but if-the side shoots are properly 
pruned this need not be the case. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 261 
PRUNING. THE TREES. 


If pruning begins in time, and is thoroughly done while the trees are 
small, it will greatly lessen the necessity for the removal of the large 
branches later on, and will thus lengthen their life. During the first two 
or three years the surplus shoots that start should be rubbed out and all 
branches that get much beyond their fellows should be cut in. As the 
trees increase in size all shoots should be removed from the main branches 
so that there will be no side branches within four or five feet of the main 
trunk. 

While no general rules can be given for pruning that will apply in all ' 
cases, the following will be found useful: (1) Remove all dead branches 
as soon as they appear, cutting them back to sound wood. (2) Keep the 
head open enough to admit of the easy gathering of the fruit, and the 
entrance of the air and sunlight to the leaves and fruit on the inner 
branches, but avoid the opening up of the heads so as to allow the sun to 
enter and strike with full force upon the naked stems and branches. (3) 
Prune so as to secure a symmetrical head to the trees. By proper prun- 
ing a portion that is weak can be made to fill out, while the strong-grow- 
ing branches can be restrained. (4) If a low, spreading variety has a 
tendency to carry its branches too near the ground and thus prevent culti- 
vation, it is not necessary to cut them back to the trunk, as a point can 
generally be found where aside branch has an upward tendency, and if 
the end is cut off to this point the trouble will be obviated. 

When the only pruning required is the rubbing out of surplus shoots 
or such cutting out as can be done with a knife, it can be done at any 
time; but, if it has been delayed until a saw is required, care should be 
taken that a suitable time is selected. While pruning may be done in any 
month while the leaves are off from the trees, it will generally be prefer- 
able to prune young trees during the latter part of March or the first half 
of April. If delayed until the sap starts, harm is often done by the sap 
running down the trunks and injuring the bark. Pruning at this time 
has a tendency to cause a development of stem and leaf, while if per- 
formed after growth has started a check is given to the growth of the trees 
and a development of fruit buds is promoted. For trees that have reached 
a bearing age, and owing to their strong growth have formed no fruit 
spurs, it is a favorite practice with some persons to delay the pruning 
until the leaves have appeared, say about the middle of May, and then 
give the necessary pruning. 

Wounds made in the fall or winter become dried out and are much 
slower in healing over than those made in the spring and early summer, 
which is an added reason for spring pruning. If at any time it becomes 
necessary to remove large branches, the wound should be at once covered 
with paint or other material that will prevent it from drying out. By 
coloring it sojthat it resembles the color of the bark! it will be less 
unsightly. 

CULTIVATING THE ORCHARD. 


It is generally admitted that some hoed crop should be grown in youn 
orchards. In making the selection it is best to choose one that wi 
require frequent cultivation up to the first or the middle of August, and 
that will not necessitate the stirring of the soil to harvest it until after the 
middle of October. Corn, late potatoes, squashes, and beans are among 


262 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the crops that satisfy the above conditions. The small grains are least of 
all adapted to the successful growth of the orchard, as they not only 
require large amounts of water and plant food, at the time when it is 
required by the trees, but they allow the soil to bake, and thus a large 
amount of water is wasted by evaporation. For the same reason grass and 
most forage crops are not suitable for the orchard, especially while the 
trees are small. 

Under ordinary conditions it will be well to give similar care to bear- 
ing trees, until they become so large that hoed crops can not be grown 
among them to advantage. After that time, if the entire land is given up 
to the trees, the increased profits from the crop of apples will more than 
equal the value of the hay or grain crop that could be obtained and the 
expense of the cultivation they would need. 

While by the use of manure or fertilizers a supply of plant food could 
be furnished both to the trees and the other crop, the amount of water 
available would seldom be sufficient for the apple crop alone, were no 
means taken to conserve it by frequent stirring of the soil. The trees 
would then make a small growth, form few fruit buds, and the fruit crop 
would be small in quantity and inferior in quality. 

While no deviation from the above rule should be made in the case of 
young trees, there may be circumstances that will make it desirable with 
bearing orchards to seed down the land for a year or two. The grain 
crops should even then be avoided, but if the trees have reached a_bear- 
ing age and are making such a strong growth that few if any fruit buds 
are formed, the land can be seeded to clover or grass and the desired check 
can thus be given. Upon rich, strong land, especially if there is an 
abundance of moisture, the sod will not be particularly injurious, and if 
clover is grown it will add to the fertility of the land. It will seldom be 
desirable to allow the sod to remain for more than two years. 

Upon light soils, where it will be difficult to secure a catch of clover, it 
is not a bad plan to sow rye in the orchard in August and turn it under 
the following May. This will be a slight protection during the winter 
and will add to the humus of the soil when it is turned under. 

Where crimson clover is hardy it is an ideal crop for this purpose, but 
it is doubtful if it can be successfully grown in most parts of the state. 
As grown here for a number of years, very few plants survive the winter. 
It may in time become acclimated and, even now, is perhaps worthy of trial, 
sowing American seed grown as far north as it can be secured, at the rate 
of ten pounds per acre, in August. 

Upon many farms where hogs are raised, the orchards are used as hog 
‘pastures. If the hogsare given plenty of fuod or have a considerable range 
they seldom injure the trees, and as they keep the ground cultivated and 
destroy the apple worms by eating the fallen apples they serve a good 
purpose. If the range is so large that they can not keep the surface well 
worked it is well to supplement their work with the cultivator. Sheep 
can also be used in old orchards in a similar manner. 

Some advocate keeping the land in grass and allowing it to fall down 
and remain on the land. While this will not directly take plant food from 
the trees, it will virtually have the same effect by lessening the amount 
available for them by aiding in the evaporation of moisture from the soil. 
The presence of the grass will also make harboring places for insects and 
vermin. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 263 


When orchards are cultivated without crops, it will be well to plow the 
land in the spring, if it is inclined to be heavy; and then, at intervals of 
a week or ten days during the summer, give it a stirring with some form 
of harrow or orchard cultivator. For this purpose, when the soil is light, 
we have used with good results the Acme harrow. 

When the trees are large and it is desirable to work beneath them, the 
Pearce orchard cultivator will enable one to work the ground two or three 
feet further under the branches than the team can be driven. 

Of the newer implements that are coming into favor is the Morgan. 
orchard cultivator. This has been quite extensively used for several years 
and is generally highly spoken of. 

In case the land is well drained it is best to give it level culture during 
the summer, working away from the trees the soil that was turned toward 
them when the land was plowed in the spring. 

The tillage is of advantage to the trees in various ways, as it opens the 
soil and thus favors the admission of water which might otherwise run 
off; it admits the air more freely and in this way aids in the solution 
of plant food in the soil; the roots also are able to penetrate it more 
readily. Perhaps the principal gain is in conserving the water that is in 
the soil and preventing its evaporation. By keeping the surface soil to 
the depth of two inches light and open, the amount held in the soil will 
be increased nearly one half. This will be of great importance to the 
crop and in dry seasons will be equal to the addition of thousands of bar- 
rels of water to each acre of the land. 

When the land is not to be cultivated it is well to place a mulch of some 
kind around newly planted trees to prevent loss of water. 

Although it answers for this purpose, there is a serious drawback to the 
use of a mulch, as it draws the roots into the surface soil and renders them 
more likely to be injured by the winter. 


MANURES AND FERTILIZERS. 


One of the essentials for the successful growing of an orchard is the 
presence of an abundance of plant food. While land that will growa 
large corn crop will have plenty of food for young trees, there are few soils 
that will not be benefited by an application of manure after the trees 
come into bearing, and if the land is heavily cropped it will generally be 
desirable when the trees are two or three years old. 

Until the trees reach a bearing age, we need not think of using com- 
mercial manures so long as an abundance of stable manure can be 
obtained. From fifteen to twenty loads to the acre applied broadcast once 
_ in two years will supply any ordinary farm crop and provide food for the 
growth of the trees. If the trees alone are to be manured, it will not be 
desirable to cover all of the land with manure until the trees have reached 
the age of ten or twelve years. The amount used should depend on the 
size of the trees and should be placed over a circle with a diameter about 
twice that of the heads of the trees. The banking of manure about the 
trunks is unwise, as the feeding roots are for the most part several feet 
away. Upon bearing trees it is generally as well to leave a considerable 
space about the trunks without manure, and it is better to have the entire 
oo outside the circle of the branches than to have it packed about 
the, tree. 


264 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


While stable manure is desirable for young trees, it contains such an 
excess of nitrogen that if used by bearing trees it should be supplemented 
by some form of potash and phosphoric acid. While it is less likely to 
be injurious to apple orchards than to some of the more tender fruits, the 
excessive use of stable manure, especially if it is in an undecomposed 
form, is likely to cause a rank, late growth that may be injured by the 
winter. Nitrogenous manures also tend to promote growth of stem and 
leaf and this will be at the expense of the fruit. 

While stable manure, then, can be used to advantage upon poor soils for 
young trees, it should be used somewhat sparingly for bearing orchards 
that are growing in soils fairly rich in plant food. There are, however, 
few soils where trees will be injured by stable manure, and one need not 
hesitate to make applications up to thirty or forty loads of stable manure 
per acre, where the trees have been grown for years without manure. 

Of the mineral manures, wood ashes will be found to be the cheapest 
source of potash and they also supply some phosphoric acid. Their value 
will depend upon the kind of wood from which they were obtained, the 
amount of foreign matter they contain, and the extent, if any, to which 
they have been leached. Hard-wood ashes are worth perhaps one half 
more, pound for pound, than those from soft wood and, while no definite 
rule can be given that will fix the value of leached ashes, it is seldom safe 
to count them as more than one third as valuable as unleached ashes. 

An average sample of unleached ashes should contain about five per 
cent. of potash and one and one half of phosphoric acid. This will make 
a bushel of ashes worth about ten to fifteen cents, according to the amount 
of water they contain, as compared with what chemical manures will cost. 
At this valuation they will be worth from five to six dollars per ton, 
although ashes of a known high analysis might be worth nearly twice as 
much. 

For bearing orchards, from fifty to one hundred bushels per acre can 
generally be used to advantage, with smaller amounts for young trees. 
While the trees are quite small one peck to each will generally be suffi- 
cient. In case soft-wood ashes or those that have been leached are used 
the amount should be increased in proportion. 

Besides their value in supplying plant food, wood ashes have a physical 
effect upon light soils that is of value. The carbonates of potash and soda 
contained in wodd ashes tend to bind together the particles of soil and 
make it more compact. While thisis of value upon sand, it has the 
reverse effect upon very heavy soils, especially if a considerable excess of 
ashes is applied. 

In sections where wood ashes can not be readily obtained, the German 
potash salts can be used with profit. They can be obtained either as sul- 
phates or muriates, and generally contain about fifty per cent. of potash. 

The price in New York is from forty to forty-five dollars per ton. As 
one ton of potash salts contains as much potash as ten tons of wood ashes, 
it can be seen that they will be much cheaper to transport and to apply. 
For young trees one to two pounds will be sufficient, while two to four 
hundred pounds per acre will be ample for bearing orchards. 

Potash has the effect of promoting a firm growth of wood which is favor- 
able to the production of fruit buds, and renders the trees less likely to 
winter-kill. 

While phosphoric acid can be obtained from a number of sources, for 
trees it is best to use ground bone. This can be obtained at about twenty- 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 265 


four dollars per ton and provides a cheap source for this material. It is 
slowly soluble and its effects can be seen for several years. Of ground 
bone from two to five pounds will be sufficient for young trees, while 
those in full bearing will require from five hundred to one thousand 
pounds per acre, if they are of large size and cover all of the ground. 

Another source of phosphoric acid is the dissolved rock phosphates from 
South Carolina. They are less valuable than the bone phosphates and 
the transportation charges render them little if any cheaper. As com- 
pared with ground bone, the ‘‘odorless’’ and other iron phosphates can not 
be recommended for most localities. 

Nitrate of soda is the best source for nitrogen in a mineral form, but 
where stable manure can be obtained it will have little use. Trees will sel- 
dom need more than one to two hundred pounds of this material per acre. 

It will generally be desirable to supply both potash and phosphoric acid 
to the apple trees and the ground bone and potash salts can be mixed and 
applied together. Asaruleit will require two pounds of the ground 
bone to each pound of potash salts. When ashes are used with ground 
bone, it will be well to apply one to two bushels of unleached ashes to 
each ten pounds of ground bone. 


RENOVATING OLD ORCHARDS. 


Nearly all of the orchards in the state are in sud, and are in anything 
but a flourishing condition. They have for the most part been allowed to 
shift for themselves and as a result have become ‘‘hide-bound”’ and make 
but little growth and produce still less fruit. 

We are often asked to recommend a course of treatment for such 
orchards, but the conditions vary to such an extent that what might be 
desirable for one orchard might not be required in another. Ina general 
way,supposing the conditions to be as stated, we would make the following 
recommendations. 

(1.) Cut down all trees that have gone so far beyond their prime that 
they have badly decayed trunks and only one or two broken branches. 

(2.) From trees that have healthy trunks and promise to in a measure 
renew their youth if given proper care, remove all dead or dying branches, 
thin out surplus shoots where absolutely necessary, and attempt to bring 
the trees into good form. If they are badly misshapen it may be well to 
cut the stronger branches back severely in order to force the others into 
growth. Ifa tree of some worthless variety is fairly healthy and vigorous, 
it may pay to top-graft it with some desirable sort. The branches should 
be cut back so that they will be about one and one half inches in diameter 
and two scions inserted in each stub. Asarule it is best to extend the 
operation over two or three years and thus lessen the check to the tree. 

(3.) Ifthe land has not been manured, as will generally be the case, it 
should receive an application of twenty to thirty loads of decomposed 
stable manure. The land if in sod should then be plowed, taking care to 
injure the roots no more than is necessary. For at least two years the 
land should be cultivated, either with or without hoed crops. Fifty to 
one hundred bushels of wood ashes per acre can generally be used to 
advantage. 

(4.) Ifthe trunks of the trees are covered with a thick layer of dead 
bark it will be well to remove it, taking care not to scrape into the living 

34 


266 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ° 


bark beneath. The trunks should then be washed with soft soap thinned 
with water to a thick paint. If borers are present a teaspoonful of sul- 
phur and of carbolic acid to a gallon of the soap mixture can be added to 
advantage. 

(5.) Spray the trees with the approved remedies for the insects and 
fungous diseases that attack the apple. Good results can not be expected 
unless a perfect and healthy foliage is preserved, and the fruit will be of 
little value unless it is protected from the ravages of the codlin moth and 
the apple scab. 

The above treatment is of course only suggestive, but, as most orchards 
will be benefited if handled as recommended, it is submitted for consid- 
eration. 


INSECTS AND DISEASES. 


The more troublesome insects and diseases of this fruit are described in 
Bulletin 121 and remedies for their destruction are there given. 

The following spraying calendar for the apple is here inserted as the 
other bulletin may not be at hand: 


Treatment for Insects and Diseases of the Apple. 


(Canker worm, Codi:in moth, Bud moth, and Apple scab.) 


First application, spray before buds start, using copper sulphate 
solution. 

Second application, after the blossoms have formed, but before they 
open, spray with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. 

Third application, within a week after blossoms have fallen, use Bor- 
deaux mixture and Paris green. 

Fourth application, ten to fourteen days later, repeat. 

Fifth application, twelve to twenty days later, spray with Bordeaux 
mixture. 

It may be well to state that the Paris green is for the destruction of any’ 
insect, such as the canker worm, codlin moth, or bud moth, that may eat 
any exposed part of the tree or fruit, while the Bordeaux mixture is only 
used as a fungicide for the destruction of the apple scab or any of the 
other fungous diseases to which the trees are subject. The first applica- 
tion is intended to destroy any mycelium of the apple scab that may have 
wintered over upon the branches. With the second it is intended to coat 
with a fungicide the foliage and particularly the blossoms and blossom 
stems, thus rendering them safe from the entrance of the germs of the 
fungus, while the Paris green is intended to destroy the canker worms that 
are likely to appear while the trees are in blossom. The third application 
is to destroy the larvee of the codlin moth before they enter the fruits 
and to again provide for the protection of such parts of the tree as are not 
covered with a fungicide. The fourth application is for a similar purpose, 
while the fifth is to protect the fruits from the scab. 

In many cases and for most varieties, it will not pay, perhaps, to give 
the five applications, but if canker worms and apple scab are troublesome 
the second should not be omitted and in nearly all parts of the state the 
third and fourth applications can be made with profit. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 267 
ARSENIC AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR PARIS GREEN. 


For the fact that white arsenic is a dangerous thing to have around, 
from its resemblance to such harmless household chemicals as salt, soda, 
and baking powders, as well as the trouble required in preparing it for 
use and the danger of burning the foliage if not properly prepared, we 
have hesitated about recommending it for general use as an insecticide. 
During the past two years the price of Paris green has more than doubled, 
and owing to the ravages of the canker worm the necessity for the use of 
arsenites has greatly increased, and as a matter of economy to farmers and 
fruitgrowers we give a method of preparing arsenic for use that will fur- 
nish a remedy against chewing insects at less than one fourth the present 
price of Paris green. As pure Paris green contains only about one half 
the arsenic found in white arsenic, it will be seen that the latter will go 
twice as far, and besides it is more likely to be free from adulteration. 


To Prepare Arsenic for Spraying. 


1 pound of arsenic. 

2 pounds of fresh lime. 

400 gallons of water. 

Boil for twenty minutes in two gallons of water one pound of white 
arsenic and two pounds of lime that has been carefully slaked. A light, 
white precipitate will gradually form. White arsenic dissolves slowly even 
in boiling water, but the lime unites with it as it dissolves and takes it 
out of solution, so that a small amount of water will answer for the pur- 
pose. The white precipitate formed is arsenite of lime, which is the same 
as London purple without the coloring matter. This is nearly insoluble 
and, as in the case of London purple and Paris green, the lime used with 
it prevents injury to the foliage. If desired the water can be poured off 
and the precipitate can be kept for future use. Before using the arsenic 
dilute to four hundred gallons. As Paris green now sells for thirty cents 
per pound at retail while white arsenic can be bought for ten or twelve 
cents and will go twice as far, it can be seen that it will be much the 
cheaper to use. 

There will be no danger of burning the foliage if the boiling be kept 
up until all of the arsenic is dissolved and rendered insoluble by the 
lime, but if this is not done it will be likely to do injury. Until one 
has had experience in making the solution it will be well to test the 
material upon a small scale before applying it to the orchard. 

The above method of making the arsenite of lime was given in Bulletin 
77b of the North Carolina agricultural experiment station. 

Dr. Kedzie recommends the following method of preparing it: Boil in 
one gallon of water one and one half ounces of white arsenic and five 
ounces of sal-soda. This will quickly dissolve and the fact can be 
observed, while in the other way it can not readily be determined. Add 
two pounds of lime and dilute to forty gallons with water. 

This amount of lime furnishes a large excess, but will dono harm and 
may be of advantage. 

If the arsenic in any form is to be kept, it will be well to color it with 
soot, lamp-black, or some other material so that it may not be mistaken for 
harmless chemicals. 


268 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


THE PESTS OF THE ORCHARD AND GARDEN. 


BY lL. R. TAFT AND G. C. DAVIS. 


Bulletin No. 121. 


Farmers are beginning to appreciate the fact that, if they would raise 
paying crops of fruit and vegetables, they must protect them from their 
insect and other parasites. From time to time we have issued short bul- 
jetins regarding some of the more injurious forms, both of insects and dis- 
eases, but, as the matter is scattered through a dozen or more bulletins 
and reports, and as our increased knowledge of their life histories enables 
us to better prescribe for them, this bulletin upon the subject has been 
prepared. 

The portion relating to insects and the remedies for them was written 
by the consulting entomologist of the station, G. C. Davis, and the dis- 
eases, fungicides, and spraying machinery are considered by the horticult- 
urist, L. R. Taft. 

In the calendar we have noted some of the most common fruit and 
garden crops, and the insects and diseases by which they are infested. 
We have also endeavored to show the remedies that will be found most 
efficacious against them and the times at which they should be applied. 
The more important applications and the ones that will be most likely to 
be needed are printed in italics, The fruitgrower will have to judge for 
himself, however, as to the number that can be used with profit. In some 
cases aud for some of these crops it will not pay to spray at all, while in 
others even more applications will be desirable than have been indicated. 

In case the material is washed from the plants by rain, it will generally 
be well to renew the application at once, as it is during wet weather that 
there is the greatest danger from the entrance of the germs. 


FUNGICIDES. 


During the past ten years there has been a great increase in the use of 
various materials for the destruction of the fungous diseases, with which 
our crops are infested. Previous to 1885, flowers of sulphur was used to 
some extent for mildew of the grape and the rose, but today the chemicals 
used in the preparation of funigcides can only be estimated in hundreds 
of tons. 

The material most commonly used is sulphate of copper or ‘‘bluestone, ’’ 
which is applied either as a solution in water or ammonia, or combined 
with other materials. In the case of most of our tree fruits, it has been 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 269 


found that a strong solution of copper sulphate in water, applied before 
growth starts in the spring, will destroy the spores and the mycelium of 
such fungi as have wintered upon the outside of the plants and, by the 
removal of this source of infection, there will be less danger of the appear- 
ance of the disease upon the foliage when it develops. A weak solution 
of the same material late in the season is in some cases desirable. Care 
should be taken that the dilution is sufficient to prevent injury to the 
foliage. Upon the naked branches it can be used at the rate of a pound 
to twenty-five gallons of water, but upon the foliage one pound to two 
hundred and fifty gallons will be sufficiently strong and, for the peach and 
other plants with tender foliage, one half that strength, or a pound to 
five hundred gallons, will be as strong as it will be safe to use. The clear 
solution has the advantage over most of the other preparations of being 
cheaper and easier to prepare, and besides it does not spot the foliage and 
fruit. 

As it is used today the Bordeaux mixture is the favorite fungicide, as 
it is very effective and remains for a considerable length of time upon the 
foliage, even in seasons of heavy rains. It is a mixture of lime and cop- 
per sulphate with water, as a result of which the copper is changed into 
the form of hydrated oxide of copper. This is insoluble in water, and as 
applied to the plants it is slowly rendered soluble through the action of 
the carbonate of ammonia of the air. 

If a plant is covered with this material soon after the first leaves appear, 
any spores of fungi that fall upon it will be destroyed as they germinate. 

It will then only become necessary to keep our plants covered at all 
times to ward off all danger of attack. While this will be impossible, the 
nearer we are able to approximate to this condition, the smaller will be 
the injury. 

While the lime aids in holding the fungicide upon the plants, it can not 
be applied to fruits within three or four weeks of the time of ripening, 
and the fact that it renders plants unsightly is a serious objection in other 
cases, so that, for some purposes, the adhesiveness of the material is a 
decided drawback to its use. Not only does the lime spot the fruit and 
render it unfit for food, but the presence of the copper and the arsenites 
which are often used with it may, if excessive amounts are used, make it 
positively dangerous to health. 

For all such cases the weak copper sulphate solution mentioned above, 
or some of the ammonia solutions, may be substituted. The ammonia 
solution of copper carbonate has many friends, for use at this time. 
While less efficient than Bordeaux mixture or the copper sulphate solu- 
tion in water, it has the advantage over the former of not spotting the 
foliage. The cost, however, is considerably more than for either of the 
other preparations. While it can be readily prepared by the dissolving of 
commercial carbonate of copper in ammonia water, and the dilution with 
the proper amount of water, the cost of the copper carbonate makes it 
rather expensive. A method of preparing the carbonate of copper from 
copper sulphate and carbonate of soda is given under ‘‘Formulas,’’ which 
will be but little more trouble and will reduce the cost nearly one half. 
As thus prepared, it is the same as what is sometimes called ‘‘ modified 
eau celeste. ’’ 

There are several other materials that are sometimes used as fungicides, 
but none of them equal in efficiency those named above. 


270 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
CAUTIONS. 


In the use of fungicides and insecticides the following precautions 
should be observed: 

1. Do not mix the copper preparations in iron or tin vessels; always 
use those of wood, glass, or earthenware. The valves, piston, and cylin- 
der, and preferably all parts of the pump with which the material can 
come in contact, should be of brass. 

2. Do not add Paris green to ammonia-containing solutions; always use 
lime or Bordeaux mixture, especially upon the peach and other trees with 
tender foliage. 

3. When lime is used, slake it carefully and strain through burlap or 
some similar material. If this is not done the lumps of lime will be likely 
to clog the pump or nozzle. 

4. Never spray with arsenites when the trees are in blossom, as the bees 
will be killed. ‘They are necessary to fertilize the flowers. 

5. Study carefully the nature of the disease or insect and select the 
remedy that is most likely to destroy it without injuring the plant. 


COMBINED INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. 


The expense of the fungicides has been so reduced that the greatest 
expense in their use is the cost of application. It so happens that for the 
chewing insects, which include the greater part of those that injure our 
crops, the arsenites are used. At the time our trees require treatment for 
this class of insects, we also need to apply Bordeaux mixture for the fungi 
that threaten them. Not only is it possible to combine the two prepara- 
tions, and thus save the cost of making one application, but each will be 
strengthened by it, as the arsenites can be used stronger without danger 
of injuring the foliage, when united with the lime of the Bordeaux mix- 
ture, while the Paris green is of some value as a fungicide and will make 
the Bordeaux more effective. 

If used with any of the copper solutions it should only be upon plants 
that are not readily injured, and then only in very small amounts. 

The results obtained from the union of kerosene emulsion with Bor- 
deaux mixture and other fungicides are far from satisfactory, but the 
extent to which this material is used makes it of minor importance. 

In the preparation of the combined materials, the same amount of the 
Paris green should be used, whether alone or combined with the Bordeaux 
mixture, although a considerably larger quantity could be used in the 
latter case, without danger of injury to the foliage, should it be deemed 
necessary. 


FUNGICIDE FORMULAS. 


BORDEAUX MIXTURE. 


Copper sulphate. ah Gee ee Ee ee Soe ae 4 pounds 
Fresh ‘lime)(unslaked)) 2025. Sees ee ee 3 pounds 
Waters fe 0) 5S ee ge ee 40 gallons 


Place 6 gallons of water in a tub or barrel and hang in it 4 pounds of 
pulverized copper sulphate, in a burlap or other coarse sack. Slake the 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 271 


lime, adding water only as fast as it takes it up, and pour together. 
Before using dilute to 40 gallons. Enough lime should be added to 
neutralize the free acid, as, if this is not done, it will injure the foliage. 
To test this, get five cents’ worth of ferro-cyanide of potassium (yellow 
prussiate of potash) at a drug store, and place in a small bottle of water. 
Add a few drops of this solution to the Bordeaux mixture, before it is 
diluted, and, if it turns it brown, the lime is deficient and more lime 
should be added until the ferro-cyanide has no effect. In order to be sure 
that a sufficient amount of lime has been used, a small quantity should be 
added after the test shows a sufficiency. When much Bordeaux mixture 
is used it is an excellent plan to make up a stock solution, which can be 
diluted as used, proceeding as follows: Dissolve 40 pounds of copper sul- 
phate in 40 gallons of water, and in a box slake 40 or 50 pounds of lime. 
These can be kept as long as one desires. When needed, measure out 4 
gallons of the copper sulphate solution and add some of the slaked lime 
until no change in color can be produced by the test given above. The 
mixture will then be ready for use when diluted. The strength of Bor- 
deaux mixture can be varied to a considerable degree. The above formula 
is about as strong as we care to use at any time, and, after the second 
application, it is our custom to reduce it by using 50 and even 60 gallons 
of water for the four pounds of copper sulphate and three of lime. This 
can be done, with no apparent loss in the efficacy of the Bordeaux mixture, 
when the fungi are not particularly troublesome, and when several appli- 
cations are to be made at frequent intervals. If the lime is fresh and a 
proper amourt is added after it has been carefully slaked, there is no 
danger of burning the foliage with Bordeaux mixture. Another desirable 
feature about this fungicide is that Paris green can be used with it, thus 
saving one application, and that the lime also neutralizes any free arsen- 
ious acid in the Paris green and greatly lessens it caustic effect. For all 
fungous diseases of plants, such as mildews, rust, rots, and blights, in which 
either the spores, or the body of the fungus itself, is exposed to its action. 

Some recommend the addition of four pounds of molasses to the lime 
after diluting it with water and before mixing with the copper sulphate. 
ae remains for a long time on the foliage and is considered very 
effective. 


COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTION. 


GA-) -Coppersulphatese iss et Ub oe eee ee 1 pound 8 
Witter os ae ee eee Oe De ee oe re 25 gallons 


For use before the buds open, the above solution is easy to prepare and to 
apply. It should not be applied to any plant after the leaves burst, as it 
will burn the foliage. Its action is equal to Bordeaux mixture, but it does 
not seem as lasting. ° 


WEAK COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTIONS. 


(i); Copper, sulphate. .22 22. fe sie es 1 pound 
UE GOS Co. Sea RE ae. ana pcs by LSS POA Oe 250 gallons 
CO Ve Conner sulplate © 3 7-o 85 oa oe ee 1 pound 


A\ AES 2 OS ase, SNS LS Wey Seg = MURTY MINS OL OED 500 gallons 


272 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


We have been much pleased with the results obtained from the above 
weak solutions. Formula (B) can be used without danger of injuring the 
foliage upon all except the most tender plants, but for use upon the peach 
and other tender plants we prefer to rely upon the still weaker solution as 
given in formula (C). 


AMMONIACAL COPPER CARBONATE. 


Copper ‘carbonatets Goss 29242 sae ee es eee 1 ounce 
FATMIMNONIA: sees ae eT Lhe ae enough to dissolve the copper 
Water 22 ee See Mae ee UREN YS Ss ee ee 12 gallons 


Dissolve the copper carbonate in the ammonia and dilute before using. 
The undiluted solution can be kept in glass-stoppered bottles for some 
time. The strength of ammonia water generally found at drug stores is 
20° Baumé. This will answer as well as the 22° or 26° which are generally 
recommended, but more of it will be required to dissolve the copper, about 
one pint being necessary for each ounce of the carbonate. 

From the fact that copper carbonate as sold on the market is rather 
costly, it will be better to manufacture it, if much is to be used. For this 
take 


@oppersulphate es) So ks ee ee 2 pounds 
Soda ‘carbonate (Hal-soda)\<)"0 2) 42 - 2-3 See eee 24 pounds 


Dissolve these separately in about two gallons of water, pour together, 
and stir thoroughly. A precipitate of copper carbonate will form and sul- 
phate of soda will remain in solution. The water can be poured off and 
the precipitate dried and kept indefinitely. From the above quantity of 
copper sulphate and soda carbonate about one pound of dried carbonate of 
copper will be obtained. It is often used without drying, however, by 
adding enough ammonia water to dissolve the copper carbonate and dilut- 
ing to forty gallons. It is then known as modified eau celeste. 


POTASSIUM SULPHIDE. 


Potassium sulphide (liver of sulphur)---------- 3 ounces 
Winter 25 ities: bse titi Jp etal Se foes CCE ein 10 gallons 


This solution is valuable to use for gooseberry mildew, as it in no way 
discolors the fruit and is quite harmless. 

Like Bordeaux mixture, the last three preparations are for the destruc- 
tion of fungous diseases, and they should not be relied upon to destroy 
insects. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 273 


INSECTICIDES. 
THE ARSENITES—PARIS GREEN AND LONDON PURPLE. 


There is little difference in these two insecticides, the former being arse- 
nite of copper and the latter arsenite of lime. The London purple is lighter 
in weight, mixes more readily with water, and is slightly cheaper, but it 
burns the foliage more readily than Paris green. Each of them contains 
a small amount of soluble arsenic. 

As a Dust.—The arsenites are often used in the dry form with lime, plas- 
ter, or flour. About the best rule that can be given as to the proportion to 
use is to combine them so that only a very faint green or purple tint will 
be seen in the mixture. This will make the poison in the proportion of 
one part to one hundred or one hundred and fifty. Careshould be used to 
distribute it evenly over the plants and not apply too much. Air-slaked 
lime seems preferable for the diluent, as it will ina large measure prevent 
burning of the foliage, should too much of the poison be applied. On low 
plants this method is quicker and easier in making the application than 
when applied in the liquid form. 

Mixed with Bran.—Many insects, when hungry, will eat sweetened bran 
with avidity. Arsenic is mixed in the bran and.dropped in little bunches 
where wanted. Great numbers of grasshoppers are killed in this way. 
Success has been reported with climbing cut worms in the same way. Of 
course one should be careful of stock and chickens at such a time. 

As a Spray.—One pound to 200 gallons of water, or 3 ounces to every 40 
gallon barrel is not likely to burn the foliage and proves effectual on leaf- 
eating insects. Occasionally unaccountable injury will occur and it is 
always safest to use a little milk of lime in the spraying mixture when the 
Bordeaux mixture (which already has the lime) is not used. A pound or 
two of the lime, freshly slaked, to each barrel of the mixture is sufficient. 
It should be considerably diluted and allowed to settle or else strained into 
the barrel through burlap, or some coarse cloth, before using, or the dirt 
and impurities will clog the pump and nozzle in spraying. This lime 
forms a chemical combination with the soluble arsenic and makes it insol- 
uble. In this condition it kills insects as readily as the soluble arsenic, 
but does not prove harmful to plant life. Even the tender and susceptible 
foliage of the peach is not damaged when lime is used. 

As a Paste with Lime.—This is becoming an important preparation as 
a means of protection against borers, especially the peach tree borer. 
Make a whitewash paste of the lime and put in enough of the poison to 
slightly tint the paste. After removing dead, loose bark, whitewash the 
trunks of the trees the last of May, and at intervals after that, as needed. 
It kills the young borer in eating through the outer bark, and one should 
be sure to apply as low on the tmmnk as the borers work. 


ARSENATE OF LEAD. 


This is a preparation of arsenic that is comparatively new in insect war- 
fare. It is a poison like the other preparations of arsenic, though slower 
in its effect on insects. The important features that commend it are, it is 
perfectly harmless to the foliage of trees and plants, even when used at the 

35 


274 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


rate of a pound toa few gallons of water; it will cling to the foliage 
longer through heavy rains, and it is lighter in weight and will remain 
more evenly mixed in the water than the other preparations. 

Arsenate of lead is not generally found in the drug stores, but the 
preparation can be made as it is needed. Mr. Fernald gave us the first 
report of it as an insecticide, and he says:* ‘A convenient way to prepare 
this insecticide is to put 11 ounces of acetate of lead and four ounces of 
arsenate of soda into a hogshead containing 150 gallons of water. These 
substances quickly dissolve and form arsenate of lead, a fine, white pow- 
der which remains in suspension in water. 

“Tt is highly desirable to add two quarts of glucose, or if that can not be 
obtained, two quarts of molasses, to each 150 gallons of water used, for the 
purpose of causing the insecticide to adhere to the leaves. 

“The experiments with this insecticide both here and in Malden last 
summer indicate that it will remain on the trees for a long time, even after 
quite heavy rains.” 

In Mr. Fernald’s experiments, and in other experiments following his, 
one pound of the arsenate of lead to 150 gallons of water was found to bea 
mixture too weak and slow to be effective on most insects. Mr. Marlatt 
found? in his experiments on the elm leaf beetle (Galeruca xanthomelena) 
that the arsenate of lead gave the best result at the rate of from 50 to 75 
gallons of water for each pound. At the above rate this compound of 
arsenic is more expensive than Paris green or London purple, but for cer- 
tain insects on plants with tender foliage it is no doubt preferable to the 
other two. 


KEROSENE EMULSION. 


This is a common and well-known remedy for soft-bodied insects that do 
not feed by chewing, but suck the sap instead. The emulsion is cheap, 
simple, and effectual. It is made of soap, kerosene, and water—three 
ingredients that the farmer always has at his command. 

Soft Soap Formula.—Heat a gallon of soft soap until it becomes liquid, 
then take from the fire, add two quarts of kerosene and agitate for three 
or five minutes so thoroughly that the soap and oil will become perma- 
nently mixed; that is, until the oil will not separate from the soap either 
on standing or when diluted. A hand force pump should be used in mak- 
ing the emulsion. Slow pumping or stirring with a stick or spoon will 
not emulsify the soap and oil. 

The emulsion as made is now one third oil and, for the plants, it should 
be only one fifteenth oil, so it will need four times its own bulk of water 
before using. In other words, the gallon of soap and two quarts of oil 
will make seven and one half gallons of the dilute emulsion. 

If the emulsion is to be made in the above or greater quantity, it should 
always be made with soft soap, if that ig obtainable, as the emulsion is 
more difficult to make by the hard soap formula where more water is 
required, 

Hard Soap Formula.—To two quarts of water add one fourth pound of 
hard soap, heat to the boiling point, and when the soap is dissolved add 
the pint of kerosene and proceed as in the soft soap formula. This is one 


* Bull. No. 24 of the Hatch Experiment Station of Massachusetts, p. 6. 
Tt ‘‘ Insect Life,” Vol. VII, No. 2, p. 123. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 275 


fifth oil and should be diluted with twice its own bulk of water before 
using. 
CRUDE CARBOLIC ACID. 


Where diluted or emulsified, this preparation has some very good insect- 
icidal properties, and is apparently superior to the kerosene emulsion for 
certain insects. Always use the crude carbolic acid as it is cheaper and 
quite as effectual as that which is refined. 

Carbolic Acid Emulsion—Mr. Slingerland* has been experimenting 
quite extensively with this emulsion on the cabbage root maggot, and the 
formula that he recommends is as follows: “One pound of hard soap or 
one quart of soft soap dissolved in one gallon of water, into which one 
pint of crude carbolic acid is then poured and the whole mass agitated into 
an emulsion, which will remain in this condition for a long time. In treat- 
ing the plants, take one part of this standard emulsion and dilute it with 
30 equal parts of water. It can probably be used stronger without injury 
to the plants. If the emulsion is cold and semi-solid, use several parts of 
warm water at first.” 

Carbolic Acid mixed with Soft Soap in the proportion of one part to 
sixteen of the soap, makes a wash that has been highly recommended for 
all kinds of borers and for scale insects. The acid may be made into an 
emulsion and used as a spray if preferred, making the emulsion not weaker 
than one to ten when diluted. 

Mixed with Water, at the rate of a tablespoonful to two gallons of water, 
and sprinkled over the plants, it has been found to be a temporary repellant 
for some insects. 

Carbolized Lime is a more lasting repellant. It may be made by slak- 
ing fresh lime with carbolic acid in the water at the rate of a teacupful of 
the acid to each bushel of the lime, or by slaking the lime and then adding 
the acid. The first method mixes it better, but appears to lose part of its 
strength in the heating. Half a teacupful of the acid is said, by those 
who have used this preparation extensively, to be sufficient for tender 
melon vines and a few other tender plants. 


WHALE OIL SOAP. 


When dissolved in water, this soap makes a very good wash for trees 
and destroys many soft-bodied insects. It has a strong odor and, with its 
insecticidal ingredients, is superior to common soap in making emulsions. 


PYRETHRUM AND BUHACH, 


As these powders are harmless to man and all animals that breathe by 
means of lungs, they are valuable to us at times when other remedies can 
not be used. The two substances are made from the flowers of a plant 
closely related to the chrysanthemum and daisy. The dried flower heads 
are finely ground and this yellowish powder makes our buhach, pyrethrum, 
Dalmatine, and Persian insect powder of commerce. There is compara- 
tively little difference between the buhach and pyrethrum, except that they 


* Bulletin 78 of the Cornell University Experiment Station, p. 530. 


276 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


are from two different species of plants, and the buhach is manufactured 
at Stockton, California, by the Buhach Manufacturing Co., while the 
pyrethrum is imported from Persia. The powder has a volatile oil that 
readily escapes on standing, unless confined in nearly air-tight vessels. 
For this reason the buhach that we can obtain fresh each season is 
preferable to the imported powder. 

As adry powder is the way the buhach is usually used, and applied by 
the means of a hand bellows, or else shaken from a piece of muslin. Its 
effect on insects is still greater when applied in a confined place, as in a 
tight room or building. 

As a decoction in water, it is fully equal, if not superior, to the powder 
dust. If made in this way, about a tablespoonful should be used to each 
gallon of water (if hot water can be used all the better), and applied 
with a spray pump. 


BISULPHIDE OF CARBON, 


This insecticide, which kills by suffocation, is used by the horticulturist 
in destroying the pea and bean weevil, ants in their hills, and woodchucks; 
by those who store grain, for the grain moths and weevils; and by the 
housewife for the clothes moth, carpet beetle, and similar insects. Last 
season it was tried by several persons quite extensively on plant lice and 
similar insects with good success. It seems to be a most promising 
insecticide in many ways. 

Bisulphide of carbon is procured in the liquid form, but upon being 
exposed a short time to the air it readily changes to a gas and quickly 
diffuses itself through the air. For this reason it must be confined in a 
nearly tight jar, box, or building to keep it where it is wanted in treating 
insects. The liquid comes in tin cans of from one pound to fifty pounds 
each, according to the amount desired. The best plan isto buy of some 
wholesale druggist. It is seldom kept by local dealers, and if so it is 
usually worthless. It is quite inexpensive when bought at wholesale. 

For Grain Insects and Pea and Bean Weevil.—There will be no 
danger to seeds or grain, for food or next year’s seed, in pouring the 
bisulphide over them and confining all ina tight box for several days. The 
gas is much heavier than air and will quickly settle through the grain 
and permeate the whole. Even the odor will escape in a few hours on 
opening the box to the air. Great care must be observed in keeping all 
fire and light from the gas, or near where it is confined, as it is very 
inflammable, and explosive when ignited. 

Enough of the bisulphide of carbon should be used so that the gas. will 
penetrate thoroughly. In large quantities, at least one pound should be 
used to each twenty cubic feet of space. If the box is not tight, more 
should be used. 

For Ants, make a small hole in the hill, pour in a teacupful of the 
bisulphide, quickly cover with clay soil and pack it or cover for a few 
minutes with a wet blanket and then remove the blanket and ignite the 
gas. 

For Woodchucks saturate a ball of cotton with the bisulphide, roll the 
ball down the hole and close the latter by packing earth over the entrance. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 277 


WHITE HELLEBORE, 


This is a mild vegetable poison which is sometimes used in the place of 
the arsenites. It may be used either in the powder, by dusting over the 
plants, or liquid form, at the rate of a heaping tablespoonful to two gallons 
of water, and applied as a spray. 


TOBACCO DECOCTION. 


For some insects a tea made of tobacco, or refuse stems, at the rate of 
one pound to five or six gallons of water, is highly recommended. Boiling 
water may be turned over the tobacco, or, better, let it steep a short time 
and strain when cool. 


HOT WATER. 


This is a remedy which is simplicity itself and needs no expianation for 
preparation except that most insects are killed by it at a temperature of 
130 to 140 degrees. The foliage of some plants will not endure heat 
much greater than this, while such plants as the cabbage will endure water 
raised to 180 degrees without injury. Where insects are working near the 
surface of the ground, as root lice, or at the base of the trunk, as the peach 
tree borer, water is often used boiling hot with telling effect on the insect 
without injury to the tree. 


THE DISEASES OF PLANTS. 


A plant may be considered in a diseased condition when any of its organs 
are unable to properly perform their normal functions. This may be 
brought about by a great variety of causes, many of which are beyond our 
control, such as extremes of temperature, an excess or a deficiency of moist- 
ure, an improper supply of food, either in kind or amount, or, as perhaps 
is most common, by the work of either insects, fungi, or bacteria. 

Much can be done by the grower to give the plants a suitable location, 
soil, and food, and this will do much to keep the plants in health, but the 
influences that affect the nutrition of the plants are by no means all of 
them under control, and the conditions that in one season may give good 
results may not be present in another. 

While plants that are growing in congenial surroundings are less subject 
to the attack of parasitic fungi than those that are suffering for lack of 
them, those that are apparently in the best condition to withstand the 
attack of these parasites do not always escape. It is true, however, that if 
they are abundantly supplied with food they will suffer less from the attack 
of the fungus than if the food supply is short. 

So far as is now known, most of the parasites that prey upon plants are 
of afungous nature. Fungi are a low order of vegetable life and most of 
them obtain their sustenance fiom other plants or animals. In case their 
hosts are living they are said to be parasites, but if the food comes from 
decaying organic matter the name saprophyte is applied to them. The 
former are the ones that cause disease in plants, although the saprophytes 
may appear in living plants, feeding on the tissues that have been destroyed 
by the parasitic fungi or in any other way. 


~ 


278 


PLANT. 


JeNal BN 2) By] Ope, Bene SOG oy. ale, ON Vy Mu 
(Scab, codlin moth, bud 
moth, canker worm, tent 
caterpillar, aphis.) 
CABBAGE 


WHERRY 20 css osha oe 
(Rot, aphis, curculio, slug, 
leaf blight.) 


CURRANT 


GAPE Mule aN Se ee Bi 
(Rot, mildews, anthrac- 
nose, jlea-beetle.) 


IPRAGH. APRICOT os2-2-. 22 e 
(Rot, curculio, leaf curl, 
mildew.) 


(Leaf blight, scab, slug, 
codlin moth.) 


1 2-10 ofits Dee Rm PAR es 6 Fete DAT 
(Curculio, rot, shot-hole 
fungus, black-knot.) 


IB OMAT Ope Fs 2 Ein bt Sits 
(Blight, beetles, scab.) 


OUTENOBY = 24-25 tt td oes > 
(Leaf and fruit spots, 
slug.) 


RASPBERRY, BLACKBERRY --- 
(Anthracnose, rust, crick- 
et, slug, gall. 


STRAWBERRY 
(Rust.) 


TOMATO PT Fen eE. Ne Sante ee 
(Rot, blight.) 


SPRAYING 


FIRST APPLICATION. 


Spray before buds start, 
using copper sulphate solu- 
tion. For aphis use kero- 
sene emulsion. 


When worms are first 
seen, Paris Green. For flea 
beetle, plaster or tobacco 
dust. 
As flower buds appear, 
but before they open, cop- 
per sulphate; for aphis use 
kerosene emulsion. 


As soon as worms are 
found on lower and inner 
leaves, Paris green. 


As leaves open, Bordeaux 
and Paris green. 


Before buds burst spray 
with copper sulphate solu- 
tion. 


Before buds swell, copper 
sulphate solution and Paris 
green. 


As buds start, copper sul- 
phate solution. 


Cut and burn black knot 
whenever found. Before 
buds open spray with cop- 
per sulphate solution. 

Soak seed for scab in cor- 
rosive sublimate (2 0z. to 16 
gallons of water), for 90 
minutes. 


Before buds open, copper 
sulphate. 


Cut out galls, crickets and 
canes badly diseased with 
anthracnose. Before buds 
open spray with copper sul- 
phate solution. 

Just before the blossoms 
open, Bordeaux and Paris 
green.* 


If rot or blight appears, 
Bordeauu. 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


SECOND APPLICATION. 


After the blossoms have 
formed, but before they 
open, Bordeaux and Paris 
green. 


If worms reappear, re- 
peat if plants are not head- 
ing. 


When fruit has set use 
Bordeaux and Paris green.* 


If they reappear, repeat, 
adding Bordeaux for mil- 
dew and leaf-spot. 


In 10 to 14 days repeat 
with both. 


When first leaves are half 
grown, Bordeaux and Paris 
green. 


Before blossoms open, 
Bordeaux. 


Just before blossoms open 
Bordeaux and Paris green.* 


As soon as blossoms have 
fallen, Bordeaux and Paris 
green.* 


When beetles or their 
larve appear, Paris green. 


When fruit has set, Bor- 
deaux and Paris green.* 


When new canes appear, 
Bordeaux and arsenites. 


After fruit has set, weak 
copper sulphate solution. 


Repeat if disease contin- 
ues. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 


THIRD APPLICATION. 


Within a week after blos- 
soms fall, Bordeaux and 
Paris green. 


After heads form, use hot 
water or saltpeter (a tea- 
spoonful to gallon of water.) 


10-14 days later if signs of 
rot appear, repeat. 


If worms still trouble, 
pyrethrum or hellebore.t 


10-14 days later, sulphide 
of potass. on English varie- 
ties. 

As soon as fruit has set, 
repeat.* 


As soon as fruit has set, 
Bordeaux and Paris green.* 


Within a week after blos- 
soms fall, Bordeaux and 
Paris green. 


10-12 days later, repeat. 


Repeat whenever neces- 
sary. 


» 10-12 days later, repeat. 


10-14 days later, repeat.t 


As soon as berries are har- 
vested, Bordeaux (if to be 
kept longer). 


Repeat, if necessary. 


CALENDAR. 


FOURTH APPLICATION. 


10-14 days later, Bordeaux 
and Paris green. 


Repeat, if worms reap- 
pear. Use kerosene emul- 
sion for aphis. 


10-14 days later, weak cop- 
per sulphate solution. 


After fruit is picked, Bor- 
deaux. 


10-14 days later, repeat. 


10-14 days later, repeat. 


_7-12 days later, repeat. 


8-12 days later, repeat. 


10-20 days later, Bor- 
deaux. 


When blight of the leaves 
is accompanied by rot of the 
tubers, Bordeaux. 


10-20 days later, Bor- 
deaux. 


After crop is gathered re- 
move old canes, thin new 
ones, and spray with Bor- 
deaux if necessary. 


(Notr—Young plantations 
should receive Bordeaux at 
the time of the 2d and 4th ap- 
plications to bearing plants.) 


279 


FIFTH APPLICATION. 


10-14 days later, Bordeaux 
or weak copper sulphate 
solution. 


If mildew persists after 
crop is gathered, Bordeaux. 


10-14 days later, if disease 
is present, apply weak cop- 
per sulphate solution. 


7-12 days later, repeat. 


10-16 days later, weak cop- 
per sulphate solution. 


10-20 days later, weak cop- 
per sulphate solution. 


Repeat in 10 days, if ne- 
cessary. 


10-20 days later, weak cop- 
per sulphate solution, if 
necessary. 


(Note—If red rust ap- 
pears the entire stool affect- 
ed should be grubbed out 
and burned.) 


(Notse—Use kerosene 
emulsion for aphides when- 
ever present. 


* Care must be taken not toapply 
while the blossoms are open. 


280 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The body of a fungus consists of a mass of minute, thread-like tissue, to 
which the name of mycelium has been given. These may be found either 
upon the exterior of plants, in which case they send short, root-like suckers 
down into the tissues below and thus take up their food, or they may pene- 
trate the bodies of their hosts, where they suck out the sap from the cells 
and cause their destruction. While most common on the leaves, all parts 
of plants are subject to attack. When they have reached a certain stage 
of development, arrangements are made for reproduction. In most cases, 
a number of short branches are sent out upon which round or oval spores 
are formed, the number in most cases being very large. These spores are 
distributed by the wind, and in various other ways, and if they fall upon 
a moist place on a plant of the same kind a germinating thread will be sent 
out and a new mass of mycelium will be formed. In many cases only a 
few hours will elapse from the time the spore drops from its stalk until it 
has germinated and become a new fungus. These summer spores can not 
survive great changes in temperature and moisture and, to carry the fungus 
over winter, another form known as winter spores is developed by most 
plants, as the end of the season approaches. These asa rule have thick, 
firm coverings, and are often buried deep in the tissues of the plants. 

When spring approaches, the spores escape from their coverings and the 
life of the new crop of fungi begins. While in some cases the mycelium 
survives the winter, there is also, in most cases, a crop of winter spores by 
which the disease can be distributed in the spring. 

While the same conditions do not favor the development of all kinds of 
fungi, some thriving best when it is hot and dry while with others a cool, 
moist atmosphere seems most favorable to their development, a certain 
degree of moisture is necessary for the germination of all forms. 

The fungi cause injury to the plants in various ways, as they not only 
rob the tissues of the food designed for the nourishment of the plant, but, 
as the cells are ruptured, a large amount of water will be lost by evapora- 
tion from the tissues. Oftentimes a large amount of the leaf surface of a 
plant is involved, and, being unable to perform its normal functions, the 
assimilating powers of the plant are weakened. When large areas of new 
stems are involved, the drying out is so deep that the circulation is nearly 
if not quite cut off and it may result fatally to the plant. 

A few of the fungi, such as the powdery mildews, live tpon the exterior 
of plants and can be readily reached by fungicides, but the great majority 
of them penetrate the epidermis on germinating, and are then beyond the 
reach of any external application. For all such inside feeders, or endophytes, 
the principal means at hand for combatting them is by the covering of the 
plants with some material that will destroy the spores and prevent them 
from sending their germ tubes into the plants. Many forms of fungicides 
have been tried, but the ones that have been found most efficacious are 
some of the salts of copper. 

In most cases nothing more can be done, but there are some diseases 
which work in such a way that much can be done to prevent their spread 
by destroying the infected portions. When this can be done without too 
great trouble, considerable good will be done. 

The bacteria are parasites and saprophytes of an even lower order than 
the fungi. They are extremely minute, being so small that they can only 
be seen with the highest powers of the microscope, and consist each of a 
single cell, although, as they multiply by fission, a single individual sep- 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 281 


arating into two, they often remain joined together, forming a sort of chain. 
Under suitable conditions of light and heat, these minute organisms cause 
rapid fermentation and the decomposition of nitrogenous matter. 


A GLIMPSE AT THE TRANSFORMATIONS AND HABITS OF INSECTS. 


What is an insect? Most people, were they to reply to this question, 
would say: An insect is a small creature that can walk and fly and is 
found everywhere. Ask a student who has studied insects more closely, 
and he will tell you an insect is a small animal with six legs in the adult 
stage, which has a distinct head, thorax, and abdomen that are held together 
merely by muscles. Further, he can tell us that an insect has no bony 
skeleton like the higher animals, but a horny covering with all the mus- 
cles, digestive organs, etc., inside of this shell-like armor. By this defini- 
tion we have greatly restricted the number of animals in our class of 
insects; yet, insects proper, if they could be counted, would undoubtedly 
outnumber all other animal life on the earth, even including man. How 
essential it is then that we should know more of them and their habits 
and the best methods for their control, especially when they destroy so 
many million dollars’ worth of property annually. 


TRANSFORMATIONS. 


In their development, most insects will be found to pass through four 
different forms—-the egg, larva, pupa, and imago. 


The Egg (A and 
B of Fig. 1).—We 
are not as likely to 
find the egg as we 
are the other three 
stages, because in- 
sect eggs are usu- 
ze, ally very - minute 
? and hard to find. 
There are some, 
though, that may 
easily be seen, as is 
the case with the 
slender white eggs 
of the-currant saw- 
fly, which may be 
found in the spring 
Fig. 1.—a, b, Eggs; c, d, Larve; e, Pupa; f, Imago. by examining the 
central ridge on 
the under side of the new currant leaves, well in toward the center of the 
bush. Eggs, when placed in a bunch on leaves or twigs, are more readily 
seen, and it is a good plan to crush all such egg clusters, as they will usu- 
ally prove to be the eggs of a pest rather than those of a friend. The egg 
stage with most insects lasts from a few days to a week or two, though 
quite a number remain over winter in this stage. 
36 


282 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The Larva (plural larve). In this immature and growing stage (C and 
D of Fig. 1) the insect is a voracious feeder. These larve are very small 
when they first hatch from the egg and for some time they are not noticed; 
but as they grow larger and eat more they are more conspicuous and their 
injury is proportionally greater. 

Larvz are commonly spoken of as “ worms.” This should not be, for 
true worms, such as the angle worm and tape worn, are not insects at all, 
and we misuse the term. There are names by which different forms of the 
larval stage are recognized that are perfectly appropriate and proper to 
use. For instance, we speak of the larvee of beetles, which work in the 
ground, as grubs; the larve that bore in wood, as borers; the larvee of but- 
terflies and moths, as caterpillars, and of some moths as loopers or 
Geometers; the larve of the two-winged flies, as maggots, and the larve of 
saw flies, as slugs. 

The larval period varies greatly with different insects. It is passed by 
most species in from one to two months in the summer, while others pass 
through it in a few weeks and still others remain as larve over winter, or 
even for several years (as some of the borers) before passing to the next 
stage. 


Fig. 2.—Transformation of Plant Bug. 


The Pupa (plural pupe). (See E of Fig.1). This is known as the 
chrysalis with the butterfly, and with some insects, as the unfledged grass- 
hopper, the nymph. It is a condition in which most insects are, to all 
external appearances, dormant and lifeless, but, inside, there is a great 
transformation in progress, which will soon change the ugly caterpillar 
into a beautiful butterfly and the maggot into a fly. Sometimes the larva 
builds a fine silken cocoon in which to pupate, sometimes it merely draws 
some leaves around itself and sews them together for the samé purpose, 
though usually it makes a cell in the earth below the surface and trans- 
forms in it. The length of time in this stage is quite variable, as they 
often remain thus a large share of the year, including winter. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 283 


The Imago (F of Fig. 1) or perfect insect.—This is the stage in which 
we most often recognize insects. It is short in comparison with the other 
three stages, lasting only a day or two with some, but long enough to 
enable them to lay eggs for a succeeding generation or bring forth their 
young alive. Insects never grow in this stage. 

Such is said to be a complete transformation (see Fig. 1) or one where 
each stage is entirely different from the others. Locusts, grasshoppers, 
and bugs may be said to have an incomplete transformation (see Fig. 2), 
as their different stages of growth are quite similar after leaving the egg. 
As such an insect grows, it becomes, at times, too large for its skin which 
then bursts along the back, allowing the insect to crawl out, a new and 
larger skin growing in its place. With the last moult comes the wings. 


HOW INSECTS BREATHE. 


Insects do not breathe by means of lungs as do the higher animals. 
They breathe through minute openings that are scattered in various 
places over the body. From these openings run minute tubes that carry 
the air inside to the blood. Not only is their manner of taking air differ- 
ent, but substances that they breathe may affect them readily, while ani- 
mals with lungs are not affected at all. Thus it is that our pyrethrum 
and buhach so readily affect insects, while to us it is perfectly harmless. 
It is not the dust which affects them, but some volatile principle in the 
oil that probably attacks the nervous system, as it throws insects into 
spasms as soon as it is breathed. Hellebore will affect insects in the 
same way, though it is not as likely to be fatal as the others. 


DIFFERENT METHODS IN FEEDING. 


There are two methods by which insects secure their food, by chewing 
and by sucking. Those which chew their food masticate it in very much 
the same way that we do, except that their jaws and other mouth parts 
move sidewise instead of up and down. To the chewing class belong the 
greater number of insects. All caterpillars, such as the tent caterpillar, 
canker worm, peach tree borer, codlin moth, and bud worms; all beetles, 
as the potato beetle, apple tree borers, grape vine flea beetle, striped 
cucumber beetle, and plum curculio; all grasshoppers, locusts, and crick- 
ets, and many others of less importance, belong to this class. For these 
insects we apply poisons to the parts of the plant on which they feed and 
they will soon eat enough of the poison to kill them. Of the poisons 
taken by eating, the arsenites are the best, if they can be applied without 
danger to ourselves, because they are the most deadly and certain. 
Hellebore is also an internal poison, but milder and slower to act than 
the arsenites. 


284 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The second class of insects, those that feed by sucking, are not so 
numerous, but are more difficult to control. The arsenites have no effect 
on this class of insects. Let us watch a familiar 
example, the mosquito, that we may see why the 
arsenites do not affect it. When the mosquito 
alights on the hand, it presses its pointed beak 
close to the skin and then runs down a set of hair- 
like needles inside of this hollow beak and these 
pierce the skin. Then, without changing the beak, 
the blood is drawn through it from the puncture 
to the stomach. Even if the hand were covered 
with Paris green, the mosquito would not get a 
particle of the poison in sucking the blood, as 
the two are entirely separate. The conditions 
are the same with a large number of flies, to which 
order the mosquito belongs, and with the whole 
order of bugs, such as the brown squash bug, 
yellow lined currant bug, bed bug, lice on stock, 
plant lice, and scale lice. The head and beak of 
a plant bug are shown in the accompanying cut 
Fig. 8.—Head and Beak of Plant (Fig. 3), with the needle-like parts drawn from 

is the tube. 

We now see why it is that some other insecticide besides the arsenites. 
must be used to kill these insects. They must be killed by bringing some 
substance in contact with them, and many of our remedies, such as kero- 
sene emulsion, hot water, carbolic acid emulsion, whale oil soap, and 
pyrethrum are our only means of protection. The kerosene and carbolic 
emulsions are especially useful as they are very penetrating. All of this © 
last list of remedies must come in direct contact with the insect to affect 
ne fag this is one great reason why these remedies are so often reported a 

ailure. 


FUNGOUS DISEASES OF THE APPLE. 
APPLE SCAB (Fusicladium dendriticum. Fckl.) 


This is one of the most destructive diseases of the apple, as it attacks 
both foliage and fruit, and, although it is more injurious to some varieties 
and in some seasons, than others, it seldom fails to show itself to some 
extent. It is generally called ‘“apple-scab,’ but in some sections it is 
known as the “ black-spot’”’ upon the fruit, and leaf blight and sometimes 
leaf mildew when upon the foliage. 

It generally shows itself first upon the foliage as small, olive green, 
velvety spots. These enlarge and several may run together and thus 
involve a large portion of the leaf. Although most common upon the 
upper surface, they are often found, when the attack is severe, upon the 
under side, and may even extend to the leaf stem and the young shoots. 
The tissues attacked are destroyed and soon turn brown and dry up; 
when upon the leaf the discolored portion drops out, and in severe cases 
the entire leaf falls. 


Fig 5. Apples sprayed; 1, 2 and 3 show the grades of fruit obtained. 


Fig 6. Apples unsprayed; 1, 2, and 3 show the grades of fruit obtained. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 285 


The greatest injury follows when the fungus shows early in the season 
upon the fruit, especially if the blossom stems are attacked. They 
are small and delicate, and a very small fungous spot will serve to 
girdle and destroy them. The spring of 1892 seemed to promise a large 
erop of apples, as the trees blossomed full, but heavy and continuous 
rains occurred while the fruit was in blossom, and not only caused an 
imperfect fertilization of the flowers and a failure to set, but, the condi- 
tions being favorable for the development of the apple-scab fungus, most 
of the others were so badly attacked that they soon dropped, or rotted upon 
the trees. 


oS 


ene 


ii 
fA 


Fia. 4, 


Fig. 4. Section throughascabspot. a, spore (conidium) ; 6, hyphaor supporting thread ; c, mycelium, 
or plant body of fangas; d, epidermis of apple; e, cells of apple; f, spores greatly magnified; g, h, 
spores germinating, 


When they first appear, the scab spots upon the fruit are about the same 
as upon the foliage, but, later on, the cells that have been destroyed take 
on a brownish-white appearance, while a dark-green circle surrounds them 
in which the fungus is still at work, and from which it constantly extends 
to the surrounding tissues, checking the growth of the affected parts, and 
often causing the fruit to crack. During hot, dry summers the fungus 
seems to rest, but if the season is moist the spread is rapid and the injury 
is often very great. It is estimated that in some states the loss ranges 
from one sixth to one fourth of the crop, often reaching a half million 
dollars. 

Not only is the development of the fruit stopped, if it isnot prevented 
altogether, but the injury to the foliage is so great that the tree can 
neither develop the fruit it does set, nor form fruit buds for the next 
‘hese crop. The microscopical structure of this fungus is shown in 

ig. 4. 

In 1889 careful experiments with various fungicides were made and it 
was demonstrated that, with a comparatively small expense for labor and 
materials, nearly ninety per cent. of the fruit would be free from scab, 


286 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


while without the use of fungicides the proportion of scabby fruits was 
nearly as great. Had the spraying been commenced earlier, as we now 
know to be desirable, even better results would have been obtained. 

The experiments conducted in 1893 by Prof. Lodeman of the Cornell 
experiment station, show conclusively that fungicides can be applied with 
profit to many varieties for apple-scab. 

By the use of Bordeaux mixture and Paris green, the number of first- 
class apples was more than three times as great as when the trees were 
unsprayed, while the weight or measure of a given number of fruits 
showed that the spraying allowed them to attain a much larger size, and 
thus the total yield was considerably increased. 

_ The illustrations show, in a very satisfactory manner, the results obtained 

by Prof. Lodeman, Fig. 5 being the relative number of first- second- and 
third-grade fruits obtained from King trees sprayed six times with Bor- 
deaux mixture, while Fig. 6 shows the number of fruits in the same grades 
from unsprayed trees. 

As a treatment for the apple-scab, we would recommend that the trees 
be thoroughly sprayed with: copper sulphate solution, before the growth 
starts in the spring. This should be repeated with Bordeaux mixture as 
soon as the blossoms have fallen. Especially if the season is a wet one, 
from two to three more applications will be necessary to produce the best 
results. The addition of Paris green to the second and third applications 
will hold in check the codlin-moth and canker-worm. 


RIPE-ROT OR BITTER-ROT OF THE APPLES (Gla@osporium fructigenum, Berk,). 


The disease which has been commonly spoken of as bitter-rot, from the 
unpleasant taste it gives the fruit, is also known asripe-rot. The spots 
turn brown and, later on, the surface becomes dotted with black pimples. 
Like other fungi of the same genus, it can be held in check by the use of 
fungicides. Wherever the disease is troublesome it can only be guarded 
against by early and repeated applications, as, if the spores once gain 
entrance to a fruit, the spread of the disease through the tissues can not be 
prevented. The treatment required for apple-scab will suffice for this 
disease, and no extra expense will be required. 


BLACK-ROT (Spheropsis malorum, Berk.). 


While this disease resembles the ripe-rot in some respects, it differs in 
the fact that it often appears upon partially grown fruit. The spots show 
as discolored, rotten specks, at any point on the surface of the fruit, but 
are most common near the stem. While they may be of small size 
when first seen, they often spread over the whole surface. The part first 
attacked soon becomes black in color, and minute pustules make their 
appearance and gradually extend over the diseased portions, rupturing the 
epidermis in concentric circles. The flesh beneath will be found moder- 
ately dry and of a brown color, with streaks or blotches of a darker color 
scattered through it. The spores are developed within the pustules upon 
stout stalks and are more broadly oblong in shape and larger than most 
spores. The mycelium of the fungus spreads through the tissues and 
destroys them. 

So far as is known, there is no remedy that will prevent this disease, 
but the use of the copper compounds will certainly lessen the injury. The 
diseased fruit should also be destroyed. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 287 


APPLE-RUST (Gymnosporangium macropus, Lk.). 


This at times proves quite troublesome upon the foliage. It is believed 
that one stage of this disease is passed in the so-called cedar apples of the 
red cedar and that the orange-colored spores of that fungus can convey the 
disease to the foliage of our apple-trees. Asa preventive the red cedar trees 
near apple orchards should be destroyed, if the disease is troublesome. 

Although there have been no experiments that prove the fungicides to 
be effectual against this disease, it is not likely that the spores can gain 
entrance if the leaves of our apple trees are kept well covered with Bor- 
deaux mixture, as is desirable against the other diseases. 

In addition to the above diseases the following are sometimes trouble- 
some: 

Twie Buieut (Bacillus amylovorus, Burr.), which is similar to the 
fire blight of the pear, but seldom spreads over the trees; PowpERY MIt- 
DEW (Podosphera oxycanthe (D.C.), De By.), which is most injurious to 
seedlings in the nursery, but sometimes is troublesome upon orchard trees. 
It is quite similar in structure to the powdery mildews of the cherry and 
gooseberry, and the copper compounds will control it; Lear Spor (Phyl- 
losticta pirina, Sacc.) is also given as injurious to the foliage, and Fruit 
Spot .(Phyllachora pomigena (Schw.) Sacc.), which has been noted in 
some sections upon the fruit. 


INSECTS OF THE APPLE. 


BORERS IN THE TRUNK AND BRANCHES. 


There are quite a number of borers that burrow in the trunk and 
branches of the apple tree. The more common are the RoUND-HEADED 
Borer (fig. 7) and the FLaAT-HEADED Borer (fig. 8). The former is said to 
live three years in the wood as a grub and to bore in perfectly green wood. 
Consequently each grub of this species is more destructive than those of 
the flat headed borer, which are usually more numerous, but live only one year 
in the tree as a borer and prefer sickly or newly planted trees for their attack 
The imago of each borer deposits its eggs in June and early July, on, 
the bark of the trees, usually in crevices or under rough, loose pieces, 
near the ground, but sometimes on the smooth bark of the limbs. 


ave 7. — Flat-Headed Apple 

Tree Borer, Chrysobothris 

Fig. 8.—Round-headed Apple Tree Borer pope ae candida, a, larva; b, femorata Fabr. a, larva; b, 
pupa; c, beetle. beetle. 


288 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Remedy.—Borers are a difficult class of insects to deal with, as digging 
them out after they have entered a tree is a treatment too severe to be 
practiced if it can be avoided. The best success is found in the use of a 
repellant, or some form of mechanical coating at the time the eggs are 
laid. The carbolic acid and soft soap wash and arsenated lime as a paste 
or whitewash are the two most likely to give satisfactory results. Which- 
ever is used, the application should be made early in June and a second 
three weeks or a month later, first clearing off the rough, loose bark. 

In applying either of these remedies, a scrub brush does the best work 
in covering the bark, as it pushes the material into the crevices where the 
borer usually deposits the eggs. 


THE OYSTER-SHELL BARK LOUSE (Mytilaspis pomorum Bon.). 


Very few orchards in Michigan are free from this pernicious little sap- 
sucking scale. While it is attached to the bark, all that we see of the 
louse is the minute scale-like covering which it secretes over itself. Upon 
lifting the scale, the louse or its eggs can be seen by the aid of a lens. 
From fifteen to one hundred eggs remain over winter under each scale. 
In May or early June these eggs hatch into minute yellow lice that soon 
leave the shell and enjoy a life of freedom for a few days, when they 
become permanently located, insert their beak for the sap on which they 
feed, and soon begin to secrete ashell of wax over themselves, never to 
leave it again. By August the female has filled her shell with eggs, and 
dies, the eggs remaining in the shell over winter. 


Fig. 9.—Oyster-shell Bark Louse; 2, young louse magnified; 3, secreting wax covering; 5 and. 6, 
\ouse without scale ; 7, louse in scale, underside; 9, scales on bark, natural size. 


Remedy.—Scrub the trees with carbolic acid and soap mixture in the 
spring or spray with kerosene emulsion in May when the young lice are 
running. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULUETINS. 289 
CANKER WORMS. 


Apparently the worst insect of the apple orchards for the past few years 
has been the canker worm. Many people have found the leaves in the 
orchard turning brown and disappearing almost as soon as the trees are 
through blossoming. This is the work of canker worms. If one of the 
limbs is jarred as soon as the work is noticed, many looping caterpillars, 
such as are seen in the cut, will often suspend themselves in mid air, or drop 
to the ground by a thread which theyspin. These geometers, or measuring © 
worms, enter life from the egg at the time the leaf is unfolding and develop 
very rapidly. They eat but little while small, and for this reason their 
work is not noticed until they are nearly grown, when they are ravenous 
feeders. They very soon leave the tree and enter the ground to 
change to a moth that will lay eggs for the next year’s generation. Part 
of these moths appear late in the fall, and lay their eggs, but the greater 
share of them wait until the following spring. The female is wingless, 
and must crawl up the tree to deposit her eggs. Many have taken advan- 
tage of this peculiarity and placed tarred bands around the trunks, or tin 
collars, sloping so that she can not crawl over them, and thus prevent egg- 
laying. Bands of wool, such as are used for climbing cut worms, will prob- 
ably serve the purpose even better, as they will not mat nor harden with 
moisture. They should be made tight to the trunks but left loose outside. 


£ 


Fig. 10 A.—Canker Worm. a, male moth; Fig. 10 B.—Canker Worm. a, 
b, female moth. larva, natural size; b, eggs, 
natural size and enlarged. 


Remedy.—The means of prevention just given are very good ones, but 
if the trees are given a thorough spraying with Paris green at the first 
notice of the canker worms, there need be little trouble in controling them. 
By a careful search on the young leaves near the ends of the twigs, the 
small, slender, dark-brown loopers may be found before the trees blossom. 
They are then young and have done comparatively little harm. This is 
the time when spraying is a success. Where so many fail with spraying 
is in waiting too long before applying the remedy. One may be almost 
certain of finding the canker worms the second year if they have appeared 
in an orchard. 


CLIMBING CUT-WORMS. 


In the fruit belt along the shore of lake Michigan and on sandy soil 
in other parts of the state, climbing cut-worms are frequently the most 
dreaded of the orchard pests. They appear early in the spring while the 
leaf buds are opening, and come in such great numbers that, if one is not 
prepared to stop their work at once, they denude whole orchards in a few 
days’ time. The cut-worms hide in the ground near the surface during 
the day, and are found in the trees only at night, when they feed. They 

37 


290 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


climb straight to the top and leave the lower limbs until the last, so that 
they make the upper part appear dead, while the lower part will be in 
blossom. Where the buds are eaten, the fruit and much of the foliage is 
destroyed for the season and sometimes the trees are killed. 

There are several species of cut-worm that have this habit of climbing 
trees and feeding on the buds. A figure of one of these in three of its 
different stages will give an idea of the appearance of all of them. When 
a cut-worm is full grown it measures from an inch to an inch and three 
quarters in length and is very plump. It then ceases feeding, buries itself 
in the ground, and transforms to a pupa as is shown at Fig. 1l, ¢. 
In this quiet stage it remains until July or August, sometimes 
until the following spring, when it hatches out into a dingy moth, 
resembling closely the one shown at b. The moth does not eat as 
the caterpillar did, but merely sups sweets from the flowers at night, 
resting in some secluded place, as did the cut-worm, by day. At this time 
the moths mate and the female soon lays a number of eggs, perhaps from 
50 to 200, and then, as her mission is done, she soon dies. The eggs are 
deposited somewhere near the trees, or on the leaves, so that when the 
young cut-worms hatch in the early spring they will not have to go far to 
secure a good supply of food. The young cut-worms grow rapidly and 
soon are matured to again go through the same cycle of life that their 
ancestors did. 


Fig. 11.—Climbing Cut-worm; a,'larva; b, moth; c, pupa. 


Remedies —Fruitgrowers in the regions where the climbing cut-worms 
are most troublesome find good protection in the use of a wool band tied 
around the trunk of the tree. The band should be four or five feet 
from the ground and tied in such a manner that it will be tight to the 
trunk, that the cut-worms can not crawl under, and left loose and fluffy on 
the outside so that they can not crawl over. It should be placed on the 
tree early in the spring before the cut-worms make their appearance. 
Wool will not pack with rain and dew like cotton and similar material. 

The only fault found with such a band is that, when the caterpillars can 
not crawl over the band, they soon become hungry enough to gnaw into the 
bark beneath the band and so kill or injure the tree. To obviate this 
Judge Russell of Oceana county has suggested standing small limbs, wet 
with a strong solution of one of the arsenites, in the ground under the trees 
close to the trunk. The cut-worms will climb into these limbs in prefer- 
ence to the taller trees and will be killed by the poison. By the use of 
both bands and poisoned branches one should be able to protect the trees 
against the worst attacks. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 291 


THE TENT CATERPILLAR (Clisiocampa americana Harr.). 
RA The tent in the crotch of some 
limb, with the caterpillar inhabit- 
ing it, is too well known to need 
much description. The thick, 
closely woven web, so common in 
May and June, protects the cater- 
pillars from their foes, except at 
regular intervals when they leave 
their tent long enough to feed on 
the leaves outside, until they reach 
maturity. If the trees are neg- 
lected, large portions are entirely 


Fig. 13.—Tent Caterpillar moth. 


stripped of leaves by these tent 
dwellers. When about an inch 
and three fourths long, the cater- 
pillars leave the tent and scatter 
dig. 12.—Tent Caterpillar; a and 5, caterpillars; c and in all directions for suitable places 

ie a a eae hate a to transform to the imago, which 
is a handsome reddish-brown moth (Fig. 13). This moth in early autumn 
lays a cluster of two hundred or three hundred eggs in a circle around 
a twig and covers them with a glue-like secretion that protects them until 
they hatch the following spring. 

Remedies.—Cut out and burn in a little kerosene or else crush them 
while in the tree. They may also be killed with the arsenites if thought 
best to spray the trees for them. In spraying for the canker worms, the 
tent caterpillar will be poisoned by the same application. When the egg 
clusters are found, they should always be destroyed. 


BUD MOTHS. 


Early in the spring minute caterpillars 
often appear in large numbers to feed on the 
buds as they are unfolding. One small 
caterpillar can do a great deal of injury 
to the leaves at this time, if it does not 
entirely destroy them while still in the bud. 
Spraying with the arsenites at the same 
time that spraying is done for the canker 
Fig. 14—Apple Tree Bud Moth, 7meto. Worms and a little before the time of the 

cera ocellana; a, moth; d, larva; eodlin moth, will be the best protection. 


292, STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


THE CODLIN MOTH OR APPLE WORM (Carpocapsa pomonelia Linn). 


This caterpillar still remains a common 
and destructive pest to the apple, though 
mg one of the easiest to control by spraying 
49 the orchards. As long as spraying is 
~ neglected, not much fruit that is mar- 
ketable or fit to keep can be expected. 
The accompanying cut explains all the 
different stages and work of the moth. 
There are two broods each year, but if 
the trees are given a good spraying with 
one of the arsenites within ten days after 
the blossoms fall from the trees, if there is 
no rain for a few days severe enough to 
wash the poison off, it will generally suffice 
for the season. Ifthe first brood is nearly 
all killed the second brood will do little 

tig. 15. Codlin-moth; c, larva;d, pupa;i, harm. If very heavy rains follow almost 
DOSE EL ONT immediately after the first spraying, a 
second application, a little later, may be necessary. 


THE WHITE TUFTED CATERPILLAR (Orgia leucostigma) and THE RED HUMPED CATER- 
PILLAR (Gdimasia concinna). 


These are so named from the appearance 
4, “of the respective caterpillars. They are 
svery frequently met with on the apple 
in numbers that strip the leaves from 


Yaa ap > parts of the orchards and sometimes 
Mu A injure the foliage in whole districts. A 


as good spray of Paris green is the best 
abe Egcoed Homped (Caterpillar. remedy for them, as well as for a large 
number of less injurious leaf-eating caterpillars. 


APPLE TREE APHIS (Aphis mali, Fabr.). 


In the spring and early summer these little, green, wingless lice are 
often found in great numbers over the buds and leaves. Through their 
minute beaks they take much of the sap that is needed for the life and 
growth of the tree. They multiply very fast and should be destroyed, if 
they are numerous, early in the season. 

After the leaves have developed, the 
lice will do little harm unless very 
plentiful. In the fall the winged lice 
lay their little, black eggs around the 
buds on the apple twigs. These eggs 
hatch into the small, 
green lice when spring 
opens. 

Remedy.—Kerosene 

: emulsion as early as 
Fig. 17.—Apple Tree Aphis, winged and‘wingless forms. the lice are seen in the 


spring. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 293 


GENERAL CARE OF AN ORCHARD TO PROTECT AGAINST INSECT 
ATTACKS. 


Much that has not been given on the preceding pages can be done 
in protecting an apple orchard against insect depredations of all kinds. It 
all comes under good care and management of an orchard. 

1. An apple orchard that has had all dead or diseased limbs and trees 
cut out and burned each season, will seldom be troubled with any kind of 
borers. Brush piles and dead wood of all kinds in an orchard, breed borers 
very fast and, as soon as there is no dead wood, they will attack that which 
is living. 

2. Cultivating an orchard will greatly lessen the number of leaf-eating 
caterpillars and bud moths that annually appear. Many of them pupate 
in the dead grass and stubble, and when these are not present other insects 
and birds are quite sure to find them and eat them. 

3. If the stock could have all the windfalls and wormy apples each sea- 
son there would be fewer worm-eaten apples than we now have; and, were 
orchardists united in doing this, there would be no need of spraying for 
the codlin moth. 

In general we may say, keep the orchard clean and free from dead or 
diseased wood and rubbish of all kinds. Protect against climbing cut 
worms by wool bands in early spring. Keep watch when the leaves begin 
to open, and, if the young canker worms are present, spray the trees with 
one of the arsenites. In a week or ten days after the blossoms fall, spray 
the orchard for the codlin moth, and if the wormy apples that may have 
escaped the spraying are fed to the stock, so much the better. A tree, to 
be kept in a thrifty condition, should not suffer constant sap drainage from 
bark and leaf lice and should be protected against them when they are 
numerous. Occasionally other insect outbreaks may appear in a well-kept 
orchard, but usually, if we take care of these five or six, the other one hun- 
_ dred and ninety will never cause any anxiety. 


DISEASES OF THE PEACH. 


PEACH YELLOWS. 


Although nothing is known as to the cause of this most-to-be-dreaded 
disease of the peach, it has been carefully studied for years and the etfect 
of the disease and the treatment are understood by most fruitgrowers. 
As an indication of the virulence of the disease, it may be stated that, so 
far as it is known, no tree in the state of Michigan, that has been attacked 
by yellows, ever recovered from it. The disease has appeared under 
almost all conditions, and none of them can be cited as the cause. While 
it is probable that a tree, grown under conditions that are in every way favor- 
able, will be less subject to attack than one that is feeble and exhausted, 
either from lack of proper food or from overbearing, the tree that is appar- 
ently the healthiest may not escape. Excellent illustrations of this dis- 
ease are shown in Bulletin 103 and in the Report of the State Horti- 
cultural Society for 1888. 


294 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The disease first shows itself, in bearing trees, in the premature ripen- 
ing of the fruit; this, with the spotting and streaking of the skin and the 
flesh of the fruit, is generally a sure sign of yellows. Owing to this 
spotting, the fruit takes on a high color, and the flesh is also a dark red, 
although the discoloration may be confined to threads that run from the 
stone in all directions to the surface. 

A tree that has reached this stage should be condemned, and the law 
requires that fruit with the above described markings shall .be destroyed. 
Although at first the taste is not unpleasant, in the advanced stages it 
becomes quite bitter. 

The second stage of the disease, or the first in trees that are not bear- 
ing, is shown by the sending out of small, wiry twigs either from the young 
shoots or from the axils of the larger branches. The new shoots take on a 
bushy appearance from the fact that the buds which should send out shoots 
the following year prematurely develop weak, spindling branches. Not 
only may these weak shoots from the winter buds appear, but wiry 
growths may appear at any time and at any place, although they are 
most likely to start near a crotch. 

The leaves will be small and more or less clustered so that they may 
have a rosette-like appearance; they also generally take on an unhealthy, 
yellowish look, particularly late in the season and during the following 
year. Many of the branches will probably die during the second winter 
and few of the trees will survive the third. 

The disease is unquestionably contagious and the only hope of saving an 
orchard once attacked is in cutting out the diseased trees as soon as the 
first symptoms are seen. It is not known how early in the development 
of the disease it takes on its contagious nature, but caution would certainly 
dictate that they be taken out as soon as the first indication of the disease 
shows itself, particularly as there is no hope of saving the tree. Many 
careful observers believe that the disease can be communicated by rubbing 
a branch of a diseased tree against a healthy one. If this is the case, we 
can not urge too much caution in the removal of the trees, and many make 
use of the plan of cutting up the trees and burning them on the spot. It © 
will always be safest to so dig out the trees that the trunk and the larger 
roots will be removed. 

While nothing is known as to the length of time that should elapse 
before the vacancy can be filled with safety, many peach-growers replant 
the spring following the taking out of the trees. 

The so called “yellows”’ law is intended to protect fruitgrowers against 
their careless neighbors who may from ignorance or shiftlessness neglect 
to remove and burn their diseased trees. 


PEACH-LEAF CURL (Exoascus deformans [Berk.], Fckl.). 


Although the appearance of this disease is familiar to all peach-growers, 
the nature of the trouble is not generally understood. Sometimes the 
leaves of the peach, and more often those of the cherry and plum, are 
infested with plant lice (aphides), and become blistered and curled so that 
they look much the same as when attacked by the true “ curl.” 

In cases when the attack is a severe one, the foliage may nearly all fall 
to the ground, and as a result most, if not all, of the fruitdrops. Although 
other leaves will be put out, the check to the tree is a severe one and, in 
the case of young trees, great harm is often done. Bearing trees may be so 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 295 


weakened that they may not develop fruit buds for the next year’s crop, 
while those that are formed will be so weak that they are likely to be killed, 
even in a mild winter. Particularly upon young trees, the disease may 
also attack the tender shoots and they will be killed back by it. 

The “curl” is most troublesome in seasons when the weather, during 
the two or three weeks following the putting out of the leaves, is cold and 
wet. After the disease has run its course, and new leaves have come out, 
there is seldom any further attack, provided the weather comes off warm. 
The diseased leaves become considerably swollen and blistered and, as it is 
generally more or less irregular, they are often considerably curled and 
twisted. The swelling is caused by the working of the mycelium of a 
fungus within the tissues, and ina few days the upper Surface will take on 
a mealy appearance, owing to the development of the innumerable crop 
of spores. 

The spores remain in the branches and fallen leaves during the remainder 
of the year and, as soon as the new foliage appears in the spring, are 
at hand to spread the disease. While the tissues are still soft, they can 
readily penetrate the epidermis, but it would seem that after they become 
firm there is no further danger, although any new leaves that appear will 
be subject to contagion. 

To secure good results from any treatment, it is well to head back the 
branches in the spring, carefully removing any that were injured by the 
“curl” the previous year, lest the mycelium of the fungus might remain 
in the tissues and spread to the new leaves when they appear. 

Our experience for two years goes to show that, when the trees have 
been properly pruned-and are in good condition, the disease can be held in 
check if they are sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, making the first appli- 
cation just before the buds open and repeating it as soon as the trees are 
out of bloom and again at the end of ten days or two weeks. 

With each application, Paris green should be used for the curculio. 
Our own experiments in several places in the state, seem to indicate the ° 
value of the above treatment, and the fruitgrowers who have made use of 
the remedy are well pleased with it, in nearly all cases. It is likely that 
where failures occurred some of the conditions noted for success were not 
furnished. 

If the disease is in the tissues from the previous year, or if the new 
leaves were left for a number of days uncovered with the copper compound, 
the germs could readily enter the tissues of the leaves and no later spray- 
ings would save the leaves attacked, although they would prevent the 
spread to others. 


BROWN ROT (Oidiwm fructigena, Kze. and Schm.). 


The peach is also seriously injured by this disease, of which a description 
will be found under the diseases of the cherry. From the fact that the 
conditions for the development of the disease are particularly favorable at 
about the time their fruit begins to ripen, the early varieties seem to be par- 
ticularly susceptible to the attack of this disease. The germination and 
work of this fungus are so rapid that frequent applications of fungicides are 
necessary to hold it in check, especially as the June showers, in which the 
disease seems to revel, are unfavorable to the highest success, through the 
washing off of the fungicide. 


296 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
BROWN SPOT (Cladosporium carpophilum, Thim.). 


This often does considerable injury to peaches, particularly to small, 
seedling varieties. It shows upon the fruit as brown, velvety spots and, 
if these are very numerous, they will run together and form patches of 
considerable size. When thus attacked, the fruits fail to reach their nor- 
mal size and are often rendered of no value for market. While the efficacy 
of fungicides for this disease is not known, it is believed that they will 
lessen the injury. At any rate there will be no extra cost for the applica- 
tion, as it will be required for the rot and other diseases. This disease has 
also been noticed upon Russian apricots, where the injury is even more 
severe than upon the peach. 

Another disease, the exact nature of which has not been ascertained, 
but which is well described by the common name of “ pimples,” is also 
found upon the fruit, particularly of seedlings and the Wager variety. It 
appears as small swellings, or pustules, and as they are sometimes quite 
numerous they often seriously injure the appearance of the fruit. The 
spots are surrounded by a dark purple ring, and the center, particularly of 
the older spots, is white. This disease does not appear until about the 
time the fruit ripens, and nothing is certainly known as to the effect of 
fungicides upon it. It may become a troublesome disease. 

The ‘“shot-hole disease” which is described under the plum and cherry, 
also attacks the leaves of the peach, causing small holes to appear, owing 
to the destruction and dropping out of the tissues. It seems to be most 
troublesome on damp soils and in wet seasons, but the treatment recom- 
mended for the leaf-curl and the rot seems to lessen the injury. 


INSECTS OF THE PEACH. 


THE PEACH-TREE BORER (Sannina exitiosa, Say). 


Each peach-grower must make the 
acquaintance of this unmitigated pest 
very early in his work and devise some 
means of protection to his trees or the 
borers will, in a few seasons, assume 
control. The yellowish white borers, 
with their black jaws, reddish brown 
Fig. 18.—Moths of Peach-Tree Borer: 1, female; head, and eight pairs of legs are too 

2) eR well known to need further description, 
but the imagos to which they change (Fig. 18) are rarely seen. The 
male and female differ somewhat in color and size, but they are both 
beautiful day-flying moths that are lovers of sunshine and heat. There is 
but a single brood each season, yet that brood is so irregular that in cut- 
ting out the borers there will be a great variety in size, and the moths are 
present all through the summer, being the most common through July. 
Soon after appearing, the female begins to deposit eggs, one in a place 
near the roots, though sometimes higher up on the trunk, even to where 
the branches start. When the eggs hatch, the young borers gnaw their 
way through the bark. They then follow the bark closely, cutting long 
channels as they go, usually toward, the roots but sometimes in other 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 297 


directions. Here they remain until they attain their full growth the fol- 
lowing season, when they construct a cocoon of chips in the burrow and 
transform to a pupa and a little later to the imago. 

Remedies.—The exudation of gum from the wound made by the borer 
in entering is a strong indication of its presence, and borings outside the 
opening is a sure indication. The general practice is to make use of these 
signs of the borer and go through the orchard in the fall and spring, and 
with a knife dig the borers out. While this method prevents the borer 
from doing its greatest injury to the tree, the cutting-out system has little 
to recommend it beyond this. Very often the injury made with the 
knife is as great as that made by the borer and will never heal over. All 
cutting and boring is more or less injurious toatree. What we must 
seek for is some method by which the borer will be prevented from enter- 
ing the bark, or for preventing the moth from laying her eggs. The best 


preventive that we can recommend now is a whitewash made of lime to , 


which has been added enough Paris green to give it just a slight greenish 
tinge. When the young grub hatches and attempts to gnaw through the 
bark, it will eat enough of the poison to kill it before it enters. The 
unsatisfactory feature about this method is that the whitewash has to be 
replenished once or twice through the season, as repeated rains will wash 
it off. Weare just in receipt of a remedy known as “caterpillar lime,” 
that we hope will obviate this difficulty. It comes highly recommended 
for such purposes by fruitgrowers in Germany, and we shall give it a 
thorough trial. If it proves as recommended, it will be our best remedy 
for the peach tree borer. The preparation is sold by Wm. Menzel & Son, 
64 Broad-st., New York. 


THE PEACH-TWIG MOTH (Anarsia lineatella, Zell.). 


SLL a |, The second most injurious insect, in most peach 
orchards, is the peach twig moth, Anarsia linea- 
tella. The young caterpillar begins feeding at a 
£ terminal bud of a peach twig, and after eating 
fis the bud bores into the twig along the pith, some- 
fi times to the length of an inch and a half or two 
inches. Then it will leave that twig and repeat 
# the same process on others until it attains its 
Leg srowth. <A few caterpillars will thus destroy 
ne: quite a number of twigs in a short time, and 
Fig. 19.—Peach-Twig Moth: a, When the caterpillars are numerous, as they are 
moth; 6, caterpillar; c, pupa. gome seasons, quite a percentage of the twigs will 
be dead at their tips. The little caterpillars appear very early in the 
spring, at about the time the buds start, and continue their work for some 
time after the leaves attain their full size. When full grown the cater- 
pillars are only about one third of an inch long. In color they vary from 
a reddish to a dusky brown, with the head and thoracic shield varying 
from yellowish-brown to black. They have eight pairs of legs as repre- 
sented in b of the figure and are naked excepting a few scattering hairs. 
The caterpillars usually pupate in the dead leaves at the end of the twig 
on which they worked last, and issue some time in June from the pupa 
stage asa moth. The second brood of the caterpillars appears in August 
and, according to Professors Cook and Comstock, specimens of this brood 
38 


ee 


TM 
i 


i 


ell 


298 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


have been found feeding in the peaches instead of the twigs. Nor does - 
the species confine itself to the peach alone. It has been known to attack 
the twigs of the plum and, perhaps, the apple in the same way. It has also 
been reported as a strawberry root and crown borer, destroying many of 
the plants. 

Remedy.—The surest way of disposing of these twig borers is by cut- 
ting off the ends of the twigs containing the caterpillars and burning 
them. The injured shoots can be easily detected by the dead buds and 
leaves and by exuding gum and similar signs. If the trees are sprayed 
with one of the arsenites, as the buds are opening, many of the caterpillars 
will be killed while eating into the twig. The arsenites should never be 
applied unless lime or Bordeaux mixture is used with them, as the foliage 
of the peach is tender and liable to injury. With lime, the arsenites are 
harmless to the foliage. 


THE ROSE CHAFER (Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fabr.). 


In sandy regions and on sand ridges, this beetle is a pest on the 
rose, grape, peach, apple, and many kindred plants. The beetles 

appear about the time roses and grapes are in blossom, and none 
, need mistake the awkward, long-legged beetles with a dusty yellow 
* body about one third of an inch long. The chafers breed in the 

Fig.20. oround, feeding on the roots of various plants, particularly grass, 
and live in this condition almost the entire period of their life. The 
imago is above ground only two or three weeks, so it is not the length of 
time that makes them such dreaded pests, but it is the countless num- 
bers that swarm on the plants and oftentimes fill the air. It is at such 
times that calls come for help, but’ with all our remedies we are as helpless 
as anyone. The arsenites will kill them and so will kerosene emulsion, and 
hot water at from 130 to 165 degrees Fahr., but none of these are practical 
where the chafers come in swarms. They are constantly traveling and in 
a few minutes after treatment with hot water or kerosene emulsion there 
are as many new arrivals as there were individuals feeding on the plant 
before. In the peach orchard they appear about the time the peach is a 
third or half grown. The fruit is the first thing they attack. As it is so 
fuzzy they eat only a smali hole in the skin and then as many as can will 
enter this hole and eat on the inside of the peach. This habit makes them 
still more difficult to treat, though for most plants and fruits attacked by 
them we may say that, where not too numerous, either the hot water or 
kerosene emulsion when persistently used will prove satisfactory. Beyond 
this we must look largely to preventive measures, for here is the key to our 
success. The beetles breed almost exclusively in sandy places, and if we 
can keep these ridges in our vicinity under cultivation the rose chafer 
will never appear in numbers great enough to do any serious damage to 
our crops or fruits. 


PLANT LICE ON PEACH TREES. 


There are two species of plant lice that work on the peach. The black 
aphis (Aphis persice-niger Smith) which lives under ground on the roots 
and also on the leaves and tender twigs; and the common leaf aphis (Aphis 
persice Sulzer), a brownish or yellowish aphis that feeds on the leaves and 
causes them to curl a little later in the season. There is a plant disease, 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 299 


known as leaf curl, that produces a similar effect on the leaves. If on 
examining some curled and knotted leaves, no plant lice are found, one 
may be quite sure that the formation is not due to the aphids, but to the 
plant disease. The habits of these lice are the same as those found on the 
apple, cherry, and plum. They are wingless at first, but, later in the season, 
both forms will be found. After they hatch from the egg in the spring 
they produce living young, multiplying very fast, and do a great deal of 
harm when numerous. 

Remedies.—Kerosene emulsion is the best remedy for the lice on they 
leaves and tender twigs. The remedy should be applied if possible before , 
the leaves curl, as it will be hard to reach them with any remedy when they 
are protected by the leaf. 

The work of the lice on the roots is usually shown in the tree having a 
sickly and unthrifty appearance, and it is said that one might mistake the 
appearance for peach yellows. An unhealthy condition of a tree is not 
necessarily due to the root louse. If the soil is partly dug away from the 
roots and a few pounds of kainit sprinkled near the roots and the whole 
covered, the application will benefit the tree. Kainit is a fertilizer and 
will also kill the subterranean lice if there are any. 


- DISEASES OF THE PEAR. 
PEAR BLIGHT (Bacillus amylovorus, Burrill). 


The disease of this fruit that is the most to be feared, is the one that is 
commonly called “fire blight” or “frozen sap blight.” It is really caused 
by the development within the tissues of the germs of a minute bacterium, 
which produces a sort of fermentation in the sap of the trees. They gain 
entrance through the nectaries and the stigmas of the flowers, through the 
soft tissues of the young leaves and stems, and through cracks in the bark. 
The old name of “frozen sap blight” indicates that fruitgrowers have 
keen powers of observation, as the freezing and thawing of the unripened 
wood. causes the bark to crack, and the germs are often thus admitted to 
the tissues of the trunk and older branches. The name of “fire blight” 
both describes the appearance of the disease and applies well to cases 
where the bark is cracked by the drying influence of the sun in seasons of 
drought. 

It has been noticed that trees which have grown slowly and have firm, 
well-ripened shoots are less subject to blight than others that make a 
watery growth and expose for a long time their soft shoots to the entrance 
of the germs. Once inside, the germs multiply with great rapidity and 
spread through the tree, but at a slower rate than is usually supposed. 
The germs are conveyed from diseased trees to the healthy ones by insects, 
which visit the flowers for the purpose of obtaining nectar, and the germs 
then enter through the nectaries or stigmas and such other parts as may 
favor their entrance. Although we have no direct evidence of the fact, 
it is evident that they also are carried in the air and thus enter the leaves 
and the cracks in the bark. 

Pear blight causes the leaves to turn a dark brown and may manifest 
itself suddenly through the entire tree, although as a rule only a single 
branch is affected at the start, depending upon the way in which the 
germs have entered. 


300 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. no 


Ci The fermentation that ensues causes the bark to crack and a thick, 
gummy sap with a disagreeable odor exudes; the bark soon becomes dry, 
and if the affection extends entirely around the stem the entire branch 
soon takes the characteristic appearance of blight. The leaves dry up and 
remain attached to the stems for a considerable length of time. 

If the disease enters through the blossoms, the flowers and fruit spurs 
are first attacked and turn brown, after which the disease spreads along 
the branches. 

While the germs could undoubtedly be destroyed, if all parts of the trees 
could at all times be kept covered with Bordeaux mixture, or some other 
fungicide, this is impossible with the nectaries and to some extent with the 
young leaves and the cracks in the bark. While the sprayings that should 
be given the pear trees to destroy the other fungi will aid in holding the 
blight in check, it will not entirely prevent it. 

As a further means of prevention, various precautions can be taken that 
will do much to lessen the liability of the trees to be attacked by the blight, 
and among them are the following: 1. Select varieties that have small, firm 
twigs, and that ripen their growth soon after it forms; 2. while the pear 
needs a deep, strong soil, care should be taken not to use one that is unduly 
rich in organic matter, as it would be likely to cause a rank growth that 
would admit the germs, either through the tissues or the punctures made 
by the insects, or a late growth that would be injured by the winter; 
3. avoid the use of excessive quantities of undecomposed manure, which | 
will also cause a rank growth. The principal dependence should be placed 
upon mineral manures; 4. in case the trees are making too rapid a growth, 
the orchard may be seeded down for a year or so. 

In case the pear blight makes its appearance in a tree, the diseased 
branch should at once be cut out, making the excision a foot or so below 
where any signs of the blight appear on the outside, and if the cut surface 
seems discolored, a cut still lower down should be made. While this may 
not in all cases prevent the reappearance of the blight, there is nothing else 
known that will aid in the matter. 


PEAR LEAF BLIGHT (Entomosporium maculatum, Ley.). 


This disease is particularly destructive to seedling trees in the nursery 
and to those that have borne large crops of fruit in seasons of severe 
drouth. It is known that it is of fungous origin, and remedies have been 
found that will hold it in subjection if they do not prevent it altogether. 

It first shows itself on the leaves as small, brown spots, which soon 
coalesce if sufficiently numerous, and thus form spots of considerable 
extent. 

Later in the season, small, black spots appear upon the brown patches, 
which are composed of great numbers of spores. When the conditions 
are favorable for the development of the disease, it spreads with great 
rapidity and so injures the foliage that all of the leaves sometimes fall, 
leaving the tree, in its denuded condition, unable to ripen its wood. The 
same disease often appears upon the fruit, where it is known as the 
‘cracking of the pear.” If the spots are sufficiently numerous, the growth 
of the affected parts is checked and a crack is formed. With some varieties 
the injury is so severe that, before fungicides came into use, it was not 
possible to obtain marketable specimens from them. 


San José Scale.—a California pear, moderately 
infested—natural size; b female scale— 


enlarged. 
1195) DP) AA Lan 
eee NE? ih 


SS ee aes 


GD: 


San José Scale.—a Young larva—greatly 
enlarged; 6 antennsw of same— 
still more enlarged, 


PuatTeE LI. 


San José Scale.—Apple branch with scales 
in situ—natural size; enlarged scales 
above, at left. 


/ M a ne | 5 


) Am. 


~ | 
Ng 1) sill sl 


‘ein 


me 


San José Scale.—c Adalt female containing young— 


greatly enlarged; d anal fringe of same— 
still more enlarged. 


All illustrations are after Riley and Howard, and used here by permission of the Secretary of Agriculture, 


ra t EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 301 


When the disease attacks young pear seedlings in the nursery, it is also 
very troublesome, as it stops their growth and renders budding uncertain. 

It has been found that leaf blight can be readily held in check by the 
use of the copper compounds, and that if the trees are sprayed with Bor- 
deaux mixture at intervals of about two weeks, up to the middle of August, 
there will be little if any injury from it. 


PEAR SCAB. 


The leaves and the fruit of the pear are sometimes attacked by this dis- 
ease, which is considered identical with that of the apple (Fusicladiuwm 
dendriticum). The principal damage is upon the fruit, and in some cases 
it is quite severe, but the applications of the fungicides have been found to 
give fruit nearly or quite free from it. 


INSECTS OF THE PHAR. 
PEAR TREE SLUG (Friocampa cerasi, Peck). 


This is the most common and the 
worst insect enemy of the pear tree. 


and is often found on quince, plum, 
and similar trees. The parent fly of 
the slug is jet black and when seen 
on a leaf might be taken for a house 
fly except that it is smaller. It is 
called a saw fly as the female has a saw at the tip of the abdomen that she 
uses to puncture the leaf in which to lay anegg. The 
eggs soon hatch into slimy slugs that eat the tender por- 
tion of the leaves and cause them later to appear dead. 
There are two broods, the first one coming early in June 
and the second late in July or August. The first brood is 

Fig 22.Saw Fly. the one that does the harm, as the tree needs all its leafy 
growth in the early part of the season. 

Remedies.—Spray with the arsenites or hellebore, or dust the trees with 
air-slaked lime, plaster, road dust, or ashes. The slugs are very easily 
killed by any of these and if the first brood is destroyed there 1s no danger 
of the second. 

Many of the insects that attack the apple, plum, and cherry, also work 
more or less on the pear, such as the oyster-shell bark-louse, the borers, 
codlin moth, plum curculio, and many of the caterpillars. 


Fig. 21.—Pear Tree Slug, various sizes. 


THE SAN JOSE SCALE (Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comstock), 


Ten years ago this pernicious scale was not known east of the Rocky 
mountains. Since that time colonies have been found in Virginia, Florida, 
Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Canada, Ohio, and Mis- 
souri, and no doubt, as the scale becomes better known, colonies will be 
found in many other localities. Quite likely Michigan may meet with like 
results, though we know of no colony at present within our borders. We 
speak of the scale at this time, and furnish illustrations from the Depart- 


It is quite as common on the cherry 


302 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ment of Agriculture at Washington, D. C., that fruitgrowers may 
acquaint themselves with this new and one of the worst of all orchard 
pests, and be on the watch for it, ready to stamp it out on the first 
appearance. 

Apparently, scales were introduced from California in 1886 or 1857 on a 
lot of Kelsey plum trees imported by New Jersey nurserymen. From these 
trees the scales spread to the other nursery stock until all the trees were 
more or less infested by them. By 1889 or 1890 the nurserymen, entirely 
unaware of the presence of the scale or the mischief it would do, began send- 
ing the trees to purchasers, and most of the known colonies are traceable 
to this New Jersey stock. From these facts we may infer that young trees 
that have been transplanted six years or less are most likely to have 
the scale on them, and every orchard and fruit tree that has been trans- 
planted within that time should be carefully examined to see that it has 
no scale of this kind. Nursery stock should also be carefully inspected 
for the scale before transplanting; and, could we have state or district 
quarantine regulations against this and similar nursery importations, we 
would be far safer than conditions now permit. 


San José Scale,—Male adult—greatly enlarged. 


The scales will be most commonly found on the bark of the trunk and 
limbs, though the young travel to the fruit and leaves. When left to 
themselves for a few seasons they will cover an entire tree so thickly that 
the bark can rarely be seen, and the tree has an ashy gray appearance and, 
upon a closer examination, resembles a scurfy deposit. This species of 
scale can readily be told from the oyster-shell bark louse (see Fig. 9), 
and in fact from all other scale insects on our deciduous fruit trees, by 
being circular and with a dark or yellowish dot in the center. The scales 
are from a twelfth to a sixteenth of an inch in diameter. They are fiat, 
fitting close to the bark, but can easily be scraped off with the finger nail 
and, when numerous, a yellowish, oily liquid will appear, resulting from 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 3038 


crushing the living, yellowish lice beneath the scales. ‘ During winter the 
insect is to be found in the half-grown or nearly full-grown condition. The 
young begin to hatch and to crawl from under the female scales shortly 
after the trees leaf out, and from this time through the summer there is a 
constant succession of generations.” 

The species is known to feed on such trees as the plum, cherry, pear, 
apple, peach, quince, and rose, and is sure death to a tree within a very few 
years. Its spread intoan orchard and into neighboring orchards is accomp- 
lished before people are aware of its presence and then it is very difficult 
to exterminate. 

Remedies.—Mr. J. B. Smith of New Jersey has probably had a wider 
experience in treating this scale in the east than any other person and the 
following recommendations are condensed from his own: 

1. The treatment should be made in the winter or while the trees are 
dormant, if possible, as the remedies can be used stronger and made more 
effectual without injury to the tree at this time. 

2. If there is loose bark on the tree, under which the scales can hide, 
scrape it off. If the trees are large and difficult to reach, prune them back 
all they will bear and cart the brush away from the orchard. 

3. Scrub or spray the tree thoroughly in every part with either a satu- 
rated solution of caustic potash or half and half of commercial potash and 
caustic soda, using about five quarts of water to each pound. This should 
be applied only when the trees are dormant. At any other time of the year 
whale oil soap, at the rate of two pounds to each gallon of water, should be 
used. 

4, Follow the first application a month later by an application of kerosene 
emulsion, nearly full strength, as given by the formule under insecticides. 
The emulsion at this strength will do the dormant trees no harm and ought 
to kill every scale that escaped the potash solution. 


DISEASES OF THE CHERRY. 


BROWN ROT (Oidiuwm fructigena, Kze. and Schm). 


The leaves, flowers, fruits, and sometimes the young stems of the cherry 
are attacked by this disease. The injury to the leaves or stems is seldom 
very severe, but, if the flowers or young fruits are attacked, the entire crop 
may be lost. It is most troublesome when wet weather occurs at, or soon 
after, the time of flowering. The germinating spores enter the tissues and 
piercing the cells rob them of their contents. The germs of decay being 
admitted, the so-called rot ensues. Whenever warm weather follows 
periods of extended rainfall, we may look for the rot, and if the flowers or 
small fruits are attacked we may expect that the fruit will be considerably 
cut short. 

The brown rot can be distinguished from ordinary decay by the fact that 
it produces immense numbers of yellowish-brown spores which appear in 
large clusters, often covering the fruit orstem. The diseased fruits gradu- 
ally shrivel and often hang for a long time upon the trees (Fig. 28a). 

In combatting this disease, it is particularly desirable that the early 
spraying with copper sulphate solution should be thorough, that no spores 
escape to spread the disease to the young leaves and flowers. As the dis- 


304 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ease is most likely to be troublesome at the time the early sorts are ripen- 
ing, care should be taken to keep the fruit and also the leaves well covered 
with some fungicide, that the spores may be killed as they germinate and 
thus prevented from entering the tissues. After the fruit is half grown 
it will be necessary to rely upon some of the soluble fungicides, such as 
copper sulphate solution (dilute formula), or the ammoniacal solution of 
copper carbonate. 


Fig. 23.—Brown Rot oF Curry (Oidium fructigena, Kze. and Schm). 


1. Diseased leaf showing spots made by fungus, upper side, 
2. Ditto, underside. 
8. Bunch of cherries attacked by fungus. 

a. Cherry which was diseased the year before and has hung on the tree over 

winter. , 
b. b. Green, healthy cherries. 
c.c. Diseased cherries with the blossom, d, clinging to the fruit. 
—After Galloway. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 305 
POWDERY MILDEW OF THE CHERRY (Podosphera oxycantha (D. C.), De By.). 


Like other powdery mildews, this form attacks the leaves and young 
shoots, often covering them with a fine white powder. It is especially 
injurious to young cherry trees, but it is also found upon the apple, peach, 
plum, quince, hawthorn, spirza, and various other plants of the rose family. 
It seldom appears before July, and is most injurious in hot, dry summers. 
The threads of the fungus form a web over the surface of the affected por- 
tion, and send up great numbers of fruiting stems, which divide into spores. 
Later on, the winter spores form upon the mycelium and give the fungus a 
grayish appearance. Under the microscope the black spores cases are seen 
to be flattened on one side, and to have long appendages, which bear at ' 
their extremities curiously branching tips (Fig. 29,7). Occurring as it does 
late in the season, after the growth has been nearly completed, it seldom 
does much harm but, as it undoubtedly weakens the growth, measures should 
be taken to keep it in subjection. In most cases, the treatment recommended 
for brown rot and shot-hole fungus will suffice to hold it in check. 
It some cases it may be necessary to spray the trees for this disease later 
in the season than will be necessary for the others. 


SHOT-HOLE FUNGUS (Cylindrosporium padi, Karst). 


This and other closely allied fungi often do great injury to the differ- 
ent species of the cherry. It appears as small, purplish spots upon the 
leaves. These soon turn yellow and finally brown, and then drop out, 
leaving small round holes resembling those made by shot. Oftentimes a 
large number of holes appear in a leaf,and as a result nearly all of the 
foliage drops from the trees. In this condition the trees are unable to 
ripen their wood, and, as a result of their unripened condition, are 
killed, evenina mild winter. It seldom appears until midsummer, but if 
the season is hot and dry, and particularly if the trees are neglected and 
uncultivated, it often causes large losses. If a little attention is given 
to spraying for this disease, after the fruit is gathered, using Bordeaux 
mixture once or twice, it will do little if any harm. 


OTHER DISEASES OF THE CHERRY. 


The cherry has a number of other diseases, most of which will be found 
described under other fruits; among them are black knot (Plowrightia 
morbosa), the scab (Cladosporium carpophilum), and rust (Puccinia 
prunt). : 

39 


306 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


INSECTS OF THE CHERRY. 


Besides the pear-tree slug, spoken of above, the worst insect upon the 
leaves of the cherry is 


THE BLACK CHERRY-TREE LOUSE (Myzus cerasi Fabr.). 


Frequently these lice socompletely cover, distort, and smear with excre- 
ment the cherry leaves that they are disgusting to behold; they not only 
stop the growth of the tree, but take much of the nourishment that should 
go to the fruit while maturing. As with all plant lice, they winter in the 
egg stage, hatching early in the spring into females, which soon commence 
producing young, and by the time cherries are ripe we have several genera- 
tions, each individual of which is producing several young each day. 
About July the lice disappear to the roots orto other plants. In the fall, 
winged males and females are produced and the females return to the 
cherry trees, there depositing their eggs around the buds for the next 
year. 

Remedy.—lf kerosene emulsion is used on the lice before they roll and 
knot the leaves around themselves, they can be very easily killed, but 
when protected by the leaves it is dificult to reach them with any remedy. 


PLUM CURCULIO (Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst.). 


To the cherries the plum curculio is fully as injurious as to the plums, 
though the cherries do not drop as the plums do when stung, consequently 
we do not notice so great damage until we pick a luscious red cherry, 
apparently sound, and bite into it when we arevery likely tomeet disappoint- 
ment. The cherry will grow around and cover-up the crescent cut made 
by the curculio, while the plum will rot from the cut. 

Although there is only one brood, the beetles do not all appear at once, 
and we must fight them (this little, hard-shelled beetle) for several weeks 
a after the blossoms fall, if we save the fruit. If 
the cherries and plums are a full crop, and the 
curculio are not too numerous, we can save 
what the trees will mature by spraying with the 
arsenites. Spray as soon as the blossoms are 
all off, and this should be followed by two or 
three other sprayings at intervals of about ten 
days. The arsenites should be used with the 
Bordeaux mixture, as rains will be less likely 
to wash off the arsenic, and the plant diseases 
that attack the cherry and plum will be 
. checked by it. If prospects are that this will 
Fig. 24.—Plum Curenlio, a, larva; 6, not save the crop, jarring the trees by means 

pupasic beatles of a padded mallet and collecting the curculio 
on a sheet should be resorted to. The arsenites are soslow in acting on 
the ‘curculio that after one has eaten of a poisoned leaf or of the fruit it 
will still live two or three days, and in the meantime sting quite a number 
of cherries and plums. 


' EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 307 


DISEASES OF THE PLUM. 


THE BLACK KNOT (Plowrightia morbosa, [Schw. ] Sacc). 


Although this disease is widely 
disseminated and has been very 
destructive to the plum orchards 
wherever it has appeared, farmers 
and fruitgrowers, as a rule, do not 
appreciate the danger of allowing 
it to get a start in their vicinity. 
In many sections of New York and 
New England, and in some portions 
of Michigan, it has been allowed to 
get a foothold and within two years 
the otherwise best cared for and 
profitable orchards have been 
entirely destroyed. With these 
terrible examples before us, every 
fruitgrower should watch his trees 
and endeavor to save them from the 
scourge: 

The larvee of various insects are 
often found in the knots, and it has 
been claimed that they are the 
cause of the knots; but very often 
knots are found that do not contain 
insects and, moreover, the micro- 
scope and even the unaided eye 
shows that it is of a fungous 
nature. 

The swellings (Fig. 25) are 
generally found upon the shoots of 
the previous year’s growth, but may 
Fig. 25.—BLack Knot. Plowrightta morbosa, appear upon the larger branches or 


(Schw) Sacc. 
1, Stem of plum tree with knot upon it, as it the trunk. The spores enter the 
appears in the fall and winter. zi AI f h 
2. Perithecium with mycelium, a a. between the tissues and the threads of the 


cells of the stem, and covered with filaments bear- 
ing spores, b, at their extremities. Section made fungus and the cellular growth of 


in May, ue ; the stem, due to the disturbance 
3. Filaments and spores (conidia), more highly 
magnified. produced by the development of 


Aiea ous acavity containing stylospores. {ho fungus, cause the swelling, 

which often becomes several times 
the size of the branch. As it grows, the bark cracks and the spongy 
tissues below appear. The swellings begin to show during the month of 
May, and early in June will be found covered with an olive-green mould, 
which consists of the fruiting threads of the fungus, bearing at their tips 
the minute spores. These are borne about by the wind and in various 
other ways scatter the disease. 

Later on, the surface of the knots becomes hard and black, and a care- 
ful examination will show it to be covered with minute pimples. These 
. are the pustules which contain the winter spores of the fungus, which 
ripen during the winter and serve as an additional means of scattering the 


308 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


disease. Each of the pimples contains a large number of spore cases or 
asci, in each of which about eight spores are contained. 

Any person who has once seen a knot should be able to recognize them, 
as, not only are they well marked when in their summer and winter fruit- 
ing stages, but the appearance of the knots at any time is distinctive. 
There are several other forms of spores, but the conditions under which 
they develop is not certainly known. 

When a knot has once commenced to form, no treatment with copper 
compounds can affect it, but it is likely that, if the trees are kept well 
covered, the spores will not be able to gain entrance. 

The only safe thing is to watch the trees and cut off the knots whenever 
they appear. If they can be taken in hand in the spring, when the swell- 
ing first starts, and before the summer spores form, little harm will be 
done. The trees should be watched carefully during the summer, and 
should be examined at least once after the leaves have fallen, as the knots 
can then be more easily seen and, if they are cut off at any time before 
January, the winter spores will not have developed. In cutting off a 
branch, care should be taken that it is removed several inches below where 
the knot shows, in order that all of the mycelium of the fungus may be 
removed. If this is not done, the knot will be likely to show the coming 
spring below where the cut was made. Sometimes the knots are ttpon the 
trunks or large branches, which can not be taken off without injuring the 
trees seriously. If such is the case, it will be well to attempt to save the 
tree or branch, if the knot has not become too old and hard. The swelling 
should first be pared off and tincture of iodine applied; this will follow the 
threads of the fungus and destroy them. The wound should then be 
painted with lead and oil paint, which will both aid in killing the 
fungus and preventing the drying out of the tissues. 

In 1893 a law was enacted in connection with the “ yellows” law, which 
provides for the destruction of the knots, in case the owners refuse to 
attend to it, under the direction of the commissioners. 

The plum-growing industry is becoming of much importance in many 
portions of the state, but it is likely to be of short duration if the black- 
knot makes its appearance in the orchards, unless the law is rigidly 
enforced, 


LEAF SPOT (Cylindrosporiumzpadi, Karst). 


This disease, often spoken of as leaf blight and shot-hole fungus, and 
which formeriy was described as Septoria cerasina, has been one of the 
most troublesome to the grower of the plum as well as of the cherry. It 
is quite generally distributed and often causes the winter-killing of 
thousands of trees, which through the loss of their leaves in August are 
unable to ripen their wood. 

It shows first as small, purple spots, upon both sides of the leaves, and 
in a short time the tissues attacked take on a brown color. These affected 
spots frequently drop out, leaving small, round holes, whence one of the 
common names of the disease. With a lens it can be seen that there are 
one or more black dots on the under surface of the spots. These are the 
fruiting pustules within which the spores are produced in great numbers. 
The spores are long and slender and generally contain a number of cells. 
Each cell of these summer spores is capable of propagating the fungus. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 309 


After the spots have turned brown the winter spores are formed, but 
they do not become fully developed until the following June, when they 
are found in pustules on the under side of the leaves in elongated asci or 
spore cases, 

When a leaf has many spots upon it they run together and thus destroy 
a large part of the tissues. As a result, the leaves drop and the fungus has 
thus not only robbed the tree of much of its nourishment, but it has deprived 
it of the ability to assimilate and prevented it from ripening its wood. 
As the fungus works entirely within the tissues, all remedies must be 
preventive, but the use of fungicides has been found even more efficacious , 
than might be expected, as Bordeaux mixture, applied as recommended 
for the rot, will keep the trees free from leaf-blight. For the cherry and 
plum trees that are not in bearing, it should be applied in July, some- 
where about the middle of the month and again about the first to the 
tenth of August. Had this remedy been employed for the past five years, 
not only would the lives of thousands of plum trees been saved, but the 
growth of others would have been largely increased. 


PLUM POCKETS (Taphrina pruni, Fckl.). 


The so called “ plum bladders” or “pockets” are due to a parasitic fungus. 
It causes the fruits to enlarge and become hollow, and finally drop to the 
ground. Itis also quite common upon the branches of American varieties 
of plum, causing swellings to form upon them. 

The fungus is carried over winter in the winter spores in the diseased 
fruits and branches, and these should be collected and burned. The spring 
application of copper sulphate will also do much to head off the disease, 
and by the occasional use of Bordeaux mixture during the summer it can 
be held in check. 

Of the other diseases of the plum, brown rot is most troublesome. 
It has been described at length under the cherry and peach upon 
which it also appears. The work of the fungicides can be greatly aided if 
the diseased fruits are collected and burned. 

Leaf rust or blight, which sometimes attacks the leaves of the 
plum and causes them to fall during hot, dry summers, is the same as upon 
the peach (Puccinia pruni-spinose). It shows first as small, yellow spots, 
which soon cause the remainder of the surface to turn yellow and finally 
brown and they then fall to the ground. The use of fungicides as recom- 
mended for leaf-spot will generally be sufficient to hold it,in check. 


= INSECTS OF THE PLUM. 
Besides the plum curculio, spoken of under cherry insects, the plum tree 
suffers considerably from 


THE PLUM-TREE APHIS (4phis prunifolia Fitch). 


The life history of the plum aphis is similar to that of those on the apple, 
cherry, and peach which have already been spoken of. When numerous the 
lice do considerable injury, as they do not confine themselves to the leaves 
but feed on the tender twigs and stems of the fruit, drawing so much sap 


310 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


from them that the plums shrivel and drop off for the lack of nourishment. 
The treatment is the same for the plum aphis as for the other aphide— 
kerosene emulsion. 


<i Fig. 26.—Pupa of Anatis 15-punctata attached Fig. 27.—lmago of Anatis 
a plum. 15-punctata. 

Where the aphis has been common on the plum trees, people often find 
plums with an insect on them resembling Fig. 26 and think it a new pest 
which has appeared for them to fight. The insect attached to the plum is 
the pupa of the little lady-bird beetle Anatis 15-punctata Oliv. This lit- 
tle lady-bird and the larva from which the pupa came, are insects that feed 
almost exclusively on plant lice and never injure fruit of any kind. They 
are friends, as they help rid the trees of the lice, and should never be killed 
if it can be avoided. 


FUNGOUS DISEASES OF THE QUINCE. 


While this fruit is attacked in all its parts by fungi, asa rule the diseases 
have not been very destructive in Michigan and most of them yield readily 
to fungicides and other treatment. 


TWIG BLIGHT (Bacillus amylovorus, Burr.). 


This disease, which is similar in its nature to the fire blight of the pear, 
has in some localities made inroads into the quince orchards. As a rule, 
it is confined to one or more of the branches, but in severe cases it spreads 
through the trees. It can readily be distinguished from the leaf blight, as 
it causes the leaves to turn an even brown color and there is no appear- 
ance of spots as in that disease. The leaves also remain upon the twigs, 
which become dry and hard. While Bordeaux mixture will aid in keeping 
down the disease, it will not entirely prevent it, and the only remedy is to 
cut out and burn the diseased branches, making the cut several inches 
below where any sign of disease shows. 


LEAF BLIGHT AND FRUIT-SPOT (Entomosporium maculatum, Lev.). 


Of the other diseases of the quince none is more prevalent than the above, 
which is of a fungous nature and appears upon the pear in the same forms. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. dll 


In some seasons, particularly if the trees are grown without cultivation, 
most of the leaves turn yellow and drop from the trees. As upon the pear 
leaves, small, circular spots appear, and if numerous enough may run 
together and cover a considerable portion of the leaves. After a time small 
black specks appear in the center of the brown spots and indicate that the 
spores are being formed. This disease yields readily to the Bordeaux mix- 
ture, and, if three applications are given, the foliage will keep healthy and 
will remain much longer on the trees than when the trees are not sprayed, 
while the fruit will be free from spots. The fact that the trees retain the 
leaves will cause a marked increase in the size of the fruit, and this will not 
only give a larger yield, but the fruit will sell for a higher price per bushel. 


THE QUINCE RUST (Roestelia aurantiaca, Pk.). 


The orange rust of the quince attacks both fruit and stems, causing 
swellings, from which short, horn-like processes protrude, in which the 
reddish-yellow spores are developed. 

If the fruit is attacked while small, it will generally drop, but if it does 
not come until the fruit has reached some size, and if the spot is small, it 
will stop the growth of the portion attacked and cause the fruit to become 
misshapen. 

The rust of the quince is one of the forms of the cedar apple, which 
is often found in the spring on the branches of the red cedar. Asa pre- 
ventive it will be well to destroy all red cedars that are near fruit planta- 
tions, especially if ‘“cedar apples” are found upon them. Whenever the 
swellings are found upon the branches of the quince trees, or when they 
are seen upon the fruit, it will be well to remove and burn them. 

If the trees are kept well covered with some fungicidal preparation, the 
spores will be killed as they germinate, and beyond the destruction of the 
red cedars this will be the only thing that can be done as a preventive. 
While it will greatly reduce the injury, if the rust has been troublesome 
it may not be entirely effectual, and pains should be taken to remove all 
of the portions that show the rust as soon as it appears. 


THE ROTS OF THE QUINCK. 


THE RIPE-ROT (Gleosporium fructigenum, Berk.). PALE-ROT (Phoma cydonie, Sacc.), and 
BLACK-ROT (Spheropsis malorum, Pk.). 


The black-rot often appears before the fruit is half grown, and causes 
the skin to turn brown. Small, dark pimples soon form beneath the 
skin, through which the greenish-brown spores are protruded. The 
remedy for this disease is the same as for the rust, spray to destroy the 
spores as they germinate, and if any of them escape and cause the fruit to 
rot, destroy the diseased fruit as soon as it is seen. 

The pale-rot works much the same as the one just described, but the 
spots are at first nearly colorless and finally become of a light blue color. 
The tissues beneath soon become softened and the infected portion wrinkles 
up. The ripe-rot or bitter-rot is the same as isfound upon the apple. The 
flesh sinks away and the brown depressions are covered with pimples in 
which pink colored spores are produced. As with the black-rot the 


312 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


remedy for the last two diseases is to spray, and then see that all diseased 
fruits are destroyed. 

Were a different treatment required for each of the’ diseases of the 
quince, one would soon be discouraged, but, as in most other cases, the 


sprayings recommended for one will suffice for all, and the labor is after all 
not burdensome. 


FUNGOUS DISEASES OF THE GRAPE. 


DOWNY MILDEW OF THE GRAPE (Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.), Berl. & De Ton.). 


Fia. 28.—Downy MILDEW OF THE GRAPE, Plasmopara viticola. 


1. Section of leaf (greatly magnified) showing conidial stage. 
2. Showing the same, less magnified, 
3. The same, showing the effect of the fungus, the leaf brown and shriveled. 
4. Germinating conidia. 
5-8. Development of conidia through zodspore and swarm-spore stages. 
9. Spore. 
10. Germinating spore. 
11-13. Fertilization of oogonium and development of the oospore. 
14. Section of leaf greatly magnified, showing mycelial thread passing between 
the cells, and sending its haustoria into them. 
15. Branching mycelium, the spots representing haustoria. —After Viala. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 313 


This important fruit seems to be particularly subject to the attack of 
various fungous diseases and all parts of the plant, including stems, leaves, 
and fruit, are often so seriously injured that the crop of fruit, is lost and the 
strength of the plant greatly impaired. 

It is all the worse because they come at various times and under differ- 
ent conditions. Thus the downy mildew is favored by cold, wet weather, 
while the so-called powdery mildew luxuriates when it is hot and dry. 

This disease, which is sometimes called the American vine disease, is 
often quite troublesome to the foliage and fruit of our grapes. The spores 
from which it develops fall upon a leaf and in the presence of moisture 
quickly germinate. The germinating tube gains entrance through the 
breathing pores to the interior of the leaves and, passing between the cells 
of which they are composed, sends its root-like haustoria through the cell- 
walls (Fig. 28, 14) and absorbs the cell contents, to be used in its own 
development. This destruction of the cells causes brown or yellow spots 

‘to appear, after which the leaves turn yellow and finally brown, and this is 
the first indication that will be noticed of the presence of the disease. 

If the conditions are favorable, the stalks upon which the spores are 
developed will push through the stomata on the under side of the leaves 
and ripen an immense number of oval, colorless, summer spores or conidia. 
(Fig. 28, 7 and 2). The stalks and the spores together show as downy or 
frosty patches, generally on the under side of the leaves, although they 
may, if the attack is a severe one, appear on the upper side as well as on 
the leaf petioles and young branches. 

The growth of the fungus and the development of the spores are well 
illustrated in Fig. 28. The leaf soon shrivels as seen at Fig. 28, 3, and, later 
on, the thick-walled winter cells form within the leaves. Within them they 
fall to the ground and are ready to spread the disease the following year. 
While this disease may attack almost any variety, it is most likely to 
appear upon such kinds as are naturally weak, or that have become so 
trong soil exhaustion, from over-bearing, or from the attacks of insects 
or fungi. 

The fungus checks the growth of the berries and causes them to turn 
brown, so that the disease has often been termed brown-rot. When the 
spores are developed upon the berries it gives them a grayish, mealy 
appearance. The disease is particularly troublesome in cold, wet seasons 
when the plants have been weakened by the unfavorable conditions under 
which they have been growing. 

As in nearly all other cases, a fungicide, to be efficient against this dis- 
ease, should be applied before the spores have germinated upon the plants. 
This will necessitate an application early in the spring before the buds have 
swollen, for which spraying copper sulphate solution can be used, and it 
should be applied thoroughly to all parts of the vines, the trellis, and the 
soil beneath. In this way great numbers of spores can be destroyed. A 
second application, using Bordeaux mixture, should be made when the first 
leaves are about one half grown, and this should be repeated as soon as the 
fruit has set. The later applications should be made at intervals of from 
ten to fifteen days according to the weather and the prevalence of the dis- 
ease. Ifthe summer is cool and wet, as many as five or six applications can 
be made with profit, and although when the disease is very prevalent the 
foliage and fruit may not be entirely protected, yet the injury will be very 
slight, while, were no use of the fungicide whatever made, the entire crop 
might have been lost. 

40 


314 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


POWDERY MILDEW OF THE GRAPE (Uncinula ampelopsidis). 


The so-called pow- 
dery mildew is partic- 
ularly troublesome in 
seasons when it is hot 
and dry, and it attacks 
the foliage and young 
shoots as well as the 
fruit. It is particular- 
ly troublesome to the 
varieties that are hy- 
brids of Vitis vinifera, 
the European wine 
grape. The fungus 
lives upon the surface 
of the leaves and ob- 
tains its food by send- 
ing root-lke suckers 
called haustoria, into 
the underlying cells, 
from which they ab- 
sorb the contents. The 
summer spores are 
borne upon _ simple 
spore stalks ( Fig. 29, 2) 
and serve for the rapid 
reproduction of the 
fungus. The formation 
of the winter spores is 
illustrated in Fig. 29, 4. a i 
The spore‘cases of: the: "4; tics etidees aa lotsa OF Cece sees 
grape powdery mildew (perithectum) with ascus, containing ascospores escaping; 6, summer 


: aS spores of cherry powdery mildews; 7, winter spore of same; 10, myce- 
can be readily distin- lium with haustoria in cells; 77, 12, 13, the same, of the powdery mildew 


guished from others of the grape.— After De Bary. ® 
by having the extremities of their appendages arranged in coils. 

The thick covering of the winter spores (perithecia) serves to protect 
them from extremes of temperature and moisture during the winter. 

The affected portions, during the first half of the season, take ona 
whitish, powdery appearance, which, later on, changes to a light brown, 
owing to the presence of great numbers of winter spores. As both the 
spores and the body of the fungus are upon the surface of the leaves, it is 
easy to destroy them wherever the copper compounds can be brought into 
contact with them, but, as it often appears inside the fruit clusters, it is diffi- 
cult to exterminate if it once gets a start. The sprayings with Bordeaux 
mixture, that are generally applied for the other diseases, will do much to 
hold it in check, during the early part of the season, but, later on, as the 
fruit approaches maturity, the weak copper sulphate or the ammoniacal 
carbonate of copper will be preferable. The application of flowers of 
sulphur to such varieties as are subject to this disease, at intervals during 
the season, will also be of value, especially on grapes grown under glass. 

In dry seasons the frequent stirring of the soil will aid in keeping the 
vines healthy, but upon its first appearance, recourse should be had to one 
of the above fungicides. 


a PES 
<< ss 


SRE 


ony 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 315 


THE BLACK-ROT OF THE GRAPE (Phyllosticta labruscew, Thiim.) (Laestadia Bidwellii, (El). Via. 
and Rav.) 


In some seasons this disease has played havoc in the vineyards in the 
southern part of the state, practically ruining the crops. The brown spot 
disease of the foliage is the same as causes the rot upon the fruit, and, in 
fact, it generally manifests itself there first. Upon the fruit it shows as 
small, brown spots, which gradually enlarge until the entire berry has a rot- 
ten appearance. Up to this time they generally retain their spherical form, 
but the point first attacked soon begins to shrivel and finally the berry 
dries away, until it consists of the seeds, covered by the dried pulp and 
skin, the latter in folds and furrows that are always distinctive of the 
disease. In the meantime small black pimples have appeared upon the 
berries. These are the perithecia in which the winter spores are 
developed. 

The fungus also has other reproductive bodies that are developed in great 
numbers, especially if the weather is warm and moist, and as the same 
conditions favor the rapid germination and development of the fungus, 
the injury from the disease is greatly increased when these conditions are 
present. 

Experiments have demonstrated that in sections where this disease is 
troublesome it can be held in check by the judicious use of copper com- 
pounds. If the vines are thoroughly sprayed in the spring before the 
growth starts, with a strong solution of copper sulphate, and at intervals 
of two.or three weeks, using Bordeaux mixture up to the time the grapes 
are half grown, and after that a weak solution of copper sulphate or 
ammoniacal copper carbonate, there will be but little if any loss from this 
disease, and other fungous diseases will be held in subjection by the same 
applications. Asa rule no application need be made later than the first 
of August. 


ANTHRACNOSE (Spaceloma ampelinum, De By). 


This disease is a comparatively new one in this locality and, so far as is 
known, has appeared in but a few sections in Michigan, and there has done 
but little harm, as it seems to confine itself to a few varieties, particularly 
Champion and Vergennes. 

It attacks all new parts of the plants and may appear at any time during 
the growing season. Upon the leaves, it appears as sunken, brown spots 
with slightly raised rims. The spots-generally become elongated and the 
dead tissues take on a white color. It has a similar appearance upon the 
stems, but it may extend so deep as to practically girdle the branches 
and cause the loss of both leaves and fruit. The fruit also is very likely 
to be attacked, the spots at first showing with reddish-brown borders and 
gray centers. The berries finally wither and dry up until only the skins 
and seeds remain, but if the spots are small the portion free from disease 
may keep on growing and, as a result, the berries will crack and expose the 
seeds. When they wither in this way, they appear quite unlike those 
attacked by black-rot, since they do not turn brown as in that disease, nor 
do they take on the wrinkled and pimply appearance so characteristic of 
black-rot. 

If this disease is allowed to get a start it is generally quite destructive 
and not only should preventive measures be used, but if it makes its 
appearance it will generally pay to cut away and burn the infected portions. 


= 


316 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The treatment with Bordeaux mixture as recommended in the spraying 
calendar will do much to hold the disease in check, and if persistently kept 
up will prevent it from gaining a foot-hold. The treatment should begin 
early and should be frequently repeated. 


SHELLING OF THE GRAPE. 


In some seasons numerous complaints are received of the shelling of the 
grapes from the bunches, the stem breaking short off next to the berry, 
instead of drawing out from the fruit, as is the case in healthy berries. 
As a rule, the berries at the lower end of the cluster or at the extremity of 
the shoulder are the first to shell, and the bunches nearest the extremity 
of the canes generally suffer most. 

The disease does not seem to be of a fungous nature, but, as a rule, it is 
due to something that has caused a weakness in the plant. This may be 
due in whole or in part to some fungus that has attacked the foliage and 
has injured the assimilating powers of the plant. If the fungus has proper 
treatment there will be no danger of injury from this source. While 
insects are seldom, if ever, the direct cause of the disease, it is possible 
that some of them, particularly those that suck the sap from plants, may 
serve as the inducing cause. In many cases it has been found that the 
application of mineral fertilizers to vineyards has given crops free from the 
trouble. This may be attributed to the fact that the soil was deficient in 
either potash or phosphoric acid, particularly the former, and that they 
served to give a firm growth and to check the tendency of the plants on 
soils unduly rich in nitrogenous matter to waste their energies in the pro- 
duction of shoots and leaves, at the expense of the ripening crop. On 
cold, poorly drained soils, where the plants could not get a proper supply 
of food, the disease has also been troublesome. 

As a rule, there will be little trouble from this disease if the vineyard 
is on soil of a suitable character, and where the plants receive suitable food 
and cultivation, avoiding the use of stable manure for the most part and 
depending for an artificial supply of plant food upon wood ashes, ground 
bone, and similar mineral fertilizers. 


INSECTS OF THE GRAPE. 
GRAPEVINE FLEA BEETLE (Haltica chalybea Ill.). 


The worst enemy to the grape early in the season is this little steel-blue 
beetle (Fig. 30). Before the buds burst the beetles are gnawing into them 
and often destroy whole vineyards before it is time for leaves or blossoms 
to appear. Usually they destroy only a portion of the buds and then feed 
on the leaves, first as the imago and later as the larve from the 

ggs deposited on the leaves by the parent beetles. The young 
are dark-brown, hairy, and minute. When full grown they are 
considerab y less than half an inch long, and are a dirty, light- 
brown. At this stage they drop to the ground, bury them- 
selves, transform, and; a few days later, appear as a second brood 

to again feed on the leaves. This brood does little harm com- 
Fig. 9 pared with that of the first, though they and the larve often 
riddle the leaves with holes and eat all but the arger veins. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. olT 


Remedies.—The larvee and beetles feeding on the leaves may be readily 
killed by the arsenites, but this is of little avail where the beetle is at work 
in the bud where the arsenites will not reach it, and probably the best 
thing we can do is to jar the beetles off into a broad pan with a little kero- 
sene in the bottom or on a stretched cloth well saturated with thesame. The 
vines are closely pruned and cover but little space at the time the beetles 
appear, so that the whole vineyard can be quickly gone over in this way. 
The beetles will readily drop, when the weather is a little cool. As a pre- 
ventive, keep all rubbish picked up, and fallen leaves raked from the ground 
so that the hibernating beetles will be without protection. Grape vines 
growing in grass are much more liable to attack than those that are 
cultivated. 


LEAF HOPPERS. 


There are several species of leaf 
hopper that suck the sap from the 
leaves of the grape until they become 
_ speckled, brown, and may even wither 
and drop off. These leaf hoppers, 
~ one of which is shown in the cut, are 
* prettily marked and banded. The 
most injurious one in Michigan 
(Typhlocyba tricincta Fitch) is 
Fig. 31.—Grapevine Leaf Hopper (Erythroneuranearly pure white with three black 

ea) bands crossing it. The individuals 
are about one eighth of an inch long. They work mostly on the under 
side of the leaves and quickly jump or fly to some other part of the vine 
when disturbed. 

Remedy.—A spray of kerosene emulsion thrown on the under side of the 
leaves in the cooler part of the day. 

The rose chafer is very fond of the blossoms and young fruit of the 
grape. It has already been treated of under insects attacking the peach. 

Climbing cut-worms also attack the fruit and foliage of the grape, but 
have already been spoken of under the apple insects and the same pre- 
ventive should apply here. 

For the large caterpillars that are occasionally found on the grape vine 
leaves, it hardly seems necessary to suggest anything more than hand 
picking, though the arsenites may be used. 


DISEASE OF THE STRAWBERRY. 
LEAF-BLIGHT (Spherella fragarie, Sacc.). 


In some seasons this disease proves quite destructive both to plants 
and the crop. It first appears upon the leaves as reddish-purple spots, 
which soon turn brown and finally white. Upon these spots one form of 
spore is developed, which is used to spread the disease during the summer, 
while in the fall and winter a form is produced which in the spring causes 
the infection of the new leaves as they are developed. Not only does the 
disease greatly reduce the leaf area of the plants but, by attacking the fruit 
stalks and the calyx, it tends to deprive the fruit of its nourishment, which 
results in its shrivelling, and the entire crop may be ruined. 


318° STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Starting with strong and healthy plants from plantations that have not 
exhausted themselves by fruiting, and keeping the foliage well covered 
with Bordeaux mixture, during the first season, there should be little if any 
signs of the rust at the beginning of the second year. The plants should 
be thoroughly sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, just as the first blossoms 
are opening, which will admit of thoroughly coating the flower stalks and 
the calyxes of the flowers. If the spraying was properly done the first 
season, no further application will be necessary, but if it was neglected so 
that it is present to any extent upon the leaves, it will be well to givea 
second spraying, using copper sulphate solution at the rate of one pound of 
copper sulphate to two hundred and fifty gallons of water, when the first 
berries that set are about one half grown. 

If the plantation is to be kept another season it should have an applica- 
tion of Bordeaux mixture soon after the fruit has been gathered. 


STRAWBERRY INSECTS. 


INSECTS OF THE ROOTS. 


The fruit and leaves of the strawberry suffer but little from insect attack 
to what the roots and crown do. The cut-worms that are the farmer’s 
dread at corn planting time are sometimes destructive to the roots and 
erown of the strawberry by cutting them off in feeding on them. 


Fig. 32.—3 and 4, May Beetle; 2, larva or white grub; 7, pupa. 


The white grub, or larva of the May beetle, often feeds on the roots 
and at times becomes quite destructive. One of the worst pests when it 
does occur is the 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 319 
STRAWBERRY ROOT BORER (Anarsia lineatella). 


It is also the second worst enemy to the peach in this state where it is 
known as the peach-twig moth, because it bores into the twigs and early 
COLLIN |, buds of the peach as they are expanding and 
(gg PI asi kills them. Im the strawberry it bores into 
the crown and down through the heart into the 
larger roots and usually kills the plant. Closely 
related to the root borer in work is the straw- 
berry crown borer (Tyloderma fragarie) 
which, in the grub state, destroys the crown by 
boring into it. 

Remedy.—Probably the most satisfactory 
remedy is a rotation of crops so that the plants 
will not bear more than two crops of fruit before 


Fig. 88.—Strawberry Root Borer; a, 2 
moth , 6, larva; c, papa. they are plowed up and a new bed planted in 


another place. If the insects are known to be at work in the plants at the 
fruiting season, the plants should be burned before the insects have time 
to mature and escape. 


DISEASES OF THE RASPBERRY AND BLACKBERRY. 
ANTHRACNOSE (Glaosporium venetum, Speg.). 


When the young canes are about one half grown, small purplish spots 
often appear upon them, and in a short time the centers of these spots 
become white. If the spots are sufficiently numerous, a considerable area 
of the canes may be infected and great injury may be done, as not only will 
the fungus take up thesap of the plant, but, the tissues being broken, there 
will be a very rapid loss from evaporation, and the spots may dry out toa 
considerable depth. 

The disease may extend to the smali branches, fruit stems, and to the 
leaves. If the area involved is sufficiently large, the entire circulation 
may be cut off, and the berries and upper portions of the canes will dry up. 

In the case of an old plantation, the old canes and those of the new ones 
that are most infected should be removed as soon as the crop is gathered, 
or at any rate early in the following spring, and the remaining plants 
should then have a thorough spraying of copper sulphate solution or of 
Bordeaux mixture, with later applications the same as for a new plantation. 

When a new plantation is to be put out the plants should be obtained 
from a young plantation that is but little if any infected with the disease. 
In the case of red raspberries and blackberries, it will be desirable to have 
plants that have been grown from root cuttings. They should be 
thoroughly sprayed at least three times the first season, and the second 
season it will be well to spray before the buds start, again as the new canes 
are a foot or so high, and a third time after the crop has been gathered. 
For the first and second applications, the copper sulphate solutions can be 
used, remembering that, after the foliage is out, it is not well to use more 
ies one pound of the copper sulphate for two hundred and fifty gallons 
of water. 


~ 


320 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
RED RUST (Caeoma nitens, Schw.). 


Plantations of both blackberries and strawberries, particularly the for- 
mer, are often greatly injured by this disease. It appears upon the young 
stems, generally when they are about one half grown, and may extend to 
the petioles and ribs of the leaves. It lives in the tissues and finally bursts 
through the epidermis and scatters its numerous orange-colored spores. 
As a rule, the pustules are considerably elongated, following the furrows in 
the stems and branches. When the disease appears, the plant should at 
once be cut out and burned, and if much of the shoot is involved the entire 
stool should be sacrificed. The neighboring plants, and desirably the 
entire plantation, should then be sprayed with copper sulphate solution or 
Bordeaux mixture, to prevent the infection of other plants. In some cases 
this disease has been very destructive, ruining entire plantations, and every 
effort should be taken to prevent its spread. 


INSECTS OF THE RASPBERRY AND BLACKBERRY. 
THE TREE CRICKETS. 


These crickets weaken the canes con- 
siderably at times by making a longi- 
tudinal row of punctures filled with 

s, eggs for several inches down the canes. 
\\ * These eggs are long, cylindrical, curving 
| slightly, and 

ON look considera- 
bly like a grub, 
for which they 
Big 20 Males eid tennale a eer Peed Orickee lens eane SEL tu 

ig. 34.—Male an amuile of edepacre et; also & taken. They 
are laid in the 
fall and remain through the winter. The young crick- 
ets, instead of feeding on the canes in the spring, when 
they hatch from these eggs, leave the canes and feed 
on plant lice and succulent green food and fruits. 
Our most common species is CMcanthus fasciatus 
Fitch. 

There is no satisfactory remedy except to cut out and 
burn the canes containing eggs in the fall or early 
spring. Clean culture of the berry patch and borders is 
an excellent preventive. If these two points are 
observed, no extensive injury need be feared. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 321 


RED-NECKED AGRILUS (Agrilus ruficollis Fabr.) 


In pruning the raspberry 
canes, one will often ob- 
serve a swelling of the cane 
for an inch or two. The 
swelling is apt to be cracked 
and roughened, manifesting 
an unhealthy growth. This 
gall has been termed the 

“ee raspberry gouty gall. Itis' 

Fig. 35.—Red Necked Agrilus: produced by a small white 
Re lBEety Cy AMEE O. grub that works in the cane 
under the bark. The borer 
matures in early spring, transforms to a pupa in the pith 
of the cane, and in June comes forth as a beetle to deposit 
eggs on other canes for a following generation that will 
mature the next year. The beetles work more extensively 

on wild than cultivated raspberries. 
Remedy.—Cut out and burn the galls before June. 


THE RASPBERRY SAW-FLY (Monophadnus rubri Harr.). 


For the past year or two, reports have come to us of 
this saw-fly stripping whole patches of bushes often of 
several acres in extent. Every yeara few are seen on the 
college patches, but no harm has been done. They 
are a green, hairy slug working on the under side of the leaf and resem- 
bling it so closely that one must look carefully to detect them. They cut 
irregular holes in the leaf, often nearly perforating it, but when nearly 
grown and now measuring over half an inch in length, they may often be 
found feeding on the edge of the leaf. There is but one brood each year, 
so by the end of June the larve leave the bushes and enter the ground 
where they transform and appear as a four-winged fly the following 
spring to again lay eggs for another brood. 

Remedy.—Spray with hellebore or the arsenites, striking the under side 
of the leaves as much as possible. 


DISEASES OF THE GOOSEBERRY. 


THE POWDERY MILDEW (Spha@rotheca Mors-uve, {[Schw.] B. and C.) 


Although the European varieties are particularly subject to this disease, 
it frequently appears upon those of American origin. While they grow 
luxuriantly in England and in many parts of continental Europe, the cool, 
moist climate being particularly favorable for them, the European goose- 
berries suffer a serious check in our hot, dry summers and are quite likely 
to be attacked by powdery mildew, which, as previously stated, like all 
others of its class, luxuriates in a warm, dry atmosphere. 


41 


322 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


In a general way, the descriptions that have been given of the other 
powdery mildews will apply to this one. It appears early in the sea- 
son upon the young leaves and tender shoots, and has at first a cob- 
webby appearance, but, when the spores have formed, it has a white, pow- 
dery look and later on becomes brownish, owing to the presence of the 
dark-colored, winter spore coverings. The growth is checked and in severe 
cases the leaves drop off, leaving the bare stems. The action of the fungus 
upon the fruit is to check the growth of the portion attacked, and cause it 
to become misshapen. In many localities it has been useless to attempt the 
cultivation of the European varieties on account of this disease. Attempts 
have been made to grow them under conditions similar to those to which 
they are accustomed, by planting in deep, rich, moist soil, and mulching 
the plants. Others find them fairly successful on the north side of a 
fence or building. The use of sulphur was also tried and seemed to have 
a good effect, but within the past five years a better remedy has been found 
in liver of sulphur (sulphide of potassium). While Bordeaux mixture 
is even more effectual and is preferable on account of its sticking quali- 
ties for use early in the spring, it is better to use the potassium sulphide 
or weak copper sulphate solution after the fruit is half grown, as it will not 
spot the fruit. To keep the European sorts free from mildew, it is well to 
spray the plants once in from two to four weeks from the time the leaves 
come out until the middle of August. The longer time will answer if 
insects or mildew do not appear, but, whenever it manifests its presence, 
the fungicide should be applied at once, together with Paris green or 
pyrethrum according to the season, if worms trouble. 

While mildew is the most troublesome of the diseases of the gooseberry, 
it is sometimes seriously injured by several “ leaf-spot” diseases, which 
will be described as affecting the currant, and the rust (Acidiwm 
Grossularie, Schum.). As arule, the treatment recommended for mildew 
will suffice for the others. 


DISEASES OF THE CURRANT. 


Frequently the foliage drops from currant plants during the summer, 
owing to the presence of fungi, of which: the most comman are the s0- 
called spot diseases (Septoria ribis and Cercospora angulata, Winter). 

These differ but slightly from the other spot diseases and cause small, 
brown spots to show on the leaves during June and July, and, the tissues 
being destroyed, the affected portion drops out. In several ways the spots 
caused by these diseases bear some resemblance to the strawberry leaf- 
blight and may in time be referred to the same genus. 

In sections where this disease is troublesome, the spraying of the plants 
should not be neglected. By the use of two or three applications the 
leaves can be retained upon the plants throughout the season. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 323 


CURRANT AND GOOSEBERRY INSECTS. 


THE CURRANT SAW-ELY (Nematus ribesii Scop.). 


This imported currant worm has been a pest among us so long and is so 
well known that it needs no introduction. The imago of this insect is not 
so well known and a cut of the male and female is given. Two broods of 
this saw-fly appear each year, but the most destructive oné comes early, 
when the flies will be very noticeable around the bushes in the warmer 
part of the day. When the leaves are unfolding the little white eggs are ' 


Fig. 86.— Currant Slugs and the Saw-Flies to which they change. 


laid along the midrib of the leaves, and from these eggs the young slugs 
will soon appear. While they are still very young is the time to treat 
them with a spray of Paris green. If thoroughly treated at this time and 
heavy rains do not appear too soon, the currant slug will not injure the 
bushes again through the season. If another spraying is needed when 
the fruit is nearly ripe, hellebore can then be used. The currant worms 
hatch first, and are thickest, low down in the center of the bush, and 
care should be taken to spray thoroughly in that part. 


CURRANT BORERS. 


There are at least three species of borer that work in the canes of the 
currant and if not interfered with will ultimately kill the bushes. In early 
summer the eggs are laid singly near buds, and the young borer 
works through the bud 
into the pith of the cane 
where it feeds until late 
fall or early spring when 
it changes to a pupa and 
later appears as the 


Fig. 37.—Imported Currant Borer, Fig. 88.—American)Currant Bor- jmaoo 
Sesia tipuliformis Linn., in lar- er, Psenocerus supernotatus eer 
va, pupa, and imago stages. | Say. 


324 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Remedy.—The remedy is the same for all three of the borers. The 
dead and injured canes can be told as soon as the buds are opening and 
should at this time be cut out and burned. This will destroy the borer 
before it can mature and escape. 


THE SPAN-WORM (Eyfitchia ribearia Fitch). 


The span, or looping caterpillar of 
the currant and gooseberry, when it 
appears in a locality, is usually quite 
destructive by very quickly stripping 
the bushes of their leaves. The cut 
shows the caterpillar, natural size, in 
a few of the many attitudes which 
\\ it assumes, and represents it so well 
<\S that no description is needed. There 

is only one brood in a year and this 


Fig. 39.—Currant Span-Worm; 1 and 2 represent Fig. 40.—Currant Span-Worm Moth, 
the looping caterpillars ; 3, the pupa. 


The remedy is Paris green when it can be used without poisoning the 
fruit, otherwise hellebore. 


THE YELLOW-LINED CURRANT BUG (Pecilocapsus lineatus Fabr.). 


The injury done by this bug is in 
puncturing the young leaves so that 
little brown blotches appear and 
later, when these spots become more 
plentiful, the leaves will wither and 
drop off. The bug is quick and active 
and when approached dodges to the 
other side of the leaf or drops to 
the ground. The line at the right 
of the drawing shows the natural 
size of the bug. 

Remedy.—Spray with kerosene 
emulsion. 


Fig. 41.—Yellow Lined Currant Bug. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 325 


INSECTS OF THE CABBAGE. 


The cabbage is a great sufferer from insect attacks. From the time 
the plants are large enough to transplant until they are harvested, 
they are beset with numerous insect pests. The earliest species to attack 
cabbages is 


THH CABBAGE FLEA BEETLE (Phyllotreta vittata Fabr.). 


Not only young cabbages, but turnips, radishes, tomatoes, 
and many other plants suffer from the work of this pest. 
The minute shining black beetles, with two wavy white 
lines above, are shy and will leap a long distance on 

i being approached. They gnaw little holes in the leaves 
Fig 42.—Cabbage and Of the young plants and later the larvee feed on the roots. 
Turnip Flea Beetle. There are several broods, but the first one does the harm. 

Remedies.—Lime or land plaster dusted over the plants is a very good 
protection. Tobacco as a dust or a decoction is generally considered more 
effectual. 


THE CABBAGE-ROOT MAGGOT (Phorbia brassice Bouche). 


The cabbage-root maggot is a diffi- 
cult pest to manage, as its work is 
usually at an end before the cab- 
bage shows any outward signs of 
its work, and then a remedy comes 
too late. The roots are so badly 
eaten and perforated that the cab- 
bage plant soon dies. On pulling 
the wilted plant, the most of the 
root will be found to have been 
eaten and the remainder often in 
Be eee ee eget  naeeot naturel. a decaying eondition.” Oceasion- 

ally a little white maggot, less 
than one fifth of an inch long, will be found in digging up an affected 
plant. Usually by the time a plant has reached this stage, the maggots 
have burrowed a short distance away from the root and will be found as 
pup resembling, somewhat, a little oblong brown seed. The paupa later 
changes to a fly that is much like our common house-fly. The first brood 
of maggots, that attack the cabbage roots in the latter part of May or 
early in June, is the most destructive one, but young cabbages put out in 
early June also suffer from an attack by the second brood. The life of a 
maggot is from three to four weeks. 

The best means to protect from the maggot is to plant cabbages and 
radishes in a new place each year, as far removed from the ground on 
which they were raised the preceding year as possible. The most success- 
ful remedy that we have yet found is an emulsion made either from crude 
carbolic acid or from kerosene. A quantity of this emulsion, prepared 
according to directions given under “ Insecticides,” is poured around each 
plant sufficient to wet the routs at about the time the maggots are expected 
to appear, or even immediately upon the first appearance of injury. Mr. 


326 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Slingerland of the New York experiment station has studied the cabbage 
maggot extensively and he favors the carbolic acid to the kerosene 
emulsion. He also had good success with bisulphide of carbon by put- 
ting it around the roots with a McGowen injector. Prof. Cook had very 
poor success with the bisulphide of carbon in light or sandy soil, but in 
clay it worked well. 


“THE CABBAGE WORM” (Pieris rape Linn.). 


The adult of this common caterpillar is a 
white butterfly (Fig. 44). The female lays 
her small yellowish eggs on the cabbage 
leaves, and they soon hatch into the green, 
velvety caterpillar that makes such havoc 
with the cabbages the rest of the season. 
MI af SYS There are at least two broods, but they are 
; Gj tf > WAYS? so irregular that there seems to be only one 
$ ; continuous brood. Although there is a 
disease that kills many, and many more 
are killed by predacious insects and parasites, yet we can never rely wholly 
upon them to keep the cabbage worms in subjection. It is encouraging 
to know that in large cabbage fields this caterpillar is not common enough 
todo much harm. The farmer who raises a few for his own use is the one 
who must fight them if he secures cabbages worthy the name. Many per- 
fectly absurd remedies are in use for this pest. There are also many prac- 
tical ones, the most common of which are the arsenites, pyrethrum, kero- 
sene emulsion, and hot water. For a farmer with only a few cabbages in 
his garden near the house, my preference is the last one. The cabbage 
will endure water almost boiling, to within 50 degrees at least, while the 
caterpillars are killed by water above 130 degrees, giving a range of tem- 
perature of 50 degrees or more, inside of which one can surely guess near 
enough. It takes little time to heat a kettle of water, carry it to the gar- 
den and pour it over the cabbages, after which they will be clean, and 
left free from all powder and dirt. 


Fig. 44.-Cabbage Butterfly. 


THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR (Mamestra picta Harr.). 


Sometimes in the latter part 
of the season this yellow and 
black banded caterpillar be- 
comes plentiful enough on 
cabbages to need treatment. If 
- so, use the same remedy as for. 

—. the common cabbage worm. 


Fig. 45.—Zebra Caterpillar and Imago. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 327 


CABBAGE APHIS (Aphis brassice), 


Although not so destructive to cabbages as the cabbage worm, the little 
downy green lice, that cover so many of the cabbages in the fall, are about 
as unpleasant a pest as we have, and they take a great deal of nutriment 
from the plants, too. Late in the fall eggs are laid on the cabbage leaves 
for the next year’s brood, and for this reason all refuse leaves and stumps 
should be burned, or gathered and fed to stock. This will greatly aid in 
reducing the number of lice for the next season. As a remedy, kerosene 
emulsion is the most effectual, but it must strike the lice on both upper 
and under side of the leaves, and wherever found, else many will escape. 


CABBAGE-LEAF MINER (Plutella cruciferarum Zoell.). 


Occasionally this leaf miner has proven harm- 
ful to cabbages, rutabagas, and similar cruciferous 
plants, by the young larve boring into the leaf 
between its upper and under surface and raising 
a blister by feeding on the substance of the leaf 
and making small dead spots before the larve 


mature. 
Remedies.—Paris green is recommended for the Tae 

miner, but I believe hot water, as advised for the pig. 44,—Moth of the Cabbage 

cabbage worm, will prove more effectual. Leaf Miner. 


INSECTS OF THE CUCUMBER AND SQUASH. 


THE STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (Diabrotica vittata Fabr.). 


If the only harm done by this insect was by 
the imago above ground, we could control 
its work much better, but the beetle lays its 
eggs at the base of the roots and the little 
white grubs resulting from them feed on the 
root all through their development. This often 
causes the plants to suddenly die without any 
apparent cause, but if the plant is pulled up, we 
will see that the root is badly gnawed or entirely 
eaten off. The same beetles are equally as harm- 
ful on melons and nearly as bad on squashes. 
There is also a plant disease that is 
carried by these striped beetles, and if . 
we can keep them from the plants we 
in a large measure prevent this disease 
from its attack. The disease makes 
its appearance when the plants are 
large and beginning to run, and they die as suddenly and unexpectedly as 
does the squash from the same disease. 

Remedies. —Carbolized lime or tobacco dust are either one very good in 
protecting these plants, provided, we dust the plants before the beetles 


Fig. 47.—Striped Cacaumber Beetle and Larvee. 


328 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


have gotten a taste, and provided we apply often enough to keep the plants 
well covered. Where one has only a few plants, a very sure protection is 
to cover them as soon as the beetles appear, with a box or frame that is 
covered with netting, so as to exclude them from the plante but admit the 
sunlight. 


SQUASH VINE BORER (Melittia ceto Westw.). 


Many reports of injury to the squash by the borer have reached us from 
various parts of the state. Nodoubt quite a percentage of this work is due 
to the disease spoken of under the striped cucumber beetle, yet we know 
that the borer is a dreaded pest in many localities around us. The borer 
is closely related to the peach-tree borer and works in the base of the stem 
and top of the root so that it and its work can readily be found if a plant 
dies and the borer kas been the cause of its death. 1 

Remedies.—If the larva is once inside the plant there is nothing that 
will save it except making a longitudinal cut in the stem and digging the 
larva out. The moth lays its eggs at the base of the plant soon after it is 
up, or at least before it has run far. Some have had good success in spray- 
ing the stems occasionally with Paris green at this time. The moth very 
often deposits her eggs on the under or protected side of the plant, so care 
must be used to apply the poison there also. Lime should be used as the 
vines are easily injured by the arsenites. The best remedy, so far as I 
know, is a repellant consisting of cobs, rags, or sticks dipped in coal tar 
every few days and placed in a little row around the hills. The moth dis- 
likes the odor and will not deposit her eggs on the surrounded plants. 
Planting summer squashes among the late varieties and then burning the 
early plants is a good protection for the late plants. No borers have yet 
been found in the state to my knowledge, but many supposed cases have 
proven to be thedisease communicated by the striped cucumber Beetle. 
For treatment of this disease, see “ Striped Cucumber Beetle.” 


SQUASH BUG. (Anasa tristis De G.). 


To growers of the squash this large brown stink-bug is far 
from a welcome guest. It winters over as an adult under 
boards and in protected places, and with a hungry longing it 
watches for the appearance through the ground of the squash 
vines, that it may again feed and be satisfied. While suck- 
ing the sap it breeds extensively on the plants, as can be read- 
ily seen by the clusters of reddish-brown eggs on the leaves 
Fig 43. and later by the young bugs. 

Squash Bug. Remedy.—This is one of the few insects for which we can 
suggest no better remedy than catching by hand and killing. 
We can kill the eggs and young bugs with kerosene emulsion, but it is the 
old bugs early in the season that do the most harm, and these are affected 
but slightly by this remedy. Hot water will kill the plants much quicker 
than the bugs. It has been proven in many cases that much of the injury 
attributed to the bug has really been caused by some one of the hidden 
squash insects already spoken of or the squash vine disease. Care should 
therefore be taken to be sure what is doing the harm before treating. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 329 


DISEASE OF THE BEHAN. 
ANTHRACNOSE (Glaosporium lindemuthianum). 


The spots upon the pods, stems, and leaves of beans, particularly the 
wax-podded varieties, are commonly called “rust,” but are really due toa 
species of anthracnose. At first it shows as a reddish-brown spot, but the 
center soon becomes white, finally turning to a light brown. The spots 
enlarge and if sufficiently numerous several of them will grow together 
and cover a large part of the surface of the bean pod or leaf. 

Upon the pods the portion attacked soon sinks below the surface and 
the disease may spread to the beans themselves, causing them to shrivel. 

The disease is particularly troublesome in damp seasons, or when beans 
are grown in a low, moist place. If planted upon high well-drained soil, 
where there will be a current of air, the danger of injury will be lessened. 

The use of copper sulphate solution also seems to prevent the spread of 
the disease. It should be used very weak, not stronger than one pound to 
500 gallons of water, and will then do no harm, and with fairly favorable 
conditions will keep the beans practically free from disease. 


INSECTS OF THE PEA AND BEAN, 


PEA AND BEAN WEEYVILS. 


Although these insects belong to different species and always work in 
the seed of the one plant which the name indicates, yet their habits are 
, alike, and the same treatment will kill one as 
readily as the other. The eggs are deposited 
by the beetles on the outside of the pod and 
when they hatch the young grub, while yet 
very small, gnaws through the pod, into the 
young seed and there develops. The peas 
seldom contain more than one grub each, 
while a single bean may contain as high as 
twenty grubs. It is better not to plant 
a “ “buggy” peas or beans if it can be avoided, 
Fig. 40.—Pea Weevil. Bruchus pisi. even if the weevils are not alive in the seed. 
The germ is not usually destroyed by the weevils, but the seed is weakened 
by the loss of what has been eaten from it. 

Remedies.—Place in a tight jar and use bisulphide of carbon, or 
immerse in hot water for a few minutes, or place in an oven for a short 
time and bake them, being careful that the temperature is not much above 
145 degrees, Fahr. In separating “ buggy” from sound peas, drop into 
Hiatt when the “buggy” peas will float and the sound ones sink to the 

m. 


eH 


42, 


330 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


DISEASES OF THE TOMATO. 


This plant is attacked by a number of diseases, which are commonly 
known as rots of the fruit and blights of the leaves. The form of rot 
caused by the fungus Macrosporium solani is perhaps most troublesome. 
While other fungi are often found associated with it, the most common 
form of rot, which so often appears at the blossom end of the fruit, is 
attributed to it. While some varieties are more subject to the attack of 
this disease than others, it seems most likely to appear upon plants that 
have been subjected to some kind of check, and for this reason it is per- 
haps most prevalent in hot, dry summers, although a cold, wet season 
seems to invite the development of the disease. 

It shows at the point attacked as a greenish-brown spot, which gradually 
enlarges and may involve a greater part of the fruit. The diseased por- 
tion seems to sink below the surface of the surrounding healthy parts and 
the cuticle may turn yellow and finally white. If conditions are favorable, 
a crop of olive-green spores will develop upon the diseased parts, by which 
the rot will be distributed. 

By the use of Bordeaux mixture soon after the fruits have set, repeating 
it once at the end of two or three weeks, and if the rot still persists apply- 
ing copper sulphate solution, the crop can be grown with but little danger 
from the rot. The frequent use of the cultivator, in dry seasons, will also 
lessen the check to the plants and the danger of attack by the fungus. 

While it is not certainly known that the use of fungicides will prevent 
the blighting of the leaves, it seems to have a good effect, and may be 
found desirable for the purpose. 


INSECTS OF THE TOMATO. 
THE TOMATO SPHINX. (Protoparce celeus Hbn.). 


The large green tomato worms frequently annoy people because of their 
great size and ugly appearance. They are perfectly harmless to handle, 
and because they are so readily noticed, picking them off by hand is the 
quickest and simplest remedy we can suggest. They are very hearty 
eaters and will quite often nearly strip the vines of their foliage. <A cut 
of the three stages in its life history will show the stages of transforma- 
tion of the sphinx. The pupa will often be plowed up when making 
sete in the spring. This jug-shape case should be destroyed when 

ound. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 331 


ae 
4 | nmwecntl aN R y 
we i ay et mm < WN 


Fig. 50.—The Tomato Sphinx, showing larva, pupa, and imago. 


332 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


SPRAYING MACHINERY. 


The treatment of orchards requires machinery adapted to the purpose, 
if it is to be performed profitably. While a small bucket pump will enable 
one to spray a few small trees in the home garden, it does not do satisfac- 
tory work in large orchards, and for this purpose some of the more power- 
ful barrel or tank pumps should be used. These should have large air 
chambers, which will enable them to throw even and continuous streams, 
and if the pump handle is geared to the wagon wheel extensive orchards 
can be sprayed very quickly and with but slight expense for labor. 

Frequent inquiries are received as to the best pump for orchard 
spraying, and to afford such information as is in our possession, upon this 
subject, we have concluded to insert illustrations and descriptions of some 
of the pumps and nozzles which we can recommend from our trials of 
them. The firms manufacturing them are some of the largest and best 
known in the country and will be found entirely reliable. The prices 
quoted are net for a single pump, but when three or more pumps are 
ordered at one time we have made arrangements with the firms by which 
a discount of fifteen to twenty-five per cent. will be given if the cash is 
sent with the order. If several farmers in a neighborhood club together 
and send in an order, from two to four dollars can be saved upon each 
pump. 

Among the latest candidates for public favor in the pump line are the 
Eclipse and Eureka spray pumps made by the Morrill & Morley Co. of 
Benton Harbor, Mich. The former pump is shown in Fig. 51. It is made 
in two styles. One has all its parts, except the handle, of brass, while the 
other has brass cylinder, piston, and valves, with the remaining parts of 
iron. The first style sells at retail for $20, while the latter costs but 
$10. As will be seen, this pump stands low down in the barrel, so that 
there is but slight danger of its tipping over. It is also at such a 
height that it can be readily worked. The valves and plunger being 
of solid brass, without rubber or leather packing, the inventors claim 
that it will be much more durable and that there will be none of the 
vexatious delays that are so common with many of the other pumps. 
Being immersed in the spraying material, there is no necessity for a stuff- 
ing-box, which is a necessary part of most of the other pumps, and which 
causes a considerable increase in the friction if tight, or allow the liquid to 
spurt out upon the man at the handle when loose. 

The power is applied at the downward stroke, making it easier than in 
most pumps, while the small rod from the end of the handle works an agi- 
tator, which is quite efficient in keeping the material in suspension. 

Another good feature of this pump is that the sliding plate which rests 
upon the top of the barrel allows the instant adjustment of the pump to any 
size of barrel or tank. While the brass pump is particularly desirable for 
the use of the clear solutions of copper sulphate, the heavy iron castings 
used in the combination pump will make it quite durable. 

The Eureka is similar to the combination Eclipse except that it has two 
cylinders, which together have the same capacity as the single cylinder of 
the Eclipse. It has no agitator and requires an equal power upon both 
strokes. A larger-size pump of the Eureka pattern has long brake han- 
dles and two agitators. It can throw two large or four small streams and 
is adapted to work in large orchards. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 333 


Both of the above pumps have been used in the station orchards and 
have given entire satisfaction. 

The Church Manufacturing Co. of Adrian, Mich., have recently placed 
on the market a barrel pump, which is similar, except in size, to their 
bucket pump, shown in Fig. 60. It has several of the desirable features 
of the Eclipse and Eureka pumps and for a cheap pump (the price being 
only $8) it has many things to commend it. 


Fig. 51.—Eclipse Spray Pump. 


The Bean—Chamberlain Co. of Hudson, Mich., also make an excellent 
line of pumps, that have been in use for many years in the orchards of 
California, where they have given excellent satisfaction. The better forms 
for orchard spraying are mounted upon a platform and are designed to be 
placed in a wagon with several barrels of water from which the water can 


334 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 


be drawn by means of a hose. They have a cylinder that is lined with 
porcelain, which gives it a wearing power and enables it to withstand the 
action of the fungicides. The piston has an adjustable and very durable 
rubber packing. The water is forced into the large air chamber and is 
forced out in a continuous stream by the compressed air. This air 
chamber is of riveted steel and is galvanized upon the inside. In the 
various sizes of pump, the air chamber varies in size from twenty to fifty 
inches in height and from two and one half to eight inches in diameter. 
The size known as No. 14 is suited to orchards of medium size and sells 
for about twenty dollars, including hose and nozzles. 

The Field Force Pump Company of Lockport, N. Y., were among the 
first to place spraying pumps upon the market. Their ‘Standard’ spraying 
outfit (pump, hose, and nozzle) costs with iron cylinder, plunger, etc., $8, 
and if brass $10. Their ‘ Perfection’ outfit is more powerful and the cost 
is $9.50 and $12 respectively. It has a long discharge hose and also a 
return hose for keeping the spraying materials in suspension. These 
pumps have their cylinders above the barrel and on this account are less . 
desirable than the Empire Spraying Pumps (Fig. 52) made by the same 
firm. 

The single Empire with suction pipe, return pipe (agitator), 10 ft. of 

a discharge pipe, graduating spray 
nozzle, and with iron cylinder, 
A\\( W, plunger, and rod costs $8, or $10 with 

NI? brass cylinder, plunger rod, and valve- 
rig! ; ts seat. The double Empire (Fig. 52) 
is \\ is heavier, with a larger air chamber, 
j | ’ \ etc., and has two discharge pipes 
/ x and Vermorel nozzles. The price of 
this pump is $10 and $12.50 respect- 
ively for iron and brass cylinders, 
etc. As will be seen from the illus- 
| tration, these pumps have their air 
1 chambers within the barrels, thus 
| doing away with the objection urged 
against the ‘Standard’ and ‘ Per- 
fection’ outfits. They also have 
quite a long handle and are sup- 
plied with brass strainers over the 
suction pipes. The Field pumps 
ase leather valves and have stuffing- 
boxes. 

—— The Gould Manufacturing Com- 

Fig. 52.—Empire Spray Pump. pany of Seneca Falls, N. Y., are also 
well and favorably known. They make the ‘Standard’ Double Acting 
spray pump with brass-cased plunger and brass-lined cylinder which they 
furnish as shown in the cut (Fig. 53) with suction pipe and two discharge 
pipes with nozzles, for $16.50, or with one discharge hose and nozzle for 
$13.50. This is a very powerful pump, and as it is arranged to be fitted to 
the side of a barrel there is less necessity for having the cylinder inside. 
This pump is also made without the air chamber shown in the illustration, 
for one dollar less than the above prices. It, however, has a hollow 
plunger which to a certain extent serves as an air chamber. In a general 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 335 


way the Gould pumps resemble those of the Field Company in their 
construction 

The Nixon Nozzle and Machine Company of Dayton, Ohio, manufac- 
ture the Climax spraying machinery. Their pumps are light but strong 
and well made. Their Climax Tripod pump (Fig. 54), has brass working 
parts. The No. 2 has one and one half inch cylinder with four feet of suc- 
tion hose, twelve and one half feet of discharge hose, and two Climax 
nozzles. No. 3 has a two inch cylinder, suction hose, two lengths of dis- 
charge hose, and four nozzles. They are supported upon a pipe tripod. 


Fig. 53.—Gould Spray Pomp. 


The cost is $15 and $20 respectively. Hither of the above pumps can be 
fastened to a barrel if desired, and an automatic agitator as shown in Fig. 
55 can be added at an expense of one dollar. 

For orchard spraying when the number of trees is not large, any of the 
above pumps can be fastened to a barrel and by placing this in a wagon, 
or on a stone-boat, the material can be readily hauled from tree to tree. 
For the spraying of grapes, raspberries, and other small fruits, the truck 
shown in Fig. 56 is a great convenience. The truck itself is well worth 
having as, when not in use for hauling the barrel, a cart body can be 
substituted for the latter and a very handy cart can thus be made. These 
trucks are sold both by the Field Company and by the Lansing Wheel- 
barrow Works. 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


336 


Fig. 55.—Nixon Climax Pump with agitator. 


Fig. 54.—Climax Tripod Pump. 


Fig. 56.—Barrel Truck for Spraying. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 337 


Fig. 57.—Victor Spraying Machine. 


When one has large orchards, it is 
desirable to have some means of carry- 
ing a larger quantity of water than can 
be taken ina barrel. For this purpose 
we have mounted a tank that holds 
twelve barrels upon a wagon gear, and 
by using a double acting pump that can 
be geared to the wheels by means of 
sprocket wheels and an endless chain, 
have been able to get over a large num- 
ber of trees ina day. We have known 
of others who have placed several barrels 
in a wagon, and by connecting them by 
pipes have thus been able to increase the rapidity of spraying. 

Nearly all of the manufacturers of spraying machinery can furnish 
spraying carts. Theseare generally two-wheeled affairs to be drawn by 
one horse, with either a square or round tank. The pump is geared to the 
wheels by means of a sprocket wheel and endless chain. 

43 


H 


—— 


Fig, 58.—Nixon Spraying Cart. 


338 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


In Fig. 57 is shown the Victor 
spraying machine made by the 
Field Pump Co., while the one fur- 
nished by the Nixon Co. is shown 
in Fig. 58. As will be seen from 
the illustrations, either of these 
machines can be used for the spray- 
ing of potatoes, strawberries, and 
other low plants as well as orchard 
trees. 


BUCKET PUMPS. 


When one has only a few trees 
or plants in one’s garden, some of 
the so-called bucket or hand pumps 
will be found to do very good 
work. One of the best of these is 
made by the F. J. Myers & Bro., 
Ashland, Ohio. (Fig. 59.) It is 
simple in construction and quite 
strong and durable, so that it is 
not likely to get out of order. Its 
air-chamber capacity is ample and 
it throws a steady and powerful 
stream. 

For use in a small garden or 
orchard, or about the house and 
stable, one of the most satisfac- 
tory pumps that we have seen is 
made by the Church Manufactur- 
ing Co. of Adrian. It works very 
easily and by means of its large 
air chamber (Fig. 60) throws a 
regular stream. 

The Deming Co. of Salem, Ohio, also make an excellent bucket pump 
known as the “Success.” Among the other manufacturers of bucket 
pumps are the firms mentioned above as manufacturers of orchard pumps, 
and Wm. Stahl, Quincy, IIl., P. C. Lewis, Catskill, N. Y.,and W.& B. 
Douglass, Middletown, Conn. 


NOZZLES. 


Fully as much depends upon the nozzle as on the pump, if one would 
spray successfully. The ideal nozzle is one that is not easily clogged and 
which if it does become stopped up can be readily freed from obstructions; 
for orchard trees it is desirable that it should throw a thin, fan-shape 
spray, while for bush fruits it is better if in the form of a fine mist. If 
possible it should be readily adjustable for either kind of work, and while 
not likely to get out of order, it should be so constructed that it can be 
readily taken apart. For orchard spraying, the McGowen nozzle, manu- 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 339 


factured by J. J. McGowen of Ithaca, N. Y., satisfies the above conditions. 
It has a plunger that is adjusted by a set screw and controlled by a stiff 
steel spring; if in any way the orifice becomes clogged, the force of the 
water will push out the plunger against the spring, thus allowing the 
obstruction to pass out through the full-size opening. The size and char- 
acter of the stream can also be varied at will. The price of this nozzle is 


two dollars. 


Fig. 61.—The Nixon Nozzle. 


ae 


tl | 


= 


af 


Fig. 59.—Myers’ Backet Pump. 


The Nixon nozzle (Fig. 61) consists of 
three parts, of which No. 2 is a nipple 
with a small perforation at the end, 
through which a solid stream is thrown, 
which finally breaks into a fine spray. 
The cap (No. 3) screws on over the end of 
the nipple, and has its end covered with 
fine brass netting which breaks up the 
stream into a mist-like spray. This nozzle 
does excellent work on low trees and on 
bush plants, but it is hardly satisfactory 
for use upon trees so tall that they can not 
be reached with the spray through the 
netting. Another objection to this nozzle 
is that it is likely to clog, and yet, as stated 
above, for many purposes it is an excel- 
lent nozzle. It retails for one dollar. 


340 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The so-called Vermorel nozzle (Fig. 62), as made by the Gould Company 
and others, is constructed on the same principle as the old Cyclone nozzle, 
with the addition of a degorger by which any small obstruction can be 


Fig. 64.—Boss Nozzle. 


-» It is an excellent nozzle 


Fig. 62. Vermorel Nozzle. 


removed from the orifice. 


for Bordeaux mixture in 
particular, when small . 
plants are to be sprayed, ~ 
as its spray can only be 
equaled by that of the 
Nixon. 

The Graduating Spray 
nozzle has been much 
used, and can be readily 
adjusted to throw either 
a solid stream or almost 
any kind of spray. Its 
principal objection is 
that it readily clogs, and 
although by the remoy- 
ing of a screw it can be 
taken apart and_ the 
obstruction removed, it 
often causes a consider- _ Bae 
able delay, especially if ¥%8-6-—Graduating Nozzle. 
a geared machine is used, as the hose may 
burst. Another objection to this nozzle, 
especially when small plants are to be 
sprayed, is that it is wasteful of material. 

The Boss nozzle was one of the first 
|, brought out and is still much used. It is 

') shown in Fig. 64, 

F. E. Myers & Bro. make a very ingen- 
ious nozzle, which can be adjusted at will 
to throw any kind of spray. The stream 
leaves the nozzle through a small, round 
hole and is thrown against a projecting 
portion of the nozzle, at any desired angle, 
and in this way the character of the spray 
can be varied. If the nozzle becomes 
clogged it can be freed from the obstruc- 
tion in asimple manner. It is called the 
Bordeaux nozzle. 

One of the best of the new nozzles for 
almost any kind of spraying is a modifica- 
tion of the Vermorel, made by the Bean- 
Chamberlain Company. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 341 


Instead of having a movable degorger, spray SPRINKLER 
this nozzle has the degorger stationary = 
and the obstruction is removed by pressing 
the end of the nozzle against a branch of a 
tree or some other object, and slipping it back 
against the degorger. 

When using the nozzle at the end of an 
extension this makes the removal of the 
obstruction much simpler than in the old way. 

The Myers Bros. also make a nozzle, shown 
in Fig. 65, which works well with solutions — 
that are not likely to clog. Fig. 65. Myers Bros,’ Nozzle. 

PIPE EXTENSIONS. 


WW 
Even when spraying low plants it is desirable to WY 
have at the end of the hose a short rod with the 
nozzle at one end and ashut-off valve at the other by 
which the stream can be cut off while passing from 
plant to plant, and whenever it may be desirable to 
stop spraying for a moment. In this way the 
material will be saved and the air pressure will be 
maintained so that there will be no loss of time 
when spraying is resumed. 

A similar arrangement is particularly desirable 
when spraying tall trees, as,in addition to the 
advantages mentioned above, by the use of a long 
piece of gas pipe with a valve at one end and the 
nozzle at the other, a fine spray can be carried to 
the top of the highest orchard trees. 

In Fig. 66 will be seen a short lance, with a 
» degorger for the removal of obstructions from a 
Vermorel nozzle,made by the Gould Manufacturing 
Co., which is very useful upon low plants. A pipe 
extension in two lengths, one or both of which can 
be used as is desired, made by F. E. Myers & Bro., 
is figured in Fig. 67. For the best work it should 
Pipe’ have a shut-off at the lower end. Better even than 
extension. the gas pipe is the bamboo extension, which can 
be obtained in any length up to ten or twelve feet. 


KNAPSACK PUMPS. 


Fig. 66. 


The so-called knapsack 
pump consists of a copper 
tank holding four or five 
gallons, arranged with 
straps so that it can be 
attached to the back. The 
pump and air chamber are 
inside the tank. The at- 
tachment of the handle and 
hose are shown in Fig. 68 
which illustrates the Eclipse 

-“ Knapsack sold by the Mor- 
. 68. Knapsack Pump. rill & Morley Co. 


Fig. 67, Long Pipe Extension. 


342 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


12 


OWDER GUNS. 


For the application of insecticides in a powder form some of the 
powder guns can often be used to advantage. Of these one of the best 


known is Leggett’s powder gu 


2 f oO Ql S 

x h 
( ail ONT Sa: = "7s LOOP. ©) 
Ill PIECE, Sa) on CAN 


Fig. 69.—Leggett’s Powder Gun. 


n, manufactured by Leggett & Co., New 
York, which is sold by most seedsmen. As 
shown in Fig. 69, it is provided with a 
number of attachments adapting it to use 


, witha variety of plants. When carefully 


handled it will do good work, but it some- 
times troubles by the breaking of the 
agitator, owing to the packing of the 
powder. The Comet powder gun, made in 
New Haven, Conn., is constructed upon 
similar principles and has given even 
better satisfaction as used here. 

Very simple contrivances are often used 
for application of the powder which do 
good work. It may be placed in coarse 
sacking or in muslin, but a more common 
form of powder distributor is the tin pail 
with a finely perforated bottom. If these 
are shaken over the plants, a fairly even 


distribution of the powder will be made, but it will not be applied as 


rapidly as with a powder gun. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. . 343 


MANAGEMENT OF SWAMPS. 


MUCK AND MARL. 


R. C. KEDZIE. 


Bulletin No. 115. 


The large number of muck swamps and deposits of marl in Michigen, 
and the numerous letters asking for information about the treatment of 
these materials, seem to justify a bulletin on this subject. 

Swamp muck is formed by the imperfect decomposition of vegetable 
matter, consisting of the more or less decomposed remains of marshy 
plants, together with the materials which have been blown in or washed 
in from the surrounding land. These materials when covered by stagnant 
water undergo a slow and incomplete decomposition, forming what is 
known as peat in Europe and muck in America. In cool and moist 
climates it is more abundant than in warm and dry climates where vege- 
table decomposition is more rapid. It is more common in the central and 
northern parts of this state than in the southern counties. 


KINDS OF MUCK. 


There are two varieties of muck, which differ in their properties and 
uses, 

1. Powdery muck, found on the surface of the muck bed, which is of 
a deep brown color, does not stick to the fingers, has no acid property, 
and closely resembles the mould or organic matter of the soil. If pressed 
upon moist blue-litmus paper it does not redden the paper, thus showing 
the absence of acids. 

2. Under this superficial layer of powdery muck is a variable depth of 
a nearly black, sticky, adhesive mass that cuts like cheese and soils the 
fingers when handled. It is usually quite acid, and when a slip of blue- 
litmus paper is pressed against it for a time the paper is reddened, reveal- 
ing the presence of an acid. This cheesy muck contains a large amount 
of water, from 50 to 80 per cent., and if rapidly dried it shrinks and 
cracks and forms a peaty mass that is fit only for the fire. This is the 
coaly humus of European writers and is as useless for the land as so much 
stone coal. It may remain for years a useless encumbrance on the 
ground. 


344 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
INFLUENCE OF FROST AND WEATHER. 


If this muck is thrown up into long piles or windrows in the fall and 
left to the action of frost and weather during the winter, it will break 
down into a soft, crumbly mass, like the powery muck found on the sur- 
face of the swamp, will have lost its acid property and much of its water. 
Six months’ weathering in sharp winter weather will change its character 
almost entirely and fit it for use on the land without fear of forming use- 
less lumpy masses. The evaporation of its water will save about half the 
cost of moving it to the field. 


COMPOSITION OF MUCK. 


Besides a variable amount of water, muck contains an organic or com- 
bustible material, a quantity of ash, and an uncertain amount of soil 
carried into the swamp by wind and water. The ash consists of carbon- 
ates of lime, magnesia, and potash, sulphate and phosphate of lime, and 
oxide of iron; or the usual ash materials found in vegetable matter. 

The organic matter of muck consists for a large part of a mixture of 
organic acids, and is distinguished from the relatively large amount of 
combined nitrogen it contains, from one to two and one half per cent. A 
part exists as ammonia in combination, which may be set free by heating 
the muck with caustic potash or lime, but the greater part is inert or 
inactive. It is a great problem in agriculture how to make this inactive 
nitrogen of muck and of the humus in the soil active and available for 
the use of plants. In part this is effected by the action of alkaline sub- 
stances to promote decomposition, such as wood ashes, caustic lime, etc., 
and by promoting the process of nitrification to bring the inert nitrogen 
into the soluble and active form of nitrates. 


USES OF MUCK. 


The uses of muck on the farm may be comprised under two heads. 

1. To be applied to other lands as manure. 

2. The reclaiming of a swamp and converting it into a field for raising 
usual farm crops or special crops like celery and cranberries. 


I. MUCK AS MANURE. 


The powdery muck found on the surface of muck beds, or the cheesy 
muck made powdery by the action of frost and weathering, and free from 
acid property, may be applied to any soil deficient in organic matter, and 
be worked into the soil with benefit. The material may be made more 
active and beneficial by mixing with each ton of the dry muck two bushels 
of wood ashes or slaked lime. The muck is especially valuable for mak- 
ing compost with fresh stable manure, using equal parts of muck and 
manure. Even offensive material, such as night-soil, the manure from 
the hog-pen, and putrid animal remains may be deprived of all offensive 
properties by mixing with muck. But in no case should the cheesy muck 
be used either for direct application to the Jand or for composting. Let 
frost and weathering break down and sweeten this muck before using. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 345 
II, RECLAIMING A MUCK SWAMP. 


Serious mistakes have been made by the attempt to break up and culti- 
vate a muck bed and putting in ordinary farm crops. The first step in 
reclaiming such swamp is to thoroughly drain it to the depth of three feet, 
removing surplus water and causing the muck to settle and consolidate, 
changing its spongy texture and making a firm soil. In this way it 
becomes capable of holding moisture, and loses its ‘‘frostiness’’ by becom- 
ing a better conductor of heat from the subsoil. This drainage and con- 
solidation of mucky lands are necessary conditions for reclaiming and pre- 
paring for successful cultivation. The evidence of improvement is seen 
in the settling of the soil, the gradual disappearance of wild grasses and 
sedges, and the appearance of boneset and red-top and June grass. These 
changes are promoted by a top dressing of wood ashes; even leached ashes 
if applied in liberal doses will make a great improvement. Sometimes by 
sowing seed of red-top on the surface of such consolidated swamp, and 
lightly scatching it in with a light harrow, a good meadow may be secured, 
giving a fair crop of hay for a number of years. 

When it is decided to plow up a partially reclaimed muck swamp, this 
should be done late in the fall, and only a thin slice of the cheesy muck 
brought to the surface; thirty bushels of slaked lime should be scattered 
over each acre and this incorporated with the soil by harrowing. 


KIND OF CROP. 


It is a matter of importance what kind of crop to raise on such land at 
the outset. The truck crops, cabbages, onions, white turnips, and potatoes 
usually succeed well; also beets and mangols; corn often does well, but 
oats and wheat often give a large growth of straw but very small crop of 
grain. The hay crop—timothy and red-top—often gives large returns, 
and some farmers have grown rich by raising timothy hay on reclaimed 
tamarack swamps. The meadow often prepares the ground for grain 
crops. If the muck is not very deep, the time required for bringing such 
soils into condition for raising rain is muchshorter. In fact, the applica- 
tion of one or two inches of any kind of soil to the surface of a muck 
swamp will greatly increase its productive capacity. 

Special crops, such as celery, cranberries, and peppermint have given 
the largest profit in muck farming. I have no experience in these special 
crops and must refer inquirers to those who devote special attention to 
these crops. One fact has aroused my attention, viz.: that peppermint 
farmers place little value on their peppermint hay or the material remain- 
ing after the peppermint oil has been distilled, whereas, analysis of 
peppermint hay shows it is nearly as valuable as timothy for stock food. 


MARL. 


The term mar! is applied in this state to a whitish deposit found at the 
bottom of shallow lakes and ponds and often in a layer below the muck in 
many swamps. There are numerous deposits of this material in this state, 
and it differs so much in appearance from the neighboring soil that many 
farmers have sent specimens to the college to ‘‘find out what it is and 

44 


346 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


what it is good for.’’ The effort will be made to answer these questions 
in this bulletin. 

The whitish deposits found in the bottom of shallow lakes and ponds, 
in a loose form which readily mixes up with the water to form a mushy 
mass; and the more solid and chalky masses found at the bottom of muck 
beds, sometimes like putty in texture while wet, but becoming crumbly 
like chalk when dry, and often containing small shells, are marl. 


* COMPOSITION. 


The marls found in this state consist of carbonates of lime and mag- 
nesia, oxide of iron, organic matter, and variable quantities of sand and 
clay. The most abundant and valuable material is carbonate of lime. 
The marl often contains small quantities of potash and soda, and occa- 
sionally phosphate of lime. These add to the value of the marl as 
manure, and a marl in Otsego county that contained one and a half per 
cent. of phosphate of lime was found to greatly promote the growth of 
crops when liberally applied to the soil. 


TESTING MARL. 


The essential material in marl is the carbonate of lime, with a less 
amount of carbonate of mangesia. When any strong acid is poured over 
marl, the carbonates are decomposed and the mixture will foam up, the 
same as a mixture of cooking soda and vinegar, the effervescence being 
caused by the escape of carbonicacid. If a material supposed to be marl is 
placed in a strong acid and there is no foaming or effervescence, it shows 
the asbence of carbonates, and the material is not marl, but most probably 
is clay. 

A cheap and good method of testing marl is the following: Muriatic 
acid can be found in all drug stores, and it should be sold for not more 
than ten cents per pound, as its first cost is less than three cents. Poura 
fluid ounce (about a wineglassful) of this acid into a quart fruit jar, or 
Jarge bowl, and add two ounces of water; into this dilute acid pour a 
teaspoonful of the powdered marl, and notice the foaming. If it foams 
up briskly it is marl and probably of good quality. If it dissolves com- 
pletely it contains no foreign matter and is of excellent quality. 
If it contains any sand this will be seen at the bottom of the jar and easily 
recognized; if the marl contains clay or organic matter a gray scum will 
appear on the top of the foam, and when all chemical action has ceased, 
a cloudy mass or fine mud will gather at the sides of the jar or sink to the 
bottom. A small amount of clay will make a large showing of this muddy 
mass, and may thus mislead the farmer in regard to the value of his muck. 
A better estimate can be made by observing the amount of foaming. 

For testing mar! the muriatic acid, or nitric, is much better than sulphuric 
acid or oil of vitriol, because they form soluble salts, while sulphuric acid 
forms the insoluble sulphate of lime or gypsum. 

Where muriatic or nitric acid can not be obtained, strong vinegar may 
be used, putting a teaspoonful of the marl into a tumblerful of vinegar 
placed in the fruit jar without diluting it with water. This testing with 
acids should not be made in metallic vessels. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 347 


A popular test for distinguishing marl from clay may be made by plac- 
ing a lump of the material in a basin of water and leaving it undisturbed 
for atime. If it is marl it will crumble down into a loose mass, but if it 
is clay it will be little changed by the water. 


USES OF MARL. 


Mar! is sometimes found so pure that it may be burned for lime for the 
masons’ use where it can be got in solid masses fit for the lime kiln. But | 
for the farmer its main value is for a fertilizer (though the farmer’s wife 
may use it for scouring purposes in place of whiting if it is free from?sand 
and grit). When marl is found on or near the farm, it is the cheapest 
lime fertilizer he can use, as it costs nothing but the expense of moving. 
It approaches in composition the chalk of the English farmer, and like 
chalk it may be used lavishly without fear of injury as it is ‘‘mild lime,’’ 
and has no caustic properties like quick lime. 

' Lime is a necessary material in every fertile soil, and no crop can grow 
in its entire absence, and every crop removes some of the soil supply of 
lime. But the use of lime is not confined to furnishing the small amount 
removed by crops. A soil may have a relatively small amount of potash 
and yet raise good crops if lime is present in good supply. The soils of 
limestone regions are distinguished for their fertility. 

One of the good offices of marl is to promote nitrification or the convar- 
sion of the inert nitrogen of the humus in the soil into the active form of 
nitrates for the use of growing plants. Nitrate is the material commonly 
in greatest demand for crops on worn out and run down soils. This mild 
form of lime or carbonate is a great promoter of nitrification in soils con- 
taining a good supply of humus. A good dose of marl may thus increase 
the fertility of a soil for many years, but unless the supply of vegetable 
matter in the soil is kept up by farm yard manure, by green manuring, or 
some other way of supplying humus to the soil, the good effect of marl 
disappears aftera time. It isa significant fact that muck and marl are 
often found together in the immediate neighborhood of light and infertile 
soils. Muck and marl would make a good team for many a poor farm. 

Marl has a certain alkaline property and will neutralize the acids some- 
times found in poor soils and will decompose such salts as sulphate of 
iron, which will render any soil barren that contains one per cent. of the 
salt. Any soil to be fertile must be either neutral or alkaline, and every 
acid soil will fail to raise guod crops. The mild carbonate of lime found 
in marl will most cheaply and safely secure this prime condition of fertility. 


WEATHERING MARL. 


* As taken out of the lakes and marl beds, the marl contains a large 
amount of water, a useless load to transport. If the material is thrown up 
into heaps and exposed to the weather it breaks down into a loose mass 
containing much less water. This dryer and looser mass is then in good 
ae to be carried unto the fields and ready to be incorporated with 
the soil. 

One serious difficulty found in handling the marl found in shallow lakes 
is to get it on the land and in fit form for handling. As it lies in the 


348 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


water it has a consistency approaching putty, but when the attempt is 
made to shovel it into a boat to carry it to land it breaks up into a slimy 
mass and runs off the shovel or becomes a sticky mud in the boat and hard 
to unload. I found the marl in Grayling lake could be easier lifted with 
a dipper than by a shovel; a little disturbance of the marl in the water 
made it a semi-fluid mass very difficult to shovel. It then occurred to me 
that by a rotary pump the material could be lifted into a spout above the 
water and run upon the shore where the water would sink into the sand 
and leave the marl to dry and harden till it was fit for transportation. 
I had a pump rigged like the endless belt of a grain elevator, but the 
parties who had it in charge reported that the buckets did not empty 
themselves and the pump was a failure for that reason. I never had a 
chance to try it, but have thought that if the marl had been sufficiently 
stirred up with the water, a semi-fluid mass might have been secured that 
would empty out of the buckets and flow off by the gutter to the land. 
Perhaps some more ingenious person may yet solve the problem. 


KINDS OF SOIL BENEFITED BY MARL. 


The soils that receive the greater benefit by a dressing of marl are light, 
sandy soils having a fair supply of vegetable matter or humus. If there 
is very little humus the benefit is not so marked. The soils that run to 
moss and bunch grass need a good supply of marl. So also, where there 
is a large excess of vegetable matter, and decomposition is slow and linger- 
ing, as seen in many of the muck swamps, a dressing of 50 to 75 bushels 
per acre applied to the surface will do much to bring them into cultivation. 

To secure the best results from marling the material must be kept near 
the surface. This is one reason why marl! at the bottom of a muck bed 
does no good. 

The beneficial action of marl on stiff clay lands is much less than on 
sandy soils. If applied in such quantity as to change the physical quality 
of the soil, in doses of 80 to 50 tons to the acre, a permanant benefit is 
conferred upon such land. But one needs to count the cost before under- 
taking so expensive a job. 

Marl may be laid upon the land at any season, but the application in 
late fall or early winter, so as to secure the action of frost, will give better 
results. This is especially true of grass lands., For grain crops it may 
be applied at the time of seeding, or it may be plowed or harrowed in, 


as suits convenience, 
R. C. KEDZIE. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 349 


POTATOES. 


BY L. R. TAFT AND U. P. HEDRICK. 


Bulletin No. 119. 


Since the founding of the station, extensive experiments have been 
carried on with potatoes, the results of which have been annually placed 
before the readers of its bulletins. Of necessity the same ground 
is often gone over twice, and results of experiments that are not new are 
given. Among the reasons for their being presented again are that, toa 
large extent, new readers are reached each year; that the results of some 
experiments need to be emphasized by repetition; and because there is 
still a demand for information concerning the experiments, as is indicated 
by questions asked in farm papers, at fairs and institutes, and by 
correspondents. 

The reader who has the patience to consider with some care the tables 
found in the bulletin will find considerable there that is valuable; much of 
the data and a good many dry details are given, that he may be his own 
judge as to the value of the experiments and as to whether the results 
warrant positive conclusions. The potato crop, owing to the drouth, was 
a failure, but failures are often instructive. Thoughtful farmers can get 
something from them. 


TEST OF VARIETIES. 


The soil on which the variety tests of potatoes were made this year is a 
light clay loam, on which strawberries had been grown for two seasons. The 
ground was plowed in both fall and spring, and during the winter was 
fertilized with composted manure at the rate of twenty good loads per acre. 
Planting was done the last day of May and the first day of June, two 
pounds of each variety being planted in rows of twenty-two hills. They were 
given flat culture. The cultivator was kept going from the time the vines 
appeared above ground until the potatoes had set; even during the very 
dry weather the cultivator went through them once a week. Breed’s 
improved weeder was used for the first two workings, and the culture was 
very shallow throughout the season. 

The growing period was very favorable until the latter part of June, 
when the drouth, the worst in many years, began and lasted until the end 
of August. When the dry weather commenced the early potatoes were 
just forming, consequently a large proportion of them were very small. 
Many of the late potatoes did not begin to set until after the drouth ended, 
and had made but little growth when they were killed by the frost. In 
examining the tables these conditions must be remembered, and allowance 
made for them. 


350 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


TESTS OF VARIETIES. 


* eo - HO 
A o Yield. ee 
qd (S| o & 
(9) pes i?) 
= Lg a5 
Name. a ° a ire Remarks. 
a 43 Z oD ag 
© a= ® > x 3 |S'os 
g ed Oe = [ERC Hal joa SN sb eee ke 
a © CI 8 ° e |O Ew 
an) jes, |S mn A | races 
Acme Seedling __________-_- Aug. 30___| 21 | 61.6] 18.3 80 80 1 | Quality poor. 
Alexander’s Prolific._____- Sept. 4.__| 23 | 100.6} 6.6] 107% | 107 1 
American Wonder ________ Oct. 1_._| 20 | 133.8) 6.6 | 140 196 3 | A good variety. 
Bannock soi tata ce Nave 5° 1___| 22 | 128.3) 33.3 | 15624 | 203 6 | Not very desirable. 
Beauty of Hebron________- Sept. 17___| 22 | 116.6] 16.6 | 13344 |° 151 6 
BTN yet 30___| 23 | 160 16.6 | 166% | 139 3 | Tubers irregular. 
Bonanza es ee Seog eee i eOn| il 26-0n1 20 14625 | 125 4 | Tuber soft and flabby. 
Brownell’s Best...________- eee 20S 2S 20 2353) 20: 143% | 168 5 | Not desirable. 
Brownell’s Winner _______- Octe 122 45\7 2151533310 163% | 160 5 | Good appearance. 
Burbank 2 oes se eno eee Sept. 52251222: 15100 16.6 116% 144 2 
Burpee’s Extra Early ____- Aug. 30___| 23 | 103.3] 26.6 | 130 128 5 | Very small. 
(Carmanis of di. ee ae Oct. 1___| 22 | 106.6] 16.6 | 12334 | 123 1 | Very promising. 
Wayne aot eee Sept. 25___] 28 | 155 8.3 | 1634 123 3 
Chautauqua__.____._______- 2020) 11353) 6:65) 9120 181 4 | Skin roagh. 
Clark’ suNO, de. oe eee st ele ae 2a iptSoe5) el GeonitoO 196 7 | Promising. 
Wolossaliten gl ee 15222200) 13823) 826.601 160 160 1 | Too coarse. 
Columbian Rose __________ 6s 25.22) 22) | 166:6\| 20 18624 | 273 2 
Copper’ Mines 2 24222) 211) 153:8)| 13.8) 1663% || 201 6 | Reliable. 
Cream of the Field___ ___- Oct. 1___| 22 | 166.6] 16.6 | 183% | 186 4 , 
Cream (City 228 ree Aug. 27___| 21 | 93.8] 23.3 | 11634 | 115 8 | Poor yielder. 
Crown Jewell ____._______- Sept. 5___| 22 | 100 33.3 | 133% | 188 4 | A good potato. 
Cyclone: ss ses Ses ae CS OF 208 50 10 60 60 1 | Worthless this year. 
Dakota Red 2.22 ee 20222721) 180 6.6 | 18624 | 237 6 | Agood yielder but somewhat 
coarse, 
Harlysbiverittss- sess oso oe ~~ 10___| 20 } 126.6 | 16.6 143% 152 Hye | 
Marly Harvestaes- =. oft ‘© .12___] 22 | 126.6] 18.6 145% 160 6 | Reliable, 
Early Minnesota ___.._____ BY ell PAL VBESi | cb) 118% 183 4 
Harly, Norther) | na Aug. 27___| 22 | 126.6} 30 1562 | 179 2 | A good variety. 
Barly Oxfords) 22a Sept. 1.__| 22 | 140 26.6 | 1662g | 187 6 He of the best early varie- 
ies. 
Barly Pearls 7 9.2% 2 ‘ 2__.| 23 | 46.6) 23.8 70 185 5 
Ary IROSe ee ee ee SS 13224122, | 21823) ASS) T8tsce sass 5 
Early Six Weeks___________ Aug. 27___| 20 | 73.3 | 16.6 90 122 4 
Early Telephone____.______ Sept. 22___; 19 | 100 18.3 | 118% | 152 2 
Early Wisconsin __________ B20 2E 20 | 113-3) 166s | ale 109 3 
LOCO oysyey se a SE ES UGS ee POY eta S| AGG 53% 53 1 | A very poor variety. 
Empire State: 22) 2522 it OL mas) SOcesT ee 10625 | 173 6 
IMAM sere cia a ee aS Oct. 1._-| 18 | 182.8] 14 146.8 145 4 
Hearn AUR tobe one a 1___| 21 | 156.6} 23.3 180 193 4 
Fillbasket_.__.____.______.] Sept. 14___| 22 | 138.3] 23.3 | 15634 | 126 3 | Not desirable. 
Fold, One Hundred._______ EES Pa 00) 6.6 | 1162¢ | 116 1 | Good shape and color. 
MAGI AN y=» ey seen ON Cae se 8___| 23 | 98.6] 30 12825 | 194 4 | Valuable. 
Gardner’s Harly ___________ Aug. 28___| 20 | 60 40 100 140 6 
Genesee County King_____- Sept. 23.__| 20 | 106.6 | 25 18125 | 172 8 | Very good. 
Gove Rusket 2s ene CASES |) 22!) 136.3)| 1833) |) eae 1172 8 | Tubers excellent. 
Great Divide. ___-_______- eet Ones 20) Ate B ies 12624 | 126 1 | A poor looking lot. 
Green Mountain.__________ Oct L525) Li) W204 ee 124.4 130 5 
Halo of Dakota ..___._____ 4 Vee} 22) | |-180 10 190 228 4 | Valuable. 
Heavy Weight____._______- Oe ela 20) (030) 88.3 | 163.3 | 1638 1 | Tubers very poor. 
ticks? No. 122.60.) ia Sept. 9___| 22 | 96.6] 23.3} 120 168 8 | Promising. 
Hicks’ -No.20:.007 0a ee, gettin | 400). || ‘as/e:| 9188, 8ule nas 8 | Small. aa 
Hicks No. Vl eae 21 | 156.8} 13.7 | 170 170 1 | Quite promising. 
Hicks No; Stoo ee 22 | 158.8 | 16.6} 170 188 3 | Tubers irregular. 
Hicks’ No. 101_______-. 21 | 166.6) 13.3 | 180 191 8 | A good seedling. 
Illinois Queen __ Le 20 | 184.1] 8.8] 192.9 192 1 | Very promising. 
dimperator 295. 9.92.0352.1) 22 | 80 | 20 100 162 5 | Not desirable. 
TIIGH yORISY eee nn eee 20 | 116.6 | 13.8 130 130 1 
rontG lad ee 21 | 100 20 120 141 8 | Not desirable. 
Joe Davis ____ 20 | 146.6 | 13.8} 160 184 2 | Small, irregular. 
June Hating__ 4 21 | 126.6 | 16.6 | 143% | 201 5 | Good early variety. 
Lazell’s Seedling ____- 3 oy E18 ey 24a Sd 256.3 | 296 : Very good. 


eather Coat. 2.2222 oe Aug. 30__-| 22 ets 28.9 | 1832-7] 175 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 


TESTS OF VARIETIES.—ContTINvUED. 


te ° Oo 

a ® Yield. 2 

q qa ra 

@Q ome 2o 
A=) ‘<i ae. 
Name. Fe iS) gy eb ears 
Re) a 4 a : 8 uit 
gs |B) B| a] @ | & |o3s 
os oa o > Ofon 
a pg ters apc = a lZFs 
Lee’s Favorite.___-_-_- Sept. 15___| 21 | 173.1 | 12.2 | 185.3 206 6 
Lightning Express Oct. 1-_--| 22 | 134.4] 12.1 | 146.5 146 1 
McFadden’s Early __- Sept. 1__.| 21 | 90 40 130 173 4 
MainiOrop No. We_2 8 2) BE == |) 22) | 98%6) 1636) 110 110 1 
Mammoth Pearl_.___-_---- se 20___| 20 | 11844] 634 | 120 160 2 
Milwaukee: = 25-2025. 2 Aug. 30__-| 21 | 100 162g | 116%, | 116 1 
Mrs. Cleveland ._-____.._-- Sept. 1__.| 22 | 80 30 110 178 4 
Mialig ee 8 ee eee oe Oct. 1___} 23 | 146%} 10 15624 152 3 
Muskrat Choice_______----- Sept. 15___| 19 | 9344) 6% | 100 100 1 
Nort Polen esse es ce 5._.| 20 | 50 23% 7344 73 1 
Notts, Victor =-2--2- 2 2s= 6 202} 22° |, 160 15 175 200 4 
Orr To peste © set a Oct. 1__-| 24 |1171-5) 71-5) 1242-5) 147 3 
Paris: Rose! su 5 Sena | Sept. 3_-_} 21 | 100 1844 | 113%, | 157 3 
Park Region!) es 8___| 23 | 150 234% | 173% 181 2 
Pearl of Savoy ....-.------ + 4___| 23 | 180 162 | 1962, | 183 3 
iRetersonteso: 25-2 ee < 7_.-| 22 | 96%] 4144] 187% 137 1 
Presi Lancoln = 2 e2 Oct. 1___| 22 | 18624] 20 20625 | 221 6 
IPrizovlaker pss. 2lee ark Sept. 15___| 28 | 12814] 1834 | 18634 | 136 1 
Qneoeniof) Paris ™222 22-225 Se aelaty ibs 10.4 163.4 234 4 
Kandall’s Beauty________-- Aug. 30___| 22 | 63%] 1834 812s | 160 6 
Reeve’s Rose___.__-.-._--- Sept. 5.__| 22} 90 20 110 110 1 
reoG 81S6 ete ee ge ee Aug. 80___] 21 | 73%] 25 9814 98 1 
Rochester Favorite ___-___- Sept. 25___| 22 | 188%} 20 208% | 203 6 
Restaurante ® <9. 2 32.2 Oct. 1224) 23) |53259||-2— 153.5 134 2 
RuraliBlush 22 2 Sept. 18___| 21 | 19694] 15 2112g | 222 5 
RuralaNey.iNO. ajc se Oct. 1-_-| 23 | 200 62g | 206% | 153 5 
Seneca Beauty-___...__----- Sept, 25___| 21 | 15314] 20 178144 | 192 2 
Sienalatees She ai ees a 1___| 22 | 90 8624 | 12624 199 4 
Sir William ___-.__...._-_.| Oct. 1 ___| 22 | 19334| 163¢ | 210 210 1 
Snowflakes 2222 feck: ce 1___| 20 | 152 10.4 | 162.4 162 1 
Stanley ss sees) 2. 2a TAL Sept. 17___| 22 |113%]| 8 121% 156 3 
Statesmane sae + 1 21k 65 21.6 86.6 86 1 
Storr’s Seedling ________.- Oct. 1-___| 21 | 153%4| 162g | 170 149 3 
Strongis Alphas 252 = up £22 3)\ 20"), 70 2314 9344 | 110 2 
BoMMipe- st Se eS Sept. 10___| 22 | 15124} 15 166% 237 5 
Sipplanters ==. bases ‘© 20__-| 18 | 84.7] 20.6 | 105.3 | 192 4 
yivaneeenen ee eee Ooty wt aga 110 16 126 138 4 
PEHOEDUTT eee eee Sept. 25...) 22 | 158%] 6.1 15924 213 6 
Rhunderbolt ait. 2 Octy MEA 22) neha 195.5 154 4 
Tonhocks yo ees Aug. 80___| 21 | 100 262g | 12694 | 175 4 
Troy Seedling --__._.....-- Sept. 20___| 22 | 12694 | 2625 | 153% | 158 1 
Om pire eee ee es ict. _--| 21 | 173% | 15 18814 188 4 
Waneusrd eu at eae Sept. 20___| 22 | 140 11% | 15134 150 8 
Vaughan) 22. es 2 ok ‘© -B_.-| 22 | 863g} 18% | 110 129 2 
Vick’s Early Market _____- *S 5__-| 21 | 1119g| 1195 | 123%) 159 2 
Vick’s Champion ________- Oct. 1-__.| 21 | 1583%4| 133g | 167 194 8 
Wictor Rose 22-2 22202222 22 Sept. 18___] 22 | 93%] 1124} 105 105 il 
Wall’s Orange____________- Oct. 1_-_| 20 | 103%] 40 148% | 141 4 
Watson’s Seedling -___.__. Sept. 21___| 22 | 130 |____-- 130 162 4 
White Elephant____.____._ © 25___| 21 | 138636] 1334 | 150 191 4 
White Flower_..__.---.---- Oct. 1--.| 19 | 182 | 10.5 | 142.5 | 159 4 
White Prize t2221-252.55- Sept. 24___| 21 | 183%] 20 153% 153 1 
Wolverine Beanty______-.- ISB PA TG UN) 812g | 1812 | 169 2 
Woodbury White ee fib hed tania es ece GO 18% | 178% 238 2 
World's’ Pair. oe *¢  -20___| 20 | 10624} 1334 | 120 225 2 


351 


Remarks, 


A profitable early sort. 
Desirable for early, 


Good appearance. 
Very good. 


Not promising. 
Worthless this year. 


Tubers large. 
Looks well. 


Very good. 
Somewhat promising. 


OF some promise. 
Very small, 

One of the best. 
Still valuable. 


A favorite sort. 


Very promising. 


Not to be recommended. 
Generally very prolific. 


Good. 
Tubers very small. 


Good early variety. 


Desirable. 


Still a good variety. 


A good new variety. 
Very good. 
Desirable. 

Very desirable. 


352 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Most of the potatoes of which a record is given, have been grown on the 
station grounds for several years, and, though good seed has always been 
planted, in looking up their records we find that nearly every variety has 
shown a tendency to deteriorate. This accentuates the fact that, in our cli- 
mate, potatoes can not be grown in their first excellence and purity, year 
after year, and that it is necessary to change the seed occasionally by 
getting potatoes from another locality, even though it be not far distant. 

The experience with the drouth well demonstrated again the value of 
continual cultivation during a dry season. Farmers still seem to be in 
doubt as to whether it is best to cultivate during a drouth. To all 
such we can positively say that it is best to do so. Begin to cultivate as 
soon as you can and keep the cultivator going as long as youcan. The 
culture should be shallow and need not be given oftener than once a week. 
This is a general statement, applying to other crops as well as potatoes. 

Data from the records of the last few years seem to show that in the 
matter of earliness we have about reached the limit, as in this respect the 
new varieties show but little advance. The standards of quality and pro- 
ductiveness, however, in the early sorts are steadily being raised. 


VARIETIES FOR PLANTING. 


It is a difficult matter to give a list of potatoes for any great extent of 
territory, but the following varieties are recommended for Michigan, more 
particularly the lower part of the state: June Hating and Karly Norther 
for extra early. Harly Oxford, Early Ohio, Lee's Favorite, Early 
Harvest, and Early Pearl for early. For main crop Freeman, Notts 
Victor, Thorburn, Rural Blush for medium; American Wonder, Presi- 
dent Lincoln, Rural New Yorker No. 2, Rochester Favorite, O. K. Mam- 
moth, Summit, White Elephant, and White Prize for late. 

A few good varieties, well adapted to the grower’s market and soil, are 
better than a large number, not only because new varieties may turn out to 
be worthless, but because an unknown sort does not sell as well as an old* 
and favorably known one. Whoever invests largely in a new variety, 
depending on the seedsmen’s catalogues or even neighbors’ experience, 
may be woefully deceived. Every grower should try, however, the more 
highly recommended new varieties in an inexpensive way, because, having 
served their day and generation, the old sorts must go and new ones take 
their places. 


POTATOES DISCARDED AS WORTHLESS. 


Each year it is found necessary to discard a large number of varieties of 
potato that are worthless in this state, or at least this part of it. The 
seedsmen have many of the discarded varieties for sale and it may be of 
value to know that they are worthless here. All varieties that failed to 
give an average yield of 100 bushels per acre for three years, and that were 
below the average in quality or appearance, and that had noticeably bad 
features, have been discarded. More than as many more are practically 
worthless here, but we hesitated about blacklisting them until further 
trial, and because they had qualities which might make them desirable in 
other localities. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 353 


The station has grown in the last three years nearly 400 varieties of 
potato, only a small proportion of which are worth growing here. The 
following is the list of those discarded: 


Albino, Hoadley, Prairie Flower, 
Algoma, Hoffman, Pride of the West, 
Alligator, Home Comfort, Prize Taker, 
Arizona, Tonia, Putnam Beauty, 
Badger State, Jumbo, Snow Drop, 
Ben Harrison, Koshkonong, Snow Queen, 
Bill Nye, Late Puritan, St. Patrick, 
Blaine, J. G., Leader, Stray Beauty, 
Pink-Eye Peach-blow, Matchless, Superior, 

Boley N. Spy, Minister, Sunlit Star, 
Boston, Mrs. Foraker, Sylvan, 
Carpenter’s Seedling, Negro, Timpe No. 1, 
Chas. Downing, New Zealand, Timpe No. 2, 
Charter Oak, Ohio Junior, Timpe No. 8, 
Cream City, Osceola Mammoth, Timpe No. 9, 
Extra Keeper, Peach-blow, Tyrian Purple, 
Farmers’ Alliance, Pecan, West’s No. 1, 
Geo. H. Price, Peoples, White Chief, 
Hampden Beauty, Perfect Peach-blow, White Star, 
Harbinger, Polaris, Wixom. 


DESCRIPTION OF PROMISING NEW VARIETIES, 


Carman.—In shape oblong-oval, somewhat flattened. Skin rough, rose 
colored. Flesh firm, yellow, dry, and fine grained. The most promising 
new variety grown this year. A great yielder, though it is inclined to be 
coarse and prongy. Vines very thrifty and vigorous. 

Colossal— Medium size; shape oblong, flat, a little irregular; skin 
netted, rose colored; eyes large, shallow, with a little red in them; flesh 
firm and white. Vines good. Yields well. 

Early Everitt.—Size medium or small; shape oblong-oval; skin netted, 
rose colored; eyes numerous and deep; flesh firm and dry; desirable because 
of its earliness and productiveness. 

Heavy Weight.—Size medium; oval; skin smooth and very light colored; 
eyes numerous and deep; flesh rather flabby, cloudy white; the potatoes 
are poor; the redeeming quality of the variety being its productiveness. 

Not?s Victor.—Size large; shape oval, regular; skin netted; eyes few, 
small, shallow; flesh yellow, firm, and dry; very promising. 

Prizetaker.—Medium size; oblong; skin rough, straw colored; eyes few 
and small, deep, with a red tinge; flesh firm, white, dry; plants vigorous. 

Quick Return.—A potato of medium size; oval in shape, very regular, 
fine appearance; skin smooth, very light colored; eyes large, but shallow, 
few; flesh firm and white. A good variety. 

Reeves’ Rose.—Small to medium; round, regular; skin netted and 
scurfy, straw colored; eyes numerous and deep; flesh yellow, firm. A fair 
variety. 

Sir William.—tLarge; oval; regular; skin netted, a little scurfy, light 
yellow; eyes few, large, but shallow; flesh yellow and firm. One of the 
best of the new varieties. 

45 


354 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Vick Early Market—Medium; oval; regular; straw colored; eyes deep, 
few; flesh firm, white, fine grained, dry. A good early variety. 


FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS. 


For several years the station has conducted experiments with fertilizers 
for potatoes. This season the experiments in that line were considerably 
extended and a trial was made of various manures for potatoes. Several 
acres were planted in the fertilizer test, nearly a score of fertilizers being 
used, and careful attention was given to every detail of the experiment, 
but the drouth so nearly ruined the crop that positive results of value were 
few. It was therefore thought best to withhold the results of this 
year’s fertilizer experiments until other experiments along the same line 
might better prove or disprove the greatly varying results obtained this 
season. 


TREATING SEED POTATOES FOR SCAB. 


Last year a thorough examination of corrosive sublimate and Bordeaux 
mixture as preventives of potato scab was made; the same experiments 
were repeated this year on even a larger scale, but, unfortunately for the 
experiment, the season was such that there was but little scab, so that the 
benefits arising from using the fungicides are not so readily seen. The 
objects of the experiments were three: to find the best strength of the 
fungicides; to find the proper length of time for soaking the seed; and to 
ascertain whether the seed was injured by the different chemical solutions. 

The land used for the experiment was a clay loam planted the previous 
two years to strawberries. The soil was given the same treatment, the 
potatoes were planted the same, and they were treated in every respect as 
were the potatoes in the variety tests. The varieties planted were O. K. 
Mammoth and Rochester Favorite. The seed was not badly affected by 
the scab, but opportunities for contamination were numerous. 

The method of treatment was as follows: Four strengths of the corrosive 
sublimate solution were used: 1 part of corrosive sublimate to 500 of 
water, 1 part to 1,000, 1 part to 2,000, and 1 part to 4,000. The solutions 
were prepared as follows: for the first, 1 ounce of corrosive sublimate to 3% 
gallons of water, for the second 1 ounce to 7? gallons, for the third 1 ounce 
to 154 gallons, for the fourth 1 ounce to 31 gallons. The lengths of time 
were 4 hour, 14 hours, and 3 hours. After the seed was removed from the 
solutions it was placed in new paper bags to prevent contamination, which 
might take place if it were placed. in other receptacles. The copper sul- 
phate solutions of the different strengths were prepared by dissolving two 
ounces of the sulphate in 8, 16, and 32 gallons of water respectively. The 
Bordeaux mixture was of the usual strength. 

Extended remarks upon the experiment this year need not be made, since 
the matter was very fully treated in the potato bulletin of last year, and no 
new conclusions of importance could be drawn from this experiment. 

It is now a well established fact that potato scab can be controlled easily 
and cheaply by corrosive sublimate. The remedy is now being used by 
nearly all large growers, who almost invariably report favorable results 
from its use. The demand for information concerning the treatment has 
been so great that a potato scab calendar published last year has had two 
editions of 3,000 copies each and another edition of 5,000 is now ready for 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 355 


Sens and may be had upon application to the secretary of the 
college. 

For fear that some may not have had last year’s bulletin or the calendar, 
the following practical suggestions are given: 

Use two ounces of corrosive sublimate to 16 gallons of water. Dissolve 
the poison in two gallons of hot water first. 

Always use earthen, glass, or wooden dishes, never metal. 

Tubs, barrels, wooden boxes, and troughs, are most convenient. The 
potatoes may be placed in a coarse sack and immersed, or a perforated wire 
or wooden scoop may be used. 

The seed may be soaked either before or after it is cut, but preferably 
before. 

Remember that corrosive sublimate is a deadly poison. 


LOSS OF WEIGHT IN STORING POTATOES. 


It has long been a mooted question among potato growers as to whether 
it pays to keep potatoes over winter, even when a considerably higher price 
can be realized. It is a simple question to settle. Last year a small 
experiment was tried with a view of determining just how much potatoes 
will shrink in the course of a winter. September 30, 1893, 180 pounds of 
potatoes were stored in a barrel in a potato basement; March 28, 1894, 179 
days from storing, they were weighed and it was found that they had lost 
eight and three fourths pounds or about five per cent. On May 1 they 
were again weighed and it was found that there was an additional loss of 
64 per cent making a total loss of 11} per cent. The tubers were beginning 
to sprout and were growing soft and flabby. From this on the shrinkage 
was very rapid; no exact record of it was made, as potatoes are seldom 
kept after the first of May. It is a simple problem to ascertain whether 
it pays to store potatoes when there is a shrinkage of from 5 to 114 per 
cent. One must take into account also the extra labor, loss from rot and 
frost, danger from fire, and interest on money, and after all this, that 
potatoes do not always command a better price in the spring than in the 
fall. The risks taken certainly show that a considerably higher price 
must be obtained, if there is to be profit in keeping potatoes over win- 
ter. The basement in which the potatoes were kept was perhaps a little 
warmer than it should have beeu. Very few cellars are suitable for this 
purpose. A well ventilated root-house that can be kept at 45° or a little 
lower, is the only place to keep potatoes properly. In excessively cold 
weather a good root-house must be well looked after or the temperature 
will go too low. 


SPROUTED versus UNSPROUTED SEED POTsfOES. 


A small experiment was tried this year to find out how much the vitality 
of potatoes was impaired by allowing them to sprout in the cellar before 
planting. The results were somewhat surprising and show that the matter 
of sprouted and unsprouted seed potatoes is one of some importance and 
deserves considerable attention from potato-growers. 

If potatoes are stored in a cellar until late planting time, as a matter of 
course they will be soft and badly sprouted. Much of the nutritive matter 
will be used in developing sprouts which will be broken off in planting. 
The first sprout is always strongest and thriftiest. It sometimes happens 


306 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
that potatoes are “sprouted” several times before they are planted and 
each time the vitality is more and more impaired and the result will be 
weak plants and small tubers. Hence it is necessary to keep potatoes for 
seed in a very cool place where they will not sprout, or to expose them to 
light and air where the same thing can as well be accomplished. 

The experiment was as follows: During the last of February, two equal 
lots of potatoes were taken. One lot was left in the cellar; the other was 
spread on the floor of a dry, well lighted, and moderately warm room. 
April 20 both lots were planted. The conditions and culture were the 
same as in the variety tests. The variety was Harly Ohio. Planted side by 
side, those that came from unsprouted seed were up first and looked best 
through the season; they also had less missing hills. September 1 the 
crop was dug. There was no difference in time of ripening. Briefly sum- 
marized, the results were: 313 hills planted with unsprouted potatoes 
yielded 204 pounds of large potatoes and 36 pounds of small ones. 321 
hills of sprouted potatoes yielded 181 pounds of large potatoes and 41 
pounds of the small ones. Moreover, there were more ill-shaped tubers 
among the latter. This is seemingly a small matter, but success in potato- 
growing does not depend on “luck,” and is largely influenced by just 
such small things. It should not need an experiment to demonstrate the 
superiority of unsprouted seed; it is but a reasonable conclusion that it is 
superior. 


REMOVING SEED ENDS. 


The assertion is often heard, that a better and an earlier crop of potatoes 
may be grown by removing seed ends of seed potatoes. From one lot the 
seed ends were removed; the other was planted normally. The result of 
the experiment agrees with that obtained at this and other stations several 
times before; namely, that maturity is not hastened and productiveness is 
not increased by removing seed ends, but on the contrary, figures show an 
increase in yield for those planted normally because, since the ends were 
not removed, there was more seed and because the buds at the seed end are 
stronger than those toward the stem end. Fourteen varieties of potato, 
in duplicate plots, containing one twentieth of an acre each, were planted 
and given the same treatment as those in the variety tests. The potatoes, 
the seed of which was normal, yielded at the rate of 130 bushels of large 
potatoes and 14 bushels of small ones per acre, while those from which the 
seed ends were removed yielded at the rate of 125 bushels per acre of large 
ones and 13 bushels of small ones. The opinion .is held by botanists that 
the seed tip is equal to about one good eye, and there is much to lend color 
to this view. It is folly therefore to remove the seed tip in planting pota- 
toes. All the more so, since in some varieties other eyes seem to be largely 
impotent, while those at the seed end are stronger and better. It is 
worth remembering that varieties of potato have their peculiarities, and 
that the habit of a variety largely influences considerations of this sort. 
Without doubt impotent eyes, in some varieties, cause the missing hills 
that so often can not be accounted for. 


SELECTED AND ORDINARY SEED. 
The rapidity with which potatoes degenerate can only be known by 


those who keep a yearly record—a biography of the different varieties. A 
potato is a precarious thing at best, as it is easily influenced by climate, 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 357 


soil, and treatment. The kinds popularly esteemed a few years ago, Peach- 
blow, Rose, Snowflake, etc., have been discarded, and new varieties have 
taken their places. Other vegetables—peas, cabbage, corn, beans—are 
perpetuated for many years by judicious selection, growing even better 
oftentimes. Why not the potato? The reasons are, largely, the abnormal 
conditions under which they are grown; their instability, because of com- 
paratively recent introduction, and the fact that propagation by tubers is 
not properly reproduction, but simply plant division. Still, it seems that 
their rapid deterioration might at least be checked by careful selection of 
seed. This year a small experiment was tried to determine whether a 
continued selection, year after year, of best potatoes from best hills, might 
not keep a variety from deteriorating. 

The best potatoes and the ordinary potatoes from four varieties were 
grown under like conditions. It was hardly expected that the first year 
would show very positive results, yet some gain is shown for the selected 
seed, both in quality and quantity, there being a marked difference in the 
appearance of the tubers, in favor of those from the selected seed. 
Briefly, the results were as follows: 129 hills from selected seed, embrac- 
ing four varieties, yielded at the rate of 114 bushels per acre; 139 hills 
from ordinary seed yielded at the rate of 1054 bushels per acre, the 
tubers of the first, as was before stated, being much superior to those of 
the latter. The experiment will be continued for several years. The 
potato crop in this country is now of such vast importance that, however 
small it may be, anything done to perpetuate a really good variety is a 
general benefit to the people as a nation. 


HEAVY AND LIGHT SEEDING. 


“The more seed planted the larger and better the crop,” has become 
almost an axiom with many farmers. Tabulated statements from various 
stations prove this to be true. Previous bulletins from this station have 
treated the subject fully and it needs only a word here. The claims of those 
who advocate the planting of from 30-50 bushels of seed to the acre, however, 
need to be taken with a grain of allowance. It is true that the yield may 
be somewhat larger, but the proportion of small potatoes is always greater 
and, since the cost of seed, the extra work, the fertility of the soil, and 
various minor matters must be taken into consideration, it is doubtful if 
such heavy seeding pays. A cursory glance at the conclusions reached by 
experimenters along this line, shows that most of them favor planting 
potatoes of medium size or pieces with two or more eyes, from one to two 
feet apart. 

Small experimental plots, with large potatoes and those of medium size, 
gave the following results the past season: Six varieties, of 215 hills, large 
seed at the rate of 30 bushels per acre, yielded at the rate of 109.6 bushels 
of large potatoes per acre, and 16.3 bushels of small ones. The same six 
varieties with 225 hills, with seed of medium size or small, at the rate of 
ten bushels per acre, yielded 100.5 bushels per acre of large potatoes and 
14 bushels of small ones; the gain per acre from the use of large tubers 
being less than the increased amount of seed. Taking everything into 
account, the result is in favor of the medium-size potatoes, with about 
twenty bushels as the maximum seeding. 


358 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


TIME FOR PLANTING POTATOES. 


Probably no general crop grown depends more on climatic conditions than 
does the potato. It is an exotic, and the tuber having been abnormally 
developed at the expense of the rest of the plant, making it asensitive and 
variable organism, it stands to reason that its climatic requirements should 
be carefully looked after, if we are to grow the crop at its best. It seems, 
too, if the conditions it needs are not supplied, that the plant will more 
easily degenerate. Much intelligence and care can well be exercised in 
selecting a proper soil and in planting so that most favorable weather may 
be had for the growth of the plant. It is of the last that we wish to speak 
in particular. 

In last year’s bulletin a rainfall and temperature chart for Michigan was 
given, in which it was pretty conclusively proved that a gain would be 
made if farmers planted their potatoes earlier or later than they now do. 
The matter is brought up in this bulletin because the experience with the 
drouth during the past summer shows that it will bear being emphasized 
by repetition. A careful re-study of that chart isrecommended. The fact 
will soon be recognized that the largest and best crops of potatoes are 
raised by very late or by very early planting. In the northern part of the 
state only a good late crop can be raised, while in many portions of the 
southern part the early crop does best. The soil largely determines the 
proper time to plant, as well asthe rainfall. If it retains moisture well an 
early crop may mature, but if late rains must be depended on the late crop 
is assuredly best. Plant early potatoes as soon as the young plants will be 
safe from the frost; plant late ones from the first to the tenth of June, or 
a little later in the north. 


POTATOES FOR NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 


The northern part of Michigan has gained a wide-spread reputation for 
its potatoes. It is greatly favored in soil and climate, its potatoes excel in 
quality, and it has good facilities for reaching the large markets, while the 
never-failing demand among consumers and seedsmen for northern grown 
seed potatoes makes that region one where potatoes should be one of the 
main crops. The adaptation of the soil and climate to various fruit crops 
and potatoes can, we believe, be turned to a good account. 

Under the most unfavorable conditions of cultivation, the average yield 
per acre of potatoes, as shown by the last census, is several per cent. higher 
in the counties north of the pine lands than in the well cultivated parts of 
southern Michigan. 

If the primitive methods used, negligent culture given, and general 
slackness in growing the crop, were supplanted by systematic and good 
cultural methods, such as a knowledge of the best varieties, the proper 
time to plant to avoid the drouths, the best culture to give them, improved 
implements, and the time and place to market the crop, we believe that 
that country would become a “ potato belt” that could hardly be sur- 
passed. A prosperous future for northern Michigan, as a farming com- 
munity, can only be assured by growing those crops which are adapted 
to the region. 

PROPAGATING POTATOES BY CUTTINGS. 


It is not generally known, or at least thought of, that potatoes can easily ~ 
be grown from cuttings. The matter is of importance only to those who 


~ 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 309 


desire a large yield of potatoes from a very limited amount of seed, as is 
the case when one buys a few pounds of a new variety of potato at an 
enormous price, or when one has discovered, and wishes to grow, a superior 
seedling. 

The method of procedure is as follows: The potatoes are cut into 
halves and planted cut side down in a hot-bed where the temperature can 
be maintained at 60 to 70 degrees. When the sprouts are three or four 
inches high they should be cut off about an inch from the surface of the 
potato. Place the cuttings in a box of pure sand, water them well, and 
shade them for a few days, keeping them in the hot bed where they will have 
bottom heat. In about three weeks they will have rooted, when they 
should be transplanted into small pots or boxes of fairly rich soil, and 
kept in a mild temperature until large enough to plant in the field. The 
same process may be continued time after time, as the potatoes will con- 
tinue to sprout until perhaps a dozen shoots are taken from each eye. It 
must be remembered that the plants thus started are weaklings and need 
the very best of care. At the station this year we grew 1114 pounds of 
Carman potatoes from four small potatoes (less than one pound of seed), 
and this in an adverse season, 


SEEDLING POTATOES, 


The potato is one of the easiest and most constant subjects for the plant 
improver. Since propagation by tuber is simply plant division, and not 
really reproduction, it naturally follows that after long cultivation a variety 
of potato becomes weak in constitution and finally worthless. To-day, 
hardly one of the popular sorts of fifteen years ago is grown. The 
production of new varieties is an absolute necessity, and of widespread 
importance. 

In cross-breeding potatoes, the pollen must be transferred from 
the flower of one: variety to the stigma of the flower of another. 
The stamens of the flower to be used as the female should be cut away (it 
is best done with a pair of small scissors), hefore the pollen in them is ripe. 
To prevent insects from carrying pollen from other flowers, the one fertil- 
ized should be covered with a small paper bag. When the pollen is 
ripe take a flower from the stalk of the male parent and shake the dry, 
powdery pollen on the mucous surface of the stigma of the flower to be 
fertilized. Cut off all flowers on the plant that are not wanted. When 
the potato balls are” ripe the seed-may be obtained by mashing them and 
washing out the pulp. Sow them indoors, as you would tomato seed, and 
when a few inches high transplant into a hot-bed or flats in the house, 
and then to the open field. A great number of small potatoes will be the 
result, and these should be planted in the ordinary way, each year saving 
only the best. In making a selection of a seedling variety you wish to 
perpetuate, it is best to have in mind the characteristics desired and then 
make selections accordingly. It will take three or four years, at least, 
with close selection, to fully establish a new variety. Intelligence, long- 
continued carefulness, and perseverance are required to originate a good 
variety of potato. 

GENERAL NOTES. 


Potatoes often fail to come up because they are scalded when planted; 
drills should never be made long before the seed is to be planted. When 
exposed a few hours to a hot sun the earth becomes so dry and heated 


360 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


that when it comes in contact with the potato seed it dries them out and 
prevents many of them from coming up. The greatest hindrance to suc- 
cessful potato-growing is the hot, dry weather, and every means should 
be resorted to to retain the moisture. 

In selecting a variety of potato, such qualities as productiveness, 
healthfulness, regularity of shape, and uniformity of size should influence 
the choice, but the grower should also take into consideration the fitness 
of the potato for his market. Most markets prefer a somewhat elongated, 
oval potato, with an even surface, few and shallow eyes, and a smooth, 
white skin. Others prefer an oval potato and a reddish skin. 

The potato rot (Phytophthora infestans) is a disease caused by a fungus. 
which first attacks the leaves and then passes into the potato. The tubers 
may rot before digging, or the greatest damage may be done after the 
crop is stored. The conditions are favorable for the disease when the 
atmosphere is moist and warm, and when there is an abundance of decay- 
ing vegetable matter in the soil. A loose, porous soil is less likely to furnish 
proper conditions for the disease than a heavy one which retains moist- 
ure and does not admit air. The potatoes when planted should be free 
from the disease. The treatment with corrosive sublimate or Bordeaux 
mixture, used for the scab, will aid in freeing the seed from the fungus. 
The thorough spraying of the vines with Bordeaux mixture every two 
weeks after July 1 will generally prevent the appearance of tne blight 
and the resulting rot. If the vines have been badly affected, to save the 
crop remove the potatoes as soon as possible, dry them thoroughly, and 
store in a cool, dry place. If the rot is bad, from time to time the pota- 
toes should be sorted. Avoid a warm, close cellar and deep bins. It is 
said that lime thinly dusted on the tubers will destroy adhering germs. 
Tt is a wise precaution to burn all affected vines to prevent the spread of 
the disease the following year. 

There are a large number of machines for planting and digging pota- 
toes, and while there is not one that will work perfectly under all circum- 
stances, nor even do the work as well in any case as can be done by hand, 
yet the better class of both planters and diggers are to be recommended 
to large growers. Digging or planting by hand will cost five or six times. 
as much, and when labor is scarce machines of some kind are a necessity. 

In digging, avoid exposing the potatoes to light any longer than is abso- 
lutely necessary. As soon as dry put them in shallow piles where they 
may be covered. A few hours of air and sunshine changes their natural 
color and destroys their fine flavor. If the potatoes are to be kept over 
winter it is a good plan to cover them lightly with earth in the field and 
allow them to remain for a few weeks, so that those that are inclined to rot 
may be separated from them before they are finally stored. 

Potato bugs do more damage to potatoes than all other enemies combined. 
A little negligence and the crop is destroyed. As to remedies there is but 
little choice. Paris green is the great exterminator, but as to methods of 
applying the remedy there is considerable choice. If the Paris green is 
mixed with water, or put on in the old-fashion way with flour, lime, or 
plaster, it costs several dollars per acre to keep down the potato bugs. The 
station uses an insect gun and finds it a cheap and efficient way of apply- 
ing the poisons. We believe the cost is not more than one half as much as 
it is when the older methods are used. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 361 
SUMMARY. 


1. Potatoes deteriorate rapidly under ordinary cultivation, and it is nec- 
essary to frequently change seed to keep them in their pristine purity and 
excellence. 

2. Experience with the severe drouth well demonstrates the value of 
continual cultivation in a dry season. 

3. The following varieties of potato are recommended for Michigan: 
June Eating, Early Norther, Early Oxford, Early Ohio, Lee’s Favorite, 
Early Harvest, Early Pearl, Freeman, Notts Victor, Thorbur n, Rural 
Blush, American Wonder, President Lincoln, Rural New Yorker No. 2) 
Rochester Favorite, O. K. Mammoth, Summit, White Elephant, and White 
Prize. 

4, The following are promising new varieties: Carman, Colossal, Early 
Everitt, Heavy Weight, Notts Victor, Prizetaker, Quick Return, Sir 
William, Vick Early Market. 

5. It is now well established that potato scab can be controlled easily 
and cheaply by the corrosive sublimate treatment. 

6. Potatoes kept over winter lose much in weight. One hundred and 
eighty pounds of potatoes stored in a potato basement September 30, 1893, 
lost 113 per cent. in weight by May 1, 1894. 

7. The vitality of potatoes is impaired by keeping them where they can 
sprout before planting. Three hundred and thirteen hills from unsprouted 
seed yielded 240 pounds of potatoes, while 321 hills, using sprouted seed, 
yielded only 221 pounds of potatoes. , 

8. Fourteen varieties of potato were planted, to learn the effect of 
removing the seed ends of seed potatoes. The potato planted normally 
yielded at the rate of 140 bushels per acre. Those from which the seed 
ends were removed yielded at the rate of 138 bushels per acre. In the 
matter of earliness there was no difference. 

9. An experiment, tried to determine whether aselection, year after year, 
of-the best potatoes for seed might not keep a variety from deteriorating, 
seems to show from the first year’s results that there is something to be 
gained by such selection. The yield was larger and appearance of the 
tubers better from the selected seed potatoes. 

10. An experiment with heavy and light planting of seed potatoes agrees 
with the concensus of opinion of other experimenters; that is, that a 
medium quantity of seed per acre is best. 

11. Indications are quite conclusive that a gain would be made if farm- 
ers planted their potatoes earlier or later than they now do. 

12. Potato-growers who desire a large yield of potatoes from a very 
limited amount of seed, may easily increase the yield by growing potatoes 
from cuttings. 

13. If intelligently, carefully, and perseveringly attempted, farmers 
may originate new varieties of potato. 

14. Potatoes often fail to come up because the seed is scalded by being 
planted in open drills and left exposed for a few hours to the sun and wind. 

15. In selecting a variety of potato, productiveness, healthfulness, 
uniformity of shape and size, adaptability to soil, and the market to be 
supplied, should influence the choice. 

16. Potato rot (Phytophthora infestans) may be controlled, somewhat, 
by preventive methods, treating the seed with corrosive sublimate or Bor- 
deaux mixture, and by spraying the vines with Bordeaux mixture. 

46 


362 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


VEGETABLE NOVELTIES AND NOTIONS. 


BY L. R. TAFT, H. P. GLADDEN, AND U. P. HEDRICK. 


Bulletin No. 120. 


As in past years, we again present the results obtained from the trials of 
the new varieties of vegetables sent out by the seedsmen. 

The number of varieties sent out: each season is on the increase, and, 
while in many cases they are of pronounced merit, in too many cases the 
dealer has not been fair with the public, as they differ little, if any, from 
some old sort, and are not even worthy of being considered distinct 
strains. 

We have endeavored to impartially point out the merits of the new sorts 
as compared with the standard varieties. 


BUSH BEANS. 


Twenty-six varieties of bush bean were planted June 6. The dry, hot 
weather, coming on soon after germination, so affected the growth and 
yield of the different sorts that little of value could be gained by a com- 
parison of the results obtained. 

The following are new sorts: 

Flageolet Victoria, Henderson.—It is a late variety. The plants are 
of very large growth and productive. The pods are green, six to seven 
inches long, one half inch wide, and flat, stringless and of excellent qual- 
ity. A promising late market variety. 

Marvel of Paris, Thorburn.—Plants are of good growth and quite 
productive. Pods green, long, straight, fleshy, but somewhat stringy. 

Nettle-leaved Bagnolet, Thorburn.—Plants of very yigorous and healthy 
growth and moderately productive. The pods are green, 5 to 6 inches long, 
flat, and of good quality. The variety is excellent as a shell bean. 

Thorburn Man ‘ket, Thorburn.—This is a very early and a rather small- 
growing variety. It was so affected by the drouth and rust that few 
pods were borne by the plants. 

Stringless Green Pod, Burpee.—Plants are of medium growth and fairly 
Pune The pods are green, short, round, thick, and of excellent 
quality. 

Of the older sorts, Cylinder Black Wax, Butter Wax, and Mammoth 
Wax would make an excellent selection of the yellow-podded varieties. 

The green-podded varieties, Red Valentine, Shah, and Flageolet Vic- 
toria would give good satisfaction. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 363 


POLE BEANS. 


Fifteen varieties of pole bean were planted June 12. 

Black Lima, Burpee.—The uncertainty of having the Limas mature 
before the frost kills the plants is a serious drawback to their cultivation 
in this section. The Black Lima is almost sure to mature a fair crop 
before frost comes. The plant is a good grower and an abundant bearer 
and the beans are of excellent quality. If one desires a supply of this 
delicious vegetable, this variety should be the one selected. ' 

Golden Champion, Ferry.—This is a snap pole bean. It was the earli- 
est of its class to mature edible pods. The plants are not of large 
growth and but moderately productive. The pods are of bright yellow 
color, stringless, and of good quality. As an early pole snap bean, it is 
the best grown here. 

Golden Cluster, Ferry.—The plants are very strong-growing and enor- 
mously productive. The pods are a rich, golden yellow color, and the 
flesh thick, tender, and of best quality. It matures three to four weeks 
later than Golden Champion. As a late snap bean and as a variety to 
succeed the bush sorts, Golden Cluster is excelled by none. It should be 
planted in every garden. 

Sunshine Wax, Burpee.—Similar to Golden Cluster. 

Kentucky Wonder, Ferry.—This is one of the best green-podded vari- 
eties. The pods are large, thick, and of good quality. A very product- 
ive sort. 

Willow Leaf, Burpee. Does not mature beans before time of frost. 
Its peculiar and distinctive foliage makes it desirable as an ornamental 
plant. 


BEET. 


Twelve varieties of beet were planted May 28. 

Columbia, Burpee.—This comparatively new sort is very early in matur- 
ing. The roots are of regular form, flesh solid, handsome in appearance, 
and of fine quality. A very desirable early variety. 

Dirigo, U.S. Dept. Ag —An excellent rather late-maturing variety. Root 
flat, top round, tapering slightly,smooth and regular. Its good form, color 
of flesh, and quality make it a desirable sort for general growing. 

Electric, Henderson.—This new sort has asmall top. The roots are very 
large in proportion to tops, turnip-shape with aslender tap-root. The 
color and quality of the flesh is good and it is also a very early variety. 
Valuable. 

Red Carmine, Salzer.—The smooth, regular form of the root, its hand- 
some color and excellent quality, combined with its early maturity, make 
this a very desirable sort for the garden. . 

Eclipse, as an early sort; Half-long Blood, for medium season, and Long 
Blood for winter storing, of the older and better known varieties, still have 
a place in the home garden or for market purposes. 


CABBAGE. 


Preparations were made for a thorough test of the many new cabbages 
offered by the seedsmen. Fifty-one varieties, of which only a few were old 
or standard sorts, were planted. The drouth came just as the early varie- 


364 STATE HORTICULTURAL; SOCIETY. 


ties were getting ready to head, and just after the late ones were set in the 
field. Notwithstanding the drouth, some of the early varieties made a very 
fair showing, but the late cabbages failed entirely, ten or twelve varieties 
failing to show even one head. A few did fairly well, and of these, and of 
the earlier sorts, the following notes are given. 

St. John’s Dar y Drumhead.—Plants small, stem short and stout; foliage 
deep green, glaucous, leaves few, small, truncate at apex, border undulate, 
veins conspicuous; head round, slightly flattened, small, compact. The 
type is adistinct one, though the heads vary much. ‘A poor header, valuable 
only on account of its extreme earliness. 

Peerless.—Plants medium size, leaves small, oval, border undulate, apex 
reflexed; stem short; heads medium size to small, roundish flattened ; leaves 
so loose that heads are not well defined. A poor header, and so variable 
that the variety 1 is not valuable. 

Burpee’s Safe Crop.—Plants medium size; stem short, leaves medium 
size, spoon-shape, undulate; heads large, flat, very compact, well defined. 
An excellent midsummer variety, being a sure header and producing a 
very attractive head. The type is that of Henderson’s Early Summer. 
When grown late an equally good winter variety. 

Eclipse.—Plants small; stem short and slender; outer leaves smooth, 
flat, leathery, light green, erect; head conical, rounded apex. A strain of 
Wakefield, which it resembles very much; not so desirable as that variety, 
however. 

Ideal.—Plants medium size, stem short; leaves large, oval, borders 
plain; heads small, flat, not well defined. A good producer but the heads 
are small. Type, that of Henderson’s Karly Summer. 

Lightning.—Plants small, stem short and slender; leaves oval, smooth, 
plain borders, leathery, erect. Heads large, compact, well defined. A 
very early variety resembling Wakefield; its manner of growth is such 
that the plants can be placed very close to each other. 

Midsummer.—Plants large, stem short and thick; leaves large, smooth, 
borders undulating; heads large, flat, very compact, well defined. The 
best midsummer variety grown. Almost identical with Burpee’s Safe 
Crop; itis a better strain, however, as a summer cabbage. 

Washington Wakefield—An_ excellent strain of Jersey Wakefield. 
Very early, heads large, type well fixed. 

All Head.—( Burpee’s.) A good strain of Early Summer, but it is a 
little earlier and a little larger than that variety It is a more compact 
grower, hence more can be planted to the acre. It is said to be a good 
winter cabbage, though we did not find it so, perhaps because of the 
drouth. 

Autumn King.—Plants medium size, stalk short; foliage compact, dark 
green, crinkled, with purple tinge; heads large, flat, broad, thick, solid. 
Heads are very good, but this year only a small percentage of them formed. 
The purple tinge of its crinkled leaves and somewhat peculiar manner 
of growth seems to make the type distinct. 

World Beater—This variety is, without doubt, the same as Autumn 
King. 

CAULIFLOWER. 
Contrary to what would be expected, in so dry a season, the cauliflowers 


did well this year. Eleven varieties were tested. The plants were started 
in the forcing house March 27, transplanted in hot beds in May, and set 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 365 


in the field June 25. Owing to the drouth, which began about that time, 
they made but little start until August, after which the growth was 
remarkable, and a better crop of cauliflowers could rarely be found. The 
soil was a wet black muck, very suitable for the crop. The cultivation 
given was that which is ordinarily given cabbages, and the results obtained 
refute the prevailing idea that cauliflowers are far more difficult to grow 
than cabbages. Aside from being a little more particular in regard to soil, 
and requiring a little more attention at heading time, they are not, and 
cauliflowers should be far more extensively grown, especially by small 
gardeners and farmers. The following varieties were tested. 

Burpee’s Best—An improved strain of Early Erfurt. Stalk short; 
foliage medium size, very compact; heads large, globular, solid, easily 
blanched, pure glistening white. A few days later than Early Erfurt. A 
sure header and one that rarely “ breaks.” One of the best varieties 
tested this year. 

Danish Snowball.—Grown side by side with Early Erfurt, and in appear- 
ance of plant the two are identical. The former can be told, however, by 
the pink tinge of the head, especially when young. In season and in pro- 
ductiveness it is about the same. ‘The heads are more irregular than are 
those of the Erfurt, and the plants show a greater tendency to “ break.” 

Early Dwarf Erfurt.—For many years considered the standard early 
variety. Still reliable, though there are several improved strains under 
other names that are better. Stalk short and stout; leaves small, upright, 
spoon-shape, compact, light green; heads large, globular, regular, flower- 
lets small, very white. A sure header and is probably suited to more 
different soils than any other variety. 

Early Favorite.-—Another, though very inferior, strain of Early 
Erfurt. Nearly every head broke. General appearance of plant like 
Erfurt. Heads round, somewhat flattened, loose, rather coarse, very 
irregular. A poor variety. 

Giant Purple—Plants of enormous size, leaves large, glaucous green, 
spreading; stalks large, slender; heads flat, loose, purple in color, flowerlets 
small; does not head well, and has a strong tendency to break. A variety 
of broccoli sold as a cauliflower. 

Half Early French.—Plants very large, stalky; leaves large, spreading; 
heads medium size, flat, compact, flowerlets small; color not good; tends to 
“break” badly. Introduced from France. Not to be recommended. 

Landreth’s First—A strain of Early Erfurt which it resembles very 
much in appearance. A few days earlier. Type variable. ‘“ Breaks” 
badiy, unproductive. 

Model.—Plants dwarf; stalk short; leaves small, upright in growth, 
spoon-shape, glaucous green; heads large, globular, compact, very 
regular, pure white; season just before Erfurt; sure header. One of the 
best varieties grown this year. 

Snowball, (Henderson).—A very early strain of Early Erfurt. Plants 
very small, round, pure white, compact, flowerlets small; foliage like that 
of Erfurt. A reliable header, a good producer; for very early the best 
variety tested, it being several days earlier than Erfurt. 

Gilt Edge, (Thorburn).—A strain of Snowball, from which it differs 
in being a larger plant, having larger heads which are not so compact and 
attractive, and not so reliable in heading; a few days later. 


366 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


CAULIFLOWER, TESTS OF VARIETIES. 


Average Average 


Seedsman. No. of No. of Days to weight diameter 


Variety. 


plants. heads. maturity. et hoadaall voblicade 
Burpee’s Best -_-.........- Burpee =e: 30 25 175 | 3 38-4 lbs 6 3-4 
Danish Snowball ___.__---- Vaughan ___. _--- 45 38 171 | 345 ‘ 7 1-2 
Early Dwarf Erfurt-_----- Mandreth= 629.228 30 24 172 |3823 “ 71-2 
Early Favorite_........... Marry ee ae 30 8 174 | 31-2 * 72-3 
Giant Purples. io as Childsst 7272s 35 4 190 | 4 aS 8 1-2 
Gilt Edge (Thorburn) -__--- Therburn ]22-52—— 30 28 15 | 334 * 7 
Half Early French ___.___- Landreth________- 30 16 178 |} 245 ‘ 7 
Landreth’s First___.___--- Lea an 30 15 174 ib: Ss 6 1-2 
J.) Revs [cl pee ie SE ees Sete ois. eis OOnee 60 56 170 86-7 ‘ 7 
Snowball (Henderson) _.--| Agr’! Dept._--__-- 30 22 168 | 328 * 6 3-4 
CELERY. 


The celery seed was sown in boxes in the forcing house April 21. The 
young plants were transplanted to flats May 23. The final setting out 
was done June 26. The place selected for the celery planting was origi- 
nally asmall swamp. The soil was black, loose, of considerable depth, and 
in a good state of fertility. The one thing lacking to make it an excellent 
place for the crop was moisture. The plot was so situated that with a few 
lengths of hose the ends of the rows of a considerable portion of the patch 
could be reached. The plan suggested itself of trying sub-irrigation as a 
means of supplying the plants with the moisture needed for their growth. 
The plants were set six to eight inches apart in rows six feet distant. A 
line of two-inch drain tile was put in the center of each alternate row of 
plants. The tile were placed at a slight incline, and about six inches 
beneath the surface. A space of one eighth to one fourth inch should be 
left between the joints for the water to pass out. One end of the line of 
tile should have an opening at the surface to enter the hose. Our rows 
were six rods long and for that distance water would flow to the further 
end and moisten quite evenly all the soil. If one has a head of water near 
at hand this is a very convenient way to irrigate a crop. If this source of 
water is not available, a large tank or a number of barrels can be driven 
along the end with a line of hose to connect with the tile. The laying of 
the line is not a difficult job and, once in place, the hose can be entered 
and the water allowed to run without further attention until the supply is 
exhausted or a sufficient amount applied. The experiment of watering 
celery by sub-irrigation was entirely a success, and a good crop, excellent 
in quality and free from rust, was grown during the past season of drouth. 


CUCUMBERS. 


The cucumbers were planted June 6-7. The season has been a most 
unfavorable one for their growth and development. 

Siberian, Vaughan.—Was first to grow fruits of pickling size, and also 
first to produce cucumbers for slicing. The plants are very productive. 
Valuable as an early variety. 

Everbearing, Thorburn.—A few days later than Siberian, and the plants 
are scarcely as productive, though the cucumbers are considerably larger 
in size. 

Green Prolific, Vaughan.—One of the earliest and best varieties to 
produce fruits for slicing. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 367 


Westfield Chicago Pickle, Vaughan.—The plants are strong-growing and 
productive. One of the most desirable sorts for general pickling purposes. 

Giant Pera, Vaughan.—The earliest of the large-fruiting sorts to reach 
edible maturity. The cucumbers are large, of good form, and excellent 
quality. The flesh is very solid and but few seeds are present. A desirable 
variety. 

White Spine, Burpee—This is perhaps the best general-purpose variety 
for the home garden. 

Parisian Prolific, Ferry—The plants are of strong growth and very 
productive. The fruits are long, slender, and make excellent pickles. 

Albino, Ferry.—This is a comparatively new sort. If one desires a 
white-skin cucumber this variety would be an excellent one to select for 
the purpose. 

Japanese Climbing, Vaughan.—This variety climbs readily if poles or a 
trellis is provided. The cucumbers are 5-7 inches long, 2 inches in 
diameter, and very regular inform. The flavor of the fruit is quite distinct 
from the ordinary cucumber. The variety is quite productive, continues 
to produce new cucumbers until the vines are killed by frost. Should 
regard it as an acquisition. 

As varieties to grow for pickling purposes, Siberian, Westfield, and 
Parisian Prolific would make an excellent selection. For table use, White 
Spine, Green Prolific, and Long Green, with Japanese Climbing and 
Albino as novelties, would prove satisfactory. 


. ONIONS. 


Fourteen varieties of onion were tested this year, of which descrip- 
tions of several of the newer sorts are given. A quantity of Prizetaker 
onions were transplanted with very satisfactory results. The method is 
to be recommended where extensive truck-farming is carried on, or where 
a superior quality of onion is desired. General truck-growers may find 
the method profitable, since, at present prices, only the grower who suc- 
ceeds in raising a very large number of bushels of first-class onions to 
the acre can hope to grow the crop profitably. None of the new varie- 
ties are equal to the old standard kinds, and for the main crop, Red 
Wethersfield, Yellow Danvers, and Southport White Globe are still to be 
recommended. In the northern part of the state, or on a cold, mucky 
soil, Extra Early Red succeeds best, and because of its milder flavor it 
is sometimes preferred in other localities. 

Early California.—Bulbs oblate, spherical; outer skin brownish red, 
second skin thin, glassy, purple; inner coats white, greenish at the neck; 
bulbs firm; fair yielder; season early; foliage small. Differs from Red 
Wethersfield in being smaller, more spherical, earlier, and less productive. 

Oregon Danvers.—A strain of Yellow Danvers, which it very much 
resembles; it is lighter in color, more spherical, and a little later. 

Salzer’s King of the Earliest—A type of the Red Wethersfield; it is 
ee nearer spherical, earlier, and milder in flavor; quite irregular in 
shape. 

Southport Early Red Globe.—A large, red, spherical onion said to be 
earlier than Southport Red Globe; this year it ripened with Yellow Dan- 
vers; it is a promising variety of the Red Globe type; a good yielder. 

Southport White Globe.—A variety very similar to the other in shape 
and quality; it is a pure white, said to be an enormous cropper, though that 


368 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


quality was not noticeable this year. Too late to grow except in the south- 
ern part of the state. 

Michigan Danvers.—A strain of Yellow Danvers, said to be particularly 
suited to Michigan soils. No difference between the two could be noticed 
except that the Michigan Danvers was a little more spherical and slightly 
lighter in color. 

Red Victoria.—A strain of White Victoria from which it differs only in 
color; its flesh is juicy, mild, and as white as that of the White Victoria. 
Both of these onions are well worth growing; they are globular in shape; 
of large size and excellent quality; rather late; need good care. 


PEAS. 


Forty varieties of pea, mostly those introduced during the last few 
years, of which ten were this year’s, novelties, were grown. Several of 
the older varieties were used as standards with which the newer kinds were 
compared. The objects in view were to determine the relative merits of 
the peas for the market gardener and the farmer; to ascertain what varie- 
ties were synonymous; and to observe the behavior of the various kinds 
under cultivation with the view of obtaining hints for their further 
improvement. 

The peas were planted in double rows, 34 feet apart, 200 peas of each 
variety being planted. The planting was done the 11th of May. Unfor- 
tunately a cold rain set in and continued for several days, owing to which 
many of the seed, especially of the late and wrinkled varieties, rotted, so 
that the percentage of germination was extremely small. In a few cases 
none of the seed grew, notably four of the ten novelties. 

Good growing weather followed, and conditions were favorable for a test 
of the early varieties. About the middle of June a drouth began which 
lasted until the end of July. The midsummer and late varieties suffered 
much from the drouth and the results obtained may not do them justice, 

though they will certainly indicate the value of the varieties for a dry 

season. The counting and weighing was done with the greatest care possi- 
ble and the data given in the table indicate pretty correctly the relative 
merits of the different varieties; attention is especially called to the table 
for facts regarding maturity, productiveness, and quality. 

Though a great number of new peas are being introduced yearly during 
the last two or three years, none have been put upon the market that are 
likely to supersede the so-called standard sorts. Most of the newly intro- 
duced smooth, white and blue varieties, are identical with older sorts, or 
differ but little from them. 

Special attention is called to the edible-podded peas. Market garden- 
ers, farmers, and consumers pay too little attention to this class of peas. 
They deserve to be more generally grown. If used when young enough 
to be free from the memb:anous lining, from strings, and to be brittle and 
succulent, they are excellent, especially for family use. There are several 
varieties listed in the seed catalogues, of which the best are: Melting 
Sugar, Tall Sugar, Mammoth Sugar, and Dwarf Sugar. The first three 
are much alike and of equal merit, the preference, if any, being for the 
Mammoth Sugar. The last variety differs from the first three mostly in 
being a dwarf grower. 

Below is a brief description of several of the newer varieties of pea: 

Paragon.—A late, or medium late, half-dwarf pea, of the smooth, blue, 
wrinkled type. This year a failure. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 369 


Queen.—A half-dwarf pea of the green wrinkled sort, foliage vigorous, 
sturdy, branching freely so that it needs to be planted thinly; pods large, 
curved, largely borne in pairs, good color; peas good size, round, excellent 
quality; season medium. A very promising new variety. 

Sapphire-—A vigorous, half-dwarf variety, with rich, green foliage, 
large leaves and stipules; pods long, curved, rather unevenly filled, not 
ripening at the same time; season second early; a good producer; for a 
smooth, blue variety it is excellent in quality; much like Alaska, Blue 
Beauty, and Bergen Fleetwing. 

Station.—Vines vigorous, 2 to 3 feet in height, light green. Pods short, 
broad, curved, many of them small; unproductive: peas medium size and 
‘quality; season early; seed smooth, white. Judging from this year’s trial, 
not desirable. 

Sterling —One of _the blue wrinkled varieties; vines unthrifty and much 
affected by the drouth; pods long, slender, recurved, not evenly nor well 
filled; peas of fair size and good flavor. Not particularly desirable. 

Sunol.—An early strain of the smooth white varieties. It hardly differs 
from the old First and Best. As grown this year it was a day or two ear- 
lier, but far less productive. 


VARIETY TEST OF PEAS. 


1 =) 
a) a & 
S a 25 
Date of a 2 5 
: : End of =| = Pars 
iety. Seedsman. edible : 2 
Variety an bree es maturity. i 8 a Fe 
@Q ga od 
BD Big Bo 
‘ eis ZA a> 
Mlagkae i ses ioe Bude tie saSecue. Morryt=2=) 225 June 26 __.___- POLY. Tests 46 5. 50 
American Champion______-_.____- Henderson ___| July 8____.__-- iad | Reet Rens 58) usooi-: |e 
Bergen American Wonder ___---__- College ____-_- June 200s rot) fo Gs ts es 47 44 52.5 
Bergen Fleetwing--.-_._.....------ Gregory _____- OREN A OO pees 45 5.7 48, 
Duke of Albany=22. 22.22 Henderson...-| July 7.____---- Ss by pee eee 57 5.1 50. 
Bive beauty ee Buiste2- 2223 DUNG 21 ee ee 7 (ll |B Se oe Pe 
Wear lye May ae ee Saltzer_______- July aeees Pe nly tee ee 51 4.6 58. 
Warly, Prizes 2 (ee Maule) 322) June 27eee nee Foca OP Meee 47 4. 58. 
HA Cy erurE S as OF CP aap ire ee oe ees 9 Burpee ______- daly 102 ee sh D1 toe OOF E22 eee 
HB ZOnIan ee ee ae ne te ee Thorburn_-__-. June 28__. ___. er ee ae 48 41 56. 
Bi bask ets ae Nees Sc ee Henderson .__| July 14 -______ Ua er 5 am ee 64 46 57, 
GTO oe erat eee eee ee. Vaughan_.____ re Osa ee Se ss at seers 59 5. 52. 
AW TING) += 3 = Re Ege Soe Ne Ces Henderson: lasik el Ole ee So) Ve19e Es 60 5.2 52. 
Mammoth 522-2 2560s ree ee Maulei => fea Lint Eee ES Mt ode Bhs (ees ey ee 
Market Gardens 2-2 52-2 20) Henderson --- odes (° Cpa ghar vee (it ie pee ey Dev Pee 
McLean’s Little Gem____-_______- Ferry. 2 June23- 2-2. *s Gut 7-3! 48 5.1 56.7 
MoltingiSugariss i sons). ese CO eke th re July 02st i) bo eat ae 59 5: 45, 
Morming Stare tsetse Childs_______- ure 26s seee ret | ee se 46 5. 48.8 
Ray ON oe ees eee ee ee Maulee-222 3 July 62 sf iy Seek a 56 3.5 50. 
Aragon. see) 2 TOADS tae Ren SS Vaughan ____- Gik beeen SS Nt Ye ea 63):|.22-22 [=e 
Rerpetial 2.22 22 ee IS Maule ______-- ey eee eet eee epee ree 67 | -atoss| 222-2 
Preminme Gem: 0922 es Se Ferry_._-.__.- June 282 July)> 922 ASE Rea 56.9 
Pride of the Market__-__.____-__- Henderson __-| July 10 ______. SS Ar. Sea 60 25 2a ee 
iProtueroniees- te. of 52 Se ae Burpee ____-__. Cer ge eae au bee Ate ser 57 3.6 56, 
Quiseriy sis re Fs Hendersomtse te el Oren nent ae Pe ae 6952-2 ee 
Happhitey ee sse esse cane eesee eee Ni BrgiGeCon| pe hee leduly, til. 51 5. 53. 
DATOPSIMITO;H GE OM sees = Ses ace ee |e eS SG eee a ae Srna 1 GaN aes 56 6.5 56. 
Station___- -| Thorburn____- June 26__ a Blseice 46 4.5 62. 
Blan liriges ee ee ers. ee Dept. Agr’l. .-| Jaly 6___.___- ie Up ly Ee Lt (eae 56, 
Btratagenn 2 oe ae eae ee Herryeo es = Sg ee are coy ay |: eee oe 59 8.4 44, 
Seri ee A ee se Vaughan ____- Jane 26______. * pa oe 46 5.2 53. 
Workshire Hero se.) oe eo: Horry es seen uly: Besse ith eee 59) [ees eee 
Duke oOfsWifel 225. 2.220 sooo. Se Phorburnes-e. | ae 18 eee SON 29 2e2Eee iE  . O8n [22 2S eee 
REIS Ole hove AnveGtiiee 2222-2. | eee es CON en (ete 57 6.2 50. 


47 


870 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


SWEET CORN. 


The sweet corn suffered more from the drouth, perhaps, than any of the 
other vegetables. All varieties had the same chance, however, and allow- 
ance can be made for the drouth. The corn was planted the first of June; 
the growing season was good until the middle of June, when the drouth 
prevented further growth until August; the corn did not recover and the 
low yield is thus accounted for. Several new varieties were tried, some of 
which are promising. The table shows the results obtained very accu- 
rately. Fora list of varieties for the various seasons the following are 
recommended: First early—Early Vermont, White Cob Cory, First of 
All. Second early—Harly Champion, Leets Early. Medium—Hickox 
Hybrid, Landreth. Late—Country Gentleman, Zigzag, Stowell’s EHver- 
green. The following are descriptions of the more promising new 
varieties. 

Fordhook.—An extra-early corn maturing at the same time as Cory. 
Ears large, eight-rowed, small cob; grain deep, very white; quality excel- 
lent. This year a failure because of the many deformed and irregular 
ears. ‘To be recommended for the extra-large size of the good ears, excel- 
lent quality, and its freedom from smut. 

Honey Dew.—A second-early variety. Ears large, eight- to ten-rowed, 
kernels medium size, corn and cob white. The type is not well fixed, and 
the corn is a poor yielder. Its appearance is good and the quality is 
excellent. 

Portland.—The most promising new variety grown this year. Stalk 
and foliage heavy, suckers but little; ears large, tapering, ten to twelve 
rowed; kernels large, broad, rounded; corn and cob pure white; quality 
good, looks well and yields well. It grew and looked much like Bonanza, 
—a better variety, however. 

California.—Stalks tall, slender; foliage good; ears large, twelve-rowed; 
kernels small, deeper than broad; cobs not well filled; flavor poor; unpro- 
ductive; not promising; season medium. 

Silver Coin.—Stalks very tall, slender, long-jointed; ears long, slender, 
fourteen- to sixteen-rowed; kernels deeper than broad; quality good; 
unproductive; season about that of Stowell’s Evergreen. Not a very 
promising variety. ; 

Golden Nugget—A complete failure this year. Not enough ears filled 
for testing the merits of the corn. 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. 371 


VARIETY TESTS OF SWEET CORN. 


s | a Ro) a) :) 2 

=o E + a = 3 

2/8 i) % c 8 

os 2 ‘S A oO o 

Variety. - Seedsman. g S a = 5 ES 

° cas) 2 = i) (>) ® 

+ oS ue oo bo a aa 

2155 5g ge 58 2 

3 os Pe) oS 5 

A |z® 42 4° ae z 
Black Mexican_-_-__.---.---- 85 9]5 ft, 6 in, | 4 13,740 
Bonanza 2!5- = 4 79 14 | 4 “  8in, se 3 8-4 ‘ 9,634 
California ___._-.- bs s 88 12 | 4 Guts 5 ee 4 Ge 10,668 
Country Gentleman_ .| Henderson _-___- 87 WEA te 5 1-2 ‘ 4 a 15,409 
yO ham plone eon ee Manghaneess 2. 75 15 | 5 ee 6 BE 5 Es 10,472 
Hiverbearing:-~ 22225 .=-=-=. Manle==)-22222- 85 15 | 5 s 5 8-4 ‘ 43-4 * 11,785 
Rirstyof Alenia. 2 Ts ‘Burpee ssa os 72 13 | 3 COS (YO 5 us 31-2 * 11,479 
Mordhook e222 sees LY iwe Le Lee oe 74 11/3 hash Ua 43-4 * 312 * 14,505 
Golden Nugget _----_------- Gregory .=.-.--| 76 13 | 5 eS 5 3-4 *“ 41-4 * 14,224 
Hickox Hybrid=) ess = Perrys eee 79 13 | 5 ee 6 = 6 2-3 ‘ 11,063 
Honey; Dew s-be42ebe Childs==244= 76 15 | 43-4 * 6 5 Es 12,629 
aridreth pees: aes Ese ea Handreth 2, 87 1 | 5 EDS Dinas 5 a 5 1-2 ‘ 11,684 
Leet’s Early Merry 222-2 76 15 | 4 Se 61-3 ‘ ys EP 13,335 
Old Colony .__----- Jay Se ee ee ees 87 11 | 4 so" fe 6 f 61-2 ‘ 14,224 
Portinnd a fee ee MON) Be ai. Core|). 16 eS ss 514 * 445 “@) 12,801 
Silver: Coin=<- 2-52. --2-e = - Herryo 2 85 16 | 4 ser iGee 6 3-4 ‘* 61-2 * 8,805 
Stowell sie Fe me ees a oe 85 19) }5 so10)s 71-4 ‘* 7 ie 12,678 
Mermontt cscs. 2) Ae 3 Vaughan ___-_-_-- 73 12 | 4 ee 5 fs 812 ‘ 13,650 
Wihitemobstcl: 22 seer os OLEYe ee eS 16 | 41-2‘ 514 * 445 ‘ 15,662 

ALN) SES a aes ae N. B. & G. Co._- 83 20 | 4 oy (Ie 41-2 ‘ 31-4 * H| 

TOMATORS. 


One hundred and five varieties were sown in the forcing house April 1. 
When the plants were two inches high they were reset in flats, plenty of 
space being allowed for them to grow stout and stocky. The plot provided 
for the tomato patch was a rather light sandy loam. It had previously 
received a good dressing of well-composted stable manure. The ground 
was thoroughly prepared and the plants were set out June 6-7. The rows 
were five feet apart and the distance between the plants in the row was 
four feet. 

A wire trellis, made by driving boards, six inches wide and about three 
and one half feet long, firmly into the ground between every third or 
fourth plant, and fastening two wires on each side of the board, one about 
a foot and the other two feet from the ground, was provided. This trellis 
is cheap, easily put up, and serves its purpose well in keeping the tomatoes 
off the ground, promoting the growth and vigor of the plants, and exposing 
more readily the fruit to the sunlight. It is, however, doubtful if it would 
pay to trellisa large planting of tomatoes grown for market purposes. 
ae Sh aa yield would scarcely pay for the extra labor and expense of 
the trellis. 


TOMATO ROT. 


This troublesome disease often causes much loss to the tomato crop. 
Last season, when the tomatoes had grown to the size of hickory nuts, the 
plants were given a thorough spraying with Bordeaux mixture. Three 
weeks later the application was repeated. Very little rot was found on the 


372 STATE HORTICULTURAL ‘SOCIETY. 


plants sprayed, while on plants purposely left untreated many diseased 
fruits were noticed. The season being a remarkably dry one, the rot did 
not do the usual amount of damage to the crop. The results seem to show 
conclusively that the disease can be kept in check by the use of Bordeaux, 
if treatment is begun early in the season. 

In the table below are given the time of ripening and the yield of a few 
of the older and better sorts, and of the new varieties grown. Six plants 
of each variety were grown. The yield is divided into three periods so 
that the early productiveness, often an important point, can be noted. The 
average weight of ripe fruit shows the comparative size of the different 
varieties. In the last column is given the weight of green fruit remaining 
on the plants at the time of killing by frost, October 13. 


TABLE OF VARIETIES OF TOMATO—EARLINESS AND YIELD. 


2/2228 || [3 
a & a Ft Biles |. 3 
3 5 os e 4/3 a om 
’ (ae PV Peeper 
(s} _ 
4 - |e) s2| Be log | 2) See 
BS Bae lsh 9] eee cae Saleen 
Variety. Seedsman. a 32 ee 0"; Es a} es [see 
g Ce) Sa | eel ae ee | See ae 
c= Od Om Om 2H A} of [3 S68 
= | = fo) | > 
% es Ee a = ala |-E 
& 3 
4 1bs.| 02. |1bs.| 02. |lbs.| 02. | lbs.| oz. Fs oz. |lbs.|oz. 
Victor. ee Neuman____-_-_-- Aug.13.) 7 | 11] 81] 6 | 13 | 14! 52] 15 | 268 | 3.16/40] 2 
AGVANCG ete Ses Burpeemeesseces Ye 45 7 [34 ) 87} 20 525) 0) | 27 STON AG ake 
Rowie eh ae see Gregory 252222) PACs Pa loa) ale Orion een we oon lahat sit 3: 86 | 12 
Fenotrnm 2 eee College 2: 2.20258 1528) 174 ST) | | ee es ea eS ae SS eae 
IRotato beat 2222222 Livingston_-__. be -Y-a] WS Doe fat fer? et He Vien US a Sl a tb ES aa jaa 
Marliest)*=--* cue 2a Vaughan _____-- ee Me 245) 10 4).22)] 9s) Bee Sa AR a4 460) | APR Sea ee 
Atlantic: 2 23 es BNL Johnson & Stokes_| ‘* 7.} 17 | 4117 OF 36} 2] 214] 2.7 29) 4 
Ponder eas ee ea Pantera ea eon 1 Oa a] i laa] ae] 6] as | eee lace 
onderosa. 26 222_ Se enderson _._-_. sf | (a [eee f 45 
Karly Ruby 2s) se Henderson -____- ©1102]. 9) 138 | 27 |---| S12") 42 1) 9!) 207 |) S295) a8 ks 
Dwarf Champion..-_.-_. Harris 22280 22) SS IB3ls Qyyee 22 2824), OS AO Se elas 7ba| eo canoe 
oes re ei we potiende co “ ir] | alaslael 2| s| oe 3 last | ser fee bo 
QnOvOM =e eS ertboud______. § - é i pee 
Potato-leaved Ignotum.| College_________ Septals| se ‘23 | 7|12}) 91] 46 |___.| 111 | 6.68 | 50] 8 
Buckeye State__....___- Livingston____- Aig )30)| | ees 17 | 4110/14] 28| 2] 182) 3.4 | 96 | 12 
Terral Cotta. 2 senses. Thorburn _ of) ES 152] Bi Bf 29. te 2] (8 || Sh e48 | zeal! 2881) 288 sb Saat 
Lemon Blush_- .--| Thorburn oa ee Ur als) 1 ey Ls Ya Ve macs Se) ey tects 3 an fe Cave fed fc Ua) 8s 47 | 4 
Ferris Wheel _- .| Salzer __... Sept. 1.|.._.|.-. | 16 | 8] 10/-5 | 26/13] 96] 4.36) 991 6 
Meteor -.__- eae -| Thorburn - Aug.17_| 2} 18 | 32] 1] 5] 5] 38] 3] 168| 3.69] 18} 8 
Northern Light._______- Thorburn -_. ee 28.) Be}! 1} 100) 8.) AB 389) 887s 4201) Sista perees 
Early Bermuda -___.___- Landreth-______- $e. -18-) TL | 14) 24 | 6} 21} 28 | Sie aia S168 a6 ool: 
PR fae a ae Ve acl Coliegs| “ 13| '4| 2/a7| 8| 3] 42 | 25 | 6 | 168 | sae fas [8 
PNOBSIN Ocdlene- eeen eee a. Agl. College ‘ 2 Pel Wak fc : 
CrossiNo} 2-3 eee Va. Agi. College} ‘' 17.| 2] 7] 28] 8] 12] 12] 43] 6 | 163) 4.25 | 54] 8 
@rossiNos sess eee Va. Agl. College} ‘* 13.) 11] 7] 21] 5] 53] 10] 86] 6 312 | 4.42 }151 | 14 
(Cross) No:4.22 te WVa.Agl, College! ‘* 13.) 8 | 14180) 16 OL 13 | 264 | 2.58} 65] 4 
BrookolNo. tienes eee EB. W. (Brooke-2), S8e7.)) 85] 49a). 87/85/25 eae aces! ST) aeeS ae 
Brooke No.2 2 22222.22. BOW, Brooke co) 288) ani 1a) 137i) Sal) Oo vieeeel woe 87 | 4.89 | 67} 8 
Halladay’s Early Prolific__}_.........-.---_-- oh fal ae Eee 8/15; 6] 1} 9 )..-.| 87} 8.89 | 63 3 18 


EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETINS. ola 


Crimson Cushion, Henderson.—Plants of vigorous, spreading growth. 
Fruit very large; round, regular form; bright scarlet color; flesh solid and 
of best quality; cells small and few in number. The plants are very pro- 
ductive. The fruit is of fine form and appearance and will stand shipment 
well. A valuable variety. 

Cross No.1, Va. Agricultural College.—Ignotum type. Fruit round 
and very regular in form, colors evenly a bright dark red, and is of fine 
quality. Seems distinct in color and form. 

Cross No. 2, Va. Agricultural College—Acme type. Plants of strong 
growth and quite productive. Fruit of good size, regular form. Color is 
darker and more red than Acme. Excellent in quality, but rather soft. A 
good variety. 

Cross No. 3, Va. Agricultural College-—Ignotum type, but lighter and 
brighter red in color. Ripens evenly and flesh very solid and firm. A 
good shipper. 

Cross No. 4, Va. Agricultural College.—Closely resembles Ignotum, 
though fruits scarcely as large. 

Brooke No. 1, F. W. Brooke.—Plants are not of strong growth, but 
quite productive. Closely resembles Acme. 

Brooke No. 2, F. W. Brooke.—Closely resembles a well-selected type 
of Ponderosa. 

By careful and continued selection of seed, Harliest, Vaughan, has lost 
much of its former angularity and has increased in size at no expense in 
earliness. It hasagain shown its superiority as an early-ripening sort. 

_ Advance, ripening a little later than Earliest, but of smooth, regular 
form and good quality; is a valuable variety. 

Ignotum, Acme, Optimus, and Trophy may be recommended as excel- 
lent varieties for general growing. 

The following are sorts of recent introduction: 

Ferris Wheel, Salzer.—Plant a strong and vigorous grower. Closely 
resembles Ponderosa in foliage and fruit, though the tomato is more reg- 
ular in form and the flesh scarcely as coarse. It is a late-ripening variety. 

Meteor, Thorburn.—The plants are alike in habit of growth and foliage, 
resembling closely Dwarf Champion. No two plants have the same type 
of fruit. The color varies from bright red to purplish red, and the form 
from round and slightly irregular to smooth and regular heart-shape. 

Early Bermuda, Landreth.—Plant of low, spreading growth. Fruit of 
fair size, somewhat rough and angular. The variety is early and fairly 
productive. 

Potato-leaf Ignotum, College.—This variety is rather late in ripening, 
but, the large size, good form, and appearance of the fruit, and its good 
shipping qualities make it an excellent late market variety. 

Terra Cotta, Thorburn.—This unique variety is especially valuable for 
its very high quality. It is moderately productive. It should have a 
place in the home garden. 

Lemon Blush, Thorburn.—If one desires a yellow-skinned variety, no 
sort would give better satisfaction than Lemon Blush. 


1 ERS | Vi IVE ES 


Sree HORTICULTURAL SOCEM 


? 


LIFE MEMBERS OF THE STATE 


RURAL SOCIE TY:* 


HORTICUE-, 


Name. P. O. Address. County. 
Ndamptt alow tet 2 ores Sons Galesburg! 22-5 2 ee Kalamazoo. 
ams vires He Dalo tse eo Pos Galesburg eons 2s Kalamazoo. 
vu HSA 1 Erp Sh Aan ele Re SRE a ea Re AV GUT Teh aie: BE ai yds a ok Lenawee. 
Peli smvinss, Many =. oo ee Sec Adriane shee ies 2 LS Lenawee. 
PATCH OR EN OMTAS = 260 2 teet smal 2 a2 Ue Din Jose phe = sees eeeas Berrien. 
PerinicAte, Jamies. 0. tet ss oi el Monroe 20) = ie Se Monroe. 
ORIEN CEN NS) eens 1s et et Le aw eco: NOMA wie ee eke Si DS Tonia. 
CANWEST OPS 27 GA Baa Pin edt eee ageepmeye Seer Old Mission=222= == 22-2 Grand Traverse. 
paeleyssonn,d:.((deceased) «235.5222 Detroit 22 2 hy S- Wayne, 
Balloyb rie erate eee is it South. Eaven 2. Van Buren. 
PaRUOY WP TEL. jWRAe 2 sooo Le oe ihaca sere cee case 2 New York. 
lice else ere er ee el ND atroibe ao os, 2 hel Wine, 
IBF Galak Jeyid Da = A ae a ae Nee Sm Anni Arbors: 2. steele Washtenaw. 
Ball; John (deceased) —- -2--- --2 62222528 - Grand Rapids) Kent. 
Barnett, G. W., 159 South Water Street-_| Chicago ____....____-_-| Illinois. 
ACS ee ie eee ee ee eT Pe ney Ose OAby vee sO Se Grand Traverse. 
Baxter, W.J. (deceased) -.--..-- -_-. ---- Jonesville; sees an ees Hillsdale. 
onl Wdieee eet ee ee eet 25 AgriculturalCellege® =| Ingham: 
Becker SNlberkie® 22() 2.2 4250-3. cs OS SuSapinaw Meese Nas _-| Saginaw. 
TE AES Ny eu al La Bie re ena ae ge a A SRR er Plymouth. sens Wayne. 
nla a etree rN ee edly St Ro re Sasa Grand Rapids______---_-| Kent. 
srAackettn Gan bes esse ced st se 3 Denmark ves = See Towa. 
Bradfield, Edward (deceased)_-_--__-- ---- a\Co Ue Repierg O SeSyoee OAM i aa Ae ae Kent. 
LE typ ye DAY 6 ia ates AC ie SS aA Rn ate ceed Kalamazooys 2) == 252202 Kalamazoo. 
BruchneraGeorge Wises ee 2 ee Monroeslee es soe re Monroe. 
Brynn he a te oe es ee South Haven ¢.24)<—22| Van Buren: 
ruillock; i: (D. (deceased) 4: == s-- £5 gackson 22 ele Aes Jackson. 
Enerticni VV eta ee ee et AA nie, Sas eye She Tonia. ~ 
fmrrowe, Goeoree day sae. 2b iol Saginaw Citys). 56 oe Saginaw. 
MOET CTA ECO KIOT Lise eee ee ee I ee Warmonbi us per) ney Nova Scotia. 
Mastollo, Georre 22-24 248 hos UL) Saginaw .City. 242 los. Saginaw. 
Chandler, Z. (deceased) -___. -.-_---_ ---- Dotroify 322230. | Wayne: 
Chapman, H. B. (deceased)__.._.-... ---.| Reading ___. ____ .------| Hillsdale. 
Chapman sAllvin yc 2 eee ee ete Bangone sso sts eee Van Buren. 
HA pIn ag CAGIStIN, "bso see Leh tS Rockford ____ -_____-.._.| Monroe. 
Cihnison Nathaniel 7.8 ohh eo. ye Mowery City ccies 0oi 88 Dakota. 
Hilsor Mirsab ida. ooh Pas ee 2 Power Clty) = 20545 La Dakota. 
linicgienWite te ee ee 52 oa eo. li Jackson. 9c! es. 202 | Packson: 
(Or 00 Saris ee) a a eS Agricultural College.___| Ingham. 


*Notr.—A Life Membership is $10. The fund thus gathered is invested in good securities and 


only the interest employed for general purposes. 


48 


378 

Name. 
ASOD EW ie urease Coe $A Ce tes Le ils 
Cooley, Elisha (deceased) ___-___-------- 
Modpor, -Geprge.S, sai he 8 So SS ee he 
IGLOS DY <n ie ee sa sie hoa ee ee 


CrovisreAtwAce = 2 rel eS ene 
War bist POV ee et Oe 
(ushnians gi. Epes fo pen ee 
{DRA}! eet CHUB ee eee Shee paid) ¢ eee Beetle 5 
Py ben amin ot 2 es RES ee 
Meany Ake: See es ee A OE oe ee 
WelislerWimi: cent oe ee se 
Dickinson, G. W. (deceased) -_-___-___-_-_- 
Dieckman, Mrs. Josephine M.__-___-__-- 
LE Vichy tel eal O20 Ie ese pce ec np Brie ee 


Dare St, Se Se AA SLi an eee aes wees 
Doylesihonias.<!2 5). eo. ee eee 
DD CRM NAVs ge let eo Shee a ta ae 
LD pela 2 veal bee a ne Bae SaaS ea Te 0 
FidmistonsyD Gey.» seas eae an ats ea 


Ferry, T. W 
Wields=Missennie, He 224182 eee ae 
Wowerday; Robert..422 2 sot ee 
Hoster,;Ws (deceased) 2. eee ee 
Moster, Wins. Mary (iio 220 oa eet 
HowlerjS ss Witern: ie te ot Le ee 
MUL Oresarsye) Acree gL ACE AS Aas a ae Ne 
VU era pike ee eet ek I I ey Sa 
Gartields@has- Wine eos on oe 
Geddes Davitt ts ete ye. Pe su eet Le oes 
Gibsonye Mins ei Wir ots oe een Be 
Gilbert, John (deceased) 
Graham, OO mi Men nee See Baek 
Greening, SU Aer Mieeaieig, Wa gure. 3 nn Con ee 
Griggs, George W. (deceased) __________- 
(OToyG le) Se pees el ol eee ai Ag es 
Hall, Frederick (deceased). 22.2.8 seen 
Hanford, HH, s(deceased)=.2 fs Steers 
Hannah, Perry 
Hathaway, Byes ite. : 
Havilend, J. B. (deceased) _- gh pe eee oe A 
Hayden, MraisiwAy ee oe Ae ame 
COURTS) of aie y geo )0h")'/ Seka ele el eee a er a 
TATISLOd, ates Mee la ee ph 
Husted, WNodhueess eee ee ee 
LNFECS oh hr di IB chp yA RS a 
igentiitziO ware. ee se fo Le Pee 
vgs Cale batmeie eds. ool 28 Yee 
Jerome, Mrsviavid Heo 
Johnson Willigmess 2s = = eee 2s 
IKGOZ10 EGG Se TE we at, Yo AND 
ISGIBGry Hoek harem ee Be a 
Lua Cs [SS (a) 5 WARS ea OK Sateen ee apd 
Klein, Ei, WOO SivAUDIN Avene tes seo 


Knapp; 8. O. (deceased)_~ =) 22. cS es 
Knapp, E Goto Pie ee oat 
nipeley, Aid fic Sc ie cee 


Lawton, George W. (deceased) ________ __ 
Lincoln, L. C. 


+ “A 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


P. O. Address. 


Jackson sos, oe 
TOTIA GA) SS ah eee 
Grand Rapids_________- 
Washington __________- 
Old-Mission=== oo 
HCG eee et Le Te 
Kalamazoo 
Ann Arbor 
Adrian 


Bay Citys a ene 


Grand Rapids-_-_..____- 
Kast Saginaw -__._____- 
Chicaroe es a aan 
Bast sacinay see 
Manchester=_.. 2212 


South Haven _---______ 
East Saginaw -____ ______ 
Adrian 
Detroit 


Hast Saginaw ___- -—- -- 
Detroit. eee 
Grand Rapids__-________ 
Ann Arbor 
Manistee 


Grand Rapids__________| K 


Eaton Rapids__________ 
Grand Rapids_________- 


Monrde2= 25 #2 saoeaee 
Grand Rapids___>_____- 
Kast Saginaw_________- 
Tonia 


Traverse City____ _____- 
Little Prairie Ronde ___ 
Traverse City___._____- 
JaCkgon) sees Ue eee 
South Haven 


Vassar 


Tontate. =>) a eee 
Detroit: 8. Soe 
JACKSON oe). oe eee 
Grand Rapids____-_-__-- 
Benton Harbor ______-- 
hawton e222 i eereee 
Greenville 3. 


County. 


Kent. 
Jackson. 
Tonia. 


Grand Traverse. 
Ohio. 
Kalamazoo. 
Washtenaw. 
Lenawee. 
ay. 

Kent. 
Saginaw. 
Tilinois. 
Saginaw. 
Washtenaw. 
Monroe. 
Van Buren. 
Saginaw. 
Lenawee. 
Wayne. 
Ottawa. 
Saginaw. 
Wayne. 
Kent. 
Washtenaw. 
Manistee. 
ent. 
Eaton. 
Kent. 
Saginaw. 
Jackson. 
Clinton. 
Kent. 
Monroe. 
Kent. 
Saginaw. 
Tonia. 
Indiana. 
Grand Traverse. 
Cass. 

Grand Traverse. 
Jackson. 
Van Buren. 
Georgia. 
Kent. 
Monroe. 
Monroe. 
Monroe. 
Saginaw. 
Tuscola. 
Ingham. 
Tonia. 

Tonia. 
Wayne. 
Jackson. 
Kent. 
Berrien. 
Van Buren. 
Montcalm. 


LIFE MEMBERS. 


Name. 


sancolns Mire li ©. 232. at see elt ee 
Linderman, Harvey J. (deceased)____ ____ 
Linderman, A. T 
Littlejohn, F. J. (deceased) -__... -___ ----_- 
NEQOTHIGS bop bs sores a ee He ee ea 


Marshall, WAlaE NS Hoe. oS b aya wee 
Mason, NEE AGEN Sheet ee et ear ss 
Masomevirs: Sabah tAtn 220 ost resi 2052 
Me@allamegh yl ee 8 es ae ea eae See 
Mie Clatchion Gu@re saa) a 2.) eee ee ee 
NWeDiarmids James) Dots 2 22 oo a 
McNaughton, Robert 22 aS ee 
Mitchell, W. SERN GIS Shas a ee 
Moores, a lve es poo Ee See ae SU 
Monroe 71© ge eae one Ga eet es 
Monroe, Judge (deceased) ____-__-_------ 
Montague, A. K 
Nabors: NelleiS: pe a ee 
INT CHOISY nu Witte sees ee 2k Bee a 
INGDIOSIWi Ane ok te eA ee 
Odell Samuelawe yo ee oo ee 
iRalmery Thomas) Wie. ees ee ss 
Parmelee, George (deceased) 
Parmelee, Mrs. George (deceased) 
Parkes Mrsh Amos) Sie 22s ee sates 
parsons we hilow se toon ee Se eae 
Waririage, Bobs 2s. e0 boo. st ek 
Pearsall a Sac Meee ee eee ras Tye” oe Wen oN 
Brive GEOLeey Eigen! 7 ek Oe 2 el 
IRettys, Bhonrags 2 “2 as SS Se aie 
IFTOL COMIN inser eel ek Se el. DE nee 
21TH) ae) DA I a a a Se 
Ramsden Grasses. os ona ec Rs bee at ae 


Oe eee ee ee ow ee ee ee - = = 


ime AIMORA lees Phe a Pe Te IS 
Ppsee ly) Morsy thee Lie Ses ok aie ee 
frase, Mrs Sophie BH. 2.02 290 ses oe 
TO WO Ww tiltariy fh Ns Fe yo ak 
ERD Cy AV VLME REL Is AE we Pade NS a 90. 
Fuudsell irs GeonB esse Ve ota 
LRGONST YL ON Diptera oe eae ih ge eal eae SRA Pe 
PAlOrloc, James ee Ss a AY 
Savidge, Hunter (deceased)________ ______ 
Scott, J. Austin (deceased)______________ 
Scott, Drs VANIS Ginn Eo De ae pete: 
Scott, 17] a |, Se Ra ee Ae EA a Dearly oe 
Sessions, ChiariésrAy2-) oe eae ee 
Sessions, Alonzo (deceased) ___- -_._____- 
Shea VV Airey Le ene ee ES 
rSLSUM NSH ALY, (il lee erp eels gy Cope eee Nara 
BS OOD Mise Vee Wee e aes Sn ik 
SUUILE TIE NN Gael. Xo 's Te See sis 


P. O. Address. County. 
Greenville: 2s Montcalm. 
South Haven _________- Van Buren. 
Wihittehalll 22 3222 ees Muskegon. 
Alles any cs ae ees Allegan 


SOUtheb ay ony —weee Van Buren 
Glenwood. i222 Florida 

Old Mission) 2422225 Grand Traverse. 
Mastisaginaw_ 2.2.22. Saginaw. 


East Saginaw__._______| Saginaw. 


IDE WaysjlaVeee Se wie Sey eee Ingham 
uding ton = essa Mason 
Bearslake. 2 So a Manistee. 
Jacksoness 2 4 taan Jackson. 
‘Traverse Cityss- 2-5. Grand Traverse. 
Man Gin yk cea ey Ingham 
South Haven ___- -_-__- Van Buren 
ia WON CMe = eee ee Van Buren, 
Traverse Gity___-_____- Grand Traverse. 
pin the eer per Genesee. 
Ann Arborec2- =e Washtenaw. 
Mionroer ee ae Monroe. 
Muskegon 32002) Sots = Muskegon. 
Detroitieas Be alum sees Wayne. 
Old UMission®__2 yes Grand Traverse. 
OldiMission==25 4 Grand Traverse. 
Kast Saginaw__________ Saginaw. 
Detroityis sss ae) Wayne. 
Bay, Cityens 42222 5-2 | Bay. 
Grand Rapids_-__-______- Kent. 
Mansing/==— Nba Fe pod | Ingham 
Spring’ Lakes - 900-4 Ottawa 
Liudine ton. 8 5s Mason 
Mianderson: 2_-2 == -__- Nebraska. 
iPraverse, City 2s — Grand Traverse. 
Traverse City__________ Grand Traverse. 
St Josephs! sa a Berrien. 
Grand Rapids. 22. 22 Kent. 
Monroe se fe- = a aeey Monroe. 
Agricultural College ___| Ingham. 

ON Ay Saat ia eet aka = Tonia. 
JaACkROny .. 5 es ee Jackson. 
East Saginaw_________- Saginaw. 
Bast sacinawe see Saginaw. 
Grand Rapids__________ Kent. 
Grand Rapids__________ Kent. 
Detroiter 7 gees Wayne. 

OV cet ee Rh lanes Tonia. 
Mlibany tek aes eee New York. 
Spring! Makau ea Ottawa, 
AninvAT DOL ese ee Washtenaw. 
Newark ____ .___._.____| New Jersey. 
AmntAr bor 2a. Washtenaw. 
Mieargisict toe aes 8 Oceana. 
Rov alert ers Tonia 
Tonia ee ee ee Sonia 
Shel yas a eee as Oceana 
Hastiigsy2s oes 8. Barry. 
Grand Rapids_____--_| Kent. 


379 


380 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Name. 


DIZOL PAT UTM Acre oe es ee Ss ne ee 

Ba yiGN ABA Wcities Ce ee 

Sleeper, F. S. (deceased)-_-___----___-_--_- 
E. T 


SOUILO. (ea ears ee ae eae ia 
Stanton Ge Wieck ol Ue Ee Ne 
LO ATG re ieNeoeeies Leena Oe Cet MEA Saal 
FS (if See aera Ve Pl ICG Fe BF) aR es nO eR Ea SIO 
SAR SYSe eS) BERN Acres eave wy enn euanrde My Ue Peay yell 
“Savolainen ee a 
Shenley eM, te ea N ee sce Cy ee 
Sterling, J. C. (deceased)__.. --.. ---_ --.- 
SHEP LOY 9 OBR © Ries Rey le UNA See es 
SUPE SSUTIT te IM og aa el Raia cae eis ie CO) pa Blue 
Sterling, Mrs. Emma M. _--_.--_--_- ---- 
Stockbridge ws ss ee ee oe 
Suttle, John (deceased) __-_-_-._#__-_--- 
Maylor George) 62. Geil Mets FON ee Be ann 
iavlor. Goeorgei.©.22 ioe. ela 
BRTOMMAS EA RH es ee tee Sle SW ee 
DOM PBON NW). Dse ste oe Ne 
Tompson, J. P. (deceased)__________-_--- 
Towles, George W. (deceased) __________- 
PT ACVAWV ELI Wie he See (oe A 
Vick, James (deceased)____---_-_..------ 
WAGER SUEY Ta (es hid Indy Saltese Lee ees ey Oe 
‘WT oH opi) Ss a) ed ean ae a ge a 
Wick«@harlesiiy 22.) sae oe fees te 
Wick alin @olston tees -f urs) le es 
RWadsWorch AW Rico! ose is ee 
WWiaitesGal bert Misys pes ae oe 
WWE ee nS RNS rise a ee Or EO ND yy a 
pian testa es i Te i Be 
Webber) Walliamdiy 22 o.2 Ls 
WiebberGeorvewWen eee 2 ee 
Webber, Miss Frances H.____-___ -___-__- 
Wrells-H.-Ga(deceased) 22-228. ue 
Wehithless6y,;) Gliny_- 5-2-2. ea 
Wire vAm tome eee ee eo ee eee 
Ayal Ke Keyed ae roa es) ix, Se See SS re See ee Fetes 


AVG AIIS 5) eae ee te ce te eM 


Wirt aol o2¥= 1) yas. (© 5 SA EE ge SS 
Wooding? Charles) Hesse et) eee 
WWOOGWETO Davies eee ee he 
Witt zen nage Pleeee Wee Ve Dall 
ICIP LOT He iy ne a See OR 


P. O. Address. County. 
Anan foster Lenawee. 
Grand Rapids__________| Kent. 
Galesburg 3.53. ec es Kalamazoo. 
PONT Resse eed Cee Tonia. 
lonia cee eee Tonia. 
Jackson seus Nee ee A Jackson. 
Bawitporti2 2) eee Muskegon. 
Grand! Rapidss222252. 22 Kent. 
Kalamazoo sense ee Kalamazoo. 
Kalamazooees eae Kalamazoo. 
Garthageys ee Indiana. 
IMGnrOee= tease eee Monroe 
Monroe 2 a eee Monroe 
Monroe eras Monroe 
Monroer2: 226. 8-28 ee Monroe 
Monroeeee2 sori nt eee Monroe 
Monroe === Se eee Monroe 
Kalamazoo; =e Kalamazoo. 
GrandsRapidsss.] === Kent. 
Kalamazooe=saees eee Kalamazoo. 
KalamaZooe 2-2) eee Kalamazoo. 
Jackson 7 ae eer eae Jackson. 
Jackson 22252-22224 Jackson: 
Detroit 2s 5 eee Wayne. 
Henton Harbor _______- Berrien. 
Detroit ia 25> ae Wayne. 
iRochesten 222 New York. 
Rochester. =o... ene New York 
Rochester 2222.-5223 New York 
IRochester=e nee New York 
Rochester. =e. = New York 
IZA COTA 2 ops Pe SL eee Lapeer. 
iPaw Paw eho see Van Buren. 
Siz Johns? 222-2 See Clinton. 
Manchester oe aoe Washtenaw. 
East Saginaw____---__- Saginaw. 
Tonia t= 2 es eee Tonia. 

Hast Saginaw____._____ Saginaw. 
Kalamazoo ess eee Kalamazoo. 
Si Ose ph oases ae ae Berrien. 
Monroe2t. "Saar Monroe. 
Hertingtonye2s) 22 ne Ottawa. 
ONTO@: 2222-2 5 =| Monroe: 
Sti Joseph 22s ee Berrien. 
Teo well ek s 22 3052 Sane Kent. 
Clinton'=*- G22 See a Lenawee. 
Kast Saginaw-__. ---_-- Saginaw. 
SaginawiCitys-es. sao Saginaw. 


A. 
Page 
PA RTE Te “NOC KOC ot sus ee fs ka Se as Br ae ee See SES SRS Me Ly A See 321 
Aphis of the apple tree_______--___- Ne a Be te ee ed yee ec ana S Se! See SS apr EME BEL oe ees eee 292 
Applecrop the; tallure ofin Michigan=*2- 2 ss2420 Seo see oo neon a en Seas Soe se noe es cee 247 
Appia culture MOvesi PONS 2 eae tS ao eee a nan See ee ones canes eter ease satan cseeenenoeue 249 
adaptation of Michigan to 29222). 3. eee tat eee Shao eee ee eee 248 
AN MAICHIPAN FUtUTO Oe eee ee ee a Se ee = ot ROR eS eee ee 29, 37 
Oceana county ese ores ee ee aa eee eae sane Sea aaa a OU Se Se ee 32 
Apple; the; TUnZONS GiseASseS. Of 22 © 2552s ee ee ee eo aa eee ae ane ceeeeees 284 
ANGSECtSiINTeBUN Pst ee Oe eee Be ag ke een ee Soe eo ae pee Roan cae 287 
istry) Ole ee Fe EE ee Se a ee ee eae ee 246 
VAriGlicsiOL to DAN ts pe estas ee soe eee ee oon ee tee 254 
description of varieties! Of... —-4 5-2 ee ee eee aes Soe eee aoa ee eee 256 
WATIOLIOS(OL, AN Uno WOBb 222-222) saeco Smee oe oe ee core eee a ek we Soe ee ek ee 85 
for: Oceana COUN GY ==) eet one see eee ee ee eee ee ee aaa eee 33 
Michigansss 228 ss ere ee ee FR eee Ae oa oe oer we Ee Ob aOR C 
Appleorchard:the;bulletin Upon: - esse eee cee ace nee een ones eee Soe oe ie oe 246 
Apple orchard sthessoil and location fOr) f soe oh = oh see een Le ee Oe eee oe 249 
drainazeiol= 5. .-6 oe Sea eee a eee oe Ab see ee ee ee 249 
2 sproparation.ob land for>s- 9-2 cot oa ee ee ee 250 
selection of trees: fORsa ser sen at ee ee ee ee een Sconce eee eee eee eee 250 
Beason Or plantings oo ee ee ee a ea al oe eee eee 251 
distances foriplanting 25a sae eee ee, ee eae ee eee 252 
lavyingoutend plantingObees esse ces cee ate ee eee a a nee eee 259 
WALOTINE) Ola Se oes ao a EEL a Seer cee eee ees 260 
CULOLVALI OMIT on se Be a Ne i ee a Te ae ee 261 
manuresiand tortilizer LOL = 2e= = eee eee ae Nese Poo eee 263 
ONO VACIOU LOL Se ae ee Ae PR One es Be oe ae ee LL CS Ee 265 
insects, and diseases Ofl. =. eter Al see eA ee co een case acta aoe 266 
SDIAVING Olesen Oe en eae ioe oS es fey SU te ee 267 
care of, for protection-against insecteee 2.22. 62 2o2 ee ee ee 293 
LESS OY OUST a RR 8 as I er BE A ee ee a SD OE SENS BE Ne wie Lee 284 
TTT [ree Aap Nap RR te a Pe tA tn A aa cette ral a SR ee es pa es Se 287 
AD DICBGRU A LEGALMON SOL 22 ssc cee ee sneer ae ee Se epee be EOS Fen oe wee Soe Sos S eee 151 
ADD IGVCLGG AD IIS es saa 8 he Oa Se Rat See re Ee So ee end ae oe oe 292 
SDD lovireed  DLODEz a bl OM Ol oes oe ee ee re eee te ee eh oe the See eS ee ee, to ee 252 
SUE Las soca ee ee Ps hie eee eS ae See ey TE 261 
FOTIUIN G7 OL HERG’ OE a eee eee ae ee re en PS oc TE da are Rm Sed 260 
AM PIGS ACOlASLOTAR Ol Obis ose a ae ae ee ree ee ge ee SE Oe Pye ee 152 
MArkebOr iY DOnMark see set aoe eee De rete, a Ee en be ye ei eeoean 147 


LOT NOWEY RO COUN GY os hese ase a ee ee a et ee A ON UN i ee ae 146 


t 


384 INDEX. 


Page 

Anples, in Oceana county ise~ seen 2k oo ee oe cen wae as eae eee ewe es a 2 8 ee as a ee ee ee 149 

SUMIMer: | pPrelerred -GOLbs. se  ssas o ee e Re ee een ee a ee ee eee 36 

winftor*profterred: SOrie 22-2 se EE SSC Res ee ne eg sa een eae eo eee eee eee eee 36 

Lasisiol, atisub-stanlon inS040 2302 ae ae en Se ee ee ae eee ee ee 219 

Apricots, teste OL atisub-station: in804 +: \ 2-22) 2 ee ee eee 200 

ATntTAl meeting, procepaings Of thes w=. sus o2 aan eases ebeeee cae ae ree eae oe ee ee 90 

AUN TACHOSO) OL tne DOAN C2 255.2282. = ee Ss ee = ee ee ee ee eee eee ee Sees 329 

STAC 222 8 ee ee ee eed aeieae ee bese Ne eee See eee 315 

raspberry, and blackberry; 2. = boeken a. a es ee a ee ee 319 

ABhes. hardwood; Hee OL iN OrchArdss! 2. bens 55 os ee AE pe ee ee er er 117 

Agsnararis. tosis Oat, suD-Atationin 180422 = 3222. be syle Were a ee ee 225 

ATI PNGLING; LONE DADOLs D¥i2 22sec shoe ecco e aL en ae ge ee et Sa ee ee ee 141 
B. 

AM icalOUSAPUNOOy BUC ANGI) ss ty Coe ANE a Se ae ee ee ee ae 288 

Barnett, George W., paper by_.-_---.-------------- ie Set Sty De tee ae ee ee 132 

On ETOL, Ws Os; ;DADOL | DY see Bee ee ee eS ee ie Se ees 38, 124 

TODOEE Dyson eo hhc be os Pe ae eas ee eee 139 

IB SATIS OTB CORDON LSet sae eet = a RY yo eT ee ee as ee eee ee 362 

MOlO LOStOlOL. 2952" es oo Lee, Pete oh RETR ee es a I ae 2 spe een ees 363 

Benin evil 4-2-2220 sect Mees oof ocak Ste bane Solan ee oe eae ee eee ee ee 329 

IBBGLOS DOSLA OLete ee sarees eee SN ee ao ee a oe Se ee 363 

Bird, AW cee) uD EDOT ye oo 2 ets a Pe ee ae pe Se ee Se ae oes 29 

BToter-rOLOritheapples | 2ssee od eek Ben eae ee Se ee ee ee ee ee 286 

Blackberries testedatisub-station im 1894. vod: fos. 2 econo. Soe sai Be See oe eee ee 176 

BiackskNovon thoeuplam 2255-222 A oe 2a ee es De bs Se ee eee 807 

Blacks Tob OL ther quince! 22 ee ae ee oe eo ee eee ee Aa ae ee ee ee 3il 

BTADEl at fie Gee os pee Mh Sy ce a ne os seen oo eee ae eee eae 315 

Borer of the apple.tree, Geseription. Of: == 222 oe ee eee eee ee eee eee ee 287 

troatmontof %. 2 ois Fe fee oe = Sa ee es Se AGG eres 

Currant oe crac eee eS Foca bt ae pee eae EE Ce a a a Oe Ss Be 823 

SLLAWDeLry LOOU sess cake Set a aso ea Se oe se eee ee ee 819 

squash vinies=... 5c oo ee a ee Pow ee ee ee eee 828 

peach’ tree; description of. == 22.\--.2 26S Me ee een eee Se eee 296 

remedies Lor 22.02) sh a be ee See a eee ee eee 297 

sonasityine 28 2h ee Re Oe aed Oe ee ee ae Re ee 47, 83 

ClOVER TOO =. ssGass see aan oe os eee eae aes eae Eee ene ee ee ee eee 48 

SIAVOITOOL.< - S22 sect Sea cet ee oe sae bac eed oo ae ee ne eee ee eee 81 

TASDDOETY)) a2 22 2 oes soca sass ease oe eee ee eee aa eee oe ee ee 81 

CUITADG ee pos eben See ee SW gh RE LOU Se eee eee ea 82, 83 

CHELTy UNG eos en 8c set eo ee Bee aE SS aR ED Le 78 

pear trees eee PS SS eet a te eR RL ORES oe ee 80 

the shothole-cetrs.- = ee ee a Se eg a 8 eee eee 79 

Borers; paper UPON ek soos se cot Seda oe oben Soe cms aha = eae ee Susanne as Soe a eee ee a 76 

BOLATY, TODOlh/ UDOMie st nee 5 owe b scwiocanccaeke owt hoe Jee eeae lt edeens Wage aes ee eee 139 

Browlrot. OL theO\CHELEys=c-5- 65. 20 os Son ee cee ce See eee ea cee SoS eee ee ee eee 303 

Pence. n es ee er cat ee ee Se Be pe ee ee 295 

Brown spot of whe pedeh. 5.35.) ees os a ee ee eee eee aan ee ee 296 

Bud moths, description of .._......---.---- ue a eel oO a ee ob eS eo Oe eee eee 291 

TOMBCICS LON, es ee See ae ee cen SO ea een eee eee eee as FE SS ae ee 291 

Buds; vigorous, do they better:resist irostr 55 2-..2-.... eee et ee ann eee eee 150 

Bulletins of Michigan experiment station____- Odes a OE ee ee ee ee een er a 163 


By lawasiOr. the SOCLOtY .<. bee ee ee ie a ee on er a ce red ll 


INDEX, 3 385 


C. 
Page 
RBA DDAPO A DIG oad See EPS See oe Rapin 1S Sa SEN SOU se oe ns ye ae: Le oe epee 327 
flea) beatles 2 eke Ste ame ee ea Ns Pek LS 2 Pe EA i 325 
leaf Miner oe oat ee ee nea ree LL Oe EE fe ne 8 De a Se See, 327 
aD DAPO-rOOLMAPP OURO. te ao ct ae ee he SPC 8h eT A ee a ome Pe pc Re 325 
COS EG Mie cy reo ea a eee ACRE Ree Pe SE os oe eee ete Oe oY AR eS Ba ore 863 
WOPTIS Ee 66a oe a ea a ae ee SO ec oe SA ne Ss Ts cee aa ae 326 
Wanker wOrlprovyalonee OfLcim) 1S0L. ten A fe ne eA on say 0 A i Os Se 56 
WHrticOrwOLinssOesCrip tion Ob -s= 2550s cee me re SE Se a a Ne Se ee 289 
MOMIOCLOS HG Iits a tee ee See 5 Ae SS Sy ie aes sl Ey PA de eee eS 289 
Caterpillar, tent, description of...._.-......----..-- Eo Sap ese ae ee ee Bay NS eri Eh BE at 5 Sat OR! 291 
TOIMOGICS Ole ese ere ae ae ee eae are a us Bn rh ee EE a oe ee 291 
white-tulted. descr ption\ Ob eae eee ee ee 292 
Ted-hum ped Mescrip hioOniGle tse ea See ON) OD Sa ee Le 292 
Glan TH GO WOl;,bORUSNOL se cee eee ee oe A Re Be tae een I) ee 864 
WEEN yMLOBLB OL eS ee ees aie giana we eg Big a es oe A eg AS ee eee 866 
Chorry-breelouse, the blacks! se sas= n= seen en Beers See ane ese. eee es On ee 306 
@herries, nussian, tests OL at experiment station: (oie 258 eee ke ee eR ee 243 
IGHATACLEFIALIrs Of2 css 2 acres ede RS rN a ie a ae 244 
LOBtS OL At SUD-StAtIONH MN LSOk ese eee ee ee eee ee OY ve ae ae ee eee 184 
OHIPBEtOrN Oo sIDADOLIDY se cao ae seer eta ty eee re a ee me eg NS ga ae Ale a AL Seed 42 
Woahashessusess\Obss 2. oie n alee Shs SSNS 21S tee + WR a ad Loe Ae Pree) ee One 45 
Codtinemoti Gescripeloni Ob: S22 sen Ce ee ME eal We ole oY 2b th > wena 292 
Wold-storage house, plan Ole. ste saates = soe ee eee ee eee ah ee a OS See 26 
Constitn honor, the SOCloby== = se -2* 5) sents seek ee ee oe hate oe ee LO eS ee ee 9 
ACOMN WTOP ORLA aceite ee ee een be er Sk ee Se ee oe a aS ey a ee es 145 
BE TIC KOLA WLP OG oe 2 Se eras renee rae ea ee eet Gt eae ks Oh Pe EM ee on oe Se 320 
Srrecuni Per pESulLemthie Sori peu. <.fe oe ek ate 1A ee ee WE wh ee a eee Uh Se es 827 
PSTICTIN DENSA LOSS OLS eee ere eS IGE) Re DSR LO pes See Sane Seabee 2s 08 ie Se A ne we 366 
Cultivatlon OUaAppleOrcnarggs<.)..2 22 cece cs sees es ee ee ee ee ek in ee ee 261 
VOUN ES OLCHALAB RS 2. hile cee DN ee Se Se ees ee a ee 36 
Cultivator, theordinary, damage by —2--°.-.-----------=---s2- EIS A Ee Mey Eee Bye Cod 1 104 
Serre mio. CHesp lies so ses: es ee me oe gs Se Si Be Ee See 806 
Wrrcnlig ns prayin sy Ole = ee Nee en eB te ce en ee we TE ot ok Wa ee a eas eel Oe 89 
Merrrante red, tests Of AtAnD-SbablOninSO4 2 0s 2 bk ee woe ee Me a ee 179 
blacks tests of atisub-station in 1894220. St ee eae a ee eee: 180 
Crt-wOormhenclimbing: description! Of. oes lal et ee emer een EE Tt eA ee 290 
, TAIMECIOS LORE. = Foie 2 oe Ss Se No Pee te th a ee 290 

D. 
By AEG seh LLL GLEN, EO Yio se en ht ee EA) ee ed Sa Ae 268 
TSE DOT Dyes ne ee a ee ee re Se ae ole Re ne NRRL es | Sk st Bhs See tL OSE 76 
Mi IRSAReH OL Lhe apDIG. 26. fave meee ey Name eee ee Nd yal ie ink on ee 266 
Pe CHORE see pat ee ee eee. Lees Use erie a ae SU ea ee a fe eee 303 
COTTAN G3 oe set ee eee Lass TT IS iene ee Ce EL A Bas Lege 322 
Deere 2 ee re le ea REE Phe ET pe i OMA SE i is 2 es 329 
lack Deriy= 22s sae ee ee ee sa pr eye cae bea WAS Poet Os Sete EE A EE 319 
PEDO) 25: Sore see se eee Se aN erent, Nene SO ALLY fl Se eee 312 
ROORODPEIY sense ee eee ieee ee Ce ES OE vt tea ee 321 
PORCH 26 5 ROCESS Rane ae Dy Ry ye EM eae ee ph Been aa ere at ed 293 
[Oe ey See Nay so cS OE en Uae © DEON Es Byler aL See G mr aT ne Spe Ge ak ou eee A 299 
DLV Shee ee ee A BR EERE Ae cs ae Nel ee ys De OY 807 
AULT CGS 5-5 eee ae Oley Ry ee Os Ee De eek ee Se Eg ar 311 
TAR DUGOUT Ye a Eh te ee At NS oe Oe) uP eae Oe 319 


49 


386 INDEX. 


Page 
Diseases: o£ tho /setrawberry sou. 5 sok soe Sela eeewa tae Soe lane ae oak Soe s case ee ene eeseeeee 317 
tomato 2.02.32 ess sods wel eco eet ee Ae ee ee 830 
Diseases/OL plants: fo. Tasco Roots poe tae see ee ss ee Cate eee eee 277 
Downy mildew: of the grapese-s -22 202. stoss ee eon cee wecsencceeanens sees eee eee 312 
Drainage of appleorchards:-.2242~ sss see ee ee oa eee eee eee 249 

E. 
Hiberta peach; value of, in Michigan =<. 22st -= 2 ao ek ae Ee ee oe ene ee eee 8&8 
Exhibits sreport upon ete ka Aeon ae oe ae eR Oe ae ees ee 48, 89, 155 
Experiment station, work in 1804.2 oe Sek) ye a eS ee Pe nee Se eee eee 87 
Bsub-station; work/atysin1804s =f). Ss a eee 133 

F, 
Hartility OL soil, hows tO DreseryO 2 =22-) — oe eens sce oa en bee eet oe eee eas eee ee 44 
Kertilizers, commercial ;Giscnssion UPON .-.s22s5-2ecseeeacseeee oo one oe nee ee ne eee ee 116 
forapple orchards) sos=2 sae ates seta ene Seen aeons eee Cee eee 263 
Riss tost: OL atisnb-station inylSod== as =e Ss ee ee ee ee ee 225 
Moods adniterabion Of: pss=_ 2 ee ate a soa re ae ae ke ee Se ele ae Sn a ee oe eee 23 
Morestry, lichigan \nceds) Of--22-2 22 -ee cs te aces Sucancet sacs Seee een eee eee ee 124 
Hrniticrops.06 41804, Status: Ob-2 . 22* cose 5. foe hs Case eee Le so en ee Co ee eee 54 
preserves; adulteration Of. 22 — =a 322. eee ee ee ee 23 
nite ap horticultural sub-station=.-— os: 28. an ease eee ee od eee ee ee a 164 
markelineior, in 1804 see see SS ae es ee Se ee a 132 
GUUOLGOASON seats ae eae nee Eel ee eh ra S| Pe ae oe ee ee 153 
DIANTHONIGUBLIby == a ees ee ae Oe ee ee eee 153 
revised momoenclALure Olas eces os oe se ee a ee ee ae ee 164 
LTANSPOLLATION OF 2222 oat one ee See ae Se ee Ee ee ee 104 
Kruit-erowing, causes/of successor failure in: —- 322222 see. ene ee en a eee 42 
in Michigan; presentistatus Of22- 232 2 ose see ere er ae eee eee 20 
Huneicides composition OLE = tie-- 4. sts te ee ee eee ee ne ae ee ee 268 
cantions iconcerming® <2) se lee ae EE a ae ee ee 270 
formulas fort 225% 320 ee sole le aS ke ee eee 270 
and insecticides combined): -2~ 23. oa 28 = ea ee eee 270 

G. 
Ganfield iGhasimw.;mAaper Dy2s 2 oe seek eos See ce ae ae ee ee ne 25 
Gall gouty, ol the raspberry® 2.2222 2222 oo oe ee oe Se es ree ae ee ne eee ea 82 
Gebhart wenton, paper by, - ==... 25 -oaa sane cece ae cae eee ee ee ee Se See 82 
Gladden, /H..b.) bulletin’ bys oe ee si As ae ee ee ee 226, 362 
Gooseberries, tests of, at/sub-station in\1804\--). -222 Be ee eS eS eee 182 
Grape, the, enltivationiOl ese) -t ots se ae oe EL ie ee ee ee ee ee 110 
GIBPASOB OE: 22 ee ees be oe A et A ee / 312 
INSECTA VINTOStIN ess 226. coos Sota se tae Sa ee ee eee ee 316 
preferradswvarieties Of: F-4 ten eek oe oe ee ee ee 110 
shellinpiotestec. = PA scs se Fe oe Se ae ee eo ee eee 316 
Grapes; fertilizerswtor te. 55 Sees. oe a ae n dce ced dae Wiggs Seo Seu ene ee 111 
Lestsabisub-station in 1804 2ose. 2 | se 2 oe ee Dk ne eee 200 
Grapevine dtlea beetle: secs ee Fo he i od ek ee ee 316 
leaf hoppers ke. <'2 5.525 5.5 Sa es 2 cS a 2 9 es ak a ee 317 

H. 
Hedrick: ;U.2;; bulletiniby 2s. t 2 4sc see Ae a Be oe ke ee ae 238, 248, 349, 362 
eiges; Prof,8..B. jaddress bys. <dock ook ote I ec eee he se ee ee 53 
Horticulture at Lowell io. 2. 2... see sccot eaten Saws oredr s non <SCe ts oes Suse e aan ne 107 


INDEX. 387 


Page 
Horticultore; laws, relating) toss. eee ens eens Nee ee A Ee ee 158 
Horticultural statistica: lackiof ini Michigan=.--2 22222, taee eet le eres 55 
rated. N:P.) paper by == es os a enee Boer er ee ed 107 
I. 
Emp laments; report; PON ee ee re eS ee ie WO EN a ee eae te 2 ee 155 
insectstinfasting Lhoapple ses fees -se aoe eae he ee Se ee oe ee 266, 287 
AO BEN ss et ese rn es re ee Te ee oe 329 
DISCK Derrys 2-2 8 sree soe eS A Ae SI ne 2 Se ee 319 
CADDAR Chae Ses a eee ee eee a. SS eae SACU NE eee eee 325 
Carry ee a ee ee a ee ee Aen oes Ik ee eee ee ok 306 
COCTIM DBI es ose ne oe ae ee ee ee See ee Eee ee Ce 327 
CULTANG o2 ec canoes on ames eae ae bea e seen awn et ae ae eee ee oe eee ae 323 
RTA DD wee aan aera ee en eee ae ee ae ee eee ee ee 316 
BOOSODEITY a see oe one oa ee eae ose Sanda dance ne oe os see ee a eae 323 
peaches a6. Ao Se A es ee eS See 296 
DOES ese ee es ee a se es a ae nee Soe oe eee ee cas eee ee 301 
PD Rr ss Sse ee see cee Le aie Nene me ae Ra in ang cos eee aa eee Se 309 
PAS P DOLD Ysera ee ae ae ea ee oe as aaa 2a ee eee ee Eee rete 319 
ACUAS sc ve BASE ee gee eee Ue et ee ee 2 a es 327 
BULA WOOLLY pe see ce 2 eae eee ae ae oe Pn teh se ee ee See Tee 318 
POMALO Zoe sass ac 8 ace be cee eae see et ceteas axe seee tae cee oe aces Se 330 
ianectsnabite ang cranslormations| Of: 2-5.) 25s) ane sce anese ee == ae ene ee ee ee ee 273 
Mmeechiciges combined withtluncicides.--2 4-— se wee ae ee ee a ee ee eee 270 
Form las fOrs= se sees ot oe ee oe ona Se eee eae ae sees Se see oe at aaeae eee eee 278 
Blrrization as practiced in the: west. 22-20 =o eee ee ee a i Se ee 98, 98 
CONETEAS Hotes a DOD Meeting Of. Chek a= seen meet ee ee eee ee ee eee ence 93 
SxperimMent.withyiny. Michigan=—*>-- 20 n= ob ake eee ee es, ee ee eee eee 97 
foMorchard ANG: ParGen Pekeo. ons See aay er ees e en ee cate ee ee se ee Bae ea 58, 65, 66, 93 
HISLOLYOLsoe ses a a ee os eat ee ee ae a ee ee 58 
CINE) ECOG Ca) ch, SEO tie UE a Mea ptt ema Re BAe LET Re tb et Oy Pe els A Pee 59, 65, 66, 93, 97, 99 
prontablencssiOLs). <2<<— | aN a eee NN aoe RE oe eee mo ben oc cease avee eee 64, 66. 
Js 
Jalliesyadultoratl Onl see. ae one oe a sees s See ee eee eee oetseeathico ti the eee 23, 24 
K. 
Kadzios RAO st bulletin) bysess 222522 oe ee eae te se Bene eaten ee cece kee eeaee 343 
Tey OLe) oh) oy Os en, pe ae PMS Ey oe ee eee enero eer emt 23 
Manage tis Me paper bys e ete aise ate. oe Se kG ease t oy WDA E eee 118 
L. 
Panda preparation of for appleorchard soe ee eeees sree eee ee ne ae ane ee een 250 
ayin> out Of Apple OYChards= -9 5-22 = == oa ae wee eee ae eee ae oe oe a= ee re eee noe 259 
Maws of Michivan relating fOmorbicn trres = 9 en ee we ee ee a ee ee 158 
Meat blight of pear and Gquinces =) ome snes ee lee ee ae re se a ee ee ea ae ae een nn 151 
Sts ey LIYE Seas n one pees acs eneee eens 317 
ARGH rnimepeb ObbNelguincar ae ye iene eee ae Ree oe en eee on eeeenae = am $10 
[Ue erey ara cay ed Capo) Coane Ne 2 I eee eee eS Re ee ee eee eee oar 308 
Bowell horticultureatss: soo ee = eee ee oe ee se ee ie ee ce ene ee ae ece es ameem anemone eee 107 
Bryer es breil Wetarn, Wye See ie ne eS ee eet te casa ce ascoroeeatanee eeaete 164 
138 


388 INDEX. 


Machinery for spraying 5. - 2222 ee oo annonce eee se wate eeeee Woes oe ES eh eee eee 
Manure in horbiculture- 20-255 ose foes ace cate Sasa ee eee ee Seen Renesas ee nee nee see ee ae See 
stable, experiments with 

for 'applerorehard:: 32) 2a ae se ae Saale bb eee eee ee ante eae eee ee 

Marl neesiandtroatment Of}: .5- 80-205 oo eco ee eeae Soe) cate es case pen eee en eee eae eee eee eee 
Mildew, downy; ‘of the grape. >. .o8o0 5 st ane nee cae eee esse eee ene sane a eee 
powdery, of the grape 

Mort! Roland;,address' by, <2 so25 2 Me ek ee ee ee Se oe a) Cee bce ee ee a ee 
Muck and Marl, bulletins upon ___.___.___.- Da Desrosiers e ie eee 
SIM NANNCG Ys en eee eee ae Ae OE Te ae eh ae rs Lo we eer 
SWanip \reclalming alot aR he ok 2 Ree RU oe See ee ae ee 
uses/and treatment of¢o 42% ale 2 ee oe eee eae ee ee eee eee ee 
Mulberries, tests of, at sub-station in 1894. ._...--..-__---..--2 ---.-2------+.---- Up PRs. ocr iy Lee 
Munson, W. K., paper by 


Nectarines, tests of at sub-station in 1894 
Nitrogen’ how to,eecure im. Lhenoibe. oe 2 ee Le Se ase 
Nursery,stock, results of, when untrueitomame. 2222252222 oes ee ee ee eee 
Nut culture, possibilities of, in Michigan 
Nuts, tests of at sub-station in 1894 


Officers of the society for 1895 
Orchard fapple; bullotiniu pons c+ = 222-2 sas. nam eee a eae Sees eee pe ae are he ae ee 
Orchards, pilfering from, law against 
Onions, tests of 


Packages, law to compel marking of 
Pale-rot of the quince 
Reach: pudiumoth) 22328 6 hist sah el Sk BN ee De ea ee 
thes /GiseRsesiOns! pes uy 225 SNe Rie Se Se na Bee Ean Sees oe ae 
insects infesting 

Peaches, discussion upon 
goodiand#bad:.. 20855. 34. 4070 A ee eh ee et a re ee 

how, to packifor Migh) prices =~ (322045 622. t a. coon eae nee ee 
Michigan’s product of, in 1893 

tests of, at sub-station in 1894 
Peach-leaf curl 


trees, distance for planting 
lice upon 


Peach-twig moth, description of the 
remedies for 


Peach yellows 
Peas, tests of 
POR WOOWLL se og ot se cena on cos ck be eee ce et Ls Eee ee ee ee oe 
IPSAlCGNd Any DADOr DY. = 222 eek eee OS. tA ee CR Oe ee eer ee 
Pear blight, ideseriptiom Of. safc ee ee LL a Ete ty ee 


means of prevention of 


115 


223 


INDEX. 389 


Page 

enr-plip ht beetlon 222 omen eae Siena Ene Chee ae EOP ED CT a Se Ch a ee ee gee 80 

Pear leatblight-descriptlomOl..= eee 12) cea awe ee a srs Pas ee I te a eee 300 

TOMNGCIGH TOP ies eee ee 2 eee ane Lek ie BL BO eS et Aa Slee te 801 

RAAT ACAD Re saan See ne Ma ae ma Paine Se Pa ey Se A a re Pea i Aes Ney Ce ey 301 

Pear Nine CHSCRSON Ob ge =. Mt 2o ln ee eee RR a Re oe FN eS YR etd ee hE eee 299 

INAGCTA AUTOS ULI ts. Sas ieee ee NTE Ne a SA ee LAE eS fy MEA 301 

PORTS bie SHOGUtE: Ue ee Nokes Labs ee a Foes Nae ers PS ee iS ae ee ee srr eee 141 

IBGRES) LOSba) OL; AU SU-SCAblOM iI MOOk seo eke OU ae ge Se a Ss he On ete 216 

oesT Greene CIstanCenion plan tin ees senses ec See nee ee Ee) See ne aa ra ee eee 67 

OAL GOO SLU Pt CESCrED uO Ole. Laos eens oaks ons 2 A Ue oe a ys oo Pe fe SS oe me 301 

POMOC Os i OR es a Ne a Sy oe he a SS Ss Ne Sa ee SE 301 

Pests rorchard and garden pees so ease ae ee eee oS een inane ore a Be ks ee 268 

BHOSDHAte uses Of, Inthe sole 8o. oS ee so yb TAN in LN ae ec a a ee 114 

PIATItIN eS Ola pple OL DATs ener eee pete em ae SE Re ee SE et a ae een 252 

SGASOMMLOR.! se aces pales wee ree URN ae le Bee ese are ees 251 

trees yMmetnOds Ol- asa. eede Sere vance ee Lowe Loe ee a ee ane ee 35 

PIAniPHCe ON POAC HILTOOS Acan sane a= nas Ne ee. ee ee ee Sek LP ee De ee a ean 298 

TEMECIGS LORS ee see Oe ees eee ae Se eee 299 

IP LATS, GIR OABOS Obese aa ems ae rs eee aaa OR Ses ee ap OL le etka Sea 3 Se ee 277 

TMA nA bk OACUATACLOLISUICH Oli 2.2 t an ae yaa ae see Bee bE ia ie Ns eg eee {a 240 

propagation and ‘cultivation Of -- 222 eee ak oc os eo scan ee eee cena oe eee 239 

Leatsovatiexperimont station.in 180f 2 =~ 25 ered. hon eee ee 238 

su b=stetionsin 189 4ies ans esi ley aS eee Rs Se eee 210 

Pinms foricommercial orchards 2-) tn eee erat ok i Ns Te ee ee 152 

SITTIN DOCK Loe se Feet > LE Ee eel NT. ee, Ae ha, ERS SPS pes ae 309 

PLO Tres ARIS sta ne Ae 2 ee sews ee, We Deen be esse ee 2 Le aa es Lt Nee 309 

POLACO MLO: DUE LOGIT DOM 22 oe cece rent ed LE Ng AY Sen epee oe PR SL eS ee 349 

deseriptionof promising. varieties Of2-- 255-2 ses 2 eae et ee ee EL eee 353 

RENGTAl NOLES UPON =o: Ate eres eee HANNA Bens be Rn ee OS ee 359 

LBLOLTEGLVAnIOLICS Ole ses te saat ens oss eye ee pe ee ee ee ek IN yee ae ees aE 352 

propagating, by. cuttings! 2 = 256 es es ye SS Soe Ae has LEU ts 358 

seedlings of_______ AS FE Wns ALS eR eee Ser as oe Ip Sk ee he LEED RRR SD ak Sint Peete Fo 359 

LOSESIGLVAPIGUICS) Ob 5 <0.) Oe oe aii ened ee i ee ee ek, es eee aye tel. Grae 349 

treatin s:seed OLfor sea bso 2 ee en Se ee ae De te ae eee Z 354 

varietias(or discarded-as wortilesa.— = 29 eos a ys ee en Le ee es 353 

Paratocd sor norhernuMichigana]-¢. =e Se tee Pe eS a ON ee te Se oe ee es 358 

NOAVS OL eG Bed IN iOl! 52 Pe ee ee a a en ee ee Be 2 ee ge 357 

TOSBIOL WelehG In StoOrin aes 2 eb seh. ele tee ee ee be GgE 51s eRe) oa BIPM Se f 355 

TEMOGVinge seed endvol: Tor planting <2 er noses ee es 2 eee 356 

seed: ot selected Oriordinanryy) 66-455. 8 se ee ie SE ellie ss aad a eee 356 

SPLouLed Or UNS DFOULOd: 1 O' BOOU ER! eeeek ae wr ee ys eee ee ee EA ees Aer 355 

GMS LORD IATL Tipe ees cee or ee ee a ae GE Bota eto eee ee 358 

POrAs Sal PSS TAN UNO.22 oe te ees ee ee ae Tk ee ce Deen. ee 114 

IROMOlOPISts ;OASstern, | Gayatwibhn 2. os. cose Shh ee ee se Be a 2 ee eee 25 

omolory for Michipan, Need) ota Mewes ee ee a ee eae i TP eer 85 

Romdery niildow, Of une: cherryses:- ste ae tans fae ee Ss OE an Ra ee ae ees 305 

POORB DOTY ce ot ne a ee a eg AEE a le Sd pss tS sc sBee 321 

TAS eee ae eee) Pee ee era Ae i ES ed IU th eee ee tee 314 

President SiMAUCHTAL ACCTON Siam stake ne ee fe Be ee yy a es DD 19 
Q. 

ETHIC ORTTB Gs ee et ee ee ee Lee ein ee See OE a oS ga ee eee 311 


Sninices,;-Lests Olah 80 b-slabiOnAM ood ee oes eo oe ey ee er ES OE ene oc ue ee Se ey es 223: 


390 INDEX. 
R. 
Page 
Haspbperry,.ced,; preterred. vatieties Of) -<2.0. ta 2h asa a eee or aan Se Oe ae 48 
Raspberries tested at sub-station’ in,1894 <2..-<2.- 22.5 Sa 2 a ree een 171 
experiment station 232-295 <0. 2 oes as cote eset ees oo 235 
Read rustof the raspberry and blackberry..°*25- 2. -2222=. 4 oo ce ee eer 320 
Renovation of apple Orchards. 22 scones oes epee abe coon ses See ae Soe ee eee ee ee 265 
Heid. tH.) G,  papelyDycu2s= 5325.68 2 eae eo ek be Sec ee ee ee ee oe eee 54 
TODOLU DY2 so oe ee a eo nese eee oo eee ae eae eee ee ee 154 
RGB OLIGLONG 28 cee ce neo at San oe ane tae ae eee eee eee sk ae ee ee eee ee 49, 89, 156 
Bich |Gov.d ohn. (ACOresS) Dy 232.) ae a ec s coca cee ee See eee en ee ae eee 52 
Rhubarb, test:of at sub-station in/1894 <2. -- -t 2222 ee es ee 225 
Ripe=rotiot the applek. 28. 2-22) sean eee scee coats a aS eet eee ee ee eens ee ees ee ee 286 
Quinicer2 2s. 22a os sae aes oe A ee 3 os oe Se ee eee 311 
ose chatter; the; Geseription (Ofs2222- oes oo 52 Ch sacs 2 ae eae e ae eae ee 298 
TEMOGILGS LOL a2 ate we ee ee ee ea eS a ee 298 
Rnetiol the'quince . == 222 soe a Seca aed wand Se canoe ace nsee peste aoe Shee eee eee 311 
Ss. 
SALyAMsGOL IN bey SOU ao 553 53 ae Ee Nee ae Be ee aoe 2k ee eee eee 46 
ait | OSSSCAle “AOSCLIDLION OF ee a= = fot tae oe aaee oe vance sence eee eee ee ee 301 
TOMOOIES! TOP Ss 25 = set one a oot ioe soa eee eee pee teens cae eee ee ee 303 
Saw-llyvol ‘the corant 2.2222) cose No ee ee ee ae ee Ne ge ee aS 323 
TASDDOEVY:- See e eS eee een ceca Poeeer eres ea ee a eee a8 oe ee ee 321 
Scab of the potato .___..__. fl ee ae SSeS Si ee UR oe eh Use ee ae As ee Sd oe es a 354 
DSCALOANEN A hOSO) 2S ee oe ee eee eee eee Ne ee eee ee ee 84 
Secretary, anviuali report) of-e<- 2 ee ee nee Co ae ee he ee 154 
Seed corm selection’ Of 255-5 ee 2 ee ie tks A ee eee ee eee ee 41 
Seeds; CharacteristicsvOL. 22 ss 8 atk Ae fob tS I ae Boe ae 2 ee ee ee 38 
Seod-breeding? paper UPON f=. 4a ne ee ee ee ee eee 135 
Service berry, test of, ab. sub-station in 1898)_ 2. at ee eee ee eee 179 
Shadertrees, old jwhy they devi 2.32 Ne ee ee eee ee ee 151 
Shellingionitheverapes 2 - Se oa Te ee a eee oe eee ee 316 
Shot-holodungus'of the\cherry: 2-0 2 S-—- 2s) a= tae a ae ee oe eee oe eee eee ee 305 
mlm 2. ok eee ee eee tS 308 
BHONVALEOOICLICHOb meee eae: Aaa soe eee 5 ae eee Sets 8 eS Fe ee ee eee 79 
Soil elementary crop substances‘in) the: 222 222. 2 Si ee eee 112 
Seah: ottherap plowwes oF gas ehc ih ss oe Oe eee eee Me e\: 284 
Span-wormottheicurrants s. 2 22a 8s Pe See Fe eee eae eee SE Son. ee 324 
Mprayineg apple onchardsos 5-20 nd ee i ee ee ee ee 267 
at sub=station fers $b ee he Mite Bie ai Se ek ee Pe ee 164, 225 
Calondarlst6 28 eoiasseies pesca reste caves Stans na seb eaareees see ee Rae See eee 278 
Blape vinesh: 2. ee. 5. ge oe ee ee a ee ee 47 
aridispraying COMmpOUNGs 222225222 2 2 ee a ee ee ee 85, 44 
Spraying; law to\compel.o2 83-2 oe eae Se eo ae Re ee eee 160 
Spraying machinerye: fo 9 so soos ot ee a ee Bee eee 330 
Rguash bugis: eet shee bes et ot ae coke, Pe Se eee OS eee 328 
ptate LorticulturaliSociety, constitution (Of... 2622/22 J ea2.) ee eee ee ee ee eee 9 
DY=lAWE) OL. 2 82 ee ee eee eee il 
listiof Tfemembersiof: 2: 24206 oe ee 376 
‘transactions ofinil804.;. 7-422 25: (33 ose ee DE See ae 17 
Officers:.0f-- 25. = ee > ts Ue Oe et 2 a ee ee 5 
PITGRENG 0s ac DADOL DY cnc. ae cuns coasee eae eee eee oe 5 ee a hd Oe A eee eee 85 
visit to orchard Of -'2 ee. * <a ee. Oe eee ee 51 


INDEX. 391 

7 Page 

Straw bertyiculture; paper Upon esse ec ee oe ee ee Se eas 118 

hilP eystemybestee- oa ne eee ne Fe es ee ee 121 

‘Objections: to matted: row system..- ©) te ee ee ee "423 

FILTE.W DOLTY: DIANLS; HOW. 60) SOs 5 ater ease = dere soe ace Sana coca duce occas ee A on eee 120 

ELA WIDGET TOO bi DOLOD es aa oe ee nee, 2 rat ee SENS ee Re 319 

GEA WHOLE (UDO; GIBOHHG) O fee es re eee ae een te st ae eee ek eo. eee = 317 

INGSOCCSANTOS GING == 52 Sa ae ee ee a eh ee ee Et ee ee A ee ee 318 

Tea bc bsie tithe se ee ek nes see eee LCL as Ne ee Pe Re Uy ee eg 317 

Strawberries, tabulated. list of sorts tested\in. 1804-20 - +2 os ee Se eee Se eee 165 

TeBLad att hha St D=sba iO Dass sae te A ae a ee a a Oe eee 164 

Experiment station =. 52sec ea ee eee 227 

SOCEM PORT Semen ee a nee ot Le ee esp ee eek Pee Ee Sk a ee ee 141 

AM Mer MICoLLNLs, DIOCOGGIN ER Ol = ae) a eee ee ee ee 50 

Sweetcorn. tesss Olea = aso sa eae ea ee ee ce ee SNS ee Ee ee ee eee 370 
Ave 

PRG Er areal teed Fa) cell Peyerk Vo) eee aes ane fe a a ee Ce DT See eee ee eee a 226, 246, 268, 349, 362 

DA DOGE Dye. eee re re a ee wee ence eS We ee ee 58, 100 

Pag OL VET ATs DA DORI DY ae ee ae a Nee ee eet a ee we Se eee 71 

Pinleyinefromcorchards. law, agalnsts: 22-8) nee ee ee ee ee 162 

NGMAR SHON: Er He AQUTOSS ly 2 eet eee eo ee ke Wee SE pe de ee ee 68 

Acro te. oa 8 = a lees AS ae Ae ae eR ek ee Ee re Ce ee ae Sa 371 

SROMATOER ALORESOR soak. 2 ee Sa Ses Sa ee So eee A Rt oak oa eee eee 371 

RMON OTANI SHIN OFC NATOS sae te eee oe a SE EE ae eS ee ey te eR poe oa ae 151 

ila reseed and value Obese see eas Bee Ne ay ee A ee Do es peed As ae 100 

WMIGUHOOSOLe. fee aes ee ay Le Se ah oe es a ee Se AE Se ge oe ae! ee 102 

BETAGY iW 7 WVien DADOE Dye 2. 228 bos 2 8 os Soo on Son case So anes Saco esas aes 135 

SErANA DONA ON OG TE ULLSS es fe Se eat a ey A ee ee Ee ed en aS eae Re ea Tae eer 104 

PEroo D lariiin > acne sslOnlOle =. of 2 ae ea Sane es. See eae T ee | pete Sess 1h SN en aa 130 

reas Apple Aolechion Ob =- 2 = 3 -- S ee oe eS Se ae fe a 250 

LM EPPR EY OS ASSO) 0 bebe IE NE EPS I ee tah oe SOR BO SO a Beas Dae al ears tS oe ee 330 

Siviciue hinol bel quinCet twa fee son coe coe eee pee re De 2 Re rie fee 8 ee 3 ole 310 
V. 

Nor eLADIesIOU OL Sods OM yo Ney ee ere eee ee ee ees SPN UIE oa ee el eo pee 158 
SMSO AD ACETAL CA IONS SO Le seme Noe, Fee EES oe eae RN ie fo eee ee 23 
W. 

WE orraction Onl tHe sOls= 220. Fluther oe Sait tee 2 32S 2 en Ae 119 
Wittermcrolapple, Orcnards xa. 2 wt, be eo ee ee Ph eee BE ge kL 260 
WViseycinciethepom and poa nis ns 2 eer Lh. 2 ire hes Mey ER ce pS EES 829 
Western. New, vork societynotes:oL mooting Offa 515. ase ee es os Pee 27 
Witte oro bin theistraw Derrysc So aos et a ee 2 eee es ee 318 
NVAILATIA; WM pit DADEY Dye saere ere Ae ae RTS Re ja es ee 92 
MBN DYGH KA OF OTCNArdaeer. «ae sneer ee Meat lfS ok te eel ea ae ee ee et Et oe ee 44 
RH iSMmeaiine. PLOceedine Bs Om thas est, kes ae a cmt ee Sle, PE 2 ee 17 
We 
Niello w-lined ‘currant big es = rene ke a fie pe sus! wee we Sele oe oe Shae Ak alae eee RET Joe eee do ae 824 
Wallowsandublack-cnot lawasse-s: eee Saabs Th Wiese oe Abe OE Ne dle Le be ae 158 

OF thet paachy! = 4 S52 ose Te ae sa the a et ee eee Te oo eae ee 293 
a PD 
APOE CATON DTUAR: 5 weno eee SSL ee pen RL IES Oo ee ek 2 0 ee Re 326 


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