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CHARLES W. GARFIELD.
A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
While Michigan may not claim honor as the natal state of Charles W. Garfield,
she can proudly claim credit that it was upon ber soil, under her skies, and within
the influence of her institutions he developed, and that as one of her citizens he has
accomplished good works which have more than repaid to her all his obligations.
His birthplace was near Milwaukee, and the date of beginning of his earth
life was March 14, 1848. His father was S. Marshall Garfield, who followed
in Wisconsin the business of farmer and lumberman. In 1858 he removed to
Grand Rapids and purchased the Burton farm, one of the first tracts of land
eultivated in that vicinity. It was two or three miles south of the town, but
now the city has extended to the very doors of the charming old homestead, and
part of the farm has been changed to city lots.
There was spent the boyhood of Charles W. Garfield, and there he lives today,
and there he has lived nearly all the intervening time. After he reached his 10th
year his labor was required on the farm and his attendance at school was limited
to the winter seasons. He was not content, however, to accept these conditions
as the limits of his education, but studied with entry to college in view, although
prospects of achieving this were far from hopeful. They were rendered the more
uncertain by his lack of bodily strength, a hindrance which, though it has not
prevented his doing a very great amount of useful labor, has made the doing a
constant menace to his life, and on several occasions he has almost passed time’s
boundary, only to be again restored to the companionship of devoted friends.
At the age of 20, Mr. Garfield entered the sophomore class of Michigan Agri-
cultural college, and two years later completed the course. He was attracted
by the opportunity this college offered for outdoor work in connection with study,
and because that work was concerned with horticulture, for he had already
become an ardent lover of the orchard and garden. The annals of the college
will always bear evidence of his participation in the work of its earlier years, and
its campus and orchards will long contain portions of his planting and adornment.
His first business venture was the publication of an educational paper, the
Common School Journal, which failed because he made it too good for its sub-
scription price; and his next effort, a nursery business in connection with S. S.
Rockwell, was ruined by the severe winter of 1872-73, which immediately followed
its establishment. Mr. Garfield then, in 1873, became foreman of the gardens of
the Agricultural college, so continuing until 1876, using his income to liquidate
2 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
the debts incurred in his unfortunate venture in tree growing. Meanwhile he
became agricultural editor of the Detroit Free Press, showing great aptitude for
this branch of newspaper work. In 1877, his father having died, he removed to
Burton farm and engaged directly in its management.
During the time of his employment at the Agricultural college, Mr. Garfield
married Miss Alice Rockwell, a daughter of his former partner. Although no
children blessed their union, they led an ideal life in a model home until her death
several years ago. At this time, too, Mr. Garfield endured one of his severe sick-
nesses. It was long uncertain which would be taken, and doubtful if either would
recover. It was‘only by the utmost care that the survivor was slowly brought
back to health, a summer in Europe contributing much to that end. While admir-
able and unexcelled in management of the practical details of household work,
Mrs. Garfield was one of the gentlest of women. No visitor to Burton farm during
her residence there could ever lose the impression he received of the superiority
of her mind, and the sweetness and purity of her life.
While concerned in many ways with publie affairs, Mr. Garfield has but once
held political office. He was elected in 1879 to the state house of representatives,
as a Republican, succeeding to the seat held by his father, but he declined renom-
ination in 1881. During his legislative term he secured the enactment of a number
of bills of value to farmers and fruitgrowers, besides giving painstaking attention
to the general work of the session. Among these were measures establishing Arbor
day; amending the yellows law in important particulars; providing for compulsory
planting of trees in public highways at public expense, and the laws providing for
the annual state crop reports. He also secured the appropriation by which was
made an exhibit of fruits at the Boston meeting of the American Pomological
society, in 1881. Mr. Garfield was appointed to the state board of agriculture in
1887, and has remained in office to the present time, doing much to improve the
Agricultural college and extend the usefulness of the school which from the days
of his entry to it has been an object of his deep regard.
Since returning to Burton farm, Mr. Garfield has become concerned in a number
of business enterprises of Grand Rapids, and has been highly successful in partici-
pation in or management of them. His chief interest at present is the Grand
Rapids Savings bank, of which he has for several years been president. He has
been actively useful, too, in social and religious work. The city contains today
few men more prominent in its affairs or more highly regarded for personal merit.
Mr. Garfield’s work in horticulture is familiar to nearly every Michigan fruit-
grower, and our pomologists are as appreciative of its quality as they are aware of
its quantity. His official connection with the Michigan State Horticultural society
began in December, 1874, when he was elected its secretary. This position he held
until June, 1888, when failing health compelled his retirement. At the same time
he was obliged to relinquish the secretaryship of the American Pomological society,
2 position to which be had been chosen a short time before, and in which he had
hoped for activity and usefulness in a wider field. Next to President Lyon, no
one has contributed so much to the society’s prestige and success as Mr. Garfield.
He gave it life and strength, and in a hundred ways directed its energies to both
the advancement of Michigan horticulture at home and its fame abroad. The
membership of the society rapidly increased; its meetings became largely attended;
its programmes models of their kind; the fame of the society spread even beyond
the bounds of the United States, and his annual reports were acknowledged to be
standard authorities in horticulture. After his retirement as secretary, Mr. Gar-
field became a member of the executive committee of the society, and remained
CHARLES W. GARFIELD. 3
such until 1895, when his pressing business engagements necessitated his resigna-
tion. But with this did not go his interest in the society and its work.
Mr. Garfield’s prominence in horticulture caused several offers to him of col-
legiate professorships, but these were declined. He has, however, done much as a
lecturer before college classes and farmers’ institutes, in the latter work being
frequently engaged in other states than Michigan. Two years ago it was largely
by his influence that an increased appropriation was made for farmers’ institutes
in Michigan, and to the success of the meetings so provided for he has very largely
contributed. No appeal to him passes unheeded which has for its object the eleva-
tion and advancement of rural life, to the refinement and popularizing of which he
has devoted all his mature years.
The writer could not speak his esteem for Mr. Garfield as a man without use of
such terms as would cause suspicion of the bias of intimate friendship, resulting
perhaps in harm rather than good to the object of his admiration. While I know
him otherwise, and in the delights of close companionship, I know him also, as
do so many others, as one of the most genial, frank, honorable, and lovable of men,
and as one
“Who breaks his birth’s invidious bar,
And grasps the skirts of happy chance,
And breasts the blows of circumstance,
And grapples with his evil star.”
I WEE INGE YB RE ANNUAL «REPORT
OF THE
SPHCRETARY
OF THE
SPATE HORTICULTURAL SOGIETY
OF
MICHIGAN
1895
BY AUTHORITY
LANSING
ROBERT SMITH PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS
1896
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY
OF THE
MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
ALLEGAN, MICHIGAN, }
December 31, 1898.
To Hon. JoHNn T. RicH, Governor of the State of Michigan:
I have the honor to submit herewith, in compliance with legal requirement, the
accompanying report of 1895, with supplementary papers. 7
Respectfully yours,
EDWY C. REID,
Secretary of the Michigan State Horticultural Society.
OFPLICE RS
OF THE
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1896.
PRESIDENT—ROLAND MORRILL, Benton Harbor.
HONORARY PRESIDENT—T. T. LYON, South Haven.
VICE-PRESIDENT—C. J. MONROE, South Haven.
SECRETARY—EDWY C. REID, Allegan.
TREASURER—ASA W. SLAYTON, Grand Rapids. :
LIBRARIAN—ROBERT L. HEWITT, Lansing.
EXECUTIVE BOARD.
C. W. GARFIELD, Grand Rapids, 1 year. | C. J. MONROE, South Haven, 2 years.
ELMER D. SMITH, Adrian, 3 years. W. W. TRACY, Detroit, 2 years.
F. J. RUSSELL, Hart, 1 year. L. R. TAFT, Agricultural College, 3 years.
STANDING COMMITTEES.
On Fruit CaTALOGUE—L. R. TAFT, Agricultural College, Chairman; T. T. LYON,
South Haven; A. A. CROZIER, Agricultural College; W. A. SMITH, Benton Harbor;
C. A. SESSIONS, Grand Rapids.
On New Frvuits—T. T. LYON, Chairman; C. A. SESSIONS, Grand Rapids; 8. R.
FULLER, Eaton Rapids; C. ENGEL, Paw Paw.
On FinancE—C. J. MONROE, C. W. GARFIELD.
On EntomMOoLOGy—G. C. DAVIS, Chairman.
On VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY—L. R. TAFT, Chairman.
On LANDSCAPE GARDENING—E. FERRAND, Chairman.
ON VEGETABLE GARDEN—W. W. TRACY, Chairman.
On ForEsTRY—C. W. GARFIELD, Chairman, Grand Rapids; L. R. TAFT, Agricul-
tural College; C. A. SESSIONS, Grand Rapids.
FE SOCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING.
HELD AT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, JUNE 26-27, 1895.
Nothing was lacking to the success and pleasure of the meeting of the
Society at the Agricultural College, the 26th and 27th of June,except that
the attendance was very far from what it should have been. Still, consid-
ering the busy season with fruitgrowers, the number present was as
great as could have reasonably been expected. However, if the horticul-
turists of the state are ever to see this institution and understand by
observation the important work it is doing, they must on some such occa-
sion put aside their labor and go during the growing season. There was
a strong desire among those who did go, to have it tried over again next
year, in hope to interest a far greater number.
The utmost care was exercised by the faculty to make the visit of the
horticulturists as pieasant as possible and productive of a thorough
insight into the efforts making for the advance of their particular branch
of agriculture. Certainly, none of the visitors could have failed to see
that horticulture, in is various branches, receives fully its share of atten-
tion. 'The evidences of this are at hand from the moment of entering
upon the grounds, for almost the first object is the pear orchard and many
groups of shrubbery and trees planted to enhance the beauty of the
grounds. Almost everywhere may be seen other forms of horticulture.
The great campus is edorned abundantly by aid of landscape gardening,
while floriculture adds beauty at every hand. This campus, by the way,
is said, by those competent to pass judgment, to be the finest possessed
by any American college. It is improved noticeably each year, and was
at this time, despite the evidences of the long drouth, a place of entranc-
ing beauty. Upon it are nearly or quite all the trees native to Michigan,
with a very great number of those of foreign climes which are adaptable
to this state. Latterly, under direction of Prof. Taft, efforts have been
made to group together the species of each class, so as the better to enable
students to compare them and study their peculiarities and variations.
Mcst of the trees, shrubs, and flowers bear4abels giving their botanical
names, to which are added, in most cases, the common names. This
enables even the unskilled in such matters to learn valuable lessons in
nature.
10 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Upon the?r arrival, the horticnlturists were taken in conveyances for a
trip about the grounds and farm, including a large strip of the natural
forest which is being improved with a driveway and clearing of the under-
growth in places, its preservation in others, and the planting of trees
where necessary. This will eventually be one of the noblest features of
the college. This trip included a view of the farm proper, which was in
as good condition as could be expected in this remarkably dry season.
Much that was seen was familiar to some of the visitors, but to most it
was entirely new, and a revelation which caused many expressions of
surprise and warm approval.
Returning to the College, a tour on foot was begun, the visit being first
to the grounds of the experiment station, particularly to Prof. Taft’s new
irrigating plant, which was a source of wonderment to many. There
were abundant evidences of its practical utility and its excellent effects
upon the crops to which it had been applied. This visit was disturbed
by rain, which was so welcome that the interruption was readily con-
doned. Later in the meeting the inspection was renewed and completed
by most of the visitors. Many of the buildings were also visited, nor was
the sight-seeing confined to the horticultural department, but embraced
the agricultural, chemical, botanic, mechanical, and other buildings, as
well as the barns, the dairy school, and live stock. What was seen at the
experimental grounds can not be better described in brief than by quoting
a circular issued for information of the visitors, under title of “A walk
through the station grounds.” We suspect that this was a part of the
ever watchful, thoughtful, and thorough work of Prof. Taft, as it bears
many of his earmarks. Here it is:
After you have inspected the grounds and buildings of the college to
your heart’s desire, we invite you to take a walk with us over the grounds
of the experiment station. All of you have read the bulletins from the
horticultural department of the station and will now be interested in
viewing the plots and greenhouses where the experiments, the results of
which have been published, were carried on and where new experiments
are now in progress.
Starting east from the horticultural building, the first object of inter-
est is the forcing-house at your right. This house was erected by Prof.
Taft to illustrate, first, the methods of construction, and second, the two
methods of heating, one wing being heated by steam, the other by hot
water. At this season of the year most of the crops are removed from the
house and nothing of note remains except the tomatoes and cucumbers.
The hydrants seen at the left of the drive as you walk on east toward
the orchard are visible evidences of the irrigating plant put in this sum-
mer for experimental purposes. The water is derived from the river and
is forced through the system by the large steam pump in the central heat-
ing plant of the college. The pipes are over 3,800 feet in length and dis-
tribute the water to the major part of the horticultural grounds.
At the left of the drive, nearly opposite the forcing-house, is a large
plot devoted to a variety test of many kinds of vegetables, lettuce, peas,
beans, and radishes, a veritable curiosity strip.
On the right of the drive, going east, comes next a plot containing the
varieties of strawberry set out in 1893. Directly opposite, across the
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 11
drive, are the varieties planted last year and this. Here part of the
variety tests are carried on and the effects of irrigating in this dry season
are very much in evidence.
Next on the right, beyond the hedge, is a plot of peas illustrating in a
very forcible manner the beneficent effects of the irrigation. East of the
peas, the early potatoes also show that part of them have been irrigated.
On the left of the drive the plot of tomatoes shows varietal differences
and at the same time serves for a test of the value of irrigation. One row
receives no water from the irrigating plant, the next is watered at the
surface, the third receives the water through tile laid immediately below
the surface, while the last row is irrigated through tile buried one foot
deep.
Still further to the left along the highway north of the tomatoes is a
varietal test of cabbage, cauliflower, and sweet corn, and a field of pota-
toes testing varieties and various new methods of planting and culti-
vating.
The old apple orchard immediately in front was planted in 1858. The
west half in sod, the east half cultivated. Part of the trees are manured
with stable manure, the remainder with various mixtures of mineral fer-
tilizers.
Passing through the orchard, turning south on the drive, you come to
twelve acres of tree fruits, raspberries, and grapes planted since 1890.
This fruit garden is maintained for testing the varieties of fruits and the
various methods of pruning and training.
Here are 350 varieties of apple, 100 varieties each of pear, grape, and
peach, and 50 varieties each of plum and cherry.
As you entered the grounds at the college an orchard lay to your left,
back of the president’s house, containing a collection of pears, plums, and
cherries, and a vineyard of Concord grapes.
Near the hospital are the Russian cherries and plums and the native
plums and peaches.
Leaving now the orchards and gardens of the horticultural depart-
ment, you enter the roadway leading for more than a mile due south
through the center of the farm. The fields on either side are numbered
consecutively, the odd numbers on the east and the even numbers on the
west side of the lane.
The first field south of the horticultural orchards, and east of the large
grain barn, is devoted to numerous plots of wheat and oats upon which
are being tested various remedies for smut and rust. Here are also small
plots of beans, rye, millet, and a collection of varieties of oat, a series of
twelve plots of red clover, one sown in each month of the year. About
two and one half acres are devoted to the new forage plant, Lathyrus
silvestris.
Next south comes the “curiosity strip,” a half acre containing interest-
ing, new and useful agricultural plants, hops, hemp, broom corn, sorghum,
spurry, peanuts, legumes in variety, and other forage plants.
The next series of plots, now sown to oats, is provided with a separate
drain for each tenth acre. The drain is so arranged that the drainage
water can be collected for measurement and analysis. ;
Along the river bank is a series of half-acre plots of grasses of different
species or varieties.
12 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Across the river, east of the first field to the left, is the north woods,
laid out with drives as a park.
The first field to the right, south of the river, contains two acres of
alfalfa, a plot of the new Success barley, without beards; experimental
plots of beans and spring rye.
The next field south has the experiments with roots, carried on by
students.
The varieties of wheat may be found in field No. 11, third from the river
on the east side of the lane.
The remainder of the farm is planted to ordinary farm crops.
Examine on your return the stock in the yards and: stables. Here are
three famous Holstein cows with large records, Brown Swiss heifers and
their calves, Jerseys, Guernseys, Shorthorns, and other breeds of cattle,
various breeds of sheep and swine, and last, several breeds of chickens.
Stop and see the incubators and brooders and the host of young
chickens.
The actual operation of irrigation was shown. From a hydrant ran
across the rows of vegetables a wooden trough with gates opening
between the rows. These gates were opened and a stream of water ran off
several hundred feet down between the rows, and it was surprising to see
how easily the work of application of the water was accomplished. So
soon as possible after application of water, the ground is cultivated, so as
to keep the moisture under the fine surface and so prevent the formation
of crust and rapid evaporation. Some were inclined to doubt and shake
their heads over the improvement, prophesying bad ultimate results as
compared with constant cultivation of the upper soil without application
of water by artificial means; but all conceded the apparent success so far
attained. Interest in the experiment, however, was general among the
visitors, and they are sure to watch the development of it with active
concern.
After dinner, the first session of the meeting was called to order in the
chapel, by President Morrill. As this was to be devoted to the Grand
River Valley society’s program, Secretary Brown of that society was
called to the chair, in the absence of President Pearce, and the topic,
“Strawberries and Cherries,’ was considered. About a score of mem-
bers of the society had come down on the morning train, but with the
intention of returning, which they did, though with much regret that the
pressing duties at home compelled them to quit when every other influ-
ence impelled them to stay.
The chapel was decorated with many choice and rare plants from the
greenhouses, under direction of the gardener, Mr. Thomas Gunson, as
well as with cut flowers from the same source. There were bananas,
ferns, palms, draczenas, crotans, and many others, which were shown to
the visitors at times.and their properties and values explained. Thursday
morning a tour of the greenhouses and flower gardens was made, both by
individuals and, later in the day, under conduct of Mr. Gunson and Dr.
Beal. A feature of the houses which attracted very much attention was
the many vines full of great bunches of Black Hamburg grapes.
The meeting closed at one o’clock, Thursday, with a lunch given by the
Board of Agriculture, at conclusion of which responses were made to
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MERETING. 13
Toastmaster Morrill, by a number of gentlemen, concluding with Mr. R.
M. Kellogg, who offered the following resolutions, which were adopted
with hearty unanimity:
Having for two days passed .an almost charmed existence within the groves of
the grandly beautiful campus of Michigan Agricultural College, and having received
all possible attention and courtesy from the college board and faculty, it is by the
members of the Michigan Horticultural Society,
Resolved, That we find ourselves a thousand fold repaid for our pains and expense
in coming here, by the knowledge we have gained of the methods and results of
work in the several departments of the college, the valuable papers and addresses
to which we have listened, and the scenes of beauty we have beheld in the gardens,
lawns, groves, fields, and forest. We find this college to be an institution admirably
managed in all its details, worthy of the continued liberal and appreciative care of
this State; and we urge every fruitgrower and every farmer to pay it a thorough
visit that he may see and know for himself, for scarcely could he find elsewhere
in the United States so much of value, interest, and pleasure.
Resolved, That we thus express and tender to the College board and faculty, for
their manifold kindnesses, our most sincere thanks.
Perino AND DISCUSSIONS:
INJURIOUS INSECTS PECULIAR TO THIS SEASON.
BY PROF. G. C. DAVIS, MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.
As each spring opens with its melting snow and bright sunshine, I can
but wonder what new insects will appear this season; what will be the
first new pest to need my attention; what and how many injurious species
will be abundant this year, and what ones will not be common. Each
season is sure to bring some insect to our notice by producing some injury
where it was never known to do harm before. Certain species, such as
the codlin moth, seem to have come to stay, and vary but little in num-
bers each season; other species that are well known as injurious, may be
scarce, from various causes, for years, and then suddenly reappear in
great numbers, continue to be very common for one or more years, and
again disappear. The apple tree canker-worm is a good illustration of
this. Two years ago it began to make its presence known by placing on
exhibition a few leafless orchards. Last year scarcely an orchard
escaped its attack. This spring it was common, though not so common
as last vear; and, too, people were prepared to treat it this spring, and few
orchards were stripped of their foliage. Next year it is doubtful whether
the canker worm will do any injury except it be in a few isolated cases.
Insects and their attacks vary quite as much as the different kinds of fruit
or vegetables vary. Some years certain species are abundant, and other
years they are too scarce to cause any noticeable injury.
14 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Your interests as fruitgrowers, in insect warfare, are my interests, too; .
that is, we are both seeking to know all that is possible of these injurious
insects, and the best remedies in combatting them; yet our interests are
Slightly different in some respects. While you are preparing and using
the common remedies for the common insects, such as the codlin moth,
plum curculio, currant worm, cabbage worm, and similar insects, my
work is more in looking after the exceptional insect attacks and for new
and improved remedies. However, these exceptional insects are quite as
likely to attack your fruit, your garden, or your farm crop as they are
other people’s, and hence it is just as essential that we know them and
how to deal with them when they do come as it is to know the common
ones that are with us every year. Perhaps it is even more essential, as
the exceptional ones, when they do appear, are usually very abundant
and their destruction is often rapid, and the reaction with us must be
quite as quick and decisive. Feeling that your interest is in this direc-
tion, my object at this meeting will be to take you with me, as much as 1
can, through the season’s work thus far, and show you some of the excep-
tional as well as some of the common insects that have been called to my
attention more particularly this season than in previous ones.
WILLOW LEAF BEETLE.
One of the first attacks out of the ordinary was made on our willows by
a leaf-eating beetle, Lina lapponica. Inthe spring of 1890, one or two
specimens of this beetle were taken on our college grounds, and we then
considered it a very rare beetle, and it is probably the first record of its
appearance in this state. This spring, before the willow leaves were out,
the bectles of this same species could be counted by the hundred on any
little willow bush in the vicinity. The appearance of the beetle at first
sight is much the same as that of a lady-bird, and no doubt many would
mistake it for a lady-bird, but it is more oblong and flat. The body is
oval, deep red. with six or seven black spots on the wing covers, that vary
considerably in size. The head is black with a red margin. There are
two broods each season. The eggs on the leaves resemble a cluster of
potato beetle eggs, and the larvee, except that they are more slender and
different in color, resemble the wingless potato beetle larva. Then, too,
like the potato beetle on the potato, this species breeds on the willow
leaves and feeds on them both in the adult and growing stages. The
second brood of beetles can now be found on the willows. This brood is
vellow instead of red, and the black spots are very much larger. The wil-
lows have not had more than half the usual leaf surface this season, and
the struggle will be « close one if the beetles continue to be as numerous
as they have been this spring. Another species closely related to this
one is very destructive to the cotton-wood trees on the western tree
claims, and will prove much more of an annoyance to those people than
our species will to us, where the willow grows wild and is so common.
The same medicine that kills the potato beetle will kill this beetle on the
willow.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 15
CLIMBING CUT-WORMS.
Climbing cut-worms were numerous again this year, and several days
were spent at Muskegon with Mr. Rood in studying their habits and in
testing various remedies on them. Fully nine out of every ten of the
climbing cut-worms were the mottled cut-worms, Mamestra subjuncta. The
other two cut-worms, one of red color speckled with gray, and the other
large and white with black dots, would not have been common enough to
have done much injury. Including all three species we had no difficulty
in finding from 75 to $90 cut-worms to each tree ina single night. This,
however, was in a more limited area than it was last year,as Mr. Rood
cultivated the most of his orchard very thoroughly last year, and asa
result the cut-worms were not a serious pest except in the vineyard where
_ grapes and apples were both growing and thorough cultivation was
impossible. Mr. Rood’s method of killing the cut-worms has already been
given quite fully in last year’s Agricultural Report. His method this
year was much the same. He used bands on the trunks to prevent the
cut-worms reaching the leaves. About 9 or 10 o’clock he would start out
with a lantern and, with an old leather mitten on the right hand, would
crush the cut-worms that had already gathered on the trunk below the
band. He also had traps of rough boards around the base of each tree,
and most of the cut-worms that came after this would congregate under
these broad strips to remain over the day. From these traps he would
collect as many more each morning and place the catch before his flock of
poultry which greedily devoured the whole in short order. This process
of collecting was continued for at least two weeks before there was any
perceptible decrease in the number of cut-worms.
In my own experiments, four kinds of band were used, viz.: tin, wool,
cotton, and a tar band known as catterpillar lime, or, as the Germans call
it, “raupenleim.” Unfortunately for this experiment, we had no rain to wet
the bands, and all of them, except the tin collars, worked to perfection.
We however poured water on the wool band and found that it protected
quite as well as when dry. The cotton band is the best of all and the
cheapest, so long as it is dry, but so soon as wet (and the weather is
usually rainy in the spring) it packs and then affords no protection. The
raupenleim is slightly more expensive. It worked nicely except on very
cool nights, when it was likely to become a little too stiff. and then the
cui-worms would scramble over. The tin collar is but little better than
nothing. The cut-worm, when it comes to the collar, will travel around
until it comes to the lap, or where the two ends meet, and then it will
climb up almost as readily as on the bark. The tin collar is also more dif-
ficult to fit to the tree than the band and is more expensive. The cone-
shape pasteboard is also difficult to fit to the trunk and is also very easily
inoved in working or cultivating around the trees. It is better adapted
to small trees and grapevines. The wool band is undoubtedly the best
and will prove the cheapest and most satisfactory in the end.
If to prevent the climbing cut-worms from reaching the tree tops were
sufficient, the putting of a wool band on the trunk would be enough; but
a man who is troubled with climbing cut-worms should try to rid his
fields of them. He should not only keep them from his trees, but he
16 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
should keep them from developing on the grass and other plants that they
live on when they can not get into the trees. Mr. Rood’s method of deal-
ing with them is sure, but rather laborious, making a man work night
and day. Experiments were tried in poisoning the cut-worms, that
proved quite satisfactory. Bran, given a green tinge, with Paris green,
was dropped in little bunches around the base of the tree. The cut-
worms ate it readily, both as they passed it in starting up the tree and as
they came back hungry from their vain effort to get beyond the band.
The next morning more than half of the cut-worms would be found hang-
ing to the bark, limp and dead, or in the same condition on the ground. in
some cases ninety per cent. were killed. The other poisoning experiment
was in spraying apple twigs with Paris green and placing them. around
where the cut-wornms would find them near the bands. This served as a
good decoy and killed about the same number that the bran did. If one
does not prune his orchard until this time, he can easily cut some fresh
twigs every few days and apply poison to them. Quite likely the poi-
soned bran will need renewing frequently, also. Bran with and without
sweetening was tried, but the cut-worms seemed to eat one as well as the
other.
JUNE BEETLHES.
As the forest trees were leafing there was considerable complaint of
leaves being injured and torn off from shade trees in Jackson, Grand
Rapids, and other places. Trees on our own college grounds were
troubled in the same way, and looked very much as though torn in a hail
storm. This trouble was caused by two or more species of June beetle.
If one would go out under the trees just at dusk he would hear a beetle
buzz here and there under the tree as it came out of the ground where it
had been through the day. As more of the beetles came out and flew into .
the tree tops there would be a hum, something similar to that produced
by a swarm of bees. This hum would become so noticeable that one could
hear it when many rods away, and his attention would be attracted by it.
On looking up into the tree top with the bright, clear sky for a back-
ground, one could see great numbers of the beetles hamming and thump-
ing about the limbs, but always well up in the tree toward the top. Their
work in the trees was noticeable for about two weeks. The most common
species this vear was a small, hairy June beetle, Lachnosterna tristis. This
species would come very early in the evening and then later it would be
joined by our common June beetle, Lachnosterna fusca. These June
beetles are the mature form of what is known to us as the white grub that
we so often find among the grass roots in old meadows and pastures. The
life of June beetles is spent mostly in the grub state, under the ground,
and it is only for a short time that they are above ground as beetles. They
seldom are so numerous as they have been this season, and are rarely
numerous enough to do great harm. Many experiments have been tried
on the beetles while feeding on the foliage of trees, but none of them have
proven satisfactory. The arsenites, the remedy that we should expect to
find effectual. are very slow in their action.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 17
SHOT-HOLE PEACH-TREE BORERS.
While the June beetles were still at work on our shade trees, I was
called to McCord’s, near Grand Rapids, to look after a peach orchard that
‘was apparently being killed by some little shot-hole borers. This name
is given the beetles because they are so small that, when they bore into
the tree the holes which they make are no larger than holes made by shot;
and, when numerous, the tree has the appearance of having had several
loads of scattered shot fired into it from different directions.
On reaching Mr. Chas. B. Peet’s orchard, I found about ten acres of
very thrifty four-year-old trees situated on a high hill sloping to the north
and west and protected by woods on the other two sides. The soil was
mostly sandy, though there were spots that varied even to the stiffest
clay. The soil and slope apparently made no difference in the attack.
The beetle often attacked the largest, finest, and most thrifty-looking
trees in the orchard, with little or no regard to location. At the time [|
was there, May 25, these injured trees had blossomed and were as full of
fruit as the others. ‘The leaves, however, told the story, as they were
turning yellow even though not yet fully developed. On examining the
fibrous roots of such trees, one would find them quite dead, and the bark
on the larger roots was brown. On peeling off the bark on the trunk
and larger limbs, scores of these little shot-holes would be seen. Some
of the beetles would be but little beyond the bark, while others would be
from an inch to an inch and a half from the outside, and running usually
toward the heart, though many were found running in various other direc-
tions. Every once in a while a hole was found to branch in two or more
directions when a short distance in from the surface. Each of these
branches contained a beetle. This peculiarity was probably caused by
one or more beetles following into the hole behind the one that made it,
avd as soon as they came upon the beetle in the lead, and could go no
further, they at once commenced to side-tunnel a branch.
The trees were found to contain three distinct species of scolytid, viz.:
Monarthrum fasciatum Say, Vonarthrum mali Fitch, and Xyleborus fus-
catus Eich. The two species of Monarthum have been known to injure
fruit trees before, particularly the apple; the Xyleborus bas been found
in oak and hickory, but I find no record of its work on fruit trees, and the
department at Washington say that it is the first incident of the kind
known to them. None of the species, I think, have ever been known to
attack the peach before. This entire family of shot-hole borers prefer
dying or diseased trees for their work, but there seems to be little doubt
that they at times become injurious to live, thrifty trees.
This is not the first injury to peach trees by borers of this kind that we
ever had. Even this spring we have had reports from Sanilac, Ionia
county, and from South Haven, of similar work. On several different
occasions we have received samples of peach-tree trunks from South
Haven, or near there, but in each case there were only the little holes left
in the dead trunk, and no beetles. and consequently we could only guess
what the depredator was that caused the injury. There is a species,
Phleotribus liminaris Harr., that has been known to injure peach trees in
the same way in the New England states, and we suspected the same
3
18 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
species here, as specimens have been taken in Michigan. This is the
first case where we know the insects that have done the work, and some-
thing of their habits, and it gives us a leverage that will enable us to do
more definite work for the fruitgrower in the future, though compara-
tively little is known in the United States regarding this family of beetles.
So soon as the beetles were received from Mr. Peet, directions were
given him to use a whitewash with Paris green init, on all of his trees,
whether injured or not. The coating that he put on was so thick that it
must prevent the beetles ever coming out so long as the whitewash
remains on the trees, and it will surely prevent other beetles from enter-
ing trees already infested. It is quite probable that all of the shot-hole
beetles attack trees in May and June, and, if one suspects a possible
injury from them, he would be safest in applying some mechanical coat of
this nature to his trees early in the spring.
BLISTER BEETLES.
Owing to the exceptionally dry season, blister beetles have been unusu-
ally common this spring. They came earlier than usual, too, which has
made it doubly hard on young plants and those just recovering from the
late frost and with foliage yet young and tender. 'They have done consid-
erable injury on our grounds and have been sent in from quite a number
of places over the state. The most common one has been the gray blister
beetle, A/acrobasis unicolor, but the black blister beetle, Epicauta pennsyl-
vanica, has also been common. They have confined their work almost
exclusively, so far this season, to the leguminous family of plants, such as
the various kinds of clover, including alfalfa, lupines, peas, and many of
the more rare plants in our wild garden. A man near Lansing has
recently reported the almost complete destruction of several acres of field
beans by the gray blister beetle. Blister beetles come and go very sud-
denly, and usually in swarms, so that their work often amounts nearly
to destruction before they are found. 'The arsenites, which we would
naturally expect to be the remedy, are too slow to be practical. We have
always been most successful with kerosene, as an emulsion or with water,
sprayed upon the beetles while they are at work. The beetles are very
easily driven, and if one gives them a warm reception by killing what he
can ina thorough spraying, and also in coating the plants with the
unpleasant oily material, the remaining members will soon depart for
parts unknown. Inside of a very few hours not a living blister beetle can
be found where they were so plentiful as to almost hide the plant.
SCALE INSECTS.
The present season is quite remarkable for the number and variety of
scale insects that are everywhere present. There is hardly a tree but
upon which one can find a few brown scales scattered over the twigs, and
on many of the trees the scales are very numerous. Many specimens of
scale have been sent this spring from Jackson, Grand Rapids, Detroit,
Cheboygan, Fowler, and other places, from people wanting to know what
they are and what to do for them. These, with the many other insect
specimens of various kinds sent from the shade trees of our various cities,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 19
show a decided interest in that line that I have never seen in the state of
Michigan before. Nor is the anxiety unwarranted, for there are many
insects that are at least a menace, and others that will injure and in time
destroy many trees if not interfered with in some way. The scale insects
are one of the kind that are slow but sure. Frequently they are kept
in subjection by the numerous parasites that prey upon them, but, if not,
they soon become so numerous that they will crowd each other for space
to fasten themselves on the bark of the tree. When a tree has to support
so many little moths that suck the life sap from its tissues, it can not sur-
vive long under the strain. Fortunately, the scale lice do not sap the tree
for the entire year. In the fall the female dies, leaving hundreds of
minute white eggs to fill the shell which she had occupied through the
summer. The eggs do not hatch until the latter part of the next May or
early June. Then the little yellow lice, too small to be recognized by the
unaided eye, run hither and yon with perfect freedom, for a few days,
after which they settle down, secrete a scale over themselves, and never
leave the spot, as they shed their legs and lose all power of locomotion.
Scale lice are difficult insects to treat unless taken at the opportune
lime. If treated with a spray of kerosene emulsion, in early June, while
the young are running, and before they secrete the waxy scale over them,
they are very easily killed, though two sprayings, a week or two apart,
are necessary, as the young lice do not all hatch at once. If the spraying
is postponed until the scale becomes thick and well formed, kerosene and
other substances have little effect upon it, and rarely injure the occupant.
‘These are a few of the more important insects brought to my notice
thus far in the season. It is still early for the insects that usually make
their appearance in July and August. As it has been so dry, grasshop-
pers will be abundant in many places, though fortunately we need not
worry over swarms of them invading our domains as they do the west,
and in fact are doing in many localities of Nebraska and Minnesota.
People in the southwestern part of the state and along the lake shore
must be on the alert for stray colonies of chinch bugs, for they are already
appearing in destuctive numbers in southern Illinois and in Iowa; but
here, again, we are so little affected by this pest that we should feel grate-
ful for ourimmunity. Taking our insect pests as a whole, and comparing
them with those of neighboring states, we should be quite content to
cheerfully fight the few that do molest us, even though we are not always
eutirely successful in the contest.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Lyon: I wish to give you an illustration of the ease with which
we can attack this scale insect just at the right time. Some time in the
fifties I had an orchard in the eastern part of the state, and the trees were
so thoroughly infested that I began to think I should have to burn the
trees in order to get rid of the insects. We had a very cold storm just at
the time the insects were traveling about to find a new place for their
residence. After that storm I was unable to find an insect, all due, evi-
dently, to the fact that a cold, driving rain storm came on just as they
were going to their new lodging. I inferred that if they can be attacked
just at the time that they are leaving, they can be easily killed, but are
very hard to destroy at any other time.
20 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. Morrill: We all understand it would be very difficult to reach all
of them on the tree with the spray, at this time, on account of the foliage.
Now, if kerosene emulsion will kill them after the foliage is shed in the
fall, they are easily killed.
Mr. Davis: Regarding that, I would sooner recommend something a
little different. I would wait until spring, when these eggs are in the
scale. It is much easier to find them then than in the fall. I think you
could be very successful with a solution of potash. That has been used
in New Jersey with great success. It can not be used while the tree is
growing, but while it is dormant, in the winter, it can be used. I should
prefer to take it in the spring rather than in the fall. Speaking of scales,
I have a sample I can show you. It is different from anything I have
seen. You strike the bark and they will buzz just like a swarm of bees.
Flies will gather around over these insects, and the young ones will crawl
upon the flies, and the flies will carry them off a long distance. I have
also a sample of the round-head apple-tree borer. [Mr. Davis exhibited
a branch of elm, thickly covered with scale insects. ]
Mr. L. W. Wilton: Have you had any experience with black ants troub-
ling orchards? I have an orchard that is about three years old and I find |
that the ants are getting very numerous—black ants. Whether they are
likely to damage the tree, or whether there is any way to kill them, is
what I wish to know.
Prof. Davis: The most damage done to the tree is to the roots, by these
ants. The ants can be disposed of very easily by the use of bisulphide of
carbon. It isa liquid, but as soon as you expose it to the air it becomes
agas. Pour from a pint to a quart into an ant-hole, and quickly cover
the hole with a wet blanket and leave it there for from twelve to twenty-
four hours, and it will smother the ants. When it evaporates it becomes
a gas much like coal gas, and smothers the ants.
Question: What remedy do you use for the round-headed borers?
Prof. Davis: I think the best remedy is Paris green or carbolic acid. It
should be put on before the borers make their appearance. They are lay-
ing their eggs about this time. It should be put on about the twentieth
of May. It should be put on two or three times because the rains will
wash it off. Whitewash with arsenic is also good. When the young
borers eat through that whitewash it will kill them. You should be care-
ful to get all the crevices covered when you wash the trees.
Mr. Rice: We are troubled with that borer, especially in crab-apple
trees. In desperation, I thought the trees were of no use; I got the kero-
sene oil can and thought I would kill it anyway. Tomy astonishment the
tree lived and got well. I only tried it in that one instance.
Mr. Morrill: I am much afraid of such statements.
Mr. Lyon: I have reason to believe that the flat-headed borer is gener-
ally found around the base of the trees, and the round-headed is a great
deal more voracious. The flat-headed borer will almost always bore
directly into the base of the trees. The round-headed borer is seldom,
if ever. found near the base of the trees. I don’t believe you can find a
borer in my orchard at South Haven. I have never seen one.
Mr. Rice: Weare troubled most with the flat-headed borer in maples
that are moved from forests.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 21
Prof. Davis: Both of these borers prefer injured or diseased wood, and
they will preferably attack a tree that is not thrifty. I will say that it is
true, what Mr. Lyon has said, except in a very few instances.
Mr. Wilton: I bave had some experience with these borers and I find
the most successful way of treating them is by washing the trees with
whale-oil soap. I first put this preparation on to keep the sheep from eat-
ing the bark. I found after I commenced washing the trees to keep
the sheep from troubling them, I had no more trouble with the borers.
The wash is whale-oil soft soap, carbolic acid, and lime, made about the
thickness of common cream. You can smell it in the bark the next spring
after you put it on, and the carbolic acid and the lime will stay on about
ayear anda half. Mice or rabbits will not trouble the trees while that is
on. Some of my neighbors were troubled with rabbits eating their trees.
I told them I thought this wash would help them. mney used it and in
every instance the ‘rabbits left the trees.
Question: Don’t you go a little light on the carbolic acid?
I only used a very little. There is not so much danger from use of ae
crude carbolic acid as the refined. I use that more than the other. Ina
barrel of that wash I would not use more than a quart of carbolic acid.
Question: How much soap to the barrel?
I buy whale oil and make soft soap from it, just as from any other,
grease, and use of the lime just enough to make a fair whitewash. The
lime is what holds it. It isa very good thing, specially in a wet season,
to put in a little tar; it gives it a little greasy coat that will resist the rain.
It washes off the whitewash unless there is a little tar. I would not put
in over a pint of tar in a half barrel of this. A barrel would cost but
little. The whale oil costs about seventy-five cents per gallon. It doesn’t
cost over fifty cents per gallon, by the barrel, at the outside.
Prof. Davis: The whale-oil soap that you buy all made, costs about
twenty-five cents per pound.
Mr. Wilton: I have used this several times. I have used sometimes
the whale-oil soap already prepared, and it is not nearly so good as that
made from the whale oil and made into soft soap.
Mr. Morrill: Prof. Davis, what is your estimate of that wash?
Prof. Davis: I think it would bea good thing. I don’t know as it
would be any better than kerosene emulsion. Have you had any experi-
ence with carbolic acid that makes you so careful?
Mr. Morrill: No, because I have always been very careful, but I had
neighbors use potash, carbolic acid, and soft soap with lime. They read
of it in a catalogue of Hale, I think. They wrote to Hale for the formula.
They made up their mixture and painted the trees with it, as fine trees as
I ever saw, and in twenty days there were no trees. They wrote to
Hale and it developed that they had sent to Chicago and got the pure
article, good, pure carbolic acid and pure potash, and he laid it to the fact
that they got the pure instead of the crude, which he had always used.
That is the reason that I throw out a caution for anything like that going
on record.
Prof. Davis: I would sooner trust the carbolic acid than the potash.
The potash is very severe.
Mr. Morrill: I feel that great caution should be exercised in all these
things.
22 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
EFFECTS OF FROST ON GRAPES.
BY HON. C. D. LAWTON OF LAWTON.
The month of May last was conspicuous, from the grape-growers’ stand
point, for the severe frosts that occurred, and one of the most affecting
results which this calamity occasioned was the palpable change in the
mental and material conditions of a great number of individuals. The
sudden transition from hope, expectation, and confidence to the depths of
discouragement, failure, and great pecuniary loss is a change that taxes
the fortitude of those who suffer, while the despondency of the owners
and the blighted trellises are alike suggestive and distressful to the
observer.
My remarks will be confined to what I have noted here about Lawton;
but I presume that the same conditions prevailed elsewhere throughout
the state, and, also, as a general fact, in Ohio and New York as well. In
fact, no doubt, the effects of the frost were the same, where they occurred,
in all grape-growing sections, and this discussion is applicable to all such
places alike.
At Lawton, grape-growing has come to be the chief fruit industry;
peaches, berries, and other fruits are also raised, and, years ago, much
more largely, comparatively, than now. But peaches became uncertain
and berries were vot always greatly profitable, while grapes proved
remunerative and were thought to be certain. A few persons had vine-
yards which had been bearing fruit for many years, and these had never
failed, from any cause, to yield their annual harvest. Thus, while the
raising of grapes for market caused a greater amount of care and labor on
the part of the producer, and afforded him less profit than did peaches,
when he was fortunate enough to secure a crop of peaches, still it was
believed that grapes were sure, and as peaches were not, the element of
certainty, an important fact in agriculture, prevailed; and thus it has
come about that almost everyone for miles around has set out grape-
vines, until now, if all were bearing fruit in reasonably good quantity, the
amount would be indeed great. The few oldest vineyards, that were
planted twenty-eight years, occupied elevated portions of land bordering
an extensive valley reaching to the west and southwest, and the subse-
quent growers for several years thereafter chose for their vineyards sim-
ilar situations. As a fact, there was never any material damage from
frost, either in spring or fall, to the vines or the fruit in these old vine-
yards; thus it was that people had learned to regard grapes as among the
safest of all crops on which to depend for a livelihood.
Not until the spring of 1894 were the grapes ever greatly injured by
frost. On the night of the 28th of May of that year the mercury descended
to 28 degrees in places, and great injury was done to vegetation; grapes
particularly, being the most valuable of our fruit crops, the injury to
them, which was great, was the most seriously felt.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 23
Of late years, contrary to the custom early adhered to, and ignoring
the experience of the older cultivators, many vineyards have been set on
low lands and in medium low situations.
In all these low-land vineyards fruit and foliage were utterly destroyed.
In vineyards in slightly elevated places the fruit suffered utter extinction
but the leaves and new growth in part remained; at least, in such situa-
tions the vines soon recovered and restored their foliage.
In vineyards on the hills there was even less fruit in most of them, but
generally a good portion of the foliage remained green and seemingly
unhurt except in the hollows and depressions where, if too deep, the vines
were cut down to the roots and recovered only by putting forth new
growth from the surface of the ground. Thus, as the result of the frost
in May, 1894, the fruit was destroyed in all vineyards except in those on
the highest lands, and generally, in these latter situations, the damage
was confined chiefly to the hollows and depressions and certain westerly
exposures that seem to have suffered unduly; so that, in the aggregate,
there were still enough vineyards so fortunately placed as to render the
total shipment of grapes quite large. There were vineyards that returned
nearly a full average crop; certainly a satisfactory revenue.
It was noticeable after the frosts of May, 1894, that on the hills those
vineyards escaped injury the best that sloped to the east or that had
higher ground on the west. Such situations escaped the frost almost
wholly. All western and northern exposures proved less fortunate.
Vineyards that were suitably cared for during the summer, even on low
lands, recovered from the effects of the frost sufficiently to make good
growth of wood, and at the close of the season were in fair condition for
trimming; and they came through the winter in the usual good condition
—in fact, looking extremely well. Up to the 11th of May last the out-
look for a crop of fruit was most excellent. But on the date mentioned
the weather turned suddenly from extreme heat to excessive cold, the
mercury sinking to the freezing point in the night, with a high wind from
the north. The effect of this cold wind, with frost, was plainly visible the
next day in the withered appearance of the foliage of the trees and vines
on the side toward the north.
Subsequently, on the 14th of May, occurred a severe snow storm. The
snow fell in quantity sufficient to cover the ground and the vines, and the
weather was extremely cold, even to the freezing point, so that small
icicles could be seen depending from the leaves, etc., of the trees.
As the result of the previous cold wind and the cold snow storm the ten-
der clusters of grapes showed a change of color from the bright, clear,
healthy green to a light grayish-drab tinge. Some anxiety was felt as to
what would be the final effect of these storms on the fruit, but as yet the
foliage was, substantially everywhere, all right.
On the night of the 17th occurred a very severe frost that cut down
utterly the leaves on the vines on all low lands and in all unfavorable sit-
uations; but did not, apparently, materially affect the vines in more ele-
vated localities; that is, it did not as arule. There were exceptions. A
few vineyards were severely hurt that had escaped the frost a year pre-
vious, and others that were injured the year before were not affected on
this occasion.
24 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Subsequently to the 17th, in May, two other severe frosts occurred,
one the night of the 19th and the other on the 20th. The first was fol.
lowed by a fog which obscured the sun until noon of the succeeding day
and the frost alow ed little or no ultimate damage. On the night of the
20th, however, the thermometer indicated the lowest temperature that it
reached during this series of frosts, to-wit: 24 degrees Fahrenheit. This
way followed by bright,sunshiny weather,so that the freezing had its full
effect. But even still, the foliage in the highest vineyards was not greatly
damaged. The leaves remained mostly green, and the fruit clusters pre-
cisely as they appeared after the first cold wind storm when they were
tinged to a slightly grayish-drab color. Many people, after examination,
thought that there would still be a fair crop of grapes in vineyards in
favorable locations. The leaves remained green and the clusters remained
intact; but at blossoming time came a change. Then it was seen that the
fruit was stricken yitally. It fell to the ground, leaving the stems naked,
or still holding a tew of the tiny grapes that continued to adhere. Thus
the great promise of grapes has dwindled to the few ragged clusters that
yet remain and to a sprinkling in greater or less quantity of a second set-
ting of fruit that has appeared since the frosts. Some expectation of
advantage, probably more than will be realized, was‘entertained from this
so-called second setting of fruit. Quite generally the owners, imme-
diately after the frost, made haste to strip the vines of the frozen foliage,
with the expectation that they would the sooner, and to a greater extent,
put forth new leaves and fruit. I can not say positively whether this
stripping off the frozen stems and leaves has proved to be of advantage
or not. There are those who think it has. They tried it a year ago, and
they think they derived some benefit from so doing. I notice that there
are some kinds and some situations which show to comparative advant-
age whether the vines were stripped or not, and in such instances, when
the vines were stripped, there is more than elsewhere a showing of fruit.
The opinion is likelytoobtain that the cause of the apparent gain is due to
the fact of the stripping of the vines of the frozen leaves and stems. 1
note other instances, however, where there is equally good showing of
foliage and of fruit, and where no stripping was done.
Some varieties seem to have withstood the effects of the frost better
than others, that is, they have held their fruit better. I might mention
the Champion, Perkins, Delaware, Concord, as in this category. None of
these anywhere, under the best of circumstances, shows a full crop, or
anything like a full crop of fruit, but in some vineyards in high, favorable
places there is quite a percentage of fruit; and in all vineyards where the
leaves were not killed, the vines hold some fruit both of the original set-
ting and of that which has appeared since the frosts. :
The experience obtained during these May frosts, particularly the more
recent ones, shows that there is no help in escaping their effects, when
they are so severe as these have been, from building fires and making
smudges in the vineyard. Many tried that, some to a limited extent, in
the effort to save a part of the fruit or as an experiment to be acted upou
in future as the results should seem to sanction. Others made the
attempt with the desperate resolve to save their fruit by doing the work
of smoke-making thoroughly, but in no instance was any degree of suc-
cess attained in the object for which the work was done. Heat and smoke,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 25
generated to counteract the effects of the frost, utterly failed. I have
not heard of the least advantage derived in any case.
An acquaintance living on the east side of Mile lake states that he was
determined to save his grapes. They yielded him a nice income last year,
and he wished to secure a like result the present season. His grapes
were all right up to the last great frost, and he and his family, with other
assistance, worked all nig ht witha team drawing straw—the bottom of
an old stack and kept up continuous smudges throughout the vineyard
during the entire night. He states that there was a thick cloud of smoke
over all the viney ard all the time. Yet, notwithstanding, fruit and leaves
were entirely destroyed; not a green thing left save close to the fires. The
vineyard looked afterward precisely as did others in the vicinity, all of
them presenting a blackened, withered aspect.
It occurs to me that, with the temperature about at the freezing point—
not much below, not more than a degree or two below—smudges might be
valuable to save, but when the temperature drops to six or eight degrees
below the freezing point, artificial heat and smoke do not count. Under
such conditions, situation is the only saving clause, and the chief requi-
site in situation is elevation.
There are no vineyards in the vicinity of Lawton on high lands that had
the foliage of the vines entirely destroyed. Some of them were touched
by the frost so as to be easily apparent, but in others it required close
observation to note any effects at all. It is the opinion of the best grow-
ers and observers here, without exception, so far as I know, that the
grapes on the high lands were not destroyed by the frosts that cut down
the lowland vineyards, but that they were blasted by the first cold wind
and the succeeding bitter snow storm
So far as could be seen, the high-ground vineyards were not changed
by the frosts that followed the storms above mentioned. The leaves and
clusters remained the same in appearance after the frosts as before.
The change of color in the clusters, previously spoken of, took place, as
heretofore described, as the result of the first storms, to whose biting
influence the loss of the fruit is attributed.
It is to be remembered that these cold storms are of far less frequent
occurrence at that season than frosts, and notwithstanding the latter, had
it not been for the former, the grape crop in this vicinity would, probably,
have equaled that of last year. It is generally believed here that if it
had not been for the blighting effect of the first storms, and in spite of the
frosts, the high-land vineyards would have borne a fair crop of grapes.
There will be some fruit as it is, but only a meagre quantity—a small per-
centage of a crop.
Thus the late experience of the past two seasons, and of all seasons
when late spring frosts have occurred, verifies the theory early enter-
tained and acted upon by the first growers of grapes in this locality, that
to insure success, growers should select elevated situations in which to
plant the vines. Nota table-land, however high, but land with alternat-
ing elevations and depressions—of uneven topography—preterably land
rising from an extensive valley which reaches to the west and north and
southwest, the elevated land continuing with broken contour.
4
26: STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
WORK AT THE SOUTH HAVEN SUB-STATION.
BY EX-PREST. T. T. LYON OF SOUTH HAVEN.
A large share of the planting at the fruit-testing station was done prior
to any purpose to make use of the place for experimental purposes. Had
this been the original purpose, and had such been approved at headquar-
ters, it would have been my purpose to thoroughly prepare the ground, in
advance of tree planting, by means of a system of tile drainage; and fur-
thermore, by a careful preparation and subsoiling of the ground as a
means of securing more equable results and rendering the comparisons
of varieties more reliable. Experiences during the excessively wet spring
of 1893, together with the unprecedented drouths of this year and 1894,
have strongly emphasized this conclusion.
Cherries, especially those of the Duke and Mazzard classes, show unmis-
takably their special inability to withstand excessive moisture in the soil.
In sandy loam, upon a clay subsoil, these were very healthy and vigorous,
till the wet spring of 1893, which so injured them that for a time their pre-
mature death seemed probable, while pears.and plums in adjacent rows
were apparently uninjured. This ground was thoroughly tile drained
during the ensuing fall, with the result that these diseased trees have
fully resumed their pristine health and vigor, notwithstanding the very
_ severe drouth of the two following years.
Several varieties of the hardy north European cherries, received from
Prof. Budd of Iowa, so far appear hardy and vigorous. Nearly all of
them, however, appear to be tardy bearers and quite late in season.
Twenty-seven varieties of the native plum of the west and northwest
have been planted at the station, to test their alleged ability to resist the
curculio, rot, and premature loss of foliage, with such other maladies as
frequently attack the varieties of domestica parentage. So far as liability
to attack by curculio is concerned, they are by no means exempt, although
the “Little Turk” evidently prefers the domesticas. It is, however, a not-
able fact that either there is an omission to deposit the egg, or that the
larva almost invariably fails to develop, since examination usually fails
to show that it leaves the crescent mark. There is apparently less ten-
dency to the rotting of the fruit and to premature loss of foliage. Still,
with thoroughness in the jarring process and a free use of, spraying mate-
rial, these are now so fully under control that there need be no question
of our ability, eastward of lake Michigan, to abundantly supply our
needs without resort to a class of plums worthless as compared with our
old-time favorites of the domestica type.
There are seventeen varieties of the Japanese type, and hybrids, upon
the grounds, several of which give evidence of wonderful productiveness.
though in quality scarcely up to our standard. They are yet too recent
to have fully established a reputation, save perhaps for productiveness.
Their quality is confessedly deficient, as compared with the better class
of domestica varieties, while their very early blooming increases the dan-
ger of injury from late spring frosts.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE SUMMER MEETING. 27
Several varieties of so-called Russian apricot have been on trial since
1888, with few blossoms and no fruit so far. The trees are obviously
short-lived, and they apparently lack hardiness. They are being replaced,
as they fail, with something more promising.
There are now upon the grounds, of apples 300 varieties; blackberries,
32 varieties; cherries, 44; currants, 23; gooseberries, 21; grapes, 147; mul-
berries, 5; nuts, 25; peaches, 212; pears, 90; plums, 111; quinces, 11; rasp-
berries, 72; service berries, 3; strawberries, about 200. A large number,
especially of apples and pears, are not yet in bearing.
The past two seasons have afforded an, unlooked-for lesson upon meth-
ods of protection against drouth. that they can be placed upon our tables as
dessert fruit, we must come to the conclusion that grape-growing will
soon become one of the leading fruit industries of our state.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Woodward: The gentleman says that our drouths are largely
caused by the destruction of the forests. Why was it that the Pilgrim
Fathers, before the country was settled, had to set aside a day for prayer
for rain, when the country was still wooded?
A. Perhaps that it might illustrate their faith.
Mr. Harrison: I would like to know if that is the best thing to destroy
the grub. I supposed the best thing to do was to use white hellebore.
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 167
A. I think that remedy is put down by Prof. Weed for that insect.
These insects never appeared with us until last season, and I didn’t know
what to do with them. They became very numerous, and I think the
vineyards will be almost completely destroyed unless some preventive
is used next season. The leaves turn brown, just as if they were dead in
the fall of the year, long before they should be, and I think they injure
the grapes also. The insect works on the leaves, near the wire, and not
on the ends of the vines, so it is right along in the fruit.
Mr. Harrison: If the adult insect can be destroyed by pyrethrum or
by any other method, we would like to know it. My idea is that the only
sure way to destroy the thrip is to commence when it is young, so soon
as it hatches, and I am not aware that there is anything that will destroy
it afterward. I use white hellebore, and it should be fresh and pure in
order to be effective.
Q. Is there any way we may know when it is fresh?
A. Jam not able to say.
Mr. Willard: Itisn’t so much the question of being fresh as to be free
from adulterations. I have bought hellebore by the barrel and used a
great deal of it, and found it just as good, and it would make you sneeze
just as hard, at the end of three years as in the beginning. The trouble
is the adulteration it meets after it leaves the factory.
Mr. Helme: I have used it nineteen years and found it satisfactory.
There is an impression that there is less rainfall than when this country
was a wilderness. In 1839 I was down here hunting bear and deer, and
Black creek and another were dried up then; there was no water running
in them; there was just as big a drouth that year as there ever has been
since. Of couse, then it was nothing but a wilderness. The cause of
drouth is that the land has been skinned year after year. It is the bar-
renness of he land that makes drouth. We could stand it better if the
land were better. You will find that where the ground is rich enough
to bring forth a crop, it doesn’t suffer much from drouth.
Prof. Taft: From the Agricultural College bulletins we learn that we
have not had nearly as much rainfall of late. When long distances are
swept by winds, we must know that they take up the moisture from the
ground and carry it to different places. The greater the obstructions
to the wind, the less the wind would rifle the surface of the earth. Of
course, we had that drouth, but we didn’t have as many crops then, and
it wasn’t necessary to have so much rain; but now I think we have just as
good ground, and in many localities we don’t have half a crop of corn
where the ground was rich enough to produce three times as much if we
had had a little moisture. The corn that was planted in May didn’t come
up until July, which shows that there was an excessive drouth.
gl
168 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
GRAPES UNDER GLASS.
BY MR. ARTEMUS SIGLER OF ADRIAN.
A suitable place for a glass house should be free from the shade of trees
and from roots of shrubbery of any sort. Sunlight, air, and moisture are
some of the most essential elements of success. The soil for grapes is
one more of the important features to be considered. I would recom-
mend a, preparation of well decayed sod, taken from some low, rich pas-
ture land, and I would add as much barnyard manure as sod and mix
them thoroughly together. Collect as many bones as you can get, and
place them in the bottom of the pit, which should be eighteen inches or
more in depth. Then cover over with the above compost.
If I were to build a small house, say twenty to twenty-five feet long,
in the first place I would set Black Hamburg, and the second I would
set the same, and for the last one I would set Black Hamburg also. But
if I were to build one fifty feet long or more. I would add just two more
varieties, and they would be White Nice and Barbarossa. This is the
list recommended by the well-known nurserymen, Elwanger & Barry of
Rochester, New York; and the experience I have had with the different
varieties has led me to the same conclusion.
This list is for a cold grapery, where there is no artificial heat used.
The roots should be set on the inside of the house, close to the sill, and
ten feet apart. As they grow, pull off all the shoots but one, the first
year, and tie up the one to the trellis, which should be wire, as that seems
to be the cheapest and most suitable. Never allow the vines to come
nearer than sixteen or eighteen inches of the glass, as the sun’s rays are
likely to scorch the leaves.
Use plenty of water, by spraying the vines daily, in order to keep up
a humid atmosphere, so that the buds will develop more evenly. This
should be kept up until they show signs of blossoming.
Then withhold the spray from the vines, for it will blast the fruit and
cause it to fall off. At this stage of growth it is best to dust the vines
thoroughly, all over the leaves and clusters of fruit, with sulphur, to pre-
vent mildew on the leaves and fruit, for this is one of the worst enemies
to contend with in raising this kind of fruit under glass.
In the meantime the ventilators should be kept open from early morn-
ing until four or five o’clock in the afternoon, then close them for the
night.
1 have practiced trimming the vines through the growing season by
pulling off the lateral shoots, which I think is all right and proper; also
to cut off all surplus shoots that will not be needed for next season’s
fruiting. It is a question in my mind whether it is practicable to cut off
the branches at the third leaf beyond the fruit. I have experimented
both ways, and if there is any difference it is in favor of letting them
grow as long as nature and good care will allow them. After the hard
frosts have killed the leaves and they have fallen off, I take my pruning
shears and trim the vines for the next season, and before hard freezing
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEBRTING. 169
comes I take the vines from their trellis and lay them on the ground, and
cover with leaves from two to four inches deep. Then the season’s
work is ended. I think it is not necessary for me to give any directions
how to trim, as it is pretty generally understood. I will admit that the
worst fault is that I am likely to leave too much bearing wood, with the
result that the fruit does not ripen and is worthless. It might well be
compared to an old saying, ‘‘spare the rod and spoil the child.”
I made several visits to Detroit, almost specially to see Mr. E. B. Ward’s
graperies, in order to see and learn all I could about growing this kind of
fruit. This was somewhere between thirty and thirty-five years ago.
He was a very extensive grower of this kind of fruit at that time. I
counted thirteen of these houses in one garden, and none of them less
than 120 to 130 feet in length, and all filled with from two to four rows of
grapevines, heavily laden with fruit. I found his gardener and intro-
duced myself to him, and informed him of my business, that it was to
see and learn how he took care of his graperies. J told him that I was
an amateur in the business and seeking knowledge, and I found him to be
very much a gentleman. He stopped his work and showed me through
all of these houses, and explained the different processes of his work,
for which I thanked him. I think is was the last time I was there, that
he told me that there had been a gentleman from New York to see Mr.
Ward, who was in some way connected with the New York Tribune
office, and during his stay Mr. Ward invited him into his garden to see
his graperies. After he had been shown through all of them, the gen
tleman made the remiark that if the fruit was in New York it would fetch
$500 for each of these houses, the total sum of $6,500. I was informed
when there that Mr. Ward never sold a pound of grapes. He always
kept on hand a supply of baskets and would give his orders to have some
filled and sent every day to his friends, who were plentiful in those times.
His gardener told me that Mr. Ward would eat four or five pounds at a
meal, and this is the market he had for his grapes. This last statement
IT will not vouch for, as I saw the man but once when I was there, but I
should not think he could devour so much fruit at a time from his dimen-
sions, although he was quite a portly gentleman.
Some thirty-five years ago I first conceived the idea of building me a
glass house in order to raise some of the choicer varieties of grape, and
I went to work and built one about thirty feet in length and set vines in
it of the White and Black Hamburg varieties, and I was so well pleased
with the fruit that I continued to add to the house until it was 100 feet
in length. So, in all this space, I kept filling in with new varieties until
I had thirty-five where there should have been but three. But I have
been taking up and throwing away and grafting in the better varieties,
so that I have about one half that number left. I have been fairly suc-
cessful in raising these finer varieties of grape. I have frequently
raised clusters that weighed upward of three pounds.
Now, why can not I be allowed the expression, after seeing them grow
and tasting them these many years, that they are the best fruit that our
great and “good Father has seen fit to bestow on man? They bring
the highest price of any fruit in the known world. In proof of what I
have stated I will give you the wholesale and retail prices of these
grapes, as published in American Garden, between the years of 1886 to
1892:
29
170 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Wholesale. Retail.
1s ee elo) at Se ae RP $2 00 $4 0O@$5 00
ORL. 5 ieee LGN R Oe nc wicneioys 6 enone $0 50@ 75 1 25@ 1 50
OCb inl Oi eats shaicsue es Boley 75@ 100 1 50@ 1 75
MariGiy ESSE canis sal sien eee 7 00 9 00
ATOLLS gen a) {ie elinge ene she eee 3 00@ 4 00 8 00
DUNG AALS SS is. - fs scat Shonens\ opieye gees 2 50@ 3 50 5 00
Dey Ae Paso. 5st yatitebe eee Rint 4 00 7 00
NOVA Meee OOO «-. io dinibhs aaasous Sche ere 60@ 90 1 25
SUAUO ss GALOOU!..) corer. ie eign ants 75 1 25@ 2 00
PARE ASL ROM: , eae ect tore rick eyes ts 4 00 6 00
MME? , OOD. Acie es ee 2 00@ 2 75 4 00
I have averaged the 11 reports, and the wholesale price paid would be
$2.60 per pound, the retail $4,389. I think I have shown you that my
assertions about quality and high price are not without proof.
In the gardens of Queen Victoria there is a glass house seventy-five
feet long, and only one vine in it, which is called the Hampton Court
vine, and is of the Black Hamburg variety. It fills the whole house, is
said to produce over three thousand clusters annually, and is over 100
years old. I think if the fox, as reported in the fable, had seen and
tasted some of these grapes he would not have made up such a wry face
and said they were sour and not worth the trouble of obtaining.
Experience of thirty-eight years in this branch of horticulture has been
a very great source of pleasure to me, to watch the opening of the buds
and the growth till the maturing of this most delicious of all fruits.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. W. F. Bird of Ann Arbor: Coming in rather late, I have not heard
whether the subject of grafting has been treated or not, and I would
like the best method of grafting grapes.
Mr. Sigler: I have grafted grapes and everything else, almost, even
to the cacti. I think the best time to graft grapes is after the sap has
ceased to flow, after the vines have begun to leave out. That has been
my experience. If you can, keep your scions from starting until after
the leaves appear. Then cut them off below the surface of the ground,
and set them the same as you set a scion in an apple tree. I have grafted
before the sap started and had good luck, but not as a general thing.
Mr. Morrill: Is it more desirable to change an unprofitable variety
that way, than to take it out and set anew?
Mr. Sigler: Yes, you get grapes the second year. I set one Black
Hamburg variety into a White, and it grew 360 feet of wood the first
year. This fact was published in the New York Gardener, some twenty
years ago, I think. That vine is still living and doing well.
Mr. Chidester: Have you had any experience in grafting in out-door
work? JI have a peculiar saw that saws two cuts at the same time, and
a small chisel that makes a smooth cut, so that it does not require a blade
to introduce the graft. I have found it more successful than to try to
split the cleft, because a grapevine does not split easily, and when it is
- TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 171
sawed out it leaves a perfect space for the scion. Saw it down as far as
you want to make the graft, and then make the graft to fit the sawed
place, and it makes a perfect fit.
Mr. Morrill: You wax it, do you, and cover with cloth?
Mr. Chidester: I do not think it is necessary to wax. If you graft in
the fall of the year, it is necessary to put an earthen jar over, and cover
with straw, to keep from freezing. The frosts are likely to draw the
scion out. :
Mr. Sigler: JI have experimented with wax and cloths. Take cotton
cloth, strip it, and wrap it around the stub of the vine where you graft.
I never got one to grow by putting wax, but the cloths keep it moist, and
I think the vine is more likely to grow because this wrapping furnishes
moisture for the scion.
Mr. Morrill: These are fine points which it is absolutely essential to
bring out, to save people from mistakes.
Mr. Chidester: I don’t know where you can find those saws; I bought
mine of an old man living at Tecumseh.
Mr. Bradish: I am not very familiar with grafting grapes. I don’t
raise grapes under glass, and I don’t believe grafting pays for out-door
culture, when vines cost only from five to ten cents apiece.
Mr. Morrill: You can get Concords for two cents.
Mr. Bradish: If you had a vineyard that you were not satisfied with,
would you tear it out and set new, or would you graft it? I would set
new ones.
Mr. Morrill: On different land, perhaps?
Mr. Bradish: O, perhaps not, always. If I had a location that I
thought was just right, or very nearly right, and it had been kept up in
good shape, I would tear up the old roots and set new vines. I have done
that frequently, and sometimes I have had to cut away at the old ones
two or three years, to get them killed out.
Mr. Reid: Then, Mr. Bradish, you have never tested the matter of
grafting, to learn the comparative value?
Mr. Bradish: O yes, you can get grapes perhaps a year or two sooner,
by grafting, and large crops sooner, but I prefer resetting because land
and labor are so cheap. It would be more labor to graft the grapes than
to pull them out and reset.
Mr. Chidester: How many vines, taking old vines, say one and one
half inches in diameter, can a man who understands it graft in a fair
day’s work, and what proportion ought he to make live?
Mr. Bradish: I should think a person might graft forty or fifty per
day.
Mr. Chidester: Then it would be worth about three cents apiece to do
the grafting?
Mr. Bradish: Yes.
Mr. Chidester: What proportion would you, of your own work, expect
to make live?
Mr. Bradish: I think a person ought to make two thirds of them grow.
Mr. Chidester: That would make a rather ragged vineyard.
Mr. Bradish: Of course, I never had enough experience to tell exactly
how many would grow. It is generally conceded that it is a pretty nice
job to graft a grape successfully.
172 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. Chidester: Yes, but you gain at least two years on each vine that
you get to grow.
Mr. Bradish: You can not get very much of a crop until three years
after the vine is set out, and I have got a good crop the second year. If
I were engaged, as I understand Mr. Chidester is, in propagating new
varieties, I think it would be well to graft. Seedlings are sometimes
long in coming into bearing.
Mr. Bird: There is one point that might be of great value, if it would
work, the same as with large fruits. That is, the possibility of grafting
a fine, productive grape, all other things being equal, that grows on a
weak root, upon a strong-growing stock, like-Concord or Niagara.
I do not know whether this could be made to produce the desired effect,
whether a slow-growing variety can be grafted upon a rapid-growing
stock and partake of the effects of the strong stock.
Mr. Chidester: I think that thing can be done. I grafted a Wyoming
on a Concord, and it made a wonderful growth the first year. It seems
to grow just as rankly as the Concord.
The President: Is not that the best use you can put grafting to, grow-
ing weak varieties on strong vines? Mr. Willard, what do you think?
Is it desirable to change a vine, except for such purposes as last men-
tioned?
Mr. Willard: I have a friend who is a large fruitgrower, and he prac-
tices that thing a great deal, and he says that he has had great success
in it. Vergennes has been a great success with him, as a producer,
and as a market grape. He said he had a large variety of grapes that he
would graft over to Vergennes. I think one of the causes of failure in
grape grafting is the manner in which scions are kept, and I believe that
is true of any grafting. The buds should be kept in perfect condition.
For that reason, in all of our orchard grafting, we are now cutting our
scions (which I always do at this season of the year) and putting them
one side and allowing them to freeze up solid, and in that condition we
shall put them into the ice-house and keep them frozen until we want to
use them, so that they are perfectly dormant. In the stocks upon which
they are grafted the sap will have begun to flow, and they are in good
condition to heal at once, and it seems to me that that is one of the
important things in connection with the grafting of the grape. You can
easily graft a weak variety upon a strong one, but you can not graft a
strong variety upon a weak one. If you attempt to graft a sweet cherry
into a sour one, you will make a failure, because it is the stronger.
Mr. Baldwin: Is it material to trim grapes in the early fall? I am
just starting in. Two years ago last spring, I set about 300 grapevines.
I was a novice, I knew nothing, and I asked nothing. I got hold of an
old book of twenty vears ago, and I find that the advice of that old hook
is about as good as I can get now. I dug holes two feet square and
eighteen to twenty inches deep; I put a eoodly quantity of bone into
each one of these holes. I then put in a compost of clear cattle manure
from the stables, on the bones, then covered that well, and I raised my
ground in oval shape about the roots. I never saw such a growth as
those grapes made. I set them two years ago last spring, and a year ago
last spring, the first vear after setting, we had a fine crop. Now, I want
to find whether it is material to trim in early fall. I would state that,
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. Lis
on a few vines, I have trimmed from the time the leaves were falling
until the leaves were out again, and I must say I never saw any difference
in the bearing or growth.
Mr. Sigler: I have trimmed my vines, the last thirty years, in the fall,
and I think that is the time to doit. I have trimmed for other folk in
the spring, when they would bleed, and I do not think it is the right
thing to do. If any one can explain why they should leave this wood
on, for the benefit of grubs, I would like to know. I think after the
wood has ripened it is of no more use to the vine, except what you waut
for bearing. The quicker it is cut off the better.
Mr. Baldwin: It is absolutely necessary?
Mr. Willard: I should say it is not. If you discriminate between
early and late fall, that is different. There is enough time, however,
when the vine or tree is in an absolutely dormant condition, to afford
ample opportunity to trim in the fall. I consider it good practice to trim
in the fall. Whenever the weather is suitable and there is no frost, our
knives are going, every day.
Mr. E. W. Allen: One point I think is well taken, in regard to the
reason why fall pruning is desirable, that the ends of the vines, where
the spores are, mostly, of the fungous diseases, will be cut off and burned
during the fall.
Mr. Morrill: I want to say that I consider it one of the most impor-
tant things in all our works, nowadays, to burn the trimmings and do
away with that much trouble, the propagation of additional disease.
A FEW THOUGHTS ON THE GRAPE.
BY MR. H. C. BRADISH OF ADRIAN.
Good grapes are wholesome, delicious, and conducive to health and
longevity. We learn from history that the ancients esteemed them
highly. One of them planted a vineyard, drank wine, and lived nine
hundred and fifty years.
Since the Concord was voted the grape for the million, a number of
other kinds have been produced that are good or better, and which fur-
nish a variety of flavors. Among the better kinds that are adapted to
southern Michigan may be named Brighton, Delaware, Niagara, Dia-
mond. Worden, and Concord, for fal! use, and Vergennes and Jefferson
for long keeping.
Many varieties named in the catalogues are unworthy of cultivation on
account of weakness of vine, unproductiveness, or bad quality, and
should be dropped from the lists. Time is too precious to waste on poor
kinds.
A situation elevated enough for good air drainage is preferable to a
low level, as there is less danger from the early and late frosts. The soil
should be deep, rich, well drained, and deeply pulverized.
Planting should be done before the buds start, in holes four or five
inches deep, with convex bottoms. The roots should point in different
174 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
directions, like the spokes of a wagon wheel, and be covered with fine,
rich earth, firmly pressed. Never allow the roots to become dry before
planting. If planted in rows eight feet three inches apart and twelve
feet apart in the rows, they will be about right for most kinds. Culti-
vate and hoe every ten days during season, destroying all weeds. Fer-
tilize with wood ashes and bone. Spread the ashes broadcast and culti-
vate in. The bone may be supplied either ground or whole. plugs for
use of hose and troughs. By use of these they practice the basin system
of irrigation, the same as that of Mr. Stearns of South Haven. The earth
is scraped back from the tree several feet and about ten barrels of water
applied to each tree, the earth being replaced so soon as the water dis-
appeared. This was done each two or three weeks, and this is deemed
sufficient for such a dry season as that of 1895, although the watering
should have begun earlier and therefore been applied once or twice more
in the fore part of the season. It was not applied till the middle of
June, by which time the very light soil had become exceedingly dry.
This equipment is sufficient for ten to twenty acres of orchard, but in the
case of these gentlemen it can be extended simply by use of more pipe.
They applied the water to their strawberries, using hose and practic-
ing surface irrigation. Two pickings had been made before application of
the water, and the fruit had grown small in the heat and dryness, but
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 217
increased in size so much afterward that the last picking was better than
the first. The berries were watered during two weeks. Next year an
earlier beginning will be made, should the season require it.
The cost of operating the plant was found to be but $2.40 per day.
The owners of this plant were so well pleased with the results of its
operation that they will extend it another year. Their peaches, which
must certainly have been very small, in the light soil, were as large as
in favorable years, were more highly colored, and in quality left nothing
to be desired, according to their kind.
SHADE TREES.
BY MR. GEO. B. HORTON OF FRUIT RIDGE.
“A place for everything and everything in its place,” is the maxim of
the good housekeeper and the successful farmer. In fact, this principle
is at the bottom of all successful operations. Shade trees give protection
from the hot suns of summer and the cold blasts of winter; they please
the eye, they gratify and refine the tastes, and they ornament the fields,
the lawns, the parks, and the roadsides. To make them useful and
pleasant to the fullest extent, their location must be carefully studied
and their care adapted to the needs of each.
Dame Nature, in her profuse decoration of the earth’s surface, does not
to the casual observer seem to follow the rules of order very much; but
if you study, and learn to understand her ways, you discover a kind
of careless adaptability of everything to the place it occupies, that is
really charming. Every tree, shrub, and flower seems to be perfectly
located, and surrounded in a way to give the best effect. Who has not
peered out from the car window, when riding along through rustie
parts of the country, and noted, as the ever-changing panoramic views
flashed across his vision, how appropriately the trees skirted the brows of
the hills, while others stood guard along the winding streams, and the
foliage was all so beautifully blended? The little evergreens and vines
cling to the creviced rocks, and so gracefully hang as if to hide from
view the source of the little rill of water that courses down. How we
would all like to roam through woods, over hills, and along streams
where the despoiler, man, has never trod, and witness for once the
unbroken works of nature! Man destroys and then attempts to replace
and rebuild, but he always falls far short of the original. Genius is lack-
ing and life is too short. He can not, however, do better in all his
efforts at ornamentation with trees than to study and carefully observe
nature’s ways, in their location, and then let time and nature do the
perfecting part. It takes many years after planting to secure a perfect
effect with trees, for some of them should be sufficiently large that the
buildings may be seen through under the lower branches for best effect.
What a ruthless destroyer is man, to cut down a fine shade tree from
the roadside or garden, that he may raise a few more hills of corn! The
only blame I lay at the feet of the pioneer is that he did not anticipate the
28
218 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
beauty of the country fifty years ahead, and so leave here and there, in
out-of-the-way places, more trees that nature had planted and rooted.
It could have been done in so many places, with no material disadvantage
to the cultivation of the soil.
Shade trees about the home speak of refined tastes within. As you
ride through a country naked and barren of trees about the buildings
and other favorable places, you are at once impressed with the thought
that the people are behind the times and lacking in progressive spirit.
In such localities we naturally look for poor schoolhouses. True, that
natural conditions have much to do with this. A low, flat country that
needs all of the warmth of the sun, and thorough drainage, to make
it productive, is at a disadvantage; but even there a man can
with his own labor so build and elevate by grading that his lawn
and farm yards can be beautified with trees, and thus add com-
forts and value to the home. Shade trees in the fields should be
placed around watering-places, along lanes and short bluffy places
that can not be cultivated. It is also useful and ornamental to
set trees in a thicket, and of such kinds as will make dense shade
from the ground up, and so located on the north and west sides of barn-
yards that they may serve as a shield against the cold of winter. Great
improvement has been made in the general appearance about barns, the
last few years, and chief among them was moving the straw stacks
and stock from the front to the rear of the barn, so that the front yards
may grass over. Now, by setting out two or three trees in suitable
places in such a yard, still further attractions will be added to the place.
Those who have shade trees in lawns must make the best of them
where they are, and so surround and fill in the margins as to give
artistic effect. In preparing for new lawns with trees, take plenty of
room. The ground is not wasted, and a large farm lawn can be more
easily cared for than a small one. Properly grade the ground before
setting out the trees. Like a picture, a lawn must have a background.
Of all the attractive places one sees in riding through the country, none
is more pleasing than the home built on the side of a hill, and the rise
of ground back of the house covered with orchard or woods trees. It
does not give a good effect to have the row of trees by the roadside in
front of the house, so that the passer by looks under and through them
out into nothing beyond. The rows of trees should be back of the
house and set quite close together, for a background to the scene; and
then in front set a very few in irregular order, so that the term “careless
adaptability” will apply.
As to the kinds of trees each one must set, use judgment in accord-
ance with location, soil, etc. Trees must be healthy to look well. Com-
mon forest trees that are natural to the place will always thrive best.
In a fair-size lawn, two or three evergreen trees set a little at one side
and back will give a pleasing variety. No improvement about the premi-
ses is so perpetual in dispensing satisfactory results as growing shade
trees. As you sit in old age under the branches of the maple or elm you
planted when a young man, with your children and even to the third
generation about you, what field work of your life will give you more
pleasure?
We answer, none.
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 219
GARDENS FOR TOWN AND COUNTRY HOMES.
BY PROF. W. W. TRACY OF DETROIT.
In the very beginning of the history of our race the edict was pro-
nounced, that henceforth man should live by the sweat of his brow; and
ever since then he has been trying to escape it, even trying to find some
way to live without labor. And has he succeeded? The regular click-
thud of the spinning jenny, doing under the guidance of one hand that
which formerly required an hundred, and doing it better than they could
possibly do it; the clitter-clatter of our mowing machines and reapers,
taking the place of aching backs and stiffened arms in the cutting of our
grass and grain, all answer, yes. But the weary, tired look on the faces
of the men who pour out of our mills at night after their ten, twelve,
or fourteen hours of labor; the shortened lives of our professional and
business men; your experience and mine, all give a far more emphatic.
if not a louder, negative answer. And this must always be so, for he who
uttered that edict was not a man that he should lie, or the son of man that
his words should come to naught; and whatever might have been, we are
so constituted that no sooner do we by wit or wisdom contrive some
plan by which we can do in one hour that which formerly required an
hundred, than some new want or desire, the gratification of which is
absolutely essential to our happiness, to our comfort, even, epmuge up to
demand the labor of the remaining ninety-nine.
The great question, then, is not how to escape labor, since that is
impossible, but how may we get the greatest good from our labor? In
considering such a question it is well to look at the past and see how the
labor of man has been expended. Beneath the desert sands of Egypt we
find buried cities, the monuments of the labor of those who lived thou-
sands of years ago. If we examine this work we will find it replete with
ornament, and evidence everywhere that these workers aimed to please
the eye. Travelers tell us that modern towns of Greece and Italy are
built of the fragments of sculptured marble that formed the ornament of
the ancient cities. Surely, if we judge of what our predecessors valued
by the products of their labors which they have left behind, we must con-
clude that a large part of that labor was for the sake of the beautiful.
But ours is a utilitarian age, and in it and among our busy, money-
making, money-loving people, we shall find no such foolish waste of labor
for the sake of appearance. Are you sure? Think of how large a pro-
portion of the labor necessary to convert the wool into the clothes you
wear was spent to please the eye. Look about you here, or in the plain-
est home, and see how much of the labor, the evidence of which you see,
was spent for looks’ sake. No, man always has—he does and he always
will—spend a large proportion of his labor, over and above what is neces-
sary to supply his mere animal wants, those he has in common with the
brute, for the sake of the beautiful.
Let us go higher and look at the work of the Almighty, as we see it in
nature. A leaf is a contrivance to expose a large surface of matter to be
220 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
acted on by the atmosphere without hindering the circulation of the air
or liability to injury by wind and storm. For this purpose a simple disk
hung on a pliant stem is the easiest made, and as good aformasany. Are
all leaves made that way? How much of the labor we would have to
expend to clothe the earth as it is with plants, would be saved if we would
make all trees and plants alike so far as form is concerned. And doesn’t
the extra labor necessary to give them the varied and beautiful forms
they wear indicate that their maker cared for the beautiful? Was not
the beauty of the lily, exceeding that of Solomon in all his glory, cited
in proof that God cared for it? Can we look at God’s work anywhere
and escape the conviction that he loves beauty? There is not a mother
here but has seen her baby smilingly stretch out its hand for the bright
ribbon at her throat. Was there ever a child that was not pleased with a
bright fiower? But how often the beauty-loving child grows up into a
man who cares nothing for beauty, who thinks any time spent for the
sake of beauty is time wasted!
Why should this be? Is it not clear that it is the result of want of
exercise of the faculty of seeing and enjoying beauty? We are told that
were a man of the highest intellect shut up so as to have absolutely no
intercourse with his fellow-men, and no chance for the exercise of his
mental powers, it would be but a short time before he would become
insane. Is it strange, then, that a child growing up and never hearing
beauty referred to, with no opportunity to express and develop his love
for it, should lose that love, should become a man to whom
“A primrose by the river’s brim
A yellow primrose was to him,
And it was nothing more’’?
But you say that there are no fixed principles nor rules of beauty; that
it is a matter of taste and not of education. The belle in Africa bores a
hole in her nose from which she dangles her ornaments, and covering
her neck and breast, for modesty’s sake, dances with bare arms and legs
and body in the sunshine, proud to be so beautifully dressed. The belle
of Adrian bores holes in her ears from which she dangles her ornaments,
and covering her body all but her neck and breast, for modesty’s sake,
dances beneath the electric light satisfied that she is dressed so as to
show her beauty to the best advantage. Everywhere men make things
which they think are beautiful, but which others look upon as hideous.
But does this want of unity of opinion as to what is beautiful prove that
there is no such thing as absolute beauty? The thugs of India believe
it is their duty to rob and murder. In my own city there is a group of
people who believe it is the right thing to do what other people consider
wrong. Everywhere some men consider certain things wrong that their
neighbors consider right. Are we because of this to sing the song of des-
pair, and cry out
“There is no God, there is no good,
And faith is a heartless cheat
That bares the back for the devil’s rod,
And seatters thorns for the feet’?
No, the want of an universal conception of what is right does not prove
that there is no such thing as absolute right—no need of studying its prin-
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 221
ciples. No more does the want of a universal conception of beauty prove
that there is no such thing as absolute beauty, nor advantage in studying
its principles.
But how shall we educate our children in these lines? It is a fact
that the human heart is naturally so selfish and vain that it is always the
tendency of the leaders in any branch of human knowledge to so formu-
late the statements of it as to magnify the importance of their own
specific knowledge on that subject. Thus, the doctrines and dogmas of
the church all tend to magnify the importance of the clergy; our laws are
so shaped as to give increased importance to the lawyer; and when artists
try to educate people in knowledge of beauty, the tendency is to direct
attention to the art rather than to the beauty of which the art is an
expression. Ruskin tells us that all beauty has its origin in some thought
of the Creator expressed in; natural forms. Certainly every form and
shade of beauty finds an expression in the plants which one may grow
even in the temperate climate; and as a horticulturist I naturally tend
to magnify the value of the garden as a school of beauty.
But a child’s moral character is developed far more by the daily influ-
ence of those about him than from a study of the doctrines of the-church.
A man’s habits of lawlessness or law-abiding are more the outcome of
his daily experience than of his knowledge of the statutes, and I am not
sure that a large garden is the best place to develop a boy’s love of the
beautiful, especially if he is asked to do most of the disagreeable work
of caring for it.
Did you ever think how everything that is really worth anything in
this world is free to everybody, is the free gift of the Creator, thus show-
ing the brotherhood of man and the fatherhood of God? How much is
honor worth as compared with love? Can you buy love? .Is it not just as
possible to the beggar as to the king? How much is wealth worth, com-
pared with health; and can anybody own, accumulate, any more health
than he can use? Can the health of the world be “cornered”? George
Vanderbilt may own a Carolina landscape to the horizon, but can he get
any more of its beauty than the poorest man that looks at it? My neigh-
bor may, at the cost of hundreds of dollars, establish a beautiful garden;
but after he has enjoyed is beauty to the utmost, there is just as much
for me. Love, health, beauty, are the gifts of God to his children, and
he gives them so lavishly that every one can have all he can enjoy, and
no one, be he ever so strong, ever so shrewd, can take a single iota more
than he can enjoy.
What I plead for, then, is that we strive to develop the capacity for
seeing and enjoying beauty, with which every child is born; that we give
the baby the bright ribbon; that we let it pick the flower, and, as it grows
up, we talk to it of the beauty he will find everywhere. Our boy comes
to us with a beautiful snow crystal upon his sleeve, and we ignore it,
and gruffly tell him he had better sweep off the path. Charmed with the
beauty of the spring, he asks to go Maying. No, he must stay and dig
the dandelions from the lawn.
Are God’s works so inferior to those of man? Is all floral beauty cen-
tered in our cultivated flowers—the tulip, the rose, the canna? Is there
none in the plants of the field and wood—the trillium, the sweet briar,
the cardinal flower? Are we to look for beauty only where man has
spent his labor, and so laid claim to special rights, and ignore it in the
222, STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
millions of common things that God scatters so lavishly, so freely, on
every hand?
Pardon me if I have spoken earnestly; but, friends, I once knew of a
child born into a community of deaf and dumb people. It grew up and
was supposed to be deaf and dumb. It had no chance to use those senses,
and, like those about it, learned to depend upon others. It was not till
a friend who could hear visited the family, that it was discovered that the
child could hear, and it soon learned to talk as well as any one. Whata
crime it would have been to have let that child grow up as a deaf mute!
Yet are you less blamable if you let the sense of beauty, with which your
child is born, die out because of neglect?
“He prayeth best, who loveth best,
All things, both great and small;
For the good Lord, who loveth us,
Hath made and loveth ail.”
DISCUSSION.
Dr. Beal: When I was a boy I used to like to hunt squirrels, rabbits,
and such things so well that I would take my gun out to the woods and
shoot a few squirrels while the rest were at their dinners or resting, and
then I would return with them to the harvest field and think I had had
great sport. Since then I have learned to study botany and zoology, and
my pleasure in hunting has disappeared. I have something better. I have
friends who, every time they get a little tired, spend several weeks up
north, fishing for trout or shooting deer. It seems to me—maybe it isn’t
the thing for me to say—but it seems to me that I have reached a little
higher point in enjoyment.
I don’t brag about it, but I have had the opportunity to study these
things, and it has taught me to enjoy the things right around me—trees
and shrubs and little animals. If I am obliged to wait for hours in the
day time at a depot, for instance, it is not tiresome. I can walk up and
down the track and find pleasure in studying the weeds and find new vari-
eties of plants. I can go out into the woods and swamps, and all my
troubles are lost for the time. I am overwhelmed with the beauty on
every side. It seems to me, as Prof. Tracy says, we are often likely to
lose sight of some of these things. I wish to speak of a subject in which
most, perhaps, take little interest—something about trees and shrubs
and forestry. When I was a boy, teaming up and down the roads here,
to Adrian, the old men who helped clear off this timber said, “The timber
is growing scarcer. After awhile we will not have enough for firewood.
There wont be enough for the railway engines.” We have now found
coal,and wood isn’t so high now as it was a few years ago. We wondered
what we would do for railway ties, after the forests were cut off, but we
shall use steel. We can dispense with the use of trees to a great extent.
But notwithstanding this, trees will always be useful for ornamentation
and also for timber for furniture and many other things. I notice, as I
pass around the country, that many are interested in preserving some
of this timber. I don’t advocate tearing up good land and planting out
trees, neither argue keeping trees for trees’ sake. I wish to make use of
them when they are ready to cut, as much as the man who raises trees for
other purposes, but once upon a time this was a fine timber state. I
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. dpa:
don’t expect to make any impression on these older heads, who have
looked upon trees as their enemies, to be cut down to make room for
wheat and barley, but I am talking to the young men who will be hunting
some day for a quiet spot in the forest where they may go and study na-
ture. These spots are coming to be very rare in this state, in the south-
ern part especially. As we go north, where they have cut off so much
pine and hemlock, and other forest trees, many of these kinds are dis-
appearing. The railroad comes in, and the fire from the locomotive
throws sparks into the young growth, and it is swept off in almost no
time. One point I want to make is in regard to this young growth. It
is left often in an exposed condition, with rubbish all around, and after
having gained perhaps twenty or thirty years’ growth it is swept away
by fire. What I am pleading for is some scheme by which these young
groves may be preserved for future use. A large percentage of the fires
spring from the railways, and this is one of thé hardest things we have to
contend with—to see what can be done to prevent the locomotives from
setting fire, in dry times, to the forests. At the last meeting of this soci-
ety, at Traverse City, I offered a resolution something like this: “We, as
a society, should not be satisfied until the state has a forestry commission,
somewhat like the one of 1886-1890.” The society voted unanimously
to sustain that resolution. I call your attention to it today, because
we have some new members here, two new members of the executive
committee, and I wish to remind them of what the society has committed
itself to, and I trust you will sympathize with the sentiment, and do all
possible in urging this matter upon the next legislature. A forestry com-
mission would cost but little, five or six hundred dollars per vear. You
don’t realize, perhaps, that one third of the wealth of the state is coming
each year from the trees of the state. Is it not clearly worth while, then,
with such a vast amount of wealth in question, when it is such a vast
interest in this state, to look after it? We spend considerable money in
the protection of game. We have our game wardens, and that is popular
enough. Can not we do the same thing for this industry of for-
estry? I mention this much more freely than I should if I had an axe to
grind; than if I expected to push this bill through and get to be commis-
sioner and receiveasalary. I held this office once for four years, and the
newspapers said that the only reason for having this office was on account
of the salary received. The fact was that there was no salary accom-
panying it, and I had to do lots of work. Germany and many of the
European countries have been through this same wasteful process that
we have in the United States, and they have learned to husband their
resources and try to save what is left. I hope every time this society
meets it will discuss this question and get the sense of those present.
Any one who has travelled through our state and seen the immense
amount of barren land, that for years is not likely to be of use for agri-
cultural purposes, will see that it might, by a little care, be retimbered,
greatly to the advantage of the state. I never travel through the north-
ern part of the state without feeling a little indignation at the destruc-
tion created by a good many lumbermen. I remember that one of the
pleasantest calls I made, while at Los Angeles, was spoiled by a state-
ment made by a friend whom I had known in childhood. He probably
took out of this state somewhere in the neighborhood of four or five mil-
lions of dollars. He lives in a palace at Los Angeles, and he made this
224 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
remark, as emphasizing the beauty of that particular climate, which
was pleasant enough; he said that if any one had the power to say to him
that he might have one year in California or ten years back in old Michi-
gan, he would take the one year in California. I wanted to tell him,
that I considered him extremely ungrateful. I hope, my friends, this will
be a question freely discussed until something tangible shall grow out of
it, to retimber the state of Michigan, especially in certain localities
where nothing else is likely to grow for some years. Last winter, at our
farmers’ institute, Gov. Hoard was with us. He said, “We have had in
Wisconsin some ten to twelve thousand dollars to carry on our insti-
tutes.” I asked how that happened. ‘Well,”- he said, “about six
or eight years ago, six men in Wisconsin put their heads together, and
they said, ‘we will pull together until we get these institutes.’” It shows
what a small body of earnest men can do in such matters. The more,
of course, the better; but if we are in earnest and pull together, we can
accomplish ever so much.
CULTIVATION OF THE CHRYSANTHEMUM.
BY MR. ELMER SMITH OF ADRIAN.
The chrysanthemum derives its name from the two Greek words
chrysos, gold, and anthos, a flower; hence the literal meaning, gold flower.
Thinking it might be interesting to many present, I have taken the lib-
erty to depart somewhat from the subject by giving a few historical
notes.
From almost prehistoric times the Chinese and Japanese have culti-
vated this famous flower. The chrysanthemum, or kiku, as it is called
in Japan, is one of the crest badges of the imperial family, and is used as
an Official seal. The hilts of the swords forged by Emperor Go Toba, in
1186, had the kiku figured upon them. All Japanese manifest the great-
est enthusiasm in their culture, looking forward with pleasure to the
coming of these flowers, and the Chinese are no less ardent in their de-
voted admiration. It is more than two hundred years since the first
plants were introduced into England. In 1754 it was first cultivated by
that celebrated gardener, Miller, at Chelsea, but by accident was lost,
being again introduced at London in 1795. As it is known today it ap-
pears modern to many, but the foregoing assures us it has not been re-
cently introduced. It is simply the improvement in cultivation and
varieties that has given them such popularity the past few years.
They were introduced into this country in 1826, and in 1830 such va-
rieties as Quilled Flame, Curled Lilac, Tasselled White, and Changeable
Buff were exhibited at Boston before the Massachusetts Horticultural
society.
I will first give the method generally employed by the florist, and fol-
low with a few hints to the amateur. The old plants that have nearly
passed their usefulness for this season are sending up new growth at the
root. These are taken off in the form of cuttings, inserted in sand which
has a gentle bottom heat, and if kept well watered will in ten or twelve
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 225
days be sufficiently rooted to receive their first potting. Planting usually
takes place in June and July, so it will be necessary to have ample stock
ready before beginning this work. Selecting the strongest plants, they
are planted rather firmly from eight to ten inches apart, on tables or
benches containing about four inches of good, pliable soil, followed by a
copious watering and the first important step has been taken. Constant
attention will be necessary from this time until the flowers are developed,
giving abundance of air at all times and attending closely to the water-
ing. They are lovers of water, yet should not be treated as aquatics,
or the soil will become sodden and the foliage assume a yellow coat. A
moderately moist condition is what they enjoy. As the plants advance
in height they will require staking and tying.
To produce specimen blooms the plants are restricted to a few flowers,
generally from one to three. After the middle of July, all growth except
that intended to flower is removed as fast as it appears, to concentrate
all the energy of the plant to its flowers. By the end of August, many
varieties are in bud, and then begins the task of removing the surplus
and retaining the most perfect.
This is disbudding, and will need to be repeated several times till all
are removed except the one at the apex of the stem, which is usually the
most perfect.
The next important step is the application of additional food, which
should be given in the form of liquid manure or chemicals that are soluble
in water, beginning with a weak solution and gradually increasing until
the limit is reached. A half bushel of fresh manure to forty gallons of
water, and five ounces of concentrated chemicals to thirty gallons, are
considered maximum doses. When the flowers are half expanded all
watering should be done in the early part of the day, to secure as dry an
atmosphere as possible for the night, as the dew, which is very heavy
under glass at this season, is very injurious, causing the petals to damp-
off or decay. A slight ventilation over night, or the application of a little
heat, is also a good prevention, but I prefer the former as long as there
is no danger of freezing.
To those who are not favored with greenhouses, are not desirous of
having well-grown plants, I will give a few suggestions, beginning with
the pot system. Procure the desired number of plants the latter part of
May, which, as they are generally bought from the florist, are in the
smallest size pots. These should be changed at once into the four-inch
size, and plunged to the rims in the open garden, or in some light ma-
terial like sawdust or tanbark in an open frame. By the first of July
they will need another shift, using an eight-inch pot for those which have
made the strongest growth, and a six-inch for those less vigorous. The
watering, staking, and feeding should be attended to the same as when
grown under glass. Should the wish be for nice, symmetrical plants, with
abundance of bloom, pinch out the tip of the plant at the first potting,
repeating this from time to time as the new growth is four inches long,
continuing until August 1, by which time the plants will have from fifty
to one hundred branches. When the buds are the size of small peas,
rub off all but one at the end of each branch. This will make the flowers
larger and of better quality. If specimen blooms are desired, defer the
pinching out of the tip until July 1 to 15,and allow the two or three shoots
29
226 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
which follow to grow on, removing all others as fast as they appear,
and disbud, leaving but one to each branch. They may also be very suc-
cessfully grown with somewhat less care by planting into the garden.
The same care will be necessary as when the pot system is used. They
should be lifted and potted or boxed, not later than August 1, to allow
them to become well established in their new quarters before the buds
begin to form. Lifting after the buds have set, and subjecting the plants
to frost, are the principal causes of deformed flowers.
The chrysanthemum is partial to low temperature, but the varieties
now grown will not endure severe frosts. It does not kill the plant, but
blackens the buds. At the approach of frosty nights, a snug harbor can
easily be prepared by setting four posts, to which an ordinary hotbed
sash is fastened on the south side, with the other sides closed up with
boards or heavy cloth. Such protection is generally ample until Novem-
ber 1, and sometimes later.
American homes are not blessed with this beautiful flower as are those
of our English cousins, where nearly every household has at least a few
plants. Repeated failure in their cultivation no doubt is the cause of their
being so sparingly grown by the amateur. I think you will have no fur-
ther trouble, by remembering these few simple rules: Give abundance
of sun and air, keep roots moderately moist, stake, tie, and attend to the
feeding and disbudding; never disturb the roots after the buds are
formed, nor allow Jack Frost to get at them, and success will crown
your efforts.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Morrill: The cultivation and improvement of the chrysanthemum
has been making wonderful progress in the last few years, and the gentle-
man who has just spoken to us is one of the most wonderful propagators
and improvers of this flower. Many of you perhaps have a particular
liking for the chrysanthemum, and I hope you will take this matter up
and ask whatever questions may be on your mind.
Mr. Vanderwert: I have tried to raise chrysanthemums without a
greenhouse and there is an insect that tops them a little too soon and
keeps at it a little too long. After they get to be a foot high, I can do no
more with them. The insects which attack them are about two thirds
the size of a lady-bug, and flatter than that, and unless you look pretty
sharply you will not see them. They slide “off and disappear. How to
manage that insect I have never learned.
Mr. Smith: I had some talk with Mr. Allis on this subject, and since
then I have learned that the tarnish bug is very active (and they are as
you describe) and so quick in their motions that you can scarcely catch
one. The best remedy I know of is either tobacco in the liquid form or
dry tobacco. But if you plant them out in the garden and do not watch
the bugs very closely, they will destroy every chrysanthemum. They
puncture the plant and extract the sap, which checks the growth and they
will keep on until there is not a leaf. The best remedy I know is tobacco.
Mr. Reid: Mr. Smith, I understand some of the specimens here are
your own productions. Will you give us a little talk on these, and tell
us something of your processes?
Mr. Smith: Of course all of these new varieties are obtained by fertil-
ization, or applying the pollen of one flower upon the pistils of another.
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 227
1f I had a chart here, I could show you more plainly. At the base of
every petal, there is a little pistil. It is extremely small. We take the
plant when the flower is in a half-developed condition, and with a pair of
scissors shear it all off closely until we get to the pistils. Then we allow
them to stand a day or two; at first they come up closely, then they spread
out, and then they are in condition to receive the pollen. The next con-
sideration is, what do we want? Of course there are some varieties, some
forms, more popular than others, and those we wish to increase and per-
petuate. So we look around. For instance, we have a loose flower, this
one, for example (taking one from those on exhibition); and yet I would
like to have one in this form, for it is larger (displaying another flower).
Some bright morning I will open this to the center. There are a few cells
in there which produce pollen; we then take a fine, camel’s-hair pencil,
collect the pollen and apply it to this. This one is the staminate parent,
and this the pistillate parent. Most of us keep a record of the parentage
of all our seedlings. In fact, I can tell you the parentage for five or six
generations of every seedling we have produced. This (showing a flower)
is a variety that was awarded the silver cup at Denver. It has also been
before the committee of the Chrysanthemum society of America. Per-
haps I might better tell you more of this. We have (just as our nursery-
men have) a great many men who have not the best of scruples in send-
ing out new varieties. They send out a thing under a glowing descrip-
tion, and it is not half so glowing when you come to grow it. People
are getting tired of buying new varieties; and so, with this idea in view,
the society has appointed five committees, at Cincinnati, Boston, New
York, Philadelphia, and Chicago, consisting of prominent chrysanthe-
mum-men. To them we submit our seedlings. We have a scale of
points, embracing color, form, and size of stem, and all things that are
necessary to a good bloom. This variety has been submitted to five of
these committees. Last night I received the last report. It has received
at least eighty-five points before each of the committees, and more than
* that before most of them. At Boston it scored 100 points, at New York
85, Philadelphia 95, Cincinnati 87, Chicago 93; an average of 92.
298 | STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
A FEW WORDS ABOUT TOMATOES.
BY PROF. W. W. TRACY OF DETROIT.
National and family resemblance in character is a universally recog-
nized fact. We expect a Scotchman to be serious, earnest, industrious,
frugal; and we are not surprised if a negro is happy, careless, lazy, shift-
less. In like way, there are race and family resemblances in plants. All
the grass family are quickly affected, as to quickness of maturity or earli-
ness, by the climatic conditions under which they are grown. Corn taken
from Vermont to Florida will in a few generations become later and lar-
ger, and if taken back to Vermont will hardly mature at all. But culti-
vate it there a few years, and it loses its size and regains its earliness.
Wheat, oats, and grass are similarly affected.. On the other hand, I have
known of watermelon seed being taken from Michigan to Georgia and
grown there for five generations, and then brought back to Michigan, and
mature just as early as seed that had been grown here the same length of
time. By taking special care I have grown a very late-maturing Persian
melon here for six generations, but without gaining an hour in earliness,
and I have never known of an instance of plants of the cucumber family
gaining a single day in earliness through cultivation at the north.
Now, I think the tomato family (the tomato, egg-plant, pepper and po-
tato) have a characteristic which has an important bearing on their cul-
tivation. It is this, that in order to produce a full crop the plants must
grow at a steady and uniform rate from the starting seedling to the ma-
turing crop. Perhaps I can make my meaning more easily understood,
and enforce its importance, by illustration. A few years ago I took 100
tomato plants, about two inches high, they having just made their first .
pair of true leaves, and divided them into four lots, as uniform as possible
- in the size and character of the plants. Two lots were set in a long box
and the other two in another, and the boxes set together on the side bench
of a greenhouse. One box was turned end for end every day, thus giving
each lot in it an equal chance. The other was not moved; and the result
was that, when it came time to set the plants in the open ground, the two
lots of plants in the box that had been turned were uniform in size and
character, while in the other box the lot at one end were nearly twice as
tall and much softer than the other. The four lots of plants were set and
given an equal chance. In six weeks they all seemed equally large and
healthy. The crop from the four lots was picked and weighed separately,
and between the two lots from the first box there was less than two ounces
per plant difference in weight of crop; but between the other two there
was a difference of over 20 ounces per plant. Last summer, Mr. E. A.
Starr of Royal Oak started a lot of tomato plants. When fit to prick
out into cold-frames, he divided with a neighbor. Mr. Starr’s plants
were set in a cold-frame and so managed that they grew slowly and stead-
ily up to the time of setting out. They were carefully set out, so care-
fully as to be scarcely checked at all. During the season they were
so cultivated that they made a steady but not rank growth up to the
time of fruiting. The result was a yield of over 700 bushels per
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 229
acre of excellent fruit. His neighbor set his seedlings in a_hot-
bed and induced a rapid growth, so that before it would do to
set them in the field they were nearly twice as tall as Mr. Starr’s,
and had to be held back for want of room for further growth. When
set they were checked, so that Mr. Starr’s plants caught up with them
in size. They then took a start, and, the ground being very rich, they
outgrew Mr. Starr’s and were larger at the time of ripening than his.
The result was only a fair crop of less than 300 bushels to the acre. Iam
sure that any one familiar with the plants, soil, and other conditions of
these crops, would believe that the difference in yield was chiefly due.
to the greater steadiness of growth of Mr. Starr’s crop.
Our experiment stations have made a good many experiments as to
the best fertilizer and method of treatment for tomatoes, and while these
are very valuable, the results are often contradictory, and I think they
are so because of the fact that difference in the steadiness of the growth
of two lots had more influence on the crop than the difference in fertili-
zing or treatment.
Now, as to a practical point in growing tomato plants. Mr. J. H. Mc-
Cotter of Pontiac has developed a method which gives the most satis-
factory results. The soil in his cold-frames is packed hard and smooth,
and on the sides of the frame he makes marks three inches apart. He
finds a bit of tough, thin sod in some old pasture, and with the aid of a
marked board and a sharp spade he cuts bits of turf about 2% inches
square. These are taken to the bed and, by the aid of a strip having pegs
three inches apart, and the marks on the side of the frame, they are ar-
ranged in rows across the bed so as to be three inches apart from center
to center. They are then covered with about an inch of rich soil and the
bed is ready for the plants. In setting the plants, a strip three inches
wide, having pegs three inches apart, is placed in line with the marks on
the side of the box, and pressed into the soil, thus making a hole over the
center of each bit of turf, in which to set the plants. All this, as I have
told it, seems a fussy and a slow job; but in practice it is easily and
quickly done, and Mr. McCotter finds that the plants root into the turf
so that they transplant fully as well, often much better than from plant
boxes, and the whole operation, including cutting and placing the turf
and setting the plants, takes but very little if any more time than the
filling of plant boxes and removing of them at the time of setting, with
a net gain in the cost of boxes.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Allis: In regard to the tomato question, we have a tomato-canning
establishment here in our town, and last year our people saved selected
seeds, with the desire of planting them; but the manager of the canning
works obliged our people to use the seeds that they furnished, and after
these had been sown and some little time had elapsed, some of these
other seeds were sown, and they went clear ahead of the others. But
now it is understood that the late seeds are used for canning purposes to
a certain extent. ‘These others were selected, as Prof. Bailey says, for
the quality of the tomato and for the time in which they ripened. They
were not those late in the season, but those which did the best, and the
offspring did much better than the others. Now, I would like to ask
230 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Prof. Tracy if he would attribute it to better method in the growing, or
would he consider that the selection of the seed would have anything to
do in producing a better tomato?
Prof. Tracy: I have no hesitation at all in saying that the selection
of seed does make a material difference in the maturity, the quickness
of development; but I weuld also say this, that from the same plant I
would as soon have a seed from the last-ripening tomato as from the one
first ripened. We have observed in our trial cases a certain tendency.
For instance, here is a tomato plant which branches out in three or four
branches. When that fruit has five per cent. of crooked, irregular fruit,
mostof itis upon one branch and most of the smooth fruit is upon another
branch. We have been selecting with more reference to saving seed
from that branch which produced the best fruit as a rule. But what I
wanted to say was this: From the same plant, I would as soon have seed
from the last-ripening fruit as seed from the first-ripening fruit, and any
process of selection by which you secure seed from the best plant, and not
from the best fruit, will surely result in improvement in your general |
stock.
RELATION OF GLASS TO COMMERCIAL GARDENING.
BY MR. SQUIRE JOHNSON OF ADRIAN.
Having had a working experience in some of the departments of mar-
ket gardening, from my earliest manhood, I am far more at home in its
manual operations than its literature. All gardeners do not use glass in
the growing of vegetables, but nearly all vegetables require the aid of
glass if they are placed upon the market when the people want them, and
are willing to pay good prices for them.
The starting of plants under glass, if properly done, =i cause those
plants to mature from one to three weeks sooner than if the seeds were
sown in the open ground. To illustrate, we will compare two men who
are in the business, both calling themselves gardeners, and selling their
produce in the same market. Mr. A uses glass to start his plants, and in
some cases to mature his product. Mr. B has no glass, but grows about
the same varieties of vegetables, and is fully as well posted in the busi-
ness as Mr. A is, so far as knowing when to plant and how to tend the
crops. When the cold winter weather begins to give way to warmer,
spring-like weather, people in the city want spring vegetables. The
enterprising dealer has perhaps imported some lettuce, radishes, and
spring onions, and had them on sale through the fore part of the winter;
but the demand is usually light at that time, and the growing of them
for a small market usually results in a loss to the grower. Mr. A. has
these products about ready for market, and soon comes to town with a
load. He finds ready sale, and his home-grown products are much
fresher than the imported produce and takes preference over it. He is
plied with questions as to how he grows such things so early, it being
some time in February. People supposed that all green stuff was shipped
into their market from the south. He tells them that they are grown by
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 231
himself near by, with the aid of glass. That is surprising. The ground
is yet covered with snow and frozen hard. Mr. B has not yet been able
to plant any seeds. Mr. A will have the market to himself a long time
yet, before he has any competition from B. All he has to compete with
is the commercial drummer from the wholesale house in the larger city,
which does not amount to much, as the people will buy the fresh produce
at an advanced price before they will the imported. So, week after week,
Mr. A comes on regular days with his load of fresh, home-grown spring
vegetables. The dealers buy his produce at a good price. The people
keep using more and more, and Mr. A, knowing that as spring advances
he can sell a large quantity, has prepared himself for it, and brings in all
they want, taking care not to overstock the market. If he has a surplus
he ships it off and takes what he can get for it.
But what of Mr. B? Where are his spring vegetables? It is now the
month of May and he has not yet begun to sell garden truck. He has
been very busy ever since warm weather came on; has plowed and
planted and worked hard to get early vegetables to market, but they don’t
grow fast enough—too much cold weather, winds, and rain for the young
plants to thrive. However, he manages to get a few baskets of lettuce
and onions, toward the last of May, and takes them to market. He finds
that Mr. A has supplied the dealers for some time back, and that they are
slow to buy this out-door produce, which is much inferior to that grown
under glass. The consequence is, he is hardly able to get enough for it to
pay for the gathering and hauling to market, let alone the cost of grow-
ing. The people have been eating these vegetables that came from Mr.
A’s garden for some time, and they are getting tired of them. Well, Mr.
A has something new by this time, young beets, and in a few days will
have new cabbages. With the aid of his glass his are several weeks
ahead of Mr. B’s, which were planted in the open ground; and when the
latter brings his to market he will not realize nearly the price that Mr.
A has obtained. And so it works through the whole season. Nearly
all vegetables, by the aid of glass, may be forced ahead of the natural
season.
Thus we see that glass is indispensable in the growing of garden vege-
tables for market. If the home gardener has no glass and relies wholly
upon the natural season for his market produce, the dealers in his town
will not wait for him, but will import the vegetables from other cities.
Mr. B and Mr. C, and all engaged in the business, come into town about
the same time with the same kind of produce, and the city lot is in with
the same, and down go the prices until it is hard work to get people to
buy at any price.
Still, it would not do to put up more glass than the market would sup-
port, unless we are pretty sure of a place to ship to and realize paying
prices. Glass is costly, and the man who fits up a market garden with
hot-houses and hot-beds should be reasonably sure that he will have a
home market for his produce'before he undertakes it. We think there
are many cities in this state where the business could be made to pay
well. About most of the large cities the business is already overdone.
Years ago there was big money in growing vegetables under glass, at
such places, but every year adds to the number of men in the business,
and the consequences are that garden vegetables, both early and late,
are sold very cheap.
232 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
A city of 8,000 to 10,000 inhabitants will support a good market garden
with 5,000 to 8,000 feet of glass; and when the second garden of the same
capacity starts in on that market, down will go prices, and the third will
have the same influence. The city people gain by it; the gardener loses.
But it can not be helped. If one man has a good thing at the start, others
soon see it and try the same plan.
In this particular line many fail because they have not sufficient knowl-
edge of the handling of glass. It requires constant and close attention
and is a business, we think, that can not be learned without practical
experience. Most men learn by beginning with a few sashes, and
increase the number as they get to understand the requirements of the
trade. But let no man deceive himself by supposing that he can attain
a profit by investing in glass without steady personal application.
Commercial or market-gardening has grown to wonderful proportions
in the past thirty years, and in these days of keen competition the gar-
dener is taxed to his utmost ingenuity to get at the most expeditious and
economical methods to produce the finest crops. Glass bears an all-
important relation to the business. By the use of it our northern mar-
kets are supplied with lettuce, parsley, radishes, green onions, cucum-
bers, and many other green vegetables through all of the winter months.
The south ships to our markets like produce that is mostly outside grown.
But the home-grown hot-house products always take the preference and
sell for the highest prices.
RESULTS FOR THE SEASON AT THE EXPERIMENT SUB-
STATION.
BY HON. T. T. LYON OF SOUTH HAVEN.
I had hardly expected to be in attendance at this meeting, and my other
duties have been such that it has been impossible for me to prepare a
paper for the purpose, and hence I can only state, on the spur of the
moment, what has been done, in a short time. If there are any ques-
tions, it will be a pleasure to answer them.
It will be understood that the commencement of planting the station
at South Haven was in advance of the purpose to use it for such a work
as this, hence the arrangement and the varieties that have been tested
there to some extent are not new, but old; and it is as well, perhaps, that
it should be so, because we need something about which we know to
make comparisons with those things with which we are not acquainted.
It is the practice there to plant, as a rule, about two trees of a kind, or
a half dozen to a dozen plants of the small fruits, for experimental pur-
poses, and only that number.
To commence with the earliest planting, the strawberry. It has been
the custom, so far, to set about two dozen plants of each kind, one dozen
being kept in hills (the runners kept entirely off) and the other dozen
allowed to form a matted row of the same length. The fruit from those
two rows has been gathered separately, each dozen by itself, and
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 233
regarded distinctly according tv the weight of each picking, we finally:
computing the full weight of the product for the season; and in the same
manner the other dozen which were allowed to form matted rows. How
long it may be thought best to continue this process may be a matter of
doubt. It will require more than one season’s trial, you will readily
understand, to secure a result that can be relied upon as an average for
the variety. Consequently it has been continued during several years,
until more recently the single year’s crop has been harvested and then the
plat has been kept clear of weeds, and another year compared with a
similar plat planted a year later. In other words, a comparison between
a first year’s plat and a year-old plat.
This has been rendered difficult, on account of a good many visitors,
and in addition to that the tramping of pickers, to keep the ground in
good condition, and this last year it was almost impossible to prevent the
ground becoming so packed that at the time the ripening was in progress
it was impossible to cultivate the soil without making it disagreeable;
and consequently, with the effect of the drouth and the heat at the same
time, the results have been very little modified from what they probably
would have been under more favorable circumstances. I think I will
hardly be going beyond the probabilities when I say that from one to
two thirds of the crop has been ruined by the drouth and the inability to
take proper care of it on account of the peculiarity of the season.
That is practically the case with other small fruits as well as straw-
berries. We had, three years ago, a very wet spring in that locality, and
the ground on which the plants were growing had not been fully tile-
drained, and consequently some of the plants, then just coming into bear-
ing condition, were very seriously injured, and up to the present time the
plat of small fruits has been so uneven that it has been impossible to
make anything like fair estimates, either by weighing or otherwise esti-
mating the crop, such as we could rely upon as giving the real character
and capacity of the varieties as compared with each other. During the
last spring that plat was replaced, or rather a new plat made upon adja-
cent ground, and it is hoped to remove that difficulty after the coming
year.
So much for small fruits. With the larger fruits there has been less
injury on account of drouth; and in fact, with the constant cultivation we
have been able to keep up, keeping the soil constantly mellow, I can
hardly think that there has been any real loss in growth or productive-
ness on account of the drouth. In fact, during the past season, when the
drouth was more severe than ever before in my recollection, the growth
of the trees had been very satisfactory, and they have done well, espe-
cially the peaches, which produced a large crop.
With the ripening of peaches, since many of them are entirely new, and
nowhere described, even in the catalogues, it has been the practice to
watch not only the blossoming, but also the ripening, and to make a com-
plete description of each variety as it matured. In doing so we have met
this difficulty, which ought not to exist to anything the extent it does,
that, as the trees come into bearing, a large percentage, more than ten,
and I guess more than twenty, of fruit would be spurious—not the varie-
ties purchased or sent for trial; and inasmuch as most of these varieties
are without any kind of description, either in catalogues or books, it is
30
234 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
sometimes exceedingly difficult to detect which is spurious and which ‘s
genuine, or if either is genuine.
As an illustration, by accident rather than by intention I planted four
trees, instead of the usual two, under the name “Muir,” two received from
one source and two from another. One of the varieties under that name
proves to be a very small, indifferent fruit; the other a large, very fine,
and promising fruit. Which is the correct one we can only infer because
one is better than the other.
This is only one case. A great many similar ones occur. Two trees,
planted as the same, have proved one good and the other poor; one of one
class of flower, another of a different class, showing that they are either
partially seedlings, or that there is a mixture of varieties.
These are some of the difficulties we have to contend with in testing
the varieties, for the reason that our books on pomology are all of them
more or less stale. Downing’s last edition of “Fruit and Fruit Trees in
America” must be now about twenty years old. The consequence is that
it is only the older varieties found there described, and that is true to a
greater or less extent with all books on the subject, except possibly one
or two small ones of recent date. So there are some pretty serious diffi-
culties in the way of arriving at a certainty in regard to a great many
varieties.
In making these descriptions we have found this difficulty, that any-
thing like an expression of size is hardly more than a guess. We speak
of two apples, if you please. One of them is large, another is small, and
another is medium, perhaps, and the consequence is that we are quite at
sea. There are hardly two persons that would call an apple “large” of
the same size. Some would call it medium, and some small; so there is a
great degree of uncertainty when expressed by the ordinary pomological
programme.
For the purpose of avoiding that difficulty, and arriving at something
more accurate, a couple of years ago the Division of Pomology proposed
to adopt what they called the displacement of water as a means of meas-
uring the actual capacity of each variety. Of course, that would require
the use of a graduated vessel in which the fruit could be immersed in
water, and the difference in its level represented by the graduation; but
the difficulty with this is that few of us will be likely to have such a grad-
uated vessel ready for use, whenever we wish to determine the size of the
variety. There are other difficulties and objections. Some have large,
open cores, and the size includes that core, which is worthless, and some
applies, on the other hand, and different classes of fruit, are dry, light,
and spongy, and comparatively worthless when reckoned by size.
It is proposed then, with the concurrence of Prof. Taft, who is really
in charge of the station, and we have adopted the process of weighing,
taking an average specimen of a variety as nearly as we could arrive at it,
and noting the number of ounces or fractional part of an ounce; or, with
cherries, the number required to make an ounce, and then determining
the value, comparatively, by weighing, and with the idea of, ultimately,
if accepted by the public, dispensing entirely with the idea of size, and
substituting weight. But enough of this.
In the first variety of tree fruits ripening, the cherry, there are quite a
number of trees obtained from Iowa which form a part of the importation
made by the Iowa Agricultural college from Russia. These have now
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 235
errived at such size that they are bearing quite freely. I think, with an
exception or two, they have proved to be most admirable growers and are
very much superior to our Morellos, and generally they are very late; and
notwithstanding that, so far as I have observed, they are not much sub-
ject to the attack of worms, and consequently promise to be of consider-
able value. They are quite acid, to be sure, but good for canning. It
strikes me, from the experience we have had so far, that several may be
quite desirable in place of some that have been very popular.
Quite a large number of varieties of sweet cherry are also on trial there
and perhaps I might as well say, as some of you know, I have a great pref-
erence for what we may call low-branching of trees, and more especially
so at the lake shore, where we have very high winds, and everything,
whether cherries, apples, pears, plums, or peaches, are branched quite
low compared with the general practice of the country.
The collection of cherries embraces quite a number of the Dukes
as well as the Morellos, and nearly all the varieties planted, with the
exception of a few are now bearing more or less, and it would perhaps
be premature for me to say which are better and which poorer, but
they will be classified in the report, when it shall come out, in such a
manner that every one can form some estimate, from the results given
there, as to which are likely to be most productive, and also something
of their character.
In the case of peaches, they were the first fruit taken off this year,
with the idea of making a description of each variety. The first item
of description has generally been their season of ripening; the next, their
weight; then a description of the form, of the color, and of the quality,
expressing the quality and also the weight in figures, the weight being in
ounces, the quality on a scale of one to ten, one being the highest, ten the
lowest. That is adopted because that is the common scale, generally
used in cases where a scale is deemed desirable. In the case of descrip-
tions transferred from the books, a scale of one to five is almost a neces-
sity, for the reason that it translates the original mode of expression so
much better. In the case of peaches, as I said, there must be about 200
varieties on the place, and perhaps 150 have borne this year, enough so
that we have had descriptions of them.
In plums, there are some dozen or fifteen varieties of the Oriental or
Japanese plum, and perhaps fifteen or twenty varieties of the Americana
(that is, our wild western plum) that have been picked up for use in the
region west of the Mississippi and also in Wisconsin, where our domestic
varieties are not successful. The Oriental varieties, nearly all of them,
have borne this year, all except one or two, and they have proven them-
selves to be, so far, enormous bearers, so much so that it has been neces-
sary to thin them severely, and even after that, to relieve them to pre-
vent their being broken down. This is not true of every variety. One,
the Yosebe, was ripe this year on the 13th of July, fully ripe, and they
drop about as soon as they are ripe. But this is a comparatively thin
bearer; is of tolerable but not of the highest quality, but so early that it
may be desirable where people want something out of season. But with
the exception of that and perhaps one other, all of the Japanese varieties
have been exceedingly productive. It is claimed, and I think it is true,
that their tendency to bloom very early may make them a little more
uncertain in our climate, but that is not so much an objection near the
236 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
lake shore, where we are located, for the reason that everything is kept
dormant there a little later. We are perhaps a full week later with the
same varieties and under the same general circumstances, than would be
the case ten to twenty miles away from the lake. But I think it may
safely be stated that, with that exception (the danger of early blooming)
these are very promising market varieties. I can not feel safe in saying
that I think they are superior to some of our best domestic varieties, or
that they are even equal to them; but they are very pleasant in flavor,
generally; and more than that, their color and general appearance, and
their apparent ability to withstand rot, is quite in their favor as market
varieties, and it is my opinion that several, among which I might name
Burbank, Mara Chiros, Mono, Red Nagate, and Satsuma, are quite sure
to be abundantly productive, and their appearance is such as to render
them popular. There is just this difficulty in excess of the same difficulty
with others, and that is that just as soon as they are fully ripe they leave
the stem upon the branch and drop. They must be picked rather
unripe or else picked from the ground. They keep very much better,
apparently, than the average domestic varieties, after they are ripe.
In addition to these, there are quite a large number, not only of the
well-known yaricties but also comparatively new ones, that have horne
the past vear, and a few that have not yet borne.
There are a few varieties that perhaps I might name, that have come
to be quite superior as market varieties, and I will mention one received
from western New York as the Kingston, which is a very large plum,
somewhat like the Yellow Egg plum, which we all know so well, and of
somewhat that form, but of a very dark purple or black. Another com-
paratively new variety, a little later than that, is Grand Duke, which has
borne a heavy crop for a young tree. Jt has the same general form, but
is a little later in season than Kingston, and I apprehend, if they con-
tinue as they have begun, that they must prove desirable as market
varieties, from their large size, fair quality, and attractive color, besides
which they come late in the season, and that in itself will render them
very desirable in the market.
We have from sixty to eighty varieties of pear on the premises, on
trial. A few only, perhaps twenty or twenty-five, have borne yet. I
find an extreme difficulty with them, in getting them properly pruned.
It is impossible for me to do all the pruning myself, with the other things
I have to do, and unless I can direct almost every case of cutting J can
hardly get them pruned as they should be. Their tendency is to run up
very tall, although I aim to branch them close to the ground. Despite
this, they run up so high that in that windy climate it is becoming neces-
sary to head them back severely.
There are among them a half dozen or more varieties of the same batch
of importations from Europe of which I have already spoken, the Russian
varieties. Not one of them so far seems to be worth keeping, in com-
parison with what we have. They are indifferent in quality, though
claimed to be hardy. They are good bearers, but not attractive in
appearance, as a rule, and very inferior in quality. One variety, as an
illustration of the difficulty we have in making sure of varieties, I
received with the name of a common market pear of ours, and it proved
to be one of the older European varieties.
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 237
The ground has been taken up so fully with trial varieties that there
is very little room left, enough perhaps for 100 trees, and what shall be
done in the future, for the trial of varieties still to make their appear-
ance, is something of a problem. We must either dig out or regraft, or
have additional territory on which to work.
There are still more than two thirds (yes, more than three quarters) of
the apples on the place yet to show their fruit. Among them are quite
a large number of varieties, from that Russian importation, and not long
since, some three years ago, we received quite a number of scions from
Bohemia. None are fruited yet, of course, and quite a large number
were received in scion from Mr. Hathaway, who is engaged in the effort
to find something that in his estimation will be hardy enough for south-
western Michigan, where they are a little out of range of the lake, and
get more or less of the climate of northern Illinois and Indiana. ‘Those
will be worked and planted, and that will very nearly fill up the ground,
when we get them all into the orchards, but it will of course take quite
anumber of years to produce fruit from them and test them thoroughly.
IN CALIFORNIA WITH THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY.
BY HON. C. J. MONROE OF SOUTH HAVEN.
At our last annual gathering I was elected a delegate to the meeting
of the American Pomological society, to be held in Sacramento, Califor-
nia, Jan. 16 to 18, 1895. It is the purpose of this paper to give a brief
report of that journey and the meeting; also, some observations which I
trust may be of service.
To one taking the trip for the first time, across the continent, the
temptation is strong to say something of the vast plains, the grand
scenery of mountain, gorge, and canon; but this has been frequently
written and spoken of in well-rounded sentences, and more eloquently
than I can do, so I will simply say to those who have not had the pleasure
of this trip that I hope you may some day take it.
I had a chance to realize the pleasant transition “from snow to flowers”
in a few hours. Just before our descent from the mountains, IT looked
out of my window and saw winter scenes where the houses and trees
were nearly buried, and the storm raging at a lively rate, so that the
trains following us were delayed several days. Two or three hours later
we were in the midst of flowers, growing shrubbery, and the ground was
carpeted with grass as green and fresh as on a June day with us.
The hall where we met was large and comfortable, trimmed with a
profusion of evergreen, smilax, and flowers in endless variety, with dis-
plays of fresh and preserved fruits of all kinds on a scale to sustain
California’s World’s Fair record.
One unique feature was the dried fruit, which was bountifully served
by five or six young ladies, who gave the varieties and the manner of
238 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
preparing and cooking. It was greatly relished, and was a good adver-
tisement for the dried fruits.
The address of welcome was given by one of their most eloquent
speakers, who was evidently accustomed to such duties.
He said he wanted to talk to us “about the days of old, the days of
gold, and the days of 49.” He mentioned the days of gold, the great
rush from all parts of the world, how it advertised the state; the days of
cattle, when the valleys were filled with herds exceeding anything pre-
viously known in this country; then the days of wheat, wherein the large
fields have only been rivaled in later*years by the Dakotas and the Red
river valley. I will digress to say that about the only farm operation
witnessed by us in traveling through the state, was putting in wheat. I
saw in one field eight eight-horse teams, each drawing a four-gang plow,
a seeder on the plow, and a plank behind to cover the grain, so that about
thirty acres were completed each day. Some of the larger ranches have
a traction engine which draws a gang of eleven or more plows, with
seeder and plank, putting in from twenty-five to thirty acres per day,
requiring one extra man and team to supply fuel and grain. In harvest-
ing, this engine is hitched to a header which puts the wheat into bags,
the straw and chaff furnishing most of the fuel, conveyed by machinery
to the engine. It is coupled to several wagons, and the bags of wheat
taken to the elevator. No buildings or fences or horses are to be cared
for; and the engine is left by the wayside without shelter, food, or drink
until needed to repeat next year’s operation. Little hope for us in Mich-
igan to compete with this sort of wheat-raising.
Our speaker assured us the days of fruit were the most important of
them all, and that they had come to stay. As we traveled about the
state, we could better appreciate why Pomona received his highest
praise.
The days of gold brought few permanent settlers to the state. The
same was true of the days of cattle and wheat, which were controlled by
large ranch owners living in cities, or in other states or foreign countries.
This encouraged no building of houses and barns, or other homelike sur-
roundings. A few cities and villages came into existence, but the
country remained unoccupied.
It was the days of fruit which gave birth to Riverside, Redlands, Orange-
vale Colony, Chula Vista, Fresno, Santa Rosa, Ontario, Napa, Colton,
Pomona, and many other places around which cluster vineyards,
orchards, and the small fruits. It has greatly augmented the popula-
tion of the commercial cities of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Sacramento,
San Jose, and San Diego, increasing their trade and stimulating their
prosperity.
The greeting was not only cordial and enthusiastic, because it was
addressed to pomologists, but it was the horticultural industries which
were attracting emigration, settling the state, improving its lands, erect-
ing houses and barns, school-houses, and churches. People, these, who
verily made the “desert blossom as the rose,” building cities and villages
with model houses and grounds, embowered in trees and shrubs and
flowers, with all the social equipment of a refined and intelligent society.
A hearty greeting and a generous welcome were accorded us by all
classes, the governor and state officers giving a reception at the capitol,
/
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 239
showing us through all its departments, and the citizens tendering us
another at the Crocker art gallery, supplying lunch and an opportunity
to meet many pleasant people of Sacramento.
A railway ride took us to the state’s prison and mining camps.
We visited old forts and the ruins of mission buildings, many of which
have been partially restored.
The governor provided a steamer, and members of his staff, city
officials, business men, and others, with their wives, cruised with us
about San Francisco bay and out through the “Golden Gate” for a turn
on the Pacific ocean.
We were escorted through Sutro park, had a pleasant call upon Mayor
Sutro, who lives in the midst of this magnificent park, which he is fitting
up for the city. His private secretary conducted us through what is
claimed to be the finest and most complete bath-house in the world.
For nearly three weeks, by special train, we visited most of the promi-
nent fruitgrowing sections of California, from Sacramento to San Diego.
The foremost topic, whether with the pomologist, the day laborer, the
merchant, banker, man, or woman, was the fruit interest. It seemed
well-nigh universally recognized as the crowning business or industry of
California. It was this which gave the greatest impetus to its late boom.
It attracted people with means who could purchase land and plant
orchards and vineyards, thus giving a more substantial growth and pros-
perity to the state.
The topics considered at the Sacramento meeting were mainly of inter-
est to the Pacific coast.
Among those of general interest were two papers upon spraying, the
mixtures similar to those recommended here. The Bordeaux seems to
be the most favored, and used for the greatest variety of purposes.
Strong claims were made for the necessity and the good results of the
applications; and it was shown that spraying is more relied upon as it
becomes better understood. I think the growers there use it more fre-
quently and thoroughly than with us. Their warm and genial climate
favors the propagation of diseases and insect enemies of tree and fruit,
requiring more persistent and diligent warfare to destroy or keep them
in check.
Prof. Ragan of Indiana sent a paper entitled “Place of Pomology in
Horticultural Classification.” He claimed that pomology should stand
first. The schedule of the Columbian Exposition, which was dictated by
the California commissioners, placing vine culture at the head, was
severely crilicised by him. The applause and favorable comments
showed that his views were shared by many, although one of the com-
missioners was present and protested against it.
G. B. Brackett of Iowa discussed in an interesting manner the “Modi-
fications of Fruits by Changes of Locality,” claiming very marked alter-
ations by change of place and soil. The substance of his paper
emphasized the helpfulness of experiment stations to determine the varie-
ties most desirable for particular sections. Luther Burbank, of potato
fame, of Santa Rosa, California, had an exhaustive paper upon “New
Fruits and Flowers and How to Grow Them.” It covered a wide field,
and showed great care in its preparation.
240 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
“Dried Fruits as Food,” was the title of an excellent address by Prof.
‘Allen of San Jose. The dried fruit, already mentioned as being served
by the young ladies, was under his supervision. He pointed to this as a
practical object lesson. The audience had a chance to sample sun-dried
apricots, peaches, pears, prunes, nectarines, cherries, and many of the
small fruits. He claimed that fruit was very digestable and economical,
that its medicinal qualities were not properly appreciated. He declared,
“Tf you would retain the bloom of health upon your cheek, the elasticity
of youth in your step, the vigor of manhood in your brain and brawn, eat
fruit.’ Quoting from another, he added: ‘Fed by the best milk drawn
from the breast of old Mother Earth, fostered by the pure rains of heaven,
ripened by the glorious, life-giving sunshine, it is not a symbol or type,
but the very embodiment of a perfect food for the human race.”
I have given prominence to the pleasant manner we were received and
shown about the state, and to how our attention was frequently called
to the productions of each locality as displayed in some room or building
in every village and city we visited, the fine appearance of their orchards
and vineyards; and even in their royal hospitality the possibilities of
horticulture were constantly spread before us in fruits and flowers and
after-dinner speeches.
The overshadowing importance which Californians attach to their
products was strikingly illustrated in their wonderful display at the
World’s Columbian Exposition. The state has shown its appreciation
by making liberal appropriations for the encouragement of fruitgrowing,
and in passing stringent laws for protection against disease and insects.
A menth’s contact and observation with this sort of enthusiasm
impressed me more than ever before with the like importance of our own
horticuliura!l interest, recalling political conventions, Fourth of July
orations, and many other gatherings where state affairs are considered;
and you will remember our frequent boast, “Michigan: first in lumber,
copper, iron ore, and salt.” How little we have to show for the rapid
disappearance of what was once the grandest forest on the continent!
True, it built up villages and cities, gave employment to men, stimulated
railroad building, and the establishment of boat lines, but its great
wealth has mainly gone out of our state, leaving vast areas of barren
land with little permanent improvement of value. With what pride we
talk of our immense deposits of copper and iron ore! The mines are
principally owned in other states, and not much of the profit remains for
the development of our own commonwealth. It seems to me we shall
repeat California’s experience in finding that horticultural pursuits lead
in the production of home wealth, in occupying and improving its vacant
lands, building homes, school-houses, churches, and the usual equipment
of a progressive state.
I remember selling many parcels of land for eastern owners to those
who bought for the timber, the purchaser often remarking there was
little value after the timber was taken off. Of many notable examples,
I will mention one in Allegan county, near South Haven. Eighty acres
sold for $10 per acre; the timber brought a good price, and five acres of
it netted $51 per acre for the timber. The purchaser declared this would
be the most valuable crop it would ever produce, and was pleased when
he sold it for $7 per acre. Soon after, ten acres, which included the said
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 241
five acres, were set to peaches. For twenty years it has borne crops,
_ except three years, and these have brought the owners from $100 to $300
per acre, and more than one third of the orchard is still alive. While
this is better than the average, there is abundant proof that, for the past
twenty-five years, there are hundreds of acres of fruit, vegetables, celery,
and other horticultural products which have given a better average profit
for the same money and time, than the timber or any other business in
our state, when we consider the amount furnished as food to our people
and the money left in the community. In most places the locality gets
the benefit of labor and money put into the production, up to the point of
delivery at the cars; and, where the boats are owned by residents, the
cost of transportation remains in the place. I wish to enlarge on this
point.
Take the manufacture of furniture or wagons. Most of the material
and much of the living of the men has to be imported to the place of man-
ufacture, and the money sent out. In horticulture, the clearing of the
land, preparing for the trees or plants, the growing of the trees in the
nursery, transplanting, subsequent care and cultivation, preparing for
market (including packages), and money paid out is mostly retained in
the immediate vicinity. The horticultural product tributary to Grand
Rapids, the celery at Kalamazoo, the small fruits and vegetables at Ben-
ton Harbor, the grapes, plums, and peaches in Allegan, Ottawa, and Van
Buren counties, and the apples generally over the state, are notable ex-
amples illustrating this point.
_ Much has been written and said about California fruits in the past few
years. Their great advantages are the climate, permitting the growers
to work the year round; irrigation, which is pictured as doing away with
drouths and floods, or the interruption of work, it being only necessary to
turn the gates, and the water is supplied at the right time and in proper
quantities; the push and co-operation of the people, as shown by the
extent of their marvelous exhibits at the World’s Fair, in which individ-
uals, companies, towns, counties, cities, and villages, and the state as a
whole, spent over half a million dollars; their enterprise, which sent
fruits in carload lots to more than fifty cities in 1893, ranging from Spo-
kane, Washington, to Boston, Mass., and from Houston, Texas, to Winni-
peg, Canada, in spite of long distances, steep grades, and sharp curves,
obtaining cheaper rates and about as quick time as Florida. For these
‘and other reasons, it was evident that, if California possesses unusual
facilities in production, then we might expect a competition which
would make us hustle to meet. Hence it seemed to me the problem of
production was of vital concern to Michigan fruitgrowers.
I gave most thought and time to the peach, apple, pear, and plum, as
these were of greatest interest to us. I improved every chance to exam-
ine and inquire as carefully as possible into the details of the cost of the
trees, the price of water, including the land, the preparation for planting,
subsequent cultivation, trimming, thinning, care of insect pests, and dis-
eases of tree and fruit, of picking, packing, and marketing. After the
most careful consideration of advantages and disadvantages, it seems
clear to me that the cost of production is about the same in the two states.
In marketing it is decidedly in Michigan’s favor, for all the above named
fruits, and many others, especially in the fresh or natural condition.
31
242 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
There is probably no place on the continent where the producing terri-
tory is so near the consuming territory, as Michigan, or where land
specially adapted to producing the tender classes of fruits is so limited ©
compared with the large number of cities, villages, and country within
easy reach, by means of excellent transportation facilities.
Having these natural advantages, it only remains to use equal intelli-
gence, energy, and business management to profitably compete with the
world.
In conclusion I feel warranted in saying that the officers of the State
Horticultural society believe in the fortunate location of Michigan, that
they will use all the means they can command to gather the latest and
mostaccurate information in all lines of its work, ever aiming to give this
information the widest possible distribution to horticulturists, that the
state may reap larger benefits from its golden opportunities.
HONESTY IN FRUIT PACKING FOR PROFIT.
BY MR. D. WOODWARD OF CLINTQN.
This is one of the subjects that is not only threadbare, but the bottom
has dropped out. Nothing new can be said to the old grower. Yet the
new beginners are numerous, and, regardless of what may be said, many
of them suppose they can fool the public by facing packages regardless
of all the poor fruit at the bottom. I am sorry to say that many of the
older ones have not learned, and never will learn, that honesty in the end
pays a profit.
What pertains to one kind of frnit would, if the packer did by others
as he would be done by, cover the whole ground.
As the many fruits are largely grown by different parties, I shall com-
mence with berries; and they of all others are the most difficult to get on
the market uniform as to size and color. They are largely picked by
children at a stated price per quart. The pickers are after the quarts.
Size, quality, and condition are to many of them of no account. Berries
picked by the quart must be inspected, all rubbish and inferior berries
removed, and put into clean, well-filled baskets if you would get a profit.
A. case in point I found in the Rural New Yorker of Nov. 30. “A. A.
Walladay, near Bellows Falls, Vt., says: ‘My raspberries brought twenty
cents per basket all through the season, and my strawberries eighteen
and twenty cents, while other growers about here were having hard
work to get ten and twelve cents for berries that were just as good, as
they grew on the vines. The difference was in putting them on the
market; and between baskets scant, even full, just as they came from the
pickers, and baskets heaping full and all carefully assorted, every berry
guaranteed a good one or money refunded.’ Mr. Halladay reports sales,
1895, from his farm of six acres, $1,200. That must represent honest
packing and profit, worked by himself and two boys.”
We now come to the peach, which has this vear given the most bounti-
full crop ever grown in Michigan; and on trees properly pruned and
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 243
thinned, it wasof good size and quality, even beating the extreme drought.
The market was glutted from start to finish; prices low, considering
otheryears, yet what abundant crop can you name that is high? To pack
good peaches you must prune and thin; to get a profit you must grow to
good size, and pack honestly. You will make more clear money by
throwing small peaches to the pigs than stuffing your baskets with them.
Your small ones, such as will not pass through a 14-inch slot up to 1}-
inch, will sell. Those of 1} to 24 inches, will bring as much money per
bushel, as a rule, sold as they came from the trees. Above 21 inches
will always sell at a fair price, and that without peddling. Use clean
packages, give full measure, make the bottom as good as the top, or better,
avoid saving those extra fine specimens for the top, let them mix in, or
put them at the bottom—when you empty them out, you have a customer
“for keeps,” provided you remain honest. This is honesty in packing for
profit. I do not have to peddle.
It does not seem necessary at this time to speak of apples, it is so long
since we had them. Yet I have faith like a grain of mustard seed that
those that have their lamps filled and burning, or have their apple trees
in good condition, will next year get their reward, provided they faith-
fully fight the enemies. It is expected you will set the head with good
specimens. Itis hoped you will fill the barrel with good apples, clear from
worms and scabs, brand with your name, and call them No. 1. Make
No. 2 the same, except of smaller size. I personally know what that
means. I have standing orders, and carried them over for several years,
for many barrels of such apples, at any reasonable price. The small ones
are the best keepers. Treat pears the same as apples.
Let your light shine, show your fruit, make your reputation by honest
packing for profit. You can spoil it by stuffing one shipment.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Tracy: I am greatly encouraged. Our speaker says that the bottom
has dropped out of the berry boxes, and that is a blessing for which to be
devoutly thankful, because, in my experience, the bottom has been creep-
ing nearer and nearer the top for several years.
Q. In packing your peaches, would you put the sunny side at top or
turn them over?
Mr. Woodward: This year I have been using a patent sorter, and that
is why I spoke of the slots. Anything that will drop through a 14-inch
slot goes to the pigs. From 14 to 1} will bring medium prices, and 2
to 24 will bring more money than the majority of peaches from the or-
chard if sold as picked. What won’t go through the 24-inch slot are No. 1
peaches, and to get more of them through I have placed on the side of this
picker, as it runs along, blocks with a piece of rnbber packing on, to turn
some of them. Occasionally a peach will not go endwise, and it won’t
drop through; but I want it turned endwise so it will go through.
@. Mr. Woodward didn’t understand my question exactly. In finish-
ing your basket, do you pay any attention to which side up you place your
peach with regard to color?
A. Yes, in some cases. When I am putting up the early peaches, I
always turn them right side up, but when it comes to the later peaches,
they go to the baskets as they come from the sorter. The size will sell
244 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
them, and if they turn them over they won’t find any fault if they find
the bright side down. I can not stop to do it when I am putting up a
hundred bushels per day. But I shake the baskets down; they are shaken
as the peaches go in, and again when they are ready, but they will yet
settle somewhat when you put them on the train. When they get to the
dealer I say, “Turn your basket over carefully, if it don’t look quite full,
and then you have a full basket and the best peaches are on top.
Mr. Hamilton: Perhaps that is why the gentleman packs his peaches
with the best ones in the bottom. [Laughter. |
COLD STORAGE WITHOUT ICE.
BY MR. JOSEPH H. BILLMEYER OF HOLLOWAY.
The room used is situated beneath a portion of the barn running toward
the north; is 35x35 feet, and eight feet high, and has repeatedly carried
over 1,100 barrels of apples from storing time till ready for disposal;
the object being to hold fruit so late as desired, until markets advance
in spring. The doors are cut in two between top and bottom, and sit-
uated on east and west sides. There is no stone wall above the ground,
and the floor is on a level with the ground. The sides are composed of
three thicknesses of board with building paper and air spaces between.
Windows are of double sash, triple glazed; doors constructed same as
sides—no sawdust.
One or two kerosene lamps are seldom needed, and never more, to carry
the fruit through the coldest winters without injury. I have never hada
frozen apple, mildew, or mold.
I control the temperature by opening and closing doors during cool
and warm times. The room has not been above thirty-eight degrees
since apple picking. I have an entrance way with tight doors at each
end, to prevent air escaping during ingress and egress. The floor is of
brick. If kept close the room will not change one degree per week
during warm weather. The barn bay floors, above this room, are double
and filled with mortar at the end of each board.
BY MR. W. C. SMITH OF WESTON.
To obtain the very best results in storing fruit it is desirable to begin
right. Care of the fruit must begin the moment it is gathered. A very
practical way in picking apples is to place the fruit in barrels so fast as
taken from the trees and leave it in the shade till the next morning, en-
tirely uncovered and exposed to the night air; and in the morning remove
it to the barn or storehouse while yet cool. In this way a lower tempera-
ture may be obtained than in any other that is not expensive. This will
rid the fruit of the heat of an October afternoon, which sometimes unfits
it for keeping. 1 consider this quite as important as anything in connec-
tion with storage, where outside air is depended on. Piling apples on the
ground under the trees is principally objectionable because the fruit is
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 245
so often left there too long; also on account of the warmth of the ground
at that time of year, which ripens the fruit, the one all-important aim of
cold storage being to keep the temperature as near to freezing as possible
without freezing the fruit, thereby retarding ripening.
In construction of storage house, the more nearly air-tight the room the
more readily an even temperature can be maintained. The walls should
be frost-proof. A ready means of changing the air when the outside air is
cooler than inside is necessary. This is readily done when the basement
of a building several stories high is used, by means of a flue to the roof
that can be opened and closed at will. I use an exhaust fan run by steam
power, pipes from the upper part of the store-room conveying the air to
the fan.
Shutting off the ground heat is an important feature. This can best be
done by planing-chips eighteen inches deep on a cement bottom. There
are other important features to be kept in view in construction, such as
convenience in storing and removing fruit and safety from fire.
The use of such storage from October to April is nearly equal in its
advantages to storage with ice, but is of no use, or but very little, during
the summer. A warm time in the winter will raise the inside tempera-
ture, and with no cool turns for a week or two the fruit must suffer in
condition. At such times the difference in care and management the first
few days after the fruit is gathered is very marked, Greenings and other
varieties likely to scald showing the brown skin in January, in the one
case, and in the other keeping the bright green color till April in spite of
the rise in inside temperature in the winter time.
The owner of a good storage-house for his crop is not obliged to mar-
ket his fruit at once, but can take his choice of the fall or winter market.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Willard: My idea of cold storage has always been that it was
worth more in the cities than in the country.
Mr. Morrill: You have the key to the whole thing.
Prof. Bailey: I have given a good deal of attention to this for a few
years, because people are asking a good many questions. I have formed
some opinions which may be correct or they may be wrong. One is this:
If we are to store fruit with ice or any artificial means, it is chiefly valu-
able for the middle-man or the man who sells in the city. I do not believe
that, as a rule, the man who grows the fruit can afford to put in a plant of
that character. There are some exceptions, as where a man desires to
crow a special fruit for a special market. In general I think it is better
to move the fruit quickly and get it into the hands of some one else who
takes the danger of shrinkage i in value and of decay. There is a feature of
co-operative storage which is valuable in somecases. In central New York
state the country is hilly, and half of the apple orchards, perhaps, do not
produce enough to warrant a man in taking any particular pains in mar-
keting his fruit, nor is there enough fruit at one point to attract many
buyers. There has been some talk in New York state about co-operative
buildings erected at railway stations in country towns, to which every one
shall subscribe who desires, and this shall be a:sort of clearing ground
for all the fruit of that community, so that there will be enough gathered
together in one place to attract the buyers. The buyers would then com-
246 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
pete, and it is supposed that better prices might be realized, and a man
who could not attract a buyer with his own product might be able to do
his share toward attracting a buyer in the corporation. Some years ago
the creamery business was in something this same condition, but since
the co-operative creameries have been established the buyers have come
to these regions, and at Little Falls and other places people come from
the old world to look after the market. As regards attracting buyers,
co-operative storage has a good deal in it, but I do not think that the or-
dinary grower can afford to go into true cold storage. There is a new sys-
tem going into execution in Chautauqua county, which proposes to pack
the grapes of the persons forming part of the co-operative society. It is
figured that by having a co-operative plant there they can save in hand-
ling and shrinkage about a cent (I think) per basket on the packing of
grapes. This comes from the economy in handling a body of workmen at
the co-operative establishment, and by the baskets being bought in large
quantities. How valuable this plan will be, time will tell, but in respect
to the saving in cost of packing, there can be no question.
A Member: There was in Mississippi, where they ship quantities of
tomatoes and early vegetables, sometimes seventeen carloads in a single
day leaving the little town of Crystal Springs—you will see in riding
through that section, at every station, immense sheds which have been
used for the co-operative packing of vegetables, but I am told that the
arrangement has not proved successful, and they are all abandoned.
They found so many difficulties in the way of properly dividing and
arranging the crops, as brought in by different customers, that it was not
feasible to continue it, and it is not now carried out in any of the stations
along the Illinois road, where it was in years past a popular method.
It is exactly the plan suggested for Chautauqua county.
Prof. Bailey: This is not an established practice in Chautauqua county,
but within the last year or so this other method has been proposed. There
is always difficulty in managing these affairs, because jealousies creep in
and it is difficult to control the growers, and those who bring in a poor
product are likely to object if their product is thrown out; but theoreti-
cally, at least, it ought to work, and I believe that one or two of these
institutions have worked pretty well so far during the present year.
Mr. Morrill: Just one sentence of Prof. Bailey’s last remarks brings
out something that I don’t want anyone to try to answer, because it opens
up too large a subject; but I wish someone, sometime, would tell me why
farmers can not or will not trust one another; why they will not do those
things they should do, to economize, but always, when they attempt it,
fall out with one another, while men we are pleased to call thieves at
every stage of the game can do these things—put millions of dollars in
and make fortunes, and we can not put together twenty dollars apiece,
to make a hundred, and trust any one in the neighborhood. I don’t want
any one to try to answer that, but why are we so constituted? It isa
stumbling-block in our way for pretty nearly everything, from the fact
that you have to fight fire with fire; everything else is combined today
but farming. Co-operation, in many-things, establishes an outlet; and,
as Prof. Bailey says, theoretically it is correct. Why can’t we do it?
Can not ten honest men in one neighborhood combine? Has it ever been
done?
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 247
Dr. Thomas: I think all there is of it is jealousy. If you hadn’t said
you didn’t want any one to answer that, I would try. The great trouble
with the farmer is lack of business experience.
Mr. Morrill: With one another?
A. Yes, and with the world. That is what the farmer lacks. A man
who has had business experience, of course can enter into these things,
and with a different spirit; but I think the farmers are becoming more
like business men and more intelligent and broader. Ignorance and
jealousy go together, and they always go with inexperience, and with
those who have not had the opportunity for reading and acquiring the in-
telligence they should have. Young men come to me sometimes and say,
I don’t want to go to college; I am going to be a farmer. All the
greater reason you should graduate. Get an education, and I believe
when that becomes general you can go on and trust people. It isa lack
of intelligence «and business experience. What we want to do is to
broaden the views of the farmer. The trouble is it has been the
other way all the while. We must get our country school-houses and
keep them up, and then we will have no trouble, and the farmers will take
care of themelves, and they will unite and combine and find it for their
interest.
Mr. Baldwin: Lusiness men can communicate with each other. They
have the telephone and telegraph; they are posted every day and every
night as to all that is going on; if there is a frost on my crop they know it.
Farmers, in order to unite, must travel on foot or horseback to reach each
other, and how are they going to do it? That generally is the secret of
the whole thing. If farmers could reach each other and combine they
could bring the world to their feet.
ENGLISH GOOSEBERRIES IN MICHIGAN.
BY JAMES L. KIRK OF ADRIAN.
About thirty years ago I received some seeds from England of the
Crown Bob variety. I raised some plants from those seeds. When
they began to bear, for a few years I had trouble with mildew. I tried
various things but could not stop it. I found it would have to be done
by cultivation. My ground is a sandy loam, which is not so good, I
think, as heavier soil. They need a rich soil to start with. If the ground
is in good order the leaves will be larger to protect the berry from late
frosts in the spring. Then cultivate as you would any plant or tree.
Manure freely. Top dressing in the fall, is, I think, the best.
About the last of May or the first week in June there will be formed
sprouts or suckers from the roots. I cut them all out clean to give a good
circulation of air, which they must have, or they are likely to mildew.
Put hellebore on for worms. Keep them clean from weeds, give them a
mulch of straw or grass throngh the summer. Follow this treatment
and you will not have any mildew.
248 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Crewn Bob is the best for cooking and canning purposes. They are
a thick-meated, solid berry. Industry is of finer grain, but I find them
more tender. I have had them die under the same treatment.
I should give all gooseberries the same treatment. They will not take
care of themselves any more than will any other plant. I have known
persons to get plants from me and put them in the sod where they had
to cut the grass to find the gooseberries. That is not the way to raise:
gooseberries.
DISCUSSION.
Mr. Willard: I was much interested in the paper relating to black-
berries, for he showed conclusively that somebody could make lots of
money growing blackberries. I figured it up, and our friend Mr. Kellogg
is getting $500 per acre. Blackberries are a good crop. It
is dollars and cents we are after, and I think he is get-
ting more than his share. The gooseberry crop is one of the best.
paying crops I ever raised in my life, and yet many are led to believe that
it is difficult to grow; but I think, from what we have learned, that the
use of a good Michigan spraying-pump will enable us to do it. I don’t
believe I have ever made as much money from any one thing as from the
gooseberry. My experience may not correspond with others, but I have
found that they do best on a cool, low, heavy soil, and the only instances
where I have suffered severely from mildew has been on high, gravelly
land. Of course there are new gooseberries coming out, the Triumph,.
Columbus, etc. Every one, however, that is large, has more or less
English blood in it, if I am any judge. Many of these English goose-
berries we don’t like. The American people want to go forward with a
rush, and hence they are not always pleased with the English goose-
berries, because they are slow growers. Columbus is sent out by
Elwanger & Barry, and it will bea fruitful plant, and I don’t know of any
of the tribe that make wood so readily and so well as Columbus.
Q. How is Red Jacket?
A. Pretty good, and Triumph is good. I think the best of the English
gooseberries is Whitesmith; they are all of the same breed, impregnated
more or less with English blood. It isn’t a question of quality with us
so much as it is with the English people. In this country we want to
market and ship them, we want to pick them green and run them through
a fanning-mill, shovel them into peck baskets, and we don’t think so
much about the quality.
Q. How do you regard Houghton?
A. Too small—we are always told that it is too small.
Q. How about Downing?
A. Downing is too thorny, but it is good. There is, however, a grow-
ing demand for the large English gooseberries, and sooner or later we
will have to supply them; hence the effort, all over the country, to give
us an American gooseberry the same size as the English.
Q. Can they be grown for $1 per bushel?
Mr. Morrill: They have not succeeded very well in this state, Mr.
Willard.
Mr. Willard: I know, you have a warm, gravelly soil, and that is why
I threw out a word of caution. We had a piece of land which I thought
TWENTY FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 249
was the best plot of ground we had. I imported 2,000 English goose-
‘berries and put them on that land; they cost us $11 per hundred in
Geneva. Well, we took one good crop from them, and from that time
they mildewed until the bushes rotted. They were on the wrong land.
I had raised them ten successive years, to the admiration of every one,
and we continued to raise them on the land where they were at first suc-
cessful, but I have learned to keep them off of the dry, warm, gravelly
knolls.
Mr. Morrill: You are an expert market-man. What about the thick
skin of the Columbus, when we get to putting it on the market—would it
be objectionable?
Mr. Willard: They use these English gooseberries for canning, green,
for turkey and duck sauce, so my wife tells me, and in my opinion it will
not make very much difference, the thickness of the skin. If they were
to be allowed to ripen and to be used as they do in Great Britain, I think
it would make some difference. They are the prettiest crop in the world
to handle, and they always bring in four or five hundred dollars when my
pocket-book is empty.
Q. What about the practice obtaining in this state of picking goose-
berries by putting on leather gloves, and stripping berries, leaves, and
all, and running through the fanning-mill?
A. I believe it is injurious. If they can not do business on business
principles, I would say quit. You simply take off the fruit buds that you
want another year. Every particle of the foliage should be left on that
is possible. The English gooseberries, I think, need trimming, and I
think those suckers should be taken out. They need thinning and trim-
ming, and we are always careful to do it before snow comes. You need
thick mittens.
Mr. Collar: How does Columbus compare with Downing?
Mr. Willard: I can not answer that question, because we always pick
them when they are green. I procured some of Elwanger & Barry, when
they first came out; I got four or five dozen and paid $6 per dozen, but
we have to be fooled with the rest of the fools, and misery loves company.
But, as I say, we pick them when they are green; we never allow a goose-
berry to ripen, so I couldn’t say as to the quality, and they always taste
and look, and are, pretty much alike in that condition.
Mr. Reid: There is a difference in green gooseberries. It is a mis-
take, in my judgment, for people to eat all of them green, and it is our
practice at home not to pick them so green as they are found on the
market. They will rush Downing on the market when it is half grown.
Such gooseberries are watery and sour and lack the flavor they will have
if left until you can see the color of the seeds. For our own use, we let
the berries stay until that time. Aside from Downing, I have Smith.
I don’t like it except for its quality. It grows in a straggling fashion,
and pruning won’t keep it back, and neither does it bear well. But when
it comes to cooking, it is decidedly superior to Downing. It will form a
Jelly in cooking, and have a very superior flavor and consistency. With
the same amount of sugar, it will be richer.
Q. You mean Smith’s Improved?
: A. Yes, and if one wants to grow them for sake of the quality, there
is a marked difference in favor of this gooseberry.
32
250 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Mr. Morrill: Columbus is not as good in quality as Smith or Down-
ing. I have tried them two years, but I think they are far superior to
any large gooseberry of that type that I have ever seen.
Mr. Ellis: Whitesmith, is that the one you are speaking of, the
English?
Mr. Willard: There has been a confusion. The Whitesmith is an
English gooseberry. They are shaped somewhat alike, though the
Whitesmith is the larger.
Mr. Ellis: Our local society, over forty years ago, raised Whitesmith
and Grand Bordeaux, and for two or three years they were tested, with
thirty or forty other kinds of fruit, and they were finally discarded on
account of mildew. In this locality, I think Mr. Kirk is the only man who
has succeeded in raising it and ascertaining the method of raising the
English gooseberry to perfection and getting a crop nearly every year. It is
done, practically as he says, by pruning in June and at other times, with-
out the use of Bordeaux mixture, which will have practically the same
effect. In reference to the red raspberry, the crops which Mrs. Trine
had were due largely to her methods of keeping the plants in the hill and
trimming them back.
Mr. Helme: I believe our society is forty years old, and in early times.
we took up all of these English gooseberries—Whitesmith, etc. We
bought a quantity and distributed them among ourselves, and we pro-
nounced them a failure because we couldn’t keep mildew off.
THE ROSE.
BY MISS HELEN NICKERSON OF ADRIAN.
If you had attended the June meeting of the Lenawee County Horti-
cultural Society and seen the display of flowers, table after table loaded
with wealth of beautiful roses, you would have exclaimed, as did one of
our ladies,
Roses, roses, everywhere;
What with roses can compare?
And I ask you, what can compare with our beautiful Queen of Flowers?
In history the rose dates back to the garden of Eden. It figures largely
in poetry, song, and legend. The ancient Romans made great use of roses
on their festal occasions. There is a valley in the vicinity of Jerusalem
that is called “Solomon’s Rose Garden.” Daisy s ot 22.8) oS p | 1890 | April 29_| June 1_| June17_| 8% | 26 55% | 79 6 %
43) \ Dan Bisel 2220) 2) See b 1894 | May 4__| June 3.| June 29_} 42 Pact a! (eee ne a 2 15
430 Daytons 0 6229s tose b | 1892 | May 2__} June 1_| June 21_| 18 16 41% | 43144 | 5 %
44 | Early Jack __________- b | 1894 | May 1__| June 1_| June19_| 48% | 74 |._____|..-_--- ts jes
Ahi Ghd carers 1 Seees) ee p | 1890 | May 4__| June10_| Junel7_| 2%] 3% | 32 56 5 %
46 | Edward (Fav.)------- b | 1894 | May 8_.| June12_| June 29_| 6% | 17% |.____.]_--__.|_--- ¥%
AG ithe 02 2 eee p | 1894! May 9_.| June17_|] June 26.| 5 5 Lien eee (ee dd 5 %
48 | Edwards .__.__.____.- b | 1894 | May 7_.| June 12 | June 29_} 6% | 1744 | 27% | 46% | 4 %
49) | Bmihance)= sees se b | 1890 | May 2__| June 10_| June 29_| 28 20 21 534%] 4 uw
50 ayo) b 1 7 eee ea p | 1894 | May 4__| June 7_| June 26_| 22% | 14% j_-____|_____- 4%
Bi SHquninoxps 22 eles b | 1804) May 2_.| June17_| June 27_| 8% | 11% |_____.}_----.]_--- %
Dap PHstellee ose ices 2 b | 1891 | May 6__| June 14_| June 26_| 5%] 3% | 24%] 14 = |___. %
53!) Hurekas2 5 o.-22-2-5 p | 1888 | May 6__' June10_| June 24_; 15 16% | 17% } 29% |__--. oa
54 | Fairmount -._-__.---- b | 1891 | May 1_-/ June 2.| June 26_| 22 36% | 52% | 60% | 5 1g
bby Heichtia 5262291 oad b | 1894 | May 4..} June 3_} June 21.| 12% | 16% |_____.|_----- %
268
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
STRAWBERRIES.—ContTINnNvED.
a8
eee |
Wa S|
Names. 282 2 8 a
cae pice ee:
: j =
8 e2Aal & 2 a
g Ane 2
ao i
Zi Sex: | cs i
567] “Meicht. 3-2 ee p | 1894] May 4__| June 5
LV CANT Oi ate el a ae b | 1894 | May 2__| June 3.
58 | Florence _____-.__---- b | 1888 | May 2__| June 1-
SON Gipsyieoes eee week p | 1894 | May 2__| June 38-
60 | Glenfield ..____...__-_- b | 1894 | May 2__| June 3_
61 | Greenville______.._--- p | 1891 | May June 3.
Gall Harmonics 2202 22 22522 b | 1894 | April 29_] June 1-
63h Hattief..= 25.229 Ls p | 1892 | May 4__| June 5-_
64 | Haverland __________- p | 1887 | April 29_| June 1-
65 | Hermit -.._...---.._-.| b | 1892 | April 29_] June 3-
G65) Hinman = 222225). b | 1890 | May 8_-] June 7.
67 Oard ele k e b | 1888 | May 2._| June 5-
Si Holyokes. 222i sire b | 1891 | May 2_-| June 7-
GOR eH ngans o£ ts2l 52 hoes b | 1891 | May 2_-] June 5-
103) Huntsman 222222222 b | 1892 | May 2__| June 5.
¥1:)\ Hyslop 2. s.232222-<-5 b | 1892 | April 29_| June 5-_
98 I OWa oc 2ek ose oe AES b | 1892 | April 29_| June 7-
Oi RO Mare oe eee eee p | 1894 ay 2__| June 5-
MAD MO ome cook en ene ee p | 1894 | May 3__| June 5.
7D asansas b | 1894 | May 2_-| June 3-
ABs Ketionta: Ser 22 ees b | 1892 | May 2_-| June 3_
Mia), Wilickitas. 9.225275. 8 2. p | 1894 | May 4_-! June 12_
78 | Kossuth .____________- b | 1894 | April 30_| June 1-
79 | Lacrosse ___...._____- np ; 1898 ay 6_.| June 10_
80:)| Geader 22. 22-22-2332 b | 1892 | April 29_| June 1-
Sthlielehiehie2= 2 e225 see 1891 | April 29_| June 1-
82 | Leroy ____- 1892 | April 29_| June 1-
83 | Leviathan. 1892 | May 6__| June 1.
84 | Lincoln ___ 1892 | April 29_| June 8-
85 | Little 26_____ 1894 | May 4__| June 12_
86 | Little 42_____ 1894 | May 3__| June 5-_
87 | Longfield _ 1894 | May 2__| June 1.
88 | Lovett ____ 1891 | April 30_| June 1-_
RON uower: 2-222222F 222 1894 | May 8..| June 12-
90 | Magnate___._________. 1894 | May 1__| June 1-
91 | Marshall _.___.______- b | 1894 | May 6__| June 11-
92 ary. eo et rie p | 1894 | May 6__| June 1l-_
93 | Maxwell___.__-______- b | 1894 | April 80_| June 1-
O45)|) Meeks i253 82 oi ces b | 1894 | May 1__| June 3.
Spa |piamis t= oi = bs p | 1889 | May 4__| June 5.
OGale billion rr sree ye b | 1890 | May 8__| June 12-
O74) Monroe: 2 22. 222-5822 b | 1891 | May 2__| June 7.
98 | Muskingum _________. b | 1892 | May 6_-_| June 12_
Onl Mystics: - oo b | 1892 | May 6__| June 14_
100 | Neptune_____________. p | 1890 | May 6-_-.| June 12-_
4010| No Name... 22-242 np | 1894 | May 7__| June 3.
AGIVIENG elie sae b | 1893 | May 8__| June 12-
403))| ‘Odessa\222- 2-2. 22222 p | 1894 | May 4__| June 10_
104 | Ohio Centennial _____ b | 1893 | May 6__| June 10-
105 re ae A ee, p | 1894 | May 2_-| June 3-
106"|\Oregon. 2-2 222° >. 22322 p | 1891 | May 1__| June 5-
107 | Oregon 278 ___________ b | 1894 | May 4__| June 7-
108 pear Se b | 1894 | May 6__| June 10.
109 | Ostego__...._.._..._..{ p | 1894} May 4__| June 5.
T10H Pacific 2) eae p | 1890 | May 1__| June 5.
Rt DODODD COM CORCO met DO CON HON ONDE NWHORaC | Vigor of plant, 1-10,
pe
Weight of berry in
ounces,
KRESS RIK Ghee won wae
al a a
RRFe BRS
| Ounces.
1st year. 2d year.
2 ; ;
2 2 2
—_ ko}
e |slila|2
a | 3 =| 5
4 et =| ss) |
June 29_} 19% | 22 |___.__|_-___-
June 24_| 15% etl (ee re ara
June 26_| 17 21 444% | 75
JUNG Ales Sote ana) esse eee
June 24_| 17 11g S| Se
June 26_| 43 50% | 66 61
June tO" | Tae TT) Visas eee
June 26_| 50% | 36 72 67
June 26_| 44% | 31% | 40 42
June 24_| 10% | 19% | 45 90
June 24_|} 21% | 14% | 36 61%
June 21_} 14 16 21 21%
June 26_; 24 86% | 38% | 60
June 29_| 8 15) aS eee
June 24_| 18 21% | 9 29
June 19_} 12 18 12% | 88%
Jane LT ae ease olan ae | ee
June 26.} 81% | 87% |..----|_---_-
June 26_| 25 ay Ue | eee es are
June 24_| 36 BO. cece ate
June 21_| 11% | 11 27 33
JUNSie4E |) (B46 M7. see ae ee
June 24_} 18 1b Sil eee |S aes
June 26_| 3 10 19 45
June 21_| 28 S59 -325 25] Sea
June 19_| 37% | 9% | 64% |114%
June 26_} 13 11% | 2: 22%
June 26_| 24% | 28% | 15 21
June 29.| 66 424% | 82 |126%
June ees) (Obes) (Bi jose es |e eee
June 24_| 21 yO TR Pee eres ee
June 24_| 37 17365): 22 2 [eee
June 24_} 42 19 394% | 41%
June 192]! Sa! Sy ee ese
June 102) 1444 9406 |b
June 19_} 2 2
June 24.) 14% | 5 | iL __}.. i
June 203) 20547 15 |} s esses | esa
June als) 1344 12, ee eee
June 21_} 11 19% | 35 66
June 24.| 14% | 8 |_____-|.-----
June 24_| 15% | 17% |_-.-..|.-----
June 29_| 59% | 26 814% | 75%
June 29_| 6 12% | 15% | 10%
June 26_} 5 8% | 31% | 46%
June 26_| 26 2004) || 2-2 eae es
June 26_| 5% 3 30% | 44
June 26s) BS" |) 19) tases caer
June 29_| 8% | 24 87% | 42
June 24_| 17 bh Dea) eS Sl ee
JUNG 2s |b Oyen LO eee ees eee
June 24_} 8 (1 AN [eats | a
June 21_| 4 rel eee ae
PUNE 268 (Aste "alee je es ees
June 26_| 47 22 36 81
RRGKS KGS KES RK S
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 269
STRAWBERRIES.—ContInveEp.
| | Ounces,
ee =) Il ie]
ce cs | | Ist year. 2d year. | 4 |"
weal 3 |B r an
Names. aga| 5] 8 E E | E s |4|3
nae g ira} id ‘S ° ° Oo} wy
mt LM ~ = ° Bi ae joa] oe
tS 2A) & a a a io] Oo o|;+@2
Fi 2 2 Ss eee lea, oi 3 | eee
5 a 5 2 3 =|s/3|38 18/28
Sex.| a H a = ele a | | @
Z e cs & 4 olalo|]alel|ee
111 | Parker Earle -- -| b | 1889 | May 2_.| June 5_| June 24_| 2244 | 1814 | 31% | 814%] 2 y¥
112 awnee._______ p | 1894 | May 8_-| June 7.| June 29_| 3 DD Vie| ae eintes | Cala “
113 | Phillip ____ b | 1894 | May 4__| June 8_| June 26_] 12%] 8 |______|_____. 1 yy
114 | Price____. b | 1892 | May 1__| June 1_| June 29_} 21 20% | 29% | 36 1 %
215; | Primate 22-2528 b | 1894 | May 7_-| Jane 12_| June 24_| 22 bs ty (eae eee ee 2 4
116 | Princess_______._____- p | 1892 | May 3__| June 8_| June 29_| 27% | 22 60 79%) 2 %
117 | Princeton ___________- b | 1894 | April30_| June 7_| June 26_| 31% | 17% |______|_____- 4%
1185 | WPoritan) 2222 np | 1887 | April29_| June 1_| June 14_| 18% | 27% | 22% | 57%] 5 %
BIOS Putnam sete. eee p | 1890 | May 7__| June 12_| June 29_} 10 4%, | 48 57% | 1 yy
120} Regina ii: p | 1890 | May 4_-| June 14_} Juue 29_! 12% ]15 |______|______ 1-5
121 | Richmond___________- b | 1894 | May 6__| June 5_! June 26_| 33 PAU Ate ae aa ne 1 x
122 | Riehl 6_______.___.__.| b | 1898 | May 6__| June 5-_| June 26_| 24 13% | 20% | 25%] 3 %
N28 il Rios == ose Ieee Lee b | 1890 | May 1_-| June 8_| June17_| 14% | 24% |_.____]______] 8 yy
124 | Robinson __________-- b | 1894 | May 1__| June 7-_| June 24_| 17% | 11 |_____.]____... 4%
TAO n SAdion 2s". tase ee p | 1890 | April30_} June 1-_| June 24_| 35 50% | 47% |108% | 8 %
126 | Sandoval___._._.____- b | 1890 | May 2__} June 5-_| June 24_| 1544 | 15% | 24% | 42 4 Wy
127, || Saunders: 2-2 2 b | 1889 | May 8__| June 5_| June 26_| 23 33% (115% |126 8 ¥%
128 | Scarlet Ball __-._____- p | 1892 | May 6_.| June 14_| June 24_| 14 614 |59 | 59%] 1 M%
129 | Shawnee_____________- np | 1894 | April 29_| June 1_| June 26_| 29% | 18% |.__._.]_.___.| 2 \%
180 | Shuckless ___________- b | 1894 | May 6-__| June 12_] June 29. 1004 || Bs eae 1 re)
131 | Smalley -_-.---.._....| p | 1894 | April80_| June 5_| June 29_| 17% | 1414 }____-_]__--_- 6 %
132 | Smeltzer ____________- b | 1894 | May 2__| June 5.| June17_|} 144/17 |______|___... 8 %
193) (Smiths 2 oes es b | 1894 | April30_| June 1_| June 19_} 26% | 81 |______]_____- 1 %
134 | Stahelin ___...________ p | 1894 |} May 2__| June 1_| June 29_| 31% | 27% |______]_____- 1 %
jegde¥ sso Le eee prilz9_| June 1_| June 24_ Ye yy 34
185 | Southard b | 1892 | April z9_| J 1_| J 24_| 24 18% | 42% | 58%] 5 y
196 |: ‘Speece-2 =. 22-2525 p | 1890 | May 2__| June 38_| June 29_| 33% | 25% | 54 70%); 1 %
137 | Splendid __._________- b | 1893 | May 1__) June 1_| June 24_| 30 45 164% | 52 Lit
138 | Springdale _______.___ b | 1894 | May 3_.} June 5-.| June 26_} 9% | 8 |______]_--__- %
139 | Standard’. 2-2) -22_ 222 b | 1892 | May 1__| June 1_] June 21_|] 8% | 8% |___-__|__-__- 2 1-5
140 | Surprise_____________- b | 1892 | May 1_-| June 1_] June 24_| 14% | 10 16 82 4 15
141 | Swindle ________-.____. p | 1892 | May 1__| June 1-_| June 24_|} 32 44 14% | 81%] 4 %
142 | Tennessee ____ b | 1894 | May 3__| June 38_} June 26_| 29 ASh een Sides 2 %
143 | Thompson 40 1894 | May 3__| June 3_| June 19_} 42 gL Aa |e eee 1 Ye
144 | Thompson 66 1894 | May 1__| June 12_| June 26_| 28 Aa am ee al el eS Te | 1-5
145 | Timbrell__..._...____. 1898 | May 6__|} June 12_|} June 29_| 29 43 16 28% | 2] 1
146 | Tom Walker 1894 | May 7_.| June 5.| June 24_| 5%] 2% |- 3 %
147 | Tonga ______- 1894 | May 2__|] June 5-_] June 24_| 28 5 1 %
148 | Topeka____- 1894 | May 3__| June ll.| June 21_|} 10% | 19% |_ 1 4
149 | Van Deman __ 1894 | April 30_| June 3_| June 26_| 19% | 33% |_ 2 %
SOR RVicke eee eee 1878 | May 4__| June 8-} June 26_| 19% | 29 |______|_ Soil
151 | Warfield__..._____.__- p | 1890 | May 2_-| June 3_| June 26_| 28% | 19% | 47% | 56 1 14
752) Westone.) 2! oie: p 1892 | May 8__| June 10_| June 26_| 30% | 26 17% | 54 2 %
163 | Williams ________.___. b | 1892 | May 8_.| June 7_| June 29_| 26% | 21% | 40% | 77 2 Y%
164) | Wilson 2222s Ae b | 1876 | April29.| June 1-_| June 24_| 16 18 22 57 8 My
155 | Wood (Beder)_______- b | 1890 | April 29_; June 1.| June 21_| 27% | 84% | 42 97 2 Wy
156 | Woolverton _______-_- b | 1891 | May 9_-| June 5_} June 29_| 18 47% | 49% |109% | 1 %
270 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Notices are appended of a few varieties which have shown the highest produc-
tiveness during the past unusually unfavorable season; although it may reason-
ably be inferred that, owing to such exceptional conditions, and possibly also to
peculiarities of soil or environment, such results may not properly express the
real relative values of the varieties noticed, and their ultimate status as compared
with many others under trial along with them.
The varieties are noticed in the order of their productiveness during the past
season, and the weights of single berries are those of such crop, which doubtless
may be assumed to be rather below than above the average of ordinary seasons,
Early Jack, bisexual, was received from Kansas and planted in the spring of
1894. So far the plant manifests great vigor and hardiness; in weight of berry it
ranks very high, many specimens weighing an ounce each; firmness about. six,
upon the seale running from one downward to ten; ueiny. four; total product
from the twenty plants, 112 ounces.
Lincoln, pistillate, was received from Delaware and planted in 1892. In vigor
and hardiness it ranks one; firmness and quality, each five; weight of berry, half
an ounce; total yield, 108 ounces. This is apparently distinct from the Lincoln
(a very early berry) of some fifteen to twenty years ago.
Greenville, pistillate, was received from Ohio in 1891. It possesses superior
vigor and hardiness; firmness, two; quality, five; weight of berry, half an ounce;
total product, 93 ounces. It is worthy of extensive trial as a market berry.
Kansas, bisexual, was received from the state of that name and planted in 1894.
So far it ranks one in vigor and hardiness; in firmness, five; in quality, as high
as three; weight of berry, half an ounce; total product, 86 ounces.
Hattie, pistillate, was received from J. H. Haynes, Delphi, Ind., in 1892. In
vigor and hardiness it ranks two; firmness, four; quality, five; weight of a single
berry, one third of an ounce; total product, 86 ounces. Relatively, it has proved
more productive this season than usual.
Sadie, pistillate, was received from Ohio in 1890. In vigor it ranks three; in
hardiness, two; firmness, four; quality, six; weight of berry, one third of an ounce;
total product, 85 ounces. During this season of excessive drouth this variety
appears to have proved relatively more successful than in more favorable seasons.
Haverland, pistillate, was received from New Jersey as early as 1887. It has
slowly but steadily won its way to a somewhat prominent position as a market
variety, and at the same time as an excellent variety for the home plantation. In
vigor it ranks as low as four; hardiness, two; firmness, three; quality, two; weight
of berry, half an ounce; total product, 76 ounces.
Beauty, bisexual, received in 1892, from Michigan Agricultural College. Vigor,
three; hardiness, one; firmness five; quality, three; weight of berry, half an ounce;
total product, 76 ounces.
Swindle, pistillate, was received from G. H. & J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury,
Conn., in 1892. Vigor, four; hardiness, one; firmness, three; quality, six; weight
of berry, one third of an ounce; total product, 76 ounces. This forbidding name
was apparently bestowed with the hope that the variety might be kicked into
notoriety as a consequence.
Charlie, pistillate, was received from Virginia in 1894. Vigor and hardiness
rank, one; firmness, three; quality, four; weight of berry, one third of an ounce;
total product, 75 ounces.
Gipsy, pistillate, was received from Michigan Agricultural College in 1894. Vigor
and hardiness each three; firmness, four; quality, five; weight of berry, half an
ounce; total product, 75 ounces. A variety under this name was tested here many
years since. The present one is apparently distinct—the plant being more vigorous.
Splendid, bisexual, was received from Illinois in 1898. Vigor and hardiness each
one; firmness, three; quality, one; weight of berry, one ounce; total product, 75
ounces.
Mary Marshall, and several others were planted either in late spring or in sum-
mer, for which reason the tabulation does not in such cases properly express their
relative character so far as productiveness is concerned.
RASPBERRIES (Rubus).
For several years past, the plat of raspberries (including blackberries, which
alternate with them), has been in an unsatisfactory condition, such as could only
be effectually remedied by replanting in other ground. This was accordingly done
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 271
last spring, so far as plants were available for the purpose. The remaining yacan-
cies will, in most cases, be filled during the present autumn or next spring, witb
plants propagated for the purpose upon the premises, except in the case of varie-
ties too rare or recent for the purpose. Of small fruits, ten plants constitute a set.
The foliage of many varieties of raspberry, especially those of Ideus and
strigosus parentage, is frequently attacked by a fungus and which is confined to
the lower surface of the leaf, seriously affecting the size and quality of the fruit
and capacity to aid the growth of the plant. This season has not proved an excep-
tion, though the attack may have been slightly less severe than usual. A few
varieties of strigosus parentage, such as Cuthbert, Golden Queen, and perhaps a
few others, appear to be in a measure exempt from this malady, as is the case with
the varieties of occidentalis. The spray of copper sulphate, so generally effective
against fungi, appears to be ineffective in this case, possibly for the reason that,
as usually applied, it rarely reaches the under surface of the foliage, where only
this parasite occurs. Another season’s experiments are needful to solve this doubt.
Anthracnose continues to manifest itself mainly upon the blackeaps, although,
with the free use of the spray of copper sulphate, its depredations have not proved
very serious. Most of the suckering varieties have, thus far, escaped the malady
in whole or in part.
The only insects which have been at all troublesome this season are the leaf-
miners, which, apparently, are merely estrays from the adjacent blackberries.
The general spraying given raspberries, in common with the entire plantation,
in March, was repeated upon raspberries April 27, with one pound of copper
sulphate dissolved in 250 gallons of water.
May 8, raspberries were sprayed for anthracnose, using Bordeaux mixture of
the usual strength.
June 21, repeated the spray for anthracnose, with a solution of one and a half
ounces of copper sulphate in fifty gallons of water.
Special notices are appended of a few comparatively recent varieties, as well
as of several older ones; some of them as worthy of increased attention by planters,
while others are apparently unworthy.
American Everbearing, blackcap, has been on trial here, two years only. Thus
far it has shown no everbearing tendency, nor does it otherwise give promise of
valuable qualities.
Cardinal was received from Kansas, and has been noticed in previous reports
as Greisa (the name of the introducer). It is intermediate, possibly a hybrid,
between strigosus and occidentalis. It roots somewhat reluctantly, from both suck-
ers and tips. It is hardy and fairly productive of more than medium-size fruit,
though searcely prolific enough to prove satisfactory as a market variety.
Champlain was only planted last spring and has barely shown a few imperfect
specimens, from the appearance of which, as well as from the habit of the plant,
it is apparently identical with a variety grown here several years ago and con-
demned as unworthy.
Church (Royal), a native of Ohio, was received in 1892. Although put forth with
a “flourish of trumpets,” it has not developed qualities such as would warrant a
recommendation for extensive planting.
In the following tables the weight of a specimen in ounces or fractions of an
ounce is given, instead of size, as a more accurate indication of the relative value;
while their productiveness is estimated upon the scale running from 1 to 10, 1 rep-
resenting the highest degree of productiveness.
272
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
RASPBERRIES (Rubus).
Name,
American Everbearing..._-_-.--.
Brandywine oc a= Fo eee
Cardinal
1
2
3
CMIN GF iijaat: srl So aS Sa ee ae ae Dan ea
Bi CERO L nie: eee Beare chee fe ete
Bi Centennial -22 2). 2250) ee
z @haniplain eee eee
9
Number.
Ci nreh 26 S28: 225 S21 eres eee
10
Cathbort:227 2 S522 Se ae
Doolittle 35-5 28 See ere
Marharg 2250 n eee Eee
Emmett
(oreka sotto ae a ee
Gladstone
Golden: Queen 233 a eee
Gréen (New) S222 eee eae
Herstine
Bilbornisse ies fee a eae
Idah
OVE ess ee ee
Miller 2c to ie = dee eS
Reeder
Souhegan
Superlative
MOT TAOM sas soe eA pe te SR
SHO ae ee eee
Marlboro. vos. 32. Ss ae
Species.
Occidentalis
Strigosus ____
Neglectus
Occidentalis
Neglectus ___
Occidentalis
Strigosus-.__-
Strigosus____
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Strigosus____
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Strigosus_-___
Strigosus__-_-
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Strigosus____
Strigosus____
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Strigosus_._-
dress, cae
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Strigosus__
Strigosus____.__- r
Occidentalis
Strigosus___-
Strigosus_.______
Occidentalis
Strigosus_-___
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Strigosus____
Strigosus
Neglectus ___
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Strigosus____
Strigosus___-
Strigosus___-_
Strigosus_________ 1888
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
Occidentalis
First picking.
Last picking.
June 24_
-| June 28.
June 25-_
June 28.
June 25.
June 26.
Weight of berry
in ounces,
Productiveness,
scale 1 to 10,
ee
Nor
hero COCO DO
| ll od
Cd ee ee)
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 273
Conrath, a Michigan occidentalis seedling, has already won more or less reputation
as a profitable early market variety, comparing very favorably with others of its
season, both as respects plant and fruit.
Cromwell, a Connecticut seedling, is much like the preceding in season, as well
as in general character, though scarcely its equal in size of fruit.
Early King is apparently a variety of strigosus, possessing the vigor and hardiness
of that species. So far it is productive of fruit of fine size and good quality.
Farnsworth was received from Ohio in 1891. It possesses valuable characteristics
asa market blackcap, and is well worthy of trial for that purpose.
Gladstone, though bearing an honored name, has proved to be a disappointment.
The fruit is far from attractive in either appearance or quality. The young canes
produce an autumn crop of fruit, a large proportion of which, however, in this
climate, is usually ruined by frost before maturity.
Palmer is vigorous and productive. In weight of berry it is fully medium, while
its bright color and good flavor render it very desirable for either family or market.
It is early, though not the earliest.
Reeder (formerly Reder, by an error of the introducer), is still one of the most
excellent red raspberries, so far as weight of berry, bright color, and fine flavor
are concerned, only needing greater vigor and productiveness to adapt it to com-
mercial purposes.
Thwack was received last spring. It is an old variety, which was tested here
ten or twelve years ago, and although large, hardy, vigorous, productive, and a
good handler, it proved so utterly deficient in quality that it was dropped. It is
yet occasionally planted for market.
BLACKBERRIES (Rubus villosus).
The stand of blackberries having been for several years in a very unsatisfactory
condition, a new plat was planted last spring, which when well grown is intended
to supersede the former one.
Blackberries having been sprayed April 1, together with the entire plantation,
were again treated, April 27, wih a weaker solution, consisting of one pound of
copper sulphate in 250 gallons of water, to prevent anthracnose.
May 23, anthracnose beginning to appear upon the young canes, the plat was
treated with a spray of Bordeaux mixture, consisting of four pounds of copper
sulphate and nine pounds of stone lime (that quantity proving necessary under
the prussiate of potash test) in forty gallons of water.
June 21, repeated the spray for anthracnose, using one and one half ounces of
copper sulphate dissolved in fifty gallons of water.
The only notable insect which has depredated upon the blackberry during the
season is the leaf-miner, Tischeria malifoliella Clemens, which has proven increas-
ingly troublesome for several years, and has this season become so numerous as to
nearly or quite ruin a very large percentage of the foliage. So serious has the
injury become that some means of preventing or exterminating it seemed indispen-
sable.
Saunders, in “Insects Injurious to Fruits,” pages 114 and 115, notices the apple
leaf-miner as also attacking the foliage of the blackberry, this being assumed to
be the insect in question, although this may be doubted since he does not accurately
describe its habits as observed here, adding, moreover, “It has never been known
to do any material injury.”
Finding it indispensable that a remedy be applied, and observing that the larvee
were protected by the upper and lower tissues of the leaf, between which they
operate, it was obvious that no poisonous spray, whether caustic or otherwise,
could effectually reach them. As a dernier resort, in view of this dilemma, the
infected leaves were removed and burned, while the larve were yet at their work.
Later a few leaves were again attacked. These were treated in the same manner.
The result of such treatment can only become manifest when it can be observed
through its influence upon the growth of the coming year. Quite possibly a better
knowledge of the life habits of the insect in its transformations might point to
a more effective or economical method of attacking it.
35
274 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
BLACKBERRIES (Rubus villosus).
Ee (slg
. 5 @® @Q
a, 4 vhs # | 4 lg jas
— uw, @ QO
Pa Name. pert 8 ic rs og li |z8
5 re 3 A, om SYoih or
2 Pe) cs = m Op |jes|bo
g g @ @ 2 0 laa 33
=] = i 4s os 2g j/5°0 i
Za A cy ca 4 Es lor la
1s eA wrawy aimbeeeee aes Sn obras eee 1888 | ‘May 25.| July 12.| Aug. 1-| 1-5 2 4
2 ANGlontGBritOh so-so. soo scole ne sea eee ee 1888 | May 28_| July 13_| Sept.10_| 1-8 u 2
Sl Bonanzae se cece Ns hk ee ee ane 1888 | May 81_| July 18_| Sept. 14_| 146 4 1
A) UOhil ds pease ees Mets oi eae ae es 1892
5} WMarly«@lusterj2¢- 4-2. 2510 een ee eae 1888 | June 1_| July 12.) Aug. 16_| 18 3 1
GiitMarlyHanvest..-.2o25 0b oee ee ee ee 1888 | June 1_| July 8_| Aug. 26.| 1-9 2 6
ia erly nalts eh oe ol Oe en ear e 1890 | June 1_| July 8_| Aug. 5-.| 1-7 2 4
Si arly Mammoth y225~ 22 ok eae ee ee 1891 | June 1_| Jaly 13_| Aug. 31_| 1-5 4 1
De Lis Coles V0 Coie Sea ORE ANS So Rp Rp Te ee 1892 | May 80_| July 13_] Aug. 14_| 1-7 4 1
10) OV ey a a a IS PT TTT a VOLPE OE Ca ee 1888 | June 6_| July 20_| Aug. 1-_| 1-5 5 9
UO Brotha gs ee ee a 1892 | June 6-| July 81_) Aug. 14_| 1-8 5 6
WAT PKGGtaGinny 2 AO ee Se ee eer 1888 | June 1-_| July 19_| Sept. 14.| 1-6 3 5
13 OKIE: 8 1 25 EEE oe IR Ges 1888 | May 81-| July 18_| Sept. 16_| 1-6 8 1
Pen Bla wton ek 2 6c Soe oa De ee 1888 | June 1_| July 16_| Sept.14_| 1-6 3 6
15 | Lincoln _________ eae ete a Nee ee See a 1891 May 30_| July 16_| Aug. 24.) 1-9 5 3
POT Maxwells oct ieee ee ee eee ee 1894
17 | Minnewaska ________.____- GeeS G1 Shi eee ee 1888 | June 1_| July 18_| Aug. 31_} 1-5 5 5
IST Nevadae se 2ges vials Siecle” Panay aoe ae el 1888 | May 31_| July 15_| Sept. 12_| 1-5 4 1
LOH RO hier ees Se Oe ark EN LS ENTS TSO2 0 al Mane MGR lye 7a PATiC wale |(nl-6 3 5
20 | Oregon (Everbearing) __.......-.-.---.----_-.-.-- 1892 | May 31_| July 25_| Sept. 14
mialeSanford os ites se keV Beene eS Leah e De es 1894
SANS UyCOrie se! kek 2a PON Ne ee 1888 | May 28_| July 13_| Sept. 7_| 1-10] 1 1
SBIBStOne pat ee scoe ts chase Ol OL) EE NES 1890 | May 30_| July 19_| Aug. 16_| 1-10] 5 4
PAA D Ay lon ene e we as Oa ho cab Wh 5k baa A 1888 | May 31_| July 17_| Sept.15_|] 1-11] 1 4
25 LHOmpsOne se) fe. fet be Jee ea eee 1890 | May 81-| July 13_| Aug. 24_| 1-5 5 4
26 | Wachusett _._.________- 1890 May 29_| July 18_) Aug. 7-| 1-16 3 1
27 | Wallace _____________ 1888 | May 29_| July 16.| Sept.12_| 1-8 3 3
28 | Western Triumph-_ _ 1888 | May 31_! July 15_| Aug. 14-| 1-8 4 il
20 Walson eo oe 1888 ay 30_| July 13_| Aug. 26_| 1-4 5 4
SOM WAS ONT ire see 1888 | May a July 13_| Aug. 26_| 1-5 5 4
Ancient Briton and Western Triumph are both vigorous and hardy, though small
and inclined to overbear. The former is popular at the west as a market variety.
Both require superior cultivation and close pruning to maintain an acceptable size
for market.
Bonanza, Early Cluster, and Nevada have given better results this year than
usual. Childs, thus far, has given little indication of value. Having been trans-
planted last spring, it has not yet shown fruit.
Early harvest was badly injured by cold last winter. It must have winter
protection to succeed even in our lake shore climate.
Early King and Early Mammoth are comparatively recent varieties, usually
quite productive of fine-size fruit. They are apparently well worthy of trial for
market, though they may perhaps prove deficient in hardiness.
Eldorado, Lincoln, and Ohmer have been too recently planted here to warrant
a conclusion, as to their measure of success, although they are well spoken of in
certain other localities.
Maxwell, Piasa, and Sanford were first planted here last spring, and must there-
fore have further opportunity to develop their characteristics.
Oregon (Everbearing) is a curiosity, with cut-leaved foliage, a vigorous, semi-
trailing habit of growth, blooming and fruiting in succession.
Stone (Hardy) is a vigorous, spreading grower, said to be unusually hardy. As
generally grown its fruit is quite too small for either home use or market.
Wachusett (and Hoosic also) is chiefly notable for the absence of spines, although
Wachusett is of fine flavor. Both are quite too small. So far, no spineless variety
of practical value has been introduced to the public.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. Ze
SERVICH BERRY (Amelanchier).
Only three varieties of this species, all of them of dwarf habit, have so far been
planted here. These are, an unnamed variety, designated in our lists as common;
one known as Success, and one received from Indiana as Mammoth.
So far as either plants or fruit are concerned, the difference between these alleged
varieties, as grown here, is very slight, if even perceptible.
The fruit is so specially attractive to birds that the entire crop is invariably
appropriated by them, even before fully ripe, unless protected by netting or other-
wise. Indeed, so decided is such preference, that this fruit might perhaps be
profitably planted as the means of diverting the attention of the birds from other
fruits of similar season.
In quality, this fruit is by no means equal to the huckleberry, which it closely
resembles.
CURRANTS (Ribes).
A new plantation of currants was made last spring, so far as plants were avail-
able for the purpose, and at the same time the plants in the old plat were earthed
up to insure the rooting of sufficient additional plants for the filling of the new
plat next spring.
March 18, while yet dormant, currants (in common with the entire plantation)
were sprayed with a solution of two pounds of copper sulphate in 50 gallons of
water.
April 27, being then in foliage, they were again sprayed with a solution of one
pound of copper sulphate in 250 gallons of water.
May 8, the currant worm (Nematus ventricosus) having attacked the foliage, the
infected plants were treated with a spray consisting of one pound of Paris green
in 250 gallons of water.
May 27.—Previous season’s trials having shown that liver of sulphur (potassium
sulphide), the antidote for gooseberry mildew, is also a preventative of premature
loss of currant foliage, the spray of this preparation was also applied to the cur-
rant, and this was repeated June 4, June 19, and July 5.
Later a spray of buhach in water was applied to subdue the second brood of
currant worms, which appeared just as the fruit was ripening.
Aside from the currant worm already referred to, the twig borer (geria tipuli-
formis) has been the only troublesome insect this year. A careful search for this
insect will scarcely be made prior to the pruning, next spring, though the indications
are that (owing doubtless to persistent efforts for its destruction during the past
two or three years) its numbers may prove to have considerably diminished.
In the following table, in the column of weights of single berries, expressed in
fractions of an ounce, it will be seen that in all cases the denominator of the frac-
tion gives the number of berries in an ounce. The extreme drouth of the season
doubtless considerably diminished the weights as recorded. The quality and pro-
ductiveness given are relative, being arrived at by comparing each with others of
the same species.
276 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
CURRANTS (Ribes).
p la {fh
be (9) 8 F.
a 3 jas
3 : we |@ [PF 8
Pe Name. Species. = 3 3 9 S If chat
2 g 8 a 45 |£s\5e
g g ° oO MS Salo"
B 8 & Be Sq |Solfo
Z a ia = B= |6*\c2
DiiChampion (black) 25sc-sn— een eee Nigrum______. 1889 | May 2__| June 27. 1-17| 1 4
2| Cherry __--. BAAN EAE Ey ee eee Rubrum _____. 1888 | May 1__| June 21. 1-28 | 3 3
SR@ranGall es Set oe sa ees Aureum -____. 1889 | May 1_-| July 2. 1-20 | 10 2
#englishi( Black) 2) 22-2 eis cee Be 2 Nigrom se 1892 | May 3__| June 29 1-18 |} 5 4
By aye a See ee ae Rubrum _____. 1888 | May 1__| June 21. 1-27] 8 2
6 | Holland (Long Bunched)---_.--..--..--.-- Rubrum --_-__. 1889 | May 2_.| June 24_ 1-44) 5 2
du eicrn PA CeKCLM PrO VEG) 222. Soc cee a REE Ee eee eee 1895
DPRK OWOOG Set. 2 Jed ee eee eee Rubrum -.___. 1890 | May 1-__| June 21_ 1-25 | 8 6
TSR eee aE 5 5 ee a Nigrum_-_____-} 1888 | May 3__| June 29_ 1-21} 7 2
LOT Wiondon (Red) 22a a ee ae ee Rubrum ..___- 1890 | May 2_-| June 22. 1-37 |. 6 2
LU Moore Ruby! 2c eee ee ace Rubram _-2_—- 1890 | May 1__| June 21_ 1-82 | 2 2
12)|) Moore (Selaetijoi a ie ae Ieee ee Rubrum ._____ 190 | May 2__| June 21. 1-35 | 5 2
asi eNaples\\(Black) 22 -so02——- 22 cae ceeeecoenes Nigrum_._____- 1888 | May 3-_| June 29_ 1-37 | 5 5
ne North Stan oo ee See eee eee eee Rubrum ~_.__- 1890 | May 1__| June 21- 1-45 | 8 1
iDj|eRed Dutch 24 hese ir tee eee te Rabrum -_____- 1888 | May 1-_-} June 22. 1-43 | 2 2
SG Ho bysACsstlo= eo eo eae eee eee Rubrum ._-__. 1892 | May 1__|} June 21- 1-45 | 4 1
0) Saun@ers) 2-32 sae cce2 Goes host eens ete Nignumess snes 1890 | May 4..| June 29.| 1-28 | 7 4
18; Versalllaise ee eee
Watenwhitermes= 2792 oe i So eee
Memoni@ling = ierees Seo Sis toe eee
HOMONIH ree eee eee eee ee ae ee eee
Longhurst -
Lovell.-____-
medium; s, small.
Flowers—l, large; m,
QaK—eeKo
DQDODOD
oaorodre Koo —D
Glands—g, globose;
r, reniform; 8, ser-
rate,
f, free; s, semi cling.
Adhesion—c, cling;
Weight of fruit in
Productiveness—
scale 1 to 10,
4 OQ OR
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HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 285
PEACHES.—ContTInveEp.
A; oe we]. |)
4 |3° eel. (8
HE log oc |B |g
ae |e 3a pang
Name. 5 erie Ja}e |S
z | ie: lw z Ha |S. |o8
$2} 2 25 |aa ® S| #8 isa
£ g g5 |S A 3 A 23 | 25 |so
E 8 ogla 2) & |s8/38 |o¢
oy ay Ba leet) g qq“ | E° a2
Map dalaevre = 2) 25 Ra eo Ban 2 So ee ok 1890 | May 8- 8 r | Aug. 28_| £ 2% 2
DMsrshialll en Ss Sere ee ey eae 8 eee 1890 | May 3__| 8 r | b.m.Oct.|..---.| 4% 3
McCollister:. =. =~ 22-25 2.5. 522222 <2 s5225--53 1892 | May 2__| 58 r | Sept.24.| £ 6 8
MeKevyitt (Cling) ae a ee 882 May 38_. 8 g |b.m.Oct.| c 4
Mia ni Zee et eee ae ee 1892 | May 2_-| 8 g
Migr eas ae ee ee ree ee eS ee 1892 | May 4__| 58 ro AGE cSh | af 434 9
IM GOLG eee RENE SEE Sets 1890 | May 4__| 58 g | Sept.10_| f 4 4
MOrris| Cons eee ee eee 1890 | May 4.-| 5 r | b.m.Oct f 4 1
Morris Wihite = 22 Sees oe ON 1888 | May 2_-| 5 r | Sept.10_| f 3 1
Mountain’ Rose/-25-2- 522255) ee- 3 2-22 1888 | May 2_-| 8 g | Aug. 17_.| f 4 1
Mire Sees oe oat i ae Sle ee ae eee 1890 | May 4..| 1 r | Sept.12.| f 1% 1
Mira tease Se Le Saas 1889 ay 2_-| 8 r | Sept.24.) f 4 1
Mysteryi.- 22 eee eo SaaS 1888 | May 2_-| 58 r | Aug. 19_| f 5 6
INGPAIIIVA Diss aee eee penne ne enue eee 1892 | May 3_- 1 r | Sept.17_| f 5 9
INectarin cas oe ee) a a see eee 1889 | May 2.-| 1 r | Sept. 10 f 3 2
INeoda (Barnard) 22-22 2 coe soe ne 1890 | May 3-_- 8 r | Aug.’31_| f£ 38% 2
Neil (Marshall) __ 1892 | May 2__} 1 Tul Oct.my salwact 4% 6
Newington free 1893 May 8 8 r
New Prolific --__- -| 1894 | May 2._| 58 g
Normand eens et eee ee 1892 | May 4_- 8 r | m.e.Oct c 4%] 10
Oldmixoncling=== === ee 1888 | May 2.-| 58 g | Sept. 7-| c 3 1
Oldmixony frees: = s=2e8 sot Se oe ee 1893 | May 2.-| 8 g | Sept.12_| f 7
Orioles See ee eee 1894 | May 2_-| 1 r
Oscar esi h eas at bE eae Eee 1894 Ree) eae eeates Dm. Sep:
Ostrander ise ee en see eS 1892 | May 3__| 8 eg) Aug. 20817) 3% 5
Pag) eet ee eee aed Sa eee 1894 | May 3__, 1 g
‘Palmerston eee a a a Se 1890 | May 8__| 1 g | Sept.23_| f 8 4
AYA BY oe Sue ae cee 1890 | May 4__| 58 r | Aug. 152| £ 4 10
(rid bee eee ee eee eee 1889 | May 2._| 58 g | Sept. 10- f 34% 2
Peninsular (Yellow) SS 1894 ay 3_- 8 g
BRICK OGG see ee eee a eet ys ee es 1890 | May 8__| 1 r |b.m.Oct.| c 4% 8
LE ees See Be eae el ee eee ee 1890 | May 8__| 5 r | Sept. 3_| f 8 4
Prince) (ies) were ee Boe sae, 1890 | May 8_- 8 g | Sept. 6_| f 4% 5
IE TIN COBB: 555s eee LR ES ee 1894. | May 8_- 1 g
Princess\(of Wales)ho 2 anne ease ee 1889 | May 2_- 1 g | m.e.Sep. f 7 1
IBTIZ0 2S se ok ete ee ree seen ae 1892 | May 2_-| 5 g | Sept.24_| f 5 9
Pri Za Rd Rees ee a ea ey ee 1890 | May 4__| 58 r | Sept.18_.| f 4 1
Red Cheek (Melly) oe nea eres ee 1893 | May 8__| 8 g | Sept.16_| f 4 5
Red Seed ling?) 225 see Se 1898 | May 8_- 1 g | Aug, 30_| f 2 2
120i (0 Lae ee eee ee Be ee 1880 | May 3__| 58 g | Aug. 27.| f 6 8
Reeves: (Favs) 2-2 oo. c ee aes oe eee eee 1890 | May 4._| 58 g | Sept. 7.| f 544 6
Ringo] dee ae ee ee ee 1890 | May 4__| 8 r |b.m.Oct.| c 6 9
River: Banko AS de (Eee ae ee ee 1892 | May 2._| 1 g | July 24.) 8 3 2
IRI verdes a hea) Lae a See ie eee 1888 | May 2_- 1 ro Aug" |) as 4 iy
OSC Be ne eee ae ne ae Eom eee ae 1892 | May 2.-| 1 r | m.e.Oct.) f 4 7
Roseyilletss222 2. ihe els AA Lees he ee 1892 | May 38_- 1 r | Sept.20_| ec “ 10
May 3.-| 8 r | Sept. 9.| f 8 10
May 3..| 58 r | Oct. 15.) £ 5 1
May 3_-| 8 r | Sept.17_| f 3% 1
May 2-_- 8 r | Sept.14_| f 6 10
May 2-- 8 g | Sept. 17. f 6 10
May 3_-| 8 r |b.m.Oct.| f 5% 1
May 8_- 8 r |m.e.Oct.| f 4 6
May 3_- 8 r | Sept. 3- f 8% 2
May 3-- 8 Pe PAUL coe) or 4 2
286 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PEACHES.—Cono.upep.
5 te om. |
Paes wails |e
Ong 5 ped ot a i:
De loa of |s la
ao |q.. al |€s
-o f=] ? @ A]
Name. ‘ Tz | 1 bea
E | 2) 2 [eelee.| & | Se) se 3
EI FI gs |Beiges| 2 | 25) 38 lod
Zi ay mB lm lone) fg | ae | eo le
166: GSpotts wood ese se = Fate ee ee 1892 | May 4._| 1 r
1677|GStarkiHeath oes seer ere Ss eee ee ees 1892 | May 2_-| 8 r | m.e.Oct c 6 6
168) SS tend ye ee es re eee ae 1888 | May 2_-| 8 r | b.m.Oct rf 4% 2
169) Stevens luatere cones as soeenes enc oeee .----| 1890 | May 3_.| 5 r |b.m.Oct.| f 4 1
170) Stevens hareripe. so ss oes eee eee 1890 | May 2_- 8 r | Sept. 19 it! 4% 2
TE Styd Ol ne ere eee es eee eee 1890 | May 3__| 5 g | Aug. 19.| f 3 1
172 | Strong (Mammoth) eee eens SER eee 1892 | May 2.-| 5s g | Sept. 9.| f 5 2
Liss tStampi(the world) 229 senate eee 1892 | May 2_-| 8 g | Aug. 14_| f 8 1
1749 | eSummerisnow oles se So eee eee T3O4 4. eee eS ee r
175 | Surpasse (Melocoton) .....-.-------------- 1890 | May 3_-| 5s r | Aug. 28 f 4% 10
a 76 t Switzerland) f22tso bse. ee 1890 | May 3_-} 5 g | Sept. 16 f 4 4
iis RE OLOGO yao ne he ee ee Woe SE es ee 1884 | May 2__| 1 g | Aug. 12 f 2
Urfeysl] ovo [eh sae NES AE SRE AO eS Oe 1892 | May 8__}| 1 r | Sept. 9 if 3 10
179) | BROownsend 202 ee ae ie ee ee 1892 | May 3-. 8 g | Sept.24.| &£ 6
1803) roth - 22203552 Be ete eee see 1890 | May 3_-| 8s g | Aug. 26.) f 3% 8
1518 PDogkena e222 fe eet ee ee Se E89 2eal Maye G25|2aeaae g
San Wager(Spurious) 22 ste scee sean eee eee 1892 | May 2_-| 8 r | Sept.27_| f 8 10
SS AW el ROI eee ae oe ees Be ee eee ee 1892 | May 2.-| 58 g
Bt s SWialior vance seeen ne ncn ene nocunnenceee 1893 | May 8_-| 5 ge | Sept.24.| f 5% 5
Shs Washineton eee tee ee Fe ee aS 1890 | May 8_-_|.._.-. g | Sept.12.| f 32g 5
SGN AW atenlOos 2. see ete een 1888 , May 3__| 1 r | July 20_| 58 3 1
187 | Willett _.___- May 2_-| 1 Ts
188 | Williamson _ May 2_-| 8 g | Sept. 29. f
Wiondertil (aaa ee Ce ees May 3_-| 8 r b.m.Oct.| f 4% 2
TOD GNOrthernee. oe eine aa ST Be ee ee ee May 2_-! 8 r | Aug. 30.; f
191 | Yellow Rareripe | May 2_| 8 ge | Aug. 24.| f | 2 | 1
The following notes are intended mainly to invite attention to new and prom-
ising varieties, to such older ones as appear to deserve increased attention, and to
give such further particulars as are supposed to be of more or less general interest.
Two varieties of peach have been received and planted here as Allen, also a third
as Cleffey Allen, which appears in our lists as Cleffey (Allen), with the anticipation
that the portion in brackets may be ultimately suppressed. Upon further trial one
of the former may prove to be identical with the last.
Alexander, Amsden, Canada, River Bank, and Waterloo are all semiclings, and
for practical purposes may be treated as identical, though the last named is prob-
ably the best of the lot. A variety coming from Texas, erroneously as Lady Ingold
(which should be yellow), is also of this class.
Barber, a variety understood to have originated in Allegan county, Michigan, is
also known as Hinman.
Bequette free and Bequette cling, as received from Texas, both prove to be free
and identical.
Bickell, received from Delaware, ripens here in late October, quite too late for
this latitude.
Bonanza may perhaps justify so pretentious a name in a more southern latitude.
Here it is so late as to be worthless.
Brett is also too late, poor, and small to be of any value here.
Brigdon is a fine yellow peach of good quality, a popular market variety in cen-
tral New York. Garfield is probably identical with this.
Brunson, although coming to us from Delaware, is understood to be the variety
of this name originated at Benton Harbor, Michigan.
Brown (Brown’s Early) originated with the late W. A. Brown of Berrien county,
Michigan. It is an early, pale-fleshed variety, an early bearer, and productive.
Ripe in August, but less desirable than several others of its class and season.
Champion, originating in Illinois, but disseminated by an Ohio establishment, is
a beautiful and excellent pale-fleshed variety, an amateur peach, rather delicate
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 287
for the rough handling of the markets. It ripens here the last of August. A ser-
rate-leafed Champion, originated in Allegan county, Michigan, is so liable to mil-
dew of the young wood and foliage during summer, as to be of little value. This,
however, may be prevented by persistent spraying with a solution of copper sul-
phate.
Chili 2 and Chili 3 are seedlings by C. Engle of Paw Paw, Michigan, from the
well known (Hill’s) Chili. The two are much alike, ripening a little later than the
parent, of slightly larger size and superior quality.
Crosby ripened a few specimens, late in September. It manifests good market
qualities, but is apparently a somewhat tardy bearer.
Dunlap is a rather large, yellow peach of good quality, productive, ripening
about Sept. 1. It promises to be a superior market variety.
Early Crawford seedlings, 1 and 3, seedlings of C. Hngle, are results of his quest
for a variety similar to the original Karly Crawford, but with hardier fruit buds.
Experience with these so far indicates a possible improvement in this respect.
Harly Michigan originated several years ago near Lowell, Michigan, with J. D.
Husted, then of that place, now of Georgia. His numbers 15, globose, and 16,
reniform, are very much alike in fruit, so much so that they are grown and sold in-
discriminately, by many nurserymen. Grown here separately, there are so far a
few days’ difference in their time of ripening. Both are valuable.
Lewis, which is understood to have originated some time ago, in Allegan county,
Michigan, closely resembles the foregoing, and by some persons the two are as-
sumed to be identical. The fruits are scarcely distinguishable, although Harly
Michigan appears to be slightly superior in quality.
Elberta, though originating at the south, is attracting much attention at the
uorth. It has now fruited here two seasons, the fruit proving to be large and fine.
Its productiveness here is yet to be determined.
Hugle (Mam.), another seedling by C. Engle, has been disseminated to some
extent as a promising market variety, ripening early in September.
Fox is a rather large and fine pale-fleshed peach, of good quality, which is
apparently worthy of a trial, to at least a limited extent.
Globe is large, beautiful, and good, but so far unproductive. Ripe this season
m. September.
Gold Drop (possibly an old variety renamed), ripe this season m. e. September;
also Kalamazoo, ripe Sept. 12, are both too well and generally known as popular
market varieties to require description.
Haas (John), and Hynes (Surprise) are a few days later than the semiclings
heretofore mentioned. They are freestones and for this reason desirable as early
varieties for the home plantation.
Hale, Hale X No. 1 (a seedling by C. Engle), and Hyatt also, are all nearly alike
in season and general character. All are semi-clings.
Hance Smock, in season and general qualities, is quite similar to the old Smock
free, slightly larger, though scarcely its equal in flavor.
Late Barnard is quite similar to Early Barnard in general qualities, but ripens
two weeks later.
Late White (one of C. Engle’s seedlings), although of only medium quality, is so
far very productive, and for this reason may prove valuable as a late market
peach.
Magdala, Nectarine, and Wales (Princess of), are fine amateur varieties of English
origin. They are mainly desirable as fine-flavored varieties for the home plan-
tation.
McCollister, ripe Sept. 24, is a large, attractive-looking, late, yellow peach of good
quality. It promises to be a regular and profuse bearer, worthy of extensive trial.
Moore (Fay.) is a pale-fleshed peach of more than medium size, and of fine flavor.
It is popular at the east.
Morris White has long been valued for the home plantation as a superior variety
for canning.
Muir, in season m. September, is a fine yellow peach, of above medium size, of
good flavor, and productive. Promising for market.
Murat, a seedling by C. Engle, is a yellow peach of more than medium size, ripe
e. September; and Pearl, another from the same, with pale flesh of superior flavor,
is ripe Sept. 10. Both are worthy of trial.
Mystery (Yellow) is a very beautiful and excellent variety, ripe Sept. 24. So far
it is comparatively unproductive.
288 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Rivers (Early), ripe August 5, has scarcely an equal as an early peach for both
dessert and market. It is of English origin.
R. S. Stevens is the name under which trees of a yellow variety were received
from a western New York nurseryman for trial. They have now fruited two years
but very sparingly. Not promising.
Salway is an excellent variety when well ripened, but it is too late to be reliable
in this climate.
Steadly, ripe here b. m. October, is apparently a tardy bearer and rather late for
this latitude.
Stevens Rareripe proves so far to be a heavy bearer of fruit of medium weight
and size and good quality. It promises to be profitable. Season, m. e. September.
St. John is somewhat popular as an early yellow variety; ripe here August 19.
Crane’s Early is alleged to be a synonym, but trees received under this latter name
from Allegan county, Michigan, ripened fully three weeks later and are obviously
distinct.
Wonderful, of New Jersey, is quite too late to be useful or valuable here. Its
season in this locality is b. m. October.
Yellow Rareripe is an old variety and there appear to be a number of varieties
deing duty under this name. A variety under this name some fifty years agc was
of fine size and high quality, while the one grown here is of small size and low
quality.
APRICOTS (Armeniaca vulgaris). .
A few of the so-called Russian apricots were planted here in 1888 and still others
in 1890. Several of these have shown bloom from time to time, but have invari-
ably failed to set and mature fruit. The trees also have most of them died from
some not very obvious cause till only a few remain.
Two years ago, trees of the new Harris apricot (a recent New York seedling) were
planied. These have grown finely and remain in apparently perfect health. Bloom
may be expected upon them next season.
Some fifty years ago the writer worked the Breda, and also the Black, apricot
upon plum stocks. These were planted and trained against the south side of a
building, in which situation they bloomed and fruited freely for a series of years,
until their removal became necessary to accommodate building improvements.
Such experience seems to indicate that the failure of this fruit in this climate may
be due to either innate lack of hardiness, or to its habit of very early blooming, one
or both, and point to the need of a sheltered location.
Under the circumstances, the Harris plants will be carefully watched with the
hope that, as a genuine American seedling, it may prove the forerunner of a new
and hardier strain.
They have been treated for insects and fungi in connection with peaches and
plums, to which reference is therefore made.
NECTARINHES (Persica vulgaris).
The nectarine, being closely affiliated with the peach, has been given a place in
the peach plantation and subjected to the same general treatment, although, owing
to its special liability to the attacks of curculio, only a single variety has thus far
been planted.
For treatment, as against insects and fungi, reference is made to the section on
peaches.
Pitmaston Orange is the only named variety thus far planted. This is reputed
to be a vigorous grower, but the plants which were received in 1892 prove to be
persistently feeble, and so far have not even shown bloom, a condition probably
due either to disease or to the unfriendly influence of the stock upon which it was
worked.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 289
GRAPES (Vitis).
The number of varieties of grape how growing upon the Station premises is one
hundred and sixty-seven.
Last spring proved unfortunate for the grape. The earlier part of May was
rather mild, though with occasional paroxysms of cold, dangerously near the freez-
ing point. Yet the young grape wood had made satisfactory growth, and in most
cases the incipient clusters were already formed when, after several threatenings,
© severe frost occurred during the night of May 21 and 22, killing nearly the entire
new foliage and wood, and thus ruining the prospect of a season’s crop of fruit.
The warm weather which followed, however, soon forced new growth from dor-
mant buds, while more or less of the older buds upon the new canes proved to be
so far uninjured that they finally burst into growth. It soon became obvious that
so Many young canes were being started that at least very many were likely to be
too weak to become satisfactory fruiting canes for next season.
To at least partially escape'this danger, a large portion of the weaker canes was
pruned away, the result being the increased growth of those remaining. Still, it
seems possible, if not even probable, that a still better result might have been se-
enred by at once removing all the frosted young wood.
While this subsequent growth has produced a small crop of secondary clusters,
which a very favorable summer and autumn has ripened fairly well, its amount
will scarcely be claimed to have exceeded one tenth, perchance not above one
twentieth, of a full crop.
Aside from this, the relative dates of ripening, as well as the comparative pro-
ductiveness, are, aS an unavoidable result, so seriously disarranged that any at-
tempt to tabulate them seems likely to prove rather misleading than beneficial.
This, therefore, is omitted for the present season.
PLUMS (Prunus).
The plums upon the station grounds, both trees and fruit, have been notably
exempt from attacks of fungi during the year.
Among insects, the curculio has been present as usual, also the rose chafer, the
latter perhaps in somewhat reduced numbers. The cherry slug, though attacking
the cherry, pear, and quince, has not been observed upon the plum this season.
‘The spray of copper sulphate applied while growth was yet dormant, included
the plums. No subsequent applications were found to be needful.
May 29, the crescent mark of the curculio beginning to appear upon the young
fruits, jarring was commenced, and was continued daily with only occasional inter-
missions until June 29, when the insects had become so rare that it seemed no
longer needful.
The same process was adopted against the rose chafer, its season being mainly
coincident with that of the curculio, although more or less hand-picking was found
to be necessary in the case of the chafer.
Plums bloomed from the ist to the 6th of May, and the young fruits were there-
fore yet enclosed in the remains of the calyx during the frost of the 21st and 22d,
which was probably the reason why they escaped the calamity which befell the
grapes on that occasion.
The bloom of many varieties was very profuse, notably that of most of the Jap-
anese varieties, some of which, although hand-thinned while yet small, were still
so borne down by the weight of the fruit when fully grown, that more or less of
them were broken, although carefully supported.
Several of the more heavily laden trees were given a thorough drenching with
water to enable thm to carry through and properly mature their heavy burdens
of fruit during the heat and unprecedented drouth then occurring. This was done
by forming a trench about the tree, filling it with water, and replacing the earth
after the water had been absorbed. This process was repeated once or twice per
week while the necessity continued.
37
290 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PLUMS.
= Q
| é lis
33 (gs
g Name. Species, 3 3 3 28 |e
2 g | os |od
g q ° o ae) 3 9
[=] ss & =) 5- |
z Ay aa) fe Br a
ivieAbundsncese = oo er ee ee Hattan Aug 92s)
Da PAREN ME TINGE seL ot aera en ae aks Domestica.__- 4
3 Aone DER SPE EE a Domestica.. 3
4 .--| Domestica_- 3.-| Aug. 14._.| % i
5 Domestica a2} Aug. 12222) 38 6
6 | Baker prune _- ¢=.|Domestica 72-222 52=2- May 3--
7 y ---| Domestica._ May 1__| b. Oct._--- 1% 6
8 Domestica.- May 1__| Sept. 1..| 1% 4
9 .| Domestica..- ae May 3__
10 Hattan ates esses May 2-_-| Aug. 26___| 2 10
Nie Pbunbanke 2.2223. Ab 2 are ee IHattan’.“22< 22s. er May 1_.| Aug. 9.__| 1 1
ialeburbank)]) oc ee eee soe Mume?2 =e ae May 2_-| Aug. 22.__]| 1% 8
1h Pbarbankel 22520. eee ee Hattanssfi tie. Lie Maya 12) ees ie eee 10
145 Chabots. 28a. a ee ae Hattan ets te ayaoo
foe hOheney2= sss ee eee Americana 222.22 May 3_.| Aug. 15__.| 1 5
TBE |MCOOk Sse oh is F e ak Meee 8 eas ee - ) Hortolanatceee geese May 4__| Aug. 20___| 1 5
iin RC zar tee eerie eee eae ee Domestica .__... -.-._--. 2| May 3__| July 23___| 1 10
TES BYES fo) oye eae oes ak a ee ee eee Americana --2- esses ese May 4__| Aug. 25___} 1 10
19 GH glans See Shes See ee hae Domestica ........-.---- May 2_._| Aug. 6.__| 1 7
AD dieting lobert pees ete ee ot ee Domesticaz2 2S 2 May 3_-| Aug. 24._.| % 9
PAPO) ip Tels bh ea 6 ee aE eg ee Domestica —.__.--..___- May 3-_-.| Aug. 16___} 1 10
2on| orest Garden. 222-5 252es2.ceee eases (Americanaa sts eaneene May 4__| Aug. 22.__] 1 i
AS: | MOrestunOses: (ae. 2 2 Ser eee _.| Hortulana var. Mineri_-_ ay 4__| m.e.Sept.| 1 10
PAT CXAYTIOLG Seek ae ee ee a aS Hortolannes ss eseene ee 1889 | May 6__| m.e. Oct..| % 10
P| el Gi FV] a oe ER ee iDomestical. = ee May 3_-
GH OLN: 14 sees ene fa tee Re Domestica -._........-. May 3__
aie pGoldenvbeautyie-co cence ne neoseen ene iHortolanas eee May 6.-| e. Oct.___- % 1
2S RGTrand DUKG Meshes ak Shieh Domestica —.-......--.- 1890 | May 2_- Bent. 1825493 1
JOWINGueliss oe Seen Seth s Gta Sates ee Domestica —.__.---.---- 1890 | May 38__| Aug. 25.__| 1 1
SON Hawkeye mess 20 a Fear Amoricana 2a ssa 1888 | May 4__| b.m.Sept.] 1 9
Ble | pelunearians (Lows) oes ce sane eee Domestica -_.._.......-- 1888 | May 3__| Aug. 20___} 1 7
SMa Gwell! 2218 sees 6 ees 2 yada te Americana? 2222 see 1890 | May 4__| Aug. 26._.| % 6
BSP else s= eee ee ee ea Hattants-a2 5 eee eee 1890 | May 2_-
SEs ine ston. 22 eee ei a eee Domestics 22-2222 1890 | May 2_.| Sept.18___| 2 3
So) | MOM DATd.s 322. eee eee Tar Leer ee Domestica =-- 2-9 222._2 1890 | May 2__| Aug. 22.__| 1 1
S64) Longe Bruit.) ee eee HM attany ee oes 1890 | May 2-__|} July 18___ % 8
Sia) Maquoketa. 3-22 ee a WAmericands nse sn en cee 1888 | May 5__| Sept.16___| 1 9
88 Bannan peas FC eras ee LS ee Cerasifera Hyb.? ______- 1890 | May 8_.|] Aug. 10___| 1 6
89 | M i atbant 2 2 eee ot ess 1890 | May 1__| Aug. 6-.-.| l 1
40 Domestica)--2——- see ee 1888 | May 8_-| July 31___| 1%4 7
41 Domestica 2222-2 -2= 1890 | May 3_-
42 Hortulana var. Mineri_| 1890 | May 4__|} Sept.19___| 1 9
48 Domestica _- 1888 | May 2_-| Aug. 14__.|___.-- 8
44 Hortulana__ .| 1890 | May 6--| July 26_--. A 8
45 Domestica ..._..._-.---- 1889 | May 8__| Aug. 25._.| % 1
46 Angustifolia ____ 1890 | May 6_-
47 Domestica -__- 1890 | May 3_-| Aug. 25._.| % il
48 Domestica __-- 1890 | May 3_-
49 Hattan- oes re 1890 | May 2_-| July 24__-
50 Momeéstica 2222-22512 22 1888 | May 4_.! Aug. 27.__|.____- 9
51 Myrobalan? ______-.__-- 1889 | May 2--
52 Hortulana var. Mineri-.| 1890 | May 8_-}| Oct. 1__-} 1 9
58 Hathanses. se ene 1890 | May 8__| Aug. 9_.-| 1% 1
54 Angustifolia -__.....___- 1890 | May 6_.| Aug. 17_--.| % 1
55 Americana ..____-_-____- 1888 | May 4-_-_| Sept. 1 1% 8
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 291
PLUMS.—ConoLupDED.
Ba
@mi-
& |83
Ao
; aa [Ee
5 Name. Species. 3 3 3 ba 5 Bo
2 » g =| os |
g aq () co) Wo |so
EI ac 2 ee Sg ley
Zz jon [ea fa en Ay |
bom | Oarabogiees = oo ae ee Domoestica222222 2 1890 | May 3_-| Aug. 24.__| 1% 1
Die | ROACSU IMA moe eee ened oe eek CS eee! Hattanisesse 2a eas 1890 | May 3_-| Aug. 28___ 1
582) (Shipper) (Pride):_-- 22-2222 4222--2 =. Domestica .._____--..--- 1890 | May 3_-| Aug. 19__- 10
SI el Shiro Smomo 22252 een eee Lesa Hatten es ree, 1890 | May 8__| July 28__- 1
60% |" Shropshire: 22 9 eee ie Domestica —__.____-.___- 1890 | May 4_-| Sept. 9...| %]| 10
61S |p Simon 2 ooo eee cece sec cane ates Simoniee 60s ee 1888 | May 1-_-| Aug. 25___| 2 1
Gab Spanishe( King) p= sees Domestica == _ = 1890 | May 3-_-| Aug. 29___| 1 6
Gael VaM Buren: ssi che Sr rl Bee Americana var. Mollis._| 1890 | May 4_-}___________- aos 7
GET PNACtOL IA te 268 es eek Domestica:_= 2 1890 _ May 3_-| Aug. 15.__| 1% 6
Gia ipWangenhoim 22-2 222s Domesticaie 3s. 22224- 1890 | May 4-_-
GGa VOR Venwiesscek foes ee a Americana var. Mollis__| 1890 | May 4-__| Sept. 25___| 1 4
Bia Wolfe. Americana var, ______-- 1888 | May 4__| Aug. 22__- % 10
68) | Wyant. Americana 4__| Sept.18___| 1 5
69 | Yellow Aubert. Domestica _.____---.-_ 3_..| Aug. 27._., 2% 2
GOR USV.O8e 01s mee tee ay ek Ee Hattanie0 Sas eae 1__| July 13..-| % 9
71 | Yosemite Purple-._.._._._...-.-..-..| Americana 4__| Sept. 6.-_| 3-5 )
von | popemiite Vellow2.oo222225- ones ce eee Americana 4__| Sept. 7__- % 9
NOTES RESPECTING SOME OF THE PLUMS FRUITED DURING THB
PAST SHASON.
Huropean or domestica varieties.
Bailey is a variety received in scion from S. S. Bailey of Kent county, Michigan,
without name, and is temporarily designated as above. The fruit is large, yellow,
nearly free, and of excellent quality. The tree is vigorous, of upright habit. Pro-
ductiveness yet undetermined.
Bavay was originally introduced from Belgium as Reine Claude de Bavay. But
that type of high quality among plums, the true Green Gage or Reine Claude, hav-
ing long since preempted both these names, their application to this is sure to
occasion confusion. For this reason, and in the interest of brevity, the word Bavay
(the originator’s name) only is used to designate this variety.
Black Diamond, round; Grand Duke, long oval, and Kingston, of similar form,
are each very large, with dense blue bloom and very showy. The trees are vig-
orous and productive.
Black prune (probably incorrect), Hungarian (?), Merunka, Moldavka, Orel 20,
and Yellow Aubert (received as Dame Albert), are all from Prof. Budd’s Russian
importations. Yellow Aubert promises to be the most valuable of these. So far
nearly all are but moderately productive. :
Czar has only fruited this year upon small trees. The fruit is large and attractive.
Engle, received without name, from C. Engle of Paw Paw, Michigan, is a rather
small yellow plum of good quality. It is understood to be the originator’s purpose
to withhold it on account of its deficient size.
Gueii, Lombard, Naples, and Niagara (as received here), are all very similar so
far as their fruits are concerned, although the trees differ more or less in habit of
growth.
Saratoga is promising as a market plum. Color purplish red, a rare color among
the domesticas. Tree vigorous and productive.
Victoria fruited here for the first time this season. Weight of a specimen, one
and a half ounces; color, red, with yellowish-gray dots; flesh firm, moderately juicy,
nearly sweet, freestone. A market variety.
292 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.’
Native plums.
Few if any of these are desirable in Michigan, except, possibly, in localities in
which unusual hardiness is requisite.
Cheney, De Soto, Hawkeye, Moreman, Robinson, and Rollingstone are among the
most desirable of these so far as quality and reasonable productiveness are con-
cerned.
Cook (Fay.), Forest Garden, Forest Rose, Nicholas (white), and Prairie Flower
have so far proved only moderately productive.
Garfield is very vigorous, very late, and exceedingly unproductive. It is value-
less here.
Golden Beauty is exceedingly vigorous and enormously productive. The clusters
of fruit are very beautiful, but too late to acquire even tolerable flavor within our
season.
Jewell, Makquoketa, Van Buren, Weaver, Wolf, Wyant, Yosemite Purple, and
Yosemite Yellow, so far are neither sufficiently productive nor otherwise desirable
for this region, so far as tested here.
Oriental or Japanese plums.
Abundance is an objectionable name apparently chosen for purposes of trade.
Its adoption can only be justified by the fact that it applies to one of the two varie-
ties originally introduced to our country as Botan. In common with several other
Oriental varieties, although of only medium size and quality, it is so enormously
productive that, unless severely thinned, the tree will surely ruin itself by overbear-
ing. Ripe b. August, and continues a long time.
Burbank is similar to the foregoing in habit of growth, though more spreading,
the fruit larger and of better quality, and ripening later. It promises to be pro-
ductive.
Burbank 2 is much like Abundance, equally productive, and ripens about the
same time.
Burbank 11 is of finer flavor, larger size, and ripens later, but is less productive.
In both tree and fruit it gives indications of a possible admixture of domestica
blood.
Long-Fruited.—Trees received under this name are so far comparatively unpro-
ductive, the fruit small and round, ripening July 15. It is perhaps spurious.
Maru and Shiro Smomo are quite similar in most respects, though the latter dif-
fers in flavor and ripens a few days later. Both are enormously productive. Their
fruit is similar to Abundance in general appearance.
Ogon has pale yellow fruit, slightly larger than the foregoing, but lower in quality.
It is similarly productive and ripens about the same time.
Red Nagate is abundantly productive, and the fruit larger and of higher quality
than is the case with most others of its class tested here. It ripens the lasc of
August.
Satsuma is an oddity among plums. When fully ripe, both skin and pulp are
very dark purple. Weight of fruits, two ounces. This, as well as most others of
this class, keep unusually well after ripening.
Yosebe is the earliest plum with which we are acquainted, ripening here this
season July 13. Its size is rather small, and quality only passable. So far it is a
thin bearer.
Simon (quoted in catalogues as Prunus Simoni) is not recognized as belonging to
either of the foregoing classes. The tree is a fine grower and very productive, and
the fruit large and beautiful, but nearly or quite worthless, so far as quality is
concerned.
Pissard (Prunus Pissardi) is only desirable as a novelty on account of the dark
purple color of its foliage.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 293
PEARS (Pyrus communis).
This second year of excessive drouth has proved even more severe than the pre-
ceding one, while even during the intervening dormant period the supply of moist-
ure was by no means adequate. This deficiency must be supposed, at least to
some extent, to have affected both wood and fruit growth. Quite possibly, during
both seasons, it partially prevented the development of fruit buds and thus partially
or wholly delayed the fruiting of some varieties. Be this as it may, the trees have
continued in a healthy and vigorous condition, and a considerable number of varie-
ties have matured more or less fruit.
There have been no fungous attacks upon pear trees except in the case of two
trees of Vicar, in which the blight of last year compelled their entire removal last
spring, together with one or two adjacent trees, the disease in which was not dis-
covered until the planting season last spring.
The larvz of the codlin moth were so effectually subdued by the sprays applied
to the first brood that a treatment for a second brood was deemed unuecessary;
but, too late, it became obvious that either the remaining progeny of the first brood
or an immigration from outside had sufficed to largely colonize the scattered prod-
uct of the newly fruiting trees.
The slug (Eriocampa cerasi) appeared upon the pear at the usual season, but
yielded readily to the usual spray of tobacco decoction.
The three or four trees which were supposed to have been overlooked in the pre-
liminary spray of the spring of 1894, and which apparently for that reason were
afflicted last season with scab (Fusicladium dendriticum) were, together with the
entire plantation, thoroughly treated, April 1 to 6, with the strong copper sulphate
solution, with very satisfactory results.
May 3 and 4, a second treatment was applied, using a solution of one pound of
copper sulphate in 250 gallons of water.
May 20, a spray was applied, consisting of four pounds of copper sulphate, nine
pounds of lime, and two and one half ounces of Paris green in forty gallons of
water.
June 1, the above was repeated as a remedy for the codlin moth.
June 24, the slug having appeared, they were treated with a strong dose of
tobacco water, which was thoroughly effective.
The following table includes such varieties of pear as have shown bloom and
fruit, one or both, during the current year.
294 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
PEARS (Pyrus communis),
asl nel
5 aS
& lq |s-
q
sal? [ES
gi Name. ae z 3 IG ie So
2 £ 8 I 48 |5s|\5¢
=| 8 @ wo he i 8
| & = iy S| 59 be |
A 4 e) a Er lor la,
LelpAnwouleme 2ete~ 22s ee ee eee ee ee ee es 1891 | May 8__| Oct.-Nov._| 12 5} 10
2 PAT JOU ees eee ean ene enn SS Saar os 2a ee 1888 | May 4_.| Oct -Nov._| 5 4 9
UF WANISH OG ee te Lae Tat eA ee ee a ee 1889 | May 4__| b.m. Sept. 8 3
At Barryiee se te ee Ue Weer. SRS Sele ST Ree ee Bee 1892 | May 5_-
Dial WBANCLOtU ease ote cee ee nee ee ee Oe ee 1891 | May 5_.| b.m.Sept.| 6% 5 9
Ga|\*Bessemian ka’, (508). 24 Je Sear Re aes Ee ee 1888 | May 4__
aI Bloodeood <= Akt Be ee ee: ae ee a Si 1888 | May 8__| Aug. 3_-..| 38% 8 6
SoC Air gean =< 9-0 2 0S 8 ee ea oa A ee ne? AA 1891 | May 4_-
ORIEClapp CHEV: ) 22. usten eee ae ane a Mace har eee ae 1888 | May 4__|eAug-bSept) 7 4 8
1052 omice\(Doyenne dt) ie es a ae eee 1891 | May 4__| Oct.-Nov._| 4 2 8
LE RC ONGTES | SOUV,.) Joc sete ee oa eee een oee 1890 | May 5_-
LAMP ANA EH OVOY eee re ne ee eee eee ante SRNL? Da eremenS INOVa2cooe ee 1 7
133)" Duhamel. ee To ee a ees el PSR biSept. ses a7 2.3
14 | Early Duchesse 2
OMIM tawatere ee ee een e ce Fete eee een Se eee
Gil (Gakovek:i(347)s2u2 «ea tend Peta ease pt on ee heb b. Aug.__-- 8 7} 10
7a aGittardy cos o0t ee hee VEE eee es nee eee eek OE dna 42 b. Aug.2--2| 4 2 7
18 420m, Noven-_ || 4 4 4
19 m.e. Sept.| 7 3.4 4
20 6; Octei.= 4 2.3 9
21 m.e. Sept.| 4 7.8 8
22 | Lawrence __-_.__ i Nov.-Dec._| 5 2.3 7
28 | Louise (Jersey)
24 | Lucrative_____- 2 b. m.Sept.} 5% 2 1
Oo JEM argarotinsie: 8282 ce os an 9 PP se ot July 25_-..| 2 4 4
COM MMe tiie te ee ee Sn ie es es Ce
27 | Mount Vernon eet OOIa Maye 4s |2o- === sees 8
OSA ROmeren uss ak Fe ae se aa a eres ENC ye Oct.-Dec.-_| 11 4.5
29¢)MBitmastoniss see ie. eet Re ee Ae el
CMa [lhe Sc} Gas | ea CaS GI hg ahs OL nS 2) ae Si ee tT Winter_-_-..| 12 10| 10
Sie ecdor. 60 25s A ee eee m. Oct._--. 7 2.3 1
924 (PRostiezer=-2 2 258 en ee I ee Aug. 18___| 8 1 6
Bd a PRUICGON soe te an ae eee ee nt een ee nee Bees co Panes See
GAM tSeckells. 22 ahs oe re an Se Ee ee May 4.) 22 52222 on ees [noe 8
35m Summer Doyenne ses sete ho ee PN ee ee 1888 | May 4_.| July 18___| 1 5 8
SOR MWIChOriNng ewe knw ee seen ome Deeemnee es ewe Neve 1888 | May 3__| Aug. 12._.| 4% |89| 7
STM MWaAntor Noliay cot serene ed Na he de es SR | 1888 | May 5__| Oct.-Dec._| 7% | Mle
Angouleme (usually known as Duchess) is reputed to be only desirable as a
dwarf, for which purpose it is doubtless one of the best. It may, however, be
doubtful whether this assumption is not due quite as much to the preference of
nurserymen for this method of propagation as to any actual advantage of dwarfs
over trees grown upon free stocks. The experience of the writer, both at this
station and elsewhere, is quite in favor of the latter.
Anjou, though reputed to be a tardy bearer, has this year produced a few good
specimens upon trees planted as yearlings in 1888, branched low and managed
as dwarf standards.
Ansault (Bonne de Puits Ansault) is an early-bearing, very prolific variety, and
the fruit of fine size, though of only moderate quality.
Bloodgood, an old variety, is an early and profuse bearer, fruit of good size
and finely flavored, ripening early in August.
Clapp (Favorite) ripened in advance of Bartlett. It is large, beautiful, and good,
but must be picked early to prevent rotting at the core.
Dana Hovey is small but excellent, and the tree very satisfactory. It is one of
the very finest early winter pears for the home plantation.
Comice (Doyenne du Comice) is a large and excellent pear, which was received
and planted in 1891, as Howell, to which it is far superior in both size and
quality:
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 295
Gakovsk, Kurskaya, Bessemianka, and Victorina are from Prof. Budd’s impor-
tations from eastern Europe. None of them compare favorably with our well-
known varieties of similar season.
Giffard, an early August pear of high quality, is admirably adapted to use in the
plantations of critical lovers of this fruit.
Gray Doyenne is an old and excellent amateur pear, ripening in October and
November. It is now rarely planted.
Howell is well known as a desirable market pear for late September.
Jones is a scarcely medium-size pear, of very good quality, ripening in October
and November.
Lawrence has many desirable qualities of both tree and fruit, which render
it desirable as an early winter market variety.
Lucrative is an old and excellent pear which every lover of this fruit should
plant for home use. With better color it would doubtless be valued as a market
fruit also.
Margaret._Several varieties have been received and fruited under this name.
Further trial is needful to determine the identity of each. A small, very early one
is of fair quality and very productive.
Mount Vernon.—Two varieties have been received and fruited under this name,
and further trial is needful to properly determine their identity.
Ogereau, a large pear, season November and December, is a vigorous grower
and an early bearer. Worthy of trial for market.
Pound is a very old variety, very large, but only valuable for show and for the
kitchen.
Reeder (Dr. Reeder) is a fruit weighing seven ounces, of high quality, keeping
through November. The tree is thrifty and so far an early and abundant bearer.
Rostiezer is an old Huropean variety, weighing only three ounces, not
attractive appearance, but of exquisite flavor. Season, August. Tree, vigorous,
very spreading, requires severe cutting back to produce a satisfactory head.
Seckel is well known for its exquisite flavor. Its diminutive size is its chief
drawback, which, however, is compensated by its productiveness. The tree is
healthy and remarkably free from blight.
Summer Doyenne (Doyenne d’EHte) is the earliest reasonably good pear.
Although of diminutive size, this is compensated by its productiveness. The tree
is vigorous and healthy.
Winter Nelis ranks among winter pears as does Seckel among the summer and
autumn varieties, as the type of high quality. The tree is of a straggling, irregu-
lar habit, and doubtless for that reason is not popular with nurserymen, who usu-
ally double-work it.
APPLES (Pyrus malus).
Apples, in common with other fruit trees, have made satisfactory growths, not-
withstanding the prevailing drouth, and a very considerable number of varieties
have shown more or less fruit.
Whether due to the spray applied April 1 to 6, or otherwise, no fungi have been
discovered attacking either trees or fruit during the season, and the only insect
noted was the second brood of codlin moth larve, the appearance of which had not
been anticipated, as the first brood had been conspicuous by their absence.
Following the general spray of April 1 to 6: May 3 to 4, apples were sprayed
to prevent scab, with a solution of one pound of copper sulphate in 250 gallons
of water; May 20 they were again sprayed, this time with Bordeaux mixture con-
sisting of four pounds of copper sulphate, nine pounds of stone lime, and two
and one fourth ounces of Paris green in forty gallons of water; June 1, the spray
was repeated, using the same mixture.
Further treatment should doubtless have been applied to destroy the second
brood of codlin moth larve, but the apparently thorough destruction of the early
brood had left the conviction that no second brood need be expected, and this
error was not discovered till too late for remedy.
The following table includes the varieties which have bloomed and fruited, one
or both, during the current season.
Under the head of productiveness the results of the current year only are given.
The word crab attached to a name is not to be understood as any part of such
name.
In grading as to quality, crabs are compared with crabs only.
296
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
APPLES (Pyrus malus).
» £ |
| - ®
a = pe
“|g [gs
i ; 3 3 og; ‘Zs
_
F Bol og E 28) ey lee
q i) © Ee) | 3
5 2| & = 3a | 8s (28
Z Ay or) S EF“ |o7 |a®
1 Buen (crab)
2] Ba 5 6 5.6 a
3 Bere 9 8% 8.4 9
4 | Batullen 6
5 | Blue Anis 6 5% 45] 10
Gr BBorovinks pose oe oe ae oat ee See eens ance 1888 | May 4__| Aug, 7___.- 5 3
laa @Boughes seo oo eRe ee eRe een Pe eee seat 1888 | May 6__| Aug. 12___.. 6% 3.4 8
BHlubradford): (25220) Se Bie Pen ee 1890 | May 6_-
peliCarloug hts 2 92-ae0 Bea SEA See ie Sel en es 1889 | May 8__
NOME Chena g Olt =o ane ee eee eee 1888 | May 7_.| Aug. 13___-. 6 8] 10
MS Come well ee atl te fat 1888 | May 6_-
NA RCOltOn nese eon ie kee 2) ae ean ee kes 1888 | May 4__| July 22____. 6 4 7
LS mE COrnel leaks re Ree Soe eee Pee ae ee eae 1890 | May 5-_-| b.Sept..___- 6 3.4 2
RATA re ING ote See ee gE gS ae ey he Se ed 1888 | May 7_-
LESS NY Of Ti bh hy SS Ee A ee Pa eae ae RT ERY OE ee a 1890 | May 6__
16 | Dartmouth Stay ee BS aE A iiss aS he 1890 | May 5_-| Sept. 1____- 2 1 2
17 pees es eee eT. Seer ee i eas eS eee ee 1889 | May 7_-
NSS PD yor secre eee ee ie ee ee 1888 | May 6__
19 Barly aie tase Ae La S gt Sele REBT Sp LS LE SAAT 1888 | May 7_-
20 3| Bey ptians aoe ess ee te eee ee ate tee eae SRE 1888 | May 8_-
aly|GExcelstor:(crab) ic. ===-.-5= scse se een oe be eee se ese 1890 | May 5__| Aug, 24____- 6 4 7
22 Hee! PID DING es be ok. ee ee Se BI 1888 | May 7-_-
Oe ekN Ramen ee A ge re ee 1892 | May 7_-
24 See (crab) P2255: yee = ei ee eee ea 1890 | May 4_.| Aug. 10.... | 1% 5.6 1
COD PM loshin gees 2 en Sak cee a eae pn ee a 1888 | May 8_-
Vaid Fre (GEGNE (0) osteo ee ee een Oe ee eee 1890 | May 6__| Sept. 16____- 10% 5 7
27 Ganipn Oval <2! = 2 hea Be ees 1888 | May 8_-
Aon AGHDDICCraD) ceca ae eee cents eee nae 1892 | May 4__| Aug. 15____- 2% 2 5
20s BO IMOOMe te tens ae EP AS OPERONS ALE IEE Pee 1890 | May 5__} Sept. 1.__-. 6% 5 7
SOR NGloewe es 2 ss hae UE ere Be Ea a 1888 | May 6__
ala |}Goldensheinette,.22- 22-02) 5a - ean eee nee cats 1888 | May 5_-
don GoldeneRusset) (Ni) ee oe eee ieee ee ee a 1&88 | May 5_-| Dec.-Mar._.| 5% 8 7
BSim| SB GPIMOB; soon) see ee tee ne Re oe 1890 | May 5_-_| Dec.-Mar._-_| 8 2.8 7
AT Gros yet ee ese ae Ee a ee ee 1890 | May 6_-
35
86
Sia
38
89 | L :
40
Aiea | tO Orig: eo. fe) Sok nats Shs Dene ee Se Ee sete le See EL 1888 | May 5__| b.Sept.-_._- 1% 2 6
smiled Ollyx(Grab))=2 2... cess s ce See ee eae eee eee eee 1890 | May 5__| b. m. Sept.— 5 5
AGE FLOTEOS IS WeObs 62. co ate eh ei eee 1888 | May 5__| b plMecae 6 2 4
APS POAT AN foe 2 Bee Ser SE BA ee eae ae 1888 | May 6__| Nov.-Mar.__| 5 2 6
Ah IN Wen wits ts [io aio ens Oe 1 bie ee nee et 1888 | May 5__| Aug. -Sept.._| 6 6 1
MOR PGE W OR ere a te ns 2 tk SA Se tee Rae Ae a 1890 | May 7__| Jan.-May --| 7 8.7 6
BET PO LOG sete e ee eRe ES | TPE, PERE aS ie 1892 | May 5__| Sept. 14___-- 7 5 8
SSR NOUNCED) eeton ee ase i es TR AR 222718900] Mayieb.9|Aug sa 6-2--- 6% 5 9
AOR | RIGO Wwe) pe een ee on ee a ee ee ee 1888 | May 6__| Aug. 19____- 10 8.4 2
pel ro ae ae ak RET PEO | A800 | Maly "Fos| ete tatane 6
Bia) Maiden. Blush 238) ase fa ede a ee 1888 | May 5_-
boc ablarmalados «seo ene ee er ea RENE es Se 1888 | May 8-_-
53) Martha (crab) poe noes eee ee eee 1890 | May 6__| b. Sept.___- -| 2% 1.2 3
B4s |; Mason Oranges kee teste se eh eee 1890 ea WNOVere et ce sls 5.6 | 10
65 ¢l| eidiakler ts eevie aes OLE St ee ar ee 1892 | May 5_-| Jan.-Mar.__| 9 6.8 | 10
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 297
APPLES.—ConoLupeED.
2 /2 |
5 = a
= >) a
“ |¢d las
- ° i?)
A Name, as x) 3 , Ie8
3 Bae 3 [28/4 ie
g | 2) 8 wo | Ss 34
Ee cs ° =) 3q| ds /e8
Zz Ay roa a a ga a s
BORING eaten 2 reson Rie eee oe ee ee ook SED EE 1890 | May 5_-
Bum IN Orthitiel ol stie ees ees ee cee eB ie ee ee 1890 | May 5_-
DSRIINOSOPNG Wie eee tent nae nae Ei oe ee 1890 | May 7__| Aug. 31____- 8 4 8
HOR MOskland es. seeee kee: Diets Cee See eke 1888 | May 5__| Nov.-Mar...| 5% 4{] 10
60s |ROctober teste eae ie eas ee ed 1890 | May 5__| Sept.-Oct. | 5 8.5 5
Gis MOntariome tae ee ere see nen Soe 1890 | May 6__| Jan.-April_.| 9 8.5 Z
62n|h Becks (Pleasant)? ieee ee 1888 | May 8_.
632|)Peter = —-.2- 5. 1890 | May 5_-| b.Sept._._..| 10 3.4 3
64 | Pickett_____ 1888 | May 8_-_
GCoulENOl SCUM Diente tec Sr AEE aS Ee 1892 | May 6_.
GORE riniatan ees iris Serres ps2 hte ei ee Je De 1888 | May 5_-| July 20____- 8 2 3
CicipBryor- Red Seedlings te) = aol ee ee a 1888 | May 8__
68 | Pyrus malus, rosea plena____..--._.-.-_-..---_-___--- 1892 | May 8__
69 AK pre ee A erie ee OE oe ee ee
70 TDG ee ee ee RE 2 ES ee EB ae Bee
Fl | ERE GUA TONG ease ey ee terete ee tee b. m. Sept._| 11% 5 q
Ren led Astrachany a2 hiie May oI PEs Rise PN Te is Augity ives: 6% 4.6 5
WO MEEVOCS CATIA fers ee ee OD Pee nae bes ee te! .-| Jan.-May __| 6 2.3 8
Wan | eEeG uot mer ons ams Sess ka Fee bs Sept. 22 1% 5 7
iOFMEOOE RUBRUM tee ate Rete neete a steer
OtlmROlLGl Golden! 22-2 ee 2s he Aug. 92.203 5 5 7
Nag RUOGS alae sent serene eee Sr oer e 20 ee eee Nov.-Feb.__| 10% 2.8 | 10
iSn MROsen HAgOrs Siee ete RE IAS Rae Oh ea one eer m. e. Sept.__}| 12 4.5) 10
10} MEROX DIP) eee hs St eee eed St ed ies 2 TE EL ers Jan.-June__| 6 3.4 8
SON SSlOme es eee ars See Re oe te ee we
BiG |P Scarlet Cranberry: sess) eee fer ca
Soa ShAC klOrorde sets am tii Seah OL hI ys oh) we a es
SOUS HORI L eee et ee ete meee a es RE ee ee aa Pee
Si lemokehouse re — ene cae s eee es es 2 Eee |
85 Aug. 19_____ 3% 2 10
ea 2 pe eae ae ee Se TN een 9 Jan.-May __| 8 7.8 2
NI rlny lds ib) ELC SR LL ios MCE Eee aR aaa iD
89) |eSnummenr) Pearmaint 322 see eet. Bes he Fo es b. Sept.____- 5% 1 8
00) | Summer Rosess essen ee ne ee ee Le Aug ses 4 2 10
OTe ee Dhornton ste! ss sie es eae eee oe SA See a
Om ey DI COVKA) = 7215. ce ak ate ee ee a ee ee Ee Ses ‘Auge ibs222= 9 4.6 4
a Nov.-April__| 6 3.4 )
95 Aue oles 2 5 7
96 Sept.-Oct.__| 934 |_____- 10
97 Oct.-Nov....| 6 5 9
98 Sept. __ it 5
99 Aug. 20 8
100 | Yellow Transparent . July 22 5
10s Zolotoreiie 2 Se
298 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
It should be understood that the fruit trees at this Station are yet young, many
of the apple trees bearing their first crop of fruit this year, and that for this rea-
son the results noted may be modified as they come more fully into bearing.
Babbitt comes to us from Missouri. Little can yet be said respecting it from
actual experience here. If valuable here it will probably be on account of color
or productiveness rather than for superior quality.
Barty is a sweet apple whose first specimens here weigh eight and one half
ounces. In quality it grades 8 to 4, one being the highest. Should it prove pro-
ductive it may rank as a desirable market variety.
Blue Anis, Longfield, Red Dettmer, Rosenhager, Titovka, and Winter Streifling
are all of reputed Russian origin. Nearly all are of the J. L. Budd importation,
very subject to blight in the northwest, and most of them ripening in winter only
at the extreme north. So far they have been free from blight here, but nearly
all ripen in August and early September.
Borovinka is also one of the Budd importations. If not identical with Olden-
burg it so closely resembles it both in tree and fruit that it is difficult to distin-
guish the one from the other.
Bough, generally known as Sweet Bough, is our earliest good sweet apple. Its
chief fault is that it is a thin bearer.
Chenango is well and favorably known as one of the numerous group of “‘straw-
berry” apples. When well grown it has few superiors as a dessert or family
apple. It is also esteemed for a near market.
Colton is a comparatively new variety. Here, so far, it proves to be an early
and prolific bearer, specimens weighing six ounces and ripening the latter half
of July; quality 4, of the scale 1 to 10. Desirable for both home use and market.
Cornell originated in Pennsylvania, and is successful in Michigan. Its most
serious fault is ripening in early September, when even the best apples are at a
discount, as compared with the more delicate peach and plum.
Dartmouth, Excelsior, Florence, Gibb, Jelly, Lou, Martha, No. 2 New, and Tran-
scendent are all crabs of the Pyrus baccata type, ripening in August and early
September, varying more or less in quality, but ali possessing the distinctive flavor
of the species.
Gano has ripened its first crop of fruit here this season. The specimens are
beautifully colored, weighing ten and one half ounces, and ripening September 16.
It will rank as a market fruit if sufficiently productive.
Gideon, October, and Peter are all seedlings by Peter M. Gideon of Minnesota,
as is also Wealthy. All are very hardy and adapted to the extreme northern
climate. They are claimed to be partially or wholly of crab parentage.
Golden Russett (N. Y.) is too well known to require either description or char-
acterization. It lacks size, unless with good and rich cultivation, and must be kept
in tight packages to prevent shriveling.
Grimes (Golden) is reputed to have originated in Virginia. It is one of the very
few varieties which maintain their quality when grown at the north.
Jeffers is a native of Pennsylvania. It has few if any superiors as a beautiful
and excellent dessert fruit, for late August and early September. Specimens grown
here this year weighed seven and one half ounces.
Jersey Sweet is perhaps the very best sweet dessert and baking apple for early
September.
Jonathan is generally popular as a beautiful and excellent mid-winter apple,
for either dessert or market. Its chief defect for the market is lack of size, well-
grown specimens weighing scarcely more than five ounces.
Keswick (Codlin) is one of the very best and most productive culinary apples.
Too acid for other uses, it cooks well even when half grown.
Lawyer is a long keeper, of supposed western origin, of mild: subacid flavor,
ranking as low as 6 or 7 in the scale of 1 to 10. Tree vigorous and hardy.
Lowell is an old variety, ripe in early September. It is of fine appearance and
very productive. Weight, ten ounces. It is doubtless less popular on account of
the wealth of the more delicate fruits contemporaneous with it.
Magog (Red Streak) is a western variety valued especially for its hardiness. It
is not yet sufficiently tested here.
Mason Orange, received from Kansas, ripe here November to probably January
or February, weight eight ounces, is a roundish or slightly oblate, irregular fruit,
yellow, with a faint brownish blush; flavor, mild subacid; tree vigorous, spreading,
needs further trial here.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 299
Minekler is an old variety, grown mostly at the west, season January to March,
weight nine ounces, quality low, 6 to 8, tree vigorous, spreading.
Oakland is known in some localities as Oakland Co. Seeknofurther. It ripens
here in September but is said to be a winter keeper. Weight five and one half
ounces; color, yellow, blushed and striped with two shades of red; flavor, mild
subacid; quality 3 to 4; growth of tree slender, spreading.
Ontario, originated by the late Charles Arnold of Paris, Ontario, is a cross
between Northern Spy and Wagener. The fruit is in season from January to
April. Weight, nine ounces; color, pale yellow, with a bright red cheek; flesh,
tender, juicy, sub-acid; quality, 3 to 5; tree vigorous, upright, spreading, an early
bearer.
Primate is well and favorably known as one of the very best summer dessert
apples, ripening in succession through a considerable period. The fruits when
large are sometimes water-cored.
Red Aport is one of Prof. Budd’s Russian importations. Its weight is eleven and
one half ounces, season b. m. September. In form, color, and quality it is much
like the well known Alexander.
Red Astrachan is too well known as a leading summer market and culinary
apple to require description. It ripened here this season August 1; weight, six
and one half ounces.
Red Canada is the apple so long and favorably known in the markets of Detroit
and Chicago as Steele’s Red. In some soils and localities it is inclined to scab
and crack. It is a slender grower and should always be top grafted on vigorous
stocks. Season, January to May; weight, six ounces.
Reid Golden comes to us from New Jersey without a history. It ripens here
August 9; weight, five ounces; form, oblate; color, dark, rich red on a yellow
‘ground; flesh, white with red stains next the skin; quality, 5. A culinary fruit.
Rhode Island Greening is universally prized at the north and east as a leading
winter apple; in season here from November to February or March; weight, ten
and one half ounces. Further south it becomes an autumn fruit.
Roxbury Russett, long known and prized as a superior, long-keeping, culinary
market apple; in season from January to June; weight, six ounces. It is open to
the objection that the tree lacks hardiness at the west.
Somerset (N. Y.) ripened August 19, weighing three and one half ounces. The
fruit is conical and not attractive in appearance but sprightly, high-flavored, and
rich; quality, 2; tree an upright grower and an early bearer.
Stark hails from Ohio. It is a long-keeping, winter apple. Weight, eight ounces;
quality as low as 7 or 8; tree very vigorous, hardy, and productive. A market
apple.
Summer Pearmain is a beautiful and excellent fruit for the home plantation,
ripe early in September; weight, five ounces. Unfortunately the fruit is liable to
scab and crack. The tree is hardy, but of scarcely medium vigor. It requires
good, rich culture.
Summer Rose is a beautiful and excellent little fruit for the home garden; ripe
early in August; weight, four ounces; quality, 2. The tree is moderately vigor-
ous and very productive.
Tolman is a long-keeping, winter, sweet apple; weight, four ounces; tree, very
hardy; generally popular.
Washington (Strawberry), ripe in September and October. Weight, nine and
one half ounces. Is a roundish oblate, yellow apple, splashed and mottled with
rich red; flesh a little coarse; tender, juicy, brisk, sub-acid. Culinary, market.
Water, ripe October and November; weight, six ounces; quality, 5; is a culinary
variety; so far only moderately productive.
Yellow Transparent is reported to be of Russian origin; ripe July 22, weight,
five ounces. The fruits are usually free from imperfection and of even size; color,
pale yellow; flesh, a little coarse, white, tender, juicy, acid; culinary. Tree vig-
orous, upright, very productive.
QUINCES (Cydonia).
No indications of fungi have been observed during the past season.
The only insect attacks demanding attention have been those of the slug (Erio-
campa cerasi) to subdue which a single spray of strong tobacco water proved
sufficient.
300 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Quinces have fruited much less freely than usual the past season, due appar-
ently to the frost of the morning of May 21, at which time the plants were in
bloom.
Quality being a somewhat variable characteristic, dependent upon peculiarity
of the season, and the more or less perfect. development of the fruit, the grading
given in the following table will be liable to modification in other and more favor-
able seasons.
QUINCES (Cydonia).
2 |8
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7 A A ee Elo {a
BNI WAT Reece eee 3 BE ee oes ie oe ae Oe 1891 | May 11 / b.m. Oct.__| 5% 1 8
DrIRC HAM DION 23 0 ee at a ee ean eee ee 1888 | May 16 | m.e. Oct..__| 9 1 2
Salon Or es 2 aoe D5 eee a 1891 | May 18
AV MeGch 225.45 sae Fs Pee 9) rae Pe 1888 | May 15 | b.m. Oct._-| 7% 1 6
5 Missouri (Mam s) oS eS ea eae eee 1890 | May 10] b.m. Oct.__| 9 1 7
GAIROran pe <-ise Sree Swe si atm Na PER Oy Ate SET ae 1888 | May 10 | e. Sept.____- 12% 1 4
7 POE rs ae EN ee Ne RN Tr Sle a SU Te ey Meret ENG 1835 | May 10 | e. eae iy oe Oct, 9% 1 7
Silvan Doman is) 0s set ecto Naty ls A Coen Se Te 1895 | May 18
Alaska, as the name may be supposed to indicate, is alleged to be especially hardy.
As yet it is but imperfectly tested here.
Champion is an early and prolific bearer, but ripens rather late for this latitude,
especially in unfavorable seasons.
Meech so far has in no sense shown itself superior to older, well-known varieties.
Missouri (Mam.), as tested here, differs but slightly, if at all, from the old well-
known Orange quince, which still is without an equal, everything considered.
NUTS.
Almonds (Amygdalus communis) are represented here by Luelling, a hard-shell
variety, and also by one received as Soft-shell, neither of which has yet shown
fruit.
Chestnuts (Castanea). Hathaway bloomed July 12, and Ridgley and Numbo
each produced catkins but neither of them produced fruit.
Paragon has produced a heavy crop of nuts, which were smaller than usual,
probably by reason of the severe drouth. It bloomed July 1 and ripened in
advance of frost.
Spanish chestnut also bloomed and ripened at the above dates.
Kentish Cob Vilbert has produced catkins the past two years, but has not yet
shown fruit.
Japan Walnut (Juglans Seiboldii), bloomed July 11, but the young germs were
badly injured by frost so that only a very few survived, which matured and
dropped with the first killing frost.
ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis).
Three varieties of asparagus, Barr, Conover, and Palmetto, have been on trial
since 1890, of which Palmetto has been found the most desirable. A more recent
variety, the Columbian Mammoth White, of which seed was planted in 1894, is
promising, but requires another year or two for a complete test.
RHUBARB (Rheum raponticum).
In out-of-door culture, none of the so-called early varieties tested here have
proved perceptibly earlier than Linnzeus, which still maintains a leading position.
A new variety received two years ago from S. S. Bailey of Kent county, is of
large size and excellent quality, with distinct dark-green foliage. It is worthy
of extensive trial.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 301
EXPERIMENTS WITH FERTILIZERS.
Quantities of several commercial fertilizers having been supplied, the five rows
of grapes in the northeast block, planted in 1888, and trained upon a four-wire,
horizontal trellis, fifty plants in each row, were divided into sections, each extend-
ing across the entire five rows, and applications of fertilizers made as follows:
The growth of plants in the sections not fertilized is assumed to be medium, or
5, in the scale 1 to 10, 1 being the maximum. The crop of fruit being exceedingly
light, owing to a killing frost in May last, is not taken into the account.
é A
Folio é
|) ae tD
S ow Fertilizers applied. Ga
® ° °
a =
AO alBNone aoe. et Oe ae Ee eee 5 ae sehen ck lt oe A Sd eet ee eee 5
2 90) | 'Ground bone. 1a lbs: muriatelof potash. (D6 .s2 26. aces ae ee eee eee een ee aan ee 4
83 QOAEINGR Gms soe tte eee ta es Se fe aren So eRe eR 2 be Be SS ee Se 5
4 20 |) Michigan Carbon Works fruit grower, 25 Ibs..-.---..-.---.__-.----.--.2..--.-2-. -=-==-- 8
5 OUI Orn ape ee ae an ts a ad a al ke EB Sa Be eas Sete hs 5
6 20 | Ground bone, 15 lbs. ; muriate of potash, 7 lbs.; nitrate of soda, 3 lbs._____..----------- 8
7 MO eNomersee sas se en a AE ee Bp ha ae eee eee scones 5
8 20):)) E.wo!lone-horse| loads stable: manure: -- 352 - . oe sok ee A oe ae See ee ee en ecees 3
9 OMEN rien oe ae te a egestas ed 0S Es at Fa Ba Ee ARE Nes Py le Nl LE i AR 5
10 20%| Ground) bone; 15)lbs;;mpriate of potash lbss2. 2522 sae eet eee ees ee eee 2
ll TAEYCTE AUS GS cs ee a at RE PE ces A Ia oe a NCAP plete Rial Ua ee ae 5
12 20 | Michigan Carbon Works fruit grower, 25 lbs..............._.....-..---1--------------.. 2
18 PDL ED 0) 0Vs ee = Sa Bee Un ayl elel Seah he a Ba SE, 3 eR nN RS oA 8 Oe Ae Rie be Pal a oe ee 5
14 20 | Ground bone, 15 lbs ; muriate of potash, 7 lbs.; nitrate of soda, 3 lbs.___.______-_------ 8
16 10 |Mich. Carbon Works fruit grower, 9% lbs.; ground bone, 5 lbs.; muriate of potash,5 lbs. 2
SoutH Haven, Micu., TPN @ING
January 1, 1896.
FRUIMS AT IRE AGRICULTURAL COLERGm:
Bulletin No. 130, February, 1896.
L. R. TAFT AND H. P. GLADDEN.
STRAWBERRIBES.
The soil upon which the strawberries were grown is a sandy loam in which is
considerable clay. Some portions have much more clay than other parts of the
field. Under much the larger portion, at a depth of from one and a half to two
feet, is a heavy clay subsoil. Some parts of the field rest upon quicksand which
often comes within a few feet of the surface. A good application of stable manure
was given and the land plowed the fall before the plants were set. The summer
of 1894 was unfavorable for the plants to make a good growth for the fruiting
season of 1895. The frequent rains occurring in the early part of year gave the
plants a good start, but the protracted drouth of summer and fall prevented the
formation of runners and in many cases killed the plants first set. The field was
cultivated frequently during the season and was free from weeds. After freezing
weather came on the plants were quite heavily mulched with marsh hay. In the
spring this was removed from above the plants and placed between the rows.
This mulch was utilized to cover the plants when frost was expected. For sev-
eral days, after the blossoms had appeared, the plants were covered with the
mulch and protected from frosts.. This was removed when danger was thought
to be passed. An unexpected freezing came when many sorts were in full bloom,
and the blossoms of many varieties were almost entirely killed. A system of
pipes for irrigating purposes was put in last spring, but was not in shape for the
water until June 10. This prevented an early application which would have
greatly benefited the spring-set plants; however, we have a fair stand of most
varieties for the season of 1896. One watering was given the field when the ber-
ries were well formed, and another when they were just ripening. This enabled
those varieties which had made a fair stand of plants, and whose blossoms escaped
frost, to mature a good crop of fruit.
In the following table, many varieties which have in other seasons proved val-
uable are omitted because of the effects of the drouth of the previous year and of
the frosts of 1895.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 303
STRAWBERRIES.
ABBREVIATIONS.
Form. Size. Color,
b, broad. 1, long, 8, small. b, bright. 1, light.
c, conical. 0, oval. m, medium, c, crimson. r, red.
d, depressed. r, round. 1, large. d, dark. 8, scarlet,
i, irregular.
Bosra id :
22 5) E F q
S 3 °° Sry hie ’
Variety. nll es a | | 2
A ° 42, fal g= . be g
Dieta ) 5 we) om =| 5 =\¢q
qm) 3s £ a lea) 8 Br fe ragiie 1 ae
on > a fe = a-| w fy ie) Co)
IAT On ee eee eee Di ole May 14202 |Fdunel2-dmlyense|| 9 m tol le de |9 8.8
AlTont Nos teas foes Ee p 9.5] May 14__| June13__| June 27_|5 m re be |9 8.5
AlleniNo! 8 ese ee a 2 bi 79 May 16__} June17_| July 3_|7 re be |9 8.5
INV GON (yt BREE os ee p 8 May 14__| June12_| June 28_|7 mtol| rde vdec |9 9
Allien NG. 14 See ae Dia May 16__| June13_} June 28_| 5 m le ls 9 1.5
Americas) she son eee b 85] May 14__| June17..| July 8_|8 m re bds |9.5| 9
(Aroma. 22, oo ae es 22 b 9 May 18__| June13__| July 4.) 8 1 le ls 8 9.5
IBaauty2 scenes oe ea b 8 May 16__| June 6..| June 29_| 8 it rbe | bds |85] 8
Balle mar ee b 8 May 16__| June16..| July 5_|9 m tol le bs |8 9
Belle of Lacrosse___.__------ p “8.8| May 14__| June13_} July 2./9 1 rbc | bds |8 8
Bickley tes se 8 ee p 8 May 18__| June16__| July 6.|7 m re ls 7 7
Bird ___-.__-.-___ -22--._.__-.| p 8.5 | May 16__| June16_| Jaly 2.) 9.2 1 le bds |9 9.2
Bixler Seedling ___.-..._ ___- b 9.5} May 14__| Junel7_| July 8.15 |stom] rdc ls 9.5] 8.5
Bombateeet ae a b 7.5] May 14__| Junel4_| July 1/9 m c de |9 8.5
Brandywine. eo eee. Lee b 8 May 12__| Junel7_| July 3_|7 1 re bde | 9.5] 8.5
Babach) 42 ee fee ee p 8 May 14__} June17..| July 2./8 1 dc le |9 8
Cameronian ——— 2.3202. bees May 14__| June13_| July 38.|7 m re ls 7 7
Cameron No, 2.--------------| b 8.5] May 16__| June13_| July 38_/7 1 le be |9 | 9
Chiarlietta se ee eS p 8 May 18__] June12_.| June 28_| 6 m le bds |9 8.8
eRe ce eee et b 7.5} May 16__| June13_| July 7_|7 1 dc be |9.5| 9
Cyclone:224. 2 2 Ee ae b 9.8] May 10__| Junel4_| July 4./9 m le de |9 9
MantBisall at ear a b 7.5, May 14__} June 18_) Jun 28_| 8 m lbec be |9 9
RarlyiJack). 2.022.228. ee b 8 May 10__| June 7_| July 4.|5 m re ls |6 6
MGithyatec ee eee ee Eee p 6 May 18__| June17_| July 5-.}/___. m re 9.5] 9
Edwards Favorite ._-..-._.__| b 7 May 16...) June13_|} July 8_/8 1 re bdc |9.4] 9
IEippin geet ee lee: May 14__| June13_| July 2.|8 1 rdc ls |8 )
Feicht No. 3___.___- pais May 10__| June 7_.| July 2.|7 1 ic le 8.8] 8
Fred Stahelin______ p 8.5} May 14__| June 8..| Jane 27_| 8.5 Ht ic vdce |9.5] 8
Greenville 22555 se p 8 May 16__| Junel13_| July 3.);6 il rdc be |8 7
Haverland ____________.- p 85] May 10__} June 8_| June 28_| 8 m le 8 8 8
way Gould 2 ok ee 9 May 16__| June18_| July 4_| 8.5 m re be |9.2] 9
Jones Seedling ___.___._____- 8 May 10__| June 6..| July 3-.|7 1 de de |9 8.5
JUGsONI Bes ah eee 9.5| May 10_ | Junel13_| July 1_/8 ] rbe le Und |b 7
Kickita esos Seer sis tas 9.5| May 14__| Junel5_| July 3-| 8.5 1 rdc ds |9 75
KylorNos tees ee ee 9 May 18__| June1l7_| July 2-|._-.| m re ls 6 6
MIC OY Sete ee ey NN oe p 9.5] May 10__| June 13_.| June 28_| 8.5 1 de de |9 9
(Mongfield 222 i ee p 8 May 10__| June13_.| July 3_| 8.5 1 re de |9.2| 9.4
ong John ess ae eee b 8.5] May 18__! June 7_.| Joly 8-}/9.8/ mtol| vle be 9 8.5
Marnatep Sate ies a? p 8.5] May 10__| June13__| July 3_|8 m tol le bs .|9 9
Marshall eee b 85] May 10..| Junel7..| July 5_}____ 1 re be |85]| 9
Beawell mei 1 Se POSEY ian eee pb9g May 10__| June 14_.| June 28_} 8.8 m re d 9.8| 8.5
pee Weleeas SLA S D E b 8.5, May 10__| Junel4..| July 2_| 7.5 1 c ds 8 7
te eCinvelaad se, ig re ge an p 9 May 12__} June18..| July 3./8 m rbe bis) is 8
Neptune =! 2 eee see p 8.5| May 18__| June16.| July 2./85|)mtol}] re de |7 7
Nims’ Seedling _____._______- p 9 May 16__| June17_.| July 6_| 8.8 1 re bs |9.2| 7.5
No. 16 ornen & Black)._.| b 8.5| May 14__| June14..! July 2_].___ 1 re ds |8 | 8.5
NORGIGi 8.) are p 85] May 14__| June13_.| July 5-_|8 1 re de /|9.8| 9
NoiNameio2)..22e0t b 9.5| May 10__) June17_| July 3./9 1 be dc |9 9
Parker Marle- =. 222 -- 222. b 9 May 20__; June19_| July 6_| 9.5 m le ds 8 9
Phillip Seedling _-__._______-_ b 8.5] May 10__| Junel4_| July 3-_]___- iI re de | 7 7
804 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
STRAWBERRIES.—ConoLupEp.
fe 5 sl a
S| 8 bs g ie
Variety. al a a | 3 is 2
= 42] iz es :
sel ssalke ee 2 > «\|se g a aig
q| 2) @ A 2 |fa| §& 3 ere:
nif A oy 4 (et nn ea 125) oO | &
Princeton Chief p/9 May 10__| June13_| June 28_| 8 1 le dc | 8.5] 8&8
Tincess--_- p |9.5| May 16__} Junel3..| July 2.|8 m r 8 ) 8.5
ite CT ESS b |8.5| May 10__| Junel4_| July 8_|__..| m le bs |9 7.5
Robinson _ b|9 May 16__| Junel7_| July 5-_}.__- m re be |6 6
adie ____- p|9 May 12__| June 7__| June 28_| 9 m re de |9 8
Shawresrpes oat. A pl7 May 18__| Junel7_| July 8_|____| m le de |85] 8
Shitckleastsccs as ee b ) 8.5] May 14__| Junel4__| June 28_|___- 1 re dessin 7
Smith Seedling __..___.___.-- b |8 May'12_-| June 1_| June 20_|____ 8 re bs 8 8
Snowball 2) oe es 9.5 | May 16__| Junel4_| July 6_!___.| mtol le bs |8 9
Springdple: 222) fee. 9 May 16__| June16_! July 10_| 9.5 1] reorle| bs |8 9
Stimmel! No. 20 .....-..--..-- pig May 12__| June14_| July 8.)7 |stom le dc |9 8
Surprise -—-. es b | 9.2 | May 10__| Junel4_| July 2_|7 1 le bs /|8 8.5
Swindle: ors: Wel bees Oe p | 9.4| May 16__| Junel4_| July 5_|8 m tol re c 7 9
Tennessee Prolific ____-______ b |6 May 16..| Junel9..| July 6-|__-. 1 re bde |8 8.5
im brellt <5 iF ee bd p/|8 May 18__| June17_| July 6-|___- 1 ve vdc |8.5] 8
Thompson No. 34___.__..--_- ...-| May 18__| June14..| July 8-| 8.5 m re be |8 | 8
Thompson No. 40_____---_--- p/9 May 10__| Junel4_| July 6_| 9.5 m re be |85) 8&
Thompson No. 64___.__-.-_-- b |8.5| May 16__| Junel4_| July 5-.|8 mtol| ire bds |85| 9
Thompson No. 66______--_-_- p |88| May 14__| Junel4_.| July 2_/9 ti le bde |8 8
pRongalt2. 3 ta Foie aed p | 8.5] May 14._| Jonel4_| July 6_/__..| m irc 8 8 9
Townsend No. 19 ___-. --_-___- p | 8.5 | May 16__| June 8-} June 27_| 8.8| mtol re 8 8.5 | 8.5
Warfhold a= Fe has p|9 May 10__| June 7_| Joly 2.|9 m le dc 8.5) 9
Weston sel. ie p|9 May 16__| June17__| July 5_| 8.5 l be bs | 8 8.5
Williamipes he bce eh a b | 8.5 | May 14__| Junel4_| July 5.'8 mtol|] re de (8.5) 9.8
Woolverton_______- ee | b | 8.5 | May 14__| Junel4..| July 38 8 m c de | 8 9
NOTES ON VARIETIES.
The following varieties fruited for the first time the past season:
Aroma.—Plants from Thompson’s Sons, Rio Vista, Va.: The plants are of strong
and vigorous growth and make runners well. The roots are large, go down deep,
and have numerous fibers at lower end. Berry large in size, long-conical form;
color, light scarlet; seeds prominent, flesh light, of good quality, and very firm.
Valuable for strength and vigor of plant growth, ability to resist drouth, and for
the firmness of the fruit. The frost injured the blossoms so badly that a fair esti-
mate of productiveness could not be made.
Bixler’s Seedling.—Plants from ©. G. Bixler, Three Rivers, Mich.: The plants
are of strongest growth. A good plant-producer, and a deep rooter. Berry of
medium size, round, depressed-conical in form, and of light scarlet color. Quality
is of the best, and the fruit is moderately firm. Frost injured blossoms badly. Val-
uable for vigorous plant growth and high quality of fruit.
Cyclone.—Plants from Thompson’s Sons: The plants are of very strong growth;
fruit stalks long, reclining, blossoms turned down, making it a good frost-resisting
sort. The roots go down deep, strongly aiding the plants to make growth in dry
seasons. Berry of medium size, long-conical; dark-crimson color; flesh, dark;
quality, excellent, and the fruit firm. Valuable for strong growth of plant, high
quality, and firmness of fruit, and its ability to withstand drouth and frost.
Early Jack.—Plants from Stayman & Black, Leavenworth, Kan.: The plants
are of good growth and are strong, deep rooters; row well filled out; berry of
medium size, round conical form, very light scarlet color, and flesh light. The
quality is not good and the fruit lacks firmness. An early ripening sort. Requires
further trial.
Edith P.—Plants from Thompson’s Sons: The plants are of rather weak growth,
did not start well. The plants set in the spring of 1895 are doing well, and seem
to have strong roots. The plants are of low growth, hug the ground. Berry of
medium size, round-conical form; color, very dark crimson; of high quality and quite
firm. A further trial is necessary to properly judge of merits.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 305
Fred Stahelin—Plants from F. C. Stahelin, Bridgman, Mich.: Plants quite
strong-growing. Blossoms considerably injured by frost, but recovering well.
Berry large, short-round-conical in form; color, very dark crimson; seeds, yellow,
slightly prominent; flesh, very dark red and of best quality, though lacking in firm-
ness. The variety resisted frost well, and the attractive appearance and high
quality of the fruit gives promise of a valuable sort for home use or near market.
Kyle No. 1.—Plants from Wm. C. Babcock, Bridgman, Mich.: The plants are of
strong growth. Blossoms badly frosted and few left to set fruit. Berry of medium
size, round-conical form; color, light scarlet; seeds prominent, flesh light in color,
of poor quality, and soft. Calyx parts very easily. Must try again in a more
favorable season.
Longfield.—Plants from Stayman & Black: The plants are not of strong growth,
quite scattering, and made but few runners. Plants and blossoms but little injured
by frost, fruit-stalk short and close-branching, blossoms turned down. Berry
large, round, or broad-conical; dark crimson color; flesh medium dark, good qual-
ity, and firm. A very promising market sort; will stand shipment well and is
attractive in appearance.
Marshall.—Plants from Prof. 8S. T. Maynard, Amherst, Mass.: The individual
plants are quite strong but did not make many runners. The plants set in the
spring of 1895 have made a well-filled row and seem to be strong, deep rooters.
Blossoms badly frosted. Berry large, round-depressed-conical, largest in center;
color, a bright crimson; seeds, prominent; flesh, rather light in color, but of excel-
lent quality and quite firm. A variety of much promise. Quite liable to rust.
Maxwell.—Plants from Thompson’s Sons: The plants are of quite strong growth.
The roots do not go deep, but have numerous fibers at lower end. Blossoms stood
frost well, turned downward. Berry rather small in size; form, round-conical;
dark crimson color; seeds, prominent; flesh, quite dark, of high quality, and mod-
erately firm. A promising sort. }
No. 16.—Plants from Stayman & Black: The plants are of fairly strong growth.
Blossoms frosted badly and but little fruit borne. Berry large, round-conical in
form, dark scarlet color, seeds even, of fair quality, and moderately firm. Re-
quires further trial. :
No Name.—Plants from Thompson’s Sons: The plants are of very strong, vig-
orous growth, and are deep, strong rooters. Most of the early blossoms were
killed by frost, but the plants recovered and sent out more. Berry large, broad-
conical, somewhat irregular in form, dark crimson color; does not ripen well at
tip, seeds yellow, prominent, flesh dark, of excellent quality and firm. Very hand-
some in appaerance, an excellent shipper, of good quality, and stands frost well.
Phillip Seedling.—Plants from Slaymaker & Son, Dover, Del.: The plants are
of good, vigorous growth, and are strong, deep rooters. But few blossoms
appeared and little fruit was borne. Berry large in size, form round-conical, dark
crimson color, seeds yellow, prominent; flesh dark, not of high quality, and rather
soft. The fruit is attractive in appearance, but so little was borne that a fair
estimate of value can not be made.
Rio.—Plants from Thompson’s Sons: Some of the plants are of strong and vig-
orous growth, but the row is somewhat scattering. The roots are numerous and
fibrous but do not go deep. Blossoms quite badly frosted. Berry of medium size,
round or long-conical in shape, bright scarlet color, and seeds prominent; flesh
rather light, of excellent quality, but somewhat lacking in firmness. Can not
judge properly of merits, but the variety is certainly one well worthy of further
trial.
Robinson.—Plants from Hdw. W. Cone, Menominee, Wis.: The plants are of
good growth, roots are not numerous, but go down deep. Blossoms badly frosted,
but plants sent out more and bore a fair crop of fruit. Berry of medium size, round
or broad-conical, bright crimson color; flesh, light, poor in quality, and very soft.
Further trial necessary.
Shawnee.—Plants from Stayman & Black: A few plants are of strong growth.
The others did not get a good start. Blossoms badly frosted, but plants recovered
fairly well. Berry of medium size; form, long-conical, usually with neck; color,
dark crimson when fully ripe; quality good, moderately firm. Does not ripen
evenly. A variety of much promise.
Shuckless.—Plants from Slaymaker & Son: The plants are of fairly vigorous
growth. Blossoms but little injured by frost. Berry of good size, round-conical
in form, dull crimson color, seeds prominent, flesh light, lacking in quality and
39
306 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
firmness. The berry parts easily, leaving the calyx on the stem. The variety
does not seem to have much of promise in it.
Smith Seedling.—Plants from Slaymaker & Son: The plants are not of very
strong growth. Blossoms quite badly frosted. Berry rather small in size, round-
eonical, bright scarlet color, flesh light, of fair quality, and moderately firm. A
few berries were ripe June 1. It was the earliest variety to ripen fruits of any
grown this year. Not sufficiently tested.
Snowball.—Plants from Hdw. W. Cone: The plants are very strong-growing
and healthy. Blossoms quite badly injured by frost, but the plants recovered
well. Berry medium to large in size, long-conical, with neck; bright scarlet color,
seeds dark, not prominent; flesh light, quite acid in flavor, firm. The plants are
healthy and of good growth. The fruit is handsome in appearance and a good
shipper. Regard it as a very promising variety.
Springdale.—Plants from Stayman & Black: Of fairly strong and vigorous
groWth. A good rooter. Blossoms somewhat injured by frost, but others came
on and the plants bore a large crop of fruit. Berry large in size; form round or
long-conical; color, bright scarlet, of medium quality but firm. The plants are of
excellent growth and very productive. The fruit is of regular form, handsome in
appearance, and a good shipper. A variety of much promise.
Tennessee Prolific—Plants from Slaymaker & Son: The plants set in 1894 are
of weak and scattering growth, those set in the spring of 1895 are among the
strongest in the patch and are deep and strong rooters. But little fruit was borne.
Berry large in size, shape round-conieal; bright, dark-crimson color; flesh, dark,
of good quality, and moderately firm. Handsome in appearance, but not enough
fruit borne to judge fairly of value. Appears promising.
Timbrell.—Plants from Slaymaker & Son: The individual plants are of good
growth, but made few runners; roots are numerous, fibrous, and go down deep.
Few blossoms appeared, but they were little injured by frost. Berry large, round-
eonieal, very dark crimson, almost black when fully ripe; flesh, rather light in
color, of good quality, but not firm. Does not ripen evenly, appears spotted until
fully ripe; likely to be picked before it is ripe. Requires further trial.
Thompson No. 40.—Plants from Thompson’s Sons: The plants are of excellent
growth and the row well filled out, the roots are numerous and go down deep.
Blossomed early, but resisted frost well and bore a large crop of fruit. Berry of
medium size, round-conical, bright crimson color, seeds prominent, flesh dark
and of very good quality, moderately firm. Fruit handsome in appearance.
Plants of vigorous growth and productive. Very promising.
Thompson No. 64.—Plants from Thompson’s Sons: Some of the plants are of
good growth; few roots, but they go down deep. Most blossoms came out late
and were little frosted. Berry of medium size, long-conical form, dull crimson
color, of good quality, and firm. Did not bear much fruit, but the variety has much
promise in it.
Tonga.—Plants from Stayman & Black: The plants are of vigorous growth and
are good rooters. But few blossoms appeared, and these were considerably frosted,
so little fruit ripened. Berry medium in size, round-conical, quite irregular in
form, dull scarlet color, seeds prominent; of fair quality and firm. Requires fur-
ther trial.
The following new sorts did not make sufficient plant growth, or were so badly
injured by frost that little could be said of them, and description will be post-
poned until another season’s trial shall give more data upon which to form an
opinion:
Australian, Annie Laurie, Columbus, Equinox, Jarbola, Kossuth, Ona, Oscar,
Ostego, Richmond, Smalley, Yahoo.
NEW VARIETIES OF 1894.
The behavior of varieties during so unfavorable a season as that of 1895 should
give valuable data toward determining their place in comparison with the older and
standard sorts.
Bird, Charlie, Jay Gould, and Princeton Chief were of vigorous plant growth
and had deep, strong roots. They withstood frost well and bore, for the season,
a large crop of fruit. Bird and Jay Gould are specially valuable as market sorts
on account of the handsome appearance, good quality, and firmness of their fruit.
Charlie and Princeton Chief are somewhat lacking in firmness of berry; they will
doubtless find a place in the home garden or for near market use.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 307
Long John.—If this variety were a good plant-producer it would be a most val-
uable sort. More berries were borne on these plants than on those of any other
sort in the field. It blooms late and the blossoms are protected from frost by the
leaves of the plant. The fruit is moderately firm, of fine appearance, and good
quality. As a variety for culture in hills, it is excelled by few sorts.
Allen No. 13 has again shown its superiority over the several other numbers
received here for trial. There is much of promise in the variety. Fruit of good
size, fine appearance, regular form, good quality, and firm.
Brandywine in plant growth was not so vigorous as last year and the blossoms
were badly affected by frost. Still promising for home use or near market.
Childs, Judsonia, and Seedling B are varieties having considerable merit but
are unlikely to ever reach great prominence.
Bowman, Chairs, Dan Bisel, Luther, and Sandovel did very poorly the past sea-
son. They will be given further trial under more favorable conditions.
Of the somewhat newer sorts, but including those that have been tried for three
or more seasons, Greenville, Leroy, and Weston still hold high place. The plants
are of strong growth and productive. The berries are of good form and color and
sufficiently firm to stand shipment well.
Clyde did not hold out in promise. Others report it as not of much value.
Feicht No. 2, Huntsman, and Topeka were wanting in vigor of plant growth.
When the season is a favorable one, they are valuable as home market sorts.
Epping was vigorous in plant growth and bore a good crop. The light color of
the fruit is against it as a market berry.
Allen No. 1 was so badly frosted as to greatly lessen the otherwise excellent
prospects of the variety.
Iowa Beauty, on account of the high quality and handsome appearance of the
fruit, should find a place in every home garden.
Brunette, which has previously ranked above Iowa Beauty as a home variety,
did not do well the past season. The plants seem to lack ability to form good,
strong roots, and it was injured by drouth.
Cameron No. 2 and No. 4 J. S. were far above the average in plant growth and
productiveness.
Leader and Williams are likely to occupy a prominent place as market sorts.
Reports from localities where they have been on trial have been very favorable.
Swindle is quite likely to rust badly, otherwise a valuable sort.
Nims’ Seedling is excellent in plant growth, and productive of good-size ber-
ries. It has a long season and holds out well to the end. The color of the fruit
is light, but the variety is likely to find a place for home or near-market use.
Afton.—This variety is very similar if not identical to Warfield in plant growth,
productiveness, and in form, color, and firmness of berry.
Mrs. Cleveland and Sadie are well worthy of notice as home or near-market
sorts. The plants are of excellent growth, productive, and the fruit handsome in
appearance. These varieties have been tried here a number of years and with
uniformly good results.
Klickita, Lovett Early, and Surprise bore large crops of good fruit during the
past unfavorable season.
The following sorts have scme good points,but they are deficient in others and
there is little chance of their occupying a prominent place:
Alabama, Henry Ward Beecher, Pawnee,
Banquet, Kansas, Princess,
Bickle, Lincoln, Standard,
Cameronian, Magnate, Smeltzer’s Early.
Gypsy, f Neptune,
The varieties named below have few points of merit and most of them will be
placed in the rejected list:
Accomac, Feicht’s No, 3, © Mystic,
Allen No. 3, Glenfield, Odessa,
Belt No. 3, (Wm. Belt) Hattie Jones, Primate,
Beverly, Hermit, Southard,
Cameron No.’s 6 and 13, Katie, Stevens,
Cheyenne, Leviathan, Westlawn,
Clark, Little No.’s 18, 26 and 42, Wyoming,
Fairmount.
308 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Belle and Parker Earle blossom late and thus escape early frosts. The plants
are of good growth and have proved very productive for many seasons. They
are excellent market berries.
Bubach, Crescent, Haverland, and Warfield are the leading pistillates planted
by the general strawberry-grower. The inability of Warfield to withstand drouth
proved a serious fault the past two seasons.
Beder Wood, and Woolverton, in addition to being most excellent pollenizers
for the pistillate sorts, are also valuable market berries. Wilson is also used as
a fertilizer, but its use is not so general as a few years ago.
The severe frosts occurring during the blossoming period gave an excellent
opportunity to notice if any varieties were better able to resist frost than others.
The two hundred varieties were carefully examined in sex and position of blossom;
number and size of petals and sepals, length and position of fruit stalk, and
habit of growth of plant. :
The examination seemed to warrant the following conclusions:
1. The pistillate varieties were much less injured by frost than the staminate,
other conditions being equal.
2. The perfect-flowering sorts that have large-size, irregular blossoms with
numerous petals and sepals were most injured, unless the blossoms were protected
by the plants or turned downward. Hxamples—Wm. Belt, Brandywine, and Lower.
3. Varieties having the blossoms erect, and thus exposed to the full effects of
frost, were badly injured. HWxamples—Huntsman, Epping, and Lovett Harly.
Those sorts having blossoms turned downward, as Afton, Belle of Lacrosse, and
Princeton Chief, were able to carry many blossoms through uninjured.
4. Varieties having short and reclining fruit stalks, or stalks protected by the
foliage of the plant, as Mrs. Cleveland, Sadie, and Warfield, stood frost better than
varieties like Mystic, Pawnee, and Richmond, having upright fruit stalks.
5. Varieties that blossom late, often escape a frost that severely injures those
that blossom earlier. Among late-blooming sorts are Belle, Gandy, Neptune, and
Parker Earle.
6. Some varieties seem to recover from frosts and send out new blossoms much
better than others. Among those sorts that recovered well may be named
Bubach, Haverland, Leroy, Judsonia, No Name, Princess, Shawnee, and
Snowball.
RASPBERRIES.
The bushes were sprayed thoroughly with Bordeaux mixture just before growth
started in the spring. The treatment was repeated when the new growth was
about one foot high, special pains being taken to apply the spray to the new
growth. While the old wood of many varieties was badly affected with anthrac-
nose, the new canes are in good condition for next season’s crop.
The raspberries suffered much from dry weather and extreme heat during the
ripening season. The bearing period was so shortened by drouth that the dates
of last ripening of fruits is omitted.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 309
BLACK AND HYBRID RASPBERRIES,
ABBREVIATIONS.
Size. Form. Color.
8, small. r, round. b, black. 2, glossy.
m, medium, Bi c, conical, p, purple. I, light.
1, large. Oo, ovate. ; O, orange. pu. pubescent.
3 i B @
Sia ase a |8
Variety. a 2 2 s 5 j
bat ra) a Ze z 2
a fase (tee piee 128s BEL else
S a i 3 Bo isa, ©. lee
oN 5 Fe, ie ee 9.5 | June 8} July 1] 9.0 m r gb 8
Caroline.._- 9.0 | May 31} Jaly 1] 7.5 m r lo 8
Columbian 9.5 | June 8 | July 9.8 1 ro p 8.5
Conrath_._ 9.3 ay 31] June 29/} 9.0 1 r b 8
Cromwell-_-_ 7.5 | May 81 | June 25} 7.0 m r b 8
bontBeanty 2222 Je) bee Se As ae ee ee 8.5 | May 31} July 1] 6.5 m re b 7
(Marne worthis=2 29805 oaee a Ss Ae ee 92 | May 81] July 1] 9.0 1 r b 8.5
(Girer ce ee 9.5 | May 31] July 3] 9.8 1 r |bpu 7
Ja (aye) ay) ee eee eae See eee 8.5 | May 31 | June 29} 6.0 | m De b 8.5
Jackson’s May King ___.__..._.__..-...--.------ 8.5 | May 28 | June 27 | 7.0 8 re b 7.5
PONNELOUUN WOU soos ee a se ee eee aeons 5.0 | May 31 | Joly 1] 60] m r gb 8
PUSH Gp ee a SE Nae FE AO Oe IO eee 9.5 | May 31 | June 28} 9.8 l r gb 8.5
TRO VO tee eee ee ee a ee ee 9.0 | May 81 | June 29] 7.5 m r b 9
OUT A ee ie eA A SU BS 9.2 | June 3| July 5| 7.0 1 r |bpu 7
INOTLO | Ko meerniee wn tier pete eee eee sone eta ate 8.0 | May 31 | June 29} 7.0 8 ar b 8.5
QO) er eee eae ea arth ga here he ee ets 9.5 | May 31] July 1] 9.0 r b 9
ODI pe ee Fes es a ae 9.5 | May 30 | June30/ 8.6 r b 8
LEP EUG TYE) SESS Eye ek 55 eo SAS eR ty Tacs irae 8.5 | May 28 | June25 | 8.5 m r b 8.5
IEYORTORS =e soc an ee OL aoe Sui he 9.0 | May 31 | June27} 7.5 | m r b 8.5
BS ene rye a 9.3 | June 6| July 8] 9.0 1 ro p 8.5
Snith (Proline rere eee ae ee eee 8.0 | May 31 | June 27] 8.5 1 r b 9
SOTTO ye eee tree eee oe e see o sean ee 8.5 | May 81} July 2] 85] 1 r |bpua| 865
Nita batt: pee Pr See Ve eee pee ae ee eee ey 9.0 | May 28 | June 25 | 5.0 1 re b 8.5
Wir Orie eon ee re, eee es een. cere 8.7 | May 31] June25 | 8.0 | m r b 8
VGH GI ae ee oe A EE DI ate tee 8.2 | May 81 | July 1] 7.0 8 r b 8
NOTES ON VARIETIES.
Ada.—The bush is quite vigorous, and withstood drouth and attacks of anthrac-
nose as well as any of the blacks. Few blossoms were injured by frost, and a
good crop of good-size fruit of fair quality was borne. An excellent sort.
Caroline.—If one desires a sort bearing yellow fruit, this is one of the best.
Columbian.—Growth of cane strong and vigorous, and but little injured by win-
ter; blossoms not hurt by frost. This variety bore more fruit than any other in the
plantation, and was taken as the standard of productiveness. Columbian differs
from Shaffer in being of stronger and larger cane growth; the new canes lack the
purple tinge of Shaffer, and the spines are fewer in number, but are considerably
larger in size; the leaflets of Columbian are also larger than those of Shaffer. The
berry closely resembles Shaffer but is drier, more seedy, and a little better in qual-
ity. Toward the close of the season the old canes were badly injured by anthrac-
nose.
Conrath.—Canes slightly injured by winter; seven per cent. of blossoms killed by
frost. The plant is fairly vigorous and is productive. The fruit is of large size,
firm, and of fair quality. It is medium early and holds out well in season; consid-
erable anthracnose toward close or season; growth of new canes excellent.
Cromwell.—Canes injured considerably by winter; 25 per cent. of blossoms
killed by frost; canes badly affected by anthracnose and drouth. An early ripening
sort but did not do well the past season.
Ebon Beauty.—Somewhat injured by winter, and considerable anthracnose on old
eanes; few blossoms killed by frost; fruit rather small in size, round-conical in
form, deep black with considerable down; is quite soft, and rather poor in quality;
of fair cane growth.
310 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Farnsworth.—Stood winter well; quite free from anthracnose, and but few blos-
soms killed by frost. The plants are vigorous, healthy, and productive. The fruit
is large, firm, and of good quality; an excellent variety for home use or market.
Gregg.—Canes quite badly killed back by winter. Ten per cent of blossoms
frosted; old canes have considerable EECA EOORE bore a good crop of large-size
fruit. The best late market sort.
Hopkins.—Badly winter-killed; twenty-five per cont. of blossoms injured by frost;
bush of weak growth; fruit small, of fair quality, but soft and a small quantity
borne.
Jackson’s May King.—Bush of fair growth and stood winter well; seven per cent.
of blossoms killed by frost; fruit rather small in size, round-conical, jet-black, with
considerable down between seeds; not of very good quality; did not bear much
fruit, old canes dying with anthracnose and from drouth before crop matured.
Kansas.—But little injured by winter; some disease on old canes; new growth
strong; five per cent. of blossoms frosted. This was the most productive blackeap
grown this season. The fruit is large, jet-black, firm, and of fair quality. A most
excellent medium-season sort.
Lovett.—Quite badly winter-killed; much anthracnose on old canes; ten per cent.
of blossoms injured by frost; fruit small in size, and but a small crop borne. There
are better sorts ripening at the same season.
Nemaha.—Quite badly injured by winter; bushes did not do well the past season,
and but few berries borne. Usually a good late-ripening sort.
Norfolk.—Nothing special to recommend it. Others better.
Older.—But little injured by winter; much less disease than most other varieties;
few blossoms frosted; bush of vigorous growth and productive. The fruit is of
large size, rather soft, but of high quality. An excellent sort for home use or near
market.
Ohio.—But little injured by winter; twenty per cent. of blossoms frosted; consid-
erable anthracnose, but bushes bearing a good crop of fruit; one of the best me-
dium-season market sorts. The leading variety for evaporating purposes.
Palmer.—Cane injured somewhat by winter, but not badly; ten per cent. of blos-
soms killed by frost. A good early-market variety. :
Progress.—Very similar to Palmer, though scarcely so productive.
Shaffer.—For canning and home use this variety has no superior among the bet-
ter known sorts. Quite badly injured by winter.
Smith (Prolific)—Canes were most injured of any variety by severe winter; badly
affected with anthracnose; twenty per cent. of blossoms killed by frost. The bush is
of strong growth and fairly productive. The fruit is large, jet-black, not very firm,
but of good quality. A good variety.
Surrey.—Cane but little injured by winter; ten per cent. of blossoms injured by
frost; bush vigorous and healthy; fruit closely resembles that of Gregg, but is not
so late in ripening.
Virginia.—Cane winter-killed but little; thirty per cent. of blossoms injured by
frost; bush not of vigorous growth this season, but little disease present; an early
ripening sort. In past seasons this variety has done well.
Winona.—Canes were injured by winter, but not badly; few blossoms killed by
frost; much disease on old canes; new growth excellent; fruit of medium size,
round-conical, black, with considerable down; seeds rather large, lacking in quality
and firmness. Not sufficiently tested.
Wonder.—Tips of canes winter-killed; new growth strong; considerable disease
on old canes ten per cent. of blossoms injured by frost. Fruit large, jet-black, with
down between seeds; good quality but not very firm. Requires further trial.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 311
RED RASPBERRIES,
ABBREVIATIONS.
Size. Form. Color.
8, small. r, round. d, dark. O, orange,
m, medium, c, conical, r, red. b, bright.
1, large. 0, ovate. D, purple,
3 }3
SLi ae eli
Variety. = &§ & = 4 s
Q Mw ~~ - -
S| ‘g 2 |eel ¢ z ie |
& 3 5 ea | 8 5 re) =
e i=) Ey a m Ey iS) Se
I Naive) (i Ree Se ee a ie ee. eee 9 June 3_| July 8.| 6 vl ro) br 9
IBTANGy Wile hae oe een enn Sea one 9.3 | June 5_| July 8_| 8.5 m re dr 8
(Opts 672) 4 ioe ee at eS ee eee ee ee ee 9.5 | June 5_| July 8_| 9.5 1 re r 8
GIRdStOn Oss eee er a a June 3_| July 2-| 8 8 re dp 8
Golden'Queen ee eae ee 9 June -| July 6_| 85 1 re re) 9.5
Hansell ____- 9 June 3_| June 27_| 8 m r dr )
Lost Rubies__ 9 June 8_; June 27_| 8.5 1 re bdr | 9.5
Marlboro _--.---.__-- 8 June 3_| June 27_| 9 m r r 8.5
Michican! Barly 25 ae Ss ie 8.5 | May 31_| June 25_| 8.5 m r r 9
Philadelphige sss se. ae een ene a ae 8 June 8-_| June 27_| 7 1 re dr 9.5
Rancocas ___.__----- te, Migs SEAS INC 8 | May 31-| June 26_| 8 m r r 8.5
MoyaliC burch ae sss ae rae ee sa 8 June 8_| July 1-_} 8.5 1 re dc 8.5
ScarletiGemie ee eo ee Se ee 6.5 | June 3_; June 26_| 6 m r br 9
Mhompsony Lrolific) sss See 8.5 | June 8.| June 26_| 7 m r dr 9
LAT) ee a eee ee ee eee 9.3 | June 8-_| June 27_| 9 1 c r 9
NOTES ON VARIETIES.
Brandywine.—Stood winter well; growth of cane vigorous and healthy; fruit of
medium-size, bright red color, quite firm, and of fair quality. It is a late-ripening
sort of some value.
Cuthbert.—But little injured by winter. The plant is vigorous and healthy. The
variety has yet no superior for general planting.
Gladstone.—Canes hardy but quite badly affected with anthracnose. New growth
good. The fruit when ripe is purplish, soft, and of fair quality. The variety, if
valuable at all, is only so as a continuous bearer. The bushes bore a large crop of
fruit in October.
Golden Queen.—The bush is hardy and of vigorous growth. The fruit is clear,
bright yellow in color, and of high quality. It is a desirable variety for the home
garden.
Hansell and Michigan Early are hardy in plant and fairly productive. As early-
ripening sorts they may find a place to a limited extent.
Marlboro.—The bush is hardy, but not of very strong growth. It occupies a prom-
inent place as an early-ripening market berry.
Royal Church.—The bush is hardy, of vigorous growth, and quite productive. The
fruit is of dark, rich crimson color, and good quality, but crumbles easily.
Turner.—The bush is extremely hardy, of good growth, and productive. The
fruit is of high quality but soft. Valuable for home use or for near market.
Arnold, Lost Rubies, Philadelphia, Rancocas, and Scarlet Gem are now but little
grown, their place being taken by better varieties.
BLACKBERRIES.
The severe winter of 1894-5 gave a good opportunity to observe the hardiness of
the several varieties grown here.
Early King.—Quite badly injured by winter, but some of canes left; canes of up-
right growth; leaves light green, rather small, and pointed; few blossoms left unin-
jured by frost; fruit very large; seeds large, round, loose; very sweet, and has a
small core. More hardy than any other early sort grown here.
312 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Eldorado.—Stood winter as well as Snyder; new growth good; most blossoms
killed, and the fruit remaining is imperfect; closely resembles Snyder in cane and
growth, though leaflets are a lighter green and the cane has more red, with larger
and longer spines. A very promising, hardy sort.
Lincoln.—Stood winter almost as well as Snyder; new growth excellent; no fruit.
Minnewaski.—Stood winter fairly well; new growth very strong; no fruit.
Snyder.—Quite badly injured by winter; canes killed half of length; new growth
strong; bore but little fruit.
Stone’s Hardy.—Did not stand winter as well as Snyder, but some cane growth
left; bore little fruit.
Taylor’s Prolific—Stood winter about the same as Stone’s Hardy; some fruit, but
small and imperfect.
Agawam, Jewett, and Kittatinny were killed nearly to ground; no fruit borne.
Childs Early Cluster, Erie, Ford’s No. 1, Ohmer, Wilson Early, Wilson Jr., and
White Blackberry were killed to ground and bore no fruit.
AGRICULTUAL COLLEGE, MICH., /
February 1, 1896. j
SOME CINJURIOUS: INSECTS.
Part of Bulletin No. 132.
Ven Gu cne ANAL.
CLIMBING CUTWORMS.
Climbing cutworms have rarely been found injurious to orchards on clay or
clay loam soil. For this reason a large proportion of Michigan orchards are not
subject to attacks from this insidious pest. ‘The writer has occasionally found their
work on light clay soil, and in one such instance several cherry trees had quite
a percentage of the buds eaten out, but such cases are exceptional. There are many
sandy strips through the state, and particularly along the shore of lake Michigan,
where we have our greatest fruitgrowing section. The lighter and more sandy the
soil, the more likely it is to be infested with climbing cutworms. In such sections
they are present in sufficient numbers to be destructive almost every season.
ih
Fig. 1.—The speckled cutworm, Mamistra subjuncta: At the right is the fall-grown cutworm and behind
it a younger one; above is the moth, all natural size.
My own experiments and observations have been largely at Muskegon the past
two seasons. In this work much credit is due Mr. H. C. Rood of that place, who
kindly gave me access to his apple orchards of nearly 5,000 trees, and also gave me
many valuable suggestions from his practical experience with the climbing cut-
worms. His first letter to us gives something of an idea of the conditions under
which he was laboring at that time, and we can not do better than quote the first
part of it, which reads as follows:
40
314 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
“T send you by mail a box of climbing cutworms that have been damaging my
orchard. They are still at work, but the foliage is so large and tough now that they
do but little damage. They like the tender buds and shoots, but will eat anything
if they can not get the buds. They are also at work at my grape vines. We have
killed as many as 1,500 on some trees, not all in one night, but I did kill on a tree
the other night 412, and the next night 114, and the next night 141 on this same tree,
at one time, where I had been hunting them for two weeks before. I did not have
time to count them very often, as I have between four and five thousand trees.
They have ruined a half or two thirds of my crop. They go straight to the top of
a tree and leave the lower limbs. The tops of some of my trees look as though they
were dead, while the bottom limbs are white and full of blossoms.”
This statement is a very moderate one, for the next season Mr. Rood and myself
found them equally abundant in a portion of his orchard. On trees in a neigh-
boring apple orchard, where the climbing cutworms had not been killed the year
previous, we repeatedly counted from 500 to 800 cutworms on the trunk of a single
tree by ten o’clock at night. These trees were probably twelve years old and
about eight or ten inches in diameter. ‘They were in timothy sod. Mr. Rood’s
orchard had been in clover sod for two years preceding, and much of it had died
out the fall before the cutworms were the worst.
Fig 2.—The white cutworm, Carneades scandens: a, moth natural size; b, moth twice natural size;
c, cutworm, twice natural size *(after Slingerland).
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 315
Climbing cutworms make their appearance in the spring as soon as the soil is
moderately warm. ‘This is some time in April, and before the last of May the
injury of the season by them is over. They are rarely abundant more than two
or three weeks, and, by the time the apple trees are through blossoming, the cut-
worms are for the most part gone. They work exclusively at night, and the
darker the night the more plentifully they appear. About eight o’clock in the
evening they begin traveling, and by nine o’clock their movements remind one of
the activities on a business street in a large city. By daylight they have again
disappeared, and all is quiet. They have buried themselves in the soil for the day
or hid under some loose rubbish that may afford them shelter from the hot sun.
Fig. 8.—The spotted-legged cutworm, Prosagrotis vetusta: m, moth, natural size; mm, moth twice
natural size; /, catworm, twice natural size (after Slingerland),
316 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
If one watches them on their nocturnal raid, he will see most of them coming
from the soil within a radius of five feet from the trunk of the trees, but others
can be seen that start far beyond even where the branches of large trees reach.
They usually take a direct course to the nearest tree, and in climbing it the tendency
is to go into or near the top of the tree, and the terminal buds will generally show
their work first. Often only the central portion or tenderest part of the bud is
AW
! tj LZ Y Yy y / | iN 1 i , \ \ S
TEAM ALAA
ir)
Fig. 4.—The well-marked cutworm, Noctua clandestina: Cutworm, bsneath, side and back view, twice
natural size (after Forbes). a, moth, natural size; b, moth, twice natural size (after Slingerland).
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 317
eaten into, but when the buds are not plentiful the whole is eaten, and some-
times the tip of the twig or the bark. When checked on the trunk by a band, the
caterpillars often become so hungry that they will girdle a tree beneath the band
by gnawing off a part or all of the bark. If one listens under a tree at night, he
ean plainly hear the rasping of their jaws as they are at work on the buds.
Fig. 5.—The dingy cutworm, Feltia subgothica: mand f, male and female moths, natural size; mm and
ff, male and female moths twice natural size (after Slingerland). Beneath is side and back view of the
cutworm, twice natural size (after Forbes).
318 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Grape vines are particularly subject to attack from these cutworms, as they
have such large, tender buds. Of the fruit trees, perhaps the peach is the most
likely to be attacked, as it is usually grown on sandy soil, but the apple, plum and
cherry suffer quite as much. The currant and berry bushes are also attacked, and
in fact there are very few trees and bushes which are not known as food plants
of the climbing cutworms.
vv
Pit
i
Mm
y
hom
Fig. 6.—The variegated cutworm Peridro saucia: a, an egg greatly enlarged; b. cluster of eggs,
natural size; c, moth, natural size; d, moth, twice natural size (after Slingerland). Side and back
views of the cutworm, twice natural size (after Forbes),
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS, 319
In a bulletin issued last November by the Cornell experiment station, on “Climb-
ing Cutworms of Western New York,” Mr. Slingerland has prepared a comprehen-
sive table of the species known to be climbing cutworms, with date and references
of first account of the climbing habit of each species, and its common and scien-
tific name. The table, which I take the liberty to quote, is as follows:
1852. Harris, Injurious Insects, p. 349.
The yellow-headed cutworm (Xylophasia arctica Bdy.).
1866. Riley, Prairie Farmer, June 2.
1869. Riley, First Missouri Report, p. 69-79.
The variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia Hbn.)
The dark-sided cutworm (Carneades messoria Harr.).
The white cutworm (Carneades scandens Riley).
The well-marked cutworm (Noctua clandestina Harr.)
1883. Cook, Report Mich. Bd. of Agr., p. 422.
The black-lined cutworm (Noctua fennica Tausch.)
1887. Murtfeldt, Bull. 13 U. S. Ent. Dive., p. 60.
The mottled grey cutworm (Rhynchagrotis alternata Grt.)
The white-spotted cutworm (Homohadena badistriga Grt.)
1894. Davis, An. Rep’t Michigan Expr. Station, p. 89.
The speckled cutworm (Mamestra subjuncta Gr. & Rob.).
1895. Davis, paper before Assoc. Ee. Ent., Aug. 28.
The red cutworm (Rhynchagrotis placida Grt.).
1895. Slingerland, Bull. 104, Cornell Expr. Sta., p. 570 & 574.
The dingy cutworm (Feltia subgothica Haw.).
The spotted-legged cutworm (Porosagrotis vetusta Walk.).
All or nearly all of these species are common over the eastern United States and
Canada. The species found at Muskegon were the speckled, red, white, and dark-
sided cutworms. Of these fully nine out of every ten were the speckled cutworm,
Mamestra subjuncta. The red and white cutworms were usually present, but not
abundant.
When the caterpillars become full grown, they are about an inch and a half
long. They are now through feeding, and they bury themselves deeper in the soil
than when they are hiding through the day. Here each one’constructs an oblong cell
in the earth, by the use of saliva and pressure of the body, and in this cell it trans-
forms to what is known as the pupa or chrysalis. From the pupa stage they issue
as moths between the last of June and early August. These moths are the
parents for the next year’s brood of cutworms. They lay their eggs, according
to Dr. Riley, in the fall, in batches of from fifty to sixty, and generally in two
layers. The eggs probably hatch in the fall, and the young cutworms partly mature
on grass or some similar green food, before winter, as do many other species whose
habits are better known. They never molest the fruit trees at this time of year.
In this partly grown condition they remain until spring, when they awake from
their long fast to feed on the early vegetation. Their growth is very rapid at this
time, and in two or three weeks they are full-grown and ready to follow in the
line of their ancestors.
This in general is also the life history of our other destructive species so far as
we know it at present. Some species remain in the pupa stage a much shorter
time, which is the case with the red cutworm that is later in reaching its growth
but appeared in the breeding jar June 15, or in about two weeks after attaining its
growth. Other species are slower in their transformation, and winter in the egg
stage, and some are even known to hibernate in the pupa stage and appear as a
moth the following spring. Undoubtedly these latter do no harm as climbing cut-
worms, as they would be too late to injure the buds or tender leaves.
Means of Control.—There perhaps is no one item more important for the orchard-
ist to observe than this. All of my observations, and those of many others, give good
evidence that the climbing cutworms do not breed to any extent in carefully tilled
soil. In Mr. Rood’s ease the orchard had been in clover the past two years. Through
the dry summer season, much of the clover was killed out, leaving enough still for
the young cutworms to subsist on during the autumn. Mr. Rood felt very certain
that the clover and its death had been the cause of the attack on his trees, and con-
sequently, as soon as the attack in the spring was over, his orchards were plowed
and, so far as could be, were kept under thorough cultivation the remainder of the
320 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
season, allowing no grass nor weeds to grow even close to the trunks of the trees.
As a result these orchards were not molested last spring by climbing cutworms, and
last fall he wrote me that he had never had a finer crop of apples nor a larger yield.
There was one orchard which had grape vines between the rows of trees. This
was plowed and cultivated, but could not easily be kept entirely clean, and it was
here that the cutworms were almost as plentiful as the year before. In neighbor-
ing orchards similar conditions were noted. Those orchards that were in old sod
or under partial cultivation suffered the most severe attack. This same relation
between clean culture and freedom from cutworms has been reported to us from
Benzie county, and Mr. Slingerland found the same to be true in western New York.
Had Mr. Rood plowed his clover under at or before the time that it commenced
to die, and kept the soil thoroughly cultivated from that time on, the climbing cut-
worms would probably not have been plentiful enough to cause any injury the
following spring.
From what we know of the life history of these climbing cutworms, it seems
safe to say that if the ground is kept free from grass and weeds from July to Octo-
ber of each year, there is little danger of injury from climbing cutworms, and
probably if a crop of clover or grass is left over one year and plowed under in June
of the next, the cutworms will not increase to any great extent in this short
period. This would give an opportunity for using wheat, rye, or clover as a green
manure of desired.
Trapping the moth is an old method, long since discarded by those of experience in
this line, but occasionally people ask regarding it; for this reason it is inserted here.
In early times this appeared to be an ideal remedy, as it was thought that the
inoths could easily be caught before the female deposited her eggs. A few years’
practice proved the fallacy, as most of the moths caught were males or old females.
Moreover, many beneficial insects were also taken in the same traps, and the harm
nearly equaled the benefit.
The tin collar was tried last spring, and was found to be little better than noth-
ing. When the cutworm comes to the collar it will travel around beneath until
it comes to the lap, or where the two ends meet, and then will climb up almost as
readily as on the bark. The tin collar is more difficult to fit to the tree than the
band, and is more expensive.
The cone-shape paste-board collar I have found in more general use over the
state than any other one method. The collars are cut to a scale from stiff glazed
paper and, when pinned around the trunk, form an inverted funnel over which the
ecutworm must travel to go further. These
paste-board collars were already on the grape © maa@ TT Se ar, TAA
vines on my arrival at Muskegon. Other AAMT AAE AA ATG Min ve
bands were put on above, to see if the collars
were a success. We found no instance, to my
present remembrance, were a cutworm was
known to pass over the paper funnel, and if it
fitted tightly it appeared to be a protection; Suna |
but the collars could not be made to fit every 2 a
little irregularity of the trunk with sufficient 4 ie
accuracy to prevent the cutworms from find- ‘ ie iy “it Ta
ing a crevice to push their way through, and ui F ty Wt) Gd uy
hence many were found above the paper cone. We i a =
The cones are also very easily tilted or moved ht = Ms
in cultivating and working around the trees _ |», !/sjj ‘A ih ;
and vines, and this unintentionally opens more /
crevices.
Three kinds of band were tested in the
orchard, viz.: Wool, cotton, and one of
material from Germany, resembling wagon
grease, and known as caterpillar lime or “rau-
penleim.”
The caterpillar lime was furnished by Wm. 7 ah
Menzel & Son, 64 Broad street, New York ee ny ae Of 28 cone chars
city, and did very nicely. It was applied
directly to the trunk of the tree, in a band of from one to two inches in width. The
cutworms did not attempt to climb over it except on a very cool night when the
material became too stiff. This defect can quite likely be overcome; in fact, a
i ta. aK
i}
eal
iy
K \
NY
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 321
similar substance known as ‘‘Dendrolene,’ compounded by Prof. F. L. Nason of
New Brunswick, N. J., is said to obviate this difficulty. The former costs 13 cents
and the latter 6 cents per pound in 25-pound cans. Neither of these materials,
however, are so cheap or so quickly applied as either of the following bands.
The cotton band was tested very thoroughly by Mr. Rood the first year, who
says of it, “‘So long as the cotton was kept dry, it stopped their upward climbing,
and there would be a great mass of moving worms just beneath the cotton. After
it rained on the cotton, they walked right over it and got in a good night’s work.
Next day, as I had no more cotton, I put a daub of tar on top of the band. That
worked like a charm for awhile, but as soon as the tar got too cold and lost its
smell they trotted over it and I had to put on another coat.’’*
The next year there was no rain for the
two weeks in which the cutworms were
the worst, and the cotton bands protected
as well as anything tried. After being
wet it was hoped that the edges of the
cotton band could be somewhat pulled
to pieces and again made to protect, but
in this we failed. The use of cotton bat-
ting for a band is therefore quite uncer-
tain and undesirable, as the weather is
usually rainy at the time of year when
the climbing cutworms are the worst, and
they would do much harm before the
bands could be replaced, if a large
orchard is to be protected in this way.
A roll of cotton will make bands for a
great many trees, and is the cheapest of
all bands at the start, but may not be in
the end. For this reason fruitgrowers
will find that the wool band is the cheap-
est and the best of all. It always protects,
whatever the weather may be, as rain or
cold make little or no difference with it.
The band need not be over an inch and a
half wide, and should be tightly bound
by common wrapping-twine wrapped once or twice about it in the middle. In
practice it will be found essential to have the bands this narrow of either wool or
cotton, as the birds appreciate this material for a downy nest, and if it is not
securely held by a cord, large chunks will be pulled out, leaving holes through
which the cutworms can easily climb. If the wool is properly cared for, the same
material may be used for bands for several years in succession, thus reducing the
expense to a minimum.
If to prevent the cutworms from reaching the tree tops were sufficient, the keeping
of a wool band on the trunk would be enough; but every fruitgrower should try
to rid his fields of them. He should not only keep them from his trees, but should
keep them from developing on other plants when they can not get into the tree
tops. He must at least protect the trunks of his trees below the band or they may
be girdled. The following methods will be found helpful:
Crushing by hand was the method adopted by Mr. Rood, who found it a sure
one, though rather laborious, as it kept one or more men at work all night. He
would start out about ten o’clock with a lantern in one hand and a leather mitten on
the other that crushed the cutworms without merey. Usually each tree was visited
about twice each night.
Around the base of each tree were placed three of four old boards or shingles,
and a large share of the cutworms that escaped the crushing would hide under
these traps for the day. Often hundreds would be found attached in a bunch to the
under side of a single board, but it was either a rotten one or a rough one, for a
smooth board for some reason was always avoided by the masses. Another thing
worthy of note was that the white cutworm (Carncades scandens) was never taken
under the traps. This species always came to the trees much later at night than the
Fig. 8.—Illustrating the wool and cotton bands.
* Perhaps the statement should be made here that coal tar, if used at all on trees, should never be
permitted to touch the bark, as a very small amount will leave a brown dead spot beneath. Young
trees are very susceptible to injury by it.
41
322 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
others, and always came some distance from the trunk. The speckled and red
cutworms are easily trapped, but they should be gathered early in the morning
while it is yet cool, for as soon as the boards become heated the cutworms will
bury themselves in the soil where it is cooler and there is more moisture.
Bran, given a green tinge with Paris green, was dropped around the base of
each tree as an experiment. The cutworms ate it readily, both as they passed it
in starting up the tree and as they came back hungry from their vain effort to get
beyond the band. The next morning more than half of the cutworms were found
hanging to the bark, limp and dead, or in the same condition on the ground. In
some cases 90 per cent. were found dead. No doubt many that were not found
buried themselves in the soil and died there from the effects of the poison. Where
much bran was eaten the poison acted very quickly. Bran with and without sweet-
ening was tried, but the cutworms seemed to eat one kind as readily as the other.
Possibly a supply of freshly poisoned bran will be desirable every few days. The
experiment of poisoned twigs was made by dipping freshly cut twigs in Paris
green water and standing them in the ground around the trunk where the cut-
“worms could easily reach them near the band. This served as a good decoy and
killed about the same number that the bran did. This makes more work than dis-
tributing the bran but if one does not prune his orchard until this time, he can
quite easily cut some fresh twigs every few days and apply poison to them.
Spraying the trees with the arsenites will be found to be of very little practical
value. The leaves are still in the bud, and the cutworm eats comparatively little of
the outside, and hence the poison is slow to act. Mr. Rood says of it, “I sprayed
the trees twice, as it rained after the first application, and could not see that it did
a particle of good. I had no idea that it would, but in my desperation I would try
anything.”
It is not uncommon for people to have their fruit trees injured by climbing cut-
worms for some time, or even for several seasons before they can ascertain what
has done the injury. One may look carefully over the tree through the day, for
an insect, but there will be nothing to indicate the identity of the depredator
except the injured buds. To one who has had experience with this “thief in the
night,” the conspicuous absence is characteristic, for no other insect is likely to feed
in this way and leave the tree during the day. Another method is to go out in the
evening, if one suspects their presence, and listen for the chewing at the buds which
is quite noticeable; or, better yet, put a band on the trunk of a few trees and
examine below the bands for them by lantern light. If they have been troublesome
in years past, or there is likelihood of their being present, the trees should by all
means be protected against a sudden raid that might destroy a year’s crop of fruit
and endanger the life of the orchard as well.
WEGE TABLE sDESTS.
Part of Bulletin No. 131.
BY H. P. GLADDEN AND U. P. HEDRICK. ;
BUSH BHANS.
Forty varieties of bush bean were planted May 23 and 24. The plants started
well and, when the drouth came on, water was supplied from the irrigating sys-
tem. This always available supply of water kept the plants continually growing,
and a large crop of pods with general freedom from rust was the result.
: Time = Time
Variety. Seedsman. edible. Variety. Seedsman. edible.
Blue Podded Butter_..| Vaughan_.___.__-_- July 25 || Marvel of Paris ______ Thorburnee-22sse- July 19
Canadian Wouter: a eDreers eee ek Aug. 2 || Nettle Leaved Bagno-
Challenge...___ ___. Horry ones July 16 | Pe eee es Be ee ee ST py Ris Be an 20
Cylinder Black Wax _-| Henderson __-..-_- el li NOS mdieranceneces sae A. N. Jones_____-- “28
David Kidney Wax __.| Hicks _______.___- oe) 18) ||| ROLU BOG caso cote cone Merrys2 2 one os 23
Davis Wax-___-.--.---- Morry sco ve 20 Hoidee Vertes..__.-_- eye eeas 5 am TE SAL site 23
Davis Wax____-_-.-__- Brown cso: |e seen 204 || LQueen a2 ee ae Hicks #2222 ae 18
Detroit Wax___._-__-. WOtty coos en nee eee aU) Saddle bank Wax:=2:|) Burpee222oe u ai
Dwarf Horticultural__ ies La Fad 5 RET ‘* 23 || Six Weeks Round
Flageolet Victoria__..| Henderson ______- S28 Yellow 2222) Merry i222 ot Ses of 28
Flageolet Wax-___.___. DeptsAg «20 || Stringless Green Pod_| Burpee -__-._____- se 23
PIMA Ax eee erry. se ‘¢ 23 || Stringless Green Pod_| Vaughan.-________- “28
Golden Wax __________ Sig i ie ee ea * 18 || Speckled Wax-__-_----- Merry 22 e Ss S525) 288 21
Golden Eye Wax---___- Buckbee---_-_-.-_-- ‘* 20 || Valentine—Cleve- i
Goddard = erry: 22 oe ob} land’s Imp. --__----- Harrisi22222-scese- uD 23
GoldtDot24-2 = Micke: 27222 2s ‘© 18 || Victoria Flageolet ___| Ferry -....--.----- a 28
Holsteins ee Buckbee.____.___- ‘¢ 23 || Wardwell’s Kidney
Lonegfellow_____- Henderson -__.___- OO" PB} Waxss- 25) Saeeis Ho @eate Rese 4 teh Pear 20
Market New Prolific__| Thorburn ___._... E285 (Warren. 2 seas sons Vaughan’ oi 28
Marblehead Horti- Yosemite Wax--_----- Soh ye aie aes Ce s 22
culturaleeess sae erry ae es
Challenge, D. M. Ferry & Co., Detroit—A small-growing sort and the first to
mature edible pods. The pods are of good size, tender and of excellent quality, gol-
den yellow in color. The plants are very productive, and maturing so early it is
a valuable variety for the market or home garden.
Davis Wax, Alfred Brown & Co., Grand Rapids.—New. Plants of large growth,
quite upright in habit; leaflets large, medium green, with slight yellowish tinge.
Pods six to seven inches long, flat, straight, light golden color, tender and excel-
lent in quality; valuable for vigorous growth of plant and productiveness, for the
large-size, regular pods of handsome appearance and good quality; bean white.
324 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Dwarf Horticultural, Ferry.—Plants very productive; excellent as a shell-bean
when partly ripened; also can be used as a green-podded snap sort.
Longfellow, Peter Henderson & Co., New York.—New. Plants strong, vigorous,
upright growth; leaflets very large, slightly wrinkled, color medium dark green.
Pods six to seven inches long, curved, somewhat flattened; quality fair, color light
green; valuable for strong, healthy growth and productiveness.
New Prolific Market, J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.—New. Plant a vigorous,
growth; leaflets somewhat wrinkled dark brown color; pods five to six inches long,
round, light green in color, flesh solid and of good quality; rather late, but plants
very productive; an excellent sort. ‘
Marblehead Horticultural, Ferry.—New. Earlier and superior to Dwarf Horticul-
tural; an excellent early shell-bean.
Stringless Green Pod, W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Philadelphia, J. C. Vaughan, Chi-
cago.—_New. Plants of medium growth; pods 4% to 5% inches long, nearly round,
slightly curved and twisted; light green in color; flesh tender and of best quality;
the pods remain long in edible condition; even when the beans are large the pods
are not stringy. Valuable for good quality and lack of stringiness.
Cleveland’s Improved Valentine, Joseph Harris Co., Moreton Farm, N. Y.—Plants
of medium growth and very productive. Pods four to six inches long, curved,
round, green in color, tender and of best quality; an excellent green-podded variety.
Improved, Department of Agriculture.—Plants of vigorous, spreading growth,
inclined to climb; pods three to four inches long, narrow, flattened, light green in
color, tender, juicy, and of best quality; lacks productiveness.
No. 71, A. N. Jones.—New. Plants of strong, vigorous growth and very product-
ive; pods five to six inches long, round, curved, golden yellow; flesh thick, tender,
and of good quality; a good variety.
Holstein, H. W. Buckbee, Rockford, Ill—New. Seed did not germinate well and
but few weak plants grew; beans peculiarly marked in red and white.
David Kidney Wax, D. C. Hicks, North Clarendon, Vt.—New. Plants of strong
growth; leaflets somewhat wrinkled, dark green color; pods five to six inches long,
broad, flat, rich golden yellow color; flesh solid, crisp, and of best quality; very pro-
ductive; an excellent sort.
Of the older and better known varieties, Cylinder Black Wax, Golden Wax, and
Saddle-back Wax, among the yellow-podded sorts, and Red Valentine and Marvel
of Paris among the green-podded, are up to the usual high standard of excellence.
Gold Dot, Detroit Wax, German Wax, Queen and Blue-podded Butter are good
varieties.
Goddard, Flageolet Victoria, Nettle-Leaved Bagnolet, Refugee, Roides Vertes,
Speckled Wax, Wardwell’s Kidney Wax, Warren, and Yosemite Wax are not so
good as the varieties given above.
The following Wax sorts did best with us: Challenge, Cylinder Black Wax,
Davis, and David Kidney Wax. Green-podded sorts: Cleveland’s Improved Val-
entine, Longfellow, New Prolific Market, and Stringless Green Pod. As a green
shell-bean, Marblehead Horticutural was the best grown.
POLE-BEANS.
The pole-beans were planted July 14-15. The following table shows the time the
pods or beans reached edible maturity:
: Time : Time
Variety. Seedsman. ediia, Variety. Seedsman. edible:
Black Lima___.__. -_- Dept. Ag.=. <22022-\|Septs18)i|| Mastiffi-225.) ee Johnson & Stokes] Sept. 7
Brocktonj2s25.-2= =! Maenry conse ese Aug. 20 || Southern Prolific ___.| Ferry -.-------.---- es ec
Carolina 22 Landreth___.____- Sept. 20 || Sunshine Wax______- Burpee sso) a ee 6
Golden Cluster_______- WOLTY {=e scoot oes Aug. 20 || Willow Leaf-._______. Dreene: Sone eee eee
Golden Champion-___-_ i ae ee eee ‘* 15 || White Creaseback.__| Ferry ...-.-------. Aug. 17
Kentucky Wonder -_-_-. Di eS eat so 28) ||, Wihiten ims 2 seen ee CDi Dg See eee us 21
Kinglof the Gardenias |s sstn seen eece Sept. 21 || White Zala___.._..-..| Burpee -----._-- roe wae)
Deny Wifé 22-22-22 Dept. Ag...--.---- e267)! Woreesters 2) senso Rawson ___-_.._- De 28
Brockton, Ferry.—Plants are small growers and most of the pods are borne low
down; pods dark green, mottled with purplish red, and well filled with large
beans; a good shell-bean variety.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 325
Black Lima, Dept. of Agriculture—The seeds did not germinate well and the
plants were weak; usually the first of the Limas to mature beans, and an excellent
variety.
Golden Cluster, Ferry.—The best snap pole-bean.
Golden Champion, Ferry.—The first of the poles to mature edible pods; valuable
for earliness and good quality of pods.
Kkentucky Wonder, IFerry.—Plants are very strong-growing, healthy, and pro-
ductive. A very valuable green-podded variety.
King of the Garden, Ferry.—Plant a strong, healthy grower, bearing a large crop
of pods; pods five to six inches long, one inch broad; beans large, four to five in
pods, and of good quality; an excellent Lima bean.
Mastiff, Johnson & Stokes, Philadelphia.—New. Plants are of medium growth;
pods somewhat resemble Golden Cluster, but not so broad nor so bright yellow, and
each pod has a line of green on each side. It is later in maturing than Golden
Cluster, but is a good variety.
Southern Prolific, Ferry.—Plants of strongest growth and very healthy; a wonder-
fully prolific variety; flesh thick, tender, and of high quality. It has a long season,
pods in all stages of growth until frost comes. Valuable.
White Lima, Ferry.—Plants very strong growers, running to tops of poles, eight
feet high. Plants are very productive, bearing pods in clusters from bottom to top
of poles; beans medium in size, three to four in short pods, and of excellent quality;
a good Lima bean.
Worcester, W. W. Rawson & Co., Boston.—Plants of low, stocky growth, quite
productive; beans large, broad, thick, of good quality. An excellent shell-bean.
Sunshine Wax is similar to Golden Cluster.
White Creaseback, White Zulu, and Lazy Wife are not of special merit.
As snap poles, Golden Cluster, Golden Champion, Kentucky Wonuer, and Southern
Prolific are recommended.
Black Lima, White Lima, and King of the Garden are among the best Limas.
Brockton and Worcester are excellent as shell-beans.
BEETS.
The following table shows the time of maturity of the several varieties grown:
Variety. Seedsman. Date of Variety. , Seedsman. Date of
maturity. maturity.
Beetitrom: Persia=s = -- |e < oe soso eee July 8 || Market Gardeners___.}| Maule ___________. July 8
Columbian -- | PBurpeetet ene ot 5) || (Stinson a= soto ses ae Burpee. se ssost. Aug. 16
Crimson Chief___.---- i ohheon & Stokes} ‘‘ 8 || Surprise_____-__-.-_-. UG (8 (Stee eee July 5
INGLIpse) ne. Lee Vaughan -~ June 30 Gronby7 s Egyptian_.__.| Dept. Ag.___...__-.| June 28
Long Blood____.___--. Landreth ______-- July 16 |} Sunset........-.--___. Buckbee- _-___----- July 11
Columbia, W. Atlee, Burpee, Philadelphia, Pa.—Tops small and of a dark bronze-
red color; flesh bright red with dark rings; quite early, of handsome appearance,
solid flesh, and good quality; several seasons’ trial has proved this to be a desirable
sort.
Crimson Chief, Johnson & Stokes.—Root of Helipse type, but darker color, tapers
more slowly, and top of root larger and longer; fiesh solid, sweet, dark crimson with
light streaks; smooth, regular form; early; an excellent variety.
Stinson, Burpee.—New. Tops very small; leaves long and narrow and of a dark
red color; round root, 214 to 3 inches in diameter, rather long tap-root; flesh fine-
grained, dark color, and of best quality; a late-maturing sort.
Surprise, Johnson & Stokes.—Root four to five inches in diameter at top, flat, taper-
ing gradually to long tap-root; flesh light, almost white, dry, hard, and of fair qual-
ity; valuable for excellent form.
Sunset, Buckbee.—New. Top, quite large; root four to five inches in diameter;
round top, tapering slowly to long tap-root; skin dark; flesh rich, dark red color,
and of best quality; an excellent late sort.
Beet from Persia.—Leaf-stalk and leaves light green; root four to five inches in
diameter, round top, cylinder-shape, tapering quickly to a spongy tap-root; very
irregular and rough in form and appearance; flesh very hard, dry, and woody,
almost clear white in color; of poor quality and little value.
326 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Crosby’s Egyptian, Dept. of Agriculture.—The earliest sort to mature: excellent
form; flesh dark but not of best quality; valuable for earliness.
Eclipse, Vaughan.—One of the best early-maturing sorts.
Long Blood, D. Landreth & Sons, Philadelphia.—An excellent late sort and one of
the best for winter use.
CELERY.
The place selected for planting the celery has a loose, black soil of considerable
depth and was in a good state of fertility. The larger part of the plot was so
arranged that a row of tile was placed at a depth of about six inches under each
alternate row of plants. The ends of several rows were connected with cross tiles
so that the water could be distributed through one opening. This plan worked
very successfully and a good crop of celery was grown. Rows purposely left with-
out this arrangement of underground tiles, but watered by surface irrigation to
give the plants a good start, did not give as good growth, and much more rust was
present than on the sub-irrigated portion.
Crawford, Burpee.—A medium-growing sort; stalks large, thick, yellowish white
color, and of good quality; easy to blanch but does not keep well.
Dwarf Golden Heart.—A small-growing variety, but blanches very easily and is
of fine quality; rusted quite badly and is not a good keeper.
Giant Pascal.—A large-growing sort; stalks large, thick, with a rich, nutty flavor;
does not blanch very easily; rusted but little, and a good keeper; one of the best.
Golden Self-Blanching.—A rather short grower but close and solid; blanches
readily; is of good quality and quite free from rust; a good keeper; an excellent
variety.
Imperial Burpee.—A small-growing sort; rusted very badly, and many stalks
were rotten; a poor keeper.
Perfection Hartwell, Burpee.—A large-growing sort; stalks large, thick; consid-
erable rust present; hard to blanch, but of excellent quality when well blanched; 2
good keeper.
Pink Plume, Henderson.—A good grower; stalks medium large, thick, of excellent
quality, and a good keeper; quite free from rust; an excellent pink sort.
Red Pascal, Vaughan.—New. Not so large a grower as Giant Pascal; outer stalks
have a pink color; excellent quality and quite free from rust; does not seem to be
as good a keeper as Giant Paseal.
White Plume.—Of small growth; tops almost white; stalks small, but blanch eas-
ily and of good quality; perhaps the best early variety, but not a good keeper.
CUCUMBERS.
The cucumbers were planted June 10 and 11. The following table gives the varie-
ties planted and the dates when they became ready for use:
= Date : Date
Variety. Seedsman. edible! Variety. Seedsman. edible.
Al DINO een en eee HOrry2.- eos. e eee July 25 || Japanese Climbing__| Vaughan._________ Aug. 21
Arlington White Spine} Vaughan_________- Aug. 2 || Long’ Green 2.2.2) Grerory.2 aM 12
Bennett’s White Spine Reg a Peet sh oe re 4 || Monarch White Spine| Buckbee_________- se &
Chicago Giant ___.__- SO ee Te Be S| (Giant) Pera= 2) 228 Dept Agee xe 21
Commercial Pickle.___| Thorburn _______- yo 9 || Nichol’s Medium
Cool and Crisp_-__.___- Henderson--______- a 4 Green ss eet Vaughan’-=22s--2 July 29
Everbearing--___-____-- Mhorburnieeesenee DOlye ase Pearisian sass neae as Foy am fe azet, rend Aug. 15
Everbearing--_-_______- Vaughan_________. mae p a el oso lety (cha ee ea SS Greporye snes July 22
Evergreen White Spine| Johnson & Stokes Aug. #))|) Sikkimis29=5-24er oe Seer Mty taney Sete Aug. 21
Fordhook White Spine| Burpee____-._____- 9 || Westerfield __________ Wauzhanit 22252255 July 28
GreenliProlifie===— = |PVaughan= 22252. eS 1 || White Wonder_-_-_-__- Burpee 225). == Aug. 2
Ivory Monarch_______. Childsie ss sss “© 15 || White Wonder______- DeptrAge. 22. July 31
Albino, Ferry.—Fruit when mature 8 to 10 inches long, 2 inches diameter; nearly
round, with slight ridges; color, golden yellow, with few, short, black spines; the
small fruits are white, but soon have a yellowish tinge; the flesh it thick and of a
good quality, and seed cavity small; plants are productive; a good variety to furnish
small, white pickles; also good for slicing.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 327
Ivory Monarch, John Lewis Childs, Floral Park, N. Y.—Vines are the strongest
and most vigorous in the patch. Fruit, when mature, 12 to 14 inches long, 2 to 3
inches in diameter, somewhat curved and twisted; color almost white, with few
short, darker spines; flesh solid and of good quality; seed cavity small; plants are
not productive.
White Wonder, Burpee,: Dept. Agriculture——Vines of medium growth and
healthy; fruit, when mature, 5 to 6 inches long, 24% to 3 inches in diameter; smooth,
triangular, regular form; color, white with mere dots for spines; seed cavity large
and seeds numerous; quality fair but not enough flesh; attractive in appearance and
plants productive.
Everbearing.—Plants are of smali growth, but set a large amount of fruit; fruits,
when mature, 4 to 5 inches long, nearly round, smooth, thickly set with fine black
spines which come off easily; an excellent sort for early pickles; for slicing it is too
small, has too many seeds. and lacks quality.
Russian.—Vines of vigorous, healthy growth, and very productive; fruits 3 to 4
inches long, smooth; perhaps the best sort for small, early pickles; also excellent
as an early slicing variety.
Westerfield.—Vines are of medium growth, blossomed full and set many fruits,
5 to 6 inches long, two inches in diameter, somewhat triangular, smooth; small
fruits have large, short, black spines and are quite rough; very productive; as a
sort for general pickling, it is one of the best; good quality for slicing, but there
are others better for this purpose.
Arlington White Spine, Vaughan.—Plants strong-growing, healthy, and the most
productive of the White Spines; 5 to 6 inches long, 2% to 38 inches in diameter;
differs from others of the class in having shorter fruits and ends move blunt; seed
cavity large and quality not of the best.
Bennett’s White Spine, Vaughan.—Plants are the strongest and best growers of
the class; fruits 7 to 9 inches long, usually somewhat curved; flesh solid and of
good quality; perhaps the best of the White Spines.
Evergreen White Spine, J. & S.; Fordhook White Spine, Burpee; Monarch White
Spine, Buckbee, are quite similar in plant growth and in appearance of fruits;
excellent sorts.
Cool and Crisp, Henderson.—Plants are of good growth and healthy, bearing a
large crop of fruit; closely resembles the White Spine class, but perhaps more slen-
der and tapering more from center to ends; excellent in quality and a good slicing
sort
Nichol’s Medium Green.—Plants of good growth and very productive. One of
he best varieties for slicing that matures medium early.
Green Prolific, Vaughan.—Plants are not of strong growth, do not spread far
from hill, but are very healthy and productive for growth; fruit 5 to 6 inches long,
214 in diameter, quite prominent black spines until mature, when fruits are almost
smooth; flesh solid and of best quality; a good table sort, and also good for pickling.
Parisian.—Plants of good growth and productive; a valuable sort for long, slen-
der pickles.
Chicago Giant, Vaughan.—-Vines of very strong growth, healthy, and productive;
fruits, when mature, 12 to 14 inches long, 2% to 8 inches in diameter; flesh solid,
small cavity and few seeds; of best quality; the pickling size are very solid and
erisp; valuable for pickles or for slicing.
Giant Pera, Dept. of Agriculture.—Vines of strong growth, but set few fruits;
very solid and crisp, and of best quality; good for pickling; lacks productiveness.
Japanese Climbing, Vaughan.—Vines are very strong-growing and very produc-
tive; fruits large and of best quality, but rather slow to mature; a most excellent
variety; will climb if poles are provided, but does well on ground.
Sikkim, Gregory.—New. Plants of strongest growth, healthy and very produc-
tive; fruits 10 to 12 inches long, 2 inches in diameter, nearly straight, slightly
smaller in middle; ends blunt; dark green color; smooth, a few blunt black spines;
flesh very solid and firm; small seed cavity; seems to lack flavor and quality; might
do for pickles, but others superior; not a table sort.
As pickling sorts, Russian and Westerfield for small, and Parisian for large-size,
pickles are good varieties. As table sorts, Nichol’s Medium Green, Cool and Crisp,
Bennett’s White Spine, and Japanese Climbing would make an excellent selection.
Albino is one of the best white varieties, either for pickling or table use.
328 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
LETTUCE.
Seed of the varieties thought to be suitable for hot-bed growing was sown in the
forcing-house, March 25. April 18-19, the plants were transferred to hot-beds. The
table shows the dates at which the several sorts were ready for market.
Variety. Seedsman. Date of Variety. Seedsman. Date of
maturity. maturity,
Black Seeded Simpson} Vaughan __-_-_.__- June 5 || Hanson -__--_-_.-.-- Wanghan. eee June 20
Black Seeded Butter_.| Ferry ___-...-.__-- ‘** 11 || Mignonette-.__--__._- Henderson..._-_-_-- ae 18
Boston so eee tenes Thorburn) ose 222: a 1) Perpignane-2s)2s22eee Waughanisesosf2o2 ss 9
Buttercup... 2 ee meee ee 7 || Sensation ___ . .-. Pepe as beens eS ae 15
Cabbawe\.-. 22220. te5 Burpee 222 225-Le- uf 7 || St. Louis Butterhead_| Vaughan _.______- ee 5
Chicago Forcing.-.--. Vaughan _______-- hy Bi Rom yc htim )s eee Barpeosncs sce sles 9
Deacon’... 2 eS Burpee cose ee os 5 ||) Dreasuress22 seen Henderson__.___-_. -
Half Century___.-----. Childses. este ‘« 23 || Denver Market _-_--.- eptseAg: aon “s 20
Boston, Thorburn.—The first variety to mature. Heads rather small, 5 to 6 inches
in diameter; light, rather golden yellow color; leaves small, somewhat waved and
slightly notched; forms a loose head; tender and of excellent quality; a good forc-
ing sort.
Black-Seeded Simpson, Vaughan.—A few days later than Boston. A most excel-
lent loose-headed, large-growing sort; very valuable for hot-bed purposes.
Deacon, Burpee.—Heads 6 to 8 inches in diameter; loose-growing; leaves dark
green, regular in outline, not waved nor notched; very tender and of best quality;
a valuable sort.
St. Louis Butterhead, Vaughan; Perpignan, Vaughan; Black-Seeded Butter,
Ferry; Silver Ball, Vaughan; Treasure, Henderson, and Buttercup, Thorburn,
differ in shades of green, date of maturity, and in more or less loosely formed
heads; all are good forcing sorts.
Blonde Beauty, Vaughan.—An excellent grower; leaves curled, wrinkled, and
blistered; forms a loose curled head, yellowish green in color; good quality and ten-
uer; a few days later than Black-seeded Simpson.
Tom Thumb, Burpee.—Heads small, 5 to 6 inches in diameter, rather loose, dark
green color; not a good-growing sort; runs to head quickly.
Sensation, Johnson & Stokes.—New. Matures a few days later than Silver Ball
and is somewhat of same type, but leaves are more waved and crinkled; forms a
loose, open head of good size; light green in color; does not seem to grow as tender
or be of as good quality as some others.
Mignonette, Henderson.—New. Matures 5 te 6 days later than Silver Ball;
heads 6 to 8 inches in diameter; forms a rather loose head; leaves large, crinkled,
and waved; light purplish tinge on edges; inner leaves light, delicate green; a very
handsome lettuce, tender and of best quality; very valuable but rather late in
maturing.
Denver Market, Dept. of Agriculture.—A rather coarse-growing sort and late in
maturing; some of the heading varieties are preferable for forcing use.
Hanson, Vaughan.—An excellent large-growing, loose-heading sort; color light yel-
lowish green; later than some of the smaller-growing varieties.
Half-Century, Childs.—Matures 10 to 12 days later than Silver Ball; heads, 8 to
10 inches in diameter; when fully grown, forms a close head; leaves entire, a little
wrinkled, very dark green color; excellent in quality and very tender; regard it as
a very desirable sort, though its dark green color may be objectionable.
Lettuce out of doors.—The forcing varieties above mentioned, together with
eleven other sorts, were transplanted to the garden May 23. The following are a
few of the varieties that did best with us and are recommended for garden use:
Iceberg, Burpee.—The heads are of good size; leaves somewhat curled and
wrinkled, edges brownish-red. Its high quality, handsome appearance, and its
ability to form good heads during dry weather, make it a very desirable variety.
Hanson, Black-Seeded Simpson, and Blonde Beauty, are large-growing, loose-
heading sorts, well suited for garden growing.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 329
Prize Head, Chartier, and Onondaga form loose heads, with leaves curled and
wrinkled; color, purplish. They are of excellent quality and have a long season.
Mignonette.—New. Mentioned above among the forcing varieties; is also an
excellent out-door sort; one of the best.
RADISHES.
The seeds of twenty varieties were sown in the hot-beds early in March and
careful notes taken of their behavior to determine their value for forcing purposes.
Rapid Forcing, Henderson.—Tbis was the first variety to become of edible size;
mature in 26 days after sowing; tops small; root irregular; olive-shape; red, white-
tipped, with slender tap-root; does not remain long in edible condition; a valuable
sert for early maturity and good quality.
Bright Breakfast, Burpee.—Mature in 384 days. Tops of medium size; root dark:
searlet color, round top, slightly olive-shape; tap-root long, tapering gradually,
white; good quality and tender but not very early; not of special merit.
French Searlet Turnip, Thorburn.—Mature in 36 days; tops of medium size; roots
light scarlet color; vary in form from irregular tapering to round; tap-root long;
flesh firm, crisp, and tender; not early, but of best quality.
White-Tipped Scarlet Turnip, Thorburn.—-Mature in 34 days; form tends to olive-
shape; rather sharp in flavor; nothing specially noticeable.
Searlet Button, Burpee.—Mature in 32 days; tops quite small; roots deep dark scar-
let color, round, with long, slender tap-root; handsome in appearance and quality
of the best.
Bird, Salzer.—Quite similar to above.
Roman Carmine, Thorburn.—Mature in 34 days; tops of medium size; root round;
bright, dark scarlet color; tap-root slender; excellent in quality and flavor mild.
Rose Turnip, Henderson.—Quite similar to above.
Garnet Turnip-rooted, Landreth. Mature in 38 days; tops quite large; roots deep,
dark crimson color, flat top, tapering quickly; tap-root large and long; flesh white,
very firm and crisp; excellent in quality but scarcely as early as most of the other
small-growing sorts.
White Box, Harris.—Mature in 34 days; tops of medium size; root flat, turnip-
shape; color white; flesh very firm, crisp, and of good quality; one of the best of
the white class.
Vhite Forcing, Burpee.—Mature in 30 days; top small; root long, olive-shape; an
early-maturing sort of mild flavor; becomes pithy very soon.
White Olive-Shape, Henderson.—Mature in 36 days; not a good grower; some are
small and irregular in shape.
White Summer Turnip, Thorburn.—Similar to White Box.
Golden Dresden, Burpee.—Mature in 38 days; this variety did not grow well
here; too small in size; flesh firm and of good quality.
Olive-Shape Golden Yellow, Thorburn.—Mature in 40 days; excellent in form, but
sharp in flavor and rather late in maturing.
Yellow Oval-Shape, Henderson; Surprise, Burpee.—Mature in 34 days; root large,
oval-shape; light golden-yellow color; flesh crisp, tender, and mild in flavor;
relains a long time in edible condition; perhaps the best of the yellow sorts.
Eldorado, Henderson.—Mature in 34 days; tops small; root flat-topped; turnip-
shape, with long, slender, tap-root; golden-yellow color; flesh very firm and crisp;
an excellent yellow sort.
Whiite-Tipped Scarlet Ball, Burpee.—Mature in 30 days; tops very small; root
round, bright scarlet color, with white tip; flesh mild, crisp; an excellent forcing
sort.
Out-door radishes.—Long Scarlet Short-Top, Thorburn.—Edible in 33 days; a well-
known sort and one of the best for out-door growing.
Chartier, Thorburn.—Hdible in 34 days; roots larger in size, but usually not as
long as the preceding; a most excellent sort.
Cardinal, Burpee.—New. Edible in 30 days; tops small; root 5 to 6 inches in
diameter, bright scarlet color. Its handsome appearance, crisp, tender flesh, mild
flavor, and early maturity, make it a very desirable sort for garden purposes.
Rose China, Ferry.—Hdible in 41 days; tops large; root 6 to 8 inches long, one
inch in diameter, pink-scarlet color, lower part nearly white; un excellent later-
maturing sort, remaining a long time in edible condition.
42
330 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
White Lady Finger, Buckbee.-—-New. Edible in 30 days; in form closely resembles
Long Scarlet Short-Top, though a little thicker; color white; flesh tender, crisp, and
of mild flavor; an excellent white sort.
White Chartier, Henderson.—New. Edible in 36 days; similar in form and
growth to Chartier; color white; a fine white variety.
White Vienna, Thorburn.—Closely resembles White Chartier, though a few days
earlier in maturing; a good sort.
Wonderful, Landreth.—New. Edible in 18 days; tops quite small; root 38 to 4
inches long, % to 1 inch in diameter; an excellent grower; perfect in form; color
a bright scarlet; valuable for earliness and handsome appearance; it is as early as
the ball forcing sorts, and as it is larger in size it should be largely grown.
Hali-long Deep Scarlet, Thorburn.—Edible in 24 days; larger in diameter and
shorter than the preceding; not so attractive in appearance nor so early; hence,
tle cther preferable.
’ Unless the soil where radishes are grown is sandy and rich, the roots grow too
slowly and become tough and wormy. For this reason, some of the smaller-grow-
ivg sorts, like Wonderful, Rapid Forcing, or Scarlet Button, are preferable to the
larger-growing varieties. If seed is sown every week or ten days a succession of
good radishes can be had in every garden throughout the season.
SQUASHES.
Owing to the extreme drouth of the past season, many plants did not make a
good growth and the crop was far below the average in size and number grown.
Many varieties produced no mature squashes.
Bay State, Vaughan.—A recent introduction. In color it is dark green. It has a
thick, hard shell, making it an excellent winter keeper. The flesh is thick, dry,
fine-grained, and of good quality; an excellent winter variety.
Busk Scallop, Vaughan.—One of the best varieties to grow for early summer use;
color, white.
Chicago Warted Hubbard, Vaughan.—Does not seem to differ greatly from ordi-
nary Hubbard, which is a well-known and standard winter sort.
Chicago Orange Marrow, Vaughan.—An excellent fall and early winter variety.
The skin is of a rich, deep, orange color. The flesh is thick and of good quality; per-
haps the earliest of the long-keeping sorts.
Coccanut, Vaughan.—A small-growing sort having fine-grained flesh, sweet, and
of good quality. This variety is almost sure to bear a large crop of fruit and can
be relied upon when other sorts fail. It is also a good keeper; valuable.
Cocozelle Bush.—A variety of little practical value.
Jssex Hybrid, Vaughan.—Short, cylindrical-shape, having cap-shape enlargement
at the blossom end; varies in color from light orange to green; flesh dry, thick,
bright orange color, and of good quality. The plants are productive and the squash
a good keeper.
Iureka, Vaughan.—New. Vines of strong growth and very productive; squash 10
to 12 inches long, 8 to 10 inches in diameter, surface roughened; color, a light gray-
ish-green; good in quality and a late keeper.
Delicata, Henderson.—Plants strong-growing and productive; squashes 6 inches
long, 3 to 4 inches in diameter; rich, creamy-yellow color; flesh dry and of excel-
lent quality; quite similar to Fordhook, but not so ridged and is more oval in shape;
a fine variety and a good keeper.
Der Wing, Burpee.—A small-growing and early-maturing sort, scarcely as good
as Fordhook or Delicata.
Faxon, Vaughan.—This variety as grown here varied from lighi, Orange Marrow
color to dark Pike’s Peak; also, form varied greatly; type probably not fixed.
Fordhook, Burpee.—An excellent early-maturing sort of good quality; not of large
size. but a good keeper. :
Golden Heart, Vaughan.—_New. Squashes 6 to 8 inches in diameter; round, with
deep grooves, tapering to sharp point; color golden-yellow with green point and
splashes of green around base; flesh thick, yellow, fine grained, and of best quality;
matures early in the fall but is a good keeper.
Perfect Gem, Vaughan.—The squashes are from 4 to 6 inches in diameter, white
or light yellow in color; skin thin, smooth, slightly ribbed; flesh dry and of good
quality; good for fall or winter use, but too small in size.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 331
Pike’s Peak, Vaughan.—Vines of good growth and productive; squashes of a pale
green color, good size and form; skin thin, but hard; flesh very dry, of fine grain
and best quality; a little later than Hubbard, but a longer keeper and of better qual-
ity; an excellent winter sort.
Summer Crookneck, Vaughan.—One of the best early summer varieties.
Golden Cluster, Dept. of Agriculture.—Vines of small, bushy growth; very few
squashes on vines; resembles bush scallop, but more circular in form, and not
dented on edges so much; color dark, golden yellow; very early in maturing.
TOMATOES.
The seed of seventy varieties was sown in the forcing-house, March 27. When
the plants were two inches high they were removed to flats and plenty of space
allowed for stocky growth.
The ground, a light sandy loam, was well manured and thoroughly prepared,
and the plants set out June 6 and 7. The rows were five feet apart and the distance
between the plants in the row was four feet.
The plants were thoroughly irrigated during the season, as occasion required,
and a very large crop of fruit was grown. No trellis was provided, but the plants
were allowed to spread over the ground. Very little rot made its appearance and
no spraying was required.
In the table below will be found the date of first fruit ripening; the number
of fruits and weight grown on one plant; the average weight in ounces of a single
fruit, and the amount in pounds of green fruit on one plant at the time of killing by
frost, October 1. The yield from the one plant is divided into two periods, so that the
early productiveness, often an important point, can be noted.
302
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
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RGRULY, & ote ee ea Waughansesesen SPEAR Dill) Rate LOM ee
armndaa 6122 sae (oe andreth.___.____ oO 29) 108) 14 1) 878%) 100) 19
Brandywine 222222222222. AY. NGE Os ek cae Se OO Nh CeCe OF | end chip ee
Brooke's No. 2_----.------ F, W. Brocke..--_- a ay Pee ae | aks)
Buckeye State___.-.__. .--- Vaughan.________- Ao 204 = 81 Oul ered ae elewe
@arding |= sera Re Eiceesee | BeptysOi eee eke 4 On |omeu lied
CHomin hese are ee ae Thorburn 220222. Aug. 29; 3/10] 7] 81] 10
Conquerors) eae oe a ee a Seal ies adel Beas) ols)
Crimson Cushion ____--__- Henderson ____-__- 29 M6) il ouleOn pe
GrossiNo. leo. ee Varags Coles er ae lsyal |e zd Papa] [ te at)
She A Be OY SPITE] Sept. 6) 3) 7] 2] 0] 5
Democrat...____----------.| Thorburn..._.__..] Aug. 17] 4] 4] 2] 10] 6
Dwarf Aristocrat_.._..___- Buckbee____-___-- 9) 10) }-16) |) 14 | 6) |) 235 )-28
Dwarf Champion..__..___- Vaughan_-_-_-_-.___. S10 3) 10 On eas
Early Ruby____._-- .| Henderson -. HY Bin 250 see Oe idles
Ferris wheel_ M.A. i 2 9) 4] 12
Fordhook ___ Vaughan Pa ee i ees Yl ee CS |
Golden Queen. * SNe iS eG Co le 3
Golden Sunrise________-__- Henderson 2/14} 7] 5 | 10
King Humbert—white____.| W. A. M Pyle beet D0 fs a7 Galas b
“ gS —yellow. = SO isla Eo 9G
Hybrid No. 1-_-.--- 2) 12) 12 5 | 15
oF Ret Aces on he 2 3} 11 3 | 13
S Seoa- 6 |---| 22 | 12 | 28
ee: AEE:
irnperialee e222. ee aes Mila seer ers 8 | 2] 10] 15 | 19
Lvory Balle ee Landreth. -___.___. Becelpal ts) 2) Rie
Jersey Ex. Early -_____.__- ee BS eeseel lees rl ON| Pe By Oral Lhe iO!
ae Rese eg Sel SAS MAN © (atanee F a0 3 z Fr 2 S
areeled 22 tks ae i ee eee :
Lemon Blush._________-__- Thorburn_____.__- SA aL ee SEP ss
Tuiberty bello. 2 so ss Vaughan...__.__.. A TPH Mies Fal eel Bap Wel (ee a
Livingston’s Favorite.____ etre een wa Ml ea hl gk al
Long Keeper We EMSA Ee OE Ze lsh!
Meteora) ferns eM A Ooh ste oly yee ag ek allie 9
McCollum’s Hybrid-______- pS spare See Atay PAU A Ue aT ple tel 8)
Money Maker..______..._..| Landreth________- Cea Ye rabble te Ss lh ey
New: Stones 2222-5 <2sec. Maughan s_5) == Sept. 2} 5/13) 5; 5) 11
Northern Light __________- Oey NGS CAR SLR and Re 8] 9) 6) 12) 9
Optimus\ 2. Vaughan.-________- es PW PG) Cet)
(Cong (leads Be oS Shel a ean Wept. Aga Aug. 29 6} 11 9} 12] 16
SE ATARON. oats bo Skt and Vaughan._________- St 208 Gala) ||) eon) nee |pip
Reach. new2.- :-5!-2..--. -. Dept Ages ene Se Nat 65] so 10) es es
Pear-shaped Yellow ...___- Bandreth 22222282 Lee» Yel (Perel [mr oes) Mane ech tape ti
Porfection=a2 ake eee Wanpharnss 22552008 se 9 eG) | SO yay aL
Ponderosa: -.5 225 3 Henderson.... ____ LP SF eS Se a PS
Potato-leaf Ignotum .__-__- ce NGM Oe ae eee SO 298 eeSinl) 4 l|imhid || aeree| eo
Puritans sees ieee Thorborns 2-2-2 CS Be20 Heal neon see (LO
Ree Sisjey sore aks SCE W. eee Station __- Pale e : Aa un 14 48
by th PAGhe. dew doen WAT Oates aese ug. 2 Seale
Men Tones no pers androtheseesenee eh 28> | be 100/210 16
Total No. of ripe fruits.
Average weight of
a ripe fruit.
SSSS= SSHSz
FaSSR KRERSS
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Set ois ion S"3h BELIS 23558
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Hoo HOonow DUR 00 OD OUR CO He DOH OUR HR REC COCOCD CTC DOH ROOM ODD ROTOR OT NWOT OTR RAD POOR Dep
Ovew oRWRO ORD
a9 RO
Weight of green
frnit on vines
after frost.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 333
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& 28 BO ‘sa | & | Oo | she
© A 45 Reb Es © Bo cae
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Variety. Seedsman. ia et | ah | 2] 2 | gf | a88
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pe eiag eee ba Zi perigee
£ a
& lbs.| oz. |lbs.| oz. |lbs.} oz. 8 oz. |lbs.| oz,
Terra Cotta._........---.-. Thorburn..__.---- Aug, 29) 2222/10) 4) 5 | 4 45 22 8.68 | 25 |....
Lom Thump salle ee Mi As Coa eeornn Sept. 6} 1/10) 7| 9 8 49 Bia) |Lasaeees
esas tee ecer eterno Dept. Ag._..-..--- Aug. 29 | 5 |.__.| 18 | 14 | 23 | 14 95 4.03 | 17 8
Turner’s Hybrid.__________ Vaughan 29) 8 160); 10) 24 14 "8 29 TES6u ibn eee
orkenbondesses=- ss nes== MAT Cistee cosas Sept. 2|..-.|10/ 5| 9] 6] 8 MO eeeeoeee
Vick’s Criterion__________- hy a en Aug. 10 9/11] 4] 14] 13 85 28h) |e ease
Volunteers 2225 Seale Vaughan._.__.__--. S626 7 5 a 5 | 14 10 43 5.45 2 | 8
The following are sorts of recent introduction:
Autocrat, Thorburn.—Fruits very large, round, slightly flattened, and irregular;
purplish pink; flesh very solid and cells small, few-seeded; skin thick, making a
good keeper and shipper; closely resembles Ponderosa.
Dwarf Aristocrat, Buckbee.—In plant closely resembles Dwarf Champion, though
leaflets are larger and grow closer together; fruits are round, regular in shape, and
of a bright red color; early; productive; an excellent variety.
King Humbert Yellow, W. A. Manda.—An improved and enlarged yellow, pear-
shape tomato.
King Humbert White, W. A. Manda, South Orange, N. J.—Similar in shape to
preceding, though much lighter in color,
Hybrid No. 1, Landreth.—Fruit of medium size, round, inclining to heart-shape;
dark red in color; flesh firm, solid, and of excellent quality; plants of strong and
healthy growth; productive.
Hybrid No. 4, Landreth.—i‘ruit of medium size, almost spherical; light red in
color, firm, and an excellent keeper; type not yet fixed.
Hybrid No. 22, Landreth.—Fruits medium to large in size; Acme color; almost
spherical in shape; solid, and an excellent keeper; of best quality; an excellent
sort.
Hybrid No. 25, Landreth.—Fruit about the size and shape of an egg; rather ten-
der skin, but of fine quality; plants of low, spreading growth; fruits are too small.
Hybrid No. 50, Landreth.—Fruits larger and more spherical than preceding; Acme
color; quality of the best, but skin tender; productive.
Seedling, W. Va. Station.—Plants of low, spreading growth; leaflets small, deeply
cleft, thin, and papery; fruits very large; considerably larger than any other grown
here; round, often quite irregular; Ponderosa color; cells small, with few seeds;
thick walls; flesh rather coarse, but of fair quality; late in ripening. :
The varieties of tomato catalogued by seedsmen are numerous. Often but slight
differences mark varieties. Many appear identical. An attempt has been made
to group together the similar sorts grown here the past Season:
Ignotum Group.—Fruits large, round, regular, flattened, medium red in color.
Democrat, Thorburn.—New. Perhaps a brighter red, and colors better around
stem. Cross No. 1 and Cross No. 3, Va. Ag. College, Brandywine; New Stone,
Vaughan; Ten Ton, Landreth, and Optimus, Ferry, differ slightly in plant growth;
otherwise similar to Ignotum.
Volunteer, Vaughan, and Paragon, Vaughan, are a darker red and have a thinner
skin. Liberty Bell, Vaughan, and B. B., J. & S., are smaller in size, not so firm, and
leaflets are larger and coarser.
Livingston’s Favorite is of Ignotum type, though a brighter red, more regular in
form, and usually smaller in size. The periods of ripening of above sorts differ as
seen by table given.
Atlantic Prize, Buckbee; Early Ruby, Henderson; and Jersey Extra Early, Lan-
dreth, appear identical in fruit and plant. These have fruits of good size. The
334 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
plants are vigorous and productive and as early market sorts are excelled by none
grown here.
Dwarf Champion and La Crosse are similar, though La Crosse fruits will average
larger in size.
Autocrat, Thorburn.—_New. Appears identical with Ponderosa, though ripening
earlier.
Golden Queen and Lemon Blush are quite similar, though Lemon Blush is earlier
and usually has more of light red around stem and apex. If a yellow-fruited sort is
desired, one of above would give satisfaction.
Beauty, Imperial, and Northern Light are of Acme type and closely resemble that
well-known variety.
Buckeye State, Cross No. 2, Ferris Wheel, and Turner’s Hybrid are of Acme color,
hut differ slightly in form and in period of ripening from that variety.
Vaughan’s Earliest still holds its place as the best early-ripening sort. The fruits
are small and somewhat irregular in form. ;
Of the smooth, rather small-fruiting, early sorts, Advance is one of the best.
For an early-ripening sort, having fruits of good, marketable size, Early Ruby or
Atlantic Prize is recommended.
For the general crop any of the following would give good satisfaction: Ignotum,
Beauty, Perfection, Acme, Optimus.
AN EXPERIMENT IN IRRIGATION.
Four rows of equal length, set with plants of the same variety, were used to test
different methods of applying water. é
Row No. 1 was watered by having a row of two-inch tile placed at a depth of
eight inches beneath the surface and close to the row of plants. The hose was
placed in the opening at one end and the water allowed to distribute itself through
openings at the end of each tile close to the roots of the plants.
Row No. 2 had a row of tile close to the plants, but the top of the tile was so
placed as to be even with the surface of the ground and water was allowed to flow
through the tile as in Row No. 1, but was applied near the surface.
Row No. 3 had a furrow made close to the plants and water was thus applied at
the surface. After the water had soaked away the soil was replaced and the sur-
face leveled.
Row No. 4 had no irrigation but was used as a check row.
Water was applied the same number of times to rows 1, 2, and 8, and the hose
allowed to run the same length of time, about 750 barrels of water being used per
acre at each application.
The table below shows the dates of picking and the amount gathered from each
row during the season.
Dates of picking and amount of fruit gathered. Green
. Total | fruit on
Row. amount | vines at
Aug. 26.| Sept. 4. | Sept. 11. | Sept. 14. | Sept. 18. | Sept. 20. | Sept.25. | Oct. 3, | Picked. | time of
1_.__| 32 Ibs. | 25% lbs. | 114 lbs. | 8t Ibs. | 212 lbs. | 160 Ibs. | 232 lbs. | 57 Ibs. | 866% lbs.} 580 lbs,
2. Do ee Aaa: ccs aU RRS ry Capen 68 STs ate :
ee AS ive i lod" se EU ly Ye Ue Beer ais En lesa DBRS ere t 500 *
sea OO e pects Oe k (Re a © me ey COS Seek TRE Seem MH Poe a abhs). et 421 ‘
An examination of the table shows that row 1 gaye a little better yield, though the
difference is but slight between the irrigated rows.
The yield from row four is considerably less than from any other.
The water was applied to the tomatoes at a very slight expense after the plant
was oncein. If the plot had been much larger the expense of watering would have
been proportionately less.
The experiments will be repeated the coming season.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. B35
PHAS.
Work with peas has been carried forward this year on a somewhat extensive
scale. All the named sorts offered by the United States seedsmen, that have not
been tried and discarded before, were grown. The varieties were 60 in number,
about 200 plants of each sort occupying a double row 22 feet long. The peas were
planted May 17, but a rather poor stand was obtained. A rain following the plant-
ing was the only one until after the peas had ripened. They were, however, irri-
gated several times and a very good crop was the result.
The numerous varieties were not grown for the single purpose of testing varieties.
Three objects were kept prominently in view.
The prime object was, perhaps, testing varieties, for at this station it has always
seemed worth while to grow all vegetables, especially the novelties, offered by the
seedsmen, simply to give the public information regarding them. Secondly, the
determination of duplicates as synonyms was considered a practical problem, for
the varieties of pea have become so numerous, the nomenclature so confused, and
the individual merits of each one so highly praised, that even the experienced gard-
ener is sometimes perplexed in making his selection of seed. Lastly, it is apparent
that the limit of improvement of varieties is by no means yet reached. Since so
many varieties are grown under the eyes of the experimenter, it is possible for him
to throw some light upon the matter of improvement, thus enabling an intelligent
gardener to do something toward improving and originating new varieties. So we
have attempted to describe the ideal pea of the several types, and to give a few
hints regarding cross-breeding and selecting seed.
Class I.—Plants tall, exceeding four feet; seeds white or cream-colored; pods
curved.
White Marrowfat.—Plant four to six feet high, much branched at the base; stem
slender, foliage light green; stipules large; pods very light green, two to three
inches long; borne singly; very plump; blunt at the apex; peas light green, round
or compressed when quite old; seeds smooth and round; season late; very prolific;
quality excellent. An old variety, at one time extensively grown in this country.
Introduced by Thorburn in 1880 from England.
Black-Eyed Marrowfat.—Very similar to the former; distinguished from it
because of a round, dark brown or black spot on that part of the seed called the
hilum. It is a little later than White Marrowfat, and matures its crop more slowly.
Also introduced by Thorburn from England.
French Canner.—Plant three and a half to five feet high, branching at base;
stem slender; dark green foliage; stipules small; pods dark green, long, slim; apex
pointed; peas small, round, dark green; quality good when young; very productive.
Used almost exclusively for canning, for which it is probably the best variety
grown, because of quality, productiveness, and the fact that it retains its dark
green color after canning. Introduced from France a few years ago.
Marblehead Early Marrowfat.—An early marrowfat pea; vines strong and vig-
orous; pods large; crop matures slowly. Introduced by Gregory in 1890.
Petit Pois.—The same as French Canner.
Class II1.—Plants more than four feet tall; seeds green, bluish-green, or green and
cream-color; seeds shrivelled; pods nearly straight.
Champion of England.—Plants three to five feet high, branching both at base and
above; stem rather stout; foliage pale green; stipules numerous and large; pods
three to four inches long, often borne in pairs, curving slightly, plump, blunt at
apex when fully developed; peas five to nine in a pod, light green, very large, com-
pressed; season late; quality unsurpassed; very productive. One of the oldest and
most extensively grown varieties.
Telephone.—Differs from Champion of England in being dwarfer, several days
earlier, and in having larger pods, which are slightly incurved instead of recurved,
as are the Champion of England.
Sanders’ Marrow.—Differs from Champion of England but little. It is a great
favorite in England where it is said to be superior to the Champion of England.
Telegraph.—Very similar to Telephone; it is a little dwarfer and a few days ear-
lier; foliage darker green, and the plants are stouter.
For a late main crop the wrinkled marrowfats, as the class just described is
called, are the best, since in quality and productiveness they are unsurpassed.
They need to be staked, however, and this by many gardeners is considered a serious
defect.
336 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Class III.—Plants half dwarf, two to four feet high; seeds smooth or slightly
indented; seeds white or cream-color; pods straight or nearly so. Type, Daniel
O’Rourke.
Daniel O’Rourke.—Vines two to three feet high, branching at base; slender; fol-
iage dark green; pods lighter green than foliage, two to three inches long, borne
in pairs, rather blunt at apex; peas five to eight in pod, somewhat compressed,
small; seed very round and smooth, sometimes shaded with green; extra early; not
very productive; quality fair. The progenitor of this type of pea originated about
1850 in England. Now superseded by newer sorts.
First and Best.—Most of the peas called First and Best and Earliest of All are
improved strains of the old Daniel O’Rourke. They differ but little, though some
strains are far superior to others, and care should be taken to get seed from a care-
fully selected stock.
Kent.—An old variety of this class, not much grown now. It matures its crop too
slowly, and is not prolific. Introduced by Sibley in 1883.
Hancock.—An improved strain of Daniel O’Rourke; old, but still grown by some
gardeners; hardly so good as the newer sorts of this last. Introduced by Gregory.
Morning Star.—A variety obtained by the Station from Buist in 1890. The pea is
a poor strain and not worthy much attention.
Maud S.—Another pea from Buist, introduced a year later. Seemingly the same
as Morning Star.
Bergen Fleetwing.—A good strain of the early smooth varieties, introduced by
Gregory in 1889. It is enormously productive, with peas and pods of good size;
said to be a great favorite with Long Island market gardeners.
Sunol.—A carefully selected strain of this class, in which earliness has been
obtained at the expense of productiveness. To be recommended for the very
earliest.
Class IV.—Vines half dwarf, seeds blue, or bluish white; pods straight; type,
Kentish Invicta.
Kentish Invicta.—Vines two or three feet high, stem much blanched at base;
foliage glaucous; pods pale green, usually single, two to three inches long, blunt at
the apex; peas four to six in a pod, light green, round, small; seeds round, dull
bluish white, smooth and small; season extra early; quality rather poor; crop
matures slowly. Introduced from England in 1870; not grown much now.
Alaska.—An improved strain of Laxton’s Harliest of All, which, in its turn, was
a selection from Kentish Invicta. Alaska is a little earlier and ripens its crop more
promptly than either of the former. The crop can generally be gathered at one
picking. One of the best of the early blue peas.
Sitka.—The same as Alaska.
Clipper.—Introduced by Rawson several years ago; now almost out of date.
Lightning.—Superseded by new varieties.
Sapphire.—A blue pea introduced by Northrop, Braslan, Goodwin Co., in 1892.
It is a few days later than others of the early blue sorts, but is a little better in
quality. A good feature of the pea is that most of the peas may be gathered in one
picking.
Blue Imperial.—Differs from others of this class in being taller; foliage deeper
green; pods borne in pairs, long, tapering to apex; peas few in the pod, oblong;
seeds bluish green, shading to cream-color, somewhat flattened; season late, crop
maturing at one time; quality good; very productive. A very old variety, said to
have been introduced in 1828; still grown by some gardeners. :
Blue Beauty.—Vines very stocky, the distinctive feature of the variety being its
regular habit of growth; a second-early variety, following American Wonder;
quality is not so good as that of the wrinkled sorts, and because of this, since it
follows them, its value is impaired. Introduced by Henderson in 1890.
Class V.—Vines half dwarf; seeds green, bluish green, or green or blue and white,
and cream-color; seeds shrivelled. Type, Alpha.
Alpha.—Vines two and a half feet high; foliage light green, scanty; pods usually
single, two or three inches long, plump, blunt at apex; peas four to six in a pod,
compressed, large; seeds greenish white, much shrivelled; very early, crop matur-
ing at one time; prolific; quality good.
Originated by Laxton in 1867, often called Laxton’s Alpha, said to be a cross
between Laxton’s Long-Pod and Advancer. Introduced by Thorburn in 1882.
Bliss’ Everbearing.—A variety of this class introduced by Bliss in 1884, at one
time largely grown; season medium; quite prolific; crop matures slowly; quality
fair.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 337
Abundance.—Much like Bliss’ Everbearing; season a little earlier; more prolific,
thus making it a better strain.
Yorkshire Hero.—Another pea resembling Bliss’ Everbearing; differs in being
dwarfer, later, more prolific, in ripening its crop more promptly, and in better
quality.
Market Garden.—One of the best of the second-early peas; pods are rather small
but are very numerous and of very best quality. Originated with Hosford, who
secured it by crossing Alpha and American Wonder.
Paragon.—A new, late pea of this class, somewhat resembling Stratagem. It is
productive and of good quality, its point of superiority, however, being its hand-
some, plimp pods and large peas. Introduced in 1894.
Quantity.—Very similar to Bliss’ Everbearing. Introduced by Burpee.
Profusion.—A strain of Bliss’ Everbearing similar to above, a little later in sea-
scn. Introduced by Burpee.
Queen.—An Hnglish pea introduced by Henderson a few years ago; resembles
Stratagem very much, except that it is not so dwarf. It is just a little later than
that pea. One of the most promising of the new peas.
Advancer.—A second-early variety bearing an abundance of long, well-filled pods;
peas tender and of good flavor. One of McLean’s peas, introduced a number of
years ago.
Dwarf Champion. Almost identical with Advancer, exeept that it follows in a
few days. Said to be a favorite with Long Island gardeners.
Duke of Albany.—A pea very much like Telephone, placed in this class because of
its dwarf vines; plants about four feet high; stems stout and coarse; light green
foliage; pods large, straight, dark green; peas very large; tender, and of excellent
flavor; season late, ripening with Telephone and Stratagem; productive.
American Champion.—Practically the same as Duke of Albany.
Fillbasket.—A second-early pea of this class, once largely grown, not so now.
Shropshire Hero.—Said to be an improved Yorkshire Hero, which is doubtful;
more likely an improved Stratagem, which it resembles very much, though earlier;
originated with Mr. Eckford; a good acquisition for the market gardener, since it
is very prolific; handsome pods, good flavor, ripens its peas at one time.
Station.—An early wrinkled pea which should become popular from the fact that
it is almost as early as the smooth white and blue varieties. It is several days
earlier than American Wonder, which it resembles, except that the plants are not
so dwarf. Originated at the Geneva experiment station, and introduced by Gregory
in 1894.
Class VI.—Vines dwarf, one half to two feet high; seeds green, bluish-green, or
green and white or cream-color; seeds much shrivelled; pods straight or nearly so.
Type, McLean’s Little Gem.
McLean’s Little Gem.—Plant 18 inches high, branching much, dark green in color;
pods light green; borne singly; two or three inches long, blunt at apex; peas six
to eight in a pod, compressed and slightly flattened, large; seeds cream-color or
pale bluish green, much shrivelled; second-early, very prolific; crop matures
promptly. Originated by Dr. McLean in England in 1868; still grown, though better
kinds have largely taken its place.
American Wonder.—A pea remarkable for its earliness, productiveness, and qual-
ity; vines very dwarf, 8 to 10 inches. It is said to be a cross between Champion of
England and McLean’s Little Gem, and was originated by Charles Clark of Canada,
introduced by Bliss in 1882; for a long time the best early wrinkled pea.
Premium Gem.—An improved strain of McLean’s Little Gem, introduced in 1882;
later, dwarfer, more productive than Little Gem.
William Hurst.—A very dwarf variety of this type. Plants 8 inches to a foot
in length, branching but little; pods recurved, tapering at apex; peas four to seven
in a pod, large; seeds flat and shriveled. Very prolific, one of the earliest wrinkled
varieties, and of excellent quality; the crop ripens rather slowly and the
vines are so dwarf that it is not profitable for the market gardener. Introduced
by Gregory.
Chelsea.—Almost identical with William Hurst, except in color of seeds, which
are white; if anything, a better strain than William Hurst.
Admiral.—The same as William Hurst.
King of Dwarfs.—A variety growing a little taller than Little Gem and is a day
or two earlier; a good bearer, but the pods are rather small.
43
338 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. -
Nott’s Excelsior.—An introduction of a few years ago which promises well; lar-
ger pods, and more prolific than American Wonder, but a few days later; quality
about the same.
SYNONYMS.
Probably no garden plant is more diflicult to study in regard to synonomy than
the pea. Varieties are characterized almost entirely by qualities which are varia-
ble at best. Height of vine, color of pea, shape of pod, smoothness of seed, are
characteristics upon which classification must depend; yet they are not always
constant, and this makes an accurate synopsis difficult. Add to this the haste of
seedsmen in securing so-called new varieties, the variation of varieties on different
soils and under different cultivation, the mixing of stock by careless or unscrupu-
lous seedsmen, and the task of determining duplicates becomes exceedingly difficult.
But when seedsmen are annually introducing great numbers of new varieties
it becomes important that garden nomenclature should be exact. Inexperienced
buyers need a guide, that they may not purchase old varieties at fancy prices under
a new name.
Old market gardeners know well that seedsmen constantly transfer names for
the smooth, round, early pea generally known as First and Best, that pea being
now known under nearly a score of different names. Other well-known varieties
have their names less frequently transferred. The same pea from different seeds-
men often varies as much as different peas from the same seedsmen. Varieties
differ somewhat from year to year and in different places, if descriptions
given are accurate. Modifications are often slight and variable, making a cer-
tain strain differ from another in some minor characteristic, which soon disap-
pears, so that it is almost impossible to distinguish many market varieties from a
written description, and one can hardly ever be sure that his varieties are true to
name. In order to be sure of the identity of a variety the grower must raise it in
considerable quantity for several seasons, observing closely those characteristics
which are constant.
It is at once apparent that in determining synonyms there are many chances of
error, and if the expert gardener can not endorse the disposition of varieties in the
foregoing selection, he will bear in mind the difficulties to be surmounted, and that
he can obtain some good from it. It may aid him somewhat in selecting a desir-
able strain, as undoubtedly he can choose from a few varieties better than from
many.
For home use it is a good practice to plant one of the early blue varieties as soon
as the ground can be worked; then, about ten days later, plant Premium Gem,
Advanecer, and Champion of England. These peas follow each other so closely in
the order named that they will afford a constant supply for three or four weeks.
Additional plantings of Champion of England or other good late varieties may be
made at intervals after the second planting. The varieties here nained may not be
absolutely the best, but they are all good, and experience has proved that they can
be trusted to come into bearing in such regular succession as to make the supply
continuous. For home use an early pea is wanted, and one that will continue to
supply the table for some time. Fine flavor is essential and productiveness of less
importance. The early market pea sold by every seedsman need not be planted
ip the home garden, as the market gardener wants a pea that is early and matures
its crop all at once, so that he can clear the ground and prepare for a succession.
It will pay those who are fond of green peas to use a spot otherwise vacant for
sowing a crop of Premium Gem peas with a succession a few days later. The
chief trouble will be with mildew, and if they escape that, the crop is reasonably
sure.
PEA MILDEW.
Late peas, especially when grown in damp ground, are often so badly mildewed
that it is not worth while growing them. The pea mildew’is one of the powdery
mildews, Erysiphe communis, belonging to the same family as the powdery mildew
ot the grape. It grows entirely on the surface of the host plant, covering it with
a white coating of delicate, interwoven fungous threads. At certain points pro-
tuberances appear on the threads, which serve as suckers, drawing from the cells
the nourishment required for the growth of the fungus. The spores are produced
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. . 339
in delicate sacs which in turn are enclosed in dark-colored spore cases. The lat-
ter appear as black specks, just visible to the naked eye, amiong the fungous
threads. The disease attacks leaves, leaf-stalk, pod, and stem so that the pea
plant is thoroughly infested with it, much to the detriment of its growth. Fre-
quent cultivation or irrigation will do much to hold the disease in check, but the use
of some fungicide will be desirable upon late varieties in hot, dry seasons. Among
the best for the purpose is a solution of 1 pound of copper sulphate in 500 gallons
of water.
DO VARIETIES OF PEA RUN OUT?
It is apparent to any one who has had much to do with peas, that varieties run
out, or at least lose their original characteristics. In all cases, running out does
not mean deterioration. Sometimes it is simply a changing of character. In our
work with peas, accurate descriptions, often illustrated with drawings, are kept of
the varieties grown. From these biographical records of the varieties it is easy
to see that varieties change from year to year, even the old standard sorts, the
characters of which are supposed to be firmly fixed. Studies of the question have
been made, too, by growing the same variety from different seedsmen, and if seeds-
men really sell the same thing under a certain name, varieties of pea vary greatly
in the course of their history. It may be said that in the cases to be cited the
variations were due to a change made in the seed by a careless or unscrupulous
person; but such is hardly the case, because some of the characters appear well
marked and distinctive of that variety throughout all the samples. It is specially
noticeable that the foliage and habit of the plant is less variable than the peas,
they being generally the object of selection.
Stratagem was grown from three seedsmen. In all, the characteristic dark green
foliage, stalky, angular veins, and exceedingly short nodes of the Stratagem were
apparent and varied but little. But the pods, though irrregular and varying in each
sample, yet taken as a whole were distinctly different. Pods were fairly uniform,
but in the third they were so irregular, probably reversions to one of the parents,
that the peas were almost worthless.
It is a matter of common observation that seed peas of the same variety, espe-
cially the wrinkled peas, differ in color when sold by different seedsmen. In sey-
eral cases peas grown on the Station grounds and described four years ago have
changed color of seed.
The extra early peas of the IXentish Invicta type are earlier, more vigorous, and
more productive than the extra early peas of the Daniel O’Rourke type. But
neither class is of sufficiently high quality to make it the best stock to work upon
for improvement. In the mere matter of eariiness both excel, but we ought to
develop an extra early variety of fine table quality, vigorous growth, and produc-
tiveness. What we need is the production of some well-flavored early sort which
will bear in sufficient abundance to be profitable for market and supersede the
fiavorless extra early sorts which are now universally sold. This ought not to be
an impossibility, as the earliest varieties of the American Wonder type now come
hard after the Daniel O’Rourke.
PEACH-GROWING FOR MARKET.
Bulletin No. 33, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
BY ERWIN F. SMITH.
This bulletin is intended for the man who contemplates peach culture rather than
for the one who is successfully raising this crop. The latter needs no advice, but is
rather in a condition to give it; and if he who thinks of planting an orchard can find
a successful grower, by all means let him seek that man’s counsel.
In what part of the United States can peaches be grown, is one of the first ques-
tions likely to be asked by a foreigner or a person unacquainted with the subject.
This question admits of two answers. If peaches are desired simply for family
use, the answer is that they can be grown in nearly every state in the Union, and
in almost any part of any state, care of course being taken to select.the right kind
of site, to plant varieties adapted to the climate, and to give suitable winter pro-
tection in the extreme north and in high mountain regions. Even in the inhospit-
able climates along our northern border, peaches may be grown out of doors with
considerable success if the trees are dug under, tipped over, and covered with straw
each autumn, and not uncovered and righted up until danger from late spring frosts
has passed. Some of the finest peaches the writer has ever seen were grown in
this way at the Kansas state experiment station, following a winter and spring
which destroyed every blossom on unprotected trees for miles around. The grow-
ing of peaches in large orchards for commercial purposes is quite another matter,
and what follows will relate especially to such orchards.
Climate is one of the first considerations in the selection of a place for the planting
of commercial peach orchards, and the wide variety we have in the United States
affords every opportunity for selecting a suitable location. The old notion that the
peach is a tropical tree and must have a warm climate is not well founded. It is
a tree of middle latitude and does not like extreme cold nor extreme heat. The
climate of China, which is probably its native home, is in many respects like parts
of our own country.
Commercial orchards should not be planted in regions much subject to severe
winters or to late spring frosts. It is well also to avoid regions where the winters
are very mild, such as the extreme southern parts of the United States, owing to
the fact that the blossoms are likely to be forced out in late winter or early spring,
and afterward injured by frosts. It is best to select a climate which is not given
to violent extremes of any sort, and which has a considerable rainfall, fairly well
distributed throughout the year. Thirty-six to fifty inches of rainfall annually is
about the proper amount. If the quantity of water precipitated is much below this
ihe deficiency should be made up by irrigation.
There are many kinds of soil in which orchards can be grown successfully. At
present there are commercial orchards in New England on stony and gravelly soils
of poor character; in Maryland, Delaware, and New Jersey, on fertile loams and on
very light pine sands; in Pennsylvania, on mountain soils derived from limestones
and sandstones; in South Carolina and Georgia, on light pine sands and on stiff
red clay lands derived from the local decomposition of granites; in Michigan, on
rather heavy clay hills, and also very successfully on loams and light pine sands,
even on beach sand so light as to be blown about by the winds; in northwestern
New York, on quite a variety of clays, gravels, and sands, forming the old lake
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 341
bottom of Lake Ontario; in Florida, on flat pine sands; in Kansas, on deep black
prairie soils. On all of these soils there are now growing very successful and
profitable peach orchards.
In general it may be said that the peach prefers
light, warm, well drained, sandy or loamy land
with a clay subsoil, although some very successful
orchards have been grown upon rather heavy clays
and many on deep sands. Muck soils, heavy clays
retentive of moisture, and in general all wet
lands and flat, frosty lands are especially to be
avoided.
In the planting of commercial orchards, prox-
imity to large markets and ease of shipment
should never be forgotten. An excellent location
may be worthless, owing to lack of facilities for
transportation. There are thousands of acres
of land in the United States suitable for peach-
growing which it would be folly to plant at
present, owing to lack of shipping facilities. Com-
peting railway and steamboat lines are a great
advantage in securing low freights. One of the
great drawbacks to successful peach-growing in
the south, until recently, and one which still exists
in many parts, is the fact that the growers are not
able to secure favorable freight rates.
In selecting a site for the orchard, several
Fic. 1.—Peach tree in a Maryland things should be borne in mind. Some fields on
orchard, showing customary way a farm may be much better adapted to the peach
of pruning. Stake about 3feethigh. than others. In general, the higher lands are
to be selected rather than the lower, and in north-
ern regions a water front is preferable to an inland location; in inland regions, a
hillside with a northern exposure is generally better than one with a southern
exposure, this being due to the fact that the
northern exposure will somewhat retard the
opening of the blossoms, and in this way
orchards will escape late spring frosts, while if
set in more sunny situations they might be
induced to open blossoms a week or two earlier
and then be caught by late frosts. In the
Michigan peach orchards bordering on lake
Michigan it has been found that the cold air
from the lake retards the opening of the blos-
som a week or ten days, the inland orchards
being in full blossom before those on the lake
‘front have opened. The advantage of this in
case of late frosts is obvious.
The fear has sometimes been expressed that
the ravages of yellows and other diseases
would finally put an end to peach-growing in
the United States, but there is certainly no
immediate danger. In North Carolina, South
Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Missouri, Arkan-
sas, Texas, and California, there are many
admirable locations for peach-growing as yet
unoccupied. California alone could grow
enough peaches to supply the whole United Pil
States: . : : 7 Fig. 2—Peach tree in a Delaware or-
Hav ing decided on climate, soil, site, and loca- CHardn stn wins castomary wavdlar
tion with reference to market, the next thing pruning. Stake about 3 feet high.
is the preparation of the land for planting. This
should be plowed and cultivated as carefully as for a crop of wheat, corn, or cotton.
The land should then be cross-marked and holes dug for the trees at the inter-
sections. In general it is best to plant trees not closer together than 20 by 20 feet,
especially if the soil is in good condition. In some places, however, where the soil
is poor and where the orchards are not expected to last more than a dozen years,
the trees may be planted closer—for example, 10 feet one way by 20 feet the other.
842 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
At the time of planting, a map of the orchard, showing the location of each variety,
should be made for future use. The neglect of this frequently causes much incon-
venience. The preparation of the soil, the digging of the holes for the trees, and
all necessary work in connection with the
planting should be done in advance, so that
when the trees are received there need be no
delay and consequent drying of the roots
before planting. If it is absolutely necessary
to utilize flat land retaining moisture, fur-
rows should be turned toward the center of
20-foot lands for several years in succession,
and the trees finally planted on the middle por-
tion of these artificial ridges.
The selection of the trees themselves is a mat-
ter of great importance. It is not necessary
that they should be very large, but the trunks
should be smooth and well-grown and the
roots abundant and as little injured as possible.
To secure these desirable qualities it is well in
ordering trees to have a written agreement
touching the points in question, so that infe-
rior trees may be rejected. The roots should
not be elose pruned, except for the
removal of mangled or splintered portions, and
the holes in which they are set should be of
such dimensions that it will not be necessary
to twist and cramp them in planting. Care
should be taken that they are not set shallow—
that is, on top of the earth—nor buried much
deeper than they stood in the original nursery.
They should not be set into hard earth, nor
Fra. 3.—Peach tree in the same orchard
as fig. 2.
should the holes be filled with stones and rubbish, but with mellow earth well
if te
Mullen
Fig. 4.—Peach yellows the fourth year.
tramped down. Experience
in the United States has
shown pretty clearly that
peach trees in open orchards
do best on peach roots, but if
the situation is low and the
soil rather heavy, plum roots*
may be substituted, in which
latter case the trees should
then be closer together, say 15
by 15 or 15 by 12 feet. In the
United States peaches are
not grown to any extent on
espaliers or in houses.
Judgment differs as to
whether it is best to set June-
budded or August-budded
trees. Generally it will be
found convenient to buy the
trees of some reliable nur-
seryman, and such are usual-
ly propagated from buds set
in August, but if the planter
prefers to grow his own trees,
and time is a matter of conse-
quence, the seedlings should
be budded in June so as to ob-
tain a grafted top the same
year.
In the selection of trees
special attention should be
paid to secure those which
are free from fungi and injur-
rious insects. The greatest care should be taken that the trees are not infested by
* In selecting plum stocks care should be used to secure a variety which makes a good and lasting
union. The Marianna should not be used for a stock.
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 343
borers, scale insects, or root aphides. Unfortunately, trees of this character are
sometimes sent out, and orchards planted from them are sure to give trouble. In
general it is best to avoid trees grown in regions much subject to peach yellows and
peach rosette. In buying trees the planter will do well to deal only with nur-
serymen who have by honest dealing gained a well-merited reputation. It is better
to pay two prices for trees of an assured character than to take as a gift trees from
doubtful sources.
The selection of varieties is a matter of considerable importance, and no general
rule applicable to the whole United States can be laid down. Many choice peaches
Fig. 5.—Peach rosette. A budded tree attacked in spring and photographed in June.
do well only in restricted localities. Some are likely to be winter-killed or to be
caught in bloom by late frosts; some are uncertain bearers; some mildew and others
rot badly; some are too tender for long shipment by rail; some ripen at the same
time as better sorts, which are to be preferred; some, like Elberta, have many
good qualities but fall short of the finest flavor. A variety for commercial pur-
poses must combine as many good points as possible. The tree must be hardy and
productive; the fruit must be of good size, fine color, and superior flavor, and must
be firm enough to stand shipment. The grower who contemplates setting an
orchard for profit will do well to stick closely to the old and well-tried sorts. If he
344
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
is planting for home use or pleasure, then he may select a wider range of varieties,
including all the choicer sorts, irrespective of other considerations.
is in the business to make money can well
afford to let his neighbors try all the new sorts.
The remarks which follow on the selection of
varieties apply especially to the eastern United
States, and with the limitations already
expressed.
For market orchards the following have
been found the most generally profitable vari-
eties: Alexander, Amsden, ‘Troth, Rivers,
Louise, Hale, St. John, Mountain Rose, Craw-
ford Early, Foster, Oldmixon, Stump, Elberta,
Crawford Late, Reeves, Wager, Fox Seedling,
and Beers Smock. These varieties ripen in
about the order named. Owing to special con-
ditions which prevail in the extreme north and
at the far south, some of these varieties would
not be successful. For instance, in Michigan it
has been found that Crawford Early is very
likely to be winter-killed or caught in blossom
by late spring frosts, and a number of other har-
dier varieties have been substituted for it. The
same is true in Connecticut, where many of the
old varieties are likely to be caught by late
spring frosts and where Crosby has proved
exceptionally hardy. On the other hand, in
Florida many of our choice sorts are nearly
worthless, owing to the earliness with which
they bloom. There and in Texas the so-called
Chinese Honey, and crosses—
sorts—Peen-to,
Fic. 7.—Peach curl (Tapharina deformans).
The man who
Fia. 6.—Peach mildew (Sphwrotheca
pannosa?) on stem and fruit.
have proved more successful.
In middle and upper Georgia,
Elberta has proved one of the
best peaches. Husted No. 80
is also an excellent peach for
that locality, ripening a few
days after Alexander. In gen-
eral for that region, early vari-
eties are to be recommended
rather than late sorts, which,
however fine, would come into
competition with Delaware
and New Jersey peaches on a
falling market. In the moun-
tains of Maryland certain late
varieties, not suitable for the
lowlands of Delaware and New
Jersey, have proved exceed-
ingly remunerative, reaching good size and fine color, and coming in late, when the
markets are comparatively empty and prices are high.
mentioned Salway and Bilyeu.
Among these might be
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 345
The orchard subsequent to planting should be cultivated as carefully as a field of
corn. The practice of successful growers varies a good deal in this particular.
Some cultivate the orchard from the start without crops; others plant corn or
tomatves between the trees for the first two or three years—that is, until the
orchard comes into bearing. There is no objection to this, provided the soil is
strong and well fertilized; on the contrary, there appear to be some advantages.
There is a choice, however, in crops that should be grown, and on no account should
potatoes or wheat be cultivated in orchards. So soon as the trees come into bearing
no crop of any sort should be grown between them, but each year the orchard
should receive a shallow spring plowing and frequent cultivation until July. Most
of the growers in the middle eastern states prefer not to cultivate the soil later than
this, but in some regions it is the practice to cultivate almost the year round, and
even in Delaware very successful growers have followed this practice, keeping the
soil stirred from early spring until late autumn. Asa rule, deep plowing should be
avoided. ‘The peach tree is almost as sensitive to clean cultivation as cotton or
tobacco, and no man can expect to be very successful in the cultivation of the peach
who allows his trees to stand in sod or fails to give them clean tillage during at
least a part of the season.
Opinions differ as to the proper method of pruning. When the trees are planted
they should be cut back to within one or two feet of the ground, the entire branched
top being removed. The remaining buds will push vigorously, and three or four
of these should be selected to form the uew top, care
being taken that they come out from different sides of
the stem and not too close together, but at a distance
of several inches up and down the trunk. When the
branches from these buds have grown to be several
inches in diameter they should support a spreading or
vase-shape top (figs. 1, 2,3). The proper starting of the
new top is a matter of some importance, for if all of
the branches have been allowed to grow out from
nearly the same point on the trunk, when the tree
has matured, the giving way of a single limb under
weight of fruit or stress of wind is very likely to
involve all the rest and split the trunk from top to
bottom. Such mishaps could be readily avoided by
starting the main branches at different heights.
: For orchards on most of the peach lands of the
Fa. 8.—Black spot of the peach eastern states, comparatively little pruning appears to
Cladosporium carpophilum. be necessary. Some growers practice ‘shortening in”
annually over the whole top, but in general this is
not desirable. However, if the tree has made an exceedingly vigorous growth it
can be practiced to good advantage, and is generally best done in early spring.
The aim in pruning should be to get a tree free from dead wood and full nearly to
the main trunk of small branches capable of bearing fruit. Care should be taken
in pruning to avoid cutting away bearing branches from the base of the limbs,
for by this method long, straggling branches, having fruit-bearing limbs at the top
only, are often produced. Some growers prune the trees so that the main trunk
shall be four or five feet high, but in general this is not to be recommended. It is
much better to make them branch low in vase form. The only advantage of the
other method is greater ease in cultivating close to the tree, and it has on the whole
disadvantages which more than counterbalance, one of which is the greater expos-
ure of the trunk to hot suns and another the increased danger of injuring the bark
ot the tree by plows and cultivators.
Some words are necessary on the use and misuse of fertilizers. Unless the
trees are on strong land it will be necessary, as soon as they come into bearing,
and yearly thereafter, to give them each spring or autumn some special fertilizer.
There can be no objection to the use of well-composted barnyard manure. Where
this is not procurable dependence must be put on clover and commerical fertilizers,
taking care always that the latter are obtained from reliable sources. In general
the dependence should be on potash salts and phosphates rather than on nitrogen-
ous fertilizers. The peach can be injured readily by excess of nitrogen. Its effect
upon the trees is to produce an excessive growth of wood and foliage at expense
of fruit. Fifty to a hundred pounds per acre of nitrate of soda or its equiyalent
in dried blood or sulphate of ammonia is usually as much nitrogenous fertilizer as
44
346 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
any orchard requires, and many orchards do not need it at all. Muriate of potash,
kainit, or sulphate of potash may be used in large quantities without injury. Four
to five hundred pounds per acre will do no harm, provided it is not put too close to
the trunks of the trees.
The same remarks apply to dissolved
rock phosphates and to bone superphos-
phates and various bone mixtures.
They have been applied in large quan-
tities, even as high as a thousand
pounds per acre, without injury; gener-
ally lesser quantities will suffice. Pot-
ash salts and phosphates should be put
on and plowed down in the autumn
and nitrogenous fertilizers always in
the spring. Usually the effects of the
latter disappear the same _ season.
Where the grower has opportunity to
procure unleached hardwood ashes
these also may be used, and can be ap-
plied in large quantities without
injury. A good home-made fertilizer
ean be prepared by composting broken
or coarsely ground bones with un-
leached hardwood ashes until the
bones become soft. The grower who
has not tried the effects of regularly
fertilizing bearing orchards will be sur-
prised at the difference in quantity and
quality of the fruit which will result
from careful fertilization. Judicious
fertilization will bring large returns in
the way of fine crops and good prices.
Kven the most barren-looking yellow
sands without clay subsoils can be
made to produce enormous crops of
luscious fruit year after year by
proper attention to cultivation and fer-
tilization. Where it is impossible to
procure fertilizers the grower must
Fig. 9.—Root knots due to nematodes.
depend on prolonged cultivation of the soil and the occasional growth in the
Fig. 10.—l he peach tree borer (Sannina exitosa).
(1 and 2, original; 3 and 4, after Riley).
orchard of green crops for plowing
under, such as cow peas, crimson
clover, ete. Much can be done in the
way of furnishing an orchard food by
repeated stirring of the soil.
The peach tree is subject to various
diseases, and no one should venture
upon peach-growing in a commercial
way without having a reasonably
good understanding of what the diffi-
culties are in this direction. Peach
yellows (fig. 4) and peach rosette (fig.
5) are two of the most destructive
diseases. No remedy is yet known
for either, but experience seems to
show clearly that yellows may be
held in check by the destruction of
affected trees aS soon as it appears,
provided all the growers of a com-
munity unite in practicing it. In
planting an orchard the grower will of
course, if possible, select a region free
ornearly freefrom such diseases. These
diseases attack all varieties. Mildew (fig. 6), on the contrary, is a fungous disease
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 347
which appears to be restricted principally to certain sorts—the serrate-leaved vari-
ties. It is seldom troublesome except on the Pacific coast. In the eastern states
Fia. 12.—Pupa of the pin _Dp 9
borer. Side view, 20 He ne, Coben) beetle, 2
diam. (Forbes.)
Fic. 11.—Larva of the pin
borer (Scolytus rugulosus),
enlarged 22diam. (Forbes.)
Fig. 14.—Branch of peach,
showing perforations of
the pin borer, natural,size.
(Forbes.)
Fia@. 15.—Denuded branch showing
breeding chambers, larvze chan-
nels, and pupa.chambers of the
borer, natural size. (Forbes.)
the only remedy yet known is to pull out the affected varieties and plant others.
Peach curl (fig. 7) is a disease distorting the folige and causing it to fall in spring.
848 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
It is widespread and very serious some years; other years it is but little prevalent.
This disease has also been more troublesome in California. It is due to a fungus
which may be held in check by spraying, as appears clearly from recent experi-
ments in California by Newton B. Pierce. The peach cercospora has also given
some trouble in California. A fungous trouble known as black spot (fig. 8) often
leads to cracking of the fruit and subsequent rot, especially in rainy periods. This
is most prevalent on late varieties. Rot is one of the most serious troubles that
visit the grower. The disease is due to a fungus, and in wet, hot weather, it
spreads with great rapidity from fruit to fruit, and even attacks the peaches in
baskets on the way to market and while on the fruit stands. It is a disease that
winters over in the rotted fruits of the previous year
which either remain hanging on the tree or have fallen
to the ground, and is to be combatted by carefully
removing and burning all affected fruit. If this is not
done systematically the crop may be destroyed even.
before it is out of blossom. Spraying with copper
fungicides has been recommended for this disease, but
as yet the evidence in their favor is not entirely con-
clusive. Sulphur dust blown into the trees during the
prevalence of the rot has also been recommended and
appears to have some value. A safe, efficient powder
or spray for prevention of this disease would be
invaluable.
Crown galls or root galls are irregular tumors on the
Fic. 16.—Black peach aphis
trunk and roots. These are often of large size and (Aphis persicw niger), the
occur most frequently at the junction of the root and common, wingless, vivi-
stem. This disease occurs in many parts of the parous form. (Slingerland
United States, in nurseries as well as in orchards,
and is seriously prevalent in parts of New Jersey, Texas, and California. No rem-
edy is known, and even the cause is yet to be determined. Many growers think the
FiG. 17.—Black peach aphis (Aphis persicw niger), viviparous, winged form. (J. B. Smith.)
disease is communicable, and in planting orchards it is safe to reject all trees show-
ing any signs of it.
The root knot, which should be carefully distinguished from the preceding, is
a disease caused by a small ‘‘eel worm” or nematode. The knots (fig. 9) due to this
cause are generally much smaller than the preceding, and on miscroscopic exami-
nation of fresh knots it is usually not difficult to find cavities containing the eel
worm in various stages of development. This nematode attacks the roots of a
great variety of plants and is quite troublesome to the peach in parts of Georgia,
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 349
Florida; and other gulf states. The only symptom which the writer has seen
above ground was scanty growth. No good remedy is known. Of course trees
affected with root-knot should never be planted.
Borers (fig. 10), are exceedingly troublesome in some regions, especially on sandy
soils. A great number of washes and vari-
ous labor-saving devices have been recom-
mended, but the best method for dealing
with them is the old one of carefully uncov-
ering the trunk of the tree at the earth sur-
face and digging them out with a sharp
knife. In sandy lands they should be
attended to twice a year—spring and fall. It
is back-aching work, but can scarcely be
trusted to an inexperienced hand, who will
often do more injury to the trees than an
army of borers. Of labor-saving devices,
one of the best, especially for young trees,
is the covering of the base of the trunk in
)
W
\)
oD)
S'
DS
@
O
Bh
AN
a2 AO bas early spring with straw or cheap Chinese
za rey hex matting, the lower end of which should be
ag a one tg) buried an inch or two in the soil. This com-
es 4 moe pels the insect to oviposit on the upper part
POCA ma! PU] ene of the trunk and on the branches, where
os OL ORS the larvee are easily found and where they
iO} Call Or) do less general and permanent injury.
WY > =e, The pin borer, a scolytid beetle of Euro-
ps FORA pean origin (figs. 11, 12, 18, 14, 15), has in
ns BOe recent years become rather troublesome in
rel Wo the eastern part of the United States. No
Se ee good remedy is known, but some trouble can
4)
be avoided by annually removing all dead
wood from the orchard and taking care that
it is not piled anywhere in the vicinity.
Z This should be done in the fall or winter.
ue ‘ rap: _ The insects prefer sickly trees, but while
eet SSE: PERC on eoe aieed the larvee are generally confined to such
form; c, second; d, third; e, whip joint; f, top trees, the mature beetle often migrates to
oe gage cide view of a single sense pore. healthy trees and feeds upon them, to their
great injury, the gummy trunks appearing
as if peppered with fine shot. The most serious depredations the writer has seen
on healthy trees were where piles of dead
wood from old peach orchards were placed
near healthy trees. Two cases in particular
—one in Maryland and the other in western
New York—were. very striking, the injuries
beginning in trees near large piles of dead
wood and becoming less and less in trees
more remote from these piles until all trace of
injury disappeared.
Brown or black root aphides (figs. 16, 17, 18)
are very common in the sandy lands of New
Jersey and Delaware, and also occur in other
parts of the eastern states. The insect some-
times appears on parts above ground, but the Fig. 19.—The curculio (Conotrachelus nenu-
ehief injury is done while it is out of sight. phar) 1, Natural size (original); 2, much
As before stated, care should be taken that enlarged (atter Howard).
this insect is not introduced into the orchard
on the roots of the trees when they are
planted, and if there is any reason for thinking that the roots are infested the trees
should either be discarded or dipped in some insecticide before planting. The
underground depredations of this insect stunt the tree so that it dies or makes very
little growth for several years. Stunted trees may, however, be started into a more
vigorous growth by heavy applications of tobacco dust dug into the earth, and.
they may sometimes be brought out and induced to make a good growth by the
application of strong stable manure. ;
AY
8)
ui
\
350 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The curculio (fig. 19) is always present, and no safe remedy is known. It can be
depended on to take a considerable part of the crop each year, and in years when
the yield is scanty it is sometimes content with nothing short of the whole crop.
This is especially likely to be the case when spring frosts have unduly thinned the
crop or have restricted it to particular orchards. Arsenical sprays will hold the
ecurculio in check, but are scarcely to be recommended for the peach, since they
are very likely to cause its leaves and fruit to fall and may even kill small branches.
If used at all the greatest care should be exercised. In some cases it might pay to
capture and destroy the beetles by jarring them upon a framework covered with
sheets.
Scale insects have thus far done but little injury to peach trees in the eastern
states; but the enemy is present, and one species in particular, recently introduced
from the West Indies (a white scale entirely covering trunk and limbs and quickly
killing the tree), is already so far north as Washington, D. C., and is likely to be
very troublesome when more generally distributed. Growers should be on the look-
out for this pest (fig. 20) and burn infested trees at sight.
A word about sprays and tree washes in connection with peach tree diseases is
\ Cay ip
WN
i Ah
F1a. 20.—The whitewash scale (Diaspis lanatus). a, section of peach trunk with male and female
scales in situ, natural size; b, scale of adult female; c, do. in natural position, enlarged. (Howard.)
not out of place. Many have been recommended without proper inquiry as to their
merits, and the results of their use have been in some cases so disastrous as to
prejudice the whole community against any kind of fungicidal or insecticidal treat-
ment. Twice the writer has known of fine orchards being ruined by the application
to the trunks of washes containing tar, soap, and arsenites. In one case the grower
was obliged to remove a whole orchard seven years old, the trees being either killed
by the application or injured beyond recovery. Spraying the foliage for insect and
fungous diseases must also be followed with unusual caution. The leaves of the
peach tree are very sensitive to acids and to arsenical poisons. However, peach
trees may be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture without danger, provided proper care
be taken in its preparation. The lime must be freshly slaked and must be in excess.
The first crop of fruit is always a matter of special interest, and the inexperienced
grower is likely to allow the trees to overbear if not specially cautioned. After the
June drop has passed, if the trees are heavily laden a very considerable number of
the peaches should be pulled off. It takes much less labor to pick them at this
time than when they are ripe, and the remaining fruit will be enough larger and
better in flavor and color to more than compensate for this thinning. Thinning is
not very generally practiced by peach-growers in the United States, but if judi-
ciously done no work in the orchard will give better results. Some of the quali-
ties specially desirable in a crop of peaches are size, flavor, and color. These
desirable points can not be expected when the tree is allowed to overbear, in which
event the fruit is likely to be small and green and inferior in color, and will bring
a corresponding poor price when put upon the market. The extra labor involved in
handling a large crop of inferior fruit is also a matter not to be forgotten. Some
HORTICULTURAL BULLETINS. 351
years thinning will not be necessary, but in years when the trees are burdened
with fruit it should not be omitted.
Picking and packing are matters which require the personal attention of the
grower. These can not be trusted to hired labor without strict oversight. The
peach should be picked and packed as carefully as an orange; should never be
poured from basket to basket; should never be bruised in handling; should be
earefully assorted by grades; and should be put up for market with an eye to
attractiveness, so that the best prices may be obtained. It is not strictly proper,
however, to put red netting over green fruit. There is just the right time to pick
for market, and this is something to be learned by experience—a day too early and
the peaches are green, a day too late and they are overripe and will be soft and
bruised and unsalable before they reach the consumer. No fruit requires greater
expedition and better judgment in picking and marketing, and in these particulars
the peach is strikingly in contrast with the orange, which never worries the
grower, but may be picked and marketed any time from November to April, barr-
ing accidents from unexpected frosts.
In general, peach-growers in the eastern states are very careless—almost indif-
fereni—as to manner of shipping fruit to market, and the result is such that fruit,
while often of a very superior quality, rarely brings as good prices as inferior
fruit put up with special pains to make it attractive. The baskets in general use
in the eastern states are too large for retail trade. Growers of peaches on a large
scale in New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland seem to think that they can not
handle their vast quantities of fruit in small baskets. Growers in Michigan and
California* have learned better and send their fruit out in much more attractive
form, the result being that they get better prices. Florida fruit also comes to mar-
ket in good shape, and the Florida crate is one of the best. The choicest grades
of peaches should never be sent to market in large baskets, but each fruit should
be wrapped separately and sent with as much care as eggs if the best prices are
desired. For the canning-house and the wholesale trade the Delaware basket is
undoubtedly one of the most convenient forms for shipment. Inferior fruit should
be kept at home and dried or fed to the pigs. The unprofitable handling of a large
part of such fruit might be avoided by thinning, as already suggested.
On some accounts it is highly desirable that the fruit should be transported by
water if the distance is not great and the journey can be made rapidly, otherwise
it must go into cars and the extra jar must be compensated for by rapid delivery
and sale. Of course when peaches are shipped long distances in warm weather
particular pains must be taken to see that the cars are properly iced and that
there are no delays in transit, and when they come from the Pacific coast they
must necessarily be picked green. Hastern growers have an advantage over those
on the Pacifie coast in the much finer quality of fruit grown and in being near to
market, so that their peaches may be allowed to ripen on the tree, something very
necessary to the full perfection of this fruit; but these great advantages are largely
lost by carelessness in packing and shipping, and consequently the California peach-
growers are generally able to command a better price in New York markets than
eastern growers. Mention has already been made of the desirability of planting
orchards where competition in transportation exists. This affords to growers of the
choicest fruit a reasonable guarantee that the whole of their profit will not be swal-
lowed up by exorbitant freight rates.
In years of great abundance another serious cause of loss is what are known as
“slumps” in the market. Most eastern-grown peaches find their way to a few large
markets, where prices necessarily break down when a large quantity of fruit is
suddenly thrown upon them. At times when a glut exists even the best fruit will
scarcely pay for the baskets in which it is shipped, much less for transportation,
picking, packing, ete., and this may happen several times during the season. This
ruinous state of affairs is not attributable to overproduction, but to maldistribu-
tion. ‘he crying need in the eastern states is for a system of distribution which
will prevent gluts in the market. It is well known that at the very time when
these “slumps” occur in New York and other large centers, hundreds of smaller
towns in the interior can not procure peaches at any price.
The writer has frequently paid five cents apiece for quite ordinary peaches in
interior towns of New York and Pennsylvania and further west, when the finest
*The California crate brings the fruit safely in car load lots so far as Chicago, but from this point
eastward, in the hands of express companies, sometimes as much as 20 per cent. of the peaches are
bruised so as to be unsalable, owing to the thin side of the crate. These packages should be made of
thicker material or should have a partition through the middle.
352 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
peaches could scarcely be given away in New York and Philadelphia. This sug-
gests that much loss could be avoided by a well-organized system of distribution.
Just how tiis shali finally be brought about is a difficult problem to solve, but it is
certainly one of the things which peach-growers must study to accomplish. It is
worth the earnest consideration of pomological associations, boards of agriculture,
and ali who are interested in growing peaches.
— ===
=| ri
It would seem that there might be some arrangement with the local dealers in
many of the smaller towns in the eastern United States, and with large dealers in
the cities, whereby telegraphic advice could be sent every day during the season,
to some centrally located place in each peach region, and thence communicated to
all the growers. In this way it would be known where the market was full and
where empty, and shipment could be arranged accordingly. Co-operation is the
keynote of success. Indeed, without hearty co-operation and compact organization
little or nothing can be accomplished, and yet to secure and maintain such organiza-
tion presents the chief difficulty. Home consumption is another way to avoid
gluts in the market; also, the judicious use of canning and drying houses.
One of the chief difficulties in the way of successful peach-growing is undoubt-
edly the ignorance of the grower. The man who will not grow choice varieties,
prefers seedlings, will not properly thin his fruit, will not properly grade it, will
not keep the culls at home, will send to the market when he pleases and where he
pleases, and who will not combat insect and fungous pests, can not make peach
culture profitable, and the only thing for him to do is to go out of the business.
Many of the serious troubles which beset growers can be measurably overcome
by intelligent foresight. The thing which is least within the range of control is the
weather; yet, while growers can not entirely avoid the mischief of spring frosts or
the results of hot and rainy weather, even these may be guarded against. The
judicious selection of advantageous orchard sites, and, in special cases, smudges and
spraying with water, will tend to avert the former, while prompt removal of rotting
fruit, extra prompt marketing, and particular care in packing for shipment will do
much to remedy the effects of the latter.
In conclusion it may be stated that the labor involved in peach-growing is great
and the discouragements not a few. The proportion of failures to successes is at
least as ten to one, and very few indeed are the men who become “peach kings.”
The man who is not full of energy and does not. enjoy seeing the sun rise every day
in the year would better venture his money in some other business.
LAWS OF MICHIGAN RELATING TO
HORTICULTURE.
YELLOWS AND BLACK KNOT.
AN ACT to prevent the spread of the contagious diseases known as yellows, black
knot, peach rosette, and pear blight, among peach, plum, cherry, prune, almond,
apricot, nectarine, and pear trees, or the fruit thereof, by providing measures
for the eradication of the same, and to repeal act number one hundred twelve
of the public acts of eighteen hundred ninety-three, approved May twenty-fifth,
eighteen hundred ninety-three.
Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That it shall be unlawful
for any person to Keep any peach, almond, apricot, plum, prune, cherry, nectarine
of pear tree infected with the contagious diseases known as yellows, black knot,
peach rosette, or pear blight, or to offer for sale or shipment, or to sell, or to ship
any of the fruit thereof, except the fruit of the plum, cherry and pear tree; that
both tree and fruit so infected shall be subject to destruction as public nuisances
as hereinafter provided. No damages shall be awarded in any court in the state
for entering upon the premises and destroying such diseased trees or parts of trees,
or fruit, if done in accordance with the provisions of this act. It shall be the duty
of every person as soon as he becomes aware of the existence of such disease in
any tree, parts of trees, or fruit owned by him, to forthwith destroy, or cause said
trees or fruit to be destroyed.
Sec. 2. In any township or city in this state in which such contagious diseases
exist, or in which there is good reason to believe they exist, or danger may be justly
apprehended of their introduction, it shall be the duty of the township board or city
council, as soon as such information becomes known to either such board or
council, or any member thereof, to appoint forthwith three competent freeholders of
said township or city, as commissioners, to be known as yellows commissioners,
who shall hold office during the pleasure of said board, or city councii, and
stch order of appointment and of revocation shall be entered at large upon the
township or city records: Provided, That the commissioners now appointed and
in office shall continue in said office until their successors are appointed and
qualified: Provided, That in case commissioners have already been appointed to
prevent the spreading of bush, vine, and fruit tree pests, such commissioners shall
be ex officio commissioners under this act.
Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of said commissioners, within ten days after appoint-
ment as aforesaid, to file their acceptances of the same with the clerk of said
township or city, and said clerk shall be ex officio clerk of said board of commis-
siorers, and he shall keep a correct record of the proceedings of said board in a
book to be provided for the purpose, and shall file and preserve all papers pertaining
45
354 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
to the duties and actions of said commissioners, or either of them, which shall be
a part of the records of said township or city.
See. 4. It shall be the duty of the commissioners, or any one of them, upon,
or without complaint, whenever it comes to their notice that either of the diseases
known as yellows, black knot, peach rosette or pear blight exist, or are supposed
to exist within the limits of their township, village or city, to proceed without delay
to examine the tree or fruit supposed to be infected, and if the disease is found
to exist, a distinguishing mark shall be placed upon the diseased trees, and the
owner notified personally or by a written notice left at his usual place of resi-
dence, or if the owner be a non-resident, by leaving the notice with the person in
charge of the trees or fruit, or the person in whose possession said trees or fruit may
be. The notice shall contain a simple statement of the facts as found to exist,
with an order to effectually uproot and destroy, by fire or as the commissioner
shall order, the trees so marked or designated, or such parts thereof, within five
days, Sundays excepted, from the date of the service of the notice, and in case of
fruit so infected, such notice shall require the person in whose possession or control
it is found to immediately destroy the same, or cause it to be done, or the com-
missioner may destroy the same. Said notice and order to be signed by one or more
of the commissioners.
See. 5. In case any person who is interested in any tree or trees so ordered
to be destroyed shai} feel aggrieved by such order and shall believe that such
trees are not so diseased, he may serve a written notice upon all of the commission-
ers in the township in which such trees are situated, which notice shall specify the
part of such order to which objection is made and the particular tree or trees
included in such order which it is claimed are not so diseased, and shall request
du examination of such tree or trees by all of said commissioners, which notice
shall be served personally upon each of said commissioners within the five days
given for the destruction of said trees, and it shall thereupon be the duty of all
said commissioners who have not already done so to personally examine such
tree or trees as soon as practicable and within said five days, and if a majority of
all the commissioners shall agree that such tree or trees are so diseased, they
shall order the same to be destroyed forthwith by the owner or custodian thereof;
but if a majority shall decide that such tree or trees, or any of them are not
so diseased, they shall revoke the order of the commissioner to destroy the same
as far as it relates to the trees so found to be free from disease, but this section
shall not apply to fruit ordered to be destroyed.
See. 6. Whenever any person shall refuse or neglect to comply with the
order to remove and destroy the trees or parts of trees so designated and marked
by the commissioner as aforesaid, it shall become the duty of the commissioner
to cause said trees or parts of trees to be removed and destroyed forthwith, employ-
ing all necessary aid for that purpose. The expenses for such removal and
destruction of trees or parts of trees to be a charge against the township or city,
aud for ihe purpose of such removal or destruction the said commissioners, their
agents and workmen shall have the right and power to enter upon any and
all premises within their township or city.
See. 7. If any owner neglects to uproot and destroy, or cause to be removed
and destroyed, as aforesaid, such diseased trees, or parts of trees or fruit, after
such examination and notification, and within the time hereinbefore specified, or
any other person who shall sell or offer for sale such diseased fruit, such person
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and punished by a fine not exceeding
one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding three
months, or both, in the discretion of the court, and any justice of the peace of
the township or city where such trees may be, or where such nursery stock or
fruit is sold, shipped, disposed of, or delivered, as aforesaid, shall have jurisdiction
thereof. The words “parts of trees’ wherever used in this act, shall refer to
black knot and pear blight only, and not to trees affected with yellows.
LAWS RELATING TO HORTICULTURE. 355
See. 8. The commissioners shall be allowed for services under this act two
dollars for each full day, and one dollar for each half day, and their other charges
and disbursements hereunder, to be audited, aS well as any other charges and
disbursements under this act, by the township board, or city council, all of which
costs, charges, expenses and disbursements may be recovered by the township,
or city, from the owner of such diseased fruit or nursery stock, or from the owner
of the premises on which said diseased trees stood, in action of assumpsit: Pro-
vided, Said owner has refused or neglected to remove said diseased fruit or nursery
stock in compliance with the order of said commissioner or commissioners.
Sec. 9. All of act number one hundred and twelve of the public acts of eighteen
hundred and ninety-three be and the same is hereby repealed.
This act is ordered to take immediate effect.
Approved May 4, 1895.
SPRAYING.
AN ACT to prevent the spreading of bush, vine, and fruit tree pests, such as
canker-worms and other insects, and fungus and contagious diseases, and to
provide for their extirpation.
Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That it shall be the
duty of every owner, possessor, or occupier of an orchard, nursery, or vineyard,
or of land where fruit trees or vines are grown, within this state, to spray with
a poisonous solution or disinfectant, of sufficient strength to destroy such injurious
insects or contagious diseases, all fruit trees or vines grown on such lands which
may be infested with any injurious insects or worms, or infected with any con-
tagious disease known to be injurious to fruit or fruit trees or vines: Provided,
That no such spraying shall be done while said fruit trees or vines are in blossom,
except in case of canker-worms.
See. 2. In any township in this state where such injurious insects or contagious
diseases are known to exist, or in which there is good reason to believe they exist,
or danger may be justly apprehended of their introduction, it shall be the duty of
the township board, upon the petition of at least ten freeholders of such township,
to appoint forthwith three competent freeholders of said township as commis-
sioners, who shall hold office during the pleasure of the board, and such order of
appointment and of revocation shall be entered at large upon the township record:
Provided, That in townships having a board of yellows commissioners, such com-
missioners shall be ex officio commissioners under this act.
Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of said commissioners, within ten days after appoint-
ment, as aforesaid, to file their acceptance of the same with the clerk of said
township, and said clerk shall be ez officio clerk of said board of commissioners, and
he shall kept a correct record of the proceedings of said board, in a book to be
provided for that purpose, and shall file and preserve all papers pertaining to the
duties and actions of said commissioners, or either of them, which shall be a part
of the records of said townships.
See. 4. It shall be the duty of said commissioners, or any one of them, upon,
or without, complaint, whenever it comes to their notice, that any orchard, fruit
trees, or vines, are infested with canker-worm or other injurious insects or con-
tagious disease, within their townships, to proceed without delay to examine such
orchards or vineyards supposed to be infested, and if such injurious insects or
contagious diseases are found to exist, the owner shall be notified personally, or
by a written notice left at his usual place of residence; or if the owner be a non-
356 4 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
resident, by leaving the notice with the person in charge of the trees or vines, or
the occupant of the lands upon which such trees or vines shall be growing. The
notice shall contain a simple statement of the facts as found to exist, with an order
to effectually destroy such injurious insects or worms, or contagious disease by
spraying such trees or vines with a poisonous solution, or, in case of contagious
disease, to effectually disinfect said diseased trees or vines, within such time from
the date of the service of the notice as such commissioners shall designate, said
notice and order to be signed by the full board of commissioners.
Sec. 5. Whenever any person shall refuse or neglect to comply with the order
to spray or disinfect the orchards or vineyard designated by the commissioners,
as aforesaid, it shall become the duty of the commissioners to cause said trees or
vines to be effectually sprayed with a poisonous solution, or disinfected, as occasion
should require, forthwith, employing all necessary aid for that purpose, and the
expenses for the same shall be a charge against the township; and for said spraying
or disinfecting, the said commissioners, their agents or workmen, shall have the
right and power to enter upon any and all premises within their township.
Sec. 6. If any owner, township officer, or commissioner, neglects or refuses to
comply with the requirements of this law as set forth in the preceding sections,
and within the time therein specified, such persons shall be deemed guilty of a
misdemeanor, and punished by fine not exceeding fifty dollars, or imprisonment
in the county jail not exceeding sixty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment,
in the discretion of the court; and any justice of the peace of the township where
such trees or vines may be growing shall have jurisdiction thereof.
Sec. 7. The several commissioners shall be allowed for service under this act,
two dollars for each full day, and one dollar for each half day, and their other
charges and disbursements hereunder, to be audited, as well as any other charges
and disbursements under this act, by the township board, all of which costs,
charges, expense, and disbursements shall be recovered by the township from the
owner of said infected or infested orchards or vineyards, from the owner of the
premises on which said trees or vines may be growing, in an action of assumpsit.
arr provisions of this act shall not apply to the contagious disease known as
yellows.
This act is ordered to take immediate effect.
Approved May 4, 1895.
PILFERING FROM ORCHARDS.
AN ACT to protect vineyards, orchards, and gardens, and to repeal act number
181, public acts of 1869, entitled “An act to protect vineyards in the state of
Michigan,” being section 9195 of Howell’s annotated statutes.
Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That any person who
shall enter a vineyard, orchard, or garden, during the months of July, August,
September, or October, without the consent of the owner, and pick, take, carry
away, destroy, or injure any of the fruits, vegetables, or crops therein, or in
anywise injure or destroy any bush, tree, vine, or plant, shall be guilty of a mis-
demeanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by imprisonment in county
jail, not more than ninety days, or by fine not less than five nor more than one
hundred dollars, or by both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the
court.
See. 2. That act number 131 of the public acts of 1869, entitled “An act to
protect vineyards in the state of Michigan,” being section 9195 of Howell’s anno-
tated statutes of Michigan, be and the same is hereby repealed.
Approved April 17, 1895.
LAWS RELATING TO HORTICULTURE. 357
MARKING FRUIT PACKAGES.
AN ACT to provide for marking on packages, designed for the shipment of certain
specified kinds of fruit, the number of pounds which each of said packages shall
contain.
Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That all manufacturers
of peach baskets and other fruit packages designed for the shipment of peaches,
grapes, and plums, and all shippers and dealers in the same, shall mark or cause to
be marked, in a plain manner, on the outside, otherwise than the bottom, of such
baskets or packages, the capacity of each basket or package, in pounds, at the rate
of one pound for each 48.008 cubic inches of space contained in such basket or
package.
Sec. 2. Any manufacturer of or dealer in peach baskets or other fruit packages
designed for the shipment of peaches, grapes, and plums, who shall sell or offer
to sell such baskets or packages without complying with the provisions of this
act, shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in any
court of competent jurisdiction, shall be fined not less than twenty-five dollars
por more than one hundred dollars, and stand committed to the county jail until
such fine and costs are paid.
See. 3. All acts or parts of acts contravening the provisions of this act are
hereby repealed.
This act is ordered to take effect January 1, 1896.
Approved May 31, 1895.
PRUIT CATALOGUES AS Io-7.
ARRANGEMENT OF THE CATALOGUE.
In making the present revision few radical changes have been made and the same
plan of arrangement has been used; in fact with an occasional note the explana-
tions given for the last catalogue would apply to the present one.
So many improvements have been made, particularly in small fruits, that the
starring has been considerably altered.
Each variety is given a number in the column at the left and this is repeated on
the opposite page to prevent mistakes in carrying the variety across. In the col-
umns given up to the descriptions of the varieties, the usual abbreviations are used,
the explanations for which are given at the head of each section. As in previous
lists the columns headed “Use and value” show on a scale of 1 to 10 the value of the
fruits for the different purposes, but attention is called to the fact that, in the sub-
columns headed “Dessert” and “‘Cooking” the quality of the fruit and its adaptation
to the purpose alone are considered, without regard to the productiveness and other
characteristics of the varieties.
In the third column under ‘‘Market” all of the qualities which go to make a variety
profitable for market are considered. If a variety stands high in the “Market”
column and has either the ‘‘Dessert” or ‘‘Cooking” that will bring the total to fifteen
or over, it indicates that it is a valuable one for the purpose noted.
From the fact that a variety does not prove equally valuable in all parts of the
state, the columns under “Locality” are arranged to show by means of symbols their
value in the various sections. When two stars (**) are given, it shows that the
variety is very generally successful and that it is one of the most desirable kinds for
planting. When one star (*) is used, the variety is one that has much merit, but it
is less valuable under most conditions than those of the first class; there are also
many sorts which will do well in some localities, but are not generally suc-
cessful and at any rate are of less value than those given one star; these we have
marked with a star (*) followed by an interrogation point (?) to indicate that they
are at best of doubtful value.
To show the sorts that are of even less value, but which have been found profit-
able in some localities and for some purposes, we have included them in the list, but
have left blank the columns which show their value in the different sections of the
state. In using the list one should select the sorts that bear two stars, if only a
_ few kinds are wanted, and, if a longer list is desired, the kinds that have the highest
marks in the columns of ‘‘Use and value” can be drawn from to complete the num-
ber, those with one star being as a rule most likely to succeed.
We have also included in the list quite a number of new sorts that seem to be
especially promising, and have marked each of them with a dagger (7).
In dividing the state into districts for the sub-columns we have followed the pre-
vious lists and have grouped the counties of the lower peninsula into sections as
follows, viz.: first district, the eastern tier of counties; second, the central counties
of the state, omitting the row of counties along the east, south and west sides; third
district, the counties along the south border of the state from Lenawee to Cass;
fourth district, the counties bordering lake Michigan from Berrien to Muskegon
inclusive; fifth district, from Muskegon county northward along the lake shore. In
reality the eastern district does not extend much above Bay county, although many
FRUIT CATALOGUE. 359
of the hardier fruits can be grown with success even to the north of Alpena, while
the central district can not be relied upon for the tender fruits for the counties
north of Gratiot.
As will be seen from the rejected list that is placed at the end of the regular cata-
logue, a large number of sorts have been excluded. Many of them have shown
themselves unworthy to be longer carried in the regular list, while others have con-
siderable value and have for a long time been known, but hardly a tree can be
found in the state, and, moreover, they are not offered by any of the nurserymen.
By rejecting them we are able to reduce the number of sorts mentioned in the cata-
logue and thus lessen the confusion that a long list makes for many persons. The
foreign grapes and nectarines are so little grown that it was thought well to leave
them out, especially as no changes would have been made in the last list.
NOMENCLATURE.
The nomenclature used in this revision is in accordance with the ‘Rules of Pom-
ology” of the American Pomological Society, and several changes have been made
that bring the list in harmony with the names recommended by the Division of
Pomology of the Department of Agriculture.
In preparing this list, errors have without doubt crept in and, that they may be
corrected in future lists, any person who notices any rating that is incorrect for a
given locality is urged to inform the writer.
L. R. TAFT,
Chairman of Committee on Revision of Catalogue.
Agricultural College, Aug., 1896.
360
OO km oF WHY | Number.
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1896 AND 1897.
ABBREVIATIONS, APPLICABLE THROUGHOUT THE CATALOGUE,
Size. Quality.
1. large. b. best.
m. medium. g. good.
8. small. Vv. very.
Vv. very.
Adhesion.
c. cling.
f. free.
SECTION I,—APPLES.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form.
a. angular.
c. conical.
f. flattened.
1. lop-sided or oblique.
Names.
io) by
Alexanderic es ce2-c3. Jocseceacecsce vl rc
American Golden Russet.-..-..--- s r ov
Auitumn Swaare-+-o-secesse ne eee 1 re
Antumnebourh®-.-> csssuaceenees m ca
Bailey S weetocs.. clcscctaceceece 1 re
Baldwins 6s) sn ockas eee eee 1 re
IBOMMON Git e- coe se ec eee se scoot m rfe
Ben: Davis: oo oct es cee seeene
Benonite-.2. 2 wos sa sece eee eee
Black Gilliflower
Blenheim 2223525 2sca eek eeencences
Bineseearmaina. ec 2ssso ese aees
Broad well oie race coset ences
Buckingham::- 9s Sees
Biting tones. see sete eee seen
Ohienangos. <2 2 eee ese ceceee
Oly dens yat5 te eS eel 1 rca
C@besiwell see ee ee ml] rob
ColevQuince4.2.2 2252 SS 1 rob
Colverti eit. se ise Ee ae 1 obc
(070%) 02) Sea ee aE Sc 1 rob
CoopersMarketi22- es ee | m obec
Oornellteys ree s en ee eeecoceee ck m oc
Cranberry Pippin...........-..-- | m | rob
MAN VONS see none eese as co seez ees m ro
PomIne see eee eo eeceen eeckccs m rob
Dyer, Pomme Royal....-__-.------ m r
Harly Harveste2- 222.5222 econ m rob
Marly: J O00}2 acces cessesenen eee 8 obec
Karly Strawberry.-...--....-....- 8 re
o. oblong.
ob. oblate or obtuse.
Ov. Oval or ovate.
Yr. roundish.
Description.
5 2 eS gs
£ 8 a A=
5
Ss) eo a 6
gyr g | Oct. Dec. Rus
yru b | Oct. Jan. Am.
oyru j|vg Sept. Am
y v g| Aug. Oct. Am.
ydr |v g]|Nov.Mar.| N. Y.?
ycro | v g|Nov.Mar.|} Mass
yv Vv g | Nov. Mar.| Penn
g |Dec.May.| Ken.?
v g | Aug. Sept.| Mass.
g | Nov. Feb. m.
g Oct. Dec. Eng.
g Oct. Feb. Am.
v g|Nov.Feb.|} Ohio
v g | Nov. Feb. Vir.?
vg Aug. Penn.
v g | Sept. Oct.| N.Y.
gr g Oct. Jan N. Y.
yr b | Dec. Mar.} Conn
gyr v g | Oct. Dec. | Maine.
gyr g | Oct. Nov.| N. Y.?
gyr g | Oct. Dec.| Am.?
yre g |Dec. May.| Am.?
ye v g| Oct. Nov.| Penn.
ys g |Nov.Mar.| N.Y.
(0) v giNov.Apr.| Mass.
gyr v g| Dec. Apr.| Am.?
gyr b_ | Sept. Oct. Fr.?
yw b |July Aug.| N. Y.?
yr b |Aug. Sept.| N. Y.
yr vg|July Aug.| N.Y.
Use and
MO 3 CO ON TAPP ROD DYONSD® TERR WOW OW am VOD | Dessert.
value.
Scale 1 to 10.
_
Ar FD BI ACKER AOVWSN BITNTNIT AWH a @ © AHN AGS | Cooking.
TE OF HE HOT OOO AOOD OWE SHO Oo
FRUIT CATALOGUE. 361
FRUIT CATALOGUE FOR 1896 AND 1897.
ABBREVIATIONS APPLICABLE THROUGHOUT THE CATALOGUE.
Season. Origin.
The usual b. beginning. The usual h. hybrid.
abbreviations e. eud. abbreviations ?. doubtful.
for months. m. middle. for countries.
SECTION I.—APPLES.
Color.
b. brown. 0, orange. v. vermillion.
c. carmine. p. purplish. w. whitish.
er. crimson. r. red. y. yellow.
d. dark. ru. russet.
g. green. s. scarlet.
Locality.
atlas Remarks.
= + = lo} Fe)
2 5 | 4 |Salaa
g ey ~ ~~ iY olro
S/a|8| 6 |6x|s%
Z2\Hlo|on lz Faas
1/ *| *; *| *]| *] Treevigorous, spreading, productive; very beautiful. For cooking superior.
21. _.__.|.-. |..-.| Better farther south. Tree upright. Fruit often scabby and worthless.
See oel Lene lee tases Hardy, vigoratss spreading. Excellent, but not productive enough for the
market.
cM lah | ee ees * | One of the best dessert sweet apples of the season.
5 | *|#** | *| * | * | Wor vigor, preductiveness, size, beauty and quality combined, this has few
if any superiors.
6 | ** | ** | ** | ** | * | Tree lacks hardiness. Fruit drops badly. Bitter rot in large specimens.
Stands first on light soils in southern Michigan.
7| *| *| *| *! * | Fruit often defective in this climate. Best for home markets. Suits the
popular taste.
8} *|**| *|**! * | Vigorous, hardy, prolific. Fruit beautiful and handles well, but very poor
in quality. Sells well in the market.
9| #2? | *2 | *| *| *? | Tree upright, vigorous, very productive. Fruit too small on old trees.
LG} | ease _---|. -.].--.] Very mild flavor. Soongetsdryandmealy. Prized bya very few persons.
11 | *? | *? | *2 | *2? |____| In vigor and productiveness, also character of fruit, this is very desirable
for market and cooking.
12 | *? | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | Beautiful; but lacks both productiveness and quality.
1] *| *| *| *1! * | Vigorous, hardy, spreading, irregular, productive. A desirable sweet apple.
14 | *? | *2 | *2 | *? | *2 | Little grown here. More popular farther south.
15 | *2 | *? | *2 | *2 | *? | A desirabie dessert apple. Not as generally known a3 it deserves to be. -
16 | ** | #* | #* | ** | * | Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit of very delicate texture.
Popular wherever known.
17 | *? | *? | *2 | *? |___.| Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. A desirable market apple.
18 | *? | #2 | *? | #2? |____| The tree and fruit are both satisfactory, whether for the home or market.
19 | * | *2 | *2 | *? |____| Upright, spreading, productive. A desirable family fruit with quince aroma
20 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *? | Tree vigorous, hardy, prolific. Fruit large,showy, but not of high quality.
Popular with the masses. Sells well in market. 4
SEE ee Phase ole (e aca oes Tree very vigorous, upright, spreading. Fruit even sized, very attractive.
22 | *? | *2 | *2 | *2 | *? | Hardy, vigorous, upright, productive. Profitable.
23 | *2? | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | Vigorous, productive. A desirable fruit for general purposes.
24 | *? | «> | *2 | #2 | ___| Tree a good grower, productive. Fruit much like the Maiden’s Blush.
r+ Even more beautiful. Worthless at the extreme north.
25) *| *| *| *'|____| Strong grower and very productive. Deserves more attention.
26 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | Tree has long, stout, spreading branches, which are very liable to be
broken by the heavy crops of fruit. Scabs on old trees.
27 | *? | *2 | *2 | *2 |___.| One of the very finest dessert apple. A poor grower. Unprofitable asa
market fruit. : ;
28| *| «| *| *! #*/ Tardy,irregular bearer. Fruit often imperfect. Valued mainly for its
earliness. Fails on old trees.
29| *| *| *| *!| *| Forthegarden. With light culture the fruit is beautiful and excellent.
30 | ** ; ** | * | * | * | One of the most attractive dessert apples of its season. Ripens in succes-
sion. By some considered profitable.
Deane eee eee eee TEESE
46
362
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION I.—APPLES.—Conrinvep.
J Names.
ia
oO
2
2
5
A
Sle HnglishvRussetscscs esses oeteee
O41 PMSGPUS, eee een sepa e ees sesaeere
88. sRallawaters -ocssesssstencesee 25
of | WalliJenething a-c-sceceescecseees
307) SMALNOTANE Gl csee Soe es coeecee soe
36 | allePippin soesmctcssieeeoseeee
Ot: | Wa Wines cose el ocee ee ek
BO) WHAMONKG, SNOWses esse eeenn ace eee
30 | SH UIDS MING sea seei ee cae aaa eeee
AT KGardeniRoyal = sesees sakens sees
Al Gane btsSOMes secae eee eske eee seene
APNG eneseerseceeee see co oweosance oles
A3is| 9 Gall pin mOanthOUSe -saes keene tenn ee
44\nGloriacMundize 225: 25) ee
45 | Golden Russet (W. N. Y.)--------
4G. | |GoldentSweet:o.cc--tens-ses sce eee
47 | Golding (Am. Golden) .---____----
48"|\"GoodsPeasant:-c----sccesasesn econ
49) (Gravenstein 2. o.. 522k cn seks eee
60 | Green Newtown..._........--...-
bIGi Green Sweets:25.--.ssc2cccs—0eee5
beslGrimes'Golden=-2.--c- ss. oeeene
63: artford Sweet --=. s2-sss-se2-
645 SHaskell, Sweet. 2.<<::-2-2-.o622--
BOs MELANVLOY. DOWse. 2 os Seen eeu sence
6) | pHawthormden 222-25 2 seeeee
Hiv Hiehtop'(Sweet.=.soc2sct saauecees
DS a) MEL UD Dardstons-ss gece on ene cee eee
59 | Jabez Sweet
60 | Jefferis _......-
61 | Jersey Sweet.
G2ijesonathan--- 2-6 -2s senses J
Ode SROs WICK eso coon) eee
OLS Oiha divys_ 2. tebe eee cede oe
GouialuadyS weet=!sss--.osan-ec ae eae e
66 | Late Strawberry-.-------.---.....
OFs Sal ber Wil soccosgcscsceasaceeee
G8s|Sonpfield=. 4. b8 02.0 2s cosets
GO) Rihowellres ee soo eee ess.
(OM SIFVBCOM Ss eo ees eet eee een es cee nee
71 Maiden IB anee 22 ebe oe oot eee
ee LTT eters de Sette sim ewe abe subse
73 le Manometi Mewweess Sono seas te =k.
(fou WN BY) Nr g chia sae a ee
Pbaleic hia honsce-scoe cscsee toe sen eens
46" @M elon soe: Sheek oe ce ceases
isl MORICOR par 2 ee aeeaese Asche tebe
7Sa|\e Miller (Ne Wa) s- esceecese ce es= ce
208|) Ministers: venc-see anes eae see emcees
ee =
Description.
f i ¢
maar Cee
iC) EI
O So mM
gyru g Jan. May.
yr b_ | Dec. Apr.
Yio g |Nov. Mar.
gyr g | Sept. Oct.
yr g Oct. Nov.
ygeb b Oct. Dec.
ry b Sept. Nov.
Byer. vg | Oct. Nov.
gyr g Nov. Mar.
gyr b Aug. Sept.
y veg Sept.
wer g Sept.
ry g |Dec. May.
gy g Oct. Feb.
yru veg | Dec. May.
gy g , Aug. Sept.
yb vg_| Nov. Feb.
yr g Oct. Dec.
yro vg_| Sept. Oct.
gbr b_ | Dec. May.
gy g | Dec. Mar.
yo vg | Dec. Mar.
yer g | Dec. June.
Syer: vg | Sept. Oct.
y vg Sept.
wyr g Sept.
y vg Aug.
yr b Nov. Feb.
y g Dec. Feb,
yer ve Sept. vet
gsyr vg ept.
yr vg | Nov. Feb.
gyr g Sept. Oct.
Vir vg Dec. May.
yr vg | Dec. May.
wr vg | Oct. Dec.
yr g Jan. Apr.
yr g Oct. Dec.
gy vg | Sept. Oct.
gyr g Sept. Nov.
yrcr g Sept. Oct.
y br vg | Jan. Apr.
yr vg | Aug. Sept.
yr vg | Dec. Mar.
yr g Nov. Dec.
ycre b Nov. Mar.
cerry b Sept. Oct.
yr v g | Oct. Nov.
gyr g | Oct. Feb.
Am,
Rus.
Ger.
INGA
Mass.?
Va.
Conn,
Mass.
NY,
Scotch.
Mass.
Mass.
Conn.
Penn.
hse
N. Y.
Eng.
‘Mass.
Use and
value
Scale 1 to 10.
Blealé
|x| x
nD ° a
o oS
Alloa
4| 5) 6
RS AS 4
4% 7
5| 4 4
4/ 8 8
8| 9 i
6 4
9| 6 7
6| 6 7
9| 5 4
6] 6 6
6] 6 5
5| 4 5
3/4 5
9| 6 8
6) a5 eins
rile
9/ 9! 9
i 7 | 8
10] 8 3
Calan 7
9| 7 8
6| 7 4
6] 7 2
Vee
3/ 8 8
6] 6 5
lu | 5 9
6| 7 3
9| 6 if
Sila 6
9| 7 9
2/10} 8
Sioa 5
alas, 7
8] 4 5
Bley 8
9| 9 9
Jal eee 8
‘iar 5
71 8] 10
6| 7 9
PAR 4
Sy eae 8
9/9 9
10) Se eeann
10} a6 s\ieaD
BN Gales
Hee Yt 5
FRUIT CATALOGUE. 363
SECTION I.—APPLES.—ContinvueEp.
Locality. ,
‘ ae ae Remarks.
5 * 54/64
als|S|alezee
5/3/81] 8 |5slos
ZlH|O|n nSias
31 | *2 | *2 | *? | *2 | #2 | Strong, upright, very productive, tender. Fruit very even sized, often
small. Keeps easily a year. Poor quality.
32 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *? | *2 | Treelacks vigor. Fruit much called forin the market, but rarely offered.
Best on rich, warm soils.
33 | *| *| *1 *{| * | Growsand produces well. Too poor in quality. Size its chief recommen-
dation. Always sells well.
B4 | *2 | #2 | 2) *2 | *2 | Tree WEEOROUS, spreading, productive. Its season and color detract from
its value.
Soule aeeoe|) ntaleoee cece The apple grown in this State under this name proves to be the one known
as ** Newell” in Hillsdale county.
36 | *| *| *| *1| * | Tree strong,spreading, productive; liable toscab. Often keeps till spring.
In central district lacks productiveness.
AY el (ete aeolian oe Grows and bears well. Fruit often scabby. Not extensively grown.
38} *| *| * | *! * | Fruit scabby and imperfect on old trees. Beston new, rich seils, Goodat
the north. Profitable where it succeeds.
39 | *| *| *]| *] *]| Strong, reddish brown shoots. Very productive. Sometimes scabby. Not
esteemed valuable, except perhaps at the north.
40| *| *| * | *{___.| Moderate grower. Upright, roundish. Best dessert apple of its season.
41 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *? | *2 | Vigorous, upright, spreading. Very promising.
CO} | Sel (eae el aia] ocr pe ea Strong, vigorous. The showy fruit is the chiet atttraction.
CBs |Peee *? | *? |__..| A good cider apple, and passable for the table.
CVS Se RR Ca ee ees Vigorous; not productive. Size its only attraction. Worthless everywhere.
45 | ** | ** | * | *| * | Hardy, vigorous. Shoots slender. Very productive. Brings a high price
in late spring, if wintered in close packages.
46 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | A hardy, spreading, prolific tree. Very popularinits season. Tree tender
at the extreme north. Often fed to stock.
47 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 |_...| An old sort; superior to many better known.
* | * | ** | A promising Russian sort.
* | * | ** | A fine culinary fruit. Tree a fine grower and hardy; lacks productiveness.
Bears better at the north.
50 | *2 | *2 | * | *2 | *2 | A weak, slender grower. Fails generally at the west. Unprofitable. Best
on ‘‘ opening” soils.
51 | *| *| * {| #*4|__..| Tree vigorous, productive. Desirable. More than one variety grown un-
der this name.
52.| * |S" | ** | +e | * | Tree Spreading, vigorous, hardy, prolific. Fruit beautiful. Flavor fine,
peculiar.
Don tease esos |eecelaee= _...| Moderate grower, hardy, productive. A good baking sweet apple.
54 | *| *| * | * | ** | Vigorous, productive. One of the finest of sweet apples.
55 | *? | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | Annual bearer. Fruit beautiful and good, but soon decays. A dessert
fruit. A better keeper north.
56 | *2 | *2 | *? | #2 | *? | Tree vigorous, spreading. Productive alternate years. A beautiful culin-
ary market fruit.
57 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 |____| Tree upright, vigorous. Very productive. Fruit very beautiful and good.
AI | ec ea Spon in every orchard. A very good market variety. Of the highest
quality.
De as54 |e Pei |e 2: sce |e Sees sees eee est ae Ore te tn OO eet 2 en NE OS ates Sete ere ee
Gael 2) ST be A very productive and desirable dessert fruit for early autumn. |
6. | *| *| *| * | *'/| Prolific. One of the richest early sweet apples. Tree tender in cen. districts.
62 | ** | x* | e« | ** | #* | Good bearer alternate years. Fruitsmall,very beautiful and good. Popular.
63 | *| ** | x | ** | * | Cooks well, even when but half grown. Very early bearer. Very hardy
and prolific.
64 | *2 | *2 | *2 | #2 | #2 | A beautiful little fancy apple. Brings large prices in market in eastern
cities. Little known west. Sometimes scabs.
65 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *? | A fair baking apple. Desirable asa long keeper. Retainsits juice and flavor.
*| *| * | *! * | Regular, early bearer. Chenango is often grown under thisname. |
67 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *? | Popular west and south as along keeper. Distinct from Willow Twig.
68 | «| *| * | *{| ** | A very handsome variety for either dessert or cooking.
69h a= |e * | * | * | Strong grower, bears heavily in alternate years. Popular. Profitable.
TOL Nre, |e? pe eee oe | eee Generally fair. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Not largely planted.
71 | #* | ee | e* | ¥* | ** | Spreading, vigorous, prolific. The most popular early autumn market
apple. Rather acid for dessert.
72| *| «| «| *| * | Hardy, upright, annual bearer. Not much disseminated. A long keeper.
ff CH Ea ve Ja eee ere Vigorous, productive. Fruit excellent. Worthy of increased attention.
m4 | *|«*«| «| * |__| Thrifty, upright, productive. An excellent variety for home and market.
Bears alternate years.
364
STATE- HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION I.—A PPLES.—Continvuep.
Number.
es 2 &
Names.
o
ay
n
Monmouth 352 es sees eee ee 1
Red Cheek Pippin.
Morrisikegs 32 Se ae m1
Steele’s Red erroneously,
Mother eavess a esteen Ret ieee m
Munson Sweetecn.. ccce.cssnccnee m
Newtown Spitzenburg-.-....-.... m
Vandevere of N. Y.
INGronerN Spy eee esses ee eeeee 1
Oaklands 225-2 2s26- m
Qconee 22 2..-S ]
Ohio Nonpariel. - i
Oldenburgh..--. m
PaiwaPaw,iubecomicssaessew neces m
Peach Pond Sweet.......--....--- m
Peck Pleasant. ene m1
IPOnNOCKeccecccesecs aces oeeek eS. 1
PerryRussete: 228s Peet m
IPewaukeetses: 2 e228 Sees ml
IPOMMe GTISsecee ee eoseneaeeee ones 8
ROTtOR see ee een een oes ml
Primate. soe. Eee Se m
Pumpkin Sweet, Pound Sweet...) vl
TO Pe ae ae ae Ae m
Ramsdell Sweet, English Sweet..| m1
Rawle wanetec. ccs ontese seestsccee ml
HedPAstrachanst: Sele salen aia ml
Red Beitigheimer.___.........---- vl
Red Canada, Old Nonsuch...--.--- m
Red dune so 2s coe oo s
Red Russet esos oe oe eee m1
iD SLO cates ee ae eee m
Rhode Island Greening.-.-_____. 1
oman) Stem 2ssccses cones ees oy
Reme Beauty oocces: sewcseneeee 1
HO=DUTY RUSsetsso oe aie ml
DhHigwassee)i2cs Soaks es m
SmitmiGid eres vss see ee ee ml
Summer Haploe sa cet feo See 1
Summer Pearmain..--.....--..._- m
American Summer.
Summer Pound Royal...------.--- 1
Summer/Queenet see 1
PUMMeNMOsSetes see eae eeeee nee s
Descriptions.
2 ‘S a
[-} =]
Ss) o D
yr vg | Nov. Mar.
rru veg | Jan. Apr.
yr b Nov. Feb.
yr vg | Sept. Feb.
yr b Oct. Feb.
gyr b | Dec. Apr.
yr vg | Nov. Mar.
yb g | Nov. Dec.
vr vg | Nov. Dec.
yr g Sept.
yr vg |Dec. June.
yr ve | Sept. Nov.
gyr vg | Nov. Mar.
ry g | Nov. Mar.
yrub g | Nov. Dec.
UN g | Dec. Apr.
Tur b | Dec. Mar.
yr vg Sept.
gwer | vg | Aug. Oct.
wey g |Sept Dec.
ywr veg | Oct. Feb.
dr vg | Oct. Feb. |
yanier g |Feb. June.
gycr g - aug.
TAY g Oct.
yrer | vg |Dec. June.
dr vg Aug.
yrru | vg | Jan. Apr.
yrru | vg | Noy. Apr.
gyr vg | Nov. Apr.
ybru | vg | Nov. Mar.
yr g | Nov. Feb.
yrur | vg |Jan. June.
wr vg | Oct. Jan.
yr g | Dec. Mar.
yer g |Sept. Feb.
yr g |Aug. Sept.
gyr g | Jan. May.
ye veg | Sept. Oct.
wyr vg |Aug. Sept.
yr b Sept.
gw g |Aug. Sept.
yr g |Aug. Sept.
yr b Aug.
gy vg | Aug. Sept.
Use and
value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Origin
Dessert.
Market.
N. J. | 6
Conn.? | 8
Mass? | 6
INS Yes 9
&
=|
#9
—
Z,
re
on TF OD OO CK GH OO CrP ADO He OHM HF COO © IRISH oO VN
_
IW RNO TI OD HNRVPR DM ON A
orm GO CoO oro OH SC WwO=I00
_
on >
oso
me OIE Crs OH OOOW DO No fF OF ao wD
FRUIT CATALOGUE. % 365
SECTION I.—APPLES.—Continvuep.
Locality.
D|_o
mH ~)
£ I ° Fs °
ui - |Og)oa
-|9 |g ja2ae2
=) “= yw Iliv oO £ oO
Q)| A) BS |S) Ses
S| O2 | 6 |o'e|S'a
HO] Q |nAjAa
SiN Heal at | | Pe
aH Moet eall satel Hetil lease
* | KE * Ea ae
* * cy eae *
sai) It Gary el tara Rare | Peg
we | eR | eK | eR | RK
* * * * *
Fooisiglh = opel [eteiets, [eae Ieee
* | kK % * | #*
#e | eR | oe | eK | RE
*? *? *9 *? *?
Dyes | oe] eA | ee
“#2 [P| P| PP
* * | #9 *
TAR) [SP ES | Eat
# | kK * * *
# | #e | *e | ¥E *
*2 | *2 | *P | ¥D | *D
* * | 2 * | *9
* * * * *
“ek | ek | | ke | ee
* | xk * * | **
#R | ek * | RK | RE
* * * * ene
*? *? *92 *? *?
*2 | #2 | #2 | *D | *?
* | xx * | ** | *X
#2 | x2 | *2 | #2 | #2
* * * * *
#* | KK | ee | KE | RE
TE EEA) |e ee
*2 | #2 | KD | #D | *D
*2 | x2 | #2 | *D | *?
ae ae ee *
* * * * *
*2 | *p | #2 | #2 | ¥2
*? *? *? *? *?
“#2 | #2 | P|? | *D
TH Nf all) SNE HN Ee
Hide) Ee esd Fo)
Remarks.
Vigorous, upright, productive. Isa good market variety.
Vigorous, stocky; leaves large. Buds prominent. May be an old variety.
Also known in Fulton county, Ohio.
Productive. An excellent dessert apple. Deserves more attention.
Tree spreading, vigorous, prolifiic. Fruit very perfect, even sized, and
beautiful.
Requires warm soils. Sometimes scabsor cracks. One of the best apples
when perfect.
Strong, upright, hardy. Tardy bearer. Fruit sometimes uneven and im-
perfect. Requires good culture and careful handling.
Popular in Oakland county. Less disseminated elsewhere.
A vigorous, hardy, southern apple. Does well in eastern Michigan. ,
Very vigorous, productive. One of the most valuable late autumn apples.
Hardy, vigorous, very productive. Of little value except for cooking and
market. Sells well, but soon decays.
Hardy, moderate grower, regular bearer. Must have suitable soil and
good culture.
Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. A beautiful, desirable sweet apple.
Habit of tree like R. I. Greening, but less vigorous. Generally and deserv-
edly popular. Fruit beautiful and excellent.
Sometimes profitable toshipsouth. Poor flavor. Very subject to bitter rot.
Distinct from Golden Russet. Anearly, abundant bearer. More than one
variety is probably grown under this name. :
Hardy and productive.
Moderate, upright grower. Good early bearer. An excellent fine dessert
apple. Less successful on light soils.
Usually very fair. Valuable for market as well as dessert.
One of the best dessert apples. Subject to water core and other defects.
Ripens in succession.
Tree strong, upright, spreading. Fruit often water cored. Culinary.
A vigorous but tender tree. Overbears and produces small fruit. A very
common farmer’s apple.
Very vigorous and productive. Best sweet apple of its season for cooking
and market.
Hardy, vigorous, spreading. Better farther south. Blossoms late.
Strong grower; early bearer; hardy. Fruit beautiful; showy; profitable;
too sour for dessert.
Large and handsome; generally productive and an excellent cooking sort.
Very popular for market where fully proved. Tree not vigorous. Should
be top-grafted in all cases. Best on strong soils.
Often small, scabby and imperfect. Quality excellent. Ripens in succes-
sion. Better farther south.
Tree much like Baldwin. The same istrue of fruit except the russet, and
higher flavor.
Tree a good grower, productive. High, sharp flavor. Succeeds at thenorth.
Tree spreading, vigorous; generally productive on strong soils; best at lake
shore. One of the old favorites.
Moderately vigorous, spreading. Very productive. Not very much
known in this State.
Moderate grower, productive. inclined to overbear on old trees.
Very liable to attacks of the codlin moth. Tree strong, spreading, pro-
ductive, tender. Not profitable on light soils.
Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading, productive. Like Fameuse, but
superior to it.
Very productive, vigorous, straggling. Valued for market purposes.
Vigorous, spreading, productive. Culinary, market.
Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Widely disseminated, but not valuable.
Tree vigorous, hardy, productive. Fruit good enough to sell. Valued as a
market fruit. :
Tree very vigorous, productive. Highly and justly valued. Sometimes
cracks and scabs.
Vigorous, productive. An old and useful culinary variety.
Slow grower, hardy. Fruit, when perfect, mild, rich, excellent. Very
beautiful. i :
Very vigorous. Productive. A profitable market apple for its season.
Liable to scab. One of the best cooking apples. Popular.
wee moderately vigorous, productive. One of the finest dessert fruits of
its season.
Tree spreading, drooping, moderate regular bearer. Very desirable
among Sweet apples.
S STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION I.—APPLES.—Concuupep.
366
x Names.
5
Fo)
q 3
2 =
Z n
125) | {Suttons ccssisecnsesnceseoees tease 1
AZG UT SIWASP eco tact anise eenomancce coon al
12T ISWeeCt BDOULN ts-cacc ne. c sees see 1
Large Yellow Bough.
1Z28eeMalmanvoweeboee- a neseseenacsees m
1200 WDetorski .os225etocsseerecacessoe nes m
150s EReWKSDULY: 2 oon tee eee sees ceoseece 8
URSIN) Ved 8) Ee (zp pp et a ]
132 )/ POM KINGS angie eine eee sees 1
1883) Stove (Tuts) ese. oa 1
(B84) | NowNSeNG seostasccesccetecscceocee m
Sone Trenton WAarly-o---2sscccees cle ees m1
136°|"Twenty Ounce: ---2-<--- 20. -cecee vl
Cayuga Red Streak.
ISTH SVANGDEVELO=] see asec cent ote cuse= m
ABS CI WWiABENCD sence. cacck co eeteeseeces. m
ASOW EWrartleldeescen aso cota asec 1
140 | Washington Strawberry-.---..-.- 1
4S VGA thivarce ces anes eee ok sek m
LAAT OWWOBULLOLG a er eccceas esaseceedeees m 1
143 | Western Beauty......---.-.------ m
1449 SWihitePippine- so-so 2- see sen oeecees 1
L45c VV iams! Ss 2c2 sets che ere SN m
146 | Willow Twig, James River. .-...- m
147 | Wine, Hays Winter..-....-------- m 1
DAS BVVANOR AD mc caee eee eee m
149 | Yellow Bellflower..........--.... vl
150 | Yellow Newtown......---.------- m
151 | Yellow Transparent.........-.... m
Description.
Bb .
i = 5
Cc =, 77)
ra) 5 =
iS) So nN
yr v g | Dec. Feb
y ob b | Dec. Apr
gyr veg Aug.
wyr |v g|Nov. Apr
Was g ug
ay Ae v g | Jan. July
ly g Sept.
yrer | v g | Dec. Mar.
“yr | g |Aug. Sept.
yr g Aug.
2ayal g | Oct. Jan.
yr g | Nov. Mar.
yer v g | Nov. Mar.
yr v g | Sept. Oct.
yr v g | Sept. Oct.
yer vg} Autumn.
grru b | Oct. Mar,
yr g | Oct. Dec.
gwy |v g/| Jan. Apr.
r g | Aug. Sept.
yr g | Dec. May.
dry Oct. Mar.
dry |v g|Nov. May.
gyr z | Dec. Mar.
yr b_ | Dec. May.
y g Aug.
Use and
value,
Scale 1 to 10.
el Sas
& | m |
n|o 8
v/s
Boome
ee
10| 6] 4
8/ 71 6
6| 8 6
a (ie tl
7 7 5
(| se-| |e
8 6 8
6A 6s ee
6| 6| 8
Suletaleee
a)
9 6] 6
10; 8] 10
Moga ees
8 6 8
Taal ze
8| 8] 8
6 7 5
6 Baleea
BP yells 2
Velie vieite (5
6 6 4
SH S103 |g
10 § 3
8 8 if
Locality.
| 48
| 1eSlBs
| 8/4 |galan
ela] 3 lage
BS} o|o/o%8 ong
* * * * i
x lake] oe] #y *
we | ee | ek | ke | ee
58) | targa See tS d
se ee ee
#K | KE * * | **
fam arctan toa | ect | ese
st). | 2) EADY) Ear || fag
#2 | #2 | #2 | #21 2
EK KK * *K **
*? *? *2 *? *?
** ** ** * **
** ** * * *
* **K ** * *
** ** *K AK **K
* **K * * *
* * * * *
a) || EFDA) ETP |e peal tS
Te || GA || EHO) S05 take
PO een | e relate ae
“#2 | #2 | #2 | *? | *?
FPSO Lenten ee
*? *? *? *? *?
* 7 * * **
FRUIT CATALOGUE. 367
SECTION I.—APPLES.—ConcLupEpD.
Remarks.
Promising for home use and market.»
Can only be recommended as an amateur fruit. Tree lacks hardiness.
Fruit often imperfect. Requires rich, warm, dry soil.
Tree a little tender and lacks productiveness. The most popular early
sweet apple.
Best punter baking apple. The most popular and profitable sweet market
apple.
Of little value, except where great hardiness is required.
Tree vigorous, upright, productive. A fine, long-keeping table fruit.
One of the best early Russian sorts.
Apt to blow down. A good early winter dessert fruit. Improves at the north.
A promising Russian variety.
Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, productive. Little known; almost
** very good.”
ree moderately) vigorous, productive, hardy. A fine, profitable, orchard
ruit.
Fruit sometimes imperfect in Lenaweecounty. Very profitable for market.
Distinct from N. Y. Vandevere. This variety is widely planted. Valuable.
Very early bearer; ruining the tree unless thinned and highly cultivated.
Fine dessert apple. Sells well in market.
A large and handsome dessert variety. Trees very productive.
Tree vigorous. Bears early and abundantly. A valuable variety for
general purposes.
Originated with Peter M. Gideon. Valuable at the north. Very hardy.
Popular old variety for home use. Somewhat lacking in productiveness,
and hence unprofitable.
A desirable variety for home use or market.
Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Fruit of the Newtown Pippin class.
Popular south.
Tree a good grower; productive. Valued by some as a market variety.
Bondy vigorous, productive. Fruits vary greatly in size. Keep and sell
well,
Hardy, prolific. A fine, though little known, winter fruit.
Irregular grower: good, early bearer. Good for dessert, market or cider—
Downing. Valuable in Lenawee county.
Needs dry, warm soils. High, rich flavor. Uneven in size. Often un-
productive. Not successful at thenorth. Fruit much in demand.
Tree and fruit like the Green Newtown. Some doubt their distinctness.
One of the best of the early summer sorts for cooking purposes,
368
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION II.—APPLES—CRABS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION,
Form.
a. angular.
c, conical.
f. flattened.
oO.
oblong.
ob. oblate or obtuse.
ov. oval or ovate,
l, lopsided or oblique. r. roundish,
ol ‘ Use and
Description. value.
Scale 1 tol0,
‘ Names.
he - > : bp *
F- : i & q dG |E/e/s
q s | § S F 2 m |2|#\4
5 N 3 S 5 s z o|8|24
Z D fy oO <7] 77) fo) Gates
DS Ey SlOpo se nos sect bees Cane 1 r ov dro g Sept. Nov.| Am. 4; 8] 10
|| HEAT SEUREG se osas~ cake oot cinateecal ce l r ov yr g Sept. Oct. Am, MATE NG) 6
DONUT ee VOllOW ae eeewweececucdo= 1 r ov yo g |Sept. Oct.) Am. 5| 8 8
Ane Montrealzt 2. 2-5 cue cue eacanaese 1 rob val g Sept. Oct. Am. ees 8
Dy | ebranscendentosesetceeecce tenses ] rob ycr g Sept. Am, 5}; 8] 10
OalmVy Ditneyceeseaesee as cce-escacece- 1 Tr ov yr b Sept. Ill. %) 8 9
SECTION III.—APRICOTS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form, Color.
c. conical. ; o. oblong. oO. orange.
co. compressed. ov. oval. r. red,
d. depressed. r. roundish. y. yellow.
Vee oud
was value.
PEELS Mane Scale 1 to 10.
, Names.
H C 5 5 | &
FS SNS F q |/e/8
g ¢| & Ce irc % & |8|218
SN iS) ° 3 qu ry)
Z, i | Ss) o a 6. Nie hos
ify |p 21 B) wal I ae een ie ce EE A m r (0) vg] b. Aug. Eur. (Mi See =| Roars
A PMaTEy I GOlGEN.. jane ee eee 8 r ov oO vg} m. July. Zane? 0160 | ae 3 |e
BE UATE OM ar yes oe ae ceoe eee eee see m 0 co (0) m. July Eur. Dy Ee ee
Ai PNOONDATE Se cco ce acenteeusemecees 1 r oy b b. Aug. Eur. Ss eee
Di eachrete spon yas! oe vl|rdco yo b b. Aug VOR la (Ue (Eas =
FRUIT CATALOGUE. 369
SECTION II.—APPLES—CRABS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION,
Color.
b. brown. g. green. ru. russet.
c. carmuine. oO. orange. 8s. scarlet.
er. crimson. p. purplish. v. vermillion.
d. dark. r. red. y. yellow.
Locality.
o|_o Remarks,
. qge/Aae
8 w| . (Balsa
isis ie oles
B/a|8| 5 |sxlox
Zlalola |nsias
] | ** | ** | *#* | #* | ** | An exceedingly rich looking crab. Keeps well. Sells well.
2) *| *| *|] *| * | A vigorous tree, productive. Has the calyx large and prominent.
3); *| */] *|] *]| * | One of the most beautiful and prolific. Bears in alternate years.
4 | ** | ** | #k | * | ** | Unexcelled in beauty of appearance. Said to be less beautiful at the north.
5 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | One of the largest, most productive and beautiful of the older crabs.
6| *| ** | * | ** |) *) Very large, beautiful and excellent. Tree vigorous, upright, productive.
SECTION III.—APRICOTS.
Apricots are recommended for dessert or amateur purposes, with little reference to actual profit
as owing to occasional loss of the very early bloom, and liability to injury from extreme cold in
unfavorable localities, together with extreme liability to the depredations of the curculio, little
pecuniary return can be confidently anticipated from them. Since they are recommended only as
amateur fruits, they are not quoted for cooking or market.
Locality.
Number.
Center
lakeshore.
Southern
Northern
lake shore.
++ *
* *
Lad
Remarks.
Hardy, productive, excellent. Kernel sweet.
Tree vigorous. Branches long, slender. Freestone. F
Vigorous. One of the best early varieties. Freestone. Kernel bitter.
One of the most popular. Stone perforated. Kernel bitter.
Considered the finest variety. Stone perforated. Kernel bitter.
370 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION IV.—BLACKBERRIES.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION,
Form.
ce. conical. ov. oval.
o. oblong. r. roundish.
Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
Name.
. é = pel ee
é d el 8 a |'\2/8
3 2 q Z ‘s a St gio] 4
5 N 3 oS =] = Ea o|/o|8
7A n ies 6) o Dn .) Alola
1 | Agawam.......- -----.------------ 1 ro b vg m Am. OF LO |:
2) | PAnecient Briton’ oo ecessseoessccene 0 OV b veg 1 Ark, I evelk Ze
Sl eHarlywaArVvestescaeessessess asses 8 ro b veg ve 1. 8] 8] 8
4) MIGOLadOe c2s6 5 a= aaoSees-s-= 56-55 1 ro b veg e Ghios 22+ }e--4 see
Du Manlewn nw scece conte sssacaonaceces 1 ro b Vg m Pa, ofl Peat Sl ely
6) Kittatinn y= 3.26. secs sete eee 1 ric b b m N. J. 10} 10) 7
7 | Lucretia (Dewberry)..----.------- 1 0 ob b veg ve Va. (23a eae WA
8. | tinnewaskii2 2.222 sss 2 eens 22252 L 0 OV b veg m N.Y Oi Oey
OME Snyder sot sac ccenooen an asesceuetecs m r ov b veg e Ind. 7] 8| 10
AO TA tone eae flee ae eae a wh eee ms r b vg 2) Wis fal eae lb ath
Ma viloris cone e eee see ao sok sce 1 ro b vg e Am. 10/10} 9
PAE MAYEN DE er. ee a ee ee eee 1 0 ov b ve m Am, 9) OU mea
13 | Western Triumpbh...-.....-..-..--. m Ov b vg m | Am CB fee Bal fens
14} WilsOn(JUnton) sescncaas cscesaoces 1 0 OV b g e N. J 9 Ons
SECTION V.—CHERRIES.—Heart anp BiGARREAU.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form,
a. angular. < conical, ]. long. ob. obtuse
co. compressed. . ovate or oval. h. ede shaped. Yr. roundish.
The numbers under the head of cooking ” recommend strictly for canning or drying with sugar
as raisins.
| Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10,
Names,
K : easy is
2 g : 2 8 a | 5 2 s
q o Ri 2 3S 4 a bo Biol
5 N ° i) rs] 3 eS =) 2s 3
Z nD os te) fe) n é) fo) Ola
1 | American Heart_.......-....-- 1 h abr | g¢g |mJune, h | Am. | 6] 7] 7
2 | Bigarreau, Yellow Spanish -.--| vl | obhco] yer b e June b Mars) | Oe aah,
Be PEL EVE VG) td OF Wed Ua Sees eee ee m ob h b b b July h Eng. 9 | 8) 9
AB IACKWHAWK 6. Sone ccetbecsenee 1 obheco pb. | vg eJune | h b] Ohio On 6:19
Dal WDIACKMHGALD,->-osasscaseecee eee 1 h vg|eJune h Eur 9| 6] 9
Cipplacks Dartanrianesscssseceseene vl obh pb vgf|m June} hb] Rus, 9} 8] 9
Wula@leveland ts. 22 o. ooo ec sacs 1 rh ry vg_gflmJuue} b | Ohio.| 9] 6] 8
SH DOWNER scenes cor atecctecesccoes m rh ov ar vg | bJuly h | Mass.| 9] 6] 10
Oi Marly Purplerss ss ose m rh drp |vg|b June h ur. Chl oto (3
OS ELON Eee a as sees eee eee 1 lh ybrr|vgj|mJune| b Eng. | 9] 7| 9
BB Governor WO0Gse. ocete- cores. 1 vh yr |}vg{|m June} h |} Ohio O16 8
12h Kirtland! Mary 2222s c2s.s= ~ |e Ole oO
2) a] 8 lo) as
S| oO] Oo |oe\o’a
H)O]R |na|Zq
3 |i Ih eel Pe
hE ** ** **
* * * * *
ees 2 || ees [ee
Pan ee ee ee
ae | ee | ek | ke | te
* * * * *
A | RK a
*| «| «| ee | *
* ES ** * **
ae | ee | kx | ee | ke
$e [AS |b ae [ta ae |
*2 | *p | #p | #p | *2
Eo) By bea |r at ye
ae | & |] x | xe | xk
** * * HK *
seh eaten tensed |eeestis eo
A AALS AR aes ay
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Color. Class.
er. crimson, w. whitish. b. bigarreau.
d. dark. y. yellowish. h. heart.
p. purplish.
Yr. red.
Remarks.
Vigorous, spreading, productive; but variable in quality. 2
Downing says: ‘‘ Largest, most beautiful, and delicious of cherries.” Often
cracks and rots in wet seasons.
Excellent. Requires age before it will bear profusely.
Fine tree. Fruit much like Bigarreau in its general qualities.
Very old. Tree large and hardy. The abundant fruit is of fine quality.
A rapid, erect grower. Prolific. Fruit very large and showy, but not of
the highest quality. Tree lacks hardiness.
A seedling of the late Dr. Kirtland, of Cleveland, Ohio. Tree thrifty,
spreading, productive. d
One of the finest and most valuable late cherries. Of New England origin.
A moderate grower. One of the best of the very early cherries. Hardy for
a Mazzard; but tender at the north._[Parmelee. ]
Originated in England in 1806. One of the best of its class and season. _
Seedling of the late Dr. Kirtland. Every way desirable except for its
liability to rot.
Seedling of the late Dr. Kirtland. Desirab‘e for either dessert or market.
A week earlier than Black Tartarian. Fine quality. Tree spreading.
Supposed to be identical with Great Bigarreau and large Red Prool.
Very large and showy. Very firm. Most valued for the market.
Seedling of the late Dr. Kirtland. Very highly esteemed. A good bearer
A very promising sweet cherry. : )
Promising, but less hardy than is claimed.
372 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION VL—CHERRIES—Doxe AND MORELLO.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form. Color.
co. compressed. a. amber.
h. heart shaped. b. bright.
ob. oblate. d. dark.
Ov. oval. p. purplish,
r. roundish. r. red.
y. yellow.
Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1to10.
. Names. c
i . . on .
2 H 2 EB a a aes 3g
q o A ° 2 Q a oo a a
2 5 © i) 5 $ = eB o|o|&
Z n cs 6) <7 mn iS) fo) Alloa
1 | ‘Brusseler’ Bratne-.--. 22-2. ..-- ] rh pr vg|mdJuly.| m Rus iWeb i
AISOATMATIOM Ro Secasee sea nee eee 1 r ywr Mmevulys|eessc. Fr.? 6| 6
Sul (Ohois yates cance cena ae= m rob yar mJune.| d Fr. 10) 6
4 | Early Richmond, Kentish-..-- m PO [f Yel se m June.}| m Eur.| 5| 9j 10
OM PRS ODIO = saa nene ae eee aoe cess ] rob dr m June d Eur Ueda G)
OxlhaterDUuKke! ocesse ut ee sweets cess s 1 obh dr vg|m July d | Eur Cay oe 6
7 | Late Kentish, Common Red...-| m rob dr m July.} m | Eur 4| 8 8
ro] fru Li(e daa a oa a ees m r r July. mi] SWar.¢ 22 |-cce|eae
Ol Puouissenillippessss-----seeee-5 1 r dpr |vgleJduly | m Fr. 4/10} 10
LOU Magrlfiquelt s\22ecece- sas sceee= 1 ob r g| eJuly d Fr. 6| 8
De Miya uike6se pst oa eesee 1 robh dr b | m June d Eur 8] 8; 1
12 | Montmorency ordinaire.-.--.-. 1 rob dr vg] eJune.| m | Eur 51.8] 10
13) MOntr Euan ee ee TU) ji|tect wee ait r iy eee d Bry |e | ee ee
i IRS Ko) of 7 ll Ko ee ee ok RE ee eS 1 obh dr veg|]m July.| m Eur Gla it
DY MOsthelm eons see ko beea cee m Yr ov ar g e July m Rus Ballas
16 | Reine Hortense.-.....-..-..---- Wil T OV dr vg|m July d Fr. 6| 7
Te MROV AD UKO eo etes wee eee none moee ] r ob dr g e June d Eur 6) a
18>) Shadow, Morello.) 2222522. 1 rh pr vg|m Jduly.| m Rus Ve | eon
AOL MVNA CS Reco es cote ee ee SEL m Tob r m July.| m | Iowa Salk
SECTION VII—CURRANTS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form of bunch. Color.
l. long. b. black. r. red.
m. medium. br. bright. w. white.
s. short. d. dark.
| Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
: Names. " :
= ° : ss | ©] 45
2 9 i ° 8 | 5/2/38
I 3 I 2 e Q ) a
2 BO linos o Ss S a o!8/| 3
vA n fy 6) i nN fo) A|cla
Na iO horny asset essen ee eee 1 8 r va |mJuly. Eur wales 8
2 Ye en eee ee ae Sime ccasiccouceue 1 1 r a July. IG Cae. 7
SINE Glee ey eh aye Se Sob See 1 8 b am |m July. Eur. Wey 3) 9
A PUON CONNER soeweenee pean eeeee eo eee m m r a m July. Eur. halons 8
Bal SNe plepees- pease sec ee nes ees 1 s b am |mJuly. Eur. La hes8 9
GUIRNOEEN Star ee ee ae m 8 r a m dulyo| Minn.” || 22--|--- ate
hal erincecAlberticn: cscs cceesecencee ee m m dr a e July. Eur. 8| 8 8
roan (Yl axC= 8 Gal BY 0c) 0 Qagad Poe me ae ee ERD eae m m dr a |bmJuly| Eur. 9) On 38
OF SVIOLSAIRIBOY coe soe eect Once Sa l s dr a m July. Fr. CO 8
NOG VA CTOnIB se oo once see eae seus 1 brr va e July. Eng. Ga ay, 9
11 | White Dutch m w a |bmdJuly| Eur. LOU italia O
12 gVhite Grape.) see a eae m Ww a |bmdJuly| Eur. 9|/ 8 8
|
FRUIT CATALOGUE. 373
SECTION VI.—CHERRIES—Duke anp MorReELuo.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION,
Class.
d. duke.
m. morello.
Locality.
elite Remarks.
g] le|. (esis
a S| 4 |galqa
g Sei +e] Ss lSolro
si a| | 8 |Bais
ZA\/H!/0/]DM ina Va
] +| +| +] +)| t+] Veryhardy. Large fruit of fine quality. Productive.
2| *? | #2 | *2 | *2 | #2? | A beautiful, large, light-red cherry, highly esteemed where known.
38; *| *|] *] * | * | One of the best dessert cherries of any class, but athin bearer. When on
sandy soil, or top-grafted on Morello, proves productive.
CUE Ee Ee 2 (E 2 we . the most profitable market cherries. Not as good as several of the
ukes.
5 | *2 | *? | *2 | *? | *? | Anew Frenchcherry. An early and prolific bearer.
6| *| *| *] * | #* | Valuable for dessert or cooking. Ripening after May Duke.
7 | *| ** | ** | * | * | Emphatically tha pie cherry of this country.
Cb | fe tS ....| A newly introduced variety. Claimed to withstand the winters of the
northwest. Unproductive.
9| *| *| *| *| *| A strong, healthy tree of the Morello class. Productive, valuable.
10}; *| *| *| *| * | Moderate grower, productive. Good for dessert when fully ripe.
11 | ** | #* | ** | ** | ** | The type of its class. One of the oldest and most popular cherries.
12; *| *| *| *| *]| Larger than Early Richmond and ten days later.
13); *| *!| *| *, * | Well worth planting.
us *| *| *) * | * | Highly esteemed for preserving and other culinary purposes.
16; *| *| *| *| *| A healthy and beautiful tree. A popular and desirable variety.
17; *|} *| *| *]| * | Anupright, compact grower. Later than May Duke.
18} +t] +] t¢t| +] + Fruit like Brusseler, but the tree is smaller.
19; t] tj] +] +] +t] Very hardy. Bears young.
SECTION VII.—_CURRANTS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Flavor.
a. acid.
m. musky.
v. very.
Locality.
2| 9 Remarks.
# : a6/E6
é-) S| 4 \|galge
q 8 / eX] ve |e olro
518|8| 8 |Bé\ox
Z%\H)|O] DR |naja—
1| *; *| *| *| * +) Itssize rendersit popular. One of the most acid of currants.
2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *? | #2 | Long bunch. Large berry. Seldom productive. Injured by borers.
3/ *| *| *| *!| * | Possibly a slight improvement upon Black Naples.
4/ +] *{ +) +] t | A promising market sort.
5| *| *|] */| *! * | Good culinary fruit. Much sought in the market by foreigners.
6| *|] *| *] *!| * | One of the most valuable of the new sorts.
7 | *| ** | * |] * | ** | Little injured by the worms. Good as a late sort.
8 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Has no superior except in size. The best for all purposes. .
Oneal oop eee eh By some bepeved to be superior to the Cherry currant. Others think them
identical.
10 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Valuable, rather late sort. Nearly exempt from the attacks of the borer.
1] | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Better in quality, and in the habit of the plant than White Grape. :
ETH) AES ESN ES ee ea Pent 2: spreading, straggling growth. Larger, but not as good as White
utch.
374
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION VIII—GOOSEBERRIKES.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form of berry.
ov. oval.
r. round,
: Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10
: Names. .
al ww 2 : tel) -
= ae 5 = 5 a |8/8\8
g © 8 Bq Ss 3S Dn to 4 re re
i} N os e) 5 & re o/o,&
vA mM em) oO <7; 9) ° SNVOte
.
ena m pion ssssen se eereeisee ens eres mtol| rov we ve AMG hk] cee eooneel| foes test ance
2), Colmbus seis ee ee eee eae acs eeee 1 T OV y veg Aug Am 8; 8] 8
OW DOWNING ecco sotee enon econ ee mi} SSi0vi we veg Aug. N.Y 8 | 10 | 10
45 WH OUPNTONE =: ose. oceuacso-—o cece eee 8 7 b vg Aug, Mass 6; 9; 8
DA MINGUSURY: cenececscnce ecco iseswoeces 1 r ov r vg Aug. Eur. 0' |) Shine
Gi PIGODSAKOC Sects ono ee cceneecomcee= e r ov yg veg Aug. Eur, 9! 9] 8
T| (uancashire) Ladies eiise soe esc oe- 1 T OV r vg Aug Eur. 9/ 9) 8
lezen GC la oe eso soo caeece 8 T OV rT g Aug. m. 6| 8] 8
9 ORT eee ee een e nee amaaers m r OV yg g Aug. Can. 9/10; 9
10}|| "Redvdacketee ies ore eee 1 Yr ov r veg Aug. Am 8| 8] 8
TA eSmith seeoes. oi e2 skeet ns cees 1 Ov g vg Aug. Ver Jo} 10} 9
IPAS tre fa bane) yee See ears 1 Yr OV y vg Aug. Am. 8| 8] 8
FRUIT CATALOGUE. 375
SECTION VIII—GOOSEBERRIES.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Color.
b. brown. r. red.
g. green. w. whitish.
Locality.
o|_o
H 4 ao\Es Remarks.
2 8 |g |gals2
g S/H ls iFolro
B|a| 3/8 \Bxiox
ZA\H)}0| |nalZa
1 t Tale ates ea t Very productive. Worthy of trial.
2 Tele A A productive and promising sort. Needs spraying.
3 | ** | ** | ** | *F | ** | Hine, stocky, vigorous plant; quite thorny. The highest quality of fruit.
4| *| *}| *}] *) *] Slender and straggling, but vigorous, prolific and excellent.
5 | #2 | *P | *2 | *2 | *2 | Subject to mildew. Unproductive unless sprayed.
Cet let + | A promising European variety.
almetellieche loot + | A little later than Industry, and less subject to mildew. Promising.
8| *| *| *]| *] *] Anold sort of slender but upright growth.
g9| *| *| *| *{| *]| Although small, its productiveness makes it valuable.
10|/ +| +] +] tI + /| With spraying the plants are healthy and productive.
11 | *| *|] *{| * | * 1] Some doubt as to the vigor of the plant. An excellent variety.
12 | #2? | *2 | *2 | *P | *? | A large attractive sort. Valuable only with spraying.
376 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION IX.—GRAPES.—Native.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION. *
Bunch. Form, Berry.
b. broad. 0. open or loose. sh. shouldered. r. round.
c. compact. 8. short. v. very. o. oblong.
1, long. ov. ovate or oval.
Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
; Names. Size. Form. y ,
Fs a z Barat dj +3 | 43
iS 3) ba S bm ™ = iS} Sg ee ie iv}
| A H A BH Belle a bo m |S)
5 5 ® 5 ® i) =] $ a o}/o|S
Z ma} ~ a Q Syl) ey D (o) alola
1M ACIP ONGAC Ss. ches ete ee 1 1 esh}] r pb | vg |b Sept.} N. Y Silese 4
2| Agawam, Rog. 15.-..--..-.--- 1 1 ecsh}] r dr | vg |mSept. | h Mass Tees if
Sh AION AS Oe ag nace tee eee ieee ese) a esh r b vg | mSept. | h Mass 8 a uf
AO IS EUINV ee ene wets ee SE ees 1 IES Eel) fae b g |mSept. | h Mass GN je 7
On| (Elen ton caer see ne eet eoe ee m 1 esh| r r vege |mSept. | W.N.Y.| 10 |----| 9
GaCataw base =: ooceeec oes m 1 sho r 7 vg Oct Md tn ee 6
7 | Champion, Talman...---.--- m 1 |scsh] r b g | b Sept. Am 4.) 2.53] aoe
Srle@linton sees ec- cease eee ee m 8 ec sb r b g ct. N.Y Bh |e 3
SING ancord eee eons seni ne cos 1 mljecsh| r b vg |mSept. | Mass (eee ||) Ltt)
One Cottage eee ss in ee 1 1 1 r b g b Sept. | Mass 64)se4 5
I Delawaret 2222S se 8 s esh| r ir b |mSept. | N. J.? | 10 }---- 9
120 PO lamondssees: econo 1 1 lsh] r w | vg |mSept.| N. Y 9. || 22 ea
St Diana tas tease eueces cease eas 1 1 el r rl | vg | e Sept. | Mass a 6
dV RMIT CE 10) 0 Wee Se en eg Vila vals sh Tr g |mSept.| Mass i Nesee 8
15 | Empire State___............. 1 m sh |Trov| w vg | m Sept. YE 8) ores
67 MOumMelani tse ee echoes 1 m |/csh} r vg |mSept.| N. Y 9) SS ee
Wal (Goethe. s-csceneuecscceecnes m 1 Ov r yg | vg |e Sept. Mass Bislecee 3
Sa MA ALtlOrdis eee ns eos se ee cece 1 1 csh b g | bSept. | Conn 4: | 82 6
Os | PE AVORSheoRs eeee = Saas eee m m sb Tr ywiveg Sept. Mass ro ee 6
20;\sHerbert. hog 42-2) sescceces 1 1 1 r b | vg | mSept. | h Mass 8) sa8 tf
PAN | Ws Ko} 1: ese ee ae ee ae eC ee Oe 1 1 |och]| ro r b |mSept.| N 1032 6
Dp il Minabella es ne 0) he te se 1 1 |ecsh| o b | vg |eSept.| S.Car.| 6|-...| 3
PB REV OSS terse eo er m m |csh| ro b g |m Sept. Ohio. (*4|..--| 8
24°) Janesville ss2-..--._.icce2 Le 8 m se r b g |mSept. Am. AP Ss | ars
SbnIRUCSSICA ase uae ee See Tansy fares eee 1 Ibexgles b | b Sept. Ont. ee) fe
PO d| RU Wl teee not a see sone aa eee 8 8 8 r b vg | b Sept. Kans. St] ae |
Bin Wha ys eases anveeee ceeteaee ce m 1 le r ye b |mSept.| Ohio LON as] | Sani
28 | Lady Washington vl} m /she r y g |eSept.| N. Y (00 SE ara
29 | Lindley, Rog. 9 m m le r r vg |mSept. | h Mass.| 7 |----| 8
DO Martharctces ce m 1 sho| r yg g | mSept (7) 7 ee ee}
31 | Massasoit, Rog. 3.-....---..- m 1 ssh| r r g |mSept. | h Mass.| 7 |----| 7
32 | Merrimac, Rog. 19 1 157s) bic) sr b g |mSept. | h Mass.| 6].---| 6
33 | Michigan .....-..--.- m m r gw|vg|mSept.|} Mich Ga e28) sae.
Se MGS oe. ea: pee ee eee becde|leosees|(srcexecsan|eemnes b vege |e Sept.| N. Y. Br ec22) a8
35 | Moore Early.......--..-.---- 1 1 ce shir b | vg | bSept. | Mass 6 ese er8
OOM OVOR see swes ec cance tees cases 8 8 csh r w vege | b Sept. Ont. Pl eee if
CY MUM GEV ST ea es ee ee 1 m |csh/| r |gyw] vg |mSept.| N.Y 8 ease 210:
Be) Pocklington a -cassnenssescnes 1 1 lsh r y vg |eSept.| N.Y TO aes
AO ENEGRIASOgn eon ae nee seco oe ee 1 1 so r "s g |mSept. | h Mass Gt ee I ee
AQ Salem, Hoge co-eeene anne ] 1 sbec}] r dr g | e Sept. | h Mass fl bee tees:
41 | Telegraph, Christine.-..-.-.--- 1 1 c r b g |mSept.| Penn a Ses ey
ADE ISON. 26 fo aseee meee ane seane 1 1 sh r r b |mSept.| N. Y a) RES (ie)
4533] PVCTSONNES- soos ooo meet ee nee m 1 os r r veg | b Sept. Ver. | ese ms
AAS WAGtORoeant ce econ eee ee s 8 esh| r b vg | b Sept. Kan Seen
457 |\"i Walder, (hogs 2-22sececeeesene 1 1 csh| r b vg |mSept. | h Mass 6) Pees 8
465 OWinchell 322-225 -e eee ees m m sh r Ww b |bmSept. Ver: *| 10%} -222ie10
47 GOGTUfE 222 -2k ceeeeeneteaee- sb 1 sh r 7 vg |mSept. | Mich. Gipsse3 7
ASiVAVVONden Soe ccs = ee cerns 1 1 csh| r b vg /mSept.| N.Y. te ee he)
MOT ENV VOMING oo cee ecee enone 8 m c m/}br vg |mSept.| N.Y. rT ee 6
FRUIT CATALOGUE. 377
SECTION IX.—GRAPES.—Native.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Color.
a. amber. l. light. r. reddish.
b. black. li. lilac. w. whitish.
d. dark. p. purple. y. yellowish.
g. greenish.
Locality.
: atlak Remarks.
i) a amo) BS
3 5 a Pc} aa
g eile] /eolgo
ala | 3) 5 |ea1es
Z2\/H 1/0/10 |na|\Za
Tice eel eee GEA ieee Subject to mildew of the foliage. Rarely successful.
2} *| *| *{| * |___.| Keeps well after gathering.
3| *| * | **] ** | * | Very well esteemed by those who have fruited it, Excellent keeper.
4|*2 | * | #2 | * |_.__| One of Rogers’ very numerous hybrids. Inclined to mildew.
5 | ** | | ** |] #1 * | One fourth foreign. Highly satisfactory. Needs pollenizing.
6 | *? |_--.| *2 | *2 |--..| It is yet one of the best in localities where the season is long enough to
ripen it, Good two years out of three at the south.
freee | Sey Sa eects (eae Very early, vigorous and productive, but its poor quality condemns it.
Coy eee ee (ES Sera eee Is seldom good or even passable till ripened by frost. Fruit best on high,
warm, gravelly soils. ‘ :
g | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Here, as elsewhere, this is the “grape for the million,” since it can take
care of itself.
10 | *2 | *? | *2 | *? |_2__| Seedling from Concord, by E. W. Bull. Far from satisfactory.
11 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Slow grower. Fully as productive as Concord when well established.
Fruit sometimes fails from dropping of the leaves.
12| *| *| *] *|___.| Vigorous, healthy, promising as a variety for amateurs.
13 | *2 | #2 | *| *|.__.| Rather foxy, with a thick, tough skin. One ofthe best keepers. A thin
bearer on strong soils. Better on dry, warm soils.
14 | *? | *2 | *2 | *? |__..| Very large in botn bunch and berry—market.
15| *| *{| *] *'1__..| Promises well for both dessert and market.
16 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 |__._| A good dessert grape. May in same localities do for market. It seems to
lack constitution.
17 |____|-.-.| *? | *? |....| Rather late for even southern Michigan.
18 |____| *? |._..]_...| *? | Still prominent as one of the hardiest and most productive for early
market; but very liable to drop its berries. Generally discarded.
19| *| *| *| *| *| Vigorous, hardy. Of fine quality. Valuable for amateurs.
20 |____| *2 | *? | *? |__..| Another of the Massachusetts hybrids, of fair quality.
21 |_...| *2 | *2 | *? |__..| Generally esteemed as the finest of our natives. The vine seems to lack
constitution, and is not generally successful.
aad aes |aaes £70 £2) eae An old ey oete Still popular where it issure to ripen. Is not generally
successful.
23 |___.| *? | *2 | *2 |.___| Valued for hardiness, vigor and productiveness. A good wine grape.
24 | *? | *2 | *2 | *2 | * | Hardy and vigorous. Ripens with Concord. :
25 |_...| *2 | *? | *2 |....| Vine hardy, productive. Not satisfactory in some localities.
26) +| + *? | *? |__..| Promising early dessert grape.
o7| *| *| *| *| * | Seedling of Concord, and as hardy and healthy; but not as vigorous and
productive. Quality superior.
OS} Pes |Bocelloaiseao [eee Valuable in locations where it will ripen. Ripens with Isabella.
29 | * | *| * | ** | * | A vigorous and productive vine. But little grown in this State. Worthy.
30 | *? | *2 | #2 | *2 | *? | Much sought for on account of its color, Very sweet but too foxy.
SI hts esol calle eee Moderately vigorous and productive; like most of the hybrids, liable to
mildew.
32| *| *| *| *] *] Vigorous and prolific. Much like Wilder in quality and season.
33 t+] t| +] + | Worthy of trial.
34 | *? | *2 | *2 | *? |___.| A good dessert grape. May prove profitable.
35 | * | ** | *| * | ** | Vigorous grower. Excellent; especially for the north.
36 | *2 | *2 | *? | *? | *?2 | Much like Delaware, but less sprightly in flavor.
B7 | ** | #* | +* | **# | * | A promising white, market grape. Very vigorous, healthy and productive.
38} *| *| *| *|___.! Hardy, beautiful. Rather late.
39 | *2 | #2 | *2 | *? |__..| Promising here, but requires further trial.
* | xx | xx | x* |" * | The largest, most attractive and popular of the Rogers hybrids. Vigorous,
productive. Bunches often imperfect. Mildews. ;
*? | *p | *? | *2 | * | Hardy and vigorous. Ripening with Hartford and similar in quality,
* | * | *! * | Hardy, productive. Promises superior excellence.
*| * | *| *2 | Hardy. Ripens with Concord. Not of high quality.
* | *2 | *2 | * | A promising very early dessert variety. 7
*| */) */| *2 | One ae the finest and most popular of the Rogers hybrids. Will do for
market.
xe | ek | xk | #& | ** | The finest of the early white grapes. Green Mountain is identical with it.
*2 | *2 | *2 | *? | #2 | Hardy, vigorous. A market grape only.
x | xe | x& | 4% | ** | A week earlier than Concord and better in quality. Very desirable.
40) essa eet ess heen = Showy, but not desirable.
ED
378
Number.
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION X.—PEACHES.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form. Color.
c. compressed, Ov. oval. b. bright. p. purple.
d. depressed. T. round. c. crimson. r. red.
o. oblong. d. dark. w. white.
g. green. y. yellow.
o. orange.
Descriptions.
Names, :
= Dm .
jtealtee See
Stl Vised wees: ito aes
DM Fy io) i=, cy ie)
ANOLE SasccaSo co oosaes m r ypr g 8 g
Alexander ........-.--. m Pe wer eves 1 g
Amand ene oe seneeeaneee m r gwriveg ] g
Barnard jo eee eto mljr ydr g 8 ro
Beer Smock...-.-..---- 1 OV yr g 8 r
Ohiligte ee ee m |ove] ydr g ] r
Oonkling*»== =. 2-—--- me|rov yr vg 8 r
Coolidge:2..2.2--..-5. 1 r we |/vg 8 g
Gorner: s2i55 2 a aence Sa hero [izae see ee cees 8 r
yr vg 8 g
ydrivg 8 g
m ry g 8 r
1 gwr b s g
1 dyr g 8 7
e wrfivg 8 rg
1 ywr b 8 g
il ry veg 8 r
1 vel vg 8 £
1 dor |vg 8 g
George the Fourth..--| m r jywdr] b 8 go
Goldiprop3= ml |rov by |vg 1 rT
Grosse Mignonne..--.- 1 rd j|gypr b ] g
Hal eee aoe te oaene m r gwrivg 1 g
Heath Cling--........-. 1 jooviywrb| vg 8 r
Jacquesise: 2. os assets 1 rc | dyrjvg 8 r
Kalamazoosss 2222 22es ii ro by |vg 8 r
Key pontecessehoseccses 1 r we g 8 r
Lady Palmerston..-.. ml Tr ydr g 8 r
Large Early York-.-.-| m 1] r wrivg 8 g
MOUIBOswasecnincaeschenee m re |gwprivg 8 Tr
Lemon Cling-..-...---- 1 oO yr VE 8 r
OIWAB can ie sees 1 r wr g 8 iP
IMIGOTOS ce enn ee eee Da POvs | Werle 8 g
Morris White-.--.-.... m ovigwpliveg 8 r
Mountain Rose-.-..-.. 1 re wriveg 8 g
Oldmixon Cling-..... 1 rov|ywr b 8 g
Oldmixon Free.-___-_- 1 |rov|ywr|vg 8 zg
Redt@heek= 7-525 2222. 1 rov| ybr g 8 g
Richmond: -22.cccensse melo ericn | eyad re lwre 8 r
Rivers! secre ace enece 1 | r |ypink| b 1 r
St. OnNE esc. sone 1 rc yr vg 8 r
Crane’s Early.
Salwayee- cen sce s-ese 1 rd} ycr | ve 8 r
Smock Free..........- 1 jove|joydr g 8 r
Snow Orange........-- ml r \;bydr|vg 8 r
Steadley .+......<..... l |rov|] wr jive 8 r
Stumipiccc css ceeue seas vlj ro|wbr|vg 8 g
Susquehanna......_-.. vl r yr veg 8 r
Switzerland..........- m r yr Viet esescnleacsee
i m r VANE levee 8 g
m r wobr g 8 g
m |oov y vg 8 g
1 PO Oye |) Wa 8 g
Flowers. Glands.
1. large. g. globose.
8. small, o. obscure.
r. reniform.,
8. serrate.
Use and
value,
Scale 1 to 10.
B ees
. ~~ ~~
D qa ra] | a 3)
S| oat) eas ee
?)
< L 6. /a/o1s
e Aug Fr. Bie 8
cf | eJuly. Ill. fel ee 9
cf eJuly. | Mo. Ufa) ee 9
f b Sept. | Am (Ole HY 9
if; m Oct, Am. 6] 9 9
f eSept.!| N.Y. | 6] 8 9
fam! Septeips eos 9 [OSs 8
f |m Aug. | Mass.| 9|..--| 7
SPSS e Sept. | Mich.) |---3)2223)22e-
£ e Aug. | N. J. | 91] 10 9
f eSept. | N. J 8 | 10 9
f |mSept. | Mass.| 8] 8 9
if e Sept. | Md 10g ee 7
f |mSept. | Mich Saar 8
f e Aug. | Mich.| 2} 8] 10
f e Aug. | Am. | 10 |---- 7
f bSept. | Am. SiiPecleae
f m Sept. | Mich 8| 9 9
f e Aug. | Mass 8] 8 9
f oe Augs | ON e |) 108) seat mp
f e Sept. | Mich?} 7| 9] 10
f e Aug. |} Eur. | 10} 9 6
fc | m Aug. | Ohio. | 10|....| 9
c b Oct. Md. 9) 9 7
f |mSept. | Mass CAA Laks 9
if e Sept. | Mich 8; 9] 10
f b Oct. | Am. Gem 8
i e Sept. | Eng. GP 7g 7
f b Sept Am. 8/| 8 8
f b Aug. | Eng. CoH] [eee [P|
c e Sept Am. Bi % 8
f e Aug. | Mich.} 8] 8 9
f |bmSept.} Mass.| 8] 6 8
if e Sept. Am. 7 | 10 8
f bSept.| N. J.| 9] 8 8
ec |mSept.| Am. 8| 9 ff
f |mSept. | Am. 8] 8 9
f | m Sept Am, el rene Pan
f b Sept. | N. Y. | 8| 9 9
f m Aug. Eng.| 9] 9 8
f b Sept. | Am.-/| 8]....| 9
f b Oct. | Eng. 8} 9 | 8
f Oct. ING sgl Otho: 9
f b Sept. | Mich.| 6] 7 9
f b Oct Am. te fe |
f e Sept. | N.J. 8; 8 8
f |mSept.|Penn.| 7] 9 6
f e July (6g: Sip Pasar Oe pe
f miSepts)|--—-- -=-- 8] 7- 9
f e Aug. | N. J. 3 jee 7
f b Sept. | N. Y 8] 9 8
£ b Sept. | Am. 8] 8 8
FRUIT CATALOGUE. 379
SECTION X.—PEACHES.
Since the peach is generally used in its fresh state, or for canning, which is only a mode of pre-
serving it in a nearly fresh condition, we have generally omitted to give values in the column headed
*“ cooking.”’ Throughout Central Michigan, except in favorable localities, occasional severe winters
prove fatal to the fruit buds of the peach, and sometimes-even to the trees, These facts can not be
properly expressed in the starring, and hence are disregarded.
Locality.
o|_o
g i SSIES
2| | 8|4\g282
Pl 2|e| 8 esles
B | o |S
Zl|Hl/Ol] a |jasizs
Ty |) eae RP ea eae | £9)
2 * * * * *
3 * PS 63 * *
4 * | ee | ok | ke | ee
5 | # | ee | ee) HR]
6 * * * | KK *
ie oa a a
8 * * * * *
*
ae [ea eg a
11 * | eK | xe * *
SENN hee aD a
nae. tiene dl [ie 2 *
6 ae | ek | ek | ok |
Gi ea |e Ieeceeen eee.
17 *e **K ** Pr **K
18 * * * * *
19 * KE * * *
20 | *? | *2 | *2 ) *2 | ¥?
21 ** #r eK ** *
99 | *2 | *? | #2) *? |___.
23 e* ** ** ** *
*? | *P |_|
** | ek | &
ke | ke *
stg || £5) |]
meors|| cetoal (eae
* * *
Remarks,
This is one of the earliest of yellow-fleshed peaches, and only desirable for
that reason.
A partial cling, much like its supposed parent, Hale, and two or three
weeks earlier. Profitable for market.
Almost exactly like Alexander in tree, fruit, and season of ripening.
When thoroughly thinned, size is large; often overbears, becoming small.
Preterred to Smock by some growers.
Hardy; a good bearer and a profitable late variety on young trees, Lacks
quality. Losing reputation.
Worthy of planting.
One of the best pale-fleshed, early market peaches.
Grown and valued for market in Allegan county.
Very popular with both market men and fruitgrowers. Much used for can-
ning. Others often sellunderthisname. Bloom tender, hence uncertain.
Backs cee on light soils, and on young trees. Many placeit first
or profit.
A hardy and promising market sort. High colored but only of medium size,
An excellent late pale-fleshed peach that should be better known.
Tree and buds hardy. Shipping qualities best.
Worthy of extensive planting.
Sometimes clings slightly. A fine amateur peach. Fruit large and beautiful.
Well worthy of trial. Hardy, productive and brings the highest price.
Promising. Hardier than Crawford.
A good market peach, but almost identical in season with Early Crawford.
One of the best for home use. Too tender and delicate for market.
Probably an unrecognized old variety. Largely grown for market.
The true variety is cne of the most delicious of peaches.
A fine peach and a vigorous tree. Sometimes rots before maturity. By
many highly esteemed for market. A semi-cling.
One of the finest clings, but needs a long season in this latitude. Very
profit» ble when it ripens fully.
Profitable, but not of high quality. :
Highly praised by all who have fruited it. Brunson is much like it. _
Does not mature perfectly in unfavorable seasons. Surer on light soils.
Originated by the late Thomas Rivers. Promising.
Has not become generally popular in Michigan.
Ripensin advance of Hale or Beatrice. Very high quality. At Lawton
said to sell well.
The largest and best of the yellow-fleshed clings. Does not sell well.
An Allegan county seedling. A very valuable market peach. ;
A beautiful and promising peach. May be valuable for market if productive
Valued for preserving and canning on account of its color.
A valuable market variety. Highly prized where fully proved.
Where a cling is desired, this is one of the finest of its season.
A very old variety, which still holds a high position as a market peach.
An old sort. The parent of Crawford’s Early and Late.
new and valuable variety. A few days later than Early Crawford, and
ess acid.
An excellent very early sort; lacks color. Fruit large and beautiful. At
Lawton very profitable.
Identical with Flaters St. John, Crane's Early and Yellow St. John.
Will only ripen at the south with certainty; fails in unfavorable seasons.
One of the latest profitable market peaches in Southern Michigan. Valuable
Similar to Barn:rd; bright in color, and slightly later. Must be thinned
to insure good size.
Excellent for either dessert or canning.
A large and beautiful market peach of fair quality. Very profitable.
A promising market sort. ,
A large, beautiful and fine, rather late peach. Lacks productiveness.
A seedling of Early Michigan and a promising early yellow variety.
An early and productive white fleshed peach of only medium quality.
Said to be the most profitable variety in Mason county.
The genuineis afine early peach.
380
a. acute.
d. depressed
e. elongated.
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION XI.—PEARS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form.
ob. obtuse.
obo. obovate.
r. roundish.
t. turbinate.
ov. oval or ovate.
o. oblong. p-. pyriform.
4 Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
; Names. 6
uw . : | oD :
3 : ; 2 8 a |#lS|s
g 3 | 5 | a re o | 4 |
a A S ic) 5 3 2 |2|8\¢4
A nN & (S) Co Us (o) AS/oO/|s
1] Angouleme, Duchess........---- vl 0 obo gyru | vg Oct. Fr. Gol pe cede |e
2) | PANY OU oon. aonctasesnasoscacoes il ob p grucb| vg Nov Fr. 9} 9] 10
& | Bartlettise:. scone etecceee cece cess ] oobp yrur | vg Sept Eng. | 8}| 10] 10
4” |@Blo0d 260d". ae anne see ees ewes m t obo yru vg Aug, N.Y.!] 9,6 4
GU PBORGE Sa sae sec cscieceseneeebe wees 1 p dyrur/; b Oct. Bel. 9] 8 9
OB BOURSOCK’ 522 eee aes ee 1 obo p dyru| vg | Sept. Oct.} Bel Ne Lh 8
7 Brand yiwine ects ose sees ne coees m eobp |ygrur|vg| b Sept. | Penn.| 7| 7 5
SPB UitGny ses e oot coe aueen enous m ob obo dyr vg Sept. R. I Cilia 6
On| @lairg paul toss sesesceecesanseee ] p yocru! g Oct. Nov Fr, 6i| 7 9
10 || Clapp Favorite: :--_.2-.-22-..-- 1 obo ob p cy vg Sept. Mass.| 8| 8 9
He RColumbisiees.- acess haces sees 1 0 obo gyo g Nov. Jan.| N. Y.| 7] 8 6
12 | Comice, Doyenne du Comice i rob p yeru b Oct. Nov Fr. 9| 7 7
Lop WaAnaunOVeYescccanoseescccce s | oboobp | gyru b | Nov.Jan.| Mass.| 9} 5 5
14 | Dearborn ...... Ss rp ly ve Aug, Mass.| 7 | 5 3
1bYyDieles ses oB 1 obo obp |yorub|] vg |Sept. Dec. | Bel. 6| 8 us
16 | Easter Beurre.-.-_......-.-...-- 1 roboob |ygrub/ vg |Jan. Mar.| Eur. 6| 8 3
Lig peimilevd sHeyst=---- se sscsee sees 1 0 obo p yor b |Nov. Dec.| Bel. | 10] 8 8
18) Plemish Beauty 2 2222s 2 1 obo obp |yrurb| vg Sept Bel. ie 6 8
197 | Gillard sees.) ooo eeccoeeeaseee m p fyr|veg e Aug. fr; :|/10}|916 6
20 |} Glout Morceau.........-....... 1 obo ob D gyb g Dec Fr. ill 5
2iGray. DOyenn esas. s-sece aeaeeees m 0 obo lru b Oct Eur. | 9] 8 8
22 CW bir a one ee ee eee toe 1 Oboobp | grub | vg | Sept. Oct. |---.---- alee 8
281 LO Wells ees ne eeeee eke ceeeee ] rp lyru | vg Oct. Conn.| 8] 7 8
Oa | GENS) ce cece ce i ceee sereepoccse 1 | robobo |} gyru]| veg Oct. |Idaho.| 8| 8 |----.
26 | Josephine of Malines.......__- m robp gyru | vg | Jan. Feb. | Bel Br faud 8
ANN Hal oe etee ence ease 8 oboop yerb b Aug. Eur, 9} 5 6
“05 MSeckelci 220s... os os ok wcrSeeees 8 obo ybrru] b Oct. Penn. | 10 |.-- 7
AlGieSield One. woos ee cetera Se ocepe m | rob obo | gyruc] vg Oct WG NG 8| 8 9
42 | Souvenir du Congres..-........ 1 pr ye ve Sept. Fr, 8 | 8 9
A3ulreterlin geese aoceie ce ee coe ee m rovp yruc | vg Sept. SB SSE tel es 9
44 | Stevens ._..--...._.. : 1 r y vg Sept. INGE i 2) |) 16 6
45 | Summer Doyenne 8 r obo p yr vege July. Bel. 9); 5 8
Doyenne @’ Ete.
46 | Superfin rp yeru | vg Oct. Fr. Trail 28 8
Ure Nid Wid (0) Oise ss yank ee Ae BEL Fee ap yruc b |Aug. Sept.} Penn.| 9/ 6 7
48) (Uirbanisten+----ss<< asc seree oees ml obo yru vg | Oct. Nov.| FI. ON aie 6
49), Viermont Beauty.e.secscsseeeces m obo p yr vg Sept. Vt. |” ee 8
BOp | MiGarienccscc-.ee1es sees acecse eee 1 lp yb b Nov. Jan.| Fr. 4| 8 6
51 | White Doyenne............--.-- ml obo vor b Oct. Hr.) 10) |) % 7
Bo WWALG OT (Hi ar1y) Sasa eo nnn 8 obo y brru| vg Sept. Am, 9 |.45]s2--
Bay layWwinter Nellis salsa: ze sara m r obo ygru b Dec. Jan. Fl. CEN er 7
FRUIT CATALOGUE. 881
SECTION XI. —PEARS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Color.
b. brown. d. dark. l. light. r. red. y. yeliow.
c. crimson. g. green. 0. orange. ru. russet.
Number.
Locality.
af PE Remarks.
A cal
v.d|o
.|8| 4 laa|aa
2/2/32 Bsles
o o 6 |0's Se
H)O}]M |\n-|AZ=
|
CONIA WD
—
o3
** | ke | ** | ** | * | When neglected proves unproductive. Profitable under good treatment,
and on dwarf stocks. At north loses quality.
4% | #& | ** | ** | * | One of the best late autumn pears, whether for market or home use.
4% | ## | *k | ** | #* | The leading market sort. Too musky to suit some tastes.
*2 | *2 | *? | *2 | #2 | No garden should be without this. Fruit best when house ripened.
#e | #e | He | ** | ** | Pruit fair and even in size. Will bear to be planted for market.
*| *| * | *| * | Popular asa market pear. Also a good amateur fruit.
*2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2? | But little disseminated. A good early amateur pear.
oF Ne fe SoRuiae ie account of the health, vigor, and productiveness of the tree.
arket.
* | Scon becomes dry and insipid, after ripening. A showy market pear.
** | ee | He | * | * 1 A strong grower. Fine large fruit. inclined to rot at the core. A good
market pear if gathered early.
SF realmenes Wisaee [aes [eae Liable to drop or be blown from the tree prematurely.
*2 | *? | *2 | *?2 |__..| New; gives promise of value.
*?2 | *2 | *2 | *?2 | *2 | One of the few winter pears of high quality.
.---|---.|---.|---.]----| Well known and esteemed, but too small to become very popular.
*2 | #2? | *2 | *2 | *? | Fruit apt to be astringent on young trees. Should be house-ripened.
SES Sood) eres (eee eee In a warm exposure and favorable season, this will be found satisfactory.
Better south.
#2 | #2 | *2 | #2 | *2 | Little disseminated. A fruit of high quality.
* | ** | * | * | */] Vigorous tree. Large, showy fruit, which decays soon at the center.
Drops, and sometimes scabs or spots.
*2 | *? | *2 | *? | *? | Fruit requires to be gathered before maturity—decays rapidly.
a ees ees Sera See On old trees, when well ripened, this is an excellent pear.
? | *2 | #2 | *2 | Excellent for the amateur.
* | *2? | * | *2 | Not as well known as it should be.
* | ** | ** | *) Quite freely planted and generally esteemed.
+| +] t+] +} Promising. Much like Sheldon.
*| *| *| *) Notas freely planted as it should be.
*| *| */__ _| In this climate only valued for market and canning and that only at the
south, but when well grown it is a very profitable variety.
Pol et? | es * | Tree healthy and vigorous. Should be grown on dry, warm soils.
* | *| ** | * | *) A good market pear. Should always be grown asa dwarf,
ig eta I * | An excellent and profitable old variety.
* |____| The earliest pear of good quality. Sometimes slightly astringent.
* |____| One of the most desirable amateur pears of its season.
* | * 1) A promising late autumn and early winter pear. Bears young.
* |___.| An early and abundant bearer. Lacks quality,
* | *] A good, constant bearer of large, showy fruit of fair quality in most
seasons.
*| *| *| *| * 1 Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit sufficiently good for the market.
Bote|eeeaitooat leseellisece Fruit somewhat like Beurre Bosc, but more variable.
Se |r| pean lores eee Chiefly valued for the kitchen. Trees, strong, healthy.
*2 | #2 | *2 | *2 |_...| A new York seedling from Winter Nelis. :
*2 | *2 | *? | *2 | #2 | Tree vigorous and productive. Fruit excellent, but unattractive in ap-
pearance.
* | ** | #* | #* | ** |The standard of high quality among pears. Tree forms a beautiful pyra-
mid. Profitable when buyers come to know it.
*| *| *| *| * {| A hardy, productive tree; and a good fruit for general purposes; not at-
tractive in appearance.
*| * | *| *| *| Very large and beautiful. Variablein size. Not of high quality.
*| *| *| *!| * 1 Both tree and fruit well adapted for the market.
*2 | *2 | *2 | #2 | *2 | An excellent and fine looking pear, but soon decays at the core.
4% | ¥*« | +e | ** | ** | The best and most satisfactory very early pear. Valued forearly market.
*| *| *| *] A fine pear. Sometimes a little too acid. Productive.
EA | ga | Ze (a Scena tree. Fruit grown to some extent for the market. A tardy
earer.
ess enol Soe ies onloeae Too tardy a bearer. Is being abandoned; probably for this reason.
+] +] +| +1] + | Quite productive; fruit handsome and of good quality. _ A :
*2 | *2 | #2 | *? | *2 | Tree vigorous and productive; its greatest recommendation for this cli-
mate.
See eee! aes) eee pee This old favorite is seldom successful in this State as it scabs and cracks.
+! +] +] +4 ++ | Much like Seckel but earlier.
oo | ates | 2 * | The fruit if well grown and ripened, is scarcely inferior to the Seckel.
The tree must not be allowed to overbear.
382 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION XII.—PLUMS.
In the g rading and starring of plums no reference is made to the prevalence of the curculio in the
district; nor yet to the tendency of the variety to the premature rotting of the fruit or loss of foliage.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form.
d. depressed. ob. oblate. 1. long. obo. obovate.
n. necked. Ov. oval. o. oblong. r. roundish.
Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale | to 10,
‘ Names. 8
mM = — 5 é E tn =
F aos omieeraihlh weet, An en es ea earifests 2
| ra A S a a Q ) go) 31
t=] N ° i) =| us) s Bh a 3° s
Z n os 6) <7 - 722 sesee sete m r rp g f e Aug. Ur sess ses ee
ORME GAGE estes) er acres eee ee vl rd br g f b Aug. Eur 6| 7 7
SON PE ONG Se HOntnt cee eee enee ae vl|ovn yr g c m Sept. Eng. Eye 1)
31 | Prince Englebert...... ...... 1 obov | pbr veg if b Sept. Bel 8} 8} 10
32 | Prince Yellow......-.....-.-- ml OV y vg f bAug.| N.Y 8| 8 9
30 | Quackenboss:-.---.2. -.....-- 1 or p g fe Sept. N.Y Gir |r 9
34 | Red Magnum Bonum.....-... 1 Ov r g f b Sept Eur Br |had 7
35 | Shropshire Damson........-. 8 ov dp g fe | e Sept. Eng. 4110 8
ao) | ‘SmithiOrleang.2.22222-. 2. .222 1 Ov rp vg c eAug.| N.Y 8] 8 8
Die sua ONsers oh case senna sess m r ov dp g fe e Sept. Eur 8] 8 9
88)|| Washington, 2222225 2 s.2. 8. vl|rov | gyc vg f eAug.| N.Y 8 | 10 {f
89) | \Waild'Gooses.:=2-.c522*?
| kK | KE
#K | eK | *
Ei | Peake 2 | Lone
* * *
#2 | #2 | ¥*2
A | eR | bE
ae | KK *
*] *«] x
#2 | DP | *?
* | ORK | kK
eae se |W
A363 |) OEE
aK | ok | eK
* * *
nlp ok al) ck
**k
*k
*
Of medium quality only.
Supposed hybrid between Idzeus and Occidentalis. A family berry:
Hardier, healthier and fruit firmer and of better quality than Shaffer.
One of the most promising of the new early sorts.
A new and promising early variety.
Desirable when great hardiness is required. A little better than Souhegan.
Fruits on new canes till killed by frosts.
Larger than McCormick. Is now the leading Black Cap.
Nearly as large as Gregg; better in flavor, and clear black in color.
A very popular sort.
Very seedy. For this reason profitable for drying.
One of the largest medium early black caps. :
Plant very vigorous with stout thorns. Very productive. Formerly very
popular.
Apparently an improvement upon Shaffer. Fruit firmer.
Much like Gregg, and claimed to be hardier.
A profitable market variety; good for drying. Very hardy.
A promising new variety.
The best early Black Cap. : :
Enormous grower and bearer. Fruits ripen in succession. Superior for
canning.
A good, early, market Black Cap.
386 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION XV.—RASPBERRIES.—Rusvus Ipaus anp Stricosus, INCREASING BY
SucKERS OR SPROUTS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form.
c. conical. ob. obtuse. r. roundish.
; Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
A Names. ; ;
he oo
a) b> - 7= ~
2 ; i 8 | o|s/8
g 3 g 5 5 g @ |3\|4/4
cE} N ° ic) I S | o|/o|8
Z n fy io) oc wn fo) Alo|a
LiBrandywinesetac--ses es. =e ene m |robc| br veg July. Am 8; 9 9
fal ICO] Eg 5 ee re = ine se ee Ee c be vg e July. Conn 8| 8 7
8 | Crimson Beauty--...._....--.---- m re be b July. Kas Sih % 8
ANCuthberte-.ccscesceeeeses cee coos l re be b m July. N. Y 818i) 10
5 | Golden Queen.-_ ol tie | ne Oo b m July. Ne J) 8] 8 9
6 | Hansell .. aly 8 r r g b July. INE) (fee li acs “f
7 | Loudon... 3) se Te be ve m July. Wis 8/ 8] 10
8 | Marlboro. al: al tr r gz b July. WH ME CA AYS 9
9 | Orange..-- Sheol c Oo b July. Penn. | 10 | 10 4
10H Rede@riece-e ei woe o28 - Jessaees5-tes 1 r r ve m July. Mich. | 9| 9 6
Pe Reliance2]=. : s2.6022.52s2scec5-2-2 m rT br g e July. 9| 9 8
13) |PurneOren osccccsosseneennsscesoess m r veg July Il 9| 8 9
SECTION XVI.—_STRAWBERRIES.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Form. Color.
c. conical. o. oblong. b. bright. Dp. pale.
co. coxcombed. ob. obtuse. c. crimson. r. red.
l. long. OV. oval or ovate. d. dark. 8. scalret.
n. necked. r. roundish.
Use and
Descriptions. value.
Scale 1 to 10.
: Names, ;
a . . .
2 2 ales ap esb lp |<
g rT ee SN see 0 er i = |8/3/%
=] i=]
va n = & oe | wa = a 6 als|s
WEA DNase see cosas one. eons ee m ove r g b m 9June.| Ont. 8] 9 6
ai Beder WO0d-s-28.--5a-.-5- 1 re c gz b Ne Olen Til. Mialisooe|\~ 40
Sl sBid well’ e226 css e cas vl|len|bs|veg b f 12D St Mich. 9 6
4£:)(Babach No. G2. .-22s-ee-= vl jobre] be | vg p Tse | pe ee lll. 8.225) 40
ON@rescentis. cc. ceeoceesese-= 1 c ds g |bobs| s 13) eS Conn uf 9
6 | Cumberland --| vl |robe] be | vg b m:' |.12, ** Penn. 9|/ 8 8
7 | Enhance.. 1 cco dr g b f 12)70°* Ohio. 1 al SE | eet
8 | Epping.-- ml/]rdcj]|bs g p bee | a Cs Pe N.H Bre eae
On inrék ase osteo soeee vl oc be|vg p ms, |e Ohio Bes 8
FRUIT CATALOGUE. 387
SECTION XV.—RASPBERRIES.—Rvusus Ipmus anp Srricosus, INCREASING BY
SUCKERS OR SPROUTS.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Color.
b. bright. c. crimson, oO, orange. p. purplish. r. red. 8. scarlet.
Locality.
¢|_o Remarks.
sel beel eileol ec
2\ .|8|4|g2/42
A) ele] 2 leses
Bie }°
Zz/BlO| oe ljacias
1 | *2 | *2? | *2 | *2 | *2 | Its beauty, size, color and firmness are strongly in its favor.
dy | S| [ae] (aoe ed a) Ie Anearly red. Does not set well. Not fully hardy away from lake pro-
tection. Unproductive on southern lake shore.
3 | #2 | *P | *2? | *2? | *2 | Not self-fertile. Must be planted with other varieties,
4 | ** | ** | ** | ** | ** | Very firm, productive and hardy. Has come to be the leading market
variety of its class.
5| *| *| *] *] *{| Like Cuthbert, except in the color of the fruit.
6| *|] *| *] *] *]| Hardy. Lacks vigor and productiveness.
7 | ** | ** | #* | ek | ** | Plants hardy and productive. Fruit large, firm and of good quality.
8| *| *| *| *| *| Fairly vigorous and productive. Is being extensively planted.
|) Bate | hare Wh Sh) | are |) ere Must have winter protection. Unequaled for amateur purposes; but very
ender,
10 | *? | *2? | *? | *? |....| Highly esteemed where fully tested. Canes not always healthy.
11 | *? | *2 | *2 | *2 | *2 | Berries good, even size. Profitable, but its color is too dark.
12 | *2 | *2 | *? | *2 | *? | Very hardy, productive. Suckers profusely. Lacks firmness. Old but
COWS SOF
Number.
Sex of blossoms.
b. bi-sexual or perfect.
D. Distillate.
Locality.
Be
[o)
8/3 \s3
2/2 iis
g | 8 \e4
O]DN |n=
*? *? *2
* | kK | RK
SP) || ep) Iw
** | kK | kK
ea es Wes
* * *
ak | kK | tek
Toa ck
Fo ee ee
Northern
lake shore.
still valuable.
SECTION XVI.—_STRAWBERRIES.
ABBREVIATIONS FOR THIS SECTION.
Texture. Season.
f. firm. The date (in June) of the ripening of the first perfect
m,. medium, specimen is given in each case as the most con-
8. soft. venient mode of indicating the relative season.
Remarks.
Hybrid of the late Chas. Arnold. A fairly productive early sort for home
use.
Plant healthy and yigorous—Market.
Does not always ripen well at the tip. Waluable no longer.
One of the best varieties for market. i
Vigorous plant. Very prolific, but lacks quality and firmness. Foliage
ealthy.
Excellent as a berry for home use, or for near marketing.
One of the largest and most productive late sorts.
Promising for market.
Bears profusely. Will not remain long on the list.
388
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SECTION XVI—STRAWBERRIES.—Conrinvuep.
Use and
Descriptions. value,
Scale 1 to 10.
, Names. : ‘
be : D - s | oo | Gs
8 rite a Bch ead d |#le/%
FI a. leo dl ee eel evan eee @ & |e\e\e
5 S Cj re) I 3 ® By B o|6|¢
vA n xy ‘S) ep || (a3, = n fo) A) D> et
LOT G andy seve es ese Ek vl| obe be|vg b m | 19June. INGA Ors 9
11 | Gem (Nehring)--....-..... vl Cc br g p a a Ua | fees Ill. Bitte 9
12hGreenvilles 222 3 2 e eke 1 re be g p eu ype od Ohio tn (ae 9
ISH AVerlandss ss ocesoseseeee 1 oc be | vg p yy 2b ee Ohio O22 9
14 | Jersey Queen.............. m obe c g p peat Wi iboy CY N.J (Sa ees 7
ABy| OSSIO hes set ee eee vl] obe be|vg b 12 late. @ Xs Wis. p= 7
167 WManchesterseessseseneecer 1 cr c g p ide bree N.J 8| 8 8
17S Marshallio22 Coa eo vl|oce)]| bg g b mi || 1S Mass 8 | -2- vi
1S4| Niners 2es 2 oe ae eae i re c g b FW el Bi Ed N.J Sl 7
19 Mte Vernon 222 2.825 2 1 cr bs g b Mieke | owes x (| [lec 8
29 | Mrs. Cleveland..._...-.... : Las ae se LaKoh, || ao sees DeLee ifsy. 92 Ohio Gries 9
el) Parker Marles-.2s--seeese. m1 le c Vv b A wl atijae G2 Texas t= fe) eee (ei (1
PRN SOW od eR eR Ra lista ee a m oc c b pra |[ite Y tN. Js Cl Sera ice a
20) || PAUNGOrR se ec sal sy mee eet 1 c c vg b forges” | Ont. Tateee 9
24 | Sharpless, Ontario...-..... vyljocco| br | vg b | pla eee’ Penn +t eS Bt
ADIN SHUCKIGSSs2 es tao se | eo eccs locos aaes|| caeees econ |loat cee eee Sl Meese ae) eae. oem [eee eee
Apt d 83 Rea Lo 2) Les A a P| ae ie a | fa ie ee Ne ee ee ee el
27 | Triomphe (de Gand).----- 1 jrobc| br b b 1 aoa ba Ppa Bel. 1022-21 2S
PB MVIACK = saccet= tect eee oecacmee m Tec c ve b has Lat fone ks Mo. Sines if
29 | Warfield No. 2._--.--..---- m c dr|veg p T aaa] nt gly Ill. Os | ees eel
BO NEG) ee ee ee 1 re dec g b a gee |i bi aay INE Y% 6 9
SUMMARY OF REJECTED VARIETIES.
List of APPLES.
(The dates, 1893, etc., show the year the variety was dropped.)
Names, Year. Names. Year
American Beantby-. -cc occcsedaccnegceenena 1803 41] PAD GOP wscheccs a seeee aceon ae 18938
ATTericany Ep DIN asset eee meeecenoencesice 18933) Harly Bong Stem coeseeen se oeee eee eee 1888
AnglotAmerican: 222226 sce2sdece-ccceceweoee 1893) Evening Party. 2.2 1890
VPAGITL Hannan: 2.5 5t ec anoes cecsnwcacesesne 1890 || Flower (of Genesee)---------..------------ 1893
IATILHIMN Pearman. ooo seen ses eeecceeceae 1879%\| Kort: Miami c2.ces-paseee es ceseoeeacanee sees 1888
Autumn Sweet Swaar-.......---.---------- eae Foundling......-- 5 S| ES
ATS « - 220 noe won ene non nnn = ot ene mann on acnem Fourth of July BS 1893
Beauty of Kent--....--.-.. 2--..------------ 1893 |) Gabriel (\ adies Blush). 1888
Belle et Bonne-.....-...--.-.. ----------+-- 1893 || Garden (Comstock’s) ..-- - cee 1893
Item hy (SN2 ee eres ees cere eee cs se-c Ee 18935)/(Green’s\Cholce. ae eeen eee 1888
Better tham Goods. 225-20 noc sdenaacseee 1883
; ‘ Halls tc ae eee 1883
eottlevaree Le a fg iam apiaimee Paes Sana ae Harvest Red Streak ---.5 2222 --senee ane es 1890
USh soe seesessisccvonsecessccieceeeec| sro |] Herefordshire... --o-c--oe eee 1803
E = og Island Biweetecoeriecceenceee eee eee
Cabashea...---....-------------2--------2-+- Lo Hy olland Pippin: ined eat ee eames 1893
@anasda Romeottent) 283 ee en ee 1895 || Hollow Crown.......---------------------- 1893
@hronicg] esse ae a ee ae 1890
Oraig sa August ee ee eo eaeeee 1888) RIO PSO: 22> 2 ke aan cee eee cece cn eorases 1893
@umiberland’Spice- soso sees ee eaten 1893" cHousum’ sped ote sco con socuesmeeeceeee 1888
LOT ya bt) (Se ae a ae ee eee 1890 |) Hunt -Russette ose eon eerae ec oonan ce 1893
IDStrolL DIS Ck. ee ee eee 1893*t| Eo arbiters oe ae eee ee ee 1893
DEetroltiHed! sso es see ee eee eke 1303"|| Indiana Wavoriteces esos. css peer eee a eosenee 1893
FRUIT CATALOGUE, 389
SECTION XVI.—STRAW BERRIES.—ContinvueEp.
Locality.
o|_o
ss AS/ES
2 §|4\|2z|a
sS)/#/e2/ 8 leoleo
Bala ans Bid) os
10 * *A A * *
PRUE Rye || ead tava tary
2] +] ¢ et
13 * | KK | eK * |
YA | *P | Po) 2 |) 2 | #2
Bee ee Re | FR 2
16 | *? er HED || cove) *
Elias | rested cot
TSH | Saal soe ken ere cee
19 | *2 | #2 | *2 | #2 | *?
20 * * * * *
22 | *2 | *? | *2 | *? | *?
23 | *| * Me] en [ace
Ue eee at peee 3 bein
Remarks,
Desirable late market berry. Good dessert fruit.
Plant exceedingly vigorous and productive. Fruit very large and showy.
Very promising for local market. |
Plant vigorous. Proves valuable inmany places. Stemweak. Fruit soft.
Variable. Sometimes productive, but is little grown.
Highly praised when produced, but not generally productive.
Has been a leading market berry.
A highly praised new sort. Requires strong land and good care.'
Vigorous and productive in some sections.
Very highly praised as a market variety by some growers. Quite late.
An Ohio seedling of fine promise.
Of good size and quality. Hardy. Very productive. Valuable if given
high cultivation. |
A promising fruit of high quality. Subject to rust.
A promising market variety, originated by John Little of Ontario.
Is attracting much attention. Lacks firmness for distant marketing.
does best in bills.
Introduced with high enconiums, but of little value,
Generally a failure.
HEME ne excellent. Must be grown in hills to warrant success for
market.
In plant and fruit much like Captain Jack.
A vigorous plant. Very productive. Best for market.
Colors early. Only good when fully ripe. Later pickings fail in size.
Formerly the leading market berry with the mass of growers.
SUMMARY OF REJECTED VARIETIES.—Continvuep.
Names.
Jefferson County--------.-
JeWwebt, bEStsscucecaccesloc=
Jewett Red-..-
Kaighn...-.
MK aprotheseosesss kee eens
MaCkeninan 22 re oe eee es
Lancaster Greening
Ledge Sweet.--.----.-
WiOnd On ses! soe oe ee eee
Marstoniscosseetse eens
May (Seek-no- further)
MGA TE6 222222. Sce525
Nick-a-jack -.....
Northern Sweet...
Orange Pippin-.-....-.--
Ortley (White Detroit) -_-
Rittsburgheess eee eee
Pound Royal (Winter) ---
APPLES.— Continued,
Year. Names. Year
NS Nes actae eae 89S | PP TOgTesS): 34-555 -ec5=. oeneo wcetaeen eros nett 1888
eae nae soe e wears 18933 |(seumpkinekhtusseteescess-sseeseescee see a a= 1888
SoA Samu lene 89ST M@Quarrendenees jesse see ene een een ene 1893
Dousete eee 18934 |i} HREDGCCA Lt een ioe Soe eae eee wanna cobanes 1893
eoSseeeeis BEL 1893) MRIichardsOneecassesee acess eee eee ee aes 1893
BS eee oe ek SSBF RAVON): acest cectee ere = OE eee eae a Pe 1888
1879 |} Rose Red (Autumn Red).--.---.-.-..--.-- 1893
1893 || Scarlet Pearmain--- 1893
oe ea 1893 || Sine Qua Non-----.-.....---- 1893
$e eee Oe 1893 || Slingerland ...... .....--.- 1893
1593) RSomerseti(NaeVc) ssa naeadeen eee eee 1888
1893 || Spiced Sweet-.-...-.-- 1890
18937] Stillman’: eee 1893
1888 ;| Striped Belleflower-- 1893
eee 1895 || Summer Pippin----.----.... 1893
Big ee CAS Se ah 1888 || Summer Rambo, Rambour..---.---------- 1895
1893 || Summer Rambo (Mich.) ---------.-------- 1893
1888 |} Summer Bellflower (N. Y.)-- é 1888
1893 |; Summer Greening.--.---.-.- : 1888
é 1893 |} Sweet Baldwin----.-.....- 1888
Seas le oe : 1893 || Sweet and Sour.--.-.__-. 1890 |
Weieccieee Seer a 1 8957 | PO WeeuilvaMbDO=2- scccenw ene nceutee etc eces 1893
390
STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
SUMMARY OF REJECTED VARIETIES.—Conrtinuep.
Names.
APPLES.— Continued.
Sweet Vandeverec.- 8. cccnseet ccc eeeenens
Sweet hWinesap: socc.casscet vasescscosee eee
Table Greening) 22 ee See
Frooley Indians Leveree fac ss eeee eee eee
VV pole wis es ee 0 se i eee
Washington ROyaless-co eee soon eeeeee
AG) ae SOT SR ee Sees Li oe te
Wealthys) Navoritess-cs ssssccsececseceeseee
INVESTERNIS DV 22 26 -no ake ae ee ss DEE
Weatherell Sweet ones eee ae eee
NV ite Doctor. 22S ee ee
Wiehite:suneating-> 32 st oe ase
White Spaninsh Reinette___..-.....--.-.--
Winterseip pini(Mich.) os ssseee. ooeeenneees
Winter tParadises ss 222 ees eon ee
Winthrop Greening = 2ssenss set nes oee ceceee
APPLES—CRABS.
IBTIOTS IS Weetss-censs-e eee Csccsdeecessnece
Soulard eee eos cse eee secs eee eseeetcee
FEMUR OV 2 cx Sak ee a eco coc baw Soc bnceeuubecescea
Wiachusett=-- = sc-ssscesseseen------\o os
Hastolfi(Naomi)=s2scses= sess cece sees ---25
Rirdin COniaec- ese penne e cose easoeesceseetess
Hierstine!2.-o--- sees ona sateee wes eseocesce
Highland SHardyesecssecees esos eoeaeas ese
OTH tientae oe co cena ota ceseecee—
_ Red Antwerp
Saunders.-.----.-
Canada
Ellisdale
Florence
Miami
New Rochelle
Ontarion. 2 sre etese a oeeeewaeoeswe eawece
MAT OV OPK aaccsuwmsvas eacesacwacescedaseus
ERS INGS ee ee ee eee aoe
PIN POR Ae ee oe ee dae Seo aie saaeeuses
Manger Wihhite. Ung] Sec, eeu lesoe ee nace es
LaterAdmirablezs & 2228s 2 ecco sees
Late ReduRareripe -2:..s2-s -sces0 one n~ ce
NMacons (hocal se eae aS eee
MMUSCOZECO eet oa ae a totes cea eenua seatanane
IN ON DAT ee eee ens see eee
Year.
Names,
Oblong 22 a2at aoa ean oen e eceeeeoaeoeene
President
Pullen
Reeves ateres gee ese sck be hence teee eee
Ruding Late
Silver Medal sense ees cee c ston lseene-
Snow
Thurber ----.-
Windoes
Wheeler Early -
America
STRAWBERRIES.
Black, Defiance..2. 222-225-2625 s ese scsse
Boston Pine: 2-22 c.0 22 case este crwesieeose=
Boyden (Seth Boyden)..-.. ......----------
Bright Wace. set ee ee eon sa eect ases
Burgess
Burr Oaks eee eee sy eee ae
Burris) New Pinet2ce2asoscneeene cesses cree
Captain), Jackis2-Ueser eae ewccce ween aces
Caroline as a ee ctenicccees
Cham pionbes12. 2 a ees ee eee
Cheney
Cowing
Crimson Cluste@m =o << 22222 oeeen i ---= ===
Crimson Cones scecsss> «t= -ce =e =-ene ===
Damask Beatty scccce-cet sano e nce e eee eee
Daniel @Boonesces ie > sentence eee eseoeeee
Dr.
Downer
Duchess
Warderien.t sores nace wae ne enon wee ce=ee
DUNCAN ssi ek cake sateen eden er eceenesee
Wary, Canada ceccssccseneseeeeeesaoneceses
WAarlypHudsonenc-cso eccse ec onen Seesnasensee
Emperor
Hss0x) Beauty i cc-.---2 ons ewes cessace=
Fowler’s Seedling
French
Wrontenacics--s0esess SC eoe ewe Saseenenececo=
Gen. Sherman...
Gipsey:..2-:-----
Gle
ndale
Grace ee ee eee
IRON OFSOR a2 osssaces ee des eee seae sc ees eee
TOOK GR eo eke 8 coo soa sesame eneeasese nee
391
392 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ,
SUMMARY OF REJECTED VARIETIES.—Conciupep.
STRAWBERRIES.— Continued.
Names. Year. Names, ‘
Un ian a occsn ceca cece oe cnc w othe peo aimemens 1893 1}\| "OHIO: seo eacauaee ose coast soeeredeoeesees
TGWaA ProlinGsic-c.-.- oases sowsneccaomuen eons 1888 || Phelps(Old Iron Clad)-...........-..-..----
Newell a2 no ee a eee enero 1893 1)|| Photo’ (Martha) sco ccscs oes eeeeaaceeneeere
AUCUNG Ge eee esac 18081) PlonGetsé osckieeecatewoub oon se ode saute aes
Kentucky 2.2 scccacnncecac etescenescseecccces 1895 ||| Pres, (bincolnsiccescscncccassetecescucaeeen
Kirkwood crete Re op wars see aan ae 1885 jill) Pres: Wilders 22 se ae soe soe cae cee eee
IKISSANY Sees nce nen woe eae addes saecsasneneno= 1883.1] omen: 22-922 Se eens oacenjacener ence
Large | Ey, Scarlet 22: ese sea seese secees 1883 tl PRMSSELLE tae Se ac ce sees seh cc cresn cen he
Bennig Ba Wiitern esc ccc cect cceesoeeeee nese 1883 || Russell’s Advance sussatwoteccenteesswesees
Mong lellowsetasetcewcosscvlemeancicaceesiecsess 1890:ij| Scarlet ‘Globet sis seit sees a eo eee ee ee
Longworths Prolific. 2.2 se aie aes eeen sane 1S83ii| Seedling Mlizgess-nscsscese> osere es see eeeee
eae See itbe pe ee diaes eaeecasd 1883:||\‘Seneca Chief. 2. co oace seat eene seen
Map PIG rss a oka eras a went possess 1893 »|| Seneca Queen - 22220 csecce--ce ee ccecccabuee
Major MicMabon Lae ae Se ae oe caceereee 1883':|\|-‘Sprin gdale 2s cs ese sacc sae ceccesceoweuns
Marvin 2-125 sees ee es aie este eesees: TSS5 WitShinrts 82s. 22. bs coceweca ates soeee eee
Di atil stows sae as eS ee aoe 1885 || Star of the West....--................-....
May Wing 2322 25 Soeccs coucdelcsscenjccecesGane 18933) (St@R! ss cece etter ees sacks see se seeetees
MGtCa hth sa seee ters yeaa eee Nees sso Sees 18853) Sterling. oseere. eScecsacsoeceseeeceesoes
IMA aryl) eS ee ee eco Soesaapocacacuscals 18033) (Sucker Statezses coesee see caccseeeseseeeee
MICH I pan eete ements secenr a sacnaceneneean ewe 18Sh0 (Summit loss. seeeeeeee eee reson weodeseoeens
Minn GROG lanescesn es anenheeen=neameannne eee 1885 | Victoria (Golden Queen).--..-...-.-------
Monarch of the West..-..------------------ 1888 Wares choos act eee tenacdetemneinees ee ees
Napoleon’ [RE ss ae Sosa n tee ses oe cese 1883)’ Waldens2.2. Ss: cosaccces cosece sens ccee ceeeee
ING WADIOMINION ae sea ee ane ecesee soon eeneene 1893 Wilding Seedlings 23. 32. s csse cso e eens
New Jersey Scarlet............------------ 1888 7; Windsor! Chiefzageeese.- oe eee ee = seen ee
INicanor?i22282 2asee ooo Se tase es else 2 18£0 | Woodrull 55.2 secces ceases sesase eee mae ones
SONSTLEU BION. “AND. BY-LAWS:
ARTICLE I.—NAME, TERRITORY AND OBJECTS.
The name of the society shall be the Michigan State Horticultural Society, and
its territory shall be the state of Michigan. Its objects shall be the development
of an adequate appreciation of the peculiar adaptation of the soils and climate of
the state to the pursuit of horticulture in all its branches; and the collection and
dissemination of information bearing upon the theory and practice of the same,
as well as upon the arts and sciences directly or indirectly associated therewith,
or calculated to elevate or improve the practice thereof.
ARTICLE II.—OFFICERS AND MODE OF ELECTION.
The officers of the society shall be a president, a secretary, and a treasurer,
together with an executive board of six members, aside from the president, secre-
tary, and treasurer, who shall be ex officio members of the said board.
Said board shall designate one of its members as vice-president. The officers shall ~
be elected by ballot.
The society may, at its discretion, elect an honorary president, whose term of office
shall be for life, said office to be an honorary one, without duties, and established
to express the sense of obligations which the society may feel to one of its members
who may unselfishly give a lifetime of earnest effort to promote its interests, and to
further the horticultural interests of this state.
ARTICLE III.—A QUORUM.
Four members of the executive board shall constitute a quorum for the transac-
_tion of business at any meeting of said board: Provided, That each of the mem-
bers thereof shall have been notified, in the usual manner, of the time, place, and
object of such meeting.
ARTICLE IV. ANNUAL MEETING AND ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
The annual meeting of the society, for the election of officers specified in Article
II, shall occur upon the first Wednesday of December in each year.
ARTICLE V.——TERMS OF OFFICE.
The officers specified in Article II shall hold their offices until the thirty-first day
of December of the year for which they were elected, and thereafter until their
successors shall have been elected, and shall have signified to the secretary their
acceptance: Provided, That the terms of office of the six members of the executive
board shall be so arranged that but two regular vacancies shall occur in each year.
50
394 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ARTICLE VI.—ANNUAL AND LIFE MEMBERS.
.
Any person may become a member of the society for one year by paying to the
treasurer the sum of one dollar; and the yearly term of all annual memberships
shall expire on the thirty-first day of December of the year for which they were
taken, but be regarded as continuous, except aS may be provided by the by-laws.
Any person may become a life member by the payment at any one time of the sum
of ten dollars into the treasury of the society.
ARTICLE VII.—AMOUNT OR LIMIT OF PROPERTY.
The society may hold real and personal estate to an amount not exceeding twenty
thousand dollars.
ARTICLE VIII.—BY-LAWS.
By-laws for the government of the society shall be framed, and when needful,
amended by the executive board; but changes thereof may be at any time proposed
by the society in general meeting.
ARTICLE IX.—AMENDMENTS.
This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting of the society by a
vote, by ballot, of two-thirds of all the members present and voting: Provided,
That notice of such proposed amendment, specifying its purport, shall have been
given at the last previous regular meeting.
BY-LAWS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
I.—THE PRESIDENT.
1st. The president shall be the executive officer of the society, and of the execu-
tive board; and it shall be his duty to see that the rules and regulations of the
society, and of the executive board, are duly enforced and obeyed.
2d. He may, in his discretion, and in the lack of needful rules, during the recesses
‘of the society and of the board, prescribe rules for the management of the interests
or business of the society, such rules to continue in force till the next session of the
executive board, and until, by its action, they shall have become no longer necessary.
3d. He shall act in conjunction with the secretary in the preparation of pro-
grammes or orders of business, for the sessions of the society; and in the devising
of plans and processes for the maintenance of its interests.
4th. He shall have the best interests of the society at heart, and sball lead in
forwarding any and all enterprises calculated to add to its permanency or to
increase its usefulness, and establish it more firmly in the public confidence.
II. VICE-PRESIDENT.
The vice-president shall perform the duties of the president in case of the absence
or inability of that officer; and may be called upon by the president to assume the
duties of the chair at any meeting of the society or executive board.
III.—THE SECRETARY.
ist. The secretary shall be the recording, corresponding, and accounting officer
of the society, and he shall also be, jointly with the business committee, its financial
and auditing officer.
BY-LAWS. 395
2d. He shall incur no expenditure of a large or doubtful character except with
the sanction of the executive board or of the business committee.
3d. He shall submit all bills or claims against the society to the business com-
mittee for approval, and indorsement to that effect, before drawing his order upon
the treasurer for the payment of the same.
4th. He shall attend all meetings of the society, and of the executive board, aud
shall keep a faithful record of their proceedings.
Sth. He shall sign all certificates of membership, and all diplomas and certifi-
cates of merit awarded by the society.
6th. He shall have charge of the society’s books and papers, excepting only such
as, by the advice or direction of the executive board, shall be placed in charge of
the librarian, and he shall be responsible to the board for the safe keeping of the
property placed in his charge. .
7th. He shall be the custodian of the seal of the society, and shall have authority
to affix the same to documents when needful.
Sth. He shall seek by all suitable means to secure the fullest announcement of
the meetings of the society in this state, as well as in adjacent states, when such
shall be found desirable.
9th. He shall, so far as practicable, cause the transactions of the society, together
with such valuable or interesting papers as shall be read at its sessions, to be
properly published, and thus placed within reach of the state.
10th. It shall also be his duty, yearly, to prepare for publication the annual
report of the society, together with such other matter as he shall deem proper—he
being aided in the selection of such matter by an advisory committee of the execu-
tive board.
IV.—THE TREASURER.
1st. All the funds of the society shall be paid into the hands of the treasurer.
»2d. He shall disburse the moneys of the society that shall come into his hands
only upon the order of the secretary, countersigned by the president.
3d. He shall keep the moneys received by the society for life memberships as
a distinct fund, and shall invest the same under the advice and direction of the
executive board, applying only the interest accruing thereon to the purposes of the
general fund.
4th. Immediately upon assuming his office, and before entering upon its duties,
he shall execute to the society an official bond with sufficient sureties, conditioned
for the safe keeping and disbursement of the moneys of the society, and for the
proper discharge of the further duties of his office, in such sum as shall be specified
by the executive board. Such bond shall receive the approval of the president and
shall be deposited with the secretary.
5th. He shall, at the close of each year, report to the executive board the amount
of money that shall have come into his hands during the year, the sources from
which it has been derived, and the disposition made of the same.
V.—THE LIBRARIAN.
1st. The librarian shall have the custody of the library of the society. He shall
be appointed by the executive board, and may be displaced at its pleasure.
2d. He shall act jointly with the secretary in the care and arrangement of the
same, and in the reception, custody, and disposal of the volumes of the transactions
annually supplied to the society by the state.
3d. He shall have the custody of the rooms assigned to the society at the state
eapitol, together with such books and other property as the society or the board
shall direct to be deposited therein.
4th. He shall report annually, at the close of the year, to the executive board
the amount and condition of the property in his hands.
VI.—THE EXECUTIVE BOARD.
1st. The executive board shall enact all rules and regulations for the manage-
ment of the affairs of the society, determine the salaries of its officers, and assume
the control and management of its exhibitions.
\
396 : STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
2d. It shall have power to displace any officer of the society for neglect of duty
or abuse of position, and to fill all vacancies by appointment, to continue till the
next annual election.
3d. The board shall hold four regular sessions during the year, to occur at the
times and places for the regular meetings of the society.
4th. Other meetings may be called by the secretary under the advice or direc-
tion of the president, or of a majority of its members, at such times and places as
may be deemed most convenient; but in all such cases each member must be notified
of the time, place, and object of such meeting.
5th. It shall be the duty of the board to carefully guard the general interests
of the society, to watch over its finances, and to provide for its necessities as they
shall arise.
6th. All important measures shali be submitted to this board, but they may by
the board be resubmitted to the society with recommendations.
7th. The board shall, at the annual meeting, submit-through the secretary, in
connection with the reports of officers, such further report upon the condition,
interests, and prospects of the society as it Shall judge necessary or expedient.
Sth. Two members of the executive board are to be elected each year, to hold
the office for three years, but if any such member shall absent himself from two or
more consecutive meetings of the society and of the board, witbout reason satis-
factory to the board, the said board may, in its discretion, consider the office vacant,
and proceed to fill such vacancy by appointment, to continue to the next annual
election.
VII.—THE BUSINESS COMMITTEE.
ist. It shall be the duty of the executive board, annually, upon entering upon the
duties of the new year, to appoint from their own number three members who shall
constitute a business committee for the year. 6
2d. All accounts or claims against the society, when presented to the secretary
for payment, shall, before payment, receive the sanction and indorsement of the
business committee.
83d. Such claims shall be submitted to this committee and approved in duplicate,
one copy to remain with the secretary as his warrant for the payment of the same,
and the other to be transmitted by him to the president, along with his order upon
the treasurer, as his warrant for countersigning the same,
4th. It shall be the duty of the business committee, upon application of the secre-
tary, during the recess of the executive board, to advise with him as to the expedi-
ency of making any contemplated but questionable expenditure for which occasion
may arise during such recess.
VIIL.——STANDING COMMITTEES.
ist. There shall be a standing committee on revision of the catalogue, to be
composed of cne member from each of the five districts into which the state is,
for this purpose divided, with one member chosen from the state at large, who shall
be the chairman of the committee.
2d. Bach member of said committee (except the chairman) is empowered and
expected to choose a sub-committee for his district, of which he shall be chair-
man.
3d. It shall be the duty of each sub-committee to collect and report, each year,
to the general chairman, such facts respecting fruit culture in the district as shall
promise to be of value in the revision of the catalogue.
4th. 'There shall be a standing committee on new fruits, to consist of a chairman,
with as many associates as such chairman shall find it desirable to appoint.
5th. Such other standing committees may from time to time be appointed by the
executive board as, in its discretion, it shall deem desirable or necessary.
6th. All standing committees are expected to report at the annual meeting in
December, any information of value to the society or its members that may. have
come to their knowledge during the year, as well as any scientific theories, deduc-
tions, or facts that, in their opinion, may be useful in advancing the objects for
which the society is laboring.
BY-LAWS. 397
IX.—LIFE MEMBERSHIP FUND.
1st. All moneys coming into the treasury of the society in payment for life mem-
berships shall constitute a perpetual fund, to be known as the life membership
fund.
2d. The principal of this fund shall be invested by the treasurer under the advice
and direction of the executive board.
3d. All interest accruing upon any portion of said fund shall constitute and
. become part of the fund of the society devoted to the payment of its ordinary
expenses.
X°—MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY.
ist. The society shall hold its first regular meeting for the year during the month
of January or February for the inauguration of the officers chosen at the annual
meeting held the previous December, as provided in article 1V of the constitution,
and also to arrange its plan of operations for the year.
2d. Its second regular meeting shall be held in the month of June at suen date
as shall best accommodate an exhibit of the early summer fruits.
3d. Its third regular meeting shall be at its annual exhibit of autumn and winter
fruits, in the month of September or October.
4th. Its fourth regular meeting shall occur in connection with its annual election
of officers, in December, as provided in article IV of the constitution.
5th. The times and places for the occurrence of these regular meetings (except-
ing only the time of the annual meeting), shall be determined by the executive
board.
6th. Other meetings may be called by the secretary, under the advice or direc-
tion of the members of the executive board, at times and places by them deemed
expedient.
7th. In case of the calling of a special meeting for the election of officers of the
society, in consequence of any failure to elect at the annual meeting, as provided
in section IV of the constitution, all persons entitled as members to vote at such
annual meeting shall be considered as retaining such membership for such purpose
itil such election, and until such officers so elected shall have been inducted into
office.
XI.—RULES FOR DISCUSSIONS, ETC.
ist. The deliberations and discussions of the society shall be conducted in
accordance with ordinary parliamentary usages.
XII.—AUXILIARY SOCIETIES.
1st. The society shall, in all reasonable and proper ways, encourage the forma-
tion of local horticultural or pomological societies auxiliary to this society in all
such counties or other municipalities of this state as shall afford a reasonable pros-
pect that they will be able to effectually maintain the same.
2d. It shall be the policy of this society in supervising the organization of such
local societies to secure an identity of constitutional provisions throughout, and in
so doing to insure harmony among them; but at the same time it will not discourage
the including by them of special or local objects in cases in which such shall be
found desirable, so long as the introduction of the requisite provisions therefor
into the constitution and by-laws of the auxiliary society shall not be deemed
likely to interfere with the harmonious workings of the whole.
3d. Any person who shall become a member of an auxiliary society for one
year, and comply with its regulation as to fee, shall thereby become an auxil-
iary member of this society also for the same time, and entitled to all the rights
and benefits of full membership, except that he or she shall not have the right to
vote at the annual election of officers or upon questions of the expenditure of
money.
398 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
4th. On receipt by the secretary, from the secretary of such an auxiliary society,
of a list of officers and members of that society, he shall file the same; and upon
issuance of the Annual Report shall supply such auxiliary society with a sufficient
number of volumes to provide one for each of its members. He shall also transmit
the names of such officers and members, with their postoffice addresses to the
secretary of any and all experiment stations and societies willing to supply bulletins
and reports and to the national department of agriculture for the same purpose;
and the secretary shall issue to such auxiliary society a certificate of membership
for the year. :
5th. Reports of auxiliary societies shall be made to the secretary of this society
on or before the fifteenth day of January of each year, and shall include the officers
for the ensuing year and a statement of the proceedings of such society during the
past year, which shall be incorporated into the Annual Report of the preceding
year.
XTII.—AMENDMENTS, ADDITIONS, SUSPENSIONS,
1st. Amendments or additions to these by-laws may be made by a majority vote
of the executive board, at any meeting; but if objections shall be made the same
shall ‘‘lie upon the table” till the next regular meeting of the board.
2d. These by-laws, or any one or more of them, may be suspended for the time,
by order of a majority of all the members of the society present and voting.
3d. A proposition in the general meeting of the society for an amendment or
addition to these by-laws shall be referred to the executive board for consideration
and decision; but the society may submit therewith its advice or request.
mESINY Ty aay Xe
av"
ar
4 *
- aay + on
ee eS
PENS BX
A.
Adrian, annual meeting at, 78.
American Pomological society, California meeting of, 237.
Annual meeting, proceedings of, 78.
Annual message of the President, 84.
Aphis of the peach, 348.
Apple culture in Michigan, revival of, 75.
Apple growing, some reflections upon, 134, 151.
methods of, 134, 159, 161.
: to be profitable in the future, 156, 158.
Apple orchard, a profitable, 152.
the, fertilizers for, 159, 160.
desirable new sorts of, 153.
Apple orchards, best soils for, 162.
feeding of stock in, 159.
ravages of cutworms in, 314.
tillage of, 136.
Apples, kinds of in Indiana, 74.
tests of at South Haven substation, 295.
Apples of Michigan, catalogue of, 360.
crabs, catalogue of, 368.
Apple trees, San Jose scale upon, 118.
Apricots of Michigan, catalogue of, 368.
tests of at South Haven substation, 288.
Arsenite of lime, how to make, 29.
cheaper than other arsenites, 29.
Arsenites, use of against cutworms, 322.
discussion upon, 30.
B.
Bailey, Prof. L. H., lecture by, 92.
paper by, 184.
Bailey, S. S., paper by, 31, 218.
Bands, use of against cutworms, 320.
Barrows, Prof. Walter B., paper by, 127.
Beal, Prof. W. J., paper by, 46, 56, 68, 68.
Beans, bush, experiments with, 328.
pole, experiments with, 324.
Beetles, blister, 18.
June, 16.
Beets, experiments with, 325.
Billmeyer, Joseph B., paper by, 244.
Bird, W. F., paper by, 142.
Birds and horticulture, paper upon, 127.
Birds, destructive kinds of, discussion upon, 132.
protection against, 131, 132.
kinds harmful to fruits, 129, 138.
51
402 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Blackberries, how to grow, 145.
‘of Michigan, catalogue of, 370.
tests of at Agricultural college, 311.
South Haven substation, 273.
Black knot, law for suppressic. of, 3538.
Blooming, excessive, weakening to germs, 187.
Borer of the peach, 182.
illustrations of, 346.
Borer, peach tree shot-hole, 17.
sinuate, of the pear, 106.
Botanic gardens, benefit of to horticulture, 46.
of Michigan Agricultural college, 46,
Bradish, H. C., paper by, 173.
Buckwheat destructive to cutworms, 195.
Bulletins, horticultural, 265.
©.
California fruitgrowing, observations upon, 237.
Canning industry in the east, 196.
is it desirable for Michigan, 196.
Celery, experiments with, 326.
Cherry, the, cultural methods for, 40.
preferred varieties of, 40.
Cherries at South Haven substation, 234.
of Michigan, catalogue of, 370.
tests of at South Haven substation, 279.
Chidester, C. P., paper by, 163.
Chrysanthemum, cultivation of the, 224.
Chrysanthemums, exhibit of, 78, 79.
Cold storage without ice, 244.
Commercial gardening, use of glass in, 230.
Committees, 52, 79, 80.
Constitution and By- laws, 393.
Coustitution, amendment of, 48, 52, 79.
Cover crops, value of, 137.
Crimson clover in Michigan, 148.
Cucumbers, experiments with, 326.
Culture of young orchards, 180.
Curculio, illustration of, 349.
on the peach, 349.
Curl-leaf, remedy for, 193.
Currants of Michigan, catalogue of, 372.
tests of at South Haven substation, 275.
Cutworms, climbing, 15.
bulletin upon, 313.
illustrations of, 313-318.
means of control, 319.
methods of combatting, 15.
repressed by growing of buckwheat, 195.
D.
Davis, G. C., bulletin by, 313.
paper by, 13.
Diffusion of plants, 95.
Diseases of the peach tree, 346.
E.
Exhibits of fruits, reports upon, 53, 79.
plants and flowers, reports upon, 55, 79.
Iexperiment station, Geneva, work at, 154.
Michigan, pulletins of, 265.
work at, 157.
Illinois, work at, 157.
South Haven, results of season at, 282.
Evolution of the plant world, 98.
INDEX.
F.
Fertilizers for peach orchards, 185, 345.
tests of at South Haven substation, 301.
Fertilization of young orchards, 181.
Flowers, use of on home grounds, 65.
Forest fires, paper upon, 68.
Forestry, remarks upon, 222.
Fruit catalogue for 1895, 358.
Fruitgrowing, conditions for success in, 168.
in California, 237.
intensive, the most profitable, 177, 187.
Michigan’s advantages for, 1638.
past, present, and future of, 150.
Fruitgrowers, lack of organization among, 246.
Fruit, stealing of, how punished, 356.
Fruit transportation, future of in Michigan, 71.
Fruit trees, not trimmed enough, 177, 186.
Fruit packages, law to compel marking of, 357.
Fruit packing, honesty in for profit, 242.
Fungicides, chemistry of, 28.
use of, 30, 76.
G.
Garden, value of to the family, 88.
Gardens for town and country homes, 219.
Gardening, commercial, use of glass in, 230.
Garfield, Hon. C. W., paper by, 73.
Geneva experiment station, work at, 154.
Gladden, H. P., bulletin by, 323.
Glass, relation of to commercial gardening, 230.
Gooseberries, cultivation of, 247.
English in America, 247.
of Michigan, 374.
preferred varieties of, 248.
tests of at South Haven substation, 277.
Graham, Hon. R. D., paper by, 71.
Grading of peaches in packing, 248.
Grafting of grapes, 170.
Grape, the, a few thoughts upon, 178.
fertilizers for, 176.
preferred varieties of, 166, 178.
culture under glass, 168.
Grapes, effects of frost upon, 22.
methods of grafting, 170.
of Michigan, catalogue of, 376.
spraying of, 164.
tests of at South Haven substation, 289.
Grape-growing, necessary conditions for, 165, 173, 175.
Grapevine, the, enemies of, 166, 167.
Grapevines, when to trim, 172.
Greenhouse gardening, 230.
Greening, Charles H., paper by, 253.
Hawley, Smith, paper by, 75.
Hedrick, U. P., bulletin by, 323.
Honesty in fruit packing, 242.
Horticulture, practical value of to professional men, 87.
Horton, G. B., paper by, 217.
Hunter, M., paper by, 215.
403
404 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
I.
Indiana State Horticultural society, notes on meeting of, 73.
Injurious insects, 18, 101, 143, 166, 167, 182, 185.
bulletin upon, 313.
discussion upon, 19.
harbored in old orchards, 112.
increase of, 13.
methods of combatting, 19, 148.
Insects, injurious, ease of travel, 102.
no protection provided against, 103.
to the raspberry, 148.
Irrigation at Michigan Agricultural college, 12, 41, 198, 334.
South Haven, 45. :
in Hast Paris, 213.
Kent county, ol.
Illinois, 211.
Lowell, 215.
Saugatuck township, 216. 1
Watson, 215.
by cultivation, 45.
expense of, 209.
for farm crops, 32.
remarks upon, 135.
tests of at Douglas, 205.
Insecticides, chemistry of, 28.
use of, 30, 76.
Insect pests, federal laws needed for suppression of, 109, 115, 121, 123,
foreign, 101.
generated in old orchards, 182.
home-grown, 111.
Implements for use in peach orchards, 182.
Intensive fruitgrowing the most profitable, 177, 187.
J.
Japan plums at South Haven substation, 235, 292.
Johnson, Squire, paper by, 230.
K.
Kedzie, Prof. R. C., paper by, 28.
Kellogg, R. M., paper by, 145.
Kerosene, pure, used as a spray, 118.
Kirk, James L., paper by, 247.
Kirkpatrick, Mayor, address by, 81.
L.
Laws of Michigan relating to horticulture, 353.
Lawton, C. D., paper by, 22.
Lettuce, experiments with, 328.
Lyon, T. T., bulletin by, 265.
paper by, 26, 232.
M.
Michigan Agricultural college, visit to, 10.
Michigan, advantages of for fruitgrowing, 163.
peach orchards of, 177.
Mildew of the peach, illustration of, 344.
Mistakes of nurserymen, who responsible for, 257.
Monroe, Hon. C. J., address by, 82.
paper by, 287.
Morrill, Hon. Roland, annual message by, 84.
paper by, 179.
INDEX. S 405
N.
Nectarines, tests of at South Haven substation, 288.
Nickerson, Miss Helen, paper by, 250.
Nursery industries, American, 258.
Nurserymen, responsibility of for mistakes, 257.
Nuts under test at South Haven, 300.
0.
Oats, for sowing in peach orchards, 196.
Officers, annual election of, 79.
of the society for 1895, 4.
Oldenburgh apple, profitable orchard of, 152.
Orchards, culture of, 18°
fertilization of, 181.
implements for use in, 182.
law to prevent pilfering from, 356.
old, harbor insect pests, 112.
training of, 181.
young, care of, 179.
Ornamentation of streets and roads, 56.
Organization, lack of among fruitgrowers, 246.
P.
Packages for fruit, law compelling marking of, 152.
Park areas, treatment of, 63.
Peach, the, best varieties of, 177, 184, 188, 194, 165, 343.
black or brown spots of, 198.
Peaches, defective distribution of, 351.
grading of in packing, 243.
picking and packing of, 251.
transportation of, 351.
tests of at South Haven substation, 281.
various packages for (illustration), 352.
Peach orchard, best size of trees for, 184, 345.
; cultivation of, 185, 194.
distance to plant, 183.
fertilizers for, 185, 345.
location for, 341.
mode of planting, 184.
planting of, 342.
soil for, 183.
when to plant, 342.
Peach orchards, Michigan, 177.
Peach trees, early planting of desirable, 195.
how to select, 342.
diseases of,
Peach tree, pruning of the (illustrations 342, 343), 345.
pruning of, 185, 195, 196.
Peach, the, rosette, illustration of, 542.
yellows, illustration of, 342.
Peach, Aphis, illustration of, 348.
Peach, borer, 182.
mildew, illustration of, 344.
yellows, law concerning, 353.
Peaches, of Michigan, catalogue of, 378.
not thinned enough, 178, 186.
Peach-growing for market, 340.
Pear borer, Stinuate, work of, 106.
Pears. of Michigan. catalogue of, 380.
tests of at South Haven substation, 236, 298.
406 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Pear trees, severe pruning of desirable, 177
Pea, synomys of varieties.
varieties of, do they run out, 339.
Peas, experiments with, 335.
mildew of, 338.
Pests, native and imported, 101.
Post, L. J., paper by, 183.
Potency, loss of by excessive blossoming, 187.
Plant world, evolution of the, 92.
Plants, how diffused over the world, 95.
Pruning of fruit trees insufficiently done, 177, 186.
Plums, domestic, at South Haven substation, 236.
of Michigan, catalogue of, 382.
tests of at South Haven substation, 289.
varieties of in test, 236.
Q.
Quinces, of Michigan, catalogue, 384.
tests of at South Haven substation, 300.
R.
Radishes, experiments with, 329.
Rainfall, has there been a diminution Chin Moye
Raspberry, the culture of, 143, 149.
preferred varieties of, 144.
- Raspberries of Michigan, catalogue of, 384.
Raspberries, tests of at South Haven substation, 270.
Agricultural college, 309.
Reid, Edwy C., paper by, 65, 215.
sremarks by, 82.
report by, 268.
Resolutions, 13, 52, 53, 80.
Roads, ornamentation of, 56.
Rose, the, culture of, 250.
Rye in peach orchards not desirable, 196.
Ss:
Secretary, annual report of, 268.
Sigler, Artemus, paper by, 168.
Scale insects, 18.
Scale insects of the peach, 350.
Scale, San Jose, 118.
whitewash, of the peach, 350.
Shade trees, paper upon, 217.
trimming of, 187.
Slayton, A. W., report by, 264.
Spraying, 19, 15, 30, 76, 118, 166, 193.
law to compel, 355.
with pure kerosene, 118,
Strawberry, the, effect of drouth upon, 35, 36.
frost, 36.
fertilizers for, 37.
methods of culture of, 38.
preferred varieties of, 34.
Strawberry-growing, discussion upon, 34.
Strawberries of Michigan, catalogue of, 386.
rejected varieties of, 388.
Strawberries, tests of at Agricultural college, 302.
South Haven substation, 266.
Small fruits, profitableness of, 155.
Smith, Elmer D., exhibit by, 78, 79.
paper by, 224.
INDEX. 407
Smith, Erwin F., bulletin by, 340.
Smith, W. C., paper by, 244.
Stearns, J. N., paper by, 177, 212.
Spot, black or brown, on peach, 193.
Subsoiling, where desirable, 135, 141.
Substation at South Haven, work at, 26, 232.
Street ornamentation, paper upon, 56.
Summer meeting, proceedings of the, 10.
Squashes, experiments with, 330.
T.
Taft, L. R., catalogue by, 358.
paper by, 198.
Thomas, Dr. Denison, lecture by, 87.
Tilling desirable in other than wet soils, 135, 140.
Tomatoes, experiments with, 330.
paper upon, 228.
Tracy, W. W., paper by, 219, 228.
Traverse City, meeting in, 51.
Treasurer, annual report of, 264.
Trimming of shade trees, 197.
Trine, Mrs. M. A., paper by, 149.
Vegetables, tests of, 323-329.
Webster, Prof: F. M., paper by, 101.
Weeds as incentives to tillage, 138.
Willard, S. D., paper by, 205.
Willow leaf beetle, 14.
Windbreaks, value of for protection to orchards, 164.
Wood ashes, value of as fertilizer, 37, 154, 160.
Woodward, D., paper by, 242.
se
Yellows of the peach easily repressed, 177.
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