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PRESIDENT CHARLES B. COOK, OWOSSO, MICHIGAN 
1907-1908 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT 


OF THE 


SEeeCRE TARY 


OF THE 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SICIET) 


OF 


MICHIGAN 


1907 


iBRARY 
‘EW YORK 
QT ANICAL 
{(FARDEN, 


BY AUTHORITY 


LANSING, MICH. 
WYNKOOP HALLENBECK CRAWFORD CO., STATE PRINTERS 
1908 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE MICHIGAN 


STATE 
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


FENNVILLE, MICHIGAN, 
January 1, 1908. 
To Hon. Frep M. Warner, Governor of the State oj Michigan: 


I have the honor to submit herewith, in compliance with legal require- 
ments, the accompanying report of 1907, with supplementary papers. 


Respectfully yours, 


CHARLES E. BASSETT, 
Secretary Michigan State Horticultural Society. 


Me oo Pe Sniee 


ri Weak ee 


eae 


Y 
A Ad 
. 


j “ age f(y . 


oo 


~, A a) ey | Det {eT tins) 7 Pf + S 4 474 ees J edt 
ee eet tev) ae a (iit ‘ y iy 7. ae ra Rete re 
ee Fol : ~ ae) 


Edward Hutchins O. S. Bristol Benton Gebhardt 


Prof. S. W. Fletcher Secretcry C. E. Bassett JT. A. Farrand 


EXECUTIVE BOARD OF STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1908 


OFFICERS OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1908. 


PRESIDENT—C, B. COOK, Owosso. 

Vick Presipent—R. A. SMYTHE, Benton Harbor. 
SrecreTARY—CHARLES E. BASSETT, Fennville. 
TREASURER—JAMES SATTERLEE, Lansing. 
LipraRIAN—H. CHAMBERS, Lansing. 


EXECUTIVE BOARD. 


R. A. SMYTHE, Benton Harbor, 3 years. | S. W. FLETCHER, Agr’l. Col., 1 year. 
O. 8. BRISTOL, Almont, 3 years. T. A. FARRAND, Eaton Rapids, 2 years 
BENTON GEBHARDT, Hart, 1 year. | EDWARD HUTCHINS, Fennville, 2 years. 


STANDING COMMITTEES. 


Fruir Caratocgue—T, A. FARRAND, Eaton Rapids. 

New Fruirs—L. R. TAFT, Agricultural College; EDWARD HUTCHINS, Fennville. 
Frnance—R. A. SMYTHE, Benton Harbor; O: 8. BRISTOL, Almont. 
EnTomoLogy—W. B. BARROWS, Agricultural College. 

VEGETABLE PuystoLogy—S. W. FLETCHER, Agricultural College. 

LANDSCAPE GARDENING—THOMAS GUNSON, Agricultural College. 

Forrstry—CHAS, W. GARFIELD, Grand Rapids. 

LEGIsLaTiIon—President C. B. COOK; Secretary C. E. BASSETT. 


Prof. U. P. Hedrick Rev. George E. Rowe, Toastmaster 
Horticulturist, Agricultural Experiment Station 
Geneva, New York 


J. H. Hale 


One of the World’s Most Noted Horticultural Authorities, 
Connecticut and Georgia 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 


Battle Creek, December 3, 4 and 5, 1907. 


The thirty-seventh annual meeting of the Michigan State Horticultural 
Society, held in the auditorium in the city of Battle Creek, December 3, 
4 and 5, is conceded by all present to have been the most enjoyable and 
profitable of any in the history of the society. Nearly every part of the 
State was represented in the attendance, besides delegates and visitors 
from 12 other states and Canada. The presence of such national authorities 
as J. H. Hale of Connecticut, W. H. Collingwood and Prof. U. P. Hedrick 
of New York and W. W. Farnsworth of Ohio added to the interest in the 
excellent program. 

The display of fruit, mostly apples and pears, was large and the specimens 
were of unusual excellence. The competitive fruit judging and identifying 
by a dozen students from the agricultural college, with Prof. Hedrick of 
Geneva, New York as referee, resulted in awarding the following cash prizes: 
First, $15, B. B. Pratt of Benton Harbor; second, $10, F. M. Barden, Casco; 
third, $5, A. L. Darbee, Caro. 

The society business meeting resulted in the reelection of President C. B. 
Cook of Owosso, Secretary C. E. Bassett of Fennville, Treasurer James 
Satterlee of Lansing, Vice President R. A. Smythe of Benton Harbor and 
O. S. Bristol of Almont as a new member of the executive board in place 
of Geo. E. Rowe, who had served the two terms allowed by the constitution 
of the society. 

The permanent fund of the society was increased at this meeting to $5,000, 
ae meets the requirements in the will of the late T. T. Lyon of South 

aven. 

It was with deep regret that the word was received that Prof. S. W. Fletcher, 
horticulturist at the Agricultural College, has accepted the position of dean 
of the Virginia experiment station, to take effect at once. 

One of the delightful social affairs of the meeting was the banquet given 
at the sanitarium. The banquet tables were handsomely decorated with 
fruits and flowers—the crimson blossoms of poinsettias, alternating with 
mounds of red and white grapes, golden pears and rosy apples, while the 
menu reflected the principles of the institution—the return to Nature’s 
products and exploited to the complete satisfaction of the guests their 
epicurean value. 


8 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. . 


MENU 
Celery Ripe Olives Salted Peanuts 
Grape Fruit 
Almond Boui!llon—Bread Sticks 
Apple Juice 
Roast Protose Sage Dressing — 
Potatoes Baked in Half Shell 
French Peas Crabapple Jelly 
Nut and Rice Croquetts 
Browned Sweet Potatoes 
Waldorf Salad Cream Crisps 
Raspberry Nectar 
French Floating Island 
White Cake Cashew Nuts 
Orange Gelée 


Kumquats Pears 
Cornicheon Grapes Muscat Grapes 
Yogurt Cheese Toasted Wafers 
Noko 


Following the banquet, in which one hundred and fifty guests participated, 
a programme of toasts was responded to, the Rev. George H. Rowe of Grand 
Rapids, presiding as toast-master, introducing the various speakers in clever 
verse. In asking the guests to drink to the health of Dr. Kellogg he referred 
to him as the man who was doing so much to heal his fellowman. In his 
response, Dr. Kellogg said simply: “A doctor cannot heal. God only 
heals.” But added that it was the object of the institution to help lift up, 
to restore and to comfort and that he took great pleasure in welcoming 
so many real men and real women to the institution. 

“You represent by your choice of avocation,” said he, “the real return 
to nature movement. Whatever there is to day in the world of real sweetness 
and beauty is in the country. The drift toward the city leads to degeneracy 
and disease; leads to more hospitals and more asylums. In inviting you 
here tonight we had a double purpose—to do you honor and to show you 
how good the products of your own fields are and how many of them are 
at their best ‘first hand.’ The world has grown too artificial in its matter 
of food. We neglect to get our food from its original sources. In two 
red apples there is 50 per cent more nourishment than there is in a pint of 
oysters. We take great pains to have our water free from typhoid germs 
and yet men eat oysters—who live on slime and are filled with typhoid 
germs. At a Masonic banquet a week or two ago, two men died and four 
may not recover, from the effects, I am told, of eating oysters. We are 
most inconsistent and unwise in our choice of foods. We do not use real 
‘horse-sense.’ 


Battle Creek Sanitarium, Where Annual Banquet Was Given 


THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 9 


“There is nothing so welcome to a man as the news of how he can increase 
his efficiency. You farmers know that you study to get the most out of 
your land—to bring the best from your trees. You prune them, you fertilize 
them, you care for their beauty and their culture. Now, what you are 
doing for your trees we are trying to do for mankind—getting men in con- 
dition to do the best that isin them. The use of flesh foods greatly reduces 
efficiency—it is like throwing bolts and bars into a boiler—it chokes the fire. 
That is the reason that you find before you only the fruits of the field. We 
appreciate what you are doing to make the world healthier and happier.” 

J. H. Hale of Connecticut followed a humorous vein and told of incidents 
in the commissariat of the southern peach plantation, where the colored 
brethren demanded ‘hog and hominy.”’ 

W. W. Farnsworth of Ohio, a successful grower and shipper, drew an 
optimistic picture of the future of the horticulturist, if he but took advantage 
of the opportunities to improve that science, horticultural journals, govern- 
ment experimental stations and schools offered him. He called attention 
to the fact that shippers had too long neglected the art of packing the fruit 
attractively. “Follow the Battle Creek ideas and put your commodities 
up in attractive packages and you will have better results,’ was his advice. 
He paid a warm tribute to the profession of horticulture, saying it offered 
greater opportunities to develop mentally and morally than any other, 
that the workers should magnify their calling and place it on the pedestal 
where it belonged. 

Herbert W. Collingwood, editor of the Rural New Yorker, recited an 
original poem, and told several pithy stories bearing upon the simple life. 

Judge Wm. Prentiss of Chicago praised in glowing terms the field of horti- 
culture, describing it as the ‘‘very poetry and music of farming and the 
highest and noblest of callings.’ 


RESOLUTIONS. 


Resolved, That we desire to express our appreciation and gratitude to 
the following: The Battle Creek Business Men’s Association, who have 
cared for us so kindly and especially to their genial secretary, Mr. John I. 
Gibson, who has been untiring in his efforts for our comfort and entertain- 
ment. To the Michigan United Railroads and the Michigan Telephone Co. 
for business courtesies. To Dr. J. H. Kellogg and the Battle Creek Sani- 
tarium Company, for the most excellent banquet and evening’s entertain- 
ment. To the management of the Postum Cereal Co., for courtesies extended 
_in conducting us through their model food plant. To the following gentlemen 
from sister states, who by their counsel and inspiration and very presence 
contributed greatly to the success of this meeting: H. W. Collingwood 
of Hope Farm, New Jersey; J. H. Hale of Connecticut and Georgia; W. W. 
Farnsworth of Ohio and Prof. U. P. Hedrick from the Geneva experiment 
station, New York. 

Resolved, That this society use its influence towards securing a more 
liberal appropriation for the Michigan Agricultural College, for the salaries 
of the members of its faculty, that the present high standard of excellence 
may be maintained. 

Resolved, That more attention be given to the advertising of our wares. 
Let us educate the people as to the value and importance of fruit as a part 
of their daily food, thus creating a greater demand for our products and also 
benefitting the people. 

2 


10 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Resolved, That we appreciate the efforts of the Agricultural College in pro- 
viding for the citizens of the state the splendid Short Course in Horticulture, 
and that we will assist in advertising the course and promoting attendance. 


J. P. MUNSON, Kent County, 

¥,. P. SIMMONS, Wayne County, 

H. 8S. NEWTON, Oceana County, 
Committee. 


CONTROLLING THE GRAPE ROT. 


(PROF. L. R. TAFT, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.) 


Although the disease known as the black rot of the grape did considerable 
harm in the southwestern part of Michigan some fifteen or twenty years 
ago, the injury greatly lessened and for ten years very little loss was ex- 
perienced. During the last two or three years, however, the rot has reap- 
peared, and in many vineyards located in the Lawton district the crop was 
practically ruined in 1905 and was even worse in the unsprayed vineyards 
in 1906 and in 1907. When it reappeared in 1905 it was found in com- 
paratively few vineyards, but it developed in many others in 1906, and in 
1907 very few vineyards within ten miles of Lawton escaped. 

This disease is of a fungous nature and developes when in the presence 
of moisture. This accounts for the comparative immunity from the disease 
from 1892 to 1903, when the weather during the months of July and August 
was comparatively dry, and for the injury that has been experienced during 
the last three years, when the rain-fall in the section referred to was ab- 
normally large. 

Upon the leaves, the rot produces circular brown spots, generally from 
one-eighth to one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter. In the middle of the 
larger spots small black pimples after a time. The spots due to black rot 
can be readily distinguished from the brown spots caused by mildew, which 
have angular and irregular outlines. When black rot attacks the fruit 
the spots can be detected when of the size of a pin head. They are then of 
an olive green color. The spots quickly enlarge and gradually turn brown 
until the entire grape has become involved, when they change to a dull 
black and the grape soon shrivels and takes on a folded and wrinkled ap- 
pearance. Later in the season, the entire surface becomes broken up into 
minute pustules, too small to be seen without a pocket lense. Each of these 
contain a number of sacs in which the spores carry the disease over the 
winter. 

In the spring these spores escape and coming in contact with water upon 
the surface of a grape or grape leaf, they germinate, and entering the under- 
lying tissues, produce a spot of black rot. Soon after these spots appear, 
numerous summer spores develop upon the surface and serve to spread 
the disease during the growing season. 

The disease was very troublesome about twenty to twenty-five years 
ago in Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, upon varieties of the Concord 
type, and as this was before much had been learned regarding spraying, 


-THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 11 


a very large proportion of the vines were torn out and grape growing was 
practically abandoned. 

If during the next five years the weather in southwestern Michigan is 
similar to that experienced during the last three years, it can be stated 
positively that the grape crop will suffer even more than it has during 
the last year or two, as the disease will spread and apparently increase in 
virulence unless steps are taken by the grape growers to control it. 

There is no occasion, however, for discouragement and it may even be 
found that the black rot of the grape will prove a blessing in disguise, to 
the vineyardist who gives his vines proper attention in the way of spraying, 
just as the San Jose scale has actually increased the net profits from orchards 
‘where it has appeared by forcing the owners to spray them. It would not be 
surprising if a continuance of the black rot would have a similar effect upon 
the net proceeds of the vineyards, if proper attention is paid to spraying. 
Benefits sufficient to more than equal the cost of spraying can be expected 
from both of the following causes: First, the spraying needed to control 
the black rot is the very best specific against mildew, anthracnose and other 
fungous diseases which not only seriously injure the grapes themselves, 
but by attacking the leaves, reduce the vigor of the vines and hence lessen 
their ability to produce fruit; second, it cannot be expected that every person 
will spray his vineyard and as the grapes upon unsprayed vines will be de- 
stroyed and the vines themselves will be dug out, if the loss continues for 
a series of years, the result will be a smaller crop of grapes and an increase 
in the price. 

It is now about twenty-five years since it was discovered that copper 
sulphate was a sure specific against the black rot. This disease spreads 
from spores which winter over in the rotten grapes and leaves, and which 
germinate whenever they fall upon a drop of water upon a grape or grape 
leaf. If the foliage and fruit can be kept covered at all times with a thin 
film of copper sulphate, it will not be possible for the disease to get a foot- 
hold, and there will be no injury whatever from it. 

From this it will be seen that it is only a question of spraying sufficiently 
often and thorough enough to keep the grapes covered. This is not theory, 
but is based upon the writer’s experience with this disease more than twenty 
years ago in Missouri and upon experiments that have been carried on in 
various parts of Michigan for the last three years. The results thus obtained 
have, in every case, been substantiated by many grape growers who have 
practiced spraying under proper conditions. I venture to assert that every 
case of failure has been due to the lack of compliance with the condition 
mentioned above, which, as you will remember, was that the foliage and 
fruit be kept covered with copper sulphate continuously up to the time 
the fruit is harvested. While there has been a large amount of rot in vine- 
yards that were sprayed from one to four times during the season, it is very 
certain that one of three mistakes were made. Either the material was 
not properly prepared, it was not applied at the proper intervals, or there 
was a lack of thoroughness in the applications. 


MATERIALS FOR SPRAYING. 


For the black rot of the grape, as for nearly all other fungous diseases 
there is no remedy equal to Bordeaux mixture, in its cheapness, efficiency 
and safety. For the earlier applications it will be well to use four pounds 
of copper sulphate, six pounds of stone lime and fifty gallons of water, or 


12 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


4-§-50 formula, but after the first two sprayings a 3-5-50 formula can be 
used, and for use as late as August it will often be better to use a 2-3-50 formula, 
or to make use of soda Bordeaux mixture, which discolors the fruit less than 
the lime Bordeaux. 

It is quite desirable to make use of stone lime rather than air-slaked 
or hydrated lime, as it remains in suspension better and has greater adhesive 
qualities. For these reasons, too, it is well to dilute both the lime and copper 
sulphate when mixing and to stir them well while they are being poured 
together. The addition of soap or glucose also tends to increase the ad- 
hesiv eness of the mixture but has not made any marked difference in our 
experiments. 


TIME OF APPLICATION. 


No general rules can be given as to the time or the number of applications 
as both will vary in different seasons. The best way is to observe carefully 
the spray upon the vines and also the extent of the disease both in sprayed 
and unsprayed vineyards. To lessen the danger of infection care should 
be taken that none of the diseased grapes from the previous crop are left 
upon the vines after pruning, and it is a good plan to plow the vineyard 
before growth begins, taking pains to bury as much as possible of the leaves 
and rotten grapes upon the ground. From the fact that it can be done at 
a very slight expense, the spraying of the vines with a solution of copper 
sulphate (two pounds to fifty gallons), while the wood is still dormant is 
recommended. For this purpose the copper sulphate solution is better 
than the Bordeaux mixture as the latter has to undergo a chemical change 
to become soluble, before it forms an effectual fungicide. 

The first regular spraying with Bordeaux mixture should be made just 
before the blossom buds open. If done at this time, it will be more effectual 
than if applied. just after the growth has started. A second application 
of Bordeaux mixture should be given the vines after the fruit has set, when 
it is about the size of a small pea. As an insurance against the rot and as 
a remedy for the other fungous diseases, some of which are almost sure to 
attack the vines, it will always pay to make the above applications, but just 
how many additional applications can be given and the intervals that should 
elapse will depend almost entirely upon the climatic conditions and the 
prevalence of the disease. When the weather is wet and muggy, and partic- 
ularly when the disease is quite troublesome in unsprayed vineyards, it 
will not be too much to make four more applications at intervals of about 
ten days. It will be well to spray once a week when there have been frequent 
heavy showers, although it might be possible to wait two weeks if the spray 
has not been washed off. This will make six applications of Bordeaux 
mixture and one of copper sulphate solution the maximum that is likely to 
be required, while three or four might answer in seasons when there is little 
rot. One should not make the mistake of waiting until the rot has appeared, 
as in many instances it has been found that failure to spray the vines just 
before the fruit sets may result in the loss of from twenty-five to fifty per 
cent of the crop. 


THE IMPORTANCE OF THOROUGHNESS. 
Even though the material is properly prepared, and applied as reeommended 


above, the treatment will not be effectual unless the applications are suffici- 
ently thorough to coat every grape and to keep the leaves covered. Thus, 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 13 


if only one side of a grape is covered by the spray, it will be possible for the 
spores to germinate upon its surface and infect the grape. When one fruit 
in a cluster has been attacked it will require very thorough work to prevent 
its spread to the others that touch it upon various sides. Especially if the 
disease is troublesome, it is a good plan to spray the vineyard and then, 
as soon as one application has been made, to go over the vines a second 
time. If this is done, it will generally be possible to lengthen the time 
before the next application. In order to spray effectually, care should be 
taken that the growth is not too thick. When the vines are trained upon 
two wires, one above the other, it is well to have the lower wire about one- 
half way to the ground, and if many suckers are sent out from the vines, 
they should be rubbed off so as to keep the vines open. A little summer 
pruning just before spraying may also be necessary in order to open up the 
vines so that all of the clusters can be reached. 


SPRAYING MACHINERY. 


In order to spray vineyards cheaply and effectually, a good spraying 
rig should be used. While, if provided with proper rods, and nozzles, a 
barrel pump such as is used in orchards might answer for small vineyards, 
it will be better in the end to have a power vineyard spraying outfit. There 
are several that will do excellent work. A rig with a light gasoline engine 
can be used for this purpose, while vineyard sprayers made by E. C. Brown 
& Co. of Rochester, New York, the Spramotor Co., Buffalo, New. York, the 
Wallace Machinery Co., of Champaign, Illinois, and the Niagara Gas Sprayer 
Co. of Middleport, New York, will, if properly handled, prove satisfactory. 

From the extent to which the disease prevailed, especially in the Lawton 
district, last year, it is very evident that unless the season is less favorable 
for the rot than it has been during the past two or three years, and unless 
the matter is promptly taken up by the Michigan grape-growers, the crops 
in the sections where the disease has appeared will be of little value the 
coming year. 

It will be possible to spray the vines properly at an expense of from $5.00 
to $7.00 per acre, according to the number of applications required, and it 
is very sure that the benefit of the spraying will more than equal this sum 
in the freedom from other fungous diseases, to say nothing of the improved 
flavor of the grapes, even though the rot does not appear. 

Last year the grapes in the vicinity of Lawton and Paw Paw were seriously 
injured by the late spring frosts and other causes, which resulted in greatly 
reducing the crop, but there were many vineyards which promised from 
fifty to seventy-five per cent of a crop, which were attacked by the rot and 
hardly a basket was picked from them. Had these vineyards been thoroughly 
sprayed, a good crop would have been insured, and at the prices at which 
grapes sold, the increased returns would have been sufficient to have paid 
for spraying the vineyards for twenty years. 

While the price may not be as high in coming years, there is every reason 
to expect that next year and for several years to come, the virulence of the 
rot will increase and the only safe way is to spray. To the grape growers I 
will say that there is no middle course, ‘‘spray or surrender.” ; 

Mr. Farrand, Eaton Rapids: I recommend using the soda Bordeaux 
in the first stages of grape rot. Ihave used it, and it is a very strong fungicide. 
Soda Bordeaux, 5 ounces lime to 2 ounces copper; 1 pound of Babbitt’s 
concentrated lye, or soda is what it is, and 3 pounds copper sulphate; 5 


14 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ounces of lime to 50 gallons of water. The soda Bordeaux I would recommend 
in preference to anything else for the last spraying of the grape, because 
it does not color the grape. 

Pres. C. B. Cook: The next speaker is a man that needs no introduction 
in Michigan. He is a man we have known by reputation all our lives, many 
of us, and he comes to us as an authority on this subject, and so it is with 
a great deal of pleasure this morning we call upon Mr. J. H. Hale, of Connec- 
ticut, on the topic, ‘‘Replanting and Building up of Old Orchard Lands.” 

Q. I want to inquire if there is any way of controlling the rose bug about 
the grape? 

Mr. Farrand: I have no way of controlling the rose bug only picking 
them off. 


REPLANTING AND BUILDING UP OF OLD ORCHARD LANDS. 


(J. H. HALE, CONNECTICUT.) 


We tillers of the soil know and believe in the rotation of crops, and that 
the more thoroughly we can rotate the crops of a farm, the better results 
we will get. But orcharding and rotating the orchard with other crops 
is rather a difficult problem in one’s lifetime, and we can’t practice our best 
beliefs along agricultural lines in orcharding, for two reasons: One is, 
trees are of long life and require a long time use of the land to do their best; 
and the other perhaps as important reason is that not all our lands are suitable 
for orchard purposes; and when we find suitable orchard tracts, those are 
too valuable for orchard purposes to be given over to any other agricultural 
proposition, if we are in the orchard business ourselves. 

I don’t know why this subject was put up to me, except I am in trouble 
myself down home. I am in the peach business very largely, although I 
grow apples; and the yellows has been very destructive this past year, and 
I was gunning around the country to my various horticultural friends to 
know what they knew about replanting over orchards, where yellows had 
destroyed the peach trees, and because I asked some pertinent and im- 
pertinent questions along these lines, some of your Michiganders, or some 
of your ganders that have left and gone east, because we have got more 
geese down there, suggested this was a subject to talk on. 

I know of no real good reason, if you are put right to it, why you ean’t 
grow any crop on any land continuously, because after we get off the rich 
virgin soils which are rich in all kinds of natural fertility, and where any- 
thing will grow without care, we are really manufacturers of agricultural 
products. The land is in a large measure the empty factory, with some of 
the raw material there, and what we take out of that factory must and will 
always depend largely upon what we put in in the way of seeds and plants 
and raw material and well directed labor; and, believing that to.be so, I 
have always felt in my agricultural operations, and it has grown more strongly 
upon me as I have handled the soil more, that we could continuously crop 
the land with any particular crop if we would furnish the necessary elements 
that that crop took out of it. It might be better to rotate, but we could stay 
there with only one crop if we must. I have been planting some of our most 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. ~ 15 


available orchard lands in the east, were old apple orchards in my boyhood 
days, and I have helped remove those apple orchards and replanted the 
same land immediately, or within a year or two, with peaches and pears 
and plums and apples, and the only serious difficulty that I have found are 
that there is some root rot that may disease your young trees when yoit first 
plant them, and there is always some slight danger of aphis. I have been 
““skeery” of the yellows. I know the secretary shakes his head; and you 
people up here in Michigan think you can plant right over again where a 
case of yellows has come out; but I have always been a little skeery of it, 
and I have had good reason to be. Upon the whole, taking all our fruits 
together, I have planted a good many acres—perhaps a hundred or more— 
where there have been various orchards taken out, and I have had my 
troubles; but, with the exception of yellows, I have not found it impossible 
to make a good orchard, and usually a better one than the old one. I would 
not want to put my best friend right back into a bed where we had taken out 
a dead smallpox patient; but I believe the room and the bed and everything 
can be so purified that that bed is healthful to sleep in again; but I think 
it wants care and caution, and every known remedy to be applied that will 
make healthy conditions. So about lands. Where we have had old trees 
or diseased trees or trees taken out from any cause, I would want to aerate 
that land; I would like to plough it two or three times, at every season I 
could; and I would subsoil it, if it is land that can be subsoiled; and I would 
want to add some organic matter to it by ploughing under of green crops 
and leavening up the land. If the land is fit to open up in winter so you can 
plough in winter, in February or early March, if I can get on there and turn 
it up again—I am a great believer in frequent turning of the land and purify- 
ing the roots by freezing; and it seems to me a purifying of the land is one 
of the essentials. One of my best peach orchards in Connecticut was upon 
a hilltop where we had had an apple orchard; nobody knows how old the 
apple orchard was. They were vigorous trees, but they had got away up 
yonder; they were trees too high to be handled economically according to 
modern methods, and they were of mixed and uncertain varieties. Those 
trees were taken out root and branch one fall. The land was ploughed 
and subsoiled thoroughly that fall, and it was again ploughed in spring. 
In midsummer it was ploughed again and sowed with cow peas. I perhaps 
was one of the very first men in the north to grow the southern cow pea. 
That was more than twenty-five years ago, and a heavy coating of cow 
peas were grown there. After the frost had killed them in the fall, the land 
was ploughed and seeded to rye; and in the spring when the rye was a foot 
or more high it was turned under again and the land sowed to clover, a 
good crop of clover grown, and ploughed under in the spring; and then, 
with a good application of chemical fertilizers, that land was planted to 
peaches; and I never had a more vigorous or healthy growth of trees; and 
it is Just going out now at 18 and 19 years of age, and has been a healthful 
profitable orchard. But that was one kind of fruit following another. On 
another strip of land near by, where there had been an old peach orchard, 
and some native seedling trees; some eight or ten acres of those peaches 
interplanted with the apples: They were all taken out and the land treated 
much in the same way as the former old apple orchard, except there were 
two crops of clover instead of one, and no cow peas, and I have built up a 
most successful orchard there. Whether it is in spite of there having been 
a previous crop of orchard trees, or on account of better preparation, I 
don’t know. 


16 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The fellow that has failed in developing the good orchard out of where 
there was an old one, is the one who knows where the difficulties and troubles 
are; and the fellow who has gone on and won, thinks he knows it all, and 
doesn’t let you into the real truth of the game. And it takes a good many 
experiences and failures, and there are a whole lot of you in Michigan and 
in the east that are wanting to know what to do. 

I have had experience in Georgia. My first hopefulness was inspired 
perhaps by a German neighbor in Georgia, who had one of the finest orchards 
I knew of down there twenty years ago, and it finally failed in various ways; 
there was a good many missing trees. He pulled out the trees, ploughed 
the land, subsoiled it, put on a crop of cow peas, and immediately planted 
it to peaches, and has made as fine an orchard as you will find anywhere 
in the South. He had sold the place; it was infested with San Jose scales; 
the trees nearly dead; the new owner concluded he better pull them out, 
and he did, and sowed a crop of cow peas there during the summer; the 
following winter they were replanted. He now has a splendid orchard. 
the third on the same land in 20 years. 

So that in my own orchard in Georgia, I have taken up some 300 or 400 
acres of orchards at 15 or 16 vears of age, and have replanted the land. 
Some of them are now two and three years of age, and are coming along 
superbly. If vou just plow the land over to stir up the subsoil and are not 
particular in getting the roots down into the new soil, there is not as quick 
a start as on new land. It does pay to give a little extra care and a little 
extra feeding to the trees—nitrogenous manure—and I find nothing better 
than nitrate of soda to stimulate a quick start. Once get a young tree started, 
and I have had no difficulty in growing a healthy apple or peach or plum 
where other trees had been before, except in the case of the yellows. I 
have had trouble with that, and I am out here to have you help me. I 
have written to some of you Michigan men, and I want some of you to help 
me. I need help to know how. to grow a healthy peach tree on any land 
once infested by vellows.* 

J had an orchard some ten years ago—possibly ten, I won’t be accurate 
as to the years, but ten or twelve, infested with the yellows so that perhaps 
30 per cent of the trees had died, and it seemed best to pull the whole orchard. 
I pulled it out clean right after fruiting time in late September, and ploughed 
the land; in December I cross-ploughed it again. It happened to be an 
open winter—it was rather a gravelly or sandy piece of ground—and I was 
able to plough it again in February, and ploughing it deeper; in spring the 
land was again ploughed and a crop of corn planted thereon. In the mean- 
time I had talked with some of you Michigan people, who said, “Certainly 
you can plant right over where you have had the yellows.” So after being 
out of trees only one year I planted it with peaches; the trees grew vigor- 
ously and well. I planted on an adjoining new land half a mile away some. 
of the same trees from the same nursery row. In two years these trees 
planted on the old yellows ground began to show signs of yellows; and we 
had to pull them out, and 90 per cent were actually gone with the yellows; 
and not a sign of vellows on the trees planted on the new land half a mile 
away. That made me sit up and take notice, either the conditions were 
absolutely different in Connecticut than in Michigan, or else you Michigan 
people were fooling me. I knew the trees were not. I kept that land free 
of fruit crops for four years, ploughing it always twice a year; ploughing 
under green crops, and growing various other farm products on the land, 
manuring it liberally with commercial fertilizers and with stable manure; 


4 


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oe 


6 


—— * x 


Bae Sy 


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Good measure and uniformity guaranteed 


Grape Harvest in Vineyard of W. K. Munson, Grand Rapids 


Baskets are without covers for local market. 


Jaylelu awoy ay} ul A[[e(sadsa ‘sjunos Aqpend “WO}JOT OF do} ‘awes PayUBlie A 
spidey puBiry “doid “UOSUN Ay yt oA « Wey JJOADIULA ,, WOlL sadvir) pAosuo’y AQue ft 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 17 


and four or five years ago I planted it again with peaches, and planted another 
lot of the same trees on another farm forty miles away. This last fall I 
have had to take out every one of those trees with the yellows. Now I 
don’t know. I don’t know what isthe matter. Is it because there are some 
trees with yellows half a mile away that are doing that? Or is it something 
of yellows in the soil? Dare I plant that land over again? Iam here to ask 
questions and to get advice, rather than to give it. It is a serious proposi- 
tion. I have a large tract of orchard land—this original apple orchard 
that was made from the apple orchard into a peach orchard, that was taken 
out with yellows a year ago. The land in the fall of 1906 was ploughed 
thoroughly and well, and this spring it was ploughed again and sowed with 
cow peas and clover together; the cow peas have died down by frost, and 
the clover is a heavy mat upon the land. I expect to plough it next spring. 
The land would be worth a thousand dollars an acre to me if I dared plant it 
with peaches this coming spring, but I dare not. I have another tract of 
22 acres, which I seeded with clover in the fall, and in the spring ploughed 
under again and has had cow peas the past summer, and it is in superb shape 
for replanting. I wouldn’t mind planting apples or plums or pears there 
but I want to plant it to peaches; it is valuable peach land to me. Dare 
I do it? You Michigan men say yes. 

I have taken up a new piece of land and planted it with trees and had 
them all go with yellows at the second and third and fourth years, when 
the same trees, away from what I call poisoned land, were healthy, and they 
are healthy yet. What shall I do about it? I don’t know. 

The large hill had been a peach orchard for eighteen years; and finally, 
many of the trees having gone out from yellows, a new piece of ground low 
down, which never had had peaches before, was planted with peaches. I 
don’t know whether there was any wash from that land. It is the only thing 
I can conceive of that would bring the poison down there. Or is there any 
poison in the soil? My friend, your secretary, says no. I don’t know. 
You see I am here asking questions. 

I believe there is no trouble in getting fertility enough in any land to grow 
new orchards following old ones. No question about that. No question 
about getting the organic matter by growing green crops. No question 
about the aphis there; bv liberal use of nitrate of soda you can grow roots 
enough to get away from those and get roots down away from them so you 
may get healthy trees. I haven’t any doubt but you can grow strong, 
vigorous orchard trees of any variety on any land where you have taken 
out trees, whether they have been ten or twenty or a hundred years, or older. 
There is no trouble whatever. .That is my experience. The only doubt 
in my mind is in regard to keeping free of yellows when once it has been in 
that soil. 

I am a great believer in commercial fertilizer. Yes, I think I know, 
if I know anything; but my neighbors are in doubt about that, and I agree 
with my neighbors in some things. But I believe commercial fertilizers 
are the life and the hope of agricultur al prosperity. I believe they are better 
for most of our trees and plants and vines than the stable manures. I 
believe what organie matter we want in our soils—and we do want it—can 
best be got there by the growing of green crops. And I think one of the 
great mistakes of every horticulturist, of every tiller of the soil, is that he 
does not keep more of the leguminous crops growing on his land. IT believe 
all of us who have taken up land in this God-given country of ours ought 
to leave every acre of it better than we found it: It can be steadily im- 

3 


18 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


proving easily with the leguminous crops and chemicals that are given to 
us. I believe in subsoiling whenever and wherever it can be practiced; 
and yet in some soils it cannot be done; and in some gravelly, sandy subsoils, 
it would be of no value. But in building up a new orchard the one thing 
to be sought is to get a quick jump on the tree the first season it is put in 
the land. If you.don’t get a good go to your tree the first season, pull it 
up and start over again, er don’t start there. Don’t hope for any later 
growth to make up for the lost first year. Get it the first season sure. In 
the first place, make up your mind you are going to get it, but get it sure, 
without any question whatever. 

After all, nearly all these problems are summed up in one of Kipling’s 
poems: 

“Things never yet created things: 
Once on a time there was a man.” 


He might have added, “or a woman.’ But somebody must be back of the 
job. It is the man that has faith in the soil, faith in the trees and plants 
he handles, faith in his God, and faith in himself, that wins out when the 
other fellow will fail nine times out of ten. 


DISCUSSION. 


Mr. Charles Wilde: I would like to ask how you apply the nitrate of soda? 
On the surface? And at what times? 

Mr. -Hale: In any ploughed land I always apply a little in the spring 
soon after planting time, on the surface; hoe it in, work it in. Only a little 
at a time as nitrate of soda is wonderfully rich and powerful. 

Mr. Charles Wilde: How much to a tree? 

Mr. Hale: Not over a quarter of a pound at any one application to a 
newly planted tree. You would supply this perhaps the first of May or the 
middle of May in this latitude, and again the middle of June, and again by 
the first of August; and if there is any go in the tree it will show it, and it 
will show it after the first year also. I have been astonished at the results 
of using nitrate of soda after the first vear. It is supposed by many if you 
don’t get it in in a few minutes it is gone forever but this is a mistake. 

Mr. Hutchins: Do you have any difficulty with winter killing with that 
kind of growth? 

Mr. Hale: Well, I didn’t say that kind of growth—I said good vigorous 
growth. We had one freeze in the fall a number of years ago that nipped 
a good many fruit trees that were growing liberally, and we have had one 
winter perhaps in the last 20 years—34 below zero we had one year; and 
our most vigorous young trees were injured then, although none of them 
were killed entirely. I don’t like to stimulate the growth of a tree much 
after the first of August. Let it grow and mature then through August, 
September and October. But there are so mauy more trees die from lack 
of growth than from over growth, that you don’t need to be very much 
scared about winter killing. 

Q. I would like to ask in connection with what Mr. Hale has said about 
jerking out of the young tree that did not get a good start, if he pulls out 
all those that get injured during the summer by the instruments of cultiva- 
tion? If they get a bad scar on one side, do you take that out and replant 
it next year, after the first year’s growth? 

Mr. Hale: I want to assume that instruments of cultivation are not 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 19 


instruments of torture. I am as careless as you are, and my men are a good 
deal like the rest of you. If a tree is scarred, we keep watch of the trees 
searred, and go right along and cut with a good sharp knife the rough bark 
and paint them over immediately. That is the rule. And ordinarily you 
can scar a tree or a human heart everlasting, and if you treat it well after- 
wards it will heal up and things go along pretty well. (Applause.) 

Mr. Greening: Of course, Mr. Hale, you make some exceptions to a poor 
growing season, don’t you? For instance, like this year? We have had a 
very poor growing season in the north, and | think the condition has pre- 
vailed likewise everywhere in the world, and the trees that were planted 
last spring have no doubt made the poorest g growth this year of any known 
in the history of the nursery business. 

Mr. Hale: I suppose that is a sort of nurseryman’s plea for his trees not 
doing as well as they ought to. I sympathize with you, Brother Greening. 
I have been there myself. But this is no joke. Why of course, conditions 
of the season, you have got to judge by the conditions of the season; but 
a poor growing tree that is poorer than the rest in a poor growing season is 
one that ought to be taken out. And yet if a tree makes a very poor start 
even on account of the season, it is many times better to invest another 
dollar with the nurseryman. You see that will help your business along. 
I suggest you let him pull them out. If you don’t get a tree or a calf or a 
boy started right, right down from the ground floor, it is hard to lick them 
into shape. And so I am emphatic on start. 

Mr. Van Wagoner: A tree that is partially winter-killed, is it advisable 
to replant? 

Mr. Hale: What do you mean by partially winter-killed? 

Mr. Van Wagoner: The limbs frozen back. The body is all right. 

Mr. Hale: If the body and roots are all right, make a new top. Don’t 
bother about that. f 

Mr. Greening: This question of filling up the soil and renovating the soil 
in old orchards is one of greater importance than I believe we can possibly 
appreciate. During the time I attended the fair at Benton Harbor this fall 
I had many of the fruit growers come to me rather discouraged along the 
lines of planting new orchards where the old ones had died out. One gentle- 
man told me that he had planted last spring a number of thousand peach 
trees, and a portion of these were planted where an old orchard had stood, 
and the balance of it lapped over on to soil that had not been used for orchard 
purposes before. The trees on the ground where the old orchard was nearly 
all died, and the trees on the new ground, with very few exceptions, all lived, 
although he told me that more than 95 per cent of the trees had lived and 
made a good growth while the others had died. I asked him what was the 
trouble, and he explained to me that he thought it was the aphis. 

Now I believe that soil from which old orchards have been taken must 
have time to recuperate. I believe that soil should have rest at least for 
two or three years, that green crops should be ploughed under; and I know 
no better experience along that line than one I had myself on my own grounds 
at home. Now a tree will take a certain fertilizing element out of the soil 
that no other plant will take up, and what it takes out has been a puzzle 
to me. For instance, a crop of apple trees grown, followed up with a crop 
of pear trees—I am speaking now of nursery work—with an interval of one 
year, during which time we ploughed under a new crop of cow peas, then 
again followed up with a crop of cherry trees, we found that the soil had 
been badly impoverished. Instead of our letting the land lie two years 


20 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


and ploughing under for two years in succession such crops as Canadian 
peas and cow peas, this land had been fertilized with stockyard manure, and 
heavily too; but for some reason we were unable to deposit in that soil the 
element that was taken up. Consequently I am of the opinion that soil should 
have some rest. This question is one that is very important, for the reason 
that we have had the period of orcharding here in Michigan so that the soil has 
been actually impoverished to some extent, and the way to build it up is a 
question that I can’t answer, and a question that is very important at the 
present time. I believe that conditions are different here than they are 
with Mr. Hale. I think that our climate is different, and the consistency 
of our soil is different; but what needs to be done to build up this land is 
a question to me, unless it is, as Mr. Hale says, using green crops and letting 
the soil rest. 

Mr. Benton Gebhart: I would like to ask Mr. Hale whether he has used 
the potash and phosphoric acid freely the first or second year in replanting 
those peach orchards where old orchards have been taken out with the yellows? 
I have practiced this method of fertilizing heavily with hard wood ashes and 
we made a success in planting right in. I have orchards now of four to five 
vears of age, and trees planted where there were 30 to 50 trees went out 
in a year on an acre, and I have not discovered a single case of the yellows. 

I have also used liberally of both potash and phosphoric acid in all my 
planting. 

Mr. Hale: Iam glad to hear you say that. It gives me hope. Whether 
it gives me faith or not I don’t know. I have always been a liberal feeder 
of potash. 

Mr. Halstead: How deep were they plowed? 

Mr. Hale: Every one thinks he plows deeper than he does. A man who 
thinks he ploughs 8 inches deep usually gets about 5. I think that we 
plough about 8 inches deep, and subsoil about 8 inches more; twice 8 would 
be 16, and I guess about 11 or 12 inches, to get right at actual facts. When 
you have broken up your ground 12 inches deep you have done so much 
better than the rest of us do that you better be satisfied I think. We try 
to do a good deal more than that, but I don’t think we ever get as low as 
we think we do. Perhaps we better call it a foot. 

Mr. Munson: I would like to ask Mr. Hale if he has ever had any trouble 
with the aphis in planting trees soon after an old orchard? 

Mr. Hale: Oh, yes, we always have the aphis; but by a liberal use of 
nitrate of soda, stimulating the trees to the very rapid growths, the roots run 
away from them. I think you can find aphis on the roots of young trees in 
any old land. 

_ Mr. Munson: Has any one here tried the using of tobacco dust in that? 
And how much, if they have? I have had more trouble with the aphis 
than anything else in planting over old land. 

Mr. Hale: Using tobacco dust or tobacco stems from the tobacco factory 
is one of the choicest fertilizers you can get. Our tobacco men in the Con- 
necticut Valley buy it by the hundreds of tons and use it as their choicest 
fertilizer. It is the best form of potash they can get. It won’t hurt the 
roots, and it stimulates the tree. 

Q. Do you put that right next to the roots? 

Mr. Hale: Oh, yes, if in fear of aphis. 

Mr. Munson: Have you ever tried nitrate of soda on nursery trees? 

Mr. Hale: Certainly and always with success. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 21 


Mr. Munson; Have you seen any good results? Our soil is a heavy soil. 
Have you ever tried it on heavy soil? 

Mr. Hale: On all soils. I never saw a place where nitrate of soda would 
not make trees grow. The trouble is, it often grows them too big and luxuri- 
ous. It grows them almost too fast and should only be applied early in 
the season. 

Mr. Greening: We made a practical test. Took a number of rows, 
using nitrate of soda and working it in. On some of the rows we did not use 
it, and we couldn’t see the difference. The trees were just as big as ever. 
There was a good crop of trees. 

Mr. Hale: You had fine trees anyway? 

Mr. Greening: Yes. How much would you use? 

Mr. Hale: Our nursery trees we have used 100 pounds at an application, 
and given sometimes three or four applications in a coarse growing season; 
but 200 to 400 pounds is an enormous application per acre. 

Q. You follow it up several times, do you? 

Mr. Hale: Oh, yes. You don’t want to put it all on at once. 

Q. Do you make this application all over the ground? 

Mr. Hale: Just immediately around the tree the first year. After the 
first year, broadcast, on everything. The first year, around the tree. 


“ AFTER,” IN THE FROZEN DISTRICT. 


(SUPT. F. A. WILKEN, SOUTH HAVEN EXPERIMENT STATION.) 


From the title of the subject you might think this is a talk on Alaska 
or some place like that, but it is only a crude talk on the case of freeze-out 
we got along the lake shore last year. The freeze came the 10th of October, 
and it has temporarily hit us pretty hard. It has killed most of the peach 
trees and Japanese plums and pears, especially pears and apples, especially 
in the low places where they made a strong growth; and it has killed back 
most of the small fruits. As a result of that, our farms there are being 
left, and the transportation companies have shortened their accommoda- 
tions and cut their seasons short. But outside of the temporary embarrass- 
ment, I think the ultimate result of this freeze will be good. 

The freeze itself has of course given us lessons. There is never anything 
that happens that does not give a lesson; and it has impressed upon. us some 
important things that have been spoken on already. The main thing it 
impressed upon us was the importance of location for peach orchards. The 
only orchards that were left untouched by the freeze were those in the most 
desirable locations, and they were on the northwest slope, and generally 
were the highest point between them and the lake. Where there has been 
an elevation higher than any have been the trees were more seriously damaged. 

Another thing, the importance of fertilizers, was impressed upon us by 
the freeze. Trees that did not receive enough fertilizer of course were 
killed, where their stronger brothers were left untouched. Very often we 
saw in the same neighborhood, in almost the same conditions, with just 
better care in the way of fertilizing—one orchard would be in good condi- 
tion and the other would be killed. The stronger trees could stand the 
effect of the freeze better. Too many, it is known that when they do fertilize, 


22 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


use only barnyard manure. It will tend to make the tree grow to wood 
too much; and it is considered best to add a little muriate of potash and 
phosphoric acid. The barnyard manure makes the tree grow too strong 
and prevents it from hardening up. ‘Trees of that kind were some of those 
most seriously attacked. 

It was especially noticed that pears and apples that were on lower ground 
that was rich in nitrogen made a good growth, probably a little over the 
average. Many of the pear trees that were on somewhat low ground, leaved 
out well in spring, and were apparently in good condition as far as external 
appearances were concerned, but toward the end of summer the leaves had 
reddened long before it was time for the fall coloring, and in a short time 
the whole orchard would be colored. I have seen whole orchard’s leaves 
just as red as they could be; and upon examination the head of the tree 
would be in good condition, but just above the snow line (we had about 
six inches of snow) the bark was girdled with a band of sap wood as black 
as coal, and the tree was literally choking to death. 

Japanese and European plums were also affected that way. Japanese 
plums were most all killed, except in good locations. 

A hedge on the northwest was of great benefit during this freeze. Where 
orchards had protection from the northwest, many of them were saved. 
This was especially noticed at our station, where we had hardly any trees 
killed except a few of the peaches. The younger peaches were killed. Jap- 
anese plums were saved, with the exception of Red June and the Satsuma. 
The Abundance seemed to stand the freeze better than any of the others. 

One peculiar thing at the station about the freeze was that the Pecan 
which is a southern tree and grows well with us, but never bears as it is 
probably too far north, it came through the freeze in good condition. The 
Japanese Walnut did not do as well, although it always bears well, its entire 
top was killed. It seemed peculiar that a southern tree should stand the 
freeze, while the Japanese Walnut should be killed back. 

The small fruits are only temporarily disabled. Most of the raspberry 
plantations were cut back and are in good condition for next year’s crops. 
The gooseberries and currants were treated likewise and will be in good 
condition. The grapes are most all frozen back to the snow line; I have 
seen too many cases where they were neglected and the sprouts allowed 
to come at the bottom without any care at all. The trunk should have been 
cut back to the snow line and the sprouts allowed to come out and all but the 
stronger sprouts cut off after they had started well. The side shoots of 
this remaining shoot were cut off so as to give it all the opportunity to 
grow up to the wires again; and after it has grown long enough it should 
be tied up. 

It seems to me the effect of the freeze in general, the good effect, the ultimate 
effect, will be that it will rid us of a lot of the real estate orchards that have 
been set down on the low land and anywhere regardless of location to sell. 
The country was boomed as a peach belt and people put peach orchards 
everywhere in this belt. Strangers would come from the city and other 
places who did not know very much about fruit growing nor where a peach 
orchard should belong, and they would find them most generally where 
they ought not to have been. The good ones were generally held on to; 
the others were sold; and it hurts the reputation of a country to have orchards 
like that, to have people come in and make bad work of an orchard, to give 
it poor care. It makes a slovenly looking place. But I believe the ultimate 
effect of this freeze will be to wipe out these localities. It will diversify 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 23 


the crops. There will be less peaches and people will go into small fruits 
and apples more. The peach trees will be kept in the locations for the best 
peach ground, the high ones with the west and northwest slope. The slope 
is very important I have noticed.. I have seen some places where the slope 
was just slightly to the east on one side of the road, and on the other side 
the slope was to the west; that on the west had a crop probably three times 
as often as the one on the eastern slope, and the slope was not very great 
either. The matter of location cannot be too thoroughly impressed upon 
the fruit growers in the lake shore district. 

Fertilizer: It is good to start your trees fast, but, as I said before, too 
many use only barnyard manure or clover crop and turn it under. I have 
seen trees, especially peaches, treated that way with clover and barnyard 
manure that would grow so fast that every spring they would have two- 
thirds or three-fourths of their growth killed back, and later the bark would 
crack and the tree would be in poor shape and be subject to yellows and other 
diseases. 

It is folly to think that the freeze killed all the scale, or nearly all of it, 
It has killed it on the trees that were killed, of course, and a great portion 
of it on the other trees; but there is plenty of scale left; and it is folly for 
township boards to prevent their commissioners from making a general 
inspection of the orchards. Now, I think, is the principal time to make 
a good inspection of the territory, while the scale has been checked some, 
and to get the growers to spray. 

The freeze in one way has given us the benefit by killing the scale. The 
scale was getting rather serious. There around South Haven about 90 per 
cent of the trees were infested. Now it will give the growers a chance to 
get ahead of it. It may in time be the same as before, as probably a great 
many will not spray. But it is hoped that the sluggard, the lazy man, 
will be kept out in the new order of things. Then the scale can be kept in 
check and the fruit belt be better than ever. (Applause.) 

The President: Mr. Wilken has put this subject well before us. Probably 
our eastern brother here has learned more along this line than almost any- 
body else, so | am going to ask him to give us a little of his experience. 

Mr. Hale: I don’t know, Mr. President, what special experience you 
refer to. I have had so many of them; with the southern negroes that they 
all look sort of nice to me now. : 

The freeze in Georgia in 1899, the middle of February, after our trees 
were in bloom and we had had a temperature of 80 degrees for more than 
two weeks, at the warmest part of each day—came a freeze and they dropped 
down to four below zero. I was north at the time, but as soon as I could 
pack my grip (perhaps ten minutes) I started for Georgia. Arrived down 
there next day, and everybody was mourning the loss of the fruit crop. 
That didn’t worry me at all, because I knew it wasn’t but 365 days until 
next year; but the trees did worry me a good deal, and I made examinations 
and found the tops were practically all dead or dying, would die; that on 
only the northeast side of the tree was there any live bark or any that showed 
much of any life—a little strip on the northeast side of the trees. It looked 
as though the trees were absolutely gone, but I thought it was worth trying, 
and I got every pair of pruning shears and saws on the place, and telegraphed 
to Philadelphia for a lot more, and in a few days I had sixty men in there 
among the tops of the trees taking the tops all off except where there was 
a branch occasionally that showed chances of life. We left some little bit 
of the top and started pulling out the brush; in the meantime, about two 


24 " STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


hours after this topping had begun, I was driving down one of the avenues 
of the orchard, and a negro, who had formerly been a slave on the place 
and had never been off it, one of our best and most faithful men, stepped 
out on the avenue and stopped me. He says, ‘“‘Cap’n, l’se powahful sorry 
for you for this loss. You know, Cap’n, I’se here when you put dem fust 
little sticks in the ground.” He says, ‘‘I remember when you fust planted 
dem fust little sticks in the ground, an’ foh five yeahs we see de money 
comin’ out dat winder eb’ry Sat’day night. De Lawd know where it come 
from; but it comes fum somewhere. Den you get some good crops, and you 
go ‘long, and eb’rybody prosperous; and den dere come dis great frost. 
I thought it was bad ’nuff when yo’ done lose de crop; but now I see yo’ 
done lose de trees; cut se tops all off. I’se ben talking to de boys ’bout it. 
We’se sorry for yo’. We don’t wanter go off dis place. I’se talked it over 
with de boys, and we all wants te hab yo’ lower our wages one-half, and 
we'll stay with yo’ ’till dis orchard comes into bearing again.” 

Think of men, getting 60 and 75 cents a day, coming and voluntarily 
offering to cut their wages in two because they were sorry for you! That 
is sympathy that wins. And I said to the man then, ‘There will be never 
any lowering of wages. That sort of spirit will make these trees live. They 
have just got to live and pay these wages, so cheer up and keep at work.” 

We took out the brush; and put on fertilizers; and we shook up the orchard 
with culture as it was never shook up before, big new tops were grown on those 
old butts: in one summer and the next year’s crop was the largest and most 
profitable we ever had, and I tell you that old colored man’s spirit and the 
loyal help of all those helpers had a lot to do with it. The Creator of all 
good things never goes back on work of that sort. 

Q. What is the best treatment for young apple orchards, that were killed 
to the ground in the October, 1906, freeze, and have thrown up from one to 
eight sprouts above the graft? Will it pay to leave a young tree that is 
dead one-half way around the body? 

Prof. Fletcher: It will depend, I suppose, upon the age of the trees in 
the first place, and also upon how seriously they have been injured. I 
cannot tell you—Mr. Hale wouldn’t want to tell you I know, whether it 
would or would not pay. But we can say this, that the older the trees are 
the less likely it is it would pay to keep them. To make an off-hand guess, 
I should give it as my opinion, only as my opinion, that trees over two years 
planting, which have been injured as seriously as this states, and which had 
thrown up these suckers, it would not pay to keep. But if the trees had 
been only planted one or two years, and one of those sprouts above the 
graft was stalwart and smooth and promising, it might pay to keep them. 
But the weight of my opinion would be strongly in favor of getting new trees 
and starting from the ground up. ‘Trees cost little; a few dollars an acre 
buys them. The care and attention vou give the trees costs ever so much 
more. So one would be reasonably safe, I think, in saying that it would 
almost pay to get new trees. 

Q. Would it pay to leave a young tree that is dead one-half way around 
the}body? 

Prof. Fletcher: I don’t think it would. I am pretty safe in saying it 
would not. If there is a small wound around the body, that can be healed 
up; but any injury like a freeze extending over any length of the body, 
half-way of it, I would not think it would pay to keep the tree. In other 
words, I think that you should err, if you err at all, on the side of getting 
new trees, because trees weakened by the freeze as seriously as these seem to 


THIRTY-SSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 25 


be from the question, there is always a great doubt as to whether they will 
recover. I rather take the chances on young trees. If Mr. Hale does not 
agree with that, I would like to hear his opinion. 

Mr. Hale: My opinion is that you gave a most excellent opinion, a good 
answer. The only thought that came to me was, these trees that had sprouted 
away down to the ground, if they were perfectly healthy bodied, were lower 
down than we would start in any other way; and if the body which they 
sprouted from was absolutely sound and whole, and they were all right, 
I would leave some of them for a few low-headed trees or bushes, as we have 
got to have in our apple orchards in the future. We are going to eliminate 
the trunks of apple trees anyway when we get on to our job; and if nature 
has made a start, I think I would try a few of those trees that way. 

Mr. Simmons: Five years ago this last fall I had a tract of about 284 acres 
I wished to set to apples. I could only get one-half of it ready, and I set 
that half in the fall, and I had splendid success with the trees. Next summer 
they all lived and made a splendid growth. Next fall I said, “I will set 
the remainder of the apples in that orchard and have the work out of the 
way before spring.” So I set those trees, banked them up 16 or 18 inches 
all the way round. We had quite a hard winter that winter, and it killed 
almost all those trees right down to the bank; they sprouted up next summer. 
Of course I let them alone next spring; I didn’t do anything to them. They 
sprouted up all of them nearly after taking the banking away, but they 
didn’t look good tome. That fall I took them all up, reploughed the ground 
(I left a few), and next spring I reset that orchard, the half that didn’t live. 
Every one of those few trees which I left are black-hearted that died from 
the freeze. It is not safe, in my opinion, to leave any trees that have been 
killed, up to one or two years of age, with the expectation of getting anything 
of any value out of them. 


BORDEAUX INJURY OF THE APPLE. 


(PROF. U. P. HEDRICK, GENEVA, NEW YORK.) 


Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is indeed a pleasure to meet 
with the Michigan State Horticultural Society again, for it has been three 
years since I last saw the members of this society in session. I have been 
out of the State for that time, but have not lost track of the horticultural 
industry in Michigan. 

I have heard with great pleasure some of the successes and many regrets 
of the great disaster last year in your peach region. I only trust you are 
still of good heart, and the losses caused by the great freeze will in time be 
repaired. 

In leaving New York a few days ago I saw the president of the Western 
New York Horticultural Society, Mr. Berry, and he wished me to bring to 
this society from the Western New York Society the heartiest greetings, 
and this I do with great pleasure. 

I am sure you will all be glad to know that fruit growers in New York 
have had a splendid season, that the apple crop has been an enormous one, 
that the prices have been the very best, and that in all respects the fruit 
growers of New York are in good spirits. It was my pleasure to attend a . 

4 


26 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


fruit growers’ banquet—the Orleans County Fruit Growers’ Banquet— 
a few months ago, at which there were nearly two thousand fruit growers 
present. Some came in automobiles and fine carriages, and they were all 
happy and pleased and in good spirits; as I talked with them I found many 
of them had anywhere from 1,000 to 10,000 barrels of apples at $3 and $4 
a barrel, with peaches and plums and other fruit this year; they were rolling 
in wealth. It made me want to become an actual fruit grower; and I am 
sure you who have gone through some of these prosperous fruit seasons in 
Michigan in times past can rejoice with these New Yorkers who are rejoic- 
ing in a prosperous season this year. 

Your secretary has asked me to talk this afternoon on Bordeaux injury. 
It is not a subject that appeals to me, and I am afraid it is not going to appeal 
to you here, because there is nothing constructive about it; it is, in a way, 
sort of destructive; and besides, it is simply technical; and so I ask you to 
bear with me for a brief period while I discuss this matter of Bordeaux injury. 

You have been hearing so much about so many good things about Bordeaux 
mixture and the necessity of spraying and the relative value of Bordeaux 
mixture and any other spraying solution that can be used, that I suppose 
it is a matter of some surprise, and it is a matter of regret to all to know 
that Bordeaux mixture is capable at times of doing considerable injury. 
It is not to be wondered at, however; it is only 15 or 20 years since we began 
spraying at all, and we know comparatively little about the effects of mixtures 
that we have to use upon fruit; and there are a good many minor details 
that have never been worked out. When you come to think we scarcely 
know what the chemical composition of Bordeaux mixture is, and that it 
changes with weather conditions and the manner in which it is made, and 
all that, it is not to be wondered at that varying conditions may and do 
cause some injury. 

Then, too, when we first began the use of the Bordeaux mixture there was 
some doubt as to whether it would do any good, and with most fruit growers 
a lick and a promise was sufficient, and a dash of Bordeaux mixture was 
all that the trees got, and there wasn’t much chance for injury in the early 
days of spraying; but as time went on and fruit growers began to see that 
they could control the fungi of the various fruits by the application of Bor- 
deaux mixture, they began to put it on rather more plentifully, and with 
the advent of the power sprayers and the greater use of this and other 
mixtures, some injury began to show from the too great use of this mixture 
in particular. 

From the very first, from the first workers, the first man to demonstrate 
the value of Bordeaux mixture noted ;ome slight injuries that came from 
it on certain fruits. Tor instance, it has never been possible to spray peaches 
with any great degree of safety; it has never been possible to spray Japanese 
plums with safety; and there have always been some injuries on sweet cherries 
and on the quince; and some slight injuries have been noted by all workers 
on apples and pears; but seemingly within the last five years the injury 
has become very considerable. My attention was called to it about six 
years ago when spraying at the Michigan Agricultural College, and I began 
some experiments there to determine just what Bordeaux mixture or spray 
injury is, and how it can be prevented. The experiments were not carried 
on largely, however, and I could arrive at no definite conclusions as to what 
caused the injury, nor how it could be prevented. Upon going to Geneva 
in Western New York two years ago last August I found that was one of 
the things worrying the apple grower more than any other one thing. A 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 27 


canvass of the state undertaken that fall showed about 70 per cent of the 
men who had sprayed, while they had controlled scabs, had injured their 
fruit, some so greatly that they refused to spray with Bordeaux mixture; 
they preferred to run the risk of injury from apple scab and other fungi 
rather than to use the Bordeaux mixture. We began the next year a set 
of experiments to determine whether or not this mixture could be used 
without injury, and under what conditions the injury did most damage. 
Before that, however, I undertook a complete survey of the whole subject. 
I wrote to several hundred apple growers in New York asking to have their 
experience. I wrote to the horticulturists in every experiment station in 
the United States; I corresponded with men near the coast of Europe where 
apples are grown ; I wrote to the Japanese ; I wrote to New Zeeland, and every- 
where where Bordeaux mixture has ever been used, asking for the experience 
in the use of this mixture. I thought by thus taking a broad survey of the 
subject I might obtain some clews as to what the conditions at least were 
under which trees suffered most; and from this survey I did obtain clews, 
starting points which were invaluable in planning the experiments which 
we undertook last year. 

Before I go further, I suppose I may as well briefly describe this injury 
that occurs to apples, not mentioning that which occurs to other fruits, 
for it is the apple we are most concerned with; there may be some here who 
have not observed it. On the fruit of the apple it first manifests itself early 
in the season as small black dots, sometimes brownish dots, on the sprayed 
surface of the fruit; that is, part of the fruit that you see is most sprayed; 
as the season goes on, these spots multiply; when the fruits are half-grown 
the spots begin to coalesce and run together; the cells of the epidermis of 
the apple split and the fruit becomes badly russeted, and sometimes much 
malformed and greatly reduced in size, and the general appearance of the 
badly injured specimens is that of a cracked-open Flemish Beauty pear 
that we so often see when badly affected with the scab that attacks the pear 
and the apple. The fruit is not only reduced in size and malformed, and 
thus injured in appearance, but its keeping quality is seriously injured. 
We found from actual experiments in both cellar and storage work that the 
breaking open of the epidermis by the spray allows the escape of the moisture 
from the apple, so the fruit becomes mealy, and germs of decay set in the 
injured fruit; it does not keep nearly as long as the sound fruit. On the 
foliage yellow spots appear, brownish spots, very dark yellow, almost brown 
at first. These eventually become almost black and the whole leaf turns 
yellow, and much of the foliage drops in severe cases, so that often in a well 
sprayed orchard a quarter and even half of the foliage lies on the ground. 
Of course this means the fruit does not attain its full size and the crop is thus 
crippled, and the tree growth so weakened that buds fail to set for the succeed- 
ing crop, so that very material injury is caused to the tree as well as to the 
current fruit crop by this injury. The blossoms are sometimes badly in- 
jured if spraying is done—and it never should be done of course—while 
trees are in blossom, and often the blossoms drop so that no fruit sets what- 
ever. ‘ 

There are several other agencies that cause similar injuries. For instance, 
the frost; a heavy frost soon after apples set, which causes the russeting of 
the fruit. This frost injury is very similar to the Bordeaux injury. So 
also the work of the blister mite, a small mite which gets under the epidermis 
of the apple or into the epidermis, and causes an injury similar to the Bor- 
deaux injury. So, too, one or two fungi at certain periods of the growth 


28 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


of apple scab causes an injury similar to that which I am discussing. And 
spraying with the arsenite sometimes causes such injuries, and spraying 
with lime alone will sometimes produce russeted areas and cracked-open 
fruit, as in the case of the real Bordeaux injury. So that there are other 
agencies which may malform and injure fruit somewhat as does the Bordeaux 
injury. But the real Bordeaux injury can be told by all who have once had 
their attention called to it, it is so striking and so individual. Its character- 
istics are so peculiar that, once it is known, one ever after recognizes Bor- 
deaux injury. é 

In our work it was found certain sorts were almost immune to this injury 
—Northern Spies, Kings, Russets; the Alexander is still another, and we 
were not at all troubled with many other varieties from spraying with Bor- 
deaux, while other sorts were very susceptible. Unfortunately for us in 
New York, the Baldwin and Greening are very susceptible to Bordeaux 
injury, so it is almost impossible to spray and control apple scab and not do 
considerable injury to those two sorts. 

As to the way in which the injury is caused, it is pretty difficult to say. 
As I said in the beginning, Bordeaux mixture changes in its chemical com- 
position, after being applied, under the action of the sun and water and 
moisture, and it is hard to tell just what chemicals are set loose and how 
the action does take place; but it is supposed that the lime and the copper 
sulphate are disassociated and the copper sulphate becoming an acid, eats the 
tissues, kills the cells, and carrying these dead cells as the live cells grow about 
them, the epidermis becomes ruptured and split open, and the russeting 
comes from this dead tissue—the action of the growing tissue about 
this dead tissue. just as, if you injure the tissue of fruit in any way; 
for instance, rubbing of the fruit against a branch, or the action of frost 
or any other agency whereby cells die and become centers from which living 
tissue must part, tearing open the epidermis, we get this russeted appearance 
of the fruit. 

Coming now briefly to the experiments carried on at our station last year; 
we devoted ten acres in our experimental orchard to this work, keeping 
several men at it nearly all summer. We were determined to find out just 
exactly, as nearly as possible, what conditions, at any rate, caused the trouble; 
and in order that we might have all conditions, we secured the cooperation 
of 25 fruit growers in different parts of the State, hoping thereby to secure 
the different effects of all weather conditions. 

In all these experiments we had, within the one large experiment, four 
distinct experiments: 

First, to determine for a certainty whether or not Bordeaux mixture does 
cause this injury. So that one part of all the experimental plots was devoted 
wholly to this one end; leaving checked trees to see what the effects of Bor- 
deaux mixture would be on neighboring trees, and the lack of it on trees not 
sprayed. 

Second, part of the experiment was to determine what effect wet weather 
had upon Bordeaux mixture; so that we devoted a considerable number of 
the experimental orchards to plats in which the Bordeaux mixture was 
applied either during or just before or just after a rain. 

The third part of the experiment was to determine the value of the excess 
of lime. In my correspondence with horticulturists all over the country 
the preceding year I ascertained that a great number of fruit growers held 
that by adding an excess of lime they could prevent any of this injury— 
perfectly sure that one needed only to add double or treble the quantity 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 29 


of lime commonly recommended, and we should have no injury. We use 
equal quantities of lime and copper sulphate, and twice as much lime as 
copper sulphate, three times as much lime as copper sulphate, and four times 
as much lime as copper sulphate. 

And still a fourth experiment was to determine whether we could control 
the apple scab by using a lesser quantity of copper sulphate. 

I don’t want to go into the details of these experiments. You would not 
be interested in them, and besides they are published in a bulletin which 
all can have from our station. I only want, in summing up, to give you the 
results obtained, and make an application of them to your conditions. 

Taking up the first of the experiments: It became apparent from the 
very start there was no doubt but that Bordeaux mixture and Bordeaux 
mixture alone caused this russeting of the fruit. It began to show within 
two days after applied to the trees, began to show on fruit and leaves. On 
the other hand, on the checked trees there were no traces of it whatever. 
So that we were very sure that in all our experiments, not only on the station 
ground, but in all the cooperative exneriments, it was fully demonstrated 
the cause of this peculiar russeting of ieaves and yellowing of foliage was due 
to the Bordeaux mixture and to the Bordeaux mixture alone. There were 
no arsenites in the mixture at all, and no substances, so it could only have 
been the Bordeaux mixture. 

As to the second experiment, the influence of wet weather: It became 
apparent almost from the start, too, that wet weather was the great un- 
favorable condition for such using. Within a day after the trees had been 
sprayed, when sprayed just before a rain or during a rain, this injury began 
to show; while, when trees were sprayed during sunny weather or weather 
that would permit the mixture to dry upon the fruit, almost no injury was 
shown, and this injury became cumulative as time went on. There seemed 
to be a total disassociation of the copper sulphate and of the lime if the 
mixture was applied during a wet time. This was true, to some extent, 
of sprayings made in the afternoon or evening preceding dewey nights, nights 
in which much dew fell; showing that even dew could cause a disassociation 
of the lime and of the copper sulphate. 

With regard to the value of an excess of lime: In all the experiments 
(there was not an exception) it was found that the excess did not prevent 
the injurious action of the copper sulphate. The mixtures in which we used 
an equal quantity of copper sulphate and lime were as free from injury 
as those in which we used twice or treble or four times as much. So that 
I am now sure, and I feel that the apple growers in Western New York are 
all agreed that there is no value, no particular value, in adding an excess 
of lime to Bordeaux mixture; it is as good a mixture with equal quantities 
of lime and copper sulphate as it is with any greater addition of the lime. 
Two interesting facts came out in this experiment. One was that in wet 
weather the action of the copper sulphate in controlling the scab was a little better 
with an excess of lime; and the other was that in the dry weather spraying, 
the beneficial effects of copper sulphate in controlling the scab were lessened 
with the application of lime; they just offset each other. So we could see 
no benefit in recommending at any time—not being able to predict the 
weather—an excess of lime for Bordeaux mixture. 

The outcome of the last of the four experiments, that of determining 
the value of different strengths of copper sulphate, ought to be pleasing to 
you, inasmuch as copper sulphate is becoming more and more expensive. 
We found we could control the scab just as well with three pounds of copper 


30 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


sulphate and three pounds of lime in the Bordeaux mixture as we could 
with twice that amount: 6 and 6, or 5 and 5, in 50 gallons of water always. 
In fact, there was so much less injury when we used the less amounts of copper 
sulphate that our station is now recommending for Bordeaux mixture for 
apples and pears and the quince, 3 pounds of copper sulphate, 3 pounds 
of lime, and 50 gallons of water. When peaches and plums are sprayed, 
of course considerably less amounts than this must be used; and there is no 
need of using a stronger Bordeaux mixture than that which I have just 
named. 

Now, to just sum up in a word, then: If we are to spray our fruit trees— 
and all must concede that we can’t grow good fruits without spraying— 
in spite of the fact that Bordeaux mixture will do injury, yet all fruit growers 
who have had experience still hold that Bordeaux mixture is the sovereign 
remedy against all fungi, and the only one we have. Many experiments 
in different stations are now being carried on to see if we can’t find some 
fungicide and not injure fruit; but I fear, from my own work, we shall always 
find that any fungicide that is strong enough to destroy the spores of apple 
scab will also injure the fruit more or less. So the problem is to so spray 
as to destroy the scab and do as little injury as possible. 

We recommend, then, from our station, from these experiments, that 
the weak solution which I have given of Bordeaux mixture be used; that 
it be sprayed in moderation; the trees should not be drenched until great 
quantities of it run off, and yet every part of the tree should be covered, 
“foliage and fruit; and that the trees be sprayed always in dry weather. We 
used to say, “Spray rain or shine,” and if there were only a few hours of 
dry weather to permit the Bordeaux mixture to set on the leaf, that was 
‘all sufficient. But I fear we shall have to change that. We shall find it is 
greatly to our advantage both in saving the fruit from injury and in checking 
the scab to spray in dry weather. 

And lastly, there is no benefit in adding a considerable excess of lime; 
it clogs the pumps; it is harder to put on; in a case of dry weather it may 
somewhat detract from the value of the mixture; and, taking it all in all, 
there is no value in adding any considerable excess of lime in making Bor- 
deaux mixture. 

I have run through this experiment very hastily, and I have not given 
you the details; but I shall be glad to answer any questions or go into the 
matter of the spraying engine. I only hope that in thus telling of the defects 
of Bordeaux mixture I have not caused any man to think that if it is going 
to hurt his fruit he will not use it another year. On the contrary, you can’t 
grow fruit without spraying; and don’t think because there are some draw- 
backs to the use of Bordeaux mixture that you can get along without it. 
On that I want to make myself clear. I don’t want any one to accuse me 
here of finding fault with Bordeaux mixture or advocating its disuse. It 
is not used nearly enough, and J want to emphasize over and over again the 
fact that it must be used more and more if we are to grow good fruit. 


DISCUSSION. 


Mr. Bishop: Would it not be a good plan to spray the trees early with 
the stronger solution of Bordeaux mixture before the foliage starts? 

Prof. Hedrick: I have not gone into that matter of the proper sprays 
for the apple tree. In Western New York they now spray for the most part 
three times: Just before the buds open or begin to swell, with a fairly 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 31 


strong solution of Bordeaux mixture. As Mr. Bishop suggests, you can 
make that as strong as you like, adding to this mixture of course the proper 
arsenite. A second spraying is given just after the blossoms drop; that 
should be put on very carefully, and must not be strong. It is this second 
‘ spraying just as the small fruits are forming that does most of the injury. 
The third spraying is given two weeks after the second one, and much injury 
may be done in this third spraying, if the season is a very wet one; and if 
the fruit growers have a large crop it is now the practice to spray a fourth 
time; and in some seasons they spray five times; and this year I knew men 
in some parts of Western New York, who had a large setting of apples, to 
spray six times, in order to make sure that their apples were all free from 
scab and from the codling moth. I should say that three times is the 
practice with the average fruit grower in Western New York. Would recom- 
mend the other applications be made in exceptional seasons or when there is 
an exceptional crop of fruit which the grower wants to save in its entirety. 

Mr. Stearns: What do you say in regard to the addition of the lime 
when you use the arsenite? Would you use more lime then? 

Prof. Hedrick: No, I think not. The common practice of spraying 
the—I believe our fruit growers in New York are coming more and more 
to use the arsenate of lead, and that does no injury whatever. But when 
Paris green or soda or London purple are used, equal parts of copper sulphate 
and lime will give sufficient excess of lime to offset any injurious action of 
the arsenite. Our growers are using a very strong solution of arsenate of _ 
lead, but it is expensive. The advantages are that it never injures the fruit. 
The arsenite of soda sometimes does; and Paris green sometimes does. It 
is very easily applied. It mixes splendidly with water or Bordeaux mixture; 
and best of all, it sticks on everlastingly; you can’t wash it off; rains will 
not wash it off; and that is the great advantage. And the codling moth 
are sure to get it. But it must be used of a strength requiring a considerable 
quantity of the substance, and the cost is such that many fruit growers— 
only a man who is growing the best fruit feels he can afford it; 2 pounds 
to 50 gallons of water; some growers use 3 pounds to 50 gallons of water; 
and inasmuch as it costs anywhere from 9 to 14 cents a pound, according 
to the kind and quantity you buy, it is twice or three times as expensive 
as the arsenite of soda, and nearly twice as expensive as Paris green or London 
purple; but its advantages are such that if one is sure of a good price for fruit 
and has a good crop of fruit, it is well worth trying. . 

Mr. Post: I would like to ask if spraying early with lime and sulphur 
will take the place of any of the Bordeaux mixture for fungicide? 

Prof. Hedrick: Yes, sir. On our station grounds all through Western 
New York, here and there, we are badly troubled with San Jose scale, and 
all who have that must use lime and sulphur; and all who do use it do away 
with the first application of Bordeaux mixture and let the lime and sulphur 
take the place of the first application of Bordeaux mixture, and we are well 
satisfied that lime_and sulphur is practically as good a fungicide as the Bor- 
deaux mixture. 

George Tucker: Then we must continue to spray with Bordeaux mixture 
in order to hold the scab in check. After the scab is big as the end of my 
finger you can’t control it. The only time to control apple scab is to spray 
the blossoms just before the blossom—just the minute the apple blossom 
begins to show scab; don’t wait until it gets a stem on it. But when the 
little stem just begins to appear and the blossom opens enough so you can 


32 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


see the pink the least bit, take your paraphernalia and go into the orchard 
and get to work. 

Mr. Simmons: I have discarded the stone lime entirely; I don’t slake 
any more lime myself at all, only for the lime and sulphur spraying. I 
think the results are just as good with the hydrate of lime, and it is so much 
more convenient. 

Prof. Hedrick: I think there would not be any difference between the 
two kinds of lime. If you can’t get a good grade of lime, then I suspect 
the hydrate of lime is to be preferred; but when you can get a good stone 
lime, one that slakes without leaving any sediment, it is cheaper and fully 
as effective as the other. ; 

Mr. Halstead: You would recommend the August spraying for the codling 
moth? 

Prof. Hedrick: That is getting out of the discussion; and yet, had I 
a good crop in either Michigan or New York or any other of the states in 
this region, I should surely spray as a matter of insurance in August. I 
believe that the second brood of codling moths come at least once in three 
years, if not oftener. I would put in the copper sulphate, because there 
are some fruit blotches and fungi that come on late’, and I would spray 
with a weak Bordeaux mixture and some arsenite in August, had I a good 
crop of fruit; especially if the season were early. If the season were a very 
late one, I might change the procedure by not having a second brood of 
codling moth. Last yearin New York the second brood did far more damage 
to apples than the first brood. So that man who did not spray in August 
lost great quantities of fruit. You can’t be arbitrary about this matter of 
spraying. A man has got to know why he sprays and how the different 
cells act, and know something about the life history of the fungi and insects 
he is attempting to kill, and then use his judgment. 

Mr. Greening: Would you recommend a difference in strength .of the 
Bordeaux mixture for different varieties? 

Prof. Hedrick: ‘There are some sorts, such as the Ben Davis an Hub- 
bardson, and all the Russian kinds, as Wealthy and Duchess and Alexander 
that are not badly attacked with scab, and I think I never would spray Duchess 
for scab; I don’t believe the fungi ever do enough damage; and so with the 
Wealthy: I doubt whether it is worth while to use the Bordeaux mixture 
on the Wealthy for scabs. We do make a big difference on the different 
varieties. J have in my bulletin a whole list of them we tried experiments 
on, something like sixty kinds, but I cannot give you offhand a list of these 
varieties that you need and need not spray for scab. There are some sorts 
that are not injured by the Bordeaux mixture, while others are badly injured, 
so that the variety makes considerable difference. Yes, that is another 
thing that the successful fruit grower must take into account. 

Charles Wilde: Have you ever carried on any experiments when you used 
an arsenite with Bordeaux mixture, whether you used lead, Paris green, 
or lime in this combination? I used all three with the Bordeaux mixture. 
Without the Bordeaux mixture, there is no question but arsenate of lead 
is the best; but when you use it with the Bordeaux mixture I have not been 
able to find any difference, if I only put enough in; it seems to do the business. 
Have you had any experience on that line? 

Prof. Hedrick: We had no definite experiments on our station ground 
with these different arsenites; but in our cooperative experiments over the 
state I suppose we used all of the different arsenites. I can’t give you the 
details now, but so far as the injury is concerned to the fruit there is absolutely 


bs 


r Bordeaux Injury on the Apple 


Plate ].—Size of fruit when first sprayed on May 3]; upper row, Baldwins; lower row, Greenings 


Bordeaux Injury on the Apple 


Plate 2.—Size of fruit and russeting and malformation from Bordeaux Injury on June 18, shortly after 
the last spraying: upper row, Baldwins; lower row, Greenings 


Plate 3.—Severe Bordeaux Injury of Half-Grown Baldwin Apples 


Plete 4.—Teat-like Malformations on Ben Davis Apple Caused ly Bordeaux Mixture 


aanjxtyw xneasprog Aq pasned addy 243 Jo ,, Je2T MOUlPA,, 24F HO sjodg peaq jo iajoewyy—¢ awed 


Bordeaux Injury on the Apple 


Plate 6.—Structure of Stoma on young Greening apple: |, surface view; 2, cross section 


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THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 33 


no difference, whether you use the arsenate of lead, the Paris green, or arsenite 
of soda, or whichever one, no difference at all. We think the results are 
better with the arsenate of lead, because of its better sticking qualities, and 
because it spreads out better. 

Mr. Post: I think the Professor recommended three sprayings. With 
the conditions as they were this year, wouldn’t it be better to defer that 
spraying until late? People don’t- usually spray four times. 

Prof. Hedrick: If you are sure of doing a very good job the second time, 
and you are only going to spray three times, I would prefer to use the third 
application late in the season; I would prefer to do that in the average year. 
But suppose you have a wet season, long continued rain; then I am afraid 
you would find it to your advantage to use the third spraying early in the 
season. 

Q. I would like to ask Mr. Hedrick if he has noticed that the Bordeaux 
mixture delayed the season of ripening? Of course we don’t expect very 
much fruit—nobody does—without the Bordeaux mixture; and it might 
be hard to tell by leaving trees unsprayed—there might not be any fruit 
at the end of the year to tell whether they were ripening ahead or behind; 
but I notice where the leaves of the trees were continually kept white during 
the summer that the apple was late in ripening. 

Prof. Hedrick: We didn’t notice that, and we had a good many different 
plats, trees side by side, sprayed and unsprayed. I am glad to have my 
attention called to that, and I should like to notice it in the future; but I 
don’t remember in any of our experiments having seen anything to lead me 
to think spraying would delay the ripening. 

Q. I would like to ask if you don’t recommend the first spraying to be 
applied to the apple trees before the blossoms are quite all dropped? In 
my experience, the growers who had the largest crop and the least scab 
were those who sprayed their apples before the blossoms had all dropped; 
and those who had waited three to four days after the blossoms dropped 
had a large dropping of fruit and more or less scabby apples. My orchard 
was sprayed with lime and sulphur, and not sprayed again until just as the 
blossoms were dropping; when two-thirds of the blossoms had dropped, 
I went out into the orchard and picked a few stems to see whether they 
were setting good or not; I submitted them to microscopic examination 
and found the scab fungus just starting. I immediately began spraying with 
Bordeaux mixture. The consequence was I held the fruit all on the tree. 
Some of my neighbors who did not spray until the blossoms had all dropped, 
lost two-thirds, and some cases nine-tenths of their apples. 

Prof. Hedrick: It is against the law to spray while trees are in blossom. 

Q. Not without you spray with Paris green. 

Prof. Hedrick: Oh, well, a man would not want to spray with Bordeaux 
mixture and not Paris green. That is the very time you put Paris green 
in to catch the codling moth. You want to get the poison in the little calyx 
cups. You need to spray just as soon as you possibly can after the blossoms 
drop, especially if it is a late season. 

Q. If the season is late, the scab grows fast. In late seasons we must 
spray earlier than in ordinary years. 

Prof. Hedrick: In orchards where there are several varieties it is often 
necessary to spray some of them while they are in blossom and violate the 
law to that extent. But I should never advise any one to spray while the 
trees are in full blossom, and never advise any one to spray with Bordeaux 
mixture alone. 

5 


34 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Q. Ihave sprayed while the trees were in full bloom, and ‘quite extensively 
while they were in full bloom; I didn’t have any Paris green, nor I didn’t 
want any. Before I came to this meeting I talked with Mr. Statler, who 
carried the banner of the state for a long time. He said the best success 
he ever had was spraying just before they bloomed, and following it up even 
until they were in bloom, and finishing up while they were right in bloom. 
He said he was going to do that next year; that the best year he ever had was 
when he did that. 

Q. I would like to ask if there is any danger of killing bees by spraying 
just when the blossoms are dropping; that is, when one-half or two-thirds 
of the blossoms have dropped? 

Prof. Hedrick: Ithink not. Ithink the bees prefer to get on the blossoms 
as soon as they open. 

Mr. Mullen: Over near Lapeer, those that omitted the fall spraying 
this year, although it was a late year, lost very heavily by the codling moth; 
and the loss has been very heavy there where the trees have not been sprayed 
in August for two years. 

Prof. Hedrick: We shall have to come, I fear, to a spraying in early 
August as a yearly practice; have to do it as a matter of insurance. I feel 
sure of that. 

Dr. Brunson: With all due deference to the man from New York, I 
would say I sprayed with the lime and sulphur, and having read and heard 
it was not necessary to use that Bordeaux mixture before blossoming, I 
let that go, and am sorry; I had quite a lot of scab. 

Dr. Brunson: Three times after the blossoms dropped. I believe it is 
necessary; that is, where we have more scab than they do to spray directly 
before the blossoms come out, if we are going to be sure of getting ahead 
of the scab. In Western New York, where they have sprayed more and 
longer than we have, and have not so much scab, maybe then the lime and 
sulphur will do; but where they have not done so for a good while, and have 
a good deal of scab, I am sorry to say I lost a good deal of money by not 
spraying previous to their coming out. I think Mr. Crane will bear me out; 
and there are a good many down in our neighborhood who believe that to 
be the case. 

Mr. Crane: Mr. Statler told me that was the great mistake he made, 
that he sprayed with the lime and sulphur, and thought he might omit 
the spraying just before the blooming, and so he did; and while his has been 
the banner apple orchard, there were many orchards better than his this 
year. 

Mr. Crane: If we are following this thing enough to know what we are 
doing, we ought to know what we are spraying for. I put the question 
to Prof. Taft, and I asked him if he knew where the winter spore was that 
made the occasion for the summer spore, and where found? ‘ Yes,” he 
said, ‘you could see it through the microscope.”’ Where did you find it? 
‘Plenty of them on the dead leaves on the ground and around.” Did you 
ever find any on the tree on the bare wood? He stopped and hesitated a 
few moments. He says, “I must confess I never have found any on the 
wood.” Now what are you spraying the bare wood for, if you never found 
them? What are you trying to kill? You are trying to kill the winter 
spore that would only become the active spore in summer; and if you can’t 
find it on the bare wood what are you trying to kill it there for? 

Prof. Hedrick: You are getting this into plant pathology, and you haven’t 
taken it far enough. We don’t spray to kill the winter spore on the apple 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 38, 


tree. The spore has gone through one of the stages of existence and hag 
produced some of the summer spores on the different form of the same 
fungus, and that has covered the trees easily ; in the spring it has gone through 
some of its stages of growth. 

Q. Mr. Taft and other professors in the college have made the statement 
that by applying the copper sulphate in solution of 3 pounds to 50 gallons 
of water, sprayed on the bare wood would destroy the winter spores. He 
has made that statement in public. If that won’t do it, we want to know 
it. We don’t want to spray the bare wood to kill something that is not 
there; and if it is there, we need to know it will kill it. Will it kill it if it 
is there? 

Prof. Hedrick: The winter scabs, apple fungus, are found only on the 
leaves, and that on the leaves will be found the seed from which comes the 
disease on the fruit late in the spring; but from the scabs very early in the 
spring come the summer spores. On the early spring spraying we kill the 
early spring spores, not the winter spores. 


WORDS OF GREETING. 


Mr. C. G. Woodbury, of Purdue University: I feel rather delicate about 
interrupting this discussion here. I think much more good might accrue 
to the society from hearing some other thoughts from other gentlemen 
on this spraying proposition than from anything I might have to say. 

I will say, however, I am very glad to be here. I am sorry I must go so 
soon. My lot is cast in Indiana now, but I am formerly from Michigan; 
Michigan was my home, and I feel at home in any meeting of the Michigan 
Horticultural Society. It always does me good to get back whenever it is 
possible for me to do so. 

I was in the northern part of Indiana. I knew this meeting was to be 
here at this time, and I-seized the opportunity to come up for one day’s 
session. I wish I could stay during the whole meeting, but I must go back 
to my adopted state now tonight and be at the meeting of the Indiana Horti- 
cultural Society tomorrow morning. 

I shall take pleasure in carrying the greetings of the horticulturists and 
fruit growers of Michigan to those of Indiana, and I am sure they will be 
very glad to hear from you and know what a fine program is going on up here. 

The conditions down there are not materially different in many ways 
from the conditions up here. The October freeze of last year in the northern 
half of the state especially results in just about as serious problems to our 
fruit growers as it has to you. In the southern part of the state it did not 
hit us quite so bad of course. The conditions of the crop this year, of all 
horticultural crops, especially of apples, are very similar to the conditions 
in the fruit belt in Michigan. That is, a scattering crop; in some orchards, 
a good crop; in others near by, none at all. Those of us who compete for 
apples in Indiana this year, however, are getting very good prices for them. 
-Some of our apple growers are selling their crops for five dollars a barrel; 
and some of our peach growers, although the peach crop is very light, their 
crop netted them $3.75 a bushel in some cases; and our melon men—southern 
Indiana is a great melon country you know—numbers of them made $200: 
an acre or more on plantations 30 to 75 acres in size. So that, for the most. 
part, although we met with some reverses, we are not discouraged. And 
I want to say right here that I am very glad to see the spirit that the fruit 
growers in the fruit belt of Michigan are showing with respect to the October 


36 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


freeze and reverses they have met with the last year. I see no evidences of 
discouragement or despair, but all the good that that freeze accomplished 
is being sought out and advantage is being taken of it in every way possible; 
and I am very glad no discouragement has resulted. 

I take with me the heartiest greetings of the Michigan Horticultural Society 
to the Indiana Horticultural Society. 

Telegram received at this point as follows: ‘“Heartiest greetings from 
the Minnesota Horticultural Society in annual session. F. W. Latham, 
Secretary.” 

On motion, which was seconded and carried, the secretary was instructed | 
to forward the heartiest greetings of the Michigan Horticultural Society 
to the Minnesota Horticultural Society. 


SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS IN HORTICULTURE 
AT THE MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 


(PROF. S. W. FLETCHER.) 


1. POLLINATION OF KIEFFER AND BARTLETT PEARS. 


This work has been in progress for six years. During this time experiments 
have been conducted in New York, West Virginia and Michigan. Experiences 
have also been gleaned from all over the country. The first point taken up 
was whether Bartlett or Kieffer is able, under ordinary commercial orchard 
conditions, to set a crop of good fruit without any other pollen than its own. 
During the six years over a hundred thousand flowers of each variety have 
been enclosed in bags to prevent cross-pollination. Whole trees have also 
been covered with netting or sheeting. The blossoms so enclosed have been 
self-pollinated by hand, to be sure that pollen reached them. This wholesale 
self-pollination has shown that neither Bartlett nor Kieffer set fruit well 
with their own pollen, as a rule, although in some parts of the country both 
varieties set fruit perfectly with no other variety near. Much depends 
upon the soil, the climate and the health of the tree. Moreover, it is probable 
that there are strains of Bartlett and Kieffer that are self-fertile and strains 
that are self-sterile; why should not this point be influenced by soil, climate, 
etc., just as much as the size, color and quality of the fruit, and habit of 
growth | of the tree? The conclusion is that in planting a large commercial 
orchard of Bartlett or Kieffer it is best to plant a certain proportion of some 
other variety blossoming at the same time to insure cross-pollination. Small 
orchards of Kieffer or ‘Bartlett and even many large orchards, especially 
if they are in a fruit-growing region, will usually set fruit satisfactorily be- 
cause insect visitors bring pollen from other trees. Our experiments have 
shown that the wind does not carry pear pollen from tree to tree, because 
it is too sticky. We have made many thousand of crosses to ascertain what 
varieties may be set to supply Kieffer or Bartlett with pollen. Anjou and 
Lawrence have been most satisfactory for pollinating Bartlett, and Kieffer 
has done excellently whenever it blossoms with Bartlett, as it does two 
seasons out of three. For pollinating Kieffer we have had best results 
with Anjou, Lawrence and Bartlett, although Garber is most commonly used. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 37 


We recommend that every fifth or sixth row of a commercial orchard of 
Kieffer or Bartlett be one of these pollenizers. 


2. PEDIGREE STRAWBERRIES. 


Hight thousand plants of five varieties, set in the spring of 1906, are being 
used for this work. The plants came from R. M. Kellogg, Three Rivers, 
Michigan, and M. Crawford, Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Each plant has been 
subjected to the closest scrutiny, a record being kept of its habit of growth, 
resistance to disease, number of runners thrown out, hardiness, number of 
blossoms, fruiting habit, productiveness, character of berry, number of 
berries, total weight, and other points that are of importance in the com- 
mercial value of a strawberry plant. Each plant was allowed to set but 
two runners, and the three were considered as one plant in taking records. 
Selection has been made for two points: 

1. Productiveness. (a) The 50 plants of each variety bearing the most 
fruit by weight. (b) The 50 plants of each variety equally Vege ne as the 
above bearing the least fruit by weight. 

2: Season. (a) The 50 plants of each variety bearing the earliest fruit. 
(b) The 50 plants of each variety bearing the latest fruit. 

Runners have been taken from these several setsof plants. Theseare planted 
and similar records will be kept of them as of the parent plants. The selection 
wil] be continued for at least five generations. The object of the experiment 
is to determine how much variation there is between different plants of the 
same variety and whether the variety can be improved in some one point, 
as in productiveness or in lateness, by propagating only from the most 
excellent plants, instead of from the bed at large; in other words, of how, 
much practical value is “‘pedigree”—or more properly selection—in the 
propagation of the strawberry. 

As we have fruited but one generation of plants, nothing can be said 
about pedigree, but we can say much about the variation within the variety. 
As we have kept a minute record of each one of the 8000 plants, our attention 
has been called to the fact that there are great differences within the variety. 
Thus plant No. 3 Dunlap produced 224 ounces of fruit (161 berries), while 
plant No. 95 produced 11-16 ounces of fruit (9 berries). Plant No. 50 
Sample produced 19 3-4 ounces of fruit (108 fruits), while plant No. 94 
produced no fruit. The latter was “blind,” although apparently as vigorous 
as No. 50. Likewise we found plants of Gandy that ripened their fruit a 
week later than other plants of Gandy. All this variation could not have 
been caused by differences in the soil or care, for every effort was made to 
give all uniform culture. Some of it, at least, must have been due to heredity. 
The practical fact before us is this: here are certain plants in a field of straw- 
berries that are bearing three times as much as the other plants, or excel in 
some other important respect. Will it pay the grower to propagate from 
these superior plants alone, just as it pays the dairymen to weigh and test 
the milk of each cow in the herd, so that he can eliminate the deadbeats? 
When forcing strawberries in pots in midwinter, I have noticed that many 
plants, even those that are vigorous and lusty, come “blind,” producing 
little or no fruit. Is the commercial grower of field strawberries supporting 
many blind plants by the profits from his productive plants? To what 
extent will it pay him to recognize the individuality of plants, making a single 
plant the unit in propagation, not the variety? These questions cannot 
be answered except by years of painstaking records of individual plants 
and their progeny, in which we have made the barest beginning. 


38 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


3. KEEPING FRUIT IN COLD STORAGE. 


I 


In this experiment we attempted to secure definite data as to the extent 
to which careless handling injures the keeping qualities of fruit. We all 
know, as a matter of experience, that careless handling does make fruit rot 
faster in the cellar; but just how much? The experiment has run for three 
years, and several bushels of apples have been used in each case. Briefly 
summarized, the results were as follows: Spy apples were picked carefully 
by hand and put into storage without bruising. Another lot were picked 
similarly, but merely poured into a barrel roughly, as many farmers still 
pour apples. By April first, 21 per cent of those carefully handled had rotted, 
and 81 per cent of those poured into the barrel. Apples picked carefully, 
but carted three miles to town on a springless wagon, had 88 per cent rotted 
by April 1st, as compared with the 21 per cent of standards. Scab spots and 
worm holes not only disfigure the fruit, making it unsalable, but such fruit 
rots much quicker than sound fruit. If the stems of winter apples are pulled 
off when picking, the fruit does not keep quite as well as fruit with stems on. 
Spys picked early kept much better than Spys picked late. These points 
emphasize anew the importance of handling very carefully fruit that is to 
be stored. 


4, BLIGHT PROOF POTATOES. 


Of the several hundred varieties of potatoes that we have tested for blight 
resistance during the past 4 years, the follpwing have been most resistant — 
to late blight: Midsummer Dakota Red, Mills, Sir Walter Raleigh, Late 
Blightless, Twentieth Century, Invincible. None of these are blight-proof, 
but they are more so than most varieties. By selection and crossing we 
are working to improve them in this respect. 

There was but little late blight at the college this year, but even so sprayed 
potatoes vielded 34 bushels more per acre than unsprayed, which gave a 
profit of about $10 per acre for the work, counting the cost of spraying at 
$1.00 per acre for each application. . 


5. VALUABLE SEEDLING FRUITS OF MICHIGAN ORIGIN. 


At the last meeting of this society I urged that we pay more attention to 
local seedlings, for among them are most likely to be found the future com- 
mercial varieties of our State. During the year I have received samples and 
have photographed and described over fifty varieties and unnamed seedlings 
of Michigan origin. A number of these I have no hesitation in pronouncing 
decidedly promising, especially the Gibbs, Chesebro, Pitton, Mears, and 
Schooleraft apples, the Mark-Chili, Markham, Mears, Gold Mine, Highland 
Beauty, Davidson, Gebhardt and Welch peaches and the Pringle Damson 
plum. I think this society should encourage the owners of these seedlings, 
and others yet undescribed, by awarding prizes. 


6. PATENT SPRAYS FOR THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 


There should be put on record the experiments of Mr. C. G. Woodbury, 
formerly of this department, now Assistant Horticulturist of the Indiana 
Station. While with us he made a very thorough trial of the various patent 
sprays for the San Jose scale, in. comparison with the lime-sulphur spray. 
The work was done both in the fall and in the spring, and over 400 trees 
were treated. I give his conclusions: 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 39 


“The results which were secured with the soluble oils do not warrant such 
a flattering report concerning their value as has been given by some ex- 
perimenters. With one very thorough application of the oils about 90 to 
95 per cent of the scales were killed. Scalecide was the most satisfactory 
of the soluble oils. The disadvantage of Kil-o-scale was the heavy brown 
precipitate which forms in the containing vessel on standing. Scale Destroyer 
was fairly good, but did not form an emulsion as readily as Scalecide. Scale 
emulsion was entirely unsatisfactory. Scalespray, while making a fairly 
good emulsion, fell below all the others in efficiency. As a class the soluble 
oil sprays have the advantage of easy preparation and solution; they have 
the disadvantage of being washed off the tree by the first rain. This proves 
to be a serious drawback only when the application of the spray is succeeded 
almost immediately by rainfall. Unlike the lime-sulphur wash, the effect 
of the soluble oils is almost immediate, so fhat a repetition of their applica- 
tion is unnecessary unless the rainfall occurs within a few hours. 

Of the two ready-made lime-sulphur sprays used, Horicum was more 
satisfactory than Salimene, because of the greater ease with which it is 
prepared. The material goes into solution very rapidly, stays in suspension 
well, is adhesive and conspicuous on the trees. Salimene while apparently 
similar in composition, is much thicker. About fifteen minutes stirring 
is required to dissolve it and it settles rapidly. 

The Tobacco-potash-whale-oil soaps have no apparent advantage over the 
lime-sulphur washes or the soluble oils. On the other hand, they have the 
disadvantage of requiring a considerable amount of time and hot water 
in their preparation, and the necessity of making the application while the 
material is still hot. 

In all of the so-called patent preparations mentioned, the item of cost 
has been considered, for the reason that these sprays are most suitable 
for use in a small way, where only a few trees are to be treated. Under 
such conditions a few cents difference in cost is immaterial. Where a large 
number of trees are to be treated, the lime-sulphur spray has no superior.” 

I would add to his conclusions my belief, from subsequent experience, 
that while it is safest to recommend the lime-sulphur spray now, the time 
will soon come when the soluble oil sprays will have been so far perfected 
and cheapened that they will replace lime-sulphur in most cases. 


DISCUSSION. 


Mr. Post: I would like to ask if you have noticed any bad results on the 
trees from the oil spray? 

Prof. Fletcher: There is no question but the lime-sulphur is more bene- 
ficial to the tree than the oil. 

Mr. Post: Yes, but the other way, did the oil sprays actually injure the 
tree any? 

Prof. Fletcher: We had no trouble with injury from the oil spray. I 
want you to see, if you are interested, all those sprays. There are samples 
of them over there; also samples of lime-sulphur, one of which was not 
boiled long enough, which is one reason why some of you have not gotten 
good Shae with lime-sulphur; there is also a sample of it when boiled long 
enough. 

Q. I would like to ask Prof. Fletcher the results with the Rex lime- 
sulphur solution. They make great claims for it. Claim it is the same thing 
as the lime-sulphur we use—got the same strength, only it is chemically 
prepared so much better. What were the results? 


40 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Prof. Fletcher: It is not to be compared with the fresh mixture, home 
made, and is not as good as the oil spray properly prepared. 

Q. We use 15 pounds of sulphur to 20 pounds of lime, and have found 
that satisfactory, and I think the experiments of other states have proved 
it is not safe to go below that on the sulphur side. 

Mr. Perry: I used this last spring 30 pounds of sulphur and 40 pounds 
of lime to 150 gallons of water, and my experience this last spring was that 
it was as effective; but I would not say that it would beinthefuture. Ithink 
it is well worth Maes It is easily applied. - 

Prof. Fletcher: I doubt if you can go below 15 pounds of sulphur to 50 
gallons of water with good results. 

Q. What is the difference in the fruit if it is cross- -pollinated? 

Prof. Fletcher: You get no difference in the fruit the first year when 
you pollinate the Bartlett with the Kieffer for example; you get a straight 
Bartlett. The cross is in the seed. 

Q. Does it make any difference in the fruit itself? 

Prof. Fletcher: Because the pollen is more acceptable to the pistils, 
it makes a larger fruit, but does not affect the color or quality; it affects the 
size, but not the quality. 

Q. I would like to ask if you have had any experiments to show whether 
Bartlett pears would fertilize themselves from other trees of the same variety ; 
that is, if there was a number of pears, whether they would fertilize better 
than in a single one. 

Prof. Fletcher: I think there are strains of Bartlett which are self-fertile 
and others which are self-sterile. An orchard containing different Bartlett 
pears from different sources would be more likely to fertilize each other than 
Bartlett trees all obtained from the same source. 

Q. What is a pedigree plant? 

Prof. Fletcher: What is a pedigree animal? It is an animal of which 
you know the history or the parentage. A pedigree plant is one that you 
know the plant from which it came, and the plant from which that came, 
and so on, and what they have done. A pedigree plant is one of. which 
you know that the ancestory from which it was propagated have been ex- 
cellent individuals; it is a line of descent. 

Mr. Crane: Do you think any trees are liable to become sterile where 
they were continually propagated from the nursery? 

Prof. Fletcher: I think trees continually propagated from the nursery 
are liable to become less fruitful, but I would not want to say they w ould 
become sterile. I should always prefer to go to bearing trees, of course, 
in propagating nursery stock. 

Mr. Whitten: I am in the strawberry business. I don’t grow pedigree 
plants. I don’t go back on selection, that is all right, but don’t call them 
pedigree strawberries. 

Prof. Fletcher: He is all right about that. The point he makes is, selected 
plants, but not pedigree plants; plants that are selected because of their 
superior value. I use the term pedigree because it is in such common usage 
that people know what it is. But “selected” is the. better term. 

Mr. Hotchkins: There is a point in the selection of strawberry plants 
I wish the Professor would explain. It may have an important bearing 
on this topic. I have understood it is the case that runners taken near the 
parent plant are liable to be more fruitful than those two or three stages 
away; that those taken farther away from the parent plant are more liable 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 41 


to go to runners and not be so fruitful as those taken near the plant. Have 
you made any investigation along that line? 

Prof. Fletcher: I have not gone far enough to show that. We are taking 
runners, though, both before the plant is fruited, and after, and will compare. 
The theory has been held by many that fruitfulness weakens the plant; 
that if you take runners after the strawberry plant is fruited they will not 
be as productive. We are taking runners before the plant if fruited, and 
after, to compare them. 

Q. Mr. President, it seems to me, without giving the matter very much 
thought, that most plants are taken before the parents have fruited. Take 
for instance, the bed planted last spring, that has not fruited, but has set 
runners. Next spring, ordinarily the plants for setting new beds will be 
taken from that plantation. And that I think is the general custom; runners 
are usually taken before the plants are fruited. It is not common to take 
plants from an old fruiting bed to make a new bed. 

Prof. Fletcher: I think that practice is wrong. I can see the great 
advantage of it from the nurseryman’s point of view. It is just the same 
as taking buds from a nursery row, isn’t it? I believe if carried out a long 
while that will seriously reduce the productiveness of those plants. 

Q. It is the universal practice I believe. 

Prof. Fletcher: I know it is; but,I don’t think it is a right one. I believe 
every two or three years we should go back to a bearing parent plant, as 
the best nurseryman do with fruit trees. 

Q. Have you any authority, or any experiment, or any record any- 
where, for the statement? It is all right to make a statement, but is it a 
theory or is there any authority in regard to it? 

Prof. Fletcher: There was an experiment in which they took strawberry 
plants and set them out, but instead of letting them fruit the next year 
took up some of them and set out new beds; next year the same; keeping 
that up for nine years, I think, never allowing them to fruit. At the end 
of nine years they allowed some to fruit, in comparison with the decendants 
of the original stock, which had been allowed to fruit meanwhile, and they 
found a most decided difference. I don’t know what the number of that is, 
but it is in one of your bulletins. 

President Cook: We would like to hear from Mr. Hale on the subject 
of strawberries. 

Mr. J. H. Hale: Mr. President, you will get me in a muss if you get me 
talking on this subject. JI have been growing strawberries ever since I was 
six years old, and now as I am both a grandfather and a grandmother, I 
think have reached years of maturity if not judgment. 

I have been growing plants for sale like the rest of some of you Michigan 
nurseryman, and we want to get all the plants we can to the square yard; 
the more and better ones of course we can get the more we can sell them 
and get the money for them. I am going out of the strawberry business 
now, so far as the berry growing is concerned; but I am thoroughly satisfied 
from over 40 years of growing strawberries that you can get more fruitful 
plants on the whole to take them from plants that have already fruited; 
you won’t get as many plants. I know the old Wilson strawberry, which 
I grew for a great many years—it ran out with a great many people; I found 
that whenever I took plants from an old fruiting bed, cleaned out the bed 
after fruiting; fertilized it thoroughly and got some new plants growing, and 
took those and made my new fruiting bed. I didn’t get as many runners 
on my bed the next year; I didn’t make plants I could afford to sell for less 

6 


42 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


than $6 or $8 or $10 a thousand, but I had plants that gave me fruit. More 
and better Wilsons than other growers could or did not get when taking 
plants from non-fruiting beds. 

Take a strawberry catalog of today, take one of ten years ago, one of twenty, 
thirty, forty years ago—every ten years 90 per cent of varieties are practically 
all wiped off the list; there are new ones there; they tell you the old ones 
have “run out.” They run out with runners that never have had a chance 
to fruit largely, in my own belief. And I say if you want to keep up the 
bearing quality of the strawberry, get your plants from bearing beds; that 
will cut out us nurserymen; you won’t buy any of us, because we can’t 
afford to sell them to you from such beds at less than $8 to $10 per 1,000. 
And so you will buy the plants from the fellows that will sell them the 
cheapest; and cheap plants can only be had from non-fruiting beds. 

President Cook: Would you restrict the fruitfulness for those mother 
plants? 

Mr. Hale: No. If they overbear they won’t make plants at all. But 
if you can get a few plants from one that will overbear, from my experience 
—not carefully conducted experiments, but from the general experience of 
a fruit grower of year in and year out, for a good deal more than forty years — 
I would say the best plant you can get from the plant that will fruit the 
most is the best. 

Going back to the nurseryman’s tree: The propagating from the nursery- 
man’s row is all wrong, from the man who grows trees for fruit; but how 
many of you here will buy the trees from the nurseryman who will propagate 
from the bearing tree, and pay the price he will charge you? None of you. 
So you go to buy from the cheap nurseryman. It is all wrong; but the buyer 
of the trees is to blame for it because you want that which is the cheapest, 
not the best. 

Mr. Post: We get around that all right. We buy those cheap trees and 
then top work them. 

Mr. Hale: That makes a lot of work and seldom fully satisfactory. 


COMMERCIAL APPLE CULTURE. 


(J. H. HALE, CONNECTICUT.) 


Mr. President, you seem bound to have a Hale of a time. (Applause) 
' I wish that subject had been proposed a little differently almost—“the 
awakening of the apple’ would be a good text to talk upon, because while 
the apple is our oldest and our best fruit, we are just beginning to awaken 
to its possibilities as a food supply and a foundation for a good living, and 
possibly an ample fortune on many of our American farms—no fruit that 
can compare with it in its surety and permanence of value. 

The apple came into this country in the early days, certainly in New 
England our old Puritan ancestors planted their first apple trees for the 
purpose of getting something that would make drink, rather than food; 
and I imagine that a large number of the early apple orchards in Michigan 
were planted as much or more to fill the cider barrel than the family food 
supply. But within recent years the consuming public at large steadily 
have been appreciating fruits of all kinds, and the demand for fruits as food 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 43 


has grown away beyond the conception of the most of us, and the apple is 
beginning to take its proper place. It is the one all-the-year-around fruit 
supply that the family in village or town may have, or that the land owner, 
the farmer who has suitable lands may have to offer on the market the whole 
year around. No other fruit can approach it in that particular, its long 
keeping qualities, its ability to be handled in more ways than any other 
fruit product can, its beauty of late years, that is, as we have learned to 
improve it, thereby adding very greatly to its distinction and demand every- 
where. So that the apple as a great commercial crop in America is just 
beginning to take its place. That you have not appreciated it in the past 
is plainly evidenced to one who travels across your state as I do occasionally 
two or three times a year, along the line of two or three of your main lines 
of railway, and see the tremendous neglect of your apple trees. The God 
of nature has been wonderfully good to you to allow you to set trees in the 
land and then, without any apparent care whatever, give you as much good 
and wholesome food as does come from those apple trees; and if you will 
awaken to the real possibilities of the apple, I know of no commercial interest, 
either agricultural, horticultural, or in any other of the commerical walks 
of life, that will offer as good rewards for intelligent, patient labor as the 
handling of the apple tree. 

Now I have not come here with any fixed address or any fixed plans of 
telling you how to handle the commercial apple orchard. You are a lively 
lot to ask questions I notice; so I imagine whatever we get out of this talk 
will be when I have a chance to ‘‘sas back” to some of your questions more 
than in any other way. But I have made a few notes here of some profitable 
branches of the subject which I want to touch on. Speaking of your lack of 
care of apples—I mean the general lack; not of the members of this society 
who care for them thoroughly and well, but of the general care of apples, 
which holds true in. New York and New England and all over this great 
country of ours. It is because the apple is so wonderfully responsive to 
just being put in the soil that it takes care of itself. I often think when 
I see the way the apples are handled, that the men with apple love in their 
hearts and apple brains in their heads are lacking, a good deal as the old 

darkie on my place in Gorgia told me a few years ago. 

_ A Thomas E. Watson come over there—who was afterwards candidate 
for vice-president on one of the great national tickets; he came over there 
and made them an address; he was a very able and good man, and talked 
three hours, and told stories, and stirred them up about the Populist Party 
and what it might do for them. The next day they were down about the 
barn at the noon hour discussing his lecture, telling of the stories he told, 
and repeating some of his arguments, when one of the old darkies, who was 
wiser than the rest of them, says: ‘Oh, suah, yo’ niggahs don’ want to 
lose vo’ heads an’ go off after this Pop’list Party. You’se gwine vote de 
Republican ticket if yo’ want to; or better yet, vote the Democrat ticket 
with you’se friends an’ neighbors; they are the men that pays de taxes. 
Yo’ vote fo’ dese Pop’lists an’ yo’ done git in trouble. De way dat Tom 
Watson talks, dem Pop’lists has done walked off anyhow.” The darkies 
all laughed. I had to go away at that point. Later I said to this old darky: 
“JT heard your advice to those folks, but said one thing that I didn’t quite 
understand. When you said the Populist Party had walked off, what did 
you mean?” 

“Don’t yo’ un’stan’ dat, Cap’n? I’se heard that when folks is queer, 
they say they’se done walked off.” 


e 


44 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


What do you mean by that? 

He said, ‘“Cap’n, I don’t know as I can make you understand.” 

I assured him I would do my best to understand. 

SY 0} know de Good Book say dat de Lawd He make man out of de dust 
of de earth.” 

I admitted I had heard that story. 

“Yes, Cap’n, but yo’ know if de Good Book do say dat de Lawd made 
man out of dust of de earth, He couldn’t make him ouf of dry, dry dust 
like dat, if de Good Book do say so. An’ de story is dat He made men out 
of wet dust and He set dem up against de palings for to dry, and then de 
Lawd go about He other business. By an by He done come back to put 
brains in dem, and some of dem done walk off before de Lawd got back. 

That is what that darky says makes the Populist Party. I have made 
up my mind there are a good many land owners done walk off before the Lord 
got around with apple brains and apple sense, or else they would not neglect 
the apple as they do and would take better care of it because of its wonderful 
results when properly treated. 

In Michigan, New York and New England the apple is a long-lived tree. 
In the central and middle and far west, where they are growing apples and 
planting large acreages, the trees come into quick bearing; in five or six 
years they are bearing freely, and in eight or ten abundantly, and in twelve 
to 15 they are fading off the face of the earth. An apple tree in Michigan 
is good for forty, fifty, sixty, and I suppose a hundred years. You have any 
quantity more than forty years old; and in New England we have them— 
I have had 15 to 20 barrels per tree off trees seventy years old. It is a great 
advantage to be able to own land and live in a climate where the conditions 
are such that the apple tree when once established and cared for will last 
much longer than the life of the man who planted it. 

We can best afford in these fruit localities to give the apple the best land 
we have, the choice of the very best land upon our farnis, provided its eleva- 
tion or rolling condition is such as to make it desirable for high class fruit. 
I would not take our low land valleys, but high rolling land suitable for apple 
culture. We can afford to give the apple our very best land, and we can 
afford to give it the very best of care and feed and attention. If the apple 
growers in other sections of the country can afford to do things only half 
well, we certainly, with the trees so much longer-lived, can afford to do it 
as perfectly as we know how, and as others may teach us how. So that now 
is the time and here is the place for the development of the new modern 
apple orchard to its very highest state of perfection. 

The apple wants, just as thorough soil preparation as for any other fine 
crop. Too many apple orchards are planted out in rough fields with just 
a moderate hole dug for the tree and the tree put in and wllowed to make as 
reasonably fair fioht for life as it may. But you can afford to take new 
lands for the apple orchard, and give it the most thorough preparation 
of ploughing and of subsoiling and of feeding and a thorough working in 
every way to get it ready for the young tree at the very start. 

Then, again, you want to start with good trees. Too often when you 
get converted to apple planting, you always want to plant in a hurry; that 
is the American way of it; so you are apt to buy the cheapest trees you can 
find, nearest at hand. But if you ean plan a little further ahead than to- 
morrow, an ideal apple orchard can best be made from trees two or more 
times transplanted before they go into the orchard. Whether the nursery- 
man can afford to do that, or whether you will be willing to pay him for doing 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 45 


it or not, is a dollar and cents question between you and the nurseryman. 
But if you can buy a tree one or two years of age, and cut them down and 
prune the roots well, and plant them out in the nursery row, the trees per- 
haps a foot apart in a row and rows six feet or more apart, and feed them 
thoroughly well, and train them into something of the shape you want, and 
grow them there a couple of years, and then dig them up, top and root prune 
them, and plant them over again and grow them another two years in the 
nursery, you will have the ideal trees for making an apple orchard, and you 
won’t put in any poor trees where you always want a good one. That means 
thinking four to six years ahead to get your apple trees in line. The finest 
apple orchards I have seen in America, in a small way, have been built 
along these lines, and I practice it myself to some extent; and I am well 
satisfied there is no use in fooling with trees out in a lot 40 feet apart each 
way, when for the first few years you can take care of them on a few square 
rods instead of acres. 

We have come to the day of low-headed trees. There is no question about 
that, our trees must be down near the ground where we can get at them. 
There are so many things necessary to the production, to the manufacture— 
I used that word manufacture this morning, and I want to use it again, 
and you have got to continue to use it when you think about the manufactur- 
ing of fruits; this process must go on right under our eyes and under the 
touch of our fingers, and the easier we can get the tree and the plant where 
we can look at it and where we can handle it over and put it into shape, 
the more economical will be our protection; and the one great item that 
enters into all production in America is the labor. I don’t know as the labor 
problem has hit you here in Michigan; but can you get all the good help 
you want, at a moderate price, any time you want it? If you can, it is the 
only part of America that can do it. No, the labor problem in the orchard 
is a serious one, and I can’t afford to pay men $1.25 or $1.50 a day to climb 
up a 20-foot ladder to spray or to prune or to thin or to harvest fruit, when 
they can do four to eight times as much standing on the ground. It is the 
expense account that must be kept down if we are to make a profit in any 
manufacturing business. I heard a traveling man on the road say yesterday 
there was no profits made in selling goods; it was in buying them; the profits 
made in business now were in your buying. Now you are buying apples, 
in a way, before you can get them to sell you have got to buy them from 
the land; you have got to furnish trees labor and materials and fertilizers, 
and every other expense that enters there production, and every penny 
you can cut out and yet increase the quality and quantity of production 
is the profitable penny to you. 

So, then, our trees must first be annually pruned. I won’t go into details 
of pruning trees, but they must be annually pruned, to a greater or less extent; 
they must be annually sprayed, as the good professor has told you here, 
at least three times; I would say probably the fine apple grower of the future 
will make it six or eight times. Some people like to cut it down to twice, 
most of them to once, and some never do it at all; but the profitable apple 
orchard of the future is going to be sprayed six to eight times; and if the 
tree is down close to the ground it can be sprayed most economically. 

Saturday, before I left home, I had two men with knapsack sprayers— 
not power sprayers; well, it was Italian power; but, “‘by the power of Mike 
Kelly,” it was good! They were eight-year-old trees, but they were low- 
headed and close pruned; and the most economical thing for us to do at 
that time was to give those men knapsack sprayers and let them go out there 


46 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


and do the spraying; and my man told me Saturday night there had been 
two days, and a half, had finished 21 acres, two of them, with two knapsack 
sprayers. Twenty-one acres planted 30 feet apart. But they couldn’t 
have done it if they were away up high head trees. That would have required 
the use of power sprayer two hours and three or more men at greater costs 

Then we come a little later, and we are going to thin the fruit. The apple. 
will all have to be thinned. We are going to have apples that will bear like 
your Warfield strawberries. Any apple tree that is thoroughly pruned, 
fed, sprayed and well cared for will set more fruit than it can bring to perfec- 
tion. Therefore we are to thin our apples, leaving only the best to mature, 
and if it is near the ground the cost has been reduced enormously on that 
item, and when we come to harvest our apples we are going to pick them 
two to four times over to get the entire crop when each apple is at its best. 
We are not going to let the first matured ones tumble to the ground, and 
the second matured ones tumble to the ground; but we are going to in- 
telligently and harvest our apples as they mature upon the tree, and be a 
month in picking the apples from the orchard or a single tree. You don’t 
pick your peaches all at once, do you, Mr. Secretary? You don’t pick your 
tomatoes when they begin to ripen, and say, “Hurrah! the tomatoes are 
ripening,” and let the first ones rot, and half through the tomato season 
pick the entire crop rotten, ripe, half ripe and green altogether. No, you 
pick every other crop under the sun as it comes to maturity. When it comes 
to the apple, it is one grand grab of the midst of the crop. The commercial 
apple grower of the future is going to pick his trees from two to four times 
over. That means work, but it means much lessened work if it is a low 
tree. 

So I don’t like to see the apple orchard of the future stand more than 12 
feet above the ground at the very highest. I know trees in Michigan that 
have bodies 12 feet high, and branches up beyond, where it costs too much 
to harvest the apples. 

Some ‘talk of planting dwarf apples. Some of you professors down east 
have got the disease, haven’t you? There is considerable talk that we are 
going to dwarf apples. I have watched the dwarf orchards, and I don’t 
think we are going to plant dwarf apples to any great extent; but I do think 
we are going to dwarf our standard trees and cultivate them and prune 
them and shape them, continually holding them down, and when we have 
got them to about the bearing size we want them, by a severe root pruning 
partially, and partially by good sharp summer pruning, we are going to 
shock them into a semi-dwarfness and keep them where we want them as 
bearing trees. I know that can be done both by the summer pruning and 
by the root pruning process, that will stimulate fruitfulness. I believe 
we want to crowd our apples into as rapid growth as possible from the time 
they are planted in the orchard until they come to a bearing size. Then 
if we want to let them go to grass or want to slow them up, there are many 
ways we can do it, and that will stimulate fruitfulness. But I do believe 
in the thorough culture in the early years of an orchard’s life. I believe 
it should be thoroughly cultured and liberally fed; preferably I would use 
chemical manure to stable manure, but if I had not the money to buy the 
chemicals, and the stable manure was handy, I would not be stingy of that, 
and I would keep most liberal cultivation going during the early months 
of the year, early in April and through May and June, and after that, seed it 
down to some crop. Early cultivation each year—and you cannot begin 
too early in the spring—fast growing and early maturing of the apple; wood 


THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 47 


each year, and when the tree gets to its right size, a shocking into semi- 
dwarf will throw it into the heaviest kind of fruitfulness. 

The queston of spraying, what for, when and how you have had touched 
upon here today most thoroughly; no use going into that again only keep 
improving on your methods. 

The question of feeding is an important one, because my own experience 
as grower and the handling of commercial fertilizers, or the growing of fruits 
with commercial fertilizers entirely for more than forty years, has convinced 
me you can affect quite largely the color and the texture and the quality 
of your fruits by the fertilizers you give them, from liberal applications of 
phosphoric acid and potash, and especially potash on the character of soils 
you have very much in Michigan; in your lighter soils, unquestionably the 
liberal use of potash will add greatly to the color of the fruit. By studying 
we find that the land what will go in one section will not work in another; 
and I believe it is every grower’s duty to become an experimenter, all the 
time finding out what his trees and plants want, and giving it to them as 
well as he is able, and thus he will get the greatest results. 

The free, open-headed style of tree that will let sunlight in to nearly all 
the apples is essential. And of course the case of spraying is not to be left 
out of account at any time in pruning, from the early planting of the trees. 

If I were to emphasize any one particular essential on the final develop- 
ment of any kind of the tree fruits, there is nothing, seems to me, that has 
ever paid me as well, particularly in plums and peaches, and in a more 
moderate way in apples—no one thing has paid me so well for the labor 
invested as that of thinning the fruits so there might be a proper distribution 
upon the tree of what were left, taking off all the indifferent specimens. 
I know there are farmers and fruit growers, and you have got to differentiate 
between them who will laugh at any hint of apple thinning to improve the 
product. I think the apple growing of the future is going into the hands 
of specialists, and I don’t believe the average farmer with 25 or 50 or 100 
apple trees on his farm can afford to keep them there; or, if he has them 
there, will he find any market for their poor product that will pay hirn. 
He has got to grow better apples or else buy better apples of his neighbor. 
But you talk to the average farmer in Connecticut or Michigan about thinning 
his apples, and he will say it is absurd to thin the apples. ‘‘ Why, it costs 
enough to pick them in the fall, let alone thinning them and throwing them 
away!” If you are growing the ideal apples that the people of the world 
want now and in the future and are willing to pay for, you will have to do 
these things. Of course these fancy stories about Rocky Mountain and 
western apples selling at $3.50 and $4.00 a box out there, and selling at 
$3.50 to $5.00 a box by the carload in the eastern market, are all very pretty 
tales; but the great body of American people won’t buy and can’t buy large 
quantities of apples at those prices; but they can buy millions of barrels of 
apples at a price that will bring profitable returns to the man who will de- 
liver the goods, and the one that has the most beautiful apples will get the most 
profitable market; and I can assure you it will be high enough to give a good 
profit to the man behind the gun in doing it. 

The handling of apples. I was interested in what the Professor said in 
relation to those apples that were carefully handled and those that were 
roughly handled: Eighty per cent went down in decay in a given time 
where they were just poured into the barrel, where only 21 per cent went 
down where the same apples were carefully placed. Just think of that! 
Think of that! We are looking for good investments; we have got a little 


48 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


surplus money we think we can put somewhere where it will pay 8 or 10 
per cent; we think we have got a soft snap; and then think of the 80 per cent 
thrown away in the handling of those apples! For greatest profit the apples 
wants the most careful handling, careful picking, careful placing in the basket, 
immediate going to the packing table, not to be dumped in a pile in the orchard 
but to go to some packing table, where by hand they are carefully assorted 
into proper grades and packed in whatever package they are going to market 
in; if it is going immediately to market, then moved on by the best means 
of transportation you have; if it is a winter product, not going to be sold 
right away, put it immediately in cold storage. Never go to bed at night 
with any apples out in the orchard that have been picked that day. Put 
them in cold storage, if you are after the profits; if you are not, why dump 
them in a pile and leave them there to sweat out, or leave them there a few 
hours or days or weeks. Experiments I have made convince me no grower 
of high grade fruit that he hopes to put on the market a little later on can 
afford to have it out of cold storage an hour hardly after it is off the tree, 
plant or vine, if he wants the highest results. 
' Every horticultural community, and every agricultural community for 
that matter, should have a cold storage. Most of your farms are not large 
enough so you can have them individually; but you can get together. Every 
other class of men but farmers have to pull together or go down. Farming 
is such a glorious good business that you can live in spite of it. There is no 
other business that would stand up under the terrible neglect that agriculture 
has. That proves to me it is a great business. Get together on this cold 
storage matter and have a cold storage warehouse, sp that your fruit may 
go to it every night when you have finished packing, and then you can lie 
down and sleep with a clear conscience and good bank account, and if you 
want to go fishing for a month you can go, because your apples are where you 
can handle them properly later on. 

These are just a few general suggestions as to commercial apple culture. 
I believe these things from the bottom of my heart. I have not felt them 
in the past as strongly as I ought. The trouble is with the apple business, 
we don’t any of us get the fever early enough in life. You talk to the young 
man here today of 20 or 21, and tell him of the possibilities of 10 or 25 or 
50 acre apple orchard in Michigan, and the question he will ask pretty soon 
will be, ‘“‘ Let me see, when may I look for cash returns?” And you tell him, 
“Well, you will have to wait ten years it may be.” Ten years! That is 
a long ways off to a boy of twenty-one, and he goes into something else. 
He will get a clerkship in a store where he can get six or eight dollars a week 
right away. At thirty-five or forty, ten years doesn’t look so far away; 
but it is a good ways off; until he gets past forty he doesn’t realize what a 
short time ten years is. And my observation of the apple situation all over 
this country is, that the majority of apple orchards are planted by men over 
fifty years of age; and the men with real pluck and courage going into the 
apple orchard business are often past sixty, and some past seventy ; and I know 
one past eighty starting a big apple orchard. What is ten years to a man of 
eighty? But the chance is for the boy, for the young man. And if you 
will take some of your dad’s apple land, or some of her dad’s apple land, 
and plant it with the kind of apples that will grow in Michigan, and give it 
the care and attention you will have to give somebody else’s business if you 
sell out your time to them, there is a glorious chance for you right on many 
a Michigan hill, many an American hill all over this great country. But 
don’t think that you are “going west to grow apples;” that those ‘Oregon 


w : A : . bt as! 
el et els on sie De He ag Sieben ee a prim, rh AE ea ce 


a Xa ; coors ve 218 wae =) ipso - ce 


Se 


tye 
a, 


UBSIINYAS JO paweyHO addy pog ‘ajqeiyoiduyy ‘paseasiq  ‘pajuvd-asoja fesdcy yw 


A Loaded Tree in Orchard of J. H. Perry 


Apple Orchard of J. H. Perry, Goodison, Qakland County 


Offered for Sale in Grand Rapids 


Is it any wonder that many people are eating oranges and bananas in place of apples? The remedy is to 
produce first-class fruit and then market it so carefully that it will reach the 
consumer in a perfect and inviting condition 


a2 de T ‘yoorng "WCW Jo pAvyrsig suno f 2GBIYuAd 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 49 


apples,” that those “Idaho apples,’ those “Colorado apples,” or those 
“apples from Missouri” or somewhere else are the apples to grow, and that 
they are.the ones you are going to make money on. Wherever you are 
fairly well located, just look around about your own home place. There 
is a glorious opportunity there, and my experience in life is that most of our 
best opportunities are right close at home, if we will only open our eyes and 
see them. (Applause.) 


DISCUSSION. 


President Cook: Regarding root pruning, will you give us a little light 
on the subject as to how and when? 

Mr. Hale: I will tell you how I got on to that trick some years ago. I 
had two Yellow Bellflower trees in a very rich, fertile spot, that were growing 
very rapidly, reached some 16 or 18 years of age, and had never fruited to 
amount to anything. We were obliged, in digging a ditch to drain a swamp, 
to go within six feet of those trees and cut down twelve feet; so we cut off 
all the roots on one side of those trees. It was done in midsummer—July 
or early August; I imagine early August, but it doesn’t matter particularly. 
Those trees bloomed freely the next summer, the first time they had ever 
bloomed freely, they bore a tremendous crop of apples. They never made 
much of any more tree growth but have always been fruitful and that shock 
to those trees gave me an idea that shocking to a greater or less extent was 
a good thing for apple trees that were growing rapidly and not fruiting. I 
have since had vigorous growing trees at 8, 10 and 12 years of age that were 
making trees and not fruit, and I have tried a rougher plan of putting in a 
very big four-horse plough and breaking up the land away down deeper 
than we usually plough, putting in a heavy subsoil plough and of course 
breaking and tearing the roots and no doubt injuring them. Unquestion- 
ably roots ought not to be pruned that way, but in every instance it has 
checked tree growth and stimulated great fruitfulness; and that is the way 
I worked it. I feel that it injures the tree; I know that it weakens the tree; 
I am quite confident that the tree won’t live as long; but what I want apple 
trees for is for apples, and not for growth and beauty of wood. And so 
from several experiments of that kind I am satisfied that this plan will check 
the tree growth and will stimulate early fruitfulness. Therefore I say crowd 
the growth of the tree early, and grow trees just as fast as you can grow 
them by early summer and spring cultivation, not by late fall growth; 
and when you get them to the size you want break up the roots in that 
way or some other in midsummer. 

Then again, I have practiced a good deal of summer pruning with my 
peaches. I feed the peaches pretty liberally and grow them pretty fast 
and get the wood so big and heavy when they are three or four year old 
trees that I have tried summer pruning with them. I have gone right in 
and thinned out a great many of the surplus short, entirely in July where 
from three to five feet in length—thinned out perhaps half a dozen from 
around inner part of tree; and then I have taken the others and cut them 
off from one and one-half to two feet; I have taken others and gone in a 
little earlier, along in June, and thinned out the surplus branches and punched 
off the others to stop an upward growth, and I have shocked those trees 
so they have never grown to as big size as trees not so pruned. They get 
right into the game of peaches; that is what I am playing with them for, 
and they get right into the game and give me what I am after. That has 
led me to try the same in summer pruning on six, seven or eight year old 

it 


50 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


apples, and wherever I have pruned them heavily, stopped their growth 
in summer, I have at once stimulated fruitfulness of the tree and also checked 
tree growth. Now for the beauty of the tree, an ideal great big apple tree, 
I am all wrong; but for a tree down where I want it, one that will bear apples 
and be of a size I can handle, for the tree and its fruit, that is what I get by 
summer pruning. 

Prof. Fletcher: Just one caution with reference to summer pruning, 
that I think Mr. Hale meant to bring out: that is, it is not a general practice, 
like spring pruning, for all trees; but is only for trees that are growing very 
vigorously. I have seen whole orchards of apples on the Pacific coast ruined 
by summer pruning. Trees which are growing very vigorously can be checked 
and thrown into fruit by summer pruning; but if trees are not growing fast 
you are likely enough to seriously injure them. So one has to use great 
judgment. 

One other thing; he has mentioned the neglect of apples in Michigan; 
and I think we may well take his word with shame. If you will examine 
the figures on the wall you will see that Michigan has gone from fourth place 
in apple production in 1890, to seventh place in 1900, and where she is now 
I do not know. You will also see that during the last 50 years we have 
been practically at a standstill as regards the number of bearing apple trees. 
In peaches we are first; but in apples we are sadly behind. I think we may 
well devote considerable time, Mr. Chairman, to the importance subject of 
brushing up our apple industry. I think we ought to be ashamed for the 
condition into which it has fallen. 

Q. I would like to ask Mr. Hale if he doesn’t think that if an orchard 
that has been under high cultivation and grown very vigorously as an apple 
orchard, were seeded down, if that would not have a tendency to stop that? 

Mr. Hale: Yes, sure. 

Prof. Hedrick: I will try and tell you in just a moment the results of 
some experiments that have been carried on in New York in'regard to the 
real values of sod mulch and tillage. About 1900 Mr. Grant Hitchins, 
near Syracuse, New York, grew a crop of beautiful apples. Mr. Collingwood, 
of the Rural New Yorker, and Mr. Johnson, of the American Agriculturist, 
saw this beautiful fruit, heard Mr. Hitchins’ story of how he grew it, and 
immediately began to advocate the sod mulch method of taking care of apple 
orchards; advocated it for all conditions. The experiment station in New 
York, and, for that matter, nearly all experiment stations are advocating 
and have always advocated tillage as the best method for taking care of 
the average apple orchard, or any other kind of orchard; and when thus 
challenged by these newspapers as to the value of tillage for orchards, and 
being pressed: by the newspapers to show any definite instances or give any 
results or experiments, they were unable to do so; and Prof. Beach at the 
Green station immediately started two experiments, one on the farm of Mr. 
Grant Hitchins and one on the Octor farm. I can give you the results of 
the Octor orchard. We have ‘had four crops in the Octor orchard. I may 
say the Octor orchard consists of ten acres of Baldwins, not a tree missing, 
thirty-five years old, wonderfully fine trees, as good trees as can be found 
of that age in Western New York. Several trees in the orchard this year 
bore ten to thirteen barrels to the tree. The orchard was divided into two 
plats, five acres tilled and five acressod mulch. Sod mulch treatment consists 
in cutting the grass, allowing the grass to grow as high as it will and cutting 
it and throwing it around the trees, or throwing it on the ground. The first 
year the sod mulch trees gave a slightly larger yield than the tilled; the 


THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 51 


second year the tilled plat gave the greater number of barrels of fruit; the 
third year the tilled plat bore 530 more barrels of fruit, while the sod mulch 
plat bore only 210 barrels of fruit: more than double the quantity of fruit on 
the tilled orchard than on the sod mulch plat. This year again we have had 
nearly double the quantity of fruit on the tilled plat that we have on the sod 
mulch plat. In dollars and cents this year we have taken from the tilled 
plat a little over $1,200 and from the sod mulch plat of five acres, a little 
less than $600; so that we have, while we have doubled the yield we have 
doubled the amount of money that we have taken from the two plats. By 
the way, those figures give you an idea of what ten acres of apples can do; 
and when I tell you our experiment station pays the lessor $1,000 a year 
for this ten acre orchard, and that they pay $500 a year for taking care of it, 
$300 for supervision, and $200 for labor, for ten years, you will see what 
an apple orchard is worth, even when half of it is grossly mismanaged by 
the sod mulch system. 

You can tell the difference as far as you can see the trees. A half mile from 
the orchard you can see that the tilled trees have the greener foliage and 
are making the longest growth; the annual growth is double on the tilled 
plats that of the sod mulch tree. This particular orchard is, as I say, in the 
heart of the western New York apple region, and is typical of all that great 
region. 

In the Hitchins orchard—and I am not so familiar with the figures there— 
the conditions are different. His orchard is on a sloping hillside and under- 
laid with an impervious subsoil, so there is always water there; in June, 
if you attempt to dig a post-hole in the Hitchins orchard, you will strike 
water; and it is owing to this fact that Mr. Hitchins, I think, has the success 
he does from the sod mulch trees; and there are orchards where with this 
unbounded water supply sod mulch will do. And then again, on the steep 
hillside farms that wash through cultivation, sod mulch will do there; but 
for the commercial apple grower I am very sure that the tilled orchard is 
the thing in Western New York. Mr. Collingwood is here, and I am going 
to_ask him to tell what he saw in that orchard. 

H. W. Collingwood: It does not take long, you know, to tell what you 
don’t know—or it takes a long time would be closer to it. 

Prof. Hedrick said I have been what we call a mulcher. For reasons 
which seemed to me good, I thought it was better for me not to cultivate, 
to plough, and harrow and till the ground around my trees. I must confess 
that after I saw that orchard as Sough Cross I never was so thoroughly 
tempted to go home and plough up the orchard as I was then. But after 
I got home I began to think that thing over a little closer; I made up my 
mind I would let my orchard go as it was a few years longer. Now I think 
that Prof. Hedrick with his Geneva Experiment Station has, in conducting 
that experiment, done a wonderful service to the people of Western New 
York. There can be no question about it whatever. They have demon- 
strated, in my judgment, absolutely beyond any question that if a man is 
getting on now with high tillage, he ought to keep right on doing that; that 
it would be a great folly for a man who was getting good results under high 
tillage to seed down that orchard. Asked whether that proves to a man 
who has a sod orchard that he ought to plough or cultivate, I think something 
more is needed. I think the station should take into consideration an orchard 
now in sod; I think they should take some old sod bound orchard—which 
represents, as I believe, the great majority of orchards in Western New York 
I think the station should take an orchard of that kind, plough up half of 


52 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. - 


it and give it the most intense culture possible; I think they should spend 
the cost of that tillage in fertilizing, and put it on the other half of the orchard, 
and cut the grass which grows there and leave it on the ground. In other 
words, gentlemen, it is always a more forcible illustration to see improvement, 
than it is to see degeneracy. No human being can go through that orchard 
that Prof. Hedrick has been talking about, without being impressed with the 
fact that the tilled part is far superior to the other; the growth on the trees 
would average four or five inches of new wood; the growth on the sod mulch 
would barely equal one inch—half an inch I think would come closer to it. 
A man with good spectacles, or a telescope, twenty miles away, in viewing 
that orchard could tell where they stopped tillage. But I don’t think that 
is exactly the point anyway. You seed down any orchard, however good 
it is, and the first tendency would be for the grass to grow and take away 
plant or moisture from the tree. You have to put fertilizer on that grass 
in order to make it compare with the tillage. 

Prof. Hedrick: We did part of it. 

Mr. Collingwood: I believe that will help the experiment. I went home 
and I looked at my old rough hills all covered with rocks and stone walls, 
and I noticed that the very best trees on my farm are just like a lot of trees 
in that experiment that are on a stone wall. I think Prof. Hedrick will 
agree with me there are a dozen trees in the orchard which are growing 
within comparatively few feet of a stone wall, that are just as good as any 
he has in the tilled portion. Am I right, Prof. Hedrick? 

Prof. Hedrick: Yes. 

Mr. Collingwood: I think so. Those trees have not been cultivated, * 
and evidently there is something in the soil under that old wall that makes 
the tree grow and makes the fruit grow and gives it high color. Those of 
us who have two-thirds of our ground covered with rock—I have three 
miles of stone wall around my farm—I may say that, going there and com- 
paring the cost of tillage with the cost of the other sod, made me go home 
and think I would plant all the trees I could along my stone walls and let 
them alone. But there is one thing I am going to do, and I wish I could 
get fifty men in this audience to go into a club with me—is to take 400 peach 
trees planted in the sod, that have not been ploughed or cultivated; I am 
willing to plough half of that orchard up and handle it just exactly as Prof. 
Hedrick will say. I have got an orchard of 500 apple trees, and I will try 
to do the same thing with that. Not one of those orchards have ever been 
ploughed, mind you. That is different from yours. I will plough half the 
orchard up, and I will put the cost of the tillage in fertilizer on the other half, 
and cut the grass; I will do the same with the apple. I think a lot of us 
ought to get together and not leave the burden of this experiment on this 
one station. Mr. Hale will do it; he will seed down several acres of his peach 
orchard; yes, he will. 

Mr. Hale: I don’t dare to be a fool, when I know better. 

Mr. Collingwood: All right. I think one of the best experiments we 
could have would be to make a universal experiment. Let us ask Prof. 
Hedrick to make out a schedule for handling that half of that orchard, and 
let us go right in and rip up that sod and do just as he tells us. Let us put 
fertilizer on the other side, cut the grass and leave it around the trees, and 
report from year to year. I think that would show something, because it 
would scatter it all over. I have come to the belief that this matter of 
mulching is largely a matter of sowing, and perhaps a matter of variety. 
If we had a very wet sowing, with natural water running out of it, springs 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 53 


there, very wet in the spring—now by mulching, the grass will be there grow- 
ing up and taking part of that water out of the soil, and I believe mulching 
would be a good thing for it. On a very dry soil or in a dry season, I must 
stand convinced that on the typical soil of Western New York they have 
got me on the sod mulch. There is no question about it. When you go 
and see an apple that size (showing an apple) and another one bigger than 
my fist, on trees growing in that way, and absolutely no difference in the 
world that you can point out, except that half of the orchard is tilled and 
that half of the orchard was not, it will convince everybody but a blind man, 
and I don’t know but you would convince him if you could take him through 
the orchard. I think, however, as I say, that that experiment does not 
show it all, Professor. No, I think not. I should like to have others try 
it. (Applause.) 

Mr. Post: I have been experimenting on this line a few years, and Prof. 
Taft has been up there a few times, and there is one thing you have not hit 
on exactly, either one of you, I think, and that is, working half the ground. 
I presume Mr. Hale will make fun about that, but I don’t care, you know, 
and he will think it is kind of half doing one thing or the other. I leave 
a strip—part of my ground is hilly, some of it is not so hilly; part of it is 
quite steep; it is good soil, a dry soil; it is not that damp soil; it would not 
do to leave that in sod right along; it would all dry up in the hot weather 
in the summer. I can go through and plough that all excepting a strip, 
for instance, from four to six feet wide; it won’t wash. I won’t cut that sod 
all out of there, but I will break it up; I won’t leave it in sod then; I will 
reverse it and plough it the other way; but I will leave a strip there; and I 
will say that my orchard this year is just as thrifty as it ought to be; it is 
just coming into the bearing age, about fifteen years of age; and it was grow- 
ing too rapidly and I seeded it down one year and left it there, and it checked 
it a little, and I had about 5,000 bushels off it. 

Mr. Simmons: I will tell you where I think you all make your mistake. 
In starting out, instead of mowing your grass twice or three times each 
season, you let that grass mature. 

Prof. Hedrick: We mow it twice. 

4 Mr. Simmons: And you fertilize it? You have to make up for what you 
ill. 

Prof. Hedrick: We fertilize parts of both plats clear across. 

Mr. Simmons: I think that is a great mistake many make, in letting 
their grass mature, and mature seed, and that draws heavily on the land. 
I am not a sod mulch man, and I feed cattle in the winter, and we draw all 
the manure we can get and I buy all the straw stacks I can buy and all the 
poor hay I can buy, and I put it in my orchard, and I will say I am having 
fair success in that way; although I think where you have not sufficient 
fertilizer, that cultivation is the great thing, and this year especially, with 
the dry weather we had; if we had cultivated, I think we would have got 
larger sized fruit by it; though our apples, it is almost impossible to get a 
color on the face of the red apples that is satisfactory to the buyer, by culti- 
vating them. 

Mr. Briggs: We have two acres of orchard that has been in sod mulch 
for thirty years. The past year I returned all barnyard manure to it. It 
is now in mulch, and has been right along. It has borne very heavily; is 
I think forty-two years old. These two acres this year brought in $750 an 
acre. I suppose that by cultivation it would have brought in $1,500. Our 
young orchards we have sod mulched. We started them that way, and they 


54 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


have been ever since, and they are not on wet land at all, but on rolling 
land, and they have done remarkably well every year. 

President Cook: There has not been anything said about the varieties 
that this young man, or this old man, or this middle-aged man shall set out 
in this Michigan orchard. If it is a proper time and place, I would like to 
have that discussed. Question No. 2 on the program is called for. 

Q. Name four of the best varieties of winter apples for commercial 
orchards in southern Michigan, including two early bearing sorts. Four 
for northern Michigan? 

Mr. Scudder: I do not know just exactly what I would suggest, but my 
opinion would be that I would stick to the old standard varieties, although 
for early bearing apple I think the Wealthy is an apple that comes very 
early; and the Wagner is another. I would plant Northern Spies for southern 
Michigan. 

Mr. Halsted: A great many people are planting Jonathan, Spies, and 
Rhode Island Greenings, which are the three principal varieties at the present 
time, 

Mr. Hutchins: There are a number of best varieties, and I do not know 
as there is any one best variety. There are advantages and disadvantages. 
The Spy is one of the best varieties, but it is a shy bearer. The Greening 
with me is one of the best varieties, but a good many people do not like it; 
it is a regular bearer, does not over-bear; the fruit is good size; and it has a 
reputation in the market, and it sells. The King is a good variety, but there 
are objections to that. The Wagner is a splendid variety, but there are 
objections to that. They all have their advantages and their disadvantages. 
While there are a number of them that appeal to me, if I should advise you 
to plant them, you would probably be disappointed and curse me for recom- 
mending them so highly. 

Q. I would like to ask about the Grimes Golden. Is that a success? 

Chas. Wilde: In Kent county I think Grimes Golden is one of the best 
bearers we have. It stands ahead, I think, of most anything we have as 
a nice winter fruit, unless it is the Jonathan; but the color is a little against 
it, on account of it being a yellow apple. It is certainly very hardy and a 
wonderful bearer. The Northern Spy is probably the best market apple 
in this market of any I know. I have trees that are over 50 years old, and 
bearing as well as they ever did. The Shiawassee Beauty is a fine apple; 
bright red, a fine eating apple, and a very nice looking apple. 

It is a late fall apple. Norton’s Melon is one of the finest flavored apples 
we have; nice color, and good size; hardy tree. Probably the Jonathan 
and Northern Spy are the two best market apples that are well known at 
the present time. The Grimes Golden is better known, and if better color 
would be one of the best. 

A Member: Some speak of the Steele Red, but I suppose the Red Canada 
is the proper name. They crack so it makes it almost impossible to get 
perfect apples of the Red Canada; and they are very shy bearers in Calhoun 
county. 

Mr. Bassett: Give them the same care as Mr. Halstead and Mr. Simmons, 
and they will be all right. If you do not spray, you cannot raise any kind 
of an apple. 

Mr. Simmons: If you come down with us and let us show you how to 
take care of those Steele Red apples, we will show you how. We can sell 
those Steele Red apples in the fall when the Greenings and your Baldwins 
have no market at all. You can sell them for a good round sum. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 55 


A Member: The Grimes Golden in the southwest part of Michigan is 
not a very marketable apple. It bears very heavily, but is not salable in 
southwest Michigan. I think Chicago is a good market for Grimes Golden. 
There seems to be quite an agitation about this Steele Red. A great many 
people get it in their heads to set out an orchard of Canada Red. If you 
have a sandy soil or red clay subsoil, and some limestone with it, and set 
out some good hardy variety like Tolman Sweet or Ben Davis, and top 
graft, you will have the most perfect orchard. Under other conditions you 
will not. 

A Member: If I were going to top graft Steele Red, I should work through 
a Northern Spy. 

Mr. Halstead: In eastern Michigan, in Henry C. Ward’s orchard at 
Pontiac, he has about 200 acres in one block; and, as I understand, every 
other row is Wagner. His Wagners are bearing very well at a young age; 
they are not a large tree, and they are irregular shaped, unless exceedingly 
well cared for. In regard to filling, of course to get the best benefits of an 
orchard we must set them at a proper distance and let the fillers go in time. 

A Member: At Grand Rapids we set out one-third Northern Spies, and 
then I put out some Baldwins and Greenings; I think there would not be much 
room left for anything else. Steele Reds do not seem to do as well in the 
Grand Rapids region as in the eastern part, where they are well treated. 
Grimes Golden are good when known better. I have ahout three dozen 
families in that city that want them. 

President Cook: Jonathan, Spies and Greenings, the old, old timers, 
seem to stand right by. I think to those three we ought to add a good 
early apple, and that is the Duchess. It is an early bearer, a good seller 
every time, and I am more and more pleased with the Duchess. 

A Member: I have a word in favor of the Baldwin. It is the best 
market apple we can raise in this part of Michigan. The shippers rather 
have it than anything else. It is certainly the best bearer we have. 

Question No. 10: Shall we grade strawberries while picking, at the packing 
shed or not at all? 

President Cook: I do want to change that just a little bit. I should say 
unless you had conditions of market which rendered it impracticable, grade 
them while picking. I should say if you were catering to a better market 
and want to get the best prices, by all means grade them. If you are going 
to an early market, and are hastening off the berries, I would say most 
emphatically do not grade them at all; but the only way to get the first class 
prices out of a good grade of strawberries is to grade them and grade them 
carefully. If the strawberries can be picked while in the pink of condition, 
it is all right to grade them at the tent; and one or two or three persons can 
grade a lot of strawberries and do it right. But if they get just a little bit 
ripe, then the pickers better grade them. You will get a lot better returns 
in that case by grading in the field, each picker his own judge, except as we 
are able to advise with them occasionally and keep them working to one 
uniform standard just as far as possible. 

Mr. Hetzel: The last three years we attempted to grade strawberries 
in the field while picking, and every year we have abandoned it because we 
found there were nearly as many grades.as pickers. We had the pickers to 
grade them, and had others to grade them afterwards. There are some 
pickers that grade strawberries all right, and there are others who never will 
learn to do it, at least I do not believe they will. 

President Cook: If you are so fixed that you can keep those people 


56 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


that learn to grade strawberries, and get the strawberries picked by them, 
and fire the other fellows, you are all right. 


FACTORS AFFECTING HARDINESS OF THE PEACH. 


(PROF. U. P. HEDRICK, GENEVA, N. Y.) 


The peach affords a striking example of a plant undergoing acclimatiza- 
tion. In the wild state, this species is endowed with a constitution fitted 
to endure the heat of climates almost subtropical. Under domestication 
it is gradually becoming inured to climates far to the north of its habitat 
and so cold that at first it could not have lived in them. It may be that 
this change is somewhat due to acclimation in which the plant is naturally 
or spontaneously becoming habituated to cold, but the peach can now grow 
in colder climates than formerly chiefly because of the efforts of man to secure 
this change in the species. What are the means by which man can aid in 
acclimatizing a species or a variety to a climate at first injurious to it? 

I have made two efforts to find some explanation of the varying behavior of 
peach trees during freezes and frosts, working at the problem from the 
standpoint of the horticulturist, and the information obtained in these in- 
vestigations, show some of the means by which man is helping to acclimatize 
the peach and by which possibly other species might be acclimatized. In 
the spring of 1905 I addressed letters to about 100 of the best peach growers 
in Michigan asking for their experience as to the hardiness of the peach 
in tree and bud. In the spring of 1907 about the same number of letters 
were addressed to peach growers in New York. This paper is a brief review 
of the answers obtained. In making these investigations I have visited 
the orchards of many of my correspondents and have noted the condition 
of the trees under consideration and have a personal knowledge of many 
of the conditions discussed. 

The factors considered in the investigation fall under two heads. 

1. Cultural treatment which increases the ability of the individual tree 
to withstand cold. 

2. Variations in the species favorable to greater hardiness to cold. 

In presenting and discussing the information obtained, I shall advance 
few or no theories but shall simply set forth the facts that have been re- 
ported to me. 

1. The factors of environment and of cultural treatment noted as affecting 
acclimatization are as follows: 


I. INFLUENCE OF SOIL AND. HARDINESS. 


It is usually held that trees are hardiest on sandy, gravelly or stony soils. 
In the peach orchards of Michigan the growers consulted held this to be the 
case almost without exception. But in New York the kind of soil seems 
to make but little difference providing it is warm and dry. If these two 
factors be favorable peaches seem to thrive in any of the soils of New York. 
The difference in opinion between the peach growers of Michigan and New 
York arises from the fact that the great belt in which peaches are grown 
in the first named state has a sandy soil and growers there have scarcely 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 57 


tried the peach on clays, loams or shales upon which some of the best orchards 
in New York are located. 

But this point is made clear; the peach must have a warm, dry soil to secure 
the greatest possible hardiness inherent in the species. Only in such a soil 
can trees make a strong, firm, well matured growth that seems to be con- 
ducive to hardiness. 

Many growers in both states speak of the desirability of a gravelly subsoil 
to secure a hardy tree. Such a subsoil seems to be conducive to the warmth 
and dryness of roots and it is probable that so far as hardiness is concerned 
it matters little whether this subsoil be overlaid with sand, gravel, loam, 
clay or combinations of these. 


Il. DOES THE AMOUNT OF MOISTURE IN THE SOIL IN WINTER AFFECT THE 
HARDINESS OF THE PEACH? 


The evidence as regards this point is clear. Either extreme of moisture 
—excessive wetness or excessive dryness—gives favorable conditions for 
winter killing. A wet soil is conducive to sappiness in the tree and also 
freezes deeply. Severe cold, especially alternating with warm weather 
or accompanied with dry winds, causes evaporation of water from trees 
and if the soil be so dry as not to furnish moisture to replace the evaporated 
water, harmful results ensue. Several experiences were given in Michigan 
in which trees were injured far more from winter freezes in a dry than in a 
wet soil. The statement was made by several growers that twigs and buds 
which are more or less shrivelled in winter from lack of water or lack of 
maturity are almost invariably winterkilled. 


III. WHAT EFFECT DO FERTILIZERS HAVE ON TREE GROWTH AND HENCE 
ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO COLD? 


It has always been held in theory that fertilizers with any considerable 
amount of nitrogen, as barnyard manure, cause trees to make a heavy, rank, 
soft growth susceptible to freezing. The majority of the peach growers 
consulted in this investigation still hold that such is the case, but a very 
considerable number of them, and among them some of the best growers 
in the two states, hold that trees are more likely to suffer from cold if underjed 
than vf overfed. Their experiences indicate that vigorous, vegetable growth 
in early summer can be made of great service in counteracting cold, and 
that half starved trees, or those which have been allowed to bear too heavily, 
are apt to suffer most from freezing. Fertilizers properly used do not, in 
the experience of these growers, necessarily induce a rank, soft growth. 
By using properly balanced fertilizers, by stopping cultivation at the right 
time, and by judicious pruning, it was maintained that the growth could be 
kept firm, the top of the tree compact, and the branches well set with buds, 
all conditions favorable to hardiness. Practically all of the growers report 
that late fall growths are susceptible to winter injury of both wood and bud. 


IV. DO COVER CROPS PROTECT TREES FROM COLD? 


There were no conflicting opinions on this point. Growers who had planted 
cover crops, and nearly all had, were agreed as to the value of this method 
of protecting trees from winter freezing. Many individual cases were cited 
of orchards having cover crops surviving this cold winter or that when 
nearby orchards without the covering crop holding a mufHer of leaves and 

8 ~ 


58 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


snow were killed. The peach growers in the two regions consider the cover 
crop the most effective treatment of their orchards to avoid winter killing, 
holding that they protect the roots from cold, cause the trees to ripen their 
wood quickly and thoroughly, and to assist in regulating the supply of 
moisture. 


Vv. ARE SEEDLING TREES HARDIER THAN BUDDED VARIETIES? 


Seedling peach trees are popularly supposed to be hardier than budded 
varieties. Most of the correspondents in this investigation state that such 
is the case but none give reasons for the supposed greater hardiness of the 
seedlings. The statements made are in no way convincing and the greater 
hardiness of the seedlings can be proved only by carefully conducted ex- 
periments. Two hypotheses should be tested in determining whether there is 
a difference in hardiness between budded and seedling trees: 1st. Budding 
may decrease hardiness. 2nd. Seeds for the stocks of the budded trees come 
from the south and these may produce more tender trees than would north- 
ern grown seeds from which seedlings come. 


VI. IS THERE ANY DIFFERENCE IN HARDINESS BETWEEN LOW-HEADED AND 
HIGH-HEADED TREES? 


All growers in both states prefer low-headed trees claiming that both 
trunks and branches are more often injured in high-headed trees. Buds, 
however, often survive on the higher branches and not on the lower ones. 
The reasons vouchsafed for the difference are: The effects of winds in drying 
out the wood of high-headed trees ; low-headed trees are usually most vigorous; 
and lastly, better protection to the trunk from the sun and hence from sun- 
scald, one of the effects of freezing and thawing. Attention is called by 
several growers to the fact that buds on high-headed trees usually suffer 
less from spring frosts. 


VII. ARE WINDBREAKS A PROTECTION TO TREES OR TO BUDS? 


There was much difference of opinion. From the experiences given it 
seems that the value of a windbreak depends largely upon the topography 
of the land. A windbreak so situated as to form still air can only be detri- 
mental so far as cold is concerned. So planted as to deflect or cause air 
currents they become of value in keeping off frosts. More often than not, 
however, it was claimed, they seriously check atmospheric drainage and 
the damage by frost is increased. Another disadvantage is, should the 
windbreak be to the north, the buds on the trees thus sheltered are forced 
and are therefore more liable to injury by late frosts. The testimony was 
for most part unfavorable to windbreaks. 


VIII. WHAT DEGREE OF COLD WILL KILL PEACH TREES? 


There was a most surprising uniformity in the answers to this question. 
Nearly all of the correspondents set 20° below zero as the temperature that 
will kill the peach tree under normal conditions though some had known 
them to withstand temperatures of from 20° to 30° depending upon the 
condition in which the trees went into winter. The following are the con- 
ditions unfavorable to withstanding cold and about in order of the frequency 
in which they are mentioned: Lack of maturity of wood; lack of protec- 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 59 


tion of roots by snow or cover crops; poor soil drainage; overbearing in the 
preceding crop; lack of vitality from ravages of insects or fungi; and the 
susceptibility of the variety to cold. 


IX. WHAT DEGREE OF COLD WILL KILL PEACH BUDS? 


From the answers to this question we are forced to conclude that much 
more depends upon the condition of the buds than on the temperature, 
assuming of course a temperature below zero and not greater than 25° 
which seems to be the limit that peach buds can stand even under most 
favorable conditions. The chief factors influencing tenderness of buds are: 
Maturity of buds; variety; and the time at which the buds of a variety 
finish their resting period and become ready to grow. Some of the factors 
influencing temperature are: Lay of the land; proximity to water; stresses 
of changeable weather; altitude, latitude, and currents of air. 


X. ARE TREES FROM NORTHERN NURSERIES HARDIER THAN THOSE FROM 
SOUTHERN ONES? 


Many opinions were expressed but few men had grown trees from different 
latitudes under such conditions as to answer the question fairly. The 
answers were in no way decisive and the question is still an open one to be 
settled only by direct experimentation with trees of the same varieties 
from north and south grown under identical conditions. 


1 Oe 


The following variations in the species are favorable to hardiness: 


I. DOES THE CHARACTER OF INDIVIDUAL TREES HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH 
HARDINESS? 


Answers to these questions were very indefinite and often conflicting. 
It was held by some, and with a fair show of experience to confirm the con- 
tention, that trees naturally high-headed with few branches, long, spindling 
trunks, branches and twigs, have soft wood and are therefore more suscep- 
tible to freezing. On the other hand, that individuals having naturally 
short bodies, a goodly number of branches starting low, with short-jointed 
wood bright and clear when cut, and thickly set with buds, were the least 
easily injured by cold. One tree of a variety may be supposed to be slightly 
more hardy to cold than another through inherent variation but whether 
such hardiness can be detected through the character of the growth would 
have to be determined by carefully conducted experiments and can hardly 
be proved by such observations as my correspondents are able to make. 


II. ARE THE SMALL-GROWING VARIETIES WITH COMPACT HEADS HARDIER 
THAN THE FREE-GROWING SORTS WITH LARGE HEADS? 


Practically all growers say that the compact growing sorts are the hardiest. 
As would be expected the small headed varieties are those with the least 
succulent wood. The following varieties are named as being the most 
compact growers and hence hardier than the average: Hill’s Chili, Crosby, 
Gold Drop, Barnard, Kalamazoo, Triumph, Wager and FitzGerald. 


60 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


III. IS THE WOOD OF SOME VARIETIES MORE SUCCULENT THAN THAT OF 
OTHERS MAKING SUCH SORTS SUSCEPTIBLE TO COLD? 


Every experienced orchardist or nurseryman knows that there is a great 
‘ variation in the texture of peach wood. Some varieties have a much more 
succulent growth than others grown under the same conditions. Succulency 
of growth is in some cases a well marked varietal character and one that 
can be avoided in selecting sorts to plant where hardiness is a requisite. 
Summarizing the answers from New York and Michigan the following are 
the sorts most often named as having the softest and sappiest wood growth: 
Early Crawford and Late Crawford are named by practically all corres- 
pondents as being most succulent in growth, following which, named in order 
of degree of succulency come: Chair’s Choice, St. John, Niagara and Sur- 
prise. 
IV. ARE YOUNG OR OLD TREES HARDIEST? © 


Beyond all question young trees suffer most in sever winter freezes. Prac- 
tically all of my correspondents in both New York and Michigan agree to 
this and as a proof many of the Michigan growers give their experience in 
the several severe freezes that have occurred in that State during the past 
few years in which young trees universally suffered most. It is probable 
that young trees are injured most because they make a much greater and 
much ranker growth than the older ones and hence more sap remains in 
them during the winter. The formation of buds in the older trees is helpful, 
too, in maturing the wood. There are, however, many exceptions to the 
statement that young trees are less hardy to cold than old ones. Old trees 
can be forced to produce large quantities of new wood susceptible to winter- 
killing, while on the other hand the superabundant growth of young trees 
can be kept down by orchard treatment. It is fair to assume, too, that old 
trees possessing very low vitality are less hardy than vigorous young trees. 
Thus it was often noted that old trees which had suffered from the ravages 
of borers, or fungus parasites as curl-leaf or shot-hole fungus, were easily 
killed by cold. ‘ 

While young trees are more susceptible to freezing than old ones yet they 
are much more likely to recover, if recovery is possible, and their return 
to the normal condition is more rapid. This is probably true because of the 
greater vigor of the younger plants and because of the possibility of an 
entirely new covering of bark for small trees often impossible with larger 
ones. 


V. NAME THE FIVE VARIETIES OF PEACHES MOST HARDY IN WOOD. 


There was as would be expected great difference of opinion as to the sorts 
most hardy. In New York the following five sorts, in order named, were 
considered most hardy: Crosby, Hill’s Chili, Stevens Rareripe, Gold Drop 
and Elberta. In Michigan practically every grower considered Hill’s Chili 
most hardy in wood followed closely by Crosby, then Gold Drop, Kalamazoo 
and Barnard. It was interesting to note that Elberta, Smock and Salway, 
considered fairly hardy in’ New York, are somewhat tender in Michigan. 
The three upon which growers agree in both states as begin hardiest are Hill’s 
Chili, Crosby: and Gold Drop. Wager, Jaques Rareripe, Carman, Belle 
of Georgia, Hale’s Early, Champion and Greensboro, none of them in the 
lists of five hardiest, are hardier than the average. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. . 61 


VI. NAME THE FIVE VARIETIES MOST TENDER IN WOOD. 


Here, too, opinion differed but not so much as in naming the lists of hardy 
sorts. In New York the list runs: Early Crawford, Late Crawford, Chair’s 
Choice, St. John, Niagara. In Michigan the first four are as in New York, 
Early and Late Crawford, Chair’s Choice and St. John, followed by Smock 
which, strange to say, is considered a fairly hardy sort in New York. Mich- 
igan growers consider Salway tender in wood while in New York there was 
an even division as to whether it was hardy or tender. Elberta came within 
a vote of tying Smock for the list of tender varieties in Michigan. 


VII. NAME THE FIVE VARIETIES OF PEACHES MOST HARDY IN BUD. 


The New York growers named more than a score of varieties as being 
hardy in bud and were agreed only upon two sorts as being preeminently 
hardy, namely: Crosby and Hill’s Chili, with Triumph, Gold Drop, Stevens’ 
Rareripe and Kalamazoo having an equal number of votes for hardiness. 
The Michigan growers gave their opinion most decidedly for the five follow- 
ing sorts, scarcely any others being named: Hill’s Chili, Gold Drop, Crosby, 
Kalamazoo, and Barnard with a few scattering votes for Triumph, Early 
Rivers, Wager and Salway. 


Vill. NAME THE FIVE VARIETIES OF PEACHES MOST TENDER IN BUD. 
‘ 


Growers in the two regions agree as to the sorts most tender in bud. Not 
only are the same varieties given but in exactly the same order, namely: 
Early Crawford, Late Crawford, Chair’s Choice, Reeve’s Favorite and EIl- 
’ berta. Among other sorts named as being tender in bud in one or the other 
or both states are Old Mixon, St. John, Smock, Niagara, Surprise, Globe 
and Mountain Rose. 

In summarizing the results of the investigations it appears that the peach 
is certainly influenced as to hardiness by the cultural treatment given. 
The presumption is, upon philosophical grounds, that the external influences 
of orchard management have a permanent effect upon hardiness of the peach 
and that the horticulturist is thus slowly but surely acclimatizing this species 
to greater degrees of cold than it could once stand. It appears, too, that 
there are favorable variations in the peach as to hardiness of wood and of 
bud from which the horticulturist can select and breed varieties capable 
of withstanding the vicissitudes of climates which in its wild state this plant 
could not have borne. We have, in cultural treatment and selection, means 
at the command of the horticulturist to acelimatize all plants and I have 
tried to set forth in their relative importance the chief factors as these 
means are now being used in the acclimatization of the peach. 


DISCUSSION. 


J. H. Hale: Mr. President, I should, in a general way, want to say amen 
to the reports as given by Prof. Hedrick. I am certainly convinced that 
he and his correspondents are right when they say that the most vigorous, 
well-fed, well nurtured, well balanced trees are more hardy than a half 
starved tree, more hardy in the fruit bud. I would want to emphasize that. 
I think he satisfies us it is correct, and my experience in growing peaches 
would warrant that. His other conclusions, in a broad general way, 
covered the situation as I have met it in New England and in the south. 


62 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


The only addition, or subtraction, or whatever it may be, that I would 
add to his report is, when he speaks, or his correspondents speak of the 
hardiness of the fruit buds of certain varieties. I notice New York headed 
the list with Crosby and Hill’s Chili, and Michigan with Hill’s Chili, Gold 
Drop, Kalamazoo and Barnard. It struck me that your correspondents 
were just a little behind the light house; that is, that their reports were good 
six or eight years ago; and had they planted and tested thoroughly some 
of the more recently introduced varieties, their reports would have been 
different. Now I grow or have grown all these varieties referred to, and 
I have been up against the proposition of winter-killing of peach buds. 
That and the yellows are the only two things we have to fear. We do not 
worry about the San Jose scale or the other troubles, but the killing of the 
buds in winter has been the one serious proposition with me all through 
life; and so I have tested all these hardier varieties, and I have tested all 
the newer ones as they have come along in recent years, and I grow them 
very extensively both in Georgia and Connecticut, and today we find both 
the Waddell and the Carman hardier than either the Hill’s Chili or the Crosby. 
And yet years ago those were our old hardy varieties. We find the Champion, 
under trying freeze conditions with us in New England, rather more reliable 
bearer than the Crosby and the Belle of Georgia, twin sisters of the Elberta; 
that is, the seed came from the same tree with the Elberta, or in the same 
year; a white flesh peach, full sister of the Elberta; it is one of our hardiest 
peaches in New England. We can put it under our most trying conditions, 
where we would not think of planting the Elberta, where we could not possibly 
grow a Mountain Rose or an Old Mixon or any of that standard type. We 
can plant the Belle of Georgia and get crops. We had in Connecticut three 
or four years ago—we do not brag about our climate as you do here in Mich- 
igan—we had fruit, following a fall in temperature to 34 degrees below zero 
in our peach orchards, on Belle of Georgia, on Champion, on Waddell, and 
Carman trees so that we had paying commercial crops. We had a drop 
in Georgia from 80 degrees above zero for two or three weeks, when the trees 
were in bloom, to 4-below zero, and it wiped out trees by the hundreds and 
thousands of acres; but a few Waddells bobbed up with peaches on the tree. 
And so I think if your correspondents had been testing all these peaches 
over any number of years, your report from Michigan and New York would 
have been different as to these varieties. 

Prof. Hedrick: Let me say Champion, Belle of Georgia and Carman 
were all mentioned as hardier than the average, and had they been more 
generally grown I think they would have ranked toward the top. Waddell 
is not largely grown in this State nor in New York. I agree with you it 
ought to be grown more generally. 

Mr. Hale: Some one asked the question about the time of ripening of 
Champion. It is about ten days ahead of the Elberta. The Waddell is 
ten days ahead of Mountain Rose, a white flesh peach with a red rose cheek, 
one of the most profitable early peaches I know of anywhere; in your profes- 
sor’s description of the growth of a low growing, spreading tree for hardiness, 
he might have been writing his report while looking at a Waddell peach tree. 

Q. Mr. President, and Mr. Hale, is the Carman and Belle of Georgia 
hardier than Hill’s Chili? I do not find it so. 

Mr. Hale: I think so. I am sure the Carman is; possibly the Belle of 
Georgia is not quite so, but they are among the very hardy kind. 

Prof. Hedrick: Of course Waddell is very hardy, but at the experiment 
station, while we had a great many of those varieties that were hardy, I 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 63 


did not dare to recommend to the people, because in Michigan the white 
peach is not a valuable peach on the market. 

Mr. Hale: Then you are supplying a low grade market. When you 
get to a high grade market you will grow white peaches always. 

A Member: I am not saying anything about the quality of the peaches. 
The Waddell is very good, but, for all that, you cannot in Michigan sell 
fruit buyers a white peach; and all the growers along the lake shore will 
stand by me in that respect. The Champion is one of the white peaches 
that sell fairly good, but it has never proved as good a seller as one of the 
yellow varieties. 

Q. How are these varieties for shipping? I find a white peach is a very 
poor shipper. 

Mr. Hale: We grow them on a large scale and ship from Georgia all over 
the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and they are good shippers. 
The Champion is the poorest of the lot; that is a very thin skinned peach 
and not a good shipper. The Waddell is preferable to Carman as a shipper; 
and the Belle of Georgia is fully as good a shipper as Elberta. If I were 
planting peaches in Michigan this coming spring, I assure you, whether your 
market wanted white peaches or not, I should plant white peaches more 
extensively than yellow ones. 

Mr. Hutchins: With reference to soils; I think if there is a state in the 
Union, so far as my knowledge goes, that has diversities of soils, Michigan 
is one. In Allegan county, there was one field that was perhaps—oh, in a 
distance of thirty rods there was a gradation from a heavy clay to a fairly 
light loam; and a number of varieties of peaches running right across this 
field; the field was level and the treatment was entirely the same. A big 
feature of it was that on the one side the peaches set so full they required 
thinning; as we come to the loam soil the peaches fell off until that which 
was the most loam had no peaches at all: It seems to me there is a very 
suggestive point as to the character of soil as it affects hardiness. 


DISCOURAGEMENTS AND SUCCESSES IN PEACH CULTURE IN 
THE MICHIGAN FRUIT BELT. 


(F. M. BARDEN, SOUTH HAVEN.) 


Peaches were first grown in Michigan at St. Joseph upon trees that were 
set about the beginning of the nineteenth century. The peach tree seems 
to have been necessary to the successful pioneer in this region, as nearly 
every settler possessed at least one. No attempt was made to grow more, 
as there was neither access to market, nor a knowledge of the commercial 
value of the fruit. However, when in 1840, Captain Curtis Boughton began 
to buy peaches and take them across to Chicago, where he sold many of 
them at $45 per barrel, the whole country immediately caught the peach 
fever. Here was the first great success. A crop had been discovered that 
required simple culture and’ gave fabulous returns. An immediate effort 
was made to improve the quality, and the Crawford type soon superceded 
the seedlings. The result was an increase in the shipment of choice fruit, 
from a hundred baskets in 1840, to several thousand in 1855. 


64 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ; 


The accounts of the prices received at this early date read like a fairy 
tale; thus, it is easy for us to see why the people were so anxious to embark 
in their new industry. Those living north of St. Joseph along the lake 
were not slow in discovering the especial adaptability of that whole region 
for the culture of this fruit. The settlers in Van Buren county were soon 
in the wake of those in Berrien, planting orchards, from 1852, onward. 
The enterprise advanced up the lake shore during the succeeding years, 
until now the peach belt has reached a northern limit, such as the fathers’ 
of the industry little dreamed of. Land at one time considered worthless, 
rapidly increased in value. The acreage increased, and although there was 
a corresponding decrease in the price, still there was a very wide margin 
between it and the cost of production. Those were boom days in Michigan 
peach culture. 


THE YELLOWS. 


As we glance back at this early time, we are struck by the simplicity 
of the task of peach growing in those days. The combination of virgin 
land, protecting influences, and comparative freedom from insects and dis- 
eases, produced excellent fruit with little effort, and the fruit sold for a 
higher price than is dreamed of now. Thus the peach existed in a natural 
state, with a balance of power between itself and the force surrounding it. 
But man in his anxiety for increased profit, cleared the way for those enemies 
which many growers today look upon as types of discouragements. 

Of the discouragements, I shall mention four: The yellows, little peach, 
San Jose scale, and winter injury. 

The year 1866 marks the date of the first notice of a disease in Michigan, 
that was destined to play a very important part in the future developments 
of peach interests. It first made its appearance upon the farm of D. M. 
Brown, just south of St. Joseph” among the trees that had been obtained 
from a New Jersey nurseryman. Since it was known to have been brought 
westward from the seat of the disease in the east, it was quickly identified 
as the “yellows.” In spite of the fact that the seriousness of its develop- 
ments in the east was known, it attracted but little interest here and practically 
no attention was given to it. But it was not always to remain unnoticed. 
During the next five years, it laid a foundation that threatened the destruc- 
tion of the peach industry of the State. In 1870, the residents of Berrien 
county suddenly became alarmed when they found that the disease had 
become widely disseminated thoughout the region. But it was too late; 
the damage had been wrought. In 1874, Berrien.county had 6,000 acres of 
peach orchards, the best in the world. In 1864, it possessed only 503 acres. 
From being the foremost peach county in the State with an acreage larger 
than that of all the others combined, it became ninth in order. This whole- 
sale slaughter of trees was cause enough ee discouragement, and affected 
to a greater or less extent, the judgment of the most conservative. 

The disaster in the southern part of the fruit belt, was a warning to the 
growers in the north. By legislation and personal vigilance the dreaded dis- 
ease was never allowed to gain the mastery in the vicinity of South Haven. 
Although this disease has appeared in every part of the fruit belt, and in 
many places has completely annihilated the industry, the growers have proved 
the fact that cooperation and vigilance are the only requirements necessary 
to hold it in check. The proof of this statement is being strengthened every 
year by the reports from those sections where the ‘‘yellows” suddenly 
obtained mastery; as a search into the causes, always reveals the fact that 
the growers have become negligent. 


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THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 65 


However the question of interest after great depredations, is that of 
reconstruction. The growers of Berrien county, though vanquished for a 
time, soon regained their former standing. The history of their successes 
is one of actual results, that have been obtained in every district where 
reconstruction has been attempted. 


LITTLE PEACH. 


When the smoke of the battle with “yellows” was fairly well settled 
in those regions where the contest had been the fiercest, another disease 
of more than local importance, suddenly appeared in the southwestern 
part of Allegan county, upon the announcement by Prof. Taft that it was 
something new and unnamed. For the lack of a more appropriate term, 
it was designated as “little peach.” This was the year 1895. The past 
twelve years has been sufficient time for it to become disseminated very 
thoroughly. Although in general it has not caused the damage that the 
“vellows” did, still most of those who have met it, would much prefer to 
fight the latter., Time does not allow of a full description of its record, 
but the fact should be emphasized that it can be controlled The combined 
work of Professors Taft and Waite, and the experiences of hundreds of 
successful growers, established the truth beyond argument. It has simply 
been the old story of eradication and complete destruction of every diseased 
tree; being willing to sacrifice a little for the good of many. While the cause 
of the disease, is even now as much unknown as that of the “yellows,” and 
it has produced discouragements to nearly the same extent; it has likewise 
contributed approximately as much to success in the culture of peaches 
through a stimulus to effort on the part of the growers. 


SAN JOSE SCALE. 


The discouragements that have been mentioned thus far, belong to the 
great class of natural enemies, known as disease; and we come to one which 
is classed among the insects, and bears the familiar name of San Jose scale. 
This is another contribution to our State from the nurseries of the east. 
While Michigan growers were reading of its destruction in the east and west, 
and rejoicing in the fact that it was so far removed, they suddenly received 
a chill of terror in the year 1897, on hearing that it had been discovered 
within our own borders. During the next four years, as it spread out over 
the southern portion of the fruit belt, the growers were in despair but at the 
critical time, the experiment stations and experienced growers of other 
states sent us the glad news that the scale could be controlled. This caused 
renewed activity in combating the pest, and consequently good results, 
although this was not accomplished until many orchards had been destroyed. 
Now the energetic grower has come to the conclusion that he need fear the 
scale no longer, and in fact, that it is an advantage to him by forcing 
out of business the shiftless grower who allows the scale to out-wit him. 


THE FREEZE. 


Of the agents of great destruction to peach interests, there remains one that 
is heaviest upon us now—the freeze. This includes not only the ravages 
of wirtter, but also those of October and May. Since the beginning of the 
peach business in Michigan, there has always been considerable anxiety 
concerning the safety of the buds. From early winter until the setting of 

9 


66 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the fruit for next seasons’ crop, the condition of the buds has been a con- 
stant cause for conjecture. Hardly a season has passed without one or 
more localities being robbed of its peach crop for the season, because of injury 
in this respect. However, there has never been a universal failure from 
this cause. Permit a personal reference at this point. Until the season 
just closed, our home orchard has had but one year within my memory in 
which it did not produce enough fruit to meet the expenses necessary to 
its maintenance, while nearly all of the remaining years have been those 
which the commercial man would class as highly prosperous. 

However, the loss of the buds for a season does not tell the whole story 
of cold temperature in relation to the peach orchards of Michigan. There 
have been winters in which certain localities suffered the loss of the majority 
of their trees, while the remainder had their period of usefulness shortened 
by several years. Such, for example, were the years, 1873, 1885, and 1889. 
From those experiences, no region has been absolutely free, yet the remaining 
trees supported the locality until new orchards could be set. But the un- 
expected freeze of October 10th, 1906, left some impressions at nearly every 
point of the peach belt, while in the vicinity of South Haven, and for many 
miles south, it practically swept the board clean, doing everything but 
clearing the land. Localities which had been blessed with continual success, 
and in which the orchards were the pride of the people, have produced 
effects anything but pleasing during the past summer. This freeze was 
the greatest force yet exerted to bring discouragement to the Michigan 
peach grower. 

The question of greatest importance since the eventful night has been 
“What of the future?” This is the question that follows every great devas- 
tation of property. Consider the events which have transpired in San 
Francisco during the last few months. Words can hardly picture the great 
and uvavoidable destruction to that beautiful city by the forces of nature. 
But the inhabitants did not think of waiting a few years before rebuilding 
in order to ascertain whether there would be a recurrence of the catastrophe. 
The work of reconstruction began immediately. This spirit has been the 
moving force in the progress of the world; and it is the spirit that must 
regain for Michigan her rank in the production of peaches. The spirit of 
waiting for results, in a case like the present, has never accomplished any- 
thing, and never will. , 

Undoubtedly there are many localities that should never be reset, which 
is one of the successes resulting from the freeze. It is time that the half-way 
man either quits the business, or else comes up to the standard. Nature has 
settled the question. Henceforth, men who have belonged to this class, 
will either be found among the front ranks of fruit growers, or else they will 
have adopted another profession. In fact, this freeze was a great clearing 
house, ridding the country of hundreds of worthless orchards and raising 
the ideals of the growers. 

We might enumerate many more occurrences that have tended to produce 
temporary discouragements in certain districts, such as; poor choice of 
varieties, failure of varieties to come true to name, and poor judgment in 
culture, but the time will not allow us to discuss them. Each one of them 
has contributed its share toward the development of men who are fully 
equipped to make peach culture a success. The recent destruction of Galves- 
ton by water brought discouragement to thousands of people, but it de- 
veloped the ingenuity of man to such an extent, that the new Galveston, 
is now one of the most remarkable achievements of engineering skill. The 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 67 
‘ 


same is true of the backsets in the culture of peaches. The man who will 

be successful in growing fruit in the future will have to abandon the crude 

culture that was effective in the earlier years. He must be thoroughly 

acquainted with every aspect of the work before him, always searching 

for improved methods, having good judgment, and having a love for the work. 

To men of this stamp, the past fifty years of Michigan fruit culture, have 

been almost an unbroken record of successes, in which the four or five partia 1 
failures, due to the discouragements that I have mentioned, only make the ' 
successes stand out more prominently. 

Since the evidence clearly shows that the successes in Michigan peach 
culture during the past fifty years have greatly outnumbered and out- 
weighed the discouragements, I see no reason why we should not be very 
optimistic for the future, even in the face of such a crushing blow as that 
of last October. We have natural advantages of soil, climate, and nearness 
to market, such as no other great peach region possesses. I am convinced 
that these advantages will enable us not only to retrieve our fortunes in the 
peach industry, but also to advance it beyond the highest point that it has 
ever reached in the successes and discouragements of the past fifty years. 


PLUMS FOR PROFIT. 


(0. K. WHITE, HART.) 


In growing plums for profit there are three principal lines of operation 
which the grower must follow: Ist. Selection of varieties; 2nd, culture and 
care; and 3rd, harvesting and marketing. Each must be carefully and 
thoroughly done if the grower is to attain any degree of success. 

In discussing the first problem, the selection of varieties, I want to em- 
phasize that it is a difficult one and an important one. Iam almost tempted 
to say the most important one. Many things are to be considered. In the 
selection of varieties we must take in consideration market demands, shipping 
quality, vigor, productivity, resistence to rot and a succession of varieties. 

In Oceana county, the principal outlets for our plum crop are the wholesale 
commission markets of Chicago and Milwaukee. These markets prefer 
a large blue plum, which is attractive and of good quality, a plum that can 
be left upon the tree until it has reached its fullsize and color, is fully ripe 
and still will reach the market in prime condition for dessert or canning 
purposes. The grower demands varieties that bear annually for his orchard 
must afford an annual income. In this respect plums are more constant 
than peaches or apples and hence a desirable fruit to grow. Most varieties 
of plums, when well cared for give yearly crops. The Washington, Satsuma, 
and Quackenboss are quite apt to be shy bearers every other year. The 
Lombard is a variety which goes to the other extreme and overbears very 
frequently. 

The grower also demands plums which ship well. Most of the Japanese 
plums have thin, tender skins and are so juicy that they soon spoil after 
reaching the ripened stage. The Red June which ripens with the earliest 
plums is quite firm however, it bears well, sells well but is not a vigorous 
grower. The Hale and October Purple are excellent plums except for their 


68 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


color. (The October seems to do best when top grafted on Abundance.) 
The Burbank is an abundant bearer, of good size, quite firm but is very 
susceptible to rot and cracking in wet weather. 

Of the European sorts, the varieties which qualify best in the require- 
ments of the market and grower are Bradshaw, Black Diamond, Hudson 
Egg, Arch Duke, Grand Duke, Copper, Monarch, French Damson and Fellen- 
berg. All of these are valuable commercial varieties. Coes Golden and 
Bavay have the wrong color but are excellent in every other way. They 
are of high quality and the very best for dessert and canning purposes. 
The Geuii and Field invariably fall prey to brown rot, sometimes as much 
as three-fourths of the crop being destroyed. 


CULTURE AND CARE. 


The second point in our discussion is culture and care. This is quite as 
important as the selection of varieties. Though a grower may have the 
choicest varieties if he dosen’t practice high culture and take good care of 
his orchard, he cannot expect to get regular paying returns from it. In 
the culture and care of. an orchard I include pruning and thinning, spraying 
~ and tillage. Each of these operations is absolutely essential. It cannot be 
omitted. Much damage is done in prejudicing consumers against the plum 
as a desirable fruit and a great loss to the grower is caused by the neglect 
to prune and to thin the fruit. Neglect in pruning allows the tops to become 
matted, irregular and to grow out of reach of the pickers. Neglect to thin 
permits over bearing. which should, by all means, be avoided. It requires 
one or two years for the exhausted tree to regain its vigor. Now this is 
the result: Matted tree tops which are over loaded produce a crop which 
is very inferior in quality, in color, andin size. Besides such crops are usually 
picked too early and rushed into the market and cause a distaste for plums 
and hurt the market more than any one thing. There is no one variety 
which has caused more damage to the plum market or which has over borne 
so much as the Lombard. 

Pruning should be done thoroughly every year at the spring time before 
the growth begins. Head the young trees low, cut them back severely 
until bearing, and thin every year, cut the current year’s growth back one- 
half to two-thirds whenever the growth exceeds five or six inches. 

Thinning out the top may be omitted every other year. In this cut out 
all the cross limbs and enough others to leave it open so that the sun can 
penetrate and color the fruit. 

Thinning of the fruit must be done thoroughly for it serves two important 
purposes; first to relieve the tree of its excessive load and second, to reduce 
the chances of rot. In relieving the tree of its excessive load, we not only 
save it from exhausting itself but we secure a much larger size in the fruit 
that is left, if it is done in time. Thin the fruit so that the load is well dis- 
tributed and no bunches are left for the rot to thrive in. 

Of the insect enemies and fungous diseases which infect the plum orchards, 
the curculio, San Jose scale, Tussock moth, Shot Hole fungus and the Brown 
Rot are the only ones which so far as I know, do any serious harm in Michigan. 
All of these can be controlled if proper sprays are used and applied at the 
right time. A successful spray for curculio, shot hole fungus, and rot is 
Bordeaux mixture in the proportion of copper sulphate four pounds, slaked 
lime 5 pounds, water fifty gallons with one-third to one-half pound white 
arsenic added, this applied first just after the petals fall and again at intervals 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 69 


of ten to fourteen days as the case demands. ‘Two applications are usually 
quite satisfactory. I have never seen simple copper sulphate or ammoniacal 
copper carbonate used as a later spray for rot but I have heard them strongly 
recommended. The San Jose scale has not appeared in Oceana county 
yet in such numbers but that their destruction has been comparatively 
easy with lime-sulphur or the hatchet. The Tussock Moth is a new enemy 
to us this year and has appeared in serious numbers in some orchards. The 
eggs are so white and deposited in such large bunches they can be easily 
gathered in the fall or early in the spring and the insect held in check. 

To keep the orchard in good condition of vigor and health a thorough and fre- 
quent cultivation is indispensible. Begin about the middle of May and continue 
until the first weeks of August and then put in the cover crop. During dry 
spells, we must be especially active in order to conserve the soil moisture. 
The cutaway harrow is a great labor and time saver and does excellent 
work. It is a superb weed killer. It can be substituted for the plow in 
many instances. This, with the spring tooth harrow and spike tooth, when 
used judiciously will keep an orchard clean and in good condition. 

To keep up the fertility of the soil, use cover crops, barnyard manures, 
ashes and commercial fertilizers. Spring barley or oats do fairly well as 
cover crops for they provide considerable humus and also serve to prevent 
washing and deep freezing. But the ideal plants for this purpose are sand 
vetch and clover. They furnish an abundance of humus, besides they 
are legumes, and hence free nitrogen gathers. Some growers discard sand 
vetch because it so easily becomes a weed, but I believe it is one of the most 
valuable plants for the cover crop that I know. 

Barnyard manure is invaluable as a fertilizer, especially in young orchards 
where it should be used liberally. A few fork fulls spread about each tree 
will give it a remarkable start and vigor which is very desirable. 

Wood ashes are a good source for potash, but they are becoming so scarce 
that high grade commercial fertilizer. must be used. Armour’s bone meal 
and dried blood fertilizers contain about 20 per cent phosphoric acid and 
12 per cent potash and are very good. Sow these at the same time you sow 
the clover crop. Remember it does not pay to buy cheap commercial 
fertilizers. 


HARVESTING AND MARKETING. 


The third part of our discussion is “harvesting and marketing.”’ These 
two operations need the greatest care the orchardist can give them. Alto- 
gether too many people pick their plums too green, and rush them into the 
market. Such fruit will reach the market in sound condition, it is true, 
but it has not attained its full growth and color and is very inferior in quality 
and cannot be expected to bring fancy prices. It will not do it. The plums 
should be allowed to hang until a few of the most advanced are just beginning 
to soften. Then, if they are the varieties the market prefers, they are bound 
to bring the top prices. Usually two and sometimes three pickings are 
required to remove a crop in the best condition. 

The question of marketing the fruit is the most troublesome part of this 
topic. A large majority of shippers do not know how to market their fruit 
to the best advantage. As I have said before, we in Oceana county, in most 
cases, are of necessity shipping to wholesale ‘commission markets, and this 
puts upon us problems which other methods do not have. In the packing 
of our plums I have found that it pays, and pays well, to use two grades, 


70 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


firsts and seconds, and occasionaly a third grade of the extra fancy ones. 
Culls have no business on a market. They only make too large a supply 
and reduce the price of the better ones. Those three grades, firsts, seconds 
and extra fancy must be strictly adhered to throughout the season. The 
firsts and extra fancies should be marketed under a brand. Buyers who 
are willing to pay fancy prices for fruit, want an attractive, fancy article 
that they can depend upon. The best packages for firsts and seconds is 
the climax 1-6 basket, while for fancy fruit a smaller package, as those in 
the four basket carriers of the Miller type are excellent: During the canning 
season the round third bushel basket is proving very satisfactory. <A larger 
package does not find favor in Chicago or Milwaukee. 

There are some commission merchants who are unscrupulous in their deal- 
ings, and take advantage of the shipper, but there are honest ones who do all 
in their power to get the most possible out of the fruit consigned to them, 
deduct their 10 per cent and send the rest to the shipper. The shipper 
must find these men and then stick to one of them. It does not pay to consign 
fruit one day to one man, to another the-next day, or to two or three houses 
on the same day. This method does not secure any reputation for a shipper’s 
fruit, his brand is no good and besides it puts the shipper’s fruit in com- 
petition with itself. Fruit consigned that way is picked up by a transient 
trade which is not willing to pay a fancy price for a fancy article, or a good 
price for a good article. Plums are a perishable article and cannot be held 
over from day to day until some generous buyer finds them. They must 
be put where the trade is, in a manner that they are known, and can be 
depended upon. 

In concluding this article I wish to say that plums are a profitable fruit 
to-raise. Extra care must be taken in the selection of varieties, in the care 
and culture of the orchards. Prune regularly and thoroughly. Harvest 
and market the crop in a business way and it will bring handsome rewards 
for the customer has received a good article, and is satisfied with it and 
wants more. 

Benton Gebhart: Being somewhat familiar with the aims and practices 
of the plum growing as outlined in the paper, I can say that, highly endorsing 
those practices, I wish to mention one work of caution, and also to emphasize 
several points and facts which were not plainly given in the paper. One 
is, while a few fruit growers are making a success of growing plums, I would 
not advise every one or a large majority of growers who can grow plums to 
go into the plum business. For one reason, they are not in demand, as 
many goods are. They are called for to a certain extent, and if you have 
a fine quality of plums you can sell any amount. But outside of a certain 
season in the north fruit belt, they are not profitable. For instance, early in 
the season they are not profitable. It is hot, and people are not calling for 
plums, and where we sell one bushel or half a bushel of plums we sell ten 
bushels of peaches. Of course, if a higher quality of plums could be raised, 
such as Coe’s, the Edward, and perhaps Monarch there would be a greater 
demand for plums for canning and consumption; and the canning factories 
in certain localities are offering a premium of 20 to 40 cents a bushel for those 
high quality plums in comparison with ordinary varieties. But if many 
carloads or bushels were grown, I care not if high quality plums or large 
size, it would naturally form a glut on the market, because they are more 
hardy and more productive than the peach, and can be grown, with proper 
care, over a larger extent of country than the peach, cherry, and other fruit. 
But there probably is no danger, and if a man wishes to engage in plum 


THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 71 


culture, and chooses a proper variety, with the care and attention as outlined 
they are very profitable and successful. The point which I wish to emphasize 
is to choose late varieties. People are seeking and wanting plums late in 
the season; when they return home to the city, and the season comes to a 
close, and just as long as the fruit season extends, there is more or less call 
for the late fruit. For instance, this year, while local conditions might 
change the price and demand for fruit like the Japanese variety, I have 
shipped the past season fruit to Detroit and other places, and the very 
finest fruit we could grow sold at 30 cents a basket, while five weeks later 
fruit not as large sold for 50 cents. That showed the difference in the profit 
in choosing varieties and in the time. 

Another point I wish to emphasize, is the severe pruning and heading 
in of the trees. If the trees are left alone, unpruned, to grow from two 
to three feet, they get very long bushy ends without fruit spurs; and by 
heading severely, or by trimming back the old wood, it forms an innumer- 
able number of fruit spurs. For instance, Bradshaw and Field are very 
thrifty growers, and if pruned back sufficiently will form a sufficient number 
of fruit buds, if pruned annually; while if not pruned, they are not an annual 
bearer. So the pruning is one of the most important points to succeed 
in getting regular crops. 

Geo. E. Rowe: I used the Niagara gas sprayer this last summer and I 
liked it very much. I have used several other sprayers. They are good, 
but I think this is better; at least, the others stood under the shed, and 
the gas sprayer was the only one I used last year. I had no trouble with 
it whatever, simply the getting of the machine back and forth from the 
orchard to the place where we filled it. I do not know how many are pre- 
pairing the lime and sulphur mixture for their orchards; I have not seen 
but very few plants, but last spring I had so much spraying to do that-I 
felt it was necessary to have something larger and so I put. up a platform 
eight feet high, put six barrels on it, connected them with the steam pipe, 
borrowed an old thrashing machine engine from the neighbors that had 
not been used for several years, put it alongside of the platform, and cooked 
that lime and sulphur with steam, and we had all the material that we could 
use cooked up in that room. I think the most we ever used in any one day 
with the machine was about 900 gallons. I presume if we had put in the 
hours some people do spraying we could have used more than that, but 900 
gallons was the most I could use in any one day with one machine. 

Q. What was the expense of operating? 

Mr. Rowe: Just about $2.00 for every 800 gallons. I used a little more 
than that; I used a tank—$2.00 worth of the gas power to about 600 gallons 
when I started out; but after I sprayed two or three days and learned how 
to use it, I did not use as much. I do not think at the last I used over 
one tank of gas, which cost $2.00, to 1,000 gallons of liquid. That was 
the lime and sulphur. 

Q. What was the average pressure? 

Mr. Rowe: One hundred and forty to 150 pounds. We used pressure 
higher than that usually used; but I found it did not take as much gas by 
keeping up a high pressure as it did when I was running on a low pressure. 
When my tank was within a foot of being empty, then we run on a lower 
pressure, so that when the last of it was sprayed out we never had over 
75 or 80 pounds. We would start out and keep up to 140 or 150 pounds 
until the very last, and then let it run down. I had a little trouble to start 
with in the spring. I ordered a 200-gallon tank, and they did not have them, 


72 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


and so they sent me two 100-gallon tanks and had them coupled together, 
stating they would be just as good, and it would balance up the wagon 
better, be more convenient to use two tanks on the wagon than to use the 
one; but I had not used the two tanks on the wagon more than half an hour 
before I found they would not stay coupled together, and we had a little 
difficulty along that line. I telephoned Mr. Brown, the man who had 
guaranteed they would work, and he came up and tried it, and he said, 
“T guess they won’t work on your place;” and so he took one tank and 
sent it back, and I kept the 100-gallon tank in place of the two on the one 
wagon. 

C. E. Bassett: The Niagara gas sprayer is simply a heavy steel tank, 
galvanized with a lining of some kind, which is supposed to be impervious, 
so that the acid mixtures will not have an effect upon the iron. Attached 
to that is a gas tube which comes from the Liquid Carbonic Acid Gas Com- 
pany, from Chicago. They furnished that formerly at six cents a pound, 
and later five cents, and now for four cents; so that one tank, which weighs 
55 pounds, costs about $2.20. You pay the freight one way, and they pay 
the freight on the empty tank going back. When this comes, you simply 
attach this steel tube, which contains the gas under immense pressure, 
to your tank which contains the mixture; simply turn the stop cock and 
allow the gas to go over into the tank; and as soon as you have the pressure 
you wish you stop the gas from passing over, and you start to spraying. 
It merely blows it out, presses it out, same as you blow soda water; it is the 
same thing exactly they use in forcing soda water. And I will also say I 
am informed it is the same thing they use in blowing beer. No one here 
of course would understand anything about that. A 55-pound tube of this 
carbonic acid gas costs, you see, $2.20, plus the freight, which will make 
it say $2.50 altogether. This 55-pound tube we found, in using warm lime 
and sulphur would spray in the neighborhood of 900 gallons—850 to 1,050 
gallons. But when we came to use it on cold Bordeaux mixture we did not 
see as we got quite as much effect; and we figured that it was the expansive 
force of the heat—the heat of the liquid we were spraying, the lime and 
sulphur, that caused the gas to expand still more. They caution you about 
allowing this tank to get hot. If the sun comes out bright and hot and shines 
upon the tank, it will immediately raise your pressure. 

It is more expensive; possibly, when you get right down to the point, it 
is the most expensive in the outlay of any spray machine on the market. 
But after all, results are what count; and I believe that when you come to 
buy anything, the best thing is the cheapest there is. Spraying is insurance, 
isn’t it? It is a preventive, not a cure. And if you go to buy insurance 
on your buildings, or on your life, you want something you know your family 
can draw on, or you can, in the case of fire insurance; in case you have a loss, 
you want something you are sure is going to do the business. If it were true 
that spraying could be done like thrashing and go from one orchard to the 
other and spray any time you got ready, I do not see that this machine 
would cut much figure. But the importance of spraying is to spray on the 
moment, the exact time when it must be done; if you have got to do it on 
a day’s or minute’s notice, or a special day, it is absolutely necessary you 
should have a machine which can be depended on to do it at that time. 
Really, if you saw the number of gas engines that have been drawn into 
Fennville past my place from time to time, and see them shipping them back 
and getting them repaired, and all that, you would know that man, when 
he had to lay off and could not spray when he ought to, is possibly losing 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 73 


the price of a spraying outfit right then and there. A few bushels more to 
a tree then will pay for the whole outfit in one year. We paid $150.00 for 
this outfit, just simply the tank and the spraying rods and nozzles and hose 
attachments. There are other machines that are good. We like this one. 
I examined it in New York when I was there. We bought it and we have 
been well pleased with it this year. While I know some others have had 
trouble, and possibly we may have trouble in the future, we are well satisfied 
and feel it has done us good service. 

Mr. Farnsworth: I would like to inquire if any members have had trouble 
in turning on the gas. Last spring I bought such an outfit as Mr. Rowe 
has. When they brought the 100-gallon size to us, it seemed too small, 
and we bought a couple and connected them together. But every time 
we tried them we would pull them back into the shed and take out the two 
old Wallace machines. They have been a dismal failure. I know many 
who have splendid success with them. It encourages me to try again, 
hearing your success. I notified the company and Mr. Brown agreed to 
come to my place and stay until the machine worked. We are not altogether 
greenhorns in the use of spraying machines, because I was perhaps about 
the first in Ohio to spray, and my foreman is an expert; my brother across - 
the way has an outfit and is very handy with machinery; and none of us 
could succeed with it. 

A Member: The gas would freeze up. In turning it on oftentimes the 
drums would be half full and sometimes empty entirely. I am not con- 
demning the machine, but I must say we will not undertake to use it next 
year unless we can have a little more demonstration between now and then, 
because if we had depended on it this year we would have lost our entire 
crop. 

Q. What was the expense per gallon? 

A. We did not average 500 gallons from the 55 pounds of gas. We bought 
it later in the season. My brother took one of his singly and used it for 
spraying potatoes, and had no better success then. He didn’t get out over 
500 gallons with the drum. 

Mr. Kingsley: Perhaps there is a difference between Cincinnati and 
Chicago gas. In regard to coupling together; that may have something 
to do with it. I say there would be a weak point there; I told my man in 
setting them up that would be the danger, and we fortified that. So we 
had no trouble with that; but I think that might have had something to 
do with the filling of them. 

10 


74 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY: 


FOOD VALUE OF FRUITS. 


(DR. J. H. KELLOGG, BATTLE CREEK SANITARIUM.) 


I am very glad, my friends, to meet you here this afternoon, and for an 
opportunity to say a word in reference to the food value of fruit. Although 
I did not solicit the opportunity to speak here, it certainly is a pleasure. 

I believe fruits were formerly much more appreciated as food than at the 
present time; but they are coming into appreciation more and more. I 
think it quite possible that the failure to make a proper use of fruit, or a 
sufficient use of it, is largely due to an erroneous belief concerning its diges- 
tibility. A large number of people think it is indigestible. 

There is an old adage that fruit is golden for breakfast, silver for dinner, 
and lead for supper; but this is an error. Fruit is golden all the time; it 
is never lead; it is never anything else than one of the choicest of all the food 
products which the Creator has provided for our sustenance. 

There are certain reasons, I think, why fruits have come to be considered 
rather indigestible. One is, perhaps, they are usually taken at the close 
of the meal, after a full meal has already been consumed; they are taken as 
a luxury rather than as a real food. Another is, fruits are often taken 
between meals; and perhaps, most, of all, are not properly masticated in 
eating; they are swallowed without proper chewing. As a matter of fact, 
fruits are predigested foods. That is one of the values of fruits; they prac- 
tically require no digestion at all. 

The green fruit contains a large amount of starch. As you know, in 
the process of ripening this starch is converted, under the influence of sun- 
light, into sugar and dextrine, and agreeable flavors and acids. 

In Mexico, you ask a fruit woman in the market for some fruit, and she 
will ask you, ‘‘Do you want them hard, or do you want them cooked in the 
sun?” And when we say we want the fruits cooked in the sun, she simply 
gives us some ripe fruits—not fruits that have been baked or cooked, but 
fruits “cooked in the sun,” as the Mexicans say. This, really the true 
cooking. Cooking is a process of artificial digestion by which the insoluble 
starch is made soluble, hydrated and prepared for the action of the digestive 
juices. This work is done in the fruit by the actinic rays of the sun, which 
convert the starch into dextrine and prepare it for the action of the digestive 
fluids. The action of the sun goes further than the process of cooking can 
go: It converts the starch into sugar, which in the end result of the process 
of digestion. In fact it goes a little further than the saliva. The saliva 
converts the starch into malt sugar; but it is only after the saliva has con- 
verted the sugar or starch into maltose or malt sugar and it has reached 
the intestine, and is undergoing absorption in the intestines, that it is acted 
upon by another ferment and is converted into dextrose. The sunlight 
acting upon the starch in the fruit converts it not only into the soluble 
starch and dextrine, but carries it further into the actual completely digested 
product, dextrose and levulose substances ready to be immediately assimi- 
lated and utilized in the body. 

Sugar, or products akin to sugar, are almost the sole substances found in 
the great majority of fruits. Fruit is a carbohydrate food. There are three 
different food elements; the proteids, which correspond to the white of egg 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 75 


and the lean of meat; fat which we are all familiar with; and the carbo- 
hydrates, which appear in the form of sugar and starch and pectin, and other 
similar bodies. Fruit is almost a pure carbohydrate. Ordinary fruits 
contain only about half of one per cent of proteid, and so cannot be looked 
upon as a proteid food. Beefsteak is almost all proteid, proteid with some 
fat in it and no carbohydrate to speak of; while fruit is all carbohydrate. 
These three elements are all necessary—proteids, fats and carbohydrates. 
Animal food gives us only two of them, proteid and fat; while fruit gives 
us carbohydrates, so you see, if one is a meat-eater, fruit is a very necessary 
complement to his beefsteak; and those who are accustomed to use meat 
will find the large use of fruit in combination with meat a very wonderful 
advantage. The reason for that I will show you a little further on. 

Fruit has other advantages as a food; not only that it is a predigested 
food and only requires chewing to render it ready for immediate assimilation 
into the blood—complete and thorough mastication is the only thing necessary 
for rendering the fruit ready for immediate assimilation, immediate absorp- 
tion. If one eats a ripe apple—as Dr. Beaumont found in his experiments 
upon Alexis St. Martin nearly a hundred years ago; it is digested in an hour 
and a half; while beefsteak requires three hours and a half; roast goose five 
hours and a half; and pickles are never digested. So you see we have in 
fruit something that has taste, acid, has all the flavors that the pickle has, 
is something that is entirely wholesome, and digested in an hour and a half; 
ripe apples, that is. Sour apples requires a little more time. A green 
apple requires longer time of course, because it is not likely to be masticated 
so thoroughly. You have all experienced, probably, to your sorrow, when 
boys and girls, that the green apple is not digestible at all; but if it is cooked, 
it becomes digestible. A green apple when cooked is just as digestible as 
a ripe apple, because the process of cooking has done for the green apple 
what the action of the sunlight does for it outdoors in the ripening process. 

The fruit must be properly chewed. If fruit is swallowed into the stomach 
in chunks, the stomach can do nothing with it, because the stomach cannot 
digest carbohydrates. The fruit requires no digestion; it requires nothing 
but crushing, that is all the ripe fruit requires; it does not require any diges- 
tion at all. There is nothing for the saliva to do upon it; practically nothing 
for the gastric juice to do upon it, because it is 70 to 90 per cent water, and 
there is only about one-half of one per cent proteid—such a small amount of 
proteid that there is practically nothing at all for the stomach to do. There 
is no fat in fruit, with the exception of a very few peculiar fruits like the 
olive—and the nuts which contain a large amount of fat. But the ordinary 
fruit, the acid fruits, the sweet, saccharine fruits, juicy fruits, contain no 
fat, no proteid; they are simply carbohydrate, and that carbohydrate is 
already digested ready for immediate assimilation. That is the reason fruits 
are so refreshing; the reason why the tired boy is so happy when he gets into 
the peach orchard orra cherry tree—which the little boy has a perfect right 
to do. Moses gave the children of Israel instruction in passing through 
a vineyard that they were at liberty to eat to the fill. And that is what the 
small boy does when he gets into the peach orchard, or cherry orchard or 
apple orchard—and according to the Mosaic law he has a perfect right to 
eat all he wants, not carry anything away, but to eat to his fill. That is 
what he does, and goes home and has a stomachache, if he has swallowed 
those cherries too fast without chewing them; his mother perhaps puts a 
strong hand on one side of him and a hot water bottle on the other, and he 
feels better. Next day he climbs another cherry tree and does the same 


76 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


thing, and gets off without anything more serious than a spanking, a hot 
water bottle and a stomachache. Suppose that boy had swallowed an over 
dose of roast turkey: He would not get off so easy; he would have a bilious 
attack and vomiting spell, and next day a bilious attack, and would not 
want any more roasted turkey for a week. The fruit may produce a little 
gas in the stomach, a little inconvenience, a little colic; but it can not produce 
poisoning; cannot produce autointoxication; cannot make the boy so sick 
he will not have an appetite for some more next day, and it seems just as 
good. The natural love of children for fruit is an indication of the intrinsic 
value of this food substance; and the instinctive léading towards it—you 
never found a child that did not like fruit. The sweetness of the fruit is 
a recommendation to the sweet tooth which every normal human being 
has. 

Cane sugar is quite another thing. It is a substance which is likely to 
produce more or less mischief when taken too freely. But the sugar found 
in fruits is absolutely harmless; can be taken in any quantity you can get 
it in, in the shape of fruits and juices. But cane sugar, in the form of candy, 
is another thing. It is a coarse sugar, is intended for cows, is good food 
for cows. The cow has a special stomach which enables it to digest sugar, 
especially cane sugar. The sugar of fruits requires no digestion, while cane 
sugar requires digestion in the intestines, and must be digested before it 
can be utilized. The sugar of fruit can be injected straight into the blood 
and assimilated without digestion at all; whereas cane sugar taken into the 
blood is cast out through the kidneys and cannot be utilized at all. That 
is the difference between these two sugars. 

I assure you I am heartily with you in this business. I am helping to 
produce a market for fruit. If you will supply the market with good fruit, 
I am sure the market will grow. I believe it is so important to increase the 
use of fruit and persuade the people of the importance of using it, that I 
look upon every one of you fruit growers as a self-supporting missionary 
working for me. So we are very glad to have you here in this town, and to 
have the people waked up to the importance of this thing. 

Now about the chewing of fruits. Fruits are more or less firm in their 
structures—most fruits—and if they are swallowed in chunks they cannot 
be utilized; but these chunks of fruit will pass right along through the alimen- 
tary canal like so much sawdust or other indigestible material, because of 
the woody framework which gives to the fruit its form; it is saturated with 
the juices like a sponge, and when it is taken into the stomach and alimentary 
canal, unless that woody framework is crushed and broken down, the woody 
part of the fruit cannot be utilized, and mischief is likely to be done, and for 
two reasons: Not only because it acts like a foreign body irritating the 
intestines and alimentary canal, but because the sugar of the fruit, not 
undergoing prompt absorption, undergoes fermentation instead, and this 
fermentation produces acids, and the acids are irritating, and the intestines 
may be distended with gas, and much mischief may result from it. 

Improper chewing of fruit has led to the supposition that it is hard to 
digest; that the people with weak stomachs must beware of it; that it must 
especially be kept away from children; and this great error has led to very 
great mischief. . 

I had a good illustration of it some years ago during the Spanish-American 
war. Just at the close of the war a great “number of soldiers were being 
brought back, who were suffering, not from the wounds of their enemies, 
but from the wounds they had received in germs from unsanitary conditions 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 77 


in camp—neglect to take care of water, improper feeding, embalmed beef 
(the very antipodes of fruit), and from improper care. Thirteen soldiers 
died from camp disease in that war, where one died from wounds from the 
enemy’s bullets. Think of it! Thirteen soldiers from bad feeding and bad 
sanitary conditions were killed by want and neglect—criminal neglect with 
reference to their care—thirteen soldiers were killed by their own officers, 
where one was killed by the enemy! That is ashame to us. In the recent 
Japanese war, the war between Russia and Japan, among the Japanese 
there were two soldiers killed by bullets where there was one killed by camp 
disease. Just see the difference. The Japanese are twenty-six times ahead 
of us in the sanitary care of their soldiers. 

Well, now, these soldiers down in Cuba, where they were surrounded 
with the most splendid fruits—oranges and bananas and pine apples, and 
magnificent fruits of every sort—these soldiers were absolutely prohibited 
from the use of fruit, commanded that they must not touch it. Why, 
if a man ate any fruit he was hurried off to a guard house. It was a crime 
to eat an orange, to eat fruit down there in that country. Why? Because 
the officers in charge of them were laboring under this delusion, that fruit is 
such a dangerous and poisonous thing. If those soldiers had been allowed 
to eat fruit instead of embalmed beef, a lot of them would have been saved 
alive. I had a good chance to prove it. 

I went to headquarters in New York. We had a little summer sanitarium 
at Staten Island; we had just closed it up; we were experimenting a little 
there in the east before we began more extended work; and I went to the 
army headquarters in New York and said, “I want to take care of some of 
your sick soldiers.’”” The hospitals in New York were all full, and they 
were farming them out in various places. They said, “All right.” I went 
to the wharf and picked out the worst people I could find; I would not take 
anybody that could walk; anybody that was able to walk, and walk off, 
I did not want. I took the people that had to be carried on litters and 
were so bad they didn’t know whether they were going to live or not. We 
got about forty of them and carried them back to Staten Island; we took 
them up to the sanitarium. When dinner time came, I had them waiting 
in the adjacent room, occupying the sofas and things; a few of them were 
too feeble even to sit up, and were in their beds; but most of them were in 
the parlor adjacent to the dining room. I said ‘What would you like for 
your dinner?” (I didn’t propose to give them any beefsteak, nor any 
beef tea, nor any of that sort of rubbish, because there is no good in it, and 
there is nothing wholesome in it; but I thought I would try them. I was 
afraid they might be disappointed, some of them that had been fed on army 
beef so generously; I didn’t know but they would have an artificial appetite). 
There wasn’t a word from anybody. 

“How would you like some roast beef?” You ought to have seen the 
look of disgust that came upon the faces of those men. They looked down 
to the floor. Those men were fine fellows, by the way. I was glad to have 
a chance to feed them, because they were the men who charged up the hill 
that was almost lost; they were really the men that saved the day for 
Roosevelt’s cowboys. That is the fact of the matter, for the cowboys didn’t 
get there until after the battle was won. I learned that from those boys, 
and they were only boys, too, some of them. I got the whole story right 
from their own mouths. They saved the day. There is no question about 
it—Brave fellows. 


78 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


“How would you like some mutton chops?”: Not a word. They all 
looked at the floor. 

“How would some fried pork do?” Every man looked at the floor. The 
look of disgust that came over their faces was quite interesting to me. 

“How would you like to have some pears?” “Pears?” “Pears?” 
They began to look at one another. 

“How would you like to have some grapes?” “Grapes! Grapes!” 

“How would you like to have some watermelon?” Watermelon! Water- 
melon! You ought to have seen those boys. I said, ‘All right. Come on.” 
I took them into the dining room. The table was completely covered with 
great pile of pears, peaches, grapes, and everything I could get, watermelons 
with the rest. It was in the fall, and frost just beginning to come. And 
those men just fell to eating; they just laid hold of that fruit and they ate 
to their fill—as Moses said they might—and not one of them suffered the 
slightest inconvenience. There was not a man there that did not have 
looseness of the bowels; there was not a man there that did not have diarrhoea 
or dysentery; they were just getting over typhoid fever; they had just barely 
survived terrible attacks of dysentery and diarrhoea, every one of them. 
They just ate all the fruit they wanted, and they got well from that minute 
right straight on, although some of them were considered most desperate 
cases whom it was hardly possible to save. There was only one out of the 
whole number that died, and he was so nearly dead when he got there that 
he could hardly raise his head. He died a day or two afterwards, and the 
rest of them recovered, and not the slightest ill effects from those fruits. 

I mention this to you as an illustration of the terrible damage that comes 
from the reckless and absurd notion that this food which is one of Heaven’s 
greatest blessings to man, one of the very choicest and most delicate things 
God has given to us, that this food is dangerous, poisonous. It is simply 
one of the devil’s tricks to keep us away from the good things that belong 
to us. I hope this error may disappear. One thing that is going to help 
about it very much, is a splendid publication recently issued by the United 
States Government, entitled ‘Farmers’ Bulletin No. 293, U. S. Department 
of Agriculture,” and the subject is the same as mine, “ Use of Fruit as Food,” 
by C. F. Langworthy. I wonder how many people here have it? Every 
one of you is entitled to it. All you have got to do is to send down there 
' and get it, or have your congressman send it to you. It is quite a large 
pamphlet, as you will see, and it is just brim full of the most splendid things; 
tells you all about fruit; tells you just what I am telling you, that fruit is 
good to eat; and it prepares a table giving the caloric value of the food value 
of fruits. 

If you are going to buy fuel, you know basswood is not worth so much 
as oak, and oak not as much as hickory; hard hickory has more fuel value, 
more heat in it, than pine, a whole lot. When you come to investigate 
these things, you will find some kinds of fruits are much more valuable 
than others. 

I was at a banquet last night. The first thing on the bill of fare was oysters. 
I did not want any. Why? In the first place, the oyster is a scavenger; 
his business is to lick off the slime at the bottom of the sea; you catch the 
oyster down there; he has got his broad lips open and licking off the slime; 
he likes that slime because it is full of germs. A drop of oyster juice is like 
a*silver mine in Colorado: ‘It has millions in it.” I am not mentioning 
this to discount the banquet last night, for it was a splendid banquet—for 
those that like that kind of banquet. It was very fine of its kind. But 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 79 


I noticed that alongside those oysters on the plate that was passed to me 
there was a piece of a lemon. What do you suppose that lemon was for? 
It was to disinfect the oysters. (Laughter). And that is exactly what 
it will do. Lemon juice will kill not only oyster germs, but typhoid fever 
germs. Oyster germs are typhoid fever germs. ‘That is why people get 
typhoid fever sometimes by eating raw oysters. If you are fond of typhoid 
fever germs, oysters on the half shell will be a good way to get them. The 
oyster lives largely on typhoid fever germs. He likes them. You can 
almost always find typhoid fever germs in oyster stomachs. 

Secretary C. E. Bassett: Two died in Allegan county last week from eating 
oysters, and they had all the symptoms of typhoid fever; and when I 
left home there were four more not out of danger; these had every symptom 
of typhoid fever from the report given to me. From eating oysters at a 
Masonic banquet held at Dorr. 

Dr. Kellogg continued: One of the most eminent surgeons of Chicago 
a few years ago died from eating oysters. He ate some oysters, and the 
germs that were in the oysters set up such a frightful inflammation in his 
bowels that they had to operate upon him a couple of days later, and he 
died; the operation could not save his life. 

A few years ago a man came into the sanitarium about 3 o’clock in the 
morning, a workman in the city here, and he was suffering frightfully. He 
was vomiting and purging, and was in terrible distress, pale as death, and 
he thought he was going to die. He was all tied up in knots, and he was in 
a frightful state. What had he been doing? ‘I was down to the restaurant 
last night. I don’t know anything unless it was that; and I called for oysters, 
and they were so good, and IJ had two plates of them, and I don’t know, 
but I guess it must have been that.’”? He suspected the oysters only because 
he had heard oysters sometimes made that sort of mischief. I said to him, 
after he recovered, a couple of days later, ‘Go back to that restaurant and 
tell them those oysters were so good you want some more just like them.” 
I knew if he told them they made him sick he could not get them. He did 
so, and brought them to me. I took a little of the juice of the oyster and 
injected it into a cat with a hypodermic syringe, and that cat was dead in 
a very short time; died with the same symptoms he had. I took just.a little 
of that juice and put in a two quart can of milk and put it away, and three 
months afterwards I took some milk out of that can, some of the serum, 
the whey, and injected it into a cat, and the cat died promptly. The very 
same thing. This was tyrotoxicon. This oyster juice contained the poison. 
which is the same as the tyrotoxicon of poison cheese. You can produce 
it any time by putting some oysters such as you frequently get, into milk 
and putting it away for a few months; you will get the same thing. The 
oyster always has this dangerous germ about it. 

I call your attention to the fact that lemon juice is always served with 
raw oysters. The lemon juice is to disinfect the oysters. Two drops of 
lemon juice will disinfect two dozen oysters. There is a disinfecting power 
in lemon juice, and also in apple juice and grape juice; fruit acids of all sorts 
are antiseptics. That is one great value of fruits; they are a natural antiseptic. 
Fever germs cannot live in lemon juice; cholera germs cannot live in it; 
no sort of germs can live in lemon juice; and the juice of the sour apple 
will kill any sort of germs. So it is a valuable thing to know that the juices 
of fruits are a means of disinfecting, and a perfectly harmless means, while 
corrosive sublimate and formaldehyde are poisons. Fruit juices are poison 
to germs, and at the same time are actual food to us. 


80 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 2 


Another thing to be said about fruit is, that fruit not only contains— 
acid fruits—these antiseptics which are of value because they disinfect the 
alimentary canal; but the fruits themselves encourage the development in the 
intestines of germicidal substances, substances which are capable of killing 
germs. 

I made some experiments some ten years ago which illustrate this very 
forcibly. When we examine people at the sanitarium we sometimes find 
the stomach fluid swarming with bacteria, sometimes as many as a million 
germs in one drop of fluid from the stomach. Think of what it would be 
in three pints of stomach contents! Well, now, I have taken stomach juice 
and put it into different media; put some in beef tea, and the next day we 
found it had so much poison in it when it was injected into a guinea pig 
the guinea pig was dead in half an hour, because poison was generated in 
the presence of beef tea. Some of the same stomach juice was put into 
apple juice, tomato juice, carrot juice, orange juice, lemon juice; it cannot 
be made to grow in any kind of fruit juice. I tried it many, many times; 
and these germs that grow in the stomach that produce such awful diseases 
as cholera morbus, typhoid fever, and diarrhoea, none of these germs can 
grow at all in fruit juices, but are actually killed. Don’t you see the same 
thing would happen if you take these fruit Juices into the intestine, into 
the stomach; they disinfect the stomach. 

But, as I said a moment ago, fruit does something more than that. The 
sugars of the fruits encourage the growth in the intestine of friendly germs. 
Did you ever hear of friendly germs? There are friendly germs. Some 
time ago the rats got to making so much trouble in Italy that Pasteur was 
appealed to to help them. He sent a man down to Italy, who found a rat 
and infected that rat with a certain disease and turned him loose; and he 
also infected other rats, and the thing spread until all the rats in the region 
died, and so they were free from rats. 

So there are friendly germs. There are bugs that* are friendly. There 
are bugs that kill other bugs. There are also friendly germs. Two classes 
of germs in the body; the friendly and the unfriendly. Germs that make 
poisons are, the unfriendly germs, germs that do not belong to us at all. 
And then there are the friendly germs, that make acids similar to the acids 
of fruits. When a baby is born into the world he has no germs about him; 
but in ten or twelve hours after he is born his alimentary canal is swarming 
with germs, friendly germs. I went to Paris last year to find what it meant. 
I found a baby, his intestines just swarming with germs; a teaspoonful of 

the discharge of that baby contained eight bilion—too many to conceive 
of, found in one dram of the dried fecal discharges. I went clear to Paris 
to find out what that meant. It scared me. I said, ‘What in the world 
is the matter with these babies?” The babies seemed to be all right, but 
I was entirely at sea when I found a baby a week old, and perfectly healthy, 
with all those germs. I found the thing had been studied over there in the 
Pasteur Institute, and they found out the germs were friendly germs, had 
been put there for the protection of the baby, like the clover in the field, 
to keep the weeds from growing. You sow clover in your field; it keeps the 
weeds out. That is exactly what nature does for the baby—sows flowers 
in its flower garden. Mr. Dooley you know said he went to a doctor, and 
the doctor thumped his chest and hit his stomach, and told him the weeds 
were getting into his posy garden. And nature plants flowers in the baby’s 
alimentary canal, and these are germs which produce acids similar to the 
acids of fruits. That is another hint you see in favor of fruits. By and by 


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THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 81 


the baby does not get its natural food; they begin to feed it on baby foods, 
on cow’s milk that has not been properly cleaned, selected under clean 
conditions, and has fragments of fertilizer in it, gleanings from the barnyard; 
in other words, it has manure germs growing in it, and his alimentary canal 
gets filled up with those wild manure germs. The cow has been grazing 
all about, and the farmer has thrown out filth on his land; the cow eats the 
grass down close to the earth and gets her alimentary canal filled up with 
wild germs of all sorts; and there is the manure that gets into the milk; it 
carries to the child all these wild germs in great variety. Prof. Roger, of 
Paris, has found 161 different kinds of germs, and half of them poison- 
forming germs that will kill cats, mice and rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs, 
and kill babies as well. There is no doubt that half the babies who die are 
killed by wrong feeding, are poisoned by their food; and that is the great 
reason for the shortening of life through the dying off of half the human 
family. In civilized lands half the people die before seven years of age, 
and it is almost entirely because of this wrong feeding. Down in Mexico 
it is a great deal worse, for they are so awfully ignorant down there the 
average length of life is only seventeen years in that great country, ten or 
twelve million people; and in this country it is only forty years. It ought 
to be 140. There is no reason in the world why it should not be; 125 or 130 
ought to be the ordinary length of life; nobody ought to think of dying at 
less than a hundred years, unless by accident; and very few people do die 
a natural death. An eminent French physiologist says: ‘Man does not 
die; he kills himself.’ - That is true in the great majority of cases. Most of 
the babies are killed by wrong feeding. 

Well, now, as I said before, here are these two kinds of germs, the friendly 
and unfriendly. The friendly germs live on sugar. That is why sugar 
is put in the milk for the infant; that is what milk sugar is for, one thing, 
is to feed those friendly germs and keep them growing. Acids are formed 
from the sugar. 

The unfriendly germs do not live on sugar at all; they do not want any 
sugar. But they live on such substances as the lean substance of meat, 
lean meat, the white of eggs, and even undigested curds of milk will feed 
these germs. These are the germs that cause decay. You know the 
difference between the apple that is rotten, and a dead rat, for instance, 
or a dead pig, or a dead cat. You know how it smells; what a loathsome 
condition it is in. Here is a rotten apple; it is not pleasant, but still it is 
not so horribly offensive as a dead rat; it is a very, very different thing. 
The rotten apple has the friendly germs growing in it; it is sour, ete. But 
the dead rat has these unfriendly germs I am telling about. These unfriendly 
germs are always found in meat. If you take a piece of meat and put it 
away, it undergoes decomposition. Here is a piece of meat and a pan of 
milk; put them away side by side in a warm place; after a few days the meat 
will be very sour, and you can hardly describe what it will be; it is certainly 
very loathsome and unpleasant, horribly so. If you put that beefsteak 
in a pan of milk, the beefsteak will not decay, it will not become putrescent. 
I have up at the sanitarium some beefsteak that has been in a pan of milk 
three months, and it is perfectly sweet yet. The milk is sour; the acid that 
has formed in the milk is a preservative; it is a germicide, it is a disinfectant, 
an antiseptic. The same is true of fruit juices; they undergo fermentation 
and produce these acids, which are protective. 

So if aman is going to eat beefsteak, it is important he should eat plenty 
of fruit to disinfect his beefsteak. 

11 


82 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


When you kill an animal, you do not have to go and smear that animal 
over with something filthy in order to cause it to decay, in order to cause 
that meat to become putrescent. All you have to do is to let it alone, because 
the germs are in it already. If the animal is wild game and is hung up in 
the market without being drawn—which is a crime and ought to be pro- 
hibited by law—it very soon decays, becomes permeated with these putre- 
factive germs. _ 

Buttermilk is another good thing, and that is why buttermilk and kumyss 
are so very valuable. 

Another word about the food value of fruit. People have no idea, the 
average man, how much value there is in fruit. For instance, the oyster 
I was speaking about that we had at the banquet last night. I say that 
I excused myself. The oyster has eleven calories or food units to the ounce. 
You know what a calorie is. It is just 4 times as big as the heat unit; 4 
times as great as the British unit; the British unit is the amount of heat 
required to raise 2 quarts of water one degree in temperature; to raise 4 
pounds of water one degree in temperature, or one pound of water to 4 de- 
grees in temperature. Every stick of wood has a certain number of heat 
units in it. Food is fuel for the body just exactly as coal is fuel for the 
locomotive; it is necessary to keep the body warm, that is what we eat for. 
Four-fifths of all we eat goes to keep us warm; only about ten per cent of the 
food stuffs we eat actually are utilized in work. If you had such a poor 
locomotive, if you had such a poor engine as that, you would change for 
another one, because the best boilers are able to utilize a great deal more 
of the energy than that. 

In food we have two kinds of fuel, just as in a locomotive. When the loco- 
motive comes down the tracks it stops and some coal is put in; it stops at 
Marshall and at Albion, and by and by, when it gets to Jackson they take 
the locomotive off and run it into the repair shop; it goes in there for another 
kind of fuel; it takes on coal at all the little way stations, and when it gets 
to the repair shop it goes into the round house and has to have another kind 
of fuel supplied to it; and the fuel is metal fuel put on there in the round 
house: A bolt has dropped out, a nut has fallen off, a bearing is worn out. 
Some metal repairs must be applied to the locomotive. That is the kind 
of food in our bodies; the metal repairs and the fuel or coal are all done up 
in the same little package together. So when we eat a piece of bread we 
get everything we need. We get the coal and the brass and the copper and 
iron—it all goes in together. The proteid is the metal of the food; the lean 
meat, the white of an egg is metal that goes to repair the machine itself; 
while the starch and fat and sugar are substances which are simply burned 
in the body, matter simply to keep up the energy, and for no other purpose; 
that is what they are for. Fruit gives us fuel for heat, while lean meat gives 
us metal. If people would substitute fruit for a large part of this lean meat, 
it would be vastly to the advantage of the human race. 

Prof. Chittenden, acting with the United States Government, has been 
making some experiments recently, especially in the last three years, and 
has found out, what the Minnesota farmers found out more than ten years 
ago, that we do not need so much metal food; that we do not need so much 
proteid; that we do not need so much of the proteid element. Most of you 
farmers are better posted on that subject than city people are. 

The Minnesota farmer found out pigs grew faster, fattened better, were 
stronger, healthier pigs, if they did not have so much proteid in their food. 
Now Prof. Chittenden has found out the same thing. Prof. Chittenden, 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 83 


in his experiments with fifteen soldiers, four professors and six athletes, 
during nine months, gradually réduced the amount of proteid until he got 
it down so small he could not eat any meat at all; the last piece of meat he 
was eating was about as big as your thumb nail—a little piece of bacon. 
I met Prof. Chittenden recently, and he told me he was satisfied the body 
could be healthily and perfectly maintained with non-flesh dietary; that 
vegetables provide for the body all the sustenance it needs. The fact is, 
when you avoid eating an excess of proteid, you cannot eat meat. Even 
potatoes contain all the proteid, everything you want; the same is true of 
corn bread; rye, wheat, barley, etc., have an excess of proteid. Then there 
is milk and eggs if you want; they are not the very best foods for adults, 
but come in far ahead of flesh foods at any rate. 

Just a word about the medical uses of fruits. After what I said about 
the free use of fruits, I should say further: Fruit should enter largely into 
the bill of fare, should be part of every single meal. One of the great ad- 
vantages of fruit is that it is raw food. Fruit is of all substances the one 
natural food for man. } 

I got a monkey some years ago, and tried to see what different things 
we could get him to eat. I found he did not like anything so well as fruit. 
Monkeys are so nearly like men, you know; they look like them, and act like 
them to a remarkable extent. They are so nearly like human beings that I 
thought it would be safer to follow the monkey than to follow some people 
I knew. And so I studied the monkey. I watched him to see what he ate; 
and I said, first of all, he did not chew; but I found I was in error about that. 
I gave him some cherries, and he seized those as fast as he could get them, 
kept putting them in his mouth so fast I thought certainly he would choke 
to death. I said certainly this monkey does not chew. A little while after 
I was noticing the monkey again. I saw he had large bunches on his cheeks. 
I said, ‘‘ Dear me! this monkey is getting tuberculosis.”” I watched him very 
sharp; pretty soon I saw him put his paw up and hit one of those bunches 
and it disappeared. In his great cheek pouches here he had stored up those 
cherries, and now he was taking them in between his teeth and chewing 
them up thoroughly. 

There isn’t anything that pays so well as chewing. You farmers sometimes 
put some gravel in the feed box of the horse so he has to pick the oats out. 
You adopt other means of keeping the horse from bolting his dinner, and 
then you go straight in the house and bolt the dinner yourself. (Laughter) 
It will help you to put some gravel in the manger just as much as it will the 
horse. You must chew thoroughly. Gladstone was a great chewer. And 
Prof. Fletcher has recently been calling our attention to chewing. Fletcher 
has come out as the apostle of chewing. He has rediscovered chewing. 
When I was down east a few days ago I found Mr. Fletcher had been down 
at Yale and had all the professors out, and all the students out, and he 
showed them how to chew. And he came down to New York and he had 
a great meeting in the Academy of Medicine and got all the great doctors 
of New York—I understood the academy was filled and they had to open 
the back doors and filled up the hall with the doctors that came there to 
watch Mr. Fletcher chew, to find out how to chew. It is really a sort of 
lost art with us; but if we are going to eat fruit we must chew. Fruit is 
something that is worth chewing. Chew the fruit until you get all the flawor 
out of it. 

Pawlow made a wonderful discovery, that our food must be palatable. 
If we chew the food in the mouth, the stomach produces a juice just the 


84 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


right kind and quantity to digest the food. Every food if put into the mouth 
and chewed long enough will produce in the stomach just the right gastric 
juice to digest it. So the beautiful flavors, delicious flavors of fruit are 
something more than pleasure and delight; they are one of the most marvelous 
arrangements whereby the proper digestive process is set in operation to 
care for the whole meal. 

Now another thing about fruit is, it is the natural diet of man. It is 
better adapted to him than any other substance he can possibly eat; and it 
can be eaten raw; and it cannot be improved by any process of manipulation 
by the cook; and it is necessary for us to eat a certain amount of raw food, 
and fruit is a thing which we can eat with pleasure and delight. 

I haven’t any sympathy at all with the people who tell us we must eat 
raw potatoes, raw oats, and come down to the horse diet, become herbi- 
verous or graniverous. It is simply ignorance that leads people to that 
conclusion, because raw wheat and flour and oats taken into the stomach 
are passed right through the alimentary canal without any digestion at 
all. Even raw starch that has been completely broken up and ground 
fine, three-fourths of it will pass right through the alimentary canal. When 
a man eats two ounces of raw starch, fully half passes through the alimentary 
canal undigested. But fruit is a thing that is completely digested ; that is 
the one raw food that is adapted to us. 

Sailors go off on a long expedition with a lot of cooked food on board, 
and they come back by “and by with scurvy. Their gums are lacerated, 
their teeth falling out, their faces swollen, and limbs swollen and blue. The 
poor fellows are almost dead with scurvy; and some may have died on the 
way. You bring in a few oranges, lemons, nice ripe apples, some fresh 
fruits of any sort, and supply them with them, and the change is marvelous. 
In a few days those ugly wounds are healed up, the discoloration and abscesses 
disappear, and it is a veritable miracle wrought by simply a little raw fruit. 
We ought to have learned the value of that lesson long ago, and made a 
practical application of it, but we have not done it. 

In Germany, and since that time in England and this country, they have 
recently made the discovery that if a baby is fed on some infant food, some 
patent baby food, that costs three cents a pound and you have to pay 75 
cents for it—you can make it just as good at home by toasting bread and 
grinding it up in a coffee mill, just as good, and better than most of the foods 
you buy. Anything in the shape of patent foods is not better for a baby 
than flour ball, and every housewife knows how to make that; but it is better 
to toast it a little. If you feed a baby on this kind of food continuously 
it gets scurvy by and by—the best kind of cooked food in the world. Boiled 
milk, sterilized milk, gives the baby the scurvy after a while; and it is found 
out that fruit juices will prevent it. The only thing necessary is to give 
that baby the juice of an orange every day, or the juice of a couple of apples; 
a little juice of that sort of raw fruit; if you cannot get any fruit, it probably 
would be advisable to get a little juice from sweet corn, or the juice of some 
vegetables like the beet perhaps, or some other vegetables, or tomato juice, 
or anything of that sort; any kind of raw juice will save that baby from 
the scurvy and cure it. It has been of immense value to us since we learned 
that. We find at the sanitarium a great many people come there really 
suffering from a kind of scurvy from living entirely upon cooked foods for 
a long time, bread and meat and potatoes. A great many people eat no 
fruit at all, nothing but cooked fruit. You know what happens to your 
pigs fed on cooked food alone and nothing else; in six weeks that pig will 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 85 


be sick. And something will happen to your horse, or cow, or any other 
of the animals. Every animal that lives must have raw food, food in just 
the condition that the Creator made it for him. All our cooked foods are 
artificial, artificially prepared. God made man to live in the forest like 
the monkey and ape and gorilla and orangoutang; these still stick to the 
Edenic bill of fare; but man has wandered away and sought out all kinds of 
things. 

You must feed your pig or horse the right thing if you want to get the 
right kind of work out of him. How do you feed yourselves? This is 
certainly cognate to this subject; If the average farmer fed himself as he 
feeds his horse, and his horse as he feeds himself, in the same reckless sort 
of way, his horse would become a dyspeptic in a very short time. It is 
only because man is tougher than a horse that he can stand such a bill 
of fare as he has—because he has a better constitution than a horse. We 
have got inoculated with bad habits so we are able to endure them. 

I sat down to a hotel table a while ago, and there was the bill of fare. 
What was there there? In the first place, there were fish of various kinds. 
Do you know how many stomachs it takes to digest fish? The whale is a 
fish eater, and the whale has seven stomachs, and some whales have as high 
as eleven stomachs; so it takes seven whale’s stomachs to digest this fish. 
And so I put it down. There were half a dozen kinds of fish; there were 
several kinds of vegetables there; there was grass of various sorts. Now 
how many stomachs has a cow got? Four. It takes four stomachs to digest 
lettuce and spinach—grass of all sorts. Seven and four are eleven. There 
were various kinds of nuts and fruits there; that is what a monkey eats; 
a monkey has one stomach, and that made twelve. There was meat, all 
sorts of meats, red meats of various sorts; and it takes a dog’s stomach to 
digest meat. A dog has a stomach intended for meat. So there were 
thirteen stomachs required to digest that bill of fare, and that man right 
opposite me sat down there with one puny little stomach and expected to 
be able to digest the bill of fare of all creation. There is only one animal 
that can do it with impunity, and that is the Michigan woodchuck. The 
Michigan woodchuck has got fourteen stomachs. (Laughter) There is 
a chance for him. But when a man undertakes to swallow a woodchuck’s 
diet he gets the worst of it. 

So I recommend that you substitute in a very large degree the delicious 
fruits, these wholesome fruits that God has given us, and which we find are 
so wonderfully helpful in the cure of disease. 

Away back two thousand years ago, Pliny, the Roman historian that saw 
the eruption of Vesuvius that devastated Pompeii and Herculaneum, and 
who lost his life in that terrible eruption, was smothered by the ashes as he 
was trying to escape—this wonderful old historian, the author of “Pliny’s 
Natural History,’ recommended fruits, and said they were accustomed 
to use them with great success in the treatment of diarrhoea, rheumatism, 
and acute dysentery. 

Van Swieten two hundred years ago recommended fruit in great abund- 
ance; he recommended strawberries; he recommended some patients to 
eat twenty pounds of strawberries a day, and especially for consumption, 

Linnaeus, the man who made botany—and you know how dependent 
you farmers are on the observations of Linnaeus, the great Swedish botanist, 
had the gout and cured it by eating cherries. Van Swieten tells of the wonder- 
ful things that have come from a fruit diet for consumption. 

I have visited Germany many times, where I saw the signs up, ‘Grape 


86 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Cure.” “Grape Cure.” “Grape Cure.’’ Now we have a cherry cure, peach 
cure, plum cure, apricot cure, as well as a grape cure. It is simply the fruit 
juice, the raw juice of the fruit; the natural food substance which is exactly 
suited to us just as God made it for us. 

We find at the sanitarium a very great use for fruit in various ways; we 
find it wonderfully helpful, especially in antagonizing this chronic auto- 
intoxication which almost everybody is suffering from. You have headaches 
every once in a while, feel dull and stupid—Auto-intoxication. If you will 
stop eating the greasy dishes for a day or two, or three days, and eat nothing 
but fruit, you can save a doctor’s bill and a whole lot of sickness and wretch- 
edness. Get in the habit of eating plenty of fruit every day. You will be 
surprised to see how it will antagonize this bilious tendency. Biliousness 
is nothing in the world but auto-intoxication. 

Do not imagine I am charging you who have suffered from biliousness 
‘with being intemperate. I said to a lady the other day, who had tawny 
skin, a tongue that looked as though the city scavenger ought to be after 
it, a tainted breath, a terrible stench arising from the body, and perspiration 
had an odor to it, I said “Madam, I think you are suffering from auto-in- 
toxication.”” ‘You are entirely mistaken, sir, I have not taken a drink 
of whiskey since day before yesterday.” 

Auto-intoxication is the condition in which a man has got the distillery 
within himself, the whole thing, the brewery and all. 

It is these unfriendly germs I am telling about that are feeding upon the 
meat you eat, the fragments of undigested meat of various kinds that have 
found their way into the colon, where there are fragments of undigested 
food stuffs sometimes actually for weeks. What happens to a dead rat, 
cow or sheep, that lies off in the corner in a warm place somewhere? The 
same thing happens to that dead sheep or cow that happens to you: Put- 
refaction takes place inside as well as outside. If it remains in the intestine, 
it will rot. 

Some of you have tried a beefsteak poultice over your stomach or over 
a carbuncle or boil—beefsteak poultice. You know what the condition of 
the beefsteak is. You want it changed in a few hours. Suppose that beef- 
steak is inside instead of outside. The very same thing happens to it; it 
has not been digested; it is bound to happen to it, because of the germs 
that are in it. The codfish and mackerel and salt fish and herring, and 
various things you buy in the market are simply swarming with germs. The 
same is true of cheese. Cheese has a great many germs in it; but fortunately 
the germs in cheese are of a friendly kind almost entirely. I am sure you 
will thank me for saying that. That is why people can eat such quantities 
of cheese apparently without doing them any harm. But that depends. 
There are certain kinds of cheese this is not quite true of. Certain kinds of 
cheese have the unfriendly germs growing in them; and sometimes, especially 
Germans carry a tin box around in their pockets. A story is told of a German 
in one of the West India Islands who sat opposite a Spaniard at dinner; 
and he took out a little tin, box and passed it to the Spaniard and asked 
him if he would have a little. The Spaniard said, ‘No, thank you,” and 
turned his face to the wall. ‘Do you think it unhealthy to eat Limbur ger?” 

“No,” said the Spaniard, “I think it an unnatural crime.” So ‘it is. 
Substances of that sort are simply in a state of advanced decay, and they 
are not fit to go into the body. 

Fruit is one of the most important means of killing the germs off, and 
disinfecting the germicidal acids in the intestines, which make it impossible 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 87 


for them to act. When a person has a tawny skin, a stinking breath, an 
offensive perspiration, and fecal discharges which are like those of the cat 
or a dog, or any other carnivorous animal, the person in that condition is 
in a chronic state of auto-intoxication; and Bright’s disease comes on after 
a while, and liver disease, and other troubles that grow out of the poisoning 
that is going on. 

We may do more to increase the longevity of the American race, to increase 
vigor and endurance, by increasing the use of fruits, than in any other way. 


USE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS. 


(J. H. HALE, SOUTH GLASTONBURY, CONN.) 


Mr. President, and Fellow Fruit Growers: After such an enjoyable time 
last night, I feel as though I would like to unbutton a little at this time, 
and might have done so earlier. 

I thought of one thing last night while enjoying that delightful banquet, 
of some of our negroes down south that might interest you, ina way. The 
darkies are always gambling in petty ways. They had worn out about every 
gambling game down there some years ago, and finally one of them said one 
day during the noon hour, “Let’s each put a nickel in the pot, and name 
what good eating is; and then we’ll ask the boss to say who has laid out the 
best program, and the fellow that has gets the money.” So 75 or 100 of 
them put in a nickel apiece, and asked the boss in to decide what was a good 
square meal, what was the best bill of fare laid out. One named various 
dishes, and another another, until it got to about the fifth or sixth fellow, 
and he said, “‘ Well, dah’s ’possum, an’ dah’s sweet taters, an’ dah’s water- 
melon—” About that time the other negroes, some of them, began to slide 
up toward the pile and reach their hands out. ‘Hold on, niggah, what yo’ 
doing taking the money out?” “O sho’, but dat niggah has done named 
all dah is.” 

So I felt almost last night as though “dat niggah” Kellogg up there had 
done named all there was. It was good eating, “shoo nuff, honey.” 

But now to this question of commercial fertilizer. I know little or nothing 
about it scientifically. I am not a chemist, and I ought not perhaps to 
try to tell you anything about commercial fertilizer. All the knowledge 
I have is that of a practical fruit grower. 

It happened to be my privilege in my early boyhood days to be at the first 
public meeting of American farmers where the discussion relative to chemical 
fertilizers: and of agricultural experiment stations took place. I was a boy 
at the time. Old Prof. Stockridge—perhaps none of you here know anything 
about the Stockridge plan of plant feeding; but Dr. Stockridge and a number 
of others were talking and I as a boy got enthused with those ideas. Some 
of them were founded on fact, and some were not. But it led me to believe, 
in my earliest days, that plants were real animals to be fed with the foods 
that would stimulate them to their most perfect bodily development and 
most perfect fruitage. 

In Connecticut we had the first agricultural experiment station that was 
started in the United States; and the first work of that department was 


88 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the work of the study of the then very inferior commercial fertilizers upon 
the market, with Prof. Johnson of Yale—many of you have read ‘“ Johnson’s 
Agricultural Chemistry ”’—and with Dr. Jenkins, his predecessor at the head 
of the Connecticut station, I have been in close touch in a general way with 
the very early use of commercial fertilizers and as studied on a large scale 
by them. Also one of my near neighbors, a thoughtful farmer, reading years 
ago of some French experiments with various chemicals agriculturally, I 
had the opportunity when a very small boy of knowing of his going to the 
nearby drugstore and buying the chemicals, such as you would find at a 
drugstore—potash, phosphoric acid—and experimenting with those on his 
land for growing crops. I can assure you it was not a profitable industry 
so far as those chemicals were concerned, paid for at drug store prices, and 
as far as the crops were concerned, but it was profitable as to his develop- 
ment as an agriculturist, and to my early schooling in the use of agricultural 
chemicals. 

My farm at home was not naturally grass land, and if it had been I guess 
we were too poor in the early days to have many cattle to feed thereon; we 
never had cattle to any extent in the early time; and as we increased our 
plantings it became necessary of course to feed them. You hear about the 
so-called wornout soils of New England, but they are not as much worn out 
as the men are worn out trying to handle them. But we never had the 
amount of stable manure necessary for the proper plant food of the acreage 
we had to till; so that my earliest peach planting, and those ever since, for 
the last forty years, have depended upon the commercial fertilizers that 
were offered at the time. 

I do not say I am the first, but I know I am one of the first farmers in 
America to buy nitrate of soda. I bought nitrate of soda, Brother Colling- 
wood, when it was $70 a ton; I bought nitrate of potash at $100 a ton, ex- 
perimented with it and got profitable results; and I have bought in large 
quantities at $70 a ton and found it profitable. There isn’t any question, 
brother fruit growers, but what you can grow all the trees you want, both 
vigorous trees and the fruitful ones, entirely on commercial fertilizers. 
Prof. Hedrick told you yesterday about the hardiness of the peach depending 
somewhat upon the solidity of the wood and the hardiness not only of the 
tree but of the bud; and it is unquestionably true that you may grow a 
tender fruit like the peach in a more trying situation, a more trying climate, 
if you will build up the tree with the commercial fertilizers that are best 
suited to grow a stocky, hardy, tough wooded tree. I am in the Connecticut 
valley, where tobacco is grown more largely than any other crop, and they 
have for years grown nothing but crops of tobacco on the same fields and 
where they have depended on fertilizers alone and failed to plough in any 
green crops there is unquestionably deterioration in soil; but where they 
have added humus to the soil regularly year after year, there is a steady 
improvement of the soil. We read once in a while of the continual wearing 
out of the Connecticut soil by the growth of tobacco. It is not true, except 
in the sense of where they have used commercial fertilizers alone ; but wherever 
any green crops have been planted and ploughed under, and the commercial 
fertilizers used, the lands are steadily increasing in productiveness. 

I have several hundred acres of land in Connecticut at the present time, 
taken forty years ago as poor semi-abandoned, worn out Connecticut land, 
and it is steadily increasing in its productiveness. We have many acres 
of land in the east that produce from 100 to 120 bushels of shelled corn per 
acre, that have been built up on commercial fertilizers and green crops and 


THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 89 


proper tillage of the soil. You can’t just put fertilizer into the soil and get 
direct results out of it. Tillage is a large factor in the handling of any soil. 

I like the commercial fertilizers best because they are the easiest to handle 
in the first place. With us they are the most economical. The cost of 
stable manure would almost prohibit handling it on many acres of land. 
The land that I cultivate lies back on the hills, where the cost of cartage 
alone would be almost as much as that of the purchase of commercial fertil- 
izers and their application. 

I like the commercial fertilizers because I can apply them in a way that 
the trees need. Here is a great broad field like this room here, of perhaps 
thirty or forty acres, and it has the different characteristics of the soil. If 
we spread on stable manure, we put on the same kind of plant food all over. 
If we use commercial fertilizers we can see from experience, if we keep our 
eyes open, that a certain section of land responds more readily to potash 
than another; this section perhaps does not need the potash; so we only put 
it there where it is most needed. Another section of trees needs increase 
in foliage and we supply more nitrogen. As we need, so we put the fertilizer. 
We apply just the raw materials that the tree and the plant tell us they 
need; and they tell that very readily. An observer who keeps in touch 
with his trees and plants will soon find out what they want. ‘Trees are a 
good deal like children and chickens and pigs, when you listen to them, 
that is all. There are different ways of listening. You have to listen mostly 
with your eyes; sometimes it pays to listen with the returns that come back 
from market; those touch your pocket book and you feel those pretty 
thoroughly. 

I made some notes here, and I don’t know whether any of them are good 
or not. Notes don’t go nowadays; they rather have the cash. (Laughter.) 
Or at least they seem to. 

In my early days, when I was interested perhaps more in experimenting 
than I am now—and speaking of early days and experimenting reminds me: 
Some little time ago I was taking dinner with dear old Edward Everett Hale, 
just a family party there, and he was telling us something of his early life, 
and telling a little story of marrying a couple one day, and of what he said 
to them, which made us all laugh; and then he went away in a reminiscent 
mood, and he said, ‘‘ Yes, but that was years ago, when I was giving more 
advice than I do now.” It showed he had grown, showed the dear old fellow 
had grown. 

Some one has said, “‘It is more blessed to give than to receive,” that applies 
only to kicks, medicine and advice. There is some truth in that unquestion- 
ably. But I made some tests of commercial fertilizers with potash alone 
on small fruit, and I was astonished at the increased color that was added 
to the lighter types of strawberries by heavy feeds of potash. I was 
astonished at the increased sugar that we got into the strawberries by heavy 
applications of potash, both from the wood ashes and from the German 
potash salts. I have made applications in the same way to our peach orchards 
extensively; I have been almost prodigal in the use of potash at times in 
some of my sand land peach orchards, but it has been astonishing how we 
have painted those peaches with a wonderful blush that made them so at- 
tractive in the market, and enabled us to get the money back to pay for the 
potash, and something extra for the bank account. 

From my experience on sandy land, on the light soil such as you have in 
many sections in Michigan, where you are growing peaches: on similar types 
of land in the east and south we have added wonderfully to the color of our 

12 


90 - STATE [HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


peaches and to their sugar that they contain, by very liberal application of 
potash. If you are not using potash very freely and are not satisfied with the 
color on your peaches, I would advise you to depend partially upon potash 
and partially on pruning shears, and light open-headed trees and sunlight, 
because all those things work together for perfectly developed fruit, and no 
one thing alone will bring it about. 

I am growing at the present time I hardly know how many acres, but 
nearly three thousand acres of peaches north and south, and that thing 
would be impossible were it not for commercial fertilizers; simply could not 
be in the game at all were it not for commercial fertilizers; or, if I was in 
the game, I would be down in the bottom somewhere where there would be 
no fun in playing it, and perhaps little or no profit. I depend almost entirely 
however, upon two elements—potash and phosphoric acid; because in getting 
the humus I need to plough into my soil I also get all the nitrogen I want, 
by growing cow peas, vetches and clover; I assure you we buy but very 
little nitrogen; and yet we always keep some “up our sleeve,” or at least 
under the shed. But potash and phosphoric acid are our main dependence. 
If I could get all the wood ashes I want, at a price I thought they were worth, 
I don’t know that I would buy any other form of potash; but that is difficult. 
We therefore depend quite largely upon the German potash salts, and muriate 
of potash is the form in which I usually buy it. In the south we depend 
entirely upon the acid phosphate for the phosphoric acid. In the north 
we have always depended upon the fine ground raw bone; it is not so available 
as some other form, but the trees will take it out in time and I think it best 
and cheapest in the long run. I always like to have a little money in the bank, 
a little surplus food in the soil. While I depend almost entirely upon the cover 
crops to get my nitrogen from the air, yet we always keep some nitrate of 
soda, that is the.most quickly available form of nitrogen; just as soon as 
it is dissolved and in the soil the plants go to taking it up in 24 hours. Sixty 
pounds to the acre will make a whole field turn green 24 hours after a rain. 
It will stimulate the corn crop, or a little sickly peach tree. Just a little 
scattering broadcast of nitrate of soda will set that tree into a green, vigorous 
growth; and you can’t get perfect fruit without vigorous growth. Of course, 
a sickly tree will give you high colored peaches, and they will be a little 
earlier and ship a little further; but perfectly developed peaches never come 
off anything but a healthy developed tree. So a little nitrate of soda some- 
times will help the tree quickly to come into that vigor that is needed. I 
use any and every available form of the plant food that we can buy in its 
highest and purest state at lowest price per unit of value. It is the one thing 
to be considered in the use of commercial fertilizers. 

This putting fertilizers close to the plant, and putting fertilizers close 
to the tree, is a large waste. I should not think of standing in a plate of 
soup to absorb soup for my dinner really; and I don’t want a tree to have 
the fertilizer close around it; after the first year, if you spread your fertilizer 
broadcast all over the field, the roots will get it just as chickens will get 
after it. No question about that. You need not worry lest you might 
lose some of your fertilizer if it is not put close about the tree. The further 
you scatter it, the further your tree will chase its roots after it and become 
a vigorous and healthy tree, for in its roots hunting after that scattered 
fertilizer it will find a lot of other things suitable to its uses. 

The fertilizer dealers are shrewd business men, and they have made 
thousands and millions out of the business, much of it legitimate and some 
not; but they make one regular rule: They take ten dollars worth each 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 91 


of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash, and put them together, and three 
times 10 is 40 or 50 every time. Now I don’t like that arithmetic. It hurts 
my pocket-book; and so I don’t figure that way. I buy my chemicals 
separate. I buy what potash I want, as potash; and what phosphoric I 
want, in that way; and my nitrogen, if I buy it at all, in another way. There 
is a good deal of talk about home mixing of fertilizers. There isn’t anything 
in that. If you take it on to the barn floor and turn it over and mix it over, 
and you add nothing to its value, you are going to scatter it all over the field 
in the end anyway, it is a good deal better to spread each one separately 
on the field, because each portion of the field requires a different portion. 

So I would say, buy your chemicals separate, so far as you can. Then 
here comes the next business proposition. A small farmer who only wants 
a few hundred or thousand pounds will find it more difficult than will a large 
farmer; and here comes the need of a society like this, or your local societies, 
or your Grangers. You have some Grangers in Michigan; you ought to have 
more, a good Grange in every agricultural town in this State, where the 
farmers are thinking and working together for the general cause of agriculture. 
With such an organization you could buy together. Farmers are the hardest 
people in the world to pull together. Farming is such a blessed good business 
that you can live in spite of the other fellow some way. But here is a chance 
in this particular line to cooperate in your buying, and run into your towns 
five, six, ten, twenty carloads of chemicals, and divide it up among your- 
selves, and get the full benefit of the lowest market rate. You will find 
dealers ready to meet you more than half way, because it is one solid business 
proposition; it is a sure cash deal. If you go into this cooperative business,» 
every fellow puts up his money Johnny on the spot. Don’t wait to see 
whether the crops grow or not; but go into it as a business proposition and 
pay as you go sure. 

That, Mr. President, in a general way, is practically all I have to say 
on this subject. 

I would like to say just a word about spraying discussed here by Prof. 
Fletcher day before yesterday. It is one of the important things in our orchard 
management, is the spraying. I have had a good deal of experience in 
fighting this blessed little friend of ours, the San Jose scale. While I have 
been a strong and ardent believer in the use of lime and sulphur on account 
of its stimulating effects upon the tree itself, I have been experimenting 
with oil for three or four years, and I have from away back; tested all the 
soluble oils, so-called, I have been experimenting with, and I was glad to 
hear Prof. Fletcher say what he did, and that, while perhaps the time had not 
come when we were going to abandon lime and sulphur, he did believe the 
oils were pretty nearly here. After an-experience of a number of years, 
I am perfectly well satisfied that, while lime and sulphur has the most stimu- 
lating effect on our trees of anything we use, there isn’t any danger in the 
modern oils; I don’t think there is any danger whatever in them. They 
are making them now with some fungicide in them which makes them actually 
helpful to the tree. I am thoroughly satisfied that the oil sprays are coming, 
and are going to be so much easier to apply, and if they reduce the cost 
somewhat so they don’t cost any more than lime and sulphur, I believe 
we shall use them in all our sprays in the future for the destruction of scale 
insects. 


92 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


DISCUSSION. 


Q. I was interested in that point brought out about wood ashes. I have 
‘been following Mr. Hale’s advice and using a good deal of wood ashes on 
strawberries, as we have them very handy and can get them by the ton by 
hauling a quarter of a mile and paying a small price, and I want to know 
where to put them. But Mr. Collingwood here advises us not to use very 
much wood ashes on strawberries because strawberries do not like the acid 
soil. Iam kind of between two fires and don’t know just which to do. 

Mr. Hale: Strawberries do not like acid soil; that is all right. The potash 
and lime in the potash helps sweeten your soil. 

Same Member: I beg pardon. I misspoke. They like acid soil, but not 
an alkali soil. 

Q. Mr. President, if questions are in order: Mr. Hale speaks emphati- 
cally in regard to the advantage of the use of cover crops for the production 
of humus. I would like to understand whether it is his idea to plough under 
these cover crops while they are green and full of sap, or whether they should 
be allowed to reach a certain stage of development where they will not be 
very sappy, before they are turned under? 

Mr. Hale: I never like to turn them under in sappy condition. For 
instance, my cow peas, which are a semi-tropical crop, I want them to grow 
and be killed down by the frost. The dry part is all I want; the water in 
a sap plant is no particular advantage, while turning in some of those green 
crops tends to souring the soil. Same with clover. I do not like to wait 
in the spring until they have grown six inches or a foot or more. The value 
of a cover crop to me is through the summer and fall; just as early in the 
spring as I can I turn them under. No, I don’t want to turn them under 
in a green state. 

Q.. I would like to have Mr. Hale’s opinion about the aphis. That is 
the worst we have to contend with in our locality in the growing of peaches, 
besides winter killing. 

Mr. Hale: They trouble you the first year’s planting; rfot after the trees 
get under way? 

Q. No, the trouble is getting the trees under way, in planting near an 
old orchard, where there has been trees planted in it before. 

Mr. Hale: By the liberal use of nitrate of soda around a young tree the 
first season, we get it going, and its roots run away from the aphis. 

Q. What stage of the growth of the rye do you plough it under? You 
can’t wait until it is frost killed. 

Mr. Hale: In the first place, I would not grow it at all except to keep 
the land from blowing away. I would plough it under early in the spring 
if I was foolish enough to have sown it in the fall where I ought to have had ~ 
clover or vetch. 

Q. In your experience, Mr. Hale, what is the best method of distributing 
the nitrate of soda in nursery rows? For instance, you speak of 200 or 400 
pounds to the acre. 

Mr. Hale: No, I did not say as much as that at one time. But that 
is too much to put on almost any crop. Fifty to one hundred pounds at 
a time is better. If I were going to try 400 pounds to an acre of nursery, I 
would put it on four different times, and probably hand sowing would be 
the most economical way to apply it. 

Q. It would be a difficult matter to spread it thin enough. 

Mr. Hale: No, no, no. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 93 


Q. It is awfully heavy you know, like salt. 

Mr. Hale: I know, but you can do it; you can do anything in this world 
that you have to, brother. 

Q. How cheaply would you have to buy barnyard manure to make it a 
profitable fertilizer? 

Mr. Hale: That is a local question. How far would you have to haul 
it, what you have to pay for it, pay for labor, and for teams, etc. 

. Get a large load on the ground for $1.25, on the field. 

Mr. Hale: I would keep them coming. 

. Do you use soda in preference to potash on light sandy soil? 

Mr. Hale: They are two different things for entirely different purposes. 

Q. Is there much potash in nitrate of soda? 

Mr. Hale: Not a bit. Nothing, but nitrogen. If you buy nitrate of 
potash, you can get the two together. But it is up to $90 a ton, and therefore 
nitrate of soda is a little cheaper to buy, and buy potash separately. 

Q. Potash is about $50 isn’t it? 

Mr. Hale: No. I bought a hundred tons of muriate of potash a few 
days ago, delivered in Georgia on my farm, for $37.75 a ton. Muriate of 
potash is $40 or $42 a ton at present time. 

Q. How much of this nitrate of soda do you use to young trees? A 
handful or two? 

Mr. Hale: A good liberal half-handful to a young tree. And another 
one a month later. It is rich and powerful and will reward you if you give 
it a chance. 

Mr. Hutchins: There is a good deal to this cover crop question, a person 
is liable to find out if he studies it a little. There are several different kinds 
of conditions; and the conditions, it seems to me, that Mr. Hale has, of sandy 
ground, is different from what a good many of us have on our clay soils. 
I want to find something that will make some material, that is, something 
that is practical. We put in a cover crop of oats, which is one of the best 
I can find. We can’t put it in very well before the first of August; it will 
make quite a little growth before the winter comes on, and it will catch the 
foliage; but as far as the humus you get out of it is concerned, it does not 
offer very much material, and you could gather up a whole lot of it in a 
tablespoonful. Now I think perhaps if we could make this vetch grow 
on these heavy soils, it would be all right, but we can’t do it, not to amount 
to anything. At least I have not been able to. 

Mr. Hale: Can’t you make clover and turnips get to going? 

Mr. Hutchins: Yes, we can make turnips grow. You can’t make clover 
do very much; once in a great while you can, but you can’t bank on it. And 
we can’t leave it long enough in the spring to amount to much. That clay 
soil does have the faculty of evaporating the moisture. And with us we have 
to get at it early in the season. Some fellows have an idea you must leave 
the cultivation until the blossoms are fallen. Well, if you have made a study 
of it, you would be surprised to find how much water has left you during that 
time, and our only way is to get at it earlier in the season before the blossom; 
and you have got to have a cover crop that is out of the way by that time 
in order to cultivate. I want to get at something we can use and produce 
humus in appreciable quantities, and at the same time that will allow us 
to cultivate as early as that. Maybe I have been very obtuse and have 
not been able to search around as much as ordinary fellows; but I have looked 
a little for it, and I have not been able to find it. We can grow turnips. 
I have grown them some, and you would know, along in the spring, they 


94 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


were growing there if you passed along the road; that is, know they had 
been growing. But they are like the oats; by the time you get them down 
there isn’t a great deal of material to them. If we could find something 
that could just maintain the humus, it will help me out some. 

Mr. Crane: I would like to ask Mr. Hale if he uses anything that he 
really gets any humus out of, down in Georgia or up in Connecticut? Same 
as Mr. “Hutchins has mentioned here? He gets so little humus from any- 
thing he can put in a pear, apple, or peach orchard. When I was on Mr. 
Hale’s farm, I could not see any humus in the ground, same as on my own. 
In a cultivated orchard in the summer perhaps might have been a little 
clover there, or something, and if he cultivates it very early in the spring, 
as he does, where does he get his humus? The only thing I have ever got 
any humus out of, that I thought was genuine humus, is when I sow my 
crimson clover and let it get out of bloom and turn it under; then I had a 
woody stock and something that did rot and make humus; when I ploughed 
it early and turned it under, I didn’t get much humus, only a little from 
the root. 

Mr. Hale: Things are seldom exactly what they seem. I am sure if 
Mr. Crane would grow good vigorous crops of clover through August and 
September, October and N ovember, and into December, as they often grow 
in this latitude, that no matter what you saw there, when you turned it 
under in the spring, the roots of that clover plant would continually add 
humus to the soil. Take our soil in Georgia, where we grow cow peas every 
summer and let them die down in the fall killed by the frost, and they are 
broken up by the harrow in the winter, when we turn them under in the 
winter there is very little apparent matter to turn under. But if Brother 
Crane had seen the change in the condition of that soil, as I have, in the last 
fifteen years, he would know there was something being done by those 
green crops. When I first went there, if we didn’t get to ploughing in the 
spring in February right after the rains, the soil would get so hard sometimes 

-in April that we couldn’t plough it till we had more rains. ‘There are hundreds 
of acres in the lands of the south that are never ploughed each spring, because 
they get so hard they cannot plough them. But as we have been growing cow 
peas on that land, it is loose and friable; we can break up that soil whether 
it rains or not; it is in a loose and pliable condition, ee the ploughing 
under of apparent nothingness of cow peas. 

I agree with the brother, you have got to plough eanly in the spring for 
the best results in an orchard. Don’t wait for cover crops to grow in the 
spring. I would go right ahead whether the thing shows or not—and I 
sometimes feel just as you do; but when I see the trees growing, see the way 
the land holds moisture during a dry time, I know the Lord has been doing 
something when I have been sleeping. 

Mr. Crane: I thought it was your heavy pruning. They will grow better 
if you head them in. By severe heading I always got a big growth of tree; 
and you have always followed that up, and so your trees will grow in spite 
of anything when they are severely headed in every year. I noticed some- 
thing kind of dead there; I guess it was cow peas down on the ground, and 
you hadn’t begun ploughing yet; but it was about like our oats. 

Mr. Hale: You try oats and cow peas side by side, and in a year or two 
the trees will tell you it has furnished something to your land. 

Mr. Crane: I never could get cow peas to grow. They would kill out in 

‘August and would not grow. 

Mr. Hale: That statement about not getting cow peas to grow is butting 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 95 


in. Has no place here at a meeting of this kind, especially in a town where 
“there is a reason.” 

Down south the darkies are very religious, and they all have their churches. 
One good old negro woman finally came north, and for the first time entered 
a beautiful modern church. The usher showed her to a seat and she looked 
around. ‘Glory to God! Glory to God! Tse glad this house is de Lawd’s.”’ 

The usher came up and tapped her on the shoulder and said, “Madam, 
you will have to be quiet. Please don’t make any commotion.” 

“ All right, I will be quiet. I will.” 

Then the organ burst out, and she jumped up again. “Glory to God.” 

The usher again tapped her on the shoulder and said, “You must not 
make such a noise. You must be quiet.’ 

‘All right: J will be quiet.” 

In a minute the choir burst out in song. She could not stand it. “Glory 
to God! Glory to God! I’se glad I’se here. I’se glad I’se got religion!” 

He came up and said, ‘‘Madam, you will have to get right out of here. 
This church is no place to get religion.” (Laughter.) 

This is a scientific charge that is made by the fellows that know more 
than I do about that particular thing. I know land where clover does not 
grow very well the first year. If we stimulate it the first year with a little 
nitrogen, the clover growth is better next year. But cow peas will in my 
experience grow on any and all kinds of soil, during the corn growing season 
only, as they are a little more tender of cold than Indian corn. 


CONTROLLING THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 


W. W. FARNSWORTH, WATERVILLE, OHIO. 


I think it was Solomon, that man of large wisdom and many sorrows, 
who once said there was nothing new under the sun. I have sometimes 
thought he had the San Jose scale problem in mind when he uttered that 
truth; for it would seem, with all the attention we have given this for the 
last ten years; all the discussing (and sometimes the cussing) we have given 
it, that we would have it worn pretty nearly threadbare. But we find 
there are a great many perhaps who do not thoroughly understand it yet; 
and sometimes an interchange of views and experiences may help those 
of us who have been in the harness for a long time. 

It is unnecessary to go into a history of it. Perhaps the best I can do in 
this brief talk this morning will be to give you a general idea of how we have 
been handling it ourselves and keeping it under control. 

Of course you all know one of the first remedies that was suggested for 
the control of it, was the whale oil soap, which we found effective, but very 
expensive and very difficult to apply. My first experience with it was on a 
little plum tree; I had planted 1,000 plum trees, and the following spring 
in going over the orchard and pruning them I found one tree badly infested. 
I pulled up the tree immediately, and tied a handkerchief on the adjoining 
tree so I could readily. find the exact spot where the tree had been pulled 
out; took the tree up to the packing house in the center of the orchard, 
where the men were just gathering in with their tools, showed the tree to all 


96 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


of them so they might become acquainted with the insect, and told them 
if they found any indications of it at any time to mark the spot and report 
to me at once. The tree was burned, and within forty-eight hours I had 
two men going over that orchard with whale oil soapsuds and washing the 
trees. We succeeded, by these vigorous measures, in stamping out that 
outbreak of the San Jose scale at once. But a few years later it manifested 
itself in our locality and we had to go to spraying. 

The next was crude oil, and that proved a disastrous experience for many 
growers in Ohio. Thousands of trees were killed by the use of crude oil. 
It did kill the scale, and in a great many cases the trees were not injured; 
but a great many peach trees especially were ruined by it. 

And then you know we were told that in California and in Oregon and on 
the Pacific Coast the growers there were using the lime-sulphur and salt 
solution. It was tried in the east, but for some reason or other the first 
tests with it in the east were not satisfactory ; and at once the common people, 
and I guess the scientists too, jumped at the conclusion that the difference 
was in our climate. We are too apt to take things for granted in this world. 
We think a thing is so because some one has told us so; or perhaps our fathers 
or grandfathers have been following a certain way, and we take it for granted 
that is the correct thing. We do not do enough investigating for ourselves. 

So we ran along for several years ignoring the sulphur and lime preparation, 
when we might have been getting good service from it; but finally investiga- 
tion showed the lime, sulphur and salt was really being effective; and a little 
later we found out the salt was unnecessary. The reason salt was first 
used: This preparation was originally a sheep and cattle dip, used for 
dipping the sheep to destroy the scab, perhaps 25 years ago, I remember, 
before we heard of the scale, we had used it on father’s farm in dipping a 
flock of sheep affected with the scab. 

There have been different washes used, and different methods of applying, 
and different formulae. We have had the selfboiled washes, and many other 
preparations; but I believe 90 or perhaps 99 per cent of all commercial 
orchardists today have settled down upon the use of lime and sulphur. 
And I want to endorse emphatically what Prof. Fletcher said, and what 
Mr. Hale has reiterated, that at the present time the lime and sulphur is 
absolutely safe. While it has its disadvantages, those of us who have our 
capital tied up in our orchards, those of us who are depending’‘upon the out- 
come of our orchards for paying off the mortgage perhaps, and making the 
means of supplying our families with the daily needs, cannot afford to run 
off after false gods very much. It is all right to experiment in a limited 
way; but for me, I shall continue the use of the lime and sulphur at least 
another year, because I know it will give me satisfactory results; I know I 
can control the San Jose scale with it, and it is not injurious to my trees; 
I know it is beneficial and is not injurious. It has fungicidal properties and 
it will prevent the leaf curl on the peach, and will prevent apple scab. 

As to our methods of applying: The great drawback to the use of lime 
and sulphur has been the fact it was a little difficult to apply on a small scale. 
A great many growers, who have perhaps applied it in a small way with 
a hand pump, became so thoroughly disgusted with the use of it, that they 
almost concluded to let the scale have the tree; thought the lime and sulphur 
was worse than the scale. 

This problem has been solved in a great many’ horticultural sections 
by the growers building their own plants; or, where there was a community 
of horticulturists, by having, in a sense, cooperative plants. In our own 


Cooking Plant and Power (Steam Engine) Spraying Outfit of Edward Hutchins, Fennville 


Why Not Thin Our Apples, as Well as We do Peaches? 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 97 


case, we have built a house, put in an eight horse power boiler with a steam 
pump, pumping a supply of water from a nearby pond, and put in two or 
three galvanized iron tanks holding about ten or fifteen barrels each to 
store water; and we don’t need a very great storage capacity when we have 
the engine and plenty of water to pump from. If we were not fortunate 
enough to have this pond, we would have to construct an artificial pond, 
unless we had a well with considerable capacity. We have for mixing our 
lime and sulphur three wooden tanks; they were tanks we formerly used 
for spraying, and such as we now use also, half-round wooden tanks about 
eight or nine feet long, holding 250 gallons each. In the bottom of those 
tanks we run a long pipe with perforations, holes, along the pipe; this is 
in the bottom of the tank. The steam issuing from that keeps the lime and 
sulphur stirred up from the bottom. These are all elevated of course. We 
have our material there; the lime and sulphur is mixed, and the stop cock 
is turned and water runs in for lime and sulphur, which is mixed together, 
and then the steam turned on, and issuing from these pipes on the bottom 
of the tank, cooks it thoroughly with very little attention. 

We have been using the usual formula, 15 pounds of sulphur and about 
the same of lime, but we use rather more of the lime. We have been using 
hydrated lime. We are only ten miles from lime kilns and can get the lump 
lime, and consider it a little better in some respects; but we find the other 
is so much better to start, and in making the Bordeaux dissolves more easily 
and quickly, that we prefer to use that and put in a little more; so we use 
15 pounds of sulphur and 20 pounds of the lime, and mix it thoroughly, 
mixing up the lime into a paste form and stirring up with the pasty mixture 
lime until it is thoroughly mixed, adding just a little water by and by; and 
after it is thoroughly mixed in the form of paste or dough, we turn on the 
water and steam. 

We used the salt one or two years, but for several years past we have not 
used it. 

The length of time of boiling will depend a little on how rapidly you boil 
it. Weare governed some by the appearance of the mixture; but as a general 
rule I might say that usually we boil it about an hour, although less will 
usually do; but to be on the safe side, we usually boil it an hour, or judge 
from the appearance of the material. 

We have been using the flowers of sulphur. You know there are two 
grades, the flowers and the flour. I am not sure that there is much difference 
as we have been led to suspect; but we think usually that the flowers combine 
: little more readily with the lime, and with little less waste than in the other 
orm. 

There is a great deal of complaint as to its being unpleasant and disagree- 
able to apply; and this is true to a certain extent. It has something of a 
caustic effect. We usually use goggles and the men sometimes use rubber 
gloves, although they don’t seem to care very much for them; they say 
they make their hands sweat. We have found, however, by beginning 
reasonably early so we can choose our time, and spraying with the wind— 
for instance, if we have a west wind, spraying just the west side of the trees; 
and then taking advantage of an east wind; if you have wind from two 
directions, it would be more pleasant, than to wait until a little too late 
and then be obliged to work in all kinds of weather. When you try spray- 
ing the lime and sulphur against the wind, be it ever so slight, you are up 
against a hard proposition. If you can manage to get the wind from both 
directions, you will find it much easier and pleasanter. I know some have 

18 


98 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


claimed that it injured their horses’ harnesses, and everything else. We 
never have had any such results, and have applied a good deal of it for 
several years. It may have, possibly, something of a caustic effect on 
harnesses. Early in the season when it is cool, we usually have a burlap 
cover over our harnesses when we are using the lime and sulphur. Later, 
when using the Bordeaux, we think it is too heating for the horses, and 
we don’t even use that, and we have not found any very serious damage 
to our harness. Men sometimes say it irritates their faces somewhat, but 
we have not had any trouble. 

We shall be very glad indeed if the oil mixtures prove satisfactory, because 
we realize that when you apply the lime and sulphur you are obliged to strike 
every particle of tree; the lime and sulphur will kill every scale it touches, 
and no more; whereas the oil, if you don’t hit every spot, has a tendency 
to spread, and a little less careful application will secure the best results. 

We haven’t any hopes of exterminating the scale. We only hope to keep 
it in check, even with the oil; but we may perhaps get a little nearer to it 
with the oil than sulphur. 

I think the San Jose scale today is a greater menace to the small grower 
and the farmer in the farm orchard, or the villager or cottager, than to the 
commercial grower. Brother Hale calls it “that blessed little San Jose 
scale,’ and I believe it is putting hundreds of dollars in the pocket of every 
commercial grower in the United States, because it is putting the market 
in the hands of specialists. But the great damage that the San Jose scale 
has done, is doing, and threatens to do, is in the cities and villages. We 
eannot afford to have horticulture and horticultural products driven out 
of the homes of the cottagers and the farmers. We know that horticulture 
and horticultural products add immensely to the productiveness, whole- 
someness and value of every farm home, of every village home in Michigan, 
Ohio, and all over our land, and it is there that the scale is going to do the 
greatest damage. It does not damage the commercial grower. As a matter 
of dollars and cents, dollars and cents—simply selfish interest, I would not 
today, were it in my power, ask that the San Jose scale be swept from ex- 
istence. I believe that my business is more profitable, and will continue 
to be more profitable with the scale than without it. But out of sympathy 
for other smaller growers I would be only too glad to have it extinct; but that. 
perhaps will never occur. Some of us possibly are building up false hopes 
this season; we think that the scale is not so active, not so pernicious, and 
some hope it will gradually disappear. I hope so, but I haven’t the least 
belief that it will. I think it is simply a question of climatic conditions; 
and I think another season, the weather being different, will find the scale 
just as active as ever. We don’t want to be misled by any false hopes. 

There is one preparation of the lime and sulphur that has been put upon 
the market considerably, and I had hopes it would be satisfactory. We find 
some objections to it of course. I refer to the Rex lime and sulphur solution, 
which is simply lime and sulphur manufactured in a large way. They make 
claims for it, and as far as our experience has gone, it has proved satisfactory. 
A great deal of it was used in northern Ohio in some sections last spring. 
That brings up one objection that we hope the makers of the oil preparation 
will overcome; I hope they will be able to combine fungicidal properties 
with their oil. 

Now if we spray with the lime and sulphur, and especially late in the 
season, my aim has been on the apple and the pear to spray just as late in 
the season as I could safely, and get it done before the blossom opened; 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. -t 99 


and I have found we can spray safely even after the buds have swelled 
considerably ; and by that later spraying I find we have obviated the necessity 
of spraying with the Bordeaux before the blossoming. This will not be safe 
in all cases, but where the orchards have been as well cared for as mine, 
I find by spraying with lime and sulphur just before the opening of the 
blossoms I can safely dispense with the early spraying with the Bordeaux 
mixture, following that one spraying as soon as the blossoms have most of 
them fallen, and spraying once more in July and August. I fear some do 
not emphasize this latter spraying as much as they should. It is an important 
spraying. I would not by any means omit this August or last of July spraying. 


DISCUSSION. 


Mr. Crane: You don’t mean to inform us it is possible to spray the apple 
or any other fruit just before they are blooming, with lime and sulphur, 
after the leaves start and up to the time the pink begins to show, and they 
are about ready to blossom? 

Mr. Farnsworth: No. Just as the leaves are well started. But you 
can spray after the buds have started much more than the former idea was. 
We were told years ago, as soon as the buds commenced to swell we must 
stop spraying. But you can spray much later than that, and the later 
spraying has much better effect on the scale. But don’t make the mistake 
of waiting too long and then being delayed by bad weather and not getting 
it done. 

Mr. Crane: In making the preparation, what do you find the best way 
to mix it and boil it? 

A. We usually slack the lime; but if hydrated lime, make it into a paste, 
and supply the dry sulphur and stir it up into a thick paste or dough; add 
the water; and the steam pipe runs in from the bottom keeping it well stirred. 

Mr. Crane: We have all discarded that. That was recommended by 
an experimental station, and one of the professors came in there and gave 
them an object lesson. We abandoned that; it was too bothersome. It 
had been demonstrated two years before that it was not necessary, and he 
simply filled the tank half full of water, a 200-gallon tank, and brings it 
about to the boiling point, and dumps his lime right in when it is at the 
boiling point; and as the lime begins to slack rapidly, he has the sulphur 
and dumps that in on top without stopping, and shuts the cover down and 
lets it boil for half an hour; opens up the tank; there will be large lumps 
floating; he takes his hoe and knocks them to pieces; in an hour they are all 
boiled right into the lime and sulphur and it is a perfect union. 

Mr. Farnsworth: Where you get your material all ready it is a very 
easy matter to turn in the water, where you have the building with the 
materials all ready. We prepare three or four thousand gallons a day. 
One man runs the engine, does all the pumping and mixing, and does not 
have to work more than half the time. It is very easy where you have all 
the material handy. We use the hydrated lime. 

Mr. Crane: We used it one year, and every one of us abandoned it; 
it would not stick half as long on the tree in rainy weather. Our trees in 
a few days showed half of it was gone off, the excess of lime anyway; so we 
abandoned that. 

Mr. Farnsworth: I think it is perhaps necessary in using the hydrate to 
be sure and have a fresh article. Our trees are still coated with the material 
we put on last spring. We have no complaint about it not sticking. 


100 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Q. JI understood you to say you usually boil it about an hour, and tell 
by the looks of it. Describe how it should look. “ 

Mr. Farnsworth: I could tell you better with a sample. It is a dark 
yellowish color. It is one of those things it is pretty hard to describe in 
words unless you are a better word painter than I am. 

Q. To what consistency or thickness do you boil it, and how much do 
you dilute it? Do you boil it rather thick? 

Mr. Farnsworth: We usually put in about half; that is, if we are pre- 
paring enough to fill 250 gallons, we usually fill the tank about half full 
and then add cold water before applying. We don’t like to use it 
boiling in our hose. We usually boil about 100 to 125 gallons of mix- 
ture, and then before we turn it into our spraying outfit we turn in enough 
cold water to dilute it about half. It sprays better if it is warm; but we 
don’t want it boiling hot; it is too hard on the hose and unpleasant for the 
men that handle the mixture. 

Q. If you are spraying and there comes uparain, or you have some left 
over at night, what do you do? 

Mr. Farnsworth: We warm it up a little. We found that all that was 
necessary. If it does not crystalize—and it won’t usually to any extent— 
you can easily use it by warming it a little. 

Q. With the apple, what insecticide do you use along with the fungicide? 
And what proportion? 

Mr. Farnsworth: For several years, arsenate of lead; but the objection 
is, it is a little expensive. We overcome that in one way by buying our 
supplies at wholesale. Last year we bought several thousand dollars worth 
from the shipper directly, at cost, at 9 cents a pound wholesale, a first class 
article. We economize a little in that by using half the usual formula. 
The usual formula is 3 pounds to 50 gallons. We use 3 pounds to 100 gallons, 
and then use full strength arsenite of soda. Arsenite of soda is a quickly — 
acting poison, but doeS not remain on the trees long; while the arsenate of 
lead is said to be a little more slow, but sticks and stays right by. It is 
well worth the extra cost; but we economize considerable by using only 
half of it, and we get lasting effects; and with the arsenite of soda we cheapen 
it very much and get immediate effects. 

Q. Do you use arsenite of soda with the arsenate of lead? 

Mr. Farnsworth: Yes. We use both. We use the full formula that 
is usually advised, a pint of mixture to 50 gallons, and add to that the arsenate 
of lead. We have been decreasing the copper sulphate and increasing the 
amount of insecticide poison. 

Q. Have you been able to overcome the russeting of apples by the use 
of it? 

Mr. Farnsworth: Not entirely. That is one of the troubles looming up 
before us more this year than ever. We think we can overcome that partly 
at least by a little weaker solution of copper sulphate. I believe it is the 
copper sulphate that does the mischief; and spraying in showery, wet weather 
will make it much worse. Our practice is now to use not to exceed three 
pounds of copper sulphate, and some only use two and one-half for the first 
spraying; and the last of July or August spraying we use little or not any. 

Mr. Hutchins: What about the comparative value of arsenate of lime 
and arsenite of soda? 

Mr. Farnsworth: I never have used the arsenate of lime. I have used 
the arsenite of soda; I don’t know that there is any difference; don’t know 
anything about the arsenate of lime. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL ?REPORT. 101 


Q. How much lime do you use? 

Mr. Farnsworth: We put in about four pounds. If lump lime, then 
three pounds would be enough. With the hydrate of lime a little more is 
required; it is a little more expensive than the fresh lump lime, but a little 
more convenient. 

With regard to the spraying of the lime and sulphur upon trees up to the 
blooming time: it is perfectly safe to spray with lime and sulphur on the 
peach up to the time the blossoms open. I have tried it year after year. 
It may burn the apple foliage slightly, because the leaves on the apple get 
much farther advanced at the time of blossom than on the peach. This 
question comes up. We find people that just find out the scale is in their 
orchard possibly late in the season, and they say, “Iam afraid I will kill 
my buds, or burn the foliage, and this will hurt my blossoms and possibly 
the tree, and I don’t want to spray.” By all means spray for the San Jose 
scale, even if the leaves are out up to blossoming time, on any kind of fruit, 
rather than let it go over for the season. Better do it a little earlier; but do 
it anyway. 

Q. If you had an orchard and only once in a while a tree that had a scale 
on, would you spray the whole orchard, or wait a year or two? 

Mr. Farnsworth: I would spray the whole thing right away, because 
if you find it pretty generally on one or two trees, the probabilities are it is 
scattered here and there all over the trees. Mr. William Miller said he 
would spray all his trees with the lime and sulphur if he did not have a scale 
on the place, it seemed to have such an invigorating effect, as well as fungicidal 
effect. I only have a few scales here and there over the orchard, and I spray 
every fruit tree except the sour cherries, because if I find here and there one, 
there are many scattered over the orchard. As a matter of benefit to the 
entire orchard, I spray them all. There might be exceptions to that. If 
I had good reason to think in a large orchard there were only a few trees, 
it might be better to spray that tree and a few surrounding trees. I rather 
tell what I do than to give general advice. I simply say in my case I do 
spray them all. 

Q. Ever see any scale on grape vines? 

Mr. Farnsworth: No, I never have. 

A Member: I advise a little caution in using lime and sulphur during 
the growing period of the trees, especially in the spring when the trees are 
very sappy and the young foliage is coming out. I know from experience 
it injures foliage; the leaves being the lungs of the tree, it would retard the 
growth and have a tendency to check their growth; and I have been very 
cautious in that respect. 

Mr. Farnsworth: Better to get it done before the foliage appears if possible. 

Same Member: The insoluble oil will be more to be recommended 
during that time of year, and in fact during the entire growing season. I 
don’t think the wrong impression ought to be brought out here with reference 
to the sulphur and lime solution being used during the time when trees are 
growing, because it is injurious to the foliage. 

Mr. Farnsworth: We never have used it after foliage is formed and would 
consider it dangerous. 

Mr. Crane: That was my experience last year. Brother Taft was in 
my orchard when I was spraying for the scale in the spring, and I put the 
question to him how long I could spray, and he thought it would be safe 
up to the time they bloomed. I wanted to know whether I could use that 
spraying instead of the first spraying of the Bordeaux, and so I left a little 


102 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


bunch of apple trees, and also a little bunch of Kieffer pears. It killed the 
bloom in every bunch of blossoms on the apples, but that didn’t seriously 
affect my crop, but it did curl the first leaves up, and they were curled all 
summer long. On the Kieffer pear it made every bloom drop. I lost all 
the Kieffer pear blooms entirely. To show that difference, though, a neighbor 
of mine sprayed the same day on apple trees that I did, and his lime and 
sulphur was not properly boiled; it was just white, looked white on the trees, 
and it never hurt the foliage a particle. That shows it didn’t have the 
caustic property, hadn’t boiled enough to get the chemical change. But 
mine did kill the scale and leaves. 

Q. No. 1: Is it advisable to set commercial Northern Spy orchards in 
southern Michigan? Could the trees be brought into bearing sooner and 
be as hardy, prolific and long lived if grafted upon other stocks, and what 
stocks are best? . 

Mr. Crane: In my orchard I did not have any Spies about fifteen years 
ago, and I wanted some, and I had some Baldwins, my orchard was nearly 
all Baldwins; and so I grafted in some Spies on an old orchard; but those 
Spies did not come to bearing for about fifteen years after I grafted them; 
never could get any commercial crop really; now and then a few apples, 
but it was very slow in starting to bearing. That is the only stock I have 
ever worked the Spy upon. 

Mr. Gebhart: I have had some experience in grafting the Northern Spy, 
but they were on older trees, seedling trees, or any description of trees. 
The tree was 12 or 14 or 15 years old, and in six years they bore a full crop; 
I think they began to bear at four years, Northern Spies. It hastens the 
bearing on the Northern Spy very much if you have any old trees; but if 
you have young trees and graft, I don’t know whether it would or not. I 
have not had the experience. I should use Red Astrachan or some strong 
grower for grafting the Spy; but on old trees—on any kind of tree—it brings 
the Spy into bearing very soon; it bears very fine fruit. 

Mr. Farrand: I would like to raise Northern Spies, but don’t want to 
wait so long for it. JI am planting Northern Spy and using them as a stock 
to start all my orchard. I plant Northern Spy and top work them the same 
year, or in some cases perhaps a year later, although usually the same year, 
with the Baldwin, Grimes, Greenings, Jonathan, or any variety I want; 
and I am not sure it would not pay to plant Spy and in three or four years 
top work them. The Spy is an ideal root stock, good healthy trunk, and 
we know it is comparatively free from insects. 

Mr. Greening: In my opinion, it matters not what variety you use for 
the stock. JI would not advise a slow growing variety; but we are now 
speaking as to bringing the Spy into bearing earlier, and what method should 
be employed. I say that you can top work on any variety; the fast growing 
variety would be the most advisable to graft the Spy on to, and the trees will 
come into bearing after two or three years after top working on old trees. 

A Member: I had a little experience in working Spies. I had a number 
of Red Astrachan trees and other varieties in summer fruit I wished to top 
work about ten years ago; so I employed a man to graft those into Spies 
in my own orchard; it has been ten years and I have never had a crop of 
Spies, never yet. Thrifty tops, but never a crop of Spies. 

Mr. Hutchins: How old trees when grafted? 

A. Trees 15 or 18 years old when grafted. 

A Member: I would suggest to the gentleman that he top graft again. 
I have been told by an old apple grower in New York State that the greatest 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 103 


trouble with people today is we don’t top graft enough. Top graft the Spy, 
and in five years top graft again, and you increase the quantity. 

Mr. Crane: There may be some special strain of the Spy tree, and it might 
be well to work that on to other stock; we may catch something from that; 
we may possibly get into a stock that would be an early bearing Spy, but 
that has not been so in my case. 

Mr. Hutchins: I don’t propose to do any free advertising for any man, 
but I have understood that is the case, and I understood Mr. Gebhart did 
have some Spies that either by the process of selection or something of the 
kind, got to bearing earlier, and I sent there a couple of years ago and got 
some Spies and grafted them; and there may be something in that. 

A Member: I don’t know as the Spy is so much different from any other 
apple in that respect. What I mean, as a rule, if I put a graft into an old 
tree 12 or 15 years old, they come into bearing more or less in three to five 
years. I know a case where the trees were grafted with Spies and in three 
years he had a good crop, and bearing ever since. I had one tree of Spies 
which the hired man ran through with a plough some years ago, and it had 
a bushel or so. If the Spies are checked in any way with top graft, or any 
other way—and I believe as a rule, if you top graft old trees you will get in 
two or three years more or less apples. All the trouble I have seen is they 
make rather of a high tree; they are upright growing, and you are liable to 
get a two-story tree on old trees; but there is no question that they get into 
bearing in a short time, if the tree you put them on is all right; but some soils 
they don’t seem to do well on. 

Question No. 18: What per cent of young peach trees, five or six years 
old, are destroyed by either the yellows or little peach, when- planted in 
the same places immediately after the old trees have been destroyed by these 
diseases? 

Mr. Hutchins: Mr. President, in my own experience, not one. We took 
out quite a good many trees a few years ago, and very largely the vacancies 
have been filled in, fertilized as we could, and filled in, and in five years 
I don’t remember of seeing but one or two cases of yellows. More recently 
the little peach has been making ravages—not so much with us as with 
some others, because we have been after them pretty lively when we found 
them; but we at once fill in again, and I have not known of an instance of 
the disease developing. Now I want to speak guardedly here. My ground 
is heavy loam and clay; and still on lighter soils, lighter loams, I have seen 
some things that would make me hesitate a little before setting trees on that 
kind of ground. I don’t want to make any sweeping assertion. 

_ Mr. Tucker: I have had a little experience on a loam soil in taking old 
orchards out and setting young trees in. It is my experience it cannot be 
done successfully, and we have tried it and I have lost the whole business. 

Mr. Hutchins: Mr. Tucker’s orchard is quite a little lighter; and where 
the old trees are taken out on that land they are very liable, I guess pretty 
sure, to be affected with the black aphis, and I know people do have difficulty 
with the black aphis in setting on that kind of ground, and still I don’t 
think it is the yellows or little peaches. 

Question No. 7: Shall we burn over strawberry beds in renewing or clean 
out without burning? 

C. D. Rhodes: My idea in burning over strawberry beds is simply this: 
That I would invariably do that, provided it could be done at the right time 
and in the right way. By the right time, I would say that the strawberry 
beds should be burned over just as quick as the crop is harvested. The 


104 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


strawberry plant is, you might say, semi-dormant when the crop is off for a 
short time, and burning at that time would not be good for the plants. Ihave 
seen some of my neighbors burn strawberry beds and do considerable damage. 
In fact, this past season I have noticed one bed where they have burned 
it and destroyed nearly all their plants. There have been several instances 
around me. So I think it should be done the right way and at the right 
time. In burning it over, there should be very little fire, and it should be 
done when the wind is very brisk so to just barely singe everything as it 
passes over. I usually go on my land with a hay rake to clean up a good 
share of the muss and take it off from the land. -Then I mow the straw- 
berries down, and as soon as it is as dry as it can be, watch my opportunity 
and run it over with fire. If I cannot do this immediately, I usually clean 
off my beds by mowing it down and going in with the cultivator, getting 
ready to mulch, and cleaning it up that way. I find I will really come out 
better than I will to attempt to burn it later. 

A Member: I had quite an experience in burning strawberries. But 
I met an experience this last season I never had met with before. Through 
the pruning season we had exceedingly dry weather. Some _ varieties, 
especially the Warfield, were affected by this dry weather more than some 
of the others; and after the erop was matured and taken off, vines were 
mowed down and part of the mulch was taken off, and the rest burned; 
and after the time came for them to show signs of growth, I noticed the 
kinds that suffered most from the drought, suffered most from the burning; 
the kinds that survived the drought, showed little, .if any, effects from the 
burning. So I concluded after this, in case of a severe drought, without 
we had rain before the time came to burn, I should not burn them. I may 
say, however, with regard to taking off the mulch, I have burned berries 
in all kinds of ways conceivable, have stirred up the mulch and laid it on 
the rows in case there was not sufficient vines to make enough to burn over 
the rows, and had good results, although I would not recommend the idea 
of covering the row with straw to burn; but where your vines are vigorous 
and healthy, and there is a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil, it is not 
necessary to take off the straw with the idea of saving the plants; if you burn 
soon enough and not wait until the second growth of trees you can burn 
safely by leaving the mulch on. Some varieties are more susceptible to 
injury by fire than others. Any variety of berries that are hardy and of 
good growth, and can get moisture, will survive the burning if it is not too 
much. But where one mistake is made in burning a strawberry patch is 
in failing to loosen up and liven up your mulch so it burns quickly. If it 
has been loosened or your ground is moist, the under side of your mulch 
bed is damp, and if the mulch is close to your berries when the fire comes 
it gets in there and the fire and heat makes a sort of steam and will generate 
a heat in there that will very often injure your plant; while if that same 
mulch had been loosened up and livened up and thoroughly dried, it would 
have burned very quickly; therefore the plants would survive. So it is 
advisable in all cases to loosen and liven your straw before you burn. 

Question No. 4: Is it a paying practice to mulch young peach trees over 
winter? 

Mr. Farrand: Possibly it would be all right if you keep the mulch away 
from the trees; but otherwise put a protector around it. You must either 
have one or the other, or the mice are going to do a great deal of damage. 
Any sort of mulch makes a place for mice to harbor, and they will live upon 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 105 


the bark of the tree. I have seen whole orchards practically ruined by the 
mice girdling the trees. 

A Member: The way we protect ourselves from danger of mice is to run 
a bit of veneer about fifteen inches square, and wrap those around and make 
a mulch around the tree; or, if it has been left over from the previous year, 
before applying this veneer we go around and examine, put this veneer on, 
and then put on the mulch; and we have never had a tree girdled’ with mice 
yet. It costs very little and is quickly done. 

A Member: A novel way is to wrap the tree with tar paper. 

A Member: I will say we have tried this mulch for the last four years; 
all our trees up to four years old are mulched with straw or marsh hay. 
I do know that last winter we did not lose more than three or four peach trees 
out of 500. That is here in this county. We did not have as bad a cold 
spell in October as they had farther west, but I believe it helped them quite 
a good deal. Of course we used protectors. 


ANYTHING NEW IN SPRAYING? 


(BY T. A. FARRAND, EATON RAPIDS.) 


I wish I might come before you this afternoon with something that would 
stir you up, something so radically new. Like everything else, we are always 
looking for something new in the spraying line. It is an interesting topic. 
It has got to such a state of affairs that spraying is one of the chief things 
in the up-to-date culture methods with fruit. But I simply want to stand 
again and advocate some of the principles of spraying that we ought to 
know. There are a whole lot of new things; we could talk all day of new 
things here; but the people that ought to hear them are not here. You 
that are here are looking up all these things; so it is hard to give something 
new. But these same spraying problems are new to thousands of people 
in the State of Michigan. The only way we can reach the masses is through 
the individuals; and ‘as individuals when you leave this hall you ought to 
earry this spraying knowledge we have been hearing, to your neighborhood 
and your locality, and spread the good news in that way. 

As you know, I want to still stand, in spraying for the San Jose scale, 
for the old and reliable lime and sulphur. Up to date, we have nothing 
better. There may be something in process of experimentation by our 
station that is new; but we have nothing today that is as efficient and cheap 
as lime and sulphur. It is all right to experiment a little, but all these 
soluble oil sprays have been tried and found wanting up to date. At the 
experiment station, while I was in charge, I tried a great many of them, 
and always found them wanting, and we had to fall back on to the lime 
and sulphur. It is a disagreeable spray, and we all certainly hope there 
will something sometime come that will be easier to. prepare. 

So far as the codling moth is concerned, it is not altogether new to us here. 
I think we must come to the use of arsenate of lead. While I have not used 
it myself, I have talked with a great many who have. I am going to use it 
for the codling moth, in with the Bordeaux mixture. The only change which 
I would make in our regular Bordeaux mixture would be, I believe in cutting 

14 


106 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


down the quantity of copper sulphate. I believe we can use it three pounds 
of copper sulphate instead of four, with perfect safety. 

While Prof. Hedrick said there was not anything in the excess of lime, 
some way or other I like to use an excess of lime. There may not be any use 
in it. I have not tried it experimentally; but you can see where you have 
been if you use an excess of lime; it shows up good; it seems to give a fellow 
a little more satisfaction. And then you are sure, with an excess of lime, 
of not burning your foliage or causing any trouble. 

There is one thing about spraying that I want-to bring out here, and 
that is on nursery stock. We advocated the method of dipping nursery 
stock before you plant it. It don’t make any difference where it may come 
from, we know the lime and sulphur is very helpful for the foliage of trees. 
The papers came out a while ago—lI think it was “The Farm Journal,” 
and other papers—with the theory that it injured the trees; people had 
injured a large per cent of their young stock by dipping the trees. The only 
way I could account for it was, they didn’t let the mixture cool sufficiently 
before dipping the trees. I shall never set a tree without treating it with 
the lime and sulphur wash before it is put out. 

Last spring I did not dip the trees; they were standing in a bunch where 
I had hauled them in preparing to set them up. I thought I would spray 
those trees; so I cut the bands on them and spread them out and sprayed 
them with lime and sulphur; the buds were just starting nicely. Well, it 
gave them a set back. I know why. I did not think anything about it 
at the time. We have always said even if a mixture was hot in spraying 
an ordinary tree by the time the atmosphere struck it, it cooled instantly. 
I was right on to those trees. It burned them. I didn’t take into considera- 
tion I was spraying so close to those trees; that the spray mixture was too 
hot. It was not the mixture that hurt the young trees; it was because the 
mixture was so hot; and in trying to do a thorough job I had not let it cool 
sufficiently, and I turned it right into the tree, and I hurt the peach trees. 

I don’t believe I would set a tree in Michigan without treating it with a 
mixture of lime and sulphur before planting. It may come from the nursery 
free from scale, and all that; but I would not risk it. I have found none in 
my orchard at Eaton Rapids; I have been looking ever since I have been 
there—two years. The only way I can account for it is, it is not a section 
where they have been planting fruit trees. I can only account for it in that 
way, for there is no San Jose scale through that section. 

Q. Would you dip the roots too? 

Mr. Farrand: No, sir, I would not dip the roots. That mixture is pretty 
strong, and I would not risk it, knowing what I know about the mixture. 

We must stand by the old formulae. I don’t advocate to a great extent 
trying those new remedies. Let our experiment stations first try them 
for us. The Benton Harbor people are here. There was a new spray came 
up, and I sent down and told them to be careful. It is so disagreeable, 
this lime and sulphur mixture, they couldn’t stand it any longer; they must 
try the new mixture. There were whole orchards killed from the use of 
that mixture they used. It killed the trees because it was ineffectual and 
did no good—tight at Benton Harbor. So I say stand by these old formulae 
until you know definitely the new mixtures that are all the time coming up 
will prove efficient. 


THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 107 


DISCUSSION. 


Q. What would you use for a strainer? It will destroy copper. 

Mr. Farrand: I use a brass strainer; or I have used galvanized iron. 
They last one season and they are cheap. But it will eat copper very quickly. 
Brass of a very fine mesh Iuse. There is no trouble in straining this mixture. 
I find when it is hot it will run right through just as nice. I have proved 
it in a hundred places in Michigan where I have held demontrative meetings, 
where they thought it was going to be so hard to use. The success of it 
has always been a surprise to them—a very fine brass mesh strainer. 

Mr. R. A. Smythe: We have been spraying five years with the sulphur 
and lime. Of course the first year we had all sorts of things eaten up with 
it. This last year we had a very large funnel made with a three-inch hole; 
and a funnel made of galvanized screening and soldered right on a steel ring; 
the angle of the screen is in the same angle of the funnel, so it gets a large 
surface; having this steel ring on it, you can take it out and knock it on the 
wheel of your wagon and it is clean in an instant; and it is the most satis- 
factory thing I have found yet; we can run the liquid through almost as 
fast as it comes out through the two and one-half inch pipe. 

Mr. Farrand: I have a little note here I would like to read from Prof. 
Taft. He is not here. I wrote him regarding the spraying experiments 
and tried to find out what there was new at the experiment station. He 
says: “I really don’t know of anything new, I would call new, that is 
really worth while to take up. We have continued testing the various 
prepared remedies for the San Jose scale, and have found none of the old 
kinds nor any new kinds worth considering.”” That is what Prof. Taft says 
after a year or two working at the experiment station. ‘“‘The results were 
not different from those obtained by you, or what we have reported since 
that time, for the summer brood of San Jose scale nor other enemies.”’ Now 
that is my point. I have been asked that question many times about fighting 
the summer brood of San Jose scale, and I have never been able to get a 
mixture strong enough to kill it without killing the foliage. ‘I would use 
the self-cooked sulphur lime mixture, using the 20 pounds lime and 10 pounds 
of sulphur for 50 gallons; but in order to dissolve as much sulphur as possible 
I would prepare it in a barrel, using at least 40 pounds of stone lime and 20 
pounds of sulphur, starting the slacking with hot water and diluting to 100 
gallons. This would not injure the foliage even of the peach, and is also 
one of the best remedies for scab and rot of peaches and plums. It should 
be applied at intervals of ten days, beginning when the fruit is about half 
grown, or earlier if the rot appears. When it is used in addition to one spray- 
ing of Bordeaux mixture and arsenite, after the fruit has set upon peaches, 
and two applications upon plums, it will, if applied thoroughly, practically 
prevent the rot and scab. 

Mr. Hutchins: Have you ever had any experience in spraying the peaches 
for the brown smutty spots on them? 

Mr. Farrand: Yes sir, I have. We sprayed at the experiment station 
all the years I was there. All I know is this; that in the four years I was 
at the experiment station we used always every year one spraying of weak 
Bordeaux mixture, two pounds of the vitriol and three pounds of lime, to 
50 gallons of water on the peach. We did sometimes get a little burning 
of the peach, but I never saw the black spot upon-any variety while there. 

Mr. Hutchins: What time did you put it on? 

Mr. Farrand: Usually when the peaches were well set, the latter part of 


108 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


June, when the peaches were about the size of your thumb. Never saw 
any black spots while I was there. Other people had it all over the country 
in their orchards, and different varieties would get blotched by it where 
they didn’t spray. I can only lay it to the spraying of the Bordeaux mixture. 

Q. Did some of the leaves drop? 

Mr. Farrand: Occasionally. It would depend somewhat on the weather 
conditions. It is like the Bordeaux injury; if it was dry and warm, not 
much rain, you would get no bad effects on the foliage; but sometimes, if 
it would rain right away, and we had just the right kind of moisture con- 
ditions, we seemed to get a burning of the foliage a little; sometimes it would 
burn holes right in the foliage. But we never got an injury sufficient, in 
my estimation, but what the other counteracted it and was better. If self 
cooked lime and sulphur will do the business, he says it won’t hurt the foliage; 
and if it will do the business, that is the thing to use. 

Q. I would like to know what is the cause of the bitter rot on the Baldwin 
apple? 

Mr. Farrand: It is not the regular bitter rot that we hear and read of 
in the southwestern states. It is a black leathery brown spot under the skin. 
I have written to the Department of Agriculture and to every other con- 
ceivable source of information I can get, and they don’t know any more 
about it than I do what is the cause, nor how to prevent it. I notice this, 
when a Baldwin apple tree has a partial crop, and the fruit is inclined to 
run very large, you will get that brown spot;-where with a full crop, on the 
same tree, and the fruit just medium size, the apple seems to be firmer, 
coarse in texture, and don’t get that brown leathery spot on the skin. I 
don’t know any remedy for it. 


THE HORTICULTURIST’S EDUCATION. 


(BURT WERMUTH, DETROIT.) 


I believe it is Russel Conwell who tells the story of a young man down in 
one of the New England states who had given his time, while attending one 
of the eastern universities, to the study of mining engineering. He was a most 
thorough student and his scholarly ability, together with a gift of common 
sense, had won from his masters the prophecy that some day he would become 
one of the leading men along the lines of study he had pursued. In his 
search for knowledge he had made the acquaintance of several men who 
had spent considerable time in practical mining surveying and engineering. 
Some of these men became friendly with the young man and often called 
at his home. These acquaintances soon nurtured a desire in the heart of our 
young friend to go into some of the great mining districts, where he might 
put into practice the knowledge he had already obtained. One day, while 
seated. on a stone fence in front of his home conversing with a friend, he 
expressed this longing. The friend was sympathizing when, upon glancing 
at the stone upon which the young man was seated he observed what he 
thought to be valuable ore. It afterwards proved true and the discovery 
led to the finding of a rich vein in that very neighborhood. 

We all know the career of Frederick Douglass who started in life not even. 
owning his own body, for he was a slave, and by dint of determination he 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 109 


forced himself to the front where he won the esteem and favor of a great 
nation because of his scholarly attainments, splendid judgment and un- 
questioned integrity. 

Within each of us is a vital secret and that secret is that our own duties, 
and the situations which call those duties forth, are of more importance 
than are the duties and the situations that surround our neighbor; 
hence we are prone to say that if we were in this man’s place or that man’s 
we would not lack for many of the things that we are now deprived of. But 
it is more than likely that if we were in his place we would be as he is, since 
within his own breast he has a real vital feeling of the importance of his 
duties and he looks upon us as we do upon him—with envy for the oppor- 
tunities that we have. The young mining student went on and finally 
became what his masters in school predicted he would be; but he did not 
achieve his reputation in some foreign mining district, for there was a great 
opportunity that had never been taken advantage of in his own state and, 
after his friend had opened his eyes, he laid hold with an ambition that could 
not help but succeed. If we say we have no opportunity for the preparation 
of ourselves for horticultural work we should but think of the obstacles 
overcome by Mr. Douglass. But a thought should make a free man blush 
that he had made such a remark. 

What is wanted is not an opportunity for acquiring knowledge about 
our work but a desire; for if we have the latter the other will present itself. 
If there is a hungering and a thirsting for information about soils, and 
trees, and fruits, and marketing, and about life itself, nothing is so strong 
or so large as to prevent the gaining of that information. But we wisely 
and legitimately ask, how might such a desire be developed within a person 
who finds no love in study and can see nothing about him that raises a question 
in his mind. The following suggestion is offered: 

For the first lesson let the prospective student take a tape line, go into 
the orchard and measure the height of the heads of the apple or peach trees 
above the ground, average up the resultant figures so that he can tell the 
neighbor at the grocery store, the next time he is there, whether the heads 
of the trees are eighteen inches above the ground or seven feet. For the 
second lesson he will endeavor to discover if there is any difference in the 
shape of the buds of the different varieties of fruit. Some will be found 
to vary in shape from others, while in many varieties no difference can be 
distinguished. However, what is found will make a good subject for the 
audience at the corner store. The third week the average size of the trunks 
of the trees in the orchard is determined and, again, a careful study of the 
branching of the plants is made. By this time the student will have observed 
some things that had not been noted before, and, observing them, he will 
have awakened a desire to learn of these discoveries. He is less frequently 
found on the cracker barrel than when complaining that he had no opportunity 
for study and is often seen at home in quest of solutions for problems his 
opened eyes have discovered. In some mysterious way the finding of a 
few little facts with our own eyes and hands leavens our whole being and, 
if not interrupted by some unusual obstacle, is sure to lead us on till we are 
filled with information regarding the subject. You may have to drive 
yourself for a few times, but soon you will be led by a yearning that will not 
want for zeal, or ambition, or strength to attain the goal. 

Now such a beginning, if allowed to run its course, will result in the attain- 
ing of two things—a general and a special education along the line of horti- 

culture. Let us consider these together for a moment. 


110 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


It is said that a man, graduated from our best engineering schools, is 
actually a hindrance to the work in a draughting room for the first few months 
he is there. The doctor who has just taken his degree from a medical college 
is not given the responsible cases that are tendered the one who, besides 
his preliminary training, has seen years of careful practice. When we were 
studying arithmetic in the grammar grades we found many problems that 
gave us trouble but which were greatly cleared up when we began dealing 
with numbers in an abstract manner as was practiced in algebra. Now 
the draughtsman’s experience in the shop does not-argue that his schooling 
was a failure, nor the doctor’s inability to secure the confidence of the com- 
munity at once does not prove that the college he attended was teaching its 
students false doctrine as regards the practice of medicine; but both simply 
show that besides the general education that has been acquired a specific 
or practical education or training is demanded. And, on the other hand, 
the specific problems of arithmetic are greatly simplified by the general 
terms of algebra, representing the help given by a general preparation in 
the solution of specific work. A fruit man may grow good fruit and know 
simply his own orchard, but the chances are that he can grow superior fruit 
if besides understanding his own trees he has an appreciation of the principles 
of fruit growing. Then again, a person who has learned the principles of 
fruit growing is not insured success until he may have acquired practical 
knowledge. 

Next, we ask for the sources of our general horticultural education. These 
need but be suggested—the vast amount of knowledge gathered by our 
experiment stations, by such conventions as we are now holding, by our 
agricultural colleges, by the press, publishers and men in attendance at public 
gatherings. By putting together the knowledge gathered through these dif- 
ferent avenues some of our broadminded horticulturalists have deducted gen- 
eral laws which serve as a general guide for all horticulturists and which we 
are accustomed to call the principles of fruit growing. We can learn these 
principles in different ways—from journals, bulletins or books in college or 
by travelling about to observe trees growing under widely different conditions. 
The latter method is more expensive than the most of us can bear, but it 
is very desirable so far as possible to carry out; the former methods are good 
and should be carried on in connection with both of the others; but a course 
in school is preferable, since besides the information secured there is the 
added inspiration from the personality of the teacher that is sure to ever 
after move the recipient to a sterner battle for success. If any here are 
considering the fruit growing business, either as a main occupation or simply 
as a side issue to some other calling, they should not hesitate to secure from 
our own agricultural college a description of the courses offered. If time 
does not permit the taking of a regular course of four years, read with hope- 
ful mind the splendid provision that has been made in the short course of 
two weeks this winter. Then do not forget the experiment station bulletins. 
Too many of us are too sparing in reading these publications; and there are 
men who avoid reading them. There is a man living in Michigan, who, 
because he understood that our station once sent out advice that afterwards 
did not prove good, rejects all the information the station publishes. He 
was not ready to admit that he would quit walking if he slipped down on 
an icy walk, but agreed that the logic was quite similar. But to refuse 
the knowledge contained in the bulletins sent out by the different stations, 
especially those where conditions are like unto those in Michigan, and by 
the United States department of agriculture, is to refuse one of the best 


THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 111 


and most reliable sources of up to date matter. Finally, the press should 
have a place with the man who desires to learn what is going on in the horti- 
cultural world; for, since it is necessary for the columns of our journals to 
contain much that is elementary because such a large portion of the readers 
are yet in the primary grade of horticultural study, yet the very position 
occupied by these journals in our society makes it possible to collect much 
that is valuable even to the most advanced fruit men. 

If it has been your opportunity to correspond with other growers about 
your fruit you will have recognized the conditional clauses used when advice 
is given. The writer has looked through different volumes and many journals 
in quest of the conditions that are attached to the information given, and 
it is surprising how frequently they do occur. Be it remembered that the use 
of these clauses is no discredit to the discussions, for they betray a carefulness 
and broadness of consideration that should bait confidence; but they in- 
dicate that the party receiving this advice must have some practical knowl- 
edge. For example, if he is told that he should not feed his peach trees . 
too much nitrogen, he must decide whether his trees have too much, not 

_enough, or just the proper amount. Should he be told again that the color 
of the foliage will indicate the amount of nitrogen that has been available 
to the tree, then it is for him to again decide if the color of his leaves is a 
dark green, a light ora medium. Generally when advice is sent it is supposed 
to go to men—to thinking men who have judgment. If they are not thinking 
men and do not have a reliable judgment, advice to them would not only 
be of no value but would be an absolute danger. What intelligent fruit 
grower would send a half-witted man into his plantation to spray his trees? 
Not one; he would fear the results of the spray more than the depredations 
of the insects or fungous diseases. So fruit men need, ‘beside an academic 
knowledge, a specific knowledge of their own trees, and soil, and market. 
Let me give examples: 

A few years ago our president told us that he went to the plants them- 
selves to learn what they wanted in the way of fertilizers. Mr. Hutchins, 
of Fennville, rather contrary to the printed page, has found that in his 
conditions a rotation of clover and corn is keeping up the fertility of his 
pear orchards in excellent shape. Mr. Hartman states that tests on his own 
grounds have proved to his satisfaction that he is a loser by practicing burn- 
ing over his strawberry patches after harvest, which is advised by so many. 
By trial, Mr. Perry has satisfied himself that he can grow superior apples 
on his farm in Oakland county by following the sod mulch method rather 
than by clean cultivation. We need go no further. These illustrate what 
we might term a specific or practical knowledge of the trees or plants that 
they are working with. Know your own orchard. Know each individual 
tree if you can—know what it needs and what it can do for you. In other 
words have a home experiment station. Instead of getting a little experience 
each season, get much by having many things before you all the time for 
study and comparison. Let every task be an opportunity for learning a 
little more. Get the habit of observing, of thinking things through, of seeing 
how others look at the problems that have occurred to you and how they 
reason them out. Equip yourself, not only with a hand lens, but with a 
microscope that will magnify many times. Break the dark glass and look 
at things “face to face.” 

Finally, remember that ignorance is bliss, but only to the lazy. To the 
up to date horticulturist it is a sin, as it is in the social world, and nature 
will ever exact a most trying punishment, with increasing severity as the 


112 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


years go by, from the men who attempt to produce fruit:by it. Therefore, 
turn the searchlight of knowledge on the dark places wherever and by what- 
ever means possible, making our work not a coercing of our baser nature to 
the accomplishment of a hopeless task, but making a hopeful and cheerful 
exercise of our highest faculties. 


WHERE NATURE’S HAND FALLS SOFTEST. 


{Annual poem, read before Michigan State Horticultural Society at Battle Creek, Dec. 
3, 1907.] 


BE, L. KEASEY, SOUTH HAVEN, MICH. 


Could this weak pen of mine be given the power 
To trace in words the beauties of this earth— 

I first would choose some tree or fragrant flower 
And base my story on their wondrous birth. 

I'd picture out a landscape broad and fair, 

And on each bending hill I’d plant a tree; 

And then, I’d build a cottage here and there, 
And place their windows so that all might see. 


I'd place a lawn before each cottage door, 

And on these plots I’d plant my favored flowers, 
And when, at eve, the day’s rough duties o’er, 
I’d have my people rest within these bowers. 
And then to make fond memories closer cling— 
To bind the childhood heart to denser charm, 
I’d place on some out-stretching bough a swing, 
Lest we forget the joys down on the farm: 


I'd also plan my ‘fields in such a way 

That passers-by would pause to view the scene; 

I’d have my rows and fences add display 

To fields of waving grain and meadows green. 

And, in this wondrous story I would tell, 

I'd not forget the dear old orchard land, 

For out of this comes that we all love well— 
These ruddy fruits, fresh from Dame Nature’s hand. 


And then, to round my story out complete,— 
To lend this pictured landscape life and light, 
I’d want to hear the tread of busy feet, 

And see some sunny faces warm and bright. 
My pastures I would dot with feeding kine, 
And out within the wood-lot I would keep 

A drove of well-bred money making swine, 
As well as flocks of high-grade favored sheep. 


And all among the trees I’d have my birds, 

They’d serve as leaven to each saddened heart; 
And, though we fail to understand their words, 
Yet, through each gladsome note they’d joy impart. 
Then in the midst of all this pictured scene 

I’d place that sacred precinct known as home. 
Then all around this group of views serene 

I’d bend a frame, made up of God’s blue dome. 


juowY ‘fos “g *O JO TYING Burkvidg 


SUNIYAIVYY ul JYOLd pue 2ANSEI| yg puno Hasse gq AA¥42AIIG Yo A *SdYoOvId jo poy AQUYf V 


eae 
ere 


THIRTY-SEVENTH AN NUAL REPORT. 113 


Oh, where’s the heart that fails to feel the touch 

Of Nature’s kindly hand upon this earth? 

And who could hold within his selfish clutch 

The means to mar life’s beauties and their worth? 
Yet, there are those who fail to realize 

That pleasant, happy homes come not by chance 
And these same souls lay claim to share earth’s prize, 
Yet block the forward march in earth’s advance. 


I want to see the farm and city homes 

Of this industrial pulsing state of ours 

Draped out in all the pleasing changing chromes 
That Nature spreads. in tinting fields and flowers. 
Aye, wherever childhood voices float the air— 

These future hopes that grow to earth’s recruits, 

I want each one a happy home to share, 

Inshrined midst love, and flowers and luscious fruits. 


Our homes may not be perfects of our dreams, 
Our lives may fail to match our high ideals; 
Yet, if we strive to do our best, it seems 
That we get closer to high heaven’s appeals. 
It takes but little time to plant a rose, 

Yet what a wondrous revenue it yields. 

It’s beauties please the eye, it’s fragrance flows 
Beyond our border lines to other fields. 


I have no word of praise for those who shirk 
These small redeeming duties round the home; 
We're given brains and muscles for the work, 
While heaven supplies the sunshine, rain and loam. 
So, if I fail, I’ve no one else to blame; 

My home stands out an index of my deeds. 

So, rather than to fail in life’s great game, 

I’m going to raise the rose instead of weeds: 


"Tis true, that winter’s rigor now holds sway, 

That summer lies asleep neath earth’s chill crust, 

Yet evolution soon will bring the day 

That gives us back our summer, held in trust. 

’Tis true that neath earth’s heaven spun robe of white, 
Are hidden all our faulty homes and farms. 

So let us plan, while summer spends her night, 

To lend our aid when she returns her charms. 


This Horticultural Society 

Has plans that reach beyond man’s selfish greed. 
It gives to rich and poor an earnest plea 

To plant about our homes redeeming seed. 

It aims to drape the hills with clustering vines, 

To bring to every home some fruiting tree. 

It strives to teach each heart to so incline 
Towards crowding earth the nearer heaven’s decree. 


We've come to Battle Creek to join with you 

In weeding out the tares among the sheaves; 

To sweep away the trash where thistles grew 
And place instead a. wreath of shimmering leaves. 
We’re here to kindle hopes in broken hearts, 

To scatter sunshine down the paths of gloom 

To lift the’ lids of eyes where tear drops start— 
To roll away the stones from living tombs. 


15 


114 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Life means a little more than just to live, 

That heart that beats for self beats on in vain; 

But he who plants the earth hath joys to give 
Because he adds to life and stills earth’s pain. 

So let us join our hearts and mental powers 

To make the fireside pure as ocean’s foam. 

Let’s drape the cottage door with fruits and flowers, 
Let Nature’s hand fall softest on the home. 


CIVIC IMPROVEMENT IN CITY, TOWN AND VILLAGE. 


(Ss. W. FLETCHER, MICHIGAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.) 


The past ten years have witnessed a remarkable awakening of civic pride 
in all parts of our country. There are now thousands of local organizations 
bearing such names as “City Improvement Society,” “Municipal Art 
League,” ‘Clean City Club,” “Nature League,” ‘Out-Door Art Club,” 
“Civie Club,” ‘ Village Improvement Society,” “Shade Tree Association,” 
“Rural Art Club.”’ Most of these organizations devote their efforts to only 
one or two of the many problems of civic betterment, as the abatement of 
the bill-board and smoke nuisances; the adornment of private yards; the 
planting and care of shade trees; school gardens; but all have a common aim, 
which is to foster the desire for private and municipal cleanliness and to 
stimulate the appreciation of the beautiful, both in art and in nature. So 
widespread is the movement for civic improvement, and so marked are the 
results already accomplished, that I am justified in saying that a city, town 
or village which is not making some definite organized effort to improve its 
appearance, is most decidedly behind the times, and lacking in public spirit. 
And all of these thousands of local efforts for civic betterment all over the 
country are gathered up into one great national organization, ‘‘The American 
Civic Association.” The work of those local organizations touches every- 
thing that has to do with the making of a healthier, cleaner and more beautiful 
community, from city dumps and other eye sores, to the architecture of 
public buildings and the location of boulevards, and play-grounds, but I 
shall speak briefly only of a few points that are of common interest to all 
communities. 


STREET TREES. 


Trees are easily the most important part of a beautiful city or town. 
They soften and partially screen the harsh architecture of buildings, shade 
walks and windows from the glare of the sun, and give a bewitching play 
of light and shade on the pavement and lawn. Moreover, trees have a 
sanitary as well as an aesthetic value; their cooling shade prevents the 
diseases incident to heat, and the leaves absorb noxious gases. A committee 
of physicians in the city of New York passed a resolution urging the wider 
planting of street trees on the grounds of public hygiene alone. 

The chief difficulty in the management of city or town street trees is 
the conflicting authority over them. In most cities the street trees are not 
controlled by the municipality but by the individual land owners in front 
of whose property they are planted. The planting and care of the trees are 
left to the individual. This arrangement is never satisfactory. One man 
will prefer and will plant one kind of tree, and a neighbor will prefer and will 


~_ 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 115 
plant another kind. The result is a hodge-podge. However much more 
desirable mixed and natural planting may be on the private lawn, the street 
planting should be formal and uniform. Every street that is noted for the 
beauty of its shade trees has only one species of tree planted on it. When 
the planting and care of street trees is left to individuals, kinds are often 
selected that do not thrive, or some trees may be neglected, leaving gaps 
here and three, which spoil the avenue effect. 

There are several ways of overcoming this difficulty. Some cities and 
towns prefer to let the individuals retain authority over the shade trees, 
but seek to guide them in the selection of kinds and in their care. A few 
cities furnish trees free, with advice about planting and caring for them. 
There are a number of tree-planting associations, also, in large cities, which 
provide trees, send out circulars, etc., without cost to the tree planters, and 
do much good in this way. But in most cases it has seemed best for the city 
itself to assume the management of its street trees, in the interest of uni- 
formity. 

The duty is sometimes delegated by the city to the park commission. 
Such, for example, is the policy in the city of Lowell, Mass., by special act 
of the Massachusetts legislature. The Lowell Park Board enforces rules 
_ to the effect that no street tree shall be cut, broken, or otherwise disturbed, 
nor shall any guy rope, cross bar, placard, or other contrivance be fastened 
to it, nor shall a tree be used to fasten horses or other animals, without 
permission of the board. Requests for the removal or trimming of trees are 
made by the property owners to the board. The 80,000 trees of the city 
of Washington are under the care of a special commission, which also main- 
tain nurseries. In 1893 New Jersey provided for the appointment of com- 
missions in each municipality to take charge of the planting and care of 
shade trees. 

In the commission method of caring for street trees, the individual property 
owners really have jurisdiction over the trees, but they are guided and advised 
by the commission. It is but a step from this policy to the appointment 
of a tree warden or tree forester, who shall have complete and sole charge 
of all street trees. This is the prevailing policy in many of the eastern 
states. The legislature of Massachusetts has provided for the appointment 
of-tree wardens in every town, large or small, He has care of all trees in the 
town, except those under the care of the park commission. He may pre- 
scribe regulations for their care, enforced by suitable fines. Anyone who 
desires to remove or prune a tree makes application to the tree warden, 
who then announces a public hearing on the proposition. 

Thus it is seen that the trend is toward municipal ownership of street 
trees. Most of the trees in a city are in a narrow strip of land between the 
lots and the curb. There has been a dual sovereignty over this strip of land, 
which has not been conducive to the best care of the trees upon it. The 
idea that the street tree should be communal, not private property, is gaining 
ground; inasmuch as the tree is a highly useful article of street furnishing, 
like a piece of fine statuary. In any case, it is preposterous to leave the 
matter entirely with the individual. No uniformity can result in that way. 
There should at least be an ordinance providing that a hearing be given 
before street trees are cut down. Ultimately, every city, town and village 
will have its tree warden. Let us hope that politics will never enter the office 
of the tree warden, as it sometimes has the office of park commissioner, to 
the confusion of park development. 


116 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


KINDS OF STREET TREES. 


Societies or individuals interested in civic improvement should see what can 
be done to secure greater variety in the kinds used, not on the same street, 
but on different streets of the city. The maple and elm are beautiful street 
trees, but that is no reason why others should be excluded, as is often the 
case. There are not many trees that are adapted for street planting. A 
street tree should possess the following qualities: It should not be easily 
injured by gas, smoke, dust and pavement; it should be at least moderately 
quick growing, not offensive in odor when in blossom (like the pistillate 
Ailanthus); of a size suitable to the width of the street when fully grown, 
and adapted to the local conditions of soil and climate. The City Forester 
of Lowell, Mass., makes the following excellent selection: 


For Wide Streets. For Narrow Streets. 


American or White Elm. Norway Maple. 

Hard or Sugar Maple. White or Silver Maple. 
American Basswood (Linden). Red Maple. 

Horse Chestnut. -Ailanthus. 

Sweet Gum Cucumber tree. 
Sycamore. Ginkgo. 

White Oak. Bay Willow. 

Scarlet Oak. Pin Oak. 

Red Oak. Red Flowering Horse Chestnut. 
Honey Locust. Black or Yellow Locust. 
American Chestnut. Hardy Catalpa. 


Far too many of the several varieties of cheap and rapid growing poplars 
are planted on our streets. These may often be planted to advantage, 
however, between the slower-growing kinds, to be removed when the latter 
need more space. Over crowding—the prevailing sin of street planting— 
should be guarded against. Some cities have an ordinance that no street 
tree shall be planted less than 35 to 40 feet apart. The average distance in 
many cities is 10 or 12 feet. Much of the beauty of a well grown tree is in 
its symmetry, which is never realized under crowded planting. 

Aside from these larger considerations in street planting, there are details 
in the care of municipal trees that tree lovers should look after. Guard the 
trees from the gnawing of horses, which quickly ruins them. The trunk 
of every street tree, whether small or large, should be enclosed in inexpensive 
wire netting, or some other metal guard. Watch for trees that are being 
killed by gas escaping from a leaking pipe, and compel the gas company 
to repair the pipe. Insist that limbs that have to be removed are sawn off 
close, and the wound painted, not hacked off, a foot or more from the trunk, 
thus inviting rot. Provide for fighting the insect enemies of shade trees, 
especially the tussock moth on elm, horse chestnut, white maple and the 
lindens; the elm leaf scale, the cottony maple scale, and, most omnivorous 
and dangerous of all, the San Jose scale. If there are some particularly 
excellent specimens of trees in the neighborhood, have them marked and 
saved. Use your influence to save the fast disappearing groves. You are 
also interested in the country roads leading into your town. Protest against 
the common path-master method of slashing down all the beautiful native 
trees, shrubs and vines along the roadside, and substituting therefor a bare 
cut over right of way, with a stiff row of maples along each side. Don’t 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. Lg 


confine Arbor Day to the last Friday in April. Quote the Scotch laird’s 
advice to his son: “Be aye sticking in a bit tree. They’ll be growin’ when 
ye are sleepin’.” 


THE ADVERTISING NUISANCE. 


Next to the shade tree problem, this is usually the most profitable object 
of civic improvement effort. No one will deny that this method of advertising 
has become a hideous nuisance. Vacant lots, which might be made attrac- 
tive breathing spots, are walled around with glaring posters. Old buildings 
and gable ends extol the merits of so and so’s whiskies, corsets, or patent 
medicines. Trees are not only temporarily defaced, but permanently 
maimed by having posters nailed to them. The country roadside fence 
proclaims the virtue of Hood’s Sarsaparilla, and the end of a country barn 
screams, in letters three feet high, for Paine’s Celery Compound. All along 
the roadside and railroad track great sign boards obstruct the view and 
disgust nature loving passersby. Even the beauty spots, the falls, gorges, 
cliffs and the like, are besmirched by the advertising devil. Often the 
posters are grossly indecent. This is the Great American Nuisance. It 
is our prevailing sin of commercialism running riot over our sense of decency, 
appropriateness and appreciation of the beautiful. 

Largely as the result of aggressive campaigns by city and village 
improvement societies and kindred organizations, much has been done in 
some places to check the advertising nuisance. The time has not yet come, 
apparently, when it may be altogether abolished; but it has been regulated 
quite successfully in some places. This regulation is usually in the direction 
of reducing the size of boards. The New York supreme court has decided 
that the city of Buffalo has the right to regulate bill boards as it sees fit. 
The city has passed an ordinance restricting the height of all bill boards to 
seven feet. Kansas City has an ordinance requiring that all bill-boards 
shall be at least 12 feet away from the side walk, and that no board shall 
be over ten feet high, and that no board shall be nearer than 100 feet to a 
park or boulevard. These are distinct advances, and do away with the 
great boards 20 to 30 feet high. Chicago goes a step further by passing an 
ordinance requiring that no bill-board shall be erected on a residence street 
or drive without the consent of three-fourths of the frontage of the block. 
A number of cities have legislated especially against the hideous sky signs, 
with monstrous lettering; and against all kinds of advertisements on bridges, 
which are simply aerial and very conspicuous streets, and so should be especi- 
ally well guarded against defamation. In these ways many of the most 
objectionable signs are eliminated altogether and the remainder made less 
conspicuous. 

The advertising nuisance is being attacked in another way. If it is im- 
practicable to abolish it utterly, for commercial reasons, at least the character 
of the posters may be improved. In the Dutch city of Leiden, the munici- 
pality itself manages the public advertising. It erects small bill-boards of 
attractive design in locations where the bills will not jar harshly with the 
surroundings, as is often the case with us. A Belgian society offers prizes 
for the most artistic posters, and there are exhibitions of “artistic signs” in 
New York City. Advertisers must realize that careful design, grace of line 
and care in color are worth while, even in a poster; people will stop to look 
at them because they are artistic, not, as now, because they are glaring. 
It is very appropriately suggested ‘that all posters be edited or censored as 


118 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


to their artistic fitness, or at least as to their decency, before being put upon 
the boards. 

One proposition is to secure a state law taxing bill-boards as income 
producing property. This would certainly restrict the nuisance very materi- 
ally. But in most places the remedy is in the hands of the people already 
without new laws. In many cities and towns three-fourths of the bill-boards 
are now erected in violence of existing laws. . No bill-board can be erected 
on private property without the consent of the owner. If the farmer who 
sells the side of his barn for an advertisement, or the merchant who sells 
space in his vacant lot for bill-boards, could be made to see this subject in 
the right light, there would be fewer eyesores. Building ordinances are 
sufficient to prevent the erection of any bill-boards near sidewalks, or which 
endanger public safety in any way. Indecent posters can be abolished 
without new legislation. An aroused public sentiment will very quickly 
abate the advertising nuisance, both by restricting the number and the size 
of the boards, and by censoring the character of the advertisements. There 
is no work that a civic improvement society can take up more profitably 
than this. 


OVERHEAD WIRES. 


Here is another fruitful field for the civic improvement worker. Over- 
head wires are very unsightly in themselves, but their worst feature is the 
towering rows of ugly poles that carry them. Who has not seen a beautiful 
city street or country road most grieviously marred by these signs of modern 
progress. In the country it is usually impracticable to put wires below 
ground; but that it is not only practicable, but also very profitable in the 
city has been demonstrated in many places. The time was when a maze 
of wires in a city street was taken as a sign of progress, of much business; 
now the city that has the fewest wires above ground is the most progressive. 
Overhead wires are not only ugly, they are also dangerous. They fall during 
storms, especially ice storms, hinder firemen, and damage shade trees. But 
it may not be practicable to lay wires underground when there are only a 
few going a long distance, as in some residence sections. In the busiest 
sections of the city, however, especially if the streets are narrow, it is entirely 
practicable and profitable. 

Several cities have adopted municipal ownership of the conduits, which 
are made of glazed tile embedded in cement. All wires are ordered into 
the conduits, and the companies are charged rental. But usually each com- 
pany builds its own ducts, under municipal supervision. The proposition 
to bury wires usually meets intense opposition from the electric light, 
telephone, telegraph and trolley companies, but it should be fought to a finish 
whenever the occasion justifies. Especially should the underground trolley, 
which has proved entirely practicable, be insisted upon, for residence streets 
in particular. 

In this connection the injury to shade trees by linesmen should not be - 
forgotten. The employees of these public service corporations have a habit 
of doing as they please when it comes to cutting down trees or lopping off 
limbs to make room for poles or wires. Thousands of street trees are need- 
lessly ruined by linesmen every year, which is an unanswerable argument 
for municipal supervision of street trees. The linemen act as though they 
have full right of eminent domain over these trees. As a matter of fact, 
no telegraph or telephone company has the right to erect poles or string 
wires in front of your property or to trim or mutilate your shade trees without 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 119 


your consent. This has been thrashed out in the courts many times and is 
beyond dispute. More than once the companies have been compelled to 
pay several hundred dollars for mutilating a single valuable tree. 


OTHER IMPORTANT WORK. 


I have spoken in some detail concerning shade trees, bill-boards and 
overhead wires, because these are of paramount importance in so many cases. 
Each community has its own problems, different perhaps from those of any 
other place; it will be enough to merely mention some of the other lines of 
work that civic improvement society workers are carrying on everywhere. 
School grounds are being improved. The time will come when no school 
in city or country will be considered well equipped unless it has plenty of 
room for ornamental planting in front, with a playground on each side 
and ample room for school gardens in the rear. The school of the future 
will occupy an acre, two acres, or more, instead of the few square feet that 
we begrudge it now, for the children will be taught out of doors, as well as 
out of book. Thousands of packets of flower seeds are distributed to school 
children in many cities, either free or at a penny or two apiece; flower shows 
are held. Prizes are offered for the best kept back yards, the most artistic 
lawn planting, the most beautiful effect with vines, the best bed of annual 
flowers, etc. Campaigns are made against public dumps, and against the 
degradation of vacant city lots. These are’ being utilized for children’s 
gardens. In 1906 Washington had 80 vacant lot gardens, averaging one- 
eighth of an acre. They cost the association an average of $6.16 each, and 
were the pride of the neighborhoods, especially of the children who worked 
in them. In some places war has been declared against the smoke 
nuisance which disfigures the exterior of buildings, injures household furnish- 
ings and vegetation, casts a gloomy pall over the vicinity and is a menace 
to health. A committee reports that smoke is causing St. Louis to lose 
4.05 per cent of her trees every year. A practical remedy in many cases is 
the installation of smokeless gas producers, and internal combustion engines. 

Cleanliness, both of city streets and private grounds, is the focus of 
much effort on the part of many civic improvement societies. A city is 
known by the cleanliness of its streets as a man is known by the condition of 
his linen. Rubbish cans are furnished, ordinances are secured prohibiting 
the scattering of refuse, paper, and the distribution of flyers at doors. 
Uniformed street cleaners are secured. A municipal “cleaning day,” one 
in the fall, and one in the spring, is incorporated in the city law and emphasized 
by the mayor’s proclamation. Norfolk, Va., sets aside April 1 for this 
purpose. In Lincoln, Neb., the schools are dismissed on city cleaning day so 
the children can help. The board of health furnished free wagons for rubbish 
and garbage. Back yards, alleys and vacant lots are cleaned. As a result 
the health officers report a great improvement in the sanitary condition of 
the city, as well as in its appearance. A Seattle daily paper has published 
daily photographs of eyesores, with incisive editorials; these made the people 
mad, but sooner or later they cleaned up the objectionable places. Attention 
has been directed to factory grounds, which are almost universally hideous 
to behold. The cemetery, often the most desolate of places, has not been 
forgotten. A Michigan state law requires the governor to appoint a Memory 
Day, when the cemetery will be cleaned and adorned, so that it may be 
beautiful to the living, as well as restful to the dead. Prizes are offered 


120 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
for the most artistic lamp posts, benches, shelters, and other necessary 
street utilities. 

In these and in many other ways, the thousands of workers for civic 
betterment all over our land are making concrete their desire for retaining 
the beautiful without sacrificing the useful. The national government has 
adopted a policy for conserving our great national beauty spots, as Niagara, 
the Yellowstone Park, and similar reservations. Every community, large 
or small, has its own natural assets; it is trustee for a certa n amount of 
beauty in landscape, trees or water. What is it doing to make the place 
more beautiful for the next generation? Adopt the motto of the Municipal 
Art League of New York—“To make us love our city we must make our city 
lovely” —and get behind every movement to preserve and enhance the 
attractiveness of your community. You owe this much to the generations 
that follow. 


STATISTICS ON THE COST OF PRODUCTION IN FRUIT GROWING. 


(S. W. FLETCHER, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.) 


The rapid development of commercial fruit growing within fifty years is one of the most 

notable features of American Agriculture. The twelfth census reports that on 1.4 %, or 
86,094 of the 6,149,584 farms in. the United States, fruit growing is the leading industry. 
These farms included 6,064,877 acres of fruit plants which produced, in 1899, 12,366,646 
bushels of fruit, worth $83,751,840. In value of the product, fruit growing the eighth, 
the crop of corn being $828,000,000; hay and forage, $484,000,000; wheat, $369,000,000; 
‘cotton, $323,000,000; oats, $217,000,000; vegetables, $113,000,000; forest products, 
$109,000,000; potatoes, $98,000,000; fruit, $83,000,000. According to the same report, 
there were $404,000,000 invested in fruit farms, as compared with $5,493,000,000 invested 
in hay and grain farms, and $5,691,000,000 in the live stock industry. 

These figures reflect the rapidly increasing commercial importance of the fruit industry. 
Unquestionably the next census will show that 25% or more has been added to the amount 
of capital invested in fruit growing. The business of fruit growing is expanding more 
rapidly than most other lines of crop industry. 

The rapidly increasing production of fruit has set in motion certain economic forces 
which the fruit grower of today may well consider. As the area in fruit becomes larger, 
competition becomes stronger and the prices received for fruit are correspondingly 
lower. In most cases the larger demand for fruit, due to the increase in population 
and the more common use of fruit as a staple article of diet, have not fully offset the 
increasing competition. In general, the prices received for fruit are lower now than 
they were fifteen years ago; that they will go lower still we have no doubt. 

To illustrate the fact that prices received for fruit are tending lower because of increas- 
ing competition, and also that this general tendency is continually upset somewhat by 
fluctuations in the relation between the supply and the demand for fruit, I quote the 
following market reports on Baldwin apple, Bartlett pear, Concord grape, and ‘‘fancy”’ 
quince. These quotations were taken from the files of the Rural New Yorker from 1880 
to 1905, and are for the general market of New York City. The market quotations taken 
were those for the week nearest the middle of each month. The price given for the year 
was secured by averaging the prices quoted for the several months. In all cases the 
quotations are for ‘‘fancy’’ fruit. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 121 


Concord, 

Baldwin, Bartlett, per lb Quince, 

per bbl. per bbl. cents. per bbl. 
TERI). ae Ae gee op CC aR ae ar $1.55 THOR SOI ru sre ecnt teers $5.00 
FIRS SS ee emer ve LE epee tia sok 5 Pena 3.50 GOO! Bald Heese. Betis 6.00 
ISCO A NG Balen ere ct nt dee SE 3.50 eNO cereale AES tS Re: 5.00 
Ten Soe ne Ree 3.94 5.87 Ain bal halisance nee: 
TSR ES oS ee a eee ES SUP ee 2.05 6.66 Ghia: wut ae sat sees 
TIESESG) «i es Foes APR de eS Gee een h G 1.80 4.00 44 4.25 
USSG ee IP teen serene eames hes Qs 8.50 43 9.00 
SS ech AE Atel aye Nate sa VG 2.50 Ae Ota links eet nee bk SOF 4.50 
SSS Aes tease totes oder tuce teh 1.46 7.00 34 Dele 
TSROW Swen ier ire Sem eeg mney hye de bak 4 Boia g APES onload BT 5.00 
US OOP eeee Ae ea Ae nee 4.40 OMOOR Sune os Cee 6.00 
USO eres ete re thc ah oeans 1.95 SRO. Lae Autor sheen: 2.25 
SKS Pe ee a Scheie att ae aca POO Miele wa Sscae et soya ate 3h 4.00 
ESOS Aree Sec eee Smee te: 4.00 4.37 24 3.25 
HIS O Aare ck Meets ha aes ta ies Zeca 4.12 3 3.62 
TRSUO IG Se > 2 Ra aera en gey e By 15) 3.92 2 4.25 
TES OG Weep ene et cur Uren cna cacy. 1.30 4.50 2 2.00 
TUSSI PAD is en ae 3.10 SOO ne ite coceharnte ate 3.00 
TSO Sha eA Se a Ae 3.70 aon 7 Spee RNE Be ROA ES 
TUSYB (Oise U8 ecient A Ene Ge 2.70 Se BE One Lo uskaiit vee cme th tee 3.50 
TIO OY asa reReiea) a, Sh pena 2.25 3.16 24 3.00 
TIEN aaNet es Mian aie ie yee peer Aerie) Say fea) SON ERD PBs Bh 3.87 
OO 2 aa ect tete tations Mec DHE Eo aA TON A 5d rar aed Ba DI. el es ola SCAN, Bes BC 
TEU ees oe sHisls SRE tI No eR ie a Ban re a SR: ie aA OCR ee RE 6.00 
TIO OY oe re aes SI ate ae eee 2.05 ATS 14 3.87 
TIWGOS 8 A AAS aR oe RE ae 3.50 5.50 34 4.50 


_ The average price received for Baldwin apples from 1880 to 1895 was $2.77 as compared 
with $2.80, the average from 1895 to 1905; for Bartlett pears, $6.56 as compared 
with $4.04; for Concord grapes, 4c as compared with 2}c; for fancy quinces, $4.61 as com- 
pared with $3.78. 

The fruit grower of today need not view this descending scale of prices for some fruit 
with alarm. Reduced prices have been met, and probably will continue to be met for 
some time to come, by a lower cost of production, so that the profits may still be as large 
as in earlier years, though the prices received are smaller. But it is evident that he must 
look forward to the time when fruit growing will be profitable only to the man who can 
put superior fruit on the market at a very low cost of production. This means congenial 
climate, favorable soil, varieties that. are perfectly adapted to the climate and soil con- 
ditions and to the demands of the market, and skill in all the details of culture and mar- 
keting. In every trade and industry the man who can produce the goods a trifle cheaper 
than his competitor has a tremendous advantage over them. So it is in fruit growing. 

There are, of course, other things to be considered besides the ability to produce fruit 
cheaply; nearness to a good market, for example, may be worth more to the grower than 
a low cost of production. But it is undeniable that there is increasing necessity for the 
fruit grower to figure on the cost of production as accurately as he can, and to reduce 
it to the lowest point consistent with market returns. It is not possible for him to es- 
timate the cost of producing his articles with anything like the accuracy of the manu- 
facturer. The raw materials of the fruitgrower are sunlight, air, water, soil, and these 
are manufactured into fruit under such varying conditions that it is impossible to assign 
values and predict results accurately. But a fairly reliable estimate can be made, and 
{ urge the necessity for such a calculation in view of the increasing competition in the 
fruit business. 


COST OF LAND. 


The main items which enter into the cost of production in fruit growing are land, cap- 
ital and labor. When the fruit grower buys land, he is really buying its fertility, or its 
power to produce crops. He is buying nitrogen, potash and other plant foods, soil water, 
soil texture, the heat and light shed upon that soil by the sun. He is buying, not mere 
dirt, but all the energies and forces above the soil, as well as in it, that are needed to trans- 
form or manufacture plant food into apples, peaches, strawberries. The value of dif- 
ferent soils as fruit factories varies greatly; the fruit grower learns that this often depends 
fully as much upon their texture as upon their chemical composition. He learns, more- 
over, that while man can do much to improve poor soils, and so increase their productiv- 

16 


122 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ity, by tillage, green manuring, irrigation, etc., yet Nature does more to provide a soil 
with desirable qualities than man can ever do. It is for his interest to get land that al- 
ready has a large productive capacity, if it can be procured. The need of under drains, 
for instance, may increase the cost of producing fruit several cents ‘a bushel. There is 
much fruit planted on land that is so poor, in such bad heart, or so poorly drained that 
it has not the power to produce fruit economically. 

The amount of capital that the fruit grower invests in land is large. The average size 
of the fruit farms of the United States is 74.8 acres as against 159.3 acres for hay and 
grain, and 226.9 acres for live stock farms. But the average fruit farm is worth $71.55 
per acre, while the average hay and grain farm is worth $30.34 per acre, and the average 
stock farm but $21.14 per acre; so that the value of the average fruit farm is $5,374, of 
the hay and grain farm, $4,834, and the stock farm, $4,797. The census shows that 
72.4 of the value of the average fruit farm is land, and this constitutes 72.3 of the value 
of the hay and grain farm, and 59.9 of the value of the stock farm. So it appears that 
the fruit grower usually has as large an investment in land as other husbandmen. 


COST OF CAPITAL GOODS. 


_ Under this general heading are included such items as machinery, implements, build 
ings, farm animals, fertilizer, spraying materials, cash capital and other things that are 
needed in growing and handling the crop. Here again the fruit grower has a heavy in- 
vestment. 

A machine or implement that does work formerly performed by hand, and does it cheaper, 
lowers the cost of production. The fruit grower who uses the most improved cultivators, 
sprayers, pruning tools, so that the work is done cheapest, produces his fruit for the least 
money and, to that extent, has an advantage over his neighbor who uses tools poorly 
adapted for the work. One should not begrudge the price of a new tool if it will do the 
work in less time or with greater thoroughness. 

The fruit grower is a specialist in agriculture, hence he requires more tools than the 
general farmer. The value of the implements and machinery on the average fruit farm 
of 74 acres is $175, or $2.34 per acre; on the average hay and grain farm of 159 acres, $166 
or $1.04 per acre; on the average live stock farm of 227 acres, $151, or $0.66 per acre. 

The point of view of the fruit grower regarding the amount of capital that he can af- 
ford to invest in implements should be this: He cannot afford not to have an implement 
that will enable him to produce fruit cheaper. The investigations of the Labor Bureau 
have led to the conclusion that in the last twenty years, by the aid of machinery and the 
substitution of horse, steam and other power for hand labor, the effectiveness of human 
labor on farms has been increased one-third. The cost of producing a bushel of choice 
fruit is certainly lower than it was fifteen years ago. Has the fruit grower estimated 
how much the use of a power sprayer decreases the cost of protecting large orchards 
from pests, as compared with a hand sprayer? 

The amount of capital invested in buildings, machinery and live stock on the average 
fruit farm is 27.6% of the total investment, as compared with 27.7% of hay and grain 
farms, and 40.1% on stock farms. The investment in fertilizers is usually much higher, 
being at the rate of 30 cents per acre for all the fruit farms of the country, while hay and 
grain farms invest 4 cents per acre, and stock arms but 2 cents. There is, of course, 
much variation in this point. Most of the fertilizing for fruit is done east of the Miss- 
issippi; a very large proportion of the western fruit farms have never been fertilized. ‘In 
addition to these items of required capital, a certain amount of cash must be kept on 
hand to run the farm, varying from $4 to $30 or more per acre, according to the valua- 
tion of the land and the intensity of culture. 


COST OF LABOR. 


The labor problem enters into the fruit growers budget of expense quite heavily, es- 
pecially if he grows small fruits. According to the twelfth census there is but one hired 
farm hand to every three farms. This shows that most of the work on the average farm 
is done by the farmer and his family. On the large fruit farm hired labor is usually neces- 
sary, especially at harvesting. The expenditure for labor is $2.46 per acre on the average 
fruit farm as against 47c¢ per acre on the hay and grain farm, and 29¢ per acre on the stock 
farm. Although the average fruit farm is only one-half as large as the average hay and 
grain farm, it requires more labor, largely because it is cultivated more intensively. One 
of the increasing difficulties in fruit growing, as in other lines of farming, is to get sufficient 
ae help. ‘The grower of perishable fruits is most concerned about this phase of the 

usiness. 

The man who is locating a fruit industry should consider very carefully where he can 
get labor and what it--will cost. There is much difference in localities in this respect. 


_THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 123 


In general, the nearer to a city or town the fruit farm is located, the more easily the labor 
problem is solved. This advantage may help to offset higher valuation of land. Human 
labor is the most expensive item that enters into the cost of producing a bushel of fruit. 
The effort should be made to reduce the amount of hand labor that is needed by using 
improved machinery and tools. 


FRUIT ZONES. 


Besides these three primary factors in the cost of producing fruit—land, capital goods, 
and labor—several other points bear a very important relation to the problem. The 
adaptability of the fruit or variety to the location, the site and the soil in which it is 
grown may have more influence than all the other points that have been mentioned: Fruit 
growing is bound to become more and more segregated, for increasing competition will 
make it impracticable to grow a staple fruit except in the locality on the soil where 
it thrives best, and so can be grown cheapest. The demands of a near-by market, how- 
ever, will offset this to some extent; and market conditions, cost of land and other factors 
may sometimes make it expedient to grow a fruit outside its most congenial clime. 

What is true of fruits as a whole, is also true of varieties. Certain varieties thrive 
best in certain localities or on certain soils. It costs less to raise a bushel of fruit if the 
variety is happy in its environment than if it is not. This one point may have more 
to do with the cost of production than all others. The man who tries to raise Baldwins 
in a locality where a tree as hardy as Wealthy is needed, is sure to fail; the man who tries 
to raise Warfield strawberries on heavy land, better adapted for Parker Earle, must ex- 
pect the cost of producing his berries to be a little more than if he had fitted the variety 
to the soil more skillfully. The varieties that succeed best can usually be grown the 
cheapest, and usually, but not always, they will pay the best. 

The expense of fighting insects and diseases is a large item in the cost of producing 
fruit, and this expense varies widely in different sections. There are irrigated valleys 
in the west where it costs 40 cents per year a tree to protect apples from codling moth, 
and there are other areas where apples can be protected from the same pest for 10 cents 
per tree. Likewise, it costs 15 cents per year to protect a peach tree from San Jose scale 
in some sections and nothing in others. Fire blight may ruin half the pear trees in one 
locality; another locality may be exempt. So one of the important points for a prospect- 
ive fruit grower to look after is the probable cost of fighting pests and diseases, and the 
probably unavoidable loss because of them. He may find that one locality offers great 
advantages over another in this respect. This point is of large and growing importance 
in estimating the cost of producing fruit. 


SINGLE CROP OR DIVERSIFIED FARMING. 


The cost of producing fruit will be influenced to a large extent by the kind of farming, 
whether only fruit is grown or mainly fruit with other crops or stock as a side issue. 
Seventy-five years ago, when most of the population lived in the country, the aim of the 
farmer was to produce the articles that were necessary to supply the needs of the family. 
He produced small amounts of all the crops that would grow at all on his farm. Now 
the farmer grows crops for market, not for his household. The growth of cities and in- 
creasing competition have made it necessary for the majority of farmers to specialize 
along some line and to grow only the crops or raise the stock that succeed best on their 
farms, and to purchase those necessities that they can buy cheaper than they can raise 
them. Agriculture is becoming more and more specialized. 

The business of fruit growing is one of the most specialized lines of agriculture. It 
is usually conducted on small farms under intensive culture, and but a few kinds of fruit 
plants are grown. Many fruit growers have no other business. There are economic 
advantages in this arrangement, but there are also great disadvantages. In many cases 
fruit could be produced cheaper if a certain amount of other crops were grown, or some 
stock kept. It is all right for the manufacturer to produce but one article, for he can 
work on it all the year. The crop of the fruit grower, however, occupies his attention 
but part of the year. There is much loss in unused capital, labor, teams, tools and other 
capital goods during the remainder of the year. 

I believe that there is a tendency to specialize too highly in fruit growing, and that in 
many cases it would be more profitable to the fruit specialist to grow a certain amount 
of other crops, or keep a certain amount of live stock. He should, of course, make fruit 
growing his main business, and select such other interests as will most effectively fill in 
the gaps that appear in all kinds of specialized farming. Even though the crops he se- 
lects may not be nearly as profitable in themselves as fruit, yet the total profit from the 
farm for a series of years may be greater, since machines, labor and capital goods are 
kept in use. In short, the fruit grower should endeavor to have supplementary work 


124 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


which will not compete with the fruit crop, that is, which will not need a large amount 
of care at the time when the fruit crop demands attention. Certain lines of stock hus- 
bandry in which the animals are fed in winter and pastured in summer are practicable 
in some cases. Remember also the value of the manure. Dairying, of course, would 
come in competition with the fruit crop. In most cases some line of farm work can be 
found which will not encroach seriously upon the fruit crop, and which will make use of 
the capital goods and labor of the farm that otherwise would be idle. To that extent it 
will cheapen the cost of producing fruit. 

Added to the cost of producing the fruit is the cost of placing it on the market. Here 
also are many points that make for profit of loss. The cost of harvesting and packing, 
the cost of packages, the distance of the orchard from the railroad or shipping point, the 
character of the roads between the orchard and the shipping point, the cost of transpor- 
tation and commission, these and other points should be figured on. Every mile that 
an orchard is distant from a shipping point adds to the price at which the grower can 
put fruit on the market at a profit. The cost of placing fruit on the market is as fluc- 
tuating as the cost of producing it, and is not within the province of this article. 


ESTIMATES ON COST OF PRODUCTION. 


The foregoing paragraphs have emphasized the fact that the cost of producing fruit 
is extremely variable, depending upon many factors, most of which the fruit grower can 
control. Any estimate must be a personal estimate—how much it costs a certain man 
in a certain locality—and this estimate may be wide of the general average. Merely to 
show what it costs some men to produce fruit, I quote from some letters received from 
prominent fruit growers. The figures given includes both the cost of growing the fruit 
and the cost of marketing it. The estimates are for the first grade fruit. 


A pples: 
An Marrand. Eaton Rapides; (Michs."y 7 )..ic0 supe cerns: ati leedeanys 25¢ per bushel. 
Wiel, (rath, penton arbor Miele. abc! sng hs ee ae DEC waa i 
‘Benton Gebhardt. Jaen. NCI td 5 sertuianem ries ieee eek nets hes 1 oo 
BoC: Wilson. Hannibal: Mo. ncrcrs aid airee fic suuteuen heartening a0e. “ a 
i, A. “Goodman, “Kansas (CIty, MLO. a. a0 28: steuaces ee easkorue ce acter DOC He 
Es Winldenc: Seattle’ WW AS its git tings anaccce esi sod a ae gill sorar Sacto st bake 40c “ de 
Pears: 
ee Harrand) Maton Rapids) Michoes 225 Roto te oe ree nate 34c . 
WJM: Pratt, Benton Harbor, Mich 2 ac. ¢0e. 02 ees oe cee eee ew: = 
iA, Goodman, Kansas City, Mow... 2... J. e's oe anne aeieine S06 2E a 
He Walden Seattle, WashtGrrce< terre ees seh oe coe meee 40c “ ‘ 
Cherries: 
0, A., Parrand, Baton, Fapias,, Mich. «iru, <ae.bac eee era $1.00 “ ee 
Benton.Gebhardt, dart: Mich. co.) <2. 2 sates eee een eens L5Coa - 
WM: Pratt. Benton Harbor, “Miche... 2 tcp yahie eae A Opies % 
iG, A; (Goodman, Kansas City, «Mo. <5 ci q)a.0 uel ine tec 70c “ yy 
Plums: 
LAr arrand, Haten Rapids; Mich,.¥ i 2a “asco Ofer Bie: * x 
BentonsGebhardt; art, Waele. fos. Men font POR he othe tee cere pues is 
ib. “A. Goodnian, ‘Kansas, City; Mo... 0.20 eae ce bree e s ateel tere Se = 
ROW ialden:. (Seaktle,- WASH ieee ries ree PERO shane ane tres es 46c ‘“ = 
Peaches: 
ok. Farrand, baton Rapids event fers areata yaks eisp-lgestee ayes A48c “ My 
Benton. Gebhardt -Hart..Mielis, <tepsgss ancrsie a vieny sake ch artery 45 to 60c “ Li 
W..M.- Pratt,. Benton «Harbor, .Nichisc.ai tosis om sudden cats 2 40c “ y 
iA: Goodman, Kansas jCity.) Moc ose) oct ayeyetirae geek 40c ‘ % 
Pac. Walson,, Kansas: City, MO. cats piste? atrhiretoee Binet 30c ‘“ 2 
Be Walden, Seattle,  Washicns,<aic cisions vos pe abr Sei lakes s Bikey ne 
CrB Weleh,, Dovelas, | Mie i sts ia) tonday five (rch iin celts denne chee e sree SiGA ns cf 
Grapes: 
Wea: Pratt, Benton Parbor “Mich. 0... sccm) -iea oer oe 4-5 c. per lb. 
Ek Gooaman;> Kaneds. City; Mornin. ee seein cers oe 


Ne GeeblalockswWalla- Wiallave Washi o- se setcipyatriermrcerrers DOr cs 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 125 


Strawberries: 


Wem Pratt) Benton Harbor, Mich. 420.2 ..2..0.-.40 0-5... $1.20 per bushel. 
i “Goodman. “Kansas City, Mots. 032. oe ee ee 64c “ és 
Mion. sWalson, PEanmnibals Worn. tc. os ene Sa ee ee coe lee Leora i 
Ne Gy Blalock Walla Walla,’ Washi: 2-2 ..- eee eee 120 we 
GLIR: Ciolke, Onossay Wind t rege eubu ceases ont Ganda eo uomone. Ly ores G 
Bo Welch, Doupian, Mich ji cya tee techs... syelets oie ae opera Pe207 56 ss 
Black Raspberries: 
W. M. Pratt; Benton Harbor, Mich... ..... <0... 2.6222. -e2 + $11 Omens % 


PROFITS IN FRUIT GROWING. 


The profits in fruit growing depend upon the cost of production, the cost of marketing 
and market conditions. There is more variation in the income from fruits than from 
most other farm crops. The average income, however, is higher than the income from 
other common lines a husbandry. The last census shows that the average incomes in 
different lines of farming are: Fruit, $915; live stock, $787; dairy, $787; cotton, $430. 
But the gross income means nothing, it is the per cent received on the capital invested 
that counts. Census statistics show that the average fruit farm returns 9.6% interest 
on the investment. Very much larger returns than this are common. On the whole, 
the returns in fruit growing are apt to be larger than the returns in general farming, pro- 
vided the same degree of intelligence, energy and capital is invested in each case. The 
fact that 83% of the fruit farms of the country are owned by the men who own them, 
as compared with 48% of hay and grain farms, and 68% of dairy farms, is further evi- 
dence that the fruit growers of the country are making their business pay. The census 
says: ‘‘Fruit farms have a value above the average, and a higher per cent of them are 
owned than of farms of any other class.” 

I have purposely left until the last the most important item in the cost of producing 
fruit. This is the personality and skill of the man. This counts more than all else, for 
the right sort of a man can over-ride obstacles, avoid mistakes and make fruit plants re- 
spond where a less skillful or less energetic man would fail. The fruit grower is so closely 
dependent upon physical conditions, which are unstable, and upon soil and market con- 
ditions, which change from year to year, that it is not possible for him to do this work by 
rules, or estimate his expenses with the mathematical exactness of the manufacturer or 
merchant. It is constantly necessary for him to adjust himself to new commercial and 
physical conditions. There is, of course, an element of chance in the business, but this 
is very small as compared with the almost unfailing regularity with which success fol- 
lows energy, skill and judgment. 


A VARIETY LIST FOR NORTHERN MICHIGAN. 


(LEO M. GEISMAR, SUPT. UPPER PENINSULA EXPERIMENT STATION.) 


After eight years of experimental work with fruit, and a much greater number of years 
of close observations in all other parts of the Upper Peninsula, I can give the following 
lists as those of varieties which are safe to plant and sure to bear profitable crops under 
ordinary conditions of care and cultivation and regardless of occasional ‘‘test winters.’ 
This applies to average conditions of soil and location, and not to such where the profitable 
production of fruit is rendered impossible either temporarily or permanently owing to 
present unfavorable conditions of surface or air drainage. There are many portions 
where the average conditions, especially of location, are more favorable than they are here, 
for the Upper Peninsula is a mighty big “‘village.’”’ There are none, however, where the 
conditions represent more nearly than they do here the average as it obtains throughout 
this vast region. I am safe to state that the apple and most of the small fruits will com- 
prise exclusively the list of those which will become profitable when raised on a commercial 
scale, and I am probably equally safe in stating that the cherry, at least the Morellos, 
and the Blackberry will be added to this list whenever some of the lighter soils will be 
taken up for horticultural development. 


STRAWBERRIES. 


To give a list of the varieties of strawberries which will succeed throughout this region 
would be equal to giving a list of all the standard varieties which are grown elsewhere. 
The fact that they are grown successfully in every county, and that the early varieties 


126 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


yield even better than those which blossom late, offers ample evidence that the question 
of hardiness need not be taken into consideration. Occasionally some varieties are reported 
as poor yielders in certain localities, and then again the same varieties are reported as 
the most profitable in other localities; all of which merely emphasizes the fact that here 
~ as elsewhere certain varieties of strawberries show a preference or a dislike for certain 
kinds of soil. . 


= 
RASPBERRIES. 


The Loudon and the Cuthbert are the main, if not the only, varieties planted, and these 
only on a very small scale owing to the great abundance of the native fruit, which is gen- 
erally equal in size and always superior in flavor. 


BLACK AND PURPLE CAPS. _ . 


The Older and the Columbian have been tested and may be considered safe varieties 
when given proper cultivation. 


CURRANTS. 
Practically all the leading varieties have been tested and all can be safely recommended. 


GOOSEBERRIES, 


The Houghton, Downing, and, to some extent, the Pearl and the Red Jacket, being 
quite free from mildew, may be considered profitable. 


BLACKBERRIES. 


Tf light, sandy soils are available the Snyder and the Eldorado can be recommended, 
for these two, even upon the better grade of soils, are less subject to the fungous diseases 
which attack the canes of other varieties at the time the fruit begins to ripen and thus 
render the fruit worthless. 


APPLES. 


Considering hardiness to be of prime importance, the following list of varieties which 
have been sufficiently tested or nearly so, may be recommended in the order herewith 
named: Hibernal (synonym, Yellow Arcadian), Patten’s Greening, Duchess of Oldenburg, 
Yellow Transparent, Anisim (sometimes offered as Good Peasant), Tetofsky, Patten’s 
Fameuse, Charlamoff, Wolf River, Gideon, Borowinka, Lubsk Queen, Okabena, Wealthy, 
Lieoland Raspberry, Alexander, McMahon, Longfield, Dudley Winter (offered here as 
North Star), Haas, McIntosh, Zoloboreff, Tolman, Pewaukee, Shiawassee, Northwestern 
Greening, Scott’s Winter. 

CHERRIES. 


For sandy soils the Early Richmond, English Morello, Ostheim, Montmorency and 
Wragg can be recommended. 


PLUMS. 


While tests have been very limited in extent, observations in various parts show that 
the Japanese varieties, practically all the Hybrids, and the European varieties, with the 
possible exception of Shropshire Damson, are next to worthless. There are several native 
varieties of good quality which might be propagated with profit, and in favorable loca- 
tions other American varieties such as Weaver, Wolf, Wyant, Hawkeye, DeSoto, Stod- 
dard, Forest Garden and Surprise may be recommended. Further tests will no doubt 
show that still other American varieties can be added to this list and can be recommended 
for general planting. Japanese and similar varieties are occasionally found to succeed 
in specially favored locations of the portage canal zone in Houghton county, and in others 
where the lakes afford ample air drainage. The same applies to several varieties of pears 
and grapes. 

PEARS. 


At this time, and with the exception just noted, only the Flemish Beauty can be recom- 
mended, and even then not as a commercial proposition. 


GRAPES. 


In average locations, varieties of the Concord type grow and bear every year, but sel- 
dom ripen the fruit properly. A native Fox grape is found along the Sturgeon River 
in Baraga county, and thus indicates that future tests may show that certain cultivated 
varieties can be recommended for general planting. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 127 


A VARIETY LIST FOR LOWER MICHIGAN. 


(T. A. FARRAND, EATON RAPIDS.) 


In looking over this list the reader must take into consideration the fact that the value 
of this or that variety depends somewhat upon the purpose for which it is wanted, and also 
very much upon local or long distance markets. The list must necessarily be long to 
cover all conditions and the different sections of the state and those varieties should 
be chosen which have the characteristics most desirable for the purpose for which they 
are being planted. The recommended variety list is also subject to change more or less 
as the years go by. The popular variety of today may not be such ten years hence. 

The lists should be divided, one list being for market purposes and one for home use. 
The list for home use should contain those varieties best adapted for cooking and dessert 
purposes and should cover the season. Some of the desirable characteristics for market 
fruits are hardiness of tree and early bearing tendencies, high color, reasonably firm in 
texture, coupled with good quality if possible. 


APPLES. 


Why should we in Michigan plant varieties of good quality, eliminating varieties of 
the Ben Davis type? For the very reason that we cannot compete with many other 
sections, where this is a standard variety, but we can grow many other varieties of fine 
quality to perfection. 

For market:—Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburg, Gravenstein, Wealthy, 
Wagener, Hubbardston, McIntosh or Fameuse, Grimes Golden, Jonathan, Baldwin, 
Northern Spy, Red Canada, King, Rhode Island Greening, Ontario. 

For Home Use:—Yellow Transparent, Sweet Bough, Primate, Jefferies, Wealthy, Old- 
enburg, Fameuse, McIntosh or Shiawassee, Wagener, Spitzenburg, Jonathan, Spy, Grimes 
Golden, Red Canada, Hubbardston, Tolman Sweet. 

Crab Apples:—For market, Hyslop; for home use, Martha and Dartmouth. 


PEARS. 


For market :—Gifford, Clapp’s Favorite, Bartlett, Howell, Duchess, Anjou, Bosc, Seckel, 
Dana’s Hovey, Clairgeau, Keiffer. 

For home use:—Summer Doyenne, Bloodgood, Clapp’s Favorite, Bartlett, Manning 
Elizabeth, Duchess, Bell Lucrative, Sheldon, Bosc, Seckel, Lawrence, Dana’s Hovey. 


PEACHES. 


For Market :—Admiral Dewey, Lewis (white), St. Johns, Champion (white), Conklin, 
Early Crawford, Engle Mammoth, Crosby, Kalamazoo, Elberta, Gold Drop, Hill’s Chili, 
Smock, Salway. 

For Home Use:—Admiral Dewey, Lewis, Engle, Champion, Kalamazoo, Gold Drop. 


PLUMS. 


Market Varieties:—Japan—Red June, Abundance, Burbank, Satsuma, October Purple; 
European—Lincoln, Lombard, Bavay Green Gage, Bradshaw, Geuii, Grand Duke, Black 
Diamond, Monarch, Coe’s Gold Drop, Shropshire or French Damson. 

For Home Use:—Red June, Abundance, Lincoln, Columbia, Lombard, Bavay Green 
Gage, Fellemberg or Italian Prune, Shropshire Damson. 


CHERRIES, 


Market Varieties:—Richmond and Montmorency for sour, Dukes, Montreuil, May Duke. 
Sweet—Gov. Wood, Napoleon Royal Ann, Windsor, Black Tartarian, Smith’s Bigarreau, 
Yellow Spanish, Bing, Lambert. 

For Home Use:—Early Richmond, Montmorency, May Duke, Montreuil, Eugenie, 
Gov. Wood, Tartarian, Windsor, Yellow Spanish. 


QUINCES, 
Orange, Rea Mammoth, Missouri Mammoth. 


128 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


GRAPES. 


Market Varieties:—Moore’s Early, Worden, Concord, King, Diamond, Niagara, Dela- 
ware. 

For Home Use:—Winchel or Green Mountain, Moore’s Early, Diamond, Worden, 
Niagara, Delaware, Brighton, Ulster. 


STRAWBERRIES. 


Market Varieties:—Senator Dunlap, Wm. Belt, Haverland, Clyde, Bubach, Uncle 
Jim or Dornan, Brandywine, Sample, Aroma, Gandy, Kittie Rice, Downing’s Bride. 

For Home Use:—Marshall (very best quality), Senator Dunlap, Brandywine, Wm. 
Belt, Michel’s Early, Gandy. t 


RASPBERRIES. 


Market Varieties:—Black—Eureka, Conrath, Cumberland, Kansas, Gregg. 
Red—Early King, Marlboro, Cuthbert, Miller. 
Purple—Columbian, Shaffer. 
For Home Use:—Eureka and Cumberland, black; Early King and Cuthbert, red; Co- 
lumbian, purple. 
BLACKBERRIES. 


Market Varieties:—Early King, Erie, Minnewaska, Snyder, Wilson, El Dorado. 
For Home Use:—Early Harvest, Eldorado, Snyder (very hardy). 


GOOSEBERRIES. 
Downing, Champion, Chautauqua. 


CURRANTS. 
London Market, Fay’s Prolific, Wilder. 


A CHAPTER ON LAWNS. 


(DR. W. J. BEAL, AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.) 


Trees and grass are two great elements of landscape gardening. The finest lawn will 
retain a surface of uniform colur an’ growth—no mingling of light and dark spots nor of 
grasses which grow at different rates of speed. 

‘‘Grass is the most lowly, the simplest, and the loveliest element to be used in the adorn- 
ment of home. A smooth, closely shaven surface of grass is by far the most essential 
element of beauty on the grounds of a suburban home.’—(F. J. Scott.) 

“Tt would be a great gain to horticulture if ten out of every twelve ‘flowerbeds’ in 
Europe were blotted out with fresh green grass.’’—(Robinson’s Parks of Paris.) 

‘“A lawn is the ground work of a landscape garden.’’—(H. W. Sargent.) 

Listen to A. J. Downing: ‘‘For this purpose we do not look upon grass with the eyes 
of the farmer who raises three tons to the acre. We have no patience with the tall and 
gigantic fodder by this name, that grows in the fertile bottoms of the West, so tall that 
the largest Durham is lost to view while walking through it. No, we love the soft turf 
which is thrown like a smooth natural carpet over the swelling outlines of the smiling 
earth. 

‘Fine lawns are possible in all the northern half of the Union, although an American 
summer does not, like that of Britain, ever moist and humid, naturally favor the condi- 
tion of fine lawns. The necessary conditions for a good lawn are deep soil, the proper 
kinds of grasses, and frequent mowing. Let the whole area to be laid down be thoroughly 
moved and broken up two feet deep. Let the surface be raked smooth and entirely cleared 
of even the smallest stone. The object of a lawn is not to obtain a heavy crop of hay, 
but simply to maintain perpetual verdure. Rich soil would defeat our object by caus- 
ing a rank growth and coarse stalks, when we wish a short growth and soft herbage. Let 
the soil, therefore, be good, but not rich; depth, and the power of retaining moisture are 
the truly needful qualities. 

“‘Now for the sowing, and here a farmer would advise you to ‘seed down with oats,’ 
or some such established agricultural precept. Do not listen to him for a moment. Do 
not suppose you are going to assist a weak growing plant by sowing along with it a coarser 
growing one to starve it. 


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THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 129 


“Trees—delicate, beautiful, grand or majestic trees—pliantly answering to the wooing 
of the softest west wind, like the willow; or bravely and sturdily defying centuries of storm 
and tempest, like the oak—they are indeed the great ‘princes, potentates and people’ 
of our realm of beauty. 

“With such a lawn and large and massive trees, one has indeed the most enduring 
sources of beauty in a country residence. Perpetual neatness, freshness and verdure 
in the one; ever expanding beauty, variety and grandeur in the other—what more does 
a reasonable man desire of the beautiful about him in the country? Must we add flowers, 
exotic plants, fruits? Perhaps so, but they are all, in an ornamental light, secondary 
to trees and grasses, where these can be had in perfection.” 

The extensive lawns at the Agricultural college have received many favorable com- 
ments—perhaps too many, when the details are carefully examined, for there are many 
noticeable defects. There is a great variety of soil, ranging from light sand to stiff clay, 
from dry knolls to moist hollows. For many years past different portions have been seeded 
at different times by different persons, some sowing a complicated “‘lawn-grass”’ mixture, 
others making use of only one or two species of grass. Existing in the ground or sown 
with the grasses were seeds of many kinds of weeds. 

Let us visit portions of the lawn that have certainly been seeded for forty years, and 
probably some of them for a longer period. The lawn is extensive, fertilizers costly, 
and for these reasons very little has been done except to apply a lawn mower from sum- 
mer to summer. 

For a time the land was ‘‘new,’’ grass grew luxuriantly, and was mowed for hay. A 
steady decline has been noticeable, especially in dry seasons, and with the decline the 
better grasses were less and less capable of maintaining a struggle with each other and a 
supremacy over numerous kinds of weeds. The lawn has become spotted with large 
numbers of patches where each kind grows more or less by itself. 

In places, June grass maintains its hold very well, but it is interrupted by light patches 
of sweet vernal grass which was highly spoken of at the time the lawn was seeded. Patches 
of a small, fine red top, much like Rhode Island bent grass, have held their own very 
well for the past thirty years. Under the shade of trees where the limbs do not rest on 
the ground, are numerous patches of a fine-leaved grass having a bright green color. Here 
are some nearly in the form of circles, ranging from a foot to four feet in diameter, where 
the roots have apparently gone farther and farther out from the growth of a single seed, 
and here some of these circles have merged into each other. This is the best grass I have 
found to sow in the shade of trees on ground that is not very strong. It is red fescue, 
from Europe, technically known as Festuca rubra, genuina Hackel, not to be found in any 
market that I know of. Yonder, growing in the open on a sandy and gravelly soil, are 
patches of considerable size of a hard, blue-leaved bunchy grass, though not very bunchy 
where the seed was sown thickly and mowed often. This is our best grass for a lawn on 
dry land, where it is liable to be much trampled in dry weather. It is a variety of sheep’s 
fescue, from Europe, without a common name, known to botanists as Festuca ovina 
Marginata. 

The best grass for lawn in the open for nine-tenths of home grounds in Michigan is 
June grass, known also as Kentucky blue grass, Poa pratensis. It is not the flat-stemmed 
wire grass that early settlers called blue grass. In wet seasons, especially if cool, white 
clover will appear in generous quantity with the June grass, its creeping habit enabling 
it to spread with great rapidity from a comparatively small number of centers. If the 
season be dry and hot, little white clover will be seen. 

In too many places, I am sorry to say, quack grass, Agropyron repens, is abundant in 
the lawn. The leaves are broad and coarse, giving a lawn much the appearance of a 
field of timothy. All of the lots, or nearly all, of those in Oakwood, north of the Cellege, 
are thoroughly overrun with this worst of weeds. It has staying qualities to commend it. 

If lawns are thin, several annual grasses, such as smooth crab-grass and two fox-tails, 
stink grass, barnyard grass, and others, work their way in during the summer and dis- 
appear in September, leaving many unsightly open places. 

For more than ten years I have been watching several pieces of lawn where June grass 
and Bermuda grass together have been occupying the ground. In the spring, for four 
to six weeks or more, as long as the weather is cool, nothing is seen except a dense growth 
of June grass, but later, when the weather becomes hot and dry, June grass is made to 
retire, and one sees nothing but Bermuda grass. On the arrival of frosts and cool weather, 
in autumn, Bermuda retires and June grass reappears, covering the ground. Thus from 
early spring to late autumn, the lawn is a perpetually green, soft carpet, a delight to the 
person who walks upon it. Even on light land no dead spots appear in dry weather as 
is the case with June grass and many others. 

One of the prettiest lawns I ever saw was north of a house on a lot of moderate size 
on Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio where trees shaded most of the area and free use 


17 


‘ 


130 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


was made of the hose. The leading ingredient was spear grass, Poa annua, a small annual 
grass that will grow three or four crops in succession during a single year, these succes- 
sions mingling with each other. ‘The color is emerald green, and very pleasing. I doubt 
not the seeding was purely accidental. 

Under different names there are many lawn grass mixtures extensively advertised and 
sold, often at two or three times the cost of the best one of all of them. Most of the mix- 
tures contain some seeds of timothy, sheep’s fescue, white clover, brown bent, sweet ver- 
nal, perennial rye grass, meadow fox-tail, June grass and weeds, while some of them con- 
tain seeds of taller fescue, orchard grass and red canary grass, which are very objection- 
able in any lawn. In this country, perennial rye grass starts very promptly after spring 
sowing, making a fine show, but most of it never lives through a second winter, leaving 
large open spaces to be filled by slower grasses or by weeds. A mixture of many sorts 
of grasses is about sure to look spotted in rate of growth and in color, especially after a 
few years. The mixture I recommend to all of my students and inquiring friends is as 
follows: <A bushel and a half or two bushels of equal parts of these five: June grass, June 
grass, June grass, June grass, June grass, these five and nothing more. One can sow a 
little white clover if he chooses. 

If the lawn isn’t too large and one is in a hurry, or if dry weather is liable to appear, 
he may get quicker results by seattering over a well-prepared surface small bits of closely 
mown sod of June grass from an old pasture or roadside. These may be perhaps six to 
ten inches apart, each way, and the ground rolled or tread down. This does not cost 
as much as some might suppose. 

In the old college lawn referred to are many patches of common speedwell, Veronica, 
officinalis, or thyme-leaved speedwell, Veronica serpyllifolia, some of which are ten to 
twenty feet and even forty feet long. These lock fairly well, but they are soon disfigured 
when stepped on. In one place I counted twenty-two patches of creeping thyme which 
are spreading, some of them in groups twelve feet long, with scattering June grass mixed 
in. ‘They are interesting little plants. 

Narrow leaved plantain, Plantago lanceolata, is more or less abundant in different places. 
The small tufts of leaves can be tolerated, but the central flower stalks run up so very 
quickly after the mower clips them off that they are unsightly and too tall for the lawn 
mower to cut. Dandelions, too, are abundant, and disliked except by children in early 
spring. 

Prunella vulgaris, self-heal, of the mint family, is as common as any of the above and 
a weedy plant. If you had never seen it, you could have little conception of the unique 
appearance of patches of the common yarrow in the lawn. Such yarrow is very pretty. 
I know of several patches, one of which is circular and eleven feet in diameter, with others 
smaller and all spreading as June grass and sweet vernal give way. 

There are patches of plantain-leaved everlasting that disfigures the lawn. If, per- 
chance, some of it had been introduced, we should see in this lawn many other creeping 
weeds, such as gill-over-the-ground, bouncing bet, several chick-weeds, St. John’s wort, 
Geranium pusillum, wild madder, oxeye daisy, tansy, two or three hawkweeds, money- 
wort, periwinkle, toad-flax, cyprus spurge, and others. 

About thirty years ago, after the present State Capitol was completed, the ground was 
thoroughly drained, trenched, graded and seeded with a lawn grass mixture, two of the 
chief ingredients of which were perennial rye grass and June grass. The rye grass made 
a good show at once, but gradually disappeared during a space of three or four years. 
The ground is stiff clay, and has apparently not been enriched since the lawn made a 
start. 

In July, 1905, I made a careful examination of the lawn. The June grass is thin, liber- 
ally interspersed with large patches of some other grasses and weeds, giving the lawn a 
pale and spotted appearance. In the spaces most shaded by trees, red fescue is most 
prominent. On the west side, mixed with other plants, narrow-leaved plantain is abund- 
ant, scattered about, nowhere forming dense mats. It was a great pity the lawn grass seed ° 
was not examined by an expert, to prevent mistakes of this sort. ‘The common mouse- 
ear chickweed is conspicuous in numerous patches, also the creeping crowfoot, the latter 
bearing some yellow flowers, Canada thistle and bull thistle, common mallow, broad- 
leaved plantain, spotted spurge, Geranium pusillum, knot grass, common chickweed, 
and very likely many more. Black medick appears in many places, creeping about much 
like white clover, which makes more or less display, depending on the nature of the season. 
Common and thyme-leaved speedwell are conspicuous in certain places. Of all the patches 
of weeds on the lawn, none are so large as those covered by self-heal, Prunella vulgaris, 
a weed of the mint family. In some places these are one hundred feet long by ten feet 
wide and of an irregular shape, with an increasing number of smaller patches scattered 
liberally about. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. : 131 


Perhaps the most interesting portion of this paper concerning lawns will be an answer 
to the question, ‘‘How to secure a good lawn after it has become thin and weedy?” 

Through the results of experiments made by Mr. Lawes and his associates in England, 
I am able to give a remedy that shall be inexpensive and satisfactory. 

During the growing season apply at two or three different times a commercial fertil- 
izer, consisting of ammonia salts, nitrate of soda and fine bone meal. Unleached wood 
ashes are very valuable. A commercial fertilizer on a lawn is preferable to barnyard 
manure for two reasons: No weed seeds are introduced, and the front yard is not con- 
verted into an unsightly barnyard for several months in the year. The proportions and 
amount of fertilizer needed cannot be given exactly, because soils differ so much in dif- 
ferent places. 

‘On general principles, all manures tend to drive out the weeds by increasing the better 
herbage.” 


SOME FARMING EXPERIENCES OF TWO CITY WOMEN. 


” (ISABEL MC ISAAC, BENTON HARBOR.) 


During the past ten years we have been reading many accounts of the wonderful suc- 
cesses of amateur farmers who reap large paying harvests the first year, and go abroad 
on the proceeds of their fourth or fifth crops. We have no such success to record, indeed 
we do not claim any greater degree of success than any of you who have been farming all 
your lives. We hope you fully appreciate the modesty of that statement, because the 
temptation to boast is not unknown to farmers, and being women we might make claims 
which men would hesitate to dispute. 

The migrations of men from the country to the city have been the subject of much re- 
cent discussion, many theories have been advanced and many suggestions made, but the 
migration goes on without hindrance. Such movements obey some natural law or force 
which we often fail to recognize, but speaking from the standpoint of both experiences, 
it seems perfectly natural that young people, both men and women, should yearn for the 
greater activity and opportunity which the city affords. The migration of mankind from 
the city to the country has really only begun in this country, and should it continue to in- 
crease at the present rate, another generation will find us a much better balanced nation 
than we have been during the period which has followed the civil war. As yet we city 
emigrants are uncommon enough for city friends to declare us crazy, and our country neigh- 
bors to give us two years to fail and return to town. 

Thus far we two have not yet been sent to an insane hospital, and our neighbors have 
been obliged to extend the time to four years, and in one or two instances have actually 
admitted that we might possibly escape the poor house. 

We came to the country after twenty years of strenuous life in the great hospitals of a 
great city, a life that knew no hours of relief from responsibility and anxiety, which brought 
us in contact with every phase of men and women, good and bad, rich and poor, high and 
low, wise and ignorant, all in an atmosphere of physical disability to which was often 
added mental disturbance and moral degradation. There came a time when we felt that 
some far away corner where men were well, and we might have at least one hour in the 
twenty-four to call our very own, where the air was fresh, the sun unclouded by soot and 
smoke, and where we might once more be our own masters, would be all we could ask; and 
thus it was that in spite of remonstrances of friends we bought ten acres of fruit land in 
your midst. 

We came to the country entirely ignorant of what it meant, the only glimmer of intel- 
ligence on the subject that we seem to have had was that we were old and experienced 
enough to predict that it would take at least five years for us to learn how to make farm- 
ing pay. But in this we were happily surprised to find the farm self-supporting at the 
end of three years. 

There have been many times when we have been thoroughly disgusted and would cer- 
tainly have abandoned farming but for the fact that we could not afford to lose our in- 
vestment, and because of the innate obstinacy which has always compelled us to overcome 
rather than submit to obstacles. 

One of the things which has given us as much hope as anything else, has been in seeing 
a number of farmers who appeared to us to be both lazy and lacking in intelligence who 
managed to make their bread and butter and tobacco at farming, and if they could do it 
why may we not do as much. 

Our little farm is very favorably situated for our purpose, being surrounded on three 
sides by deep ravines, on the fourth by golf links, and is far from the highway, our entrance 


132 : STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


being through a long private road, which enables us to work without an audience, a very 
desirable thing with the amateur farmer. Its situation is also good because of the ravines 
which prevent our chickens bothering our neighbors and vice versa, and we have no reason 
for complaining of near neighbors who do not spray, which seems to us to be a great ad- 
vantage. 

We are also greatly favored in being near town and upon an excellent road. But all 
of these things are mere accidents; we thought of none of them until we came to live on 
the farm. It is only in books that the city farmer is very far seeing. 

Our place had long been in the hands of renters, and it is unnecessary to tell you of 
the impoverished soil, the peach trees far beyond their usefulness, the sassafras which en- 
croached upon the outer row of trees until they were lost to sight, the blackberry vines 
running riot, the endless weeds, with a flourishing crop of Canada thistles, a vineyard 
hopelessly smothered in sod and on so steep a hill that spraying and cultivation were im- 
possible. Another hillside which had once been cultivated was an almost impossible 
thicket of scrub oaks and sassafras with Canada thistles between. The barn was so close 
to the house that it was about all we could see from our living rooms window, and behind it 
a mountain of brush from the prunings of many seasons and a huge pile of rubbish con- 
taining every thing imaginable from an old tar paper roof and a rocking chair to a beer 
keg and a man’s old coat. We recently heard of another city farmer who found the only 
thing we have not yet plowed up on our place, and that was a set of false teeth. 

The cne thing upon the place which was in good condition was the apple orchard of about 
two and one-half acres, the trees were about fifteen years old, Baldwins, Duchess and 
Hubbardston, and with the care they have had, have responded very well. The crop 
was very short this year after the repeated freezings, but we lost no trees, only the fruit. 

The old peach trees were mostly of the white varieties and too old for profit, and were 
all removed; the trees which replaced them were in their second year, and also survived 
the October freeze. We have two acres of young pear trees, and about one acre of grapes 
set out last year, besides half an acre of asparagus; the latter we feel very proud of, and 
look forward to good returns from it. We attribute its unusual vigor to the heavy fer- 
tilizing from the poultry and we are indebted to the hens also for keeping down the as- 
peaeens beetles, as we have never been obliged to take any measures for getting rid of 
them. 

We early decided that it would be prudent for us to have a diversity of fruit, both on 
account of the work, which is much easier to spread over the entire season, entailing far 
less hired help, and because in all of our experiences in other lines we had been impressed 
with the wisdom of carrying eggs in more than one basket. We have spent four years 
of desperately hard work getting rid of sod, sassafras and weeds, including Canada thistles, 
but by sticking to it every single day from daylight till dark, winter and summer, we feel 
that we are now driving the work instead of the work driving us, and are ready to declare 
Posleively that Canada thistles can be exterminated if the farmer really wishes to get rid 
of them. 

The spraying has been one of the difficult problems, owing to lack of help, but now that 
we have learned how, we can do it ourselves and feel secure in knowing that every twig 
and leaf is covered. Our long hospital training made us familiar with germicides, and pre- 
pared us to resist the temptation to buy all sorts of commercial preparations, and in con- 
sequence San Jose scale has been controlled; this year we have found none. 

Proper fertilization is a serious undertaking with the woman farmer; a man can take 
his wagon and pick up good barnyard manure at all sorts of livery stables and private 
alleys but this is obviously out of the question for a woman and to hire it done, makes 
an item of expense to be seriously considered for the small farmer. Our experience with 
commercial fertilizers has been very indifferent, because we do not yet understand what 
our soil needs, but by cover cropping and carefully making use of all that comes from a 
horse, a cow and two hundred and fifty hens, we are beginning to see some excellent re- 
sults in the soil which evidently was good originally, but was suffering from the exhaustion 
due to forty years of taking off and putting nothing back. 

We yielded to the popular belief that fruit and poultry were an excellent combination, 
but if we were beginning again we would only keep hens enough for our own use. How- 
ever there is something to be said upon both sides of the question. First, small fruit is 
impossible with poultry which has free range, and the poultry suffers if confined. Sec- 
ond, in a country devoted to horticulture, grain is too expensive to allow poultry to be 
profitable. On the other hand, if the benefits such as have been spoken of with the as- 
paragus, and the really wonderful effects of poultry manure were to be added to the profits 
from the eggs, etc., we cannot say poultry keeping is unprofitable in horticultural regions, 
‘but as before mentioned, if we were beginning again, we would not go to the expense of 
poultry keeping, nor let ourselves in for so much hard work which is unavoidable if fowls 
:are properly cared for. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 133 


The one thing of which we may indulge in a little boastfulness is in the matter of hired 
help. ‘The first season we had two men most of the time from March to November; the 
second and third seasons one man for the same time, with extra help for spraying, etc. 
The last year good help was exceedingly difficult to get, the apple and pear orchards were 
seeded to grass and clover, so there was less cultivating to do, and we had help for a scant 
month, through the whole season doing everything ourselves, even to spraying with the 
lime and sulphur solution. Heretofore we have sprayed with a hand pump, with a man 
to pump, one of us to spray and the other to attend the boiler. But with the power 
sprayer we feel perfectly independent of hired help, and can do it ourselves alone if we 
must. Our spraying arrangements are very convenient and systematic, thus economizing 
both time and strength. We know of no place of its size in our vicinity which has been 
worked with so little help as ours. 

One of us works out of doors all the time, the cther helps as she can, and we have a small 
boy who waters and feeds the chickens and cleans the hen houses under supervision, but 
who never misses school. 

You are no doubt more curious to know what our conclusions have been regarding 
women as farmers than to hear these details of our efforts. We will first ask why should 
they not succeed as farmers? The very heavy out-door work need not be too great an 
obstacle; a woman may employ help for such work the same as a man, and it is high time 
. some one had courage to say that farmers are not the hardest worked persons in the world. 
That is a fallacy which ought to have been thrown to the winds long ago, but which a cer- 
tain class of farmers have always paraded, especially to their wives. Compared to the 
physical work, long hours, responsibility and nervous strain endured by us in our former 
occupation, or compared to the work of farmers’ wives, who bear their children, do their 
own house werk and help with picking and packing fruit, the farmers’ work is far easier. 

In past generations men impressed upon their women kind that business was entirely 
beyond their limited comprehension, and for countless ages woman accepted this as won- 
derful wisdom, but that time has passed, and business men in other lines fully understand 
and accept the fact that many women have business faculty, and furthermore that women 
have a perfect right to work out their own financial salvation in their own way. The 
farmer has clung to this ancient doctrine and held it over the heads of his wife and daugh- 
ters longer than most other men, but we predict that in another generation the man farmer 
will find the woman farmer a worthy competitor. 

To such women as are worn out with the strife of work in great cities, and wish to make 
a home for themselves and renew their health, gardening or farming offers many induce- 
ments. But they must first have a fondness for growing things, be young enough to take 
up entirely new work, old enough to have outlived the hide-bound conventionalities which 
keep so many women in bondage to their clothes and the petty restrictions of activity, 
and money enough to live upon until they learn how, and then when they are ready to 
buy a farm they should secure by some means judgment to decide upon the question of 
soil and market, and should have strength of mind to resist the temptation to buy too 
many things the first two years, because by the time they have reached the end of the 
second year they will have learned enough to enable them to use their money judiciously. 

In closing we beg to make a plea for the amateur farmers. both men and women. The 
city reaches out and eagerly grasps the men and women who have had country training, 
probably more than two-thirds of the great financiers, statesmen and scientists are country- 
bred, and in turn the country has as much need of the city trained men who bring habits 
of system, order and economy which the country needs. ‘The farmer is too much inclined 
to attribute his failures to Providence and the weather man. He is too extravagant of 
his time, too much inclined to view his competitor with suspicion instead of feeling that 
every added farmer strengthens the whole. No individual nor group of individuals are 
sufficient to themselves alone, therefore the cities need the country boys and girls, and 
the country has need of the trained methodical city workers. 

We take this opportunity to acknowledge our indebtedness to both local and state 
horticultural societies; without them we would have been hopelessly at sea many times, 
but having had a wide experience in organization work, we were soon able to recognize 
the members whose intelligence, experience and measures of success compelled the respect 
of their neighbors. 

Horticultural societies differ very little from other clubs in that respect, such organiza- 
- tions always have a certain percentage of members who speak with authority, and certain 
others who just talk, and when one learns to discriminate there is an immense amount to 
be learned. ‘To us they have been wonderfully interesting and profitable; without them, 
I am sure we could not have continued farming. 


134 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


WINTER MEETING. 


‘ 


Farmington, March 5 and 6, 1907. 


Farmington, famed as the home of Gov. F. M. Warner, was the happy 
meeting place of the Michigan State Horticultural Society for its winter 
gathering. Better weather could not have been ordered, which, with the 
interest exhibited by the people in that vicinity, where apple growing is 
done on a scale that is not exceeded by any other section in the state, brought 
out an attendance that surprised the local as well as the outside officials 
who worked to make the meeting a success. Being so well attended, every 
speaker seemed to catch the spirit of the occasion and put a vim and earnest- 
ness into what he said that made the matter given easily and clearly com- 
prehended by the attentive listeners. 

President Cook, of Shiawassee county, called the first session to order, 
after expressing his pleasure regarding the splendid outlook for the gather- 
ing, he called upon Mr. N. A. Clapp, of Wayne county, who addressed the 
audience upon the topic 


PROGRESS OF THE GENERAL FARMER IN FRUIT GROWING. 


The subject was very ably handled. It was introduced from the stand- 
point of health, in which the speaker pointed out how that the boys and 
girls who had been brought up on the farm had as a rule a constitution that 
was far superior to that of persons reared under other circumstances, and 
this condition was attributed’ largely to the beneficial effect of fresh fruit 
in abundant quantities, which acted upon the blood and liver and other 
organs in a way that cleared the body of all waste while it built new health- 
ful tissue that is full of life, resistant of disease and capable of accomplish- 
ing the dictates of a will. It gives the country boy and girl a real appear- 
ance of health that the city young people get through the application of 
powders, ete. Iron is put into the liquid flesh that enables it to fill the 
body with oxygen, giving, thereby, muscle and endurance as well as a clear 
mind, all of which go to make life pure, healthful, vigorous and useful. Be- 
cause of these features the speaker impressed his listeners with the import- 
ance of giving attention to this phase of the farm work. It has an ad- 
vantage that is not always found in the dollars and cents represented by 
the product harvested from the trees. The comfort and happiness of the 
family is the object to be sought. 

In the early days cider was the chief product of the orchard. ‘Trees were 
planted (and cared for in the rather primitive methods of the time) that the 
fruit might be ground into pulp from which the juice was pressed to be bar- 
reled for the fall and winter use of the farmer as well as to be sold upon the 
market for cash. Since then there has been a great change, and now the cider 
part of the business is only an accidental one, and all the knowledge and skill 
of the grower is bent to produce as few specimens of fruit that is worthy to be 
made into the liquid as possible. This evolution toward the use of fresh fruit 
has led to the introduction of more and better varieties which are being planted 
ip positions permitting their best development and which are being placed 
upon a market by improved transportation facilities nearly every month of 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 135 


the year. The apple has been and is the chief fruit crop of the state and 
country, but the same changes that have occurred in the growing and con- 
suming of the “ King of Fruits,” are present in the history of all other fruits. 
Strawberries are becoming more common on the average farm and it is not 
difficult to find pears, plums, grapes, etc., about the agriculturist’s home. 
While there is a general tendency of the commercial grower to become a 
specialist, it was the observation of the speaker that the general farmer in 
the more progressive sections of the state is giving this part of his planta- 
tion some of its merited attention. 


MICHIGAN FRUITS AS COMPARED WITH OTHER FRUITS. 
(HENRY C. WARD, PONTIAC.) 


Apples grown in California lack juice and flavor, but general appearance is good. The 
reason why the fruit lacks flavor seems to be the climate and the soil; the lack of juice is 
caused from long continued dry weather before the fruit is gathered. The fruit being 
dried or cured on the trees before it is picked usually keeps well. 

Apples grown in the Great Salt Lake Valley are high colored, very pretty to look at, 
and fair quality. I saw and ate Ben Davis there as high colored and beautiful as the 
Gano. The best Ben Davis I ever ate was grown in the Salt Lake Valley. It was a good 
apple. 

Dapples grown in Colorado are high colored, grow perfect when thoroughly sprayed, 
and have a fine appearance, but lack the rich flavor of the well grown Michigan apple. 
The western apples disappoint the consumer from their fine color and outward appear- 
ance; the quality is not up with the show. 

Apples grown in the middle west and Arkansas are generally of the Ben Davis type, 
which look and keep well but lack juice and flavor. 

Apples grow well from Georgia along the Blue Ridge up to the St. Lawrence River 
Valley. The home of the apple is in the northern states and parts of southern Canada. 
The Steel Red grows at its best in Oakland Co., Michigan, and in parts of Canada this 
apple*is becoming more extinct because the localities where it succeeds are very limited. 

Apples grown in the upper part of the lower peninsula of Michigan, on high elevations, 
from 900 to 1000 feet above the Great Lakes are usually high colored, good quality and 
excellent keepers. The summer apple becomes a fall apple and the fall apple an early 
winter apple, and winter apples have been kept there in solid condition in a common cellar 
for a period of two years. I have picked Yellow Harvest up there from the tree, solid, 
in prime condition, in September. The Wealthy is at its best in January, and Snow or 
Famuse in February. 

Oregon, Washington and Idaho apples are high colored, look well, but lack the flavor 
of the well grown Michigan apple. , 

I showed some fine specimens of apples grown in my orchards in Michigan to Mr. Fer- 
guson, of Duluth. He remarked they were the finest he had ever looked at, and he ad- 
vised me if I should ship them to that market it would pay me to brand them as New 
York apples. 

He said that Michigan apples were the poorest fruit that was received in that market, 
the reason being that the orchards were not usually properly cared for and the fruit not 
honestly packed. Mr. Ferguson is an Oakland county boy, was born and raised here, 
and is at the head of the largest fruit house in Duluth. At Minneapolis and St. Paul 
the dealers generally complained of the way the Michigan apples were packed—poor ones 
in the middle of the barrels, ete. 

California fruit and the fruit on the west coast is outselling the Michigan and the New 
York fruit in the big markets, the reason being this fruit is carefully, picked, honestly 
packed, and put up in an attractive manner so as to be pleasing to the eye. This over- 
comes the lack of quality. The Japanese and Chinese usually gather and help pack this 
fruit, and they are trained to do it carefully and do it as they are told to do. 

It is very difficult to secure help in Michigan that will do this work as it should be done. 
If shown how to pick the fruit carefully with the stems on, and also laid in the basket 
instead of being dropped or thrown in the basket, and when your back is turned the help 
will usually commence dropping the fruit instead of laying it in the basket, which bruises 


136 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


not only the specimen dropped but other fruit already in the basket, and the fruit is all 
bruised up and not in prime condition to go into the package, and the general markets 
of the world will not accept it as first class fruit. If you insist on your help picking the 
fruit carefully, the same as it is done in the west, your help will quit work and insult you 
and demand what is coming to them. 

In order to successfully compete with the western fruit we must secure a better class 
of labor to gather and pack our fruit. From three years’ observation in California, the 
horticulturists there largely depend on the Japanese and the Chinaman to cultivate and 
trim their orchards and gather their fruit. The Chinaman, it is claimed, are honest, 
when you employ him he becomes your friend, he becomes a permanent fixture on the 
farm, he is steady, reliable, a ready imitator, sober, and usually saves his money and is 
a respectable citizen. He usually takes a personal interest in, his work and reasons that 
his own prosperity depends on the prosperity of his employer, and that depends on him 
doing his duty towards his employer. There are over 400 millions of people in China, 
which is densely populated. The regular day’s wages for a workman, boarding himself, 
is only seven cents a day in American money. Chinamen are good farmers in a crude 
way, on a small scale, and it is claimed they are the best truck growers or gardeners in 
the world. They have cultivated the same soil for thousands of years and still it retains 
its fertility. They usually prefer to live in small houses by themselves and do their own 
cooking. ‘Their food is very simple, which consists largely of vegetables, rice, fish and 
fruit. They can live and compete with any class of laborers in the world. Sufficient 
laborers can be induced to come to this country at a reasonable wage to help the Amer- 
ican agriculturist or horticulturist do their work. He is not particular, he will do house- 
work. The most of the housework in California is done by the Japanese and Chinese at 
the present time, even the cooking is done by them. 

During the fall of 1903, when apples were selling for 60 cents a barrel for No. 1 fruit in 
the orchard, I had my Baldwins picked and carefully packed them myself and carried 
them in cold storage until about the middle of May. These apples were packed in three 
grades, fancy, No. 1, and No. 2. The fancy brand was packed strictly fancy. The No. 
1 I put in some fancy to sweeten up the No. 1, but no No. 2, and in the No. 2 I put 
in some No. 1, but none poorer than No. 2. We used baskets lined with cloth to pick in 
and apples were laid in the baskets carefully. 

One barrel opened on the pressed end showed 7 specked and rotten apples, and one 
specked on the faced end. The second barrel there was two rotten apples on the pressed 
end, all sound on the faced end, and the third barrel the apples on both ends were sound. 
Mr. Randle claimed they had kept the best of any BaldWins he ever saw so late in the 
spring, and he took them without sorting over. He paid me $3.50 for the fancy, No.1 
and No. 2. Isold some to John Blessed & Sons, and Mr. Blessed recommended the apples. 
to Mr. Randle. Mr. Randle afterwards informed me the only fault he had with the fruit 
there was not enough of it; that the fruit sold itself, and it was a pleasure to handle it. 

I have purchased and eaten all the different kinds of California grapes I could find in 
the California markets, and have never found a grape as good as a well grown Michigan 
Concord, Delaware or Catawba. 

We must continually spray, cultivate, trim and nourish our fruit trees, carefully pick 
and honestly pack our fruit in a way so it will be attractive and pleasing to the eye, in 
order to Compete with our competitors in the markets of the world as well as our own 
local markets. When this is done in an up-to-date manner Michigan apples, although 
they will not show color as fine as the Colorado, Idaho or other western grown fruit, from 
their superior quality will compete and sell with any fruit in the market or markets of 
its class in the world. 

In the discussion which followed this interesting talk the question as to what consti- 
tuted a fancy, No. 1 and No. 2 grade of fruit was the nucleus of a lively debate which 
showed that the foremost growers of the state differ widely thereon—a fact which argues 
for the necessity of a standard to which both buyers and sellers can have recourse in case 
of trouble in defining grades. It was the opinion of many who expressed themselves 
that at this very point much of the discredit our fruit has gained on the general market 
during the past few years has come because one grower will pack the best of his fruit as 
fancy which may only grade as No. 1 when placed beside that of a more careful grower, 
and all this he may do without a thought of dishonesty. It was the opinion of Mr. Geb- 
hardt, of Oceana county, that the quality of Michigan fruit will recommend it to the 
general market if the grower will handle it well. Mr. Ward suggested that the regular 
practice of facing the packages with the choicest specimens be reversed and instead put 
the poorest there, while the best be placed in the center. Keep the fruit nearer to the 
grade above rather than trying to squeeze in fruits that are near or quite fitted to go in 
the grade below the one being packed. Finding superior fruits than those expected is 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 137 


always sure to please the buyer, who is more than likely to make another call for the same 
fruit the following year and also tell his friends of his experience. 


PLUMS AND CHERRIES. 


This was the theme of a well received and highly interesting and valuable talk by Benton 
Gebhardt, of Oceana county, who has worked out a reputation not eclipsed by any fruit 
grower of the state. Beginning with plum growing, he pointed out that where one is 
operating upon light, well drained soil he will profit by grafting his plums upon peach 
roots, while the plum roots are better for heavy soil that is not so well drained. This 
fruit is particularly responsive to good culture and care. The trees should be trimmed 
from the beginning, using that means to partially regulate the amount of fruit that de- 
velops on the trees, as unpruned trees are sure to become irregular bearers. Where there 
is a heavy growth ‘“‘heading in” should be practiced, and such pruning continued as will 
let in the sunlight and admit the spraying material to all parts of the trees. By proper 
attention to spraying the speaker believes that the curculio and the shot-hole fungus 
can be controlled. He had observed that the curculio troubles his plums worst on the 
trees located next to the peach orchard. When the trees begin bearing it is wise not to let 
them mature too large a crop as it is apt to cause the alternate year bearing habit as well 
as to encourage the production of inferior fruit. By judicious thinning, which means 
taking off the small fruits till they appear far too thin to the unexperienced, one is able 
to overcome the tendency toward alternate bearing and make annual production of crops 
the rule rather than the exception. The crop is picked, packed and graded much the 
same as peaches. It is the practice of the speaker to cover his best grades with tarlatan, 
which adds greatly to the appearance of the package. He advised his hearers not to plant 
too many of the earlier varieties as there is little demand for the fruit at that time of the 
year, since the city people are then away from home and do not buy in large quantities. 
It is also a poor time for the fruit to mature well. The Japanese kinds are subject to 
overbearing, and in his experience they have not been found profitable as compared with 
European varieties. The best season for ripening is from Sept. 10 to Oct. 10, when the 
prices are generally good and the quality is superior to that of the earlier varieties owing 
largely to the favorable weather that prevails. That the speaker has had success with 
his plums is-witnessed by the fact that he has had only one failure in the past ten years. 

Regarding cherry culture, Mr. Gebhardt stated that the business of growing sweet 
cherries has not been overdone. If one can grow one crop every three years he can make 
the investment profitable. It has been his observation that the larger varieties of sweet 
cherries of a firm texture are subject to cracking and rotting. Cultivation should be 
done as early in the season as it is possible to work the soil, but should not be continued 
late—say to the first of July. Good crops are often grown where the trees remain in 
sod. Less spraying is demanded by the sweet cherries than by the sour kinds. The 
pruning should be conducted much the same as for plums—it being the practice of the 
speaker to head in about one-half of the previous season’s growth and to keep the top 
properly thinned to admit sunlight and spray. There is a splendid market for the sweet 
cherries. All who are able to produce them need not fear getting rid of them at profit- 
able figures. 

Regarding the sour cherries, Mr. Gebhardt stated that many growers made a mistake 
by picking the crop as soon as the berries began to color. This is sure to result in an in- 
ferior quality of fruit. Sometimes it requires two weeks before the fruits are fully matured 
after they have begun to take on color. It is not at all uncommon with cherry trees as 
with other fruit trees that a new top improves the quality of the fruit. Where the old 
limbs are removed and the trunk allowed to develop new tops exceptional changes are 
often noted in the resulting crops. 

Mr. Gebhardt uses barnyard manure, ashes and commercial fertilizers containing a 
large amount of potash for his orchards. The bone meal is applied about every other 
year. 

The leaves stayed on longest where the shot-hole fungus was troubling when spraying 
with the Bordeaux mixture was delayed till just before the leaves began falling off. - This 
is contrary to the general belief regarding the treatment of this pest. 

The discussion of this topic was led by Mr. J. H. Perry, of Oakland county, who is a 
very successful grower of plums and cherries as well as of other fruits. He stated that 
the growers on the eastern side of the state were having the best success with growing 
the plum upon its own root. A fungous disease causing foliage to turn yellow has been 
working in the orchards of Mr. Perry, and he has found that those trees sprayed with the 
lime and sulphur were not troubled while adjacent trees were badly affected. In his 
section the mid-season varieties were more profitable than the late or early ones. As tothe 


18 ; 


138 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


cultivation of the sweet cherries, Mr. Perry follows the clean method for about four seasons, 
using cover crops, when the ground is allowed to go to sod. The growth between the 
rows of trees is cut about twice each season thereafter and the material spread about the 
trees as a mulch. He does not prune heavy—only the dead limbs are removed after the 
fourth year. His product is marketed in quart packages and crates. 

R. A. Smythe, of Berrien county, said that he had received the same result from the 
lime and sulphur wash as did Mr. Perry. He followed this with the Bordeaux mixture, 
and trees thus treated were not badly affected with the disease causing the yellow leaves. 
Mr. Gebhardt thinks the method of clipping the cherries and allowing them to fall upon 
a sheet below the tree where they are sorted by women and children is quite as rapid as 
the old plan of picking directly from the limbs into the basket. The Windsor and Na- 
poleon have given Mr. Perry better satisfaction than any other of his 38 varieties of sweet 
cherries. He believed the excessive cracking of fruit was largely due to too liberal cul- 
tivation. 

As to the query, ‘‘Would it be desirable for the Michigan fruit growers to establish an 
agency to divert foreign laborers to the farmers?” it was stated by Mr. Ward that he en- 
deavored to secure Japanese and Chinese while in the west but the little difference in the 
wages paid there and here was not enough to make it worth while for the men to come. 
Secretary Bassett reported that Mr. Hale, of Connecticut, is now employing Italians with 
good success. : 

““To what extent is it advisable to store the apple crop on the farm?” Let the storage 
people have that work to do, was the opinion of Edward Hutchins, of Allegan county, 
who thought the work so exacting in the conditions demanded for the successful keeping 
of the crop that it called for the full attention of some man, or men, who was particu- 
larly prepared for the duty. Another grower was of the opinion that in a series of ten 
years the man who sold his apples in the fall would be ahead of the one who stored. A 
third testified that the cold storage paid. His cellar was small, but it permitted him to 
hold his crop until the price was right, or the very fact that he had a cellar was a good 
factor in moving the buyer to offer better figures for the apples in the field, since he knew 
that the grower could store if necessary. Many of the failures reported of fruit rotting 
in large commercial cold storages are due to the handling that the fruit had previous to 
the storing. The cellar of Chas. Wilde, of Kent county, was cited as a very successful one. 
The opinion seemed to prevail that where one is located near a good market he can afford to 
have a storage, but if his market is some distance it is better to get the fruit in a cold 
storage near where it is to be sold. The largest number of cellars described did the cool- 
ing by letting in cool air during the night and closing all doors and windows during the 

ay time. 


GENERAL CARE OF A COMMERCIAL APPLE ORCHARD, 


(EDWARD HUTCHINS, FENNVILLE.) 


The Michigan apple seems destined to again take its place of prominence in the markets 
in the near future—at least in point of quality if not quantity. The supply of apples 
in the principal markets of this country is reported as liberal, but on a recent visit to 
Chicago, very few Michigan apples were exposed for sale. Many New York apples were 
there and quite a supply from Missouri, but not so the Michigan fruit. This is probably 
due to the fact that only a comparatively small number of the Michigan orchards are cared 
for in a manner to produce apples of the finest quality such as the market now demands, 
and yet those who are giving the necessary attention to the production of first class apples 
are realizing good returns for their labor. And the probabilities are that in the very 
near future only the best grades of apples will be grown, not only in Michigan but in all 
parts of the country. The various insects and diseases that have thus far attacked the 
apple have made the production of good fruit difficult but have only lowered the grade 
and to an extent reduced the quantity. They have not put the negligent grower out of 
business. The probabilities now are, however, that the gan Jose scale, which is rapidly 
spreading over the orchards of the State, will in a very few years destroy all of the orchards 
that are not properly cared for. For only the thoroughgoing fruit grower, who gives 
proper care to his orchards Will provide the necessary conveniences for combatting the 
scale, and others will succumb. ‘There is therefore a bright outlook for the enterprising 
apple grower who has the courage and confidence to incur the trouble and expense necessary 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 139 


to grow good fruit. The proper care of a commercial apple orchard is then a live and 
pertinent subject. 

The five fundamental principles of fruit growing all find a place of greater or less im- 
portance in handling a commercial apple orchard, viz.: Pruning, spraying, cultivating, 
fertilizing and thinning. In all of these only general suggestions may be given and much 
must be learned by experience. 

In the work of pruning one may learn profitable lessons by observing the practices and 
methods of others. In riding through the country it will be noticed that in the older 
orchards the bearing wood has been trained away from the trunk and away from the earth. 
Many will be seen that require a ladder at least forty feet long in order to reach the fruit. 
The bearing branches are pruned to a small tuft on the outer end of long bare limbs, thus 
forcing the sap to traverse an extensive stretch of rough, dry bark before it can reach 
the fruit and growing surface. Other instances may be found where the farmers have 
perhaps improved on this error by neglecting the matter of pruning, with the result that 
the tops of the trees are more after the fashion of an elevated hedge. Neither class is 
expected to grow fruit of the best quality. Not the least objectionable feature of such 
orchards is the extreme difficulty of reaching all parts of the tops with the various spray 
mixtures. Now, there are a few rules that may be stated that should govern the work 
of pruning apple trees. Of course all dead or dying branches should be removed. Those 
that are crossing or chafing should be cut away to prevent this interference, also those 
growing towards the center of the tops. Water sprouts should be cut out except possibly 
one that may be trained to fill an unnecessarily large opening. Any branches that are 
growing more vigorously than the others should be headed back to preserve a symmetrical 
head. The lower branches may be pruned to suit the grower’s convenience in cultivating. 
If one is provided with tools suitable for reaching under the tops they may be left quite 
low. The lower the better. In forming the tops while the trees are young care should 
be taken not to leave too many branches so that the cutting away of large limbs later 
may be avoided. Then, when the trees have reached a sufficient height the usual practice 
should be reversed and instead of cutting the wood out of the inside of the tops the cutting 
Should be around the outside, and the trees should be headed back and the thinning out 
done then. The tops should be open enough and low enough so that all parts of the tree 
can be readily reached with the spray mixtures and so that the sun can reach every part 
of the tree at some time during the day. Very large openings should be avoided, however, 
prune moderately, especially if the trees are old. If pruning has been neglected don’t 
try to do it all at once. Better take two or three years if necessary. 

Probably no part of the work of orchard care is more important than spraying. These 
essentials must be observed, viz.: Timeliness, thoroughness and the proper mixtures. 
The man who makes spraying an incidental matter, a chore that may be done at most any 
time when other farm work is not pressing, is sure to make a failure. The work must be 
done at the proper time to be of much avail—and three or four days will often make a 
large difference in the results. If one has much orchards a power sprayer will be almost 
a necessity. In ten acres of large trees it will be found a paying investment. In any case 
avoid cheap pumps, and good hose, extension rods that do not leak and good nozzles 
are not less important. While the Vermorel nozzle is the one that is universally recom- 
mended and no doubt makes the most ideal spray of any on the market I find little use 
for them in spraying large apple trees for the reason that they do not carry the spray 
farenough. It is impossible to reach all parts of the tree with them unless they are carried 
on a very long rod or on a tower mounted on the spray wagon. It is exceedingly tiresome 
carrying a long rod and quite difficult getting the tower between the trees where the tops 
meet. We use a cluster of Vermorel nozzles in the smaller trees but for the large apple 
trees and with the power pumps we have found nothing that suits us quite so well as the 
Calla nozzle. With these a man standing on the ground with an eight foot extension 
rod can reach the top of a tree thirty feet high and with a very fair spray. 

The directions for preparing the various spray mixtures are frequently published, or 
they may be procured from the State Experiment Station. Ifthe San Jose scale is present 
the lime-sulphur wash should be applied about the time growth starts. If this is not 
required I like to give an early application of clear copper sulphate solution before any 
growth has taken place, using 24 pounds of the sulphate to 100 gallons of water. As the 
buds begin to show color and before the blossoms open an application of Bordeaux mixture 
should be made, adding an arsenite if canker worm or other chewing insect is feared. 
As soon as the petals have fallen another spraying should be given with the Bordeaux 
and arsenite. Two weeks later the trees should again be gone over, using this same mixture, 
and should rain wash either of these applications from the trees the sprayings should be 
repeated. About the first of August the trees should again be sprayed for the late hatched 
codling meth. For this purpose disperéne or arsenate of lead is strongly recommended 


140 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


instead of Paris green. With this work properly done the apple scab and codling moth 
may be quite thoroughly controlled. 

The day has probably passed when apples can be profitably grown on a commercial 
scale without some attention to the conservation of moisture. If the orchard ground 
is needed for pasture more of this can be had by cutting down the trees, and perhaps the 
net profit from the ground will be as large. The method of cultivation will be governed 
by circumstances. If the orchard areas is not too large and straw can be procured at not 
too great cost a mulch of this will serve an excellent purpose both as a means of retaining 
the moisture in the soil and furnishing humus. But in most cases cultivation will be about 
the only feasible recourse. And there is no danger of commencing it too early in the 
season after the ground is in suitable condition to work. The production of fine apples 
requires as careful and thorough attention to cultivation as does that of the best corn. 
The ground should be stirred early and frequently, though shallow, until August. The 
grass mulch may serve a good purpose on a steep hill side or other place where cultivation 
is not practicable but it has not been successfully worked out on a general scale as a sub- 
stitute for horse cultivation on ground where this is feasible. 

And closely allied to the matter of cultivation is that of fertilization, for where this 
has proper attention the work of maintaining a suitable earth mulch is rendered much 
easier. But this is probably the most serious problem that the orchardist has to meet. 
T am convinced that the main demand of cultivated orchards is humus. Any soil that 
is constantly worked, as orchards are, and nothing added in the way of fertilizers soon 
looses the vegetable matter in it and satisfactory crops of any kind could not be expected 
from it. Suppose, for instance, that the attempt were made to grow corn on a piece of 
ground for a series of years. From no ordinary ground could a profitable crop be grown 
for very long. But after thus being improvished until it would no longer grow corn it 
may be put in to oats and seeded down. The oats may be taken off and still further 
impoverish the soil fertility, and yet if there is enough plant food to produce a sod this 
may be turned down and corn may be again grown on this ground without the addition 
of anything in the way of artificial fertilization. Such is the effect of vegetable matter 
in the soil in the production of crops. Similar results might be secured by the liberal use 
of green stable manure. But without this element of humus no crop could be grown 
with very much success even by the application of the various elements of plant food 
found in commercial fertilizers. This being the case with ordinary farm crops it is not 
reasonable to expect that orchard trees growing on soils where the humus has been wholly 
exhausted by a number of years of continuous cultivation will prove an exception to this 
rule. Where cultivation has been neglected and the orchard allowed to stand in sod 
the condition is not so serious, but where constant and thorough cultivation is practiced 
this condition exists and is more and more aggravated as the practice is continued. And 
if the old sod is broken up and the expectation is to keep up a system of thorough cultiva- 
tion this condition must be anticipated. The advice is frequently given to apply stable 
manure to the orchard, and this is good for the orchard soil, but bad for the other ground 
which produced the crops from which this manure was made. Farmers who make a 
business of raising stock would not for a moment entertain the suggestion of selling any 
of their manure off from the farm. Neither stock men nor dairymen make any more 
manure than they want to put back on their land, and to take it off from that land and 
put it on the orchard is no better on the land that produced it than is selling it or removing 
it in any other way. It is evident, then, that dependence on the stable for fertilizer for 
the orchard is not a wise practice. At home we have to buy much of the feed that we use 
so we feel justified in putting the manure on the orchards but we keep too few animals 
to produce very much so that this supply does not go far. We have at different times 
experimented with commercial fertilizers but without visible results. Last season we 
only used a ton of a very fair grade of prepared fertilizer in various experiments but so 
far as we have been able to discover this far we are out just the cost of the material and 
the cost of applying it. We have used it with the hope of increasing the growth of the 
cover crop late in the season but could detect no difference between the fertilized and 
unfertilized ground in this respect. Some may contend that this is because there was 
plenty of plant food in the soil already, but I am inclined to attribute it to a lack of humus. 

We may in part restore this element by the use of cover crops that shall entrap the leaves 
as they fall, and the deterioration will be less rapid if the work is commenced before humus 
exhaustion has advanced very far, as a much larger crop of this kind may be grown if 
the work is taken up early, and systematically carried on from the time the sod is first 
broken up. And the kind of crop we attempt to grow is important. Last summer I 
sowed my apple orchards to German millet just after the last good rain in August but a 
severe drouth succeeded and the seeding was a total failure. The ground was in fine 
condition to go through the drouth but the loss of the cover crop and the consequent loss 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL -REPORT. 141 


of the leaves was serious. I have thus far found the best success with oats. Next summer 
I think I shall try mixing rape with the oats. 

Perhaps the suggestion that thinning the apples where the fruit has set too thickly 
can be profitably done will be received with some questioning. After quite a little ex- 
perience I am convinced that it can be, however. I have found in different instances 
that from one-half to three-fourths of the apples may be taken off from some trees and yet 
the quantity of fruit be apparently as large as though none had been removed. Last 
season a large tree of yellow transparent apples set the fruit so thickly that the fruit was 
very small. Less than two barrels of fruit was culled out from among the other apples 
and the rest were left on the tree, they were so small. In fact those that were gathered 
were hardly large enough to be merchantable. In probably a half day a man would have 
taken off from three-fourths to seven eighths of the small apples at an expense of 75 cents, 
and if this had been done at the proper time the result would have been five or six barrels 
of good apples worth $2.00 per barrel, or $1.70 without the barrel. Seventy-five cents 
expended in thinning would have increased the returns from that tree over $5.00. One 
who has practiced making two pickings of the early varieties of apples must have noticed 
what a remarkable growth the later ones have made after half of the crop has been re- 
moved at the first picking. 

In counting the cost of thinning fruit men are prone to forget that the picking has to 
be done in any event if the fruit is harvested, and no more motions are required to pick 
apples and drop them on the ground than to place them in baskets. Wages are not so 
high at thinning time as they are at the season of gathering and it is quite probable that 
it will be found by careful experiment that the entire expense of thinning and gathering 
combined will be little if any more than that of gathering alone where thinning had been 
neglected in cases where it was needed. The difficulty is that help is frequently lacking 
when needed: at thinning time. 

In conclusion, if you have a good thrifty apple orchard it is worth taking care of. It 
is the most promising piece of ground on your farm. 

The discussion was led by Mr. James Halstead, of Wayne county. ‘The success Mr. 
Halstead has had in the production of apples made his talk particularly interesting to the 
audience. He contended that all the diseases put together did not destroy as many 
trees aS excessive pruning. His method of shaping the tops is to permit the limbs to 
droop as they will and then as the lower limbs die for want of air and sunshine cut them 
out. Only dead brush and such watersprouts as do not fill up an otherwise open space, 
are removed. He argues that it is unnecessary to prune so that one can drive underneath 
trees. Where the limbs come so close to the ground the soil is shaded sufficiently to re- 
quire no cultivation. This also brings the tops near the pruner, sprayer, and picker. 
Bordeaux mixture is compounded by using two pounds of lime to every pound of copper 
sulphate, and 100 gallons of water is mixed with each seven pounds of the copper sulphate. 
Mr. Halstead believes that excessive lime is beneficial. This opinion was concurred in 
by many others. He always trys to spray with the wind. His orchards have not been 
plowed in twenty years. Mulching is practiced. In new plantings corn is grown the first 
year, the second season the ground is seeded to clover and the soil about the trees is stirred 
four or five times with the hoe. As to varieties, it was suggested that the best way to 
get satisfactory results is to learn well the conditions to be met and select kinds to suit. 


RENOVATING NEGLECTED APPLE ORCHARDS. 


The first point made by L. R. Hunter, of Oakland county, who has had much experience 
in the production of apples, was that the owner should first decide whether it is worth 
while to try and renovate the old trees or not. Often the varieties are so poor in quality 
that the fruit would be worth but little if grown. Or the trees may be so far gone that 
care given would be wasted by not reviving in them enough life to grow fruit. The renova- 
ting should begin with pruning. This is quite essential as was illustrated by the speaker. 
An old orchard was sprayed four times one season before any pruning was done which 
gave no beneficial results. Two years later the spraying followed a moderate pruning 
and $800 worth of apples were harvested. A space wide enough for the sprayer to pass 
should be cut clear between the rows of trees each way of the orchard. Restore the humus 
to the soil. This can be done with barnyard manure, mulch and cover crops if they will 
grow. Mr. Hunter believes in plowing the ground beneath the trees as it aids in destroy- 
ing fungous diseases. Cultivating the soil is beneficial even if it cannot be done thoroughly 
on account of the roots. He argues with many others that the San Jose scale is a blessing 
to the fruit industry, for it will rid the trade of the product grown by careless men. The 
ordinary man is not likely to meet the conditions required to successfully combat the scale 
which will tend to limit the fruit business to those making a specialty of it. 

EK. P. Simmons, of Wayne county, opened the discussion. Mr. Simmons believes in 


142 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


mulching. He has received good results from practicing it. If, however, mulching 
material cannot be had he would then cultivate. From other men who spoke throughout 
the meeting it seems that the growers on the west side of the State and those on the east 
side differ generally as to the value of cultivation as compared with mulching—the western 
men keeping the ground in the orchard clean in the spring and early summer, following 
with cover crop, while the eastern men lean toward sod culture. It should not 
be assumed from this that the eastern men are behind the times but that the conditions 
they have to meet appear to warrant what they do. Mr. Simmons impressed his hearer 
with the necessity of thorough spraying and favored light pruning annually to heavy 
cutting away of tops every three or four years. 

In the general discussion following a rather humorous argument took place in which 
a grower stated that he did not mix his Paris green with the Bordeaux mixture as he 
thought it gave the spray a taste that was not to the liking of the millers (codling moth). 
Prof. Taft then said that the millers did not eat because they had no mouth parts but rather 
sucked up their food through a tube-like appendage. The grower then reported that 
if the miller, “which he was still after” sucked, he would surely get the liquid upon the 
limbs while they were in the moistened condition. Prof. Taft closed the debate by stating 
that the control of the scab and fungous diseases was more essential during the early 
part of the season than the spraying for the codling moth and therefore the Bordeaux 
should be given first consideration. It was also argued that if the Bordeaux was distasteful 
to the moth it would act as a repellent. 


THE SAN JOSE AND OTHER LITTLE THINGS. 


In his characteristic clear and logical manner, Prof. Taft, of the Agricultural College, dealt 
with this important subject. He asked all those who were able to identify the San Jose 
scale to raise their hands, whereupon about one-fourth of the audience responded. When 
asked, “‘Who have it in their orchards?” a very large majority of the right hands in the 
room were in the air. This, with the close attention given to Prof. Taft’s talk, showed 
that the pest is the one great concern of the fruit growers of that section of the State. 
The scale attacks all kinds of fruit and a very large number of our ornamental plants. 
There seems to be some varieties that are more enjoyed than others by the little insects 
—for example, the sour cherry is not likely to be badly attacked although cases are known 
to the contrary. : 

On the fruit the scale may be seen as a red spot with a black dot in the center. There 
are similar black dots and red spots that are the result of a fungous disease. The scale 
can be told from the fungous by passing the thumb nail over the spot and if the black dot 
is easily removed it is the scale. 

The oyster shell bark louse was next described so that it would not be mistaken for 
the San Jose scale. ‘The shell of this louse is long and much larger than that of the scale. 
If the scale is crushed, oil exudes, which is not the case with the oyster shell. The 
scurfy scale is about eight or ten times as large as the San Jose scale. 

In treating for the scale one should first. prune away all parts of the tree that can be 
wisely removed and burn the prunings. Then if one is sure he can give the time when it 
is demanded, just before the blossoms begin to swell apply a spray of lime and sulphur 
wash. If time is pressing then it can be done earlier. The wash is made by using fifteen 
pounds of sulphur, 25 pounds of lime, to each 50 gallons of water. Place 20 gallons of 
water in a kettle or barrel, if steam is used for boiling, and heat near to the boiling point. 
Put in the lime (stone) and allow to slake when the sulphur which is made into a paste 
by the addition of a little water, is added and the mixture thoroughly stirred. ‘The liquid 
is then boiled for about an hour, after which sufficient water is put in to make up the re- 
. quired 50 gallons. This water need not be warmed. If, however, one can secure warm 
water for this purpose he can cook a more concentrated solution and thereby manufacture 
a larger amount of the spray at one time. es : 

Bordeaux need not be mixed with the lime and sulphur as it is a fungicide of merit. 
This saves the spraying with the Bordeaux just before blossoming time. The lime and 
sulphur cleans the trees of old bark. One should go over the trees and allow the spray 
to dry, after which all parts that are seen uncovered can be readily coated. 


BEAUTIFYING THE HOME SURROUNDINGS, 


Prof. L. R. Taft very kindly took up the discussion of the theme in a manner that was 
greatly enjoyed. After a short preliminary talk on the general consideration that should 
be given to the home surroundings, the speaker dwelt upon the importance of a good 
lawn and the care of the same. It is the background of the whole landscape and for this 
reason should receive the best attention. Often inthe towns and cities it becomes necessary 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 143 


to terrace the lawn next to the street so as to prevent washing away during storms. This 
arrangement makes it difficult to run the lawn mower well as it is essential to mow the grass 
often to get a good lawn and keep it so, the condition should have consideration and if 
convenient to overcome such a course would be wise. It was suggested that if the slope 
be extended more, terracing can often be done away with. In the opinion of Prof. Taft 
blue grass generally gives better satisfaction under ordinary circumstances than mixed 
grasses as the latter are quite apt to contain noxious seeds and grow unevenly. Prepare 
the ground thoroughly and clear it of all obstacles, stones, sticks, roots, ete. Do not allow 
the grass to become too large as in cutting the excessive growth will need to be removed, 
which will lessen the fertility of the lawn or if left to remain on the ground will smother 
the roots. 

Where the front yard is small the shade tree should not be placed between the house 
and the road or street but should at least be as far back as the line of the house. Use 
hardy perennials for decorating. Allow the vines to run over the porch and its supports 
and the walls of the house. Border plants are used along the edges of the lawn. If it 
is desired to cut the lot off from a neighbor’s or to cover the back yard from public view 
it can be accomplished with the border plants. Some of the plants mentioned were the 
hardy phlox, Japanese barberry, which was recommended for hedge planting asit is beautiful 
healthful and free of insects, and hydrangia. This last plant makes a good shrub when 
allowed to grow unhampered, but if one desires to produce large flowers it is necessary 
to feed it well and head it heavily so as to force the food from the roots into a few vigorous 
shoots. One should avoid shrubs that are subject to attack by the San Jose scale. The 
hardy perennials require but little care. 

In using bedding plants do not make the mistakes of so many insbreaking up the lawn 
with flower beds. Place them along the borders where they will harmonize the house 
or shrubbery with the lawn and where the lawn mower will not be bothered by them. 
Prof. Taft closed his interesting address by recommending the use of window boxes, which 
are made attractive during their season and when not in use can be removed and put away 
out of sight. 

The subject was thrown open for discussion, whereupon Mr. Graley, of Oakland county, 
described his lawn and flower garden and methods of caring for the same. His grounds 
are so planned that a great deal of the work can be done with a horse; for example, his 
flower garden is so situated that he can cultivate it when the garden crops are worked. 
Then, too, his plan of having a certain time of each week to care for this part of the farm 
is one that should be recommended to all who desire to get the best out of the plantings 
about the farm buildings. He does this work each Saturday afternoon. 


DEAD LEAVES OR GROWING GRAIN, 
(B. L. KEASEY, SOUTH HAVEN.) 


This life is a lease that is given us mortals, 
To test us as tenants upon God’s great farm. 
We move through our term—pass from portal to portal— 
And at. death leave: our records of worth or of harm. 
Yes, we pass’ down the furrows of Michigan’s acres, 
Producing her harvests, and binding her sheaves, 
While others hang back; and as loafers or fakirs, 
Leave naught to the world but a bunch of dead leaves. 


The fences and ditches along life’s great highway 
Are choked with the waste from the wood and the field. 
And the dead leaves that flutter cross your way, and my way, 
Are teachers of nature; a lesson revealed. 
They are remnants of greatness—a past, robed in splendor. 
But, in death, idly tossed by each hurrying breeze; 
Yet, in passing us by, this thought they engender, 
That they once were a part of our beautiful trees. 


Let’s compare this grand thought to the slothful ones round us. 
To those men who’re as dead as the leaves in their path. 

- They are blocks to all progress—and often confound us— 
And are seldom remembered in life’s aftermath. 


144 


STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Yet, they once played a part in some fond mother’s yearnings. 
Were once a sweet babe on some fair mother’s breast. 

They were leaves on life’s tree; and the mother’s discernings 
Seen hopes for the babe that she loved and caressed. 


But, the weak germ of manhood had dwarfed in his growing. 
He failed as a power, and fell like the leaves. 
And today he stands idle; no life or light showing— 
While his farm and home stands as but tares among sheaves. 
These tumble down homesteads are poor advertisers. 
They blurr every landscape, and fetter all pride. 
And their owners, like leaves, if, in -ground fertilizer, 
Would spell all their worth to our state fair and wide. 


Our trees will soon wake to the voices of springtime; 
And the earth will grow mellow beneath the warm sun. 
The ice fettered streamlet will break from its moorings 
And hustle away on its long ocean run. 
So awake and be ready to start with the season. 
Arise with the lark; and past losses retrieve. 
For to falter in this is but one form of treason— 
Thus clogging life’s stream with a bunch of dead leaves. 


These are not idle words put in rhyme for your pleasure, 
But a true urgent plea from a farmer like you. 
I suffer life’s hardships and cares without measure; 
And I know how you feel when you’re down and look blue. 
Yet, I’ve found for these ailments a great panacea. 
And, before I apply it—I roll up my sleeves, 
And I fly into work with the single idea, 
That sunshine lurks somewhere among my dead leaves. 


How oft; when I rise in the bright early mornings, 
And hark to the waking of nature’s great world, 
How my heart leaps in rapture at earths fair adorning— 
Its homes, from whose chimneys the smoke upward curled. 
And the welcoming birds from the branches above me, 
Inspires my days with their sweet glad refrain. 
Yes, I lose every thought of the dead leaves about me, 
And see but the fields with their rich growing grain. 


There’s joy in the thought that we’re part of creation, 
And to know that we’re first at the Giver’s right hand. 
We fashion the food for the entire nation— 
Through the fruits from our orchards, and grains from our land. 
Aye, it seems that this fact would arouse every being 
To strive for the highest there is in success. 
It seems that ’twould coax every soul into seeing— 
The intrinsic worth of the realm we possess. 


From the loftiest throne, or the kings gilded palace— 
From the capitol’s dome to the laborer’s cot, 
Comes the voices of millions who sip from our chalice 
Or feed from the stores that our labors have brought. 
We are kings under bondage! Yet, we stay the world’s hunger! 
And the deep laden ship—and the long winding train— 
Would rot at their moorings or rust as waste plunder 
Should the farmer cease raising his fruit, stock, and grain. 


Could I say the one word that would start into action, 
The hearts of discouraged ones here in this room— 
Could this poem contain the one central attraction; 
Of brushing the shadows from some body’s gloom— 
Could I roll back the curtain that shuts out the sunlight; 
And place in each path but a single sweet rose— 
I’d return to my home a keen satisfaction 
In doing my mite toward the weary’s repose. 


Packing Tent of President C. B. Cook, Owosso 
Quart baskets of fancy strawberries are wrapped in paraffin paper 


A Prolific Delaware Vine in the Munson Vineyards 


“Vinecroft ’’ Vineyards of W. K. Munson, Grand Rapids 


Sul[p23 3 AjUnod evuvsg uy ‘wnjq voswed asung AyuNO purylyeO ‘uosipoor jo ‘Arad “YH “ff JO PAkwyAO YIN pog 


Fancy Strawberries Grown By Chas. B. Welch, Douglas 


An Ideal Low Headed Peach Tree in Orchard of Chas. B. Welch, Douglas 


SIALIGMEAUS JO $2198 USAIS WOLF 009°7 429A0 p[os ADWYLIR] “LYAl ose sivak OM L “uosvas jsed ay} Ssulnp 


000% Papr22oxa JO[ I1d¥ QZ SIYI Wor JIMA fo safes IY “UBSIYTYy JO BNsUIUad UAIYIONY PY} JO SI [Iqissod feanypnoyaoy ay} IZI[wa1 O} BSuruurBaq A[Uo aw ah 


THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 145 


I want the vast ranks of our great rural nation, 
To awake to the power that lies in our hands. 
We are no longer serfs! Let us rise in our station— 
And stand for the dignity due our broad lands. 
I want the farm home to be wreathed in the beauty 
That’s told through the notes of dame Nature’s refrain. 
And I want every farmer to feel it his duty 
To cradle his swath down through Life’s golden grain. 


That cold chisled marble that stands as a heading, 
To mark the lone grave of the mortal below,— 
Is a mighty poor tribute—and a cheap sleazy spreading, 
To fling o’er a life that has shed its last glow; 
But, to him who has lived with an eye to earth’s beauties— 
And has studded Life’s pathway with flowers and trees, 
He has builded his monument out of his duties 
And they whisper his requiem, when touched by the breeze. 


‘Tis the home with its trees; its lawn and its flowers; 
That stand as an index to those neath its roof, 
"Tis the clean tasty farm with its cool shady bowers 
That builds up its owner—and writes out his proof— 
And the same thing holds true with the man void of spirit. 
He’s a slip in life’s cogs—and a blurr on God’s plans! 
His home’s a disgrace; and we see—as we near it— 
But a bunch of dead leaves that is left on our hands. 


I’ve a picture to hang ‘fore your eyes before parting— 
Tis a lawn, checked by sun spots that sifts through green trees. 
There are children at play; their long journey—just starting— 
Life’s sunbeams—midst flowers—all tossed by the breeze. 
There’s a cottage—not grand—yet, its home like surroundings 
Are welding gold links in the child’s memory chain— 
And, when time sets her brake—and the footsteps cease bounding, 
Green paths will lead back to sweet childhood’s refrain. 


Friends, what’s your life mission; wasted effort, or sheaves? 
Is it rich growing grain, or a drift of dead leaves? 


SECOND DAY. 


The first session of the second day was opened with invocation by Rev. Collins, of the 
local M. E. church, who also favored the audience with a few well chosen words touching 
upon the relation of horticultural work of the state and community to the work in which 
he was interested—holding that such an occupation tends to develop the saner element 
in man more than those vocations that keep men away from nature. 

As the local growers and those from different sections of the State were vitally interested 
in the San Jose scale the discussion of the afternoon previous was continued. Regarding 
the advisability of mixing Bordeaux with the lime and sulphur wash, Prof. Taft urged 
that such a combination was unnecessary as the lime and sulphur was a very efficient 
fungicide- and accomplished every purpose of the Bordeaux mixture. It is therefore 
a waste of time and expense to combine these two materials. The professor then drew 
attention to the importance of using iron apparatus for handling the lime and sulphur 
as brass and copper is easily corroded by the mixture. 

What varieties of apples, if any, are least subject to the San Jose scale? To this Prof. 
Taft responded that kinds with slender firm wood are generally less liable to be 
affected than those having soft wood. The Northern Spy was mentioned as one not much 
troubled by the scale. The Keiffer pear is also avoided by the insect as it often is by man. 

As to the standard of quality to be considered in the planting of commercial apple 
orchards, it seems to be the general opinion that the future market is going to demand 
a fruit that has the quality. While at the present time color, fine appearance and size 
seem to be the leading factors in the trade, yet it is gradually coming to be observed that 


19 


146 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


the consumer is getting wise, is less often tempted by the color, and ‘‘ wants to be shown.” 
However, the varieties that combine these attractive features with a desirable flavor and ~ 
keeping quality are sure to secure first place on the future market. Some of the varieties 
named during the discussion were Steels Red, Wagener, Northern Spy, Hubbardston, 
Shiawassee Beauty, Grimes Golden and Winter Banana. 


ESSENTIALS FOR FRUIT GROWING. 


“The first thing to be considered in determining whether to take up the fruit business 
is the man himself,” was the opening thought of an able address by Mr. T. A. Farrand, 
of Eation county, upon the above subject. And in making this determination the man’s 
love for fruit is the most important part of his fitness. He-will also need to be persistent, 
for the many trials and disappointments that are in the path of the successful fruit grower 
will certainly overcome a faint-hearted man. Good judgment is of the same advantage 
here as it is in all businesses. The party contemplating pursuing this work should be so 
situated that he can be on the ground and he should have capital to perform duties on 
the moment when they will do most good for a delay often defeats the purpose of the work. 
After satisfying one’s self that he is the right kind of a man to perform horticultural pursuits 
he should proceed to find out what fruit is particularly adapted to the conditions at hand. 
If some kind is fitted that is not to the liking of the person then he would wisely change 
to a place where his choice can be grown to the best advantage, or not attempt at all if 
he desires to succeed commercially. Besides studying conditions for selecting the kind 
and varieties of fruit the grower should make it a part of his duties to get acquainted 
with the insects and diseases that he is to combat, get in touch with the successful pro- 
ducers in his locality and State, build up a horticultural library, keep before himself 
current horticultural literature, and in fact bring everything that will make him a master 
of the situation to focus upon the business. 


IN AND AROUND THE HOME. 


In dealing with this theme Mrs. 8S. C. Taylor, of Oakland county, defined the relation 
of farm homes to the country, emphasizing the point that the country citizens are the 
“stay of the land.’’ The people of the cities are speculative and would blindly lead us 
on to no one knows where, were it not for the conservatism of the rural folk. But to keep 
ourselves as “‘the salt of the land” it is important that our rural homes be protected from 
the evil that is rampant in our towns and cities, for the close intercourse brought about 
by the rapid means of communication is certain to acquaint our country youth with the 
evil as well as the good of the centers of population. We must, therefore, see to it that 
our homes are made strong against invasion by filling them with the purest manhood 
and womanhood that education, culture, and devotion to the highest things in life can 
make, which will resist the temptation to do wrong and permit the building of a citizen- 
ship that will outdo the craftiness of evil. She closed her most excellent paper with the 
thought that such work as fruit growing makes men and women more capable of uplifting 
society because of the independent and healthful life it tends to promote. 


PEACHES FOR PROFIT. 
(ROBERT A. SMYTHE, BENTON HARBOR). 


When the subject ‘‘Peaches for profit” was first assigned to me, I must confess I was 
at a loss to know what view of the subject to take; but as no other paper to be read before 
this meeting was devoted to the peach, I decided to present as much matter as possible 
on the subject in the time allowed me. 

We will first consider peaches from a commercial standpoint, since information in this line 
is aS necessary to a successful peach grower as to a man in any other occupation. 

I consider peaches to be one of the most profitable fruit crops grown, even in the face 
of the recent October freeze, San Jose scale, Yellows and Little Peach; and I further be- 
lieve that peaches will pay better in the next ten years than they have in the ten years 
just past; I am not attempting to tell you any short road to success, or any quick-get- 
rich scheme. 

No doubt you have all read enough in the recent magazines and periodicals of the short 
road to riches through poultry raising, squabs, mushrooms, etc.; but strange to say these 
wonderful successes lie beyond our ken. I smile to myself when I know of people going 
into poultry raising, counting on what this or that old hen will do in the way of egg pro- 


THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 147 


duction—what young “‘fries”’ will bring in the early season, etc. The saying, ‘‘ Don’t 
count your chickens before they are hatched” must have had its origin with some learned 
chicken fancier; but putting aside all jesting, no doubt there 7s money in the chicken 
business if one understands how to mine the gold. 

I once heard our worthy president say, “‘that he believed a man to be successful with 
chickens should be half hen,”’ and perhaps this may account for the success many women 
have along this line. 

Now I am not at all certain what a man should be made of to be successful with peaches 
—surely not half tree—and still when one sees some men growing (or not growing) peach 
trees, one is sorely tempted to call them sticks. 

Many of the failures made in peach growing might be traced to stupidity; please do not 
imagine that I am posing as a model peach grower, as I must too confess to having 
done many stupid things. However I am not here to tell you of my failures, or those of 
any other person, but that peach raising is a profitable business. 

Since I am to talk on the profit in peaches, I will give you as definite information on the 
subject as I have been able to secure. 

A gentleman who gave me the following figures is not, strictly speaking, in a peach 
. locality; still as the result shows he has succeeded in making money and we must concede 

that his location is not bad. 

He had 50 acres in peaches that were 12 years old. From the 50 acres he took during 
that period 38,000 bushels of good, bad and indifferent peaches that sold for enough money 
to pay all expenses, taxes on the land, six per cent interest on the valuation of $100.00 
per acre and allowed him a salary; leaving him besides all this 33 cents net per bushel. 
Thirty-eight thousand bushels at 33 cents per bushel gave him a profit of $12,540 or $250.80 
per acre for the 12 years; or $20.90 per acre per year—which is 20 per cent on $100.00. 

Do you know of any legitimate business that a man can engage in for a term of 12 years, 
in which he can make more money? ‘The gentleman who gave me the above figures said 
the trees bore only five crops in the 12 years; a tree doesn’t bear fruit until it is five years 
old, and if it lives until it is 15 years old it will hardly bear oftener than each alternate 
year, making six crops in 15 years; we cannot figure on trees living to be 15 years old, 
still many live 20 years and many die before eight seasons have passed over their heads 
so that the -average is about 12 years. ~ 

I am indebted to Prof. Fletcher for the following figures, which were compiled by Mr. 
T. A. Farrand giving the probable cost of an acre of trees from the time the trees were 
set, through a period of ten years. 


Cost of production. 


First Year. 


One acre land at $100.00 per acre with interest at 6 per cent.... $6 00 
Baiiin ge land secpcic oda» Wate sunts te SOS Gets era eer Gein eater ain Sean 3 00 
HOa trees, ati (cents. (20) feet apart) . ig. eas sie 8 aa leera faye oo = 7 28 
EPP UT CES Sirs. ae yptasy nerd pete (ee are eS suai = Cees wispaneh ra was Obedeca Ok 3 00 
Harrowing 5 times, allowing one hour with team for each time. . 1 50 
Ie Dushel oats. 45) CeMts,}/ COVER, CLO 208 oi cyct ete. + Gl Tictlen> a) icin ooze 45 
$21 23 
Second Year. 
SE pag iat NESE er ese te tear coi face vichne ai ciets ithe a las 9. Wate e dielare 4 $6 00 
Aa US RLV ALICA DECOR amen MMe patrol t cal rnin cucte sia utelaccitaliney cen roo eiene 1 50 
Roy PLUDU GUT Cest ak Oe ene ai! cle Bitte. ses olatne sau be mere te aa ah 1 50 
To ploughing orchard and harrowing five times................ 4 50 
Mo muti MCOMCTACLOD case ea tie sey sine we cok tikes ate Seiden arene 75 
14 25 
Third Year. 
PROMINLeRESt ON law ee er or itt aa cms Lnat had ce, Nnee $6 00 
ice NER VANE UTEER yt. ae ns eo eater eo elec aoe G aroltcn oe ore see oo 3 00 
PROM ETEUIEIN ES LECER sc Nc! 0k scihe ee coe) Cae aie aa atone shaee ie etyete metcueheeeect 3 00 
Hoppiouskinp and Culbivation. Giese sista healed ae alee dee eee ees 4 50 
Aceon ia aan COMET) CLOp it bers =o eu, o cote ee nine a te oe ohne 8 fe 


148 STATE HORTICULTURAL -SOCIETY. 


Fourth Year, 


To nuerest “On land Pcs caer tre es fetes See ere et re $6 00 
RoW prayins GES. Meee cee ee Sich s eee neural ae eee amen 4 50 
gs PrUning brees! ore: hss oie aet. Siete, Cees ca ene i 4 50 
Lo plowing “and “euitivabinge...: cs ssa une Aorta se cee tne 4 50 
Lo puLtlOy 1 “COVEr “CLOP Mite = soe mee crate meee eres ace eee 75 
To 50 bushels wood ashes at 5 cents per bushel................ 2 50 
oa $22 75 
Fifth Year. 
MoSall “expenses co iS. ATi Na) Bis GRAS es EI ees os de ae eT 28 00 
‘otal for five “years one ee ee ae Se ee a eee $103 48 
I estimate that for the next five years the cost will be $40.00 per acre per yearor. $200 00 
Bint five: years “expenses. iy ighikai tee hak cient sie een SAPO et eae Waa ee 103 48 
Total.expenses ion> one acre;for\ten’ ‘years.+-74- 2s pened ay Sater a $303 48 
The average yield per tree for ten years would be some where around 10 bushels 
With sl04 trees/aniaere, bushels. {15.070 oss o cee eee sem Senne 1,040 
Cost of production $303.50+1,040 bushels equals per bushel.............. $0 29 
Bushell baskets ab. 12) Cents: 8 sree sens tein ioonlenr dat tach Oye een he canoe 12 
$0 41 
Backing wand Marketing sorcucsie aajpaieus de mak oc sissciahe ees dhe bei erage Niele ee 04 
SO Gots ean ges yc. pe spate ws SAS eyes et esas Dasa cites ET nate EON Mera Se $0 45 


The additional cost of fertilizing would bring it 50 cents total. 

While the above cost of production is higher than many growers would figure it; however 
it is the actual cost of putting first class fruit upon the market which should leave a net 
of from 60 to 75 cents per bushel or a net of from $60.00 to $75.00 per acre per year. 

Prof, Fletcher also gave me the following prices on the cost of production, which were 
obtained from different sources: Prices are for fruit in package at orchard and include 
the average cost of the life of the orchard. 

Mr. Benton Gebhardt, Hart, Mich., 45 to 60 cents per bushel. 

T. C. Wilson, Hannibal, Missouri, 30 cents per bushel. 

W.M. Pratt, Benton Harbor, Mich., 40 cents per bushel. 

Toes, Farrand, Eaton Rapids, Mich., 50 cents per bushel. 

L. .A. Goodman, Kansas City, Missouri, 30 cents per bushel. 

In questioning many different growers, I find that the majority would be satisfied with 
50 cents net, even on land worth $200.00 per acre. 

The outlook for the peach business was never better to the man who is in position to 
wait a few years and possesses the other requirements as well, i. e—location and soil. 

Location is the first point to consider; all other things being favorable, a bad location 
means certain failure; an ideal location for peach trees is a high, rolling elevation where 
the very best air drainage is obtainable; and if the land slopes toward the northwest, so 
much the better; never set peach trees in a hollow, because they are very liable to late 
frost, and the fruit does not color up as well as on trees having a high location; also if the 
weather should be rainy and muggy about ripening season, the peaches will rot very 
quickly; early varieties seem much more susceptible to rot, than later varieties? 

The next point to consider, is soil. This is a great factor in profitable peach growing; 
the best soil is a warm, sandy, loam type, the soil on which oak trees have previously 
grown seems to be the ideal peach soil; it is a mistake to plant peach trees in soil containing 
too large a per cent of nitrogen; the trees grow vigorously, but rarely yield ones fruit 
to more than pay the expense of production. 

Growers from different parts of the State have told me that peaches cannot be profitably 
grown on new land; but after the land has been farmed a few years, trees can be again 
set, and will prove most profitable; this fact is no doubt due to a superabundance of nitrogen 
in the soil, and might not apply to any other kind of fruit trees. 

Now that location and soil have been disposed of, the next consideration is the tree 
to be planted; get the very best tree you can buy, as much depends on the vitality of the 
tree. I prefer small trees, having none of the fibrous roots removed, as they start quicker 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 149 


and make better trees than larger ones with a few large roots which may have been broken 
or injured in being dug out of the nursery, as is so often the case with large trees; such 
trees are not in a condition to grow and prove profitable, as the root system is not adequate 
to support the top. 

I would prefer a nice straight tree, be it ever so small, with none of the buds removed, 
so it can be started to branch whenever one wishes, to a large tree with the fibrous roots 
destroyed, and the buds all trimmed off up to the few branches left to form the top of 
the tree. 

I like the branches started low, not more than 18 inches from the ground; in other 
words, a low branched tree; the expression ‘“‘low headed” tree, I consider a misnomer, 
~ as the top and not the trunk of a tree, is the head, and a low headed tree, is one that has 
been kept low by frequent prunings; the combination of the two is desirable, without 
too much of the head being cut off. 

I hear you say, “how shall we cultivate these low trees?” Until the trees are three 
or four years old they can be plowed, harrowed and cultivated without much trouble; 
after that it is not so easy; but with a disc harrow having an extension, you can get as 
close to the tree as necessary, using an ordinary harrow for smoothing the ground; keep 
the soil as level as possible in your orchard. < 

If you grow a “‘cover crop”’ and you must if you expect the trees to live their allotted 
term of years, you may find difficulty in turning the ‘‘cover crop” under close to the tree 
but you can devise some plan for doing this. I am a great advocate of a ‘‘cover crop” 
to retain fertility in the soil; we cannot afford much expensive fertilizer, but must grow 
green crops to turn under; the land cannot be so exhausted but that with proper growing 
of green crops its original fertility can almost be restored; for this purpose, I like winter 
or sand vetch, as it makes the best crop I can raise on a light, sandy soil, and will do equally 
as well on heavier land; I have tried the different clovers, but find them difficult to grow; 
sometimes they germinate, but if the season chances to be dry they kill out, whereas the 
vetch will lie in the ground until sufficient moisture comes to start it; since the seed is 
about the size of a sweet-pea seed and very hard, there is not much danger of sowing 
it too deep; it makes quite a start in the fall and in the spring following makes a splendid 
growth, and gives a great quantity of humus to plow under; as vetch is one of the legumes 
its roots are covered with the little nodules the same as clover. 

Usually cultivation in the orchard ceases early in July, and vetch is planted as soon after 
as conditions will allow; as there has been a rainy spell in July for several seasons past, 
it is wise to choose this time, thus following the advice of some of the old seed-catalogues 
that tell us to “sow just before a damp spell.” 

The starting of young peach trees in the same soil from which old ones have been re- 
moved, has often been discussed in these meetings. I know of nothing better to add on 
this subject than to give you an account of my own success after several failures. 

Last spring after the field had been staked out, and the holes dug large and deep, some 
good, fresh, virgin soil was hauled from a piece of timber land and about a bushel of it 
was put at every hole; the trees were set right in the new soil; they started in a very short 
time and made a splendid growth. These trees were set in a field that had been planted 
to vetch the previous fall, so after the trees started and the vetch was large enough it was 
plowed under; the weeds were kept down with frequent harrowing, until it: was again 
time for the sowing of vetch, which in turn will be turned under; it is my belief that the 
trees will develop finely if the application of vetch is continued, even though the soil is 
of the lightest sandy texture. 

As to profitable varieties of trees; this is always a perplexing proposition and one is 
naturally prejudiced in favor of the varieties that he himself has successfully grown. 
No white peach would find a place on my farm, unless the Lewis Seedling be excepted, 
it is the best of its kind, but the kind is not of the best; this peach might do for a local 
market, but if it must compete with the southern yellow peaches which flood the market 
at the same season, it is not profitable. _ 

The first yellow peach to ripen in our vicinity, is the St. John; but as it is a very shy 
bearer, it should not be set in large numbers. 

Just following comes the Engels Mammoth; to me this is the finest peach grown; a 
perfect fruit in every respect, except being a little tender for shipping; but if picked at 
Just the right time, it will stand up well; it bears very regularly and you are certain of 
having Engels if you have a peach on the farm. 

Following next in order comes the Kalamazoo and Fitzgerald; the former has proven 
very satisfactory with some of my acquaintances, but personally I do not know enough 
about it to recommend or condemn it; the Fitzgerald has not been satisfactory and I will 
not reset it. 

Very closely following these comes the peach that appears to be the breadwinner wherever 
it grows well, and it seems to be well adapted to many localities and conditions. No 


, 


150 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


doubt you are all familiar with the Elberta and it needs no recommendation from me; 
it is what the peach buying public prefers and willingly pays a good price for. 

A number of good varieties follow the Elberta; where the Gold Drop is well grown and 
the trees very closely thinned, there is nothing better; and this is the peach the housewife 
dotes on for canning purposes. 

Following the Gold Drop is the Lemon Free, a very excellent quality, but not largely 
grown; the Smock, which comes next, is one of the best of all late peaches and always 
pe profitable, coming as it does after the main peach crop is harvested; it bears well, 
put the tree is very brittle, so must not be allowed to carry too heavy a load, as it will 
break badly. 

The latest variety of value is the Salway; it will hardly ripen before the first or middle 
of October, but where it is possible for it to ripen the peach is sure to be fine and the price 
ikewise. 

This is no large list, as you see; I do not believe in growing a great number of varieties, 
but just enough and of the right varieties to have peaches for shipping throughout the 
season. 

The peach business is such an elaborate one that I might talk on indefinitely; I have 
said nothing in regard to spraying, pruning, thinning, packing and marketing and shall 
ne for if you grow peaches, these are all points on which you must work out your own 
salvation. 

At the present time there is so much good literature by practical authorities on all these 
subjects, that a man has no excuse for not being well posted; the Department of Agriculture 
at Washington, and our own State department are ever ready to give aid, and a postal 
card requesting a bulletin on almost any subject conneeted with the farm, will bring you 
the best practical advice you can have. 

; i me Say in closing, the cost of raising peaches or anything else for profit is ‘eternal 
vigilance.” 

Discussion.—Mr. Farrand stated that it would likely be best to prune and cultivate 
less on the east than on the west side of the State. Some varieties need more pruning 
than others, as for example the Engles Mammoth, Elberta, Crosby and Gold Drop. 
From the discussion it was evident that the two sections of the State differ in the varieties 
demanded by the conditions. One should acquaint himself with the kinds that are doing 
best in his immediate locality when determining what to buy. 


BEES WITH THE ORCHARD AND THE GARDEN, 


Because flowers are a common factor in the business of the fruit man and the apiarist 
it is important that the horticulturist consider the keeping of bees, was the first point 
of a very entertaining paper by E. M. Hunt, of Wayne county. He described a swarm 
of bees, how they organize their work, the life history of the workers, etc. Pollen, he said, 
is the ideal food for the young insects which while being gathered by the bees as they go 
about securing it and the nectar is also transmitted to the stigmatic surface of other flowers 
than the one on which it was produced—resulting in the development of superior fruit 
to that grown from cross fertilization in greenhouses. This busy worker has been 
charged with doing harm to grapes; but the truth is not fully known as it is contended 
by many that they only gather the juices after the fruit has been injured. Spraying during 
full bloom of the trees harms the bees and should be avoided. Bees are the fruit growers’ 
insurance. They should be kept for the fruit’s sake alone if not for the profit secured 
from the honey. 


BENEFITS OF COOPERATION, 


David Gage, of Oakland county, was the happy choice of the committee for presenting 
this subject. He pointed out how important it was to work together wherever there is 
a great work to be done. He cited the great struggle between the north and the south 
as an example of cooperation toward oneend. It is needed in our home, church and schools. 
A man that goes into the fruit business should not forget to take his wife into partnership 
with him—let her understand what you are striving to do, permit her to consider the 
details with you and then when the profits come allow her a reasonable portion of the 
harvest. In communities there should be an effort to acquaint one another with the 
condition of the crop so that each will be in a position to talk with buyers when they come 
to contract for the fruit. Ifthe men of the north had been selfish during the civil war 
they could have stayed at home and gained for themselves considerable wealth; but many 
men of such minds would have made a failure of the great cause for which Lincoln and 
his advisers were striving. A failure in the larger work would have made property insecure; 
thus bringing upon the selfish man punishment for his narrow-mindedness. So with the 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 151 


fruit man; if he is selfish he is more than likely to bring failure upon his own business 
should he try to outdo his neighbor by having nothing in common with him. We desire 
that broad liberal loyalty that is always sure of victory in the end. Our government 
is a cooperative one and its spirit should also be found in our business. 


- 


BLOSSOMS AND FRUIT. 


(KITTIE C. MCCOY, WALLED LAKE.) 


It is generally conceded that with the approach of the new year comes the time for new 
plans and new resolutions, but after all there are better plans and more earnest resolutions 
made with the coming of spring. 


As when the softly stepping dawn 
Brings gladness when the night is gone; 
Shakes out her sun-kissed robes of light, 
And puts the shadows all to flight. 

So spring draws near. 


From winter’s hands so icy cold 

She plucks the treasures which they hold; 

With gentle touch, yet firm withal, 

Thrusts back the gloom of winter’s pall 
And gives us cheer. 


As one by one the leaves unfold and the swelling buds open into the full beauty of the 
perfect blossom, hopes which may have slumbered, or may have been buried beneath 
the cares and perplexities of life, spring into new being and whisper of the fulfillment of 
the promises which the buds and blossoms contain. 

There is so much in the spring tide which is suggestive of new life, so much in the re- 
adornment of our beautiful earth that awakens ambition and inspires effort in every true 
lover of nature. Emerson says that ‘‘the lover of nature is he whose inward and outward 
senses are perfectly adjusted to each other, who has retained the spirit of infancy even 
into the era of manhood.” 

The woods, the rocks, the hills, the plains each have a charm of their own, but there 
is an indescribable fascination in the beauty and fragrance of the flowers, for be the blossom 
ever so frail and delicate, and ever so ready to give its petals to the passing breeze, still 
it holds the promise of further blessing in the fruitage of bye and bye. 

There is in every heart a love and admiration, more or less strong, for nature in its 
primal state. The hidden possibilities of garden, field and wood should appeal to every 
one, and there is surely something defective in the makeup of that individual who sees 
no beauty in the flowers, no grandeur in the rocks and hills, no charm in the silence and 
solitude of the woods. 

The flowers are nature’s lingerie, whose bright hues lend touches of color to her robe 
of green and whose perfumes gives sweetness to the breath of the winds. The fruits are 
nature’s jewels which gleam with the dew-diamonds upon her bosom with a value untold. 

It should be considered a wonderful privilege to be allowed to plant the vine, the bush, 
the tree whose bloom may charm the eye and whose fruit may refresh as nothing else can. 
Many a favorite fruit tree was planted by ancestral hands and the custom of tree planting 
should be established by law if sentiment is wanting. 

Oliver Wendell Holmes gave expression to this beautiful sentiment, ““When we plant 
a tree we are doing what we can to make our planet a more wholesome and happier dwelling 
place for those who come after us if not for ourselves,” and this should be taught to every 
boy and girl on the farm and they should be encouraged to put the thought in practice. 


A man who was feeble and bent and old, 
Delved by the wayside one bright spring day. 
Trembling, he scarce could his shovel hold, 
Yet patiently ever he toiled away. 
A child, light hearted and blithe and gay, 
Untouched as yet by the hand of care, 
Came merrily singing along the way 
And wondered, seeing the toiler there. 


152 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


“Oh what are you doing, old man?” he cried 
“‘And why do you dig in the earth so deep?” 
“T am planting a tree,’ the man replied, 

“I fashion a place which its life will keep.” 
“And what is the tree which you plant, old man? 
And why is it put by the wayside here?” 
“““Tis an apple tree, as I plant I plan 

It may some weary traveller cheer.” 


“Ha! Ha'” and the child laughed merrier yet, 
“Ere it blossoms once you'll be dead and gone.”’ 
““Ah yes,” he answered, “‘life’s sun will set, 
But life’s good deeds will live on and on. 
I may not know when it blossoms fair; 
Its ripened fruit I may never see; 
And others its bloom and its fruit may share 
With never a kindly thought of me. 


“There may be those who will turn aside 
In its cooling shade for a while to rest. 
They will never know how my strength was tried 
As over its roots the damp earth I pressed. 
I am old I know, and feeble and bent, 
In life’s great triumphs I may not be. 
But I plant this tree and am quite content 
It is something done for posterity.” 


Has the fruit tree any special value? In the Mosaic law there is a paragraph expressly 
forbidding the cutting down of a fruit tree to employ it in the siege of a city, “for the 
tree of the field is man’s life.’”’ ‘Only the trees which thou knowest that they be not 
trees for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut them down and thou shalt build bulwarks 
against the city that maketh war with thee.”—And God was the law maker. 

There are many things in life typical of the tree, the blossom, the fruit, and perhaps 
none more so than are to be found within the home. In the home nursery, under the 
direction of the heavenly gardener, the wise horticulturist, the creator of beautiful ideals, 
may be developed the human trees which will bless the dwellers of earth with a bloom 
and fruitage beyond compare. 


In the home nursery 
“Thoughts are the roots 

Words are the blossoms 

Deeds are the fruits.” 


Thoughts are the roots, and as many times the growth of a transplanted tree is the better 
secured if some of the home soil is left on its roots, so the influences and impressions of 
home left on the thought roots of the human tree will insure a better development when 
it is planted in a new place. 


Deep in the heart there are hidden 
Motives which rule and control, 
Giving new life as they govern 

These are the roots of the soul. 
Nearer the surface, scarce covered, 
Impulses many we find, 

Swiftly inciting to action, 

These are the fibres of mind. 


Words are the blossoms, how many trees bear beautiful blossoms whose fruitage is 
imperfect and undesirable. So too, we find many human trees whose word-bloom seems 
complete and charming, but only words, words, words, tending to a fruition of failure 
and disappointment, but 

Out of the hearts great abundance 
Cometh the words which we speak; 
Words which should waken ambition, 
Words which should never be weak; 
Words which should ever be forceful 
Power and fruitage to find; 

Crowning our lives with their beauty; 
These are the blossoms of mind. 


a 


THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 153 


Deeds are the fruits, the achievements resulting from proper planting, careful training 
and judicious pruning, with sometimes the grafting of a better variety, for the human 
tree is ever susceptible to the pure and good in others. 


More than the root and the blossom, 
More than the thought and the speech, 
There is a wonderful fruitage 

Souls that are noble may reach. 
Deeds are the fruits, earnest doing 
Seeking the truth, not renown, 

Wins for the soul a fair garland 

Better than king’s jewelled crown. 


Ah, in the home nursery are possibilities greater than can be measured, for not only does 
the training, the pruning, the grafting, the development of the young trees reach out 
through the earth-life with promise and blessing, but also stretches out through the 
vastness of an eternity which is beyond all human comprehension. 


SMALL FRUITS ON THE FARM. 


The last number on the program was an interesting discussion of the above by Mr. A, 
J. Crosby, of Oakland county. Small fruits should be in every farm garden and are worthy 
to be given the same regular consideration that is furnished the corn crop. The table can 
be more economically provided, besides the health of the family better insured and the 
pleasure of living much increased with the fresh fruit direct from nature. Farmers often 
neglect the small fruit because they think the products can be purchased easier and cheaper 
than they can be grown; but where it is thus left the universal result is that the family 
goes without and eats salt pork and beans instead. We should not become discouraged 
because enemies exist in the form of insects and fungi, for they do not as a general 
rule trouble the small patch in the general farming district as:much as large areas in fruit 
growing sections. Go at the work systematically, have a regular time for the work and 
not leave it to the children alone but all work together to make this the best spot on 
the farm. 


20 


154 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 
SOUTH HAVEN AND CASCO POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 

OFFICERS. 
F. A. Wilken, - - - - - - - President. 
J. Cecil Hunt , - - . - - - Vice-President. 
Geo. W. Matthews, - - - - . - Secretary. 
R. F. Dean, - - - . - - - Treasurer. 
Geo. E. Chatfield ] : : 
Wilson A. Smith b - - - - - Executive Committee. 
James Hosking, Jr. 

MEMBERS. 


(All post offices, 


South Haven.) 


Histed, D. E. Dunkley, M. E. 
Wilken, F. A. Harriman, E. A. 
Osborne, F. W. Jones, Wm. 
Monroe, C. J. Wilcox, W. H. 
Hatch, H. D. Pierce, KR. T: 
Hosking, Jas., Sr. McEwen, Wm. 
Keasey, E. L. Newcomb, W. A. 
Monroe, A. H. Barden, H. C. 
Bates, F. W. Chesebro, Allen T. 
Sutter, A. H. Chesebro, C. C. 
Griffin, G. W. Bisby, ©. 7A: 
Hartman, E. A. Barden, J. K. 
Becker, W. J. unt Cann: 
Wilson, 8. H. Monroe, G. C. 
VanOstrand, S. Abell, C. E. 
Hunt, Bek Peterson, D. J. 
Chatfield, G. E. Wood, W. H. 
Dean, R. F. Miner, Martin. 
Bixby, M. H. Lovejoy, E. 
Warner, F. E. Rinehimer, C. E. 


Newcombe, W. J. 
Williams, A. H. 
Kelley, Jas. L. 
Stout, John. 


Knapp, H. W. 

Smith, Wilson A. 
Moulthrop, J. J. 
Robinson, G. W. 


Atherly, J. J. Bonar, J. L. 
Evans, John. Coith, A. 
Hunt, J. Cecil. Monroe, L. 8. 
Snyder, W. H. Flory, J. B: 
Jobson, E. Peterson, F. M. 
Hardt, J. W. Mills, C. S. 
Lester, C. S. Johnston, J. C. 


PROGRAM FoR 1908. 


“Making the Most of Difficulties,’ James Hosking. 


January 7th. : : 
““Some Farming Experience of Two City Women,”* 


January 15th. Annual Dinner. 
Isabel McIsaac, Benton Harbor. . 

January 21st. ‘‘Commercial Grape Growing,’ Wm. K. Munson, Grand Rapids. 

January 28th. ‘Peaches,’ C. C. Chesebro. 

February 4th. ‘‘Growing Vegetables for Canning Factories,’ E. A. Hartman. An 
Experience meeting. : 

February 11th. ‘‘The Helpful Hen,’ H. F. Douseman and James L. Bonar. 

February 18th. ‘Apples,’ Edward Hutchins, Fennville. 

February 25th. ‘‘Good Roads,” Wilson A. Smith. 

March 8rd. ‘‘Pears,’’ B. G. Green. 

March 10th. ‘Forage Crops for the Fruit Grower and their Management and Care,’* 
C. D. Smith, Agricultural College. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 155 


BERRIEN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


OFFICERS. 


Roy C. Clark, . - - 
Clarence Gustin, - - = 
Charles A. Pratt, - - 

C. D. Birkholm, - . - 
R. A. Smythe 

H. Merry 

A. J. Merry 


President. 
Vice-President. 
Secretary. 
Treasurer. 


Directors. 


MEMBERS FOR 1908. 


G. 8. Drake, Benton Harbor. 

L. W. Ruth, Benton Harbor. 

C. D. Birkholm, Benton Harbor. 
B. J. Eaman, Benton Harbor. 
C. E. Whitten, Bridgman. 

L. Ashman, Benton Harbor. 
Paul Thayer, Benton Harbor. 
Harry Hilton, Benton Harbor. 
H. Merry, Benton Harbor. 

EK. B. Jewett, Benton Harbor. 


The National Fruit Grower, St. Joseph. 


Ralph Ballard, Niles. 

W. M. Pratt, Benton Harbor. 

C. A. Pratt, Benton Harbor. 
Wm. E. Sheffield, Benton Harbor. 
J. S. Morton, Benton Harbor. 
Anderson Tully Co., Benton Harbor. 
Merwin & Farmer, Benton Harbor. 
Harry L. Bird, Benton Harbor. 
Milton Hinkley, Benton Harbor. 
John Robinson, Benton Harbor. 
Geo. B, Thayer, Benton Harbor. 
Carroll L. Kelley, Benton Harbor. 
J. H. Watson, Benton Harbor. 

E. L. Hall, St. Joseph. 

John Mess, Benton Harbor. 

C. M. Gustin, Benton Harbor. 

B. Bartram, Benton Harbor. 

A. J. Merry, Benton Harbor. 

R. A. Smythe, Benton Harbor. 
Wm. Daly, Benton Harbor. 

L. M. Clove, Benton Harbor. 

I. R. Dunning, Benton Harbor. 
F. L. Ashman, Benton Harbor. 
Henry Pump, Benton Harbor. 


Geo. Friday, Coloma. 

Roy C. Clark, Eau Claire. 

Geo. M. Loomer, Benton Harbor. 
C. B. Holmes, Benton Harbor. 
C. H. Mitcheli, Benton Harbor. 
A. Dickinson, Benton Harbor. 
W. A. D. Rose, Benton Harbor. 
Karl Smith, Benton Harbor. 

L. T. Burridge, Benton Harbor. 
C. H. Brace, Benton Harbor. 
John Kenney, Benton Harbor. 
Juan Hess, Benton Harbor. 

F. J. Culter, Benton Harbor. 
R. C. Thayer, Benton Harbor. 
A. B. Morse, St. Joseph. 

F. M. Haman, Benton Harbor. 
Geo. Pullen, Benton Harbor. 
Geo. Dryer, Benton Harbor. 
Tim O’Brien, Benton Harbor. 
N. J. Pope, Benton Harbor. 
Chas. Chrisentian, Benton Harbor. 
M. G. Metras, Benton Harbor. 
N. V. Lovell, Benton Harbor. 
W. W. Bean, Benton Harbor. 
Aug. Schneider, Benton Harbor. 
J. G. Wright, Benton Harbor. 
E. MclIsaae, Benton Harbor. 

I. MclIsaac, Benton Harbor. 

F. H. Ulbright, Benton Harbor. 
Henry Seel, St. Joseph. 

C. H. Collings, Benton Harbor. 
P. M. Mueller, Benton Harbor. 
P. M. Westphal, Benton Harbor. 
C. H. Godfrey, Benton Harbor. 


156 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


GRAND_RIVER VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


(Organized in 1874). 


OFFICERS FOR 1908. 


J. Pomeroy Munson, - - - - - - President. 
Mrs. M. E. Campbell, - - - - - Vice-President. 
Almond Griffen, - - - - - - Secretary-Treasurer- 


EXECUTIVE BOARD. 


Charles W. Wilde, Mrs. Sarah Smith, Charles W. Garfield, William N. Cook, 
George E. Rowe, John B. Martin. 
tegular meetings are held at 1:30 P. M. on the first Saturday in each month. Annual 
dues are 50c. 


SCHEDULE OF TOPICS FoR 1908. 


February—In charge of John B. Martin. ‘Children and Horticulture.” Guidance 
of the sand play. The country child’s garden and its possibilities. The city child’s 
garden and its possibilities. Gardening on a vacant city lot. Value of co-operation. 
Respect for property. Beauty in the child’s garden. Summing up of character points 
to be secured through the child’s garden. 


March—In charge of Chas. W. Garfield. ‘‘Glass Farming.” In miniature. The 
window garden. The hot bed. The greenhouse as a house attachment. Some of the 
forward movements in glass farming. The outlook. Who will succeed? 


April—In charge of J. Pomeroy Munson. ‘‘The Planting Business.” Planting seeds. 
Depth. Packing soil. Crusting. Forwarding germination. The economy of rows. 
Wasting time and movements. Figures concerning planting. Devices to assist in quick 
planting. The problem of moisture. Preparing trees for planting. Planting large 
trees. 


May—In charge of Harry L. Creswell. ‘‘Water in Horticulture.’’ Applying water 
in sprinkling as applied to transplanting lawns, etc. Irrigation in our Michigan gardens 
and orchards. Willit pay? Organized water and values. Cultivation and conservation 
of moisture. Value of clear water. Spray. Interesting irrigation facts. 


June—In charge of Mrs. M. E. Campbell. ‘‘The Home Instinct.” Illustrations from 
animal life. The development of home instinct in evolution to the human animal. 
Methods of stimulating the love of home. Horticulture a factor. The home town cele- 
brations. Spiritual aspects. 


July—In charge of F. C. Schneider. ‘‘Heat and Horticulture.’’ Climate and range 
of horticultural products. The heat factor in the seasons as affecting horticultural suc-, 
cess. House temperature and house plants. Soils and temperature. Shade and tem- 
perature. Sterilization by heat. Heat and germination. 


August—In charge of Chas. W. Wilde. ‘‘Plant Nutrition.” Enunciation of germ 
principles. Mineral fertilizers. The story of the nodules. Plants reaching for food. 
Illustrations. Water culture. Experiments. Lessons in application of plant food. 


September—In charge of John F. Nellist. ‘‘Soils and Horticulture.” Adaptation of 
varieties to soil. Comparative ability of soils to hold water. Illustrations. The mak- 
ing of soils. Handling different soils. Economy of mixing soils. What soils will not 
pay in horticulture. 


October—In charge of Mrs. Julia L. Fletcher. ‘‘ Feminine Interest in Horticulture.” 
Some illustrations from literature. The relation of the garden to domestic economy. 
Health and beauty, subserved by interest in the green things growing. The practice of 
horticulture by women a broadening process. Some women who have succeeded in 
commercial horticulture and how. 

November—In charge of C. 8S. Udell. ‘‘The Problem of Waste.’ Inthesoil. In the 
house. As applied to manual processes. Of plant food. In handling of help, indoors 
and outdoors. Husbanding natural resources. An apology for the idler. 

December—In charge of Robert D. Graham. ‘‘Legislation and Horticulture.” As 
affecting education. Promoting an interest in horticulture. In fighting enemies. Ad- 
vertising resources. Any present needs. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 15 


“ 


ALPENA FRUIT GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION. 


(Organized in 1907.) 


OFFICERS. 
George E. VanWagoner, R. F. ue 2, Alpena, - - . President. 
E. L. Little, Alpena, - - - - Vice-President. 
Wm. A. Hall, Long Rapids, . - - - - Secretary. 
James Dent, Hobson, - - - - - Treasurer. 
MEMBERS. 


C. E. VanWagoner, Alpena, ss Jee Deep 


A. Leroux, Dafoe, R. F. D. 

Peter Thoman, Alpena, R. om pipes 
Nelson LeBlanc, Dafoe. 

Wm. T. Jones, ‘Alpena. 

Walter Richardson, Dafoe, R. F. D. 2. 
Joseph Diamond, Alpena, R. F. D. 2. 
F, X. Diamond, Alpena, R. F. D. 2 
George Dann, Flanders. 

Geo. Shenk, Alpena, R. F. D. 2. 
W. E. Rogers, Alpena. 


Samuel Wallace, Dafoe, EVD): 

Mrs. Samuel Wallace, Dafoe, Reb = ‘i 
O. J. VanWagoner, Dafoe, R. F. D. 2. 
MrsqnOeaJe ‘VanWagoner, Dafoe, R. F. 


DE 2: 

Isaac King, Alpena, R. F. D. 2 
Mrs. G. E. 
D2: 

Geo. B. Holmes, Alpena. 

Geo. R. Nicholson, Alpena. 

George McConnell, Leer, R. F. D. 1. 
Mrs. Geo. McConnell, Leer, R. F. D. 1. 
James Wade, Atlanta. 


Mrs. C. E. VanWagoner, Alpena, R. F. 


D2: 


VanW agoner, Alpena, Ren 


Mrs. Mary E. Hall, Long Rapids. 
Mrs. Isaac King, Alpena, R. F. D 
Mrs. James Dent, Hobson. 
Mrs. James Wade, Bell. 
Henry Portwine, Alpena, R. F. D. 
Oliver Hines, Alpena. 
L. 5. Welch, Flanders. 
George Shank, Alpena, R. F. D. 2. 
V. A. Van Atten, Alpena. 
Isaac Smith, Alpena, Be ESD. 
Fred Brandenburg, Spratt. 
B. W. Dealman, Alpena. 
W. A. Smith, Alpena, LB oe 
Edward Worth, Alpena, R. F. D 
William Graham, Alpena, R. F. D. 2. 
Charles Hines, Alpena, Iey dB. IDE Be 
Peter Riley, Alpena, R. F. D. 2 
Henry Smith, Alpena, R. F. ae 
Fred Potter, Alpena, R. F. D. 
Vincent Dean, Alpena, R. F. Dp. 
George Manning, Flanders. 
George Giar, Dafoe. 

. H. Collins, Dafoe. 
John Miller, Dafoe. 
George Stowell, Hubbard Lake. 
John Butler, Long Rapids. 


i) 


bo 


KALAMAZOO FRUIT GROWERS’ SOCIETY. 


OFFICERS. 
L. H. Stoddard, - - = - - - President. 
L. E. Campbell, - - - - - . Vice-President. 
Fred Bohnet, - - - - - - - Secretary. 
A. R. White, - - - - - - Treasurer. 
A. J. Shakespeare | - - - - - Executive Committee. 
C. L. Winterburn 

MEMBERS. 
C. S. Bender, Kalamazoo, R. IDS Gy: A. J. Shakespeare, Kalamazoo. 
James Jeffrey, Kalamazoo, R. “4 De 2: C. L. Winterburn, Kalamazoo, R. F. D. 10. 
L. H. Stoddard, Kalamazoo, R. F.D. 12. L. E. Campbell, Kalamazoo, R. F. D. 9. 
A. R. White, Kalamazoo. 9. 


M. F. Drake, Kalamazoo, R. F. D. 9. 
John Baldwin, Kalamazoo, R. F. D. 12. 
W. W. Allen, Oshtemo. 

A. B. Hale, Kalamazoo, R. F. D. 3. 

A. R. Hinga, Kalamazoo, R. F. D. 1. 
Fred Glover, Kalamazoo, R. F. D. 10. 
Anson Rolfe, Kalamazoo, R, F. D. 9 


Fred Bohnet, Kalamazoo, R. F. D. 

M. Maloney, Kalamazoo, R. F. D. 

C. S. Lapham, Oshtemo. 

Wm. Randall, Kalamazoo, R. F. D. 10. 

Fred Meyers, Williams Crossing, R. F. D 
10 


Ar 


James Houston, Kalamazoo. 
S. H. Hough, Comstock. 


158 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ST. CLAIR COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


OFFICERS. 
L. B. Rice, Port Huron - - - - - - President 
M. Baldwin, Port Huron, - - - at hte Secretary-Treasurer. 
MEMBERS. 
David Atkins, Port Huron. Charles W. Millett, Port Huron. 
Frank C. Presley, Port Huron. Miss Alice Tudehope, Port Huron. 
Charles Wellman, Port Huron. Gustave Putze, Port Huron, R. F. D. 1. 
Eugene B. Chase, Port Huron. Norman Streval, Jeddo, R. F. D. 1. 
Robert S. Rawlins, Port Huron. Joseph Schuvven, Blaine, R. F. D. 1. 
L. B. Rice, Port Huron. Angus McIntyre, Atkins, R. F. D. 1. 
M. Baldwin, Port Huron. C. Rutledge, Blaine, R. F. D. 1. 
Albert E. Stevenson, Port Figen: W. L. Wilson, Port Huron. 


LENAWEE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Meetings held at Horticultural Hall, Adrian Court house, second Wednesday of each 


month. 
OFFICERS FoR 1908. 


Hon. Alfred Edwards, = - - - - - * President. 
G. S. Mann, - - ~ - - - - Vice-President. 
W. G. Porter, - - - - - - - Treasurer. 
E. W. Allis, - - - - ~ - - Secretary. 
A. Sigler, - - - - - - . Librarian. 


EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, 


D. W. Love, H. C. Bradish, Chas. Poucher, Helen Nickerson, Mrs. E. Willits, 
Mrs. E. W. Reeder. 


MEMBERS. . 
I. J. Knapp, Adrian. Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Porter, Sand Creek. 
Mrs. L. L. Wray, Adrian. Mr. and Mrs. Harry Moore, Palmyra. 
A. Sigler, Adrian. J. B. Ten Brook, Sand Creek. 
Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Westgate, Adrian. Miss Nettie Nickerson, Adrian. 
Mr. and Mrs. Jas. H. Kelley, Adrian. Mrs. EK W. Reeder, Adrian. 


Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Edwards, Adrian. Mrs. T. Roath, Adrian. 

Rey. and Mrs., John Gregory, Adrian. Mrs. Eliza Willits, Adrian. 

Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Bradish, Adrian. Mrs. Mary A. Pierce, Adrian. 
Mr. and Mrs. A. C. Younglove, Adrian. Mrs. Alice Lowe, Adrian. 

Mr. and Mrs. Charles Poucher, Adrian. Mrs. William Gurin, Adrian. 

Mr. and Mrs. Charles Randall, Adrian. Mrs. Charles Willbee, Sr., Adrian. 


Mr. and Mrs. D. W. Love, Adrian. Mrs. Mary Gleason, Adrian. 

Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Van Doren, Adrian. Mrs. George H. Jackson, Adrian. 
E. W. Allis, Adrian. Mrs. Jane Pratt, Adrian. 

etn’ Ke Gibbs, Adrian. Mrs. Carrie Ransburg, Adrian. 
C. M. Cone, Adrian. Mrs. Harriet Brainerd, Adrian. 


Mr. and Mrs. Geo. 8. Mann, Jasper. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 159 


SAUGATUCK AND GANGES POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 


(Auxiliary to State Society.) 


OFFICERS. 
Hon. D. W. Wiley, Douglas, - - - - - President. 
Charles B. Welch, Fennville, R. F. D. 2 - - - Secretary. 
Horace G. Welch, Fennville, R. F. D. 2, - - - Treasurer. 
Charles EK. Bassett 
H. H. Goodrich - - - - - Vice-Presidents. 
Edward Hutchins 
1 MEMBERS. 
D. W. Wiley, Fennville, Route 2. W. E. Dailey, Fennville, Route 3. 
Charles B. Welch, Fennville, Route 2. A. Nichols, Fennville, Route 2. 
H. G. Welch, Fennville, Route 2. John Hirner, Fennville, Route 2. 
Chas. E. Bassett, Fennville. Andrew Haberer, Fennville, Route 2. 
Edward Hutchins, Fennville, Route 1. James Chase, Fennville, Route 2. 
E. P. Leland, Fennville, Route 1. Arthur Howland, Fennville, Route 2. 
W. A. Moore, Fennville, Route 1. Ed. Wark, Fennville, Route 2. 
F. W. Robinson, Fennville. M. Goodeve, Fennville, Route 2. 
A. O. Kingsbury, Fennville, Route 3. H. L. Miller, Fennville, Route 2. 
T. L. Gooding, Fennville, Route 1. Geo. Pshea, Fennville, Route 2. 
T. G. Payne, Fennville, Route 3. Will Lamb, Fennville, Route 1. 
W. B. Stillson, Fennville, Route 1. E. E. Paine, Fennville, Route 1. 
J. P. Chapman, Fennville, Route 1. A. Wightman, Fennville, Route 1. 
Arthur Welch, Fennville, Route 2. H. H. Goodrich, Ganges. 
H. A. Gray, Fennville, Route 2. C. Lloyd Goodrich, Ganges. 
P. Purdy, Fennville, Route 2. A. R. Knox, Ganges. 
J. H. Crane, Fennville, Route 1. Dr. E. E. Brunson, Ganges. 
D. H. Kitchen, Fennville, Route 1. A. Hamilton, Bangor. 
M. S. Bennett, Fennville, Route 1. J. C. Fabun, Glenn. 
Cephas Weed, Fennville, Route 2. A. H. Tracy, Glenn. 
Geo. Weed, Fennville, Route 2 J. B. Eddy, Glenn. 
Miss Grace Taylor, Fennville, Route 2. B. Williamson, Glenn. 
Chas. Van Valkenburg, Fennville, Route 2. D. D. Tourteloutte, Glenn. 
C. H. Davis, Fennville, Route 1. Mack Tourteloutte, Glenn. 
W. H. Plummer, Fennville, Route 3. J. K. Barden, South Haven, Route 6. 
W. B. Kibby, Fennville, Route 2. J. M. Funk, Bravo, Route 2. 
E. H. Atwater, Fennville, Route 1. Amos Tucker, Bravo. 
W. E. Rouse, Fennville, Route 1. E. G. Lyman, Kibbie, Route 1. 
Edward Hawley, Fennville. James G. Wark, Douglas. 
Geo. Brandt, Fennville, Route 2. Chas. Gaylord, Douglas. 
S. L. Conrad, Fennville, Route 3. Wm. Kerr, Douglas. 
G. D. Dean, Fennville, Route 1. Wm. Drought, Douglas. 
W. F. Ferguson, Fennville, Route 1. Peter Lackie, Douglas. 
M. W. Kitchen, Fennville, Route 1. D. M. Gerber, Douglas. 
W. H. Dunn, Fennville, Route 1 Willis Bryan, Douglas. 
J. H. McCartney, Fennville, Route 1. H. C. Tillinghast, Douglas. 
Perry Weed, Fennville, Route 2. Fred Herbert, Douglas. 
A. T. St. John, Fennville, Route 2. S. Simeson, East Saugatuck. 
Geo. Chase, Fennville, Route 2. E. H. House, East Saugatuck. 
Eli Ream, Fennville, Route 2. Arthur Twiner, Saugatuck. 
Will Weed, Fennville, Route 2. Hugo J. Haub, Saugatuck. 
Peter Moran, Fennville, Route 2. A. Thompson, Saugatuck. 


Guyon Fisher, Fennville, Route 3. E. E. Weed, Douglas. 


160 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


LIFE MEMBERS OF THEYSTATE HORTICULTURAS 
z SOCIET Ys" 


’ *Norr.—A Life membership which was formerly $10 is now $5. The fund thus gathered is invested 
in good securities, and only the interest employed for general purposes. The secretary desires informa- 
tion as to the death or change of address of any life member. Notice of the death of a member 
should be accompanied by a sketch of the life of the deceased one, to be entered in the records of 


the State Society. 


Name. P. O. Address. County. 
Adame, EH. Dale, 0k: actions seer eben Galesburg.............| Kalamazoo. 
Adaoas) Mas. JE “Daler geo a's tue eed pte ols Galesburg.............| Kalamazoo. 
PUTAS HORT: WE a docactas. shakey beatae sioeeetentes at oP AGITATING 0-6s tee ardor: Lenawee. 
Allis; Miss Mary. .(Mirs., Beal)..:.0.:. 4.0 Lownlley. toma omeen et ee Lenawee. 
Ametey Co Bicacs tt. <pitidasatt Wa cisyenutre | Ee Towa City sects: its set Iowa, 
Archer, Thomas (deceased).............. St Vosephinee feet arise Berrien. 
ATmMiItace, Dames scence dcyeic,aovstesieceyttroe Monroe edevent ca teoe Monroe. 
ATNOLARAW pe Die = simercpentts st Veer esis E J OMER <9 ives tees eta Jonia. 
VCR MG) Pio Ks rrsue de hind care b)veutet bei Old Missions > -isiepsepeo ts Grand Traverse. 
Bagley, John J. (deceased)... 2.04 0. ..\. +3 Detroit. ..7. 52.5 4h Wayne. 
Batley ala MEDS sank aod 5s creep MMe: 5 ate. oe ee South Haven Van Buren. 
Bailey, Lio ISPs ckietde ees aes oe Ithacass. t.samcue. Atte New York. 
Baldwin, i. P...(deceased)i.\ .iswt.ct.: < a5,3 Detroit, Posdeitt ces Wayne. 
Baldwin, J: D. (deceased)............... Ann Arbor.. Washtenaw. 
Baldwin MO: As Wr. s. eek ones ee eae Bridgman. . /) 2 Berrien, 
Ball Johns (deceased) eae rs- serra soci oe Grand Rapids. ne ei Kent. 
Ballard kval phy Sheah.- D)ss 4 sapere. eee ING BBs 2 Agi8 6 ethos eee Berrien. 
Barnett, G. W., 159 South Water St... Chicano, ...-.$: Hasina sae Illinois. 
Bassetts pias. -Hiceeh | sinned. sess ake Fennvillle...s5.24 . silesep Allegan. 
Bates, i cik. aktomdcii sh inate, 1 eee Mc Traverse, Cityiuas. 40: Grand Traverse. 
Baxter, W.. J. (deceased), .. ones. i) aru a Jonesvilles ieee telece Hillsdale. 
Beal Wis cd droeht oes SONNE cepa ee oe Agricultural College Ingham. 
Becker: “Albert: Jjeccron tia ee. ashe near Sapinaw... oa. esas Saginaw. 
Bid wellk WE aR? reeks east Mur wee atcpss. 2 meee Plymouth. 32. 3: /..-).. 31/)" Wayne: 
iodgeebt,, 105 A ss a dotted tek Grand Rapids.........| Kent. 
Blues Gear. ; ar. «aati. ORE aoe Traverse City......... Grand Traverse. 
Brackett; “Gir! i. [2 tent ty eet feds Woashingtonsinc!. ahh 1D: Cs 
Bradfield, Edward (deceased)............ AG aieig aukasErs seals Kent. 
Brace ol. nG. /(deceased\recen sae ee ee Kalamazoo ....| Kalamazoo. 
Brith) (Oo Bi. ee Seek E vehe ree a de de Oe lb eaXon Uae Gorse ec: ona c Lapeer. 
iprachmen,., (Georve Wisse te cleats, eaters IMonroe!.;: seesaw Monroe. 
bryant. ws WT! soho See gree dae o. Byatee ete South Haven.. Van Buren. 
Bullock, RevDy (deceased)... .kheok Jackson.. Jackson. 
Ipurbamy, Wee eh. eect eit. nerds a hishye A (oy oN ri ead ear a oie ake ANS Tonia. 
Burrows, George L......... ete Mit oes Saginaw City..........| Saginaw. 
CEYIG RR RNa) svete raping CRE TS Tame eee, om atx RU Yarmouth. Gseisats oe Nova Scotia. 
Casella, Gennpe si 2. ee cian! teeing Saginaw City.. Saginaw. 
Chandler, Z. (deceased)................. Aetietiscs chee. eee Wayne. 
Chapman, H. B. (deceased)............. INeadin ys. ita one Hillsdale. 
heute Atv aha ie Sin tiae e cae ites Bangor..i<. sin eros Van Buren. 
Chapman, Austin B..05..084 05... 442. eb SouthiRocdkewood....+. Monroe. 


- ‘ THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 


Name. 


Meinibsor ar blicartel ees |e acich«) edatarls Pate at eienalls 
Ae hilsone Massie wae clys olle/eyetie Secale) te 
Clark, M. W 


Cooley, Elisha RICCEASED id ssa keine 6 ae 
Cooper, George S$ 
Crane silo himmebe PEE). wD eT 2 Seis) cosets 
SONS) Cass Ss en ao oe i 
Crozier, A.A. (deceased).. Ne oaests 
Curtis, H. W 
Cushman, SES Le arr flee ea eae yl 
Dearvadsom « Cowie Gc) CO... ah eects = heise 
WWearpieeee Gg Ocul (QECEASEG i. "aja tes vy scant ale 
Day, Benjamin (deceased)....... SPE ep 
Dayton, J 
Dean, A. J 
iDelbtisiey AW arnigd 8 Ie Saeco erento ea aaa ioe 
Dickinson, G. W. (deceased)............. 
Dieckman, Mrs. Josephine M............ 
Dietrich, C. J 


Doyle, 2.) Cor CVSS eR ARE eet Seay ee Ope ese 
Dyckman. A. S; (deceased)... 2.8 5 2. 0k ts 
Mibiy Keema Dds cistate aller, o1elia bce inca a ey eb edas 
PEL CLEMIS HOTA A Gey ehe es icietera lal on ensayo 
Eedwards, O.)C:-G@anitarium):.....5 6.05: 
Farrand, T. A 
Perry, : Ms; (deceased). .....!/.%0\ba3 oes half 
erry. cle Wr (deceased) 2.5.3.0. Ss mista dans 
Field, Wm. A 

Hields, a MIssm deme , Hi. ix, cise csc claaey arehesshaese 
Hiawerdays Hoberb. 65.) se eta: de acess ce 
Foster; W:Ds)(deceased)....2..¢.26)) 2.02. 
Foster, Mrs. Mary E. (deceased)......... 
Fowler, S. W 
pie NES AN oe Sic. 6 jo ok gh waiete ann «pai > 
Ballers Ss Pron (Geceased ae secu e iw aeiaces 
Bullerase Res (deceased) ie. cis.ch sie yee eens 
Thiel oa OM AS BWW ia lets) le ncnctoreis hovers tates ara Ny. 
Gepnardh we bentOmlas siete cake aren ete areas 
Grerobolesys IDE Rist be ce iM eme metrs orastey Panes; cara Ale 
SE AIEEE EL. PWN Nosh cies Mets: oihaletal DELI hl 
Er DEOTI IV TSORAV VINES? hcisyncisis Rcosterasiel neeeahel. 
Gilbert, John (deceased)................. 
raha, Hi lwoodla jie clucla citeioick erate nek 
AR REEMINIG Pda OMe ees tials atop chataln eenee een eke 
Griggs, George W. (deceased)............ 
Gril hE awH ees Gas ie eset caiheeai tes 
Rate? Casares Bee, Go Mite inate cies partes Fe Nene 
Tal eATireclighys Mita Biased) yet ante a naan sree 9 
Hall, Frederick (deceased) Se eees Fae eR 
Halstead, SF AROS ee eek a in, Jetset 
lantord, JE.) Pe (deceased) (i... seis. es Heislele 
Hannah, Perry (deceased)..............- 
Hartman, S..B 
Hathaway,. Bs ;deceased)'.. 2254/4 0.62 


Biuia) se, 0) 5/6) 6) 51s oY slic) a aie) wiistiers sisal hs 


chCe CO) CLC MOR NOR Errno wnany Cro nr 


21 


161 


P. O. Address. 


Mower \Cityz) lsd ae 
Tower City....: UO 
ARCKSOM TH iislexs satan 


Grand Rapids.......... 
DRCKSOH: 22). )rseate ee” 


Grand Rapids.......... 
Washington.......... 
Old); Muissiony erase. 
Sylvanas ese 
Rockwoodss sama ee 
alaminzoosen. eee 


Ann Arbor. . DB exe 


Bay City ait, afew: 
Grand. Rapidss)..225. 44: 
East Saginaw........ 


East Saginaw........ 
Manchester’. hss ncrscute 
INMONTOCS Roe 
Soubh el aventeeantaiss: 
East Saginaw........ 
Battle Creelke.. 2257 
Eaton Rapids... 5..\.: 
Detroit ate ee eee 
Grand Haven.......: 
South Chicago....... 
Kast Saginaw........ 
Metros sore ee 
Grand Rapids....... 2: 
ATbORs<c cee 
Mamisteetain cre ne ce 


Ann 


Grand Rapids.........9 
Eaton Rapids........ 
Grand Rapids......... 
Trt eee awstats iat 


Grand Rapids... <<. 
Grand ‘Rapids.......... 
East ey: ste oat 


Shelby... 
Buchanan. . 


Farmington.. 
Bristol. . 


Traverse City... ms Lt nd 


Athens.. 


Little Prairie Ronde v ; 


County. 


Dakota. 
Dakota. 
Jackson. 
California. 
Shiawassee. 


Grand Traverse. 
Ohio. 

Ohio. 
Kalamazoo. 
Washtenaw. 
Ohio. 
Lenawee. 
Bay. 

Kent. 
Saginaw. 
Illinois. 
Saginaw. 
Washtenaw. 
Monroe. 
Van Buren. 
Saginaw. 
California. 
Calhoun. 
Eaton. 
Wayne. 
Ottawa. 
Illinois. 
Saginaw. 
Wayne. 
Kent. 
Washtenaw. 
Manistee. 
Shiawassee. 
Kent. 


| Eaton. 


Kent. 
Oceana. 
Saginaw. 
Oceana. 
Jackson. 
Clinton. 
Kent. 
Monroe. 
Kent. 
Saginaw. 
Oceana. 
Berrien. 
Tonia. 
Oakland. 
Indiana. 
Grand Traverse. 
Calhoun. 
Cass. 


162 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

Name. P. O. Address. _ County. 
Havilend, J. B. (deceased).............. Traverse City... 3, 1. 4 Grand Traverse. 
Elamiey.Geare (A. wl es Ph eS (5 AR Re on a Oceana. 
ieiory cen) Mrs cate ale a ae, nie Jackson: ves seul) Jacksons 
Heinze; award b, pivs BED. 2s Ae Sarl sta OOSEplis ays secre Berrien. 
Humphrey, J. W. (deceased)............ South Haven..........| Van Buren. 
Husted, James D. (deceased)............ Vineyard sidinnt ciet ns 3 Georgia. 
Sted WNoaha Phe neds fk oe se ae Bowell ve oe ak See ent: 
Miutehins: Hdwards \Ri EF. Dl Wo.) Svs Rennwilles scien one Allegan. 
Ilgenfritz, I. E. (deceased).............. Monroelys a. 7 ee ae Monroe. 
PRE AIRAT | As UAL AE ore o's yee ee Ooms tid teehee INGA OES titer ee ea Monroe. 
CALCD Fs ue kts a ctr a8 4 a dd dese ene IMonnoere: aas/. eee Monroe. 
ABvo| bea ea Ui ata oT aa NAR me ip Pacman lt Buchanan..........:..| Berrien. 
serogoe, Wire. Wavad EL. Soe eee Saginaw City..........| Saginaw. 
SFohnson, WLS hci oe cs wh oe ese Wasser -ctre 1 tik oe ites Tuseola. 
Kedzie, Ri \C., (deceased). 0... 5 6S ea en Lansing.. nhs «yo ol) ean 
Kellogg, R. M. (deceased)............... Three Rivers..........| St. Joseph. 
iWelseys tol, (Fi m(GeGeAsed). oil. a.m hoe te VONIG, S3h Ccare eae Tonia. 
Micard el ah PAE 6 pte 98-4, vi cde ho se RO omnia isyses ohn etre Bee Tonia. 
Klein, F. - 1betst: AubinvAve. 1/0 Detroltte 2. bys teen ee ue Wayne. 
Knapp, S. (deceased) ar vnewe cee Aeon Jackson. . .......] Jackson. 
Knapp, E. t Pe (eee ts nel pei ty) Ra a ia Grand Rapids.. ts sod tibet Wtieavk! 
WATTLE VGN er nda-o tiaie: «oo ti sie ahr ete ste Benton Harbor........| Berrien. 
Lawton, George W. (deceased). . PRS Sho Mca GON Manse en sabe ate Van Buren. 
Toitaveray bevy Bp Cea RPA eral naan eea aay Siete eset Greenville............-.| Montcalm. 
Winteolna Mrs MlnvO ss. shir shoe aye Greenville.............| Montealm. 
Linderman, Harvey J. (deceased).. eee) South, Havent.«.. 2c... Van Burene 
Linderman, Ae STS, (deceased) 25 Je eee Whitehall.............| Muskegon. 
Latilejonn, lJ. (deceased) J... 661. orc) Allepam, jae fotos ad Allegan. 
lbaforeaht=pred ee, \] Biel: 4 Deena ee tn DT ye eg aie Ue Jacksony:cuke eee Jackson. 
Deven gy doth, pAASCCASEG) 56/6. Sah oletan auakee South Haven..........| Van Buren. 
CU SEMAED ( Cog S 2a a RR Ra Montreal: . 93215 07.5038 Canada. 
iN Eran erste Beater Sea REE aE aR OPEL Os Re Eten (Glenwood... santoue seni Florida. 
Marshall, AVG saa AS i hic lieb le oe ee oe ee Old >Missiony. 245)) 0 stack: Grand Traverse- 
Marshall, W. C., 205 LaSalle St......... Chicago Sigh aan ae Illinois. 
Mason, th i! a en? ARE a Aa te Kast Saginaw......... Saginaw. 
Miison, i) MrsiSarah cA.) cee ewes East Saginaw......... Saginaw. 
McCallam, E. H. (deceased)............. Lansing: bob re shite Ingham. 
McClatchie, COOL SN eR PRR Ral sree (atu c Ludington: 2. iy. a Mason. 
PAP Wieremmiie wencemves AL 027 yt oie ERROR ie ko Heh deacon on SNe a ore ta California. 
MeNaurhton,, Robert -T..\. bec ak Feel. Jacksons, sols ae ae Jackson. 
Matted, OW SPEDE, Fi cian sae eat Nott ake CRD Traverse tity 2: Baer de: Grand Traverse- 
TRNAS, VERA AS cn eicttatns heavens seen Lansing... 2.5 5 sole) Uae 
Monroe, LOM Alsatieue CR a be arti Eee se Fin South Haven.......... Van Buren. 
Monroe, Judge (déceased)............... (us WirenGenw s-vacre no els te Van Buren. 
Montague, PASTE 1015 Ge) crea.) Snes evarean Cee Traverse City......... Grand Traverse- 
INetborat NEMI@uDinie se ets sie sos tek ene aie VOlbT at iae ead Seer eK RY OL Genesee. 
Newhall, Benj., 131 South Water St....... Chicsgor ei: = 4 eee Illinois. 
Newhall, John, 131 South Water St........| Chicago............... Illinois. 
Nichols, W. W., Geddes Ave............ Ann Arbor......>.....|, Washtenaw. 
Nee VWicr AM Ai eras CN le yl aw RN: Ut ot Monroee 22. ec ieee ctr Monroe. 
1s ESS eas bee] Ch") SR ea ey Ae Sa Muskegon.............-| Muskegon. 
Da SETA 0 ee EO OR a Prerimennls ceteris seer te Van Buren. 
PUGET ENV IMOAB II oF cscs vee kw EUs Rr eneh Reales Kalkaska..............| Kalkaska. 
PET MNOMAS VW b)..° 5 oe ok of Oss visitas Diatrotha. cs ves via taeees Wayne. 
Parmelee, George (deceased)............. Old Mission: #2). ne 5) Grand Traverse. 
Parmelee, Mrs. George (deceased)........ Olds Mission: 0.2 ieee Grand Traverse. 
Sarace, wird, FAMIORNS <j... oe oie AUD see East Saginaw......... Saginaw. 
Parsons, Philo |(deceased).......4.....4..% Detroitycdes: abe oe Wayne. 
Rohe hig PN 67 Cie SOY ie Pa aR Bay Wit. ae: )ecaeeee ls Bay. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 


163 


Name. P. O. Address. County. 

Pearsall, S. M.: (deceased)... 220.060.0025 Grand Rapids.........| Kent. 
erry. Gearze tb okede hee ual win Mt. Pleasant. ........:) Isabella: 
PEUBYC MACOUI ELM EE Perk sin e's so whens \emeish alee Ms Goodison ie sees eee Oakland. 
ETE TL yee OCI: RR prey Daley's 4 sas ia. Ottawa. 
TET CONMNESEES Tea See oi Be oie! ecale wha teenie Wircintoton's4 aos sms tee Mason. 
OSG Hy TRO eee meh Nek Hid ch ni aah Ate ote, ela ahE Howells. oi. Sa peng: 
Potter he Mi (Gdeeeased)!\.. jek dalek nee ces Mandersones . 2h ee Nebraska. 
Ramsdell, J. G. (deceased)..........:... Mraverse: Citys ss 4s.4 Grand Traverse. 
EPADISCEL RMU We Creek sa icyo a's settee a omy ae Traverse City... 0.25. Grand Traverse. 
EVANS OL MPVN al e\tcte eis. Laie, al Waianae te peal Ste TOSe pay ena sat Berrien. 
LEST altel) Ne A SN RSDP t Grand Rapids.........} Kent. 
RS OWAOICS Mer EMS Ich. o Sethciety a badie.ey one's a Monroe) saan aa ace Monroe. 
ERenp LCL EE Gee ath het aoe eueee eh aes Pasadena..... . California. 
[SE EOT a Rian 9 fo) iota ee ee ee Homie a ante ants o gots Ionia. 
LO iiarveracs GA) DN B ANA Sara a ng Cay te a Pentwaterx oo sca se Oceana. 
ERO VANINOR CEE vite atin auete sits box eta sapaelels Jackson... ./)/5/.< 2h. sel AaCKBON: 
Roser Py f(Rorsyghe. §. 0. Oey eee ae East Saginaw......... Saginaw. 
vosesy Mis Sophie: Hy to. cage: telnet. ee Kast Saginaw...) 2.20). Saginaw. 
awe, (Geo Ro BD. 11... 200. ol) Grand) Rapids.) 2... Sa Kent) 
Rowe, William (deceased)..............- Grand Rapids: ........| Kent. 
ERE VLA NING J 05 Sishet os Gio) 2 wey See a a ' Grand Rapids...... Kent. 
Russell, Dr. Geo. B....... SUNN a cet tt ee Wetroites sess aae shane a Wayne. 
Rust, CEI Dyk een Ae ea re SEY ane rata eae en celta genet rea Tonia. 
REMIDCRICe OU AMIICR 5. u's eh ss. Gs ahs fame ee LDF Torsy hc SUNe ees MPAA an) Gea ress ras 
Savidge, Hunter (deceased).............. Spring WLakew..] as vey Ottawa. 
Scott, J. Austin (deceased)...............| Ann Arbor............| Washtenaw. 
DSCOUH MOT WATS tTTT Nesp.) avaraiiiieys Weslse ates CNet New Brunswick........| New Jersey. 
SOLO LEI eo de BEE SCOR ON ag Ae eh ea Ann Arbor............| Washtenaw. 
Breemder Gary ie sake cea saab Al FANEPUBLAL sete Gale ree tte Kalamazoo. 
Dessions™ Omanles wAwi oe wi: we ista a raseeel css IMPGRTS: iste t seis seas Oceana. 
Sessions, Alonzo (deceased).............. UcoaaWe tye as Sie INL a epee Ionia 
SESSIO TIS VTL Teg Tray Ps Btw mle yy melas Ri zat Das cur PN IANA alee way veer Tonia 
Bhintas sds) (deceased)! ee). 2 nly edn Yay 3 Shelby Oceana 
“SLOT OST NM Gc ie od BESS 8 Ca Ce ee Easting take Ye Barry 
Simons. Bove gto EDL) heat ar Northville. .7.dees2anh. Weamne 
ree SCO ae ile 9d a Melbourne) 2) ie. Florida 
STKE) Foden Wife CC carte ae Pan a ea Rob ek a Grand Rapids.........| Kent. 
oT LLelia BENE PTD SL ee ae EN Re Oo Acree isthe et ee ees a Lenawee 
Slayton, Asa W. (deceased)............. Grand Rapids.........| Kent. 
Sleeper, F. S. (deceased)................ Galles bursaries saber re Kalamazoo. 
SMG OWE oe eas cherie Seats Wanna ya yo e eee Ontario. 
rote 1a ated yA Beane eRe aaa ee Morita is eters cya eee cecaaret: Tonia. 
Smith, Dy |) aR NA es Pi ey a Pe a, A WOT ore ee eee ae eet Tonia. 
Sroali(el obetl o ei g Den MSE ACE ANS jsoerPbipASh Ap Taieksone ne eee Jackson. 
PME TG DEEN PACE aa scott i ne ahhh Ueeye t Benton Harbor.... . Berrien. 
SUyaeks) Wie: Byes ada Speman, 3 hee, « Tere tiie ste nis goto mee Oceana. 
po, 8 Seis 2 AS a ee Ie Se Pe ae © ad Bere OE oie ee Slee Muskegon. 
SSR AEINE OUT PAC!) WV Gaia: Ser kl dio amie ays Wis ar, Grand Rapids.........| Kent. 
SECA TNS Mb ee Nis MNase nits a She ke ek tere, Kalamazoo............| Kalamazoo. 
Stearns, Ida L. (deceased)............... Kalamazoo..... Kalamazoo. 
ICR INORE SUVA DE WHEL A TAS GRR OMe AUN 1 oe Mhteasos ese atin ee Illinois. 
CNY DERN. ey Wir al Ou AOC te cakes al GRAY lt Carthage Indiana. 
NEO NS Mad atime ne oh AA eee ey Monroe nnn atte ta) Monroe. 

Stes eta OL G8 AMIR San, Non OREM nese Dae NMEOREOE iti ye Ao pale. Monroe. 
Sterling, J..C.. (deceased)............4...| Monroe Monroe. 
> Jkasl eae VN NG ORS ee SA eS cee PS Monroe): cig ii... aon Monroe. 
Sea fol A eg oe ere ie Mea aC ALY Cg EEE Monroehe oer ste aaees Monroe. 
Sterling, Mrs. Hmma Mo) oe an I Faia so" ie AE RARER Tet Dh Monroe. 
Stockbridge, F. B. (deceased)............| Kalamazoo............| Kalamazoo. 


164 STATE 


Name. 


Suttle, John (deceased) 
Taylor, George (deceased).............,. 
Taylor, George C 
Mita Rey cot 4 & OWI ec rd aU tuna ae RT yb 
Thompson, W. D 
Thompson, J. P. (deceased) 
Towles, George W. (deceased) 
Tracy, Will W 
Vick, James- (deceased)....:...005....5.5:. 
Vick, 
Vick, 
Vick, 
Vick, 
Von Herff, Baron 
Wadsworth, 
Wagner, G. M. H. & Sons 
Wisner Gulbertrn Ms tyotss otys ci cthewak yu tees, take 
Walker, 8. S. (deceased) 
Navies 3 artct bag) OPM 10 2 oT) A Re I Pe ene 
Watkins, L. D 
Webber, William LL. (deceased) 
Webber, George W 
Webber, Miss Frances E 
Wieleh. Chass) Bei oiBY SDL Qa cens oA uoys 
Wells, H. G. (deceased) 
Wells, Frank D., R. F 
White, O. K., 
al Pik sree! OA SHO aN! aaa RIM yO Wit 
Wihittilesseve helo iii) :(ocbte) abe ue alee pueitlietees 
EVV ELT PA TAU UE Ee FISH L)). ucist tie as AUK Sida 
Wilde, Thomas 
Wales @ les’ Een B DU en Pus RY rae 
PNVarl eras MED SPAG chap SNE Ys Maca Rb hs oe) a 
VV pil erranS SUSI Dae t ve trea isle ru a Sena Nile 
Winchester, A. O. (deceased)...........- 
AVoodimg;) (herless Bos) 0s 2) oleic, 
WiGGd Ward Dayal.) ai. wince tee NS Seabees 
Noone SVL GS 3 AY gt a co ae oO ERMA TEES 
Wurtz, Elias H 
Zeigler, J. C 


HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


P. O. Address. 


Grand Rapids......... 
Walamazoones.iseeviee 
WWalamiazoons. cesses 


Benton Harbor....... 
Weshineton: <2). os ee 
Rochester: 5. heuicac eu 
Rochester: sack eee 
RoGHester an.) sce eeeone 


New Wort ae mae 


Olay Mission)hj) see 
Manchester: cnn. 
Manchester:. 05. cies 


Kast Saginaw......... 
Fennville 
Kalamazoois.cos seen 
Rochesterccn cancer 
Hart 
Bridomane eee yoni: 


Monroe: sie cee: 
Coopersville........... 
Grand, Rapids! 2.23... 
South) elavent. oa vere 


Burlinetonse. oe. er 
East Saginaw......... 
Saginaw City.....:.... 


HONORARY MEMBERS. 


Name. 


IBarEr WAS sie tuaiel se clare MSc eine h cherareue ai 
Collingwood, H. W 
Farnsworth, W. W 
Hale, J. H 
Lelevo ite) fev) en ov ReWiL UII eae AUT UN PARE Muy ce kU 
JEL! ovo a eh Ne) ON)h BRM Ne MIR aE BPR ne DESAI MY 
Kellogg, Dr. J. H 
MeNoggy Lilac aids osu kaa) ae Oey 
Smith, Howard B 
Woodbury, Prof. C. G 
Wundt, K. R 


Ca lahe lap le whic e\e)eUe ve, is lous 


ohn se (ai is) © ls) a! 6. elle) wales is. ee le)wies (e|\6! @ 


P. O. Address. 


Waterville: tue ded lo 
South Glastonbury.... . 
Geneva see 
Ibeaminetion icine edie 
Battle Creek.......... 


Lafayette 
Burlmgton sabe 068 


County. 


Kent. 
Kalamazoo. . 
Kalamazoo. 
Jackson. 
Jackson. 
Wayne. 
Berrien. 


New York. 
New York. 
New York. 
Colorado. | 
New York. 
New York. 
Lapeer. 
Illinois. 
Van Buren. 
Grand Traverse. 
Washtenaw. 
Washtenaw. 
| Saginaw. 
Tonia. 
Saginaw. 
Allegan. 
Kalamazoo. 
Oakland. 
Oceana. 
Berrien. 
Berrien. 
Monroe. 
Ottawa. 
Kent. 

Van Buren. 
Monroe. 
Berrien. 
Kent. 
Lenawee. 
Iowa. 
Saginaw. 
Saginaw. 


State. 


Nebraska. 
New York. 
Ohio. 
Connecticut. 
New York. 
Ontario. 
Michigan. 
Wisconsin. 
Oniario. 
Indiana. 
lowa. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 


ANNUAL MEMBERS. 


a | Ta DT 


Name 
PRL APRESS AVU IO rane okl yr aieiae ors) et ates ate i8 
PFs eV ad Dei 2 AT BS Se aaa ae ea Parte 
BA area yey Se Fak tes ha ota als, Ba aiid helen Ae a satel ate 
PAPE TVED Ys (PER A000 on orale ads lehatel lala) 4's) alielataayy 
Babcock, M. C., 219 West Main......... 
Bagley, Wm. D, R. F. D. mee HPA 


Baldwin, C. E., 51 te ‘Ave.. 
Ballard, Harry, Lid Java DIS 

Ballard, Mrs. Ralph, R. F pat : 
Barden, F. AE Pe yD Ole asa tcla ates tea 
Barden, J. kK 1374009) ACT D Jee a eee ea sp a 
arrow ECG | Gx. iy bway Eee heb:asctele says neyel ses 
Saar WASe eT VIISS Un veh sera e iste /atayie/ eh oneva late, aheiishs) a 
TB eh OND Sg ied Pa Dic: 5 a Re Rese 
Bree My ere Ai. sets yates alia bie ame, bee 
Barnhard whierbert, bo. Ds) Le a). ec. 
ESN ar DAN mia terer ageless citer ahetatstellataic erage 
Teter yet Ae [ul BS Asi ae he ana ASP eA 
IBC CKEERA IIL eye fx eh Yate ainltel Sian wie) oer a) aoe de 
PSCIGTa MOLVA sees he aleksate oleae ays, e(enslinne 
BY are) ores, WAN Lae OA a Son ee PASTS Pa 
PMSA AL ds viulalsetun idles Redes a ae yokes 
FESTSIESS | DEM Aig 201 Un I Mah eas i ae 
[STis) alo yo} Baal 5 (AG. WA Oe Ae ae 
Biteley. Miss) Josepiine. 322. ).) 2). es a) yee. 
Same AL Wate) (Elmwood lofi als fae) 058 


Boyd, (GRU 2 PP SRO Oe SO He CY 
Bowditch, C. B., Soldiers’ Home.. ; 
Brace, George sh Be I TERN Ui 
LE ryvegn Lapel CN 8 Bee Reena URS RAR par Act pe 
Brat hiwaltery © MAS sii) ccai vet aye ia lelceuaeeial as 
BS reariie Ma TIOMAy Eve VE CO) syria ic) asia slabanae 
PAVERS EC GTT, ATMOS 0/25 ae als a5) late bala! ere 
ee T PAC Pols Fhe shale ae ih Gudea 8c 
STE WSUET MOSCA A ei sie ica cooks ec oseat a sual tal ey 
Peete ne Siete ase ey esac, wel ayes uate ana alle 
ES rma arna cern an UE ears ay cvcitetia ey eh sl aeaivelienetlal sien 
Sree EL Marah Bi, alan Slanelhctina! chee uae 
IS EUNSOMEM yeasts wily omlays ie gibi sme abt aay es dale 
Bey a OL A are Nr ata a alah 
IPUPIEE TY VER gaia NaN ctclet cio aclu s abehou 2 alia omnes 
IBUTTHEISCEL WTA Oy vhaisnces paycrshenalAaigerenas 
ES Traraa reAeD WAV Le ayy cae tucrstte eh heh a tapeh nape 
Butterworth, Clarkson. sc... ers cierns vie 2 
Caldwell, James, R. F. D. 1.. Fhe 
Campbell, M. Li, 114 8. Water St....... 
"CEETPeaT oT he 2 AN 8 SS Mae ee Ss mateo an 
Carpenter, George, R. F. D. 2.......5:... 
Airis Bisce Waku Se ie chs nur ah AS eal aa 
Chamberlin. Ezra Che H sy 2 ysl Jd ie ane 
Chandler, L. F., R. F. D. pe ee 
BAG Urals Lee SONS DA A RR De, ee cree eee 
Chatfield, Geo., AO DR aes eR a 
Chesebro, C. Gi 

Chidester, C. P. PT LUGS on eS A AD 
Orr mh Cony Ny cy Gare et the Wille atl ae oil a 


P. O. Address. 


Shelby....... ater 
Paw Paw..........+.. 


Oldi Missions ais\<). siete 
Battle (Creek ae 
INES eRe RS ARG a 
IN TIES eee oyu Wins rayee ae 
South Haven.......... 
South Haven.......... 
Alife amass Shoe ia clave 


1 PoF 5 1 Ca Ae ae on Si 
Crystal Valley......... 
St. Joseph.........---. 


Para) awe seline dia asiets 
IDEtrOIt es sehieea nek N ores 
Forest Grove.........- 
Reeman.. 

Grand Rapids. Bes tiie 
AOR Ue eee sak Nanas 
Traverse City......... 
Benton Harbors... «2: 
Benton Harbor........ 


ATI OUISU Ee at oreo sane 
Grand Rapids......... 
BP remront/e tesla 
VE Tee cannes 
Rochester. . 

Caro.. ; ASR 
Benton Harbor... ale 
Orion.. rh eine 
Almont.. LEE NADEAU a 
Bramiktorb ees te eles 
South elaven ora. 
South Haven! 0322). 
TEL s) avo ket CG Wee yD la 
MPO VAN d Melnieteisinke eesti 


165 


County. 


Oceana. 
Van Buren. 
Grand Traverse. 
Oceana. 
Calhoun. 
Leelanau. 
Calhoun. 
Berrien. 
Berrien. 
Van Buren. 
Van Buren. 


Van Buren. 
Newaygo. 
Oceana. 
Oceana. 
Berrien. 
Cass. 
Oceana. 
Tuscola. 
Lapeer. 
Tuscola. 
Van Buren. 
Wayne. 
Ottawa. 
Newaygo. 
Kent. 

Van Buren. 
Grand Traverse. 
Berrien. 
Berrien. 
Oceana. 
Van Buren. 
Oakland. 
Oceana. 
Leelanau. 
Lapeer. 
Allegan. 
Lapeer. 
Van Buren. 
Oceana. 
Kalamazoo. 
Kent. 
Newaygo. 
Illinois. 
Oakland. 
Tuscola. 
Berrien. 
Oakland. 
Lapeer. 
Benzie. 
Van Buren. 
Van Buren. 
Calhoun. 
Oakland. 


166 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Name. 


Clark: Wew Bs wows POI wtarke + oi ae 


CRE MES DE NINE GHEE SE ce ns aah win 'v eve boll 
TERE IAS, Obra CInA UE fi shctal sic (ud iit hawt bite g 
Maar ge WEIL ES A hie S on W's 4-0 as by OAM a) aaaera 
OFS Ora ewan Cll 6 DUA ANC SMR ORAM Mr er rece MA 
@onverse. Vl CER R22 So 
Gonverserueie Oey Bye ABD) aA cals cite 
Coola eg) Fi nt Scie! SION IA aus Regen Stra pies ea Ear 
MGcoelice VIE USS ME eat ec encteisle dis: dpict Saeleas aanars one 
0G, Pel PRT 8 2 SUA a Ai RA A 
Wawlest Orcs a eI re daeiene Hs uate 
Crisp; BJ, 320 Broadway i006. aes 
Crosby, ridbe WN uc igio ts ls noe 
Crozier Mrs Oe Eye Lid. came esta eres ePe Oe 
Crycemen Versio cae clue y aieed ale ae 
PCurhisey Me hs:)163) Calhoun Ste...) fa... 
Cutter, PSEA Yh fiance Jed ba ee ete 
David, Thomas J., R. F. D. 3.. 

WMawase Galery keen ce Sor enue Laer: 
Dean, JN IRe i Ly Rared Cat SA eee RWC i die lard Va 
Warsorly CAMS Ube pee CU aed hee ee Ac ara 
MeclsernqyACiNitee cue WROs Rca Moe aia aes 
Dry aa Os 9000s BSR BA MU ae Cn pa 
Dewey, O. USUI Oe BAe OL a 
Dibble, Daniel. TEER MART ADI) 1 ct Acie Cited ane 


Dickerson, George E., Stage Route.. 
Dickerson, Mrs. George Ee ick Route.. 
Dickerson, C. C., R. FD. 

Dickinson, Miss M., RE: D. Ph RAR: 
Dickinson, W. W oodbridge, R. F.D.2 

1D Fes Fer oliity | 1% | aid IMA Meta eit 2 tag Sle MIRE SE hs 


Doyle, C. (E) RR ORO AME ie ALE L CO 


Dukesherer; Fred; BP Ds '45.0. 6 te | 


JOGA GrDTa TA WN NTS TLE wil Ine BRMiE a Wa ana ee rane a SH gh 
Dunham, OE IN Oa R D8) Sh MRE raNE Ott te Lehane 
Dunlop, David, R. BaD: Ay, Cana 
Dinnlcee swe yey Meee We eR noe A Nip ANPe NEE 
Edgerton, INV IEIN DANA MNOS Rc AS os tC aah 
Vera ae VOY aT Shaped een aed eel Cuean DSL ame en at Yl 
England, J. J., RROD ha Oe OF 
Patleys Mes ASS cle. By MDS A ic csicik coal Seta D 
Farnsworth, W. IVS se LO ST Rea act Be 
Farrand, R. 
Ferguson, Gastee RE 1) eee eh eee 
Ime h OU rae AL wk SHE SUD! ed ne carer erate 
Hiren Get VUNG) Se oe, cave ck 2 CLR 1a ne es 
Fisk, Ss. W 
[Priel aPC (oj anally! & be agen ps Cie emet ane A baioheg Airy 
BUTANE ey ints is Sun amine casa nin) eeemn ira 


prorat) at (OR | Gh ae Nea ne wie CRC SPEEA 
Big wlan WO se wai ia Re ee INR AY oe 


Garthy, S. 


P. O. Address. 


CreMira Bs (oct, ahh nie tad 

eibionds. csr bees tone 
Augusta...... Settee 
ATID USHA eee 
Owosso ete 
Paw PPawilie om ebts 
Birmingham: 22.15) ske 
Sand Waker jee) vilone 
Benton ‘Harbor...2 + - 
Warmington soc. ts 
Grand’ Rapids... ./... 
Mo lion oto yee ely sei een 
Battle Creek... ...: 
Grand’ Rapids....4° 5! 
Hremont tac ny ns Seren 
Mears ee sul fu ay fern 
Pontigeee sen eee 
Traverse City...... 


St. Joseph. 2......). 
Sb. OSE PM cS al-6- 
Hickory Corners....... 
Millington. jo. oy cere. - 
Volhuiouls ceehseeoe eae & 
AIGTIStanei tae yt 
Benton Harbor........ 


Lawtontenee aes: 
RetgEkey ie. saeco ak 
Battle Creek....... 
WaT Wet a eee 
IM On teed orens 
Waterville. 
South Haven.......... 
Otisumlletie ee. 


Millington. 
Novi.. 
Mattawan an. 


Ludington. Fos aA a, 
Beulah wey a 


Ha 
Frankfort... 


Benton Harbor. ea Hey, 
Elairt une seeks eae 
Mearaxiaive.s eins 


NOTE POrtiy.nteu le eke 
Wibitehalll os ci ycesin. 


County. 


Wayne. 
Benzie. 
Van Buren. 
Tuscola. 
Van Buren. 
Kalamazoo. 
Kalamazoo. 
Shiawassee. 
Van Buren. 
Oakland. 
Kent. 
Berrien. 
Oakland. 
Kent. 
Tuscola. 
Calhoun. 
Kent. 
Newaygo. 
Oceana. 
Oakland. 
Grand Traverse. 
Oceana. 
Ohio. 
Calhoun. 
Calhoun. 
Tonia. 
Tonia. 
Tonia. 
Berrien. 
Berrien. 
Barry. 
Tuscola. 
Van Buren. 
Kalamazoo. 
Berrien. 
Schoolcraft. 
Van Buren. 
Kent. 

Van Buren. 
Emmett. 
Calhoun. 
Tuscola. 
Lapeer. 
Ohio. 

Van Buren. 
Genesee. 
Tuscola. 
Oakland. 
Van Buren. 
Mason. 
Benzie. 
Oceana. 
Benzie. 
Berrien. 
Oceana. 
Oceana. 
Macomb. 
Leelanau. 
Muskegon. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 


167 


Name. P. O. Address. County. 
Aeicler i WV peeteyeh Use 2e cle ait ola els eign St. oe a corre asl Berrien. 
MEISEL TR COMET ys alate Ee! hele ale oj dyaaaetats jo al Chatham. . janet) Alger, 
Ree EN Oy ee ef Sick alike eared Shea Fremont... Newaygo. 
Narabam Pees ee nic. Gun te SL ee ek hen Grand Rapids. Kent. 
Getty, 17 0 De ea ry Barker Creek.. Kalkaska. 
Mere UO In AL anes cee stalede ete cater stetane nce ea Beulah.. Laie p penzie: 
Gibson, 3 Fess UAT OARS 9 Ee BOS Hee aE NR een ST RED Battle Creek 2. 22h Calhoun. 
CEE sorrel gl) Ge dey ee eRe eae eae A Hartford.. ......| Van Buren. 
Goulds Manufacturing Co................| Seneca Falls... shai SP Ries New York. 
rracselly Clemucal C0). 0.5.0 /p-15 oh 28 es Cleveland ens ae Ne! Ohio. 
MeN Seb Ly te Nila cove che ‘Traverse City.<% 5% --,- Grand Traverse. 
it gee epee Gulag 1 Tne OAS oe ey REE re Traverse City......... Grand Traverse. 
Greenfield, John, Tenia Cade B Delgo? dete teeth epee ee Benton Harbor........| Berrien. 
Greening, PEND Maku ets ane IMonroest: se anaes Monroe. 
Ree ON OPAL rhe Dupe capuebarate oa simak aie East Lansing..........| Ingham. 
Gine Saucotryrt A) Den ial & Eup tale aero Mao Bee ele Mairmount) sere. ets North Dakota. 
Gritten, A. 41 Lyon Place.).c4. 2.0.4). =a: Grand Rapids.........} Kent. 
REVISHTNs, SACORLE |W 25, Eu. Hs DE 2/4 Lyin erate South Haven..........| Van Buren. 
MA POUEtE Awe Ree AD). Be her less Sate tae Hiremonteten «yee one Newaygo. 
MCN A RESUME ay ALNENAS tale «Us oo sho te beech oxal cushion Gs Agricultural College....| Ingham. 
ACMI Maan ia atc Wrcl aid eal ecile <pue whe eesecele. Mahe 15 (Eig nage ener ca einaiey ain nae Oceana. 
Gurney, Taye ere, no a eee a 1 er ie aie ne A A Cee ee Oceana. 
elacselly Cane lteke MishaS ois ekt yates an Drea yys esse io \ebeneae tea gu cioke Oakland. 
Hallowell, Seber: PL ee ik Fremont.............-| Newaygo. 
Hall, HE. L., R. F. 1D Oe Ge biel ets EMMI br Fi) CALs [abl KOyStE) 0} 0], ser Reng ona Berrien. 
Hamilton, ya a RR a aiitom at ere eey: Van Buren. 
PR TAMTUE OTR ALOR A ere) 83) 0), se) « eiabene She alle ele Bangor ss titan mene Van Buren. 
Jaleneandh (ay ayn 6 Ue ot Sp 0s ARE MANA SrA eased eg BaP OTANI NS atte male Na Van Buren. 
fel egrole MUEd cbelee neti Fees eto here aid ais Cee Hudson ann ih Wenawee: 
lea tipete ty SOMBAG fei hs ikioh ea Ai ctroyates Ape adr s BO te Da AN apc pee Ar BVO Oakland 
HReliearerd Sete Gree Pepys coe ee cledie, orga cits exten oteelelrars Clevelandi. 512 af Ohio. 
DSTA Tt VGA eee Nea ct syne Al ahha teres Caro seyse eyes eraetrapten Tuscola 
TEE TIGHT MO) a) Clete to an ae nee ee BERS 8 Marmion... a ss | Oakland 
Pia wiley,, Ridiwarad ) 7.f visit ees 6 cc's ¥ ot 4 apa ees Bennville) acd ott Allegan. 
EManvlen tbl MBraps sire). aisvausnyeyecs te eneyeuede pas) steko South Haven..........| Van Buren. 
Haughey, Dr. Weallfrediln. oo tiseaseo tase: Battle Creek.......... Calhoun. 
Peere VCR INe Biey Ni liice snail <a! 6 sce aieh shee, «aad Bakers awh on ye shee. Van Buren. 
SSS MAG EN OE MAD es Oita aicl svat s 4c 20s Meanie er Benton Harbor........| Berrien. 
USNS STG yh Ea Ue eit A a RRA PRE Shr Leamington...........| Ontario. 
TE GUI oyaly CCl BE Umeha Mite ar tog We esate ir ere Benton Harbor........| Berrien. 
Hoffman, Max, R. F. D. 2 Sec ee OUE, SS OSEAIEN! (cs in chat yale Berrien. 
OHM eS CUE eters eke cress. op lated coarenatal Benton Harbor........| Berrien. 
ame ebay whee wn I Ce wares, silent Bast Rely ee Sate a Allegan. 
Boward. job. I Bs Dy iets iy. asin Arcadia.. .......| Manistee. 
BS oh ea ORO: CAL ale ON eS eo ee TP Lansing. . Soph tere, -ov oye) AA 
PLrmaphmeysy defies 3 sys dhs Seay ae are 38 Cashovisi, a iao sets) eat, 
15 Rta all eee oO LS) Fe ae Ripa Pete eT NE ane EB Kent Cityn tora Kent. 
linmter ye lus Where kar te, 2. an. RUM Alea ta hie South Lyon...........| Oakland. 
Wen SRO ANN EUS sails 2. Sa) Nae oS aU Mantels oe aang hd Copetnistay sue hee 2 Manistee. 
MEL 1 EG EEG Nei Rees: dol eee hchaNeE Fremont..............| Newaygo. 
‘jferaei aso be) © Mie A Maae iss women DAT aoe Sie Sosa pls. Mra. Berrien. 
i} ro) au atstayai ih) ebesetsye one cs Re Mee a Cue ee man Es VAreadian ta). eae al Manistee: 
obnson eA lberty lejos: scyseracevatestene cin Caves Battle Creek.......... Calhoun. 
Be ryEgess AL WD RT Bie kee cians Ste Oa Ce Lake Odessa 3)./.) 20-2: Tonia. 
Jones, Mrs. Alice Van Hoosen........... Rochester!) 5.0 al Oakland: 
CE SND ORIN Uy OND RSL REPO I ar oe oe South Haven..........| Van Buren. 
icenany Martin, viwch) (Dev ae yan als Redtond say) WV wae ce Wayne. 
Sa ee Dee Sachets pcuchoneictt vio ctwaedyap ana’ Three Rivers ......1 St. Joseph. 
PUNE HLIE vs s)he nll eledies «ui Rloltele opt BRipom: Hig th Pet gress Wisconsin. 


168 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


Name. 


Ce Adi I Ce. i ik 3 ae ara OD ease Ca 
Menield> Prams vise ce he ove F halle OO 
TRCTGUI MMCTIM NS eye ee Ney Fras, sb ts tm at 
Pease Cat), ae. ey 8/5 ke elas a NR 
Kingsley, 1 Ida eG eae OAM PEE Pac cee 
Knapp, 8. J., R. F. 
Krause, Herman A., : DLN atte 
1c Se) = thie: Wek Rea OP See gee oe a at 
ESOLVOOTOOOHDEEEL sci tie nce ee Litem eee 
Lawrence, Frank E., R. F..D. 1...:..... 


iDETA AiO ab | Ore DY. cae AI EEK ee 
Eeonard, George, R. POD. Toca 8. 
Lewis, C. 
Pr Coes OTC Fal spt CN Re eI re ee EN 
Loveridge, George, R. F. D. No. 1....... 
BIO Wiay Caritas CAVE SS ed eek e a, Sane ouch eI 
Mapiiires J Oleic Wer: ssora tole ter kh afe sate eee 
Msc hentia FIVVRM EN ins Gia ce ies Cas Beale aha 
Marcin Chiaki oven esa. Boke On ue eae 
Maubhicson® UnCtenie et. sa kek Wuak clk te QcleW Oras 
Maurer, 
MaesOn NOHAREN AT. citi feito eayetitemioeine « 


Merry, A. J., BAAIe A oki oe MER 
Meyers, F. 1) Oe ae Geng ec ae ted Seek ge 
LL ITNTLES 6g SRR S09 CON) JAR? Aan Sa te 
Miller, ree ee) aah omet ates 
Miller, SEDER erat Beas Sieneelsue kin ee oaNs 
Poller tonas wy GRO D222 ee one 
Mitchell James: sR, EDs Wears keene: 
Monroe, Mrs. C. J 
Molloy, Wm., 15 S. Pine St............. 
Momnisrvlise Mua tira, IN. sas iiss +t were tenets 
Mortenson, 
Mulheron, Dr. J. J., 73 High St. E...... 
Maen. ae ee hoes oak Same. SR aR 
TOTS SM ING) CAR AS ea Gg ho Sep 
Munson, W. K., R. Reales; 
OTE OY ULV ET INI JER 2 A tp ESB Rs en aay th 
LUPE BE) At gS OS RP Shon ee 
MGC OTIC KROES ators tec wltiedermitcceneteloaes 
VLG WAT FAVV TAM See fovsts G13) jain ie eiseh eel cette tal a 
McHardy, A. J., R. F. D. Says 
Mclsaac, Miss E. MS EC: Pr a 4. 
Mclsaac, Miss Isabella, RRND aa 
McLeran, Jabs Box 447... seh ta gt Fen | 
MeMullen, D. BG es a Sidhe alt 
INEISOTIN GQEOLES SEs. fon ne site emiouswtesctete rie 
Newcombe, George K........./......... 
Newton, H 
PLOW. WY AMOOGE CO ac)s.. 2's nt wre we Stale trots 
Nicholson Clement? «). 55. se ee keane 
Nickerson, D. 
Neple, ues. ED.) De Leese kes 
RPOPDOM CORSE Ath vei md ie scala Rog buys cued 


P. O. Address. 


Berry 34h). 3 


INewaHirakin.en | secre 

Miallington:...... 5. .% 5 
Hremontrene ene eee 
Hennwailles:iceninee cece 


Farmington: ..;....''.. 


Solon.. 
Old Mission. . 


Hennville sere etote 


Holton ieee eee 
South Frankfort....... 
Hrankstortvcsniavis anklet 
iKalamazooar eerie sere 
Edwardsburg.......... 
Battle Creek.22%). . 1% 
Benton Harbor........ 
Mears 2 eeiek cate ee hanks 
Birmin shamwen ses ee 
Northwalletsete. eee 


South Haven. .4-.se5 ee 
Grand Rapids......... 
Wa wtonk' ase eek auc eee 
ATCACTA Sst oats cl eto 
IDEtrort yo ae eles 
lrondales ein cee 
Grand Rapids......... 
Grand Rapids......... 
Ja Cre Reise Rove Ela opaicn ee oe 
Benton Harbor........ 
MI OMEOR EE ois cre ene 


Malet | Sahat Vax 
Benton Harbor........ 
Benton Harbor........ 


Traverse City........ 
Whitehbally ose 2.55 
bE ih Gikyrsss 6.3: 


Traverse City... eae 
Ostord nt cc gk Gack 


County. 


Oceana. 
Oceana. 
Tuscola. 
Newaygo. 
Allegan. 
Kent. 
Berrien. 
Leelanau. 
Kalamazoo. 
Barry. 
Oakland. 
Leelanau. 
Grand Traverse- 
Van Buren. 
Newaygo. 
Van Buren. 
Ottawa. 
Allegan. 
Van Buren. 
Jackson. 
Oceana. 
Muskegon. 
Benzie. 
Benzie. 
Kalamazoo. 
Cass. 
Calhoun. 
Berrien. 
Oceana. 
Oakland. 
Wayne. 
Muskegon. 
Newaygo. 
Lapeer. 
Van Buren. 
Kent. = 
Van Buren. 
eee 
ayne. 
Washington. 
Kent. 
Kent. 
Oceana. 
Berrien. 
Monroe. 
Van Buren. 
Lapeer. 
Berrien. 
Berrien. 
Minn. 
Grand Traverse. 
Muskegon. 
Grand Traverse- 
Oceana. 
Ingham. 
Kalamazoo. 
Grand Traverse. 
Oakland. 
Van Buren. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 


Name. P. O. Address. 

Wepre TEs, edhe Serena ye talc c- cies oh tiers he paces alzynts FU CGUMEATN Ss. vehe) apis eos ene 
Gs rrr Mids SW Noe bacco ea ofs' ky Sle yoda ane Rochester.. : 
arom 5 Bra aie F.95,-joy Shia viet a eae Wha By Arcadia. . a8 ok OAM 
ere Er y ere Ee Me onus Kecenpdhaaieuegale Traverse City. eA RAC 
ETS 1 Et a BAe PD UCR a Frankfort.. SPACER: 
LESS TORS | oie trainer eee re Marte Ape South Frankfort... 
OTe be AN By Sere tey ois holo, ~ vie, Cayep Maar ote Grand Rapids.. , 
Pedra ei tacdiiy aerchit ole dete e teeele Grand Rapids...... Lie 
Pearce MEer Om Win ecb). iaye je ais fyejais veyalor seme Grand Rapids..,.....-: 
eae ee SPDR aye « ilatel sco ciotaiaiallagneste ahaual zg Spartas.s. jean. coer 
Letae minaaenaly ADI, UN ad tan aeienae SI ROe d cio cio VaAMON ae. eee eee 
Tees aia retatil Rec) Sa | [A a AD OPE Bete Loy INoxthivalleseie scien 
Ais) Say penal bigot Biel cies RO eRe ea eS EERE Kast Lansing... 0)... 
Lee cir ah EBV 2 en GSN IG BRN SmI 2S Feanigor ss, 2 : ie ieee 
Bowers, Dawid by. B.D) i253 keels aera ee BEDIOME. was!s;.; He piesa « 
TET Pare G0] DR OE ag Ops en an Ree Peery Dawe awe saints. 
rerati PWS agin bila 35s clenene, ayeys a) she tala Benton Harbor........ 
Prabha eek, 6: Dh Ree TAR a Oh eee a ae, Benton’ Harbor.:+...-- 
IB TEM TASS “AVIRA ates bei dares din, Dae ieee: of sycuctpenptapowauee BTA VOM SE nate Neen eer 
Prentiss, Marsch Wi1i oie 5's .-cecrag? oc ais eh nbar otros BTA Ona eee 
rare ABH chute nt bys cain, oy op cy etiadayay tp Mears Mecsas 
ermrte ye PEM a ty eek chee clay oselesiay « arc eNe BAW, RAW os eee aoe 
rere pee 2) a. aie, alae gs, aba appar Mennvalle ss Nye. y as eee 
ene cabisneniiley ie me Seay Shay Dudineton);.).)3 4343: 
Rend Dr isan. vB. D, ae Battle} Creek s.5).%.03.. . <. 
Reeks, George W., Re Baw. Beryl ete hea eden: 
Rhodes, Ce DE ER WY Me TOM ACA eels, Battle Creek.......... 
Rockey, Clyde EY da Ee Hrs GLY a SE roa SiH VOSEPI See ot raat a: 
Rockwell, L., 79 Paris Ave.. EHP I bas © 28.310 WR arte 9 O10 cao eer 
Rood, Frank TE eae eg ces aha th Tee Se Covert.. Ai vetcd ie 
ERGs TI KEG srrettgs Seto ares nisy ey nections Cone a Traverse City. Se EL 
Eee aca ah ibecaes ae tete ce tease veh aula opm x eusdins Horo Euromed 
Robertson; James ert. FO TDs sei telarciet, Hremonun ence iene 
Rotier sonny VR Pe Wee ote sala betel dlet rem onte dase acts 
MS CAUSES AAO), Ae Age ot och aotte) a) f0 arn de venta tes Shellawek secs yan sate wees 
ave ae AS Fae ENC acai coh abt tees lolv otf ys Grand Rapids......... 
LUN a Eras at @ Se ee es Mae EL DR awl Wile irekee ca ee 
Psa ats spay UM DY Ce wiain pcos Pays Aa me aan MALLE HOT pa a| ales 5) ov eps 
Salisbury, H., 12 caled Dae nate aL Weer Raw Paw osek i ska cies 
Scamehorn, John MN ROSH aD apie aera. hae Bloomingdale.......... 
Schettler, Hla Ais 5. j Wu eeu Muskevon.c. 5i:)-).icilex s 
cent, Aa usty o..1:)//elcs cy oo Maeve Paes Brankfort poses oss 
Sieh, Chas bith). vas. Lint sie lala sthede & sees Birmingham. 3.5. & ash: 
ECU MOT TIy Sete Faas, « aye) Scholae Sau, ngaloter' Benton Harbor........ 
SESSIONS ETOMACE Hata olde stag olan.  henoreteleys Shelby. 


Shackelton, oe IRE ES Das ate ee seve 
Sherwood, R. 
Sirah eA Mich cba vitae ce ape othe) a dete 
Smith, Henry, Cor. Monroe and Division. 
Chaswdurki. HDi Seay te 


Sneek. Miss;Nellie Mat. vis whaan.waraine 

Spencer, A. G., R. ct oun Catan ae 

Sprague, E. S., R. 

Straight, G. W. SER. 

Sprague, He, FTP ake. 

Starr, Edwin CAPS Sn SOA RE eS me Mie to 
22 


Grand Rapids... Ago 
Wratervitet?.: 2.0.24. 
Bangor sth. as essa 
Grand \Rapids.........). 
Collinge ys oss ob wade! 


Fuochesternsateduetnoe 
ROGhesterecice naar 
IKib Dies sce arate eee 
Harmingtoie!<. acne: 
glam divac cvs. 
Pa Wea Wis tent eocsea eae 
Royal’ Oakey ic tradtin wa 


169 


County. 


Newaygo. 
Oakland. 
Manistee. 
Grand Traverse. 
Benzie. 
Benzie. 
Kent. 
Kent. 
Kent. 
eee 
ewaygo. 
Wayne. 
Ingham. 
Van Buren. 
Newaygo. 
Van Buren. 
Berrien. 
Berrien. 
Allegan. 
Allegan. 
Oceana. 
Van Buren. — 
Allegan. 
Mason. 
Calhoun. 
Allegan. 
Calhoun. 
Berrien. 
Kent. 
Van Buren. 
Grand Traverse. 
St. Clair. 
Newaygo. 
Newaygo. 
Oceana. 
Kent. 
Van Buren. 
Mason. 
Van Buren. 
Van Buren. 
Muskegon. 
Benzie. 
Oakland. 
Berrien. 
Oceana. 
Kent. 
Berrien. 
Van Buren. 
Kent. 
Tuscola. 
Calhoun. 
Calhoun. 
Oakland. 
Oakland. 
Van Buren. 
Oakland. 
Ottawa. 
Van Buren. 
Oakland. 


170 STATE HORTICU 


Name. 


SLO VELBA, VU a eet eiE Ay sale Be te Ten ais 
Stoddard, VRE RB 
tour. As Gr, whee SD) 
Stray, George Der. aby. ; 

DUCA VRS OM neo ROS) ulles nul een taghe Mea 
Taft, Prof. TIME ae er ince ene Ae as Sk eRe, 
ALOT VV PAU c ANAT. We AIR cuetr ine Re nets 
ERE] ot cea ll Oa en ey a aa SS OFS 2 
Marian (WiC. RO BUD Ab... a tanta, aie 
pUbA Verte aU etd mesh yaw ek Uniss Te 
TBiaoya step ial chek OY cna Se sin Ae Mae RUT ec 
Mhomrpsons) Woe Gre Ee DN We ase 
AMS shire 12s 01g Wad Ui Ae CS eg Ae 
MH OVATGOS AMOS sets his mh bie lal soe Ladclawetta) a! oakeuanee 
Tibbits, Karl, Jee Idee Dy 
Tinney, E. C., Spal aay at Deen Ware eet PaO See Wee 
GU gaia tsa Ore Need be gea) tioned Dai Sy aE a 
RICHIRUE VN AMAR Cok 6 oie Ns (deethe’ «fouidon ya coup an SOaNG 
arent ble AIOSEDE oni. o's ain eee ne lcm noe 
sucker George yy) BoD) We oh ee 
Turner, Wm. H. H 

[U)M op uP oct TS 10 Cail a-eeatl 8 it eat WASP coe a 
ManaDemane vom) Ake se/.% sajceny sae wae 
‘With deel a Wels (SN oh Gee nn ee Be GS en 
Van Valkenburg, C, F., R. F. D. 2. 
Van Wickle, F. W: HAs US RR Ie ta Ceare ae 
OO VeISs AVWi ear Sle. aria tee ia Guse uaGaretole eee eau 
Wade, Theo aR PE a aD ea be Lig 3 EA 
Wait, Walter J., MORAL GAGS od Oya 2 8 
Wait, Ee STa pe etd Gen RM A een ae aeie Rp. Af 
Wialtons selerbert) (Es aD: 2. yey eee 
Walton, LOS 1B segungyeat de UUM AMON pataics ee A Cea 
Ward, Wm 
Woe BERG 0) 0," is 3 ee RRA ak ee AIR OEE tae 


Nirestoniid WwW ROR Ds Dee Pare vale 
Westphal, Baal EAR DL bye NON 
West, W. E., 1616 East St. 

Wheelock, Mrs. C. H. ,92N. McCamley St. 
Wiese, C. W., R. F. D. 4 
Walden) Carson ents sf wiastsoncrtcseotiae tte Sehets 
Wiley, D. W., Brg ae ete EtG} 
Willard, M. W., BBD. 2 ee tae 
Willison, Jet NR Ve las PERO DD aL 2 
Valiste yEMCwED SMRouten Lis oienpeeits, ater 
DW TIS OMAN UN -aiseee Bane SiGe asl ucreds Mharateweers mueteee 
AVSTISOTC AMES ea ier ete rschaier he etoue hate eaeesCRee 
AWA tL STos aE Nh 00 cas Sa Pe ed One en GALS 
Winterburn, o Ge ES Ee LO Sinaia ee nee 
Woodley, W. H 
AYA ay oro lenb ha a4 MY [al lt ec OR a ae 
Wolverine Cooperative Nursery Co.. 
Woolman, D. 8 
OMB? Ver eER Hy EDs 1D) cy cnnty, Pa tt tc a owereie 
Yonker, Want sox 4'66)..vo neers 


LTURAL SOCIETY. 


P. O. Address. 


Grand Rapids......... 
Walamazoo.en cee sees 
South Haven..cs:..-. 
Nekonshases)0s,easiss 
Kremontic.. a sce nner 
Kast Lansing... -.... 
Washington......... 
Almonte; checoe eo 
Caranate ln Meshes 


Mears. 2 chsive sein 

Warksington s..)73ius aes 
Hremiontiscnesee ane. 
AAC UISU Ao apie bis Ne 


Hremontecs eee 


Benton Harbor.....:. 
Benzonialen sehr 
Zeelanda scene eeree ee 
Henniwiller: ooeseee ae 
arts yop icone tare 
South Frankfort....... 


Fennville.. 
Toledo.. 


Benton H&rbor. ae ; 


POntiaGe joie wee 

Douglass: phd sane 
South Havenses.c2 se - 
Bernwalleneen nua tere eae 


Wetrort.s cosets 
Hennwallennin neat 
Benton Harbor....... 
Lansing. . srapeagn iets 
Battle Creek.. AA eRe 


Benton Harbor........ 
Hunter’s Creek........ 
Rennivilless). ee... ae 
Grand Rapids......... 
Battle Creek........ 
(ONO aR fe eS ee Sc 


Kalamazooussnaee noes 
Benton Harbor........ 
Benton Harbor........ 
PR Waa ud cee eee 
Millington: 5.0 strae'1er 
Alinonticke otek kore 


County. 


Kent. 
Kalamazoo. 
Van Buren. 
Calhoun. 
Newaygo. 
Ingham. 

IDY AC 


Lapeer. 
Tuscola. 
Berrien. 
Tuscola. 
Berrien. 
Berrien. 
Oceana. 
Oakland. 
Newaygo. 
Kalamazoo. 
Ingham. 
Newaygo. 
Allegan. 
Oceana. 
Berrien. 
Benzie. 
Ottawa. 
Allegan. 
Oceana. 
Benzie. 
Allegan. 
Ohio. 
Berrien. 
Lapeer. 
Lapeer. 
Tuscola. 
Oakland. 
Allegan. 
Van Buren. 
Allegan. 
Wayne. 
Allegan. 
Berrien. 
Ingham. 
Calhoun. 
Berrien. 
Lapeer. 
Allegan. 
Kent. 
Calhoun. 
Tuscola. 
Macomb. 
Leelanau. 
Benzie. 
Kalamazoo. 
Berrien. 
Berrien. 
Van Buren. 
Tuscola. 
Lapeer. 


! Grand Traverse. 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 171 


CONSTITUTION’ AND BY-LAWS: 


ARTICLE I.—NAME, TERRITORY AND OBJECTS, 


The name of the society shall be the Michigan State Horticultural Society, and its 
territory shall be the State of Michigan. Its objects shall be the development of an 
adequate appreciation of the peculiar adaptation of the soils and climate of the State to 
the pursuit of horticulture in all its branches; and the collection and dissemination of 
information bearing upon the theory and practice of the same, as well as upon the arts 
and sciences directly or indirectly associated therewith, or calculated to elevate or im- 
prove the practice thereof. 


ARTICLE II.—OFFICERS AND- MODE OF ELECTION. 


The officers of the society shall be a president, a secretary, and a treasurer, together 
with an executive board of six members, aside from the president, secretary and treasurer, 
who shall be ex-officio members of the said board. Any one who has held the office of 
president or member of the executive board for two consecutive terms or parts of terms 
shall be ineligible to re-election until after the expiration of one full term. 

Said board shall designate one of its members as vice president. The officers shall 
be elected by ballot. 

The society may, at its discretion, elect an honorary president, whose term of office 
shall be for life, said office to be an honorary one, without duties, and established to ex- 
press the sense of obligations which the society may feel to one of its members who may 
unselfishly give a lifetime of earnest effort to promote its interests, to further the horti- 
cultural interests of this State. 


ARTICLE III.—A QUORUM. 


Four members of the executive board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction 
of business at any meeting of said board: Provided, That each of the members thereof 
shall have been notified, in the usual manner, of the time, place, and object of such meeting. 


ARTICLE IV.—ANNUAL MEETING AND ELECTION OF OFFICERS. 


The annual meeting of the society, for the election of officers specified in Article II, 
shall occur upon the first Wednesday of December in each year. 


ARTICLE V.—TERMS OF OFFICE. 


The officers specified in Article II shall hold their offices until the thirty-first day of 
December of the year for which they were elected, and thereafter until their successors 
shall have been elected, and shall have signified to the secretary their acceptance: Pro- 
vided, That the terms of office of the six members of the executive board shall be so 
arranged that but two regular vacancies shall occur in each year. 


ARTICLE VI.—ANNUAL AND LIFE MEMBERS. 


Any person may become a member of the society for one year by paying to the treasurer 
the sum of fifty cents; and the yearly term of all annual memberships shall expire on the 
thirty-first day of December of the year for which they were taken, but be regarded as 
continuous, and the annual dues cumulative, except as may be provided by the by-laws. 
Any person may become a life member by the payment at any one time of the sum of 
five dollars into the treasury of the society. 


ARTICLE VII.—AMOUNT OR LIMIT OF PROPERTY. 


The society may hold real and personal estate to an amount not exceeding twenty 
thousand dollars. 


172 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


ARTICLE VIII.—BY-LAWS. 
By-laws for the government of the society shall be framed, and when needful, amended 


by the executive board; but changes thereof may be at any time proposed by the society 
in general meeting. 


ARTICLE IX, 


AMENDMENTS, 


This constitution may be amended at any regular meeting of the society by a vote, 
by ballot, of two-thirds of all the members present and voting: Provided, That notice 
of such proposed amendment, specifying its purport, shall have been given at the last 
previous regular meeting. . 


’ 


BY-LAWS OF THE MICHIGAN STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


I.—THE PRESIDENT. 


Ist. The president shall be the executive officer of the society and of the executive 
board; and it shall be his duty to see that the rules and regulations of the society, and of 
the executive board, are duly enforced and obeyed. 

2d. He may, in his discretion, and in the lack of.needful rules, during the recesses 
of the society and of the board, prescribe rules for the management of the interests or 
business of the society such rules to continue in force till the next session of the executive 
board, and until, by its action, they shall have become no longer necessary. 

3d. He shall act in conjunction with the secretary in the preparation of programmes 
or orders of business, for the sessions of the society; and in the devising of plans and pro- 
cesses for the maintenance of its interests. 

4th. He shall have the best interests of the society at heart, and shall lead in for- 
warding any and all enterprises calculated to add to its permanency or to increase its 
usefulness, and establish it more firmly in the public confidence. 


II.—VICE PRESIDENT. 


The vice president shall perform the duties of the president in case of the absence or 
inability of that officer; and may be called upon by the president to assume the duties 
of the chair at any meeting of the society or executive board. 


III.—THE SECRETARY. 


Ist. The secretary shall be the recording, corresponding, and accounting officer of 
the society, and he shall also be, jointly with the business committee, its financial and 
auditing officer. 

2d. He shall incur no expenditure of a large or doubtful character except with the 
sanction of the executive board or of the business committee. 

3d. He shall submit all bills or claims against the society to the business committee 
for approval, and indorsement to that effect, before drawing his order upon the treasurer 
for the payment of the same. 

4th. He shall attend all meetings of the society, and of the executive board, and shall 
keep a faithful record of their proceedings. 

5th. He shall: sign all certificates of membership, and all diplomas and certificates 
of merit awarded by the society. 

6th. He shall have charge of the society’s books and papers, excepting only such as, 
by the advice or direction of the executive board, shall be placed in charge of the librarian, 
ee BG shall be responsible to the board for the safe keeping of the property placed in 

is charge. 

7th. THe shall be the custodian of the seal of the society and shall have authority to 
affix the same to documents when needful. 

8th. He shall seek by all suitable means to secure the fullest announcement of the 
meetings of the society in this State, as well as in adjacent states, when such shall be 
found desirable. 

9th. He shall, so far as practicable, cause the transactions of the society, together 
with such valuable or interesting papers as shall be read at its sessions, to be properly 
published, and thus placed within reach of the State. 

10th. It shall also be his duty, yearly, to prepare for publication the annual report 


THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 173 


of the society, together with such other matter as he shall deem proper—he being aided 
in the selection of such matter by an advisory committee of the executive board. 


IV.—THE TREASURER. 


1st. All the funds of the society shall be paid into the hands of the treasurer. 

2d. He shall disburse the moneys of the society that shall come into his hands only 
upon the order of the secretary, countersigned by the president. 

3d. He shall keep the moneys received by the society for life memberships as a distinct 
fund, and shall invest the same under the advice and direction of the executive board, 
applying only the interest accruing thereon to the purposes of the general fund. 

4th. Immediately upon assuming his office, and before entering upon its duties, he 
shall execute to the society an official bond with sufficient sureties, conditioned for the 
safe keeping and disbursement of the moneys of the society, and for the proper discharge 
of the further duties of his office, in such sum as shall be specified by the executive board. 
Such bond shall receive the approval of the president and shall be deposited with the 
secretary. 

5th. He shall at the close of each year, report to the executive board the amount 
of money that shall have come into his hands during the year, the sources from which 
it has been derived, and the disposition made of the same. 


V.—THE LIBRARIAN. 


1st. The librarian shall have the custody of the library of the society. He shall be 
appointed by the executive board, and may be displaced. at its pleasure. 

2d. He shall act jointly with the secretary in the care and arrangement of the same, 
and in the reception, custody, and disposal of the volumes of the transactions annually 
supplied to the society by the State. 

3d. He shall have the custody of the rooms assigned to the society at the State capitol, 
together with such books and other property as the society or the board shall direct to 
be deposited therein. 

4th. He shall report annually, at the close of the year, to the executive board the 
amount and condition of the property in his hands. 


Var 


THE EXECUTIVE BOARD. 


ist. The executive board shall enact all rules and regulations for the management 
of the affairs of the society, determine the salaries of its officers, and assume the control 
and management of its exhibitions. 

2d. It shall have power to displace any officer of the society for neglect of duty or 
enue of position, and to fill all vacancies by appointment, to continue till the next annual 
election. 

3d. The board shall hold four regular sessions during the year, to occur at the times 
and places for the regular meetings of the society. 

4th. Other meetings may be called by the secretary under the advice or direction of 
the president, or of a majority of its members, at such times and places as may be deemed 
most convenient; but in all such cases each member must be notified of the time, place, 
and object of such meeting. : 

5th. It shall be the duty of the board to carefully guard the general interests of the 
society, to watch over its finances, and to provide for its necessities as they shall arise. 

6th. All important measures shall be submitted to this board, but they may by the 
board be resubmitted to the society for recommendations. 

7th. The board shall, at the annual meeting, submit through the secretary, in con- 
nection with the reports of officers, such further report upon the condition, interests, 
and prospects of the society as it shall judge necessary or expedient. 

8th. Two members of the executive board are to be elected each year, to hold the office 
for three years, but if any member shall absent himself from two or more consecutive 
meetings of the society and of the board, without reason satisfactory to the board, the 
said board may, in its discretion, consider the office vacant, and proceed to fill such vacancy 
by appointment, to continue to the next annual election. 


VII.—THE BUSINESS COMMITTEE, 


1st. It shall be the duty of the executive board annually, upon entering upon the 
duties of the new year, to appoint from their own number three members who shall con- 
stitute a business committee for the year. 


174 STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 


2d. All accounts or claims against the society, when presented to the secretary for 
payment, shall, before payment, receive the sanction and indorsement of the business 
committee. 

3d. Such claims shall be submitted to this committee and approved in duplicate, 
one copy to remain with the secretary as his warrant for the payment of the same, and 
the other to be transmitted by him to the president, along with his order upon the treasurer, 
as his warrant for countersigning the same. 

4th. It shall be the duty of the business committee, upon application of the secretary, 
during the recess of the executive board, to advise with him as to the expediency of making 
any contemplated but questionable expenditure for which occasion may arise during 
such recess. 


VIII.—STANDING COMMITTEES. 


Ist. There shall be a standing committee on revision of the catalogue, to be composed 
of one member from each of the five districts into which the State is, for this purpose 
divided, with one member chosen from the State at large, who shall be the chairman 
of the committee. 

2d. Each member of said committee (except the chairman) is empowered and ex- 
pected to’ choose a sub-committee for his district, of which he shall be chairman. 

3d. It shall be the duty of each sub-committee to collect and report, each year, to 
the general chairman, such facts respecting fruit culture in the district as shall promise 
to be of value in the revision of the catalogue. 

4th. There shall be a standing committee on new fruits, to consist of a chairman, 
with as many associates as sugh chairman shall find it desirable to appoint. 

5th. Such other standing committees may from time to time be appointed by the 
executive board as, in its discretion, it shall deem desirable or necessary. 

6th. All standing committees are expected to report at the annual meeting in Decem- 
ber any information of value to the society or its members that may have come to their 
knowledge during the year as well as any scientific theories, deductions, or facts that, 
in their opinion, may be useful in advancing the objects for which the society is laboring. 


IX.—LIFE MEMBERSHIP FUND. 


ist. All moneys coming into the treasury of the society in payment for life member- 
ships shall constitute a perpetual fund, to be known as the life membership fund. 

2d. The principal of this fund shall be invested by the treasurer under the advice 
and direction of the executive board. 

3d. All interest accruing upon any portion of said fund shall constitute and become 
a part of the fund of the society devoted to the payment of its ordinary expenses. 


X.—MEETINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 


Ist. The society shall hold its first regular meeting for the year during the month 
of January or February for the inauguration of the officers chosen at the annual meeting 
held the previous December, as provided in Article 1V of the constitution and also to 
arrange its plan of operation for the year. 

2d. Its second regular meeting shall be held in the month of June at such date as shall 
best accommodate an exhibit of the early summer fruits. 

3d. Its third regular meeting shall be at its annual exhibit of autumn and winter 
fruits, in the month of September or October. 

4th. Its fourth regular meeting shall occur in connection with its annual election of 
officers, in December, as provided in Article IV of the constitution. 

5th. The times and places for the occurrence of these regular meetings (excepting 
only the time of the annual meeting), shall be determined by the executive board. 

6th. Other meetings may be called by the secretary, under the advice or direction 
of the members of the executive board, at times and places by them deemed expedient. 

7th. In case of the calling of a special meeting for the election of officers of the society, 
in consequence of any failure to elect at the annual meeting, as provided in section IV 
of the constitution, all persons entitled as members to vote at such annual meeting shall 
be considered as retaining such membership for such purpose until such election, and until 
such officers so elected shall have been inducted into office. 


THIRTYSEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 175 


XI.—RULES FOR DISCUSSION. 


The deliberations and discussions of the society shall be conducted in accordance with 
ordinary parliamentary usages. 


XII.—AUXILIARY SOCIETIES. 


- Ist. The society shall, in all reasonable and proper ways, encourage the formation 
of local horticultural or pomological societies auxiliary to this society in all such counties 
or other municipalities of this State as shall afford a reasonable prospect that they will 
be able to effectually maintain the same. 

2d. It shall be the policy of this society in supervising the organization of such local 
societies to secure an identity of constitutional provisions throughout, and in so doing 
to insure harmony among them; but at the same time it will not discourage ‘the including 
by them of special or local objects in cases in which such shall be found desirable, so long as 
the introduction of the requisite provisions therefor into the constitution and by-laws 
of the auxiliary society shall not be deemed likely to interfere with the harmonious work- 
ings of the whole. ‘ 

3d. Any person who shall become a member of an auxiliary society for one year, and 
comply with its regulation as to fee, shall thereby become an auxiliary member of this 
society also for the same time, and entitled to all the rights and benefits of full membership, 
except that he or she shall not have the right to vote at the annual election of officers or 
upon questions of the expenditure of money. 

4th. On receipt by the secretary, from the secretary of such auxiliary society, of a 
list of officers and members of that society, he shall file the same; and upon issuance of 
the annual report shall supply such auxiliary society with a sufficient number of volumes 
to provide one for each of its members. He shall also transmit the names of such officers 
and members, with their postoffice addresses, to the secretary of any and all experiment 
stations and societies willing to supply bulletins and reports; and to the national depart- 
ment of agriculture for the same purpose; and the secretary shall issue to such auxiliary 
society a certificate of membership for the year. 

5th. Reports of auxiliary societies shall be made to the secretary of this society on or 
before the fifteenth day of January of each year, and shall include the officers for the 
ensuing year and a statement of the proceedings of such society during the past year, 
which shall be incorporated into the annual report of the preceding year. 

6th. Any local horticultural society in the State may become auxiliary to this society 
by the annual payment of twenty-five cents for each of its members. Such auxiliary 
society will be entitled to send one delegate to the annual meeting of this society, said 
delegate’s expenses to be paid by this society. 


XIII.—AMENDMENTS, ADDITIONS, SUSPENSIONS. 


lst. Amendments or additions to these by-laws may be made by a majority vote of 
the executive board, at any meeting; but if objection shall be made the same shall “‘lie 
upon the table” till the next regular meeting of the board. 

2d. These by-laws, or any one or more of them, may be suspended for the time, by 
order of a majority of all the members of the society present and voting. 

3d. A proposition in the general meeting of the society, for the amendment or addition 
to these by-laws shall be referred to the executive board for consideration and decision; 
but the society may submit therewith its advice or request. 


INDEX. 


A. Page. 

ANG RASTAAISTUAE? "Glbbe soy GIuAYS Icio, Ue ey CIES IS Hie ts Ohare URE DR URNA ES Ua Bal, 9 

SEMAN Hes Tes AMUN NE LEO ZEIT ACES LLC beste ie a Shaner ata ey kas aah cra vantak rene ey tetas: oo eve toe eee teri eae 21 

MOTEL OLE REry ac) stusyara Nats tye) al ceteney Narartra haat e vere Ay cid tk nhac atthe a Cuenta eben cereale ttoh ent a 9 

AEM aA MTG CGPOW ELS) SASSOCLAULOM oY aVetetevare a cue mavcuele trial ciotehes ate aie mune eel Miche neie Uaiaeee eH ee 157 

AMM IMeMDErS i Of SALMO OCLEDYss see or chcscla erate tte, Scueimtaya laren sce aero ia, sulisiabce Miavauey Aeter Haet ve cate 165 

JATO5 UGN, TOO OER SERD Gens lip cee RAR CCI EAOR OTOH CREPE RO CEN A Sibson eM TREE Ce Baia ss 112 

ANSP OEAGAN OSE, ON ETE COU borch SS EHDA Orc SRA uch bate CAE RONG yS Teas CaCA eh CRA aclicns See ppksi eats 0 cece ic uthorr IaeeReE 11 

Asya, TOO Ob SoU EA AO Ghe pec Or GObUc MO McinOR OA bICCe yD pine RDIcAG Gir hope atLces Pe oe 25 

CALEMITP DANCIN Sere ae aldosterone er tere ova Sie. ot Sad allo feice eer Meee Mea et eon eet yodercm ane: pat oe ot aD ats AT 

CUTTS al reese ans raiwa dlehche: ap cnatisbet totes sors ema el auilicNa are Bee setc esl Syeketaedate nie br ccne: meee caste 42,138 

CON ENHTS, Mesheveite es Pipes ft sat anna sem Breanne AE et is AVEC AN ME AE Ole MEM, Reb teeter oes EUat aR OF lean Bae 46 

AOS mL EL LTV es Obey any syaraenee sycitay saree a satonel as seaaatic: ayavel.cs Sabot CG hamener sr cusl sisters hee aes Get aeemo rates 27 

TEU COLMW SOLA LS sates Re acl cro aiavene eee p eae RSE yt ay hac WAN REO Pesos fone (ec Bee rele a ehh ceca 48 

AIS OCMMINIUIL GT S> eeaherrtet ada ee <5 Challe ites tek ceo tec ctr Gri ch <M CIpaNy sta eyPeatt a eure bare caste Abel ete Re Bom thes 50 

TUG eA Ome cee teat Le ay eu Er eate Sie chonnecst asad tlie cspeuei bake. setanelsjctto cae oem Tay Hcirc netre te rola eval epee ce rahe 50 

TENOVAIMP DeSleCLEGMOreCMALGs elevaiye sitar ete hey Atiee Nelo eee ele te cheer ciel erent me eame APES 141 

SPORES Ost Hem cu EINY spay ate euch aia sk oreo eay st Shoemart yey a sate icles okay eck atenen eS Alancliemese tau ruse MELEE 138 

(iad abot hiaies oy Pea sottaer CMe UCN USE IO IERCRENaN Bh Pe caer ASOT Nae EMER RES nat Aeon APs MAR ge 46, 47, 141 

ETEES MON PULL CIM ES Waa clapey iets HON S Pisiagei Me neti et cia gies 7 ketene Oy ayant tm Po A De eon ee ae , 44 

LHLADWATLERS) Aiko}e JoyevMted biiaayRatshi eel Ste coc ener ee AeNS eins re Re Chas Oc ceca ice Tae Cae caer eae Eats Oe 25 

UNM FEI ATOM MeL Ae eal De, Gin Cte, a Na AT EG Ay 54, 55, 126, 127, 146 

WiCEIV A) 1NOD Cheha em IC OIC CRT ISU EEE Ea cee ey 1 Gis LR Ae eh 28 Sicha: MES eg 47 

PATS LUO OLE arsine mvs aide ciowe aelaana ta ara cuaions mo Att. hs cdeelrolav see suceeee tetas Taeoticne aerate 31, 100, 105, 139 

ANGIE SUS, Cig, Coe ORCL ERR CINE EG COTE LE oa eR ae Bat MOM PCPA che hapey Ate evawel chereac ie tedee aha tray Rene oer 69 
Ee 

PES UILCIELG Gy, UILTLULED | 3s arcane hee deren caer ore oR chal Siac ec etets Lescol Hom Anchoress ilelinvo ral Shai evomatvaael epeoaaet cbeee i 

SANG EMU, Meee EUTOGTS MD pect eweliy cites tn tates eer ettan cette) ae ee asta a mecliee sb eas a OIA eae pM: i enn Neuen 63 

SHIGA LS a GOV ETS: CLO Dsvasorotana ie tage kerir ey ata ae ne ee wes es eR OE oe a De I BLS 69 

TER AHUA Ghul Oherel ic «Aaa Vere di h Ov -<e oH IP Aenea ee Ht egret eM et OP a a ARTS Age 0 Corre ea Ma Sod 7 

ESC ee Tysam VV peel seh CCE SE bn yeey tye eeeree em 2b, hea hey do Uh ANE COU ack vty Bo Do Ae ties See RAS te 128 

IBegubliyiN eer hes homer Surr OW eSe sp eeta ciel bas oparch/ Maes ee as osha wey ataee at eneeeaeraetngets 142 

Beesmwitoeuher orchandeatae arden taco cicg hats Soy sus. ay cueeeder sce eae ee Andie ieee ees 150 

IBCHE RES OV COOPELAULOD rata t eRe aap tars ere halves ave Re a Tao OE EE ase 150 

Berrien ti County M HOrgicul ical SOCIeu ye autres eka ao ee en oe eee 155 

EST OAL TULSA Geese ava Veco Peu cl eb APN cL ete a ore yeaa et SN ee ata eae eT IT aI 117 

ACID ETTLES AV AITO LIES O OLS or asiata seal caine aye ibs oh 28 sl RATE Sa NAG SG ea OTA RENS con ba Mee eae Sen No le 7 126, 128 

ISLC T {MATTE SOMME PP LES sierarareush Sooh Sy skhorey ny NAP a eee ieee ee en ee ey oy et a Mi ore SN 27 

TS ICOR Sov GSA ANG Bay OE N Pe pas HEE ots Oe ICA NE CEE SUES CEN Pa ple ee eRe TN ee 4 151 

BOCeariND iN UVa OLNGMew aD MlEs! cca oie cictaeee ta. lun ace othe acecey Slee dhe sane URES ogee, & 25 

BOTde AIRMEN Une PATSENULES I WLM sta Mise cas cue) spmurayibnty! Minton st Denti Sy.) ete Ra a gy 32 

aifechineylime yOLATIpPeMiM Ps cya cers ote eases aes oh eee a Ae en etre 33 

GifSrents Siete Of; evo tee. lee oe oi x ce ee PONE hp tie 32 

LOTH EVA DES A eieterey aed oy ooo RS en TENCE eae c/ LN eo Ma arctan es oh UAE 7 11 

BEOWNE TOR OL Sa la willeal ip le sri e yore visi che eos sealcl arava er rapa RIG rior red RAMA cau e hc lone 108 


180 INDEX. 


C. Page. 
Wanadiam MELUCMEASA  srcvepars ames (sepeaiste oe Piva >, acs oe RUT a AE Ae ni ance eS nn ee: See 20 
SNELPIGS / HCUIEUTE: OL, > erevere aie Pit oie ayette Steet cial saxo chee menage ee Ree cma I eae ae ee 137 
VATIOULES NOL iis sen tpt is tore be bn toss colic Syste 2 Sects ee Capt nee Ete aa own Oe Tne re Bal 7 ARPT ce 126, 127 
CivierINiprovelnent AMucltyntown-and ‘village. mins eiie aie ete ner ene eneee oS eee 114 
Clapp INCAS aC GPESS Dy mictebi si sedge Mbit is Gilets toe SNE RENO au SA in aD ENO d tn 134 
CIO VET TASMAN COVER (CROP Gis sta ciaiiy sie tis folretas irra Oale cata het ae ree a ee enter ah na ens Te ote en Re 69, 90, 149 
ME OCLIT SAITO se einaie oho ave eve Se aieie Seale be Svidach a fo, ot aUP ewe re He Ohne et a a tes nee a ee eC pee 105 
CC GIOTHOM PAL UNTS Ae youies  <, waeish As capa lors Pevsh ents she pos 8 voces IEA AR Perea ie Na ilar Cy ieee hl een 47 
Cold necessary to kill peach trees or buds...................+s-- CNG fecaveh onde, tes SUA Sey ore 58, 59 
(Gra) (ole sina) r22¢ is ie) deh Ba bh i emenraayet treaty che Devens: ei AW etme UR Aste i (OE eC RMR) cB SUL Aa CO 38, 48 
Collingwood, H. W., addresses by........... te ta cM CRE a Oy AMM sd EO ale ECR ON A eg 9, 51 
Womrmnercis TerblliZETs his ce etey eet rs el Seo ee ee ae nad Lae Poy hema ce See eaaeoe eee ana 17, 47, 69, 87 
 OMATMISSLOM AINVETCHAMUS NS «y's Hisse Wi coe eleae orate ee suai tet chet toe MORE Osea te eo dy tata URE RT ra Ine ee 70 
COmUpPEShItEVE TOUTE: HULU Bessy "r sarap cee eve ehnecen tates Srereits es MEHR ache, isl oie wines eee Eat eee 7 
CONtrOMIN Ete: PUADES RTO be. 5 ie leyer ehh iest fe) ousive, t lekoan ee ates dete Poop rd sone ay ane aT Toke eee ae eo 10 
Saal JOSE Iscaile Vahiss, a ensvevste Sheps tees atte alee: (oR ae a edet enn be aieae oa 95 
CEOPeLAlLOn I DENETUSOL =o. sic spate cue Nie Wigs eo arehele Wik Fale eee ki eat rs EURO FREED ODS Reis a Sean mS 150 
Cooperative plants; tor cooking, lime-sulplimeareimes «os ste co ciel scm eel tei chen ta cielo ere ereae 96 
COnsiiuton and) by-laws Of Staves SOCLEt yee. sale eis crcl) Cciclaeee elcome ere ainen e & cree e eon mere 171 
Wonpers sulphates... \s cuitewi sis emcees wae accu ta d cued ieee lcs eae CM Ae Seto ETE AS ete tee aee ata Pree 
UISEMS MOSES Fie et Naicyeves cutee teeitl Aes ol gh eieteye! ONES CR eee Lee NERC TRIS a ka Mt RUD 29 
WOVETS CLODS firs Aine <tuas elevate Sree oN ale ar that ok sa TAR Gein ee Pee ee POR ae ee ti 57, 69, 92, 140, 149 
MO OWN PCABE crete ietaied oo oec hore Silane tsicisa raya eNO NSS aES at ecactere te atoesas dese Bn nants, baie naade Re a, IAP, Cae aL a ey 20, 90 
CROSDY AL Ok DADE sD Vie mien iehay ara taceoe oro ere ake te PaO each eateries oie tere ea eagle A ee 153 
(Grebo Cevatay t ER na mars caevecn errant es ence Otero amon stm a TR UE MON RA erie oer eee Se sees WOM Maal aad ge Be 96 
Cura pS aVaTIevless Olson eoateue ts ate tev hho) eet wipsls mene eee TES lt eee eee ene ee Ee 126, 127 
D. 
Mead Leaves Or! (LO WINS: QV AM: 22)... tka epste iss ai eum asst ara cate co oom Deatele aed stoner sp avers eae once seep nents 143 
DUP PINE, MAUTSELY SUOCK ores cte ie chteted= total clei eevee storys He re es hee taal yc eurecunsie eh ohare tekonemer ate aiatere rete 106 
Discouragements and successes im: peach (cultures «vce © ele wlan ele steiete sletele eles clone 63 
ID Gt, Ty sy OER Bean cig ome cote coi cio siciaiomo cdo cidatevalciemalo edo Har clio crn AUB Digit oo 46 
E. 
IBS AHO) EMIS MORON MII pcoaddend Doane sode put comes Gow ubapomays udue paaidogalas “ 108 
MCLE OM OL OLMIGOIS so sister al seerat seve ac oonsbereveee ual eis alas aly egetateira Nhoiebeceh akeleucete nebaten etienepeltse aie eam vee 7 
IDichifyaeVo) Loventz (OMI ANE ONO IA mo GAO ho Saad aon nic Dleid oO dimauo nau dln ary Uomo d dis nisolotels olycic 5 
MSsentiais Ali trill t STOWE. ~ cc choke leita chars aise neyaecia cles te Pare f-rteiaas renee re bhi eres] ener aoa ee Te NOME 146 
MB KEGCUPLVE a IDORT Ge Sick re hatone. alle la testers: Net sees TS arcraviareuce uiePege trata ieySieacra sores vel elas nVAT oh oye ne onenetor ea eet atedt ele 5 
Experiments in horticulture at Agricultural College....................2.-.......--.- 36 
HK PENIMety SUaULOM ab HOME. eee eiasies ietaleeie ele pioie alee eeierat trae ite nie) inl; Con inant a bila 
Fy 
Factors affecting the hardiness of the peach...... Geta sade rarvenasts ile enenie ten tots (2 ieee ta eMaNY = er ORO 56 
arming tons), MaAnch) meeting vat. crs sete vey< svete weiter deter -veua lolol ei tal un jekeneerenepengis tn ole Mebe teen ace teks 134 
RAYNISWOLLDS., Ws Wick -BUGTESSES fDyateektievaleus  faletn te leusueietcieye)oile em ade sunlaytiavelaWeible cliche ehetealbn diate tele 9, 95 
PEUPPATIG Mele AC, PAPEL. Divs wsun ares sue ai cieee evel Miceli MaeTONe ey elale are = lee bole Corie iat elniatats Rat etots 105, 127, 146 
ETHIE ZETS Ap tecee ei ee a eits Cr ee ae de Bae feces. to dons Cee Reena eve te teiie oleae Felons ec ate Ea ROEe reed One ee 21,23; 5% 
MeRtili zane hte’ OLCUANG 5 sate: iyo re) ices eslene bade beta ellere ke Weis eel ete Pmtens folc fe coilstet edna felts oy shopegsir- Me ist Maeketlete 140 
UNANICE COMIN TPES OW ere ieitetnis afc ns tail feiteaifasle \ehakefste teva lovee Reeds texte eas Join k>Av lake te Nefay otis) ciated Vong Uys tal en 5 
HUES OOUS UL EMECHM ON. a's weve mtomlen- we tnlem se Oe, miei alate lol oat be yelvaoue= letml(ote estates junds nate lelietads enters 9 
Mletchers Prot iS W.., BAALESSES: Diy cies eke elstele eleven rare ale bite Inte ee fenclvte s/s eye ce hone ee Loeteanton sis 36, 114, 120 
IOWELS ANG HOWE LOL: SULPUUT Set tesee heleletevelate te betehate bole reek usec he) «ops ene] cHreR cp sane naittnt a alies elem ia ae 97 
l Qoyove aa WAb ts \r(0) nna l) Oh ee omen a He oe Ato OG AAO ASD OC moO Oo aos oc 9, 43, 74 
HOTESUT G/M COMMUTES OW ie ey chcliet ee ebel/elayehe colleleh tbe =ialiaxe/ien tie tee Eamstle in=teme eltiat od Nebiele lela eeneye Sa peue tye 5 
MITC ZS OTL GOB Ge cic ee tates wiehelazevetaltalene slahsloasucle ei elonthaelise che pede isiraue yee ie enero Meee ave Mia ed Siatte fal PAE Re kel se 65 
(RrOzenW Orchards) sLeabWNeMt LOG ric (s'- seteis leceietelo leks loreralcve wdedens t= Lobe ta ja ue te inye join tad sbobelteB>lnlin eo) 8)r0. a) el 24 
Hit, Cataloziie, COMMIS OW NActiits sia uiolevesiesehetels! olete) stints l keyeue neues) ver eiel=) spl e¥sltalols ele etelene> oes 5 
MALES WAS HROOG oe a ore vatehe Cocices Ave eiabate hove thie ec calelnehol hovkelve Re ia kehome ache bel riaeewiciis otershc keys Natapeierebrieret anette 43, 74 


Muture Of Michi Pan ThUi ti ETO WARE ees chic clalels Weobevela whe epaipia lee shepatenie ts RrimiictsgisWede a loys tein aetelo ieee ' 66 


INDEX. 181 


G. Page. 
Gaeens Davidse Diyaeuecctn aca cielo parse any es eaea ile ae ten atay a ctia tent atah ny ois levis aos Smile thet bene lal 150 
CIDE: GYOMREN VIS ©: oiled Gicl nGPat BIGLS MOHD OIE STO cs REL EEE EN Ee es ted RS ag A MR aL 
Cop ardt senvOUre LEM AL KSai yer he rteree i etersha cial senctoss cuohte Wel Sisieielel ors oiavencava, saree iauc uate Mishepoeeyesate 70, 137 
Creal SAT eC OM MATE DOLL Vga ee erste etshe talons nit euceene scaeysy ehse se enctan Voth sith at RytAcenaua ha pelieuald Saco 125 
GOOSEHERTIESMAVATICLICS KON jos ut rorya A cr te eye te aoe et alter Lafee fev iewere aeatey ails nuhuim ena a Aa Cala (22), Sarees Runa ala 126, 128 
CTAPeHTOb- MCONLCOMIN eter see tis ler misesk se citer Sick iavieltacahsshes eat sue cue aan obs sehaasliar edst el tusherebshelie ovate 10 
(GUAVESAVATICLLES eOlcmrra remain year tens Ste RCNA RH SOS Pe Uc ue ay metry oP eter shots) Seaparapomiat ace a = arava “ena yayerere 126, 128 
Grasswliavu rin sel OLC Mal diaurrse sewn oles) ol nee, cinetwe Nes cy Acai wer ea tee LPN elation one nies ali hatntae ar alse che 53 

H. 

DET aleve MPL nid CrESSE SMV; sierra ee ticks oh crea otha iL Ine eee he cnet: 9, 14, 23, 41, 42, 49, 61, 87 
LAT VES Mey CUM ec meu ceaeeelertan te lesuke otal eyo actere Gulp aayalete he lapels veohuulsiat ast alate thea wel ciellayen tt cueltenen a ie 69 
HC CTICKHEPTOL Ua AC ONESSESU Divsire a shaves ocetshadeneeenins, cesta ateileyldbeNleceretet oneal aurculeltedeeatel at eller cUaecrs sens 25, 50, 56 
EL QUIS ea ie 1 CAT OUIA es CHE sere) pater ed euen atcha ss (ar tics cheated vi a"Pal cy ofan aPeiielid! auehiny aay ot wy SyiNeA Stal ced spare oeeate 146 
PLOWONALY MIELE DELS WLS Otsprs arene sce neltemencisiel melas tells a lacasita aia tabenehopianah atm larenstdschave ater eneeetevou oeiate 164 
PEALE Ve ae OC L UD Yoko ai cwayeitvs (es aloo steretas eh acara che cis elsvasre ty 2 Wisc) coacane muaalobere reise Mua Ti eietn ots s 150 
SET TTELE TORR AOR BDAC Ty MEDIVH es ear es) «UME eaPal Gee ee apevetia cancels shot aya oils DUM Shiu aemnis er An A aN 141 
Chins es Bd Wand PAPER uae o Merete rick reer tery SPAS S aucl sy ale/eartr oy sheteds GpaeeMe seararer erate 138 

lie 
MMO OEASS LOG WITS Gradt aie erate abeie ceasirelats Nae Ts Feteiis elanve. SMe es ANAM Sel JePaueg ape ant eis cahens reba. mae 129 
K. 
oATCAZ OOMELUM A GLOWELS SOCLE i yias aareras sushi svete ora ates, A vet tens) ete SuaitA ney sae valerate ane 157 
KCASE VAM Eel ee POC LUISE bien enero elcane tech a raberes eva later ais fe seucealclcte etveials onereraeneahe oie eiteha moa Medes 112, 143 
CMOS SADT STR SEE eG CESS ID Viretere tease’ sie docte cus setins eb ote le Ole atcsa enenteanile, aneechatete a elt sieuere 74 
entuckyablienerasse fom la Wis pryee eens re cue lciala ata suaiteieystk ante ey Seueesityelabcus, sf etertadd eieh crits Aiea 129 
L. 
JEDI OXON CLOSING) be ttraacrel SIGE a ea UN Je ere ce ey Ee Pe ies ig RUS eit ot GMP es» 1 rR LA 122 
1 LOVE) Vea hie RRS ORS Anche cher ech ChEN AUC ca OEIC AIL RRE NC ROR SSI eI aR Set cice uREn nT Rees, of Rai SAT 138 
Mandscaperearaenine:«COMIMItLCe MOMsm svar a, sya aie bh reNo we ahavd Hie cir delewada © joie tasevane te svevenaielccel choke) oleks 5 
a WHS wr BCH PUCL OL. eevane siete iene wae eo el te lara teh euN oie, Mesa class leho mela crele Cte iols Mua RIRe. ure Seen: 128 
MePIS ATION s COMIMITTES MOMs a tora vaca mete sene tes arouse: lowe eel) sae hae een te re aale vere a RaGNeks, ectl cn ewetnee 5 
Lenawee County Horticultural Society............ dc ehachosM Be Lasd.cbkuapt oa odmoUm Ae 158 
MULE PIMEIMDELS: TOLS SLATER SOCTEL Ya. tay eaiciite ehekenes eh nels eke ket aco eI ONE eres = PeclIeUs noe ee ae Uo 160 
ILiugatey CyeVGl iOU OF ORE RGM Ole Cream, cotrho i’ eich clench cmslOe URC aeA REN CRNCRETe ET et OTM MSeNC ore fektnns c hrteer SRR cca ei 96, 105 
Loxerd IU aye Bh ake A Ba enya Etats eo eeaieie hone te Ac eee EID iy GEG ores NOIR ee 99 
SOL lesranGurub berrslOves! LOnMUSU es me ayaa ies b alevelerers oye weuarearelonsieialete 97 
1S PACE Ole WS OLGeaeR MA URt ULE, cy sty erect beh ay cleenoraevelenen ucla oelietecranlets 31, 34 
PB TIIG ER COSS ON aera cee veesn sharon Wel si celah <Grpemey eked ev erste e uetreuavestebe OMEGA AE! & lof abale dia au Rowel our c CeaIvnaP aot ce oer ake 28, 106 
| ania Deze 8 2A CN a ie AN Res Fee ett ae te ar Ala eo et RRs Es ete mee ah Ot, os tre eed 32, 97, 99 
Stoner rather mph ame air PSLVKE Cy a yes she cabew spon aya) «ances dare tetova easter Bac aol cee kateteors ered ee nceaiues 12 
WATTS DSR Fete chet h vey sondage onto ets) cE ctrat ellapch tie) rer.cv a: bueene ed btanciis osc papal Sheree ence CRAM MERE a 65 
One dace ooh nec BBR ay bisic CORO Cand OR LAR Tee io Dic croc oie aro biaG BO eo UBe Ami eIE 45, 58, 149 
GVOM MELMAN|EN ti LUG 4 AS eos cy eh cy eval est oe a chee cl oi oy Ha sees ehatnVatiet awl oh apgi Revalalte telinls rettgepareyens a Gy ecctere uf 
M. 
IMPCUTLTUT Oa ef apscsstene) terete aco eltah bran sue! ep ah eils,favre) euatley aatees anc UGG eMen eee ere yal Ge SHSIRT Se bua RE tenet le 20, 22, 23, 69, 93 
METRE ST TUES eis cy Giese ey oct cleats) oi atiet avokes ehereme one iets Semen Mec ee eee aN sta Apne Samm Te Led eat A LAREN Es 69 
MECC OYA ISOS. MAP CLA Dave eset aca cake sake ean calc nance ee Ate etal edhe Stones ler ced CLE MES elt stan satan a 151 
Mertsaac: sisabel papery as corcsascisse eustteko sec Chere ae her ieee ates oh ais ane hope ebaeeeet ol oce shiare tats 131 
Michreanuiritissasscompareds with Ounen LULES= < sits ates cis etiene|<testeles aetarerateiel tae eter oho iacce 135 
MiG ewe ORseta DES saci inserts thay srter esses ey Ue tong, CVeN: AS A thot a cizak Sees ial EEDA ea eg Baer hy VA tus er shold afl 
MIGISOIILGS MEE LHe a SOs teres crcneretsncle weleweutie Vo state are ke eal ee IT RI SC ey aoe bak Peau tore crainclerorees 57 


182 INDEX. 


N Page. 
) 
ING W, DOULES:  COMMIMITIES OM yr meee le cele spetan eos avies 4 a-'c > er ameacony cities eee Ratatat teri. ih ee en ante eee 5 
INGw, YOLK) SPrayi es UMN eis wiehshese ie late sale 'ajeti lee tas avets va ds icinity Petes be Ale eyes deere teeter: [cle rt eee ay 30 
INIGVAUCWOR (SOGEs pis ciate ereitie sdee soe sie a bide tal ss sca vor ald asi elena Aue ane Oaetee tap at aes 17, 18, 20, 21, 88, 92 
INOMPHETI PTOW I CICES: Cages hatte, ac ledee Voids Safe! dS vey «lien d OMAN Cte cle olen Share taed eee ee eer ene oe ea Be 59 
Northern: SHY c2TalbiM ees! Cee eine oie aes les Tesh ane tla hcio eh akc atancel arkansas 102 
INOUMISLMIOTIG ALTL LEVULL Sones esta aee acta ala Lise ted Hah sok feeeisr B tek peace Mhalakcmelene ta rdltt a tueatst Adis A Oy connie eats Ror ai 8 
oO. 
Oats as a cover CROP Sa teeratd lone o2Sh= 15 She es eo, aM res nfo fopstenu al slave davelemetslerene Sus akolte tata ncame ce AEA AIL debs) aha 69 
GMCeTs ,OlLS tate SOCLELY ciacsi. sie teisteicis eats ote ce lebeae thaseey eaveeteas a Gate eie touched Sede sagtha tate vee arenes 5 
OPVDOLHUNIGIES AAT HLOME Ls Heyensrcey tes yaan lene Was ste Aaa el ie etn foil peer Rake: enrie micre aKET arab tee ge te irae 49 
1eds é 
PERI UTI SS eke: citats sabe tayenar sce vais > ovopieces w Wlleuecs) eyevdiyeters fave eu Aeleter ean fa/h fla, Slsim wl alle VRarel ce alate Siete ciemalie tt 15, 92 
COSG FOL PIDGUCEHLOM Eo a5 cfetretsie lesion ciiteaneiar Va siet tattle if oe aie cle ta taeda eta terete: e eet 147 
Claire sin Ml Chi Pan ina Wel tatsa ce wertevcca a tere aie exe e) ois one epee pat te een Oar D Lae rei 63 
GAM PEL TM ISP LAVAS ie reaps, oe ccvetie <n stonane cia) ouee oye eels ole alee Rittman & reupe eaees ooere crore 26 
TACTOTS LAME CHINE eOALCINESS (OTA inte cc cir cise reacts s cus-k ite: oleate. vile Matmene (> Goes Meee ete ee 56 
Nites es Ha bad econ te ac Mee RON soe te a ee AERA. AS ee eae 65, 103 
OTM AME: VOCAL OM Oasis sree cess oc Vouk oss Te Seite de dave Bon est sleeps tate ba anh Ciraperebe Ua stant tere ha ean nee 21, 148 
LOW Ans NOt Suited » LOT ater vitscicte tn seni nuersestre cs aster teu saya tcp eed minted eccrale) owe ee eels certs 22 
SCOTT io) Tipster ieee aioe ek neck eerie ve Th Ae eekrar WEEE nt, SAEs a/R Renn A ae Sor er A toa a hes 5s 148 
SPIAVIN EY LOL ADTOWDsSPOt Ol wie. cst-cs ee iy witolere a rtah eke ohete sedis cous acne ate eta ene aie 107 
VATLCHLeS MNOS Mandya) ww OC Mem Cie Cl see. eyes tye cele rleie seeps rome ele nel een ene ie, sole elias eee 60, 61 
VAT OULES A Ons cree iotetobe ora see) so raicans eel ehpes c Foe au is hh deltas avece Tovsick Apevin tah ayroha pea apapeare ie ne vse cay noe 127, 149, 150 
WELG t VAT ETLES OL cciitorares areas ite toil Aumiehe el oar oe et Te elles Soh veton dln See eS eee eel CECE 63 
WITITOD RATES OL prensnavete tet atehey sooreiest ce aks latelteladcioust ote lhelensl shane eelmtct ane CoRene meone ce UMene Maeest es Bike 18, 19 
MEMOWS Of is 2 feelin cts scion austansia sud aoaves eleweneltiohs Riedie oo. dbp ood otkvortin ao « 15, 17, 64, 103 
PERCHES TOL MPROL bese ser ccc veneers Co ma Meets a lauais ghana air aear onabrs artnet es Ola. Spe Ree OTE APM Tees eee eter 146 
PP BATS eT O) LUMA T OTUVOL 7208 esac oecrine crs aiie al PALE ak ies ca MONG es sie te aU ncy OO ie STEED Ry cee we eae eas 36 
VAT OLLOS TOD ross feceyaliarhici.d ss a FIL poops Ramla CATA PaNs TNs, Beet aae Ue wie ere orate er nTOMELE mt ako ceicat ne 126, 127 
MECHEL IML CHER ATI rapssco pe Ghlave ralysuisie ace an ee ewe rena cee aay Reva Aratiel east eT RURie pen we note je Aree oa vee ase 22 
PCOS TOE TS ELE WSLEL OSes ec siee e ts ICR eee EIG Eee ne eae ore oe cua nee tere 37, 40 
IREriya eed eh MOTMATICS. Ds Rec ayatekoh isle tomehatavers: 2 1c4h all teats ey atensbeteh adem eechiottee, er temas aaron avenevarel tee 137 
ESTOS LLOLEC SACI at aacpaicic seamen cue ches iea case ohn scat ae he NRE lke e heatatt celled antes atau operate ewalisiy- Fuel nett oie cep ais 20, 69, 90 
OWING: \GEDtMNOL murs aid yea dy Seokue MA Tae owl Uiabel ous ah airs Mayen tele Craaste, CER auer elet Ove eye CAN Saegenet 20 
MIMS ere Wt Ume yOR. its basiauss s cpecarapyoes ai oces tdhace clio aie eicliere a ave lercuaroveliees 1 fala faite whedon re te tekene he nea ieee 137 
LOTS VOLE Horde aahAece oh shabn Arcsin esas ebiheaa (alah 6 sak eh olla) ar WEDS Seiten Sterley acre lezen aneirste ee Sena OAH CIE Lao 67 
TTMUTEG! DVR TLEGZE: ie os ce ay ceca halen ine Be ISTE OTAGO SoisG GG oo cob se aeadeo ae 22 
MATIOULCS Os! si5i60 5 dubcahs ei tibne a dvere isle Siar abhsecctael elope, @ eta baellene Gaeeye a: olinis MMe NEE REE: 67, 68, 126, 127 
Pollination of Kieffer and “Bartlettepeanrss ’. sses.¢ b5 ss se os) ticiels este ses ee bist: s aueeOeeepera te 36 
IEC ECL OI BA seat aR Rei RCRA ORACLE Aa ce Mae Oca T CS CR CHESTM A Gori omc ahS ect oo Le 20, 47, 69, 90 
IB OTAVOESS SDITEILG LOLs «A versie ele siete le 6! Gide tere. b aes aca an cae ih he oiey choos HSS Aine whe Marre Ista okeews koteg ye 38 
IBTENbIAS OU Pes Walia AC OTeSs | Dies cemiss iS eure erties Sle NR: er Ieee) abe siedetcto apt aches ee 9 
IPTOLTESSHOL the. zeneral farmer in) trai TOWNE. «cel hac hn welche eu aac nie bir 134 
PEPE LLY MIN ome UN PRR IOS. Eley A ets 2 ehy tally em MEG ete dete cesta Reyer cha eta: (uehe B ramets ee tec me era atone ae OEE 139 
UTD Soh ectsysets lasers, Syne te ates toe FANE A OOP OIE AA ER ROO cant Toe Ea ee On cae t Te Be 45 
EEXCESSTV.E4 Secie ive ts tke fa folate le (ots Rae tee lete co ide lke te bee Pens uats fe sete ke ca hie iw paras ete SE Pees hates 141 
XCD) Nees Oana NR ORCL abel Mich en ORCC ORTA Clk SLAY Renee a lok 7.5) Maca At ot cher cn CuSRey ees creree otal a i asmumnonc aD We 71 ot 49 
STATUTE T ate ple to' te este eslosle fa ulel ls ite one, ob pladarte boyods Cowie tte ye aedeseaeleke Chores Lo ache ue ke del Cakes aoe te Sead 13, 49, 50 
Q. 

COPENH Fis Thal sae hh .Cetey ants Yo VeYs IBeueuaeey ocean op teoinicrs bRicriout Ovaelo Sickerceicicte cote. om mice tin om ooe 145 
Quin ces wavarieties tons 16.) zeke Medea thom eee, ote, lesa deieie alieneee ede calle colina! eases Pec atinnraltey yoy) & lekeemaiolas 127 
R. 

FUASDOSETACE MV ATIC PLES GOL. )<y<; seize ntenvinis) = cite views alae Savececlig eeeee ama ee dose ea CHES ce hee te eet OES 126, 128 
ed (Canada VOEpSteclesNEd (APPLE ces sc. oe resin. Uilsve sie aioe reletets A perticte michal ever ataiaitae tel athena 54 
RENOVA eS NESlECLEM KAD DLE OLCIANGS: & evel caiscspanete estate ae) nleae ere tate coer tenance ce uminne, Shete tey ae ied 141 

ILENE SOULS arene t aie tea: o ovate tare end cer etenocele ou e oceeneete Totonate las rete meet oe hea tray seal eiatanae tet delehece 19 


; : 
INDEX. 183 
Page. 
Replanting» and building: wp, old orchard lands... - (2 v2. se eee ee eee 14 
ERO LUE LOTR ee es ee ae eae ty Sy tinarack va) AR RRA ee OO TM a SGsptanece Sane ioe yoke fags 9 
MILE SHIM OLAMS OL Smeres carve way eran ctedenc emer ia ialtereral SV ianOpevetay See t2: See teal «2 hs) desenciiehn estes sakes 19 
PRERITM MTOM APUTe MING VEIIGI terre as). ureeines he SenrNicy | eee rtner ama Sunt aicy sis (ep o} oasis uraeieuey Meeager i 8 
ERM MIE“ D MT eSOLUELOM sey tlhe seni yy ene natey aan Urecoats aps kebcs) tic) 2 clietewes e)-taisegeest eed 39, 98 
EV OO MMIII Oserares etepaeieds mee iaisyeeeue ses seu tee rexevede cu aledtine mske ietenaiea: Levjenvees Matt eepenh, duca/b 4) 4 Ady 1, Refit foleeh Pei 49 
S. 
Saugatuck and. Ganges Pomolopicall SOCLetiyec suave 2 cee -ucweer sine ailavnp ale) ils) side pees haitetiars (che) e¥-yilaehs 159 
Gaiam ATI OSE ap ae pete te eerctey cueoe ral Ont aoa ee reas a coleman pte, SN ON Oya a aE a AA pays 11, 65, 91, 95, 105, 142 
; : IN jUTCA Se Diy HERCOZEseha cati a cee aT Ee ee Roe <teleliedgityNioctr senile sheen ORL ol tech naten ae 23 
PALCMPSSPTAV SLO cys, 5 ef eiesl ook oct Ne os Aicibes ate wheat. Botts tonnes aleve tee ocratiaie -aeliars 38, 106, 107 
Sfeeralinay=ea sub Se(oye IW) US abso Cooma bald aia er AeAlaenl alee iheel Cetera aia ley Geni ares Weta crc Oe oi peroiy MeLO OS wn oo 38 
PLCES MMU ANGINESS Ole xy. 2 eran eityew. mitt Sos sraile ouch SUE Rei ene Bie easieia kd eA yer tetnceeta cn 58 
SHOR COUTSE HELIN OLE CULLING Sy, & eersmcteme tems Siircan tonne cveye rahe hele rau ROS IRSA. crBeris eectt ney oan cies ae 10 
SUMMONS Hae aTeMIAL ES siyien |: Re metenrenoet tel phys sla sqnic) orca (siete cucyabatatels raiepagtee ee echal egey ete “A 141 
SHoTeHUl, FeUMTIGECO Nes Fiend oT ace ey chon Gldta Noe SicENE RE Ola D MEORE ace cei cette ate eat eer Rok echa on 153 
Sirayidovse Tee, wales Walt Ofei OM Obi siete eid cot ols Amore Hcker ence See IONS Prick alee Section Mabe IS Bete hot. Dic 146 
SHOYO IE d BYOy HG (Ste 0b. oe Sree Bie Petey atric Re PE ay ELAN act MAES Ae MERIT Par SiS EN SS RETIN 2 2c EERE Sebo 13 
Sodimuleh forsapplesr 2. see eels actors cus accor euclioes bacderletenene ete cya atk aueertnreeste Mat cae eet dente 50 
Soil, influence of...... fia NEE PO ENE PU ENTE PR nS ee oa Oe RCE LET CLEP) ee ent ene SERIO Oe 56 
HouinehHaven and Casco.bomologicals Societys. 5 > ola edema » -iatieeaks ened yet de 154 
Spraying, anything new in........ Da en ess gt (ee eit pie aT LS Rup UR Eye Bey dete 105 
y ESSETIGT A Sylar! pare ey el te eae LAM Noy re MoIE.L WS PONGRN iene HLMnaN ec, ealele bey aos ueyeve ere nratel eich s 139 
EXCESS Oli UTE ATU teas deh ea op tem Os apes: Nite rete (sek hres hetero ne kote ST chen erat ote 28, 106 
(So.<f OYE e STEN WO) EAP Soa a ERP UPI TTR etait Hr tees Pe CAEN ER Narra PPT AA Me oie 13 
TON GW VOLK Hoy) a eee ae Pena er ile, (ae aii eg ay MR Sar areal Is Waa a GIS, ot cen 30 
TAAL CHIUTST yA LOT sah aetoven epee hi eke ohare es ah ORT ST cine EN aae Rena talled et ciate aan Fey Ofema sass URE ¢(lbe rie 
MNO LAA LESTE CTPA ECE yi tics EACH ERE NG TatOOS Cl ce EER ISON cae RSET RE RN sR, Charlene oR ied is ceshedls Ua Pn 139 
SOLUDISROL Sin fO TA ede tei topes hase AT ya stat on nt Nba aller eat ate ny Ble aan tery See oe enh nee 39, 91 
) info Wa PE Oe Wias oa cee oes as CN AN BBE dt ha A PD wis Pad Aly BORER AN I ne ARN RS Mole hes. iis 
UIVOVE) polar eed RMD RMR |e SAL Ty AAG eds Pease Orie) LEP UNDEe: MRM ioe, Ann eC AERS SAE Ae CLARE ER Elo Oris 107 
TOTOM SH MESS TTA vek heya hha, a eh een ete aes votes aioe Che Eso Mie cr aharteMiales fatact by Ta 12 
PUM Gu Ofer eee ere: tenn e. ley ty ame On A. Spe Oth bade uwed Uns cick Niemen tay iNpileat Ala 12 
whilestrees anes im) DlOSSOMI scl sisal er aeuey stone ice Ne ITSP tp MOAI SRE once nit MER 33 
SrANAuIeVCOMMT COCSI ee cara staay Pl sare) Macey anu sia Soa Ae eee ai groe la) uknetayas ited oer Siena Be? Ae nie 5 
Sing (Olbyie (Orewa ds oye Hlelb lH DbRH WetSTorer SU nied ene ots & ab Renin picia chee oduc.c Doin OmtceuiuloneLnid Hie mio eset: 158 
Shinn tiatey Ria oh ete] obtain yg wake eae rs or ecrrtae aie Siwe P Ph inti Borenreaete: Cine mak ERCP 3 SPAS SATORS SCI 6 RECENT 107 
SANDEL Eva DEUS DUM PaO VeLnssneete tices siecortie hy citar leeyec tittle: cirsral aa-te Pteect oteelvoteyaiee ie ten eel evea 103 
Sorawennlesa LLACIN Ee Ole mys hers Pte ene Sef nee ir ee seen ha did MeCN Oe beeen Shc eta Uehe 55 
pedigree. eee nee e eet tenet eter t eects 37, 40 
MAPLE ULES mw OL pertcr sian orate TL ose Uee nates en scien eee Se Cee CUE cc aN PRA ae 125, 128 
STTEC LOCI COS MEGIING Sa. Olen aeteniy tare. cus che spree ure aly Savy ayes Gon. al hay c uap ay cba a aR nena cote ed at a eheray et kates te alco 116 
Sule CMbEs Sop ooGHen Ee acuoaon Obivohcnans gagcn bat eepegopuneem Sambomuca due bie 18 
SUMIMer pL nem Os VAN yand seo .0semcse ers elete sis i crstewatdell- te ckelensieualcs neti, arctan Na cishaisteneNe ath 13 
OLCHATASSS Boosey RETR id TE Oe is ea ed ol ose ere nee ots 49, 50 
SUMS T eMe Minbar) a nee te eee aie ah woh ean pees iota cal ao °o, eS SIs vel coed ee Oe RLU PE IC soe ayaden esate Nek Be 47 
Ts 
Lt REsTh i So Sari{ 0} Regd Ord Ae WO KG Bw tshs{e\sti OW caches once AIMS ERE ae Caen Cmca PERI ne Rhee lei a mun ae Ree 10, 142 
Ma LOD ON IRa Soy Cas DA DCL Divert ai iaeres a Clues): ane Tamers cheat cy sy ate em oe deere sparernn Arche, oe 146 
elephoneiandatelesrapl swireses cya las ey dees ores aS letaemech sto ce lathe cy suited faltentel =< s0at 118 
MATAMIN SADDLES. Akra wll vere ae nearshore es Unc oa cole luce au aeata nics Aerie eos See TPR UREERCR ae atin ives) life 46, 47, 141 
Ma Sy VS eSO Ce UND CH re sc chen ak /yercdt oa leteed ae ea ee RRS os Edel ec MS ees ene eR EI Goer e hoysnersyc te 50 
STR TIAe Qh S PTA VLE erate wa ied ws aes coatane avtentircha hese Mtn ech Rama at sae shay clare, 0 ouRP EROS: IOS eR cI cwe a0 Sole) 12 
MOIAC COSA Be LERUILLZO TA usenet ecpen atte aaLepoiace Paes See) Mea Meme at ner aes soap ae te PRP th oh cyn Sat oben Sh abele 20 
Mramsplam hing DELOreSeuulN ees ee sen ert teins yal teletel ean ener PA seta Mok rascals tated = ayes, s)he 44 
MredhinentlOretroOozeny Ore land Severs a acre cop eseeee specs cette ene cher ce ete ce ops eh oys iced PS sei G hel S shawl ses 24 
RTECS RLOLESTLOC ES ie, eee Loar TETRA MERE UPMER Bod, Ru UR cal autlay ale cioranabe: aia ¥ccvel ate, Sear 116 
Vi 
Manlotwalisiuioielowernn Michi ranimaertta orien yar kc iaieriAsire tiakn ley cat ches eroyalarsoahs) cele piel seve cus 127 


fakeynnefernm Nuli(elank=sN els td A0s chen aol rept tole Helgi ta Groiaic OiIG CER eee ee ae ete or 125 


NS ’ 
184 INDEX. 
Veratable, physiology, icOmmilttee OM: ; irs «'. sb cerpiorsotanee aleve ral ces oialeeve eine ane c eee 
Wetchisas) (a (COVEN CLOP ccicterrtset oie ol kus: «ics» sedate) GME RAM nen EASE aR ed Es thc dei etl EC 
METMIOTALNOZZIOS™.. SUE ra tERSER. «ci diepere costa teberlecnenpip ee hey Discataweleetees topelate tee iat hair tee marae rae ae 

W. 
Walnut: SADANESC coh eyes tehere os npe, cals as sbavMarele Gat OI aie aOR te, aay SOME ET spe at eo aes a aE 
Ward, Henry iC. paper DYsec\: .. cise rere te Cie RAN OE ET MAIC aes ced = no ach 
Wermuth, Bert. papercby,cseccle adie simp ie adele iammeve shottoltetals ie aime tetameratinns let oRey snake tne Near nee i eee 
WVIAIEM OL REO D Serena Bere shN Gs aie wave ore syd ere ete enes piece Ort bree URCe tp st eke sO eaten acetate eae ene ere 
Where nature's yhand falls sSOftESt <<a’ (aves: vce «to jes enat'ssoler SRO IRES Shea on RT ua eipe obese keene 
WV PEO Ms Mpa pen Ys 2 Yalevaye geet. ais elal srahe ty seedy Shabadane\ebaen aienene tabegieny chess ely ae eiew tear ene ree ees 
WWIHIGE eR CHES! 3c dace ari 3/0, Meas.’ ais selayhee aie ne oeeienee rte cuales Saker eos Reade bia toss apatite ete 
Wilken nb cAS, \AMEUTESS Di. ounce isiercievs oieas ia area atle CREM Te he: ARE olga ian Chay Neen ener ee 
BVVALTACUPIV OS GCS lc, a acs Guth sivas Sune sede a tose Son ode we: ersa so Iai abeshoe Reni esos PON tine ais rE ROD clin, tie_ teen eRiny ites Sok een eens 
Women? some farming. experiences). Obs aieica cites sie iere o/s) bie Pbus cree teers crl sousneyepaiota vals bene Banya 
Woodbury.) Profi eCitGe WeMiar ks yo ait Se ort sete aerate ai sis eicete a ialea ereeaa bens fel eha aa) Seah oman age 
Y 

PVEllows Of the ypeamely {hee + saicevereveecah els revise oye" epotet ott) m cicya tells Ste eiaen poate «ost eRaNNDS ofl Ge Cats cope ea 
WOUNE NEN AS TETMLb /BOWETS:)sjcl ere she terels ions Se © Mere eedaue craic: Mae Me te iae ska lakes «ge pale rau eee eat 


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