UMASS/AMHERST

31EDbbDlbbD7735

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 4.

FORTY-THIRD

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY

OP THE

MASSACHUSETTS

State Board of Agriculture,

TOGETHER WITH THE

EIGHTH ANNUAL KEPORT OF THE HATCH EXPERI-
MENT STATION OF THE MASSACHUSETTS
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

1895.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1896

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

State Board of Agriculture, 1896, v

Report of the Secretary, vii

Minutes of Executive Committee Meetings, 3

Minutes of Special Meeting of the Board, 9

Public Winter Meeting of the Board at Dal ton, ... 15

Address of Welcome. By Henry A. Barton, 15

Lecture: How can Boards of Agriculture helj) the Farmers? By

N. J. Bachelder, 19

Lecture: The Milk Supply of Massachusetts Cities. By Geo. M.

Whitaker, 48

Lecture : The Necessities and Demands of Modern Dairying. By

Ex-Gov. W. D. Hoard, . .93

Lecture : The Ethics of Books. By Mrs. Alonzo Towle, . . 122
Lecture : How the Agricultural College and Experiment Station

benefit the Farmer. By Dr. J. B. Lindsey, 138

Lecture : Rational Stable Management. By Dr. F. H. Osgood, . 172

Report on Extermination of the Gypsy Moth, ..... 199

Fifth Annual Report of the Dairy Bureau, ,, 239

Returns of the Societies, . . . 263

Minutes of the Annual Meeting, ....... 297

Report of the Examining Committee of the Agricultural College, 305
Essay: Field Crops. By Prof. Wm. P. Brooks, . . . .315

Essay : Tuberculin, — what it is ; how it is used; what it does.

By Prof. Jas. B. Paige, . .311

Essay : Birds as Protectors of Orchards. By E. II. Forbush, . 347

Essay : Insecticides. By A. H. Kirkland, ..... 363

Essay : Hints on Land Drainage. By Wm. Wheeler, . . . 372

Essay: The San Jose Scale. By Prof. C. II. Fernald, . . . 385

Agricultural Directory, 397

Report on National Farmers' Congress at Atlanta, Ga., . . . 413

Report of Board of Cattle Commissioners, ..... 425

Index, . 561

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, 1896.

Members ex Officio.

His Excellency FREDERIC T. GREENHALGE.

His Honor ROGER WOLCOTT.
Hon. WM. M. OLIN, Secretary of the Commoniuealth.

H. H. GOODELL, M.A., LL.D., President Massachusetts Agricultural College.
C. A. GOESSMANN, Ph.D., LL.D., Chemist of the Board.
WM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board.

Members appointed by the Governor and Council.

Term expires

SPRAGUE S. STETSON of Lakeville, 1897

DWIGHT A. HORTON of Northampton, 1898

JAMES S. GRINNELL of Greeufiekl, 1899

Members chosen by the Incorporated Societies.

Amesbury and Salisbury {AgrH and J F w SARGENT of Amesbury, . . . 1897

Barnstable County, .... JOHN BURSLEY of West Barnstable, . 1898
Berkshire, SAMUEL M. RAYMOND of Hinsdale, . 1S97

Blackstone Valley j HS^0K °f Noi-thbrid^ < P' °

Bristol County N. W. SHAW of North Raynham,

Deer field Valley F. H. SMITH of Ashfleld, .

Eastern Hampden W. M. TUCKER of Monson,

-„„ ( F. H. APPLETON of Peabody (P. O

-,ssex i Lynnfield),

Franklin County \ Gg^Seid£YL0K °f 8belbUr^e (P> °

Hampden F. E. CLARK of Wilbraham,

Hampshire WM. P. BROOKS of Amherst, .

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, C. B. LYMAN of Southampton, .

Highland SAMUEL M. RAYMOND of Hinsdale,

Hillside C. K. BREWSTER of Worthington, .

Hingham (Agr'l and Hort'l), . . EDMUND HERSEY of Hingham, .

Hoosac Valley S WM- H- GOVE of North Adams (P. O
noosac i alley j Blackinton)

Housatonic, F. A. PALMER of Stockbridge,

Marsh field {Agr'l and Hort'l), . JOHN H. BOURNE of Marshfleld, .

Martha's Vineyard H. G. NORTON of West Tisbury,

Massachusetts Horticultural, . . E. W. WOOD of West Newton, .

"ZTAgr&w^ .f<>r . Promot\ J FRANCIS SHAW of Wayland, . .

Middlesex North A. C. VARNUM of Lowell, .

Middlesex South, . . . . j ISct£Jatgf.M0? of. W*J*** <P' °; Co

Nantucket J. S. APPLETON, Jr., of Nantucket,

Oxford AY. M. WELLINGTON of Oxford, .

Plymouth County j JUSTUS PRATT of North Middle

Spencer (Far's and Mech's Assoc' n), JOHN G. A VERY of Spencer, .

Union {AgrH and Hort'l), . . CURTIS M. BLAIR of Blandford, .

Weymouth {Agr'l and Ind'l), . . QUINCY L. REED of South Weymouth,

Worcester, J. LEWIS ELLSWORTH of Worcester,

Worcester East W. A. KILBOURN of South Lancaster,

Worcester North, .... GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS of Fitchburg

WMech'l), N°rth-west (^fr7 _ and | A. D. RAYMOND of Royalston,

Worcester South G. L. CLEMENCE of Southbrldge, .

Worcester County West, . . . E. A. HARWOOD of North Brookileld,

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THE FORTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

SECRETARY

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of

Massachusetts.

The season of 1895 was a peculiar one for Massachusetts
farmers. The markets were well supplied with all neces-
saries and luxuries, at prices within the reach of all classes
of consumers. The yield of nearly all crops was abun-
dant, and where, as in the case of the apple crop, the yield
was small, the supply from other parts of our own country
and from Canada prevented the rise of prices. According
to the reports of our crop correspondents, the season, not-
withstanding the abundant crops, proved to be anything
but a profitable one. Many correspondents November 1
said they could tell what crops had turned out to be most
profitable, and others said there had been no profit in any-
thing. This condition was due chiefly to the low prices
which have prevailed and the slow sale of produce. Prices
have been almost universally reported as lower than for
some years. Only seven of the one hundred and four cor-
respondents making returns November 1 spoke of prices
as average and only two as above average; while several
spoke of them as lower than ever before in their recollec-
tion. The cause usually assigned for these low prices was
the unprecedented yield of many crops raised for market all
over the country. Some correspondents spoke of drought

viii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

as shortening crops and thus reducing profits, and others
alluded to the scarcity of help as increasing expenses and
so cutting down profits. Tobacco has proved to have been
a very paying crop this season, while the profits from other
special crops, as potatoes and onions, have been very small
indeed.

Massachusetts Weather, 1895.

[Compiled from data furnished by the New England Weather Service.]

January gave slightly warmer weather than normal in the
eastern part of the State, and slightly colder in central and
western counties. There was no general thaw and no ex-
tremely cold weather. The precipitation was above the
normal in the southern part, but less than the usual amount
came in the centre and north. About the normal amount of
snow fell during the month, and with the steady temperature
most of it remained on the ground, giving a good protection
to all roots and shrubs. The only storm of marked severity
was that of the 26th-27th, when some damage was done
along the coast by the wind, and travel was hindered in the
interior by drifting snow.

February was cold and dry. The temperature averaged
from 2° to 7° a day below the normal throughout the greater
part of the State. The temperature rose several degrees
above freezing in south-eastern Massachusetts on the early
morning of the 8th, then fell rapidly and to a low point
under the influence of north-west winds which prevailed.
At Provincetown the daily range on the 8th was the greatest
ever recorded there in fourteen years of observation, while
the minimum on the 6th was the lowest ever registered there
in that time. The precipitation was generally in the form
of snow, except in the extreme south-east, and most of it
came in the storm of the 7th-8th. This storm was extremely
severe, and great damage was done along the coast by the
high tide and terrific winds. The ground was mostly well
covered with snow throughout the month. There was some
injury to peaches by the cold spell, and the very high wind
drove the cold into many cellars that were considered frost-
proof.

The weather for March did not depart far from the normal

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. ix

in any respect, though it was slightly cooler and drier than
March generally gives in some places. The storms were not
so severe as are many times experienced, and the snow gave
a good covering on the fields and pastures, except along the
immediate coast, until near the end of the month.

April departed very little from the normal in temperature,
although it was slightly warmer in central counties ; but an
•excess of rain came, except in the extreme south-east. The
storms of the 8th-9th and 13th-15th filled the ground and
reservoirs ; and the intervales on rivers rising in the north
were badly waohed by the floods that came from the melting
snow and extremely heavy rainfalls which fell there. In the
Berkshire hills the highways were badly blocked by snow-
drifts till after the 15th of the month.

May was much warmer than is usual ; the temperature
range for the month was great, and the daily changes large
and rapid. A sharp frost occurred in eastern sections on the
morning of the 2d, the temperature falling several degrees
below freezing. General and heavy frosts occurred on the
14th and 17th and local frosts on the 19th and 22d. Snow
was seen on the tops of the Berkshire hills on the loth.
The precipitation was considerably below the normal, except
in the south-eastern counties, and was generally insufficient
for the proper nourishment of crops. The rainfall was fairly
well distributed throughout the month, and amounted to
from one and one-half to two and one-half inches in all
north-eastern, central and western counties, and from three
and one-half to nearly five inches on the Cape and the Island
of Nantucket. In western towns the springs and streams
were reported to be the lowest for the season for many years.
There was more than the usual amount of sunshine, and a
marked absence of heavy rain and wind storms. Dr. Jabez
Fisher of Fitchburg reported apple bloom on the 12th, —
three days later than in 1894, but eleven days earlier than
the average for thirty-nine years.

In northern counties occasional showers fell during the
month of June, and the top of the ground was moist enough
for most purposes ; but in all central and southern districts
not more than a trace of rain came from the <ith to the 25th,

x BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

and the ground got very dry, but the cloudy, wet weather
of the last week changed the aspect of everything. At
most places the total rainfall for the month was slightly
below the normal. A hail-storm in the vicinity of Warren,
in Worcester County, on the 23d, did considerable damage.
Some of the hailstones were as large as hen's eggs. At
Blandford a severe hail-storm occurred in a limited strip on
the 25th, cutting down and almost destroying all crops. A
high wind accompanied the thunder-storm on the 29th, near
Leeds, in Hampshire County, and did some damage to heavy
grass, potatoes and corn. The temperature was slightly
above the normal for the month in eastern districts, and
considerably so in central. The warmest day at most places
was on the 2d. Most correspondents reported a marked
scarcity of the insect-eating birds, such as the bluebird,
phcebe, robin and thrush; while the seed-eating birds, like
the warblers, flycatchers; sparrows, etc., were nearly as
plenty as usual. The scarcity of the first-named birds was
probably due to the severe cold in the southern part of the
United Stales last winter, as most of those birds winter
there. Not only were the birds probably killed, but many
insects that they feed on were also destroyed.

The weather for July was cool and unusually cloudy and
rainy. The actual amount of rainfall was less than the nor-
mal for the month at many places, especially in the south-
east, but the total number of rainy days was in excess. At
Boston rain fell to an appreciable amount on twelve days,
while a trace was recorded on two other days. The total
fall, however, was half an inch less than normal, being 3.59
inches. The temperature was generally lower than usual,
with few oppressive days, and no extended spell of hot
weather. The cyclonic and anti-cyclonic areas were all
of slight energy and poorly defined, except the last two
cyclones. One of these passed north-easterly across our dis-
trict on the night of 27th-28th, giving heavy rain and high
winds; the other passed easterly to the north of New Eng-
land on the 30th-31st, with heavy rain and severe local
storms. Other sharp local storms occurred, but they were
of short duration and confined generally to limited districts.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xi

On the 13th much damage was done by hail in Hampshire
and Worcester counties. On the 9th 4.13 inches of rain
fell at Fitchburg in three and one-fourth hours. In one and
three-fourths hours 3.37 inches of the amount was recorded.
Dr. Jabez Fisher, who reported the fall, stated that it was
unprecedented in his thirty-one years of observation.

Generally the weather during August was very favorable
for vegetation and for farm work. Unusually low minimum
temperatures were recorded, and the maximum was not so
high as is usually experienced, xlt the Weather Bureau
Office in Boston the temperature was below the normal on
the lst-3d, 12th, 13th, 20th-22d and on the 30th, and was
above on all the other days. The warmest spells were from
the 4th to 11th and from the 23d to 28th. The lowest tem-
perature was on the 22d, when light frosts were general in
low lands all over the State. There was plenty of sunshine,
few severe thunder-storms or heavy damaging rains and a
rainfall slightly below the usual amount at most places.1 At
Boston the deficiency amounted to about one and one-fourth
inches, but at Springfield to only three-fourths inch. At the
former station only three thunder-storms were noted.

September was warmer than usual, with less precipitation
and clouds and with generally pleasant weather favorable
for ripening crops and harvesting. At Boston the mean
temperature for the month was about 3.6° a day warmer
than the normal. At Somerset the daily excess was about
the same, and at Fitchburg it averaged 2° a day. The
warmest spell of weather for the month, and at many places
the warmest for the season, was on September 21-23. The
maximum temperature was generally between 95° and 100°.
The coldest spell was on the 14th to 16th at most places,
when the mercury fell below 40° at many places and light
frosts occurred in valleys. The precipitation was compara-
tively light in all sections, and at the end of the month water
supplies were unusually low. No crops suffered seriously
for want of water, although newly seeded land had not done
so well as one would wish for and some late garden crops
ripened prematurely. At Boston the rainfall was 1.64
inches less than the normal amount, and at Somerset the

xii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

deficiency was 1.55 inches. Several severe thunder-storms,
.some of which were accompanied by hail, occurred during
the month. During a thunder-storm at East Foxborough
on the 9th a barn was struck by lightning and burned, with
five horses, two cows and ten tons of hay.

Generally fair, cool weather prevailed during October
over the greater part of the State, and harvesting was com-
pleted and fall ploughing carried on under favorable con-
ditions, except where the ground remained too dry in
western counties. In the eastern part of the State the
heavy rain of the 12th to the 14th filled up the ground and
all reservoirs, and, although it delayed work on low land, it
put the ground into first-class shape for ploughing and seed-
ing generally. There was less than the usual amount of
rainy weather and cloudiness, but in the eastern part of the
State, owing to the heavy rainstorm referred to, the total
for the month was considerably above normal. At Boston
rain began at 1.55 p.m. on the 12th and continued till 4.30
a.m. of the 14th, and in that time occurred the heaviest
continuous rainfall ever recorded at the weather bureau sta-
tion there. The total amount was 5.64 inches, 4.85 inches
falling from 8 p.m. on the 12th to 8 p.m. on the 13th. Im-
mediately surrounding Boston the fall was greater than at
that station, but in the south-eastern part of the State very
little came, and in western districts it was not out of the
ordinary. At Framingham 8.49 inches was recorded by
the Boston water works, and at other places between that
town and Boston the fall was from 6 to 8 inches. The mean
temperature was about 1.7 degrees per day below the nor-
mal at Boston, and there were few rapid or extreme changes
and no spells of continued warm or cool weather. The first
heavy frost of the season occurred at many south-eastern
districts on the morning of the 11th. On October 6 an un-
usually high tide prevailed along the eastern coast, caused
by a cyclonic storm that was moving northward far out
to sea. It was one of the highest ever noted at Beverly
Farms.

November was considerably warmer than usual, and in
many sections ploughing and other farm work could be

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xiii

carried on continuously. A liffht fall of snow occurred on
the 20th and a low minimum temperature was experienced
on the 22d, but for the most part the ground was bare and
free from frost. The cyclonic storms were generally of
large area and marked energy, while the one which moved
from the south-west up across the Lakes and down the St.
Lawrence valley on the 25th and 26th was one of the most
severe ever experienced. It gave from fifty to seventy miles
of wind over New England. The rainfall was heaviest in
eastern districts, but wells and reservoirs were well filled
throughout the State. The Connecticut River overflowed
its banks during the heavy local rains. Winter grains had
entirely recovered from the effects of the drought, and the
month ended with them in better condition than the average
at the be<nnnin£ of winter.

December, although having a higher mean temperature
than the normal in most sections of the State, gave conditions
unfavorable for fruit, winter crops and farm land in general.
There was very little snow at any time, and during the first
part of the month the ground froze and thawed frequently.
During the last half the weather was unusually mild ; ice
disappeared from ponds and reservoirs, and the frost came
out of the ground so that farm work could be carried on
without trouble. The ground was in a very open and
porous condition at the end of the month. The two storms
which passed down the St. Lawrence valley on the 26th—
27th and 30th-31st increased rapidly in energy, and both
gave heavy rain and tremendous winds throughout our dis-
trict. Considerable damage was done to fences, trees and
farm buildings. The fog on the morning of the 21st in the
vicinity of Boston was one of the most dense ever experi-
enced there. Shipping was practically tied up in the harbor,
and there were several accidents on the water. Trains on
all the roads entering the city were from one to two hours
late, and there were at least two collisions of trains, but
happily without serious results. Thunder was noted on the
15th and on the 26th.

XIV

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Meteorological Observatory of the Hatch Experi-
ment Station (Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege), Amherst.

[Latitude, 42° 23' 48.5" X. ; longitude, 72" 31' 10" W. Height of instruments above
ground, 51 feet; above sea level, 260 feet.]

Annual Summary for 1895.

Pressure (in Inches).
Actual maximum reading, 30.55, Dec. IT,

10 A.M.

Actual minimum reading, 28.25, Feb. 8,

7 A.M.
Mean reduced to sea level, 30.076.
Annual range, 2.30.

Air Temperature, (in Degrees F.).*
Highest, 98, June 20 ; 97, Sept. 23.
Lowest, -6, -10, Feb. 6.
Mean, 48.5.

Annual range, 104; 107.
Highest mean daily, S3. 4, June 2.
Lowest mean daily, 1.2, Feb. 6.
Mean maximum, 57.7; 58.8.
Mean minimum, 39.9; 35.3.
Mean daily range, 17.6; 23.4.
Greatest daily range, 41, 45, June 10.
Least daily range, 2, Dec. 5; 7, July 16.

Humidity.
Mean dew point, 39.5.
Mean force of vapor, 0.431.
Mean relative humidity, 74.4.
Wind, Prevailing Directions (Per Cent).
North-west, 13.
South, 12.
South-west, 14.
North, 10.
West, 9.

Other directions, 45.
Total movement, 46,861 miles.
Greatest daily movement, 454, Dec. 31.
Least daily movement, 0 miles, March 7.
Mean daily movement, 12S.4 miles.

Mean hourly velocity, 5.3 miles.
Maximum pressure per square foot, 43

pounds=93 m. per hour, on Sept. 11,

at 3 P.M.

Precipitation (in Inches).*
Total precipitation, rain or melted snow

=44.46.
Number of days on which .01 inch or more

rain or melted snow fell, 119.
Total snowfall in inches, 61.

Weather.
Mean cloudiness observed, 49 per cent.
Total cloudiness recorded by the sun ther.

mometer, 2,145 hours, or 47 per cent.
Number of clear days, 118.
Number of fair days, 110.
Number of cloudy days, 137.
Bright Sunshine.
Number of hours recorded, 2,363 hours=

53 per cent.

Dates of Frosts.
Last, May 17.
First, Aug. 22.

Dates of Snow.
Last, April 3.
First, Oct. 20.

Gales of SO Miles per Hour.
Jan. 27, 51 m., W.; Feb. S, 71 m., N. W.J

March 18, 63 m., N. W.; Sept. 11, 93

m., N. E.; Oct. 13, 53 m., N. E.; Oct.

17, 52 m., W.; Nov. 21, 67 m., W. N.

W.; Nov. 26, 5S m., S. W.; Dec. 27. 69

m., W. N. W.; Dec. 31, 62 m., S. W.

Compiled by LEONARD METCALF, Acting Meteorologist.
JAMES L. BARTLETT, Assistant Observer.

Crops of the Year.
The season opened slowly and was later than usual at the
end of March. The ground during April was cold, and no
amount of seed had been put into it at the end of the month.
Fall seeding generally wintered well. Promise of a light
crop of grass on old meadows and dry fields, owing to

The first ilgures denote readings at top of tower, the second at base.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xv

drought and frost. Apple bloom rather light, it being the
off year; but the bloom of pears, peaches, etc., was gener-
ally large. Great damage was done to the new growth on
grapes, to grass, fruits, vegetables, corn and potatoes by the
general frosts of the 14th and 17th of May. Moisture gen-
erally insufficient for the proper nourishment of crops, and
grass suffered in particular. On the whole, the month was
favorable for the forwarding of farm work and the outlook
for crops was encouraging. Canker-worms quite prevalent ;
other insect pests, except cutworms, not particularly trouble-
some. Supply of farm help generally equal to demand, but
the proportion of really good help was as usual small.
Twenty dollars per month and board or $1.50 per day with-
out board considered a fair average of wages paid good help.

July 1 cut worms were reported as causing considerable
trouble, particularly in the Connecticut valley. Indian corn
was reported as having stood the dry weather better than
most crops, and looking well, stand and color both being
good, with a general increase in acreage. Haying had be-
gun, with the probability of a light crop. The cloudy, wet
weather the last week changed the aspect of everything, and
even grass, except on the driest knolls, thickened up and
began to grow with new energy. Considerable cut grass
was injured in the field. Early potatoes looked well in most
sections. Early market-garden crops generally slightly be-
low average in both yield and price. Quantity of dairy
products about average, with slight but general decrease in
the prices received. Pastures generally short and dry.
Strawberries, blackberries and raspberries light crops, ow-
ing to late frosts and drought.

August 1 little damage from insects was reported. Horn
flies and other flies quite troublesome in many localities.
Indian corn in excellent condition ; about the usual amount
grown for the silo. The rains materially helped the hay
crop, which proved to be about three-fourths of an average.
Much of that cut early was damaged by rain, otherwise
quality as a rule excellent. All fodder crops almost univer-
sally reported as in good condition. Market-garden crops
generally improved by rains. Early potatoes looked finely.

xvi BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Pastures improved very much during the month. Rye a
good average crop, and in many sections excellent. Oats
considerably above average. Barley a full average crop.
Considerable damage done to crops at Warren and Bland-
ford by hail on the 13th.

September 1 grasshoppers were reported as doing consid-
erable damage to pastures and mowings, particularly in the
western counties. Rowen promised to be a fair average
crop. Winter apples generally reported to be a very poor
crop. Potatoes promised to be considerably above the aver-
age in nearly all localities ; considerable complaint of rot
and prices low. Indian corn in good condition, with large
stover and well set with ears. Sweet corn an excellent
crop. All kinds of soiling crops reported in excellent con-
dition. Pastures improved, but hardly recovered from the
drought of the early part of the season. Oats better than
last year. Tobacco crop of large growth, with a large leaf
of fine color, remarkably free from imperfections and se-
cured in excellent condition. During August crops ripened
well, and the conditions were very favorable for harvesting
and summer ploughing.

October 1 weather for September excellent for harvesting.
Hardly enough moisture in the air. Cranberries, tomatoes
and apples scalded by hot sun on the 21st-23d. Corn crop
unusually large and of generally excellent quality. Pota-
toes more than an average crop, of generally good quality.
Potato rot prevalent, but not to a dangerous degree. Root
crops promised well. Apples very light in all sections and
of rather poor quality. Pears and peaches large crop of
generally good quality. Grapes a good average crop of
good quality. Cranberries a little below an average crop.

November 1 fully three-fourths of the correspondents
spoke of root crops as average and over half the remainder
as above average. Turnips were almost the only one spoken
of as below average. Farm stock was generally spoken of
as being in good condition. Pastures, while not first class,
had been generally fair, and where there had been a defi-
ciency in pasture feed the condition of the stock had been
kept up by feeding at the barn. Fall seeding reported as

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xvii

not up to the average in condition. Drought delayed seed-
ing very much, and that which was put in did not progress
very fast. Later rains have helped it very materially.

Thirty-eight of the 104 correspondents making returns
November 1 considered hay to have been among the most
profitable crops; 33, corn; 16, potatoes; 11, tobacco; 9,
dairy products; 5, oats; 4, apples, cabbages and cran-
berries ; 3, asparagus, etc.

Forty-eight correspondents gave potatoes as among the
least profitable crops ; 17, apples ; 12, onions ; 7, cabbages ;
6, hay; 4, corn; 2, beans and strawl jerries, etc.

Massachusetts Crop Reports.
The publication of monthly crop bulletins was continued
as in previous seasons, and six in all were issued (May-
October) , aggregating 190 pages of printed matter. Twenty-
two hundred copies of Nos. 2, 3 and 6, 2,300 copies of No.
1 and 2,400 copies of Nos. 4 and 5 were printed and dis-
tributed. The bulletins were made up as in 1893 and 1894.
The special subjects treated were : Bulletin No. 1, " Tuber-
culin, — what it is ; how it is used ; what it does ; " Bulle-
tin No. 2, "Hints on land drainage;" Bulletin No. 3,
"Birds as protectors of orchards;" Bulletin No. 4, "The
San Jose scale;" Bulletin No. 5, "Insecticides." These
special articles will be found printed on pages 341-393 of
this volume. Bulletin No. 6 contained an index to the bul-
letins of the years 1893, 1894 and 1895. Also, as in the
past three years, this office co-operated with the New Eng-
land Weather Service in the issuing of weekly weather-
crop bulletins. The first was of date of May 6 and the last
of date of October 7, 23 in all, representing an aggregate
issue of 58,000 copies.

Publications.
The following publications were issued under the super-
vision of this office during the calendar year 1895 : —

xvm

BOAED OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Pages.

Number.

Date of Issue.

Agriculture of Massachusetts, 1894, .

968*

15,000

May 6.

Supplement to farm catalogue, .

4

420

March 28.

Crop Bulletin, No. 1, May,

32

2,300

June 10.

Catalogue of Abandoned or Partially
Abandoned Farms, reprint, fifth

161

500

June 20.

Crop Bulletin, No. 2, June,

32

2,200

July 6.

No. 3, July,

32

2,200

August 5.

" " No. -4, August, .

32

2,400

September 7.

" " No. 5, September,

32

2,400

October 7.

" " No. 6, October, .

32

2,200

November 4.

Regulations of Board, speakers and
subjects, farmers1 institutes, .

8

500

November 6.

Legislation.
The legislation of the year 1895 that had reference to the
Board of Agriculture or to the agricultural societies was :
' ' An Act to increase the annual appropriation for the work
of the Dairy Bureau of the State Board of Agriculture"
(Acts of 1895, chapter 214) ; "An Act to provide for the
payment of bounties to chartered poultry associations in
certain cases" (Acts of 1895, chapter 351) ; " An Act to
authorize the Massachusetts Horticultural Society to hold
additional real and personal estate" (Acts of 1895, chap-
ter 353); a "Resolve providing for printing the special
report of the State Board of Agriculture on the work of the
extermination of the ocneria dispar or gypsy moth" (Re-
solves of 1895, chapter 23); a "Resolve providing for
printing additional copies of the report of the Cattle Com-
missioners " (Resolves of 1895, chapter 22); a "Resolve
to provide for continuing the work of exterminating the
gypsy moth" (Resolves of 1895, chapter 82).

* Including annual report of Director of State Agricultural Experiment Station,
487 pages.

No. 4.]

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

xix

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Also, $150,000 was appropriated to be used in the exter-
mination of the gypsy moth. An appropriation of $200,000
for this work has been asked of the Legislature of 1896.

Nails for marking Trees.
The work done in this line has been of the same charac-
ter as in past years. The appropriation for this purpose
was $200, which has been used as follows : —

14 kegs M spikes, S\ inches, 2f inches and 2J inches, at $6, . $84 00
950 pounds galvanized-iron washers, at 12 cents, . . . 114 00
Freight and cartage, 1 34

$199 34

Xails and washers in varying quantities have been sup-
plied, on application, during the year, to the towns of Bil-
lerica, Gardner, Groton, Harvard, Holliston, Lancaster,
Lincoln, Natick, New Salem, Pepperell, Shirley, Stow,
Sunderland, Templeton and TVestborough.

Since the work of supplying these nails was begun, Dec.
26, 1891, 3 cities and 49 towns have availed themselves of
the provisions of the act. In all there have been furnished
to date 7,026 three and one-fourth inch nails, 56,535 two
and three-fourths inch nails, and 44,958 two and one-fourth
inch nails, making a total of 108,519.

Abandoned Farms.
A summary of the work of this office on the matter of
abandoned farms shows the following results: the "Act
authorizing the State Board of Agriculture to collect and
circulate information relating to abandoned forms " was ap-
proved May 4, 1891 (Acts of 1891, chapter 280). Under
this act five editions of a catalogue of such farms have
been issued, in all aggregating 11,000 copies. The follow-
ing table indicates the work done and some of the results
secured : —

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY

xxi

Number
of Adver-
tised Farms
sold.

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xxii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Only $1,141.50 of the original appropriation of $2,000
was used; the balance, $858.50, reverting back to the State
treasury at the end of the second year, Dec. 31, 1892. By
chapter 46 of the Resolves of 1893 a further appropriation
of $1,000 was made. Of this latter appropriation $74.99
reverted back to the State treasury, Dec. 31, 1894. No
appropriation was asked of the Legislature of 1895 to con-
tinue the work. However, as several descriptions of farms
were received soon after the publication of the fifth edition, it
was decided to print a supplement and include them therein.
This was accordingly done, and 400 copies of a four-page
pamphlet, containing 12 descriptions, was issued, March 28,
at a cost of $4.25, which amount was paid out of the appro-
priation for incidental expenses in the office of the secretary.
Also, the supply of copies of the fifth edition becoming ex-
hausted, it was decided to reprint 500 copies (the matter
being stereotyped), and June 20 these copies were issued,
at an expense of $96.25, which was also paid out of the
appropriation for incidentals. Again in the fall of 1895 it
was thought best to mail a return postal card to each party
having description in the catalogue, asking if said farm or
farms had been sold, and if so, date of giving of papers,
name of purchaser, his residence at time of buying and the
use he proposed to make of the property. The expense of
this amounted to $6.08, and was paid from the appropriation
for dissemination of useful information in agriculture. Be-
lieving that there should be funds available for continuing
this line of work, should such continuance at any time be
deemed advisable, it is recommended that the Legislature be
asked to appropriate one thousand dollars therefor.

Scales of Points.
The secretary has supplied scales of points or score cards
when called for at the expense of the societies ordering,
as in the year 1894. Quite a supply of those printed that
year were left over, and it has been only necessary to print
1,000 copies of the score card for horses and 1,000 of that
for poultry, at an expense of $2 . 9 2 . Scales in varying quan-
tities have been supplied on request the past year to eight

No. 4.] KEPORT OF SECRETARY. xxiii

of the Massachusetts agricultural societies, to two societies
in the State of Maine, one in New Brunswick, and to indi-
viduals and ' corporations in the States of Massachusetts,
Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, New York, Iowa, Missouri,
Pennsylvania, Ohio and Illinois, and also New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia and Ontario. The receipts for scales sold
amounted to $16.06. Quite a quantity of the cards still
remain in the office of the secretary.

Farmers' Institutes.

Massachusetts provides liberally for the encouragement
of agricultural societies, by a bounty of $600 to each society
incorporated in accordance with the laws of the State, and
which performs the duties imposed by such laws and com-
plies with the regulations of the State Board of Agriculture.
Among the regulations imposed by the Board is the follow-
ing: "Each agricultural society receiving the bounty of
the Commonwealth shall hold within its limits not less than
three farmers' institutes each calendar year, and the Board
shall render all assistance in its power to make such insti-
tutes interesting and profitable. The secretary of the Board
shall also attend these institutes, so far as is compatible
with the duties of his office, and he shall provide lectures
for the institutes, so far as the appropriation for this object
will warrant. ..."

The Board of Agriculture has thought it best to in this
way make use of these societies which receive the State's
bounty, for the purpose of disseminating useful information
in agriculture by the farmers' institutes, in addition to the
information that is spread by the comparison of exhibits at
the cattle show and fair. The 35 societies receiving bounty
cover the whole State, and the 105 institutes annually re-
quired to be held by these societies bring the latest axioms
of agriculture to the doors of nearly all the farmers of the
State. This plan puts upon the societies the duty of select-
ing subjects and speakers, appointing time and place and
advertising the institute, while the secretary of the Board
engages the speaker and pays him from the State appropria-
tion for dissemination of useful information in agriculture.

xxiv BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Past experience has taught that a farmers' meeting, to be
appreciated, must have a distinctly local flavor ; and, as a
rule, the most successful institutes are those held by the
societies in connection with a grange or tanners' club. In
such cases the farmers' club or grange generally provides a
dinner, often charging a nominal price for it. The ladies-
of the club or grange furnish the material, and the sum
received goes into their treasury. In this way the people in
the locality feel a personal interest in the institute, insuring
a large attendance and better results.

Occasionally an institute is held simply because the society
is required to hold it, but the number of this character
grows less each year. More interest is awakened each year,
and better speakers and more vital subjects for discussion
are demanded from year to year. Other States pursue differ-
ent methods ; some of them employ a director of institutes
to make all arrangements ; but it is believed that in no other
State is the whole territory more thoroughly served with
the same expense.

Our societies held 118 institutes in 1895. During the
year this office furnished speakers for 97, at an expense of
$1,238.39, an average of $12.76 + . In November, 1895, a
pamphlet was issued, for the use of officers of societies
and institute committees, containing the regulations of the
Board of Agriculture concerning the holding of farmers*
institutes, and also containing a list of available lecturers
and their subjects.

Tuberculosis.
The matter of dealing with contagious diseases among the
domestic animals of Massachusetts is by law placed with the
Board of Cattle Commissioners. An abstract of the report
of this Board is by law required to be printed with the
report of the secretary of the Board of Agriculture, and the
same will be found on pages 425-557. The work of the
Cattle Commission and the law under which they work have
been criticised severely by many people, and, although the
matter is outside the jurisdiction of the Board of Agri-
culture, it is of such great importance to the farming
community that some reference may properly be made to it.

No. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xxv

The law of 1895 granted practically full compensation for
all Massachusetts cattle found diseased with tuberculosis
and condemned by the Cattle Commission. It also provided
that the expense of quarantine after ten days should be
borne by the State. The expense of examination of the
cattle and enforcement of the law is also borne by the State.
The law of 1895 also provides that "Until June first,
eighteen hundred and ninety-six, the use of tuberculin as a
diagnostic agent for the detection of the disease known as
tuberculosis in domestic animals shall be restricted to cattle
brought into the Commonwealth from any point without its
limits and to all cattle held in quarantine at Brighton,
Watertown and Somerville : provided, however, that tuber-
culin may be used as such diagnostic agent on any animal
or animals in any other portion of the State upon the con-
sent in writing of the owner or person in possession thereof
and upon any animals condemned as tuberculous upon phys-
ical examination by a competent veterinarian."

This restriction of the use of tuberculin was enacted on
the demand of cattle owners.

Massachusetts has certainly dealt generously with the
owners of cattle in her legislation for the suppression of
tuberculosis. It appears that the law is at present working
well, and that the Cattle Commission has requests on file
for the inspection of more herds than can be inspected under
the present appropriation. Consequently, a continuation of
the restriction upon the use of tuberculin can for the present
do no harm ; but, in order that the State may not lose the
benefits that should be realized from the expenditure of her
appropriations for the reduction of tuberculosis, it would
seem that the Cattle Commission should be empowered and
required to test whole herds in which one or more diseased
animals have been found, and that the commission should be
empowered to require owners of herds in which one or more
tuberculous animals have been found to make such changes
in their stables and stable management as shall seem to be
necessary to secure to their cattle the conditions known to
be essential to health; also, that full compensation for an
animal or animals found to be tuberculous upon any inspec-

xxvi BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

tion subsequent to the first, should be allowed only when it
shall appear that the owner has faithfully endeavored to
carry out the changes he has been desired by the commis-
sioners to make.

At the business meeting of the Board, held at Dalton,
Dec. 3, 1895, the Board indorsed the changes above recom-
mended in the laws for the control of contagious diseases
among domestic animals. The record of the action of the
Board may be found on page 10 of this volume.

Gypsy Moth (Ocneria dispar).
The Legislature of 1895 appropriated $150,000 for the
continuation of the work of exterminating this pest. The
law, chapter 210 of the Acts of 1891, requires the State
Board of Agriculture to keep a record of its transactions
and a full account of all its expenditures under this act, and
by its chairman or secretary to make report thereof, with
such recommendations and suggestions as said Board shall
deem necessary, on or before the fourth Wednesday in
January to the General Court. The annual report of the
committee of the Board in charge will be found printed on
pages 199-237 of this volume. At the annual meeting,
Feb. 5, 189G, the following committee was elected to have
charge of the work the present year : Messrs. E. W. Wood
of West Newton, Augustus Pratt of North Middleborough,
F. W. Sargent of Amesbury, S. S. Stetson of Lakeville,
John G. Avery of Spencer and the secretary.

Dairy Bureau.
On account of the expiration of his term of service as
member of the Board of Agriculture, the chairman of the
Bureau, Mr. C. L. Hartshorn of Worcester, ceased to be a
member of the Bureau Feb. 4, 1896, and on February 5,
Mr. D. A. Horton of Northampton was elected chairman.
His Excellency has appointed Mr. J. Lewis Ellsworth of
Worcester, Mr. Hartshorn's successor on the Board, mem-
ber of the Dairy Bureau. The fifth annual report of the
Bureau to the Legislature will be found printed on pages
239-260 of this volume.

Xo. 4.] REPORT OF SECRETARY. xxvii

Agricultural College.
The report of the examining committee of the Agricult-
ural College will be found printed on pages 305-314 of this
volume. Attention is also called to the lecture on "How
the Agricultural College and Experiment Station benefit the
farmer," by Dr. J. B. Lindsey of the class of 1883, and ex-
pert in charge of the department of foods and feeding of
the Hatch Experiment Station of the college. This lecture
will be found printed on pages 138-159 of this volume.
The annual report of the Experiment Station is by law bound
with the report of the secretary of the Board of Agriculture
in this volume.

Returns of Societies.
These returns will be found printed on pages 263—292. A
summary, contrasting the totals of 1893, 1894 and 1895, is
printed on page 293.

Agricultural Directory.
A directory of the agricultural organizations of the Com-
monwealth, with officers for 1896, has been prepared, and
will be found printed on pages 397-409 of this volume.

Cattle Commission.
Section 51 of chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894 provides
that an abstract of the report of the Board of Cattle Com-
missioners to the Legislature shall be printed in the annual
report of the State Board of Agriculture. An abstract of
said report for 1895 will be found printed on pages 425-557
of this volume.

Meetings of the Board.
The public winter meeting of the Board for lectures and
discussions was held atDalton, Dec. 3, 4 and 5, 1895. The
lectures and discussions will be found printed on passes 15—
197 of this volume. A special business meeting of the
Board was held atDalton, Dec. 3, 1895, an account of which
will be found printed on pages 9-12. The annual business
meeting of the Board was held at the office of the secretary,

xxviii BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc. No. 4.]

Feb. 4, 5 and 6, 1896, and the minutes thereof, etc., will
be found printed on pages 297-338 of this volume.

Farmers' National Congress.
The report of the delegates to the Farmers' National
Congress at Atlanta, Ga., Oct. 10-16, 1895, will be found
printed on pages 413-424 of this volume.

Changes in the Board.
During the past year death removed from the Board Mr.
Williani Bancroft of Chesterfield, who had represented the
Hillside Agricultural Society on the Board since February,
1890. The resolutions on his death will be found printed
on page 10. The delegate of the Attleborough Agricultural
Association, Mr. Isaac Alger of North Attleborough, re-
tired from the Board after five years of service, because his
society had ceased to be entitled to representation on the
Board. The following gentlemen retired from the Board
because of the expiration of their terms of service : Chas.
E. Ward of the Deerfield Valley Society, after three years
of service ; Henry A. Barton of the Highland Society, after
three years of service ; and C. L. Hartshorn of the Worces-
ter Society, after twelve years of service.

WM. R. SESSIONS,

Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture.
Boston, February, 1896.

MEETINGS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

1895.

MEETINGS OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,

ACTING FOR THE BOARD.

Boston, May 24, 1895.

The meeting was called in part to consider the request of
the Middlesex North Agricultural Society for the approval
by the Board of Agriculture of the vote of said society
authorizing the treasurer to execute in the name of the
society a mortgage on the real estate of the society to the
Lowell Institution for Savings, to secure a loan of nine
thousand dollars, authorized by vote of the members, May
8, 1895, said approval being required under chapter 274 of
the Acts of 1890. A certified copy of the records of the
meeting of the society, at which it voted unanimously to
mortgage the property of the society for the sum of nine
thousand dollars, was furnished the committee by the secre-
tary, Mr. Geo. B. Coburn. In accordance with the require-
ments of chapter 274 of the Acts of 1890, the executive
committee duly advertised that a hearing would be given
to interested parties ; said advertisement appearing in the
"Lowell Daily Courier" and "Lowell Daily Citizen,"
newspapers published in Lowell, one insertion of the notice
having been at least one week before the date of hearing.
No person appearing in opposition to the request for ap-
proval of the vote, it was

Voted, To approve the vote of the Middlesex North
Agricultural Society, passed on May 8, 1895, authorizing
the treasurer to execute a morto-aofe of the real estate of said
society, situated in Lowell, for the sum of nine thousand
dollars, to the Lowell Institution for Savings, and that the
secretary be instructed to notify the society of this action.

4 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

W. C. Baylies, Esq., president of the Bristol County
Agricultural Society, presented the request of said society
for the approval by the Board of Agriculture of the vote of
said society, Nov. 17, 1894, authorizing the directors to
acquire or convey real estate in order to lay out a street
connecting Agricultural Avenue with Highland Street. It
appeared from a copy of the records of the society, attested
by the secretary, that the society passed the vote above
referred to by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the mem-
bers present and voting at a meeting duly called for the
purpose. It was therefore

1 roted, That the society be directed to advertise a hearing
of the parties interested, by the Board of Agriculture, and
that, if no person appears at the hearing to object, the
secretary is hereby authorized to record the approval by the
Board of Agriculture of the vote of the Bristol County
Agricultural Society, and that the secretary notify said
society of the action of the Board.

Voted, That the executive committee of the State Board
of Agriculture desire to express to the family of the late
General Cogswell, Representative in Congress from the
Sixth District, their appreciation of the loss which they feel
at his death. He has invariably shown deep interest in the
agricultural affairs of Massachusetts, both while in the State
and national governments, and has always been active in
advising with, and executing the wishes of, this Board in
matters of legislation. They desire to convey to his family
their sincere sympathy in their recent loss. The secretary
is directed to send a copy of this vote to the family of the
deceased.

Boston, May 31, 1895.

Copies of the "Taunton Gazette" having been received,
showing three insertions of an advertisement of a hearing
of parties interested in the conveyance of real estate by the
Bristol County Agricultural Society, one of which was at
least one week before the time of said hearing, and no per-
son appearing to object to the approval by the Board of
Agriculture of the vote of said societv authorizing such

No. 4.] MEETINGS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 5

conveyance, according to the vote of the executive com-
mittee, May 24, the approval of the Board of Agriculture
was given to the vote of the Bristol County Agricultural
Society, that the Board of Directors be authorized to
acquire or convey real estate in order to lay out a street
connecting Agricultural Avenue with Highland Street, and
a certificate to that effect was sent by the secretary to Mr.
"VV. C. Baylies, president of the Bristol County Agricultural
Society.

Boston, Aug. 13, 1895.
A request having been received from Mr. F. H. Newell,
"Washington, D. C, secretary of the American Forestry
Association, for the appointment of a delegate to represent
this Board at the meeting of the American Forestry Asso-
ciation in Springfield, Mass., Sept. 3 and 4, 1895, the
executive committee this day appointed Mr. Francis H.
Appleton of Peabody the said delegate.

Worcester, Sept. 4, 1895.

The meeting was called to consider the request of the
Berkshire Agricultural Society for the approval by the
Board of Agriculture of the vote of said society to author-
ize a committee to borrow money to pay the present indebt-
edness of the said society, and to sign a mortgage and notes
therefor ; to sell such portion of the society's grounds as
they shall deem advisable, to sign deeds or other papers
necessary, and to apply the proceeds to the indebtedness of
the society. A certified copy of the records of the meeting
of the society, at which it was voted unanimously to do the
above-named acts, was presented by the president of the
society, Mr. TV. B. Barton, who also presented copies of
the " Berkshire Eagle," containing the required advertise-
ment of the hearing, one of the three insertions of the
notice having been at least one week before the date of
hearing. No person appearing in opposition to the request
of the Berkshire Agricultural Society, it was

Voted, To approve the vote of the Berkshire Agricult-
ural Society, passed Dec. 6, 1894, granting full power to

6 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc. No. 4.

a committee of said society to borrow money to pay the
present indebtedness of the society, and to sign a mortgage
and notes therefor ; to sell such portion of the society's
grounds as they shall deem advisable, to sign deeds or other
papers necessary, and to apply the proceeds to the indebt-
edness of the society.

Voted, That the secretary notify the society of this
action.

SPECIAL MEETING

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

DALTOK

December 3, 1895.

SPECIAL MEETING OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

AT DALTON.

Dalton, Mass., Dec. 3, 1895.

The Board of Agriculture met at the Opera House, Dalton,
this day, at 9.30 a.m., for business.

Present: First Vice-Pres. James S. Grinnell, who pre-
sided, and Messrs. Alger, F. H. Appleton, J. S. Appleton,
Jr., Avery, H. A. Barton, Blair, Bourne, Brooks, Bursley,
Clark, Clemence, Cook, Cruickshanks, Damon, Goessmann,
Goodell, Gove, Hartshorn, Harwood, Hersey, Horton, Ivil-
bourn, Lyman, Norton, Palmer, Pratt, S. M. Raymond,
Reed, Sargent, Sessions, Francis Shaw, N". W. Shaw, Stet-
son, Taylor, Tucker, Ward, Wellington and Wood.

A draft of the annual report of the secretary of the Board
to the Legislature was read by the secretary and discussed.

Voted, That the secretary be authorized to print in con-
solidated form the several essays printed in the Massachu-
setts Crop Reports of 1895, and publish the same separate
from his annual report.

Voted, That the secretary be authorized to ask the Legis-
lature to increase the appropriation for incidentals in the
office of the secretary to eight hundred dollars, and the
appropriation for the dissemination of useful information in
agriculture to two thousand dollars.

Voted, That the secretary be authorized to petition the
Legislature for one thousand dollars, under the act of the
year 1891, "to authorize the State Board of Agriculture
to collect and circulate information relating to abandoned
farms" (Acts of 1891, chapter 280).

10 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The matter of farmers' institutes, touched upon by the
secretary in his report, was discussed by the chairman, the
secretary, and by Messrs. Gove, Cruickshanks and Pratt,
but no action was taken.

The matter of tuberculosis, referred to in the report of
the secretary, was considered and discussed by the secretary
and Messrs. Hartshorn, F. H. Appleton, Taylor, Horton,
Barton, Ward, Alger, Harwood, Palmer, Blair, Grinnell,
Stetson, Clemence, Tucker, Kilbourn, Goodell and Brooks.

Voted, That it is expedient to continue the present law,
except that the Cattle Commission shall test whole herds in
which one or more diseased animals have been found.

Voted, That a committee consisting of W. P. Brooks,
C. L. Hartshorn and Francis Shaw take this matter into
consideration, and report in due form a recommendation of
the position to be taken by the Board as to the examination
of herds in which animals have been found to be diseased
with tuberculosis.

The above-named committee reported that the Board
should recommend the following changes in the present law
relating to tuberculosis : —

1. That subsequent to June 1, 1896, the use of tuber-
culin as a diagnostic agent shall be applied to all the animals
of all herds in which one or more tuberculous animals have
been found.

2 . That all owners of herds in which one or more tuber-
culous animals have been found shall be required to make
such reasonable changes in their stables and stable manage-
ment as shall seem to be necessary to secure to their cattle
the conditions known to be essential to health.

3. That full compensation for an animal or animals
found to be tuberculous upon any inspection subsequent to
the first shall be allowed only when it shall appear that the
owner has faithfully endeavored to carry out the changes
which he has been desired to make.

The recommendations of the committee were voted.

The chairman presented the following : —

Again one of our members has been removed by death.

No. 4.] SPECIAL MEETING. 11

William Bancroft of Chesterfield, the delegate to this
Board from the Hillside Agricultural Society, died suddenly
at his home on the farm where he was born, seventy-one
years ago, respected and beloved not only in the imme-
diate community where he lived but in a large circle of
acquaintances and friends in the western part of the State.

Mr. Bancroft's father was a lawyer as well as a farmer,
and much respected in the county. Our friend was born
and reared on the farm, but early went into mercantile and
commercial pursuits ; but after many years of successful
business, the love of the farm and of his boyhood's home
brought him back to till the paternal acres. The house of
his father where he was born having been burned, Mr.
Bancroft built on the same spot a house and very fine barn,
in which he took great pride for its beauty and convenience.
It was on the floor of that barn, while attending to the
farmer's early duties of feeding and caring for his cattle,
that he dropped dead from paralysis of the heart at the age
of seventy-one years.

In memory of him we would say that, while the commu-
nity in which he lived has lost a kind neighbor, a willing
assistant and a good and helpful counsellor, we mourn a
greater personal loss. Mr. Bancroft became a member
of this Board in 1890, and immediately took rank as one of
the brightest, most intelligent and best informed of all
our members. Eeady and alert, he performed cheerfully,
promptly and faithfully every duty assigned to him, while his
genial presence and ready wit enlightened and brightened
our meetings.

Resolved, That the secretary of our Board be directed
to send a copy of this resolution to his family, and to
the " Springfield Republican" for publication.

Commemoratory remarks were made by Messrs. Avery,
Barton, F. H. Appleton, Pratt, Horton, Lyman, Ward and
Tucker, and by Mr. Newhall of Conway, a former member
of the Board.

On motion of Mr. Hartshorn, the resolution was adopted
by a rising vote.

12 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc. No. 4.

The report of the gypsy moth committee was then taken
up and considered, and on motion of Mr. Hartshorn it was

Voted, That the report be accepted and adopted as the
report of the Board to the Legislature.

Remarks upon the progress of the campaign against the
gypsy moth were made by the secretary and Messrs. F. H.
Appleton, Clark, Hersey, Wood, the chairman and Field
Director Forbush.

Voted, That it is the opinion of the State Board of Ag-
riculture that, to make the work of the gypsy moth com-
mittee effective and economical, in the interests of the
Commonwealth, whatever, if any, appropriation is made in
1896 should be made early in the session of the Legislature,
so that the work can be conducted during the spring months
with like activity to that of the other months.

Mr. Geo. M. Whitaker, assistant executive officer of the
Dairy Bureau, presented and read the annual report of the
said Bureau to the Legislature, which, on motion of Mr. F.
H. Appleton, was accepted and adopted as the report of
the Board of Agriculture to the Legislature.

Voted, That the executive committee of the Board be re-
quested to consider the expediency of again urging upon the
Legislature the investigation of the quality of feed-stuffs,
and that it be given full power to act as it may see fit.

Voted, That the report of the secretary be accepted and
adopted as the report of the Board to the Legislature.

Adjourned.

PUBLIC WINTER MEETING

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

DALTOK

December 3, 4 and 5, 1895.

PUBLIC WINTER MEETING OF THE BOARD,

AT D ALTON.

The annual public winter meeting of the Board was held
in the Opera House, Dalton, beginning Tuesday, December
3, and continuing through the two following days. There
was a full attendance of the Board, and at most of the
meetings there was a good attendance of farmers from
Dalton and vicinity.

The first session was called to order by Hon. James
S. Grlnnell, the first vice-president, who introduced Mr.
Henry A. Barton of Dalton as the presiding officer of the
day, and the gentleman selected by the citizens of Dalton to
welcome the Board of Agriculture to their town.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

BY MR. HENRY A. BARTON OF DALTON.

Mr. Chairman, members of the Board of Agriculture and
friends : It is my privilege and great pleasure to extend to
you, in a few brief remarks, for the inhabitants of this town,
a most cordial welcome. Our town is nestled here among
the Berkshire hills and valleys, and, like many other towns
of this grand old Commonwealth, is the seat of varied
industries. For more than a hundred years our farmers
have faithfully followed the plough and tilled their farms,
and for nearly the same length of time the manufacturer
has been as faithful in his work. And side by side for this
hundred years they have prospered together, each desiring
to assist and to advance the welfare of the other.

From the fruits of the labors of these many years we
rejoice as a town to-day in our free public schools and sub-
stantial school buildings, giving to our children those ad-
vantages which will fit them for the work of life equal in

16 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

this country town to those that are enjoyed by many of our
larger towns and cities. We rejoice also in our churches
and in the pleasant church buildings, where with our fami-
lies and friends we mingle our worship and our gratitude
to the Giver of all good. We are grateful also for the privi-
leges that come to us from our free public library, and also
for the building in which we are gathered at this time.
All of this we know is the fruit of honest toil and industry,
and the gift to us from willing and generous hearts. We
must not, however, rest on the record of the past, for we
know that the grand work that Almighty God has given us
to do is to reach out our hand on every side to our fellow-
man, and to encourage him in every honorable occupation
to make the greatest improvement in his work and to use
every opportunity to advance in all the departments of life.
In the close competition that enters into all our business
life to-day we must ever keep before our minds that edu-
cated industry is one of the first and most important ele-
ments of success, and, as has been so well said before, that
educated industry is the protection of our youth. It is the
glory of manhood ; it is the base of our national wealth and
prosperity.

And so we are very glad to welcome the State Board of
Agriculture here to-day in the interests of our farmers.
We know that you have come to us full of the enthusiasm of
your special work, with all the best thought and experience
of the year.

We are very glad also to welcome the representatives of
our State Agricultural College and Experiment Station.
We are grateful for the advantages that come to our farmers'
boys from the Agricultural College, in vino; to them the
opportunity to secure an education in accordance with the
means of the farmers, — a college not only fitting them to
be farmers but fitting them to be men in every department
of life and useful in the community wherever they may be
placed ; fitting them to understand the business of their
town, and enabling them to so educate themselves that they
can well assist in the halls of legislation and to understand
what we desire to carry forward in the interest of the agri-

No. 4.] ADDRESS OF AVELCOME. 17

culture of our State. As I said before, we welcome, too,
the representatives of our Experiment Station, which gives
to our farmers an idea of how best to cultivate their lands,
how best to fertilize their crops, how best to understand
and protect them, all of which has helped to advance agri-
culture, especially in the past few years.

And we rejoice to welcome the representatives of the
grange, that mighty factor in our State and nation, which
has brought happiness and comfort to so many of our
farmers' homes, giving to them social and educational ad-
vantages and in a large measure the financial improve-
ment which they have so much desired.

And we welcome also the representatives of our agricult-
ural and daily press, and recognize what a mighty factor they
have been and are to-day in advancing the cause of agricult-
ure.

Our farmers to be successful must more and more bring
thought and intellect into recognition, as well as nerve
and muscle. Many of the farms of New England are rough
and uneven and our winters are long and severe; and yet,
if the farmer will give to his work the same thought, the
same care, the same perseverance that men give to the work
and management of other industries that are successful, he
can give to his family a pleasant and comfortable home,
he can educate his children to a reasonable extent and in-
culcate in them the principles of honesty, integrity and an
upright life, which will help them as they go out into the
world to assert their individuality and to be a help and a
blessing to the community where they shall make a home.

We are very glad to welcome you all here to-day, and
we desire very much to make your stay at Dalton a very
pleasant one ; and we hope that when this meeting is over
and you shall separate and go to your homes, scattered all
over New England, you will carry with you nothing but
pleasant recollections of your meeting here.

But wo rejoice most to-day in the good cheer and the
encouragement which you bring to the farmers not only
of our own locality but of all New England and the whole
country. For who is there to-day who will not say that
the farmer who has been faithful in his business, though

18 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc. No. 4.

he may not have accumulated more than a few thousand
dollars, has not done as much for the real advancement of
this dear old Commonwealth as any other man engaged in
any other industry?

And now, with a prayer that the work of this session of
the State Board of Agriculture may be fruitful of much that
shall advance the cause of agriculture and add to the hap-
piness and blessings of every farmer's home within our
borders, I again extend to you all a most hearty and cordial
welcome.

After the Oberon Ladies' Quartette of Laconia, N. H., had
favored the audience with song, the chairman announced, as
the subject of the afternoon, " How can boards of agriculture
help the farmers?" and introduced Hon. N. J. Bachelder,
secretary of the New Hampshire Board of Agriculture, as
the lecturer.

HOW CAN BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE HELP THE

FARMERS?

BY HON. N. J. BACHELDER, CONCORD, N. H.

The people of New Hampshire have long been accustomed
to look to the old Commonwealth of Massachusetts for ex-
amples of statesmanship in the various departments estab-
lished and maintained by the State for the development of
the interests represented. Especially has this been true in
regard to the agricultural department, and we in New
Hampshire have availed ourselves on several occasions of
the agricultural thought and research as promulgated by
your eminent agricultural specialists.

In view of these facts, we enter upon the discussion of
this subject with no little hesitancy, augmented somewhat by
the lack of much definite data upon which to base our con-
clusions. This latter condition may not be so much a mis-
fortune to you as to the speaker, for sometimes originality
carries with it a certain amount of interest, even if not
entirely practical in its conclusions. In the discussion of
this subject we shall refer to the work of no particular
board of agriculture nor be guided by any statute law-
governing such boards, for we are addressing people who
make laws as well as enforce them, and a sufficiently intelli-
gent people to recognize the necessity of progress in the
machinery that cultivates the mental; as well as the
material, resources of the farmer. The methods in vogue
at the time of the establishment of boards of agriculture
may be no more applicable to the situation to-day than
would be the farm machinery in use at that time to the
present changed conditions. The fact, however, that the
laws governing boards of this character generally confer

20 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

such penal authority as to leave much latitude in the hands
of those charged with their administration, has afforded
some opportunity for progress under early enacted laws.
In the consideration of this question it cannot be expected
that we will discuss details to any great extent, for the
time will not allow it. We will endeavor only to set a few
landmarks along the pathway we would mark out for our-
self and our esteemed agricultural co-workers.

The work of boards of agriculture may be classified as
legislative, administrative and educational, each of which is
susceptible of innumerable subdivisions penetrating the
various ramifications of politics, business and society. By
legislation we refer to the influence that should be exerted
upon legislative leaders in the enactment of just and whole-
some laws. We shall place this duty at the head of the
list, as perhaps the most important of any, but not the most
useful, for the reason that the position occupied by boards
of agriculture entitles them to a more respectful and con-
siderate hearing than is often accorded representatives of
private or individual interests. We do not wish to be
understood as advocating anything in the form of lobbying,
but simply the matter of appearing before committees in
behalf of the farmers when measures affecting the farmers'
interests are pending, and intelligently presenting the
claims of the agricultural interests. This will meet with
favor by all legislators who desire to act understanding^
and with due regard to the interests of the State. We
would also have the interests of agriculture officially repre-
sented before the governor and executive council when
action is to be taken directly affecting those interests. We
would not advocate an effort to dictate the appointments
that are to be made for the purpose simply of getting
farmers appointed. We have no sympathy with that
statesmanship which consists in advocating the appointment
of farmers to positions simply because they are farmers.
We would advocate principles rather than men, and would
earnestly request the appointment of men representing
those principles. Much injury has been done the agri-
cultural cause in the past by demanding the recognition of
men simply because they were farmers, rather than by

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 21

standing upon the broad platform embodying a broad and
well-detined purpose.

While we do not expect to see it accomplished at present,
yet we believe the time is coming when agriculture, the
fundamental interest of the country, will be represented on
the executive council by statutory law. We have never yet
heard any argument in favor of making the national secre-
tary of agriculture a member of the president's cabinet that
did not apply with equal force to making the executive offi-
cer of the State department of agriculture a member of the
governor's council. He should be present to advocate prin-
ciples rather than men, and be prepared to advise upon all
matters relating to the agricultural interests. When this
shall have been done we may not hear so much about the
uselessness of an executive council.

There should be greater uniformity in legislation in dif-
ferent States in matters pertaining to agriculture, and
boards of agriculture should secure this through the means
of a national association. An annual convention should be
held, where the executive officers could discuss these mat-
ters and inaugurate co-operative measures. There is no
sensible reason why the owners of an animal condemned
because tuberculous should receive nothing, one-half, two-
thirds or full value, according to the State laws in the State
in which they are located, when the real value must be the
same in all. There is no reason why animals moved from
one State to another should be submitted to the most strict
and inconvenient test for disease, while animals passing in
the opposite direction, with more danger of carrying dis-
ease, are moved with little or no restriction. There is no
reason, at least as far as New England is concerned, why
there should not be a uniformity of laws upon these sub-
jects, and State boards of agriculture can help the farmers
by bringing it about. Boards of agriculture can help the
farmers in legislative matters other than those pertaining
directly to agriculture. Such subjects as good roads, edu-
cation and judicious economy in public expenditures should
receive careful attention, not by a narrow, miserly policy,
but by a broad, liberal, progressive course in the interest
of the tillers of the soil. If the farmers are to be accorded

22 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

that position in the world to which they are by right en-
titled, the position taken by their representatives must be
in keeping therewith.

The administrative duties should include the administra-
tion of laws enacted having a direct bearing upon agri-
culture, now frequently requiring the services of a special
commission. Such work as the suppression of contagious
diseases among animals, the destruction of insect pests, the
enforcement of laws against the fraudulent sale of imitation
dairy products, the promotion of horticulture, dairying,
forestry, wool growing, bee keeping and pomology, the
oversight of fair associations, regulating the sale of com-
mercial fertilizers and all similar supervision could well be
done by the boards of agriculture, or bureaus established
under their direction. This course will concentrate the
forces and accomplish greater results with less expense. It
will place the management of these different matters under
the direction of those who have a direct interest in the re-
sults, and will make the managers of each directly responsi-
ble to a board having some knowledge of such matters.
We would make the duties and powers of .boards of agri-
culture as broad as the name implies.

Much can be done by boards of agriculture in popularizing
agriculture by advocating its advantages. The abandoned
farms of New England, about which so many thousand
pages have been written and printed, have been widely
advertised, and found many occupants through the adminis-
tration by boards of agriculture of laws enacted for this
purpose.

In this same line we would make boards of agriculture
bureaus of information upon the condition and production
of the farms. To this end we would have them authorized
and provided with funds to take an annual census of the
farm property, farm stock, crops and the opportunities for
investment in agriculture. We would have included some-
thing in regard to the undeveloped water powers, mines
and forest areas, and we would annually publish this infor-
mation and distribute it widely. We believe that the faith-
ful administration of such laws would add to the prosperity
of the farmers, for the reason that anything that adds to the

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 23

prosperity of a town adds to the opportunities for pros-
perity by all its citizens.

The educational work of boards of agriculture is the line
of work susceptible of the greatest development of any. It
is not within the legitimate province of governments, either
State or national, to help the tanners except by adequate
instruction to enable them to intelligently help themselves.
This educational work is of so much importance that it will
constitute the main feature of this address.

This educational work is easily subdivided into three
classes, — institute, school and college work. The insti-
tute work of the boards of agriculture in all the New Eng-
land States is an important feature of their duties, and is
increasing in extent and usefulness each year. Boards of
agriculture aid the farmers in this direction very materially,
and their efforts are better appreciated than ever before.
Much has been learned by institute managers in regard to
qualifications of speakers for such occasions. They have
learned that there is no demand for the political schemer,
who wants to boom himself for office ; for the inveterate
talker, with more words than ideas ; or the learned scien-
tist, who may be familiar with every principle of his subject,
but as ignorant of their application as the new-born babe.
The man who attempts to interest farmers should be a
practical man, and have experience along the line which
he discusses. He should have sufficient theory to give in-
telligent reasons for his statements, and should be a special-
ist. When a speaker comes before an audience of farmers
and tells them the most profitable method of doing certain
things and the reasons for it, and is then able to say, " I have
tried this, proved it and made a success of it," the farmers
are at once ready to place confidence in his statements, and
become interested in the subject under consideration. Col-
lege professors sometimes fail to recognize the fact that
farmers' institutes require different instruction from that
given a class in college, and are sometimes entirely lacking
in the practical application of the theories with which they
are so familiar. When they are familiar with the practical
application of the principles enunciated, college professors
are valuable institute workers. The point we desire to

24 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

make is, that instruction given at farmers' institutes should
not be so scientific as to shoot over the heads of the
audience, nor so intensely practical as to contain no
information of importance. A happy medium between the
two is an important object to be sought by boards of agri-
culture in arranging farmers' institutes.

The farmers' institutes when properly arranged and carried
out are capable of helping the farmers more than any other
feature of the work imposed upon boards of agriculture for
the farmers' benefit. The institute work of boards of agri-
culture can be materially advanced by co-operating with the
granges. There arc no means so effectual in calling farmers
together as the fraternal ties of this grand farmers' organi-
zation, and when assembled there is often a lack of just
such instruction as is furnished by a good institute worker.
Where there are no agricultural societies to form the basis
of the farmers' institutes the grange should be appealed to,
and when such co-operation has taken place we have always
noticed grand results. It means larger audiences for the
institute workers and a more useful meeting on the part of
the grange for the instruction and entertainment furnished
by the Board of Agriculture. It also promotes a spirit of
harmony and good fellowship between the two organizations
that is helpful to both. The position that the grange has
lately taken, especially in New England, leaves no reason
for boards of agriculture to encourage any but the most
cordial relations, and he who harbors any other feeling
than this should not complain if classed with the old fogies
and mossbacks.

The educational influence possible to be exerted by boards
of agriculture in the public schools and agricultural colleges
of our land is beyond our faintest conception, and affects
the welfare of succeeding generations.

Boards of agriculture must recognize the fact that educa-
tion is a word of broad significance. The training of the
intellect and all other God-given faculties is included in its
sphere. Its limitations are as wide as the earth itself, and
its power so extensive as to be incomprehensible. We are
told that intellectual culture is the only remedy for intel-
lectual paralysis ; and we may claim with equal force that

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 25

manual training is the most effectual remedy for physical
inactivity, sometimes termed laziness, — for nothing- stimu-
lates a person to greater activity than the ability to do
difficult things well. This intellectual culture is not the
need of the professional man merely, but of all men in all
vocations ; and, when combined with manual training,
makes the sailor go up from the forecastle to the quarter-
deck, changes apprentice to master, the mill hand to agent,
the laborer to employer, the journeyman to contractor, the
scavenger to capitalist.

Education begins with the first spark of intelligence in
the mind of the infant, and ends only with the departure of
reason or life. It is the motive power .that raises man
above the brute creation, and, while it affords the means of
acquiring a livelihood and perhaps wealth, ranks higher
than wealth when subjected to a court of competent juris-
diction. However ornamental it may be, its usefulness
depends upon its character, and this suggests a train of
thought upon " practical education " which boards of agri-
culture should advocate for farmers' sons and daughters and
all other industrial classes.

School days represent not the period of getting an educa-
tion, but the period of laying the foundation of life study.
It is asserted that but one person in thirty gets beyond the
common school in educational institutions. How important
it is, then, that our common schools be intensely practical
in their instruction, and at least furnish the pupil with a
correct foundation for life study and life work.

I desire to call the attention of boards of agriculture to
an extract from an address on horticultural education,
delivered not long ago by one of the teachers of Boston.
He says: "A large majority of our public schools have
done little or nothing in the study of plants, insects,
minerals and soils, alleging that such studies are not practi-
cal. For years past we have been reaping the natural
results of a system of education that, intentionally or
unintentionally, turns all our young people for a livelihood
towards the occupations of teachers, college professors,
lawyers, physicians, clergymen, book-keepers, salesmen,
musicians, artists, agents and business men, under which

26 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

head multifarious and heterogeneous legions of middle-men
are pleased to class themselves. These men have had the
control of educational affairs, and they have kept the
schools turning out their kind so long that there is unques-
tionably in this country an overwhelming surplus of middle-
men, non-producers and men living by their wits. Such a
surplus is certain to make trouble. All are determined to
live affluently if possible, genteelly at all events."

The truth of this statement will be recognized by all who
have given the subject any consideration. Do not misun-
derstand this. We do not decry culture. Intellectual
training is to be prized, but practical knowledge is neces-
sary to make it available. The experience gained from
books is of the nature of learning, but the experience gained
from practice is wisdom ; and an ounce of the latter is
worth a pound of the former. All history shows that the
great acts in the development of a country have not been
performed by men of fine culture. There were wise men
in Europe before there were printed books.

At a gathering in Australia not long since four persons
met, three of whom were shepherds on a sheep farm. One
of these had taken a degree at Oxford, another at Cam-
bridge, the third at a German university. The fourth was
their employer, rich in flocks and herds, but scarcely able
to read and write. Culture is valuable, but it requires
business training with it to bring success.

We are glad to notice changes for the better, and to see
needlework, cooking, manual training for boys and various
forms of instruction in the practical work of life recently
introduced in the common-school curriculum of the most
progressive cities in the land.

We also desire to see the study of agriculture universally
adopted in our public-school system. The vast majority
of those whose school life ends with the district school are
destined to be engaged in some branch of productive indus-
try, — occupations in which manual skill is of primary
importance. And yet we frame for these, to the exclusion
of more useful studies, such courses as if their destination
were to be the author's sanctum, and such programmes of
geography as if they were intended to lead exploring expe-

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 27

ditions into the centre of Africa ; and the last instruction it
has entered our head to give them is that which they will
require in their daily life from the hour they issue from
school . We contend that the art of reading can be acquired
as easily from a series of lessons on the cultivation of fruit
trees as from a series containing the oratory of Burke, and
that the teaching of practical school gardening would be as
valuable as setting the pupils to commit to memory the
heights of the principal peaks of the Rocky Mountains. In
European countries we find that this has already been done,
and we refer you to England, France, Germany and Bel-
gium for the success of the scheme. In the latter country,
no larger than one of the New England States, we find
four schools for higher agricultural education, thirty-three
secondary schools with forty short courses in agriculture
and numerous courses in agriculture in normal and primary
schools.

While other nations are decreasing in their relative agri-
cultural interests, France is working in the other direction.
France spends for the encouragement of agriculture yearly
$8,000,000. The farms of France are the best cultivated in
the world, and her production per capita has doubled in half
a century. In Paris is located the renowned Agricultural
University ; also three national schools of agriculture, one
of horticulture, one of dairying, three of veterinary science,
two of forestry and two shepherds' schools. We are told
that the fifteen agricultural colleges in France educate seven
hundred lads a year in the science and practice of agri-
culture, at eighteen pounds each. To these must be added
a professorship of agriculture in each of the eighty-six
departments or districts into which France is divided, with
farm schools, experiment stations, fields and colonies.
Besides all this, in 1850 agriculture was made optional in
all public schools, and in 1859 a law compelled each nor-
mal school to prepare for teaching agriculture and to fit all
the teachers of France for instructing in land culture.

In England we understand elementary education in agri-
culture has been introduced into the public schools, and the
examination made by school officials includes an investiga-
tion of the proficiency attained by the scholars in the agri-

28 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

cultural studies. Whatever the avocation in life, no girl or
boy will sutler harm from elementary knowledge in these
practical subjects. Austria spends annually $4,000,000 for
the encouragement of agriculture and Germany $2,850,000.
The amount annually appropriated by the United States
government for this purpose is about $3,000,000, to which
must be added a vast sum appropriated by States and be-
queathed by individuals.

When, through the influence of boards of agriculture, this
instruction in the elements of agriculture shall have been
introduced in our public schools, there will be more students
apply for admission in our agricultural colleges than in the
past, and more will receive an honorable admittance to the
business of husbandry, the foundation of all other indus-
tries, and, when intelligently managed, the highest industrial
occupation open to mankind. The agricultural colleges of
the country are capable of great things in advancing the
interests of agriculture through the means of practical
education.

The industrial classes which should receive the advantages
of these institutions form a vast army, compared with the
few that will ever avail themselves of the classical and liter-
ary colleges. It is therefore, my friends, of the greatest
importance that }rou and I use every eftbrt, even at this
late day, to increase the usefulness and patronage of these
institutions, and recommend them to farmers' sons and
daughters. It was the intention of those who assisted in
providing the means for establishing these schools that
the education furnished should be of a practical nature, as
related to the work of the farm and the shop. While they
were expected to be something more than trade schools,
they were not expected to be classed with the literary col-
leges of the land. There is abundant evidence that there

S3

is honor in serving the great class of common people who
are fitting for the industrial pursuits of life by training the
intellect and the hand at the same time, taking the boys and
o;irls from the common schools and fitting them for the most
skilful performance of life's work and for becoming useful
and honorable citizens, — in short, giving them a practical

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 29

education. Boards of agriculture must assist in advocating
this.

It is sometimes asserted that it is impossible to determine
for what a boy is best adapted, and hence he must get a
general literary education, and then see in what direction
his tastes lead him. The successful farmer knows the
adaptation of all his farm animals ; he knows the quality of
soil in each of his fields, and to what it is best adapted; he
studies the market and transportation rates. Is it unreason-
able to suppose that ho will have become so familiar with
the nature of his children that their future career will be
guided more safely by him rather than by allowing thorn to
choose from their own inclinations ? We are told that there
was once a man who, wanting to learn for what profession
his son was best adapted, finally hit upon the expedient of
shutting him up in a room with a Bible, an apple and a
dollar bill. For he reasoned thus : If on his return he
found him reading the Bible, he would make a minister of
him; if eating the apple, a farmer; and if playing with the
dollar bill, a banker. Well, as the story goes, when he
returned he found the boy had solved all difficulties. He
had pocketed the dollar bill, had eaten the apple and was
sitting on the Bible. Recognizing the eternal fitness of
things, the anxious father immediately made a politician
out of him. This may not be an inapt illustration of the
way in which the career of many a youth is determined,
and which would, of course, be less sensible than leaving
the occupation to be chosen by the boy himself.

But time is passing, and we have said but little in regard
to those in whose interest we specially desire to recommend
the efforts of boards of agriculture, — the young men and
women just entering upon the active duties of life. It is
upon them and their associates that the welfare of New
England will soon depend. The future of New England
depends not upon her gifted orators, eminent scholars and
cultured linguists, renowned and influential as they may be,
but upon the skill, energy and acquired ability of the vari-
ous industrial classes. Agriculture and manufactures form
the base of our prosperity, and as the standard of these in-

30 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

dustries is raised or lowered so the standing of our New
England, that we all love so well, is exalted or depressed.
You have all noticed how those massive buildings in our
cities are raised, how jack-screws are placed underneath, one
after another, until perhaps a thousand are in place ; then,
the workmen turning each one around, the building begins
to rise and finally is placed many feet in the air. This is a
homely illustration of the work of advanced institutions.
Our industrial colleges and boards of agriculture are en-
gaged in advancing the greatest industrial interests of the
land. A class is graduated this year, another next and
another the year after. Its members go out into life's
work, each prepared to do something for the welfare of his
State and country in his chosen line. Each adds something
to the resources of the country. Boards of agriculture
hold meetings and institutes annually. The influence of
each is uplifting, and by and by, like the massive building,
we shall see the great interests of agriculture and manu-
factures, with all auxiliary interests, raised by the power of
their efforts.

One of the gravest mistakes made in these days is that
when a young man leaves school and college his education
is finished. The boy leaves the grammar school at the age
of fourteen with what he calls a finished education. The
ambitious youth goes forth from the village academy with a
finished education. The collegian is graduated from the
university, sells his text-books to a freshman, piles up his
acquirements in musty alcoves and begins life with a
finished education. Perish the thought, — education is
never finished.

Agassiz, holding in his hands the treasuries of an organic
world, was a student to the day of his death. Sir William
Jones and Elihu Burritt, the two men who learned so many
languages, were students to the day of their departure to
the great university above. Sir William Jones could speak
eighteen languages and many dialects, and yet could keep
silent in them all. "Yes," said Michael Angelo, at the age
of ninety years, to a young man who had finished his educa-
tion, whom he met on his way to the Coliseum, " t/es, I
still go to lectrn."

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 31

"While it is true that the science of agriculture in this
country is still in its infancy, and men who have spent a
life in its study have mastered a small part of it, yet even
the few principles that have been taught will be of vast
benefit to its students, and through their influence to all
with whom they associate. The studies in plant growth
will cause a deeper interest in the crops produced. Each
period in the growth of a field of corn will be watched with
more intelligence and be the cause of greater satisfaction,
because of the knowledge of cause and effect. The study
of the origin and composition of soils will lead to an
enthusiastic appreciation of the wealth of nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid and potash stored up in the dirty acres of the
old farm, and the best method of making it available for
man's uses will be changed thereby from seeming drudgery
to feelings of honor and respect. The knowledge that
has been gained by the practical study of entomology will
lead the young farmer to look upon bugs and creeping
things of a destructive nature with little dread, for he
knows their habits, and, with the scientific application of
known remedies, he conducts his business with feelings
of assurance, and is master of the situation. Those prin-
ciples of stock feeding that are recognized authority the
world over are made interesting and even attractive from
the application given in farmers' institutes and agricultural
educational institutions.

When we consider the intricate problem of drainage, and
compare the former process with the recent developments
whereby all surplus water is taken from soil with the least
possible outlay of time and money, reducing the operation
almost to the nicety of an art; when we for a moment
reflect upon the marvellous developments that have been
made in the study of forestry, and the vast financial returns
that could accrue to the forest owners of the country from
an intelligent and systematic harvesting of their forest prod-
ucts ; when we call to mind the principles that have been
established in regard to the sources of plant food and the
various means of supplying needed fertility, coupled with
the fact that a well-known experiment station recently states
in a bulletin that the farmers of that State are annually

32 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

paying $100,000 for worthless material in what are consid-
ered standard brands of fertilizers ; when we consider the
possibilities of irrigation in the development of agriculture
and the knowledge already acquired in this branch of science ;
when we recognize the developments in veterinary science,
and its bearing upon farming methods ; when we consider
that this enumeration could be almost indefinitely extended,
having a bearing upon a thousand farm practices and form-
ing the basis of the practical part of an agricultural education,
and resulting in raising the business of farming from one of
drudgery to an honorable and self-respecting occupation, —
we are led to congratulate those who have become interested
in this line, and to assure them that they are in one sense
pioneers in what will later engross the mind and receive the
attention of a much larger number than at present. It may
be true that the science of agriculture has not been reduced
to a pedagogical form, as some of our educators claim ; but
we are inclined to accept the opinion of the Boston teacher
whom we have previously quoted, and assign as the reason
the fact that those in charge of the educational affairs of the
country have been more interested in conducting them in
accordance with a literary standard.

There is something for the New England farmer to do if
there is to be a change for the better. He must recognize
the fact more than ever before that land must be manured
with brains as well as chemicals, and that a scanty infusion
of this compound is laid on New England soil, — truths which
at a very heavy cost our community has begun to learn.

The ideal farmer is a widely accomplished man. Start-
ing; with a c;ood general education, he has mastered the
practice and science of farming ; knows something of chem-
istry, geology, botany ; of veterinary surgery, animal physi-
ology, entomology ; of mechanics, carpentry, smith work ;
of mensuration, levelling, land surveying ; of farriery and
forestry ; of dairying, bees, fruit, poultry ; finally, of accu-
rate book-keeping. Often the New England farmer is
strangely ignorant of these things. In many instances he
pursues the methods of his fathers, covers his land with un-
salable crops, refuses scornfully to make a change in accord-
ance with the changed conditions, and meets a shrinking

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 33

exchequer by economy in manures, feeding stuffs and labor,
and despairingly continues an existence on an impoverished
and weed-grown farm. This process has long been watched
by the agricultural expert, and the only plausible means of
relief is the applying of the educational preliminaries,
accepted as essential to all other industries, to this, per-
haps the most complex of all. In cereals we cannot rival
perhaps the broad prairies of the West, but we can make a
profit in producing those things demanded by the near market
in fresh and palatable condition, if we have the advantage of
adequate education. This may be sneered at by some as
professional teaching or book farming ; but, as a writer has
well said, "Without this, in the future bankrupt farmers,
pauper laborers, unfilled soil and a deserted countryside
will wait penally upon the antiquated process and the un-
skilled worker." ■

Boards of agriculture and managers of educational insti-
tutions can provide the means for an agricultural education,
and to a certain extent create a demand for it and popular-
ize it ; but there is also a responsibility in this matter rest-
ing upon the New England farmers that cannot be borne by
others.

We cannot allow this opportunity to pass without ex-
pressing what we believe to be a growing sentiment in favor
of rural life ; and yet as we travel over New England we
notice many homesteads once occupied by those sturdy
fathers and mothers of Puritanic descent, who were honor-
able men and women in every sense of the word, honest,
industrious, temperate, self-reliant, patriotic, Christian peo-
ple. They were the foundation from which have descended
those sons and daughters who have built up our New Eng-
land cities and developed the great West. Our hearts are
filled with sadness as we notice many of these places occu-
pied by strangers who are entirely wanting in the qualities
which made the former class famous. They but poorly
fill the places of those who went out from these rural dis-
tricts to make a world-wide reputation for this great and
glorious nation.

We believe some time in the future our New England
boards of agriculture and agricultural colleges will rejuve-

34 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

nate New England agriculture. No occupation offers such
pleasures as to cross the verdant fields in the morning and
view growing crops, meander through the pasture lands
and caress the noble animals that manifest intelligence and
gratitude, wander through the thrifty orchard and stately
forest, gather the birds around us and call them all by their
names, — this is to live in the country and love the country,
and make it not the home of the person only but of the soul.
No occupation on the face of the earth begets feelings of a
higher or holier nature or yields more supreme satisfaction.
These thoughts apply with no little force to the gentler sex.
The avenues of usefulness open to them are broadening
every year. Whatever may attract them in the line of
occupation, it should never be forgotten in their education
that the home influence of a great nation is to be in their
hands. The character of the home will have a greater in-
fluence in shaping the efforts of fathers, brothers and hus-
bands for the welfare of all the people of this nation than
some of the more radical measures suggested. Young ladies,
above all things, should determine to shine with queenly
grace in their home life, and exert an influence there that
will be far-reaching and honorable.

It may be that our earnestness in advocating this prac-
tical education may leave an impression that we are not in
sympathy with what is generally termed higher education.
We desire to disclaim any such intention. The grand
mental development and culture imparted after leaving the
common school by a ten years' application to classical and
^professional studies are recognized and appreciated, and in
certain cases are invaluable. The advocate of an industrial
education should not be accused of antagonism to the other.
We would have it well understood by the rising generation
that there can be no less honor in contributing to the indus-
trial prosperity of a country than in mere literary attain-
ments. Boards of agriculture can help the farmers by
advocating the advantages of this practical education and
earnestly supporting the institutions where it is taught. It
should be a prominent topic for discussion at farmers' meet-
ings and institutes, for, however meritorious a measure may
be, it requires constant agitation to secure its adoption.

No. 4.] BOAKDS OF AGRICULTURE. 35

Doubtless you have all heard of that worthy son of Erin's
Isle, who was sending a valuable package by express, and,
following out the custom much in vogue, he stamped in
bold type, "This side up with care." Fearing that this
important injunction would not come to the attention of the
hustling expressman unless more prominently displayed, he
emphasized by repeating it, and sent the package upon its
journey after plainly marking on each of its six sides,
" This side up with care." We would have such earnest-
ness manifested in this subject of practical education and
such demand for it that advocating the advantages of prac-
tical education in agriculture shall be printed in bold type
at the head of the list of duties assigned to boards of agri-
culture ; then we would have this list prominently displayed
in every school-room, in every academy, in every grange
hall, in every other place in the land where people assem-
ble for educational purposes ; and when securely placed
we would print in flaming type the inscription of our
Irish friend, "This side up with care," and thus hasten
the good time coming when the agricultural people of
this nation shall appreciate practical instruction for the
elevation of the great fundamental industry, — American
agriculture.

And then we would teach the farmers of this country the
advantages of agricultural education by manifesting, in their
homes, on their farms, in their market places and wherever
we meet them, such absolute confidence in its utility and its
advantages for their children over a literary education simply,
that they wTould be made to realize the honor and dignity of
the true husbandman, and all together, the farmers, boards
of agriculture and the managers of agricultural schools, we
would fight valiantly for restoring in some degree the in-
tegrity of mind and heart among our rural population ; and
when that shall have been accomplished we shall have in
our New England country homes the foundation for ideal
country life.

The Chairman. There will now be an opportunity for
discussion, but first I wish to call upon our old friend Dr.
Geo. M. Twitchell, secretary of the Maine State Agri-

36 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

cultural Society, who no doubt has a message for us, and I
know we shall all be glad to hear from him.

Dr. Twitchell. Years ago in a town in the State of
Maine there was a family every member of which was
determined to have a college education. The father died,
and the mother struggled on, and son after son grew to
years of maturity; a mortgage was placed on the farm,
until finally the last son was ready to enter college. No
one of them as they graduated had been able to make any
practical use of the education received, but it was still in
the mind of all that they must go through college. The
mother finally went to a friend for assistance, and he was
talking about it in a store afterwards, and in that store there
chanced to be a good old farmer who was full of what you
would call "horse sense." He listened awhile and then
said, "Well, I tell you, I don't see any sense in so much
edication without any larnin'." It seems to me that we
must seek to combine the two in this work of our boards
of agriculture ; that the thought of education must be
uppermost, as it was so well stated by the speaker, and we
surely must endorse every word he has spoken this after-
noon. The distinction seems to be made that there is a
high and a low education. There is no low education.
Education along the line of what we would call " the prac-
tical " is high and helpful, and will always be of service in
the world. How is this Board, *and the other boards of
agriculture in New England, to be of service — the greatest
service — to the farmer ? It seems to me that there are one
or two ways we might mention to which particular stress
has not been given, but which were covered in the admira-
ble paper we have just listened to. I have found, in what
little experience I have had with our boards of agriculture,
that the best success has been secured when the institutes
were held in strictly farming sections. That does not hold
with these winter meetings, where we seek to accomplish
specific results. I am thinking, friends, that the man out
there is the one we want to reach. You who have studied
these questions all these years and become familiar with agri-
cultural sciences have gotten them well grounded in your
being. But there is a man down yonder, a young man who

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 37

is struggling, a young man who has a home to enrich in the
years to come, and who desires to grow in every essential ;
and how are we to help him unless we go out and meet with
him and his neighbors, not in the towns and cities? You
cannot call the farmers into towns and cities for these in-
stitutes, for naturally they feel that they are there over-
shadowed. We have had and shall have the best results as
we attempt to reach out to those who need the inspiration
most, — and these men are on the farms. This is oneway
in which this Board of Agriculture and other boards of
agriculture can be of more service to the farmers in the
future than perhaps they have been in the past.

Brother Bachelder impressed the importance of dealing
with facts as well as theories. An old lady went to a
doctor and said, "I want you to tell me, if you can, why it
is that some people are born dumb. Can you tell me?"
"Certainly," he said. "Why is it?" The doctor said,
"Some people are born dumb because they haven't the
faculty of speech." The lady replied, "What a blessed
thing it is to have a medical education. I have asked my
husband that question a hundred times, and he simply said,
' Because they are.'" Some things are, and we cannot change
them ; but we want to know why they are, if possible. It
is not enough to know that harvest follows seed-time, that
cultivation produces better germination ; we want to know
why. I sometimes am overwhelmed as I think of this
question, and realize how the man who is out on the farm
is dealing all the while with the very mysteries of God.
Results follow certain acts, this much we know; but the
why and how belong largely to the realm of theory. With
results we are not to be content, but seek for something
greater and better ; and the institutes come in to serve as
a stimulant and strengthener for better knowledge and
sharper practices. More of fact, more of experience, more
of assistance, as well as more complete harmony between
theory and practice, is the cry going up from the earnesl
workers who crave the benefits of the institutes. The les-
sons of the hour are pregnant with significance to every
man who thinks and probes. More of product, better
quality, reduced cost of production, — these are the need

38 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

everywhere, and to assist in comprehending the conditions
which govern is the duty of every speaker at every insti-
tute. Speakers must keep close touch with what is legiti-
mately practical, every-day topics and standards, if they
are to aid in extending the scope of the institutes. There
is no occupation in the world where man cannot be master
of the situation, because he may control all the events which
enter in. The boys do not stay on the farm, because we
have not shown them the possibility of the farm. This is
the work of the boards of agriculture, — to inspire them,
and prove, as we may, the possibilities for the largest,
truest, deepest manhood upon our New England farms.
There is no other opportunity offered in the country for a
better development of manhood than can be found here.

Again, we have become familiar with the composition of
our fertilizers, with fungi and fungicides, insects and insect-
icides, and the different forms of bacteria that are all about
us, and the terms roll off our tongues easily, and we know
what we are talking about. Does that young man under-
stand and appreciate ? How many men, busy all the week
with the manifold duties of the farm, skilled in regular
lines of work, using fertilizers freely, seeking to destroy
the pests in field, orchard or barn, have the time to give to
a close study of terms and the strict meaning of scientific
names ? Keen and bright in intellect the line of study has
been along the how and why, rather than to become familiar
with scientific terms and phrases. The man who uses these
terms may not be as intelligent as the man who is after
information, but who sometimes loses the thought in the
effort to get the exact meaning of the word. Is there not a
demand for what may properly be denominated the practical,
divested of heavy-laden scientific terms? The sole purpose
of the institute is to assist ; and plain, simple language will
always lend power and force to the thought of any speaker.
The man who waits to grasp the fufl meaning of a word or
term loses the significance of a sentence. This does not
indicate any dropping of the standard of thought or method
of instruction, but simply the putting of things in a pleasing
and interesting manner, without which there can be no
influence.

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 39

I sometimes think that, the multiplication of farm ma-
chinery is a positive injury to the farmers of New England.
A man said to me the other day that he had never harvested
his acres of corn so easily as this year. He paid a man two
dollars an acre to cut the corn and tie it up ready for
stooking. Could he earn that two dollars easier some other
way than he could cutting it himself ? If not, the bringing
in of improved machinery is becoming a further burden.
These machines not only lift heavy burdens from the back
and hands, but they also do the work with greater rapidity.
If, as we get relief in one direction, the machine is used to
swell the output, then, in enlarged operations, there will
be profit. Not in restricted but extended work are they
to be found profitable. Here is a work for the board of
agriculture in its institute work.

One thing more : it is the importance of enforcing the
lesson that growing and producing the best of which the
man and farm are capable is only one-half the story, that
the selling has as much to do with success as growing ; and
the work of the board of agriculture is not completed until
it has assisted the farmer to help himself to a full knowledge
of markets and demands and the best means and methods
of putting the product thereon.

Here are some simple lines of work. You have gained
the inspiration of these larger gatherings. You are going
back to your homes to hold the institutes which are re-
quired by law. Are they to be better than last winter?
Are they to be of more service? Are you to call in a
larger number than ever before ? It is the doing of some
service which is necessary. How this question comes upon
us, as we realize the demands of the day, the competition
which forces itself upon our attention. What necessity
there is that we should use these agencies in order that we
may make our organization more effective and helpful.
What is to be the future of the New England farms ? Are
the boys from your families to be the men who will till the
soil, or are we to be dependent upon a foreign population ?
I have here indicated some of the lines which it seems to
me we may carry forward, and make more effective the

40 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

work we desire to do by and through the institutes held
the coming months.

Mr. F. H. Appleton of Peabody was called to the chair,
and upon taking the chair said : It seems to me that we should
take advantage of every opportunity to distribute information
for the benefit of our agriculture. I wish the experiment
station at Amherst could be taken up and carried about as
an object lesson, and that Dr. Goessmann could accompany
it to explain and enforce the lesson. Every one who has
visited the station realizes the advantage of having him
explain the different methods of fertilization and the value
of different crops for special purposes. He has experi-
mented in these directions, and recommends that we try on
our farms certain methods and crops, believing that we will
find them useful and valuable in our farming. As members
of the Board of Agriculture, we should spread abroad these
ideas and advocate them throughout the State. Our insti-
tutes provide opportunities for this work, and our instruc-
tors and experimenters are ready to assist by lectures and
discussions at these meetings. The list of speakers and
subjects prepared by our secretary contains material on
most subjects of interest to Massachusetts farmers, and the
agricultural societies can select from it lecturers for their
institutes, and have such subjects discussed as may be most
useful and interesting for the farmers in their localities.

It has always seemed to me, as the lecturer has so
admirably shown us, that agriculture might be incorporated
into the course of instruction in our common schools. The
mind may be trained by the study of agricultural subjects
as well as in any other way. I renieniber bringing home
from England some little books that were used there in the
elementary study of agriculture. They were much on the
plan of our Sunday-school books, — the question and then
the answer. It seems to me that wc might well have in our
schools various lines of work, such as entomology, chem-
istry, botany, horticulture, etc., which would be valuable
in disciplining the mind and would also be of much advan-
tage in the pursuit of agriculture.

Mr. C. B. Lyman (of Southampton). I believe it is a
great mistake that our boys and girls have nothing in their

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 41

common-school course upon subjects pertaining to agricult-
ure. I think it would be of great advantage to the children
in our schools if there were text books in use which treated
upon the growth of fruit and fruit trees, plants of all kinds
and the crops we raise. These books would be interesting
as well as useful, and would serve to stimulate a habit of
observation in the pupils as they are brought into contact
with the works of nature. If the young people had such a
course of training in school, I think more of them would
choose to live in the country.

Hon. T. S. Gold (secretary of the Connecticut State
Board of Agriculture). The remarks of Mr. Appleton in
regard to those little books that he saw in England re-
minded me of Johnston's " Catechism of Agriculture," a
book that was published some fifty years ago in England,
edited by Professor Norton of Yale College. This little
book contained these questions: "What is agriculture?
Agriculture is the art of cultivating soil. What is it
necessary for the farmer to know? He should know the
nature of the soil he has to deal with, the nature of his
crops and the character of the animals." That little hand-
book of a hundred pages was one that I used in teaching
for nearly twenty-live years, and found it a mine of wealth
to develop the character of boys in the school. Day by
day I could bring some object lesson before them from the
farm or garden in connection with that book, and the
dullest boys would find something there that they would
catch hold of, and become quite average scholars. Now,
that is only a small point to make here, but it is certainly a
very important one. Haven't we gone back a little in our
school books and the early instructions that Ave got in our
schools? Are we not now suffering from the fact that our
books are almost all from the city and village stand-point,
and not from the stand-point of the farmers, as we remem-
ber them to be? I always want to say a word for old Web-
ster's spelling book whenever I have an opportunity ; and
I rejoiced when I was at the Centennial at Philadelphia to
see that pyramid of spelling books, weighing tons, in which
it was stated that the number, of Webster's spelling books

42 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

at that time annually circulated was represented in that pyra-
mid. I do not remember anything that I saw there that
pleased me as much as Webster's spelling book. In it were
simple stories coming right from the farm. Where can
you get so much practical knowledge as you found there ?
These stories would attract the boys to study and to read.
When I see the papers ridiculing the idea that the reading-
books of to-day for children have so much to say about the
cat and the dog and the pig, I think those who hold that
idea up to ridicule do not know the first elements of human
nature. These animals are the most attractive objects to
childhood. Let us encourage as much as possible this kind
of instruction in the schools and for family reading. What a
store of knowledge and wisdom there is in iEsop's " Fables "
for the country boy or girl or any other boy or girl.

There was one remark made in regard to the duties of
the boards of agriculture that reminded me of an expression
used by the Rev. Dr. Bushnell of Hartford some forty years
ago. He originated the idea of that beautiful park in the
centre of the city of Hartford, — that is the kind of a man
he was. While he was preaching the gospel, he had an eye
to material prosperity. He said: "The question now
comes before us, whether, instead of sitting here and con-
sidering the wants of the people, we had not better form
ourselves into a board of agriculture, and see what can be
done for these towns that are becoming somewhat deserted
of their population." It was some forty years ago that he
gave expression to these ideas. Our boards of agriculture
want to draw in just as much as possible just that sort of
men, whether they are on the farm or in the pulpit or at
the bar.

Hon. Jas. S. Grinnell (of Greenfield) . Do any of the
members of this Board of Agriculture know that a book was
prepared on the elements of agriculture, read, corrected,
endorsed and published with the sanction of the Board of
Agriculture? It was used, I do not know for how long.
We went over it three or four times and corrected it, and it
was one of the standard books for agricultural education.
It consisted of questions anc^ answers of a simple, intelli-

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 43

gent kind, and was adapted for use in schools. It must
have been somewhere in the early fifties that it was pub-
lished. *

Mr. J. H. Hale (of South Glastonbury, Conn.). Mr.
Chairman, members of the Board and friends : I certainly
am glad to be here, and was particularly interested in the
thoughtful and worthy address of the secretary of the New
Hampshire Board of Agriculture. I think he dropped very
many thoughts that should be acceptable to this Board and
all boards of agriculture in this country. It seemed to me,
when he was talking of the various things that boards might
accomplish, he mapped out a pretty broad programme, that
there was more than would be likely to be accomplished in
a lifetime, but it was in the right line. The institutes, it
seems to me, are carrying the gospel of progressive agri-
culture into the hearts and homes of the people that need
it most. The institute work needs to develop and broaden
out. It is all very well to plan an institute and secure one
or more speakers on practical topics and send them to a
community ; but the institutes are not thoroughly advertised
and the people are not called out, and the speaker talks to
the benches, or to the people who are already awake and
who need it least. It seems to me that there is a great need
of a rising interest in these institutes. I was particularly
interested in the matter of carrying agriculture into our
public schools, and I was even more interested when our
worthy chairman said that the mind can be trained just as
well from the study of agriculture or horticulture as in any

other line. If you do nothing else for a year, you have

0

* Soon after the State Board of Agriculture was incorporated, in 1852, a commit-
tee was appointed to consider the expediency of preparing a manual on agriculture
for the use of common schools, and in 1856 a similar vote was passed ; but no defi-
nite action was taken until, in 1860, the Board "Resolved, That the committee on
agricultural education be authorized to prepare an elementary manual of agricult-
ure for the use of our common schools," and do what was possible to secure its in-
troduction. This resulted in the preparation of a manual by the secretary of the
Board, Mr. Chas. L. Flint, and Mr. Geo. B. Emerson (author of report on the trees
and shrubs of Massachusetts), which was read to the Board by Mr. Emerson.
An agreement for publishing the same was made, and Jan. 25, 1861, the Board
"Resolved, That this Board approve of the ' Manual of Agriculture,' submitted by
its authors, Messrs. Geo. B. Emerson and Charles L. Flint, and recommend its
publication by those gentlemen as a work well adapted for use in the schools of
Massachusetts."

44 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

done a good work. The lecturer has been for years the
secretary of the Board of Agriculture in New Hampshire,
and has been closely connected with the grange, and he
speaks from experience. I believe that the important thing
is to show the advantages of our business, not wholly from
a commercial stand-point, but from the point of making
stronger and better men, and that there is a better side to
agriculture than mere drudgery. I believe we should do
that which wc enjoy, and then we shall have the greatest
success. We shall be broader and better men. There is
much in the different branches that is enjoyable, and it is
the purpose and the privilege of the boards of agriculture
to develop these things. It seems to me that is one of the
missions of the Board. The inspiration that came to me
from an address given us by a lady, on "Farmers, open
your eyes," has been more valuable to me than any other
one thing that I ever got out of any board of agriculture,
and I have attended the meetings of boards of agriculture
from my boyhood days, when I had to borrow money to
get there. It was money well invested. I am glad to hear
such inspiring talks as Brother Bachelder has given us, and
the cheering words from our chairman.

Mr. Geo. M. Whitaker (of Boston). Mr. Chairman
and gentlemen : I want to call attention to one thing that I
think has been overlooked. I agree with everything that
has been said in regard to the importance of studying agri-
culture in the public schools, but I am a little sorry that it
has taken the form of criticism of our educators. I believe
that the best educators of to-day believe in the importance
of science studies, and are practising their beliefs so far as
they have money to do so. In order to teach these
sciences, we must have competent teachers. Our country
towns, with diminishing population and increasing taxation,
are finding it hard to support the public schools, even as at
present conducted ; and one practical question it seems to
me in connection with the work of the boards of agriculture
is : How shall Ave aid the country towns so that they may
have money enough to employ competent teachers to carry
out the ideas of the secretary of the State Board of Educa-

No. 4.] BOARDS OF AGRICULTURE. 45

tion and the best educators in relation to teaching science
in the common schools?

Mr. W. A. Kilbourn (of South Lancaster). I think
that the advice given by some one that we are to " open
our eyes " is perhaps the best. We do not do it sufficiently,
in any sense of the word. In reference to our schools,
they are taxed pretty heavily, both in the time and the
immense number of subjects that they are expected to
teach ; but I believe most fully that our education goes on
after the time of school days, and the important thing is to
keep our eyes open, to make our observations and to take
advantage of them. A single illustration of this may not be
out of place. In a recent visit to the exposition at Atlanta
I went into a building which was called the j)lant system.
It was filled with plants, and appeared to be an exhibit
of agricultural and horticultural products, and the name
seemed very appropriate. But on further observation it
proved to be the plant system of railroads, which had
adopted this manner of exhibiting the products which were
raised over the country where their system of railway
extended ; and farther along was a railroad track with cars
and engine upon it, on a small scale, which I supposed was
some narrow-gauge thing, but on examination it proved to
be a train of half size, and upon which was loaded various
products, and on these products was indicated the number
of tons and carloads of these different articles that their
system had carried by freight during the past year. That
began to open my eyes a great deal more, Looking still
farther, I passed along by a nice cocoanut tree. The
gentleman who seemed to be in charge of the exhibit was
explaining the matter to me, and finally called my attention
to the cocoanuts growing. He showed me the three places
in the nut which I used to think were made to get out the
milk. But he explained to mo that when the cocoanut was
planted the sprouts made their way through these soft open-
ings, and the nourishment they drew from the milk enabled
the bud inside to press open the hard shell. It explained
those three simple openings, and they are for a very
wonderful purpose. So I think in the apple, when we hold

46 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

up a section toward the light and see the blossom in look-
ing through it, it explains a wonderful connection between
the fruit and the bud. These observations which can be
brought to the mind of everybody are of great use and
value in developing the thought of every one. Wonderful
facts are to be found by increasing the observing powers,
and in that line is to be found the secret of all education.
How to develop it, where to make the most practical appli-
cation, is a question for each and all of us to answer.

Dr. C. A. Goessmaxx (of Amherst). In regard to the
mode of teaching the first principles in the elementary
schools, to teach them effectively requires a thorough edu-
cation in the first principles. The kindergarten is the best
illustration of elementary teaching. I think that in our
system of teaching at the present time we assume too much ;
our instructions are not elementary enough. To teach in
an elementary way is to acquire a most thorough education.
I myself believe that agriculture should be taught in the
elementary schools and so brought up to the colleges. The
time is too short to bring all the details up.

Adjourned.

On the evening of the first day a reception was tendered
the Board of Agriculture in the town hall by the citizens of
Dalton. A banquet was provided, and there were speeches
by His Excellency and others, singing by the Oberon
Ladies' Quartette and instrumental music by the Dalton
brass band. The occasion was a very enjoyable one.

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 47

SECOND DAY.

The meeting was called to order at 9.45 a.m., Mr. E. "W.
Wood of West Newton in the chair.

After the singing of several songs by the Oberon Ladies'
Quartette, the chairman said : Your committee have selected
a subject in which not only the farmers but the people of
the State generally have as deep an interest as in any sub-
ject that can come before this Board, and they have pro-
vided a speaker who has had much experience in looking
after the dairy interests of the State. The subject is " The
milk supply of Massachusetts cities," and I have the pleasure
of introducing as the speaker Mr. Geo. M. Wiiitaker of
Boston, assistant executive officer of the Massachusetts
Dairy Bureau.

48 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

THE MILK SUPPLY OF MASSACHUSETTS CITIES.

BY GEO. M. WHITAKER OF BOSTON.

Statistics of butter and cheese are abundant. The pro-
duction, the exports, the amount in storage, the consump-
tion, are matters of comparatively accurate record, which
are systematically compiled and carefully preserved. In
Massachusetts the production of milk for sale is a more
important branch of dairying than butter or cheese making,
yet of this we have had no reliable statistics ; and, while
creamery or butter literature abounds in the agricultural
press and experiment station bulletins, comparatively little
is written about sale milk.

One reason for this is found in the perishable nature of
milk. It must be in the hands of the consumer as soon as
possible after it is produced. There is no opportunity to
hold the supplies ; we never see cans of milk on Market
Street waiting a purchaser, and there is no possibility of a
surplus being left over to go in cold storage for next week
or next month. Milk is almost continually on the move
from the cow to the consumer.

Except in the case of the largest cities, the supply comes
in small lots from territory within a few hours' drive from
the place of consumption, and is for the most part delivered
by the producer. The stream arises from so many small
springs, and is so soon out of sight, that accurate information
as to its magnitude is difficult to obtain and has never been
compiled. In the absence of such data, the industry has
not attracted the attention it deserves.

The sale milk business is a particularly interesting study
in a State like Massachusetts, because a large proportion of
the population lives in cities and large towns. At the

CuOUCtSTEM

1 1M>1 I •— i

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 49

eastern end of the State is the " greater Boston," with three-
quarters of a million of people, situated upon the sea-board,
so that their milk supply can eome from only three direc-
tions. A circuit of towns and cities with a population of
149,000 encompasses the " greater Boston." Hence we rind
800,000 people thickly settled in a comparatively small
area. The force of this will be realized more from the fad
that the centre of the State, as regards population, is within
half a dozen miles of the shores of Massachusetts Bay.

Aside from the "greater Boston," Massachusetts has 32
cities and towns of over 10,000 population. These aggre-
gate nearly 1,000,000 people. Counting the " greater Bos-
ton " as one, 33 cities and towns of over 10,000 population
have 1,716,424 people. Nineteen towns of the State have
over 7,000 population and less than 10,000, and aggre-
gate 157,649 inhabitants. Adding this to the above, we
find that 52 cities and towns of 7,000 population and above
have 1,874,000 persons, or, in round figures, If millions.
This is 75 per cent of the whole population. Most of
these people are so situated that they must receive daily
calls from a milkman, who has bought his milk at some
railroad station or driven several miles from the farm to
distribute it.

This is a conservative basis for any calculation, because
many people in towns of less than 7,000 population cannot
depend entirely upon home resources for their milk supply.

The amount and distribution of the city population of the
State is illustrated by the accompanying map, the figure
upon the location of the different cities and large towns
indicating the number of thousand of population of each
place.

Milk Consumption.

If 1,870,000 people use each half a pint of milk daily
(and that is a moderate estimate), the daily consumption is
467,500 quarts; and if the milk nets the tanner i'.\ cents ;i
quart, the business aggregates $11,687 per day, or annually
$4,265,755. If consumers pay an average of 7 cents per
quart for milk, they pay $32,725 per day, or $12,000,000
per year.

50

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The milk inspector of the city of Lowell estimates that
in his city the consumption of milk amounts to $6.77 per
capita per year. On that basis, for the population stated
above the total expenditure would be $12,660,000, or $660,-
000 more than my figures. At an average of eight quarts
per day the supply indicated above would require 60,000
cows.

Is not such a business deserving the careful attention of
the State Board of Agriculture? When we consider the
amount of capital required to carry it on, in the farm, the
cows and the fodder, — raised or purchased, — and when we
also consider the necessary investment for the distribution
of the milk, we see that the sale milk business is a very
important agricultural interest of the State. But when we
also recall how generally this article of food is used, its
value in the dietary of both sick and well, of both infants
and adults, our realization of the importance of the indus-
try increases. And the State Board of Agriculture, stand-
ing, as it does, at the head of Massachusetts farm interests,
should make the sale milk business a prominent department
of its work.

The amount of milk that is sold in the towns and cities
of the State can in some instances be ascertained by more
accurate statistics than the above approximation. The Bos-
ton wholesale dealers who supply the "greater Boston"'
have for several years had an understanding with each
other, by which their accounts are compiled at the end of
each month, and furnished to the Milk Producers' Union.
The table accompanying this gives the receipts and sales
for the year 1895, in 8^-quart cans : —

Months.

Received.

Sold.

Surplus.

January,

February, ....

March,

April,

801,457
730,937
860,757
861,524

621,049
563,039
631,527
656,943

180,408
167,898
229,230
204,581

No. 4.]

MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES.

51

/
Months.

Received.

Sold.

Surplus.

May,

934,871

710,823

224,048

June,

918,079

704,364

213,715

July,

801,285

721,618

79,667

August, .

771,628

701,149

70,479

September,

758,131

699,140

58,991

October, .

820,454

679,128

141,326

November,

782,071

687,530

94,541

December,

815,306

664,422

150,884

Totals,

9,856,500

8,040,732

1,815,768

The receipts and sales for five years are as follows :

Years.

Sold.

Surplus.

1891,

7,281,524

6,113,803

1,167,721

1892,

9,212,667

7,315,135

1,897,532

1893

9,263,487

7,619,722

1,643,765

1894,

9,705,447

7,657,421

2,048,026

1895,

9,856,500

8,040,732

1,815,768

The receipts and sales by months for the past four years
are graphically illustrated on pages 52 and 53. The figures
at the left indicate the number of thousand cans.

During the year 1895 the milk sales by the large whole-
salers in the "greater Boston" ranged from 105,000 to
195,000 quarts per day, the average being about 180,000
quarts per day. The Boston milk inspector estimates that
34,000 additional quarts are brought into the city from near-
by territory. The Cambridge milk inspector estimates that
nine-tenths of the supply of that city is furnished by the Bos-
ton wholesalers, the remainder coming from outside towns
in the vicinity; in Somerville and Chelsea the figures would
probably be about the same, which may be estimated for the
three places at 26,000 quarts. This makes the consumption
of milk in the " greater Boston " 240,000 quarts daily, con-

52

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

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No. 4.]

MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES.

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54 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

siderably above my estimate, which is thus proved to be with-
in safe limits. In 1872 the State Board of Health estimated
the Boston supply at 96,000 quarts (1873 report, page 299).
Returns from milk inspectors and others in some of the other
cities and towns report the daily consumption as follows :
Holyoke, 12,000 quarts ; Worcester, 42,500 quarts ; Hav-
erhill, 8,500 quarts; Lynn, 12,750 quarts; Lowell, 30,000
quarts; Spencer, 1,550 quarts ; Hyde Park, 4,250 quarts.
The Springfield Milk Association last year received 2,746,-
574 quarts. The Pittsfield supply, as computed from the
milk inspector's books, is 5,200 quarts daily; this, at the
average price of 5| cents, would amount to about $3,000
per day, or $104,000 per year; of this sum $7,300 comes
into Dalton. By estimation, | of the Pittsfield supply is
retailed by the producers, and ^ is handled by middle-men,
who pay 2\ cents per quart in the summer and 3| cents
in the winter.

Many milk inspectors do not require any statement from
peddlers who secure licenses, as to an approximate of their
business, and can give no figures with any degree of accuracy.
A very few paid no attention to my request for information.

Outside of Boston all the towns and cities receive their
milk supply from teams driven to town every morning, with
two exceptions, — Lynn has two carloads a day and Lowell
has one carload a day, both from New Hampshire. Most
of the Boston supply is from the cars, and the method of
handling it deserves especial consideration by itself.

Boston Milk Supply.

Four large firms control practically all of the wholesaling
of milk and most of the car milk in the "greater Boston."
The routes over which their milk cars run and the places
from which they start are indicated on the accompanying
map. In most cases the milk is loaded at stations compar-
atively near the place from which the car starts. The milk
is bought and handled in 8|-quart cans furnished by the con-
tractors. It is forwarded to Boston in cars that can be
refrigerated in summer and warmed in winter. These con-
tractors have sheds, platforms and depots in Boston, at which

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 55

the milk is received. The trains arrive as a rule during the
forenoon, chiefly between ten and twelve o'clock, regardless
of the distance they have run. The milk is loaded on the cars
the same morning that it arrives in Boston, but is usually
the milk of the evening and morning previous, though some
places are so situated that the morning's milk is shipped on
the day of production. On arrival the milk is taken from
the car or platform by peddlers, and most of it is carried to
their milk-houses, where it is run through a mixer, put in
quart and pint individual cans, and stored on ice until the
next morning, when it is delivered. Thus the milk of Mon-
day morning and Monday night — sometimes of Tuesday
morning — is put on the car Tuesday morning, reaches Bos-
ton about noon, is kept on ice at the peddlers' places of
business Tuesday afternoon and night, and is delivered
Wednesday morning, twenty-four to forty-eight hours old
before it reaches the consumers.

One peculiarity of the way in which the Boston milk busi-
ness is done is that it gives steadiness to the market and pre-
vents any excessive supplies from breaking the price. It
therefore has advantages, though it causes complaint among
some producers. The contractors, instead of operating like
wholesalers in other lines of business, who buy what they
think their trade will take, contract six months in advance for
all the milk their farmers will bring to the cars. They agree
to pay the stipulated price for what they can sell, and for an
addition of five or ten per cent carried for their convenience
to meet the varying demands of trade. The surplus above
these amounts is made into butter, and the farmers are paid
for the surplus milk what the butter is worth, less the cost of
manufacture. The motive for buying in this way — usually
more than can be sold as milk — is to control the supply as
far as possible and keep competing milk off the market ; as
the contractors hold back the milk they cannot sell, they
prevent a glut and any weakening of prices. The contrac-
tors claim that this also helps many farmers, who prefer to
sell all the milk they can make, even if they get less for it.

The contractors, for ease in computing the amount to be
paid for the surplus, reduce it to a percentage of the whole,

56 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

and make a proportionate discount from the farmers' bills ;
hence it is popularly known in the language of the trade
as the "charge-back," though this is an incorrect use of
language. The account properly stated would be : —

cans at cents (the sale milk price), ... $

cans surplus at cents (the amount realized from

butter less 4 cents per pound for making),

Total,

The amount of money the farmers receive would be
the same in either case ; the latter system of accounting
would remove the unpleasant allusion to a discount. As
there is more or less popular mystery connected with the
amount of the surplus, and as there is a natural repugnance
at having a bill discounted, many farmers are much dissat-
isfied at this surplus discount or " charge-back."

The price to be paid by the contractors for what they can
sell and five or ten per cent more is adjusted by a commit-
tee of the contractors and of the producers, each March
and September, for six months from the first of April and
the first of October.

The milk is bought delivered at the local railroad station,
the contractors transporting it and caring for it in transit.
This is different from the custom prevailing in some other
States, where milk is bought delivered at the city railroad
station, the farmer paying the freight.

As milk is taken from many railroad stations at different
distances from Boston, to fix a price for each station would
be a long and tedious task, unless the Xew York custom of
a uniform price for all distances were adopted.

Here a series of lines has been drawn about the city, and
a series of discounts from a theoretical Boston price has
been agreed upon. All negotiations relative to price relate
to this theoretical figure, and when that is determined, each
farmer can apply the discount for his own station, to ascer-
tain the price he is to receive.

On the accompanying map I have drawn the lines for the
purpose of illustrating this discount. The first line is 17
miles from the city, as measured on the lines of transpor-

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 57

tation. Nearly all the milk which comes to Boston within
this circuit is brought in by teams, but what little milk the
contractors buy in this territory they buy at a discount of
7 cents from the Boston price. The next line is 23 miles
from the city, and between the 17 and 23 mile circuit the
discount is 8 cents. The next line is 36 miles from the
city, and in the belt included between the 23 and 36 mile
circuit the discount is 9 cents from the Boston price. The
next line is the 56 mile circuit, and the price in the belt

1 id ween 36 and 56 miles is 10 cents discount from the
Boston price ; between 56 and 76 miles the discount is 11
cents; from 76 to 96 miles the discount is 12 cents, and
beyond that 13 cents, though the distances over which the
cars run are now growing so great that before long there
may have to be another discount.

The theoretical price in Boston this winter is 37 cents
per can, so that within 17 miles of the city the price at the
railroad station is 30 cents per can; from 17 to 23 miles,
29 cents ; from 23 to 36 miles, 28 cents ; from 36 to 56
miles, 27 cents; from 56 to 76 miles, 26 cents; from 76
to 9Q miles, 25 cents, and beyond that, 24 cents. The
contractors sell the milk to peddlers at 2 and 3 cents less
than the Boston price.

The " discount" for surplus varies from month to month,
but generally speaking it amounts to about a cent or less a
can. This year it will be less.

In some cases the farmers co-operate in getting the milk
from the farm to the railroad, paying some one of their
number to carry it, and the prevailing price is about 2 cents
per can. Hence, on the basis of 37 cents as the theoretical
price, this winter the farmers nominally net at the station
24 to 29 cents per can ; if the surplus deduction averages 1
cent, they actually net from 23 to 28 cents ; and if liny pay

2 cents for teaming to the depot, 21 to 26 cents per can is
left for the farmer at the door. For several years the sum-
mer price has been 3 cents less than the winter price, or 18
to 23 cents at the farmer's door, with the above assumption
as to surplus and teaming. These prices have been well
maintained without much change for several year-.

58 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The report of the Board of Health for 1873 contains the
following : ' ' The price per can at the farmer's door has
been for the past few years from 33 to 42 cents in sum-
mer and about 45 cents in winter ; the price obtained by
contractors, 40 to 48 cents in summer and 50 cents in win-
ter."

A Concord correspondent of the " New England Farmer,"
in September, 1852, complains of the price of railroad milk
for Boston, which he states at 2|- cents per quart in summer
■and 2| cents per quart in winter.

Another peculiarity of the Boston milk system is what is
called grading the price. If the Dalton farmers, for in-
stance, were entitled to receive 25 cents per can for milk
for the six months from April to October, the contractors
might pay 27 cents for April and May, 23 cents for June
and July and 25 cents for August and September, so that
the average for the six months would be the price agreed ;
but less than the average would be paid during the months
of the most plenteous production. One of the grievances
of the contractors, from their side of the case, is that the
farmers produce milk in uneven quantities, flooding them
with an unsalable surplus one month and leaving them
short another, and the price is "graded" on this account.
The surplus this year has ranged from 59,000 cans in
September to 229,000 cans in March, and is graphically
seen on the engraving (see page 52). One firm of con-
tractors, in order to lessen the trouble of unequal produc-
tion, has ascertained from the records of its business which
farmers produce the most uniform quantity of milk the year
around, and is paying them the regular price without any
deduction for surplus.

This is a just transaction, as under the other plan all the
contractors reported their receipts and sales to their organ-
ization, and the surplus was averaged over the whole terri-
tory. Hence, the farmer who took pains to have cows
come in at all seasons of the year, and to produce a uni-
form supply from month to month, had no advantage over
the former with a summer dairy, who let most of his cows
go dry in the winter.

No. 4.]

MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES.

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A graphic illustration of variations in the quality of milk from
two herds, as furnished to the Boston milk contractors. The
upper line shows a case where the milk was watered. The
lower line is a story of milk of uniformly good quality. (See
page 82.)

60 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Mr. C. M. Bull, the manager of the Springfield Milk As-
sociation, finds the same trouble there. In September the
receipts were 2,000 quarts per day less than in May, with a
demand of 1,000 quarts more; new farmers were taken on
to supply the deficit, which also increased the surplus in
the months of largest production.

Cream.

The sale of fresh cream is increasing rapidly, and within
the past half-dozen years has reached large proportions. In
many cases cream takes the place of milk. But population
increases so rapidly that we find no falling off in the con-
sumption of milk in consequence of the cream trade. The
supply of cream is handled by the regular milkmen, and also
by farmers who make a specialty of producing cream and
delivering it in the town or city by private teams or express.
The Boston milk contractors do a large cream business, and
several Maine creameries are now shipping great quantities
to distributing agents, who deliver it every morning to
families and to stores. Signs of "Fresh Maine cream
received daily" are common in many grocery and provi-
sion stores. In 1894 the Turner Centre creamery reported
to the State commissioner that it had sold 140,000 gallons ;
the Hampden, 56,175 gallons; and the Bangor, 10,500
gallons. Most of this went to Boston, and for it there was
paid to Maine farmers over $85,000. This year the Turner
agent informs me that cream has been shipped to Massachu-
setts to the value of $60,000. Livermore Falls and Mon-
mouth creameries are shipping 150 gallons per day to Lynn.

A complete census of the city milk business would also
include large sales of condensed milk, for in a large city
like Boston many small families and shop girls live in lodg-
ing-houses, practising light housekeeping, and find con-
densed milk very convenient.

An interesting phase of the milk business has been going
through the experimental stage in Boston for the past few
years, and is now so successful that it is being extended
into other cities. It consists in preparing from cream,
skim-milk and sugar of milk a modified milk of just the

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. Gl

quality desired for invalids and very young children. In
many cases health is so precarious that the physician desires
to know accurately the precise amount of food consumed
by his patient. He therefore writes a prescription for a
milk of a certain designated percentage of each of the dif-
ferent solids. This is prepared at the laboratory, the milk
sterilized if so desired, and then delivered in small bottles.
Several problems present themselves in connection with
the city milk supply.

Fikst Problem, — Financial.

The first problem is in relation to the financial profit of
the business. There seems too big a gap between what the
farmers receive and the consumers pay, so far, at least, as
the Boston supply is concerned. The average price received
by the farmers is not over 3 cents per quart, and the average
price paid by the consumer is 7 cents. Four cents, 133 per
cent more than the farmers receive, is divided between trans-
portation companies and middle-men. The sum seems too
large. Many formers who keep both a farm and a dairy
account, charging the dairy with what is raised on the farm
at the market price, find that their milk costs even more
than it brings ; and, figuring the cost of milk at the cost
to produce hay, ensilage, etc., the profit is not large.

A practical difficulty in righting this apparent wrong
confronts us at the very outset, in the fact that the price,
poor as it is, stimulates more production than there is a de-
mand for. The milk car furnishes to many farmers a steady
and prompt cash market for the farm product, particularly
those situated a considerable distance from the city. Some-
times this is especially burdensome for the near-by farmers,
living on expensive land, and often having to buy nearly
all of the feed for their cows ; they have but little if any ad-
vantage in the extra freshness of their milk, for it is usually
retailed at the same time as that from the longest distance.
Morning's milk is sometimes put on the cars the day of
production, but usually all goes into the peddler's mixing
tank together.

The present price is enough to produce a surplus, and

62 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

when there is ■ offered for sale more of any article than the
demand calls for the price must necessarily be weak. With
improving facilities for transportation the milk routes are
being extended or more territory added, so that no relief
seems likely.

Three thoughts under this head are suggested : First,
the experiment stations are showing us that there are wide
variations in the cost of production ; some rations cost a
great deal more than others equally good, so that, with.
study and investigation on this point, the farmer can often-
times reduce the cost of production. Second, by appreciat-
ing thoroughly the value of the elements of fertility sold
from the farm in whole milk, there may be less of a desire
to rush so much whole milk upon the market. Butter takes
almost nothing from the fertility of the farm, the nitrogen
and mineral part of the milk being left in the skim-milk.
A butter farm, using its skim-milk at home, will constantly
improve ; but a milk farm must constantly buy grain and
fertilizer, or it will run down. The reiteration and expla-
nation of these facts by the State Board may possibly remove
the impetus to supply the market with so much of a surplus.
Third, the producing an extra quality of milk at an extra
price may be possible in more cases. Fourth, organization
of the producers has been of much benefit, and has even
more possibilities.

Second Problem, — the Standard.

Another problem growing out of the milk question relates
to the standard. Should there be any statute standard, —
that is, should the State by law prohibit the sale of pure
milk when its quality is below an arbitrary standard?
Some good and intelligent people say "No." A person
interested in maintaining the negative could quote the
English practice, which is in effect, to have no standard
but the poorest milk which it can be proved has been
drawn from the udder of a cow, and not artificially adul-
terated. In this country no less an authority than the
Hon. Edward Atkinson is on the same side.

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 63

Need of a Standard.

Every, one will agree that the Legislature ought not to
meddle with an article whose quality can be readily and
conveniently determined. But, in case of an article of
which it is impossible or inconvenient for the public to
judge, the almost universal opinion is that a legal standard
should be fixed. There is a gas standard and an oil stand-
ard ; there are standards for drugs and for liquors ; a
standard age for veal is established. The impossibility of
ordinary people promptly judging of the value of jewelry
has led to the prohibition of peddling it. Milk is particu-
larly an article of which the consumer cannot readily judge.
It is left at his house often before he is up in the morning,
and must go into immediate use. He has no appliance or
opportunity for examining the quality, and usually cannot
take the time or trouble to look up the proper officers and
present a sample to them. In other cases where there is
such difficulty in determining quality, and where there is a
possible wide variation in it, the law steps in and establishes
an arbitrary standard.

Milk of unquestioned purity was found at the Ohio State
fair with 8.41 per cent of solids, and it sometimes has as
high as 20 per cent. This means that a purchaser may
get anywhere from 8| to 20 pounds of food for every 100
pounds of milk that he buys ; and under existing conditions
it means that the farmer who makes superior or even aver-
age milk must sell some of his milk solids in competition
with water from his neighbor's cows.

If some system of ready testing could be adopted, and
then if milk could be sold on its merits, at a price propor-
tionate to its food value, no law would be necessary. That
would l>e an ideal condition. I look forward to the time
when the Babcock or ofher similar test will become common,
and the people so intelligent that milk can be sold vA vari-
ous prices according to the varying qualities. But that
time has not come as yet. Consequently, the circumstances
justify a Legislature in designating a point below which one
cannot go in selling milk. Courts have affirmed this prin-

64 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

ciple, and common-sense ratines the decision. Such a
statute is needed to protect the consumer against fraud.
Water, even if drawn from the cow's udder, has no more
food value than it has when drawn from the pump. A
standard is needed in the interests of agriculture to save the
producer of the better qualities of milk from competing
with what the supreme court of Rhode Island denominates
as " an article useful for irrigation only."

An arbitrary statute standard is further needed, in the
interests of a good and progressive agriculture, to check a
tendency which always exists in the sale milk business, viz.,
a tendency to breed down instead of up. By continuously
breeding from cows that produce large amounts of milk,
regardless of quality, we raise up generation after genera-
tion from whose udders is drawn more and more milk which
is steadily growing poorer and poorer. Breeding for a
purpose can accomplish much ; but when that purpose, ex-
pressed or implied, is a deterioration in quality, it is not
identical with the best agriculture, and demands a check.
This it receives in a law which says, "Thus far shalt thou
go and no farther," by prohibiting the sale of any milk
below a designated quality. A compilation of ten years'
records of the State Board of Health shows an increasing
per cent of samples below the standard. Though this
includes adulterated milk, it probably shows that there is
an increasing number of cows producing poorer milk, as a
result of the tendencies of the sale milk business.

Another reason for a statute standard of milk is the help
it gives in prosecuting those who adulterate milk. Within
certain broad limits the chemist can tell by the proportion
of the different solids in milk whether it has been tampered
with. I recently met a case where analysis showed that a
certain sample of milk had 4 per cent of fat and 7.75 per
cent of solids not fat. The relation between those two fig-
ures told beyond doubt that the milk had been watered, for
normal milk with 4 per cent of fat should have at least 9 per
cent of solids not fat. But the ease is not always so clear.
Within narrow limits water or skim-milk could be added,
or some cream removed, and detection would be difficult.

Xo. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 65

Hence a statute standard may be a great help in detecting
the man who deliberately cheats the consumer by adulter-
ating milk outside of the cow.

A report of the milk supply of London, by a special ana-
lytical and biological commission, in the " British Medical
Journal" of July 6, 1895, says that " in an endeavor to en-
force purity it is of the first importance to be able to define
what is meant by pure ; and it will be seen that the estab-
lishment of some arbitrary standard of pure milk is an es-
sential preliminary to any effective action being taken to put
an end to the wholesale sophistication by which the poor
especially are injured and imposed upon. Those who main-
tain that whatever can be milked from a healthy cow is milk,
are able to show extraordinarily poor specimens, which,
for all their poverty, are still milk. The English laws are
intended to prevent the sale, not of milk of poor quality,
but of that which has been fraudulently tampered with, so
that the public analyst is bound to pass as genuine all milks
which are at least equal in composition to the poorest genu-
ine milk, although in a great majority of cases thus passed
he has to do with milk artificially and not naturally weak.
If a high standard were fixed, the result would be to con-
demn much genuine milk; while, if a low standard were
adopted, good milk would be watered down to it. A stand-
ard should be fixed with which all milk that is sold should
conform, and, however pure or genuine the milk may be,
it ought not to be allowed to be sold as whole milk if it is
below standard."

The greatest good to the greatest number seems to call
for a statute standard. Unquestionably, it arbitrarily stig-
matizes as unlawful the sale of some pure milk which has
some food value, but the end justifies this small amount of
theoretical wrong.

What shall the Milk Standard be ?

Massachusetts has answered 13 per cent of solids, except
in May and June. The question, thercfore,"practically re-
solves itself to this : Is the Massachusetts standard of 13

66 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

per cent, which is the same in Minnesota and New Hamp-
shire, too high? There is some opposition to this standard,
and hardly a winter goes by without an effort to have the
Legislature reduce it. This is my excuse for taking time
to consider an old question.

I desire, at the outset, to consider parenthetically one
phase of the enforcement of the law. All laws should be
enforced with reason and common-sense. This is not the
opinion of a mere laymen, but it has the highest of legal
authority. In the case of a statute designating a date after
which it would be illegal to be found with certain game in
one's possession, no officer would think of arresting a man
because he had such game, as the tones of the clock striking
the hour of midnight died away in the distance, or even at
one, two or three o'clock in the morning ; but, should an
officer make an arrest for such a narrow violation of law, it
is doubtful whether any court would convict. Similarly, in
the case of a statute standard of .13 per cent of solids in
milk it would be impossible to secure a conviction on milk
which had 12.9, 12.8 or even 12.7 per cent of solids.
Those who ask for a reduction of the standard claim that
the law should be enforced to the last one-hundredth of
one per cent, hoping thus to make it unpopular ; and they
armie that the officers who fail to enforce the law in this
way fail to do their duty. But milk inspectors, the Board
of Health and the agents of the Dairy Bureau, acting on the
best of legal advice, would not enforce the law so literally
if they could. Furthermore, they could not if they would ;
for no case can be entered in court without the consent of
the judge, and to his judgment much latitude is allowed.
No judge will entertain a case of a technical, hair-splitting
violation of law, nor unless the evidence is sufficiently
strong to make guilt almost certain. Hence, milk must
be sufficiently below the standard to make conviction
reasonably sure, even if the defendant has the services
of some talented criminal lawyer, who works zealously
for his client, and who uses all his ability to throw sus-
picion on methods of analysis or accuracy of the sampling.
Consequently, in the enforcement of the milk law the en-

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 67

forcement standard is usually not over 12.5 per cent; and
if the statute standard were to be lowered, the enforcement
standard would have to be correspondingly reduced.

With this explanation of the slight elasticity in the stand-
ard for purposes of legal prosecution, we return to the
query, Is the present standard too high ? On one point all
can agree ; one fact is so well established that there can be
no dispute about it, — namely, average milk has 13 per
cent of total solids. A volume of authority could be quoted
on this point.

The Average Quality of Milk.

The United States department, in its hand-book of experi-
ment stations as well as in its annual reports, alludes to 13
per cent as being the average. Major Alvord, the chief of
the dairy division, says that normal milk ranges from 10 to
15 per cent of total solids. The Massachusetts experiment
station has made 1,889 analyses, and finds the average
13.47. A few years ago the Massachusetts Board of Health
concluded that the standard adopted by the statute was a
little below the general average of milk throughout the
State, having found the general average for total solids to
be between 13.2 and 13.3.

The Boston milk inspector finds that the samples taken
by him average above 13 per cent ; a majority of even the
suspicious samples are all right. Mr. Blair, the chemist
for C. Brigham Co., milk contractors, finds that the average
analysis of milk received by that company is 13 per cent,
or above, and this average includes occasional samples of
watered milk. The milk on the company's Brookfield car
in 1894 was analyzed 1,170 times through the whole year,
and the average was 13.23. More than one-half of the
samples taken by the Board of Health, including those thai
are adulterated or suspicious, are above the standard. Pro-
fessor Goessmann, reporting to the State Board of Health
that increasing density of population is coincident with de-
creasing quality of milk, finds in the western 'part of the
State only from 19 to 22 per cent of the specimens below-
standard.

68 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The New York experiment station analyzed at one time
938 samples, and found the average 13.64; it was found
that Jersey milk averaged 15.4. The Maine experiment
station report for 1894 gives analyses of the milk of three
cows for twelve weeks each, averaging 13.23. The Con-
necticut report in 1891 gives a number of analyses which
averaged 12.99. A return from 49 cheese factories in New
York in 1893 gave the average 12.72. Professor Babcock
says the average composition of milk is 12.8 per cent of
total solids. The Lowell milk inspector, averaging his
analyses by the month, finds the range of monthly averages
to be from 12.47 to 13.57 ; this includes samples of adulter-
ated milk. In the ninety-day dairy tests at the World's
Fair at Chicago the average was 13.41. In England
120,540 samples were analyzed by the Aylesbury Dairy
Company in eleven years, between 1881 and 1891, and the
average was 12.90.

Professors Robertson, Chandler and other authorities all
allude to the average composition of milk as being 13 per
cent. In Johnson's encyclopa>dia twenty-one authorities
quote an average of 13.32. Professor Cooke says : "The
Massachusetts law requires 13 per cent of total solids, and
that is not a bit too high. No man ought to keep cows who
would give less than that. But the average composition of
the milk produced in the whole State of Vermont is a little
above the Massachusetts standard. It will run 13.5 per
cent, and very likely 14 per cent is the average of the total
solids of the milk m this State. That being the fact, there
is certainly no reason why Massachusetts and other States
cannot get milk that is 13 per cent. It is not necessary
that you should have cows that give a small amount of milk,
because cows can easily be found that give moderately large
quantities of a good quality of milk."

This line of proof could be continued at great length, but
the evidence would be merely cumulative. It can be con-
sidered as an established fact that the well-mixed milk of
various cows in various stages of lactation will rarely if
ever be below the standard, and will be quite uniform in
quality from day to day. I think that this proves the jus-

JSo. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 69

tice of the Massachusetts standard. I do not see how any
one can dispute the proposition that the purchaser of any
article of variable composition is entitled to receive average
quality. The consumer who pays the regular, or average,
price for milk, and docs not get an average article, — 13
pounds of food in 100, — is wronged ; and so far as his
rights go it makes no difference whether the wrong is due
to the physical inefficiency of the cow or the moral delin-
quency of the milkman.

But I understand well what the word " average" means.
I admit that injustice is sometimes done by basing con-
clusions on averages. An employer who overpays one man
by giving him fifty dollars per week and who underpays
another with only ten, does an injustice to both, while he
averages to pay reasonable and fair wages. We all have
heard of the tippler and total abstainer who averaged to
drink brandy and water, but one drank the brandy and the
other the water. I know that, though the average com-
position of milk is 13 per cent of solids, much milk is below
the standard ; and I will not be so hasty as to assume that
I have proved the justice, or even the expediency, of the
statute standard by the fact that it represents the average
quality of milk. I am willing for the sake of fair play to
follow the discussion a little further. Is any injustice done
by the law? Why is a change demanded? The 13 per
cent standard being on the statute books and being the
average composition of milk, the burden of proof is upon
those who ask for a change. What are the claims which
they make ?

Objections to the Standard.

First. — " The law makes illegal the sale of much whole-
some food." This claim at first glance seems to have much
force, and there would be much common-sense in it if the
advocates of a change in the law were asking for an oppor-
tunity to sell low-grade milk at a low-grade price. But
that is not what is wanted. The opponents of the pres-
ent law ask to have it modified so that they can sell 11
or 12 pounds of food at the same price which the average
producer receives for milk of average qualify. If some

70 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

practical law could be drafted, which would not be full of
loopholes for the advantage of the dishonest, by which the
milkman could state what he sells and sell Avhat he states,
I would not object. If it were possible to have a 13 per
cent standard and also one of 11 per cent, for instance, each
kind of milk to be properly marked and labelled and sold
on its merits, there could be no objection. (I have no faith
in the possibility of such a law, in view of experience with
the tendency of human nature to evade the provisions of
the skim-milk law.) But it does seem wrong to ask the
right to sell 10, 11 or even 12 pounds of food at the 13
pound price. The State Board of Health said in 1892 :
"Strangely enough, the pretence is often urged by milk
producers that milk containing 11 or 12 per cent of total
solids is quite as wholesome or nutritious as that which con-
tains 13 or 14 per cent of solids. The absurdity of this
argument is plain enough, since, if it were true, it might
reasonably be asserted that milk having 7 or 8 per cent of
solids is as wholesome as that which has 11 per cent, and so
on ad infinlteMmum."

Second. — "The honest farmer is always in imminent
danger of prosecution ; a legal sword is constantly dangling
over his head by a hair, ready to descend without any warn-
ing." This point exists in imagination rather than in actu-
ality ; but at a committee hearing, or where the demagogue
can get attention, the statement can be amplified in thrilling
and plausible language, just as ghost stories can be told
which will make your blood run cold and your hair stand
on end, — but there are no ghosts.

Average milk has 13 per cent solids, and the average
mixed milk of average cows is constant in quality. Milk
below standard is the exception. When it is found, unless
it is very bad, a warning is sent and subsequent samples
taken. If improvement is shown, no prosecution results.
Even when complaint is made and the milkman found guilty,
the court can put the case on file, instead of imposing the
statutory tine, if there are mitigating circumstances. Hence
the chance of trouble is slight. Figures reveal the same
thing.

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 71

The State Board of Health examined 3,551 samples last
year, 287 warning notices were sent out, and finally 76
complaints were entered in court ; of these, 63 resulted in
conviction. Half of these cases were for milk below 11 per
cent of solids. In 1893 the Cambridge milk inspector took
1,882 samples of milk; 26 were not of standard quality,
and, after sending out warnings and following the cases up,
8 complaints were entered in court. In Lowell in the same
year there were 1,258 inspections; 26 warnings that milk
was below the standard were sent out ; in almost every case
they caused an improvement in the quality of milk sold,
and, out of 1,258 samples taken, 17 cases were entered in
court. The Boston milk inspector, for the year ending
Feb. 28, 1894, reported 13,623 samples of milk examined,
out of which 267 prosecutions resulted. These figures,
which include all the adulterated cases, show what slight
danger there is of prosecution. I took at random one of
the Boston milk contractor's books, and found that out
of 1,000 analyses there were 58 instances when the milk
had been so bad as to call for letters of complaint.

Third. — " Under the law an honest man may be branded
as an adulterater of milk." This is similar to the above.
At hearings before legislative committees, where an attempt
is made to reduce the standard, we are occasionally treated
to sympathy-stirring portrayals of the man of high stand-
ing in his town, very likely a deacon in the church, who is
summarily dragged into court, because, forsooth, an inno-
cent cow happened one day to give milk of less than 13 per
cent solids ; and for this temporary delinquency on the part
of the cow we are told that the exemplary citizen is branded
on court records as one who has deliberately adulterated
milk with the purpose of swindling his fellow man.

There is a theoretical possibility of such things. It is
true that the law makes no distinction between milk below
standard naturally and that below standard through the
artifice of man. But, between the average quality of milk,
the leeway required by the courts and the prevailing sys-
tem of sending out warnings, the danger of prosecution, as
shown under another head, is extremely microscopic. It is

72 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

not wholly wrong, however, that the law is just as it is on
this point. One court has said that there is no difference
between watering milk inside the cow and watering it out-
side of her. The Rhode Island supreme court, in a de-
cision sustaining a milk-standard law, says that " if a cow
habitually gives milk below standard, she is of no value
to her owner as a milk producer, unless he can sell her
milk to his unsuspecting neighbor for a price in excess
of its value, — a species of fraud which ought not to be
tolerated. The section is but a slight extension of the
provision which prohibits the sale of adulterated milk,
and, like that, was designed to protect the public against
imposition."

There is one danger to milk producers which is common
to all occupations. All persons employing help are liable
for the acts of their employees, and hence a morally in-
nocent man may in a few extreme cases be legally guilty of
selling milk which has really been adulterated by the hand
of man, — some employee. A conscientious and high-
minded editor from Philadelphia was in Boston a few days
ago. While in that city something appeared in his paper
which an aggrieved party thought to be libellous, and on the
gentleman's return to his home he was arrested on a charge
ot criminal libel. Morally he was innocent, technically he
may have been guilty ; his arrest was one of the perils of
living and doing business.

A case was noticed in a local paper a few weeks ago as
being so excessively aggravating as to call for an editorial
denunciation of the milk law. I found that the criticism of
the law was based merely on the fact that the convicted man
was of excellent standing in the community, — a man whom
every one respected and esteemed. Investigation showed
that he had received four warnings from the contractor to
whom he sold milk that it was below standard ; in spite of
that, it did not improve, but at length analysis disclosed
such a disproportion . between the solids not fat and the fat
that the conclusion was inevitable that the milk had been
watered. The case was then turned over to the Board of
Health, whose inspector took samples of the milk, and he,

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 73

too, found that it had been watered.* Though the case
appealed to the sympathy and good-will of the defendant's
fellow townsmen on account of his general integrity and
good character, there could be no disputing the fact that
some one had fraudulently added water to the milk.

As there is a well-established relation between the solids
not fat and the fat, and as it has been abundantly proved
that 13 per cent milk will have about 3.75 per cent of fat,
the cheapness, accuracy and convenience of the Babcock test
make it possible for every farmer to keep track of the quality
of what he is sending to market.

Fourth. — "Enforcing the law occasions much trouble."
This we hear sometimes from Boston milk contractors when
they have been exceedingly annoyed by milk below standard,
after repeated warnings have been sent; but the trouble
of enforcing a law is no argument against it. If such a

o Co

claim were to have weight, nearly all of the criminal statutes
now in force would be repealed.

Fifth. — "There is much difficulty in making standard
milk." If a majority of farmers can and do produce milk
of standard quality, the minority can do the same if they
will make the conditions the same. If the continued policy
of any milk producer is to get cows that will give the larg-
est product possible, with no thought of quality except
barely to save himself from legal prosecution, he has no
right to say that it is difficult to make standard milk.

Sixth. — I find our law denounced in a New York dairy
paper as an attempt to " instruct the Lord," with the asser-
tion that " a law making it illegal to sell milk under 13 per
cent total solids might well be followed by one making it
illegal to sell an apple weighing less than four ounces or a
pig with a tail less than three inches in length." This
attempt to ridicule the law is no argument, but advertises
the ignorance of the person who makes it. The whole
theory of a statute standard is the protection of the inter-
ests of the consumer against a fraud, and, indirectly, the
protection of the interests of the best class of producers.

* Fat, 4.0; solids not fat, 7.94; total, 11.94 per cent.
Fat, 3.3; solids not fat, 7.74; total, 11.04 per cent.
Fat, 3.6; solids not fat, 7. OS; total, 11 28 per cent.

74 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Arguments for the Standard.

Having thus considered the need of some standard, and
the fact that the present standard represents the average
quality of milk, and having also noticed the reasons com-
monly urged for a change, I have already indicated why I
favor the 13 per cent standard, in the interests of the
majority of milk producers as well as of consumers. Some
of the points which I wish to make, by way of recapitula-
tion, are as follows : —

First. — A reduction of the standard would be an injus-
tice to the majority of farmers who produce standard milk,
in three ways, — by increasing competition through an en-
larged supply, by reducing the price on account of an
increased surplus and also by decreasing consumption. The
present law and its enforcement have done much to increase
popular confidence in the milk supply, and have thereby
increased the consumption, which might be injured by a
decrease in the average quality. The "London Lancet"
says that a statute standard ' ' has a tendency to raise and
maintain the quality of the milk supply."

Second. — A reduction would be an injustice to the con-
sumers. The " British Medical Journal" says that the low
standard has done great injury to the consumer as well as
to the honest producer and vender.

Third. — A reduction would be only a temporary remedy
for the troubles of the minority. With a continuation of the
process of breeding down, in a few years there would be a
respectable minority of cows whose product would be below
the lower standard, were it 12, 11 or even 10 per cent. I
have already spoken of the cow at the Ohio State fair which
produced 8.41 per cent milk in competition for a prize for
cows giving the greatest quantity. Producing quantity
without thought for quality is like continually driving as
near the edge of a precipice as possible ; one has only
himself to blame if some day he goes over. Moving the
precipice would give no relief, so long as the venturesome
proclivities remained. I do not mean that some farmers
deliberately try to get as near the line laid down by the
statute as they can without crossing it, but the drift of
events leads practically to that result.

No. 4.]

MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES.

75

What causes Variations in the Quality of Mill?

In leaving this point, let ns briefly consider what causes
variations in the quality of milk, and summarize the scien-
tific work of our experiment stations and others up to date.
The mixed milk of mixed cows, as stated, is quite uniform
in quality. Mr. Clemence of the Board and the Dairy
Bureau has tested the mixed milk of his herd of common
cows with the Babcock tester every few weeks for nearly
two years, and has found a fat variation of only about .3 of
1 per cent.* But the milk of individual cows is constantly
varying from day to day, and the range is more than in Mr.
Clemence's case ; but it is usually less than 1 per cent, always
returning, however, in a day or two, to the average. But,
if the milk of one cow were mixed with that of other cows,
these sharp differences would be toned down and the milk
would be of more uniform quality. The cause of some of
these changes is unknown, and opens a field for interesting
and valuable work by experiment stations.

Cows fresh in milk give poorer milk than do strippers,
hence, to have milk of as even quality as possible, there
should not be too large a proportion of new milch cows at
any time.

Breed has much influence on the quality of milk, some
breeds averao-ino- richer than others. But skilful breeders
have developed rich milkers in the breeds which usually
give poorer milk, and have often got good dairy families
from the so-called beef breeds. On the other hand, negli-
gent breeding, or what is as bad, breeding for mere quan-
tity, will develop animals in the richest dairy breeds which
will give low-grade milk.

Careful feeding of animals through several generations is
one of the influences that tend toward the development of

* Recent complete chemical analyses resulted as follows : —

1.

2.

3.

4.

Solids not fat,

Fat,

9.46

4.24

9.40

4.14

9.58
4.06

9.46
4.06

Totals

13.70

13.84

13.64

13.02

76 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

better cows. But there is much popular misapprehension as
to the influence of feed on milk. If an animal has enough,
changes of feed make but little difference in the quality of
her milk from day to day.

This remark is rank heresy to many, but its truth is
endorsed by almost every scientific experimenter who care-
fully weighs and analyzes. You cannot give the 2.30 horse
an extra quart of oats to-day, and expect a record of 2.25
to-morrow. You cannot feed an 11 per cent cow to make
her become a 14 per cent animal.

In days past, when the milk of some dairy supplying Bos-
ton was below standard, the contractor would write to the
producer that he must feed more grain ; and often the
farmer found from experience that change of feed did not
bring milk up to the standard.

Professor Whitcher said, before the State Board last
year: "When you feed a well-balanced ration to any
given cow, it does not make much difference as to the
quality of the milk whether you feed one or the other of
the rations. If she is a cow that is going to give milk that
has 4 per cent of fat in it, she will give that quality of milk
and no natural system of feeding will affect the same. I
have never found a ration on which I could say I could in-
crease or decrease the amount of fat a cow would yield on a
normal ration. I feeTconfident that the per cent of fat is not
easily varied by changing the food, even by a radical change."

The Maine station in its 1894 report touches upon some
feeding experiments, and in conclusion it says: "The
writer cannot resist the temptation to call the attention -of
those who believe that the ration largely controls the qual-
ity of milk to the fact that, although the cows lost flesh and
diminished greatly their product, the quality of the milk
seems not to have been influenced."

The Vermont station .investigated the effect upon milk of
practically doubling the grain ration, — i. e., increasing
the grain fed from 6 pounds daily to 12 pounds daily, —
and found only small changes in the quality of the milk,
which could in no way be attributed to the ration. It says
that, where foods of equal nutritive value are given, when

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 77

cows are under uniform conditions there is practically no
change in the character of the milk. And again, "At-
tempts to increase the richness of milk by changes in kind
or quantity of feed have not as yet been successful."

The "Hand-book of Experiment Station Work," which
gives a summary of experiment station results up to 1893,
in discussing the effect of food upon the quality of milk
mentions but one experiment out of a large number noted
where a direct and important change in the kind of milk
appeared to be due to the variations in the food; viz., an
experiment at the Iowa station, in which gluten meal was
substituted for corn meal.

Most of the experiment station work relates to feeding
up, and has been done in connection with butter-making,
in studying how animals can be cared for and fed so as to
produce the greatest amount of butter fats, and how their
milk can be enriched. The vital question in connection
with sale milk is in producing a liberal quantity, which will
come up to 13 per cent ; but little has been done in an ex-
perimental way in relation to this phase of the question,
and little is known as to how far the quality of milk can be
depreciated by feeding slops or exceedingly watery food to
secure quantity.

The Wisconsin experiment station in 1890 said that in a
majority of cases an increase in the quantity of water drank
was followed by a coincident increase in the water in the
milk. But the Vermont experiment station claims to have
proved emphatically that pasture feeding and watery food
do not make watery milk.

Environment. — The cow is a nervous animal, and the
quality of her product is often influenced by her surround-
ings. Conditions that bring discomfort, whether heat,
drought, cold, harsh treatment, or boisterous, unpleasant
noises about the stable, will often cause deterioration in the
quality of milk. The effect of climatic conditions is not as
well known as it ought to be. The analyses of the Ayles-
bury dairy show that a winter of unusual severity and
length, long spells of cold and wet, as well as of heat and
drought, affect the quality of milk somewhat.

78 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Individuality. — This is the great factor influencing the
quality of milk. The milk of some cows is almost uniformly
above the standard, "because they are built that way;"
other cows are always below that standard, because of their
individuality. If any person has permanent trouble in pro-
ducing milk up to the standard, the cause is doubtless with
the kind of cows he keeps. Introducing into the herd those
that give richer milk will bring up the average quality of the
mixed milk so that it will be all right. There is nothing in
bovine nature repugnant to 13 per cent solids ; it is as easy
to make 13 or even 14 per cent milk as 11 or 12 per cent,
by getting proper cows to secure that result, though at
present prices it would not be profitable. Offer a sufficient
financial inducement, and in a few years every farmer in the
State would have cows that would produce 15 per cent milk.
Professor Cooke and many others have said that the indi-
viduality of the cow is the leading factor in the case, and
feed is subordinate.

Some Illustrations.

Before leaving the discussion of the quality of milk, I de-
sire to introduce graphic illustrations of some actual tests
of milk. They were taken under such conditions that their
value must not be over-estimated, but they are exceedingly
interesting. Each of the large Boston contractors employs
a chemist who intends to take one sample each month from
each dairy that furnishes his company with milk. This is
analyzed and the result is recorded. These results are not
conclusive proof of the average quality of milk. They in-
clude adulterated milk and milk that has not been thoroughly
mixed. If changes have been made in the animals in a herd,
there is no knowledge of this fact or of how the cows are
cared for. If the herd has an undue proportion of new
milch cows or strippers, that fact does not appear.

In the accompanying figure the lines A and B represent
the average of the analyses of milk for two different cars for
four years. A * is almost uniformly above the standard, and
at times much above it, while the other car (B) is below

* The Brookfield car.

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES.

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82 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

t
the standard most of the time. The lower part of the en-
graving shows the quality of two other cars, one for the
years 1893 and 1894 and one for 1895. In one case (C)
the milk is uniformly above the standard ; in the other case
(D) it gets slightly below more of the time, but not enough
to make any trouble for the dealer.

The other engravings show the analyses of the milk of
herds. A, B, C and D (see p. 80) are the records of four
herds for three years. A is almost uniformly above the
standard, seven months of the time it was 14 per cent;
but the extremes may possibly be milk which was not
thoroughly mixed. B and O show in contrast two herds,
one of which is almost uniformly above the standard, while
the other is as uniformly below it. D is a herd showing
wide variations, running from 11.25 in May of 1892 up to 15
per cent in December of the same year ; this record suggests
the possibility of improper mixing, or of having an undue
proportion of new milch cows at certain seasons of the year.

i^is a herd almost uniformly below the standard (see p.
81). G and //, as well'as J" and K, are interesting to study
together, showing the difference in different herds. G and
J" never got as low as 13 per cent, and G was over 15 per
cent five months of the year, while H and K were con-
stantly below 13 per cent, /is the record of another herd
uniformly above the standard, while L is almost constantly
below the standard. The upper line on page 59 is pecul-
iarly interesting, on account of the wide variations in the
quality of the milk of the herd, ranging from 11 to over 16
per cent. Another interesting fact in connection with this
herd is, that two analyses show that the milk was watered,
a complete analysis for the month of May being 7.5 of solids
not fat and 3.5 per cent fat. In June the analysis was 7.78
solids not fat, plus 4 per cent fat, making a total of 11.78.

E is the story of a herd from July, 1892, to November,
1894, the milk of which was more constant in quality, and
was, with one exception, on the standard or above (p. 59).

This interesting field of investigation could be carried
much further, but enough has been presented to show that
some herds are always above the standard, some almost

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 83

always below, and that others hover about the line, occasion-
ally crossing it. The study of such herds, their breeding,
length of time in milk, with the tests of the individuals
making up the herd, would be very interesting and valuable.

Third Problem, — Sanitary.

Quality in milk means more than total milk solids, — it
includes cleanliness and healthfulness. I have seen an
estimate that from three hundred to four hundred pounds of
manure are daily swallowed in New York in the milk sup-
ply. The commercial fraud of selling milk of less than
average food value is the whitest of innocence as compared
with selling germs of typhoid, fever and tuberculosis ; yet
in the case of milk solids we have ample legislation, but
practically none in the case of dirt and disease. I am aware
that there is a law prohibiting the sale of milk from " sick
or diseased " cows ; but it does not amount to much, for
lack of legislation to enforce it. There should be some
system of inspection of herds supplying cities with milk,
which should not only take cognizance of the health of the
animals but of the cleanliness of the stable, the amount of
air and sunlight it receives and the care of the milk before
leaving the farm. Modern investigation tells us that sour-
ing is caused by bacteria which get into the milk after it is
drawn. If milk could be kept absolutely free from bacteria
it would practically keep forever ; or, in the more terse
language of Professor Sedgwick, " short-lived milk is usu-
ally filthy milk." With more care there would be no sour
milk returned to the producers and no losses to consumers
from the milk curdling in the can almost before it is taken
into the house.

This inspection should go so far as to include the exist-
ence of contagious diseases among those who have the
handling of milk and milk utensils. The Board of Health
has done some excellent work in investigating outbreaks oi
typhoid fever and their relation to the milk supply. But
the work should go further than this, and should include
precautionary measures, as well as the study of causes after
there has been resultant disease. Pasteurizing milk so as

84 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

to kill the germs it contains has much to commend it ; but
how much better it would be to have no germs there, or at
least to reduce them to the least possible amount. Sanitary
inspection of herds may provoke criticism as a possible
means of subjecting the farmer to unnecessary annoyance.
But I believe that a majority of the most intelligent, broad-
minded agriculturists admit that it is right to aim at fur-
nishing as good a product as possible, and that studying the
interests and tastes of the consumer tends in the Ions; run
to enhance the welfare of the producer. This legislation
should not be undertaken hastily. It should be conceived
in a spirit of friendliness to the interests of agriculture.
There should be nothing about such a law or its enforcement
that would subject the farmers to any undue hardship or to
annoyance from any arbitrary martinet. It would be well
if the agitation should be commenced by the farmers them-
selves, not only to show that they are interested in the
quality of the product they sell, but to insure legislation
in sympathy with them, and to see that the enforcement of
the law is placed in the hands of their friends. Such legis-
lation is sure to come, and if the farmers are prominent in
securing it, it may be more satisfactory to them than if it is
forced upon them ; and it may avoid objectionable features
that would be engrafted in a law enacted by excited or
frightened city interests in possession of only half the

truth.

In Conclusion.

The future of the city milk business at times seems
discouraging, especially when we consider the increasing-
distances that milk can be transported, and the consequent
increasing number of farmers and amount of territory which
must compete for the business where there is already a
frequent surplus. Formerly the superiority of fresh over
" stale " milk was often urged, but in the light of modern
bacteriological studies this difference has largely disap-
peared. Milk produced one hundred miles away, if clean
and properly handled, may be better when twenty-four
hours old than that produced even in the city limits when
only five hours old. The way milk is cared for is of more

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 85

importance than the distance it has been transported. On
the other hand, we must remember that milk is largely
composed of water, and that there is a limit to the distance
which it can be freighted.

Besides this, the cities are growing rapidly, and calling
for more and more milk. A study of the map shows
that Massachusetts is becoming thickly settled ; and that,
between the thirty creameries, its many private butter
dairies, one condensed-milk factory, the milk cars and the
near-by consumption, there are many localities where all
the milk that is produced finds ready sale. This is em-
phatically true of Essex County. In portions of Plymouth
County during the summer-boarder season there is an
absolute shortage, ithode Island is reaching over into this
State for milk for her nourishing cities. Even in the less
thickly settled western portion of the State there are not a
few towns where milk is in quick demand. Two creameries
in this State and one just over the line in Connecticut have
been closed within about a year on account of the demand
for milk from the cities. Hence there seems to be a pros-
pect for an increasing demand for milk from Massachusetts
cities at a moderately satisfactory price.

With a standard unreduced, and with better sanitary in-
spection, the demand per capita will also increase. Milk is
the cheapest food there is, — except the cereals, — and with
increasing guarantees as to its quality the consumption will
increase. There is need for some educational work in the
city as to the food value of milk and the average good
quality of that now sold. Only a few days ago I met a
very intelligent gentleman, who remarked, "I suppose we
get pretty poor stuff for milk in Boston." When I ex-
plained to him the system of inspection and its thorough-
ness, he was much surprised.

It also seems as if there is a good opening lor business
enterprise to put milk on the market guaranteed to contain
14 or even 15 per cent of solids, and from inspected herds.
Such milk would pay an extra profit.

But, although the milk situation has both its light and
its dark sides, when wo strike the balance, when we look

86 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

at the general agricultural situation and compare the returns
from milk with those from other farm products, when we
also take into account the uncertainties connected with them
and the regular demand for milk, — the outlook is in the
main encouraging.

The Chairman. An opportunity will now be given for
discussion on this most important subject, or for asking
questions of the lecturer.

Mr. Geo. E. Taylor (of Shelburne). The question I
would like to ask is this : If I understand the speaker
aright, breeding for more milk produces a poorer quality,
and I would ask if that necessarily follows.

Mr. Whitaker. It does not necessarily follow, but the
tendency is that way.

Mr. Taylor. Do you think, if due caution is exercised,
that poor quality will follow ?

Mr. Whitaker. That is a question in breeding that I
should hardly want to answer positively.

Secretary Sessions. I suppose what Mr. Whitaker
means is that the farmers naturally turn to the cow that will
give the most milk ; they save the calves from the cows that
give the most milk, and in a community where they sell
milk they sell their Jersey cows. In my own community a
man had a herd of cows. He made a bargain to sell his
milk, and went to a neighbor and swapped his Jersey cows
for those giving a larger quantity of milk, without regard
to quality.

Mr. Taylor. You said that the average man or the
farmer might, with the Babcock test, know just what he
is doing. Do you think the average farmer is capable
of running the Babcock test so that he will do the work
accurately ?

Mr. Whitaker. There is no doubt he can do it with
sufficient accuracy to satisfy himself whether his milk is
up to the standard or not.

Mr. E. A. Harwood (of North Brookfield). You said
the milk from the Brookfield car was above the average and
the milk from the. other car was below. I would ask if you

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 87

would be willing to tell what car that was that ran below
the standard.

Mr. Whitaker. I do not know as it would do any good
for me to advertise a community unfavorably. I thought
there would be no harm in advertising Brookfield favorably,
for it carries out the fact I mentioned before, that indi-
viduality in cows has very largely to do with the quality of
milk.

Mr. Harwood. We had a co-operative creamery in our
town, and a great deal of the milk formerly went to the
creamery. While we were comparing the work of the
creamery with that of others in the State, we found that it
ranked higher than some. Many farmers got it in their
minds that there was something in their grass or soil that
would make a better quality of milk than was made in
some other sections. That was $ne thing I had in mind
when I asked for the name of the place that sent in the
inferior milk.

Mr. Chas. E. Ward (of Buckland). I live in a section
where we are just changing from a creamery to selling
milk, and our experience leads me to confirm one part of
Mr. Whitaker's statement, and also backs up his claim for
the milk standard. In our locality we were all butter
farmers ; but the milk car commenced to go through about
two years ago, and now it is picking up quite a little milk,
and I have noticed among our farmers an increased disposi-
tion to abandon all their former nice rich animals. I believe
they would turn their cows into pumps unless there was
some standard to keep them in check. The milk brought
19 cents per can at the station, and the farmers had to pay
2 cents per can to get it to the station, leaving them about 2
cents per quart. I do not suppose that they could afford to
keep up the standard of Jersey cows and sell milk ; but the
tendency will be to go clear to the other extreme, unless
there is legislation to keep it in check. One question I
want to ask : I understood Mr. Whitaker to say that milk
of to-day would not reach Boston until some time to-
morrow.

Mr. Whitaker. You know better than I do about the

88 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

loading of the car in your vicinity. In many cases a car
that starts this morning would take the milk of last night
and yesterday morning.

Mr. Ward. The car starts one hundred and twenty-six
miles from Boston in the morning, taking the morning's
milk and that of the night before. Some of our formers
have to get up and milk at from three to four o'clock in
the morning ; they get their milk into Boston on the same
day that it is milked, between twelve and one o'clock. It
is thus delivered in Boston the next day.

Secretary Sessions. Is that same practice pursued in not
weather ?

Mr. Ward. Yes, sir.

Professor Brooks (of Amherst). I believe that I am
somewhat at a disadvantage in rising to speak on this sub-
ject, as I have not been* following the whole line of argu-
ment of the speaker ; but so far as I have been able to
follow him, he is in favor of a standard substantially as it
is at present, with the exception of the summer months,
when he would have it still higher.

Mr. Whitaker. The exemption in favor of the summer
months was a compromise to get the law through, any way,
and is unscientific. It is just as easy to make 13 per cent
solids in June as in July or August.

Professor Brooks. I think I should differ from Mr.
Whitaker somewhat, for this fact, which I think is thor-
oughly substantiated ; namely, that feed which stimulates a
large yield always somewhat decreases the percentage of
solids in milk. The exception of the summer months may
not be exactly scientific, but the succulent grass which so
large a portion of the cows get during the early part of the
summer will make the percentage of solids somewhat lower.
Something in the grass stimulates a much larger yield. I
am in favor of some standard, but it does seem to me that
the method of setting the standard or the principles of the
standard might be improved. I believe, personally, in a
standard expressed in two terms, — solids other than fat,
and fat. I believe that the milk of the Holstein or of the
Shorthorn is not simply as well suited but better suited as

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 89

food for children and adults than the milk of the Jersey, and
I think that medical men will agree with me, as a rule.
Why, gentlemen, even the Jersey calf does better on Hol-
stein milk than it does on Jersey milk. The standard as it
stands to-day works against these breeds. Ayrshire milk,
Holstein milk and Shorthorn milk are not simply as good
food for children as the Jersey and Guernsey, but better.
The Holstein and Ayrshire can be changed ; they can be
made in time, no doubt, to give milk of similar character to
that given by the Guernsey or the Jersey. If my position
is correct, why, then, you will certainly agree with me that
it is undesirable to try to make Jerseys out of the Holstein
and Ayrshire breeds. But if the standard be expressed in
two terms, — solids other than fat, and fat, — then you
would not necessarily discriminate against a Shorthorn to
the same extent as you do at present. Fat is useful, of
course, but there is such a thing as having too much. The
percentage of solids other than fat in milk does not vary
very widely. The Jersey will give 4 per cent or more of
fat, and the total of solids in the milk is accordingly 13 per
cent or thereabout. The Ayrshire or Holstein will give 3
or 3£ per cent, occasionally less,, of fat, and that would not
bring it up to 13 per cent solids. Of course it may be
argued with reason that such a change in the law would in-
crease the supply of milk, which is already too great, and
therefore it would work against the farmers. I do not think
that I am entirely in accord with the speaker concerning
this point of the standard, or the difference of the standard
in summer months compared with other months.

Mr. Wiiitaker. There is a great deal of force in what
tli**: gentleman has just said, and if his premises were accu-
rate I should be inclined to agree with his conclusion. But,
as I have studied the composition of milk, I have been led
to believe that the average composition of the Jersey and
Guernsey milk is in the neighborhood of 14 or 15 per cent
of total solids, and the standard of 13 per cent represents
the average of all breeds, perhaps excepting the Holstein.
The law does not discriminate in favor of the Jerseys and
Guernseys, for they are above the standard. It represents

90 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the average production of average cows of average breeds.
As regards the exemption of May and June, I have much
respect for the opinion of the professor, for he has studied
this question, perhaps more experimentally than I have, my
information having been more that of a compiler. A bulle-
tin of the Vermont experiment station in 1891 says that
feeding watery food does not make watery milk. The Wis-
consin station found that inducing cows to drink immense
quantities of water was followed by a reduction in the qual-
ity of the milk.

Mr. A. Bradley (of Lee). I was called into a neigh-
boring town to give a little counsel in regard to the quality
of milk. They were having trouble. This was in May or
June. The feed in the pastures was very flush, and the
milk standard was not reached by a good deal. It led me
to infer at once that the feed had a great deal to do with the
quantity of milk, and that in getting the quantity we did not
get the quality. I find that in butter an increase in the
milk does not correspondingly increase the quantity of but-
ter. We can bring a cow to about such a point in butter,
and by increasing the food increase the milk, but we do not
get an increase of butter. How would you advise to feed,
in order to get the quantity of milk and also keep the qual-
ity ? There are times when there are unusual demands, and
by feeding we can get the quantity but we do not get the
quality. I have had milk tested at Amherst a great many
times. I have sent the first two quarts of milk of the cow,
the middle two quarts and the last two quarts. I found that
the first two quarts was a little better than water, — only a
very little, — while the middle milk was good and the last
milk was very high in richness. The idea was suggested at
once to take the first two quarts of milk and give it to the
calves. We want to know how to feed, and get the quan-
tity and quality at the same time. We want our whole
dairy to go right into the market, and we want to hold the
quality right along with the quantity.

Ex-Governor Hoard (of Wisconsin). Does not your
proposition presuppose that all the cows were alike individ-
ually ? Is not the solution of your proposition in the selec-

No. 4.] MILK SUPPLY OF CITIES. 91

tion of better and richer cows, if you want to improve your
milk ?

Mr. Bradley. We have had experience with different
cows. I find that Holstein milk meets just exactly the
demands of cooking and for children ; it holds its own ; it
goes into market ii\ good condition, and all right ; and
you improve the quality to get it up to a higher cream
standard, and it is not so valuable in any way except for
butter.

Mr. C. L. Hartshorn (of Worcester). Would you do
it through feeding, or breeding and selection of cows ?

Mr. Bradley. In this town that I was speaking of I
would state this fact : before the cows went into this May
and June feed their milk was up to the standard, but after-
wards it was below the standard. They said more grain
failed to increase the quality.

Mr. Hartshorn. Mr. Bradley has suggested that the
first two quarts of milk be fed to calves. Take the rest
of that milk, — I want to know if he can tell how the milk
would stand then.

Mr. Bradley. I stated that in the analysis of the first
milk it was nearly all water.

Ex-Governor Hoard. In other words, you have been
diluting your milk by keeping that first two quarts in.

Mr. Clark. I would like to ask if that first two quarts,
in Mr. Bradley's opinion, would be beneficial to feed to
calves.

Mr. Bradley. About as good as hay tea.

Adjourned at 12 m.

Afternoon Session.

The meeting was called together at 2.15, Mr. E. W.
Wood presiding.

After songs by the Oberon Ladies' Quartette the chair-
man said : The subject of this afternoon's discussion covers
the whole subject of dairying, including the raising and
feeding of stock, its care and protection and the sale of

92 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

dairy products. The subject as worded by the speaker is
" The necessities and demands of modern dairying," and
I have great pleasure in introducing Ex-Governor Hoard
of Wisconsin.

Ex-Governor Hoard. When the Ladies' Quartette sang
"Dixey" I thought we might change the word and say
' ' I am going back to the old farm home " with equal pro-
priety, for every heart, whether in the West, in Dixey or
New England, can remember the sweet, hallowed effect of
the old farm home* and in the interest of the old farm
home we consider the questions we do in a convention like
this.

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 93

THE NECESSITIES AND DEMANDS OF MODERN
DAIRYING.

BY W. B. HOARD, FORT ATKINSON, WIS.

What a wonderful transforming power is the hope of
financial gain ! It is transforming the whole world median-
ically, commercially, scientifically, and, as a consequence,
politically. For the sake of gain the inmost secrets of
nature are sought out, and the physical forces of all the
earth are placed under contribution. Human intellect is
stretched to its utmost tension to perceive the truth of
material things, to know the laws that govern nature's
forces, in order that man may have increased dominion over
them. All this we call progress, and its main inspiration
is the hope of financial gain.

It is a curious feature to me that the farmer, of all the
various classes of society, should care less to make money,
and for that reason should exhibit, so much less than other
men, the mental activity and energy in its acquisition that
they display.

We have been accustomed to say that the farmers are
naturally conservative, and hence do not embrace opportu-
nities for improvement in methods of gain-getting with the
quick mental appreciation and avidity that other men do.
I am convinced that conservatism is not the right definition.
We should say rather that the farmer does not care to get
rich, as other men do; that he has no such consuming
desire for wealth and all it can buy as the manufacturer or
merchant. It is fair also to say that, owing to the character
of his environment, he cannot see the opportunities of
reward for increased mentality and activity that present
themselves to men in other vocations ; and so he settles

94 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

down to a resigned sort of contest with nature, believing
that she will give him nothing except in return for a severe
physical struggle. He forgets that he labors no harder to
overcome nature than does the miner, the lumberman, the
mechanic, the manufacturer ; but somehow they come to
their struggle with a keener zest for gain, with a deeper
appreciation of the help of science, and a broader belief in
the power of study, thought, knowledge, — in short, the
power of mind over matter.

There was such a thing as old-time dairy practice. It
was governed by the conditions and demands that then
existed. It filled that demand very fairly, but it does not
fit the necessities of to-day. There has been a great change.
New conditions and demands have arisen. Why, the taste
that governs the market in butter to-day is nothing like the
taste that was in vogue thirty years ago.

The ever-present difficulty that we confront is, that there
are so many of the farmers who keep cows who are anxious
for profit, but who have not changed with the times. They
are administering their business and shaping their practice
to-day with the ideas and judgment that belonged to yes-
terday.

I am convinced that the only road out of our present dif-
ficulties as dairy farmers is to abandon a large proportion
of the old-time notions we have concerning the conduct of
our business, and look at it more in the light of modern
necessities and demands. Let me enumerate some of these
necessities : —

First. — More revenue. Our present civilization is more
expensive than it was fifty years ago. It costs more to live
decently and socially, and educate ourselves and children.
An old man in my town got drunk and fell into the mud on
the side of the curbstone, and commenced to shout, "Help,
help," he said, "and an almighty sight of it, too." I
would most candidly commend his prayer.

Second. — Increasing competition in the production of
dairy products. Whole States have been added to the pro-
duction of butter and cheese, and time and space have been
almost annihilated by the wonderful march of intellect in

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 95

railroad transportation. Wisconsin is nearer Boston to-day
than was Vermont forty years ago.

Third. — Decreased fertility of our farms. You here in
New England know painfully well what that means.

Fourth. — Increased cost of labor on the farm, as well as
cost of feed.

Fifth. — The effect of adulteration, which has taken from
the farmer an important part of the market demand.

Sixth . — The refusal of the market to take the product
of crude, unskilful farm labor.

Seventh. — The rapidly increasing liability of loss in our
dairy herds through the introduction of modern diseases.

Under the head of necessity No. 1 stands "more revenue."
It is evident that we must make more money out of the busi-
ness, unless, like many farmers, we are wholly discouraged
at the prospect of gain, and so content ourselves to barely
exist. But that will not do ; that is a reproach to our intel-
ligence and good sense. The price we are to get for our
products is settled beyond our control. The market end of
the string is not in our hands, except in the shading of
quality we put in our goods. What, then, shall we do for
necessity No. 1 ?

Decrease the cost of production. How? First, as to our
own personality. We must become more intelligent con-
cerning what are called " dairy principles." We must be
willing to spend a little more time and money to fertilize
our thought and judgment. It is as evident as the sun at
midday that a very large proportion of the men who keep
cows have a poor, unprofitable cow judgment. We must
enlarge our ideas as to what a dairy cow means. Make ten
cows do the work of twenty, if possible, and thereby make
a profit on the keeping often.

The amount the average dairy fanner spends for the pro-
motion of his dairy intelligence is too ridiculously small
to mention. It does not average fifty cents a year. How
can men expect to adequately provide for their growing
necessities, when they are so unwilling to secure dairy
knowledge whereby to secure a better dairy judgment? Are
they making money with their old judgment ? No ! Are

96 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

other men making a good deal more money by the use of
a different judgment ? Yes !

We must next reduce the cost of production by a wiser
selection of our cows. The butter from a cow which pro-
duces only 150 pounds a year costs more than double that
which is produced by a 300-pound cow. The first practical
step in this cow question, then, should be to reduce the
number of our cows and increase their capacity. That^is
our end of the string. We can control things somewhat,
if we will, at that end. On how many farms can you see
that end lying loose and neglected, and the farmer straining
his eyes to look at the market end, over which he has so
little control. How shall we increase capacity? First, by
paying more attention to the laws of sound dairy breeding.
Second, by striving to know more than we do about dairy
feeding and management. How many men in this audience
have provided themselves with a Babcock test? It requires
but a small outlay, and it is the thing of all others to put
know in place of guess. How many men here are really
trying to make first-class students of dairy breeding ? How
many men here are readers and students of dairy literature
on that and other questions ?

Let us take a little evidence on this question : —

Mr. Geo. R. Sneath of San Francisco, Cal., who milks
a herd, averaging 500 cows in number, for the market of
that city, says, in a recent letter to "Hoard's Dairyman,"
"Our standard for a fairly good cow is 5,000 pounds of
milk in eight months, or between calves. All below 3,000
pounds, except heifers with first calf, are discarded."

That man sets up a standard ; that is the first thing to do.
Establish a standard of performance on the part of your
cows, then breed towards it, feed towards it, and keep the
weeder constantly at work. It does not require a large
herd ; indeed, the man with a small herd can do more per
cow than the dairyman with a large herd. There are a
number of patrons of Hoard's creameries to-day with ten
cows who are making double the profit, in a sum total, than
other patrons who keep twenty cows. But the successful
men have clear, definite ideas, and they work towards them.

No. 4.] MODEEN DAIRYING. 07

Mr. Sneath further says : " Our business does not permit
us to raise more than 125 calves annually, which will not
fill up the ranks; therefore we purchase enough of the best
cows we can find every year to make up the deficiency."
Now, mark the following words and the judgment they con-
vey : " but of these we have to discard 75 per cent to secure
good milkers."

That statement will give us very fair judgment as to the
number of the average cows in the country which will yield
5,000 pounds of milk annually. At the standard per cent
of butter fat, viz., 4 per cent, that gives us only 200 pounds
of butter per cow in one out of every four. The average of
Massachusetts would hardly enable Mr. Sneath to put a cow
in his herd, for the average of Massachusetts is only a little
above 3,000 pounds.

One of my neighbors, a Mr. Merriman, who was a very
successful handler of cows, informed me that he worked for
six years in buying the best cows he could get for $40 each,
to build up a herd that would yield 200 pounds per cow.
It required the purchase of over 100 cows to secure a herd
of 25 of this character.

I used to see men in the army that could handle a com-
pany of a hundred men, but go to pieces on a thousand;
that could handle a thousand men, but go to pieces on a
brigade; that could handle a brigade*, but go to pieces on
a corps ; that could handle a corps, but could not command
an army. God has set limits in your comprehension and
power of handling men and also of handling dollars. Many
a man can do a ten-thousand-dollar business who will go to
pieces on twenty thousand dollars; and that one question
of the limit applies as well in war, applies as well in dairy-
ing, applies as well in commerce. But it is a mighty good
thing to find out what your limit is. The difficulty that I
have noticed among men is, that they are satisfied not to
find out what that limit is. It may be that it is a prophetic
sense that they have, and they do not want to dispute it.

For a man to engage in a race for speed and to bestride a
draught horse would lie a proposition no more ridiculous
than it would be for a man to engage in a contest for butter

98

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

and take an animal that was bought for another purpose
entirely.

The question was raised this morning, ' ' What should
people do to enrich the milk ? " This comes back to the
proposition of constructing a cow ; and when a man com-
mences midway in any proposition, he will tind the propo-
sition cuts a very important figure.

The Geneva Experiment Station in New York has been
exploring the cow a good deal. Here are some of the facts
they brought out in one exploration.

They wanted to get at the value of the milk solids, so as
to have a reasonable basis to calculate from. They started
with seven different breeds of cows. They figured the milk
in gross worth $1.28 per 100 pounds, the milk solids worth
91 cents a pound and the butter fat worth 26^ cents a pound.
Starting with these figures as a basis of calculation, we find
the first table to show the following; results : —

Avekage Value of Milk.

BREED.

With Milk at

With Milk Solids

With Milk Fat at

$1.28 per 100

at 9 1-3 Cents

26 1-3 Cents per

Pounds.

per Pound.

Pound.

American-Holderness,

$73 22

$67 58

$56 12

Ayrshire,

87 24

81 14

64 47

Devon,

51 00

53 89

48 27

Guernsey, ....

68 93

75 04

75 18

Holstein-Friesian, .

101 35

87 41

70 07

Jersey,

64 58

72 37

74 30

Shorthorn, ....

72 50

80 85

72 03

If the milk were all counted at $1.28 per 100 pounds, the
result is as we see it in the first column ; but, if we take
the value of the solids as a basis of value, we see a change
at once. The American-Holderness cow drops down from
$73.22 to $67.58; the Ayrshire, from $87.24 to $81.14;
the Holstein-Friesian, from $101.35 to $87.41 ; while the
Devon rises from $51 to $53.89; the Guernsey rises from
$68.93 to $75.04 ; the Jersey rises from $64.58 to $72.37 ;
and the Shorthorn rises from $72.50 to $80.85.

If we take the butter fat as a basis of value, at 26^ cents
per pound, the Holderness drops to $56.12; the Ayrshire

No. 4.]

MODERX DAIRYING.

09

drops to $64.47 ; the Devon drops to $48.27 ; the Holstein
drops to $70.07 ; the Shorthorn drops to $72.03 ; while the
Guernsey rises to $75.18 and the Jersey rises to $74.30.

The figures show clearly how important it is that we value
a cow's milk by the total solids or by the butter fat, which-
ever it is we are selling.

The next table is very interesting, in that it shows the
relative value of these cows when placed at the business
of butter making. The calculation is based on the actual
butter made from each cow, and which sold at 25 cents per
pound : —

Fat.

Butter.

Result.

„ .

fa .

t. io ■

—

BREED.

a
o
O .

a 5

2o

o "2

u
o

a> 3
»-3 *

■5 o

T3 a
.t o

** 3
*»*» O

3 cap*

o
u

PL,

bn°

si) -a

SPSS

■& S

og

So

*• a
£2.

g£«

m rt a

— o

9 m

«PhO

<

<

<

a

O

>

«t

•

PerCt.

Lbs.

Lbs.

Lbs.

Cts.

American-Holderness,

3.73

213.1

239.9

23.80

17.90

$59 98

$17 08

Ayrshire, .

3.60

244.8

275.2

24.70

17.92

68 80

19 48

Devon, . . .

4.60

183.8

208.4

19.15

18.00

52 10

14 58

Guernsey, . .

5.30

285.8

325.6

16.53

14.15

81 40

35 25

Holstein Friesian, .

3.36

266.1

298.1

26.60

17.02

74 53

23 80

Jersey, . . .

5.60

282.1

322.4

15.63

14.11

80 60

35 11

Shorthorn,

4.44

269.0

305.1

19.84

15.15

76 28

30 06

This table lets a lot of daylight on the value of those
cows, supposing we employed them for butter making ; also
the food cost per pound of butter. It will be seen that the
two butter breeds produce butter at the lowest food cost,
the largest gross product per cow, the largest gross value
of the butter at 25 cents per pound, and the largest profit
per cow.

Competition.

Our second necessity, that of competition, demands at
our hands increase of quality and the placing only of fresh,
fine goods on the market. In that way only can the New
England dairyman hold his market. The old notion, once

100 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

so much indulged in by Eastern butter makers, of holding
the summer make in the cellar for fall and winter demand,
is no longer of value. The freezing rooms in the Western
mammoth cold-storage houses can turn out a much finer
sample of June butter in December or January than any
farm cellar. If you desire to hold your summer butter,
send it to the cold-storage house in Boston, where it will be
frozen down to eight degrees above zero, and held so until
sold to the consumer. The charges per pound for storage
will be light compared with the loss in the farm cellar.

Myself and son own a large cold-storage house in Fort
Atkinson, in which we put butter in June and freeze it
at once for January consumers. Our patrons pay at the
Elgin price. We furnish the capital and put the butter into
the storage, and hold it at eight, ten or twelve degrees above
zero. Skill has sanctified every step, and hardly any one
when that butter is taken out would know that it had been
made a week. It is fine, and continues to be fine goods.
It contains a large proportion of the original flavor of nice
butter. Now you can see to what difficulties an ordinary
farmer would be subjected when undertaking to hold butter
and compete with fine goods, handled according to modern
management.

Decrease of Fertility.

Decreased fertility of farms is one of the most discourag-
ing of all the necessities we labor under. In order to make
the most profit possible out of the cow, not only must she
be a good cow, but we must raise her food as largely as
possible. Summer droughts arc; making us tired all over the
land. It is evident that our pasturage is beginning to be
about the most expensive of all our methods of feeding.
Never was the economy of the silo, both for summer as well
as for winter use, and the growing of corn, "peas and other
soiling crops, better demonstrated than the past summer.
We must at once grapple with the question of the summer
silo. We must fill it in the fall for the next summer. We
must learn that it is to be somewhat differently constructed,
particularly as to shape, and if we are wise unto our future

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 101

dairy salvation, we must make larger provision for summer
soiling. This system will help greatly to make amends for
decreased fertility, for in that way we can concentrate more
cows on a given area of land. Let the rugged, barren hill
pastures grow up to trees. They never should have been
cleared, in the first place ; timber is their most valuable
crop.

Cost of Labor.

Necessity No. 4 has to do with the increased cost of labor
as well as cost of feed. Right here will again come in the
economy of better cow management. It practically costs
no more to provide the labor for a 300-pound cow than for
a 150-pound cow. The same economy applies to the matter
of feed and cost of stable room. To put costly food into a
cow, with the hope of getting 25-cent butter and lots of it,
and then be obliged to take up with 3-cent beef, is not good
economy, when we consider that the same food that will
make a pound of dressed beef will make a pound of butter.

To win good success, the dairyman must study the prin-
ciples that govern success. Chief among them is the cost
of production, and all the different elements that enter into
it. A farmer cannot do this successfully by shutting him-
self away from the experience of other men.

Adulteration.

The effect of adulteration has been to take from the
farmer an important part of the market demand. On this
question let us start with these premises. The farm is the
only true source of human food. The farmer is the only
rightful producer of that food. Any man who steps between
the farmer and the consumer as a producer of food must do
SO as an imitator. An imitation is a counterfeit, and a
counterfeit is intended to deceive, and is a fraud per se.
The agricultural department at Washington, I am told,
makes the estimate that from one-sixth to one-fourth of our
food is adulterated. This is robbing the farmer of an
important part of his market, and is a swindle on the con-
sumer as well.

102 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The Wisconsin Daily and Food. Commission took thirty
samples of cream of tartar, and twenty-four out of the thirty
did not contain a trace of cream of tartar. Does any one
wonder that Bright's disease is on the increase, when you
consider the increased work that the organs of the body
have to do to eliminate the poisons that our own neglect
and indifference allow the dishonest manufacturer to put
into our daily food? These questions are said to be raised
because the farmer is afraid of competition. Great Heavens !
Does any one want to be poisoned in order to have compe-
tition ?

There is only one remedy, — that of a united and willing-
co-operation on the part of the farmers to establish laws and
enforce their execution against this unpatriotic and fraudu-
lent traffic. The farmer should not fall back on old-time
ideas and methods to meet this difficulty.

Our fathers knew nothing of this modern devil. How shall
he be cast out of the temple ? He has taken up his abode
in the swine, like his ancestor in the time of our Saviour, and
now devil, hog and all walk into the market and propose
to masquerade butter out of its rights as an honest proposi-
tion. Butter cannot masquerade ; it never poses for some-
thing else than butter. It always advertises its true quality,
and there is no mistaking its flavor, good or bad. For this
reason the consumer need never be deceived as to the true
character of butter. Think of that a moment. It never
poses for something else than butter. It always advertises
its true quality, and there is no mistaking its flavor, good or
bad. It is God's proposition, and nobody is ever deceived
thereby. It never was compounded by man ; all he did was
to separate it from the milk. It is a proposition direct from
the Maker himself. It was constructed for food.

Here again must the farmer be a man of to-day, must put
himself into the co-operative ranks, where he can be counted
for his own defence. You here in Massachusetts have set a
splendid example to all the world. Your best citizens of
all classes have united and fought this question through the
highest courts to a triumphant finish. You established law,
but that is not execution. Execution will come from the

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 103

tone of public opinion, and that tone must be constantly
stimulated and supported by a live, active public sentiment
among the farmers. I believe that such an example as that
of Massachusetts cannot be quoted in the world. With an
agricultural population of only one hundred and fifty thousand
out of a total population of two millions and a half, you set
an example to the whole world in the contention for pure
food. Here again must we conform to modern necessities.

Skill is demanded.

The refusal of the market to take the product of crude,
unskilful farm labor is of immense application in dairying.
It is very difficult to make some farmers see why, if
they work hard, their labor should not be rewarded by the
best price in the market. It is almost impossible to get
them to see that, in dairy products in particular, the market
is not paying good prices for hard labor, but rather for skill.

Fine butter is the product of fine skill. The cows must
be fed, managed and stabled with skill ; the milk must be
handled with skill ; the butter must be made with skill ; and
when all that is done, commercial skill must step in and
dispose of the product. That is the modern demand of the
market. Such is the necessity of modern dairying.

He that is intelligent enough to perceive these necessities
and these demands,, and has energy enough to conform to
their unyielding logic, is wise indeed. But he will never
get this wisdom by keeping his mind shut away from the
current of dairy thought and discussion.

Liability to Disease.

The demands of modern dairying have produced the
modern dairy cow, but they have not produced adequate
sanitary judgment and knowledge for her protection on the
part of her owner. We are still housing and handling this
modern cow amid all the increased danger that has conic
from our indifference, with scarcely any change in methods
from those which obtained thirty or forty years ago. I be-
lieve that 75 per cent of the stables in New England are of

104 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the same pattern they were forty years ago. I do not believe
the dairy cow is any more liable than the beef cow to tuber-
culosis, pleuro-pneumonia or any infectious disease.

The tendency to these diseases among our dairy herds is
not because they are Jerseys, Guernseys, Holsteins or Ayr-
shires, or because they are dairy cattle in general. The
dairy constitution is just as resistant as is the beef consti-
tution. The investigations by the Canadian government
and the Minnesota Experiment Station prove this. The
cause lies, I believe, in our own lack of good sanitary judg-
ment. All infections thrive best among large aggregations
of men and animals. We have crowded our dark, foul,
unventilated stables with too many cows. We have been
stingy of room and sunlight, and prodigal of life and health.

The demands of modern sanitary science will teach us
better if we are not wrapped too closely in the mummy-
cloth of old notions and prejudices. It is said that Raphael
was once asked to give in a single sentence a true definition
of art. His answer was, " The ability to see." Unless the
mind's eye can see the picture clearly and truly, the hand
will never paint it.

This is just as true of the art of dairying as of the art of
painting. The great difficulty everywhere with the farmer
is to get him to see dairy truth. The ability and the dis-
position to do will follow quickly after. His first effort,
then, should be to give himself more opportunity to see
dairy truths in the light of modern necessities and demands.

The Chairman. An opportunity will now be given for
discussion, or for asking questions of the lecturer.

Mr. G. M. Whitaker (of Boston). I would like to
have the lecturer state his opinion as to the importance of
valuing a cow's milk by the total solids contained in it,
rather than by the number of quarts.

Ex-Governor Hoard. I look upon that question just as
I do upon the coinage question. I am not a sixteen-to-one
man. I believe in the valuing of milk by the solids it con-
tains, not only for the reason that it is more just, but
because I want to see every condition of dairy work made a

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 105

radical call for another step. I believe it is a proposition
founded on true, intelligent justice, and of larger profit in
the future. A cow should be valued according to the
amount of solids she gives. That does not say that I am in
favor of one breed more than another. A cow may give
you the same amount of solids in 50 pounds of milk as in
l'D pounds of milk, but, if she does, should you sell that
milk for as much per quart?

Mr. H. A. Barton (of Dalton). There are with us a
good many patrons of co-operative creameries. I under-
stand that the creameries in this section are almost entirely
carried on under the cream-gathering system, and counting
the cream by spaces. I would like to have Governor Hoard
explain the mode of paying for this cream according to the
amount of butter fat which is contained in the cream.

Ex-Governor Hoard. It is the same as though you
tested the cream in place of the milk.

Mr. Barton. I understand that, but I would like to
have the governor explain the mode of procedure in carry-
ing on the test.

Ex-Governor Hoard. You simply test the cream, just
as you do the milk in the Babcock test.

Secretary Sessions. I think Mr. Barton wishes to know
how you keep the cream of the patrons separate.

Ex-Governor Hoard. I do not know of any other way,
if you force yourself to do business in that way, than to take
a sample of each patron's cream, and go around with a full
equipment to take samples and test them. If the patrons
brought the cream to you, they would leave samples,
wouldn't they? If a patron brought milk, he would leave a
sample of the whole. We use this system in the West
very little, and then only where the population is so sparse
and widely distributed that it is not economical to carry
milk. In the East, where you have a dense cow popula-
tion, in my estimation a much more economical proposi-
tion would be to bring the milk and take the skim-milk
back home. Or you e;iu establish, if you choose, skim-
ming stations, where the farmer takes his milk to the
station, has it tested by the Babcock test and the cream

106 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

shipped to the central churning station. It may be that
your method is the best, but it does not appear clear to me
yet that it is the most profitable or economical.

Mr. Pratt (of North Middleborough) . Will the gov-
ernor explain Western methods ?

Ex-Governor Hoard. There are two methods of con-
ducting creameries in the West, — by gathering cream and
gathering milk. In Dakota the creameries nearly all gather
the cream. The farmer separates it by cold setting or any
method he wishes, and it is credited to him as to its butter-
fat value by the Babcock test. Then he is given credit for
whatever fat he contributes.

In my section in Wisconsin, where we have a very dense
cow population, where we have in our county seventy-nine
creameries and four cheese factories, the milk is taken to
the factory by the farmer in the morning, which includes
the milk of the evening before and morning milk, each of
which is kept separate. The farmer takes the amount of
skim-milk due him back to his home, and goes on with his
work. This is done every morning. Sometimes the
farmers on a given route unite, and the one living the long-
est distance away takes a contract from each farmer between
him and the creamery to haul the milk at so much per cow
for the season. He starts in the morning and puts his own
milk into the wagon and goes to his next neighbor, who
has his milk ready on the platform, and the next neighbor,
and so on. Each man's cans are marked, and when he
arrives at the creamery he has the milk of ten or twelve
farmers on his wagon. Samples are taken and tested, and
the tests will be declared the next morning. It is not
usually economical to carry milk more than three or four
miles. If it is necessary to go farther, other creameries are
established. To-day the sample is taken, to-morrow the
test is declared. Each man's milk is not tested every day.
Samples are taken every day, and may be tested once in
three days or a week. The man who brings the milk takes
the skim-milk back to each man in his respective cans, and
puts the cans back on the stand he took them from in the
mornino;, and rounds up at his own home, usually about

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 107

noon. He devotes half a day to this work. It is more
economical for the farthest man to do it, for the reason that
it requires but one journey.

I will give you our own system. We agree to pay the
farmers the Elgin price of butter — the highest wholesale
price in the United States — for their milk, less 4 cents a
pound for making, caring for it, selling it and packing it, —
the whole expense connected with the business, — and at
the end of each month, whether it is sold or not, we pay
them in cash at the average price of Elgin for that thirty
days. And so on goes the system round and round. Last
year we paid to the formers, in an area of about eight or
ten miles, $300,000 ; we made over a million pounds of
butter. Almost every patron is a German, seventy per
cent at least. These men are splendid patrons when you
get their confidence, and you must be careful to hold it.
Integrity is the foundation of confidence with the German,
for he never forgets. If they are dealt with fairly and
squarely, they stay by you ; and in this manner we pro-
duced in our county last year about two and one-fourth
million dollars' worth from our cows. That is our system.

Mr. Pratt. In our section we are told to place our milk
in the Cooley creamer as soon as possible after drawing from
the cow. Is the quality of the butter different when the
milk is cared for after your system than it is when it is im-
mediately set in the Cooley creamer?

Ex-Governor Hoard. I think we have less trouble than
you do, where you set milk for twenty-four hours in the
Cooley creamer. If there is any impurity in your milk it
stays there and soaks for twenty-four hours, whereas with
us it is separated soon after being drawn from the cows.

Mr. Pratt. I can certainly see one great advantage in
your system, — you get clear of the expense of ice, which is
quite an expense in our county.

Ex-Governor Hoard. Another thing. The milk is sep-
arated from the cream and the cream is gotten into the
creamery as soon as possible from the farm. Under this
system of centrifugal separation there is no multiplication
of bad effects. For instance, Ave know that many farmers

108 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

are careless about the keeping of their cows in winter.
You look at their cows, and you see how filthy they are.
It is almost impossible to make good milk from them. They
will not stable their cows in a manner to keep them clean.
If that milk is kept in all that stable dirt and dust that gets
into it for twenty-four hours and soaks away in it, isn't it a
good deal worse than it would be if separated within an
hour or two after being milked? The night's milk stands
only from the time of milking until the next morning.

Dr. Lindsey (of Amherst) . You stated that you settle
with the farmer according to the price of the Elgin butter,
less 4 cents per pound for making, etc. A patron furnishes
you, say, 100 pounds of butter fat in his milk. How many
pounds do you pay for ?

Ex-Governor Hoard. We pay for all there is. He fur-
nishes the butter fat, and we furnish the water and salt ; and
we pay him for the water and salt, after having bought it
ourselves. We weigh the butter that is made every day.

Dr. Lindsey. How do you apportion it? What is your
estimate of butter that 100 pounds of butter fat will make?
Ex-Governor Hoard. First reckon the pounds of butter
you have made, the pounds of butter fat you have received ;
divide the butter by the butter fat, and that gives every man
his ratio or representative unit, by which you can multiply ;
then multiply each man by that ratio, and you have it.

Mr. M. I. Wheeler (of Great Barrington). The ques-
tion asked by Mr. Barton has been thoroughly and success-
fully answered right here in Berkshire County. The
Egrcmont Co-operative Creamery started six' or eight years
ago on the Cooley system, and paid the patrons by counting
the spaces until about a year ago, when they adopted the
Babcock test. It is a very simple and satisfactory opera-
tion to carry it on under that plan. The cream gatherer
comes around as usual and weighs the cream of each patron
and mixes it thoroughly, and then takes a sample. The
samples are kept in a case of small bottles which ho carries
with him in his pocket, and when he gets to the creamery
they are left with the butter maker and are tested, — not
every day, that is, not every patron's every day, but some

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 109

of them every day. Each patron's cream is tested two or
three times a week, and the net returns for the month arc
apportioned according to the Babcock test, and it has worked
very satisfactorily. Of course some men get more when
the spaces are counted, and some less. The longer the milk
has stood, the less cream in bulk and the less number of
spaces. The cream of the first patron the cream gatherer
came to in the morning had been set the shortest time, and
would necessarily have a greater bulk of cream and be in-
ferior in quality to that set several hours longer. This
method does away with that objection, and has worked the
past year to the perfect satisfaction of the patrons.

Mr. S. A. Hickox (of South Williamstown) . The gov-
ernor advised that we use ensilage for summer food for our
cows. The thought struck me very favorably. I believe
the governor is right on that point, but I wish he would first
get the farmers of Massachusetts ready to raise ensilage for
their winter food. I believe it is a problem yet to be solved,
how the Massachusetts firmer shall carry his herds through
the long, severe winter that we are subject to. The price
obtained for hay on the market is robbing the farmers of
the fertility that they so much need. They sell the hay be-
cause they can get more ready money than they can to put
it through the cow, the machine they keep to convert it into
dairy product, and then compare the dairy product with what
they get for the crude material on the market. They say
they can get the money easier through the system of selling
li iy. Do we consider what we sell when we sell hay? I
wish the farmers would look at the experiment station re-
ports, and see how much plant food they have sold in a ton
of hay. I believe this point is worth consideration.

Mr. Bancroft (of Ellington, Conn.). There is one point
I wish to emphasize, and that is, the keeping of so many
dairy cows that are unprofitable. It is estimated that one-
third of all the cows in New England are kept at a loss,
one-third pay cost of keeping and the last third pay a profit.
We must produce our food at the least possible expense.
As a representative of one of the largest creameries in New
England, the Ellington Creamery, 1 want to say that we

110 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

have adopted the use of ensilage. We have put in quite a
number of lar^e silos. We are fornishing our cows with
their food at from one-third to one-half less expense than
before, and the quality of the product has not been dimin-
ished in the least. I have made experiments, and find that
ensilage makes an exceedingly fine quality of butter. It is
like June butter at all times of the year. We have found it
to be successful, and I would recommend it to any farmer
who wants to make dairying profitable. We estimate that
the value of a ton of hay which will bring $15 in the
market can be produced in ensilage for from $5 to $10.
This has been proved time and time again.

Mr. C. M. Bull (of Springfield) . I would like to ask
the governor how long he has been operating under the
Babcock test ?

Ex-Governor Hoard. Since 1891.

Mr. Bull. Do you find that the per cent of fat increases ?

Ex-Governor Hoard. Yes.

Mr. Bull. Do you find that there is any perceptible dif-
ference in the amount of fat contained in the cream in the
months of May and June ?

Ex-Governor Hoard. Not so much then, because so
large a number of the farmers are alike in their methods of
feeding at that time.

Mr. Bull. Do you have rules under which you ask your
patrons to feed?

Ex-Governor Hoard. We get along with as few rules as
possible. We enforce quality by saying "We cannot take
that milk."

Mr. Bull. What is the extreme in the per cent of fat?

Ex-Governor Hoard. I do not think I understand your
question.

Mr. Bull. I mean what is your lowest per cent?

Ex-Governor Hoard. We do not bar out any man even
if he brings us milk that furnishes only 2 per cent of fat.
His milk is received, because he is paid according to the
deeds done in the body. He gets no more accordingly than
if he brings 6 per cent milk.

Mr. Bull. Is 6 per cent very high?

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. Ill

Ex-Governor Hoard. Yes, it is a high average.

Mr. Bull. Is 3 per cent low?

Ex-Governor Hoard. Yes. Our average per cent for the
year is about 4.60. I will tell you what effect it had on our
community when we established the Babcock test. We had
been taking tests of the milk from 1887 to 1891. We knew
what the milk was worth in butter fat, but the dividends
were apportioned on the pound plan. We commenced in
April, 1891, to use the Babcock test. The average fat con-
tent of our milk from 1889 to 1891 was 3.97 per cent. The
average fat content of it from that time on has been 4.30,
4.40, 4.50 and 4.60. The practical effect on the farmer
has been at once to put him on the merits of the proposi-
tion.

Dr. Lixdsey. I recognize the fact that we have the gov-
ernor here for a purpose, and we should utilize him, but I
feel that I should make a mistake if I did not add my word.
"When our friend Mr. Barton asked the governor to explain
the difference between his system of paying for milk and
cream and contrast it with the present system used by the
Massachusetts farmer, I think he had the idea in view to
show the farmers, if possible, which was the more beneficial,
paying for cream by space or paying by the Babcock test.
Now, we in Massachusetts at our station have been preach-
ing for several years that the space was a delusion to the
farmer. We do not claim to have originated that idea ; we
simply attempted to emphasize it. Two years ago a pamphlet
was published in which the per cent of butter fat contained
in the cream gathered from one hundred and sixty-five dif-
ferent farms was given. I took occasion to collect every
sample myself, so I should know every condition. I found
that that cream varied from 11 to 22 per cent of butter, fat.
The farmers were being paid the same amount of money per
space, whether the cream contained 11, 16, 18, 20 or 22 per
cent of butter fat, and I have been attempting to preach the
fallacy of that idea ever since. I know that the seed has
been sown and that in time it is going to spring up and
bring forth fruit; but I must confess that it seems to me that
the farmers are a little slow in taking hold of the idea, and I

112 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

felt as though I must make that point emphatic in this public
meeting, where we have so many interested in this line of
work.

Professor Brooks (of Amherst ) . I would like Mr. Wheeler
to explain whether this gathering system has materially
increased the cost. He says that he is satisfied to change
from the old to the new. I think that the farmers of Massa-
chusetts think it costs more than it is worth.

Mr. Wheeler. It docs not add materially to the cost.
It is no more trouble for the cream gatherers. They are paid
no more, they are paid by the day. From 600 to 1,000
pounds of butter are made there in a day. The butter maker
makes the tests at the factory. I really do not know whether
he is paid any more for that work. Very likely he is, a little
something, but immaterial in the aggregate.

Mr. Whitaker. Our Massachusetts milk standard is 13
per cent of total solids, but in May and June there is an
exception, when the standard is only 12 per cent. That
exception is partly due to compromise in the Legislature,
in order to get what we wanted, and partly due to the feel-
ing in the community that when cows are first turned out
on spring feed they will give milk not quite so rich. In
answering Mr. Bull's question you have stated that there is
no practical difference in May and June.

Ex-Governor Hoard. No practical difference between
the several patrons.

Mr. Whitaker. Do you find the quality very much
diminished in May and June?

Ex-Governor Hoard. Yes, for the reason that a suffi-
cient number of cows are fresh to affect the general average.

Mr. Whitaker. Suppose the farmers should produce
milk the year round, and have about the same number of
cows fresh all the year.

Ex-Governor Hoard. That is an unsupposable proposi-
tion. The fact is that with too large a per cent of the
fanners the cows are coming fresh in the spring when they
ought to be in the stripper period.

Mr. Whitaker. Wo find that there are times during
July and August when it is more difficult to get milk up to

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 113

the standard than in May or June. Two theories are ad-
vanced : first, that the milk is slightly adulterated, and the
other theory is that the climatic conditions reduce the
quality.

Ex-Governor Hoard. I can only give you my theory. T
never could get into the inside of a cow yet. I know it is
a fact that the same amount of milk will not make the same
amount of cheese in a drought period in August that it will
before that period, or, if rains come, after that drought
period. If the milk is deficient in solids, it may be due to
the fresh calving of the cow, to the flies or the hot weather,
or, again, the feed may be deficient in nutrition. The
answTer is made by the cows to all these conditions, for they
are very sensitive to unfavorable conditions.

Secretary Sessions. Worriment of a cow will affect the
quality of the milk as well as the quantity.

Ex-Governor Hoard. Yes, sir. I have satisfied myself,
but I cannot satisfy everybody. When I put out in 1886
what is known as " Hoard's Nervous Theory," it was received
with derision, and in Europe they went at me in great
shape. I spoke wiser than I knew, and men are beginning
to think that it is a very important question. For example,
take a cow that loved me as a lover would. She was as
affectionate and pretty as could be. She would follow me
around ; there was a sort of a sweetheart arrangement be-
tween us ; we delighted in each other's company. I wanted
to know Avhat effect it would have upon the quality of the
milk to hurt her. I shut my eyes to humanity and pro-
ceeded in the light of science to find out. When I had her
about half milked I took a sample of her milk and set it
down and proceeded to milk again, when I took out a heavy
pin and gave her a scratch across her flank. She bellowed
with the hurt and turned and looked at me. She could not
believe that I did it. She was full of fear and trembled
with excitement. As soon as I could I commenced milking
her again, and took another sample. Why was it that the
last sample of milk contained 15 per cent less fat than the
first? I cannot understand these things. I am only tell-
ing you what I did. Every mother in the land knows the

114 BOAED OF AGKICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

effect upon her own babe of her own pain and mental
disturbance. A mother should not allow herself to be
thrown into a severe fit of angry passion, on account of
some poisonous quality or effect which is given to her milk
by these very conditions of nervous excitement. When we
are using our cows according to the doctrine of kindness,
we are simply doing good things for ourselves.

Mr. Bull. It is my opinion that we receive at our
creamery from one hundred and fifty different dairies quite
as good a quality, if not better, in May and June than we
do in August.

Ex-Governor Hoard. I do not doubt you. Do you re-
ceive as good as in October, November and December ?

Mr. Bull. While the cows are in the stable, no. The
farmers that supply us must necessarily keep up as nearly
as they can to a uniform supply, and avoid, if possible, the
surplus of May and June, so consequently we get a more
uniform quality of milk.

Ex-Governor Hoard. Do your cows mostly come fresh
in the fall?

Mr. Bull. No, I think they are about evenly divided.

Secretary Sessions. The aim is to have so many each
month during the year.

Mr. Bull. Yes, sir. We buy our cream by the Babcoek
test. Before I met the governor I was buying by the space
plan. I became convinced at Great Barrington that if we
were going to purchase cream we must purchase it by the
Babcoek plan. It took a great deal of effort to get the
farmers to agree to try it, but I think I can say to-day with-
out hesitation that they are satisfied that it is the only right
and proper way to sell cream. As an illustration : I was
at the Chester Creamery. We were making some tests.
One sample showed 14 per cent fat. I thought that was
exceptionally low, but on the same route another sample
showed 27. That was, I thought, unusual. I began to
feel that something was severely wrong. The gatherer came
in on that day. I had saved the samples and repeated the
test, and found that they came out the same on the second
trial. I asked him to explain, if he could, why this should

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 115

happen so. These were from patrons who had commenced
to send their cream only this last month. He told me that
in the case of the 14 per cent the gentleman did not care
anything about whether he sold cream or skim-milk. Said
he was disinterested, and did not care particularly about
encouraging the cream business, and that he had been told
all along that he would be disappointed if he expected to
get any great returns from the bulk he was sending in.
The other man, he said, is setting his cream in a shallow
vessel of some sort by open setting. I felt better immedi-
ately ; I felt that I was doing neither an injustice.

Mr. W. M. Tucker (of Monson). At what temperature
would you keep a stable during the winter? What effect
has sunlight on the milk?

Ex-Governor Hoard. On the question of temperature, I
would arrange to have it somewhere about fifty degrees.
That is a fair average of temperature for the keeping of
cows in a stable, but I would be more anxious as to the
character of the air than as to its temperature. Foul air
is as frequently found in cold temperature as in hot. As a
rule, the better air is at the top. As to the effect of sun-
light, it is of immense importance to our cows. Not only
does it affect the color of the butter, the color of the milk,
but it is one of the most important sanitary agents connected
with, our stable life, and I do not understand why it docs
take so much talk to get the ordinary farmer to put a few
windows in his cow stable. You will see hundreds and
thousands of underground stables, with a little window here
and there. A man with ordinary eyesight cannot see to
read large type in the stables, and the cows are kept there
all winter long. Any man's stable ought to have as pmch
sunlight as his house. It is cheap. He could make a
double window to guard against cold. You must warm the
stables with the heat of the cows' bodies. If you want to
fatten veal for the market and make a white veal, you must
put the calf in the dark and keep him in the dark. If you
want your cow to give white butter and white milk, you
must keep her in the dark; and if you want her to give
yellow butter and yellow milk, she must have the sunlight.

116 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doe.

It is a wonderful disinfectant. I expect to preach from now
until I die that sunlight and land plaster must be found
in our stables. I wish you could see, as I have seen, the
average tone of cows come up, where farmers have let in
more sunlight, and used land plaster in the stable to absorb
the ammoniacal gases and exhalations that arise.

Mr. Tucker. I would like to ask how you would water
your cows, — whether you would turn them out of doors,
or keep them in the stable, in fairly cold weather ; whether
you think it would be better to have a trough of running
water, or have it in the stable.

Ex-Governor Hoard. The object is to keep the cow just
as much in a favorable condition for profitable production
as you can. "Go to the ant " and learn of her wisdom.
The ants are the finest dairymen in the world. They keep
a lot of cow insects, and the delicacy and care with which
they handle these little insects is wonderful. They not only
handle them very carefully, but they are careful not to pro-
mote too much exercise. When a cow is milked, it is a
strain on her nervous machinery, and she does not need
exercise in the same way that an animal not in the function
of maternity needs it. Consequently I would secure for
her pure water not contaminated by any contact with other
animals, and I would give it to her in her stable whenever
she wants it. I would so arrange my stables that they would
be on the south side of the barn, and I would turn the cow
in the exercise of maternity out in the sunlight, but the very
moment it became uncomfortable for that cow I would put
her in the stable. I would watch her and promote her com-
fort, because she is making my money for me. I cannot
affqrd to be negligent of her.

Mr. IIickox. Does not the individuality of the cow
have quite a little to do with the color of the butter?

Ex-Governor Hoard. Yes ; the Guernsey cow makes
the highest-colored butter.

Mr. Hickox. I did not want you to leave a misleading
idea" in regard to putting the cow in the dark.

Ex-Governor Hoard. But a Guernsey cow makes butter
which is more yellow in June than that made in January ;

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 117

therefore I was correct in speaking of the modifying effect
of the sunlight. A Jersey gives milk which is much more
yellow than that of the Holstein, and in wintertime we arc
obliged to give even Jersey butter a certain amount of color,
in order to suit the market. We use scarcely any color in
June and July.

Mr. Whitaker. The Dairy Bureau has had butter
brought to its attention for analysis from dealers in Boston.
They were under a little suspicion as to whether it was
process butter, or not. An analysis of it has shown that
it was honest butter. There was every indication that it
was the product of the udder of a cow. Can you tell us
about process butter?

Ex-Governor Hoard. A man goes to work and buys all
the job dairy butter he can, and reduces it to butter oil.
He then clarities it by heat, skims off the impurities and
mixes it with milk, and by an infusing process incorporates
that butter fat with the milk. He runs that same milk and
butter fat through a separator, and forms the same as origi-
nal cream. He then ripens that cream and churns it, and
makes a process butter. I think that is the kind of butter
you alluded to.

Question1. What is the average per cent of moisture in
butter? «

Ex-Governor Hoard. We make butter with about 1G
per cent of moisture. If we were to put our butter into the
freezing process, we would add about 20. Be very careful
as to the character of the moisture. We have artesian
water in our creamery. Secure water that is free from
organic matter. We have about four thousand private
customers whom we furnish with butter. It is delivered at
their doors, and it must be buffer that will not shrink too
much in weight that will suit them. We cater }uM as
much as possible to what the taste and judgment of the
customers demand.

Professor Brooks. I would like to inquire of the gov-
ernor if he would recommend de-horning cows.

Ex-Governor Hoard. No more than I would de-tailing
them.

118 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Question. Does using hard or soft water make any
difl'erence ?

Ex-Governor Hoard. Hard water always contains lime.
I never could see any difference. We have a creamery that
uses soft water almost entirely, and another that uses hard
water, and I do not see any difference in the quality of the
butter.

Mr. Bull. Does heating the drinking water of cows in-
crease the flow of milk?

Ex-Governor Hoard. An excellent thing to do is to give
a cow warm water. I will illustrate in this way. My wife
taught me more about this question of how to handle mater-
nity than any other being on earth. If men would consult
their wives more, they would know more, particularly about
things that a woman knows. I was riding with my wife
when she was nursing our youngest son, a sturdy, lusty fel-
low (he came fairly by it), and he was calling on her for
more than she had to give him. She was delicate, and felt
very chilly. Mother-like, she said, "I am so sorry I
have taken this chill." My curiosity was aroused, and I
said, < ' Why do you say this ? " " It means less for the baby,"
she said. " A chill means less for the baby, does it? What
will you do? " She turned upon me and said, " You ought
to know." "I suppose so." I suppose a man ought to
know a heap, but sometimes he does not. " What will you
do to restore your condition, which is at present unfavor-
able for the child?" " I will try to restore bodily heat, and
take warm drinks." That was twenty-seven or twenty-eight
years ago. "Well," I said, "warm drinks." Out I went
to the barn and turned my little Jersey cow out in the freez-
ing cold, and I let her stand there until her thighs were
shaking. Many of you know what that means, when you
brino- a cow in from drinking ice-cold water from the brook.
I noted the effect on her. I exposed her on purpose. Then
I gave her warm drinks, and I kept experimenting with her.
It passed on two or three years, and then I came out with a
great deal of confidence, and said I had discovered some-
thing. I thought I was mighty smart, but when I came to
look it up, there wTas not an old woman in the land but who

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 119

knew all about it. I think I was among the lirst to advocate
giving warm water to cows. If I were making milk in the
winter, I would never give my cows water below seventy
degrees.

Mr. Bull. If it stimulates the product, does it decrease
the amount of solids?

Ex-Governor Hoard. Not the daily amount of solids.
A cow gives about so much of the solids in a normal condi-
tion in a day. If you increase the amount of watery con-
tents of the milk the per cent may be a little less, but the
daily amount remains the same.

Mr. yYhitaker. It would reduce the fat per cent of the
milk.

Ex-Governor Hoard. I think it might.

Mr. Whitaker. Is there a possibility of feeding cows
with concentrated food to increase the fat?

Ex-Governor Hoard. Yes, provided the cow has not
been brought up to her normal production ; but if she has
been brought up to her limit of fat per cent, it is a pretty
hard, thing, in my mind, to increase the per cent of her butter
production. If she has not been brought up to it, she may
be raised to it. Cows that have a large limit have been
made to produce an enormous amount of butter, and men
have said that you could do wonders with food ; but the
capacity was put into the cow before they attempted to in-
crease her product. With the theory that you can create
butter fat one way or another by feeding, you could make
a Jersey out of a Holstein, or vice versa, as you chose.
Little "Jay I See" trots a mile in 2.10 on twelve quarts
of oats. That is the speed product of twelve quarts of oats
when put into "Jay I See." To get that amount of speed
out of some horses I have owned it would take over ten
tons of oats, then you would not get it.

Mr. C. B. Lyman (of Southampton). By milking cows
three times a day, will you get more butter fat than by
milking twice a day?

Ex-Governor Hoard. I think so, but not enough to
pay the expense.

Mr. Lyman. Once I wanted to take my cows to a fair,

120 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

and I milked them at noon, and I did not get more than
half the amount of milk, and I supposed that I should lose
half the butter product of the cows. Come to skim that
milk, I found, to my surprise, that I got as much cream, or
nearly as much, as I would if I had let them go until night.

Ex-Governor Hoard. There is one thing I want to say
to all students of the cow. A cow that gives you rich
milk, very rich milk, is correspondingly more liable to gar-
get and disease of the udder, more liable to danger from
blows, hurts of any kind. A clear indication of a cow that
gives rich milk is the construction of the udder. If you
have a cow giving very rich milk, be exceedingly careful
that she is not exposed by lying on the cold ground in the
fall of the year. If you are looking for a cow that gives
thin milk, look for a cow that milks down to a thin udder
which has less cellular formation.

Mr. Stetson. Do you think quicklime is a disinfectant?
Will it take the place of land plaster ?

Ex-Governor Hoard. No, sir. It is an excellent ab-
sorbent of moisture, but you need to save the ammonia in
your stable. You go to Xew York and pay 16 cents per
pound or thereabouts for it. That ammonia in your stable
is worth to you all that you would have to pay for it.
Land plaster is an excellent absorbent of this form of nitro-
gen. You need that on your soils, and you want your
stables clean and free from the irritating effects of ammonia
on the luno-s of vour cows and horses.

Mr. Stetson. How much land plaster do you use per
cow?

Ex-Governor Hoard. I use about a barrel of land
plaster to nine animals each three months. It costs me
$1.G0 per barrel. It is worth more than it costs as fertil-
izer. It is also an excellent thing on stable floors ; it pre-
vents them from becoming slippery.

Mr. J. C. Newhall (of Conway). We have a great
deal of milk fever in our section.

Ex-Governor Hoard. I have lost but one cow from
milk fever, and then I was off playing politics with the
State of Wisconsin.

No. 4.] MODERN DAIRYING. 121

Mr. Newhall. Can you tell what is the best treatment
for this disease?

Ex-Governor Hoard. I have no faith in curing it, but I
do know something about preventing it. For two, three
or four weeks before she becomes fresh, I am very careful
to promote a lax state of the bowels, and after parturition I
am very careful to keep her quiet and not have any cold
draughts on her. Fever comes first with a chill, and if I
can prevent the chill I can prevent the fever.

Adjourned at 5 p.m.

Evening Session.

The evening session was opened at 7.30 o'clock, by Mr.
W. B. Barton of Dalton, president of the Berkshire Agri-
cultural Society. After several songs by the Oberon Ladies'
Quartette, the chairman in a few well-chosen words intro-
duced as the speaker of the evening Mrs. Alonzo Towle
of Freedom, N. H., whose subject was "The ethics of
books."

122 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

THE ETHICS OF BOOKS.

BY MRS. AL0NZ0 TOWLE, FREEDOM, N. H.

In the country home, upon the farm especially, the most
significant lack is the varied converse of congenial friends.
"Nobody to come in, no place of interest to visit, nothing
going on," is a quotation from scores. Yet just at hand are
friends innumerable, who will talk as much and as often as
we like, in words most proper, upon any subject we choose.
Clergymen, philosophers, statesmen, scientists and poets
are waiting to hold familiar discourse with every soul upon
these New England hills ; not idle, casual chatter, but stud-
ied, finished and wisest instruction. Those who have rec-
ognized and utilized the companionship as found in choice
books have received their best, truest and most helpful
friends ; for we must rise to their level if we enter into
their spirit, as they cannot, like our personal friends, de-
scend to us. In this way books are among our very best
means of discipline, as well as culture.

It is far better to talk with great thinkers and reformers
than to spend our time gossiping even with our next-door
neighbor. The true ethical benefit of reading lies then not
only in the help to an every-day upward rising of soul and
mind, but in strengthening our powers in the direction of
making ourselves useful. If we wish truly to know our-
selves, we can in no surer way ascertain the facts than by
giving attention to the kind of books which give us the
most enjoyment and satisfaction. If dissatisfied with the
results of our investigation, then good courage must be pre-
served until by force of habit taste for the best has been
cultivated and established. We must have a healthy men-
tality, if we succeed in anything. As a help in this direc-

No. 4.] THE ETHICS OF BOOKS. 123

tion is the hope of something better to be accomplished in
the future. Perhaps what we expect to do or be is the
power of life ; we are sure it is in a way the motor to all
energetic and helpful lives. To the milder soul who does
not have this kind of ambition may always come the desire
not to allow life to get monotonous, but to keep alive the
fire of life by either the grasping of new thoughts or by re-
viving old ideas.

It is not in these matters a question of few talents, or
many. A few talents improved are better than many unim-
proved. The average person is by far the most numerous
sort ; those who go beyond and those who fall short of the
average are the exceptions. Neither is it a question of be-
longing to this class, or that. Great literary productions
have not most frequently been produced by those in high
stations. There is nothing to hinder any one, then, from
doing any work he or she is capable of doing in this line,
and good literature adapted to all may be had for the seek-
ing. A good book costs no more than a bad one.

General reading is not study; systematic reading, for
some special object, is the student's method. In my
judgment, it is the most successful and safest mode of pro-
cedure. Method helps and insures accuracy. To be accu-
rate is to be educated in a sense. When once accuracy is
established, then everything we read is for our best
purpose.

By system we mean this : if we wish to know England's
past and present condition, we read continuously its social,
political and religious histories, its intellectual develop-
ment and all its relations to other nations. Take up its
literature by reading Shakespeare, Milton, Bacon, Ma-
caulay, Carlisle and Ruskin. In the lighter literature
Dickens gives a good idea of the lower English classes.
Thackeray portrays the higher classes and George Eliot the
agricultural people. In this way we get a thorough knowl-
edge of one nation and quite an extended knowledge of
many others, also a drilling in the best of literature. Is
it not much more practicable and sensible than to read
perhaps "Trilby," followed by "Ten Years' Digging

124 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

in Egypt," "John Halifax, Gentleman," "My Opinions
and Betsy Bobbitt's," "Mary Queen of Scots," "The
Heavenly Twins," " Lorna Doone," "All he knew," fin-
ishing a month's reading with ' ' Old Bethlehem " ? These
are all good books in a way, but bear about as much rela-
tion to each other as the almanac bears to the history of
China, Japan, or Arnold's " Light of Asia."

The reason for this hap-hazard way of doing is that so
few read for lasting good and to make the most of time and
opportunity. Some read to kill time ; others to prepare for
a nap ; some to keep cool ; others dawdle over books with
minds half asleep ; some read from habit ; others to be
thought literary. We must admit, however, that it is
better to read good books in this way than to be idle or
misemployed. A great number of students are working in
the homes. The evening hours, the waiting times and
spare moments are made available for any line of study
chosen, and good work is being done.

Putting aside students and systems, the question, "What
shall we read?" confronts us. What shall not be read may
be a much easier query to answer, because what to read sim-
ply as desultory reading depends much on the intellectual
status of the reader. The obvious truth is, some do and
always will read what they like, irrespective of any other
object or guidance. But literature belongs to that kind of
knowledge which is power ; therefore, to read nothing but
newspapers and novels is not only a waste of time, but
tends to weaken the powers of attention and concentration
and relax the mental fibre. Howells says, "The women
are in fact the miscellaneous readers in our country. They
make or leave unmade most literary reputations." Another
noted author says that "Genius is subject to the same laws
which regulate the production of cotton and molasses, —
the supply adjusts itself to the demand." There being
many women, there is an enormous demand. To meet this,
a host of writers have entered the field who make a good
livelihood, yet lack moral stamina. They fashion too much
after French models. The workmanship of the French is
superior to ours, but the subjects have demoralizing tenden-

No. 4.] THE ETHICS OF BOOKS. 125

cies in too many cases. In this business, as in every other,
skilled workmen are few.

That Americans are a novel-loving people, is a fact.
Stories are to amuse and for mental recreation, yet they
have a potent formative force, especially upon the young.
If the yellow-covered dime novel will cause boys to run
away to sea and elsewhere, and girls to elope, then the
highly moral, elevating story must help in the making of
noble men and women, by the same law. Many of the
vices of to-day are the result of evil thoughts suggested by
bad books and papers. It has been stated that in 1840 we
had in these United States one criminal in about three
thousand people ; after fifty years of progress, in 1890, we
had one in about seven hundred people. The cause attrib-
uted for this degeneration in morals was a political one.
Low grades from foreign nations, as American citizens, have
made demands even in the line of reading matter, and have
generally got what they asked for. Editors of daily papers
tell us that crime must be set out in the most intense, de-
tailed and emphatic manner, to suit the abnormal tastes of
the many whose appetites have become vitiated by long
gorging on indecencies. Too much literature is made for
money, to while away time, without even an ethical trend.

As we are in the mass a novel-reading people, and likely
to remain so, it may be well to consider the different classes
of prose fiction. "Evelina," by Frances Burney, after-
ward Madam D'Arblay, was the first English novel that sur-
vived. Previous to that the very name of novel was a
"horror" to all decent people. They called the circulating
library an evergreen tree of diabolical knowledge. Miss
Burney's appearance and work were an important epoch in
English literary history. Her books were forceful, vet
moral and clean. It opened the way for women in letters,
and made that way honorable.

We have the romancer, the idealist and the realist. The
romance sprang up in the middle ages in the form of " Ar-
thur and the Round Table," the Holy Grail and Parzival.
As a school it was opposed to the classical style. To be
exact, there was a difference between a romancer and a ro-

126 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

manticist. The one has reference to the spirit, and the
other the style, of writing. The romance movement cul-
minated in Scott. He was the typical romancer. His nov-
els are the highest type of prose fiction. Not only do we
find the plot and adventure, but keen observation of life
and knowledge of men. " Ivanhoe" is pronounced by many
the best novel ever written. In this romantic school we find
the poets Gray, Collins, Wordsworth and Cowper. Milton
still held to the classical style, being the most scholarly of
the English poets. His books are of the highest moral
character.

The idealist delights in an imaginary standard of excel-
lence, such as exists only in the imagination. The ideal
is the gathering of all good into one character, excluding
every defect. Both the idealist and romancer indulge in all
kinds of picturesque fancies, not quite to the degree of
being sensational, although some come near it.

The realist deals with commonplace affairs that he actu-
ally sees. He imagines nothing, and deals with the practi-
cal. William Dean Howells is a typical realist. His lack
of noble ideals has been adversely noted by foreign critics.
Lady Verney, in a criticism in a foreign magazine, says,
"Is it fair to judge of American women by the pictures
drawn in American story books of to-day? The first and
most striking trait in these books is the extraordinary
respect for class distinction, position and money. Next
comes the value set upon dress. The importance of the
gown question as portrayed in American books can hardly
be imagined by the European mind." Consequently the
lady concludes from these specimens that the American
young lady must be a supremely uninteresting human
being. This conclusion is not pleasant for us to contem-
plate ; but our American mind is relieved, however, when
we remember that Bishop Brooks said that "It is not what
we have or what we know that decides for us our right
to the title of true womanhood, but what we are ; and what
we are is the result of multiplying our characters by our
circumstances." If Howells has been faithful in obtaining
a truo product of such a multiplication, then we must ac-

No. 4.] THE ETHICS OF BOOKS. 127

cept his version ; for, if he sees a beggar, he is only a beg-
gar, and not a prince in disguise.

The realistic movement was thought to have done much
for Germany at the time when she seemed incapable of ris-
ing above her condition. She had waded through centuries
of blood, fought for religion and recognition among the
nations, sacrificed the lives of thousands of her people for
the unification of the whole. Although successful in poli-
tics, the condition of the individual had not improved. All
the learned men began to analyze life, and all came to the
same conclusion. They must strike at the root of the mat-
ter. They tried to find the root, but could not. They
became depressed, and so expressed themselves in their
literature. At the time when she stood highest, she turned
to pessimism, or the assumption that the worst will happen,
and we cannot help it. Yet men kept thinking. All at
once they turned to realism. Idealism with Goethe at its
head was discarded. They said that the roots of the tree
of society rested in the soil of a poisonous lie. They began
to encourage the masses by showing them that there was a
chance for every one on higher ground ; that nobody in
real life ever was or could be like the ideals set before
them ; that in real life no one acts or speaks like those in
romance, neither when they are happy nor angry, not even
when they are in love, unless they are cranks. Those
new novels had for their subjects the stirring events of the
times, and were peopled with real peasants. The work
struck a powerful chord in the heart of the German people.
The tree began to feel the influence of the soil called truth,
and grew and throve.

The eternal law of nature is the spirit of the realist.
Robert Southey said there was another class of writers,
called the " Satanic school," of which Lord Byron was the
leader. There was reason for this, for Lord Byron had
created in the minds of many an association of intellectual
power with moral depravity. The ethics drawn from his
poetry, says another noted writer, seemed to centre in two
great commandments: "Hate your neighbor; bo sure to
love your neighbor's wife."

128 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

If we wish perfection of form or something for study in
style we must go to the classics for highest teachings, bear-
ing in mind their limitations, that they were pagans seeking
for light. If a Greek wished instruction, he walked to the
market place. All their instruction was by dialogue or
conversation. Socrates conversed with Plato and many
others. He caused much to be written, but did not write
a wTord himself that has survived. Homer's "Iliad "is the
leading poem of the world in regard to art. Herodotus,
484 B.C., was the father of history, as Homer was the
father of poetry; Socrates, the foremost philosopher;
Plato, the foremost philosophical writer; Sappho, the fore-
most woman of genius, and whom Plato called the tenth
muse. iEschylus represents tragic poetry and Demos-
thenes oratory, and with Demosthenes perished the last
of the free voices of Athens. Greece was the first civilized
nation of Europe, and many of the ideas and institutions of
the world had their source with the Greeks.

The Greek literary spirit did not die with Demosthenes,
but took a flight to Rome and into all the various literatures
that have flourished in Europe since the Christian era. In
Rome it manifested itself in Cicero, Sallust, Virgil, Horace
and Juvenal. Those Romans gave a language and also a
law and spirit to early French literature which was entirely
unlike that of the present period. Out of the confusion
Dante brought the Italian tongue. He was its creator. No
man except Shakespeare has looked on mankind wTith a
more penetrating eye. It is the opinion of many critics
that his "Divine Comedy" is the only poem of more mod-
ern times which can compare with Milton's " Paradise
Lost." What the men were in their inner lives marked
their works with a different spirit. Milton was exalted.
Although he had blindness, sickness, poverty, domestic
trouble, public neglect and abuse, yet he rose superior to
all, and dwelt in a majestic peace. Dante was melancholy,
and it came from within as well as from without. He was
uniformly sorrowful, and so marked his work. So we
mark our eflbrts in life with what we are.

French literature, taken as a whole, may not be the wisest

No. 4.] the ethics OF BOOKS. 129

or purest, but is full of life and brightness. French clas-
sicism had its culmination in Louis XIV., in the 17th cen-
tury. The Hotel de Rambouillet and the French Academy
were the two organized forces that did the work. The
Academy was established by the great Cardinal Richelieu in
the time of Louis XIII. ; and the salons by the wife of
Marquis de Rambouillet, for the purpose of trying what
feminine wit and virtue could do towards reffeneratino- the
manners and morals of France. These were wonderful
gatherings. Here came Balzac and Voiture, Corneille and
Descartes, Bossuet and Bourdaloue, and here Madame de
Sevigne brought her beauty, wit and unblemished reputa-
tion. This was the grand intellectual age of France, Louis
XIV. himself being the centre of all literary move-
ments. Then came the writings of the intidels, Voltaire,
Diderot and Rousseau, in the 17th and 18th centuries.
They prepared the way for the French revolution. During
this time their literature was nearly extinguished. The
salon flourished until the middle of the present century,
expiring witli the beautiful Madame Recamier. The two
bright stars of the last part of the 18th and first part of the
19th centuries were Chateaubriand and that great woman
whom Napoleon feared, Madame de Stael. Victor Hugo's
great personality combined with Shakespeare's influence at
last broke the power of the classicists and gave the lead to
the romancer. Victor Hugo became the mouthpiece of an
outraged nation. Gambetta was one who caught the spirit of
his writings. Hugo was exiled to the Isle of Guernsey, and
for eighteen years he stirred France, whether they would or
not. All his romanticist friends wrere faithful to him; even
those who accepted the Emperor, like Gautier and Sainte-
Beuve, stood by him. In the closing days of the empire
"Hermani" was put upon the stage and was warmly re-
ceived by the people. So during the entire reign of Na-
poleon III. Hugo lived in the midst by his mighty pen.

We owe much to the Germans for one thing and another.
But we must be wise and discriminating. They are a broad-
thinking people. Broad thinking without depth is apt to
be free thinking. Their literature was born with Martin

130 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Luther's great translation of the Bible into German. Les-
sing's bold criticism upon Voltaire was an influence felt by
the whole western world. Voltaire was the mighty power
of his time, and swayed all France with his skepticism.
Viewed from our 19th century stand-point, there were many
extenuating circumstances in his case. Christianity was
presented to the world at that time by Catholicism only.
The Roman Catholic Church at the time was so corrupt that
the priests acknowledged they could scarcely perforin -their
duties with a sober face. Voltaire's sharp eye saw through
the meshes where other eyes did not penetrate. The Ger-
mans Richter and Schiller are morally inspiring. Goethe
with his " Faust" we leave to the taste of the reader.

For a book in which to find a concentrated account of
modern Europe, read "Rome and the Making of Modern
Europe." Some of our best history is poetry. Much of
English history is learned from Shakespeare, of the early
German from the " Niebelungen lied," their national epic,
and of the Spanish from the " Cid."

American literature of any merit is the product of the last
three-quarters of a century. In the early times men were
acting, and not writing. There was scarcely anything, pre-
vious to Washington Irving's "Knickerbocker's History
of New York," worthy to be called literature. In 1823
Cooper's "Pioneer and Leather Stocking Tales" were pub-
lished, portraying the restless energy and love of adventure
which were a feature of American life at that time.

Then came the Unitarian revolt from Puritan Orthodoxy,
led by Channing. This has had an influence upon every
soul born within the last half of the century. It was an
intellectual movement, and prepared the way for eminent
writers of the next generations. This movement took dif-
ferent features in other parts of the world, but in New
England it took its point of departure in the churches, as
did every change. This movement culminated in the only
school of writers of which America can boast, — the Tran-
scendentalists. Transcendentalism is a high form of ideal-
ism. It resulted in the formation of the Brook Farm
community at Roxbury, a society governed by socialistic

No. 4.] THE ETHICS OF BOOKS. 131

principles. It proved a failure. Geo. Ripley, a Unitarian
clergyman, was its leading man. Ralph Waldo Emerson,
descendant of eight generations of clergymen, was the
foremost spirit among these Transcendentalists. Theodore
Parker was their pulpit orator. This was still another
departure from conservative Unitarianism.

The Charming Unitarians, while denying that Christ was
God, held him to be divine. "While rejecting the vicarious
sacrifice, they accepted him as a mediator, and believed in
miracles. The Transcendentalists called Christ simply a
good and great man, divine only in the sense that God pos-
sessed him more fully than any other known. They placed
him with Buddha, Socrates and Confucius, and the Bible
with all other ethnical writings. Among these writers were
Thoreau, Alcott and Margaret Fuller. They published two
papers, the "Dial" and the "Harbinger." Upon their pages
were found the names of such men as Horace Greeley, Geo.
W. Curtis and T. W. Higginson. Emerson sweetened and
brightened all the byways and places in rural life by his
highly idealist views, and his books are dear to all nature
lovers. He was called the "glorified farmer," because he
so much loved secluded places, wThere he could commune
alone with nature. He was exalted in thought and aspira-
tion. He said, "Let every man live as upon a mountain,
so the world may see how God intended a true man to live."
He tells us to "hitch our wagon to a star," etc.

Later these writers made Concord, Mass., their home.
That village has done more for American letters than some
cities. The men who made it famous are asleep in Sleepy
Hollow, yet their memory and what they have done is still
able to draw many people to the spot. There was the home
of Hawthorne. In the "Old Manse "he carried on his liter-
ary work. We call him the greatest American romancer.
With the conscience for his theme, and the subtle ways in
which sin works out its own retribution, he tells us of the
sombre lives of the early settlers. His "Scarlet Letter" is
pronounced the best novel written on this side of the water.

Emerson, Holmes, Phillips, Motley, Prescott, Longfel-
low, Lowell, Felton and Edward Everett Hale were a bril-

132 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

liant group of men, living at the same time in the vicinity
of Boston. Longfellow's mission was to refine our taste,
— he was the pioneer of culture. In England he was called
the poet of the middle classes. Those classes, however,
include the majority of intelligent readers. Puritanism
was opposed to beauty, and looked upon sentiment as idle
and weak. Longfellow so beguiled their reason through
their finer senses that they were satisfied that loveliness
and righteousness might go hand in hand. He began as
a translator, and so remained all his life, and infused
the fine essence of European poetry into his own. The in-
fluence for good exerted by his tenderness and truth is
boundless. He gave a long, clean life to his work. He
tells how beautiful it is to mix with and read the world, yet
keep a pure heart, avoiding recklessness and vice. He
admonishes us to go forth to meet the future without fear
and with a stout heart. His successors do not find him
satisfactory in style, but his wisdom and faithfulness to
the best things in life have rested in the hearts of many
friends.

Among these literary men of that day Holmes ranked
first in versatility ; Lowell, as critic ; Bancroft, Motley and
Prescott are our own historians ; Whittier sang his songs
straight out from the heart, — his poems on slavery were
like the blast of the last trump. Great movements have
always taken character from the literature of the day. Har-
riet Beecher Stowe's "Uncle Tom's Cabin" did more than
any other literary agency to rouse the people to the sense of
a neglected duty. She did more than Garrison, Whittier,
Lowell, Sumner or Phillips.

The war of the Rebellion brought changes in the intellect-
ual forces of our country. Authorship was no new thing.
Thought had passed from nation to nation, from Greece to
Italy, from Italy to France, from France to England, from
England to France and Germany, etc. All the old writers
— Chaucer, Milton and Shakespeare — borrowed from Italy,
Goethe and Voltaire from England, and all writers from
Greece and Rome. America has always been proud. The
war gave us new pride, and we disliked to borrow from

No. 4.] THE ETHICS OF BOOKS. 133

other nations. While there were chances innumerable for
the romancer, there started up a mania for realism, for bare
surface facts. Bayard Taylor gave us " Hannah Thurston,"
a distinctly American book. Holmes, Higginson, Beecher
and some others still adhered to their old way.

In 1871, Bret Harte, after living many years among the
mines and mountains of California, gave us his California
stories ; Rebecca Harding Davis brought choice thoughts
from Pennsylvania ; Edward Eggleston talked to us of the
early days of Indiana; Trowbridge showed us New York
life from the village point of view ; Constance Fennimore
Woolson portrayed the life as manifested in the northern
lake region ; George W. Cable contributed histories of
French Creole life in Louisiana; Sara Orne Jewett dealt
with ideal scenery in isolated places ; Mary Hallock Foote
dashed across our vision with the olive leaf of peace, as she
touched the sweetness of Quaker life ; Miss Mm*free told of
the mountain districts of Georgia, Carolina and Tennessee ;
Joel Chandler Harris translated the folklore of the negro
plantations of the South; Mrs. Whitney still continued to
tell good stories of girl life ; Dr. Holland took a new im-
pulse, and wrote " Arthur Bonnicastle " and " Seven Oaks,"
the last bein£ rich in material from the social and civil
impurities of the day. Julian Hawthorne, Lew Wallace and
Edward Everett Hale came before the public as new men,
each taking his owu prescribed way.

Yet we say we have no decidedly national literature. It
takes many years to evolve such. Herbert Spencer says,
"Because of its size and the heterogeneity of its compo-
nents, the American nation will be a long time in evolving
its ultimate form, but its ultimate form will be high."
Emerson and Longfellow are the real founders of American
literature. They will not satisfy those who seek the sensu-
ous in life, but they did the most to instil the true idea of
poetry into the minds of the masses. Wordsworth pre-
dicted, more than half a century ago, that some day there
would come before the people a person who would be. a
union of the poet and philosopher. Emerson most nearly
fulfilled this prediction. We realize that the greatest poet

134 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

has not yet come to us. These of whom we have spoken are
but stepping-stones to a grander one, who shall study man-
kind and life in all its phases, from war and the warrior to
the meekest soul and its environment. He will be the true
apostle, with a power to grasp all our American character-
istics, at the same time setting before us the highest standard
of living, as given us by One who preceded. In the mean
time, we accept all the good, but shall persist in saying that
in neither this generation nor the next will any be able to
dethrone our Longfellow, Bryant and Whittier, nor to ele-
vate Tolstoi, Brandes and the Frenchman Zola to occupy
those places so long held by Dickens, Thackeray, Haw-
thorne, Irving and others.

Realism cannot be carried to that extent in a country
settled so recently by a class of people called Puritans, who
derived their peculiar characteristics from the daily contem-
plation of superior beings and eternal interests. If they
were unread in literature, they were deeply read in the
oracles of God. That spirit has not become entirely stag-
nant. We still aspire to get beyond our present condition,
hoping for a higher and better. How rarely do our words
reveal the aspirations of our real inner self. Therefore
there is need of looking beneath the surface of things.

Books of the right sort are on every hand. We may
travel not only around the world, to all parts of it, with
scores of people, but to the sun and even the stars. Geol-
ogy takes us back to the formation of the earth, and all the
way down through the ages tells us wonderful stories from
out the truthful past. In the past really great men were
produced by our social conditions and form of government.
Their principle and conscience worked for the good of the
people in a way that resulted in power and influence. The
biographies of such men should furnish to every American
youth examples of industry, temperance, principle and
steadfast courage. ' To read means something more than
repeating lines or words. Everything a person does in this
direction should serve in future usefulness. Even the
child may so lay a foundation for knowledge. The history
of the earth and its geography; plain lessons in natural

No. 4.] THE ETHICS OF BOOKS. 135

science, portraying the wonders in nature ; the facts so
interesting to all, both old and young, — any teacher or
person who can implant a love of such books in the children
is a true missionary.

Literature as taught in our public schools strengthens the
intellect, but leaves the best part, the moral part, unedu-
cated. It is a hard fact for optimistic people to recognize
that while we are growing wiser fast we are growing better
slowly. The nature studies will bring about a change in
this direction by taking the pupil through God's works up
to him. If we need a training in the classics for any special
purpose, it is for teaching us how to use our own mother
tongue uniformly well. The American person is a free and
independent person, and is just as free and independent
with our English. Every trade and profession has its own
particular slang. Students of all ages, from the primary
school to the college, abound in it. Having so many books
has made us careless. Those old Greeks and Romans had
no knowledge of the slang of the 19th century. Every
sentence of theirs must be rendered in good English at
every point. To do this there must be care and attention
to what we are doing with words.

Education is only a means to an end. Therefore we need
those books which will most surely help to broaden,
deepen, invigorate, making us more useful in the world.
These silent friends of whom we have been speaking cannot
do their grandest and best work for us until our inner life
has been stirred or inspired. That word inspiration has a
deeper and more intricate meaning than we casually think.
In the original it means " I blow upon or into." From one
Book we learn the true source of all high and holy inspira-
tion. Education is helpful, and we must have it. Morality
is right, useful we ought to be, and all good books are
auxiliary to the Book of books ; yet, if we have missed in
any way this " blowing in upon" our lives from the true
source, it has been our own great mistake. We also have
learned that we should receive a marvellous light reflected
from its Author, and that this light, if we receive it, will
brighten the gloomy places in life and quiet the unrest of

13G BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the human heart. Go back through all the cycles of life,
through every epoch, and the same light is there, everlast-
ing, abiding forever. If the proof of the eternity of a thing
is the trial of ages, we must accept this verity now and for-
ever. It is life we are dealing with, and all our training,
be it ethical or religious, is only helpful and of the right
sort when it helps us to have a power, first over ourselves,
and through ourselves over others.

As country people, let us keep in mind that some of the
most enduring work the world has known has been done in
the quiet of rural life or in retirement. It was in the silence
of a prison that Bunyan did his best work ; it was in exile
and alone that Dante and others did theirs. So in the
silence of isolated places we may do our best work. It may
not be the writing or making of books, but what Provi-
dence assigns to us will be our best work, and we may do
that thoroughly and well, at the same time reaching a depth
of things enabling us, with God's help, to rise above, or
equal to, all conditions and circumstances.

No. 4.] COLLEGE AM) STATION'. 137

THIRD DAY.

The meeting was called to order at 9.50 a.m., by Vice-
Pres. Francis H. Appletox of Peabody.

After several selections by the Oberon Ladies' Quartette,
the chairman said : One-third of our cows pay their way,
one-third are kept at a loss and one-third bring in the profits.
Feeding must of necessity be one means of increasing the
profit from our poorer cows by increasing the total bulk of
milk, and thus increasing the total amount of fats received,
which yield us the profits from our cows. Another thing,
which to my mind we in Massachusetts give too little
thought to, is the improving the quality of our cows by
better breeding, and thus increasing the total amount of fats
they yield. We are very largely dependent on those out-
side our borders for our milch cows, and we should do
everything we can to promote the interests of the breeder,
and encourage our farmers to breed live stock for our milk
supply that shall be better able to yield us fat in the milk,
and also increase the quantity of milk, so that we may have
a greater bulk of fat. It gives me great pleasure at this
time to present to you Dr. J. B. Lindsey of the Hatch Ex-
periment Station at Amherst.

Dr. Lixdsey. I wish there were a few more farmers
from our local farms here, for I fear that possibly what I
have to say to you as members of the Board of Agriculture
you are already familiar with. Nevertheless, what I have
written I have written, and so you will bear with me while I
discuss the subject assigned to me.

138 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

HOW THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND EXPERI-
MENT STATION BENEFIT THE FARMER.

BY DR. J. B. LINDSEY, AMHERST, MASS.

Gentlemen of the State Board of Agriculture : In ad-
dressing you this morning upon the above subject, I am
convinced that we shall best attain the end in view if we
attempt to consider, first, the equipment and work of the
agricultural college of to-day ; second, some of the most im-
portant work accomplished by the two experiment stations
in Massachusetts during their existence ; and third, the plan
of reorganization and the scope of work to be undertaken
by the consolidated station.

I. — The Agricultural College.

Any one who visits the college for the first time will be
very much surprised at the extent and beautiful appearance
of the entire plant. The area of land belonging to the in-
stitution approaches in extent four hundred acres, situated
about one mile north of the town of Amherst, the location
being one of the most charming and healthful in the whole
world. The principal college buildings are eight in num-
ber. There are two dormitories, capable of holding one
hundred and fifty students. Both of these buildings are
lighted by electricity from the college plant ; one of them
has steam heat, and the other is warmed by stoves supplied
by the college. The young men furnish their own rooms,
which are inspected every Saturday morning by the military
officer in charge.

The large wooden building to the north of the dormi-
tories, known as the old chapel, is occupied on the lower
floor by the chemical laboratories, and the upper floor is

No. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 139

devoted to the chemical and mathematical lecture rooms.
The elegant new stone chapel occupies ;i well-chosen posi-
tion, and is a decided ornament to the college grounds.
The lower story contains the college library, and the upper
one is used as a general assembly room for the entire
student body. All religious exercises are held in this
room. The library of the college is deserving of more
than passing notice. It contains at the present time nearly
seventeen thousand volumes, and is one of the finest, if
not the very finest, of its kind in the United States. The
extremely arduous work of selecting, arranging and cata-
loguing this collection of books has been brought about by
the indefatigable labor of our present energetic president.
In addition to his many other duties, he has toiled long
and hard to accomplish this end. I am convinced that the
college owes him a great debt of gratitude, which it will
never be able to fully repay.

Just to the south of the chapel is situated the commodious
drill hall, used especially during the winter months for
various military and gymnastic exercises. It contains a
large recitation room, and recently a gun shed has been
added, which furnishes also room for winter target practice.
This building is equipped with electric lights, and is open
both during the day and evening, serving as a place for an}'
amusement in which the young men may desire to engage.

The large new barn with dairy school attached is the
latest and most valuable acquisition to the college. It is a
model of its kind, and is worthy of inspection by every
progressive farmer in the Commonwealth. A full descrip-
tion of the barn, with photographs, will be found in the
report of the college for 1894. The college farm has been
greatly improved during the last ten years, and is also well
worth a close examination, especially during the summer
months. As much of the labor as possible is accomplished
with the aid of the most improved implements, and any
young man has abundant opportunity to become practically
familiar with all kinds of farm machinery, and with im-
proved methods of farm practice.

Situated on the hill on the opposite side of the farm is the

140 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

building known as the botanic museum, together with the
other buildings of the botanical and horticultural department.
This building contains two large recitation rooms, fitted up
with a most valuable herbarium, collections of models and
charts. It also has a finely equipped botanic laboratory,
with accommodations for twenty-five students at one time.
The large greenhouses near by are filled with a collection of
plants from both the tropical and temperate zones. Oppor-
tunity is here offered for students to become practically
familiar with all kinds of commercial greenhouse work.
The grounds about this department are very tastefully laid
out with trees, shrubs and flowering plants. The vineyard
contains all the desirable varieties of grapes, the orchards
are extensive, and a large tract of land is devoted to market
gardening. Young men so inclined, thanks to the generos-
ity of the State, have opportunity to work for pay in each
of these several lines, securing both a scientific and practi-
cal knowledge of the business.

The entomological department, not far distant, has recently
been housed in a new building planned by Professor Fer-
nald, and is fully equipped with all the modern improve-
ments and necessary apparatus for a thorough study of
economic entomology.

Course of Study.

The course of study, an outline of which is given in the
subjoined table, is worthy of consideration. The regular
course occupies four years, and the degree of bachelor of
science is awarded to those completing it. In the senior
year all of the studies except English and military are elec-
tive, thus enabling the older students to select for their
maturer consideration those studies which in their judg-
ment will prove of greatest benefit to them in the future.
In addition to the four-years course, a course of two years
has recently been provided for those who feel that they can-
not afford the time and money necessary to complete the
former. The college catalogue gives full particulars.

No. 4.]

COLLEGE AND STATION.

141

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No. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 143

One notices first the study of agriculture proper, begin-
ning with a brief consideration of the history of the art in
earlier times, and continuing down to the present; then fol-
low the formation, character and classification of soils, with
methods of improving them. A series of lectures is devoted
to mowings and pastures, the value and peculiar character
of different grasses, how to grow and preserve ensilage, and
its value in farm economy. A course of lectures is devoted
to farm manures and fertilizers ; the nutrition of farm crops,
what farm manures are and how best to turn them to account,
the composition of crude fertilizing material, how commer-*
cial fertilizers are made up, and the most economical way
to purchase nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, are some
of the special topics considered. Field crops and the best
methods of growing them are dwelt upon, as well as the
most suitable implements and machinery to be used in their
cultivation. Distinct courses of lectures are devoted to
breeds and the breeding of farm animals, cattle feeding and
dairying. The dairy school, which, owing to financial con-
ditions, has not been started, will, it is hoped, be shortly in
full running order.

Considerable time is devoted to the study of botany, i. e.,
to the variety, structure and growth of all forms of plant
life. By structural botany is meant a study of various
groups of plants, with reference to their different forms and
to the shape and structure of their various organs. A
knowledge of analytical botany enables one to identify and
classify plants, shrubs and trees. Physiological botany
teaches the functions of the different plant organs, and
shows how the plant elaborates its food in order to produce
what is termed plant growth. Special study is given to
plants of economic value under the head of economic botany.
In cryptogamic botany one devotes himself to observations
on the lower forms of plant life, special attention being
given to the fungi producing the various plant diseases
known as rusts, blights and mildews, and to the different
bacteria which produce such changes in many farm prod-
ucts, and play so prominent a part in plant growth.

In horticulture instruction is given partly by lectures

144 BOARl) OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

and partly by practical demonstrations out of doors. The
extensive orchards and gardens already alluded to, enable
the student to learn the best varieties of all kinds of fruit,
including methods of planting, pruning, training, cultiva-
tion, as well as gathering, packing and shipping. In the
nursery practical instruction is given in propagation by
cuttings, layers, budding, grafting, etc. Ornamental trees,
shrubs and flowering plants are grouped about the grounds
in such a way as to afford as much instruction as possible in
the art of landscape gardening.

There is no science more necessary to any one who
would become a successful farmer, gardener or fruit grower
than that of chemistry ; and the college is to be congratu-
lated that this department, both as regards instructors and
apparatus, is so well equipped. The student first receives
lectures on the principles of chemistry. He is then con-
ducted a step farther, taking up the study of inorganic
substances. Both by lectures and laboratory work he
learns about the various gases ; concerning the alkalies,
potash, soda and ammonia; the alkaline earths, lime and
magnesia; the heavy metals, iron, manganese, etc. ; and all
the inorganic or mineral acids. Next comes the fascinating
study of organic chemistry, which deals with all substances
making up the organic, as distinct from the inorganic or
mineral world. A familiarity with organic chemistry is
very necessary to the educated agriculturist, and the recent
enlargement of this part of the chemical course is in touch
with the general progress which the college has been making
in its other departments. If one desires a clear understand-
ing of the chemistry of milk and its products, of animal
nutrition, and of the manifold substances produced during
the process and as a result of plant growth, he should
devote a portion of his time to listening to the lectures in
organic and physiological chemistry and to the laboratory
work connected therewith. Students who have completed
the prescribed course in chemistry can devote their time to
special subjects, such as dairy, fertilizer or animal chem-
istry.

A most excellent course is given in economic entomology,

No. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 145

both by lectures and laboratory work. The new laboratory,
already alluded to, is fitted with every modern appliance for
such work. In it are embodied the best ideas both from at
home and abroad. The student becomes acquainted with all
the common injurious insects preying on crops and orchards,
and with the best methods of combating them. By practi-
cal work he also acquires a knowledge of the anatomy and
physiology of the insect, and is taught to carefully observe
its habits of life. Professor Fernald's aim is to offer the
best course in economic entomology to be found anywhere
in the country. In the study of zoology the student is
given as complete an idea as possible of the entire animal
kingdom, from the lowest to the highest forms of life.
Charts, collections and laboratory work all aid in studying
this science.

Instruction in veterinary science is given by lectures,
with the aid of charts, models and practical demonstrations.
It is not intended to turn out veterinary surgeons, but to
familiarize the student with the anatomy and physiology of
farm animals, and give him an understanding of their com-
mon diseases and the best methods of treatment.

Agriculture and the kindred sciences form, as you see,
a very prominent part of the course of instruction, but
mathematics, as wTell as mechanics, physics and practical sur-
veying, are by no means put in the background. Neither
is instruction neglected in history, the languages and in
political economy, for these are requisite to a liberal educa-
tion. A liberally educated man, said the late Dr. Holmes,
"should know everything about something, and something
about everything."

The military department of the college should not be
overlooked. Every student not physically disabled is
obliged to drill three hours per week, and receives in ad-
dition instruction in military law, fortifications, science of
war, army administration, composition of armies, the mili-
tary used as an aid to civil authority, etc. Every one who
has had opportunity to observe the effect of this department
of college instruction on the general health and deportment
of the young men is loud in its praise.

146 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

I must not forget to mention the religious side of the
student's life. Every Sunday morning he has opportunity
to attend a regular Bible class, and is obliged to attend the
regular morning preaching service held at the college, con-
ducted by the college pastor, unless especially excused to
attend some church in town. The Young Men's Christian
Association connected with the college holds two prayer
and praise services weekly.

Expenses.
Tuition in advance : —

Fall term, $30 00

Winter term, . . . '. , . . 25 00

Summer term, 25 00

Total tuition, $80 00 $80 00

Room rent in advance, $8 to $16 per term, . . 24 00 48 00

Board, $2.50 to $5 per week, 95 00 190 00

Fuel, $5 to $15 5 00 15 00

Washing, 30 to 60 cents per week, . . . . 11 40 22 80

Military suit, 15 75 15 75

Expenses per year, $231 15 $371 55

Board in clubs has been about $2.45 per week ; in private
families, $4 to $5. The military suit must be obtained im-
mediately upon entrance at college, and used in the drill
exercises prescribed. The following fees will be charged
for the maintenance of the several laboratories : chemical,
$10 per term used; zoological, $4 per term used; botanical,
$1 per term used by sophomore class, $2 per term used by
senior class ; entomological, $2 per term used. Some ex-
pense will also be incurred for lights and text-books. Stu-
dents whose homes are within the State of Massachusetts
can in most cases obtain a scholarship by applying to the
Senator of the district in which they live. Any young man
of economic habits who secures a scholarship will find $250
sufficient to cover all expense ; a portion of this he can
earn, if he desires to do so.

For what the Training prepares the Student.

When an industrious young man is graduated, we are
sure, if during his course he has developed a liking for any

No. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 147

line of agriculture, that he has a good understanding of
both its principles and practice. We are equally sure that
every studious graduate has secured a good, liberal educa-
tion, which is needed by every young man of enterprise,
whatever his future occupation. Such training serves also
as an excellent foundation for those desirous of taking up
some special line of work, be it teaching, investigating,
medicine, or of a mechanical nature. According to Pro-
fessor Brooks, from statistics gathered in 1892, of the three
hundred and thirteen men who had then been graduated,
rather more than one-half were engaged in agriculture or
closely allied pursuits. One-sixth of all graduates were
employed in agricultural colleges and experiment stations.
There were two college presidents, several professors of
agriculture and two directors of experiment stations. Most
of those not engaged in agriculture were in various lines of
business. We find, however, eighteen doctors of medicine,
nine lawyers and four clergymen.

We do not suppose for a moment, however, that all of
our graduates will be equally good farmers, or will be
equally well educated. As the late President Chadbourne
once said, " It depends upon the material you send us, gen-
tlemen." All of the chemistry known to man is not able
to turn an inferior metal into gold; but if the rough mineral
contains the gold, the dross can be removed and the true
metal refined and beaut i tied.

The college, then, is a direct benefit to the farmer in edu-
cating his son at a minimum cost; and the young man, if he
is made of the right stuff, is in turn a benefit to his father
and his neighbors, in the new intelligence and understand-
ing which he puts into the various operations of the farm.
Even if the graduate docs not engage in agriculture directly,
he has a practical understanding of what, fanning is, he has
classmates who are farmers, and he will always be ready,
both with voice and vote, in aiding them to secure whatever
is right and just.

Gentlemen, the doors of this, the farmers', or better, per-
haps, the people's college, are wide open. We ask you to
visit the institution and judge for yourselves of its merits;

148 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

and, what is better still, send your sons, in order that they
may have an opportunity to secure what is better for them
than a legacy of silver or gold, — a liberal education.

II. — The Experiment Stations.

I think we shall best be able to form somewhat of an idea
of how the experiment stations of our State have been a
benefit to the farmer, if we attempt to consider some of the
most important work in which they have been engaged.
Until recently there have been two stations in the town
of Amherst, — the State station, situated on the college
grounds but having no direct connection with it, and the
Hatch station, established by the United States and consti-
tuting a part of the college proper. Time will not permit
us to consider the work of the two stations separately, and
for our purpose this is not necessary. Their work, taken
collectively, can be divided into three parts : (a) control
work, (6) information, (c) investigation.

Control Work.

The work of exercising an official control over the sale of
commercial fertilizers was at first in charge of an inspector,
but a few years later the law was so changed as to vest the
power in the director of the State station. Deputies have
been sent out each year, who have canvassed the State, and
made an effort to collect several samples of each distinct
brand of fertilizer placed upon the market. These samples
have been analyzed, and the results published, as you are
aware, in various bulletins and reports. That this work
has been of immense benefit in protecting the farmer
against fraud goes without saying ; it has been a safeguard
to the honest manufacturer, as well. The law, briefly
stated, compels the manufacturer to guarantee what he
sells and to sell what he guarantees. With very few ex-
ceptions the law has been strictly obeyed. In addition to
this official inspection, the chemical department has re-
ceived from formers of the State a great variety of all kinds
of material for analysis. This material consisted of crude

No. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 149

and mixed fertilizers, cattle feeds, milk, cream and water.
The analyses have been made free of expense, and reported
to the tanners with the necessary comments.

Information.

Secondly, the various departments of the two stations
have been constantly in receipt of a great many letters from
formers, asking for information on all topics connected with
agriculture. It has been the object of the station workers
to answer as fully and as promptly as possible ; but it must
not be forgotten that this involves no inconsiderable amount
of work, for the desired information is not always on the
tongue's end, considerable research being often necessary to
secure it.

Investigation.

In addition to the control work and the furnishing of in-
formation, the stations have endeavored to devote a consid-
erable portion of their time to investigating some of the
manifold problems concerning which an increased knowl-
edge is so much needed. Many subjects to be investigated
require a great amount of scientific work, which can be
only fully understood and appreciated by those engaged in
it. I am convinced, however, that it is just this kind of
work which is eventually going to be of the greatest benefit
to the farmer.

The meteorological division is extremely well equipped
with many delicate and costly instruments so necessary in
making accurate observations. Records of hourly temper-
ature, rainfall, barometric pressure, wind velocity, etc., are
made, and monthly summaries are sent to parties inter-
ested. The station is connected by wire with Washington,
receives all predictions, and displays a complete set of
weather signals.

A vast amount of work has been accomplished in the en-
tomological department. The department is building up a
collection of all insect pests in their several stages of
growth, in order to aid it in determining with rapidity
the names of the many different specimens sent to he iden-
tified. A bulletin which has met with sn-eat favor is the

150 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

one treating of household pests, and the best remedies to be
used against them.

A preliminary report has been made on the insects inju-
rious to the cranberry. The subject is still under investi-
gation, but it is thought wise not to publish any results till
the investigation is complete. Much extremely careful and
arduous work has been done in studying the habits of the
gypsy moth, and valuable information obtained. An ex-
haustive report will soon be made to the State.

There is now in course of preparation a monograph with
plates of the various grass-eating insects, so troublesome in
many sections. A study of the elm-leaf beetle, together
with methods best suited to check its depredations, will
also appear in the near future.

In the horticultural department much study has been
given to different methods of greenhouse heating and piping
(see Hatch station bulletins, 4 and 6), with results quite
decidedly in favor of the hot-water method. Considerable
attention has also been given to the construction of green-
houses, with a view to embodying all the most desirable
ideas, such as size of glass, arrangement of pipes and ven-
tilating apparatus. All kinds of fruits for which any special
merit has been claimed have been tested, and the results
published. Experiments have been made with the different
forms of apparatus and the most suitable solutions necessary
to hold in check the various insect pests and fungi that prey
upon fruit trees, vines and farm and garden crops (see
Hatch station bulletins, 17, 25 and 29).

A very large number of field experiments has been car-
ried out. A series extending over a number of years was
conducted by Dr. Goessmann, to ascertain whether the so-
called worn-out land that had been cropped for a long time
with corn and grass was suffering from special or general
exhaustion. These experiments, conducted on the station
grounds, with corn, indicated that the soil was especially
lackino- in potash. A somewhat similar experiment was
afterwards carried out on farms in different portions of the
State by Professor Brooks ; and in by far the great major-
ity of cases the original results were confirmed. Such

No. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 151

experiments have led the investigators to urge the use of fer-
tilizers containing large amounts of potash. For corn four
cords of stable manure and one hundred pounds of muriate
of potash have been recommended. These experiments
have led a step further, and called the attention of the
investigator to the specific needs of different crops. Thus,
in a rotation of five years, — corn, corn, oats, grass, grass,
— it was found that the corn responded especially to
potash; the oats and grass, which make a quick growth in
the spring, to nitrate of soda ; and the second crop, largely
clover, to potash.

It is now known that leguminous crops have the power
of taking large quantities of nitrogen from the air when the
conditions are favorable. Experiments have been in prog-
ress for a number of years to see if, by alternating legumi-
nous with grain crops, a sufficient amount of nitrogen could
be gathered to produce a reasonable crop of the former, and
at the same time sufficient nitrogen be left in the soil to
support the latter, without the aid of any applied nitrogen.
All of the eleven plots were fertilized with phosphoric acid
and potash ; some received various forms of nitrogen, and
to several no nitrogen whatever was applied. In the cases
where no nitrogen was given, the yield of both leguminous
and grain crops was one-quarter to one-fifth less ; the in-
creased yield of the plots receiving nitrogen was not, how-
ever, sufficient to pay for its cost.

Experiments have been made to note the influence of sul-
phate and muriate of potash on the yield of garden crops.
Potatoes, tomatoes, spinach, lettuce and onions seem to be
quite noticeably more productive with the sulphate, while
cabbage and beets show no particular preference.

Experiments are still in progress to determine the com-
parative values of different forms of phosphoric acid, as
found in dissolved bone-black, South Carolina floats, Flor-
ida phosphate, Mona guano and phospliatic slag. In these
experiments nitrogen and potash were applied to all the
plats in equal and sufficient quantities yearly. Equal money
values of the different phosphates were applied. At the
end of four years' trial the value of the different forms of

152 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

phosphoric acid, measured by their crop-producing powers,
was as follows: 1, phosphatic slag; 2, South Carolina
floats; 3, dissolved bone-black ; 4, Mona guano; 5, Florida
phosphate. The experiment is now being continued for
another four years, without the further application of phos-
phates, in order to see how much of the phosphoric acid
from each of the five different sources will be available for
the growing crops. The results are not yet at hand.

To those interested in animal nutrition a concise state-
ment of some of the results obtained will doubtless prove of
interest. A series of feeding experiments with milch cows
was instituted, in order to ascertain the comparative values
of hay, corn stover, corn fodder (plant and ears), corn
ensilage, sugar beets and carrots. It was found that corn
ensilage and corn fodder produced pound for pound of
dry matter a larger yield of milk at less cost than did a
good quality of hay. Corn stover showed a feeding value
approaching an average quality of hay, and should be prop-
erly cured and judiciously fed. Both sugar beets and
carrots produced, per pound of dry matter, more milk than
any of the above-mentioned coarse fodders, but at an in-
creased cost per quart. In these experiments grain feeds
rich in protein supplemented the coarse fodders. The ex-
periments teach that hay, with a market value of fifteen dol-
lars or more per ton, is too costly an article to be fed in
large quantities by the majority of farmers, and that its
place should be taken by corn ensilage and corn stover.

Many experiments have been tried with green crops, both
for summer soiling and for ensilage. Yetch and oats, peas
and oats, millet, and fodder corn have proved especially
valuable and economical for summer feeding. For ensilage,
medium green or black soja bean or Southern cow-pea have
been found excellent for mixing with corn or millet, in the
proportion of one part of the beans to two parts of the corn.
The advantage of these leguminous crops lies in the fact
that they increase the amount of protein or nitrogenous
matter, and thereby lessen the necessity of feeding so much
highly nitrogenous grain.

The large number of concentrated by-products that are

No. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 153

now so freely offered in our Massachusetts market made il
necessary to conduct feci lino- experiments with milch cows
and digestion tests with sheep in order to get at their nutri-
tive value. Old and new process linseed meals, cotton-
seed and soja-bean meals, Chicago, Pope and King gluten
meals, compare quite favorably with each other; all are
valuable milk-producing feeds. Not more than two or
three quarts of the Pope or King meal should be fed daily,
because of the large amounts of fat contained in them. We
have fed as high as four quarts of Chicago meal per day
without causing trouble. Buffalo and Peoria gluten feed
and Chicago maize feed have likewise been tested, and
proved about equal in feeding effect. The following table
may prove interesting, showing the approximate compar-
ative commercial values of the different feeds based on the
amounts of digestible protein the;/ contain: —

Per Ton.

Corn meal, $21 00

Wheat brans, 18 00

Gluten feeds, 23 00

Gluten meals, 28 00

Cotton-seed meal, 30 50

New-process linseed meal, . . . . . . 29 00

Old-process linseed meal, 28 25

The above figures do not express the relative physiologi-
cal effect of the different grains, but show rather their com-
parative values in digestible protein, after figuring the diges-
tible carbohydrates and fat in all at a definite price. They
can be used as guides in purchasing.

An investigation into the composition of cream from one
hundred and sixty-five different farmers, raised by the deep-
setting process, has only emphasized the unreliability of the
"space" as a basis of payment. The amount of butter fat
in such cream was found to vary from 11 to 22 per cent.
The Babcock system, in which the cream is valued by the
amount of butter fat it contains, should by all means he
substituted. This method is now in general use in the
western and northern Stales, and our Massachusetts cream-
eries in neglecting to adopt it are most certainly shutting
their eyes to progress.

154 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

A large number of pig-feeding experiments have been
made to get at the cost of dressed pork, using skim-milk in
combination with different grains. The results show that it
is as a rule not profitable to feed pigs after they have
reached 180 pounds of live weight. The cost of food re-
quired to produce a pound of dressed pork was about 5
cents. Skim-milk has returned I cent per quart, or 25
cents per 100 pounds, assuming dressed pork to be worth
61 cents per pound.

Steer-feeding experiments were conducted for five years.
The animals, ten in number, were purchased when thin in
flesh, weighing 400 to 500 pounds, and sold after reaching
a weight of 1,100 to 1,200 pounds. A great variety of
fodder rations was tried. The most favorable results were
obtained with corn ensilage, together with moderate quanti-
ties of Chicago gluten meal and wheat bran. The average
gain in live weight per day during the entire experiment
was 1.24 pounds, and the total cost of feed to produce a
pound of live weight was 10.58 cents; while the total cost
to us of a pound of live weight (obtained by adding to the
original cost of the steer the cost of feed consumed and
dividing by the pounds of live weight sold) was 6.89 cents.
Five of the steers were pastured during the summer and five
were soiled. The average daily gain of the soiled steers
was 1.63 pounds, and for those pastured .63 pounds. The
cost of feed to produce a pound of live weight in the case
of the soiled steers was 8.75 cents, and in the case of those
at pasture 7.30 cents. When animals are soiled the manure
is retained on the farm, but the extra labor involved is con-
siderable.

III. — The State and Hatch Stations united.
For several years it has been evident to many that, in
order to avoid confusion, for purposes of economy, and to
prevent a possible duplication of work, it would be better to
unite the two stations. After much careful deliberation, the
step was formally taken in April, 1895, the new combined
station being known as the Hatch Experiment Station of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College. The State station as
such has ceased to exist.

No. 4.]

COLLEGE AND STATION.

155

The reorganized station is divided into seven distinct de-
partments. The division of botany has been restored, after
temporary suspension ; the chemical work has been divided ;
and a new division, foods and feeding, has been established.
The several divisions are as follows : —

Director,

President H. H. Goodell, LL.D.

Departments : —
Agriculture, .....
Horticulture, .....
Botauy, .....

Chemistry (fertilizers and fertilizing

material), . . . . .

Foods and Feeding (cattle feeds,

water, dairy products and animal

nutrition) , .
Entomology, .....
Meteorology, .....

Prof. W. P. Brooks.
Prof. S. T. Maynard.
Prof. G. E. Stone.

Prof. C. A. Goessmann.

Prof. J. B. LlNDSEY.

Prof. C. H. Ferxald.
Prof. Leonard Metcalf.

I ask your attention to a brief outline of the work under-
taken by the reorganized station.

Agriculture.

Experiments in plant nutrition will be continued, to note
the special food requirements of various plants, as well as
the different abilities which they possess to utilize the plant
food of the soil.

Variety tests will be carried on, especially with fodder
and grain crops, with a view of improving, by selection,
their yield and quality.

The experiments in poultry, now under way, will be con-
tinued, in order to note the effect of various feed combina-
tions on egg production.

Cultural experiments, such as depth of ploughing, sub-
soiling and methods of planting, will be conducted.

It is hoped, if time and money permit, to make tests of
the comparative efficiency of different makes of agricultural
machinery. A dynamometer will be employed, to note the
amount of force necessary to draw different implements.

The agricultural department will co-operate with the chem-

156 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

ical in continuing several important experiments already
alluded to. These experiments include the alternation of
leguminous and non-leguminous crops with and without
nitrogen, the effect and economy of different forms of phos-
phoric acid, the effect of various forms and combinations of
plant food upon the production of garden crops, and the
value of a rotation of manures upon the yield of permanent
grass lands.

Horticulture.

The work in horticulture will be continued on much the
same lines as heretofore. It is planned, however, to test
the many new varieties of vegetables so extensively adver-
tised and highly recommended by seedsmen. It is hoped
at no distant date to establish a seed control in connection
with this department. Laboratories for this purpose are
quite common in Europe at present. Such a step could not
fail in improving much of the seed now offered for sale.

Botany.

In the department of botany several lines of work will
be undertaken. A study of some of the diseases affecting
farm and garden crops will be made. Tomato scab will be
given careful attention. Various fungicides will be tested,
especially those likely to prove valuable in greenhouse
work. Applications of different solutions will be made to
distinct numbers of plants, and the effect carefully noted for
a considerable length of time. In the laboratory fungi-
cides of different strengths will be inoculated with fungous
germs, to see if the dilute solutions will admit of any fun-
gous growth.

Greenhouse conditions will be carefully observed, to see
what temperature, degree of moisture, barometric pres-
sure, etc., favor the growth of different fungi. Such
knowledge is absolutely essential in order to teach one the
best methods of preventing the growth of these organisms.

Cucumbers will be grown in soil inoculated with nema-
todes ; different methods of soil treatment will be tried, to
see if practical means can be found to eradicate them.

No. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 157

Entomology.

The work will go on as formerly, the reorganization
having in no way affected the department.

Meteorology.

The weather observations will be continued. Seven
years' continuous observations are now being tabulated, in
order to attempt to deduce some practical conclusions.

Chemistry.

The chemical work of the consolidated station has been
divided. The control of commercial fertilizers, the analy-
ses of all kinds of fertilizing material sent in, and the
investigation of chemical problems in connection with Held
experiments, are in charge of the chemical department
proper, conducted by Professor Goessmann.

Foods and, Feeding.

This new department will test all dairy products, waters
and cattle feeds at its chemical laboratory. The depart-
ment is especially anxious to secure fair samples of all feed
stuffs put upon the market, and the co-operation of farmers
is earnestly desired. Attention will also be given to the
improvements in methods of chemical analyses, and a con-
siderable amount of time will of necessity be devoted to
the chemical and physiological problems connected with
the feeding experiments.

The department has the following experiments now in
progress : —

(a) The effect of rations both poor and rich in protein
upon the cost and quality of milk. For example, wlut
quantity of nitrogenous feed stuff can be economically fed
to milch cows without endangering their health ? Again,
do rations containing 2^ pounds of digestible protein pro-
duce a better quality of milk than those containing Im-
pounds, the total food consumed being in each case the
same, and sufficient for the nourishment of the animal?

158 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

(5) An experiment will soon be instituted to get at the
economical value of cotton-seed feed (1,600 pounds of cotton
hulls and 400 pounds of cotton-seed meal, mixed) as a hay
substitute for dairy cows.

(c) Experiments with sheep, to test the digestibility of
gluten feeds, rice meal, millet and soja-bean ensilage.

(d) Experiments with pigs, to note the comparative
feeding value of corn and rice meals for pork production.
A constant quantity of skim-milk is being fed in connection
with the grains.

The executive and administrative work of the station
devolves upon the director, who also edits and has an over-
sight in the sending out of all publications. Bulletins are
to be issued as heretofore. A summary of the contents,
in plain, concise language, is to be placed first, and after
that the explanations and details of the experiment. An
annual report will be published, not exceeding one hundred
and fifty pages in length. This report is to be made up of
a summary of the work of the several departments for the
year, and is to be as free from details as possible. The last
part of the report is to be devoted to tables of analyses,
expressed both in percentages and pounds. Any one who
does not already receive the station publications has but to
send in his name in order to secure them.

I have thus attempted, gentlemen, in the time at my
disposal, to give you as comprehensive an idea as possible
of what is being done for the benefit of the farmer at both
the college and station.

In closing, I cannot do better than quote a portion of an
editorial concerning the work of the agricultural stations of
the United States, which recently appeared in one of our
most intelligently edited agricultural papers.* This paper
at times has seen fit to criticise — in all honesty of purpose,
I believe — some of the work done at various stations in the
country. It is as follows : —

Had the experiment stations of the United States clone nothing
else than furnish the Babcock test, they would' have placed a large

* "Mirror and Farmer," Nov. 14, 1895. t

No. 4.] COLLEGE AXD STATION. 159

credit to their account. In addition to this, however, in the long
line of researches that bear upon the economy of stock feeding,
upon the combination and use of insecticides and fungicides, upon
the elaboration and the use of chemical formulas adapted to indi-
vidual soils, upon the saving and application of manures, upon
the relation of foods to the composition of animals, upon problems
of tillage, upon tests of mechanical appliances for all departments
of the farm, upon the more exact data of dairying operations,
upon questions of seeding and harvesting crops, upon drainage
trials, and along other lines of art applied to husbandry, the sta-
tions have given useful information that, while not startling or
apparently adequate to revolutionize farming, yet adds to the in-
formation that will enable us to make practice more precise.

It is not probable that there lie either laws to be discovered or
application of old laws that will rise in significance and stand as
marked in the history of agriculture as the discovery and applica-
tion of steam and electricity to the industries. Our industry is an
old one, and the work of the investigator is that of patient inquiry
into the domain of small things, with the expectation that at most
each bit of information gained will apply to the relatively limited
domain of farm practice, and affect the outcome of the products
of each individual farmer but moderately. Yet increased knowl-
edge in any domain may affect the income of the agriculture of
the nation vastly. Thus any process that will increase the crop
of corn by one per cent will make a difference of twenty million
bushels of corn ; it is evident that there can be applied a stimulus
to our agriculture that might easily make a gain of 50 per cent, or
add a billion bushels to our annual corn crop.

Our stations not only find facts for agriculture, but stimulate
it. So long as the American farmer grows, as he does, vastly
more crops per capita than farmers of any other nationality, it is
fair to presume that he is a good judge of the efficacy of his edu-
cational forces. These forces he is supporting with increased
zeal year by year.

The Chairman. An opportunity will now be given for
questions. Please improve the time.

Dr. H. H. Goodell (president of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College). The ground has been so well
covered that there is little I desire to say. But there is
one point I want to bring out and that I want to explain to
all here. Allusion has been made to the two years' course.

160 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

You will notice that it has not been outlined upon the chart.
There is no one thing that the college has been so criticised
for, by its students, by its alumni, by the people at large,
as the establishment of this two years' course, but I do not
believe, I cannot believe, that those who criticise it under-
stand it. It is claimed that it is a simple catch-all for those
men without brains who cannot stay in a four years' course ;
that they are dropped out of the four years' course into the
two, and that there is no definite course laid down. That is
utterly false. There are only two or three men (I think I
am within bounds) of those who came to take the four years'
course and were not well enough prepared to go into it who
went into the two years' course, and no men have been
dropped from the four years' course into the two years'.
Our experience has been quite the reverse. Men have
entered the four years' course from the two. The course as
laid down is very much the same as that of the four years'.
The course in agriculture touches exactly the same topies,
only it is elementary ; necessarily you cannot carry it as far
as you can with those who are taking the four years' course.
There is a good horticultural course, a good course in
veterinary. The elements of chemistry and mathematics
arc taught, and there is a first-class English course. You
cannot expect to give in two years' time the same instruc-
tions that you can in four. The course was established to
give a chance to those young men who have not the means
or time to spend four years in college. Is not that working
in the very interests of agriculture ? Is not that working in
the interests of the farmer ? Those farmers who cannot send
their boys to take the full course can give them the two
years' course.

No allusion has been made to the dairy course, for the
reason that it is not yet established. The course will be
submitted to the committee pn course of study and faculty
probably next week. It is a dairy course of three months,
lasting from January through March.

A very great pressure has been brought to bear upon us
during the last year or two to change the course and intro-
duce mechanical and scientific courses. We should then

No. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 161

load students away from agriculture, and make, agriculture,
the very thing the college was founded for, simply an elec-
tive study. We have resisted this pressure as far as practi-
cable. The college was founded for agriculture. The State
has put into it a large sum of money for that purpose and
nothing else, and we cannot conceive it right to deviate from
that purpose. Tuesday night the remark was made that it
was the aim of the Board and the grange to uplift the fann-
ing class. The college ought to have been included when
they were mentioned. In connection with that, I happened
to read this morning a sentence from the address of that
eloquent colored man, Prof. Booker T. Washington, at
Atlanta, in which he says : —

No race can prosper until it learns that there is as much dignity
in tilling a field as in writing a poem. Our greatest danger is
that we may overlook the fact that the most of us are to live by
the product of our hands, and fail to keep in mind that we shall
prosper in proportion as we learn to dignify and cultivate com-
mon labor and put brains and skill into the common occupations
of life.

The aim of the college is to try to teach the boys to
put brains and skill into everything they undertake. The
Society in New York for the Relief of the Poor has issued
a. series of inquiries in regard to the agricultural depres-
sion in New York State. The first leaflet has just been
published, and in it there is this Aery significant state-
ment : —

While travelling through the agricultural districts, Mr. Kjel-
gaard, in reaching the vicinity of Ithaca, N. Y. (where Cornell
University is and where the experiment station is), found a con-
dition of affairs prevailing among the farmers in that locality that
seemed pre-eminently significant. It is true that here also there
was a shrinkage of values in farming property, as compared to
the high prices of twenty-live years ago, but the depression was
comparatively small. There was an air of prosperity about the
farmers not found in other sections. The farmers were full of
hope, and their children expressed their determination to remain
in the country and follow an agricultural life. The reason for

162 BOAKD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

this singular contrast with other sections of the State is discovered
in the location at Ithaca of one of the United States government
agricultural experiment stations. To quote from Mr. Kjel-
gaard's report: "All are agreed that the station is a help to
them, and the entire conditions here are different. Not only this,
but I find that the indirect influence of these institutions was
greater even than the direct. I also found that not only in the
vicinity of Ithaca, but one hundred miles away, a man who had
taken a course of agricultural training at Cornell University was
carrying the benefits of his knowledge into his neighborhood.
His neighbors, seeing how superior his methods are to theirs, are
quick to profit by it. This led to the investigation as to whether
the same condition prevailed in the vicinity of other agricultural
colleges and government stations. The inquiry proved that they
are all bearing excellent fruit."

When I look around among our graduates, our alumni,
and sec the situations they are occupying, not only in this
State, but throughout the country, as has already been
said, as college presidents, as college professors, directors
of stations, as assistant directors, as superintendents of
farms, as farmers, as veterinarians, as chairman of the
rattle commission, as instructor in Harvard University and
in Yale, — I am not ashamed of what the college has done
or the influence it has exerted. Twenty-seven years has
been my apprenticeship at the college, and I hope to live
to see the day that its influence will not be in fifty miles or
one hundred miles, but all over the State.

Mr. Ciias. E. Ward (of Buckland). This Board has
been the recipient of courtesies almost innumerable from
the citizens of Dalton. While we have attempted, by lecture
and discussion, to show the need of skill and intelligence
upon our farms, we have been given object lessons, showing
their power in factories. As we have discussed the plain,
prosaic questions of agricultural life, we have been sur-
rounded by an artistic display of ferns and flowers such as
can never fail to awake the highest emotions and aspirations
in man's nature. Our members have been given carriage
drives to distant objects of interest. At the reception given
the Board a large number of these citizens testified by their

No. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 163

presence to their interest in our work. In this enumeration
we would by no means forget the songs which we have
heard, — the sweet and cheering influence of the power of
song, God's greatest gift to his children, has been given us
in a manner which we shall never forget. For all these
reasons I move the adoption of this resolution, and that it
be placed upon the records : —

Resolved, That the Board of Agriculture, mindful of the mauy
courtesies it has received from the citizens of Dalton, hereby con-
veys to them its earnest and hearty thanks.

The resolution was unanimously adopted.

The Chairman. I would ask Mr. Barton to be kind enough
to let this be known in his own way.

Mr. H. A. Barton (of Dalton). I want to say a word in
regard to the resolution. It has been very gratifying to me,
as well as to every citizen of Dalton, to have you come here,
and we appreciate very much the honor you have conferred
upon us in accepting our invitation. "We have desired to
make it a very pleasant stay; and if when we go back to
our work we may carry not only pleasant recollections but
may be more faithful in our work in every department, and
till the place that we have already gotten and " a little more,"
then the citizens of Dalton will be grateful again.

Mr. J. H. Hale (of South Glastonbury, Conn.). I have
been particularly interested in the paper this morning, and
also in the remarks by the president of the Agricultural Col-
lege. As I listened to the essayist, my mind has gone back
to my early boyhood on the farm, when no such opportunities
as are now given to the farmers' boys were available; and
it seems to me that the farmers of Massachusetts and New
England where these colleges and experiment stations are
located ought to feel that we are particularly blessed in the
opportunities that come to us. When the president, of the
college was so eloquently telling of the work of his boys
that had gone out, and what they are doing, — as he men-
tioned their being college presidents, experiment station
directors, farm superintendents,, etc., I thought of my own
experience in this line, and perhaps a hint thrown out by

164 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the lecturer will give some reason for it. Starting with a
small New England farm and working our way along as we
could, the time came when we needed additional help, when
we needed brains as well as muscle. I have had more or less
of college boys to work on the farm, and I have tried to lead
them up into farm superintendents. Branching out and going
South, it became necessary to have a farm superintendent,
and, while I have had a great many boys from college, I
have not yet found one that made a real good, efficient
superintendent. The boys that are not smart enough to
make a living on the farm they send to college.

President Goodell. A man may be a first-rate scholar,
and not know how to handle men.

Mr. Hale. I want a good farm superintendent; I will
pay him all he is worth. In my operations I have always
been a good deal of a crank on fertilizers, and, with more
than a thousand acres under the plough at the present time,
it is a very important problem with us. I thought of the
successful town we have here and of the successful manu-
facturers, and the thought came to me that in these great
mills, where there is so much at stake and where so much is
being spent yearly, if some chemist should come along and
say that he could take out of yonder stream what they are
] laying twenty or thirty thousand dollars a year for, they
would say, " Mr. Chemist, go at it; show us how it is
done." They would pay almost any amount of money to
gather out of the stream what they are paying thousands of
dollars for. The stations have said, " Fellow farmers, you
are paying fifteen and twenty cents a pound for what you
have right on your own land, and you keep on paying that
price. Don't you need the money as much as these manu-
facturers do ? Is farming so good a business that you do
not need to listen to these things ? " The trouble, it seems
to me, is that the farmers do not grasp the situation, do not
take hold of it. I have not done one-quarter as much as I
ought. I have sometimes turned in as many as fifty acres in
one year. I do not mean to have an idle acre of land in the
summer. I cannot afford it. I am poor. I have got to save
all I can. These nitrogen traps are most valuable to us,

No. 4.] COLLEGE AXD STATION. l<;;,

but we would not have known it if it had not been for
the stations. We put it into practice, and find it is a good
thing. It seems to me the farmers do not grasp these
things. Perhaps it is because farming is too good a busi-
ness. Perhaps we are fixed as the old farmer I heard about
a short time ago. An agent for an aqueduct was travelling
in the country. The apparatus was working nicely, and he
was selling them and making lots of money. One day he
struck a fine farm. Everything was in first-class shape
except the water supply. He thought, "Here is a chance
to sell an outfit." He introduced himself to the farmer, and
talked about the farm ; then he tackled him on the water
problem, and told him what he could do. The farmer said:
"Yes, young fellow, I guess that is all true enough; guess
the works are all right ; but somehow I do not believe I will
invest. I came way up here in the woods in my early boy-
hood days and cleared away a little timber, built a log cabin ;
a child was born to us, and I cleared away a few more acres ;
health and happiness came to us, the Lord has smiled on us
and we are content and happy ; and I do not feel like asking
him to pump water."

The nitrogen is there, free. You ought to have it, and
you can have it if you will. We ought to go to the colleges
more. It will help the colleges. The scientific fellows do
not know it all. By coming in contact with the farmers
they can get an inspiration that will help them, and it will
help us ; it will do us a heap more good than it will do
them. Let us profit by what they know.

Mr. A. Pratt (of North Middleborough) . I would like
to ask Dr. Lindsey if I understood him that from ten to
twelve hundred dollars will carry a boy through a four
years' course in college.

Dr. Lindsey. A young man can get along with less
money than that. I attempted to give the average figure
which I think any of them can get along with.

Mr. Pratt. I often hear the mournful cry from farmers
of my age and older, "What is to become of our farms
after we get through with them? We must get through
with them soon." Such farmers hold from one to three

166 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

hundred acres of land, some less. I have often thought
wouldn't it be economy for those farmers holding so large
an amount of real estate to dispose of half of it and send
their sons to college, — this college which is so well
equipped to prepare them for the business which they will
make a success of. I am very much interested to learn that
so large a per cent of those that enter the college pursue
the work of agriculture. If I understood you, over one-
half make that their business ; and I believe, if they com-
mence it after a four years' course in your college, that they
are prepared to carry it on for life and make a success of
it. I have often thought that if I could have had when a
boy the privileges of the college as it is equipped now, I
could have been a good farmer. Yet the college has had to
struggle for existence. I was in the Legislature when the
first appropriation was asked for. It was ridiculed. To-day
see the contrast. Within a few miles of my place is a
young man who undoubtedly if he had remained at home
without entering your college would not have been even an
ordinary farmer. To-day, after graduating from your col-
lege some years ago, he is holding the position of president
of a college in an adjoining State, and I understand is a
very efficient officer. I do not believe that our farmers
appreciate the college. They may in this section of the
State, near where it is located, but not farther away, where
I am. I do not believe they realize how much you are
doing, how well you are prepared to take their sons and
make them more successful as farmers. I often hear it said
that if a young man were to start now on a farm and under-
take to make farming his calling for life it is doubtful
whether he could make a success. It may be true, if he
intends to follow along in the ruts that his father has fol-
lowed. But let him go and prepare himself, and it seems
to me that there is no better opening for a young man than
to enter your college, take a full course and start out in life
on that pleasant occupation, — fanning.

Professor Brooks (of Amherst) . Mr. Hale has undoubt-
edly heard the expression that "some men are born to com-
mand." What proportion of those that are born are born

Xo. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 167

to command? There are but few, and even those who are
born to command require considerable experience before
they are fit to command. These facts should be remembered
before forming conclusions as to the results of the work of
the college. There are some men who are willing to pay
what a man who is born to command is worth. Most men,
in making a contract with such a man, are not too liberal.
Then, further: these men who, like Mr. Hale, are born to
command, cannot afford to go into the employ of others.
They can do infinitely better for themselves. A young man
who graduated a few years ago (it was my privilege to help
him a little when he left) came to me a short time before he
graduated, and said that he wanted to become a market
gardener. He said: "I have decided that that is the best
thing for me to do. I want a little experience in actual
market gardening, and to get hold of the business side of it a
little more fully than it is possible to do in a place like this."
(You cannot expect us to teach the business side of it. )
"Do you know of any such place? I want to work hard.*'
Fortunately, I did know. I got him the place, and he went
to work. The owner is a farmer seventy-five years old, and
his three sons are the most successful market gardeners any-
where near Boston. I have this information directly from
them. The first morning, when he went to work, there was
a slight joke among the men, "He will be pretty tired about
night." He was strong, and worked all through college,
and it did not cost him anywhere near a thousand dollars ;
he came pretty near paying his own way. You may be sure
he was tired when night came, but the other men were tired
trying to keep up with him. So he went right along in that
way, and the next spring he felt that he was ready to go to
work for himself. He went to the old gentleman and told
him that he had decided to go to work for himself. The old
man told him, "I do not want to discourage you in that, but
we shall be very glad to keep you, and can afford to pay you
well, but I think it will be better for you to go to work
for yourself. If you need any capital to help you get a
start, we will let you have any amount you need." I do not
know to what extent he availed himself of that oiler, but he

168 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

went to work for himself, and he is now ready to buy and
pay for a farm near Boston. I had that from him when I
travelled with him going to the Bay State fair in Worcester
only a few months ago. That is what a man of the right
stuff can do at Amherst, but they are not all like him.

Mr. F. E. Clark (of Wilbraham). You remember a
year ago last June the Board of Agriculture was invited to
visit Mr Hale's strawberry and peach plantation in Glaston-
bury, Conn. While there he told us of his experiments
with clover. If I recollect, he said something like this:
" If Mr. Bowker were not here, I would tell you that for
ten or twelve cents I can produce as much nitrogen and
save it for my farm as I can buy from Mr. Bowker for the
same number of dollars." I was so much enthused that I
came home and told members of our grange about it ; and I
sowed crimson clover, and a good many of my neighbors
did, and last fall it came up and looked nice, but in the
spring it had almost all disappeared. We found a few
sprigs of it, and took them into the house and our wives
put them in their flower pots. I would like to ask Mr.
Hale if he still continues to have success. If so, is it not
the difference in the temperature that makes it winter-kill
with us ?

Mr. Hale. If the gentleman has read as he should, he
will find that scarlet clover was killed throughout the whole
United States last winter, — in Delaware and Virginia,
where it was first introduced and was grown so successfully,
and in Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York, — wher-
ever it was tried ; and still I keep right on with it. I lost
more last winter than ever before. There is no doubt that
it is a little bit tender, but it is becoming acclimated and is
growing more hardy. Instead of carrying those plants to
your best girl, you should have saved the seed. Some use
red clover. It takes a longer season. The red clover is
not ready to bloom until into June, while the scarlet is
ready in May. Grow the common clover or the cow-pea or
the soja bean ; do not give up the trap.

Professor Brooks. What the experiment stations pub-
lish is not read enough. Crimson clover has not been sue-

No. 4.] COLLEGE AND STATION. 1G9

cessful as a nitrogen trap at the experiment station in Am-
herst. Last winter was in Massachusetts an exceedingly
favorable one for it. The snow came early, and afforded a
protection for it. It is not the severity of the winter that
kills it, it is the long period of alternate freezing and thaw-
ing in the spring, and before real growing weather comes it
is dead. I believe that something can be done to increase
its hardiness.

The Chairman. I want to recall what Governor Hoard
said. He said that we farmers were manufacturers, to
which Governor Greenhalge readily assented. We should
economize in every possible way to make our profits ; and
as we have been through these mills we have been struck
with the idea that the people are surrounded with such good
circumstances, good air, good light. We want those who
work on our farms to have good sanitary conditions. The
refuse product of the mills was sold ; some use was found
for it. Every possible economy was practised there, and
we want to adopt that same plan.

Mr. T. S. Gold (secretary Connecticut State Board of
Agriculture). Governor Hoard has previously spent with
us a whole hour upon the advantages of using peas and
oats together for supplying our stock and at the same time
bringing up the land. The pea crop is found to be the most
valuable nitrogen gatherer in the whole list. It will help
you to clean your farm from weeds, for it will drive them
out or smother them, and leave the land in a very clean
condition. In addition to that, it furnishes a most valuable
food, either in the green state or dry, for your sheep, neat
stock, swine or other animals on the farm.

President Goodell. Mr. Pratt spoke of the good outfit
at the college. The college is only in a growing condition
when it wants something. I suppose we shall keep on
growing and wanting something all the time.

Mr. Barton. I should not think I had done my duty if
I did not say a word in regard to the college. A few }rears
ago my son and my nephew entered the college. I wish to
express to the president and all the friends of the college
his gratitude and mine for the splendid help that college

170 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

gave him and his cousin. An opportunity came to them
for business, — not on the farm, — and they have taken it up.
And constantly when I meet those boys, as I did a short
time ago in Buffalo, they always speak of the agricultural
college and of the earnest effort exerted there by the college
faculty to help the boys ; and I am very glad to give their
testimony here this morning. A friend of mine in the back
part of the hall said to me a few moments ago : "A Ger-
man family 1 >ought a farm and agreed to pay seven thousand
dollars for it, and it was not worth over three. They found
that it was drifting out of their hands, and it would soon
all be gone. Their boy went to the college at Ithaca, N. Y.
He staid there a few months, at an expense of ninety dol-
lars, and came back home ; and that boy with his father
has paid off all the debts, simply by the instruction which
he received there, and they are now successful and doing
well." I speak of that instance to show that this training-
helps the right kind of boys. If we want good men in the
factory or on the farm we must take those who are anxious
to improve, or they will not get higher. If a person wants
to be promoted, let him fill the place that he is filling and a
little more, and somebody will want him every time. Those
boys may not be fitted to command, but they are a mighty
sight better for going to the college, and will fill a much
higher place than they would have had they never gone.

Mr. W. M. Tucker (of Monson). I do not want to let
this opportunity pass without saying a word. I believe
that the farmers who come here or to any other meeting
of the Board, if they ask any questions of the professors
or of the president of the college, will get a good straight
answer ; and, as it has been said, if they do not read the
bulletins that are sent out, it is not the fault of the college
if they fai 1 to find out what they are doing. I must say that
it was my privilege to attend the college but a short time.
The condition of the health of my father prevented it. If
I had taken the full course, perhaps I should have been
something more than a common farmer, and might have had
a higher position, — been an uncommon farmer.

Adjourned at 12 m.

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 171

Afternoon Session.

The Board met at 1.40 p.m., Mr. Grinnell presiding.
After singing by the Oberon Ladies' Quartette, the chair-
man said: It gives me great pleasure to introduce to von
Dr. Osgood, chairman of the Board of Cattle Commis-
sioners, who will speak to us this afternoon on the subject
" Rational stable management."

Dr. Osgood. Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen :
Some two months ago I determined that I would make some
examinations to determine under exactly what hygienic con-
ditions our animals are kept. As a result of that work, I
was surprised, I might say, at the condition of the water
our animals drink and the air in which they are confined.
The examinations extended over some twenty-five farms,
located in fifteen different towns.

When I noticed on the paper sent me by the secretary
that my subject was to be "Rational stable management," I
was a little surprised. My idea was to talk to you more
upon hygiene than stable management, as that is too broad
a subject to think of covering in one afternoon. I shall,
however, take one or two of the fundamental necessities,
in order that we may establish a rational stable manage-
ment. Those two fundamental principles, then, will be
water and air.

172 BOABD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

RATIONAL STABLE MANAGEMENT.

BY DR. F. H. OSGOOD, BOSTON.

Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen of the State Board
of Agriculture : "When I received your very kind invitation
to address you at Dalton at the public winter meeting of the
Board, I was just about completing some analytical work in
the field, with a view of ascertaining the exact conditions
under which our dairy cattle are kept. The results of this
work extended over 15 different towns ; 25 barns were
examined ; the largest number of animals in any one barn
was 60 ; smallest number, 1 ; average, 20.

The number of cubic feet air space per head varied from
300 to 2,500, the average being 750 cubic feet per animal.

The carbon dioxide in 10,000 feet of air varied from 6
parts to 14 parts, the average being 8.6 parts in 10,000
parts of air. The number of bacteria in 10 litres of air
varied from 140 to 1,130, the average beino; 424.

From an examination of the water upon these premises,
56 per cent was found to be in good condition, 20 per cent
in fair condition and 24 per cent in bad condition. The
air was found in good condition in 12 per cent of the barns
examined, in fair condition in 48 per cent, in bad condition
in 40 per cent.

In reviewing your notice of the meeting, I see that the
subject of my paper is designated as " Rational stable man-
agement." This, however, seems too broad a field to cover
in so short a space of time, and I shall confine my atten-
tion to a consideration of two of the fundamental essentials
to a "rational stable management." These are, a pure
water supply and a sufficient quantity of pure air.

Dr. Parkes, the founder of modern hygiene, a man who
has contributed more to the saving of life than words or

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 173

figures can express, tells us that, if we had a perfect knowl-
edge of the laws of life and could practically apply this
knowledge in a perfect system of hygienic rules, disease
would be impossible. That such perfect knowledge is not
likely to be obtained, or, rather, if obtained is not likely
to be acted upon, we can have no reasonable doubt. Ho
has, however, defined hygiene as "the art of preserving
health." It aims at rendering growth more perfect, decay
less rapid, life more vigorous and death more remote.

We have, in dealing with this subject, to consider, with
regard to animals, the air they breathe, the water they
drink, the food they are fed on, the stables they are placed
in, the soil they live on, the exercise and labor that they
undergo, their individual care and management, and, lastly,
the prevention and eradication of the infectious and con-
tagious diseases from which they suffer.

AVater.

It is only within recent years that the necessity for a
supply of pure and wholesome water for man has been
recognized. Before the light of scientific investigation into
obscure causes of epidemic diseases was brought to bear,
but little attention had been paid to the subject. People
drank surface water from polluted rivers and ditches, or
from wells in close vicinity to cesspools and other recepta-
cles for decomposing organic matter, and such a thing was
considered by no means dangerous. Science, however, has
shown that a large body of people cannot with impunity drink
wa^er containing the essence of their own excreta, and con-
siderable light has of late years been thrown upon the dis-
eases which are introduced by the agency of impure water.
Respecting the part played by impure water in the produc-
tion of disease among the lower animals we have at present
very little evidence. I think it is undoubted that man
sutlers from more disease as the result of this than do the
lower animals ; but I am equally convinced that horses and
cattle, no less than their masters, require, for the most per-
fect bodily condition, a pure and wholesome supply of
water. However that may be, as a simple matter of

174 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

hygiene, it is our duty to obtain for animals a supply as
pure as is consistent with circumstances.

The characteristics of a pure water are absence of color,
taste, smell or extreme hardness. Impurities found in
water are of various kinds, but may be generally stated
to be organic or inorganic. The organic impurities are
small and vegetable substances in all forms, from disease-
producing matter to harmless vegetable growths. The in-
organic impurities are the salts of the metals.

These impurities obtain entrance into the water in various
ways, either at its source or during its passage through
rivers, canals or pipes, or even after its delivery to the
place of consumption. The impurities obtained at this
origin will depend upon tke geological formation of the
soil in which the source is situated. If the ground is
charged with the products of animal excreta and refuse,
the "water derived from it will contain these products in
solution ; but it is evident that some soils or formations are
more impure than others, and this difference in the degree
of soil impurity depends upon the power the ground pos-
sesses of oxidizing or destroying the filth which is carried
into it. Where rapid destruction of this occurs, there we
may expect to find a purer water than in formations where
it does not. Moreover, the porosity of the soil, especially
when of great depth, will considerably assist in purifying
the water by acting as a natural filter.

It is evident that in deep, porous soils, where rapid oxi-
dation and destruction of organic matter occur, we may
look for water of a pure type, and the more we depart from
these conditions the more impure will be the water. Again,
the presence of the salts of metals in great abundance in the
formation will affect the purity of a water ; for we find that
these substances, such as lime, magnesium, soda, potash,
iron and alumina, are very readily acted upon by the water
passing through the soil, and rapidly taken up in solution.
In gravel formations we usually expect to find a pure
water, particularly away from towns. Where clay exists
the Avater is usually impure; in alluvial formations it is
generally bad; iu limestone and chalk districts the water is,

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 175

as a rule, organically pure, but contains a large amount of
mineral substance, as lime and magnesium, rendering it ex-
ceedingly hard. Surface waters, especially from cultivated
lands, and marsh waters, are usually very impure, from the
amount of organic matter they contain.

The impurities found in wells are derived from surface
washings and soakage through soil impregnated with or-
ganic matter; from pipes or cesspools containing animal
excreta, and the leakage finding its way into the soil to be
carried into the nearest well. Shallow wells near buildings
or stables, or close to manure pits, are simply receptacles
for tilth.

Dissolved Solids.

We have now to consider the chemical examination of
the water for dissolved solids. These consist of lime, mag-
nesia, soda, potash, ammonia, iron, alumina, combined with
chlorine, sulphuric, carbonic, phosphoric, nitric and nitrous
acids. Let us clearly understand, before we proceed further,
what the object is of determining the presence of these sub-
stances in water. We may rightly argue that the addition
of them to drinking water would, in the small quantities in
which they are found, be utterly unproductive of harm.
Perfectly true. We might add all these substances in the
proportion in which they are found in bad water, viz., only
fractional parts of grains, and yet not in the least impair
the purity of drinking water. Why, then, does the chemist
lay such stress upon their presence, and what is the object
of the careful and often tedious process for isolating each
substance and estimating its quantity? The object of this is
that the elements, as we obtain them, are indications of the
compounds in which they exist, and are undoubted proofs
of the entrance into the water of substances containing these
elements.

If we look back at the whole range of organic and inor-
ganic substances, we shall find that there are but few of them
which do not contain the elements and acids we have named.
They may be found in the earth, and in animal or vegetable
bodies. Their presence, therefore, in water, is from either
one or all of these sources, — it remains with the chemist to

176 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc,

decide which. Take ammonia, as another example. Con-
sider how few substances there are in nature which do not
contain either ammonia or the elements which form it. Rain
water collected before it reaches the earth contains a dis-
tinct amount of it ; nearly all organic substances contain
either it or its elements, — nitrogen and hydrogen. Would
we, therefore, be justified in rejecting uncontaminated rain
water because it contains ammonia? Certainly not, for we
know its source and origin. What is it, then, which renders
us suspicious of ammonia in water? It is not its quantity,
for even in sewage it seldom reaches more than 1.6 parts in
10,000, and we know that therapeutically we can give it,
combined with a carbonate, in the quantity of drachms. It
is evident, therefore, that it is not ammonia which we fear,
but it is the undoubted indication which the presence of
ammonia affords us of organic contamination. We cannot
isolate faeces, urine or putrid organic substances in water in
the form in wThich they entered, for they have become dis-
solved or suspended ; their elements have undergone change ;
the nitrogen has broken up or combined with hydrogen, and
thus formed ammonia. In ammonia, therefore, we have our
index of the amount of organic nitrogenous substances in
drinking water, and in speaking of ammonia we are actually
speaking of organic nitrogenous matter.

We have named chlorine also as a substance to. be sought
for. Now, chlorine in the form of gas, or dissolved in
water, is certainly a powerful germicide, and consequently
it might be argued that in the very small proportion in
which it is found it would be beneficial rather than other-
wise. But the chemist shows us clearly that the chlorine
does not exist in drinking water in a free state, but in com-
bination with other elements which render it of less value
as a germicide, but, on the other hand, make it a most
valuable aid in detecting impurity ; for the chlorine found
there comes only from two sources, viz., chlorides of the
metals, potassium, calcium or sodium, or chlorides of the
same bases contained in organic substances. It is certain
that chlorine derived from the chloride of sodium of inor-
ganic substances is quite harmless, and it has been sug-
gested that thirty to forty grains per gallon might be added.

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 177

to drinking water with positive advantage. But, on the
other hand, chlorine derived from the chloride of sodium
of urine and fa?ces would he a very serious thing. We
determine the chlorine, therefore, to see whether urine or
other organic matter has obtained entry into the drinking
water; we know the normal amount of chlorine which
should exist, and all over and above this must either be
derived from organic matter or from a salt stratum.

It must not be inferred that the amount of contamination
of a stream, as indicated by the excess of chlorine over the
normal of the region, is necessarily the result of direct
access of sewage to the stream. The amount of chlorine
in a stream above the normal is in direct proportion to the
population on the area on which it is drained, whether the
region has sewers or not ; provided, of course, that the
sewage is not carried outside the drainage area. But with
regard to the organic matters the case is very different.
When sewage flows directly into a stream, there is direct
pollution of the water by decomposing organic matter ;
whereas, when house drainage reaches the stream, after
filtering through porous earth, the organic matter may have
been entirely oxidized, and the water be purer, organically,
than the stream into which it flows. But the chlorine in
the waste waters suffers no change in filtering through the
earth, and hence this evidence of "previous pollution"
remains to tell the origin of the water.

Nitrogen as Nitrates and Nitrites.

The oxidation of ammonia which goes on in natural
waters under the influence of micro-organisms results in
the conversion of all of the hydrogen into water and
the nitrogen into nitric acid, which combines with soda,
potash or lime in tin' water. Intermediate between the
ammonia and nitric acid is nitrous acid, a lower state of
oxidation, through which (presumably) the nitrogen must
pass before it attains its highest stage of oxidation. The
combinations of nitrons acid with bases are called nitrites ;
those of nitric acid with bases, nitrates.

High free ammonia and high nitrites together are charac-
teristic of recent pollution, and when they arc uniformly

178

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

high in a surface water they point to continuous pollution.
When, however, the chlorine is not much above the normal
in waters which show high free ammonia and nitrites, the
inference to be drawn from these products of decomposi-
tion is that we have to do with pollution from farm-yards
or from manured fields, — a distinction which it w, fre-
quently very important to make.

Deductions drawn by the chemist are based upon the fact
that, in waters where the chlorine is due to organic contam-
ination, he finds present at the same time free ammonia as
well as nitrites ; or, in other words, where all three are
found present in any water in a degree much in excess of
the normal, it is an indication at once that it is from a con-
taminated source, and not fit for consumption. In our
work upon the investigation into the sanitary condition of
our farm buildings we have made analyses of some twenty-
five samples of water, taken from a large number of towns.
The results of these analyses show as follows : —

Water Analysis.

Ammonia.

Chlorine.

Nitrites.

Condition of

Number.

Water

Free.

Albuminoid.

i, .

.0010

.0160

0.69

.0003

Good.

2, .

.0012

.0212

0.74

.0005

Good.

3, .

.0012

.0084

0.22

Free.

Good.

4, .

. 1600

.0090

1.23

.0042

Bad.

5, .

.0024

.0156

0.43

Free.

Good.

6, .

.0017

.0070

0.30

Free.

Good.

7, .

.0540

.3700

6.60

Very high

Bad.

8, .

.0008

.0021

0.68

Free.

Fair.

9, .

.0034

.0046

0.36

Free.

Good.

10, .

.0048

.0036

0.88

Slight.

Fair.

11, .

.2100

.0820

24.29

.0048

Dangerous.

12, .

.0036

.0060

0.63

Free.

Good.

13, . .

.0126

.0068

0.20

Slight.

Fair.

14, .

.0022

.0015

0.26

Free.

Good.

15, .

.0116

.0034

2.70

Slight.

Bad.

16,.

.0003

.0024

0.35

Slight.

Good.

17, .

.0072

.0042

1.80

Trace.

Fair.

18, .

.0320

.0105

8.16

.0047

Bad.

19, .

.0076

.0038

0.62

.0034

Fair.

20, .

.0144

.0026

0.49

.0004

Good.

21, .

.0002

.0016

0.87

None

Good.

22, .

.0144

.0120

3.00

.0042

Bad.

23, .

.0014

.0020

0.46

Free.

Good.

24, .

.0006

.0070

0.13

Free.

Good.

25, .

.0028

.0180

0.70

.0005

Good.

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 179

Effects of an Impure Supply of Water.

We are in almost absolute ignorance as to the effects of
an impure supply of water on the health of animals ; the
general impression, that any water is good enough for
horses and cattle to drink, has perhaps to account for this
late of affairs; there can, however, he no doubt that, as
precise investigations proceed and greater care is shown in
the inquiry into and accuracy of examination of the causes
operating in producing disease amongst animals, impure
water will have its legitimate share allotted to it. Of one
thing I am convinced, that, however inert impure water
may have been to animals in a wild state, the more we sub-
ject them to an artificial existence, as the result of civiliza-
tion, the more we remove from them the immunity they
may have possessed against common causes of disease, and
the greater the liability there is for causes which originally
may never have existed to become developed.

What are the substances in water which are liable, then,
to provoke disease ? We have animal organic matter, vege-
table organic matter, particularly that of marshes, the
germs of specific diseases and some of the salts.

Commencing with the latter first, we know the result on
the digestive organs of horses receiving a large quantity of
lime in their water. Hard water undoubtedly produces a
derangement of the intestinal canal, and sympathetically of
the skin ; the harsh, staring coat of horses receiving hard
water rapidly disappears when a softer water is supplied.
The amount of hardness in water which will produce this
derangement of the intestinal canal has not been accurately
determined ; but from eight to ten grains of lime per gallon
has, in many cases, been found injurious.

Water impregnated with sulphurous acid gives rise in
cattle to a number of serious symptoms and to diseases of
the bones. Water highly charged with calcium carbonate and
sulphate has been found to give rise to exostoses in horses,
and on pure water being substituted the disease ceased.

An excess of sulphate of lime in the well water is sup-
posed to have caused an epizootic amongst the horses ot a
French regiment of cavalry. On changing the water supply
the disease ceased.

180 BOAED OF AGKICULTITKE. [Pub. Doc.

Butyric acid, one of the results of the decomposition of
organic substances, 1ms been known, in combination with
lime, to produce diarrhoea in man and animals.

Cystic calculi among animals, particularly sheep, have
been attributed to the excessive hardness of the water.
Calculus disease is more common in the limestone districts
than in any others. Goitre has been observed amongst
horses and mules in France from drinking waters well
known to produce goitre in man.

The impregnation of water by sewage has undoubtedly
some effect upon animals. Mr. Stevenson, veterinary sur-
geon of Newcastle-on-Tyne, regards it as the most prolific
source of abortion in cows, and abortion in ewes has been
attributed to the same cause. We have no idea how much
it may be answerable for causes of intestinal irritation, such
as diarrhoea ; or of obscure outbreaks of disease which we
read of from time to time. It seems, at least, only rational
to assume that it must have some evil effect, and as our
knowledge progresses we shall have outbreaks of disease
clearly attributable to this cause.

We have, at least, very clear grounds for stating that
most of the specific diseases from which animals suffer may
certainly be communicated through the water supply. I
need only instance glanders, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax
and tuberculosis.

How far cases of sore throat, particularly that known as
the malignant type, may be due to impure water, we have
no positive knowledge as yet.

Lastly, water may be, and perhaps in animals is, the
most common medium for the conveyance of the ova of
parasites ; tape-worms, liver-fluke, round-worms and thread-
worms are undoubtedly conveyed in this manner.

The amount of organic matter in water given to animals
to drink is often very high. I need only allude to the water
supply of farm-yards from pools and ditches ; the water is
stagnant, putrid, swarming with animal and vegetable organ-
isms, the result of the impregnation with animal excreta and
farm-yard refuse. The flesh and milk from animals receiv-
ing water of this description have often a bad taste and
peculiar odor.

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 181

I have entered rather fully into the subject of water, for
the reason that I am persuaded we have many diseases
affecting horses and cattle, particularly the latter, which arc
due to its influence.

There can be no doubt that for the full enjoyment of
health an unlimited and pure supply of water is necessary ;
and, though the effects of a bad supply may not produce in
many cases any positively prejudicial effect, such as we can
see, yet it must be a means of exposing the health of animals
to risk, by lowering the tone of the system, and rendering
them more susceptible to contract zymotic poisons when
these are present.

Impurities in the Air.

It is not surprising to find that the impurities found in
the air are numerous, and derived from many sources. The
importance of these impurities is very great, when we con-
sider that, in whatever form they exist, they obtain a
direct entry into the animal's body by means of the respira-
tory passage.

The lungs of a horse will contain nearly one and one-
half cubic feet of air, and at each respiration about one hun-
dred and forty cubic inches are drawn through the trachea ;
the surface of the lungs to which this amount of air is
exposed is calculated to be equal to two hundred and eighty-
nine square feet. Air, then, containing impurities, is ex-
posed to an absorbent area within the body equal to five
and a half times the surface of the skin.

Air is rendered impure by the products of respiration and
the decomposition of excreta; for convenience of descrip-
tion, therefore, the impurities of air are divided into organic,
inorganic and gaseous.

Organic impurities, in small proportions, always exist in
the air of places occupied by animals.

Organic impurities exist in the form of solid particles,
accompanied in many cases by gases which are given off
from them. These particles, such as bacteria, spores or
fungi, are only of microscopical dimensions; others, such
as vegetable fibre, epithelial cells, etc., are much larger.

We know very little about these living particles of matter

182 BOAED OF AGEICULTUEE. [Pub. Doc.

found in the air ; they are largely met with in hospitals,
houses and stables, wherever the air is impure, and in a
lesser degree they exist everywhere. We can filter them
from the air, and can also destroy them by the action of
chemical agents. On this process of filtration and disinfec-
tion of organic particles is founded the basis of antiseptic
surgery.

Among these organized particles are also others, which
form a distinct group. They are characterized as being the
materies morbi, or disease-producing bacteria ; such, for in-
stance, are the poisons of pleuro-pneumonia, tuberculosis,
sheep-pox, cattle-plague, influenza, and probably anthrax
and glanders. That particles of disease-producing matter
can be conveyed by the air is well known. Epithelial scales
and pus-cells have been found in the air of hospitals, and in
those devoted to the treatment of skin diseases actual dis-
ease-producing fungi have been found.

When particles exist in the air surrounding diseased ani-
mals, it is only rational to believe that in the case of in-
fectious diseases they may be the means of conveying the
specific poison.

Various forms of bacteria have been detected in the air ;
putrefactive bacteria are always present ; those of anthrax,
tuberculosis and glande'rs are probably present under certain
conditions, — particularly those of tuberculosis.

The organic matter found in air vitiated by respiration
and transpiration is made up of cast-off epithelium from the
mouth, air passages and skin ; organic vapors from the lungs
and skin, whose constitution is imperfectly known ; fasces,
in fine division ; and vapors derived from the decomposition
of materials from the intestinal and urinary passages. This
organic matter is accompanied by carbonic acid gas and
watery vapor. Regarding the latter, the cutaneous and
pulmonary transpiration from a horse, whilst in the stable,
is equal to about two gallons of water in twenty-four hours ;
for the ox it is about one and one-quarter gallons. The
vapor from the skin contains organic matter and carbonic
acid.

It is this organic matter found in buildings which
holds such an important place in the hygiene of air. We

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 183

have previously mentioned that it has been condensed and
collected from the air ; it may also be drawn through dis-
tilled water by means of an aspirator, and its presence
detected on analysis. Angus Smith found that it condensed
from a crowded room. If organic matter derived from the
skin and lungs of human beings possesses such objection-
aide properties, what must the organic matter from the
habitations of animals possess, when we consider that not
only are the skin and lungs acting but that we have depos-
ited in the place where they live the discharges from the
bowels and kidneys?

When organic matter is produced, it rapidly adheres to the
walls, woodwork, etc., and there, parting with its water, it
becomes fixed, forming a greasy coating. This is the reason
why the peculiar penetrating odor in badly ventilated stables
is so difficult to remove, even with free perflation of air ; it
hangs to woodwork, walls and ceiling, and is readily experi-
enced on entering a building of this description.

This organic substance, owing to the moisture in the air,
is constantly undergoing change, giving out carbonic acid,
ammonia and sulphuretted hydrogen. From observations
made by Dr. de Chaumont and others, it has been shown
that the organic matter in the air of buildings is in proportion
to the carbonic acid of respiration. This is a most important
point, for it affords us a ready index to the purity of the
air, by determining the amount of carbonic acid present in
it. It must be distinctly repeated, as we shall have later
on again to note, that it is not the actual presence of a large
amount of carbonic acid in the air which is to be dreaded,
but the certain indication which this affords of the large
amount of organic matter which is present. This brings
us to a consideration of the carbonic acid present in the air
as the result of respiration.

In a stable where ridge ventilation or an outlet in the
roof exists, the upper stratum of air is the purest ; the
stratum next the ground is very impure, though, owing to
the presence of ammonia, this is not apparent. In collect-
ing, therefore, stable air for analytical purposes, it should
never be taken nearer than six feet from the ground. In
stables where no outlet exists in the roof, the upper stratum

184

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc

of air is the most impure. The amount of carbonic acid in
different parts of the same stable is not the same.

I may say that a difference of two parts in ten thousand
in a room, over the normal, is unpleasant to most of us ;
whilst the presence of five parts per ten thousand of car-
bonic acid in the air of a room, above the normal, renders
the place extremely offensive and oppressive to the senses.

Ammonia is present in traces in the air of towns, but in
air vitiated by respiration it may be found in large amounts.
The ammonia itself is not injurious, but, as Dr. Smith ex-
presses it, " it has very bad relations, and keeps bad com-
pany ; " in other words, it is the product of organic matter,
and is regarded as another index of impurity.

The following table will show the constitution of the air
in the twenty-five burns examined : —

Carbonic Acid.

Bacteria found in

Number.

In 10,000
Parts Air.

Condition of Air.

Ten Litres Air.

Parts.

1, .

8

Fair,

350

2,

10

Bad,

-

3,

8

Fair,

160

4,

12

Bad,

500

5,

9

Bad,

230

6,

6.5

Good,

270

7,

12

Bad,

170

8,

10

Bad,

1,130

9,

7.5

Fair,

-

10,

8

Fair,

400

11,

8

Fair,

170

12,

9

Bad,

350

13,

11

Bad,

490

14,

14

Very bad,

420

1,

12

Bad*,

570

2,

7.5

Fair,

140

3,

7

Fair,

800

4,

G

Good,

660

5,

9

Had,

400

6,

8

Fair,

450

7,

7

Fair,

250

8,

7

Fair,

750

9,

7

Fair,

500

10,

6

Good,

200

11,

7

Fair,

400

Average number of bacteria of barns with air good,
Average number of bacteria of barns with air fair,
Average number of bacteria of barns with air bad,

376
397
473

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 1*5

Ihnanations from manure pits are commonly believed,
even by well-informed persons, to be healthy. The idea is
a very absurd one, and probably arises from the fact that
outbreaks of disease are not traceable to this cause, as
others more potent, and nearer to the animal, are acting at
the same time. Manure, when placed in the pit, undergoes
decomposition ; large quantities of ammoniacal gases, or-
ganic vapors and carbonic acid are formed ; but, owing to
the nature of the mass, these substances can only escape in
a partial degree, and are rapidly diluted with air as they
pass out, so that the odor of the substance is faint. But let
the surface be removed, and allow the hogs to work it over,
and then the noxious, penetrating, poisonous products of
animal and vegetable decomposition come out with full in-
tensity. Still, many of our cattle are confined over. just
such places.

We have before seen the enormous amount of impurity
conveyed into the air by horses and cattle in health ; and
have pointed out that, owing to the fact that animals have
to live, sleep, eat, drink, defalcate and urinate all in one
place and under one roof, the organic emanations are par-
ticularly foul.

To make matters worse, we have a strong and popular
prejudice against fresh air, — a prejudice not perhaps so
marked as in the days when every crevice, including the
key-hole, was carefully stuffed, but still sufficiently strong
to form a most formidable barrier to the progress of veter-
inary hygiene. On entering stables of this description, a
penetrating odor, unmistakably of organic matter, is met
with; ahot, damp, muggy feeling, which is insupportable,
accompanied by pungent ammoniated vapors, which irritate
the conjunctiva, — the mucous membrane which lines the
inner surface of the eyelids.

The Chairman. I find the following printed on our
programme : " The lectures will be followed by discussion,
in which all persons present are invited to engage."

Mr. A. Pratt (of North Middleborough). I want to
ask the doctor to go a little further in regard to those three
stables which were found to be in good condition. If I

186 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

understood rightly, out of the twenty-five examined the
air in three was found to be pure and good ; and I would
like to know the system of ventilation, and also what was
the condition of the cattle as to disease in these stables.
I believe that a great deal of this disease in cattle has
been in consequence of impure air and poor ventilation in
stables.

Dr. Osgood. None of the stables that I speak of had
had the whole herd examined. The examiner went about
and took barns indiscriminately, not trying to pick out the
best or the poorest, but taking those barns that were con-
venient to the railroad station, where he could reach them
early in the morning. There may have been a quarantined
animal removed from some of them, but none of the herds
had had a systematic examination. Two of the barns were
without cellars, one story, and built on the plan that barns
are built to-day, with ventilation in the roof.

Mr. Pratt. What was the number of animals ?

Dr. Osgood. Forty, sixteen, forty, twenty and fifteen.

Mr. Pratt. How much pure air should a medium-sized
creature have ?

Dr. Osgood. One thousand cubic feet, with a change of
air two or three times a day. The gentleman states that
he believes the majority of the cases of tuberculosis are
due to impure air. Now, it is utterly impossible to have
tuberculosis except you receive the germ from some other
tuberculous animal or tuberculous being of some kind. To
illustrate the case, I will give you two barns in Falmouth,
built at the same time, the same system, built some nine
years ago. They each had thoroughbred Guernsey cattle.
In one case the cattle had all been bred on the farm, in the
other they had imported many animals. If they went to a
fair and saw a remarkably fine animal, they bought it and
brought it home. I examined these two herds a year ago
or more. In one herd (thirty-four animals) there was not
a case of tuberculosis, in the other herd every animal was
diseased. In one case they had bred the animals on the
farm for nine years without importing an animal, in the
other they kept introducing fancy animals. Bear in mind,
— these were both thoroughbred Guernsey herds. The

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 187

buildings were exact duplicates, ventilation, size, everything
exactly the same, — all the conditions alike, with the ex-
ception that one had introduced animals from without and
the other had not. There was only a stone wall between
the two farms.

Question. I would like to ask if you can explain why
all the animals which have been purchased were diseased,
while those raised were not diseased ? There might have
been some diseased animals purchased, but why all?

Dr. Osgood. I do not fancy that all that were purchased
were diseased, but I fancy that a sufficient number of dis-
eased animals were purchased to affect the whole herd.
Close association with one diseased animal is often suffi-
cient to affect the whole herd.

The Secretary. A gentleman day before yesterday (he
is not here now), in the discussion on the report of the sec-
retary, made the remark that he had requested the com-
mission some three months ago to examine some of his
cattle, and he had not been able to get it done. I would
like to ask the doctor if he can and will explain that, and
whether it is true, or not.

Dr. Osgood. I cannot understand that being a fact,
because I think we have never been over six weeks behind.

The Secretary. It was Mr. Blair of Blandford.

Dr. Osgood. I never heard of him. It has never come
to my knowledge.

Mr. Muxson (of Huntington). I think there have been
applications in from Huntington two or three months. We
sent our blanks in, and the next time the inspector came lie
said they had been received, but he had received word from
the office that they were not going to inspect any more.

Mr. Barton (of Dalton). I was in the commissioners'
office about two weeks ago, and saw an application thai
had come in without any signature. Possibly »sonie of the
applications have been made in that way.

Dr. Osgood. There are quite a number of cases in fhe
vicinity of Huntington that we have been working up just
as rapidly as we could, but have made it the policy, where
a large number applied in a town, to wait until we could
complete the whole town at the same time. I think Mr.

188 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. ^Pub. Doc.

Dennen is going to Huntington this week. Your statement
is correct as to the number of weeks those applications have
been in.

Mr. Heath (of Stockbridge) . My attention was called
to the liver of a turkey the day before Thanksgiving, and
it looked to me like a case of tuberculosis. Do you find
the disease in fowls ?

Dr. Osgood. It is very common in poultry, although it
is not exactly the same species as we find in cattle and in
human beings. It is not transmissible from poultry to cattle.

The Secretary. Is the human tuberculosis transmissi-
ble to cattle ?

Dr. Osgood. Under certain conditions ; yes.

Mr. C. B. Lyman (of Southampton). Is tuberculosis
common in sheep?

Dr. Osgood. I know of no authentic report of its being
found in sheep.

Mr. . I had a sheep condemned by our local in-
spector, which I butchered six weeks ago. A little piece
of one lung had two or three little cells of some kind of
matter in them. I was ordered to bury it.

Dr. Osgood. What was it condemned for?

Mr. . Tuberculosis.

The Secretary. Do you consider yourselves responsi-
ble for all the mistakes of the inspectors ?

Dr. Osgood. I might say that we are in no way respon-
sible for the inspectors. They are not appointed by the
Cattle Commission. Their duties are simply to report
what they find in the way of diseased cattle to us.

The Chairman. Do you have the power of removal ?

Dr. Osgood. We have the power of removal, — a power
that we have never exercised, however. If they do not
perform their duties, the commission has power to remove
them and appoint some one in their place. A mistake
would not give us that power.

The Chairman. Suppose you should remove an inspect-
or, — would you have the power to dictate who would
take his place ?

Dr. Osgood. Yes.

Mr. A. Bradley (of Lee). The Cattle Commission are

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 189

sent to a neighborhood, and they take one, two or three
herds and rid them of all disease. There is a herd across
the street that is badly diseased. What are the liabilities
of these cattle which have been freed from the disease
taking the disease from the cattle across the street ?

Dr. Osgood. Exposure to direct rays of sunlight is
almost sure death to the germs. The danger of the trans-
mission of the disease from one side of the street to the
other through the medium of the atmosphere I do not think
is worth considering. Probably the common cause of the
spread of the disease is from the dry bacilli of the disease
being inhaled by other animals.

Mr. Bradley. It is not transmissible through the moist-
ure of the discharges ?

Dr. Osgood. It can be transmitted by the moist dis-
charge, but by the law of gravitation it falls to the ground,
and is not likely to rise until it becomes dry. It is not so
likely to be transmitted in that way as it is to be inhaled in
the dry form.

Mr. Bradley. In the spring of the year, when our cattle
are in the streets, being driven to and from pasture, are they
liable to take the disease from other cattle, which are driven
over the same road, that are diseased?

Dr. Osgood. I think the chances would be small. Fif-
teen minutes of sunlight is usually sufficient to destroy the
bacilli in the discharge.

Mr. Pratt. How long after applying tuberculin to a herd,
and finding it perfectly sound, do you wait before applying
it the second time ?

Dr. Osgood. One illustration : we tested, eighteen
months ago, a herd consisting of seventy-five animals ;
thirty-five of them were found to be diseased, and were
killed. A month ago, seventeen months after, I retested
the herd, and not a reaction. I can cite to you four or five
stables that have gone that length of time without any trace
of the disease. I went through the herd, and every animal
that reacted I killed. Any animal that showed the least evi-
dence of a deviation of temperature I put one side. All those
that there was a particle of doubt about, those that we could
not determine, we destroyed. Those that we were certain

190 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

about, we put into the herd. There was a boiler in the
barn. They attached a pipe to the boiler and went into
the stable with live steam until the planks warped right out
of place. After that we whitewashed it with a solution of
bichloride of mercury. Nothing has been done since, with
the exception of keeping it ordinarily clean, and the disease
has not appeared since.

Mr. Peatt. How long since you made the last test?
■ Dr. Osgood. About three weeks.

Question. How much variation of temperature do you
allow in order to satisfy you that an animal is diseased ?

Dr. Osgood. That would depend on the physical condi-
tion. If an animal in apparently poor physical condition
had a variation in temperature of one degree, we would con-
demn it. If it were a fine-looking animal, and had every
appearance of health, we would put it one side for a future
examination.

Question. Does the difference in temperature indicate
the extent of the disease ?

Dr. Osgood. No ; unfortunately, it does not. In the
case of infection in an animal in the best physical condition,
we get the highest reaction. When we get a reaction run-
ning up to one hundred and seven, we almost always look for
very slight lesions when we kill the animal. In the most
advanced cases we get the least reaction. A deviation of
one degree would, perhaps, be satisfactory.

Question. How many hours after the injection of tuber-
culin do you wait ?

Dr. Osgood. We make an inoculation at night, and
ten hours after inoculation we take the temperature ; then
every two hours up to the twentieth hour, provided there
has been no reaction before. If it has been completed
before that time, we do not continue to take the tem-
perature. If it is negative, we continue up to the twentieth
hour, because we may get a reaction at the eighteenth or
twentieth hour.

Mr. . I would like to have you give your opinion

in regard to this : there is a herd, for instance, that is
diseased, but not what we would call badly so ; that herd
is scattering its product all over the country, in butter,

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 191

milk, etc. Do you think there is danger to the consumers
of the products?

Dr. Osgood. We look upon the danger as being certain
where the udder is diseased, and possibly so in other cases.

Professor Brooks (of Amherst). Is it safe for a farmer
to buy an animal on the tuberculin test, when it has passed
the test successfully, of course, out of a herd where the
disease exists? In other woids, I had this thought in
mind : might that animal very recently have taken the
germs of disease into her system, and not yet got such a
foothold as to give any reaction, but still do so later?

Dr. Osgood. I believe that that very case would give
you the highest reaction you could get, even before the
lesion had become sufficiently developed to be recognized
by the naked eye.

Professor Brooks. Perhaps it would very seldom be
found ; but suppose there was no lesion at all, but the germ
had just passed into the respiratory organs?

Dr. Osgood. There has just been an important case in
Germany, — just such a case as you present. The animal
gave a reaction to tuberculin, — a marked, high reaction.
An autopsy was made, and no lesion was found. The owner
immediately brought suit. Parts of the bowels were taken
to a laboratory in Berlin, where they were examined, and
found to be all alive with bacilli ; no lesion was found even
with the microscope. The bacilli had just gained entrance
to the body.

Question. Is it entirely safe to buy an animal on the
tuberculin test?

Dr. Osgood. I do not think there is any danger in buy-
ing an animal from a tuberculous herd, provided you do
not introduce her into a diseased herd, and provided she
does not show any evidence of tuberculosis.

Mr. Bull. Suppose the germs of disease have not even
gained entrance into the body, — may they not be in the
hair ?

Dr. Osgood. You can avoid that by giving her a good
washing.

Mr. Piiatt. Have you any knowledge that tuberculin
can have any injurious effect on cows?

192 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Dr. Osgood. We have made some thirty thousand tests.
I have yet to know of the first instance in which a healthy
animal has been so injured. The opinion of all the govern-
ments of the world is that tuberculin has no injurious effect
upon animals free from tuberculosis. The opinion seems to
be uniform throughout the civilized world. That is the
conclusion that is becoming recognized as a fact. We have
never had any reason to believe that it could have any inju-
rious effect. Suppose an animal is suffering from bowel
trouble of some kind, — it becomes necessary to give it an
injection of morphine ; our syringe is not absolutely clean ;
we allow a bubble of air to enter the syringe, and just so
sure as we inject it, it causes an abscess. If it had been
tuberculin, it would have been attributed to tuberculin.
Again, take any animal with hair on the body, — if we
puncture the bowels and drive the trocar and carry with it
a single hair, the result is an abscess. Just the same in
introducing our syringe with the test of tuberculin. If we
happen to grind off a piece of hair or dirt from the skin,
the result is an abscess. Undoubtedly abscesses have oc-
curred as a result of dirt or foreign bodies of any kind
being introduced under the skin, or a bubble of air. Other
than that, I have never heard any complaint of tuberculin.

Mr. Newhall. If a healthy animal were put into a herd
where there were germs, how soon might that animal take
the disease and show the effects of it ? .

Dr. Osgood. That will depend entirely on the condition
of the animal and the stage of the disease in which the
other animals were.

I will give a few figures of the work under the law of

&

1895 since June 5, when the new law went into effect. We
have examined, by voluntary request of the owners, 3,325
animals. Those were herds where the owners had no par-
ticular reason to suspect that the disease was present, but,
notwithstanding that fact, an examination of the herds
showed 26 per cent of the cattle in them to be diseased with
tuberculosis ; 881 were condemned, and found on autopsy
to be diseased. Of 1,(339 animals that had been quaran-
tined by local inspectors since June 5, 802 were condemned,
nearly 50 per cent. The average price paid for cattle, of

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 103

which we have condemned 1,732 .since June 5, was $35 a
head, making $60,620 that has been paid back directly into
the farmers' hands. In order to examine these animals and
pay all the expenses of the commission, everything, it has
cost $16,100, and $60,620 has gone back to the farmer.
The expenses of the commission, all its agents, every ex-
pense of every kind, office rent and all, make about 20
cents on the dollar, and 80 cents go back to the farmer.
It was stated in a newspaper that 59 per cent of the money
spent under the law of 1895 went for expenses of the
commission. I openly deny that statement, right here.
Under the law of 1895 $91,876 was spent. They made
some fun of the $35,000 appropriation, but, if you re-
member, early in the year there was $50,000 added for
immediate use. That would have made the appropriation
$85,000. At the time the new law came into eifect with the
$100,000 appropriation, the inspectors had some four or
five hundred cattle tied up in quarantine which we had to
destroy ; so that they were quarantined and condemned
under the law of 1895, but had to be paid for out of this
$100,000, because they were killed after that time. When
the commission began operations under the new law, they
had $22,000 in their hands left of the appropriation, which
appropriation had been heralded to be $50,000, but was
really $35,000. They had an appropriation of $50,000 in
February, and they had animals enough ready to kill at the
time they got the appropriation to consume $19,876 of the
$100,000. The actual expense under that law was $91,876,
in organizing this whole work, fitting up the laboratories,
hospitals, quarantine stations, — inaugurating the whole
work, providing books that will last years, and all appli-
ances that are necessary in fitting any work. The total ex-
pense of everything under the law of 1894 was $44,376, and
there was returned to the farmer for cattle killed $47,500,
— that was under half compensation. If it had been worked
as it is now, it would have been certainly a third more.
I want to dispute that statement, that 59 per cent goes for
the expense of the commission, for it is false.

Mr. Bradley. I do not know as it has been stated what
per cent of the suspected cattle have been condemned.

194 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Dr. Osgood. I just stated that, of those examined in
private herds by voluntary request, about 26 per cent were
diseased. Of those examined that had been quarantined by
local inspectors, 50 per cent were diseased.

Mr. Bradley. Considering your experience in the mat-
ter, can you make an estimate of the per cent of cattle that
have been examined ?

Dr. Osgood. I think I could, if I took time enough and
sat down with my arithmetic.

Mr. Bradley. The reason I asked was because there
are those who are against the operations of the Cattle
Commission.

Dr. Osgood. I think enough of the farmers have had
practical experience to know that there is plenty of the
disease, without doubt.

Mr. Tucker. What per cent of the cattle in Massachu-
setts are diseased to-day ?

Dr. Osgood. I do not like to go on record as guessing.
We would have to figure by counties. Our work on the
Cape showed very conclusively that there is little if any
tuberculosis in that region. How far from the sea that con-
dition extends we do not know. If you want to know the
per cent in Worcester County, or Hampshire, Franklin or
Berkshire County, we could give a pretty good estimate
right now, from the records we have in the office.

Dr. Lindsey (of Amherst). There is one point I want
to bring out. I notice that under this new law the farmer
makes an application to have his cattle tested, and he has
his herd tested by the Cattle Commission ; and, so far as I
am aware, he is not compelled to do anything to cleanse his
barns and stables. I think that, where the inspection has
been carried out, the Cattle Commission should insist that
the farmer should cleanse his stable. It seems to me it is a
very important consideration.

Dr. Osgood. I think that is done under the supervision
of the commissioner who has in charge the cleaning up of
the herds. Before we examine any herd, the owner signs
what we call a voluntary request blank, and agrees to
observe all sanitary requirements of the Board, and also
that he will not introduce another animal into his herd until

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 195

declared free from the disease by the test. The methods of
disinfecting are the free use of live steam wherever we can
get it; in every case the scraping of all woodwork, any-
thing that the animal comes in contact with, with a three-
cornered tree scraper; wash with boiling water, and then
wash over with bichloride of mercury. This is done in
cases under supervision of the commission.

Dr. Lindsey. The farmer signs the paper that he will
do so. It struck me that the commission should bo a little
more emphatic, that this should be carried out, for I think
the farmer is apt to be very lax after he gets his money for
the tuberculous animals, if not looked after.

Mr. Pratt. How long does this agreement extend?

Dr. Osgood. That they will not again introduce into
their herds an animal until it has been subjected to the
tuberculin test.

Mr. French (of Dalton). I would like to ask how
many animals have been killed that did not prove to be
diseased?

Dr. Osgood. Under the law of 1895, 4 out of 1,732.

Mr. Bradley. How is it proved that they were not dis-
eased ?

Dr. Osgood. Lesions were not found.

Mr. French. Do you know of any case where a man
has taken it from an animal ?

Dr. Osgood. I think I know of a good many cases
where the evidence is about as direct as can be.

Mr. French. In what way could it be taken ?

Dr. Osgood. Through the milk.

Mr. French. Why is it not necessary to stop the sale
of milk when some animals are condemned?

Dr. Osgood. Do you mean in the voluntary request?

Mr. French. Yes, sir.

Dr. Osgood. They are all condemned that are diseased.

Mr. French. Why not stop the use of the milk at the
time they are condemned ?

Dr. Osgood. It is instantly stopped. If the farmer is
dishonest, and sells it, we cannot be there to stop him.

Mr. French. Is it proved that if a cow does not respond
to the test of tuberculin she is free from disease ?

196 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Dr. Osgood. I believe it is.

Mr. French. I have no prejudice against the commis-
sion, but I helped butcher an animal, within ten days, that
had been tested and not condemned, and I found a tubercle
on the lungs as large as my fist and eight inches long.

Dr. Osgood. Where was this test made ?

Mr. French. In the town of Dalton.

Dr. Osgood. Was it made by the cattle commissioner?

Mr. French. Yes, sir.

Dr. Osgood. In what month ?

Mr. French. I cannot say.

Dr. Osgood. How do you know it was made by the
cattle commissioner, if you do not know in what month it
was made? Did you see the cow examined by the commis-
sioner?

Mr. French. No, sir.

Dr. Osgood. How do you knoAv she was tuberculous?

Mr. French. I suppose she was. The whole herd was
examined.

Mr. Newhall. How many do you find that could be
condemned on a physical examination ?

Dr. Osgood. I do not think in the voluntary requests
that two per cent of those killed could have been picked
out on physical examination. The tuberculosis need not
necessarily be in the lungs. It may be in the glands about
the throat, it may be in the udder, it may be in any location
where the bacillus finds lodging. I have seen a case where
the only trace in the body was found inside the eyelid.
You may find it in the glands between the muscles or in the
bronchial system.

Mr. Newhall. Will they not generally develop a cough
before they die ?

Dr. Osgood. Not necessarily.

Mr. Lyman. Would there be any danger of injury from
using the milk if the disease were located in the eye ?

Dr. Osgood. I do not think so, if we could be sure that
that was the only location.

The Secretary. Are there not other forms of disease
that would look like tuberculosis, which would be some-
thing else? Is it not possible that if any one except an

No. 4.] STABLE MANAGEMENT. 197

expert were to butcher a cow they might find something
about her that they might think was tuberculosis, but would
be something else ?

Dr. Osgood. We have lots of diseases taken for tuber-
culosis.

Mr. Lyman. There was a creature killed in our place
last winter. I think the test was applied, and she was con-
demned to be killed. She had a very bad cough, and when
she was led out to the slaughter house the man said she
coughed all the way. After she was butchered her lungs
appeared to be perfectly sound. After a diligent search,
somewhere near the windpipe a little hard bunch was found.
In that case I should judge that the cough proceeded from
that, and not from tuberculosis.

Dr. Osgood. It was quite likely tuberculosis.

Adjourned at 3.40 p.m.

REPORT

State Board of Agriculture

ON THE WORK OF

EXTERMINATION OF THE GYPSY MOTH.

Plate I

Drav/n by Joseph Bridgham

Geo HWalker & Co., Boston.

GYPSY MOTH

An Explanation of Plate I, with a Short Description of the
Different Forms of the Gypsy Moth and its Feeding Habits.

The Eggs.

[Fig. 8, cluster of eggs on bark ; Figs. 9 and 10, eggo magnified.]

The eggs are deposited in clusters, averaging about five hundred eggs each,
and covered with yellow hairs from the body of the female moth. These
egg-clusters are usually found in sheltered places on the bark or in the crev-
ices and cavities of trees, stumps and undergrowth ; also on fences and build-
ings and in the crevices of stone walls and other objects, near the plants or
trees on which the insect feeds. The eggs are laid in July, August and Sep-
tember, and hatch after the foliage starts in the late spring or early summer
of the ensuing year; therefore the insect passes the fall, winter and early
spring in the egg.

The Larva or Caterpillar.

[Figs. 6 and 7.]

When first, hatched the caterpillars are less than one-fifth of an inch in
length. As they grow larger they may be seen in clusters upon the trunks
and branches of trees or in the cavities and other hiding-places where the
eggs are often found, where they gather in June, July and the first part of
August.

The Pupa.

[Fig. 5.]

The caterpillar when full grown sheds its outer covering and becomes a
pupa or chrysalis. This usually occurs in July or August. The pupa may
be found in the same situations as the eggs. In Massachusetts the insect
usually remains in the pupal state from eight to twelve days, emerging as a
moth at the end of that period.

The Moth.

[Figs. 1 and 2, female ; Figs. 3 and 4, male.]

The female moth usually deposits her eggs very near the abandoned pupa
case, and within a few hours after emerging from it. She dies soon after.
The male is a rapid flyer. The female does not fly.

Habits ov the Caterpillars.

The gypsy moth feeds only when in the larval or caterpillar state. In
Massachusetts the eggs of the gypsy moth begin hatching about April 20, and
the young continue to emerge until the middle of June. The length of larval
life varies somewhat according to circumstances, but probably averages ten

202 EXPLANATION OF PLATE.

weeks; therefore the feeding season in this country lasts about four months.
When the caterpillars are first hatched from the eggs they are light in color
and covered with whitish hairs. In a few hours they assume a dark hue.
They usually remain in or near the egg-cluster until they change in color, and
should the weather be cold they sometimes remain for several days in a semi-
torpid condition upon the egg-cluster. If the temperature is favorable they
usually search for food before they are twenty-four hours old. During the
first few weeks of their existence they remain most of the time on the leaves,
feeding mainly on the under side. Their feeding habits are so uncertain that
no rule can be given which will apply to all individuals, but before they are
half grown they generally begin to manifest their gregarious instincts. At
that time and for the rest of their existence as caterpillars they spend a large
part of the day clustered in sheltered situations, and feed principally at night,
going up the trees and out on the branches after dark and returning before
daybreak. "Where they are so abundant that the food supply is insufficient
they evince much restlessness, and feed in numbers during all hours of the
day and night. They may then be seen hastening to and fro, both up and
down the trees. Those which have fed sufficiently are at once replaced by
hungry new-comers, and the destruction of the foliage goes on incessantly.

At such times the trunks and lower branches of trees are covered with a
moving mass of caterpillars, hurrying throngs are passing and repassing, and
nearly every leaf or denuded stem bears up one or more of the feeding insects.
The rustling caused by their movements and the continual dropping of excre-
ments is plainly audible. On tall trees the larger caterpillars appear to crawl
to the higher limbs, and they seem to prefer to feed well out toward the end
of the branches. They do not feed gregariously except when in great num-
bers ; therefore they seldom strip one branch, as do the larva? of the Vanessa
antiopa, but scatter throughout the trees, eating a little from each leaf.
Early in the season, when they are small and few in numbers, their ravages
are scarcely noticed ; but as they grow larger and more numerous their
inroads on the tree decrease the foliage area night by night, until suddenly
all the leaves appear to have been eaten in a single night, and the tree is
stripped.

Food Plants.

The gypsy moth is known to destroy the foliage of nearly all native and
introduced trees and plants of economic importance. The list of its food
plants includes nearly all evergreen and deciduous trees, most bushes, shrubs,
vines and vegetables, and it has been seen to eat grass. Wherever the cater-
pillars become numerous they move slowly, devouring nearly every green leaf
and bud as they go. They feed during a much longer season than the canker
worm or the tent caterpillar. In the months of June, July and August, 1891,
trees which had been stripped early in the season and whose leaves had again
put out were again defoliated by these caterpillars and kept bare all summer;
therefore not only was all prospect of a fruit harvest destroyed, but many
trees were killed by this continual defoliation.

C&mmonfocaltlr of lltassaxfoxsjfcfcte.

To the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture.

The committee on the gypsy moth, insects and birds, to
whom it was committed " to prevent the spreading and secure
the extermination of the Ocneria dispar or gypsy moth in this
Commonweallh " by the Board of Agriculture, herewith pre-
sents the report of expenditures and of work performed during
the past year.

The committee has held regular meetings once in two weeks
throughout the year, which meetings the director has attended,
reporting the progress of the work and receiving directions
from the committee. In addition to these regular meetings
the members of the committee have attended many special
committee meetings, and have spent much time in examination
of the territory infested by the gypsy moth and in inspecting
the work of the employees. The time thus spent by the
members of the committee will aggregate about thirty days
each. The committee receive no recompense for time spent
in this work. Mr. E. H. Forbush, who has filled the place
of director of field work since the work was placed in the
hands of the Board of Agriculture, has continued in that posi-
tion during the past year. Man}'' of the employees of former
years have also been retained in their former places, or been
promoted to more responsible positions.

The work of inspecting suspected territory and destroying
the eggs of the moth was continued through the month of
January and until February 6, when the appropriation of 1894
was nearly expended, and the men at work in the field were
discharged, leaving tho work of this character planned for the
winter and early spring of 1895 incomplete. Tho committee
had hoped that the balance remaining of tho 1894 appropria-
tion ($20,535.42) would serve to keep this work in progress

204 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

until the Legislature of 1895 should decide, by the amount of
money appropriated, the policy to be pursued for the present
year. The Board of Agriculture had recommended the appro-
priation of $200,000, "if the work is to be carried on under
the present statute and the policy of extermination is to be
continued." The Legislature appropriated $150,000, three-
quarters of the sum recommended, but made no change in the
statute. This appropriation did not become available until
May 17, 1895, at which date the eggs of the moth had nearly
all hatched and the caterpillars were beginning their work.
All the experienced men discharged, whom it was possible to
re-engage, were at once set at work, but, as has been the case
several times in the past under like circumstances, many of
them had obtained other employment, and their places were
necessarily filled with inexperienced men, who had to learn to
do the work required before they could be useful or reliable.
The work of inspection and egg-destroying, stopped in the
first week of February, could not be resumed because the
caterpillars demanded attention. The territory that should
have been cleared of eggs during the late winter and early
spring had now to be cared for at increased expense, by spray-
ing and burlapping the trees for the caterpillars. New men
were engaged and set at work as fast as they could be ex-
amined and instructed, until there were three hundred and
sixty-four names on the pay roll. The condition of the forest
lands, more than fifty square miles in extent, which has been
repeatedly reported as an unknown quantity in the work of
extermination, and which the investigation of 1894 showed in
part to be very serious, has been more thoroughly looked into,
and the fears of the committee have proved well founded. At
least three thousand acres of woodland are now known to be in-
fested. Many places, some of them of considerable area, have
been found to be infested, some of them to such an extent that
the trees were entirely stripped of leaves. In some places dis-
covered during the eating season the caterpillars were found
in enormous quantities, covering the trees and bushes and also
the ground under them. Every possible effort warranted by
the size of the appropriation was made to destroy the cater-
pillars at the time, except in a few places discovered near the
end of the feeding season. In these places they were allowed

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 205

to transform and lay their eggs, as it was believed that they
could be more economically destroyed in the egg form. In
one case in Woburn arrangements have been made to cut the
wood on the land and burn it, together with the bushes and dry
leaves. In other places men have searched the trees and
ground for the egg-clusters, destroying them as fast as found
by the application of creosote oil. The search of the remain-
ing forest land is being still continued, with the hope of locating
all infested places before the green leaves again appear, bring-
ing with them the caterpillars.

The infested territory outside the forest land has been care-
fully looked after, and that part of it reported as apparently
cleared of the moths has been proved in most cases to be free
from them. In other places that have been carefully attended
to for two or three seasons very few caterpillars have been
found. In fact, the condition of the territory other than
forest land is better than the committee had expected to be
able to report it. A few places outside of forest land have
been found considerably infested, notably one in ward 16,
Boston, but none in either forest or open land outside the
limits of the territory heretofore reported as infested.

The committee has for the past three years recommended
the appropriation of all the money that could be economi-
cally expended in the work of extermination, and in each year
warned the Legislature that any other policy would delay and
imperil the final successful result. In 1893 the committee
reported plans for the year that would necessitate an appro-
priation of $165,000. Only $100,000 was appropriated. In
1894 the plans and recommendations called for $165,000.
Only $100,000 was appropriated. In 1895 the plans and
recommendations called for $200,000. Only $150,000 was
appropriated. The result has been what the committee has
feared and warned the Legislature to expect, viz., the moth
has spread to a large extent in the great forest area, within
the bounds of the infested territory, and, while the lands
other than woodlands are in an encouraging condition, more
new places have been found in the woods than have been
stamped out in such lands.

In the past three years the committee has been obliged to
report that, in addition to the drawback of smaller appropri-

20(5 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

ations than were recommended, the work has suffered severely
from delay of action by the Legislature. In 1893 the reduced
appropriation did not become available until April 12, and the
committee reported that " by reason of the delay at least six
weeks of the best working time of the year passed unutilized."
In 1894, notwithstanding the fact that the committee reserved
about $30,000 for use in the late winter and early spring, the
new appropriation did not become available until May 23, and
the whole force was discharged two weeks before that date,
for want of money to pay their wages. Last year the force
was discharged on February 6, because the appropriation was
expended, and the work could not be resumed until May 17.
The fine weather of February, March, April and half of May
passed unutilized.

The committee feel obliged to reiterate what was said in
their report last year : ' ' The work has suffered in the past
three years almost as much by delay of appropriations as by
refusal to appropriate the sums asked for by the committee."
In 1895 the delay in making the appropriation was greater
than in any one of the three preceding years, and the work
suffered in a correspondingly greater degree. It seems to the
committee that it is the opposite of economical management
to deal with this problem as has been the practice in the past.
Either the work should be abandoned, or the appropriations
should be ample for the vigorous prosecution of the work,
and should be promptly made, so that the money can be used
to the utmost advantage. The committee took substantially
the same position in the report of 1895, as follows: "The
committee believes that the work of extermination should be
continued, but is also firmly of the opinion that, if the Legis-
lature is unwilling to appropriate the sum necessary for an
aggressive campaign for extermination, the law should be
changed so that the Board of Agriculture shall be required to
conduct the work only along the line of preventing the spread
of the gypsy moth. The committee further believes that, if
the Legislature is unwilling to provide sufficient funds for
restricting the spread of the gypsy moth and holding it in
check, the work should be discontinued entirely."

The committee should not be held responsible for failure if
their plans and recommendations are ignored. The final sue-

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 207

cess of extermination lias been already gravely imperilled,
and the amount necessary for final success largely increased.
The committee believes that extermination is still possible if
sufficient means are furnished with promptness and regularity.
The committee believes that it is of the utmost importance
that the gypsy moth should be prevented from spreading into
new territory, and desires to record the opinion that the only
safe way to prevent the spreading of the insect into new terri-
tory is to use every promising means to secure its extermina-
tion. In the last annual report of the committee allusion was
made to the effort to obtain the assistance of the general gov-
ernment in the work of extermination, and to the favorable
reception and patient hearing of a committee of the Board of
Agriculture by the agricultural committees of the United
States Senate and House of Representatives at Washington.
As a result of the hearing an appropriation of $40,000, to aid
this State in the work, passed the United States Senate ; but,
as the final adjournment of the fifty-third Congress was very
near at hand, the appropriation failed to pass the House of
Representatives .

The committee believes the work to be of national impor-
tance ; for, if the insect is allowed to spread, it will most
certainly invade other States and eventually become a pest in
all parts of the country. For this reason it is recommended
that means should be immediately taken by the Legislature to
bring the matter again to the attention of Congress.

AYhen the committee of this Board appeared before the
committees of the fifty-third Congress, it was" found that the
fact that Massachusetts had undertaken the work of extermi-
nation and had expended very large sums of money in it with-
out waiting for the general government insured the attention
of the committees and was considered by the committees as
an important factor in the case. In another application to
Congress for aid the fact that Massachusetts is continuing flic
work at a great expense will be the best argument that can be
presented, as it will prove without question that the people
immediately interested are honest in the belief that the work
can be carried to a successful conclusion.

The Association of Official Economic Entomologists, which
comprises in its membership the most eminent official ento-

208 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

mologists of the United Stares and other American countries,
at the annual meeting in Springfield in August last unani-
mously approved the work of the State of Massachusetts for
the extermination of the gypsy moth, and resolved in favor of
the work. Several members of the association visited Maiden
and inspected the work of the committee. They commended
the plans and work of the committee in the highest terms.
The National Farmers' Congress, which convened at Atlanta,
Ga., Oct. 10 to 16, 1895, "Resolved, That the Farmers' Con-
gress memorialize the Congress of the United States for aid in
protecting the country against the ravages of the gypsy moth,
which has so far been held in check by the efforts of a single
State." The National Grange, at its annual meeting at Worces-
ter, Mass., November 13 to 21, also passed a similar resolution.

The committee believes that the work could be most eco-
nomically carried on if an amount sufficient for the work of
several years were ; ^aced at its disposal, so that, as the work
progresses all that should be done might be done at once.
In the experience of the past five years it has been often the
case that the progress of the work developed an unexpected
condition that called for a large outlay immediately ; but the
amount of money available would not warrant such outlay,
and therefore work that should have been done at once has
often necessarily been deferred to the next season, to be then
performed at largely increased cost. The estimates have
always been made for such work as could be planned for in
advance, and the recommendations have been for a sum suffi-
cient for such work.

The committee believes that all should be done at once that
can be done in a thorough manner. Much of the work can
only be done by experienced men, and the amount of such
work to be undertaken is dependent upon the number of such
men that can be obtained. A careful survey of the territory
and consideration of the force obtainable leads to the conclusion
that the sum of $200,000 can be economically expended during
the ensuing year, and the committee recommends that that sum
be promptly appropriated for the work of the year 1896.

Should the appropriation of $200,000 be granted, the com-
mittee plans to use it : first, by employing a large force of
nien, in the early spring, in the work of destroying the eggs.

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 209

Wherever this work is thoroughly done there should be no
danger of the moths increasing in numbers, as they have in the
past year in sections where this work was not done. Such
waste lands as are infested would be burned over thoroughly
just after the eggs hatched, to secure the extermination of the
caterpillars. When this is done the force Avould be still
further increased, and four hundred men would be employed
in burlapping and examining the trees in the infested region
during the latter part of May, June, July and first half of
August. The force would then be reduced by the discharge
of the least efficient men, and every effort would be made to
examine the entire territory and destroy all the eggs of the
moth to be found before another year. During the whole year
especial care would need to be exercised to keep all trees and
shrubs along railroads, streets and roads clear o^ cater-
pillars, to prevent them from spinning down on to teams
and passengers, to be by them carried t places not now in-
fested. There are nearly two thousand miles of 'eh streets
and roads within the infested towns and cities, requiring the
employment of many men and involving a large expenditure.
Then the territory round the outside of the infested region
must be carefully and continuously watched, to make sure that
there can be no infestation of new territory.

To accomplish the work above described the committee
estimate that it would require the employment of one hundred
and twenty-five experienced men throughout the year (three
hundred days) at an average of $2.25 per day, $84,375; three
hundred men for temporary employment during five months
of spring and summer, at an average of $2 per day, $78,600;
sixty-five men (selected from the preceding class) for the last
four months of the year, $14,534 ; making the amount to be
paid in wages to superintendents, inspectors and men, $177,509.
To this must be added the salaries of director, entomologists
and clerks, travelling expenses of the committee, entomolo-
gists, director and men, teaming, supplies, tools, insecticides
and incidentals, an estimated expense of $23,336, making
altogether $200,845, the total estimate of expenses for the year
1896.

The reports of Prof. C. II. Fernald, entomologist to tin
committee, and E. II. Forbush, director of field work, are

210

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

printed herewith as a part of this report, and are referred to
for details of the work of the past year.

The following is the financial report of the gypsy moth com-
mittee of the State Board of Agriculture for 1895 : —

Balance on hand Jan. 1, 1895, ....

. . .

$20,535 42

150,000 00

$170,535 42

Expenditures.

Wm. E. Sessions, expenses, ....

$16 35

Augustus Pratt, expenses, ....

68 54

E. W. Wood, expenses,

18 40

John G. Avery, expenses, ....

121 85

F. W. Sargent, expenses, ....

52 60

S. S. Stetson, expenses,

41 90

C. H. Fernald, expenses and remuneration, .

765 40

E. H. Forbush, director, salary, . . .

2,400 00

Book-keeper and clerks in office, .

3,141 16

Travelling expenses of director and men, .

2,239 90

Teaming, livery and board of horses, .

2,751 19

Wages of men,

106,840 23

Rent of storehouses and office, .

440 00

Supplies, tools and insecticides,

11,915 81

Balance on hand Jan. 1, 1896,

39,722 09

$170,535 42

Four thousand dollars of the $39,722.09 remaining unex-
pended on January 1 was set aside by the Legislature to be
used in printing a report of the history of the gypsy moth in
Europe and America, the methods used in destroying the
moth and the scientific facts ascertained. This report is now
in press. After deducting this $4,000, the balance, $35,722.09,
has been reserved for use during the time that must necessarily
elapse before the appropriation for 1896 can become available.
This course seemed to the committee to be necessary : first,
that the experienced and most valuable men might be furnished
consecutive employment, and thus be retained in the service
of the department ready for the work of the coming year,
when another appropriation should become available ; second,
that the work of cleaning up badly infested localities, begun
by cutting brush and wood in the foil and early winter, might
be completed by burning over the land in late winter and early
spring ; third, that the work of searching the remainder of the

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 211

woodland in the infested territory might he continued, and, if
possible, completed before the leaves and caterpillars appear
in the coming spring. By this plan the extent of forest in-
festation, which has heretofore been unknown, may be demon-
strated, thus placing before the committee at the beginning of
the 1896 campaign the full extent of the work to be done.

E. W. WOOD,
AUGUSTUS PRATT,

F. W. SARGENT,
J. G. AVERY,

S. S. STETSON,
WM. R. SESSIONS,
Committee of the Board of Agriculture in
Charge of the Gypsy Moth Work.

212 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Field Director's Report.

To the Committee on the Cypsy Moth, Bisects and Birds.

Gentlemen: — The appropriation of 1894 being nearly
exhausted in January, the field force was discharged on Feb-
ruary 6. No work was done in the field thereafter until early
in May, when it was seen that an appropriation would soon
become available. The season, being very early, was particu-
larly favorable for the increase and rapid development of the
moths, and the necessity for prompt action was appreciated.
Those experienced men who were willing to await remunera-
tion for their services until the Legislature should make an
appropriation were engaged and put at work early in May.
Arrangements were made for the purchase of supplies and the
examination of applicants for positions on the force. When
the appropriation became available, on May 17, it was too
late to accomplish much by the destruction of eggs, as most
of them had hatched; therefore, of necessity, the spring work
was left undone, three months' time having passed by unim-
proved which it had been planned to devote to the destruction
of eggs, the most important extermi native measure. This
enforced neglect necessitated later the killing of the cater-
pillars which hatched from the eggs in the neglected localities,
at an expense ten times greater than the cost of destroying
the eggs. Furthermore, it had been planned to burn over
some badly infested places where wood and brush had been cut
in the previous fall. This burning was to have been done in
the early spring when the young caterpillars were hatching,
as it is then most effective. This could not be done at that
time, however, as the appropriation had not then been made.
By the time the force was organized for the work of the
season it was too late, as the leaves had started, and the
work of burlapping to catch the caterpillars had to be done

Xo. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 213

at once. Therefore much of the work already done in these
localities was wasted, as the caterpillars hatched from eggs
scattered about on the ground and in the brush, and crawled
in all directions seeking food, spreading into adjoining estates
before anything could be done to cheek them.

As far as the clearing *of infested localities of the eggs of
the moth had progressed in the previous fall, every effort had
been made to do thorough work. When this work was inter-
rupted by the snow the plan was to resume it in the spring ;
but, as no work could be done in the spring, there were many
infested localities in which no eggs were destroyed.

The task of burlapping the trees in the infested region was
begun as soon as the force was fairly organized, and was fin-
ished none too soon, for by the time the necessary number of
trees had been banded with burlap the caterpillars were seek-
ing its shelter. An attempt was made to reduce the number
of caterpillars as quickly as possible by repeated examinations
of the burlaps, thus preventing the moths' reinfesting local-
ities from which they had been exterminated and spreading
into localities which had never been infested. As the season
advanced, the increase of the moth in some localities where it
had not been possible to gather the eggs necessitated the em-
ployment of a larger number of men than ever before. The
force was increased as rapidly as was compatible with the
selection, examination, organization and instruction of the men,
until three hundred and sixty-four employees were upon the
pay roll. Even with this force, which was as large as could
be properly organized, trained and equipped in the short time
left for burlapping, it was impossible to care for all the terri-
tory and prevent occasional injury to foliage in certain places
where, had the appropriation been made in time, it had been
planned to examine the trees early in the season and to destroy
all eggs found.

As the caterpillars were nearly all hatched early in the
season and their development was exceedingly rapid during
May and June, and as, owing to the lateness of the appropria-
tion, very little could be done to check them before the middle
of June, their ravages made more showing during L895 than in
any other year since 1891. The moths appeared in ward 16,
Boston, on Sargent Street, near where the inspection of the

214 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pal). Doc.

previous winter had been stopped by snow. Many of the
trees in a small grove were defoliated before the caterpillars
were discovered. Immediate steps were taken to destroy
them, and in a short time eighteen bushels of caterpillars and
19,574 pupae were killed in that locality.

In some localities, where the caterpillars were found upon
valuable ornamental shrubs, hedges or fruit trees, the foliage
was sprayed with arsenate of lead. Where it was used at a
strength of thirty pounds, to one hundred and fifty gallons of
water, the caterpillars disappeared. Spraying with Paris green
and other arsenites has long since been given up as ineffective.

Several outbreaks occurred in the woods within the infested
district, to the probable condition of which the attention of the
Legislature has been called from year to year by reports of the
committee, who have recommended annually for the past three
years that appropriations be made large enough to thoroughly
inspect these woodlands and check the increase and spread of
the moths within them. It has been impossible with the
resources provided to protect the cultivated land and the
woodland also, as the force of men employed has never been
large enough to care for both. It was absolutely necessary
that the work should be carefully done in centres of population,
in cultivated lands and along highways, so as to prevent a
distribution of the moth such as occurred before the State work
begun. Before their ravages could be stopped, the gypsy
caterpillars had defoliated in June and July several areas of
woodland at different localities in Saugus, Medford, Lexing-
ton and Woburn, all within the region found infested in 1891.
These outbreaks showed that the fears of the committee as to
the danger of neglecting the woodland, as expressed in their
annual reports to the Legislature, were justified, and were a
direct confirmation of the probable results predicted by the
committee if the work should be interrupted or stopped.

The appropriation of 1895, being larger than that of the
previous year, made possible the beginning of the long-needed
thorough inspection of all the woods in the infested territory.
As many trained men as could be spared were detailed for this
work. It was begun in June, and has been carried on through-
out the summer, fall and winter to January 1. While it was
impossible with the means at hand to inspect thoroughly all

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 215

this woodland, a great part of it has been gone over and in-
spected. It is to be hoped that this work will not be delayed
in the spring, and that it may be completed before the eggs
hatch. A portion of the appropriation of 1895 has been
retained, so that this work and that of killing eggs may be
carried on in the winter during favorable weather and continued
as soon as the snow melts in the spring. The result of that
portion of the inspection which has been completed indicates
that the woodland in the infested territory is not as a whole as
seriously infested as had been feared. There are, however,
three badly infested centres in the woods. One of these, a
portion of Middlesex Fells, situated mostly in Medford, is very
generally infested. Another, a large tract of woodland in the
northern part of Saugus, extends to the borders of the Lynn
woods. The third is a tract of woodland and farming land
which occupies adjacent parts of Arlington, Lexington and
"Woburn. These worst infested forest colonies comprise ap-
proximately a thousand acres each. Every effort should be
made to prevent their extension and to eradicate them now
that they are under control ; for the expense of exterminating
the moths from forest land is much greater than that of eradi-
cating them from cultivated lands. In the principal centres
of infestation in all these three localities most of the moths
have been destroyed during the present year; but it will be
the work^f years to completely exterminate the moths from
these centres.

In one badly infested locality in Woburn some ten acres of
woodland were cut over and the wood burned on the ground
(see Plate II.).

The employment of the large force of men, which became
necessary during the summer on account of the increase of
caterpillars which the lapse of the spring work had permitted,
necessitated the expenditure of a large portion of the appro-
priation ; therefore in September one hundred and sixteen
men were discharged. One hundred and tifty-two of the most
experienced and efficient men were retained. These men con-
tinued the work of the inspection of the woods, and this in-
spection was extended to the contines of the peripheral towns
of the infested territory and beyond in some directions. A
colony of the moths having been found in the woods in the

21(3 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

north-western part, of Lexington, one of the towns found
infested in 1891, search was made of all the woodland sur-
rounding it and extending1 into Bedford and Burlington. In
Boston the inspection has been extended south through Rox-
bury and West Roxbury to the Dedham line, the plan being to
continue the search as far as Milton and Quincy. ]\To moths
have been found in this inspection, which, however, is not yet
completed.

Results of the Years Work.

It has been feared from the first that, unless sufficient appro-
priations were granted to provide for effective, externii native
work each year over the whole area, some favorable season
might give the moths a sudden impetus which would cause
them to increase beyond control. During the early spring of
1895 the meteorological and other conditions for such an in-
crease were present. We were obliged to await an appro-
priation, while the caterpillars were hatching and growing in
the mean time under the most auspicious conditions, and begin-
ning to spread over the country. When this hatching and
spreading had progressed considerably, the money for the
work was appropriated and the task of preventing the
spreading and securing the extermination of the moth, which
appeared almost hopeless under such circumstances, was
again begun. For the first month it seemed as jf it might
prove an unequal contest, but as the season advanced and the
men made their rounds steadily day by day the numbers of
the caterpillars gradually decreased, until at the end of the
burlapping season there were no known localities except those
already referred to in the woods where the moths had made an
increase over that of 1894. The work of the fall in inspect-'
ing the woods and destroying egg-clusters has still further
reduced the numbers of the moths, and revealed the condition
of a great tract of woodland within the infested territory.
Before the end of the season the moths were well under con-
trol, and at the present time there is in the main a consider-
able improvement in the condition of the infested towns over
that of the year 1894. This is especially noticeable in Swamp-
scott, Lynn, Wakefield, Stoneham, Somerville, Cambridge,
Arlington, Winchester, Winthrop, Boston and a portion of

No. 4.]

THE GYPSY iMOTH.

217

Chelsea. The outer row of towns is practically clear of the
moth, with the exception of certain wooded sections of Wo-
burn, Lexington and Lynntield, which have recently been
carefully looked over for the first time. The populated por-
tions of the central towns arc mostly in better condition in
regard to the moth now than they were a year ago. The
only localities in which an improvement in the condition has
not been made over that of last year are the three infested
centres in the woodland hereinbefore named.

If the appropriation now recommended by the committee
is granted early in the season, there is every reason to believe
that the entire infested territory can be looked over within a
year, and that the region occupied by the moth can be slid
further restricted and a further advance made in the work of
extermination.

Jan. 1-Jan 5,
Jan. 7-Jan. 12,
Jan. 14- Jan. 19,
Jan. 21 -Jan. 26,
Jan. 28-Feb. 2,
Feb. 4-Feb. 6,
Feb. 7-Feb. 9,
Feb. 11-Feb. 16,
Feb. IS -Feb. 23,
Feb. 25-March 2,
March 4-March 9,
March 11 -March 16
March 18-March 2:1
March 2;"> -March
April 1 -April 6,
April 8-April 13,
April 15-April 2(
April 22-April 27
April 29-May I,
May 6-May 11,
May 13 -May 18,
May 20-May 25,
May 27- June 1,
June 3-June 8,
June 10- June 15,
June 17-Junc 22,
June 24-June 29,

IIIJHU

133

tfcii uariny cue oe
July 1-July 6,

l.">L»/t.

. 340

132

July 8- July 13,

. 346

130

July 15-July 20,

. .".10

137

July 22 -July 27,

. 3;;:;

1:19

July 29-Aug. 3,

. 329

134

Aug. 5-Aug. 10,

. 304

16

Aug. 12-Aug. 17,

295

19

Aug. 19-Aug. 24,

286

20

Aug. 26-Aug. 31,

268

25

Sept, 2-Sept. 7,

202

32

Sept 9 -Sept. 14,

184

31

Sept. 16-Sept. 21,

186

31

Sept 23-Sept. 28,

150

32

Sept. 30-Oct. 5,

152

34

Oct. 7-Oct 12,

L52

35

Oct 14-Oct. 19,

151

20

Oct. 21 -Oct. 26,

151

21

Oct. 28-Nov. 2,

151

131

Nov. 4 -Nov. 9,

151

136

Nov. 11 -Nov. 16, .

L52

206

Nov. is -Nov. 23, .

146

224

Nov. 25-Nov. 30, .

140

267

Dec. 2-Dec. 7,

143

281 •

Dec. 9-Dec. 14,

144

301

Dec. 16-Dec. 21, .

115

308

Dec. 23 -Dec. 28, .

121

335

Dec. 30-Dec. 31, .

121

218 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The number of men employed as given in the above list
includes only the number actually at work each week. The
number of employees on the pay roll is usually from ten to
twenty more than those actually at work. For instance, from
July 1 to July 6 there were three hundred and sixty-four
employees on the pay roll, while the number actually at work
was only three hundred and forty-six, eighteen persons being
either ill, disabled by accidents or absent from other reasons.

Summary of the Year's Work.

By the table given below it will be seen that more than
14,300,000 trees have been inspected, — more than twice as
many as were inspected last year. This is accounted for by
the greater number of men engaged in the work and the lar^e
amount of forest land that has been gone over in the inspection
of 1895. The number of different forms of the moth found
and destroyed by hand is larger also than in any year since
1891. More than 2,500,000 caterpillars have been destroyed
and over 511,000 egg-clusters have been killed. These egg-
clusters might have produced 250,000,000 caterpillars next
season had they all been allowed to hatch. The great increase
in the number of caterpillars and egg-clusters was made pos-
sible by the lapse of the spring work, necessitated by the lack
of resources, occurring as it did in a season particularly favor-
able for the moth's increase. At least seventy-five per cent,
of these insects were killed in localities which it had been
planned to visit, inspect and clear in the spring had the means
been provided. A report of the number of the different forms
of the moth killed by hand does not always indicate the real
increase of the moth or the amount of work accomplished, as
ordinarily great numbers of the eggs are killed in the spring
by burning and many caterpillars are killed by spraying, and
it is evident that no account can be kept of the numbers of
eggs or caterpillars destroyed by these methods. This season,
however, very little burning or spraying could be done, owing
to the lateness of the appropriation ; therefore a larger number
of men was required to attend to the burlaps, more burlapping
was done, and a greater number of caterpillars were killed by
hand than in any of the three previous years.

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 219

Work Done. »

Trees (fruit, shade and forest) : —

Inspected, 14,374,945

Found to be infested with caterpillars, pupae, moths or eggs, . 76,794

In which cavities have been cemented or covered, . . . 7,14G

Burlapped, 931,672

Sprayed 70

Trimmed, 25,996

Scraped, 2,997

Cut, 43,112

Acres of brushland and woodland cut and burned over, . . 461^

Buildings : —

Inspected, 12,883

Found to be infested, 581

Wooden fences : —

Inspected, 16,574

Found to be infested, 470

Stone walls : —

Inspected (rods), 20,783

Found to be infested, 516

Number of each form of the moth destroyed during the year by hand : —

Caterpillars, 2,164,458

Pupae, 548,042

Moths, 55,445

Hatched or infertile egg-clusters, 20,569

Unhatched and probably fertile egg-clusters, .... 511,200

False Alarms.

During the season of 1895 fewer reports of the presence of
supposed gypsy moths have been received from towns outside
the infested region than in previous years. The measures
taken to inform the public in regard to the appearance of the
different forms of the moth have resulted in a more general
distribution of such knowledge than was formerly the case,
and therefore insects bearing no resemblance to the gypsy
moth are not as often mistaken for it. As formerly, all cases
where any insect supposed to be the gypsy moth has been
found have been investigated, and in no case has any evidence
of the moth been found outside the region heretofore reported
as infested.

The places outside the infested region from which reports
of the presence of the gypsy moth have come follow : —

220

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. rpub. Doc.

Toicns and Cities that have been falsely reported as infested by the

Massachusetts
Amesbury,
Carlisle,
Concord,
Falmouth,
Ipswich,
Lawrence,

Gyjjsy Moth in 1895.

Lowell,

Newton,

Princeton,

Quincy,

Rehoboth,

Templeton.

New Hampshire.
Haverhill,
Lakeport,
Pratt's Station.

Rhode Island.
Pawtucket.

Towns and Cities that are or have been infested.

The following towns and cities have been reported to the
committee in previous years as comprising the infested 'dis-
trict. The moths have not been found in 1895 in any other
towns than those given below, nor have they been this year
found in several of these towns. The list comprises, however,
what has been alluded to in the report as the infested district.

Arlington,

Belmont,

Beverly,

Boston,

Burlington,

Cambridge,

Chelsea,

Danvers,

Everett,

Lexington,

Lynn,

Salem,

Lynnfield,

Swampscott,

Maiden,

Saugus,

Marblehead,

Somerville,

Medford,

Stoneham,

Melrose,

Wakefield,

Nahant,

Waltham,

Peabody,.

Winchester,

Revere,

Winthrop,

Reading,

Woburn

Desfrucfiveness of the Gypsy Moth in Europe.

The report on the gypsy moth provided for by the act of
the Legislature of 1894, which is now in press, deals with the
history of the gypsy moth in Europe as well as in America.

In order to acquire a comprehensive knowledge of the his-
tory of the moth in Europe, its status in times past and present,
its ravages, habits, food plants, enemies and the means used
there to combat it, all the literature that was obtainable bear-
ing on the subject was examined. A considerable correspond-
ence was carried on with various European and some Asiatic
countries. In this wray a large amount of information has
been obtained, the most important points of which will be

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 221

presented by Professor Fernald in an abridged form in Part
II of that report.

It is a distinct advantage in dealing with the moth here to
obtain exact information in regard to its habits and capabili-
ties for injury in Europe and the means used there for its
destruction. We are thereby enabled to compare its habits
there and here, see what changes they have undergone and
gain some idea of how destructive it is likely to be if allowed
to spread over this country. A knowledge of its enemies and
their effect upon it will also enable us to judge in some degree
as to whether we are likely to find effective natural enemies
of the moth in this country. The literature on the ravages
of the moths in Europe would seem to indicate that they have
not been so serious in southern and central Europe within the
last twenty-five years as they were during the century pre-
ceding, but that they have been very great in Russia and
Siberia within the past fifty years. It appears from these
reports that the destruction of vegetation by the gypsy moth
in Europe has seldom been as complete as it has been in Mas-
sachusetts, though its distribution and ravages have had a far
wider range. The excess of injury done here appears to be
principally due to its extreme multiplication and to the feeding
season being usually much longer here than in Europe.

The continuous defoliation of trees results in serious injury
or death. The destruction of trees by this insect in Europe
is only occasionally recorded ; the greatest injury done by the
caterpillars to the trees extends over a short portion of the
summer ; the trees therefore have an opportunity to refoliate
themselves. The damage to fruit interests has often been
very great, and whole provinces in Russia have raised little
or no fruit in certain seasons on account of the ravages of the
gypsy moth.

Destructiveness of Introduced Insects.

Even had the gypsy moth never been known as a pest in
Europe, it might have become very injurious on its intro-
duction here. It is well known to entomologists in this
country that our insect pests which are of European origin
have become far more injurious here than in Europe. The
wheat midge (Diplosis tritici, Kirby.), the cabbage butterfly

222 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

(Pieris rapae, Linn.), the asparagus beetle (Crioceris aspar-
agi, Linn.) and the carpet beetle (Anlhrenus scrophulariae,
Linn.) are examples of the truth of this statement.

The wheat midge has never, throughout its entire European
history, extending over a century and a half, approached the
destructiveness which it has shown since its advent here. The
losses caused by it in New York State alone in 1854, accord-
ing to estimates made by the secretary of the New York
State Agricultural Society, were fifteen million dollars.*

The cabbage butterfly caused for years an annual loss of
cabbages about Quebec, Canada, amounting to two hundred
and fifty thousand dollars, and in 1870 the loss from this
source near New York City was over five hundred thousand
dollars, f

The asparagus beetle, which has at times destroyed entire
plantations of asparagus upon the sea-board in the vicinity of
New York, has been known for centuries in Europe, but has
hardly been referred to by writers on economic entomology
as an injurious insect. Although common in Russia, a writer
in referring to it in 1880, states that it is never known to be
obnoxious there. |

The carpet beetle, commonly known in Massachusetts as
the buffalo bug, first recognized in this country in the year
1872, has been known as a common species throughout a large
part of Europe for more than a century. While in several
portions of the United States it has done incalculable injury,
while its ravages on carpets have excited serious alarm in house-
keepers, and have threatened to compel a resort to uncarpeted
floors, no instance is known of its ever having been detected
in feeding upon carpets in Europe, or doing any damage
except among dried plants or museum specimens .|

Mr. L. O. Howard, entomologist to the United States
Department of Agriculture, writes in "Insect Life" that
' ' the climate of Europe is much less favorable to the undue
multiplication of injurious insects than that of North America.
Also, that the actually smaller number of injurious species

* Fitch's sixth report (page 12) transactions New York State Agricultural Society,
XX, 1860, page 754.

t Report on Rocky Mountain locust, Dr. A. S. Packard, United States Geographical
Survey, 1877, page 747.

X Hagen in "Canadian Entomologist," X, 1878, page 161.

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 223

and the vastly greater familiarity with all phases of the life
history of these species by all classes of the people, partly
resulting from the older civilization, partly from educational
methods and partly from the abundance of elementary and
popular literature on questions of this character, the denser
population and the resulting vastly smaller holdings in farms,
the necessarily greatly diversified crops, the frequent rotation
of crops, together with the clean and close cultivation neces-
sitated by the small size of the holdings and the cheaper and
more abundant labor, have all resulted in a very different state
of affairs regarding the damage which may be done by injuri-
ous insects than that existing in this country. When out-
breaks of special insects occur in Europe they are handled by
commissions." European nations, therefore, can afford to let
the insect problem alone to a greater extent than the United
States, for the reason that it is of infinitely less importance
with them than with us.*

In France and in some of the German states outbreaks of
forest insects are fought by the government forest authorities.
In the United States the conditions are quite different. Man
is continually disturbing the balance of nature by clearing
away the forests, by planting trees upon the prairie, by intro-
ducing plants from foreign countries and by destroying animals
and birds which feed upon his insect foes. Farms here are
large as a rule as compared with those of central Europe, and
there is much land unfilled and unoccupied where injurious
insects can breed unhindered. There are large areas devoted
to special crops, which offer the most favorable conditions for
the multiplication of insects which feed on those crops.

While the crops of the agriculturist of the United States
suffer from the great hordes of indigenous insects, the Ameri-
can farmer also has to battle with many injurious introduced
species.

The Losses caused by Insects in the United States.

Probably no country has suffered so much in the same length
of time from the ravages of insects as the United States. The
Hessian fly (Cecidomyui destructor, Say.), imported from

* " A brief account of the rise and present condition of official economic entomology,"
L. O. Howard, "Insect Life," Vol. 7, No. 2, page 74.

224 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Europe during tlie revolutionary war, has almost periodically
ravaged the wheat crop in certain sections of the country.
In 1885 the injury caused by this insect in Wayne and On-
tario counties, New York, was estimated at one hundred thou-
sand dollars.* The cotton worm (Alelia argillacea, Hubn.)
was very destructive in the south in 1793, 1800, 1804, 1825
and 1826, and has since been very destructive somewhere in
the south nearly every year. J The average loss caused by
this insect in the cotton States for the fourteen years following
the Avar is estimated at fifteen million dollars a year.J The
damage in 1873 was estimated at twenty-five million dollars, J
and the later average annual loss from twenty-five million
dollars to fifty million dollars. §

It is only within a few years that the application of insecti-
cides has served to keep the cotton worm in check in a great
measure.

Native insects have proved very costly to the agricultural
interests. Civilization has given the most favorable oppor-
tunities for the multiplication of insects like the chinch bug
and the potato beetle (Doryphora decern. -lineata, Say.). The
loss occasioned by the chinch bug (Blissus leucopterus, Say.)
in Illinois alone in 1864 is estimated at seventy-three million
dollars, || and the total loss in this and the adjoining States at
one hundred million dollars. IT

The Rocky Mountain locust (Calop/enus spretus, Uhler.)
has at times ravaged whole States and driven farmers to emi-
gration. Famine has sometimes followed these attacks. The
damage in 1874 to 1877 by this insect in the United States is
estimated at two hundred million dollars.** The annual dam-
age to agricultural interests in the United States by insects
has been variously estimated. In 1868 Mr. B. D. Walsh in
the ' ' American Entomologist " estimated it at two hundred

* Fourth annual report injurious and other insects of New York State, by Dr. J. A.
Lintner, page 11.

t Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., report on Rocky Mountain locust, United States Geo-
graphical Survey, 1877, page 776.

% Fourth report United States Entomological Commission, page 3.

§ Rocky Mountain locust, Packard, page 591.

|| First annual report of injurious and other,insects of New York State, J. A. Lintner,
Albany, N. Y., 1882, page 7.

f Dr. Shimer's notes on chinch bug, as given by A. S. Packard iu report ou Rocky
Mountain locust, 1877, page 697.

** "Insect Life," vol. 2, page 216.

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 225

million dollars. Since that time it has been variously esti-
mated in different years at from three hundred million dollars
to four hundred million dollars.* Mr. James Fletcher, ento-
mologist of the Dominion of Canada, estimates it in 1891 at
three hundred and eighty million dollars, f "This sum," he
says, " is given up without a murmur and almost without a
struggle by the people of the United States ; *' and he stated,
in his report before the committee on agriculture of the Cana-
dian House of Commons, July 4, 1891, that insects destroy
one-tenth of the crops of the Dominion of Canada.

Most of the foregoing insect pests feed on but few food
plants and attack only one class of crops, while the gypsy
moth is known to feed on more than three hundred ditferent
species of plants, including orchard and forest trees, shrubs,
vines and garden vegetables and even some of the grain crops.
Its capabilities for destruction, if its increase is allowed, are
therefore quite apparent.

History shows that the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
has not suffered often or to any such extent by the ravages of
insects as have the Western States. It is said in regard to
the early history of the colony, that, when a bounty was paid
for crows and blackbirds and they were nearly exterminated
by the settlers in consequence, the insects increased and
destroyed the crops so that the colonists were obliged to send
to Pennsylvania and England for hay for their cattle.:}: Occa-
sional invasions of the army worm have occurred. Grass-
hoppers do some injury to the grass lands and pastures in dry
seasons. A large part of the apple crop is given up to the
caterpillars, canker worms and codling moths. It is said that
the injury to the cranberry crop on Cape Cod by insects has
amounted to a million dollars in a single year ; § and Pro-
fessor Fernald has computed that the application of Paris
green to the potato crop to protect it from the ravages of the
potato beetle costs the fanners of Massachusetts seventy-six
thousand dollars yearly.

These losses are borne as a matter of course, and have
seldom attracted general attention. The gypsy moth, how-

* Report United States Department of Agriculture, 1884, page 324.

f " Insect Life," vol. 4, page 13.

J Kalm's "Travels in America."

^ Bulletin n<>. id, Hatch Experiment Station, May, is<»'.>.

226 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [rub. Doc.

ever, is capable of destroying the entire fruit crop of the
State, and of doing great injury to orchards, gardens, forests
and parks. The injury which the gypsy moth would cause to
agriculture and horticulture, if allowed to spread over the
State, cannot be computed. The expense of holding it in
check in our public parks which would have to be borne by
the Commonwealth and its various cities, would probably
be greater annually than the sum now asked to prevent its
spreading and to do all possible towards its extermination.

The Destructiveness of the Gypsy Moth in Massachusetts.

Statements from those who have been e}'e-witnesses of the
injury caused by the gypsy moth are given in. the appendix
which follows the entomologist's report, and will give an idea
of its destructiveness, and what would follow should its
unchecked increase be permitted.

Respectfully submitted,

E. H. FORBUSH.

PLATE 3.

Oak and pine woods attacked by the gypsy moth.

From a photograph taken in Lexington, Mass., in July, 1895.

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 227

Entomologist's Report.

To the Commit tec on the Gypsy Moth.

Gentlemen: — During the past year I have given what
time it was possible to the inspection of the work of de-
stroying the gypsy moth, and to the oversight of the experi-
mental work. The held work has been carried on by Mr.
Forbush and his assistants in a most thorough and satisfactory
manner, and a vast deal of work has been accomplished.

For several years past the experimental work has been
carried on either in the office at Maiden or in a room at the
storehouse on Commercial Street ; but neither of these places
was suitable for the experiments that we considered necessary
to have performed, and therefore in the early part of the sum-
mer a small lot of land in the edge of the forest in the suburbs
of Maiden was leased, and an insectary was erected on it for
experimental purposes. This building has a small greenhouse
on the south side and a covered shed on the north. It con-
tains a main laboratory, with tables, closets, etc., a private
laboratory and a chemical room on the first floor ; while the
second floor contains a lodging-room for the employees. The
experimental work carried on in this building during the sum-
mer of 1895 has proved far more satisfactory than that in the
building on Commercial Street, because of the greater con-
veniences for the work and more healthful conditions for the
caterpillars.

To relieve me in part of the constant care and oversight of
the experimental work, Mr. A. IT. Kirkland, a graduate of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College, was appointed assistant
entomologist, and has had charge of the insectary and the
experiments carried on there, as well as in the field. Mr.
Kirkland is admirably fitted for this position, having worked
three years in the insectary at Amherst. The committee may

228 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc,

be regarded fortunate to secure the services of a man with the
natural ability, the scientific attainments, the special training
and the enthusiasm in the work that Mr. Kirkland possesses.
At the meeting of the American Association of Economic
Entomologists, held in Springfield, Mass., Aug. 28, 1895,.
I gave an address on the gypsy moth and what the Common-
wealth of Massachusetts had done towards its extermination ;
and in the discussion that followed, participated in by Messrs.
Riley, Lintner, Smith, Forbush and Kirkland, Professor Riley
closed his remarks as follows : " If I were asked to express
an opinion, I should not know what to advise further than
what the committee is doing. I think it is doing all that can
be done." At the close of the discussion, Prof. L. O. Howard,
entomologist to the United States Department of Agriculture,
proposed the following resolution, which was unanimously
passed : —

Resolved, That it is the sense of this association that the present
gypsy moth committee is performing its work in a most intelligent
and praiseworthy manner, and that its hands should be upheld by
the State authorities.

Several entomologists from other States have visited Maiden
during the season for the purpose of inspecting the work of
destroying the gypsy moth, and have expressed themselves as
being greatly pleased with the field work and also the experi-
mental work at the insectary. I have been asked frequently
during the past season whether we shall be able to exterminate
the gypsy moth, and have been obliged to reply that it de-
pends entirely upon whether the Legislature makes sufficient
appropriations; and with that body lies the entire responsi-
bility. The cutting down of the appropriations the past three
years and the late time at which these appropriations were
made has proved almost disastrous to the work ; and if future
Legislatures continue this policy, the insect will neither be
exterminated nor will it be held in check, but it will escape
and spread over the entire Commonwealth and country.

There are those who claim that the State should not appro-
priate money for the extermination of this insect, but that it
should be left to land owners to protect their owji property
from the ravages of the gypsy moth. This would prove to be

Net.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 229

the worst possible policy, for the reason that it would be so
enormously expensive for land owners, as compared with the
expense when carried on by the State.

The value of the taxable property in this State is $2,429,
£32,966, and an appropriation of $200,000 is a tax of less than
one-twelfth of a mill on a dollar. A man having taxable
property to the amount of $5,000 would have to pay a tax of
only 41 cents and 6 mills. This beggarly sum of money
would make but a small show? in the work of clearing gypsy
moth caterpillars from an infested $5,000 farm, while in the
uninfested parts of the State the land owners would be paying
an exceedingly small premium to the State to insure them
against the ravages of the gypsy moth. This premium on a
$1,000 farm would be 81 cents, and for fifty years it would
amount to only $4.16| cents. This protection would extend
not only to farmers and owners of forest lands, but also to
residents in villages and cities who own lots with trees and
shrubs on them, and to vegetation wherever grown within the
limits of our Commonwealth.

Respectfully submitted,

C. H. FERNALD.

230 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Appendix.

STATEMENTS FROM EYE-WITNESSES OF THE RAVAGES
OF THE GYPSY MOTH.

Statement of Mrs. Thomas F. Mayo, 25 Myrtle Street,
Medford, Mass.

We had three apple trees, four pear trees, one plum tree and one
mountain ash killed by the gypsy moth caterpillars. These trees
were stripped of their foliage in the summer of 1887. They began
to leaf out again late in the season, but were immediately stripped.
The apple trees also put forth a few blossoms at this time. The
following year they did not leaf out at all. They all died, and we
cut them down. The apple trees were good-sized trees. One was a
spice greening, another a Porter and a third an August sweeting.
We also cut down a little locust tree which was badly eaten by the
caterpillars and the limbs of which died. The caterpillars swarmed
in a tall Norway spruce iu our back yard. They ate every bit of
foliage on this tree, so that we had to cut all the limbs off. Nothing
but the pole of this tree remains in our yard to-day. This tree was
so full of caterpillars that when I shook a limb with a rake they
would fall off in a shower and blacken the ground. There were so
many of them that it sounded like pebbles falling. In addition to
the trees our currant bushes were stripped by the pest. The cater-
pillars were worst in 1887, 1888 and 1889. In the summers of those
years a good portion of my time was occupied in fighting the pest.
The two large elms in front of our house were full of caterpillars,
and had not a perfect leaf. In the night-time the noise of the worms
eating in the trees sounded like two sticks grating against each other.
In the months of July and August I have gone out in the morning
and raked up from under the elms a pile of leaves three or four feet
high. These leaves had been cut off by the caterpillars, and usually
there was a worm on the underside of every leaf. I would pour
kerosene over the mass and set it on fire, and the squirming of the
caterpillars would cause it to rise up as if it had life of its own.
The catei-pillars used to cover the basement and clapboards of the
house as high as the window sill. They lay in a solid black mass.
I would scrape them off into an old dish pau holding about ten quarts.

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 231

When it was two-thirds full I poured kerosene over the mass of
worms and set them on fire. I used to do this a number of times a
day. It was sickening work. I have used, in burning caterpillars,
five gallons of kerosene in three days. I have seen my fence black
with the small caterpillars when they first hatched out in the spring.
I used to kill them on the fence by pouring scalding water on them.
The caterpillars used to be very thick in the grass, and there would
be one under every fallen leaf. On certain occasions callers have
had to wait at the front door until I could sweep the caterpillars off
the steps so that they could come in without getting the worms on
their clothing. Other yards on the street were in a similar condition
to our own, although other neighbors' pear trees escaped serious
injury.

The caterpillars were very destructive in the woods behind our
house and on the other side of the railroad track. The trees in these
woods were principally poplars, maples, oaks and alders. The trees
were of a good size. Early in July of one of the years when the
caterpillars were most destructive I remember noticing the fine con-
dition of the foliage of these woods. A week or two later the
caterpillars had eaten all the leaves of the trees, and the woods
looked as if there had been a fire in them. Not realizing what the
trouble was, we went to see what had caused the altered appearance
of the trees. We found thousands of gypsy moth caterpillars clus-
tered in the crotches of the trees. A small growth of leaves came
out on these trees later, only to be eaten off by the pest. The cater-
pillars used to get on carriages and the clothing of people who went
on Myrtle Street.

The bad condition of this section as regards the gypsy moth plague
was detrimental to real estate valuations. The caterpillars have
now been so much reduced that last year I don't think I saw more
than a dozen. The spraying by the Board's employees did much to
reduce their numbers, and the gathering of eggs has been even more
effective in stamping out the pest. It was well that the State fought
the moth, for the people alone could not have handled the work.

(Signed) Mrs. Lina D. Mayo.

Feb. 2, 1894.

Statement of Mr. Almon Black, No. 10 Cotting Stkeet,

Medford.

In 1888 and 1889 the gypsy moth caterpillars were a terrible pest

on Cotting Street and in that neighborhood. In a neighbor's yard

(Mr. Rugg's) they brushed <>tV of one apple tree at one time fourteen

quarts of caterpillars. In another yard two large apple trees were

232 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc

stripped by the caterpillars and died. The way this was brought
about was as follows : the caterpillars stripped the trees early in the
season, and, as they continued their ravages for nearly the whole
summer, the trees had no chance to recover. The next year the trees
would leaf out and be stripped again, and so on, until, unable longer
to withstand such treatment, they died. The caterpillars ate almost
everything, feeding on small fruits and shrubbery as well as the trees.
The oaks at the McGowan tannery were stripped clean.

(Signed) Almon Black.

Jan. 25, 1894.

Statement op Mr. Arthur W. Crockford, Florist, 81 Spring
Street, Medford.
Four years ago I saw the gypsy moth caterpillars by the thousand
on the Sherman lot on Spring Street. I never saw such a sight.
Their eggs were as thick on the big willows as spawn in a fish. The
trees on the street were also stripped, nothing but the ribs of the
leaves being left. In 1889 I had twenty-seven hundred young
carnation pinks set out of doors, and the biggest part of them were
destroyed by the caterpillars. This was in June. They were eaten
off close to the ground. In 1890 the gypsy moth appeared in my
green-houses, and the bushes in one rose house were completely
eaten up. The foliage seemed all burned. I did not know at first
what caused this appearance, but on turning over the leaves I found
the young caterpillars on the under sides. They were very small at
that time. The house was full of them. The warmth caused them
to hatch out early. I destroyed most of them by picking off the
leaves and burning them, and also by spraying with an emulsion of
whale oil soap, kerosene and ammonia. In this year (1890) the
fences in this neighborhood were covered with the gypsy moth cater-
pillars. We have no trouble now. Since the neighboring brash-
land has been burnt over by the gypsy moth men the caterpillars
have not troubled us.

(Signed) A. "W*. Crockford.

Jan. 20, 1894.

Statement op Mrs. J. W. Flinn, Sea View Avenue, Malden.
"We moved to Myrtle Street, Medford, in 1882, and that year the
gypsy moth caterpillars were very troublesome in our yard and in
those of our immediate neighbors. At that time they were confined
to our part of Myrtle Street, but they soon spread in all directions.
The caterpillars were over everything in our yard, and stripped all

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 233

our fruit trees, taking the apples first and then the pears. There was
a beautiful maple on the street in front of the next house, and all the
leaves were eaten by the caterpillars. They got from the tree upon
the house and blackened the front of it. A young maple which had
been set out on the street in front of our house was stripped by them
and died. Our vegetable garden was practically ruined by them,
peas, beans, corn, etc., being eaten. The garden of our next-door
neighbor, Mr. Camp, suffered a like fate. The caterpillars would
get into the house in spite of every precaution, and we would even
find them upon the clothing hanging in the closets. We destroyed a
great many caterpillars by burning, but their numbers did not seem
to be lessened in the least. Other neighbors did not fight the cater-
pillars as we did, and so our efforts were in a measure rendered
abortive. I think perhaps that if an organized effort had been made
at that time to destroy the caterpillars they might have been stamped
out.

We lived on Myrtle Street for four years, and every year had the
same plague. A young peach tree died, apparently because it was
stripped by the caterpillars. Our raspberry bushes were also stripped
of their leaves. We lived later en Lawrence Street, and here also
the caterpillars were troublesome. An umbrella bush in the yard
was killed by them. The gypsy moth plague hurt property in this
section. Our house was advertised for sale, and when people came
to look at the property they were apt to inquire why the leaves of the
trees in the neighborhood were so badly eaten. When we told them
it was the work of the gypsy moth caterpillars they would say that
they would not live in such a locality.

(Signed) Mrs. J. W. Flinn.

Jan. 24, 1894.

Statement of Mrs. F. T. Spinney, College Avenue, Medford.

I lived on Cross Street in 1889. In June of that year I was out
of town for three days. When I went away the trees in our yard
were in splendid condition, and there was no sign of insect devasta-
tion upon them. When I returned there was scarcely a leaf upon
the trees. The gypsy moth caterpillars were over everything. I
used to burn them in the trees with torches. They were so numerous
that when they clustered on the trunks they would lap over each
other. A neighbor gathered in one day in my yard a peck of cater-
pillars and poured kerosone over them and set the mass on fire, but
many nevertheless walked away from the burning mass. I used to
scoop thein off the sides of the house and the tree trunks with a

234 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc

dust-pan. We killed them on the fences with boiling water. Their
eating in the trees sounded just like a breeze. Many got into the
house, and we could not open the windows. I found them in the
kitchen and in the bedrooms. I used to find them in the beds when
I turned down the blankets.

(Signed) Mrs. F. T. Spinney.

Jan. 25, 1894.

Statement op J. C. Miller, Jr., No. 3 Lauriat Place, Medford.

I moved to Lauriat Place in the late summer of 1889. I noticed
an apple tree in Postmaster Spinney's yard completely stripped by a
strange caterpillar. Some people called these caterpillars army
worms, but they were in reality gypsy moth caterpillars. Only the
main ribs of the leaves on Mr. Spinney's trees remained, and some-
times these fell off. The tree appeared almost as it would have in
winter. It was a terrible sight. The caterpillars seemed to do their
work much more thoroughly than the canker worms. At this time
they were crossing from Mr. Spinney's by multitudes into yards on
the other side of the street. It seemed but a few hours after they
left Mr. Spinney's before they were all through my trees. They came
literally in droves, and seemed to have a method in their movements.
They were pretty plentiful in the trees in my yard, but I put on
printers' ink and got a fair crop of apples, it being late in the sum-
mer before they struck into the yard. Nevertheless, their ravages
seemed to have an unfavorable effect on the crop as regards the con-
dition of the fruit. The big caterpillars were strong enough to crawl
through the fresh ink on the bands around the trunks. The next
year (1890) all the orchards in this section were completely ravaged,
and there was no fruit. The caterpillars simply swarmed. I de-
stroyed thousands of them by burning them with rags soaked in
kerosene. I spent many hours in desti'03'ing them, but without
making any perceptible difference in their numbers. They were over
everything, and even got into the cellars. Some of my apple trees
overhang my shop. In the evening when the caterpillars are live-
liest the noise of their droppings falling on the shingles sounded like
a steady shower. The gutter was brim full and running over with
the droppings. In the last year we have had practically no trouble
from the caterpillars. . . .

The gypsy moth caterpillar is certainly a menace to the country.
It is worse than the canker worm, because individual action will
destroy the latter but will not succeed with the former.

(Signed) J. C. Miller, Jr.

Jan. 23, 1894.

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 235

The foregoing statements are all from people who witnessed the
earlier outbreaks of the gypsy moth in Medford. The following
statements are from residents of Boston who have seen the ravages
of the moth there in 1895 : —

Statement of Mr. Wm. Tvner, 39 Sargent Street, Dorchester,

Boston.

Early in June of this year I discovered that a tree in my oak grove
was covered clear to the top with large hairy caterpillars. Under-
neath a squirrel house in another tree there was a great mass of these
caterpillars, which resembled a swarm of bees. My son turned the
hose on them and knocked them off, and they fell to the ground in a
great lump. I could not imagine what these caterpillars were, as I
had previously burned all the tent caterpillars on my ground. Upon
investigation I found that the trees at one end of the grove were
being stripped by these unknown caterpillars, which were later ascer-
tained to be those of the gypsy moth.

I never saw anything like the sight presented by these caterpillars
in the succeeding days, before the employees of the Board of Agri-
culture arrived and began exterminating them. They were all over
the trees, collecting in bunches under the branches and wherever
there was a knot or other projection. Some 'were crawling up the
trunks and others down, but in addition there was always a collection
at the foot of the tree. You could not go into the grove without
getting caterpillars on your person. Their droppings fell so thickly
that a lot collected in the brim of my Panama hat one day as I passed
through the grove. At night-time you could hear very plainly the
steady falling of the droppings on the leaves, also the noise made by
the caterpillars eating the leaves. It sounded like a shower.

These caterpillars would strip an oak tree down to the twigs in
three days' time. We set out a rose bush one night behind the
house, and in the morning the caterpillars had left nothing of it but
the stem and twigs. We killed a good many of them, but as fast as
we destroyed them others would take their places. They are very
tenacious of life. We scalded some with hot water. They would
crawl under the eaves and the steps and window sills, and into the
house if possible. My nephew found one in his bed.

If the caterpillars had been allowed to go on one week longer,
there would not have been a green thing left. They had begun to
scatter, and were crawling through the grass on the lawn and across
the street on the day when the gypsy moth men arrived. The em-
ployees killed them in great numbers and burned many bushels in all.

(Signed) William Tyneb.

Dec. 31, 1895.

236 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub, Doc.

Statement of Mr. John A. Bruen, No. 27 Sargent Street,
Dorchester, Boston.

The gypsy moth caterpillars stripped the five trees in our }Tard last
summer, not leaving a leaf upon them. It was about the first of
June that we first noticed the great number of caterpillars about the
place. They were so numerous about the back balcony of the house
that we were unable during a good portion of the summer to sit there.

I used to wash the caterpillars off the trees and house by playing
upon them with the hose, but they would immediately crawl up to
their former position again. In a crotch in the oak tree growing at
the corner of the balcony there was a mass of caterpillars as big as
my hat. I turned the hose on them and knocked them off in lumps
as big as your fist, but the caterpillars crawled up the tree again with
amazing rapidity.

The caterpillars made considerable noise at night while eating ; it
sounded like the clipping of scissors. In the morning the bits of
leaves, which the caterpillars had eaten off, made a green carpet on
the board walk. After stripping our trees and those on estates ad-
joining, the caterpillars began to crawl across the street. They
seemed to be migrating in search of food.

(Signed) John A. Bruen.

Dec. 31, 1895.

Statement op Mrs. T. J. Lane, No. 29 Sargent Street, Dor-
chester, Boston.

In June, 1895, our place was black with caterpillars, and the yard
was strewn with pieces of leaves which fell from the trees where the
foliage was being destroyed by the vermin. We did not know that
these were the gypsy moth caterpillars until informed by the em-
ployees of the Board of Agriculture. The trees in our yard were
eaten entirely bare of leaves. The back of the L and the trees over-
hanging it were practically covered with caterpillars. Under the
gutter at the corner of the house they lay in one great, long, black,
repulsive mass. They lay thick in the gutter, and we played a
strong stream on them from the hose, but it did not seem to affect
them any. If we went out beneath the trees, we got caterpillars all
over us. Before they got their full growth, they would string down
in myriads by fine threads. Even when we went along the walk at
the side of the house, with no tree within thirty or forty feet, we
would still find them floating in the air by their fine, almost imper-

No. 4.] THE GYPSY MOTH. 237

ceptible threads. When they got larger, the disgusting creatures
would crawl iuto the house.

The shade in the oak grove behind the house was ruined. The
leaves on some trees were all eaten, on others they were riddled.
At night-time you could hear the caterpillars cracking away in the
grove. By "cracking" I mean the noise of their chewing. After
the gypsy moth men had been at work a few days the ravages of
the moth were stopped.

(Signed) Mrs. T. J. Lane.

Dec. 31, 1895.

FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

DAIRY BUREAU

Massachusetts Board of agriculture,

Under Chapter 412, Acts of 1891.

January 15, 1896.

Dairy Bureau — 1895-96.

C. L. HARTSHORN, Worcester, Chairman.
GEO. L. CLEMENCE, Southbridge.

D. A. HORTON, Northampton.

Executive Officer.
W. R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture.

Assistant to the Secretary and Acting Executive Officer, appointed by the

Governor.

GEO. M. WHITAKER, Boston.

242 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

REPORT OF THE DAIRY BUREAU.

To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of

Massachusetts.

The membership of the Bureau has been unchanged during
the past year, Mr. D. A. Horton having been reappointed
by the governor as one of the three members at large of the
Board of Agriculture, and as a member of the Dairy Bureau.
The assistant to the secretary of the Board of Agriculture in
the work of the Dairy Bureau, as provided for by chapter
412 of the Acts of 1891, is the acting executive officer of the
Bureau, the secretary of the Board being the executive offi-
cer, ex officio, by the same statute. The present incumbent
was reappointed last September.

During the year the Bureau has employed permanently
two agents who have acted as inspectors, to ascertain how
the dairy laws are obeyed, to collect samples and to get
evidence of violation of the law. These have been J. W.
Stockwell and George F. Baldwin. In accordance with our
recommendation of last year, our annual appropriation was
increased by the Legislature of 1895 from $4,000 to $7,000.

Oleomargaeine .

The work of the Bureau in enforcing the laws relative to
imitation butter has been statistically as follows : —

Number of inspections of stores and other places of

business, 1,901

Number of samples taken, ...... 474

Number of cases in court, 82

Number of convictions, 42

No. 4.] REPORT OF DAIRY BUREAU. 243

The cases in court were brought for the following viola-
tions of the law : —

Serving oleomargarine in restaurants without giving

notice,

Absence of sign in store,

Sales of oleomargarine when butter was called for,
Failure to mark exposed contents of opened tub, .
Sales of yellow oleomargarine, ....
Sales without municipal license, ....
Sales without marked wrapper, ....
Assaults on agents of the Bureau, ....
Delivery from wagon without sign on sides, .

30
17
7
7
6
6
5
3
1

82

These violations of the law were all outside of Boston,
as, under the provision of the law requiring us to work in
harmony with milk inspectors and the Board of Health, we
have left the city of Boston, as has been previously reported,
to the milk inspector of that city, Dr. Charles E. Harrington,
who has performed his work with great faithfulness and
ability.

Cases appealed from the district to the superior court have
been settled, in every case but one, by the defendant plead-
ing guilty. In that case the inspector had called for cook-
ing butter and been served with oleomargarine, and the jury
failed to agree, as the question was raised whether or not
"cooking butter" was a separate and distinct article of
commerce by itself, and therefore not what is meant by the
statute which prohibits the selling of oleomargarine when
butter is called for.

The laws regulating the sale of oleomargarine arc such that
it is possible for a person, in one sale, to violate a number
of different statutes. If he sells yellow oleomargarine when
butter is called for, does it up in an unmarked wrapper, and
has no sign in the store, four laws are violated ; and usually,
where a person is trying to sell oleomargarine deceptively,
in order to carry out the deception, he will violate more
laws than one. But we find that many district court judges
dislike to entertain more than one case based on a single
transaction. In a few instances we have found judges who

244 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

were unwilling to entertain more than one case against the
same person, even when the violations of the law took place
on different days, and when there had been distinct sales.
On this account the statistical showing of cases in court is
not as large as it otherwise would be.

The work of the Bureau in inspecting stores and other
places of business, to see how the laws are complied with,
and its growth from year to year, are seen in the following
table : —

1893, 382 inspections.

1894, 716 inspections.

1895, 1,901 inspections.

This work has covered all parts of the State, except Boston,
and, coupled with the efforts of Dr. Harrington * in Boston,
has been so thorough that dealers are, for the most part,
complying with the law, which still further reduces our
number of court cases ; but, when a law is so enforced as
to prevent crime, the result is more satisfactory to all
thoughtful citizens than is the record of a long list of
criminal prosecutions.

Very little oleomargarine is now sold in the State illegally.

The decision of the national supreme court, affirming the
constitutionality of the State statute which prohibits tlje sale
of any imitation of yellow butter, has been a severe blow to
dealers in imitation dairy goods, and has virtually put an
end to the business in this State, so far as open sales are
concerned. The number of revenue licenses in Massachu-
setts when the Bureau was created was 211; the number
now is 35. The figures from the Boston Chamber of Com-
merce show that the receipts of oleomargarine for the year
1895 decreased 151,421 packages, as compared with the
year previous. The receipts of butter show an increase of

an. 31, 1895, were : —
. 4

The cases of the Boston milk inspector for the year endiD
Sale of oleomargarine not properly labelled,

Exposing oleomargarine for sale, not being licensed, ... 5

Sale of oleomargarine, not being registered, . . . . . 3

Sale of oleomargarine as butter, 4

Sale of oleomargarine without posting placard, .... 3

Sale of oleomargarine from wagons not properly marked, . . 2

Serving oleomargarine in restaurants without notifying guests, . 32

No. 4.] REPORT OF DAIRY BUREAU. 245

179,379 tubs, not counting the boxes, and the consumption
of butter increased very materially.

Although oleomargarine is a substance of "great food
value," "a distinct, independent article," pushed on "the
merits of its individuality," we find that what the dealers
care for, more than the nutritive elements or number of
calories of food value, is the yellow color of butter ; and, if
they cannot have the article colored in imitation of a prod-
uct which it is not, their occupation is largely gone. Much
yellow oleomargarine, however, still comes into the State
from Rhode Island, which has been behind all the other New
England States in oleomargarine legislation, and is now the
centre of operations for a large business in this State.
Several manufacturing companies have located in Rhode
Island, among them the Vermont Manufacturing Company
and the Woo'dlawn Dairy Company. These have agents in
Massachusetts, who leave with boarding-house proprietors
and others in manufacturing cities and towns blank orders
which when filled out are sent to Rhode Island. The goods
are then forwarded to them by express or freight. Some-
times, doubtless, the legal sale takes place in Massachusetts ;
but to get evidence of this is difficult, and would require
much expense for skilful detective work, and often, then,
we might have nothing to show for the money expended.
The following are two forms of orders used : —

Swift & Co., 252-262 Canal Street, Providence, R. I.

Please send to Swift's colored butterine, price

Ship by

And oblige,

189 .
Woodlawn Dairy Co., Patotucket, R. I.

Dear Sir : — Please send me by express, C. O. D. : —
Tub butterine, lb<., at cts.
Box prints, Lbs., at cts.

and oblige,

Yours truly,

Our agents have in a number of cases watched the receipts
of oleomargarine at various railroad depots, followed the
goods to the place of consumption, and found that they went

246 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

chiefly to boarding-houses and fishing schooners. Some
oleomargarine goes to hotels and restaurants and some to
private families.

Our third and fourth reports called attention to the decep-
tive style of advertising adopted by many manufacturers of
oleomargarine. In the former we reproduced a fac-simile
of the trade-mark of one firm, which consisted of a pretty
dairymaid, her left arm about a Jersey heifer, and a milk
pail in her right hand. The inscription was " Jersey Butter-
ine," and everything about it except the three letters "ine"
was suggestive of the dairy.

This wrong has been met by an important order from the
internal revenue department at Washington, as follows : —

No manufacturer of or dealer in oleomargarine will be permitted
to use any private trade-mark, label, brand, picture illustration or
other advertising or descriptive device upon any print, roll or other
mold or design of oleomargarine offered for sale, consumption or
use, which in any wise conceals the fact that the product is oleo-
margarine. This rule applies as well to the wooden or paper
package or wrapper of any print, roll or other mold or design of
oleomargarine.

Under this regulation it will be seen that the use of any trade-
mark, label, brand, picture illustration, or advertising or descrip-
tive device representing a cow, dairy farm, or in any other form
indicating the oleomargarine to be a product of the dairy, or cal-
culated to induce the belief that it is such dairy product, is inad-
missible.

The use of the word " butterine " is also inadmissible, since sec-
tion 2 of the act of Aug. 2, 1886, prescribes that "butterine"
shall be known and designated as " oleomargarine."

The advance of time may have rendered the arguments for
legislation regulating the sale of imitation butter less keenly
realized than when the laws were enacted, and it may be
well to restate that all of this legislation has been rendered
necessary because : first, yellow oleomargarine is an imita-
tion article ; second, all imitation articles are more or less
deceptive, the very word " imitation " signifying misrepre-
sentation ; third, the selling of these goods where no restric-
tions exist is always attended with considerable actual fraud ;
the dealers oppose all legislation which would require the

No. 4.] REPORT OF DAIRY BUREAU. 247

product to be sold honestly, and, as a rule, deceive the con-
suming public as far as they can.

It is also worthy of notice that, since the Massachusetts
laws were enacted, they have been copied by a number of
other States ; and this department is frequently requested to
furnish copies of our laws to legislative bodies, boards of
trade, dairymen's associations, etc., in other States.

Process Butter.
The attention of the Bureau has been brought two or three
times during the year to various kinds of " process butter,"
as it is called. This is butter which has been renovated and
reworked by some patent process. Analysis shows that it
is pure butter, but that it contains more than the normal
amount of moisture. One sample was found to contain: —

Per Cent.

Butter fat, 78.18

Water, 17.18

Suet, 2.32

Cui'd and other solids not fat, 2.32

100.00

This fact, and the varying degrees of moisture reported in
butter exhibited at the State fair at Worcester, alluded to
later on, bring up again the suggestion whether or not there
should be a statute standard for butter ; and, while we do
not favor making our government paternal beyond proper
limits, yet there is a possibility of people being deceived
and defrauded in their purchases of even real butter.

Milk Laws.
The Bureau has done more this year in the line of milk
inspection than heretofore, having taken and analyzed 158
samples. No cases have been taken into court, as this was
our first year of work in this line. A number of warnings,
however, were sent to persons whose milk was below stand-
ard. A prominent part of our work in this line this season
was in inspecting the milk supply at the various beaches in
the vicinity of Boston, including restaurants. The milk in

248

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

most cases was quite satisfactory, being fully up to the
standard. In one or two cases where milk of very poor
quality was found, the inspector on a second visit got milk
of much higher quality, in one case almost cream, showing
that the dealer had been careless in mixing the milk, giving
some customers cream from the top of the tank, while others
got skim-milk from the bottom. In such cases warnings
were sent.

Some restaurants refuse to sell milk to a guest ; a few
have skim-milk signs on their milk tanks ; and a few cases
have been found where the proprietor of a restaurant posted
a sign announcing that he sold pure, unadulterated milk, as
it came from the cow, but on account of the State law, in
order to save himself from liability to prosecution, he adver-
tised all milk which he sold to be skim-milk.

We give below the averages of the samples of milk taken
by this department during the year past, the low showing
through July and August being due to a number of samples
of low-grade milk taken from restaurants at the beaches, to
whom warnings were sent, which resulted in an improve-
ment of the quality.

July, .

August,

September,

October,

November,

December,

December,

>. Samples.

Average.

. 33

12.48 per cent

total solids

. 10

12.57

si t«

. 21

13. OS

"

. 20

13.39

U U

. 8

13.84

"

. 52

13.09

(« u

. 14

4.92

fat.

Dr. Harrington, the milk inspector of Boston for the year
ending Jan. 31, 1895, reports 14,203 samples of milk col-
lected for examination. Out of this number, 142 complaints
were entered in court and 138 convictions obtained. Of
Dr. Harrington's cases in court, 48 were for milk of below
11 per cent total solids ; 87 for milk below 12 per cent, but
not below 11 ; 7 cases were for milk ranging from 12 to 12.6
per cent.

Of late there has been an annual agitation before the Legis-
lature for a reduction of the statute standard. On this sub-
ject we renew our recommendations of previous years in

No. 4.] REPORT OF DAIRY BUREAU. 249

opposition to any such reduction, which we believe would
be an injury to the consuming public arid also to the better
class of producers. An abundance of evidence can be 1 )rought
forward to prove that average milk from average cows has 13
per cent total solids, so that the statute standard is placed at
the average quality of milk, the milk of the distinctive butter
breeds of cows ranging over 14 and often as high as 15 per
cent. Should any change be deemed advisable, we feel that
the one which would be of the most value would be to add
a fat standard of 3.75. The study of the composition of
milk has been carried to such an extent by experiment sta-
tions and others all over the country that it is well known
that the amount of solids not flit in milk is quite uniform,
the element which shows the most variation beino- the fat.
There is also, within limits, quite a constant ratio between
the solids not fat, and fat. In a sample of milk containing
3 per cent of fat we should look for somewhere in the neigh-
borhood of 11 per cent of total solids. With 3.5 per cent
of fat we should expeot the total solids to be approximately
12 to 12.5 per cent. If milk has 3.75 to 4 per cent of fat,
it will be up to the standard or above. The Babcock milk
tester gives such an easy way of testing for fit that a statute
recognition of the fact that normal 13 per cent milk has 3.75
per cent of fat would allow every farmer to test his own milk
and keep track of the quality he is sending to the city, with
an assurance that the milk is up to the standard.

Another reason for asking for this change is snven in the
following quotation from the report of Dr. Harrington, the
Boston milk inspector, which meets the views of this depart-
ment : —

Another fraud which the present law does not reach, but which
nevertheless is a serious fraud, has been discovered during the past
year. The milk sold by certain dealers has shown a peculiar com-
position, inconsistent with that of genuine milk, and yet conform-
ing to the statute requirement. While containing the necessary 13
per cent of milk solids, a decidedly low percentage of fat, with an
abnormally high percentage of solids not fat, were noticed. On
investigation, it was learned that a large business was being con-
ducted with a New York house which sells condensed skim-milk ob-
tained from the New York creameries. This skim-milk, which is in

250 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

a sense a waste product, is concentrated or "condensed" by evap-
oration in vacuum pans, and then sold to milkmen, who, after
robbing their milk of a part of its cream, add enough of the
concentrated skim-milk, containing almost wholly non-fatty sub-
stances, to bring the yield of total solids above the statute require-
ment. Thus a milk which has lost a valuable constituent is made
to conform with the law. No provision in the existing law can
reach this fraud, for two reasons : first, the removal of the cream,
or a part thereof, can hardly be legally proven unless the opera-
tion has been actually observed ; and, second, the substance added
is in no sense foreign to milk. There is, however, a way to meet
and prevent the deception, and that is, to establish a standard for
fat; and the bill already referred to fixes this at 3.70 per cent.
If this shall pass, there will no longer be any reason for adding
non-fatfcy solids.

Another change in the law, which might be of advantage
both to consumers and producers, would be in relieving the
Board of Health from the arbitrary requirement that they
expend a certain amount for the investigation of dairy prod-
ucts. The creation of the Dairy Bureau and the increased
popular attention given to health matters lead to this sug-
gestion. Our present laws relate almost wholly to commer-
cial frauds, and have but little if anything to do with health
matters. Under the present statute the Board of Health is
compelled to divert a certain amount of its appropriation
from health work to work in detecting commercial frauds.
This work could be as well done by the Dairy Bureau, and
the transfer wTould leave the Board of Health with greater
resources to investigate some of the great health problems
in connection with the milk supply which are now pressing
upon the public attention.

The law requiring us to work in harmony with milk in-
spectors has produced good results, and we are indebted to
Dr. Harrington and the milk inspectors of a number of cities
other than Boston for much valuable information given to
us. We wish that this department of the work of the Bureau
could be extended and broadened, so that, without encroach-
ing in the least upon the prerogatives of the local officers in
the different cities, this office could be a clearing house for
an interchange of information, and for giving to the Legis-

Ao. 4.] REPORT OF DAIRY BUREAU. 251

lature in its annual reports the best suggestions which these
various local officers annually make to their respective city
governments.

In the year 1894 the annual agitation for a reduction in
the milk standard resulted in a compromise measure, which
appeared on the surface to be a harmless though useless
piece of legislation, enacting into a statute certain require-
ments as to the taking of samples which had already been in
force through the operation of the well-established laws of
evidence. This statute was opposed by the Bureau on the
ground, first, that it was unnecessary, and second, that it
might contain some loopholes through which dishonest milk-
men would gain a point. The law was so objectionable that
the governor refused to sign it, though he allowed it to
become operative by the lapse of time without a veto. The
law alluded to is chapter 425 of the Acts of 1894, and is as
follows : —

No producer of milk shall be liable to prosecution on the ground
that the milk produced by him is not of good standard quality,
unless the milk alleged not to be of such quality was taken upon
the premises or while in the possession or under the control of the
producer by an inspector of milk or by the agents of the Dairy
Bureau or State Board of Health, or collector of samples duly
authorized by such inspector, and a sealed sample of the same
given to the producer.

In the trial of a case where the defendant was charged with
having in his possession milk below the standard quality, the
evidence tended to prove that the defendant was the producer
of the milk in question, and, at the time the sample was taken
from his servant, was at his farm in another city. The court
was asked to rule that there was a variance between the com-
plaint and the proof, and that the evidence would not war-
rant a verdict of guilty. The court declined so to rule ; the
defendant was convicted ; exceptions were taken and over-
ruled by the supreme court. In its opinion the supreme
court said : —

It is the general rule of law that the possession of a servant is
the possession of the master. In the present case, we think that

2b2 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the evidence showed that the milk was still in the possession and
under the control of the defendant. Statutes of 1894, chapter 425,
was designed to exempt a producer of milk from prosecution on a
complaint that the milk was not of good standard quality only when
the milk was found on other premises than those of the producer ;
or in the possession of another person than the producer, who was
not subject to the control of the producer, and who, therefore,
might have adulterated the milk for his own purposes ; or when
milk, if found upon the premises or in the possession or under the
control of the producer, was taken by some person who was not
an inspector of milk or an agent of the Dairy Bureau or State
Board of Health, or a collector of samples duly authorized by an
inspector, and who, therefore, might not be trustworthy. In every
case of a taking of milk a sealed sample of the milk taken must
be given to the producer for his protection. There is no indication
that the general law governing the responsibility of a master for
the acts of his servant was intended to be affected by the statute.

Institute Work.

Nineteen farmers' meetings have been addressed by the
acting executive officer of the Bureau during the past year.
In most of these the Babcock tester was used in testing-
samples of milk brought to the meeting, its use explained,
with its value to dairymen, whether producing milk for the
market or making butter. One hundred and nineteen sam-
pies of milk were tested in such demonstration talks. The
following are the statistics of the samples tested : —

3 . 4 per cent of fat and below, . . . .13 per cent of samples.
3.6 to 3.8 per cent of fat (on the line of the

legal standard) , 25 per cent of samples.

4 to 5 per cent of fat, 42 per cent of samples.

Above 5 per cent of fat, 20 per cent of samples.

100

The Bay State Fair.

The annual agricultural fair at Worcester this year was a
State fair. Being such, the Dairy Bureau was invited to take
charge of the dairy department, and the acting executive offi-
cer was appointed superintendent. The exhibits of butter,

No. 4.] EEPORT OF DAIltY BUREAU.

253

cheese and the dairy machinery were grouped in one room,
so that persons interested in dairying could find in one place
all that the exhibition had to offer in that line. The speci-
mens of butter were scored by Mr. George D. Fales of
Boston. After the scoring, samples were taken for chemi-
cal analysis. We submit below the result of the scoring,
and the analyses of samples which took premiums : —

Creamery Prints.

Score.

Analtsis.

EXHIBITORS.

Water.

Fat.

Sail.

Curd.

Worcester County Creamery, .

Montague Creamery,

E. S. Cove, Phillipston, .

97i

97

94|

Per Cent.
10.98

10.52

Per Cent.

85.28
86.42

Per Cent.
2.54

2.20

Per Cent.
1.20

.86

Dairy Prints.

F. W. Field & Son, Somers,

Conn., .....

W. F. Wilder, Rindge, N. H., .

N. I. Bowditch, Framingham, .

97h

9.17

88.49

1.57

97\

7.98

87.82

2.40

96£

9.71

87.57

2.25

.77

1.90

.57

Creamery Tubs.

Rockside Creamery,

Altoona,

N. Y., .

96

8

73

88

80

2

12

.35

Worcester County Cr

cam cry, .

95*

12

86

84

03

2

62

1.49

Montague Creamery,

95£

10

08

87

39

1

95

.58

Dairy Tubs.

J. A. Cunningham, Bolton,

96i

9.10

88.55

1.31

1.04

Dairy Boxes.

,1. A. Cunningham, Bolton,
Mrs. Mary L. Sawyer, Sterling,
N. I. Bowditch, Framingham, .
E. J. Dana, North Pomfret, Vt.,

'.h;.\

92$

_

_

92

_

_

92

-

-

254 BOARD OF* AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

In the dairy building, but having no connection with the
department under the superintendency of the Bureau, took
place the churning of the cream from the cows contesting
for the butter premiums. The cows were milked on the
grounds, the milk placed in charge of a butter maker, who
superintended its ripening, and the second day it was
churned, each competitor being allowed to churn his own
cream, if he desired. Samples of buttermilk were taken by
the representative of the Bureau and tested in the Babcock
tester. Startling amounts of fat were found in the butter-
milk, showing that the prize was awarded for the most skilful
manipulation of the cream, rather than for the cow producing
the most butter. The results were so important and start-
ling that they have attracted the attention of the dairy press
over the whole country. The statistics are given in the
following table : —

No. 4.] REPORT OF DAIRY BUREAU.

255

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256

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

On the whole, the dairy department of the fair was con-
sidered very successful.

Proper Testing of Cows at Fairs.
In connection with the proper method of testing cows at
fairs, the Bureau has used its influence to bring about a re-
form, and to impress the dairy community with the fact that
a cow is to be valued for the amount of milk solids she pro-
duces, rather than for the amount of water which may be
drawn from her udder. Growing out of our suggestion, the
Worcester South Agricultural Society offered premiums for
the cow producing the greatest amount of butter fat on the
grounds of the society during twenty-four hours. This is
virtually equivalent to a prize for the cow producing the
greatest amount of total solids, for, the fat being the varying
element, the cow that produces the greatest amount of fat
will necessarily produce the greatest amount of total solids.
The awarding of this premium was left with the representa-
tive of the Bureau, with the following results : —

to S

<" 3

V-

«

k.

g

o

-

-.

1

—
c

Ch

O

L. Crawford, New Brain-')
tree, seven -year-old thor- ! evening,
oughbred Jersey, giving ; morning,
milk thi-ee weeks. J

L. W. Woodis, Brookfield,
grade Ayrshire, calved
August 1.

C. D. Richardson, West
Brookfield, thoroughbred
Jersey.

evening,
morning:.

evening,
morninjr,

L. Crawford, New Brain- *)

tree, eight-year-old grade ! evening,
Guernsey, in milk since [morning,
May 1. J

Geo. W. Sherman, Brook- ) evening,
field. S morning,

lbs. oz.

10 14

10 12

21 10

16 8

16 9

10

8 14

18 14

9 14
9 15

19 13

1 13

2 8

6.0

10.4

5.8

10.0

20.4

3.6

9.5

3.8

10.0

19.5

5.0

8.0

5.0

7.0

15.0

4.6

5.9

4.8

7.6

13.5

4.0

1.2

5.4

2.2

3.4

1 7

i n

No. 4.] REPORT OF DAIRY BUREAU.

257

Home Dairy Tests.

The Bay State Society, working along this same line, but
carrying the idea a step farther, has offered prizes for cows
producing the greatest amount of butter fat, the tests to be
made at the homes of the competitors, with cows surrounded
by normal conditions, rather than with the excitement and
confusion of exhibition grounds. The results of this work
are as follows : —

Herd of Herbert Merriam of Weston.

Wei

eht

Per Tent

Weight

Total

(rounds).

cows.

of

Milk.

of
Fat.

of
Fat.

lbs.

oz.

lbs.

Yellow Lily, .

Thursday, p.m., .

12

6

5.0

.618

-

Friday, a.m., .

12

4

5.6

.686

-

Friday, p.m., .

12

2

4.6

.558

-

Saturday, a.m., .

11

5.4
5.15

.594

2.456

Polly of Lincoln,

Thursday, p.m., .

17

6

3.8

.660

_

Friday, a.m., .

13

12

4.2

.577

-

Friday, p.m., .

15

11

4.0

.627

-

Saturday, a.m., .

14

4.4
1 10

.561

2.425

Tolly of Nobilitv, .

Thursday, p.m., .

13

6

4.6

.615

Friday, a.m., .

10

1

5.2

.523

-

Friday, p.m., .

12

14

4.6

.592

-

Saturday, a.m., .

11

1

5.8
5.05

5.0

.642

2.373

Polly of Lincoln, 3d

Thursday, p.m., .

11

12

.5S7

Friday, a.m., .

11

7

6.0

.686

-

Friday, P.M., .

11

8

4.6

.529

-

Saturday, a.m., .

10

1

4.6
5.05

.463

2.205

Polly of Concord,

Thursday, p.m., .

9

11

4.8

.465

_

Friday, a.m., .

8

14

4.8

.426

-

Friday, P.M., .

10

2

4.8

.486

_

Saturday, a.m., .

9

8

5.6
5.00

.532

1.1)0!)

Total for herd,

Herd of X. B. Douglas of Slierbom.

Daisy,

Thursday, p.m.,
Friday, a.m.,
Friday, p.m.,
Saturday, a.m.,

14 10

4.4

.644

12 11

4.2

.533

14 1

4.2

.591

12 14

4.4
4.30

.567

2.335

258 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Herd of N. B. Douglas of Sherborn — Concluded.

Weight

Per Cent

Weight

cows.

of

Milk.

of
Fat.

of
Fat.

(Pounds).

lbs. oz.

lbs.

Hilda,

. Thursday,

P.M., .

12 14

4.4

.507

-

Friday,

A.M., .

12 5

4.4

.542

-

Friday,

P.M., .

13 2

4.4

.578

-

Saturday,

A.M., .

11 12

4.6
4.45

.541

2.228

Biscuit,

. Thursday,

P.M., .

10

5.0

.500

_

Friday,

A.M., .

9 6

6.4

.600

-

Friday,

P.M., .

10

5.4

.540

_

Saturday,

A.M., .

8 10

4.2

.362

9 0()9

Gretclicn, .

. Thursday

T.M., .

11 12

4.6

.511

Friday,

A.M., .

10 1

5.0

.503

-

Friday,

P.M., .

11 2

4.4

.489

-

Saturday,

A.M., .

10

4.0
5.2

.400

1.933

Pansy,

. Thursday

P.M., .

8 8

.442

Friday,

A.M., .

10

5.t

.540

-

Friday,

P.M., .

8 8

5.4

.459

-

Saturday,

A.M., .

7 12

4.4
5.10

.341

1.782

Total for herd,

10 280

Boston Milk Supply.
The following is the number of cans of milk received and
sold by the milk contractors of Boston, who supply at least
three-fourths of the milk sold in the " greater Boston." The
cans contain 8£ quarts each.

Received.

Sold.

Surplus.

January, ....

so 1,457

621,049

180,408

February, ....

730,937

563,039

167,898

March,

860,757

631,527

229,230

April,

861,524

656,943

204,581

May,

934,871

710,823

224,048

June,

918,079

704,364

213,715

July,

801,285

721,618

79,667

August,

771,628

701,149

70,479

September, ....

758,131

699,140

58,991

October,

820,454

679,128

141,326

November, ....

782,071

687,530

94,541

December, ....

815,306

664,422

150,884

Total, ....

9,856,500

8,040,732

1,815,768

1894,

9,705,447

7,657,421

2,048,026

1893,

9,263,487

7,619,722

1,643,765

1892,

9,212,667

7,315,135

-

No. 4.] REPORT OF DAIRY BUREAU. 259

Continuous Milk Tests.

Last year we reported investigations made by Mr. Clem-
cnce of the Bureau on the quality of the milk furnished by
his herd. These investigations have been continued during
the year, and we regard the result as very valuable. Mr.
Clemence is a milk dealer retailing his own production, and
has a herd of grade coavs purchased from different sources
as necessary to keep up his supply. While he is desirous of
having cows which give as much milk as possible, he is also
desirous that the milk shall be of reasonable quality. Nearly
two years of monthly tests of mixed milk of his herd show
that it is very uniform, varying less than three-tenths of one
per cent, regardless of the season of the }rear or the kind of
feed. This proves that, under such conditions as exist in
Mr. Clemence's case, common cows will give milk up to the
statute standard, and that there are no mysterious variations
from a comparatively uniform quality. The percentage of
fat has ranged between 4.2 and 4.4 per cent by the Babcock
test. Several samples of milk, submitted to chemical analysis
for the purpose of verifying the Babcock test, and showing
indisputably what such milk ought to contain of total solids,
have resulted in a range of from 13.52 to 13.84 per cent of
solids. This verifies what the Bureau has frequently stated,
that milk of 3.75 per cent of fat is, if normal, up to the
standard, and it shows that there is no difficulty in producing
standard milk.

Misckixankous.

The Bureau has been represented at two dairy conferences
of a national nature, and in one case its acting executive offi-
cer was invited to prepare a paper. He has also done some
work for the milk interests of the State, as secretary of the
Milk Producers' Union.

Financial STATEMENT.

The following is the financial statement of the expenses
of the Bureau during the past year : —

260 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc No. 4.

Appropriation by Legislature of 1895, $7,000 00

Members of the Bureau, travelling expenses and

attending meetings, $3«26 80

George M. Whitaker, travelling and other expenses, 624 23

Agents' salaries, 1,807 66

Agents' expenses, 1,434 57

Chemical work, 1,670 00

Educational work, 150 66

Legal advice, 105 00

Printing, 79 30

Supplies, 85 23

Total, $6,283 45

Unexpended balance, 716 55

$7,000 00
Respectfully submitted,

GEO. M. WHITAKER,

Acting Executive Officer.

Approved and adopted as the report of the Dairy Bureau.

C. L. HARTSHORN.
GEO. L. CLEMENCE.
DWTGHT A. HORTON.

Boston, Jan. 15, 1896.

FINANCIAL RETURNS

Analyses of Premiums and Gratuities

INCORPORATED SOCIETIES,

WITH MEMBERSHIP AND INSTITUTES
For the Yeak 1S95.

EETUENS OF SOCIETIES.

AMESBURY AND SALISBURY AGRICULTURAL AND
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1881, Acts of 1881, chapter 204.

Originally raised by contribution $1,002.32; now has

$7,392.72 invested as a capital stock in real estate, crock-
ery, tables, etc. Total assets, $8,070.32 : real estate,
$7,392.72; crockery, tables, etc., $269.89; bills due, $50;
cash on hand, $357.71. Total liabilities consist of notes
amounting to $1,900. Receipts in 1895, $2,036.36 : bounty,
$000 ; rent, $87 ; new members, $18 ; donations, $60 ; other
sources, $1,271.36. Expenditures in 1895, $1,823.92:
premiums and gratuities paid, $887.03; current running
expenses, $123.17 ; interest, $114 ; other expenses, $699.72.
The society offered $1,500 in premiums and awarded and
paid $887.03 in premiums and gratuities, which went to 16
cities and towns. One hundred and twenty-eight dollars
and seventy-five cents went 'to 4 towns outside the State.
Three hundred and twenty-five persons received premiums
and 261 gratuities. Under head of farms $21 was awarded
and paid ; under farm and pet stock $433 was awarded and
paid ; under farm and garden products $174.20 was awarded
and paid; under dairy products $3.25 was awarded and
paid; under domestic manufactures $93.80 was awarded and
paid; under objects strictly agricultural, not specified,
$96.53 was awarded and paid; under objects other than
agricultural, not specified, $57.25 was awarded and paid.
The society reports 22!) members, — 202 males and 27
females. Three farmers' institutes were held at Amesbury :
January 17, on "Animal structure with special reference to
purpose " and " The horse and how to measure his value ; "
February 6, on "Fruit culture" and "Poultry;" and
March 13, on "Progressive farming "and "Farming as a
business."

264 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

BARNSTABLE COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1844, Acts of 1844, chapter 114.

The society in its first report to the Board in 1853
reported the amount of its permanent fund (par value) to
be $1,740; now has $8,300 invested as a capital stock in
real estate and bonds. Total assets, $8,558.90 : real estate,
$7,500 ; bonds, $800 ; cash on hand, $258.90. Total liabil-
ities consist of notes amounting to $3,575. Receipts in
1895, $3,524.83: bounty, $600 ; new members, $25 ; other
sources, $2,899.83. Expenditures in 1895, $3,265.93:
premiums and gratuities paid, $1,506.50;* current running
expenses, $1,557.43; interest, $202. The society offered
$1,953.50 in premiums and awarded and paid $1,506.50* in
premiums and gratuities, which went to 9 towns. Ninety-
three persons received premiums and 119 gratuities. Under
head of farm and pet stock $319.25 was awarded and paid;
under field and garden crops $3 was awarded and paid ; under
farm and garden products $252.50 was awarded and paid ;
under dairy products $8 was awarded and paid ; under do-
mestic manufactures $121.25 was awarded and paid; under
agricultural implements $3 was awarded and paid ; under
trotting $782.50 was awarded and paid ; under objects other
than agricultural, not specified, $17.50 was awarded and
paid. The society reports 589 members, — 358 males and
231 females. Three farmers' institutes were held : at Yar-
mouthport, January 30, on " Practical poultry culture ; " at
East Sandwich, February 28, on "Small fruits;" and at
Buzzard's Bay, December 17, on "The management of a
dairy farm and care of milch cows."

BERKSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1811, Acts of 1811, chapter 70.

The society in its first report to the Board in 1853
reported the amount of its permanent fund (par value) to
be $3,000; now has $12,000 invested as a capital stock in
real estate. Total assets, $12,569.94 : real estate, $12,000 ;

* Of this amount $782.50 was paid for trotting.

No. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 265

crockery, tables, etc., $200; bills due and unpaid, $345.34;
cash on band, $24.60. Total Liabilities, $5,679.44: out-
standing bills, $679.44 ; mortgages or like liabilities, $5,000.
Receipts in 1895, $11,597.02: bounty, $600; new mem-
bers, $103; other sources, $10,894.02. Expenditures in
1895, $11,572.42 : premiums and gratuities paid, $1,297.75 ;
current running expenses, $5,274.67 ; interest, $858 ; other
expenses, $4,142. The society offered $1,811.50 in pre-
miums, and awarded and paid $1,297.75 in premiums and
gratuities, which went to 30 cities and towns. Thirty-six
dollars went to 4 towns outside the State. Three hun-
dred and ninety persons received premiums and gratuities.
Under head of farms $14 was awarded and paid ; under
farm and pet stock $732 was awarded and paid ; under farm
and garden products $234 was awarded and paid ; under
dairy products $18 was awarded and paid; under domestic
manufactures $209 was awarded and paid; under trotting
$1,637.50 was paid; under objects other than agricultural,
not specified, $74 was awarded and paid. The society re-
ports 1,080 members, 983 males and 97 females. Three
farmers' institutes were held: at Pittsfield, January 25, on
"Tuberculosis and the work of the Cattle Commission;"
at Lee, March 12, on " The cost of a quart of milk " and
"Cattle foods;" and at Richmond, March 22, on "Prac-
tical agriculture," " Dairying" and " Fruit raising."

BLACKSTONE VALLEY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1884, Acts of 1884, chapter 48.
Originally raised by contribution $3,000 ; now has $4,500
invested as a capital stock in real estate, crockery, tables,
etc. Total assets, $4,500.10: real estate, $4,400; crock-
ery, tables, etc., $100; cash on hand, $0.10. Total liabil-
ities, $1,689: premiums due and unpaid, $63; outstanding
bills, $26; mortgages or like liabilities, $1,600. Receipts
in 1895, $1,893.61: bounty, $600; new members, $28;
donations, $15.95; all other sources, $1,249.66. Expen-
ditures in 1895, $1,912.01 : premiums and gratuities paid,

266 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

$722 ; current running expenses, $1,125.01 ; interest, $65.
The society offered in premiums $962.55, and awarded $785
in premiums and gratuities, of which amount $722 was paid
to 21 cities and towns. Eleven dollars went to 1 city
and 2 towns outside the State. One hundred and thirty-five
persons received premiums and 21 gratuities. Under head
of farms $96 was awarded and paid ; under farm and pet
stock $479 was awarded and paid ; under field and garden
crops $46.75 was awarded and paid ; under farm and garden
products $73.50 was awarded and paid; under dairy prod-
ucts $8 was awarded and paid ; under domestic manufact-
ures $56.35 was awarded and paid; $49.35 was awarded for
objects other than agricultural, not specified. Eighty-five
dollars was paid for trotting. The society reports 502
members, — 285 males and 217 females. Three farmers'
institutes were held at Uxbridge : January 11, on " Tuber-
culosis in cattle ; " February 28, on " History of organized
agriculture in the United States;" and April 6, on "The
horse's foot and its diseases."

BRISTOL COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1823, Acts of 1823, chapter 32.

The society in its first report to the Board in 1853 re-
ported the amount of its permanent fund (par value) to be
$3,240; now has $32,000 invested as a capital stock in
real estate. Total assets, $34,388.87 : real estate, $32,000 ;
crockery, tables, etc., $200; cash on hand, $2,188.87.
Total liabilities, $14,073.45 : premiums due and unpaid,
$73.45; mortgages or like liabilities, $14,000. Receipts
in 1895, $17,565.74: bounty, $600; new members, $60;
all other sources, $16,905.74. Expenditures in 1895,
$15,376.87: premiums and gratuities paid, $5,287.97; cur-
rent running expenses, $6,910.45; interest, $843.08; other
expenses, $2,335.37. The society offered $6,546.23 in
premiums, awarded $5,361.42 in premiums and gratuities
and paid $5,287.97, which went to 49 cities and towns.
Five hundred and twenty-five dollars and twenty-live cents
went to 6 cities and 9 towns outside the State. Six hun-

No. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 267

dred and forty-nine persons received premiums and 45
gratuities. Under head of farms $58 was awarded and
paid; under farm and pet stock $1,728.25 was awarded
and $1,678 paid; under field and garden crops $05 was
awarded and paid; under farm and garden products
$352.75 was awarded and paid; under dairy products
$42 was awarded and paid; under domestic manufactures
$339.65 was awarded and $31(5.25 paid; under objects
other than agricultural $140 was awarded and paid. Eight
hundred and twenty dollars was paid for trotting. The
society reports 881 members, — (588 males and 193 fe-
males. Three farmers' institutes were held: at Dighton,
March 7, on "What we know about plant food" and
"Labor;" at Raynham, March 13, on "How to keep up
the fertility of our farms " and " General farming; " and at
New Bedford, March 22, on "Bacteria," "Labor strikes"
and " Successful farming."

DEERPIELD VALLEY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1871, Acts of 1871, chapter 208.
Originally raised by contribution $4,094.01 ; now has
$9,200 invested as a capital stock in real estate. Total
assets, $9,576.24 : real estate, $9,200 ; crockery, tables, etc.,
$250; cash on hand, $126.24. Liabilities consist of out-
standing bills to the amount of $1,075. Receipts in 1J>95,
$2,034.94: bounty, $600; new members, $60; donations,
$27.95; other sources, $1,346.99. Expenditures in 1895,
$1,908.70: premiums paid, $979.40; current running ex-
penses, $875.54 ; interest, $53.76. The society offered in
premiums $1,23(5.50, awarded $1,007.35 and paid $979.40,
which went to 2^) towns. Nine dollars and fifty-five cents
went to 4 towns outside the State. Two hundred and fifty-
three persons received premiums. Under head of farm and
pet stock $556 was awarded and $532.75 paid; under farm
and garden products $72 was awarded and $70.(55 paid;
under dairy products $28 was awarded and $2(5 paid ; under
domestic manufactures $77.35 was awarded and $7(5 paid;
under trotting $230 was paid; under objects other than

268 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

agricultural, not specified, $44 was awarded and paid. The
society reports 1,346 members, — 1,231 males and 115
females. Three farmers' institutes were held ; at Charle-
mont, January 23, on "Manures and Fertilizers ; " at Ash-
field, February 27, on "Corn culture" and "The silo
and ensilage;" and at Colrain, November 30, on "Tuber-
culosis."

EASTERN HAMPDEN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1856, Acts of 1856, chapter 156.
Originally raised by contribution $3,000; now has $7,000
invested as a capital stock in real estate. Total assets,
$7,005.55 : real estate, $7,000 ; cash on hand, $5.55. Total
liabilities, $3,359.45: outstanding bills, $625; mortgages
or like liabilities, $2,734.45. Receipts in 1895, $2,503.33 :
bounty, $600 ; new members, $69 ; donations, $51.08 ; other
sources, $1,783.25. Expenditures in 1895, $3,146.32:
premiums and gratuities paid, $1,935.48; current running
expenses, $1,210.84. The society offered $2,423.80* in
premiums and awarded and paid $1,935.48* in premiums and
gratuities, which went to 21 cities and towns. Five hundred
and sixty-five dollars went to 4 cities and towns outside the
State. One hundred and twenty-three persons received
premiums and gratuities. Under head of farms $10 was
awarded and paid ; under farm and pet stock $469 was
awarded and paid ; under farm and garden products $158.05
was awarded and paid; under dairy products $14- was
awarded and paid; under domestic manufactures $47.43 was
awarded and paid; under trotting $1,220 was awarded and
paid; under objects other than agricultural, not specified,
$17 was awarded and paid. The society reports 467 mem-
bers,— 273 males and 194 females. Three farmers' insti-
tutes were held: at Palmer, January 8, on " Cultivation of
o-rasses ; " at Monson, February 12, on " Barn-yard manures
and commercial fertilizers ; " and at Palmer, March 12, on
" General fruit culture."

* Of these amounts $1,220 was for trotting or pacing classes.

No. 4.] EETUENS OF SOCIETIES. 269

ESSEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1818, Acts of 1818, chapter 25.

The society in its first report to the Board in 1853 re-
ported the amount of its permanent fund (par value) to be
$9,363.66; now has $20,533.05 invested as a capital stock
in real estate, stocks, bonds, crockery, tables, etc. Total
assets, $20,533.05 : real estate, $5,000 ; stocks, $14,333.05 ;
bonds, $1,000; crockery, tables, ete., $200. Receipts' in
1895, $2,151.98: bounty, $600; stocks, $858.84; bonds,
$59.50; new members, $69; other sources, $564.64. Ex-
penditures in 1895, $2,922.33 : premiums paid, $1,732.75 ;
current running expenses, $1,013.33; interest, $176.25.
The society offered in premiums $2,319.75, awarded
$1,844.50* and paid $1,732.75,* which went to 32 cities
and towns. Three hundred and twenty-four persons re-
ceived premiums. Under head of farms %GQ was awarded
and $107 paid; under farm and pet stock $382 was awarded
and $693 paid; under field and garden crops $91 was
awarded and $155 paid; under farm and garden products
$308 was awarded and $494.50 paid; under dairy products
$24 was paid; under domestic manufactures $133.25 was
awarded and $142.50 paid; under agricultural implements
$30 was awarded and $50.50 paid; under objects strictly
agricultural, not specified, $73 was paid; under objects
other than agricultural, not specified, $67.75 was awarded
and $93 paid. The society reports 1,520 members, — 1 ,503
males and 17 females. Four farmers' institutes were held :
at Dan vers, January 5, on "Rural hygiene" and "Cook-
ing;" at Topsfield, January 25, on "Fruit growing and
small fruits," "Flowers" and " Agriculture and trade ;" at
Newbury, February 15, on "Tuberculosis in cattle;" and
at Beverly, March 8, on " Cattle and cattle feeds."

FRANKLIN COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1850, Acts of 1850, chapter 104.

The society in its first report to the Board in 1853 stated
the amount of its permanent fund (par value) to be $3,768 ;

* Amounts paid for 1894; awarded for 1895.

270 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

now has $8,520 invested as a capital stock in real estate and
bank stock. Total assets, $8,770.69: real estate, $7,500;
stock, $1,020 ; bank funds, $114.69 ; crockery, tables, etc.,
$75; cash on hand, $61. Total liabilities, $1,121.81 : pre-
miums due and unpaid, $48.90; outstanding bills, $172.91 ;
mortgages or like liabilities, $900. Receipts in 1895,
$4,954.70: bounty, $600; stocks, $32.11; new members,
$5; donations, $312.38; other sources, $4,004.21. Ex-
penditures in 1895, $5,571.94: premiums and gratuities
paid, $2,717.90; current running expenses, $1,823.54; in-
terest, $13.75; other expenses, $1,016.75. The society
offered in premiums $3,179.50, awarded in premiums and
gratuities $2,766.80* and paid $2,717.90,* which went to 23
towns. Twenty-five cents went to 1 town outside the
State. Three hundred and forty-three persons received
premiums and 18 gratuities. Under head of farm and pet
stock $952.50 was awarded and $921 paid; under farm and
garden products $178.30 was awarded and $167.65 paid;
under dairy products $10 was awarded and $3 paid ; under
domestic manufactures $133.50 was awarded and $128 paid;
under trotting $1,460 was awarded and paid; under objects
other than agricultural, not specified, $29.50 was awarded
and $28.25 paid. Diplomas were awarded for agricultural
implements. The society reports 1,800 members, — 1,500
males and 300 females. Three farmers' institutes were held :
at Greenfield, February 21, on "The horse for to-morrow ; "
at Greenfield, March 2, on "Manures and fertilizers and
their use;" and at Montague, March 15, on "The manage-
ment of a dairy farm."

HAMPDEN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1844, Acts of 1844, chapter 56.

The society in its first report to the Board in 1853 stated
the amount of its permanent fund (par value) to be $4,860 ;
now has $1,678.28 invested as a capital stock in real estate,
crockery, tables, etc., bills due and unpaid and cash on
hand. Total assets, $1,678.28: real estate, $800; crock-
ery, tables, etc., $150 ; bills due and unpaid, $225 ; cash on

* Of these amounts $1,160 was for trotting and pacing for premiums.

Xo. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 271

hand, $503.28. Liabilities consist of outstanding hills to
the amount of $500. Receipts in 1895, $1,650.65 : bounty,
$228.80; new members, $27.50 ; donations, $95.38 ; other
sources, $1,298.97. Expenditures in 1895, $1,286.72:
premiums and gratuities paid, $384.53; current running
expenses, $397.50; other expenses, $504.69. The society
offered in premiums $1,378 ; awarded in premiums and
gratuities $485.60* and paid $384.53,* which went to 14
cities and towns. One dollar and fifty cents went to 1
town outside the State. Eighty persons received premiums
and 5 gratuities. Under head of farms $40 was awarded
and $10 paid; under farm and pet stock $195.50 was
awarded and $131.75 paid; under field and garden crops
$2 was awarded; under farm and garden products $120.75
was awarded and $71.25 paid ; under domestic manufactures
$28.50 was awarded and $21.63 paid; under objects strictly
agricultural, not specified, $15 was awarded and paid;
under trotting $160 was paid ; under objects other than
agricultural, not specified, $17.50 was awarded and $17.25
paid. Diplomas were awarded for agricultural implements
and for certain farm stock. The society reports 619 mem-
bers,— 478 males and 141 females. Three farmers' insti-
tutes were held: at Springfield, January 2, on "Tuber-
culosis;" at Agawam, January 31, on "Feeding dairy
stock" and " Profitable garden crops ; " and at Wilbraham,
February 27, on " Small fruits."

HAMPSHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1814, Acts of 1814, chapter 19.
The society in its first report to the Board in 1853
stated the amount of its permanent fund (par value) to be
$3,255.26; now has $4,352.43 invested as a capital stock in
real estate, crockery, tables, etc. Total assets, $4,408. Hi:
real estate, $4,200 ; crockery, tables, etc., $152.43 ; cash on
hand, $55.73. Total liabilities amount to $967. Receipts
in 1895, $1,268.80: bounty, $600 ; new members, $32.50;
donations, $43.10; other sources, $593.20. Expenditures

* Of these amounts $160 was for trotting.

272 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

in 1895, $1,762.12 : premiums and gratuities paid, $650.19 ;
current running expenses, $566.93; interest, $54.70; other
expenses, $490.30. The society offered in premiums $932,
awarded in premiums and gratuities $693.29 and paid
$650.19, which went to 16 cities and towns. One hundred
and nineteen persons received premiums and 13 gratuities.
Under head of farm and pet stock $258 was awarded and
$246 paid; under field and garden crops $48.50 was
awarded and paid; under farm and garden products $151
was awarded ; under dairy products $8 was awarded and
paid ; under domestic manufactures $20 was awarded and
paid ; under trotting $545 was paid ; under objects other
than agricultural, not specified, $10 was awarded. The
society reports 803 members, — 567 males and 236 fe-
males. Three farmers' institutes were held : at Amherst,
March 9, on "The dairyman;" at Belchertown, April 20,
on ' ' Manures and fertilizers and their use ; " and at Am-
herst, December 28, on "The Atlanta exposition and
Farmers' National Congress ; what I sa*v and heard there."

HAMPSHIRE, FRANKLIN AND HAMPDEN AGRICULT-
URAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1818, Acts of 1818, chapter 125.

The society in its first report to the Board in 1853
stated the amount of its permanent fund (par value) to be
$8,141.29 ; now has $3,316.57 invested as a capital stock in
personal property. Total assets, $3,316.57 : real estate
lease, $2,000; crockery, tables, etc., $600; cash on hand,
$716.57. Total liabilities amount to about $150. Receipts
in 1895, $4,050.96: bounty, $600; new members, $62;
other sources, $3,388.96. Expenditures in 1895, $3,334.39 :
premiums and gratuities paid, $848.50; current running
expenses, $859.67 ; interest, $20 ; other expenses, $1,606.22.
The society offered in premiums $1,253, awarded in pre-
miums and gratuities $923 and paid $848.50, which went to
28 cities and towns. One hundred and eighty-seven persons
received premiums and 11 gratuities. Under head of farm
and pet stock $589.40 was awarded and $552.15 paid; under

Xo. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 273

field and garden crops $24 was awarded and $18 paid;
under farm and garden products $1<S2 was awarded and $169
paid; under dairy products $17 was awarded and paid;
under domestic manufactures $83.60 was awarded and $69.85
paid; under agricultural implements $15 was awarded and
$13.50 paid; under objects other than agricultural, not
specified, $12 was awarded and $9 paid; under trotting
$700 was paid. The society reports 1,000 members, —
750 males and 250 females. Four farmers' institutes were
held: at Northampton, January 2, on "The farmers' move-
ment; " at Williamsburg, January 30, on "The apple as a
money crop in New England" and "The scale of points
and score card for awarding prizes at agricultural exhibi-
tions; " at South Hadley, February 22, on " How to feed
the dairy cow for milk and cream production and what to
do with the skimmed milk" and " Summer forage crops;"
and at Easthampton, March 19, on "Home markets for
home products " and " Massachusetts agriculture."

HIGHLAND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated. 1859, Acts of 1859, chapter 145.

Originally raised by contribution $3,262 ; now has $3,150
invested as a capital stock in real estate, crockery, tables,
etc. Total assets, $3,171.08 : real estate, $3,000 ; crockery,
tables, etc., $150 ; cash on hand, $21. OS. Receipts in 1895,
$1,600.08: bounty, $600; new members, $17; donations,
$2 ; other sources, $981.08. Expenditures in 1895, $1,579 :
premiums paid, $650.95 ; current running expenses, $920.55 ;
interest, $7.50. The society offered in premiums $854.55
and awarded and paid $650.95,* which went to 23 cities
and towns. One dollar went to 1 town outside the State.
One hundred and seventy-four persons received premiums.
Under head of farm and pet stock $392.50 was awarded and
paid ; under field and garden crops $32 was awarded and
paid; under farm and garden products $40.50 was awarded
and paid; under dairy products $7.50 was awarded and paid;
under domestic manufactures $69.70 was awarded and paid;

* Of this amount $64 was for trotting premiums.

274 BOAKD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

under objects other than agricultural, not specified, $44.75
was awarded and paid ; under trotting $64 was awarded and
paid. The society reports 428 members, — 299 males and
129 females. Three farmers' institutes were held : at Mid-
dlefield, February 1, on "Growing and feeding forage
crops;" at Chester, June 15, on "Equal taxation;" and at
Middlefield, September 4, on general topics.

HILLSIDE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated. 1883, Acts of 1883, chapter 112.

Originally raised by contribution $3,113.32; now has
$5,754.70 invested as a capital stock in real estate, fixtures
and cash. Total assets, $5,754.70: real estate, $4,660.(51 ;
bank funds, $490.10; bills due and unpaid, $404.35; cash
on hand, $199.64. Receipts in 1895, $1,781.58: bounty,
$600; bank funds, $24.60; new members, $160; donations,
$30.03; other sources, $966.95. Expenditures in 1895,
$1,341.08: premiums paid, $739.60; current running ex-
penses, $601. 48. The society offered in premiums $788
and awarded and paid $739.60,* which went to 26 cities
and towns. Three hundred and seventy-one persons re-
ceived premiums. Under head of farms $6 was awarded and
paid; under farm and pet stock $440.75 was awarded
and paid; under field and garden crops $43 was awarded
and paid; under farm and garden products $70.60 was
awarded and paid; under dairy products $13 was awarded
and paid; under domestic manufactures $77.50 was awarded
and paid ; under agricultural implements $8 was awarded and
paid; under youth's department $18.55 was awarded and
paid ; under objects other than agricultural, not specified, $37
was awarded and paid ; under trotting $24 was paid. The
society reports 606 members, — 582 males and 24 females.
Three farmers' institutes were held : at Chesterfield, Janu-
ary 8, on " Dairying ; " at Ashfield, February 27, on " Corn
culture" and "The silo and ensilage;" and at Cumming-
ton, September 24, when the public winter meeting of the
Board of Agriculture was discussed, and present methods of
agriculture compared with those of fifty years ago.

* Of this amount $24 was for trotting premiums.

No. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 275

HINGHAM AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL

SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1867, Acts of 1867, chapter 99.

Originally raised by contribution $17,400.15; now has
$22,000 invested as a capital stock in real estate and per-
sonal property. Total assets, $22,160.82: real estate,
$20,000; crockery, tables, etc., $2,000; cash on hand,
$160.82. Receipts in 1895, $2,831.77: bounty, $600;
new members, $58; donations, $119.65; other sources,
$2,054.12. Expenditures in 1895, $2,601.18: premiums
and gratuities paid, $716.75; current running expenses,
$1,861.21 ; interest, $23.22. The society offered in pre-
miums $1,950.10 and awarded and paid $716.75 in pre-
miums and gratuities, which went to 17 cities and towns.
Two hundred and five persons received premiums and 406
gratuities. Under head of farms $10 was awarded and
paid; under farm and pet stock $822.75 was awarded and
paid; under farm and garden products $247.40 was awarded
and paid; under dairy products $3 was awarded and paid;
under domestic manufactures $79.45 was awarded and paid;
under objects other than agricultural, not specified, $54.15
was awarded and paid. The society reports 702 members,
— 496 males and 206 females. Four farmers' institutes
were held at Hingham : June 3, on " Petticoat gardening;"
August 5, on "Agricultural progress;" October 28, on
"Cause of low prices of farm products" and "Cranberry
and celery culture ;" and December 2, on " Waste in farm-
ing ; how shall it be prevented ? "

HOOSAC VALLEY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1860, Acts of 1860, chapter 56.

Originally raised by contribution $2,006 ; now lias $16,000
invested as a capital stock in real estate, crockery, tables,
etc. Total assets, $16,296.85 : real estate, $15,500 ; crock-
ery, tables, etc., $500; bills due and unpaid, $."><;; cash on
hand, $260.85. Total liabilities consist of a bank note
for $3,300. Receipts in 1895, $5,816.44: bounty, $600;
new members, $175; donations, $115.14; other sources,

276 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

$4,926.30. Expenditures in 1895, $5,816.44: premiums
paid, $2,836.88 ; current running expenses, $2,070.89 ;
interest, $154.93 ; improvements, $753.74. The society of-
fered in premiums $3,675 and awarded and paid $2,836.88,*
which went to 18 cities and towns. One hundred and
thirty-three dollars and seventy-five cents went to 5 cities
and towns outside the State. One hundred and ninety-
eight persons received premiums. Under head of farms
was awarded and paid ; under farm and pet stock
6.50 was awarded and paid; under field and garden
crops $154 was awarded and paid ; under farm and garden
products $149.50 was awarded and paid; under dairy prod-
ucts $27 was awarded and paid; under domestic manu-
factures $221 was awarded and paid; under agricultural
implements $20 was awarded and paid ; under objects other
than agricultural, not specified, $117.50 was awarded and
paid; under trotting $1,515 was paid. The society reports
974 members, — 958 males and 16 females. Three farmers'
institutes were held : at Williamstown, February 20, on
"Market gardening" and "The production and sale of
milk and butter;" at Adams, April 5, on "The cost of a
quart of milk ; " and at Williamstown, December 17, on
"Care and composition of milk."

HOUSATONIC AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1848, Acts of 1848, chapter 101.

The society in its first report to the Board in 1853 stated
the amount of its permanent fund (par value) to be
$6,335.33 ; now has $17,070.88 invested as a capital stock
in real estate, stocks, bank funds, crockery, tables, etc.
Total assets, $17,456.69: real estate, $15,000; stocks,
$1,000 ; bank funds, $920.88 ; crockery, tables, etc., $150 ;
bills due and unpaid, $120.25; cash on hand, $265.56.
Total liabilities, $2,300: outstanding bills, $250; note and
interest, $2,050. Receipts in 1895, $11,330.75 : bounty,
$600; stocks, $51.25; bank funds, $33.48; new mem-
bers, $224.67; other sources, $10,431.35. Expenditures
in 1895, $10,990.46: premiums paid, $2,878.59; current

* Of this amount $1,515 was for trotting premiums.

No. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 277

running expenses, $3,517.76; interest, $87.22; other ex-
penses, $4,506.89. The society offered in premiums $2,481 ;
awarded in premiums, etc., $2,896.09 and paid $2,878.59,
which went to 17 cities and towns. Seven hundred and
thirty-two dollars and fifty cents went to 3 cities and towns
outside the State in trotting purses. Four hundred and
twenty-one persons received premiums. Under head of
farm and pet stock $924 was awarded and $917 paid;
under field and garden crops $273 was awarded and $269
paid; under farm and garden products $281 was awarded
and paid; under dairy products $36 was awarded and paid ;
under domestic manufactures $42!). 15 was awarded and
$422.65 paid; under objects other than agricultural, includ-
ing sports, $853.84 was awarded and paid; $1,540 was
paid for trotting. The society reports 1,607 members, —
1,555 males and 52 females. Three farmers' institutes were
held: at Great Barrington, February 12, on "Tuberculosis
in cattle; " at Lee, March 12, on "The cost of a quart of
milk," "The relative proportion of nutrients" and "The
value of feeds ; " and at Great Barrington, November 26, on
" The management of a dairy farm."

MARSHFIELD AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULT-
URAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1867, Acts of 1867, chapter 116.

Originally raised by contribution $3,755.43; now has
$27,980.08 invested as a capital stock in real estate, crock-
ery, tables, etc. Total assets, $28,022.24: real estate,
$26,472.78 ; crockery, tables, etc., $1,507.30 ; cash on hand,
$42.16. Total liabilities, $5,969.25: premiums due and
unpaid, $279.25 ; outstanding bills, $120; mortgages or like
liabilities, s:5, 570. Receipts in 1895, $3,176.51 : bounty,
$600; new members, $35 ; other sources, $2,541.51. Ex-
penditures in 1895, $3,134.35: premiums and gratuities
paid, $1,154.04; current running expenses, $1,406.39; in-
terest, $373.92 ; other expenses, $200. The society offered
in premiums $1,598.50, awarded in premiums and gratuities
$1,433.29* and paid $1,154.04,* which went to 31 cities and

* Of these amounts $779.50 was for trotting.

27* BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doe.

towns. Six dollars and five cents went to 3 cities and towns
outside the State. Eighty persons received premiums and
300 gratuities. Under head of farm and pet stock $219.62
was awarded and $214.62 paid ; under field and garden crops
$7.25 was awarded and paid; under farm and garden prod-
ucts $197.20 was awarded and $158.65 paid; under dairy
products $9 was awarded and paid; under domestic manu-
factures $115.47 was awarded and $115.27 paid; under
objects other than agricultural, not specified, $25.25 was
awarded and paid; $779.50 was paid for trotting. The soci-
ety reports 879 members, — 570 males and 309 females.
Three farmers' institutes were held at Marshfield : January
3, on "The production of milk for profit," " Market gar-
dening " and ' ' The raising of fruit for profit ; " February
22, on "Crops," "The gullibility of farmers" and "The
grange;" and March 20, on "Capital and labor on the
farm," "Salt hay; its composition and uses," "Remi-
niscences of the West" and " Market gardening."

MARTHA'S VINEYARD AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1859, Acts of 1859, chapter 33.

Originally raised by contribution $4,552.17; now has
$4,246.66 invested as a capital stock in real estate, notes,
bank funds, crockery, tables, etc. Total assets, $4,374.89 :
real estate, $2,750; notes, $500; bank funds, $796.66;
crockery, tables, etc., $200; bills due and unpaid, $11.50;
cash on hand, $116.73. Liabilities amount to $18 in pre-
miums due and unpaid. Receipts in 1895, $1,263.91 :
bounty, $600; notes, $30; bank funds, $27.62; new mem-
bers, $34; other sources, $572.29. Expenditures in 1895,
$1,187.69 : premiums and gratuities paid, $665.27 ; current
running expenses, $257.38 ; other expenses, $265.04. The
society offered $728.50 in premiums, awarded $683.27 in
premiums and gratuities and paid $665.27, which went to 6
towns. Fifty-six persons received premiums and 155 gra-
tuities. Under head of forms $6 was awarded and paid ;
under farm and pet stock $239.25 was awarded and paid;
under field and garden crops $80.25 was awarded and $70.25

No. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 279

paid; under farm and garden products $149.64 was awarded
and paid; under dairy products $14 was awarded and paid;
under domestic manufactures $137.18 was awarded and
paid ; under objects other than agricultural, not specified,
$30.85 was awarded and $22.85 paid; $26.10 was paid for
trotting. The society reports 195 members, — 117 males
and 78 females. Three farmers' institutes were held at
West Tisbury : August 31, on " Are horse races of advan-
tage to agricultural societies?" September 26, on "What
can be done to make our agricultural society more useful?"
and December 17, on "Would a creamery on Martha's
Vineyard be likely to prove a commercial success ? "

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1829, Acts of 1829, chapter 22.

The first investment was from surplus, Jan. 16, 1835,
and amounted to $525. The society now has $247,000
invested as a capital stock in real estate, library, bonds and
furniture. Total assets, $333,898.97 : real estate, $250,000 ;
notes, $304.85; loan, $5,000; bonds, $27,352.50; bank
funds, $4,998.26; crockery, tables, etc, $42,058.53 ; bills
due and unpaid, $1,687.74 ; cash on hand, $2,497.09. Total
liabilities, $9,350: premiums due and unpaid, $8,350;
mortgages or like liabilities, $1,000. Receipts in 1895,
$30,009.82: bounty, $600 ; bonds, $1,237.50; bank funds,
$74.68 ; new members and assessments, $1,348 ; donations,
$20; other sources, $26,729.64. Expenditures in 1895,
$24,253.71 : premiums and gratuities paid, $7,644.60; cur-
rent running expenses, $15,957.23; interest, $101.88;
other expenses, $550. The society offered in premiums
$7,900,* awarded in premiums and gratuities $7,712.60*
and paid $7,644.60,* which went to 74 cities and towns.
One hundred and ninety-live dollars went to 8 cities and
towns outside the State. Two hundred and fivcf persons
received premiums and 135f gratuities. Under head of
farms $532 was awarded and $570 paid; under farm and
garden products $7,444.25 was awarded and $7,181 .60 paid.

Offered and awarded in ISO I ; paid in 1895. t Not including school gardeners.

280 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The society reports 785 members, — 729 males and 56
females. Thirteen farmers' institutes were held at Horti-
cultural Hall, Boston : January 5, the annual address by
the president; January 12, "Bird talk;" January 19,
"Flower pots and their manufacture ; " January 2G, "The
fungous diseases of ornamental plants ; " February 2,
"Hardy plants and shrubs preferred for ornamental garden-
ing;" February 9, "The construction of glass houses;"
February 16, " Economic entomology ; " February 23, "Ex-
perimental evolution amongst plants;" March 2, "Gar-
dens and gardening;" March 9, "Budding and grafting;"
March 16, " Some notes on tomatoes ; " March 23, " Edible
native fungi ; " and March 30, "How commercial fertilizers
can be applied to horticulture."

MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING AGRI-
CULTURE.
Incorporated 1792, Acts of 1792, chapter 33.
This society made no returns to tin1 Board of Agriculture
for the year 1895.

MIDDLESEX NORTH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1855, Acts of 1855, chapter 315.

Originally raised by contribution $3,000 ; now has $35,000
invested as a capital stock in real estate. Total assets,
$35,938.22: real estate, $35,000; crockery, tables, etc.,
$375; bills due and unpaid, $56; cash on hand, $507.22.
Total liabilities, $7,861.50: premiums due and unpaid,
$136.50 ; outstanding lulls, $125 ; mortgages or like liabili-
ties, $7,600. Receipts in 1895, $8,055.90: bounty, $600;
new members, $26 ; other sources, $7,429.90. Expendi-
tures in 1895, $7,046.41 : premiums and gratuities paid,
$704.50; current running expenses, $1,640.25; interest,
$150; other expenses, $4,551.66. The society offered in
premiums $1,230.70, awarded in premiums and gratuities
$841 and paid $704.50, which went to 11 cities and
towns. One hundred and fifty-six persons received pre-
miums and 42 gratuities. Under head of farm and pet stock

No. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 281

$403.50 was awarded; under field and garden erops $74.50
was awarded; under farm and garden products $247.50
was awarded; under domestic manufactures $118.50 was
awarded; under agricultural implements $16 was awarded ;
s!>'.>2. 25 was paid for trotting and other attractions. The
society reports a membership of 925 males. Four farmers'
institutes were held : at Lowell, January 23, on "Tuber-
culosis;" at Bedford, January 30, on "Manures and fer-
tilizers, and their uses;" at Tewksbury, February 20, on
" Plant food; what it is and where it comes from : " and at
North Reading, March 20, on " Farming as a business.*'

MIDDLESEX SOUTH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1854, Acts of 1854, chapter 84.

Originally raised by contribution $3,000 ; now has $13,000
invested as a capital stock in real estate. Total assets,
$13,275.62: real estate, $13,000; crockery, tables, etc.,
$200; cash on hand, $75.(52. Total liabilities, $7,750:
notes, $1,250; mortgages, $6,500. Receipts in 181)5,
$3,168.96: bounty, $577.40; amount borrowed, $1,250;
new members, $116.93 ; donations, $97.70; other sources,
$1,126.93. Expenditures in 1895, $3,093.71 : premiums
and gratuities paid, $628.05 ; current running expenses,
$564.10; interest, $37S.07 ; other expenses, $1,523.49.
The society offered in premiums $1,186.55 and awarded
and paid $628.05, which went to 9 towns. One hundred and
ten persons received premiums and 56 gratuities. Under
head of farms $36 was awarded and paid ; under farm and pet
stock $311.50 was awarded and paid ; under field and garden
crops $88 was awarded and paid; under farm and garden
products $119.15 was awarded and paid; under domestic
manufactures $59.45 was awarded and paid; under objects
other than agricultural, not specified, $13.95 was awarded
and paid; $425 was paid for trotting. Diplomas were
awarded for agricultural implements. The society reports
560 members, — 366 males and 194 females. Four farm-
ers' institutes were held: at Framingham, January 16, on
" Poultry raising and how to make it profitable ; " at Slier-

282 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

born, February 15 and March 1, on "Tuberculosis;" and
at Hudson, March 13, on " Fruit culture," " Holstein cat-
tle " and " Moonshine in farming."

NANTUCKET AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1856, Acts of 1856, chapter 25.

Originally raised by contribution $3,500; now has
$3,200 invested as a capital stock in real estate. Total
assets, $3,292.92: real estate, $3,200; lulls due and un-
paid, $92.92. Total liabilities consist of outstanding bills
to the amount of $92.92. Receipts in 1895, $1,240.97:
bounty, $600 ; new members, $20 ; all other sources,
$626.97. Expenditures in 1895, $1,349.89: premiums
and gratuities paid, $587.25 ;* current running expenses,
$762.64. The society offered in premiums $1,179.50 and
awarded and paid in premiums and gratuities $587.25,*
which went to 1 town. One hundred and twenty-eight
persons received premiums and 80 gratuities. Under head
of farms $20 was awarded and paid ; under farm and pet
stock $301.50 was awarded and paid ; under field and garden
crops $24.75 was awarded and paid ; under farm and garden
products $84 was awarded and paid ; under dairy products
$3 was awarded and paid ; under domestic manufactures $85
was awarded and paid ; under trotting $45 was paid ; under
objects other than agricultural, not specified, $74 was
awarded and $24 paid. The society reports 533 members, —
211 males and 322 females. Three farmers' institutes were
held at Nantucket: October 21, on "Improvement of
agricultural societies ; " November 11, on "Farming as a
business ; " and November 12, on " Poultry culture."

OXFORD AGRICULTURAL* SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1888, Acts of 1888, chapter 93.
Originally raised by contribution $4,400 ; now has
$7,917.09 invested as a capital stock in real estate, cash
on hand, crockery, tables, etc. Total assets, $7,917.09:

* Of this amount $45 was for trotting.

No. 4.] EETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 283

real estate, $7,500; crockery, tables, etc., $200; cash on
hand, $217.09. Total liabilities consist of mortgages or
like liabilities to the amount of $500. Receipts in 1895,
$2,674.39: bounty, $600 ; new members, $48 ; donations,
$27.25; other sources, $1,999.14. Expenditures in 1895,
$2,457,30: premiums paid, $1,100.40; current running
expenses, $500; interest, $12.50; other expenses, $8 I 1.40.
The society ottered in premiums $1 ,700, awarded $1,121.25*
and paid $1,100.40,* which went to 13 cities and towns.
One hundred and twenty-seven persons received premiums.
Under head of farms $48 was awarded and paid; under
farm and pet stock $5(31.50 was awarded and $549.88 paid;
under field and garden crops $44.25 was awarded and $42.25
paid; under farm and garden products $17.50 was awarded
and $16.20 paid; under dairy products $9 was awarded and
$8 paid; under domestic manufactures $39.75 was awarded
and $36.38 paid; under agricultural implements $4 was
awarded and paid; under objects other than agricultural,
not specified, $17.25 was awarded and $15.69 paid; $380
was paid for trotting. The society reports 642 members,
— 345 males and 297 females. Three farmers' institutes
were held: at Dudley, January 18, on "Tuberculosis;"
at Oxford, February 27, on " The demands of the future
upon the Xew England tanner ; " and at Auburn, Decem-
ber 4, on " How can farmers most profitably employ their
dairies" and "Tuberculosis."

PLYMOUTH COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated as the Agricultural Society in the county of Plymouth,
1819, Acts of 1819, chapter 2 ; name changed to Plymouth County
Agricultural Society in 1870, Acts of 1870, chapter 251.

The society in its first report to the Board in 1853 stated
the amount of its permanent fund (par value) to be $9,550;
now has $35,200 invested as a capital stock in real estate,
crockery, tables, etc. Total assets, $35,310: real estate,
$35,000; crockery, tables, etc., $200; cash on hand, $110.
Liabilities consist of notes to the amount of $4,600. Re-
ceipts in 1895, $4,965.83: bounty, $600; new members,

* Of these amounts $380 was for trotting premiums.

284 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doe.

$13 ; donations, $76.85 ; other sources, $4,275.98. Ex-
penditures in 1895, $5,60(5.17 : premiums and gratui-
ties paid, $2,838.95; current running expenses, $2,486;
interest, $227.65; other expenses, $53.57. The society
offered in premiums $3,937.50 and awarded and paid in
premiums and gratuities $2,838.95,* which went to 27 cities
and towns. Three hundred and thirty-four persons re-
ceived premiums and 42 gratuities. Under head of farms
$34 was awarded and paid ; under farm and pet stock
$835.50 was awarded and paid; under field and garden
crops $33 was awarded and paid ; under farm and garden
products $209.25 was awarded and paid; under dairy prod-
ucts $27 was awarded and paid; under domestic manu-
factures $165.70 was awarded and paid; under objects
strictly agricultural, not specified, $45 was awarded and
paid; under objects other than agricultural, not specified,
$67 was awarded and paid; $1,422.50 was paid for trotting.
The society reports 1,548 members, — 907 males and 641
females. Three farmers' institutes were held : at West
Bridge water, January 18, on "The management of milch
cows;" at Middleborough, February 22, on "The manage-
ment of a dairy farm ; " and at Bridgewater, December
17, on "Truck farming."

SPENCER FARMERS' AND MECHANICS' ASSOCIA-
TION.

Incorporated 1888, Acts of 1888, chapter 87.

Originally raised by contribution $4,034.08 ; now has
$7,950 invested as a capital stock in real estate, crockery,
tables, etc. Total assets, $8,336.10: real estate, $7,150;
crockery, tables, etc., $800 ; cash on hand, $386.10. Liabil-
ities consist of mortgages or like liabilities to the amount of
$1,500. Receipts in 1895, $3,473.36 : bounty, $600 ; new
members, $39; donations, $500; other sources-, $2,334.36.
Expenditures in 1895, $3,087.26: premiums and gratuities
paid, $1,875.10; current running expenses, $1,000.56; in-
terest, $67.50; other expenses, $144.10. The society

* Of this amount $1,422.50 was for trotting purses.

Xo. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 285

offered in premiums $2,500, awarded in premiums and
gratuities $1,931.10* and paid $1,875.10,* which went to 21
cities and towns. One dollar and thirteen cents went to 1
city outside the State. One hundred and fifty-two persons
received premiums and 13 gratuities. Under head of farms
$60 was awarded and paid ; under farm and pet stock $869
was awarded and $860 paid; under field and garden crops
$38 was awarded and $30.50 paid; under farm and garden
products $81.25 was awarded and $75.25 paid; under dairy
products $9 was awarded and paid ; under domestic manu-
factures $69.75 w7as awarded and $(51 paid; $780 was paid
for trotting. The society reports 915 members, — 493
males and 422 females. Three farmers' institutes were
held: at Spencer, January 18, an all-day dairy institute
with the Babcock tester; at Oakham, January 25, on
"Manures and fertilizers and their use;" and at Brook-
field, March 14, on "Market gardening in connection with
dairying" and "The relation of botany to agriculture."

UNION AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1867, Aets of 1867, chapter 110.

Originally raised by contribution $4,447.23 ; now has
$9,000 invested as a capital stock in real and personal
estate. Total assets, $9,453.64 : real estate, $8,000 ; crock-
cry, fables, etc., $1,000; cash on hand, $453.64. Total
liabilities, $2,216.08: premiums due and unpaid, $66.08 ;
mortgages or like liabilities, $2,150. Receipts in 1895,
$2,619.31: bounty, $600; new members, $55; other
sources, $1,964.31. Expenditures in 1895, $2,165.67:
premiums and gratuities paid, $1,186.67 ; current running
expenses, S828.23 ; interest, $108.(55 ; 1894 premiums paid,
s 12.1 2. Thesociety offeredin premiums $1,829.05, awarded
in premiums and gratuities $l,252.75f and paid $1,186. 67, f
which went to 2 1 cities and towns. Five dollars and twenty-
four cents went to parties outside the State. Two hundred
and nine persons received premiums and 94 gratuities.

* Of these amounts $780 was for trotting premiums,
t Of these amounts $415 was for trotting premiums.

286 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Under head of farm and pet stock $494.75 was awarded and
$467.50 paid; under field and garden crops $48.50 was
awarded and paid; under farm and garden products $46.15
was awarded and $43.69 paid; under dairy products $13.50
was awarded and paid; under domestic manufactures $85.55
was awarded and $80.54 paid; under agricultural imple-
ments $5.25 was awarded; under objects strictly agri-
cultural, not specified, $82 was awarded and paid ; under
objects other than agricultural, not specified, $62.05 was
awarded and $35.94 paid; $415 was paid for trotting. The
society reports 1,258 members, — 584 males and 674
females. Three farmers' institutes were held at Blandford:
January 24, on " Co-operation among farmers ; " February
15, on "Composition of milk ; " and April 11, on " Balanced
rations for butter and milk." '

WEYMOUTH AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL
SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1891, Acts of 1891, chapter 77.

Amount originally raised by contribution had increased
in 1891 to $10,270, invested as a capital stock in real estate,
crockery, tables, etc. Total assets, $10,325.15 : real estate,
$10,000 ; crockery, tables, etc., $270 ; bills due and unpaid,
$50 ; cash on hand, $5.15. Liabilities consist of mortgages
or like liabilities to the amount of $2,000. Receipts in
1895, $4,474.62: bounty, $600; other sources, $3,874.62.
Expenditures in 1895, $4,568.15: premiums and gratuities
paid, $667 ; current running expenses, $2,383.40 ; interest,
$117.75 ; notes paid, $1,400. The society awarded in pre-
miums and gratuities $998 and paid $667, which went to
18 cities and towns. Three hundred and twenty persons
received premiums and gratuities. Under head of farm and
pet stock $406.35 was awarded and $378.35 paid; under
farm and garden products $155.15 was awarded and $148
paid; under dairy products $1.50 was awarded and paid;
under domestic manufactures $114.25 was awarded and
$94.50 paid; under objects strictly agricultural, not spec-
ified, $35.75 was awarded and $34.25 paid; $727.50 was

No. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 287

paid for trotting. The society reports 427 members, —
415 males and 12 females. Three farmers' institutes were
held at South Weymouth: March 1, on "Tuberculosis;"
March 14, on "General fruit culture;" and April 4, on
"Commercial and other fertilizers."

WORCESTER AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1818, Acts of 1818, chapter 168.

The society in its first report to the Board in 1853 stated
that the amount of its permanent fund (par value) was
$7,730; now has $140,000 invested as a capital stock
in real estate. Total assets, $141,239.63: real estate,
$140,000 ; bank funds, $39.01 ; crockery, tables, etc., $600 ;
bills due and unpaid, $600.02. Total liabilities, $54,025.31 :
outstanding bills, $275.31 ; mortgages or like liabilities,
$53,750. Receipts in 1895, $25,763.64: bounty, $600;
bank funds, $18.67; new members, $205; donations,
$2,162.13; other sources, $22,777.84. Expenditures in
1895, $25,724.03: premiums paid, $10,965.21; current
running expenses, $9,327.20; other expenses, $5,431.62.
The society offered in premiums $14,617.25 and awarded
and paid $10,965.21,* which went to 97 cities and towns.
Two thousand three hundred two dollars and forty-one cents
went to 29 cities and towns outside the State. Three hun-
dred and thirty-four persons received premiums. Under
head of farms $118 was awarded and paid; under farm and
pet stock $4,406 was awarded and paid ; under farm and
garden products $832.50 was awarded and paid; under
dairy products $189.46 was awarded and paid; under do-
mestic manufactures $146.75 was awarded and paid; under
grange exhibits $140 was awarded and paid; under objects
other than agricultural, not specified, $97.50 was awarded
and paid; $5,035 was paid for trotting. The society re-
ports 1,987 members, — 1,830 males and 157 females.
Three fanners' institutes were held : at Holden, January 11,
on " The management of a dairy farm " and " Tuberculosis
and the State Cattle Commission ; " at Shrewsbury, February

* Of this amount $r>,035 was for trotting purses.

288 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [PubrDoc.

12, on " Market gardening in connection with dairying" and

" The composition of milk ; its food value ; " and at Graf-
ton, March 15, on "Fruit culture in Massachusetts" and
" Profitable poultry culture."

WORCESTER EAST AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1890, Acts of 1890, chapter 41.
Originally raised by contribution $1,015; now has
$4,061.03 invested as a capital stock in real estate, bank
funds, cash, crockery, tables, etc. Total assets, $4,061.03 :
real estate, $3,410 ; bank funds, $426.03 ; crockery, tables,
etc., $225. Liabilities are estimated to be $75 in out-
standing bills. Receipts in 1895, $3,872.68 : bounty, $600 ;
bank funds, $18.02; new members, $96; donations, $143;
other sources ,$3,015.66. Expenditures in 1 8 9 5 , $4 , 0 7 2 . 7 1 :
premiums and gratuities paid, $1,549.25; current running
expenses, $2,523.46. The society offered in premiums
$1,600, awarded in premiums and gratuities $1,575.50 and
paid $1,549.25, which went to 21 cities and towns. Seven
dollars and fifty cents went to 1 town outside the State.
Two hundred and nineteen persons received premiums and
gratuities. Under head of farms $22 was awarded and paid ;
under farm and pet stock $895.20 was awarded and paid;
under farm and garden products $239.50 was awarded and
paid; under dairy products $77 was awarded and paid;
under domestic manufactures $70.75 was awarded and paid;
under objects strictly agricultural, not specified, $89 was
awarded and paid ; under committee reports $20 was
awarded ; under grange exhibits $160 was awarded and paid ;
$297.50 was paid for trotting. The society reports 685
members, — 464 males and 221 females. Three farmers'
institutes were held : at Clinton, January 10, on "Tuber-
culosis and tuberculin;" at Clinton, January 31, on "The
business side of fertilizers ; " and at Lancaster, February
20, on " The cultivation of small fruits."

No. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 289

WORCESTER NORTH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated as the Fitchburg Agricultural Society, 1852, Acts of
1852, chapter 79; name changed to Worcester North Agricult-
ural Society, 1853, Acts of 1853, chapter 359.

Originally raised by contribution $2,128; now lias
$2,806.05 invested as a capital stock in real estate, fixtures
and cash. Total assets, $2,806.05 : real estate, $2,500 ;
crockery, tables, etc., $800; cash on hand, $6.05. Re-
ceipts in 1895, $2,043.15: bounty, $600; bank funds,
$52.40; donations, $24; other sources, $1,366.75. Ex-
penditures in 1895, $3,137.57 : premiums and gratuities
paid, $994.25 ; current running expenses, $2,143.32. The
society offered no fixed sum in premiums, awarded in pre-
miums and gratuities $1,012.25 and paid $994.25, which
went to 11 cities and towns. One hundred and sixty-eight
persons received premiums and 20 gratuities. Under head
of farms $24 was awarded and paid ; under farm and pet
stock $498 was awarded and paid ; under field and garden
crops $58.50 was awarded and paid ; under form and garden
products $208.60 was awarded and paid; under dairy prod-
ucts $8 was awarded and paid ; under domestic manufact-
ures $35.50 was awarded and $37.75 paid; under objects
other than agricultural, not specified, $45 was awarded and
paid ; $385 was paid for trotting. The society reports 795
members, — 734 males and 61 females. Six farmers' insti-
tutes were held: at Lunenburg, January 11, on "San-
itary condition of country homes" and "An hour with
the weather man; " at Ashburnham, January 24, on "The
dairy cow;" at Westminster, February 1, on "Tubercu-
losis" and " Cattle breeding ; " at North Leominster, Feb-
ruary 12, on " Small fruits for family use" and "Spraying
for insects and fungi;" at Ashbv, February 14, on "The
forms and formers of Japan ; " and at Townsend, February
22, on " Fertilizers " and " The farmer as a citizen."

WORCESTER NORTHWEST AGRICULTURAL AND
MECHANICAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1867, Acts of 1867, chapter 117.
Originally raised by contribution $3,400; now has
$10,803.88 invested as a capital stock in real estate, cash,

290 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

crockery, tables, etc. Total assets, $12,803.88 : real es-
tate, $11,000; crockery, tables, etc., $400; cash on hand,
$1,403.88. Liabilities consist of mortgages or like lia-
bilities to the amount of $2,000. Receipts in 1895,
$6,496.74: bounty, $600; new members, $365; other
sources, $5,531.74. Expenditures in 1895, $5,694.10:
premiums paid, $2,618.94; current running expenses,
$2,955.16; interest, $120. The society offered in pre-
miums $3,371, awarded $2,652.20 and paid $2,618.94,*
which went to 36 cities and towns. Five hundred and
seventy-eight dollars and forty-two cents went to 6 cities
and towns outside the State. One hundred and eighty-
three persons received premiums. Under head of farms
$29 was awarded and paid ; under farm and pet stock
$779.50 was awarded and $766.50 paid; under farm and
garden products $159.50 was awarded and $155.92 paid;
under dairy products $19 was awarded and paid; under
domestic manufactures $53.70 was awarded and $47.19
paid; under agricultural implements $12 was awarded and
paid ; under objects other than agricultural, not specified,
$52.50 was awarded and $42.33 paid; $1,547 was paid for
trotting. The society reports 996 members, — 654 males
and 342 females. Four farmers' institutes were held : at
Templeton, January 29, on "Tuberculosis;" at North
Orange, February 8, on "Grasses and forage crops;" at
Gardner, February 27, on "Growing and feeding forage
crops for market" and "Profitable breeding of dairy
cows;" and at Athol, March 8, on "The management of
milch cows" and " An hour with the weather man."

WORCESTER SOUTH AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1855, Acts of 1855, chapter 278.

Originally raised by contribution $3,127.40; now has
$8,500 invested as a capital stock in real estate and
personal property. Total assets, $8,695.06 : real es-
tate, $8,000; crockery, tables, etc., $500; cash on hand,
$195.06. Total liabilities amount to $973.25. Receipts in
1895, $3,653.50: bounty, $600; new members, $67; other

* Of this amount $1,547 was for trotting.

No. 4.] RETURNS OF SOCIETIES. 291

sources, $2,986.50. Expenditures in 1895, $3,580.56:
premiums and gratuities paid, $1,728.50; current running
expenses, $1,430.26; other expenses, $421.80. The so-
ciety offered in premiums $2,424.50, awarded in premiums
and gratuities $1,791.75 and paid $1,728.50,* which went
to 22 cities- and towns. One hundred and twelve persons
received premiums and 63 gratuities. Under head of farms
$89 was awarded and $54 paid ; under farm and pet stock
$768 was awarded and paid; under farm and garden prod-
ucts $138 was awarded and $123.25 paid; under dairy
products $29 was awarded and paid ; under domestic manu-
factures $112.75 was awarded and $110.75 paid; under
agricultural implements $10 was awarded and paid ; under
objects strictly agricultural, not specified, $50 was awarded
and paid ; under objects other than agricultural, not speci-
fied, $10 was awarded and paid ; $600 was paid for trotting.
The society reports 1,733 members, — 872 males and 861
females. Three farmers' institutes were held : at Stur-
bridge, January 18, on "Tuberculosis in cattle;" at South-
bridge, February 20, on "The business side of fertilizing"
and "Tuberculosis;" and at Brookfield, March 14, on
* ' Market gardening in connection with dairying " and
"The relation of botany to agriculture."

WORCESTER COUNTY WEST AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

Incorporated 1851, Acts of 1851, chapter 278.

Originally raised by contribution $3,175; now has
$13,600 invested as a capital stock in real estate and
personal property. Total assets, $13,752.06: real estate,
$12,600; crockery, tables, etc., $1,000; cash on hand,
$152.06. Total liabilities consist of notes to the amount
of $1,200. Receipts in 1895, $2,851.05: bounty, $600;
new members, $35; donations, $25.25; other sources,
$2,190.80. Expenditures in 1895, $2,723.78: premiums
and gratuities paid, $1,528.60; current running expenses,
$911.18; interest, $84 ; paid on note, $200. The society

* Of this amount $600 was for trotting purses.

292 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

offered in premiums $1,798.25, awarded in premiums and
gratuities $1,553.85 and paid $1,528.60,* which went to
36 cities and towns. Fifty dollars and seventy-five cents
went to 3 cities and towns outside the State. One hundred
and seventy-nine persons received premiums and 31 gra-
tuities. Under head of farms $34 was awarded and $31.50
paid; under farm and pet stock $538.90 was awarded and
$524.90 paid; under field and garden crops $25.85 was
awarded and $24.75 paid; under farm and garden products
$108.10 was awarded and $105.05 paid; under dairy prod-
ucts $12 was awarded and $9 paid; under domestic manu-
factures $62 was awarded and $60.40 paid; under objects
other than agricultural, not specified, $102 was awarded and
paid; $671 was paid for trotting. The society reports 528
members, — 474 males and 54 females. Three farmers'
institutes were held: at Barre, January 4, on "Tuber-
culosis;" at Rutland, January 18, on "How to feed the
dairy cow for milk and cream production ; the skim-milk
and how to use it, and tests with tester ;" and at Petersham,
February 15, on "Tuberculosis."

* Of this amount $671 was for trotting premiums.

No. 4.]

RETURNS OF SOCIETIES.

293

Summary.

Number of societies

Amount held invested or well secured as a
capital stock,

Assets of societies

Liabilities of societies,

Receipts,

Expenditures

Bounty received from the State, .

Current running expenses,

Amount of premiums offered

Amount of premiums and gratuities awarded,

Amount of premiums and gratuities paid, . .

Amount awarded under head of farms, .

Amount awarded under head of farm and pet
stock

Amount awarded under head of field and gar-
den crops

Amount awarded under head of farm and
garden products

Amount awarded under head of dairy prod-
ucts

Amount awarded under head of domestic
manufactures

Amount awarded under head of miscella-
neous,

Amount paid under head of trotting,

Number of persons receiving premiums, .

Number of persons receiving gratuities, .

Total male membership of the societies, .

Total female membership of the societies,

Total membership of the societies, . .

Number of farmers' institutes held, . .

*38

$777,880 36

865,247 67

131,085 52

199,461 90

193,930 58

20,982 45

69,891 88

81,022 73

64,401 66

62,994 84

1,425 00

20,905 40
1,138 50

12,824 50

572 35

3,820 33

3,451 70

22,115 00

8,103

1,597

23,918

6,834

30,752

135

t36

$776,486 22

868,860 56

142,119 01

186,244 37

187,582 34

20,628 80

67,822 24

81,096 42

62,559 37

61,054 66

1,477 50

22,024 70
1,351 25

13,369 47

592 50

4,031 47

3,031 59

23,346 57

7,921

1,908

23,658

7,050

30,708

125

t35

6763,303 42

861,719 36

139,821 46

188,403 88

179,094 89

20,606 20

77,786 73

85,838 53

06,912 26

65,209 35

1,391 00

22,158 47
1,305 10

13,483 29

687 21

3,692 53

3,138 52

25,247 35

7,'-'47

2,872

23,099

7,017

30,ll(j

US

* Three held no fair.

t One held no fair.

ANNUAL MEETING

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

AT BOSTON.

February 4, 5 and 6, 1896.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The Board met at the office of the secretary, in Boston,
on Tuesday, Feb. 4, 1896, at 12 m., it being the Tuesday
preceding the first Wednesday in February. In the absence
of the Governor the Board was called to order by the first
vice-president, Hon. Jas. S. Grinnell.

Present: Messrs. Alger, F. H. Appleton, J. S. Apple-
ton, Jr., Avery, Barton, Blair, Bourne, Bursley, Clark,
Cook, Cruickshanks, Damon, Goessmann, Gove, Grinnell,
Hartshorn, Hersey, Horton, Kilbourn, Lyman, Norton,
Palmer, Pratt, S. M. Raymond, Reed, Sargent, Sessions,
N. W. Shaw, Stetson, Taylor, Ward, Wellington and Wood.

The records of the special meeting of the Board at Dalton
were read and approved.

Adjourned to 2.30 p.m.

Board called to order by Mr. Grinnell at 2.30 p.m.

The executive committee, by Mr. Wood, chairman, re-
ported the list of qualified members of the Board for 1896.
The newly elected members are as follows : —

At large, appointed by the Governor : —

James S. Grinnell of Greenfield.
Elected by the societies : —

Bristol County, N. W. Shaw of North Raynham.

Deevfield Valley, F. H. Smith of Ashfield.

Essex, Fijancis H. Appleton of Peabody.

Highland, Samuel M. Raymond of Hinsdale.

Hillside, C. K. Brewster of Worthington.

Middlesex South, Isaac Damon of Wayland.

Plymouth County, Augustus Pratt of North Middleborough.

Worcester, J. Lewis Ellsworth of Worcester.

Worcester North, George Cruickshanks of Fitchburg.

Worcester County West, E. A. Harwood of North Brookfield.

Which report was accepted.

298 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Voted, On motion of Mr. Hersey, that a committee of
five be appointed to consider the subject of changing the
time of holding the annual meeting. The Chair appointed
Messrs. F. H. Appleton, Hersey, Taylor, Avery and Stet-
son as the committee.

The records of the executive committee acting for the
Board were read by the secretary and approved, and the
actions of the committee were adopted as the actions of the
Board.

The committee on agricultural societies reported items of
interest in the reports of inspectors of fairs, and the reports
were accepted and adopted, and directed to be sent to the
secretary of each agricultural society for publication in the
local papers and in the annual reports of the societies.

Voted, That it is the sense of the Board that the reports
of inspectors should be submitted to the committee on agri-
cultural societies as soon as possible after they are received
at the office of the Board, and that copies of the same be
sent to the societies interested as soon as may be after the
committee has examined said reports.

A statement was read showing the delinquencies of certain
societies in making their financial and premium returns and
in complying with the rules of the Board.

Voted, That the secretary be instructed to censure such
delinquent societies, and inform them that in the future the
laws and rules must be complied with.

The committee on forestry, by Mr. F. H. Appleton,
chairman, reported that no special action had been taken
during the year, which report was accepted.

The special committee on change of time of annual meet-
ing reported that the executive committee be instructed
to take measures to have the date of the annual meeting
changed so as to have it come two weeks earlier. The re-
port was accepted and adopted, and the executive committee
so instructed.

No. 4.] ANNUAL MEETING. 299

The committee on domestic animals and sanitation re-
ported that no action had been taken during the year, which
report was accepted.

At 4.40 p.m. the Board adjourned to 10 A.M., Wednesday.

SECOND DAY.

The Board met at 9.30 a.m., Mr. GriNjNTEll in the chair.

Present: Messrs. F. H. Appleton, J. S. Appleton, Jr.,
Avery, Blair, Bourne, Brewster, Bursley, Clark, Cook,
Cruickshanks, Damon, Ellsworth, Goessmann, Gove, Grin-
nell, Harwood, Hersey, Horton, Kilbourn, Lyman, Norton,
Palmer, Pratt, S. M. Raymond, Reed, Sargent, Sessions,
Francis Shaw, N. W. Shaw, Smith, Stetson, Taylor, Wel-
lington and Wood.

The records of the first day were read and approved.

The report of the committee on Agricultural College and
education was read by Mr. Geo. Cruickshanks, and was, by
vote of the Board, accepted and adopted as the report of the
Board to the Legislature, and will be found printed in this
volume.

Voted, On motion of Mr. N. W. Shaw, that there be
printed pamphlet copies of the report of the committee on
Agricultural College and education, to be distributed under
the direction of the executive committee.

Voted, That the secretary be directed to print and dis-
tribute among the members of the Board the schedule of the
duties of inspectors adopted at the annual meeting in 1895,
together with anv amendments to duties made since.

Election of officers being in order, ballots were taken,
and the election resulted as follows : —

President, His Excellency the Governor, ex officio.
First vice-president, James S. Grinnell of Greenfield.
Second vice-president, Francis H. Appleton of Peabody.
Secretary, William R. Sessions of Hampden.

300 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Election of specialists being in order, ballots were taken,
and the election resulted as follows : —

Chemist, Dr. C. A. Goessmann of Amherst.
Entomologist, Prof. C. H. Fernald of Amherst.
Botanist and pomologist, Prof. S. T. Maynard of Amherst.
Veterinarian, Prof. James B. Paige of Amherst.
Engineer, ¥m. Wheeler of Concord.
Ornithologist, E. H. Forbush of Maiden.

The chairman announced the following standing commit-
tees (the secretary is by rule of the Board a member ex
officio of each of the standing committees) : —

Executive committee : Messrs. E. W. Wood of West Newton,
W. A. Kilbourn of South Lancaster, Isaac Damon of Wayland,
D. A. Horton of Northampton, A. C. Varnum of Lowell, Wm.
P. Brooks of Amherst and Francis H. Appleton of Peabody.

Committee on agricultural societies : Messrs. W. A. Kilbourn
of South Lancaster, Q. L. Reed of South Weymouth, N. W.
Shaw of North Raynham, F. E. Clark of Wilbraham and W. H.
Gove of Blackinton.

Committee on domestic animals and sanitation : Messrs. Isaac
Damon of Wayland, W. M. Tucker of Monson, G. E. Taylor of
Shelburne, Francis Shaw of Wayland and F. H. Smith of Ashfield.

Committee on gypsy moth, insects and birds : Messrs. E. W.
Wood of West Newton, Augustus Pratt of North Middleborough,
F. W. Sargent of Amesbury, S. S. Stetson of Lakeville and J. G.
Avery of Spencer.

Committee on Dairy Bureau and agricultural products : Messrs.
D. A. Horton of Northampton, Geo. L. Clemence of Southbridge,
J. Lewis Ellsworth of Worcester, F. A. Palmer of Stockbridge
and C. B. Lyman of Southampton.

Committee on Agricultural College and education : Messrs. A. C.
Varnum of Lowell, Geo. Cruickshanks of Fitchburg, E. A. Har-
wood of North Brookfield, John Bursley of West Barnstable and
C. K. Brewster of Worthington.

Committee on experiments and station work : Messrs. Wm. P.
Brooks of Amherst, Edmund Hersey of Hingham, H. A. Cook of
Northbridge, C. M. Blair of Blandford and W. M. Wellington of
Oxford.

Committee on forestry, roads and roadside improvements :
Messrs. Francis H. Appleton of Peabody, J. H. Bourne of Marsh-

No. 4.] ANNUAL MEETING. 301

field, S. M. Raymond of Hinsdale, J. S. Appletou, Jr., of Nan-
tucket and H. G. Norton of West Tisbury.

Which appointments were approved by the Board.

At 12.30 p.m. the Board adjourned to 2.30 P.M.

The Board was railed to order at 2.30 p.m., Mr. Grin-
nell in the chair.

The committee on experiments and station work, by Mr.
Clemence, reported in writing, which report was accepted,
adopted and placed on tile.

Mr. F. E. Clark presented a preamble and resolution re-
lating to the subject of taxation, which, after discussion, was
referred to a committee of three, to consider the same and
report to the Board. The Chair appointed Messrs. F. H.
Appleton, S. M. Raymond and F. E. Clark as the committee.

Prof. Wm. P. Brooks read an essay on "Field Crops,"
which was accepted and will be found printed in this volume.

Mr. F. H. Appleton, for the committee to whom was re-
ferred the preamble and resolution on taxation, presented
by Mr. Clark, reported the following, which was unani-
mously adopted : —

Whereas, We believe that no legislation should be passed which
shall place more burdens by taxation upon the farms of the State,
to the detriment of our agriculture ; and

Whereas, It is represented that efforts are being made to change
the existing laws of taxation, so that they are likely to be detri-
mental to agricultural interests, —

We, the State Board of Agriculture, in annual session assembled,
and having the interests of the State's agriculture in our charge,
urge upon our Senators and Representatives, in Legislature as-
sembled, to guard such interests, and prevent any unfair and un-
just burdens being placed upon the farms and productive industries
of the State ; and we request our secretary to preseut these ex-
pressions to the General Court of 1896.

The committee on Agricultural College and education, by
Mr. Cruickshanks, presented the report of the committee

302 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

on place for public winter meeting, that the meeting should
be held at Greenfield. The report was accepted, and the
Board voted to hold the next winter meeting at Greenfield.

At 5 p.m. the Board adjourned to 9.30 a.m., Thursday.

THIRD DAY.

The Board met at 9.30 a.m., Mr. Grinnell in the chair.

Present: Messrs. F. H. Appleton, J. S. Appleton, Jr.,
Avery, Blair, Bourne, Brewster, Bursley, Clark, Cook,
Cruickshanks, Damon, Ellsworth, Goessmann, Gove, Grin-
nell, Hersey, Horton, Ivilbourn, Lyman, Norton, Pratt,
S. M. Raymond, Reed, Sargent, Sessions, Francis Shaw,
N. W. Shaw, Smith, Stetson, Taylor, Wellington and
Wood.

The records of the second day were read and approved.

Voted, On motion of Mr. Wood, that a local committee
of seven, of whom the first vice-president shall be a mem-
ber, be appointed by the Chair to act with the secretary
in arranging for the public winter meeting. The Chair
appointed Messrs. Taylor, Horton, Lyman, Brooks, Gove
and Smith.

The committee on Agricultural College and education
reported subjects and names of essayists for the next annual
meeting, as follows : —

"Cold storage for farm products," Geo. L. Clemence ; "The
farmer's opportunity," C. B. Lyman.

The report was accepted and the appointments were
made.

The committee on agricultural societies, by Mr. Kil-
bourn, chairman, reported recommending that the time of
holding the fair of the Bristol County Agricultural Society
be changed from the fourth Tuesday after the first Monday
in September to the third Tuesday after the first Monday in

No. 4.] ANNUAL MEETING. 303

September ; that the time of holding the fair of the Marsh-
field Agricultural and Horticultural Society be changed from
the second Wednesday after the first Monday in September
to the first Wednesday after the first Monday in September ;
that the time of holding the fair of the Plymouth County
Agricultural Society be changed from the first Thursday after
the first Monday in September to the second Wednesday
after the first Monday in September ; and that the time of
holding the lair of the Weymouth Agricultural and Indus-
trial Society be changed from the fourth Thursday after the
first Monday in September to the third Thursday after the
first Monday in September. The report was accepted and
adopted.

The committee on agricultural societies, by Mr. Kil-
bourn, chairman, reported the following assignment of
inspectors : —

Amesbury and Salisbury, at Amesbury, Septem-
ber 29, 30 and October 1, . C. M. Blair.

Barnstable County, at Barnstable, September 15,
16 and 17, C. K. Brewster.

Berkshire, at Pittsfield, September 15, 16 and 17, J. S. Grlnnell.

Blackstone Valley, at Uxbridge, September 29
and 30, . . S. S. Stetson.

Bristol County, at Taunton, September 22, 23
and 24, F. E. Clark.

Deerfield Valley, at Charlemont, September 17
and 18, C. B. Lyman.

Eastern Hampden, at Palmer, September 22 and

23, J. H. Bourne.

Essex, at Peabody, September 22, 23 and 24, . N. W. Shaw.

Franklin County, at Greenfield, September 24
and 25, Isaac Damon.

Hampden, at Westfield, September 24 and 25, . J. L. Ellsworth

Hampshire, at Amherst, September 29 and 30, . W. A. Kilbourn.

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, at North-
ampton, October 7 and 8, Q. L. Reed.

Highland, at Middlefield, September 9 and 10, . H. A. Cook.

Hillside, at Cummington, September 29 and 30, W. P. Brooks.

Hingham, at Hingham, September 29 and 30, . John Bcrsley.

Hoosac Valley, at Xorth Adams, September 22,

23 and 24, Geo. E. Taylor.

Housatonic, at Great Barrington, September 30,

October 1 and 2, J. G. Avery.

304 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Marshfield,atMarshlield, September 9, lOandll, D. A. Horton.
Martha's Vineyard, at West Tisbury, September

22 and 23, G. L. Clemence.

Massachusetts Horticultural, at Boston, October

6, 7 and 8, Geo. Cruickshanks.

Middlesex North, at Lowell, September 17, 18

and 19, Edmund Hersey.

Middlesex South, at Framingham, September 15,

16 and 17, W. M. Tucker.

Nantucket, at Nantucket, September 2 and 3, . W.H.Gove.
Oxford, at Oxford, September 22 and 23, . . J. S. Appleton. Jr.
Plymouth County, at Bridge-water, September 16,

17 and 18, F.W.Sargent.

Spencer, at Spencer, September 24 and 25, . Augustus Pratt.
Union, at Blandford, September 16, 17 and 18, . F. H. Appleton.
Weymouth, at South Weymouth, September 24,

25 and 26, F. H. Smith.

Worcester, at Worcester, September 8, 9, 10 and

11, S. M. Raymond.

Worcester East, at Lancaster, September 17 and

18, Francis Shaw.

Worcester North, at Fitchburg, September 22

and 23, H. G. Norton.

Worcester North-west, at Athol, October 6 and 7, W. M. Wellington.
Worcester South, at Sturbridge, September 17

and 18, F. A. Palmer.

Worcester County West.atBarre, October 1 and 2, E. W. Wood.

The report was accepted and adopted.

Voted, On motion of Mr. Wood, that the Board indorses
the petition to the Legislature for protection and aid to
peach culture, and the executive committee is instructed
to aid before the committee on agriculture of the Legisla-
ture in procuring the enactment of a law for the above
purpose.

Voted, On motion of Mr. Hersey, that the thanks of the
Board be extended to First Vice-President Grinnell for
the able and pleasant manner in which he has performed
the duties of presiding officer.

The records of the third day were read and approved.

Adjourned at 12.05 p.m.

WILLIAM R. SESSIONS,

Secretary.

No. 4.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 305

"Report to the Legislature op the State Board
of Agriculture, acting as Overseers
of the Massachusetts Agricult-
ural College.

[P. B., Chap. 20, Sect. 5, adopted by the Board, Feb. 5, 1896.]

The committee "on Agricultural College and educa-
tion," appointed by this Board, having attended to its duty,
begs leave to submit the following report : —

The college is doing the work for which it was established
in a manner that meets with the approbation of its friends
and supporters and proves the wisdom of its founders.
Under the immediate direction of its president, Henry H.
Goodell, assisted by an efficient corps of teachers, it takes
rank (in the opinion of your committee) equal to that of
any other institution of learning of the kind in this country.

It is pleasant to be able to report that the needed, and we
may also say the generous, appropriations made by the
State from time to time for the benefit of the college have
been by discreet and intelligent trustees properly expended
for the various purposes for which they were given. The
result has been continued and gratifying progress in every
department of the institution. Good work was what your
committee expected and looked for, and found, in its visits,
both in the class rooms and on the farm.

In previous reports we have occasionally given a brief
outline of the early history of the college; but, as our
Board is constantly changing, it may be interesting to the
young men, and to all perhaps who have not made the sub-
ject a special study, to refresh their memory in regard to
some of the most important facts as to how wre came by this
college and what it has accomplished.

306 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

History.

In the year 1862, at the time when the great rebellion was
in progress and apparently at its very height, the United
States Congress found time to consider and pass a bill,
principally under the leadership of Hon. Justin S. Mor-
rill, Senator from Vermont, donating public lands to the
several States which should provide colleges for the benefit
of agriculture and the mechanic arts. The act provided
that the amount of land apportioned to the several States
should be in proportion to the population, and to be
available it must be accepted by the Legislature of each
State. It also provided that the land, or land scrip, might
be sold and the money invested as a perpetual fund, the
capital of which should remain forever undiminished, and
the interest inviolably appropriated by each State which
might take and claim the benefit of the act, " to the endow-
ment, support and maintenance of at least one college, where
the leading object should be, without excluding other scien-
tific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to
teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture
and the mechanic arts, in such a manner as the Legislatures
of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote
the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes
in the several pursuits and professions of life."

The act thus passed by Congress was signed and approved
by Abraham Lincoln July 2, 1862. It is claimed that
Massachusetts was the first to accept it, and also to pass an
act of incorporation of the college. This being done, it was
approved by John A. Andrew, governor, April 29, 1863.
The corporation was organized Nov. 18, 1863, with Gov.
John A. Andrew president, Allen W. Dodge vice-president
and Charles L. Flint secretary. Trustees were appointed
by the Legislature, who were authorized to locate the col-
lege. Several sites were viewed in different parts of the
State. The towns of Lexington, Springfield, Northampton
and Amherst each offered to secure,' by valid subscriptions
or otherwise, the sum of $75,000 for the purpose of erecting
suitable buildings ; and, after some time taken for deliber-

No. 4.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 307

at ion, Amherst was selected. The college was opened for
students Oct. 2, 1867, and forty-six young men were ad-
mitted as students before the close of the first term.

The Endowment Fund.

The Legislature, in accepting the grant of the United
States, directed that all moneys received by virtue of this
act should be immediately deposited with the treasurer of
the Commonwealth, who should invest and hold the same,
in accordance with the act of Congress, in perpetual fund.
The amount received and invested by the treasurer was
$219,000. In 1871 a legislative resolve added a further
sum of $141, 57;*). of) (see annual report of trustees, of Jan-
uary, 1893, page 43).

By law two-thirds of the income of these funds is paid to
the treasurer of the college and one-third to the Institute of
Technology. The Institute of Technology teaches of course
those branches of science which are of directly industrial
importance, such as are properly included within the mean-
ing and intent of the land grant, as a part of the work of
the college, but the institute, or school, is located at Boston
instead of at Amherst, and receives what is supposed to be
its proper share of the endowment income.

Other Funds.

There have been from time to time various gifts, both
from the State and from individuals, towards the endowment
and support of the college.

One important gift was made by L. M. and II. F. Hills
of Amherst, which now amounts to $8,542. The income
from this gift is to be applied towards the maintenance of a
botanic garden.

There is also the Mary Robinson fund of $858, without
conditions. The income is used for scholarships to worthy
and needy students.

The sum of $1,000 was given by the Hon. Henry Gassetl
as a scholarship fund.

There is a library fund for the benefit of the library,
amounting now to $9,420.47.

308 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

There is also the Whiting Street fund of $1,000, without
conditions.

The Grinnell prize fund was a gift of $1,000 by Ex-Gov.
Wm. Claflin, and called the Grinnell fund, in honor of his
friend. The income is appropriated for two prizes, to be
given each year to the two members of the graduating class
who pass the best examinations in agriculture.

There is also the State scholarship fund of $10,000. This
sum was appropriated by the Legislature in 188G, and is
paid to the college treasurer in quarterly payments.

The Morrill fund, United States grant, commenced in
1890, at $15,000, and increased each year $1,000, till the
limit of $25,000 is reached, when it remains fixed at that
sum. Two-thirds of this goes to the college and one-third
to the Institute of Technology.

T. O. H. P. Burnham, late of Boston, made a bequest of
$5,000 to the college, without conditions. The trustees
have voted to keep the fund intact, and use the income for
such purposes as they believe to be for the best interest of
the college.

The College Fat m.

After the college was located at Amherst a farm was pur-
chased, consisting of three hundred and eighty-three and a
half acres, from six separate estates. Of this, forty-eight
acres have been set apart for the use of the Hatch Experi-
ment Station and about seventy-five acres for the botanic
and horticultural department, the balance being used and
designated as "the farm proper." The entire amount of
land under cultivation will, from year to year, perhaps
average one hundred and twenty-five acres.

Experiment SI a I ions.

There were originally situated on the college grounds two
experiment stations : one was the Massachusetts State Ex-
periment Station, which had no connection with the college,
but was a separate institution, though it leased a sufficient
quantity of land (forty-eight acres) belonging to the college
farm for the purposes of its proper work and accommoda-

No. 4.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 309

tion ; the other was the Hatch Experiment Station, so called,
which belonged to and was a part of the college.

It came to us in this way. In 1887 a bill came before
Congress, under the care of Hon. Wm. H. Hatch of Mis-
souri, member of the House of Representatives and chair-
man of the committee on agriculture, entitled, "An act to
establish agricultural experiment stations in connection with
the colleges established in the several States under the pro-
visions of the act passed by Congress and approved July 2,
1862, and the acts supplementary thereto." This bill pro-
vided for the annual payment by the United States of
$15,000 to the several agricultural colleges, to be expended
for experimental purposes. It was passed and approved
March 2, 1887.*

At a meeting of the trustees of the college, held March
2, 1888 (at Boston), to make proper provisions for the
necessary organization to put this experiment station into
operation, Henry II. Goodell was elected director, Wm. P.
Brooks agriculturist, Samuel T. Maynard horticulturist,
Chas. H. Fernald entomologist and Clarence D. Warner
meteorologist. It was also decided at this meeting to name
the station "The Hatch Experiment Station of the Agri-
cultural College," in order to distinguish it from the State
Experiment Station. This important branch of the college
is already appreciated by all who are interested in scientific
agriculture.

Consolidation of the Experiment Station*.

Chapter 143 of the Acts of the Legislature of 1894 was
intended to provide for the consolidation of the Massachu-
setts Agricultural Experiment Station with the experiment
department of the Agricultural College; but, through an
error of construction, it was not adequate for the purpose.
The Legislature of L895, by chapter 57 of the Acts of that
year, amended the first-mentioned act, so that consolidation
was legally provided for, on the authorization of the Massa-

* The bill may be found in full in the issue of Feb. is, 1888, of the " New Eng-
land Eomestead." See also an additional act of Aug. •".<), 1890.

310 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

chusetts Agricultural Experiment Station and the acceptance
of the same by the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College. This legislation became operative by the approval
of the governor, Feb. 15, 1895.

On April 15, 1895, the Massachusetts Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, at a meeting legally called for that pur-
pose, authorized the consolidation, and on the following
day, April 16, the trustees of the college accepted the
transfer of the property of the Massachusetts Agricultural
Experiment Station, and the consolidation was complete.

The trustees proceeded at once to adopt a plan of organ-
ization for the new station, under the name of the Hatch
Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege. The plan adopted provided that the experiment
station should form the experiment department of the
college, and be under the direction of a committee of the
trustees, and that the director should be elected annually.
It was also provided that eight divisions of the experiment
department should be established, — agriculture, horticult-
ure, botany, chemistry, entomology, stock feeding, veteri-
nary and meteorology, each under a responsible head, who
should be amenable to the director for the faithful perform-
ance of the work of his division.

It was provided that the treasurer of the college shall
" receive and have the custody of the money appropriated
from time to time by the Congress of the' United States or
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and any and all money
appropriated or donated at any time for the purposes of the
experiment station ; and he shall keep all such money in
separate fund account, and shall pay out the same upon
warrants signed by the director of the station and approved
by the president of the college."

The committee of the trustees under whose direction the
experiment department was placed was composed of the
following-named gentlemen: Wm. R. Sessions, Charles
A. Gleason, Elijah W. Wood, Wm. Wheeler and James
Draper. Dr. II. II. Goodell was elected director of the sta-
tion ; Dr. Chas. A. Goessmann was elected honorary director ;
Prof. Wm. P. Brooks was appointed head of the division

No. 4.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 311

of agriculture ; Prof. 8. T. Maynard was appointed head
of the division of horticulture; Prof. Geo. E. Stone was
appointed head of the division of botany ; Dr. C. A. Goess-
mann was appointed head of the division of chemistry : Dr.
C. H. Fernald was appointed head of the division of ento-
mology; Dr. J. B. Lindsey Mas appointed head of the
division of stock feeding; Prof. J. B. Paige was appointed
head of the division of veterinary; Prof. Leonard Metcalf
was appointed head of the division of meteorology.

As the season's work at the two stations had been planned
and commenced before consolidation was accomplished, the
work of the present year is going on largely under those
plans. It is believed that the work under one management
can be much more economically performed, and that greater
and better results will be accomplished by the consolidated
station than was possible by the two working separately,
and that thus the people of the State will get more for the
money expended for experimental purposes.

( iOMMENCEMENT EXERCISES.

Among the first duties of your committee of the past year
was the examination of the graduating class in. agriculture,
in competition for the Grinnell prizes. AVe were pleased
to note that the work of the class, almost without a single
exception, indicated a practical knowledge of the science.
The first prize was awarded to Wright A. Root of Deertield
and the second to Clarence B. Lane of Killingworth, Conn.
We were present at nearly all of the commencement exer-
cises, which showed that both graduates and students wTere
there for a purpose. Particularly noticeable was the tine
military drill of the students, under command of Lieu-
tenant Dickinson.

Condition of the Farm.
There was time for only a hurried examination of the farm
during commencement week. The hay from all of that por-
tion about the college buildings had been secured, while the
crop of timothy on the drained meadow was one of the best
we ever saw.

312 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

At the time of our visit in November the harvesting was
complete, and we can report all of the standard crops good.
We found both barns full of hay, fifteen hundred bushels of
corn, twenty-two hundred bushels of potatoes, one thousand
bushels of onions and fifty tons of roots. Many of the new
forage plants also are being cultivated, thus giving the stu-
dents an opportunity of observing their habits of growth,
as well as their relative value for feeding purposes.

The cattle stables were well filled with the herd of grade
Durhams, while there are representative animals of nearly
all our prominent breeds. The horse stables have an ac-
quisition in a French coach colt, while the Percherons and
their grades fill the remainder of the stalls.

At our November visit we found the land all ploughed for
next season's planting, much of it having been done with a
sulky plough.

Among the improvements of the past year are the labora-
tory at the insectary ; quite a stretch of new roads com-
pleted, requiring a large amount of grading ; the levelling
of the wood lot south of the Hadley road, and the cultivating
and seeding of the same for permanent pasture.

The Horticultural Department.
The horticultural department during the past season has
been carried on in about the same lines as in former years.
Comparison has been made with the following number of
varieties of fruits the past season : 150 varieties of apples ;
67 of pears ; 49 of peaches ; 103 of plums, including all the
best types ; 13 of apricots ; 2 of nectarines ; 8 of quinces,
and many seedlings ; 33 of cherries ; 143 named varieties
of grapes, and some 600 seedlings not yet fruited; 20 of
currants; 17 of gooseberries; 25 of red raspberries; 31
of blackcap raspberries; 21 of blackberries ; 157 named
varieties of strawberries, and 500 seedlings. Plantings
have also been made of several new species and hybrids.
The past season was very unfavorable for close comparison,
on account of the late frost in the spring, drought in the
early summer, early frost in the fall and the worst wind and
hailstorm known in that vicinity since the establishment of

No. 4.] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. 313

the college. The strawberry crop was very fine, though
some varieties suffered from frost, notably the Marshall and
Sharpless. The grape crop escaped the late spring frost
and promised to give the largest crop ever harvested from
the college vineyard, but was almost ruined by the hail-
storm that occurred September 11, so that comparison of
any but the very early kinds was made impossible. The
plum crop was large and fine. Among the Japanese varieties
that fruited were the Abundance, Kelsey and Satsuma. The
fruit of these varieties shows considerable merit, and prom-
ises to be valuable for our market. On the land devoted
to market gardening all the leading varieties of vegetables
are grown and tested to illustrate the best methods of cul-
tivation.

Sub-irrigation under glass was practised during the winter,
tests being made of land tile laid one foot deep under the
surface soil of the vegetable house, with good results in the
growth of lettuce.

Greenhouses.
The glass structures are twelve in number. Among those
recently erected is a large octagon, forty by forty feet and
twenty-eight feet high, for growing specimen plants of
economic and educational value. The collection of this
class of plants has never been so large and in so fine con-
dition as at the present time, and it may be safely claimed
that the equipment of the horticultural department in the
line of fruits, ornamental trees and other plants is the
largest and most complete of any institution of the kind in
the country. Spraying for insect pests and fungous dis-
eases has been continued the past season, with satisfactory
results. A new tool house recently built has a good cellar,
a room for wagons and large tools, workshops for repairs,
and a large storage room overhead. An addition of fifty by
twenty-two feet has been added to the horse stables, for the
accommodation of the work and driving horses. This added
much-needed room in the basement for the storage of large
farm tools and machines. This department is in a prosper-
ous condition and is doing good work.

314 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Four-years Course — Admission.
Candidates for admission to the freshman class will be
examined, orally and in writing, upon the following sub-
jects : English grammar, geography, United States history,
physiology, physical geography, arithmetic, the metric sys-
tem, algebra (through quadratics), geometry (two books)
and civil government (Mowry's "Studies in Civil Govern-
ment"). The standard required is G5 per cent on each
paper. Diplomas from high schools will not be received in
place of examination. Examination in the following sub-
jects maybe taken a year before the' candidate expects to
enter college : English grammar, geography, United States
history, physical geography and physiology. Satisfactory
examination in a substantial part of the subjects offered will
be required, that the applicant may have credit for this pre-
liminary examination.

A. C. VARNUM.
GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS.
E. A. HARWOOD.
JOHN BURSLEY.

No. 4.] FIELD CROPS. 315

FIELD CEOPS.

BY PROF. WJI. P. BROOKS OF AMHERST.

The subject as assigned me by the Board may be made to
include a far greater number of crops than I could possibly
treat of, in the brief time which is available, in a manner
satisfactory either to myself or to you. I shall accordingly
confine my attention to a few of the more important, select-
ing hoed rather than sown crops or grasses. Those which
I have chosen to speak of are corn, mangels, Swedes and
potatoes.

We shall do best to consider these crops for the most part
separately, as I shall not attempt to deal with the many
questions connected with rotation.

Some consideration of their relative capacities for food
production will, however, be of interest. It may be thought
that such comparison between the potato and the other crops
can have little interest, since this is used almost entirely as
human food, while the others are animal foods. I believe,
however, that it will he instructive.

In making this comparison, I assume the yield of the corn
to be at the rate of 16 tons of silage per acre, which is
about our average; at Amherst ; for the mangels I take the
yield at 26 tons per acre, our average for five years ; for the
Swede, 19 tons, our average for three years; and for the
potato, 800 bushels, which is a little, above our average, hut
will generally be a possible amount.

The figures which I have taken as representing the cost
cover one-half the manure and three-fourths of the fertilizer
applied and all the labor in each ease, and in round numbers
show the result of recent work on the Agricultural College
farm. These figures are : for corn, $33 per acre ; for man-
gels, $75 ; for Swedes, $32 ; and for potatoes,

310

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pal). Doc.

The comparative standing of these crops as food producers
is shown in the table, to which I invite your attention : —

Comparative Productive Capacity and Cost.

It will be noticed that .the number of calories of poten-
tial energy produced by an acre of either mangels, Swedes
or potatoes is approximately the same, — a little more than
6,000,000 ; but this number of calories is produced at widely
different costs. The acre in corn produces approximately
one and two-thirds as many calories as either of the others,
and at very nearly the lowest total acre cost. The relative
economy of these crops as food producers will be more ap-
parent if we reduce the results to some common unit. Let
us take for this common measure 10,000 calories, and find
what this amount of energy costs wTith each of the crops
under consideration. Calculation shows that 10,000 calo-
ries of energy cost: with corn as the crop, $0,033 ; with
mangels, $0,112; with Swedes, $0,051; with potatoes,
$0,083.

In view of these results, there would appear to be no
doubt as to the superior economy of corn put into the silo
as a crop for food product ion ; and I may state here, without
going into details, that carefully conducted experiments in
feeding for milk, both at Amherst and at a number of our
other experiment stations, have given results entirely in
accord with the scientific deductions to which I have called
attention. Thus, at Amherst 40 pounds of mangels feed,
in comparison with thirty pounds of corn silage, — the same

* A calorie is the quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a kilogram
of water from 0° to l° centigrade.

No. 4.] FIELD CROPS. 317

kinds and amounts of other foods being given in connection
with these feeds in each instance, — nave in eight weeks 121
pounds less milk than the silage; and the cows receiving
silage gained slightly in weight, while those receiving man-
gels lost in weight. It will cost to produce 40 pounds of
mangels almost exactly twice as much as it will cost to pro-
duce the 30 pounds of silage.

.Man, however, cannot live on corn stalks, and it may be
doubted whether he would thrive on either mangels or
Swedes, even should these be used in connection with some
meat and other more nitrogenous foods. He can live on
potatoes, with a little meat or fish. We may not, therefore,
justly compare the potato with corn for the silo as a food
producer. To utilize the calorics of energy put into the
silo, we must place a cow or a steer between the door of the
silo and our mouths. Here it is usually the cow, and she
should return us about 3,200 quarts of milk for the product
of one acre in corn. This milk will contain only a little
over 2,000,000 calories of energy, — just about one-fifth of
the amount we put into the silo. The potato gives us
rather over 6,000,000; so it appears that the potato as a
producer of human food stands far ahead of corn utilized
through the medium of the cow. Should we ourselves con-
sume the grain produced by an acre in corn, and feed the
stover to cows, the two would stand more nearly upon an
equality. On the basis of a yield of 7"> bushels of grain and
2% tons of stover, I figure, in grain, 7,057,620 calories, and in
the milk which could be produced by the stover a little over
1,000,000 calories, — a total of 8,071,(i20 calories of energy.
The corn on this basis stands ahead of the potato; but corn
is much less palatable than the potato as an every-day food,
and, moreover, requires expensive and laborious prepara-
tion, while the potato does not. A\ Y see, therefore, that
among the crops under consideration the potato stands at
the head as a human food producer; and I may add that
among all the crops that can be grown in temperate cli-
mates there is probably not one which can equal it in re-
spect to the amount of human food which can be produced
from a given area. It would undoubtedly be quite as difli-

318 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

cult to produce 40 bushels of wheat as 300 bushels of pota-
toes; and, if we consume all the grain and make the straw
into milk, we shall obtain only 4,251,744 calories from the
product of one acre, which is only about two-thirds of the
quantity from an acre of potatoes.

Indian Corn {Zea Mays).

This crop is a member of the grass family, and was un-
doubtedly indigenous to the American continent. It was
extensively cultivated by the American Indians at the time
of the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and even
at that time there was a large number of different varieties.
It is not definitely known from what form or forms our cul-
tivated varieties have sprung. , It is often stated that the
so-called "pod" corn — a variety in which each kernel upon
the ear is enveloped in a separate husk — is probably the
parent form, or that the wild type produced grain in the
tassel, eaeh kernel enveloped in a husk, — the faet that corn
even now sometimes produces grain in the tassel being
brought forward as evidence ; but there is no proof that
either supposition is correct.

Within a few years the attention of botanists has been
called to a new species, which has been called Zea canina,
because of the faet that the kernels are shaped like a dog's
teeth. This was found growing wild in Mexico, and the
natives of this district are said to look upon it as the origi-
nal source of the cultivated varieties of maize. This species
has been cultivated in the botanic gardens at Cambridge
and by Professor Bailey at Ithaca. As grown at Cambridge,
the tallest stalks were over ten feet high, with a diameter of
nearly two inches; but "the most striking peculiarity of
the plants was the abundance of lusty suckers, which grew
as rapidly as the main stalk, so that the plants, which had
fortunately been placed some feet apart, had the appearance
of two hills, one of the two bearing nine and the other
twelve stalks ascending from a common base." The cen-
tral stalk also branched higher up on the trunk, and these
side branches, as also those from the base of the plants, had
a tassel upon the ends and bore several ears along their

No. 4. ] FIELD CKOPS . 319

length. The ears were only about two inches long, and had
but four rows of pointed white kernels. Professor Bailey
has crossed this species with a Japanese corn, and from one
of the hybrid seeds raised thirty-four ears. Professor
Bailey thinks this corn is not a distinct species, but either
the original or very near the original form of Zea urn;/*.

Production.

Professor Hunt of the Ohio Agricultural College states
that the total production of corn in the entire world is prob-
ably about 3, 000, 000, 000 bushels, or about one and one-
half times as much as of wheat. Of this enormous total
the American continent produces from three-fourths to four-
fifths. Within a decade the United States has several times
produced more than 2,000,000,000 bushels, and this year
has probably produced nearly 2,500,000,000 bushels, or
probably twice as great a quantity as all the rest of the
world taken together. Our average yield per acre for the
entire country is now about 24 bushels. Ten years ago
it was about 27 bushels. Massachusetts averages about
40 bushels per acre. But little of the corn raised in the
United States is exported, seldom more than live per cent.
Our consumption averages .about 28 bushels per individual
of our population. This is the heaviest rate of consump-
tion of any cereal by any people in the world. It is nearly
twice as great as the consumption of all the cereals in
Europe.

We probably produce annually rather over 50,000,000
tons of corn stover, which is very largely wasted. The
production in this State is probably 81,000 tons, of which I
estimate that fully one-half is wasted, involving a money
loss of about $2 1."), 000. This loss may be almost entirely
avoided by better methods of handling the corn crop.
These methods will he described later.

Varieties.

It is a well-known fact that there is an enormous number
of varieties of corn. Into the question of the relative merits
of these varieties 1 cannot go. You are aware that Hint

320 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

varieties have usually been grown in Massachusetts. There
is considerable evidence tending to show that dent varieties
have superior capacity for productiveness, whether of grain
or of total crop for fodder or the silo.

Within recent years a number of varieties of dent corn
capable of maturing- in Massachusetts have been introduced,
and, especially in the Connecticut valley, these are to a con-
siderable extent displacing the old flint varieties. Among
these the "Pride of the North" is undoubtedly one of the
best, whether for grain or ensilage. Many, however, pre-
fer for ensilage a somewhat later variety. Among those of
this type the "Learning" is one of the best. It sometimes
ripens with us, but would not be reliable as a field crop for
grain. It will almost invariably become sufficiently mature
for the silo before frost. Among flint varieties I have a
high opinion of the "Longfellow," both for grain and
ensilage.

Soil.

The qualities of the soil best for corn are generally so
well known that extended discussion of this topic is un-
necessary. Corn thrives upon a wTide variety of soils if
the season be hot, provided the rainfall is well distributed
and of average quantity. The subsoil must not be water-
logged ; but, provided the water table is at least three feet
below the surface, the soil may be tolerably heavy with ad-
vantage. The best corn crop that I have ever seen was
raised at Amherst, in 1894, upon a field with moderately
retentive soil which was tile-drained in 18<S9. The area
was 10 acres, and the product was 1,0(52 bushels of shelled
grain and 39 tons and 650 pounds of stover. The variety
was the "Pride of the North," and the field received per
acre 4 cords of manure, 100 pounds of nitrate of soda, 200
pounds of plain superphosphate, 200 pounds of South Caro-
lina rock phosphate and 150 pounds of muriate of potash.

Manures and Fertilizers.
As indicated by the statement just made, it is my usual
practice to employ both manures and fertilizers in raising
corn. The land is fall-ploughed and the manure hauled as

No. 4.] FIELD CROPS. 321

fast as made and spread during the winter. The land is re-
ploughed in the spring, and the most of the fertilizers, mixed
just before spreading, are put on broadcast and harrowed
in. In the ease of the crop just alluded to, the nitrate of
soda, one-half of the superphosphate and one-half of the
potash were mixed and put in the drill, being dropped by
the same machine which planted the corn, and my practice
has usually been similar.

As most of you are aware, I have during the last few
years tried many experiments with a view to getting light
as to the manurial and fertilizer requirements of corn. The
details of these experiments and the full discussion of the
results may be found in the published reports and bulletins
of the Hatch Experiment Station. I shall not take your
time to present them on this occasion. Suffice it to say
that these experiments, which have been in a large measure
confirmed by others, indicate the following conclusions : —

1. It is usually unnecessary to supply a large amount
of available nitrogen for the corn crop, and this is explained
by the fact that, growing as it does chiefly after considerable
warm weather, it can depend largely upon the nitrogen of
the organic matter of the soil which becomes available
under the influence of natural agencies during the summer.

2. The corn crop does not make a heavy draft upon the
phosphoric acid of the soil, and it is not economy to apply
this element largely.

3. The yield both of grain and stover is largely depend-
ent upon the supply of potash. This should be prominent
in a fertilizer for this cropland, even if nothing else is
employed with manure, it will generally be found profitable
to use with it some muriate of potash.

A crop of 75 bushels of grain and "2\ tons of stover will
take from the soil about 121 pounds of nitrogen, 43 pounds
of phosphoric acid and <sl pounds of. actual potash ; 1 "> tons
of average corn silage will take 100 pounds of nitrogen, 37
pounds of phosphoric acid and 118 pounds of potash. It
will be noticed that the potash is relatively more and the
phosphoric acid less abundant in the silage. This is due to
the fact that the proportion of ears in the latter is smaller,

322

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the phosphoric acid being more prominent in the grain and
the potash in the stalk and leaf. The manure and fertilizers
used per acre for our corn crops upon the college farm
during the past season, and the estimate of plant food sup-
plied to the soil and removed therefrom in the crops, are as
follows : —

F<

Nitrate of soda, .

Dried blood,

Dry fish,

Cotton-seed meal,

Plain superphosphate,

Floats, .

Muriate of potash,

Manure,

Nitrate of soda, .

Dried blood,

Dry fish,

Plain superphosphate,

Floats,.

Muriate of potash,

S

eld Corn

lage Corn.

125

jounds.

200

t&

200

tt

200

u

200

«•

100

u

200

"

5

cords.

100

pounds

100

u

100

"

100

(C

100

"

125

"

Fieli> Corn.

Silage

Corn.

Supplied.

Removed.

Supplied.

Removed.

Nitrogen, .

lbs.
68

lbs.

121

11)8.

184

Ihs.

100

Phosphoric

acid,

71

43

146

37

Potash,

103

81

227

118

I desire to call your attention to the fact that in the case
of the crop for which fertilizer only was used the supply of
nitrogen was less than the estimated amount removed in the
crop. The field was one in which I felt sure that the decay-
ing humus could furnish the crop a considerable proportion
of the nitrogen required.

In both cases an excess of both phosphoric acid and
potash was supplied. This was in accordance with my plan
to secure a large available supply of these constituents,

No. 4.] FIELD CROPS. 323

which the soil can be depended upon to hold, so that the
productive capacity of the land in future years may be in-
creased. It will be noticed that the surplus was supplied in
cheap raw materials, such as manure, South Carolina rock
and muriate of potash. -

For the silage corn there was also an excess of nitrogen ;
but this was in the form of the slow-acting organic constitu-
ents of manure ; and, as the land was to be seeded in the
corn, I considered it desirable to have a considerable surplus
of nitrogen for the grass.

I believe that some have thought that, while the corn crop
in my experiments has almost invariably been largely in-
creased by the use of muriate of potash at first, such effect
would not long be found to follow its use. I have myself
been surprised at the extent of its influence, even after six
years' continuous cropping.

In soil test experiments in Amherst in the sixth year
upon the same ground the average increase per acre in
shelled corn due to the use of potash was 29 bushels ; there
was no average increase due to nitrogen, and less than 2
bushels due to phosphoric acid.

In similar experiments in Hadley in the sixth year the
increases were : for potash, 23 bushels ; for nitrogen, 9
bushels ; for phosphoric acid there was no increase.

In Concord in similar work in the sixth year upon the
same ground the increases were : for potash, 22 bushels ;
for nitrogen, 3 bushels ; for phosphoric acid, 2 bushels.

In view of these results, as well as the fine crops secured
upon the college farm, by liberal potash manuring, it docs
not seem possible to doubt that there should be less phos-
phate and more potash in fertilizers for this crop.

Planting and Culture.
Experiments for comparison of hill and drill planting in
Amherst have been generally favorable to the drill system;
in other places the results have been various. For the silo,
corn should undoubtedly be planted in drills ; where grain
is the object, there does not appear to be much choice.
The labor is rather less under the hill system. Whether

324 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the one or the other system is followed, there are numerous
machines which will enable one to do the work at less ex-
pense than by hand. Many of these machines will put in
fertilizer as well as seed in a very satisfactory manner.

Corn is a shallow- feeding plant, and its culture should be
confined to the surface. Z. Breed's weeder is one of the
best implements for use in the corn field that I know. This
is used to advantage whenever the weeds are seen to be
breaking the ground until the corn is a foot and a half high.
Thereafter a cultivator running not more than two or three
inches deep should be employed. For work upon a large
scale a two-horse implement can be recommended.

Harvesting.

The corn harvester appears to have been brought to such
a degree of perfection that its use is now profitable in large
fields. It cuts the corn and binds the bundles with cord.
In case of field corn, these bundles can easily be set up in
stooks. If for the silo, they are readily loaded, and, if a
cutter with sufficient power can be employed, they may be
run through without first breaking the bundles.

The corn busker and fodder cutter combined is, in the
opinion of some, a success ; others have not found it so ;
and, as I have not had the opportunity to see the machine in
operation, I cannot pretend to decide upon its merits. I am
convinced, however, that good silage may be made from
stover cut and put into the silo as early as the corn can be
husked ; and, where grain and fodder are wanted for differ-
ent animals, I look upon the system with favor. The ears
can of course be picked by hand and the fodder cut and at
once put into the silo.

It seems impossible to doubt, in view of the many favor-
able reports, that ensilage affords the best means of utilizing
the corn crop ; and, where the animals to be fed need so
much grain, it appears to be best to ensile ears as well as
stalks. Ensilage is enabling our farmers to rapidly increase
the number of cows kept and to produce milk at a lower
cost than ever before, and seems destined to raise still
higher in popular esteem that crop which has been well des-

No. 4.] FIELD CROPS. 325

ignated the "best gift of God to the American people;"
the crop which so often stood between our forefathers and
starvation; the crop of which Whittier sang: —

" Heap high the farmer's wintry hoard !
Heap high the golden corn !
No richer gift has Autumn poured
From out her lavish horn.

" Let other lands, exulting, glean
The apple from the pine,
The orange from its glossy green,
The cluster from the vine ;

" But let the good old corn adorn
The hills our fathers trod ;
Still let us, for Hi's golden corn,
Send up our thanks to God."

Mangels.

The various classes and varieties of beets, mangels,
sugar beets and table beets are all from the same wild
species, which seems to have been indigenous to the shores
and some of the islands of the Mediterranean. In the wild
form the root is small and tough. The great increase in its
size and succulence and the wide variety exhibited in size,
form, color and composition arc the results of cultivation
and selection. The mangel, or mangel-wurzel, and the
sugar beet are very closely related, the latter being only a
small and very saccharine variety of the class to which they
both belong. The beet has been cultivated more than two
thousand years. •

It is impossible to present statistics showing the extent to
which it is cultivated in Massachusetts or the United States.
It is one of the leading farm crops in England, where it
occupied 339,000 acres in L894, standing sixth in the list of
cultivated crops. It has never been a very important crop
with us, though formerly more prominent than at the pres-
ent time. The more important conditions which have
lessened its culture among its are: first, its inferiority to
corn as a food producer, the corn crop, as has been shown,

326 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc

producing more food at a lower cost per acre ; second, the
high labor cost, relatively much greater here than in Eng-
land, where the daily wages of farm laborers are hardly one-
half what they are with us, and where women and children
can be depended upon to do most of the weeding; and,
third, the uncertainty of the crop, it being much more
affected by variations in season, particularly by hot, dry
weather, than is corn.

The mangel constitutes a valuable and exceedingly whole-
some food for most classes of stock, and is particularly
valuable for milk production. Its flavor is agreeable to
milch cows, and it does not unfavorably influence the flavor
of dairy products. Its succulence is a valuable quality,
rendering it highly conducive to health and appetite for
other feeds.

Now that we can preserve the corn crop in succulent
form, however, the necessity for roots has diminished, and
the introduction of ensilage is lessenino- the attention given
to this crop.

It needs a deep, rich and moderately heavy soil and high
manuring. I regard the Globe varieties — the Yellow and
the Orange — as among the best.

I should use both manure and fertilizers as a rule for this
crop ; but last year, on account of having kept less stock
than usual, we had insufficient manure, and we depended
entirely upon fertilizers, all of which we're mixed and put
on broadcast after ploughing, and harrowed in.

The materials applied, the amount of plant food they
furnished and the amounts the crop was estimated to remove
from the soil were as follows : —

Nitrate of soda, ....

Dried blood,

Dry ground fish, ....
Cotton-seed meal,
Plain superphosphate, .

Floats,

Muriate of potash, . . . ,

200 pounds

per acre,

200 "

u

400

"

300 "

Cfi

300 "

u

150 "

"

GOO "

41

No. 4.]

FIKL1) CROPS.

327

Nitrogen,
Phosphoric acid,
Potash, .

The crop aimed at and provided for by these fertilizers
was 30 tons. The season, because of its dryness, was un-
favorable, and our harvest was but about one-half that
quantity.

I would call particular attention to the enormous quantity
of potash required by this crop, and would further say that
the muriate is with little doubt the best form of potash for
the mangel. You will remember that I have stated that
the beet was originally a seaside plant. This fact perhaps
accounts for its flourishing in the presence of more chlorine
than suits most crops. In case manure is depended upon
for the three leading elements of fertility, I have always
found the application of common salt favorable to the man-
gel ; about 200 pounds per acre is ordinarily sufficient.

Manure at the rate of 8 or 10 cords per acre is not too
much for the mangel, and with that amount I would ordi-
narily employ about 150 pounds of nitrate of soda, 200
pounds of muriate of potash and perhaps 150 pounds of
plain superphosphate. With a crop involving so much
labor as this, wTe cannot afford to run the risk of partial
failure because of insufficient fertility.

Planting and Culture.

The mangel should be planted early, thai it may have the
advantage of the comparatively cool and moist weather of
early spring to get well and deeply rooted. Under these
conditions, with abundant fertility, it is far less injuriously
affected by heat and drought.

The seed is of rather slow and uncertain germination, and
hence should be used in large amount. We must avoid

328 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

transplanting, if possible, for the transplanted root never
becomes as large as one which grows from the seed in place.
I now generally use about 6 pounds of seed per acre. The
soil should be deeply pulverized and most carefully pre-
pared.

Concerning the culture of the crop I fear I can say little
of value. At best there must be considerable hand work.
The crop should be planted widely enough to allow horse
cultivation, using at first a shallow-working implement and
later one that will work a little deeper.

Harvesting, Storing <nnl Feeding.

The crop may remain in the field until about the 20th of
October, and keeps better if not harvested much earlier than
this date. This operation is hand work, the roots being
pulled and the tops twisted off with the hand. The roots
can be stored in considerable bulk in cool, dry cellars, but
keep better in piles in the field. Plough a strip about six
feet wide, as deep as convenient, and throw the earth loos-
ened by the plough out at the sides. This strip may be ol
any length desired, but had best run north-west and south-
east, as less surface is exposed to the cold wind, and the
snow will lie on the pile more evenly.

The roots, which should be pulled when the soil is dry
and the day good, are put into piles about six feet wide at
the bottom and about four feet high in the middle. The
earth which has been thrown out is used in covering. The
cover at first should be only two or three inches deep, but
must be increased as the weather grows cooler. The final
earth covering should be about eight or ten inches, and just
before severe weather the pile should be covered with straw,
marsh hay or leaves, to the depth of about a foot. In such
a pile the roots keep perfectly fresh and sound, if the work
is done properly. If the cover is put on too early or is too
thick, they will sprout and rot.

It may not generally be known that mangels increase in
feeding value by keeping up to the time when they begin to
grow. If fed in autumn or early winter, they are very
laxative in effect. As the season advances, chemical

No. 4.] FIELD CROPS. 329

changes take place in the root which render them less lax-
ative and richer in available nutrients.

Swedes.

Concerning this crop T shall be very brief, both because
it is comparatively unimportant with us, and because in
many respects it is subject to the same conditions which
affect the mangels.

The Swede is an improved form of a species found wild
in various parts of Europe and Siberia, but most abundantly
in the northern portions. It has been cultivated much longer
than the beet; according to De Candolle, for more than
four thousand years, or at least some varieties of turnips
have been cultivated that length of time. The Swede was
not, however, extensively cultivated as a field crop among
the English until about 1730. It is now, in a sense, the
foundation of English stock farming, being after grass the
principal stock food of the country. Swedes and English
turnips combined, in 1.S94, occupied 1,424,000 acres of
land in England, the only crops more largely grown being
grass, wheat, barley and oats. With us it has been and is
in large measure affected by the conditions discussed in con-
nection with mangels, and the results have in general been
similar. The Swede, however, occupies the land a con-
siderably shorter time than mangels, and, growing much
more rapidly, the cost is less.

On the other hand, though highly relished and exceed-
ingly wholesome, the turnip cannot be as freely used as food
for cows as the mangel, as it imparts its peculiar flavor to
dairy products, unless used in only moderate quantities and
fed just after milking.

Soil and Manures.

The turnip may be cultivated upon a considerable variety
of soils, but does best on those not too heavy. On the
heavy soils the roots are likely, to be branched excessively,
and are of inferior appearance and quality. The crop is a
rank feeder and an exhaustive one to the soil. I should
generally use both manure and fertilizers in growing it.

330

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The fertilizers used during the past season, the food they
supplied and that which it was estimated a good crop would
remove from the soil were as follows : —

Nitrate of soda, .
Dried blood, .
Dry ground fish, .
Cotton-seed meal,
Plain superphosphate,
Floats, .
Muriate of potash,

125 pounds

per acre

150 "

tc

200 "

cc

300 "

«

200 "

(C

150 "

l(

400 «

u

Plant Food.

Crop.

Nitrogen,
Phosphoric acid, .
Potash, .

lbs.

68

84
200

lbs.

76

49

196

The crop for which I calculated was 20 tons. The hail
injured the plants severely, and the yield was not quite one-
half that amount. It will be noticed that the crop makes a
very heavy demand for potash. Experiment and the every-
day experience of many practical farmers, both in England
and in this country, has shown that this crop is dependent
to an unusual degree upon an abundant supply of available
phosphoric acid. Hence in England superphosphates are
generally largely used in connection with manure, and I
have secured the best results when I have followed this plan.

In this connection our experience this year in the growth
of white mustard, a member of the turnip family, is of par-
ticular interest. White mustard seed was sown about the
1st of August upon what we call the "south soil-test acre."
This land has for seven years received upon one plat nitrate
of soda, upon another dissolved bone-black, upon another
muriate of potash, upon another nitrate of soda and bone-
black, upon one nitrate and potash, upon one bone-black and
potash, and upon one the nitrate of soda, dissolved bone-
black and potash, in each case the same amounts every year.

No. 4.] FIELD CROPS. 331

Upon this acre the rotation has been corn, corn, oats, grass
and clover, grass and clover, corn and rye. The mustard
was sown after the rye was removed, the past season. On
this land corn has each year been most increased by the
muriate of potash, oats and the hrst cut of hay by the nitrate
of soda and clover by the potash. Not one of these crops
has been much increased by the dissolved bone-black. The
mustard, on the other hand, made almost no growth except
on the plats which have been manured with the dissolved
bone-black. Even on that which for seven years has re-
ceived only bone-black the growth was good.

In view of these results, I am led to advise the liberal use
of superphosphate with muriate of potash in connection with
manure for this crop. As it makes its growth chiefly after
warm weather, it will be unnecessary to supply much nitro-
gen in available form.

Planting, Culture, Harvesting and Storing.

The Swede as a field crop for stock should be planted
early in June, in rows about thirty inches apart. About
two pounds of seed per acre are required. I have found
Laing's Swede the most satisfactory variety. The plants, as
is well known, can be transplanted with far greater facility
than mangels, but still it is desirable to avoid this labor.
The culture and general management are the same as for
mangels, but much less laborious, on account of the more
rapid growth.

The Swede is less injured by frost than almost any other
farm crop, and may stand in the field, as a rule, until early
in November. It may be harvested and stored as described
for mangels, save that it will be preferable to cut the lops.

It is used to greatest advantage as food for sheep, young
cattle and horses.

The Potato.

As is generally well known, the cultivated potato is an
improved form of species indigenous to South America,
Chili and Peru, it is thought. In the wild species the tubers
are of very small size, and have a bitter flavor. Seed bulbs
and seed are abundantly produced. The ability to produce

332 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

seed is a quality which most of our cultivated varieties have
almost entirely lost. This change is thought by some to
indicate a loss of vitality or constitution, but I do not so re-
gard it. Nature makes it a rule to get rid of useless parts.
A "bald and toothless" future is foretold by some as a
penalty for our increasing use of soft foods and close felt
hats. Some think the little toe is doomed. In a state of
nature the potato was doubtless often propagated from seed;
the ability to make seeds was useful to the species. Under
the care of man, seed propagation is infrequently resorted
to, propagation from tubers the almost invariable rule ; ac-
cordingly, nature turns the energies of the plant towards
tuber and not towards seed production. The orange in
Japan, from long propagation by grafting and budding, is
almost always seedless. The trees are yet vigorous, long-
lived and productive.

The horse-radish seldom or never produces seeds, its
vigorously spreading roots sufficiently providing for its
multiplication. No one will accuse the horse-radish of lack
of vitality or constitution.

It is certainly true that varieties run out, and possibly
true that the potato is now more subject to disease than
formerly, — certainly disease is more common; but the
failure to produce seed is net evidence of this change.

The potato was found under cultivation at the time of the
discovery of America by Columbus, but De Candolle thinks
it had not been cultivated long.

Of course you are all aware that the potato is an im-
portant crop among us, but it may not be equally well
known that it is relatively far less prominent and important
here than in many other countries. In Germany the crop
is raised in enormously greater quantity than in the United
States; and even the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland usually raises more potatoes than this entire country.
Thus, in'1893, we raised 183,034,203 bushels and the United
Kingdom 215,853,000 bushels. Our crop in that year, how-
ever, was a little below our average, while that of Great
Britain was slightly above the average. This year we have
raised a far larger crop.

No. 4.] FIELD CROPS.

Mere aggregates, however, signify little. The product
per acre is far more important. Here we find little occasion
for self-satisfaction. The average per acre in Great Britain
and Ireland is l<Ji) bushels. In the United States, in the ten
years from 1870-79, the average was 87.7 bushels; in the
nine years from 1880-88 it was 7G.3 bushels. Even in our
own State the average product is only about one-half of the
English average. It is undoubtedly true that our climate is
somewhat less favorable to large yields than is that of the
British Islands, as the crop is easily injured by dry weather,
to which we arc peculiarly susceptible ; and it may be true
that the larger proportion of early varieties here in Massa-
chusetts serves to keep our average low. Still, in view of
the possible and frequently obtained yields of 300 or more
bushels per acre, the low average of less than 100 bushels is
evidence of much poor farming among us.

The number of varieties from which one may choose is
very great, but early varieties are generally most profitable
with us, and there are but few that are cultivated to any
great extent. The Early Eose and Early Beauty of Hebron
are still the favorite kinds in Massachusetts.

Change, of Seed.
The potato, cultivated continuously upon almost any of
our soils under prevailing conditions, rapidly loses in pro-
ductive capacity, as a rule ; and it abundantly pays to change
the seed — not necessarily the variety — frequently. I
believe it best to change every year. I have not a wide
experience with seed of the same variety from different local-
ities. It is, however, a general rule in changing seed that
the new stock should come from a locality somewhat north
of one's own ; and in practice I have found seed from Aroos-
took County, Me., very satisfactory. On several occasions
under otherwise similar conditions we have raised Beauty
of Hebron potatoes from our own seed and from Maine
seed, and always with results highly favorable to the latter.
In a number of instances our own seed was the product of
the first year from Maine stock, and in all cases it has been
equal in appearance to the imported seed, and yet the differ-
ence in yield has always been far more than enough to cover

334

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the increased cost of the purchased seed. Thus, forexampl3,
in one experiment, in 1894, the difference in favor of the
Maine seed was at the rate of 36.5 bushels per acre. In the
fields upon the college farm the differences due to seed have
been less accurately determined, but have apparently been
greater than in t-Ms experiment.

Soil and Fertilizers.

The best soil for quality and earliness is one which is
quite light ; for large product, a medium loam which is well
drained and which will yet hold the water quite retentively
is to be preferred, though the chances of disease may be
somewhat greater.

The practice of the majority of our farmers indicates that
this crop can, as a rule, be grown most successfully and
most profitably on fertilizers. So grown, it is freer from rot
and scab and of better quality than on manure.

The potato does not withdraw from the soil a very large
amount of the elements of plant food, and yet it is generally
recognized that to grow it successfully the soil must be lib-
erally supplied with the elements of fertility. This crop
has a limited root system, and, as we cultivate it, must make
the chief part of its growth in about sixty days. These facts
explain why plant food must be so liberally supplied to the
potato crop.

The materials applied for our crop last year, the plant
food supplied and the amount which would have been re-
moved in the crop aimed at were as follows : —

Nitrate of soda, .

Dried blood, .

Dry ground fish, .

Cotton-seed meal,

Plain superphosphate,

Floats, .

Sulphate of potash (high grade),

125 pounds per acre.

200 "

100 "

200

400 "

100 "

300

Contents.

Fertilizer.

Crop.

Phosphoric acid, ... .

lbs.
61
91

153

48
17
72

No. 4.] FIELD CROPS. 335

It will be noticed that there was a large excess of phos-
phoric acid supplied. This is in part due to our plan to
enrich the soils in this element with a view to future crops ;
but was in part furnished with a view to hastening the
maturity of the crop, or, in other words, to make it earlier.
It is well known that the usual effect of an abundant supply
of available phosphoric acid is in that direction. I should
state that we did not get the desired results this year, pos-
sibly because there was too much available nitrogen present
in the soil.

I desire to call attention to the fact that the sulphate was
used as the source of potash. Experiments which have been
repeated many times on different soils and extending through
five years have convinced me that this form is much superior
to the muriate, giving larger yields of better quality. The
details of these experiments will be found in reports and
bulletins by Dr. Goessmann and by myself, and I will not
detain you by presenting them at this time. Suffice it to say
that the yield where sulphate has been used has been far
more than enough greater than where the muriate was used
to cover the higher cost of the former. I wish to make
emphatic the expression of my belief that all potato fertil-
izers should contain sulphate and not muriate as the source
of potash.

Experiments at Amherst indicate that where the amount
of fertilizer used is moderate, it is best to scatter widely in
the drill rather than broadcast. Where the amount is large,
a combination of the two methods seems to be preferable.
It is perhaps unnecessary to add that the portion applied in
the drill should include the more readily available materials.
With such a selection as that used last year, I should put in
the drill the nitrate of soda, the dried blood, one-half the
superphosphate and one-half the potash. The balance of the
materials I should mix, spread, after ploughing and harrow
in.

Preparation of the Soil, Planting and Culture.

With medium loam I prefer to plough in the fall, and
then to plough again in the spring and make fine with the
harrow. I prefer to plant as early as the soil can be brought
into suitable condition, and use tubers of merchantable size

336 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

cut into pieces with two or three eyes each. I am aware
that larger yields have been obtained by planting whole
tubers ; but the increased cost of the seed and the greater
probability of a larger proportion of small tubers are dis-
advantages which I believe offset any slight gain in total
yield.

For the last five years we have used the Aspinwall potato
planter, which is undoubtedly the best machine for the work ;
but, after thorough trial of the machine, I have decided to
plant hereafter by hand. Under the most favorable condi-
tions we have had at least one vacant space for every ten
pieces planted. This of course means that one-tenth of the
ground is unoccupied, and, with our average crop, signifies
a shortage of from 25 to 30 bushels, which, even at this
year's prices, bring more than enough to cover the increased
cost of hand planting.

Culture.

The harrow and Breed's weeder, and Prout's horse hoe for
ridging, which we find to be necessary to prevent exposure
of tubers to the light and air, make the care of the crop easy
and inexpensive. The labor cost of the crop on our best
field, in 1894, when stored in the cellar, amounted to about
12 cents per bushel. The cost of labor and seed, with a
poorer crop, in 1895, was 19 cents. The fertilizer draft
upon the soil is covered at the cost of 5 cents per bushel.

Protection from the Bugs.
During the last two seasons we have used Leggett's Paris
green gun for the application of this poison, with most satis-
factory results. This little implement, which costs about
eight dollars, applies the unmixed "green" in quantities as
desired, in an excellent manner. A man will cover about an
acre an hour for a short time ; a day's work would be about
six acres. I estimate the saving in labor and plaster (ordi-
narily used where the "green" is applied dry) to amount
to about; $5 per acre.

Protection from Blight and Rot.
That well-nigh perfect protection from blight and rot is
afforded by seasonable spraying with Bordeaux mixture is

No. 4.] FIELD CROPS. 337

abundantly demonstrated by results obtained in many places.
My own results have been inconclusive, for the reason that
where the treatment has been tried there has been practically
no rot in any part of the field.

Prevention of Scab.

The formation of scab on potatoes is due to the growth of
a parasitic fungus on or in the skin. This fungus comes
from spores or seed, and these spores are often put into the
ground with the seed potatoes planted. A sound crop may
be grown from scabby seed, because the spores on such seed
can be killed without lessening the vitality of the tubers.
No practical method is known for destroying the spores of
scab which are likely to be found in the soil where a scabby
crop has recently been grown. Safety from contagion from
this source can be secured only by rotation of crops. If
the crop upon any field has been scabby, it is not best to
plant that field with potatoes again within less than four or
five years.

Seed that is scabby can be rendered fit to plant by first
washing and then soaking about one and one-half hours in a
solution of corrosive sublimate in water, in the proportion
of two and one-fourth ounces to fifteen gallons of water. It
is best to dissolve the sublimate first in a small quantity of
hot water. It should be remembered that the corrosive sub-
limate is a dangerous poison if taken internally. Wooden
vessels should be used to hold the solution, as it will corrode
metals.

The potatoes after soaking are taken out, spread to dry,
and should then be at once cut and planted. Do not cut
before the treatment. The same solution can be repeatedly
used, but should be thrown where no animals can reach it,
after all the seed has been treated.

This method is fully described in Bulletin No. 9 of the
North Dakota Experiment Station, by its discoverer, Pro-
fessor Bolley.

Harvesting and Storing.

The potato digger has now been brought to such a degree
of perfection that its use in large fields is an essential to
economy. One of the best machines is " Hoover's," costing

338 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.No. 4.

about $65. This can be drawn by two stout horses, but
four are better. It does clean work, leaving nearly all the
tubers in sight, and throwing the tops and weeds to one side.
It injures but few tubers. In large fields I estimate the sav-
ing from its use, as compared with hand digging, to amount
to nearly $5 per acre.

Potatoes should be dug when the soil is dry, and should
be exposed to the sun and air only long enough to allow
exterior moisture to dry off.

It appears to be best to sort as picked up, to avoid rehand-
ling. Pick up first the merchantable tubers into bushel
baskets, and empty into sacks in which they can be most
conveniently handled.

Store in a dry, cool cellar, in piles or bins not more than
about two and one-half feet deep, and with opportunity for
air to circulate beneath and through the pile.

BULLETINS

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture,

PUBLISHED IN

Massachusetts Crop Repoets, 1895.

[339]

TUBERCULIN -WHAT IT IS; HOW IT IS USED; WHAT

IT DOES.

BY PROF. JAS. B. PAIGE, VETERINARIAN TO THE BOARD.

What it is.

Tuberculin is the sterilized and filtered glycerine extract
of the bacillus tuberculosis. It contains an active principle,
chemically complex in its composition, which is produced by
the functional activity of the germ.

The first step in its preparation is the cultivation in the
laboratory upon suitable nutrient material of large numbers
of the germs. These by their growth produce the active
principle. The culture is then treated with glycerine, fil-
tered through porcelain to remove the living germs, after
which it is sterilized by being subjected to the action of a
high temperature. To make it more concentrated, a part of
the fluid is evaporated at a low temperature, and carbolic
acid added as a preservative.

By the process of filtration and sterilization all germs in
the culture are either removed or destroyed, while the
product of their growth remains active in the tuberculin.

As the active principle is not living matter, and can in no
way produce such, the injection of tuberculin into the system
of a healthy animal cannot by any possible means give rise
to the disease tuberculosis.

HOW IT IS USED.

To be accurate, the temperature of the animal to be tested
should be taken several times, at intervals of two or three
hours, during the day, by inserting into the rectum an or-
dinary fever thermometer. The last reading should be taken

342 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

late in the afternoon or during early evening. The several
readings are for the purpose of finding the normal tempera-
ture previous to the employment of the tuberculin. Ordi-
narily, with animals under normal conditions, it is hardly
necessary to take more than two or three readings, the last
of which should be made just before the tuberculin is used.
A careful record of all temperatures should be kept, and
should any be found higher than normal, the testing should
be postponed until the temperature has returned to its nor-
mal. This varies in different animals within comparatively
narrow limits under varying conditions, but should never as
a rule be above 102° or 102.5° F.

Having obtained the normal temperature of the animalj
the tuberculin should be prepared for use. When it is pur-
chased in the concentrated form it should be diluted, one
part of tuberculin being added to nine parts of a 1 per cent
solution of carbolic acid, prepared with distilled water. By
some manufacturers it is diluted before being sold ; in such
cases it is to be used in the form in which it is purchased.

To prepare the animal for the injection of the tuberculin,
the hair should be clipped from a part of the skin as large as
a silver dollar, on the neck, brisket, on the part of the side
just back of the elbow or at a point just back of the scapula,
midway between the backbone and the point of the elbow.
This area should then be thoroughly cleansed with a 5
per cent solution of carbolic acid. A strong hypodermic
syringe, with a capacity of about 2\ cubic centimeters, thor-
oughly cleaned by being filled and emptied several times
with a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid or some other
equally good antiseptic, should be filled with the dilute
solution of tuberculin. A whole or a part of the contents of
the syringe may then be injected under the skin of that por-
tion of the body previously prepared for its introduction.

After removal of the needle, a few light strokes with the
fingers upon the part will serve to spread the fluid evenly
about under the skin. Care should be taken not to inject
any air with the solution. This can be easily avoided by
holding the syringe, after it has been filled, needle end up,
when the bubble of air will rise to the top of the column of

No. 4.] TUBERCULIN. 343

fluid and can then be forced out by pressing upon the piston
until the solution appears at the point of the needle.

The quantity of tuberculin to be used depends upon con-
dition, and varies from 1 to 3 cubic centimeters of the 10 per
cent mixture. The dose for an average-sized cow is about
2.5 cubic centimeters, while 1 cubic centimeter would be
sufficient for a yearling.

If the animal is suspected of being tuberculous on account
of unthriftiness and emaciation, a comparatively large quan-
tity should be used, as it has been found in many casesthat
animals in the advanced stages of tuberculosis do not respond
to the test as readily as those in the early stages.

It is best to administer the tuberculin during the latter
part of the day, when the temperature is normally highest.
After it is used the animal should be kept as quiet as
possible in the stable for at least twenty-four hours. During
this time but small quantities of food or water should be
allowed, and all treatment that would tend to cause excite-
ment should be carefully avoided. After a period of six
hours has elapsed, following the injection of the tuberculin,
the temperature should be accurately taken at intervals of
two or two and one-half hours for twenty-four hours, count-
ing from the time the injection was made.

What it does.

The value of tuberculin as a diagnostic of tuberculosis in
cattle depends upon the fact discovered by Dr. Koch in his
employment of it as a cure for tuberculosis in persons ; that,
when injected into the body of a tuberculous patient, its use
is followed by the development of febrile symptoms, the most
constant and noticeable of which was a rise of the internal
temperature. When employed in a similar manner upon one
not a subject of the disease, no marked alterations of the
normal functions occurred.

As an illustration, the following tables are introduced to
show what might be expected in case of the use of tuberculin
upon two cows, one of which is healthy, the other tubercu-
lous : —

344

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. TPub. Doc.

Healthy Cow.
8 p.m., normal temperature, 101 4C F.

8.30 p.m., tested with 2.5 cubic centimeters 10 per cent tuberculin solu-
tion.
2.30 A m., temperature, 101.2°.

4.30 a.m.,
6.30 a.m.,
8.30 am.,

11.00 A M ,

1.30 p.m.,
4.00, p.m.,
7.00 p.m.,

101 1°.

101°.

101°.

101.2°.

101.2°.

102°.

101.3°.

Tuberculous Cow.
8 p.m., normal temperature, 100° F.

8.30 p.m., tested with 2.5 cubic centimeters 10 per cent tubei-culin solu-
tion.
2.30 A.M., temperature, 100.2°.

4.30 a.m.,
6.30 a.m.,
8.30 a.m.,
11.00 A.M.,
1.30 p.m.,
4.00 P.M.,
7.00 p.m.,

101.2°.

103°.

104°.

304.4°.

106.1°.

105.2°.

104.4°.

"While these two examples show what the action of tuber-
culin usually is in case of healthy and tuberculous animals,
unfortunately the difference is not always so well marked,
and with but a slight elevation of the temperature in either
healthy or diseased, it sometimes becomes impossible to say
from the variations whether an animal is the subject of the
disease or not. In all instances where there is a decided rise
of the temperature after tuberculin has been used, it becomes
necessary, in order to make a diagnosis of tuberculosis, to
exclude all other possible causes of a rise, — such as acute
inflammation in any part of the body, excitement, excessive
heat, etc. For this reason tuberculin is most valuable in the
hands of those who are thoroughly conversant with the various
diseases of cattle.

The use of tuberculin does not give any information as to
the extent of the development or the rapidity of the progress
of tuberculosis in cattle. It has been found that the reaction
is fully as great in those animals in which there are but one

No. 4.] TUBERCULIN. 345

or two small inert tuberculous nodules no larger than a buck
shot as it is when there are extensive and active lesions.
Consequently, in order to prove the accuracy of the tuber-
culin test, it becomes necessary to make a thorough exami-
nation in all autopsies, to detect the minutest nodules that
may be present. In many cases this requires prolonged
search and a knowledge of the gross and microscopical
appearances of tuberculous tissue.

Following there appear the conclusions drawn from a series
of experiments made with tuberculin at the Massachusetts
Agricultural College. These are taken from Bulletin No. 27
of the Hatch Experiment Station, a few copies of which are
still in the hands of the director for distribution.

1 . That it is unsafe to purchase animals to add to a healthy
herd from a herd in which tuberculosis has existed.

2. That poor sanitary surroundings, especially imperfect
ventilation and insufficient light, are favorable to the rapid
spread of tuberculosis among cattle.

3. That it is much better to dispose of excrement outside
of stables than in cellars underneath them.

4. That mangel's and other stable fixtures which increase
the amount of surface, cracks and corners that cannot be
easily cleaned are objectionable, from the fact that when the
germs of tuberculosis become scattered, under such conditions
they are not easily destroyed by the use of disinfecting fluids.

5. That infected stables bear close relation to the propa-
gation of the disease.

6. That even by the use of strong disinfecting fluids it is
very difficult if not impossible to rid an old stable of the
germs of tuberculosis.

7. That the diagnosis in most cases of this disease by
physical examination is impossible.

8. That in tuberculin we have an exceedingly delicate
and reliable test for tuberculosis.

9. That tuberculin indicates the existence of tuberculosis
in the lungs and other parts of the body when objective
symptoms are absent, and when no germs can be discovered
by microscopical examination of the mucus from the nostrils.

10. That its use is not followed by any ill effects of a
serious or permanent nature.

346 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

11. That in some instances the injection of tuberculin
produces a marked rise of the internal temperature when no
tuberculosis exists.

12. That in some cases when tubercles are present in the
body its injection is not followed by a well-defined reaction.

13. That the reaction following the use of tuberculin
bears no relation to the extent or development of the disease.

14. That it is impossible to formulate a rule by which we
can say that certain variations of the temperature may or
may not indicate the presence of tubercles.

15. That in tuberculin we have the only means by which
we can eradicate tuberculosis from among our cattle.

16. That our old-style and unsanitary stables, thoroughly
infected with the germs of tuberculosis, make the complete
eradication and suppression of this disease well-nigh impos-
sible.

No. 4.] BIRDS AS PROTECTORS OF ORCHARDS. 347

BIRDS AS PROTECTORS OF ORCHARDS.

BY E. H. FORBUSH, ORNITHOLOGIST TO THE BOARD.

Having had some opportunity during the last twenty-
years for observing the food habits of birds, I have become
convinced that they destroy enormous numbers of insects.
This conviction gives rise to the question, To what extent
are birds useful to man in this respect ?

The present paper is merely a partial record of the results
of an attempt to foster and protect birds in an old and neg-
lected orchard with a view to observino; the effect of such a
policy upon the trees. The orchard is so situated as to be
a favorite haunt for birds. It forms part of an estate in
Medford, Mass., lying near the southern border of the
stretch of wooded rocky hills known as the ' ' Middlesex
Fells," a large part of which is now under the control of the
Metropolitan Park Commission of Massachusetts, and is
being administered as a forest reservation. The nearest
estates on the east and west of the orchard are cultivated to
some extent. There are other orchards in the immediate
vicinity, and many large and fine shade trees. There are
also on the estate in question many varieties of trees and
shrubs. There is a small piece of woodland, covering per-
haps an acre and a half, in which yellow pine predominates,
the other trees being principally ash, oak and maple, some
hickory and a few white pines. A lane running along the
southern boundary of the estate is bordered on both sides
by elms and poplars. A line of mulberry-trees near the
lane affords tempting food for such birds as arc fond of
fruit in its season. There arc also many wild cherries and
berries of several varieties, together with half a dozen trees
of cultivated cherries.

348 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Among the trees, shrubs and vines found on the estate
and which furnish food for birds in the shape of berries or
seeds at certain seasons of the year are the Berber is vulgaris
(common barberry), Vitis labrusca (Northern fox grape),
Rhus toxicodendron (poison ivy), Prunus americana (wild
yellow plum), Prunus pennsylvanica (wild red cherry),
Prunus virginiana (choke-cherry) , Prunus avium (English
cherry), Rubus occidental is (black raspberry), Rubus vil-
losus (high blackberry), Rubus idceus (garden raspberry),
Rosa nitida (wild rose), Pyrus malus (common apple),
Ribes rubrum (common red currant), Fraxinus americana
(white ash), Morus rubra (red mulberry), Quercus alba
(white oak), Quercus coccinea (scarlet oak), Pin us strobus
(white pine), Pinus rigida (pitch pine), Tsuga canadensis
(hemlock), Juniperus virginiana (red cedar).

The orchard itself is a typical old orchard, such as is often
found on small farms. It has suffered greatly from neglect.
Two-thirds of the original trees have died or are in the last
stages of dissolution. This is largely the result of neglect
and improper pruning. Dead limbs and holes in the trees
offer nesting places for the wren, woodpecker and bluebird.

For three years, from 1891 to 1893, inclusive, the trees
were trimmed and cared for. They were sprayed or banded
to protect them from canker-worms, and the " nests " of the
tent caterpillar (Clisiocampa americana) were removed.
The result was a scanty yield of apples from most of the
trees. One or two bore quite plentifully.

In order to observe the effect of the feeding of birds in
the orchard, no care was taken in 1894 to protect the
trees. During that year the tent caterpillars were very
numerous in the vicinity, and it became evident also that
a great increase in the number of canker-worms was taking
place in the neighborhood. Although these insects made
considerable inroads upon the trees, they did not seriously
injure the foliage anywhere except in one or two instances.
No attempt had been made previous to the year 1895 to
foster or encourage the birds in the neighborhood, except
that a few nesting boxes were put up in 1894, which were
occupied in one case by a family of wrens and in another by

No. 4.] BIRDS AS PROTECTORS OF ORCHARDS. 349

the English or house sparrow. We were careful, however,
to destroy the nests of the house sparrow.

In the fall of 1894 it was noticed that immense numbers
of the wingless females of the fall canker-worm (Anisopteryx
pometaria) were ascending nearly all the trees and deposit-
ing their eggs ; also, that the eggs of the tent caterpillar
moths were numerous upon the twigs, promising a plentiful
supply of caterpillars for 1895.

Having allowed the insects one year to increase unmo-
lested by man, we began in the winter of 1894-95 to encour-
age the presence of birds in the orchard.

In 1894 a small tree in the centre of the orchard had been
enclosed by a high board fence. The tree thus enclosed
was used as an out-door experiment station for observations
on the breeding and habits of the gypsy moth. During the
winter of 1894-95, Mr. C. E. Bailey made frequent visits
to this tree to ascertain whether or not the birds were
destroying the eggs of the gypsy moth. Incidentally, Mr.
Bailey observed the feeding of birds on the eggs, larvae and
pupa? of insects which winter on the trees, and I am greatly
indebted to him for many interesting notes on the feeding
of birds in this orchard. He is a careful, conscientious
observer, and is intimately acquainted with most of our
native land birds.

Hunters and trappers are aware that many species of
winter birds, such as titmice, woodpeckers, crows, jays and
nuthatches are attracted by a skinned carcass suspended
from a limb, and will remain in the vicinity until all the
bones are picked clean, or until, with the approach of
spring, insect food becomes more accessible.

Believing from my own observations that the chickadees
(Pants atrica/pillus) were feeding on the eggs of the fall
canker-worm, I asked Mr. Bailey to attract the birds to the
orchard by suspending pieces of meat, bone, suet, etc.,
from the trees. Those food materials are suitable for in-
sect-eating birds at times when the trees are covered with
snow or ice, and when, lacking such nourishment, they might
starve. Although birds will frequently visit bait provided
for them and in time will eat a considerable portion of the

350 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

meat, they do not depend entirely on this aliment, but spend
the greater portion of their time in searching for insects
and eggs in the immediate vicinity.

Finding a plentiful supply of food, the chickadees re-
mained about the orchard most of the winter, except for a
week or two, when the supply of meat was exhausted, but
they were lured back again later by a fresh supply which
was placed in the trees. Not only were the chickadees
attracted to the orchard in large numbers, but other birds
came also. A pair of downy woodpeckers (Dryobates pu-
bescens) and two pairs of nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis)
were frequent visitors, and a few brown creepers (Certhia
americana) came occasionally. All these paid frequent
visits to the meat and suet, and also thoroughly inspected
the trees in search of insect food. They made excursions
also to the trees in the neighborhood, but the greater por-
tion of their attention was confined to the orchard in which
the bait was suspended. As they became more accustomed
to Mr. Bailey's presence, they grew quite tame and could
be viewed at a distance of a few feet. Indeed, chickadees
frequently alighted on his person and occasionally took
food from his hand. He was thus enabled to determine
accurately (without killing them) what they were feeding
upon, and was soon convinced that they were destroying
the eggs of the canker-worm moth in large numbers, as
well as the hibernating larvse and pupas of other insects in-
jurious to trees.

To determine how many eggs a single chickadee would
eat, a few birds were killed and their stomach contents ex-
amined, with surprising results. There was no difficulty
in identifying the eggs of the canker-worm moth which
were found in the birds' stomachs, as a great portion of the
shells remained intact. The other insect contents of the
stomachs were identified for me through the kindness of
Mr. A. II. Kirkland, B.Sc, assistant entomologist to the
State Board of Agriculture, who made the examinations.
Although it was impossible in all cases to learn with cer-
tainty the species to which certain insects belonged, it was
evident that they could be referred to genera known to be
of injurious habits.

No. 4.] BIRDS AS PROTECTORS OF ORCHARDS. 351

I take the following from Mr. Bailey's notes : —

Number of Eggs of the Fall Canker-worm found in Stomachs of Chick-
adees.

No. 1 273 eggs.

"2, 261 "

"3, 216 "

"4, 278 " •

Making in all 1,028 e^irs found in the stomachs of four
birds. Four birds killed later in the season had eaten the
female imagoes of the spring canker- worm (Paleacrita ver-
natd) as follows: —

No. 1, 41 moths.

"2 18 "

"3, 27 "

"4, 19 "

Making a total of 105. In Xos. 2, 3 and 4 of the last table
there were a large number of eggs also. It is safe to say
that there were 150 eggs in each stomach, in addition to the
female moths eaten.

Mr. Bailey carefully counted the eggs in the ovaries of
twenty of these female moths, with the following results : —

\o

1,

"

2,

"

3,

cc

4,

u

5,

ti

6,

II

7,

II

8,

<i

9,

(i

10,

158
272
127
184
213
135
140
220
200
130

No

11,

t(

12,

it

13,

II

14,

(t

15,

"

16,

(I

17,

CI

18,

II

19,

IC

20,

111

160
193
131
281
242
116
281
192
217

It will be seen from this table that the average number of
eggs found in each moth is 185. Mr. Bailey is very posi-
tive, from his continuous field observations, that each chick-
adee will devour on the average 30 female canker- worm
moths per day from the 20th of March until the 15th of
April, provided these insects are plentiful. If the average
number of eggs laid by each female is 185, one chickadee

352 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

would thus destroy in one day 5,550 eggs; and in the
twenty-five days in which the canker-worm moths « ' run "
or crawl up the trees, 138,750. It may be thought that
this computation is excessive, and it is probable that some
of the moths were not captured until they had laid some of
their eggs, but the chickadees were also busy eating these
eggs. When we consider further that 41 of these insects,
distended as they were with eggs, were found at one time in
the stomach of one chickadee, and that the digestion of the
bird is so rapid that its stomach was probably filled several
times daily, the estimate made by Mr. Bailey seems a very
conservative one. He now regards the chickadee as the
best friend the farmer has, for the reason that it is with him
all the year, and there is no bird that can compare wTith it
in destroying the female moths and their eggs. It was
noticed that the birds made no attempt to catch the male
moths. This, however, cannot be considered as a fault, for
the birds accomplish far more by destroying the females
than they would by killing males.

The following notes from the preliminary examinations
of the contents of the alimentary canal of a chickadee, made
by Mr. Kirkland, are of interest in this connection : —

Bird brought in by Mr. Bailey, March 16, 1895 : Gullet empty.
Gizzard contained 270 canker-worm eggs (Anisopteryx pometaria) ,
46 case-bearers (microlepidoptera), 6 cocoons of a small tineid
(near Aspidisca) . These three kinds of food in bulk composed
80 per cent of the gizzard contents, the remainder being dark
material which I was unable to determine under a hand lens. I
think it very probable that part of this was bits of bark or parti-
cles of bark-dust taken in with the eggs or cocoons. The intes-
tine contained a large quantity of meat, 75 per cent, and 103
canker-worm eggs, 10 per cent; the remainder, 15 per cent, being
material which I could not identify. It was not meat. This
gives us as totals, 373 canker-worm eggs and 52 microlepidoptera.

Specimens of so-called "scales" on apple twigs brought in by
Mr. Bailey, March 12, 1895. These are not bark lice, but the
cocoons of a microlepidopteron, probably a tineid. Length, J5 to
I inch; width, TJ2 to TV inch; elliptical, dark brown or reddish
brown. They are closely spun, the upper surface apparently
being of leaf epidermis, while underneath is a small, well-formed

No. 4.] BIEDS AS PROTECTORS OF ORCHARDS. 353

cocoon which contains a minute green larva which evidently hiber-
nates as such, probably pupating in the spring. The larva un-
doubtedly feeds on the leaves of the apple-tree, as these cocoons
were taken from the small twigs at the extreme end of a large
branch. Some of these cocoons are empty and have a minute
hole at one end, which probably served for the egress of some
small parasite. These cocoons are eaten by the chickadee, and
have been found in the gizzards of the birds.

The case-bearers and the tineids or leaf miners are in-
jurious to the foliage of the apple-trees.

It was noticed by Mr. Bailey, who watched the birds
closely for several days, that they were eating quantities of
both of these insects. It would have been impossible for
any one to determine the species of the leaf miners as
found in the birds' stomachs, for little remained but small
fragments of the shell of the creatures. Mr. Bailey noticed
that the birds were taking objects from the twigs, some of
which they ate ; others they rejected and dropped upon the
snow. Some of those dropped he picked up and examined,
finding them to be parasitized. The birds undoubtedly ate
only those which were alive.

It was evident from a careful examination of the eggs
found in the stomachs of the chickadees either that they
were broken by the bill in such a way that the contents
Mere exposed to the action of the gastric juice or that the
gastric fluid destroyed a portion of the shell. Occasionally
a few eggs which appeared to be whole were fouifd in the
intestines.

A great quantity of animal food is required to sustain life
and provide animal heat sufficient to enable these little birds
to resist the inclemency of our severe winters. In proof of
this it maybe stated that during favorable weather the birds
visited the meat and ate largely of it three times each hour
with fair regularity. During each interval they were oc-
cupied in destroying eggs and other hibernating insect forms
which were always present and numerous in the stomachs
examined. This feeding appeared to be almost continu-
ous except in severe storms when the birds sought shelter
or when they were laboring under excitement caused by

354 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

fear, as in the case of a visit from a hawk, cat or shrike.
Whenever a cat appeared they immediately hid behind the
branches and remained quiet until the intruder had passed.
The appearance of other enemies or the firing of a gun
would produce much the same effect.

The woodpeckers and nuthatches which frequented the
orchards were not seen to eat the eggs of the canker-worm
moth. As they were not numerous, none were killed. Mr.
Bailey observed, however, that the nuthatches were eating
many scales which they found on the limbs of the apple-
trees in a neighboring orchard. In relation to these scales
the following note from Mr. Kirkland is of interest : —

March 20, 1895. Mr. Bailey brought in specimens of apple
twigs infested with the bark scale louse, 3fi/tilaspis pomorum.
He reported that the nuthatch was feeding on them. These twigs
were infested in a worse manner than I have ever seen before.
They were literally covered with the scales. On one small twig,
one-half inch in diameter, I counted 367 scales on one inch of the
twig. The eggs contained in a number of scales varied from 62
to 83, with an average of 70.

These scales, when numerous, are very injurious to the
apple-tree. Each scale covered .a dead female of the pre-
ceding year and the hibernating eggs, ruany of which must
have been disposed of by the nuthatches. It was shown,
both by observation and dissection, that birds feeding in
the sam'e neighborhood and upon the same trees showed
considerable variance in the character of their food. King-
lets taken had no canker-worm eggs, but had eaten largely
of bark borers. "Woodpeckers seemed to confine themselves
to the larvae of borers and to wood-ants and other insects
which bore into the wood of the tree. Chickadees and nut-
hatches ate the pupa? and eggs of insects found upon the
bark or in the crevices of the trunks. No birds were seen
to eat the eggs of the tent caterpillar, nor were any found in
the stomachs of any of the birds examined. It seems prob-
able that these eggs are so protected by a hard covering
that they are not eaten by most birds.

It is impossible, in the limited space at our command, to

No. 4.] BIRDS AS PROTECTORS OF ORCHARDS. 355

give results of all observations and dissections in detail.
We can merely give the apparent results of the presence of
the birds in the orchard.

It was found that these birds were not only destroying
the eggs of the. canker-worm in this orchard, but were feed-
ing on the eggs of the same insect in the woods where bait
had been suspended.

As the frost left the ground on the first warm days of
spring the wingless females of the spring canker-worm moth
appeared in the orchard and began ascending the trees in
great numbers. The chickadees commenced catching and
eating the females and their eggs. Mr. Bailey placed
twenty-two of the females on one tree, and in a few minutes
twenty of them were captured and eaten by chickadees.

It was noticed as spring approached and insects became
more numerous that the chickadees came very seldom to the
meat. They were not as assiduous in their attention to
the orchard, and a small portion of their food consisted of
the early gnats which were flying on bright, sunny days.
In early April they had nearly deserted the meat, although
they still frequented the orchard in search of the female
canker-worm moths. They seemed to prefer animal food
to all other, and even in cold weather would hardly notice
grain or seeds of any kind, though one individual ate a few
oat kernels which were placed near his accustomed feed of
meat.

Towards the last of April the English or house sparrow
(Passer domesticus) began to make its appearance in the
vicinity and apparently drove the chickadees to the woods,
as they disappeared and did not nest in the orchard, bu1
remained in the woods, where they paired and nested.

I believe that the English sparrow is largely responsible
for the fact that chickadees are not now found nesting in
our orchards. Though they still nest in the orchards on
the remoter farms and in the villages where the English
sparrow is not numerous, they seem to have disappeared in
summer from orchards near cities. At the time of the ad-
vent of the sparrow in this locality, twenty-five years ago,
chickadees were often found nesting in old apple-trees in

350 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the orchards in this region where now scarcely any are to
be seen in orchards during the summer.

In the latter part of April and in early May the tent
caterpillars made their appearance on the apple and cherry
trees in the neighborhood. Canker-worms were also nu-
merous on the apples and elms and appeared in some of the
other trees. It was noticed, however, that, while trees in
neighboring orchards were seriously infested with canker-
worms and to a less degree with tent caterpillars, those in
the orchard which had been frequented by the chickadees
during the winter and spring were not seriously infested,
and that comparatively few of the worms and caterpillars
were to be found there.

With the warm south winds of May, many summer birds
came and settled in the neighborhood, and prepared to build
their nests, among which the following were seen : chicka-
dee (Parus atricapilhis), tree sparrow (Spizella monticola),
crow ( Corvus americanus) , purple grackle ( Quiscalus quis-
cula), nicker (Colaptes auratus), red-winged blackbird
(Agelaius phoeniceus) , robin (Merida migratoria), chipping
sparrow (Spizella sociah's), oven-bird (Seiurus aurocapil-
lus), wood thrush (Turdus mustelinus) , catbird (Galeos-
coptes carolinensis) , brown thrasher (Harporkynchus rufus) ,
black-billed cuckoo ( Coccyzus erythrophthalmus) , yellow-
billed cuckoo ( Coccyzus americanus) , black and white war-
bler (Mniotilta varia), yellow warbler (Dendroica Oistiva),
chestnut-sided warbler (Dendroica pennsylvanica) , black-
throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), pine warbler
(Dendroica vigorsii), house wren (Troglodytes aidon),
American redstart (Setophaga rut/cilia), Nashville war-
bler (Ilelmintlwphda ruficapiUa), golden-winged warbler
(Helrniniliophila chrysopterd) , scarlet tanager (Piranga
erythromelas) , rose-breasted grosbeak (Ilabia ludoviciana) ,
Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula), blue-jay (Cyanocitta
crista fa), least flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), wood
pewee (Oontojms virens), phcebe (Sayornis phoebe), king-
bird (Tyrannus tyrannus), and downy woodpecker (Dryo-
bdlrs pubescens).

It was noticeable that early in the season, when the webs

No. 4.] BIRDS AS PROTECTORS OF ORCHARDS. 357

of the tent caterpillar first appeared on the apple and cherry
trees, the orioles attacked them and devoured a considerable
number of the hairy young larvae. A little later, when the
canker-worms became more numerous, it seemed as if all
the birds in the neighborhood were intent on eating canker-
worms, neglecting to a certain extent the hairy caterpillars.
The cuckoos, however, seemed to feed impartially on both
the canker-worm and the tent caterpillar.

Birds from all quarters in the wood and swamp, orchard
and field, flocked into the trees infested by canker-worms,
and there spent a considerable portion of their time. In a
short time the few canker-worms which hatched from eggs
remaining in the old orchard were apparently eaten by birds,
and the birds then directed their attention to the neighbor-
ing orchards, which were swarming with the worms. It
soon became evident that these orchards would be entirely
stripped of their leaves, while the old orchard retained its
full foliage. Thus it was seen that the trees to which the
chickadees had been lured during the winter had been so
well protected that the summer birds were able to destroy
the few remaining larva?, while the trees at a distance from
these contained so many larva? that the birds were not
numerous enough to dispose of them or to make any effec-
tive reduction in their numbers. This apparently demon-
strated the usefulness of the egg-destroying winter birds,
and showed the wisdom of attracting them to the orchard
during the winter months. Not only did nearly all species
of birds in the neighborhood flock to the trees infested by
the canker-worms, but the chickadees living in their retire-
ment in the woods came out to the orchards, flying some
distance to procure canker-worms with which to feed their
young, and making regular trips to the infested trees day
after day.

On May 18 Mr. Bailey saw a female chickadee cany
twenty larvae to its nest. They were apparently all canker-
worms but two, which were tent caterpillars. Of this he is
quite certain, for he was within three yards of the nest to
which the larvae were taken. Later, on May 31, he noticed
the chickadees feeding their young. It was evident thai a

358 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

large portion of the food consisted of canker-worms. The
birds each made a trip to the nest about once in twelve
minutes. The male and female came at nearly the same
time and went away together. They went in the direction
of an orchard infested by canker-worms. A few of the
larva? were dropped on the ground at the nest, and proved,
on examination, to be canker-worms.

The crow was also observed feeding on the canker-worms.

On May 22 the birds had nearly all stopped feeding in
the neighboring woods and were in the orchards feeding- on
canker-worms.

Early in June, when the remaining canker-worms had
finished their transformations and retired to the ground,
several species of birds were again noticed feeding their
young on the tent and other hairy caterpillars. Of these,
three species (both cuckoos and the Baltimore oriole)
seemed to be the most useful. On May 17 a cuckoo was
seen to take eleven caterpillars out of one nest. Mr. Bailey
writes : —

On May 10 a black-billed cuckoo came into a tree near me at
3 p.m. and sat there until 4.40 p.m., then he went straight to a
tent caterpillar's nest. He looked it over for a short time and
then commenced eating the caterpillars. He picked twenty-seven
caterpillars out of the nest before he stopped. The bird ate them
all and did not drop one. Then he went to the tree in which I
believe he remained during the night, for on Saturday, the 11th,
I found the bird in the same tree and in almost the same place
at 5 a.m.

The orioles, chickadees and vireos often pecked the cater-
pillars to pieces and ate portions of them, seemingly feeding
to a considerable extent on the internal organs. This being
the case, it is quite evident that the stomach contents cannot
be depended upon entirely to determine the character of the
food of these birds, as no one is expert enough to identify
the internal organs of caterpillars with such certainty as to
determine the species to which they belong.

The following is a list of the birds seen feeding on the
tent caterpillar : —

No. 4.] BIRDS AS PROTECTORS OF ORCHARDS. 359

Crow (Oorvus americanus) , chickadee (^JParus atricapil-
lus), oriole [Icterus galhula), red-eyed vireo (Vireo oliva-
ceus), yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus), black-
billed cuckoo ( Ooccyzus erythrophthalrnvs) , chipping sparrow
( Spizetta socialis), yellow warbler (Dendroica cestiva).

During the month of May an attempt was made to render
the place as attractive to birds as possible. The under-
growth, which previous to 1894 had been trimmed out, was
afterward allowed to grow, and in 1895 several low thickets
had been thus formed ; the mulberry-trees were stimulated
by judicious pruning, and bore a considerable crop of early
fruit which ripened in advance of the cherries, thus draw-
ing the attention of the fruit-eating birds away from the
cherries, as well as serving to attract them to the vicinity of
the orchard. Ten nesting-boxes were put up for the wrens
and bluebirds ; but as the bluebirds were very rare this
season, none came to the orchard. Two families of wrens,
however, were reared in the boxes in place of one family
last year. Nesting materials — strings, hair and straw —
were hung in the trees and scattered about. Several ma-
rauding cats were killed, and an attempt was made to keep
nest-hunting boys away from the neighborhood as much as
possible. Thirty-six nests of birds were discovered in the
neighborhood, as follows : —

Three red-eyed vireos, ten robins, four Baltimore ori-
oles, three cuckoos, five chipping sparrows, three least fly-
catchers, two redstarts, two yellow warblers, two chicka-
dees, two house wrens.

Of these all but three were destroyed, probably by boys,
the nests being torn down and the eggs missing. The three
which escaped destruction were two wrens' nests which had
been built in boxes upon buildings, and a robin's nest in a
maple-tree within ten feet of a chamber window. This
wholesale destruction of nests discouraged several pairs of
birds, and they disappeared from the neighborhood. Those
remaining built new nests, and after a second or third at-
tempt a few succeeded in rearing young. One nest of ori-
oles escaped the general destruction, and the birds Were
busy for a long time carrying canker-worms to their young.

360 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

One of them was noticed to take eleven canker-worms in
its beak at one time, and fly with them to the nest. The
vireos warblers, chickadees, cuckoos, orioles and chip-
ping sparrows were particularly active in catching canker-
worms, and the English sparrow killed them in considerable
numbers.

If the thirty-six pairs of birds whose nests were found had
succeeded in raising their young, it is probable that they
would have disposed of most of the canker-worms in the
neighborhood. Five thousand of these larva? are sufficient
to strip a large apple-tree. One hundred and eight young
would have been reared, had each pair of birds raised three.
According to Professor Aughey's experience, sixty insects
per day as food for each bird, both young and old, would be
a very low estimate.* Suppose each of these one hundred
and eight birds had received its sixty insects per day, there
would have been 6,480 caterpillars destroyed daily. The
destruction of this number of caterpillars would be enough
to save the foliage and fruitage of one apple-tree. In thirty
days the foliage of thirty apple-trees could have been saved,
or 194,400 canker-worms destroyed. This does not include
what the old birds themselves would have eaten.

In these observations the influence of insect parasites and
predaceous insects has not been entirely ignored. Hymen-
opterous parasites were not seen to be numerous, and as it
was a year when canker-worms were on the increase, it is
not probable that these parasites would have been a prime
force in reducing the numbers of the canker-worms had the
birds not been present. Even had they been numerous
they would have had little effect in checking the ravages of
the canker-worm during the present year, as their interest
is identical with that of the canker-worm, and they remain
in its body until it has finished feeding, allowing it to de-
foliate the trees before completing their deadly work upon it.

We do not know to what extent such parasites are de-
voured by birds. This we could not ascertain without
shooting the birds, which would have defeated our main
object. No parasites of the tent caterpillar or canker-worm

* First report United States Entomological Commission, 1877, page 342.

No. 4.] BIRDS AS PROTECTORS OF ORCHARDS. 361

were found in the stomachs of the few birds which were
examined.

It is hardly safe to draw conclusions from observations so
limited in their scope, but we may infer from what was
observed that the egg-eating birds are of the greatest value
to the farmer, as they feed almost entirely on injurious in-
sects and their eggs, and are present all winter when other
birds are absent. The summer birds which attack the larvae
are valuable also if they can be so protected and fostered as
to become sufficiently numerous to do the work required.
It is evident also that a diversity of plants, which encourages
diversified insect life and assures an abundance of fruits and
seeds, as an attraction to birds, will insure their presence. In
this connection I wish particularly to note the fact that the
mulberry-trees, which ripen their berries in June, proved
to be a protection to the cultivated cherries, as the fruit-
eating birds seemed to prefer them to the cherries, perhaps
because they ripen somewhat earlier.

I believe it would be wise for the farmer to plant rows of
these trees near his orchard, and it is possible that the early
June berry or shad berry (Amelanchier canadensis) might
also be useful in this respect. It is a handsome shrub or
tree, flowering early in the season, and would be attractive
at a time when other trees and shrubs are not in blooin.

At the present time, July 23, 1895, the trees in the
orchard appear to be in good condition. They have not
suffered from the slight pruning of their foliage which was
effected by the few caterpillars and canker-worms which
survived for a part of the season. The fruit is well set, and
it now remains to be seen whether the birds will have any
considerable effect in preventing the ravages of the codling
moth. No other orchard in the neighborhood will produce
any fruit this season, with one exception. The nearest
orchard, situated directly opposite on the estate across the
way, has not been ravaged by the canker-worms. This
exemption is due principally to the efforts of the owner,
who has 1 landed his trees with tarred paper and has used
tree ink faithfully and well upon the paper. He has also
taken pains to clear the nests of the tent caterpillar from

362 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the trees. This orchard, being nearest to the one visited
by the chickadees, was also an object of their attention, and
this may account somewhat for the reduction of the pests in
this place.

The record of these observations, incomplete as it is, is
given for what it is worth as a contribution to the literature
of this most interesting and important subject.

No. 4.] INSECTICIDES. 363

INSECTICIDES.

BT A. H. KIRKLAND, ASSISTANT ENTOMOLOGIST, COMMITTEE ON GYPSY
MOTH, BIRDS AND INSECTS.

Insect attacks of various kinds are chief among the causes
which hinder the successful development of crops, and, if
neglected, too often set at naught the labors of the farmer
or gardener. Thanks to the discoveries of modern science,
we are now able in nearly all cases to find a means of check-
ing these ravages by simple remedies if employed at the
right time. A brief digest of our present knowledge of
insecticides is given herewith, in the hope that, while it pre-
sents but little that is new, it may prove in some measure
helpful.

The feeding habits of insects attacking the exterior parts
of plants afford us a ready means of separating them into
two general groups, — biting insects (various caterpillars,
beetles, etc.) and sucking insects (plant lice, scale insects,
etc.) . The members of the first group devour the substance
of the plant by means of their jaws, while those of the
second group secure their nourishment by the aid of a
slender beak inserted into the plant tissues. The substances
to be used in the destruction of insects are determined in
great measure by these feeding habits, and may in like man-
ner be separated into two classes : first, internal poisons
used against biting insects ; and second, external irritants or
contact insecticides employed in destroying insects of the
second group. The desirable qualities of an insecticide of
either class are : —

364 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

1 . That it should kill quickly.

2. That it should not burn the foliage or otherwise injure
the plant.

3. That it should be cheap enough to be of practical
value.

In addition to these requisites an insecticide of the first
class should be capable of remaining upon the foliage in an
effective condition for a considerable period of time.

Various arsenical compounds have proved to be the most
satisfactory internal poisons, those commonly used being
London purple and Paris green. To these should now be
added a third, arsenate of lead.

London Purple.
This substance is a waste product in the manufacture of
certain dyes, and contains a more or less soluble form of
arsenic. Against leaf-feeding insects in general it is a very
effective insecticide, but should be used with care, espe-
cially on trees with tender leaves (peach, plum, etc.), since
burning of foliage often results from an application of too
great a strength. One pound of the poison should be mixed
with one hundred and fifty to two hundred gallons of water
and applied as a spray. It can be purchased at retail for
about fifteen cents per pound.

Paris Green.
Paris green has been and is the farmers' favorite munition
of war against the common insects of the first group. It
retails at about twenty-five cents per pound, and is too gen-
erally known to need description. Professor Fernald of
the Agricultural College at Amherst estimates that $76,000
worth of this substance is used annually in this State in
combating the potato beetle. This poison can he applied in
a variety of ways, according to the habits of the pest it is
intended to destroy. A common and effectual way of apply-
ing it to potato plants to destroy the potato beetle, and one
which I have often used with good success, is to enclose a
quantity of the dry poison in a small bag fastened at the
end of a short rod, and with it lightly dust the plants by

No. 4.] INSECTICIDES. 365

holding the bag over the potato hills, at the same time
striking the rod with a short stick held in the other hand.
Sometimes burning of the foliage results from this treat-
ment, and if used on a windy day there is presumably more
or less danger to the operator from poisoning. Another
excellent method for using the poison on low-growing plants
consists in mixing one part Paris green with thirty to fifty
parts plaster, ashes, or, perhaps best of all, wheat-middlings,
applying the mixture to the plants by means of a sieve early
in the morning before the dew has dried off. This forms a
slight paste which causes the poison to adhere to the foliage
for a considerable period. Probably the oldest and most
common method of application to both plants and trees is
the mixture of Paris green suspended in water and applied
as a spray. This method, like the others, does not eliminate
the danger of burning the leaves when the mixture is too
strong, but to do the most effective work it is good policy
to use the mixture as strong as possible without causing
serious injury to the foliage. Experiments have shown the
average burning point to be below the proportion of one
pound of Paris green to one hundred and fifty gallons of
water. The addition of lime to the mixture is recommended
by some entomologists. This is thought to neutralize the
small amount of free arsenious acid in the Paris green, thus
preventing in some degree the danger of burning the foliage.
Care must be taken, however, not to add too great a quan-
tity of lime, nor allow the mixture to stand for any consider-
able period of time, since otherwise a more soluble compound
and one of greater burning powers will be formed.

Arsenate of Lead.
This new insecticide, which was discovered by Mr. F. C.
Moulton while experimenting under the direction of the
State Board of Agriculture in connection with the work of
exterminating the gypsy moth, has proved so far to be the
best of any of the arsenical compounds. It may be pre-
pared by mixing approximately thirty parts by weight of
arsenate of soda dissolved in water with seventy parts ace-
tate of lead also dissolved in water. As a result of the

366 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

chemical reactions which lake place, arsenate of lead is
thrown down as a finely divided white precipitate which
readily remains suspended in water. This poison maybe
purchased in hulk in the market at about fifteen cents per
pound. Weight for weight it does not appear to be as
effective as either London purple or Paris green, but since
it will not burn the most delicate foliage when used at a
killing strength it Is pre-eminently the best insecticide of
the class. Notwithstanding the fact that the poison has not
proved all that was hoped for it when used against the
gypsy moth, — since a large proportion of the caterpillars
of this remarkably hardy insect have been known to feed
unharmed on foliage sprayed with great strengths of the
poison, — it has proved very effective against ordinary
insects and its use is to be highly recommended. It can be
safely applied to plants either clear or mixed with plaster,
middlings, ric, as in the case of Paris green, or used on
both plants and trees as a spray when mixed with water at
the rate of two to four pounds to one hundred and fifty
gallons. Twenty pounds to one hundred and fifty gallons
of water have been u>in\ in many experiments against the
gypsy moth without apparent injury to the foliage. Another
advantage of this poison is that it leaves a faint white coat-
ing on the foliage, thus indicating the places sprayed. I
have seen trees that were sprayed in June and yet showed
the coating plainly in August.

The chief value of arsenate of lead, however, lies in its
insolubility in water, which obviates the danger of burning

the foliage. This has always been the principal objection

to the use of arsenicals, since foliage "burned" soon falls
to the ground, and a tree thus deprived of its Leaves in the
middle of a season is of course unable to ripen its fruit or
successfully complete the year's growth of wood, and, in
addition, is materially injured by the exhaustion of the
reserve force necessary to produce the second crop of Leaves
which most species of deciduous trees bring forth when
defoliated early in the season. Thus the damage to the tree
from "burning" is often as great as that from defolia-
tion by insects. The burning effeel of arsenical poisons

No. 4.]

INSECTICIDES.

367

on leaves depends on the destruction of the living contents
(protoplasm) of the cells which make up the leaf, as is
shewn by the illustrations which follow.

Fig. 1 (original). Section through nor-
mal leal ol pig-nut hickory (Carya
porcina), showing structural element-.
E, epidermis; PC, palisade cells; SP,
spongy parenchyma; S, stoma or
breathing pore.

Fig. 2 (original). Section through leaf
of same tree, "burned" by excess of
Paris green. Cell contents (proto-
plasm) of palisade cells and spongy
parenchyma dead and dried up; cell
walls shrivelled.

HOW TO USE THESE POISONS AGAINST COMMON INSECTS.

Spraying with a force pump is the best method of apply-
ing these poisons to trees. It is well to add from two to
four quarts of glucose or cheap molasses for every one hun-
dred and fifty gallons of the poison mixture" used, as this
causes the poisons to adhere to the foliage. To destroy the
bud moth (Tmetocera ocellana), spray when the buds begin
to swell ; against the codling moth ( Carpocapsa pomonella ),
spray just alter the petals have fallen from the blossoms.
The tent caterpillar (Ch'siocampa americana), the canker-
worms ( Anisopteryx pometaria^ Paleacrita vernata), as well
as the tussock moth (Orgyia leucostigma) and the elm-leaf
beetle (Galeruca xanthomelcena) t can be cleared from in-
fested trees by one or more thorough sprayings soon after
the insects make their appearance.

Contact Insecticides.

Against insects of the second group previously mentioned
(/. e., sucking insects) a ditl'erent means of attack must be
employed, for, as they do not take in solid nourishment, a

poison applied on the foliage or stems, as in the case of

368 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

arsenic compounds, would be of no value. From the nature
of their feeding habits they are not as active as the biting;
insects, and often remain fixed in one place for a long time,
thus rendering their destruction easy through those insecti-
cides which kill by contact. The general effect of contact
insecticides is to suffocate the insects by closing the breath-
ing pores, either by coating them over with a film or induc-
ing an irritation which closes them. The most practical and
hence most prominent insecticide of this class is kerosene
emulsion, the formula for which as given by Professor Fer-
nald is presented herewith : —

Kerosene Emulsion.

This most useful insecticide is prepared in the following man-
ner : One-quarter of a pound of common bar soap is dissolved in
two quarts of boiling water, and while still hot four quarts of
kerosene oil are added and the whole mixture churned through a
small hand force-pump with the small nozzle turned into the pail.
This churning must be continued about five minutes, until the
whole forms a creamy-white mass which becomes jelly-like when
cool. Care must be taken to have the soap solution hot when the
kerosene is added to it and the churning done, but it must not be
near a fire.

Before applying the emulsion to plants it should be diluted with
water in the proportion of one quart of the emulsion to nine quarts
of water, which must be thoroughly mixed. The above will make
sixty quarts of insecticide ready for use, but the emulsion will
keep for a long time without injury and may be diluted at the time
of using. This insecticide is said to be one of the best substances
for the destruction of vermin on domestic animals and in hen
houses.

The dissolving of the soap requires considerable time, and
I find that the emulsion when needed for immediate use may
be prepared more expeditiously and equally as effectively
by use of the same or a little greater quantity of any good
soap powder in place of the bar soap. The common soap
powders readily dissolve in hot water, thus obviating the
necessity of cooking the mixture over a stove, and so far as
I have observed make an excellent emulsion. Samples pre-
pared four weeks ago are as permanent as when made, and
I see no reason why they may not keep as well as the emul-

No. 4.] INSECTICIDES. 369

sion made with hard soap. Their killing properties are
equally as good and they do not damage the foliage. Kero-
sene emulsion is an invaluable remedy against nearly all
plant and bark lice, and for this purpose it should be applied
as a spray.

Eaupenleim, Etc.
Another class of insecticides, or perhaps more properly
"insect-traps," includes the various mixtures for banding
trees to prevent the ascent of injurious insects. Chief
among these are coal tar, printers' ink and the German Eau-
penleim (" insect lime "), or, correctly, caterpillar-glue.
When gas tar, printers' ink or a mixture of the two are used
a tight-fitting band of tarred sheathing paper should be
first tacked around the tree and the substance spread on the
band, thus avoiding injury to the bark. With Eaupenleim
as ordinarily used there is not much danger of injury. Be-
fore applying it the trunks of the trees should be scraped
smooth at the point on which the band is to be placed. The
substance is a German preparation whose composition is a,
jealously guarded secret. It has been used by the State
Board of Agriculture with fairly good success against the
gypsy moth for two seasons, but as it was not found to meet
all the requirements of the work its use was discontinued.
It is apparently the product of some mineral oil. Prof.
John B. Smith, entomologist of the New Jersey Agricultural
Experiment Station, who has kindly placed at my disposal
the notes made on a series of experiments with this sub-
stance, finds that, aside from its value in stopping the pas-
sage of insects up and down trees, it has also proved an
excellent means of preventing borers from laying their eggs
on tree trunks. Against tin1 sinuate pear borer, which has
caused considerable damage to orchards in New Jersey,
Professor Smith found it to be a most successful preventive
when properly applied. For this purpose it was applied in
a coat three-sixteenths of an inch thick over the whole trunk
of the tree as far as the lower branches.

For use against the canker-worms apply the Eaupenleim
in a band one-fourth of an inch thick and three to four
inches wide around the tree. The Eaupenleim may be put
on with a paddle and spread with a still' br,ush. The bands

370 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

should be put on the trees about October 1 and freshened
the following spring. If left on during the summer these
bands will prevent such trees as have been properly cleaned
of the eggs of the tussock moth from becoming infested
with the caterpillars of this insect. Raupenleim may be
purchased in the market at from ten to fifteen cents per
pound, according to the quantity desired.

At the suggestion of Professor Smith, Prof. F. L. Nason
of the New Jersey Agricultural College, New Brunswick,
N. J., has conducted a series of investigations concerning
the composition of Raupenleim, and has at last succeeded
in preparing a substance almost identical with the foreign
product. Professor Nason's compound is known under
the name of " dendrolene," and is nearly if not quite as
effective as the Raupenleim. It may be purchased at about
six cents per pound, and is well worth a trial in protecting
trees against canker-worms.

While this paper is intended to treat of insecticides rather
than insects, a few additional words concerning the applica-
tion of some of these methods in combating the canker-worm
and tussock moth may not be inappropriate, since these in-
sects have been unusually abundant in many parts of the
State this year.

The apple orchards of eastern Massachusetts were, as a
rule, seriously damaged by the canker-worms, and in some
orchards the fruit crop was almost a failure from this cause.
The ravages of this pest can be obviated by banding the
trees with Raupenleim or tar, as already indicated, to pre-
vent the ascent of the female moths.

The canker-worms being of two kinds, fall and spring,
this work should be done early in the fall and the bands kept
fresh up to the time severe cold weather sets in, and should
also be put in working order with the advent of warm
weather in the spring. The wingless female moths ascend
the trees on warm days to lay their eggs, and the same
weather that will bring them out will also soften the bands
— if they have been properly put on — and make them suf-
ficiently adhesive. to catch the moths.

Xo. 4.] IXSECTICIDES. 371

The value of the presence of chickadees in orchards lias
been ably demonstrated by the ornithologist of the Board,
Mr. E. II. Forbush, in a recent bulletin. These birds, as
has been pointed out by Mr. Forbush, destroy immense
numbers of canker-worm moths and eggs, and may be made
to frequent orchards by placing meat, bones, etc., in the
trees during the winter. Where these precautionary meas-
ures have been neglected and the canker-worm larvae appear
in the trees, spray promptly and thoroughly with arsenate
of lead, as directed.

Against the tussock moth, which has caused so much
damage this year to parks, street trees and even small or-
chards in Boston and the suburban district, as well as else-
where in the State, somewhat different methods should be
employed. The present year * the pest devastated many fine
elms on Boston Common and stripped and in some cases
seriously damaged numerous street trees. Many horse-
chestnut, elm, pear and cherry trees stripped in midsummer
by this insect in Boston, Chelsea, East Boston and Charles-
town have been unable to throw out a second crop of leaves
(like the linden) and are as bare as in winter. To prevent
the ravages of this pest in the cheapest and most efficient
manner the infested trees should be thoroughly cleaned of
the nests in the winter when the branches are bare. These
nests, from their white, frothy appearance, are readily seen
and easily removed. Where they occur in crevices in fences
and in other places difficult of access, they may be destroyed
by the use of crude mineral oils. After the larvae hatch,
trees where they are most abundant should be heavily
sprayed with arsenate of lead wherever it is practical to do
so. In the same way, so far as possible, trees which have
been cleared of nests should be isolated from infested trees
by means of Raupenleim or other suitable bands, those in
public places being put on at a sufficient height from the
ground to prevent injury to the clothing of passers by.
These methods, if thoroughly enforced, will reduce the
numbers of the pest in localities where employed to a point
where it will do no particular damage.

* 1895.

372 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

HINTS ON LAND DKAINAGE.

BY WM, "WHEELER, ENGINEER TO THE BOARD.

All plants with wkioh agriculturists and horticulturists
concern themselves are air plants, in that their roots are
dependent upon air in the soils in which they grow. Con-
sequently the available depth of any soil for agricultural
purposes is practically limited to the depth to which air
can penetrate it, and cannot exceed, therefore, that part of
it which is above the water table, or the level at which water
of saturation stands in the ground.

- Effects of Land Drainage.

It is the primary object of artificial drainage, then, to
increase the effective depth of soils and to improve their
general character by lowering the water table in or under
them. Among its benefits and advantages are the follow-
ing: —

First. — It increases (with the aid of the deeper cultiva-
tion permitted thereby) the amount of soil space and material
for the root-feeding of plants and for bacterial action and
other agencies in vegetable nutrition.*

Seeond. — A greater proportion of the rain and snow
water leaches through and surrenders to a well-drained soil

* The degree of moisture has a marked influence upon the activity of the micro-
organisms of the soil which aid in the nutrition of plants, especially the root-tubercle
bacteria and bacteroids, through which leguminous plants, such as lupines, beans,
clovers, alfalfa, etc., assimilate or fix free nitrogen from the air.

Experiments by E. Gain indicate that the development of such tubercles is about
twenty times greater in moist soil than in dry soil, with a corresponding increase in
the assimilation of free nitrogen. They also lead to the conclusion that a medium
amount of moisture in the soil (flfty per cent of that required for complete satura-
tion) is more favorable to the development of root tubercles than higher or lower
amounts. (United States Experiment Station llecord: Vol. V., pages 110-113;
Vol. VI., page 870.)

No. 4.] HINTS ON LAND DRAINAGE. 373

the elements and agents of plant nutrition which such waters
transfer from the atmosphere to the soil, and, as a further
consequence, the washing away of the soil by the flow over
its surface is reduced.

Third. — It affords also a quicker escape of the water
falling thereon, thus shortening the time during which the
soil is saturated with moisture and increasing the time dur-
ing which it is aerated in a condition most favorable to plant
growth.

Fourth. — Plants rooted in a deep soil are better able to
withstand drought, chiefly by reason of the fact that beyond
certain depths the evaporative power of sun and wind does
not extend to an effective degree, whereby a drought that
may be ruinous where, for want of drainage, the soil is
shallow, may have little effect upon a deep, well-drained
soil.

Fifth. — The capillarity of clayey soils — that is, the
quality by which they absorb and lift water from below and
convey it upwards to the roots of plants (as a wick lifts oil
from the body of a lamp to the flame at its upper end) — is
increased or quickened by deeper cultivation and root action
therein.

Sixth. — Considerations of color, texture, material and
exposure or direction of slope tend to modify somewhat
through evaporation the physical character of soils as affected
by drainage ; yet as a rule a deeply drained soil is more
uniform and constant in its moisture conditions or humidity
than is a shallow one ; and it may be accepted as an axiom
that variation in humidity decreases as the depth or thick-
ness of the aerated soil increases.*

It has been usually held that a drained soil better with-
stands drought, because it absorbs or receives air more
freely into its interstices or pores, and extracts therefrom
by chemical and physical action the water which such air
contains. This theory I deem untenable and inadequate to
explain the superior capacity of well-drained soils to with-
stand drought. The true explanation is to be found, I doubt
not, in the greater penetration of the roots to depths less

* E. Wollny, United States Experiment Station Record, Vol. VI., page 858.

;J74 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

affected by drought and in the increased power of the deeper
soil to obtain moisture by capillary attraction from below.

The insufficiency of aeration alone to supply moisture in
amounts large enough to sustain ordinary vegetation is often
shown by drained peaty soils, which, though of the most
porous and absorbent nature, are not only incapable, dur-
ing seasons of prolonged drought, of acquiring moisture by
aeration (absorption from the air above), but are equally
incapable of receiving it by capillarity (absorption from the
water table below). The difficulty with such soils is that
the size of the pores is so large and their volume so great
that, while permitting the greatest possible degree of aera-
tion, they are incapable of lifting water to a sufficient height
by capillary attraction, and so remain dry. The same is
true of soils composed of or underlaid by coarse sand or
gravel. They too admit of the highest degree of aeration,
but have little capillary power ; whence it appears that it is
the extremely porous soils of whatever material — that is,
those best adapted for aeration — that suffer most in time
of drought.

Well-drained soils, then, are not so effectively benefited
in a dry time through the moisture which they absorb from
the air as through that which they permanently retain below
the effective action of evaporation and above the water table,
supplemented by that absorbed from below through capillary
attraction.

Such soils, whether too exclusively of peat or of coarse
sand, may be improved by processes which tend to compact
them so as to reduce the size and volume of their pores,
thus diminishing aeration and increasing the moisture ob-
tained by capillary attraction. In the case of well-drained
peat soil heavy rolling after sowing or planting is often an
effective aid to the germination of the seed. In dry times
grass seed sown on such land will often be found to sprout
and grow in the deep foot-prints of men and horses, while
elsewhere no growth may appear until copious rain has
fallen. Another method is by increasing the compactness
and weight of peat by adding to and mixing with it either
tine sand, clay or marl, or a combination of them, which

No. 4.] HINTS ON LAND DRAINAGE. 375

will also improve its general chemical and physical qualities ;
while the excessive porosity of sandy soils may be improved
by the application of clay or marl and decomposed muck or
peat, the tine particles of which, tilling the coarser pores of
the sand, tend to retard evaporation and to promote the ab-
sorption of water from below.

How to drain Land.

Under-drainage works can, and if rightly done will, be,
strictly speaking, permanent improvements. The construc-
tion of farm buildings, roads, walls and fences, though usu-
ally classed as such, are of a transitory and ephemeral
character, compared with a well planned and thoroughly
executed system of tile drainage.

That a drain may be permanent in its life and action, it
must be so planned and constructed as to let the water in
and keep the silt or earthy matter out. An open ditch rnay
do the first admirably for a time, but soon fills up with the
undermining and caving-in of its banks, and by the in- wash-
ing of loam and organic matter by the flow of surface waters
into it. A stone or ' ' blind " drain may admit water freely
for a time, and conducts it fairly well where a considerable
inclination or fall to a suitable outlet is practicable ; but
when laid (as such drains usually must be) in earth made
up of fine particles it is liable to become clogged by the
infiltration of silt.

Such drains can be made silt-proof, and consequently per-
manent, by enclosing or surrounding them with silt-exclud-
ing materials, such as boards (for a foundation), green
brush, turf, old hay or straw, coarse gravel, etc., according
to availability and other circumstances, which will readily
suggest to the user the best of such means at his disposal.

Practically, however, where the main object is thorough
drainage, and not the clearing up of stone or brush (and in
most cases, even where such clearing is collaterally or con-
tingently desirable) , tile drains are superior to any other
kind, because : —

They cost less in the sum total of labor and material.

They admit of being laid at flatter grades, and therefore

376 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

of draining larger areas of level lands to an outfall of limited
depth.

They are easily examined (through silt-wells), and imper-
fections or stoppages may be thus approximately located for
repair or removal.

They are more durable, and, properly laid and cared for,
are practically permanent in their life and operation.

There is a popular impression that ground water enters a
tile drain through the porous bodies of the tiles themselves.
This is essentially wrong. Indeed, the best tiles are those
that are uniformly hard-burned to such a degree (just short
of vitrification) that nearly all physical porosity has dis-
appeared. In point of fact, at all times, excepting when
the amount of water seeking to enter a drain exceeds its
maximum capacity when running full, the water enters at
the bottom of the joints and at the sides, as far up only as
the surface of the stream flowing in and through the drain.
One should not be tempted, therefore, to purchase tile for
which is claimed the virtue of admitting water through the
porous material comprising them, as such porosity serves
no practical purpose, and can result only from insufficient
burning, with consequent want of durability.

The joints of any land tile (however acciVrately moulded,
however well their shape may be retained in the process of
burning, and however closely fitted in laying) afford not only
ample but practically the sole means for the admission of
water from the soil around them. Indeed, the key to suc-
cess in tile drainage, after securing a suitable outfall and
adequate grades leading down thereto, lies in making such
close-fitting and well-protected joints at the abutting ends
of the tiles that clay and fine sand cannot be carried into the
drain by the water as it enters through the joints. The sub-
soils of lands which best repay drainage are usually com-
posed so largely of clay, or of very fine sand with or without
a clay admixture, that not even the closest joints that can be
made are thin or close enough, without special protection,
to prevent some silt being carried into the drain, whence it
becomes necessary to provide further means to prevent the
entrance of such particles. This is usually done by laying

No. 4.] HINTS ON LAND DRAINAGE. 377

a strip of tarred paper, oil cloth or heavy burlap (about an
inch and one-half wide for small tile and two inches or more
for the larger sizes) over the top and sides of each joint, in
close contact with the outer surface of the tiles. Strong,
tough turf, with most of the soil shaken out, may be used
for the same purpose.

In quicksand especial care must be observed to lay and
keep the tile in their proper grade and line, which may best
be done by first placing and securing in the bed of the trench,
at the true and established grade of the drain, a strip of
board or plank about two inches wider than the outside
width of the tile itself. At each joint of the boards a splic-
ing piece about twenty inches long should be laid along the
under side of the abutting ends of the boards, and both boards
nailed thereto. Upon this continuous foundation the tile are
to be laid in a true line, and where further security against
lateral movement is required ordinary lath may be placed
on edge along and against each side of the tile, the joints
being first covered with strips of tarred paper or other
material, as above described. In back-filling the trench the
coarsest material that is available should be first used in con-
tact with the tile, the constant purpose to be kept in view
being to keep the quicksand out of the joints by placing
around the tile such material as will permit the admission
of water only.

Where gravel or coarse sand may be easily and cheaply
obtained, one of the best methods of laying tile in quicksand
or soft clay is to excavate the trench three or four inches
below grade, and fill up to the grade with gravel or coarse
sand ; then lay the tile upon the gravel bed in the usual
manner, cover them with the same material to a depth of
three or four inches, and complete the back-filling of the
trench as before, with the coarser material toward the
bottom. The result is a tile drain laid in a material not
easily displaced by external influences, and surrounded by
a continuous filter which will admit water with the utmost
freedom and exclude silt. Where the cost of obtaining such
coarse material is large, its use may be confined to surround-
ing the join ts only, to a distance of two or three inches ; but

378 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

a more thorough and permanent work will be insured by
bedding and covering the entire tile with it.

Under-drains should be deep enough to encourage the
fullest development of root growth, to avoid any disturbing
and integrating effects from freezing and to escape the danger
of being obstructed by roots entering at the joints. Lower-
ing the water table much below the greatest depth of root
action diminishes the moisture raised by capillarity, and is
therefore disadvantageous. Subject to these considerations
and to such variations as the necessities of the grade of the
drain and the inequalities of the surface of the ground may
involve, from three and one-half to four and one-half feet is
a fair average depth to adopt. Less may be used where a
low or deep out-fall cannot be had, as in the case of flat lands
situated at a slight elevation above an adjacent pond or
stream which fixes the level at which the main drain may
discharge.

The distance between drains is governed chiefly by the
greatest depth, within the limits already stated, at which
they can be laid, and by the permeability of the soil and
subsoil to be drained thereby. In clayey soils, through
which water percolates but slowly and with the greatest diffi-
culty, the drains should be placed at a distance of about six
to seven feet for every foot of their depth ; while for loamy
soils, underlaid by sand, equally good drainage may be se-
cured if the drains are laid at nearly double that distance
apart, or ten to fifteen feet for each foot of depth, depending
upon the porosity of the underlying material. Thus in clay
or hard-pan drains three or four feet in depth should be laid
from twenty to thirty feet apart, and for soils underlaid by
sand the distance (for the same depth) may be forty or fifty
and sometimes sixty feet, while in material of intermediate
character or porosity a distance of thirty to forty feet would
be suitable.

Without discussing the various considerations affecting
the sizes of tile to be used, it may be said that one thousand
feet laid forty-five feet apart will drain an acre of land un-
derlaid by a permeable soil, and that the maximum amount
of ground water collected and discharged thereby would

No. 4.] HINTS OX LAND DRAINAGE. 379

rarely exceed the full capacity of a two-inch tile with round
bore, laid at such a grade or foil that the water flowing
through the same will carry along such line silt as may un-
avoidably enter at the joints, say not flatter than three to
four inches in a hundred feet. With a fall of six inches in
a hundred feet the same size of tile will carry the water
collected by about fifteen hundred feet of drains, and will
therefore be sufficient for an acre and one half of land;
while with a foil of twelve inches in a hundred feet two-inch
tile will serve about twTo thousand feet of drains, or two
acres of porous land.

In clayey lands less of the rainfall percolates into the
soil, consequently drains therein will receive a smaller
quantity of water per acre, wdiich in ordinary practice may
be assumed to be about one-half as great as that in lands
underlaid by free water-bearing sand. Therefore the same
size of tile or capacity of main drain will suffice for about
double the area of clayey subsoils that would be needful for
sandy subsoils ; and, inasmuch as the drains should be placed
at about one-half the distance in clayey soil, it follows that
the amount or length of drain that may be discharged through
a two-inch tile for such lands is about four times as great as
in those having a free subsoil. Thus, while a thousand feet
of two-inch tile, laid forty-five feet apart in a free subsoil,
will serve one acre, four thousand feet of the same size, laid
twenty-two and one-half feet apart, will serve two acres of
clay land.

The relative capacities of different sizes of tiles are ap-
proximately as follows, that of a two-inch tile being in-
dicated by 1, to wit : —

Capacity of two-inch tile equals, 1.00

Capacity of two-and-one-half-inch tile equals, .... 1.50

Capacity of three-inch tile equals, 2.50

Capacity of four-inch tile equals, 5.00

Capacity of five-inch tile equals, 7.50

Capacity of six-inch tile equals, .12.50

Capacity of eight-inch tile equals, 25.00

Thus for land requiring two-inch tile to carry the maxi-
mum drainage from one acre, a main drain of four-inch tile

380 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

will serve five acres, one of six-inch tile twelve and one-
half acres and one of eight-inch tile twenty-five acres.
These sizes may be considered suitable for the areas stated,
where the fall is not less than three, or better, four inches
per hundred feet in main drains or laterals. Where the fall
is twice as much, or not less than six inches per hundred
feet, the same sizes will suffice for fifty per cent larger
areas ; and in general for clayey soils, with the same in-
clination as in free soils, tile of a given size will serve
double the area.

Larger tile than are absolutely necessary to carry the
maximum amount of water to be discharged through them
make an inferior though more costly system of drainage, —
inferior, because the velocity of flow is slower through tile
of larger bore, consequently any silt which enters is more
certain to be deposited in the tile and to gradually fill it
up.

The flattest grade at which tile drains should be laid
should be sufficient to insure a perfect scour, — that is, the
carrying along by the water flowing therein of all silt which
may enter at the joints. With care in laying at true grade,
a fall of three inches in a hundred feet is as little as may be
safely adopted for two-inch tile, and where the topography
or surface contour allows, steeper grades should be used.
Where the declivity is very great, as upon the springy sides
of many New England hills of hard-pan, the lateral drains
should as a rule run diagonally with the slope, instead of in
the direction of most rapid descent, so as to more effectu-
ally cut off springs and underground water veins, which
otherwise might appear at the surface between the laterals.
The larger the volume of the flow, and consequently the
greater the size of the drain to carry it, the flatter may be
the grade at which it may safely be laid. Thus, while the
fall of two-inch and three-inch drains should rarely be less
than three inches per hundred feet, a four-inch drain may with
equal safety have a fall of two and one-half inches only, and
six-inch and eight-inch drains of two inches per hundred
feet. It should be borne in mind, however, that an obstruc-
tion in a large or main drain is a much more serious matter

No. 4.] HINTS ON LAND DRAINAGE. 381

than in a lateral, and consequently such flat grades should
be permitted only in cases of actual necessity.

Laying out and Construction of Drains.

The laying out of drains, especially at flat grades, can be
properly done only with the aid of accurate levelling instru-
ments, which work can be done by an engineer or surveyor
of ordinary skill and capacity. The expense of such services
is trifling, compared with the facility, convenience and cer-
tainty of successful results thereby insured in the work.

The following suggestions may aid in laying out and con-
structing the work.

Having secured the proper outlet for the main drain,
mark the position of all mains and laterals by driving into
the ground at each end of each line, and also at every point
where there is a change either in grade or direction, a grade
peg or hub level with the surface. Beside it drive a refer-
ence stake, leaving one foot exposed, and mark thereon the
depth at which the drain is to be laid below the top of the
peg.

Upon opposite sides of each peg, across the line of the
drain and far enough to clear the trench, drive two stakes
firmly into the ground, leaving two or three feet out, and at
some uniform height above the established grade of the
drain nail across each pair of stakes a batter board made
level from end to end, and mark thereon the centre line of
the trench by a nail or notch in the upper edge plumb over
the peg. Assume, for example, that all the batter boards
are to be set at the uniform height of six feet above grade.
If the cut or the depth of the trench marked on the refer-
ence stake at the lower end of any given drain is 4.25 feet,
then the batter board must be placed 1.75 feet above the
peg; and in like manner, if the cut at the next peg on the
same line is 3.8 feet, the batter board must be set 2.2 feet
above it. Thus the lines and grades of the entire system
are established and fixed safe from disturbance during the
execution of the work.

In digging the trenches, begin at the outlet or lower end
of the main drain and work up grade, thus giving the water

382 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

encountered in the work a chance to run off without pump-
ing. It is usually better also to lay the tile in the same
older, especially if the quantity of water is large and the
trenches liable to cave. Throw the surface soil upon one
side of the trench and the undersoil upon the other; and in
refilling restore the different materials to their proper
places, observing that the tilling immediately around the
tile should be of the coarser materials best adapted to
exclude silt.

Make the trench no wider than is necessary for the con-
venience of the workmen, say from twenty to twenty-four
inches at the top and from live inches upward at the bottom,
according to the size of the tile. Excavate to the proper
grade, and dress the bottom of the trench accurately by
using a levelling rod or pole having a target or conspicuous
mark thereon at the same distance from the bottom of the
rod as that at' which the batter boards are placed above the
grade line. Test the depth of the trench frequently as the
work progresses, by having one man hold the rod vertically
in it while another sights over the top of the two batters
nearest thereto, to determine whether the target or mark
thereon is in the same line with the batters. AVhere the
target stands above the line of the batters, the trench must be
deepened ; while if it stands below the line the trench is too
deep, and must be refilled with material firmly packed until
the target is in the same grade with the batters, with the
rod standing on the bottom of the trench. Constant care
and watchfulness should be exercised to avoid digging below
the proper grade, as a natural bed that has not been dis-
turbed furnishes a better and more secure foundation upon
which to lay the tile

Of the various forms of tile in the market, that known as
"Ohio" or " Ohio land" tile is among the best. The bore
is circular in cross-section, while the outside is polygonal
(either hexagonal or octagonal). They have the advantage,
therefore, of six or more sides or beds upon which they can
be laid. All drain tile, however carefully made, are liable
to be warped or curved in drying and burning, whereby
with but one bed upon which to lay them many of the joints

No. 4.] HINTS ON LAND DRAINAGE. 383

are certain to gape open upon one side or another, and thus
admit silt more readily. A tile, however, which can be laid
upon any one of six or eight different sides can be turned
and tried upon all of them until a close joint is secured.

"Sole" tile of the same nominal size has less capacity,
because the bore is elliptical, and its size is designated by
its longer diameter. It has, moreover, only one bed, and
hence it is impossible to make so good joints in laying it.
"Round" tile have the same capacity as " Ohio," but, hav-
ing no flat surface upon which to lie, they are less stable in
the trench before covering, and therefore more liable to be
thrown out of line in backfilling. In the Boston market
both round and sole tile are somewhat higher in price than
the Ohio tile.

Silt basins should be placed at the intersection of laterals
with main drains and at all points where there is a change
in direction, also where there is a change from a steeper to
a flatter grade. A simple method of making a silt basin is
by placing a vitrified sewer pipe of ten inches or greater
diameter vertically, or upon end, in the line of the drain or
drains leading into and from it. The bottom of the pipe
should rest upon a plank or flat stone about a foot below
the drain, and with the bell end upward. Lead the drains
into and out of it through holes of proper size cut in the
sides of the pipe at their proper level. In the bell at the
top of this pipe set another of the same size, and so extend
the silt basin either up to the surface of the ground or to
within about a foot of it, according as it may be more de-
sirable to cultivate over it without obstruction, or to have it
always accessible for inspection and cleaning out without
digging. Where it is to be covered, the top should be
closed by a circular cover of plank or stone set in the upper
bell end, and its location marked by a stake driven beside
it, so that it may be occasionally uncovered and cleaned out
so long as there shall continue to be any accumulation of silt
in it. Where the silt basin extends to the surface of the
ground, small animals and foreign matter should he excluded
in a similar manner by a cover of wood, stone or iron, fitted
and set into the bell of the pipe.

384 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

It goes without saying that the best time in which to con-
struct a system of land drainage, other conditions being
equal, is during seasons of long-continued drought, such as
have occurred during the open season of 1894 and up to the
present time this year. Then the level of the ground water,
or the water table, is reduced to its lowest natural limits,
and the work can be carried on at less cost and done in a
more thorough manner by reason of the absence of water.
Moreover, as a rule, the drains may be laid at a greater
depth at such times than when the ground is full of water.

No. 4.] THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 385

THE SAN JOSli! SCALE.

(Aspidiotits perniciosus Com.)

BY PROF. C II. FERNALD, ENTOMOLOGIST TO THE BOARD.

History and Distribution.

The San Jose (San Ho-sa') scale insect first made its ap-
pearance in California not far from 1870, but it is not known
from what country it came, though it is now known to occur
in Chili, Australia and Hawaii. It increased rapidly till
1873, when it had become so abundant on the fruit trees at
San Jose as to seriously injure them, and received the com-
mon name of the San Jose scale.

It was first technically named and described from Santa
Clara County, California, by Prof. J. H. Comstock, in the
report of the Department of Agriculture for the year 1880,
page 304, under the name Aspidiottis perniciosus, " The
Pernicious Scale." After describing it, Professor Comstock
says : ' ' From what I have seen of it, I think that it is the
most pernicious scale insect known in this country ; cer-
tainly I never saw another species so abundant as this one
is in certain orchards which I have visited. It is said to
infest all the deciduous fruits grown in California, excepting
the peach, apricot and the black tartarian cherry. It attacks
the bark of the trunk and limbs as well as the leaves and
fruit. I have seen many plum and apple trees upon which
all the fruit was so badly infested that it was unmarketable."
Since Professor Comstock wrote the above, the insect has
been found on apricot and peach as well as other plants.

In 1882 it had extended into all the fruit-growing districts
of California, and has since that time been distributed over
the country more or less widely, and is now known to occur
in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Idaho, Nevada,
Arizona, New Mexico, Missouri, Indiana, Florida, Virginia,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York and Massa-

3S6 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

chusetts. It does not appear to be very generally distributed
as yet in the Eastern States, but there is great danger that it
may soon become so through the distribution of infested
nursery stock, if the most active measures are not adopted
for its destruction.

The dissemination of this insect in the Eastern States
has been traced by the entomologist of the Department of
Agriculture in Washington to nursery stock received from
Missouri and New Jersey. Prof. J. B. Smith, in " Entomo-
logical News," Vol. 6, page 153, and elsewhere, mentions
two large nurseries in New Jersey that were badly infested
with this scale, and from which infested stock had been sent
to various points in the Eastern States. One of these was
owned by Messrs. Parry, at Parry, Burlington County, N.
J., the other by the J. T. Lovctt Company, at Little Silver,
Monmouth County, N. J.

Prof. L. O. Howard, entomologist to the Department of
Agriculture in Washington, in studying the geographical
distribution of this and other insects in connection with the
life zones into which this country has been divided, has ex-
pressed the opinion that the San Jose scale is not likely to
thrive on fruit trees in New England, for a time at least.
Professor Smith seemed to entertain the same opinion, based
on his studies of the distribution of the insect in New Jersey.
I had therefore felt quite easy about the matter, so far as
Massachusetts was concerned, till, on the 29th of March of
the present year (1895), my attention was called to scale in-
sects on several young plum trees on the grounds of the
horticultural department of the Massachusetts Agricultural
College. These trees, according to the record books, came
from the J. T. Lovett Company, Little Silver, N. J., in the
spring of 1894. Fearing that we had this dreaded insect to
deal with, I sent infested twigs to Professor Howard for
determination, and received the reply that they were the
San Jose scale, but that none of the examples sent were
alive.

Wishing to determine whether any of these insects had
survived the winter, I had two of the trees taken up and set
out in the cold part of the insectary greenhouse, and the
remaining infested trees were burned. Scales appeared on
the growth of the previous year, so that the insects succeeded

No. 4.] THE SAX JOSE SCALE. 387

well at least during the summer of 1894. On June 10 live
scales were observed on the trees transplanted to the insect-
ary greenhouse, and on the 14th the young were swarming
all over them, and even extended to some small apple trees
growing near in the same part of the greenhouse. As this
seemed to settle the question of their ability to survive our
winters here in Amherst, or at least the winter of 1894-95,
which was an average one, I had all these trees very care-
fully burned, to prevent any further spreading of the pest.

As soon as it was discovered that the San Jose scale had
been received here on nursery stock from outside of the
State, 1 feared that other nurseries might have become in-
fested in a similar manner, and therefore I sent my assistant,
Mr. Lounsbury, to different nurseries to look for them. He
reported that on April 19 he found the San Jose scale on
two plum trees, two pear trees and a rose bush in Roslin-
dale, Mass. The plum trees were badly infested with living
scales, while the pear trees and rose bush were but slightly
so. The scales occurred on all parts of the trees, but were
the least numerous on the new growth. The pear trees had
been on the grounds for three years and the plum trees two
years. Mr. Lounsbury was informed that these trees were
obtained from a local agent in West Roxbury, who claimed
to have purchased them from the Shady Hill nursery, Bed-
ford, Mass. On April 23 Mr. Lounsbury visited the Shady
Hill nursery, and found the San Jose scale alive in large
numbers on several different varieties of apple trees. Mr.
Kohler, in charge of the nursery, told him that these trees
were bought from the Cambridge nurseries, where they had
been growing three or four years. The Cambridge nursery
was then visited, and pear, peach and apple trees were found
infested with the seale, and many of the worst-infested trees
were dead. As no stock had been added to tJiis nursery for
three years, these trees must have been infested at least that
length of time. I have not been able to learn from what
source the stock in this Cambridge nursery was obtained.

On July 9 I received a twig of an apple tree from Mr. W.
W. Rawson, with the request to inform him what the matter
was with it. An examination showed that it was infested
with the San Jose scale. Further correspondence revealed
the fact that the twig came from an apple tree in the orchard

388

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doe

of Mr. E. E. Cole, in the town of Scituate. Mr. Cole wrote
me that the orchard contained ninety trees that were set out
three years ago. It is situated in a protected spot with
trees on three sides, and is within two miles of the ocean in
a direct line. He also wrote me that the trees were received
from Mr. Rawson, who informed me that he obtained most

of his nursery stock
of that description
from the Shady Hill
Nursery Company.

It is therefore prob-
able that the Shady
Hill nurseries received
infested stock from
some outside nursery,
possibly in New Jer-
sey, and have unin-
tentionally become a
centre of infection for
orchards in the eastern
part of this State. To
what extent this pest
has become distribu-
ted through the State
it is impossible to say,
but that it is able to
live and destroy fruit
trees in some, if not in
all, parts of the State
seems evident from this history > which is given here quite at
length because of the expressed opinion of Messrs. Howard
and Smith that it would not survive in New England.

Description of the Scale and Insect.*

The female scale is shown in Fig. 1, a, of the natural size,
on a moderately infested pear, and at b, greatly enlarged. It
is quite flat, nearly circular in outline, about one-sixteenth

* The cuts used to illustrate this paper are from the United States Department of
Agriculture, through the kindness of Prof. L. 0. Howard.

Fig. 1. — a. San Jose scales on a pear. b. A female
scale enlarged.

No. 4.]

THE SAX JOSE SCALE.

389

of an inch in diameter, and dark mottled with gray in color,
with a small elevated spot at or near the centre, which is
black or yellowish.

The male scale is " black, somewhat elongated when fully
formed. The larval skin is
covered with secretions ;
its position is marked by
a single nipple-like promi-
nence, which is between the
centre and the anterior mar-
gin of the scale. The scale
of the male is more abun-
dant than that of the female.
It is often oval in shape
and smaller in size than
the female."

When these scales occur
in large numbers on the
twigs (Fig. 2) or leaves
they frequently overlap,
and are not easily distin-
guished without a magnifying glass

Pig. 2. — San Jose scales of natural size on
an apple branch ; scales somewhat enlarge J
on apple bark to the left above.

The general appear-

Fig. :;.— Male Insect of the Sau Jose scale, greatly enlarged.

ance which they give is of a greenish, very slightly rough-
ened scurvy deposit. The natural color of the limbs of

390

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the peach and apple is quite obscured when these trees are
thickly infested, and they then have the appearance of being
coated with lime or ashes. When the scales are crushed a
yellowish liquid appears, resulting from the crushing of
the soft, yellow insect beneath, which indicates the existence
of living scales on the trees.

These scales are often found on the fruit (Fig. 1), and
when present in large numbers they prevent the full devel-
opment of the fruit, causing it to crack or fall from the tree,
or render it unsalable.

The mature male is very small, and supplied with two
well-developed wings. It is shown greatly enlarged in Fig.

Fig. 4. — a. Young larva of San Jose scale Insect, under side, greatly enlarged, b. Antenna

still more enlarged.

3, the natural size being indicated by the crossed lines in
the small circle below the risrht wins:.

Early in June, in this State, the young crawl out from
beneath the scale and spread over the trees. They appear
like moving points of a yellowish color, and it is very diffi-
cult to distinguish them with the unaided eye. Fig. 4 repre-
sents the insect at this stage of its existence very much
enlarged, with its three pairs of legs and one pair of antennae
(one of which is still more enlarged at b), while its long,

No. 4.]

THE SAX JOSE SCALE.

391

hair-like beak or proboscis, used for feeding, is shown curled
up between its legs.

The mature female, represented greatly enlarged in Fig.
5, is only to be seen by removing her from beneath the
scale at the proper
stage of development.
When the young as
described above has
reached a satisfactory
place of abode in its
wanderings, it forces
its sharp beak or pro-
boscis into the bark
and draws in the sap
of the tree, and begins (J
to form its scale. It
grows and soon moults
its skin, at which time
it loses its legs and
antenna?, and takes the
form represented in
Fig. 5. Several broods
of this insect occur in
a season, the exact number of which is still in doubt, but
possibly as many as five.

Food Plants.
The list of food plants of the San Jose scale insect, so far
as known, are as follows : apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry,
apricot, quince, flowering quince, almond, spiraea, raspberry,
rose, hawthorn, cotoneaster, gooseberry, currant, flowering
currant, persimmon, elm, osage orange, linden, euonymus,
acacia, English walnut, pecan nut, alder, weeping willow and
laurel-leaf willow.

Methods of Distribution.

As the mature female is wingless, and fixed to the tree on

which she feeds, she will not be likely to cause other regions

to become infested unless the tree to which she is attached is

removed. Her progeny, however, when they are moving

Fig. 5. — c. An enlarged view of an adult female of the
San Jose scale Insect, containing young, d. A portion
of its anal fringe still more enlarged.

392 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

about freely, may be transported to places more or less dis-
tant by other insects, birds, larger animals or even by man ;
but the chances are not favorable for any very wide disper-
sion in this way. They may, however, be carried from one
tree to another at no great distance. Infested fruit may be
transported from one part of the country to another, and by
chance be left in some place where it is possible for the young
to crawl to some suitable food plant ; but by far the most
favorable method for the wide distribution of this insect is on
nursery stock, and to this the most careful attention should
be given.

It will be decidedly to the advantage of every dealer in
nursery stock to take measures to clean his trees from this
scale and to keep them free, for, if this be not attended to,
purchasers will find other and more satisfactory parties to
deal with.

Remedies.

If only a comparatively few small trees are infested in a
nursery or orchard, the best way is to burn them, taking
great care that in doing so none are scattered. There is no
method of destroying insects equal to cremation.

Professor Howard, after having a long series of experi-
ments performed for the purpose of ascertaining the best and
most economical method of destroying this insect, says :
" The only perfect results that have been reached have come
from the application of two pounds or more of commercial
fish-oil or whale-oil soap to a gallon of water soon after the
leaves fall in the autumn, and from the application of a resin
wash of six times the normal summer strength. The effects
following the application of these washes leave nothing to be
desired. In all cases the most careful search over the sprayed
trees has failed to show a living scale." These are known as
"winter washes," since they can only be used during the
winter without serious injury to the trees. The winter resin
wash mentioned above is composed of resin, one hundred
and twenty pounds ; caustic soda, thirty pounds ; fish oil,
fiiteen pints ; water sufficient to make one hundred gallons.
The resin and soda are broken up and placed in a large kettle
with the oil and sufficient water to cover them ; the whole is
then boiled for several hours, or until the compound will

No. 4.] THE SAN JOSE SCALE. 393

properly mix in water without breaking up into yellowish
flakes. Experiments thus far made with applications during
the summer have failed to give a substance that will destroy
all of the insects. As good results have been obtained from
the use of ordinary kerosene emulsion as from any other
substance. It was found advisable, however, to repeat the
spraying at intervals of about a week, as the young are
brought forth in succession during the season. Kerosene
emulsion is composed of kerosene oil, two gallons ; common
soap, one-half pound; water, one gallon. Cut up the soap
and boil it in the water till it is all dissolved, then add it,
boiling hot, to the oil, and churn it briskly for five minutes
or more with a spraying or force pump. When required for
use mix thoroughly one part of the above emulsion with nine
parts of water and spray the trees with it. In spraying
peach trees, however, it is recommended, because of their
liability to injury, to mix one part of the emulsion with
fifteen parts of water. The emulsion will dissolve more
readily if hot water be used.

Legislation.
It is strongly recommended by some entomologists to have
laws passed requiring nurserymen and other dealers to guar-
antee their stock free from the San Jose scale ; but I am free
to confess that I feel very doubtful about this matter. It
seems to me that the fear of loss of trade will be a greater
incentive to send out only uninfested stock than the fear of
any amount of legislation.

r

DIRECTORY

Agricultural aud Similar Organizations
in the State.

FEBRUARY, 1896.

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, 1896.

Members ex Officio.

His Excellency FREDERIC T. GREENHALGE.

His Honor ROGER WOLCOTT.
Hon. WM. M. OLIN, Secretary of the Commonwealth.

H. H. GOODELL, M.A., LL.D., President Massachusetts Agricultural College.
C. A. GOESSMANN, Ph.D., LL.D., Chemist of the Board.
WM R. SESSIONS, Secretary of the Board.

Members appointed by the Governor and Council,

Term expires

SPRAGUE S. STETSON of Lakeville, 1897

DWIGHT A. HORTON of Northampton 1898

JAMES S. GRINNELL of Greenfield, 1899

Members chosen by the Incorporated Societies.
Amesbury and Salisbury (Agr'l and ) F w SAKGENT of Amesbury, . .

Hort'l), )

Barnstable County, .... JOHN BURSLEY of West Barnstable,
Berkshire, SAMUEL M. RAYMOND of Hinsdale,

Blackstone Valley | HSLvibe)?OK °f Northbridge ^ °

Bristol County, N. W. SHAW of North Raynham,

Deerfield Valley, F. H. SMITH of Ashfield, .

Eastern Hampden, . . . . W. M. TUCKER of Monson,
„„„., ( F. H. APPLETON of Peabody (P. O

• \ Lynnfleld),

Franklin County, . . . . j Gg^Je5£YL0B °f Shelh™« <?" °

Hampden, F. E. CLARK of Wilbraham,

Hampshire, WM. P. BROOKS of Amhevst, .

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden, C. B. LYMAN of Southampton, .

Highland SAMUEL M. RAYMOND of Hinsdale,

Hillside C. K. BREWSTER of Worthington, .

Hingham (Agr'l and Hort'l), . . EDMUND HERSEY of Hingham, .

Hoosac Valleu \ WM- H> GOVE of North Adam8 <p- °
noosac \auey j Blackinton)

Housatonic, . . , . . . F. A. PALMER of Stockbridge,

Marshfield (Agr'l and Hort'l), . JOHN H. BOURNE of Marshfleld, .

Martha's Vineyard H. G. NORTON of West Tisbury,

Massachusetts Horticultural, . . E. W. WOOD of West Newton, .

Massachusetts Society for yromoi-) pdivpto cmnr „* w„-i ,i

ing Agriculture, . . . . { FRANCIS SHAW of Wayland, . .

Middlesex North, . . . . A. C. VARNUM of Lowell, .

Middlesex South, . . . . j ^^atgf M0N °f. Wayland <P" °; Co

Nantucket J. S. APPLETON, Jr., of Nantucket,

Oxford, W. M. WELLINGTON of Oxford, .

Plymouth County J AUGUSTUS PRATT of North Middle

Spencer (Far' sand Mech's Assoc' n), JOHN G. AVERY of Spencer, .

I Jnion {Agr'l and Hort'l), . . CURTIS M. BLAIR of Blandfoid, .

Weymouth (Agr'l and Ind'l), . . QUINCY L. REED of South Weymouth,

Worcester, J. LEWIS ELLSWORTH of Worcester,

Worcester East, W. A. KILBOURN of South Lancaster,

Worcester North, .... GEORGE CRUICKSHANKS of Fitchburg

W°Meceh't), N°rth-wes\ Vf1 "'"[ j A. D. RAYMOND of Royalston, .

Worcester South, G. L. CLEMENCE of Southbridge, .

Worcester County West, . . . E. A. HARWOOD of North Brookfleld,

1897

1898
1S97

1S97
1899
1S99
1897

1899

1S98
1897
1898
1897
1899
1899
1897

1897
1897
1897
1898
1897

1897

1898

1899
1897
1898

1899
is; is
1898
1897
1899
1897
1899

1898

1898
1899

ORGANIZATION OF THE BOARD.

OFFICERS.

President, . . . His Excellency FREDERIC T. 6REEKHALGE, ex Officio.
1st Vice-President, . JAMES S. GRINNELL of Greenfield.

2d Vice-President, . FRANCIS H. APPLETON of Peabody (Post-office, Lvnntield).
Secretary, . . . WM. R. SESSIONS of Hampden.

Office, Commonwealth Building, Boston.

COMMITTEES.

Executive Committee.

Messrs. E. W. Wood of West Newton.

W. A. Kilboukn of South Lan-
caster.

Isaac Damon of Wayland.

D. A. Horton of Northampton.

A. C. Vaencm of Lowell.

Wm. P. Brooks of Amherst.

Francis H. Appleton of Pea-
body.

Committee on Agricultural So-
cieties.

Messrs. W. A. Kilboukn of South Lan-
caster.
Q. L. Reed of South Weymouth.
N. W. Shaw of North Raynham.
F. E. Clark of Wilbraham.
AV. H. Gove of Blackinton.

Committee on Domestic Animals
and Sanitation.

Messrs. Isaac Damon of Wayland.
W. M. Tucker of Monson.
Geo. E. Taylor of Shelburne.
Francis Shaw of Wayland.
F. H. Smith of Ashfield.

Committee on Gypsy Moth, In-
sects and Birds.

Messrs. E. W. Wood of West Newton.

A. Pratt of North Middle-
borough.
F. W. Sargent of Amesbury.
S. S. Stetson of Lakeville.
John G. A very of Spencer.

Committee on Dairy Bureau and
Agricultural Products.

Messrs. D. A. Horton of Northampton.
Geo. L. Clemence of South-
bridge.
J. L. Ellsworth of Worcester.
F. A. Palmer of Stockbridge.
C. B. Lyman of Southampton.

Committee on Agricultural Col-
lege and Education.

Messrs. A. C. Vaencm of Lowell.

Geo. Cruickshanks of Fitch-
burg.

E. A. Harwood of North Brook-
field.

John Bursley of West Barn-
stable.

CK. Brewster of Worthington.

Committee on Experiments and
Station Work.

Messrs. Wm. P. Brooks of Amherst.

Edmund Hersey of Hingham.
H. A. Cook of Whitinsville.
C. M. Blair of Blandford.
W. M. Wellington of Oxford.

Committee on Forestry, Roads
and Roadside Improvements.

Messrs. Francis H. Appleton of Pea-
body.

J. H. Bourne of Marshfield.

S. M. Raymond of Hinsdale.

J. S. Appleton, Jr., of Nan-
tuckGt .

H. G. Norton of W. Tisbury.

The Secretary is a member, ex officio, of each of the above committees.

DAIRY BUREAU.
Messrs. D. A. Horton of Northampton, Geo. L. Clemence of Southbridge, J. Lewis
Ellsworth of Worcester, appointed by the Governor. Secretary Wm. R.
Sessions, Executive Officer. Geo. M. Whitaker of Boston, As-
sistant Executive Officer, appointed by the Governor.

Chemist,

Entomologist,

Botanist and Pomologist,

Veterinarian,

Engineer,

Ornithologist,

SPECIALISTS.
By Election of the Board

Dr. C. A. GOESSMANN,
Prof. C. H. FERNALD,
Prof. S. T. Maynard,
Prof. James B. Paige,
Wm. Wheeler,
E. H. Forbush,

Amherst.
Amherst.
Amherst.
Amherst.
Concord.
Maiden.

By Appointment of the Secretary.
Librarian and Cfrator, F. H. Fowler, B.Sc, First Clerk.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

Location, Amherst, Hampshire County.

Board of Trustees. Expires

Henry S. Hyde of Springfield, 1897

Merritt I. Wheeler of Great Barrington, 1897

James S. Grinnell of Greenfield, 1898

Joseph A. Harwood of Littleton, 1898

William H. Bowker of Boston 1899

J. D. W. French of North Andover, 1899

J. Hoave Demond of Northampton, 1900

Elmer D. Hoave of Marlborough, 1900

Francis H. Appleton of Peabody 1901

William Wheeler of Concord, 1901

Elijah W. Wood of West Newton 1902

Chas. A. Gleason of New Braintree 1902

Samuel C. Damon of Lancaster, 1903

James Draper of Worcester, 1903

Members ex Officio.

His Excellency Governor F. T. Greenhalge,

President of the Coloration.

Henry H. Goodell, M.A., LL.D., .... President of the College.

Frank A. Hill, Secretary of the Board of Education.

William R. Sessions, .... Secretary of the Board of Agriculture.

Officers Elected by the Board of Trustees.
James S. Grinnell of Greenfield, . . Vice-President of the Corporation.

William E,. Sessions of Hampden, Secretary.

Prof. Geo. F. Mills of Amherst, Acting Treasurer.

Charles A. Gleason of New Braintree, Auditor.

Board of Overseers.
The State Board of Agriculture.

Examining Committee of the Board of Agriculture.
Messrs. Varnum, Cruickshanks, Harwood, Bursley and Brewster.

Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural

College.

Henry H. Goodell, M.A., LL.D. Director.

William P. Brooks, B.Sc, Agriculturist.

Samuel T. Maynard, B.Sc, Horticulturist.

Charles H. Fernald, Ph.D., Entomologist.

Chas. A. Goessmann, Ph.D., LL D., Chemist (Fertilizers).

Joseph B. Lindsey, Ph.D., Chemist (Foods and Feeding).

George E. Stone, Ph.D., Botanist.

Leonard Metcalf, B.S., Meteorologist.

Board of Cattle Commissioners. Expires

Fred'k H. Osgood, D.V.S., of Boston, Chairman, 1897

Chas. P. Lyman, F.lt.CV.S., of Boston, Secretary 1896

L. F. Herrick of Millbury 1897

Charles A. Dennen of Pepperell, 1897

Maurice O'Connell, D.V.S., of Holyoke 1898

Office, 50 and 52 Village Street, Boston.

400

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

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404 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

MASSACHUSETTS PATRONS OF HUSBANDRY.

Officers of the State Grange, 1896.

Master, E. D. Howe of Marlborough.

Overseer, E. A. Emerson of Haverhill.

Lecturer, J. W. Stockwell of Sutton.

Steward, Walter B. Mellen of Brookfield.

Assistant Steward, .... Wm. N. Howard of South Easton.

Chaplain, Rev. C. S. Walker of Amherst.

Treasurer, F. A. Harrington of Worcester.

Secretary, W. C. Jewett of Worcester.

Gate Keeper, . Chas. M. Wood of Upton.

Pomona, Mrs. Elbridge Cushman of Lakeville.

Elora, Mrs. Lizzie H. Sargent of Merrimac.

Ceres, Mrs. Emma Eaton of Fitchburg.

Lady Assistant Steward, . . . Mrs. S. Ella Southland of Athol.

Executive Committee.

H. A, Barton, Dalton.

C. A. Dennen, Pepperell.

Geo. L. Clemence, Southbridge.

Deputies.

Geo. S. Ladd, . * Sturbridge.

J. F. Whitcomb, Athol.

Marcellus Boynton Central Village.

Wm. N. Howard, South Easton.

T. E. Flarity, Townsend.

Herbert Sabin Amherst.

F. H. Stevens West Acton.

C. D. Richardson, West Brookfield.

Chas. G. Hinckley, Lee.

F. G. Bennett, Ludlow.

Alonzo Eaton Fitchburg.

W. C. Jewett, Worcester.

Edward A. Fuller, North Andover.

Special Deputy.
W. B. Barton, Dalton.

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APPENDIX.

EEPOET OF THE DELEGATES TO THE FARMERS'
NATIONAL CONGRESS,*

At Atlanta, Georgia, 1895.

To His Excellency Frederic T. Greenhalge.

Sir : — We acknowledge with pleasure the courtesy of
your appointment as delegates for the State of Massachu-
setts to the Farmers' National Congress, which held its
fifteenth annual session at Atlanta, Ga., on the 10th, 11th,
12th, 14th, 15th and 16th of October, in the year 1895, and
we report as follows.

The Farmers' National Congress was organized at St.
Louis, in 1877. There were but few persons present at
the first meeting, but they were earnest and zealous in per-
fecting the organization, and were determined that it should
become a power for good to the farming interests of the
country. Since then the body has grown and flourished,
until at the present time it numbers nearly a thousand
regular and honorary members, covering every State in the
Union, and representing every manner of farming and
variety of farm products.

The Congress is composed of the same number of regular
delegates as the Congress of the United States, the basis of
representation being the same ; the governor of each State
appoints and commissions the same number of delegates as
his State has representatives in the national Congress. In
addition thereto, every agricultural college in the States is
entitled to one representative. The Congress is non-par-
tisan, and holds itself aloof from partisan politics.

In its later meetings are found men distinguished as the
representatives of agriculture, — men who till the soil, in-

* This report has been transmitted to the secretary of the State Board of Agri-
culture by His Excellency the Governor, with the request that it be included in the
" Agriculture of Massachusetts."

414 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

vent agricultural implements, frame State and national laws
for the government of the people, and men who otherwise
advance the noble work of the farmer, and bring it to a
place in the minds of the people at large it never before
occupied.

The attendance at the Congress in Atlanta was large, and
brought together bright, intelligent and leading agricultu-
rists from various States of the Union, to consider, discuss
and act upon questions of national importance ; and it is
not too much to say of them that they discussed and acted
upon the questions brought before them with an ability,
decorum, judgment and order not surpassed in the State or
national legislatures.

New England was represented by four delegates from
Massachusetts and one from Rhode Island; Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont and Connecticut were unrepresented.

The fifteenth annual session of the Congress' convened at
the Auditorium on the Exposition Grounds, Oct. 10, 1895,
at 11 o'clock a.m., with some two hundred members in
attendance.

The president, Hon. B. F. Clayton of Iowa, called the
Congress to order and presided over its meetings during the
entire term. The other officers present were : G. M. Ryals
of Savannah, vice-president ; John M. Stahl of Chicago, sec-
retary ; W. H. Whidby of Atlanta, first assistant secretary ;
and T. J. Appleyard of Florida, second assistant secretary.

Prayer was offered by Rev. Mr. Bryan of Georgia, who
earnestly besought divine guidance and blessings for the
Congress. Hon. Porter King, mayor of Atlanta, was in-
troduced, and made an address of welcome in behalf of the
city of Atlanta. In his address he referred to the farmers
as having a noble calling, and that agriculture was the basis
of human life. He spoke of the many men born and reared
upon farms, who had distinguished themselves in other walks
of life. His address was timely, and in well-chosen words
he extended to the members of the Congress a warm and
cordial welcome.

Secretary John M. Stahl responded to the mayor's greet-
ing, on behalf of the Congress. He said that he was stirred

No. 4.] FAEMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS. 415

by the warm welcome accorded to the farmers, and felt satis-
fied that their coming to Atlanta would be profitable and
pleasing to all the members.

Governor Atkinson, on account of official business, was
unable to be present to welcome the Congress to Georgia
in person, but in that duty he was ably represented by
Dr. II. C. White, who did the honors on behalf of the State
of Georgia. He paid a tribute of praise to the farmers for
what they had achieved in agriculture ; he was glad they
came to Atlanta, and with warm expressions of welcome he
hoped that the members of the Congress would enjoy their
stay in Georgia's capital.

On behalf of the Georgia Agricultural Society, Rev. J. B.
Hunnicutt spoke words of warm and cordial greeting to the
members of the Congress.

In response, President Clayton made some pleasant and
happy remarks, expressive of how pleasing thus far the
reception to Atlanta had been, and, if such should continue,
he thought the Congress would feel prouder for their coming,
and greater in their love for Atlanta, the exposition, and the
people of the city and the State.

President Clayton then delivered his annual address. He
gave a warm greeting to the members ; then called attention
to the magnitude of agricultural pursuits, their pre-eminent
importance to the comforts and the existence of the human
family, and the relations they sustain to all professions and
occupations.

"Since the creation of man," said he, "when he was
placed in the garden of Eden, to dress and keep it, the
farmer, the tiller of the soil, has ever stood between the
world and want. The art of cultivating the ground and of
obtaining from it the products necessary to sustain anim '
life was the first science in the development of the
valleys watered by the Euphrates, the Tigris and the Ni

He then reviewed the history of agriculture I' » n i
ancient days of Egypt to the present time, showing
great strides in the present century.

" Like the ancient settlers of the valley of the Nile, the
immigrant from all civilizations came to cultivate the rich

416 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

valleys of this great new continent of ours. And, while
they better understand the art of cultivating the soil, the
mode seems primitive in comparison with the high art
with which we are now blessed. Our forefathers in the
beginning were farmers, carpenters, masons, merchants and
manufacturers, complete though primitive in the individual.
First and foremost he was a farmer, and he used the other
avocations merely as incidental to the first and chief employ-
ment. Less than a half-century has elapsed since the spin-
ning wheel and the hand loom were common and necessary
in the American home. Fifty years ago the American
farmer lived almost entirely within his own resources and
within himself. He built his own cabin, constructed his
own fireplace and chimney and fashioned his own farm
implements.

"A portion of the field was set aside for flax, and when
it was pulled, bleached and broken, it was manufactured
into fabrics to supply the needs of the family. The cotton
grown on the farm and the clippings from the flocks were
submitted to various processes of preparation necessary,
and made into clothing without leaving the farm.

' ' The skins and furs of animals were tanned by the farmer
or the local tannery and converted into shoes for himself
and family, and all his energies were in the direction of
securing from the farm all necessary supplies. As our
country has developed, the inventive genius has been called
into activity, and under his inventions the American farm
hand can accomplish the labor of nearly five men of the old
world, and he has so divided and diversified employment as
to revolutionize the former condition of things.

' ' Dotted over our vast country are to be found the towns
and cities, with the ceaseless din of factories and the hurry
and bustle of trade and traffic. The quiet of every com-
munity is disturbed day and night by the busy wheels of
commerce, as the railways sweep in every direction over
their steel trackage, in transit to seaboard cities laden with
the rich products of the American farm. In the busy marts
are found the employees of national and international steam-
ship lines, the transportation companies, the grain elevators

No. 4.] FAEMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS. 117

and the vast force of labor of shipping house and factory,
all handling or reworking the raw material gathered from

the forest and the field, and from which the world must be
clothed, warmed and fed.

"The natural products of the soil, aided by intelligence
and well-directed labor, are the great creative force, the
only source from which wealth may be obtained to meet all
obligations.

"The street-car fare, interest on bonds, dividends on
stocks, the pension of the soldier, the fees of the profes-
sions, the dry goods and grocery bills, as well as the cost
of conducting all the intricate machinery of the government,
must be paid by the revenues of the soil. The product of
the gold and silver mines is only valuable because of the
commerce and wealth created from the farms.

"President Harrison, in his message to the Congress of
the United States, intimated that the establishment of the
department of agriculture, with its secretary as a cabinet
officer, was at the enlightened demand of a worthy class of
people, and he congratulated the people on the great results
accomplished by it. In a subsequent message to the same
body he referred to the marvellous growth of the farming in-
terests. He said: 'Its growth has been from $1,363,000,-
000, in 1860, to $4,500,000,000, in 181)1,— an increase of
230 per cent. The entire exports for the fisc.al year ending
June 1, 1892, reached the unparalleled amount of $1,030,-
000,000 ; 70 per cent, or, in round numbers, $800,000,000,
of which were agricultural products, and exceeded the pre-
vious year by $150,000,000.'

"At the assembling of the second session of the fifty-
third Congress, Dec. 4, 1893, President Cleveland cor-
roborated the statement of his predecessor, as to the year
referred to ; but his message disclosed the fact that at the
close of the fiscal year ending June 1, 1893, there had been
a shrinkage in our exportations of nearly $20,000,000,
which was on agricultural products. This could not be on
account of short crops, as the President in his august
message to Congress that year referred to the plenteous
crops, with remunerative production and manufactory.

418 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

"In my judgment, the department of agriculture is the
most important of the government ; it represents greater
interests than any other single department ; yet, through
all the history of the agricultural department, it has been
characterized by timidity and lack of boldness in demanding
legislation and adequate appropriations to make it effective.

" President Cleveland is correct in saying that the farmers
of the United States represent nearly one-half of our people,
and that the success of the farm is of direct interest to the
whole country. Yet the President congratulated his secre-
tary of agriculture, and the country at large, on the heavy
reduction in expenditures recommended for his depart-
ment.

"This is a non-political organization, and I think very
properly so. Gentlemen will see at once the impropriety
of this body trying to settle great economic questions ; the
Congress of the United States have tried that, and have
failed. There is scarcely a question that may be raised in
this body, affecting our agricultural interests, but what will
have a political side to it, but let us discuss those questions
without reference to their influence upon any political party.
Let us take each other by the hand, and try to make common
cause for our great interest.

"I do not mean by this that the farmer and agriculturist
should take no part in politics. We should not for a
moment lay aside or forget our duty to society and to
the government. At the risk of being called politicians,
it is our duty to see to it that the political atmosphere is
kept clear and that the vicious classes are held in check.
The good citizen will not remain behind the counter,
in the field and in the shop, and permit the political trickster
and common loafer to control the caucus and the convention
of the party to which he belongs. Under our flag and under
our constitution every citizen may exercise the right of suf-
frage, and he that fails is equally guilty with the dishonest
politician ; at the same time, we must be able to lay aside
our political differences, and meet on a common level.

" Successful farming is a trade of national and inter-
national relationship to all other trades. There is no

No. 4.] FARMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS. 419

industry so sensitive to spasmodic action of social or com-
mercial upheavals as are our productive industries.

" It is granted that labor has equal rights with capital to
organize, but the right of either or any organization to dis-
turb the channels of trade and to destroy the business inter-
ests of the country is denied; and it is hoped that the action
of the President and of the federal courts Avill drive the
agitators and the anarchists into legitimate channels to settle
fancied grievances.

"Let me beg each individual member of this Congress
that you will give it the full benefit of your experience, and
that you will early in the session introduce any resolution
covering needed legislation that you may deem advisable,
and have it referred to the committee on resolutions, when
appointed."

The evening session of the Congress was held in the city
council chamber, which continued the meeting place there-
after until final adjournment. Several addresses were made
and resolutions were offered ; the roll of States was called,
and the committee on resolutions was appointed, with Judge
Win. Lawrence of Ohio as chairman, Dr. J. A. Myers of
West Virginia secretary, and, as the Massachusetts member,
W. A. Kilbourn of Lancaster.

October 11 and 12 the sessions were taken up with read-
ing papers, on "Agriculture in Mexico," on the "Com-
mercial relations of American republics," "The sunshine
and shadow of farm life," "An American marine," etc.,
which were ably treated and intelligently discussed ; in the
presentation of many resolutions covering a variety of sub-
jects, and in the re-election of the old board of officers for
the year ensuing.

Resolutions "to secure reciprocal trade between the United
States and the Spanish-American Republics," in favor of
"railroads as a factor in progress," and "that there should
be mutuality of interests between them and the people," for
" a provision in the future to defray expenses of members,"
"in favor of an elective tax,*' "against further issue of bonds
of the United States," " against vicious advertising in the
newspapers of the land," " for the regulation of taxation,"

420 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc

"in favor of payment of sugar bounties by the United
States," protests " against beef trust," " against the impor-
tation of shoddy goods," " for the extermination of the gypsy
moth," and numerous others, were offered and referred to
the committee on resolutions.

An interesting incident of the Congress, and worth relat-
ing, was the exhibition, by a Georgia member, of a silver
cup which was presented to George Washington in 1700
by the South Carolina Agricultural Society for raising the
largest jackass ; a picture of the jackass was engraved on
the side of the cup.

The question which occupied more of the time of the
Congress than any other was the " silver question," brought
before that body by resolutions variously worded, and which
was ably discussed and finally disposed of by vote in favor
of the coinage of both silver and gold without mention of
ratio of values.

On Sunday the delegates, by special invitation of Rev.
Mr. Hawthorne of the First Baptist Church of Atlanta,
attended divine service, the church being filled. Dr. Haw-
thorne in his sermon said : —

' ' I am confident that among the men who till the soil of
this country there is more incorruptible integrity than can
be found in any other element of our population. For
more than two-thirds of a century agriculturists dominated
the government and social life of the nation. It requires
no prophetic gift to see that a return of the agricultural
classes to power would result in a revival of that virtuous
simplicity and uncompromising integrity which character-
ized the American people in the better days of the republic."

The sessions of the Congress were resumed the following-
day in the council chamber of the city, where papers upon
various topics Avere read and discussed ; the presentation of
more resolutions, one of which was in favor of liberal ap-
propriations being made by the United States government
for the improvement of rivers and harbors, which was re-
ferred to the committee on resolutions, and was passed.

Papers were read on "Artificial fertilizers and middle-
men," "Eve and the new Adam," "The susceptibility of

No. 4.] FARMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS. 421

animals to soil and climate," "Marketing cotton," "Farmers'
wives and their needs," and "on a bounty on exports," and
"aid to American shipping engaged in foreign carrying
trade."

The question of where the Congress should meet in 1896
was settled by the members voting in favor of Nashville,
Tenn.

It was also voted to accept the invitation of the proprie-
tors of Fruithurst, in Tallapoosa County, Ala., for the
following day, to hold a session of the Congress at that
place. It was also voted that the thanks of the Congress be
extended to Dr. Hawthorne for his able and instructive
sermon on Sunday.

A resolution was also passed commemorative of the life,
acts and worth of the late Hon. Daniel Needham of Massa-
chusetts, a member of the Farmers' National Congress for
several years.

On Tuesday, October 15, in accordance with the vote of
the previous day, the members of the Congress took an
early train for Fruithurst, Ala., eighty-five miles distant
from Atlanta. They arrived at their destination in the
forenoon, where they were met by the proprietors and
welcomed to Fruithurst. It is worthy of remark that two
of the prominent proprietors of the Fruithurst Fruitery
and Winery Association were Yankees, — one from Massa-
chusetts, the other from Connecticut.

The Congress held a session at Fruithurst in the shade of
an oak grove, were photographed, enjoyed the pleasure of
an Alabama barbecue, were shown over the settlement, reg-
istered names in a visitors' book, and enjoyed the outing
very much. As we gathered at the railway, waiting for the
train to take us to Tallapoosa, where we were to take sup-
per, speech-making was indulged in, and the visit to Fruit-
hurst closed with cheers and good feeling all round.

At Tallapoosa our hosts escorted us to the Lilhia Hotel,
a tine large modern house, whore we look supper and spent
a social hour. The train which was to take the party back
to Atlanta was greatly behind time, so that it was midnight
when it reached its destination.

422 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Wednesday, October 16, was the last day of the Congress.
Many resolutions sent to the committee on resolutions were
not reported to the full body, as they, were not deemed of
sufficient importance to take up the time of the closing
hours of the session. All the important matters were con-
sidered, discussed as time would permit and then disposed
of. More papers were read, and among them one on nitre
as a fertilizer ; congratulatory resolutions were passed, and
at last the business for which the Farmers' National Con-
gress had been convened was at an end ; a motion to ad-
journ sine die was made and carried ; the president's gavel
came down, and he announced that the Congressional ses-
sion for 1895 had ended.

Members grasped each other's hands, bade adieu to their
co-laborers, and many started for home immediately.

The delegates from Massachusetts were accorded honor-
able consideration by the Congress : Mr. Avery was made
a vice-president, Mr. Kilbourn a member of the committee
on resolutions, Mr. Candage Mas made chairman of a com-
mittee to confer with the committee of the National Grange,
Patrons of Husbandry and others, at Worcester, .Mass.,
Nov. 14, 1895, and Mr. Brooks was accorded honorable
consideration on the floor.

After the close of the Farmers' National Congress the
members that remained in the city had opportunity to visit
the International Exposition and to attend the Good Roads
Parliament, where they were welcome and made members
of that body.

It may not be out of place in this report to give a short
account of the city of Atlanta and its wonderful growth and
thrift.

Atlanta is the capital of Georgia, is situated upon the
ridge which divides the Atlantic from the Gulf coasts, some
eleven hundred feet above the sea level. It is one hundred
and seventy-one miles from the city of Augusta and three
hundred from Savannah. Its climate is dry and mild, with
a mean annual temperature of 64° F. The summer heat is
dry and not excessive, and sunstroke is never known there.
In 1860 Atlanta was a town of some six thousand people,

No. 4.] FARMERS' NATIONAL CONGRESS. 423

living- in unpainted wooden houses, which General Sherman,
on " his march to the sea," in 1864, laid in ashes. In 1895
it had an estimated population of one hundred and ten thou-
sand, one-third of whom were negroes. It is a great rail-
way centre, one of the largest and most progressive cities
of the South, its enterprise having won for it the name of
" the Chicago of the South."

Northern and Western capital have greatly aided in its de-
velopment. Its fine public buildings, its more than seventy
miles of paved streets lighted by electricity and equipped
with electrical railways, its factories, machine shops and
foundries, its banking and commercial houses, its fine hotels
and residences, its pure water and system of drainage, its
colleges and schools, make it not only a thriving business
centre but a desirable place of residence and a city of refine-
ment and culture.

It has seventy churches, a public-school system consisting
of twenty grammar, two high and several private schools.
Other educational institutions are the Atlanta University,
for the education of colored men and women ; Clarke Uni-
versity, for students without regard to sex or color, attached
to which is the Gammon theological department ; Spellman
Seminary, for women and girls ; a Baptist Seminary, a
School of Technology, Georgia Military Institute, two medi-
cal colleges, two business colleges and a young men's library
of some ten thousand volumes.

It is to Atlanta, with the influences radiating from it, that
we may look for the new life and vigor for the regeneration
of the South, and create a new state of things for the whole
people — white and black — of the former slave States. No
other place in the South is freighted with such possibilities
for the good of that part of our country as are contained in
the wealth, enterprise, educational development and broad-
mindedness of the people of Atlanta.

For location, salubrity of climate, good water, modern
conveniences and thrift, Atlanta surpasses the other cities
of the South. Her people Mere wise in discerning "the
day of her visitation/' and in welcoming in men and money
from the North and West to aid in raising from the ashes of

424 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc. No. 4.

the old town this new and attractive city, of which they
have just cause to feel proud.

Probably no other city of the South could have at this
time accomplished what she did in the matter of the Cotton
States Exhibition of 1895. The exhibition drew large num-
bers to Atlanta, who carried away with them to their homes
in the North and West a far better idea of the South than
could otherwise have been obtained by them. The fact of
their coming to meet and greet their brethren of the South
will prove of great advantage not only to them but through
them to the whole country.

Time has softened, and is still softening, the old antago-
nisms once existing between the people of the free and the
former slave States. This is manifest in the cordiality with
which the people of the South meet and greet Northerners,
and especially is it the case with the old officers and soldiers
of the late confederacy. They are loyal Americans to-day,
and are as proud of their country's greatness as are we of
the North. This is as it should be ; and we believe that the
Farmers' National Congress is doing grand work in that
direction as well as for the interests of agriculture, and
should be maintained and aided with proper substantial sup-
port of all the States of the Union.

Respectfully submitted,

JOHN G. AVERY.
W. A. KILBOURN.
ETHAN BROOKS.
R. G. F. CANDAGE.

Jan. 12, 1896.

ANNUAL REPORT

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

In Accordance with Section 51 of Chapter 491
of the Acts of 1894.

January 10, 1896

REPOET

STATE BOARD OF CATTLE COMMISSIONERS.

To the Honorable Senate and House of Representatives.

In accordance with the requirements of section 51 of chapter
491 of the Acts of the year 1894, the Board of Cattle Com-
missioners begs to present the following report of its work for
the year 1895.

In the report of this Board presented to your honorable body
on Jan. 10, 1895, and printed as Public Document No. 51 of
that year, an extended report was given of the work of this
Board conducted under the lawr of 1894 (chapter 491) up to
Dec. 15, 1894. The law of 1894 as a whole has continued to
be the basis of the work of this Board during the year 1895,
except in so far as certain sections of that act were changed by
an act passed by the Legislature of 1895, being chapter 496 of
the Acts of that year.

At the time of the submission of the last report, the work
of this commission was being conducted under the following-
heads : —

First. — The general direction and supervision of the large
corps of inspectors of animals and provisions appointed by the
cities and towns under the provisions of that act.

Second. — The examination of all reported cases of animals
suspected of being afflicted with the contagious diseases enum-
erated under that law, other than tuberculosis.

Third. — The examination of neat stock for the detection of
the presence of tuberculosis, the work in tuberculosis being the
main work of the commission. This division of the work was
being conducted in four different ways : —

1. The examination of all cases quarantined by local in-
spectors, suspected of being tuberculous, reports of which
were received by the Board.

2. The examination of animals coming into the markets of
Brighton, Watertown and Somerville for sale.

428

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

3. The examination of animals coming from without the
State, upon special permit.

4. The systematic examination of all animals within local-
ities specially designated and quarantined by the Board for
that purpose.

At the time of the making of the report of last year, the
Board was making all examinations of neat stock for the pres-
ence of tuberculosis with the aid of the diagnostic a°;ent known
as tuberculin, this work having been begun on Oct. 4, 1894, as
stated in the report of that year.

Inspectors.

Under the provisions of sections 1 and 2 of the law of 1894,
the cities and towns of the Commonwealth are obliged to
appoint annually, in the month of March, one or more persons
to be inspectors of animals and provisions. These inspectors
have general supervision of the matter of the inspection of
domestic animals within the limits of their cities or towns,
and are under the supervision of the Board of Cattle Com-
missioners.

The law further provides that each city and town shall send
to the Board of Cattle Commissioners, on or before the first
day of April, a true and correct list of the duly appointed and
qualified inspectors of animals and provisions, which notice
shall give the name and address of each such inspector, and
his usual business occupation, as far as the same is known.
Under this provision three hundred and fifty-three, or all, of
the cities and towns have appointed four hundred and fifty-
eight inspectors, whose business occupations, so far as they
are given, are as follows : —

Farmers,

241

Cattle dealers,

4

Veterinary surgeons, .

47

Health officers,

4

Butchers,

7

Provision dealers,

5

Grocers,

11

Painters, .

5

Trader,

1

Cow doctor, .

1

Chiefs of police, .

2

Wood and coal dealers,

3

Blacksmith, .

1

Meat peddler,

1

Retired sea captain,

1

Carpenters, .

2

Market gardenei*,

1

Electrician, .

1

Street commissioner, .

1

Lumber dealer, ,

1

No. 4.] CATTLE

COMMISSIONERS' REPORT.

429

Poultry raiser,

1

Coal dealer, .

1

Shoe shop, .

1

Retired railroad conductor,

1

Town clerk, .

1

Inspector,

1

Sealer of weights

anc

Assessor,

1

measures, .

1

Salesman,

1

Contractor, .

1

Cattle broker,

1

Undertaker and barber,

1

Auctioneers, .

2

Expressman,

1

Clerk, ....

1

Milkman,

1

Dealer in horses and car-

Tax collector,

1

riages,

1

Laborer,

1

Veterinary student,

1

Axe maker, .

1

Market man,

1

Superintendent town farm,

1

Sole cutter, .

1

Deputy sheriff,

1

Janitor,

1

Retired butcher, .

1

Occupation not given, .

86

Fish dealer, .

1

Sawyer,

1

Total, .

458

Drivers of retail meat w

agon

2

Under the law of 1894 the duties of these inspectors con-
sisted in the examination, at the time of slaughter, of all neat
stock slaughtered at slaughter houses licensed under the pro-
visions of law ; the regular inspection of all neat stock within
the limits of their cities or towns, at such time as the Board of
Cattle Commissioners should designate ; and the further inspec-
tion from time to time of all animals suspected of having any
of the contagious diseases named in the act.

Under the provisions of chapter 496 of the Acts of the year
1895, these duties were extended by requiring that these regu-
lar inspections should include the examination of all sheep and
swine, as well as neat cattle, as was formerly provided. This
law further required that the carcasses of all sheep and swine
slaughtered at licensed slaughter houses should be subject to
the same systematic examination formerly required in the case
of neat cattle only.

In this connection the Board desires to state that, while it
has made a widely extended and very thoroughly conducted
examination of all reported cases of tuberculosis among sheep
in this State, it has as yet been unable to demonstrate its
presence among them.

"While this has been true in Massachusetts, it is right to say,
here, that authoritative reports of the discovery of tuberculosis
in sheep have been made, from time to time, as follows : —

480 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The records of the Copenhagen slaughter houses, for the
years 1890 to 1893 inclusive, show that, out of 337,014
sheep, 1 was found showing evidence of tuberculosis. The
records of the Berlin slaughter houses for 1892 and 1893 show
that, out of 335,949 sheep slaughtered, 15 showed evidence of
tuberculosis.

In the case of swine, the Board, some time prior to the pas-
sage of this law, issued instructions to inspectors to ascertain
as far as possible to what extent tuberculosis existed among
this class of animals in their districts. The inspectors were
asked to make post-mortem examinations whenever the oppor-
tunity offered, and to report the results of those examinations
to the Board. In accordance with this request, many commu-
nications were received stating that tuberculosis had been
found, and many specimens were sent to the laboratory show-
ins; unmistakable lesions of the disorder as existing in the
lungs, livers and entire lymphatic system of these animals.

While this state of affairs was well known to exist, the
Board has always considered that the difficulties surrounding
the examination of live swine, for determining the presence in
them of tuberculosis, were so great as to amount to an imprac-
ticability, in the cases of the local inspectors ; and it has never,
therefore, issued instructions to those inspectors as to methods
to be pursued in examining these animals for that disease.
The Board has realized, also, that the danger of communication
of the disease from swine to other animals and to man is very
limited, because of the fact that, so far as man is concerned, the
only product of these animals eaten is derived from the flesh,
and that in all cases, except among a certain portion of our
German population, this product is so thoroughly cooked
before being eaten as to kill the germ of tuberculosis ; and,
further, in regard to the transmission of the disease from swine
to other animals, that the way in which swine are kept is one
that prevents, of itself, any great liability of the extension of
the disease to cattle ; and, above all, that the life of swine is so
short that any danger which may exist in this direction is nat-
urally reduced to a minimum.

Up to March of this year, the regulations issued by this
Board to inspectors required them to make two regular inspec-
tions of neat cattle in each year ; the first one to be made dur-

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 431

in«- the month of March, or just before the animals are turned
out to pasture, and the second one to be made in October, or
as soon thereafter as the animals come in from pasture.

The returns coming from the inspectors under this order
were so few and unsatisfactory that the commission felt that
if a longer time were given a better result might be reached,
and that, at any rate, if the required examination should be
limited to one in each year, the expense to the cities and towns
would be considerably reduced, while the results obtained
would not be any less valuable ; and accordingly, on March
25, 1895, the following general order was issued : —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,
Secretary's Office, 52 Village Street, Boston, March 25, 1895.

To Lisjjectoj's of Animals and Provisions.

Gentlemen : — You may possibly remember that when the regular
examinations of herds of neat stock were first begun, under the
direction of this Board, four such inspections were ordered to be
made in each year.

Experience with this order very soon developed the fact that it
would be impossible for the inspectors to properly and thoroughly
make so many examinations within the given time ; and an order
dated September, 1893, was passed by this Board, directing that
" hereafter inspectors be ordered to make two thorough examinations
of cattle in each year."

This same order was, in substance, repeated by the enlarged com-
mission, who, in a circular letter communicated to all of the inspect-
ors on July 19, 1894, issued an order directing that " hereafter
inspectors be ordered to make two thorough examinations of cattle
in each year : one during October, or as soon thereafter as animals
come in from pasture ; the other during March, or just before the
animals are turned to pasture. Reports of the results of these exam-
inations, upon the proper blanks, must reach this office on or before
the fifteenth day of December and the fifteenth day of May in each
year. That inspectors be also ordered and advised to make inspec-
tions of any herds or of any animals within their district whenever any
emergency arises, or whenever in their judgment, because of numerous
changes or otherwise, it is better for the service for them to do so."

It is under this order that the work has been done during the past
winter and up to this time.

Now, the further experience has developed the fact that two com-
plete inspections cannot be accomplished by the inspectors through-

432 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

out the State within the given time, the inspection directed to be
finished by the 15th of December not yet being completed. This
Board is, therefore, of the opinion that the objects sought by the law
will be more fully and properly reached by again decreasing the num-
ber of inspections to be made, thus allowing time for a more thorough
and careful examination of the animals than is now possible in a
great number of the towns and cities ; that is to say, they feel that
one thorough examination, made through each winter, with a contin-
ued subsequent examination in special cases and under certain condi-
tions^ will succeed in discovering a greater per cent, of the tubercu-
lous animals than can be found in the two hurried examinations ;
therefore : —

At a meeting of the Board of Cattle Commissioners, held on the
fifteenth day of March, 1895, it was Voted, That inspectors will
hereafter make their examinations of neat stock in conformity with
the following order : —

General Order No. 6.

Hereafter inspectors will make one thorough, regular examination of
all neat stock in each year. This examination shall commence in October,
or as soon thereafter as animals shall be in from pasture, and be contin-
ued with all proper dispatch until finished. Carefully made reports of
the results of this examination, upon the proper blanks (Form No. 1),
must reach this office on or before the first day of May in each year.
Inspectors are also ordered to make further inspections of any herds or of
any animals within their district whenever any emergency arises, or when-
ever in their judgment, because of numerous changes or otherwise, it is
better for the service for them to do so.

Frederick H. Osgood, Chairman,
Charles P. Lyman, Secretary,
Maurice O'Connell,
Leander F. Herrick,
Charles A. Dennen,

Board of Cattle Commissiotiers.

Under the provisions of the law of 1894 it was made the
duty of all inspectors to quarantine every domestic animal
which the inspector had reason to believe wTas infected w7ith a
contagious disease, the animal to remain in quarantine until
examined by this Board, and released or condemned, as the
case might be. Early in April, the appropriation for the work
of this commission having been practically exhausted, the fol-
lowing order was issued to inspectors upon April 9, relating to
animals placed in quarantine : —

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 433

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,
Secretary's Office, 52 Village Street, Boston, April 9, 1895.

To Inspectors of Animals and Provisions.

Gentlemen : — Inasmuch as the temporary appropriation made

for the uses of this commission by the present Legislature is nearly

exhausted, we cannot at present carry on the work of examining

such neat stock as you may see fit to place in quarantine, and pay

for it if found diseased, until further appropriation is made. You

are therefore hereby notified that any neat stock that you have

already quarantined, and which has not yet been condemned by the

Board, or that you may hereafter quarantine as being iu your opinion

tuberculous, will have to so remain until such time as sufficient

money is so appropriated. When such further appropriation is made,

you will be promptly notified of the fact by us.

Frederick H. Osgood, Chairman,

Charles P. Lyman, Secretary,

Maurice O'Connell,

Leander F. Herrick,

Charles A. Dennen,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.

After issuing this order the Board ceased to make further
examinations of animals placed in quarantine until after June
4, when a further appropriation was made.

Upon April 9, at the time this order was issued, nine ani-
mals were in quarantine. Upon June 4 there wrere in quaran-
tine, awaiting examination, eighty-six animals. The cost of
keeping these animals in quarantine from April 9 to June 4
fell entirely upon their owners, and was the occasion of a con-
siderable amount of complaint and hardship. The commission,
however, was unable to remedy this, because under the law it
had no authority to pay the expense of maintaining such ani-
mals in quarantine until after they had been examined ; and it
had no authority to incur the expense attendant upon the mak-
ing of these examinations.

The passage of the law of 1895, while not making material
changes as to the general administration, did change, in cer-
tain details, a large number of sections of the law relating to
the administration of the work of the commission, which in-
volved an entire alteration of the system under which the work

434 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

was done. This required an entire remodelling of all general
orders of the Board and of all the forms and blanks thereto-
fore used, and it was not until late in July that this work was
accomplished.

Upon July 22 the following instructions were issued to all
inspectors of animals and provisions throughout the Common-
wealth : —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,
Secretary's Office, 52 Village Street, Boston, July 22, 1895.

To Inspectors of Animals and Provisions.

We send you herewith pamphlet containing all the laws now in
force relating to the suppression of contagious diseases among domes-
tic animals, being the law of last year under which you have been
operating, as affected by the legislation of 1895. The laws contained
in this pamphlet, together with such regulations and instructions as
you receive from time to time from this Board and from the board of
health of your city or town, will constitute the basis of your work as
inspectors in the future.

Your appointment will be made by the same authorities as last
year, to wit, the mayor and aldermen of cities and the selectmen of
towns. As soon as you have been appointed, it is your duty to take
the oath to faithfully perform the duties of your office.

While you have been appointed by your city or town authorities,
the Board of Cattle Commissioners has the power to remove you from
your office whenever in the opinion of this Board you neglect or
refuse to properly perforin the duties of your office, and in such case
a new appointment will be made from this office.

While the service of the inspectors during the past year has been a
great improvement over the work of the previous year, it has not been
uniformly satisfactory throughout the State, and you are directed
throughout your city and town to conform to the law and the regula-
tions and orders issued by this Board. We therefore request you to
carefully study the law bearing upon the matter, and to strictly carry
out the instructions contained in this circular and all future orders.

Iuspectors in cities or towns affected by chapter 476 of 1895 will
deal directly with the auditor's office at the State House, and not with
this commission, in relation to the provisions of that law.

It is made your duty, by the provisions of sections 3 and 42", to
obey, carry out and enforce all orders and regulations issued by the
board of health of your city or town or by the Board of Cattle Com-

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 435

missioners or any of its members, in the discharge of its or their
duties.

Your attention is specially called to section 4 of the law herewith,
which is section 1 of chapter 496 of the laws of this year. This law
extends your duties in relation to inspection beyond that of last year.
Under tbe previous law it was your duty to make regular inspections
of all neat cattle within the limits of your city or town. This duty
still remains in force. You will make this inspection in accordance
with General Order No. 6, issued by this Board, March 25, 1895,
which is as follows : —

General Order No. 6.

Hereafter inspectors will make one thorough, regular examination of all
neat stock in each year. This examination shall commence in October, or
as soon thereafter as animals shall be in from pasture, and be continued
with all proper dispatch until finished. Carefully made reports of the re-
sults of this examination, upon the proper blanks (Form No. 1), must reach
this office on or before the first day of May in each year. Inspectors are
also ordered to make further inspections of any herds or of any animals
within their district whenever any emergency arises, or whenever in their
judgment, because of numerous changes or otherwise, it is better for the
service for them to do so.

The law further requires you to make regular and thorough inspec-
tions of sheep and swine, as well as neat cattle. You will make this
inspection at the same time that you make the inspection of neat
cattle, under General Order No. 6. The Board has no special in-
structions to give you in regard to the inspection of sheep. It has no
knowledge that tuberculosis exists in sheep, nor can the Board point
out to you any particular method which it desires to have you follow
to assist you in detecting tuberculosis in swine when alive.

Under section 5 it is your duty to keep a complete record of all in-
spections made by you upon the stub accompanying form No. 1, '95.
In making this record you will be careful to make it complete both
in the stub and in the return of such inspection, which should be
made regularly to this commission, upon the proper blank (No. 1,
'95), being careful to state particularly as to each animal. A sepa-
rate page of these returns should be mailed to this office, correspond-
■ ing with each certificate of inspection which you deliver to the owner.
There should be one of these certificates returned for each owner or
herd. Under the provisions of section G it is made your duty to
deliver to the owner, or person in charge, a certificate covering the
animals inspected by you where you fail to find any contagious dis-
ease present. This certificate, under the present law, includes not
only neat cattle but also sheep and swine. You should impress upon

436 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the owners of such animals that this certificate is not a guaranty that
these animals are free from disease, or that they will remain so in the
future, hut that it is simply a certificate based upon a })hysical exami-
nation made by you, shoiving that upon such examination you fail to
detect the presence of any contagious disease. This certificate should
be made upon form No. 2, '95, which will be furnished you by this
office, and a careful record of the facts contained in such certificate
should be entered in the stub thereof.

It is also provided under the law enacted this year (see section 4)
that you shall inspect barns, stables and other premises where
animals are kept, whenever directed so to do by this Board. Sep-
arate forms will be furnished you later, with instructions in relation
to this inspection.

It is also your duty to quarantine any animal whenever you are
directed so to do by the board of health of your city or town or by
this Board or any of its members. All quarantines imposed by you
must be upon the premises of the owner or of the person in whose
charge the animal is found, unless you have specific directions to the
contrary from this Board or from your board of health. In imposing
these quarantines great care should be taken by you, because every
such animal, when properly quarantined, is deemed to be diseased so
long as the quarantine lasts, and severe penalties are imposed for the
breaking of any such quarantine (see section 34) . Forms for these
quarantines will be furnished you by this Board, and we desire to
call your especial attention to these and to the manner in which the
quarantine should be imposed. When you find an animal which j^ou
suspect or believe is affected with any of the contagious diseases
named in the act, you should first ascertain, if possible, the owner of
the animal, and to this end you should make yourself familiar with
the cattle and other animals within your city or town. If you are
unable to find the true owner, you will quarantine the animal, and
direct your order to the person whom you find to be in possession of
the animal at the time, first ascertaining from him, as far as possible,
his control over the animal. Having ascertained these facts, you will
then proceed to impose the quarantine.

You will note that the book of quarantine blanks which is fur-
nished you contains three different kinds of blanks, printed upon
different colored paper, and you will find upon the inside cover of
this book brief directions as to these blanks, and upon what animals
they are to be used.

> Whenever an animal which you desire to quarantine is a cow in
milk which you suspect or have reason to believe is tuberculous, you
will use the form printed upon pink-tinted paper {No. 3 a, '95), but
this form shoidd never be used upon any other animals. Under the

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 437

law now in force (section 27 of the pamphlet herewith) the Common-
wealth will pay the actual expense of quarantine of all cows in milk
which is incurred after the tenth day from the date when the quaran-
tine is imposed, because in such case the owner is forbidden to use
the milk, and therefore while the quarantine lasts he is subjected to a
loss from his failure to market this product. In the case of dry
cows, bulls, oxen and all other animals, except when your quarantine
is imposed in pursuance of a direction from this Board, you will, in
quarantining such animals, use the form printed on white paper (No.
3 b, '95). In this case the owner suffers no loss while the animal
is in quarantine, because there is no immediate product which he
is prevented from selling, and here the expense of the quarantine is
borne by the owner, as heretofore.

Whenever you are directed to quarantine any animal by this Board
or any of its members, either by general order or special directions,
it is made your duty to quarantine such animal, irrespective of any
judgment that you may have as to the existence of disease (see sec-
tion 7) . In such case you will use the form printed on blue paper
(No. 3 c, '95), unless you receive specific directions to the contrary.
The animals quarantined by order of the commission will usually be
animals which have been brought from without the limits of the
Commonwealth contrary to the quarantine regulations imposed by the
commission, and, although such animals may be cows in milk, the
owner is not forbidden to dispose of such milk, because the animal is
not quarantined as actually suspicious of being tuberculous.

Your attention is specially called to General Order No. 9, issued
by this Board July 8, 1895, relating to cattle brought into this
Commonwealth. You will carefully note the contents of this circular,
and see, so far as possible, that its terms are carried out within the
limits of your city or town. If you have any reason to believe that
any person proposes to bring any neat cattle into your city or town
without obtaining a permit for the same, you will send to this office
all the information that you can obtain bearing upon the matter. If
you find that any cattle have been brought into your city or town
contrary to the regulation, you will quarantine all of the same upon
the premises of the owner or person in charge, using quarantine form
No. 3 c, '95, printed on blue paper. In case the permit issued by this
Board for entry of any such cattle within the limits of your city or
town orders the owner or consignee to notify you upon the arrival of
such animals, you will inspect all of the same as soon after their
arrival as practicable. In such case your duty is simply to see licit
each animal is accompanied by a permit issued by this Board. If
the permit is accompanied by a certificate of a veterinarian, which

438 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

in all cases must be attached to the permit of entry, you will exam-
ine the animal, and see whether it corresponds with the description
contained in the permit and certificate. If you find that it so corre-
sponds, you will detach the veterinarian's certificate from the permit
and indorse upon the bottom of said certificate the date and place of
release, which you will sign and deliver to the owner or consignee.
You iviU fill out the corresponding certificate upon the bottom of the
permit and return the same immediately to this office. If you find
that such animal does not correspond with the description in the per-
mit and certificate, or if the permit is not accompanied with a certifi-
cate, you will immediately quarantine said animal, using the form
No. 3 c, '95, printed upon blue paper, and forward to this office at
once the duplicate, together with the permit of entry.

You should make yourself thoroughly familiar with the orders of
quarantine in each case, so as to follow them intelligently. All of
the blanks contained in these orders of quarantine should be care-
fully filled out. See that the date corresponds with the day when the
quarantine is actually made, and when the order of quarantine is
delivered to the owner, or served as provided by law. Always lorite
in the name of your city or town and the name of the owner in full,
writing in his given name, and not the initials, if you know it.

You will name the place where the quarantine is imposed, and give
a description of the premises which will be sufficient for identifica-
tion. You must quarantine only one animal on a single blank, and
you should write upon the blank an accurate description of the animal,
giving all her distinguishing marks, so that the animal can always be
easily and surely identified by the description contained in your order
of quarantine. You will also fill out the stub for the original order
of quarantine, seeing that this is also accurately and carefully done.
The original order of quarantine is to be served as directed in section
8. If the owner is known to you and can be found, you should always
deliver the original order of quarantine to him in person. If he can-
not be found and you know his usual place of abode, you will leave
it at such place, giving it, if possible, to his wife or some member
of his family, and instruct him or her of the importance of the order,
and his or her duty to see that the owner receives it. In such case
you should afterwards ascertain from the owner whether he received
the order of quarantine, and see that he is informed of it. If the
owner cannot be found or his residence located, you will deliver the
notice to the person in charge. In such case you will write in the
name of the persou in charge. This should not, if it can be avoided,
be delivered to ordinary hired help or men of a similar character
about the premises.

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 439

If you cannot find either the owner or anybody in charge, you will
post the order of notice upon some conspicuous place upon the barn
or building where the animal is quarantined. This should not be
done, however, except where it is practically impossible to find the
owner or person in charge. In delivering the original order of quar-
antine to the owner, you should call his attention to the importance
of his observing the quarantine, and especially to the section of the
law bearing upon the matter which is printed upon the back of the
order of quarantine.

You will note that the orders of quarantine are printed in dupli-
cate, the original and duplicate following each other in the book.
This duplicate should be filled out to exactly correspond ivith the origi-
nal. This duplicate is to be sent to the office of this Commission,
52 Village Street, Boston, and must be sent at once upon imposing
the quarantine (see section 9). The duplicate contains a form of re-
turn of service upon the back, which it is your duty to carefully fol-
low. Accurate instructions are given under the return, stating how
you should fill out the same, and these must be strictly complied
with. Be sure to fill out and sign this return on the back of dupli-
cate before mailing it to this office. At the same time that you send
this to the Board of Cattle Commissioners you should detach and
deliver to the board of health of your city or town the notice of
quarantine which is printed by the side of the duplicate order of
quarantine. The same rules are to be followed as to all the several
forms of quarantine, except that the blank spaces to be filled in on
these quarantines differ slightly.

Besides the quarantine imposed by your orders, you may receive,
from time to time, orders of quarantine issued by this Board, sent
to you for service. In such case the order of quarantine will be
filled out at this office. It will be simply your duty to serve the
same. In doing this you will proceed in the same manner as in the
case of quarantines imposed by you.

You have no power to remove any quarantine imposed by you
except upon the written order of this Board, or one of its members, or
of the board of health of your city or town. When you have for-
warded notice to this Board and to the board of health of quarantines
imposed by you, and have served the order upon the owner or person
in charge, or posted the same as above directed, it will be your duty
to refrain from giving any information regarding the matter to any
person whatsoever. While it is your duty to obey all orders issued
by the board of health of your city or town, such orders are super-
seded by orders issued by this Board, in so far as they refer to the
same matter ^see section 40) .

440 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Under section 10 you are authorized to inspect the carcasses of all
slaughtered animals, meat and other food products therein desig-
nated. You will act entirely in conjunction with your board of
health in this matter, except as to matters of animals and meat in-
spected for the purpose of detecting the presence of a contagious dis-
ease. Whenever, upon the inspection of any carcass, which, within
the meaning of this act, is defined to be the dead body of an animal
before any of the vitals or other portions of the body are removed,
you find that any portion of the body or any of the organs therein
contained are affected with tuberculosis or other contagious disease,
you will condemn the whole of the carcass, see that it is properly
buried or otherwise safely and effectually destroyed, and send a
notice of the fact to this office (see section 11). If, however, at the
time of seizure the owner of the property notifies you in writing that
he desires to appeal to the board of health, you will immediately
notify such board of the appeal, and will retain the custody of the
carcass, meat, etc., until such appeal is decided, which decision will
be final.

You are also authorized, under section 12, to inspect veal. As to
this inspection you will also act entirely with your local board of
health.

Power is given you, under section 13, to enter, for the purpose of
making inspections, upon any premises or into any building where
animals, carcasses, meat, etc., are kept, and any person who inter-
feres with you or prevents you from making this entry or examining
such animals, meats, etc., is subjected to a heavy penalty for so
doing. If this right is denied you, or you are prevented or inter-
fered with in the performance of your duties, you should first demand
entrance to the premises, or the disclosure of the secreted animal or
article, making such demand, if possible, in the presence of some
third party as a witness. If such entrance is refused, you will im-
mediately notify this office, stating all the facts and the names of the
witnesses who are present. Do not in any case use force.

Your attention is further called to sections 17 to 22, inclusive, of
the pamphlet herewith, which are sections 3 to 8, inclusive, of
chapter 496 of the Acts of 1895, relating to the matter of the inspec-
tion of carcasses and slaughter houses. These sections are substan-
tially the same as last year, except that they require the inspection
of carcasses of sheep and swine as well as of neat stock. The re-
quirements of these sections will form an important branch of your
duties. You are urged to see that there are no infractions of this
law ; and whenever you have any knowledge that any person is car-
rying on an establishment for the slaughter of neat cattle, sheep or
swine without obtaining a proper license, or that any person is

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 441

slaughtering upon his own premises any of such animals without
inspection, contrary to the provisions of section 21, you will imme-
diately notify this office and your board of health of the fact, giving
details as fully as possible. Every licensed slaughter house is
obliged to state the class of animals which it intends to slaughter,
the days on which it is the intention to slaughter, either in its appli-
cation or by a subsequent written notice, of which you are directed
to keep yourself informed (see sections 18 and 19). The license
which is issued to each such slaughter house will state all the kinds
of animals which the licensee is authorized to slaughter, and you will
see that no animals are slaughtered on such premises except those
designated in the license. By section 20 it is made your duty to be
present on the days of slaughter, and inspect at the time of slaughter all
neat cattle, sheep or swine at such establishment. If there is more
than one inspector in your city or town, it is the duty of your board
of health to divide the duties between you as to the slaughter
houses.

Your attention is especially called to the wording of this section,
which requires you to inspect at the time of slaughter. This means
that you must in all cases inspect the animal before any of the vitals
have been removed; and you toill not permit the owner or persons
slaughtering to remove any of the vitals and set them apart for your
subsequent inspection. Where practicable, arrangements may be
made between you and the proprietors as to the time of day when it
will be necessary for you to be present.

You will also inspect at the time of slaughter, as defined by sec-
tion 21, neat cattle, sheep and swine slaughtered by persons not
regularly engaged in the business, whenever you receive reasonable
notice from them of their intention to slaughter. This section has
been slightly changed by the act of this year, which permits the
slaughter without such inspection of calves less than six months old.
This section also permits the slaughter without inspection of animals
which have received a certificate of health from an inspector within
six mouths. You will see that all animals slaughtered not coming
within these two exceptions are inspected by you.

You will keep careful record of all these inspections, and make
proper return of the same to this office upon the prescribed form,
No. 6, '95, which will be furnished you. You will note the directions
at the bottom of this form, and see that the certificates are regularly
forwarded, and that they fully cover all this class of work conducted
by you. This commission will not deem that any inspector has
properly performed his duties who fails to carefully and conscien-
tiously attend to the slaughter-house inspection and rendering of
returns.

442 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

"Whenever you find the carcasses of any neat cattle, sheep or swine
to be infected with tuberculosis or other infectious disease, you will
proceed as directed in sections 10 and 11.

You will also note the provisions of section 22 as to penalties
incurred by persons who fail to cause their animals to be properly
inspected, or who deal in meats of animals not so properly inspected.

Your attention is further especially called to the provisions of sec-
tions 29, 30 and 35, and you will call the attention of all veterina-
rians within the limits of your city or town to the requirements of law
contained in these sections.

You will note the provisions of sections 38, 39 and 40, relating to
regulations issued by this Board, and you will be governed by the
requirements in such regulations.

Under the provisions of section 45, this Board, or any of its mem-
bers, are authorized to kill animals which they deem to be affected
with a contagious disease, when they deem that the public good re-
quires it. Animals will be killed upon written orders issued by this
Board, or one of its members, which orders may be directed to some
agent of this Board, or to you or such other person as may be therein
designated. In case you are named therein, it is your duty to strictly
obey all directions contained in such order, both in the killing and in
the disposal made of the carcasses. You will see that all orders of
this Board, or of your board of health, regarding the cleansing and
disinfecting of premises are promptly and thoroughly carried out.
Whenever you receive any such order to destroy any animal, you
will kill it yourself, or cause it to be killed by some other person
in your presence ; and in such case you will return a proper certifi-
cate to this office that such animal has been properly killed and dis-
posed of. The majority of such animals so ordered killed will be
neat stock destroyed as tuberculous. If such order is directed to
you, you will see that all the requirements of said order, and of the
certificate of ownership and valuation of the animal accompanying
the same, are fully complied with. Full directions as to the same
will be sent you with the order of killing. In case such order of
killing is directed to an agent of this Board or other person, it will
be your duty to accompany such agent or person, pointing out the
animal called for in the order, and otherwise assisting him in the per-
formance of his duty.

No compensation is to be paid to any person for any animal killed,
except in the case of cattle affected ivith tuberculosis, and then only ivhen
such animals have been killed by order of this commission or one of its
members, and tohen same has been owned within the State six months
continuously prior to the order of killing.

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' BEPORT. 443

In cases where the carcasses of any animals are destroyed by your
order or that of the board of health, upon inspection at the time of
slaughter, no compensation is paid for the same.

In case you act as appraiser in determining the value of any neat
stock destroyed as tuberculous, your attention is called to the pro-
vision relating to this matter contained in section 45, which is section
10 of chapter 496 of the Acts of 1895. The requirements of law of
last year, which provided that the animal was to be valued at the
time of slaughter, "for food or milk purposes, and without taking
into consideration the existence of the disease," have been repealed,
and the present law requires you to value the animal at its actual
value at the time of condemnation.

If you have any reason to believe that any person whose cattle are
killed as tuberculous has, prior thereto, by wilful act or neglect, con-
tributed to the spread of tuberculosis, you will notify the commission
of this fact, giving, so far as possible, your reasons for so believing.

Forms for records to be kept by you, and of returns to be made,
will be furnished you from time to time. These forms will cor-
respond in a general way to those required last year. You are hereby
directed to immediately deliver to the board of health of your city or
town books of record heretofore furnished, being forms Nos. 1 and 2,
relating to inspections and returns, form No. 3 being blank forms
of quarantine, and blanks of form No. 6, being returns of inspection
of slaughtered animals ; and upon the Board receiving notice from
the board of health of the return of such forms, new books, con-
taining the forms for this year, and new forms will be furnished you
in place thereof ; and you are hereby directed not to use any of the
forms of last year after the issue of this order.

At the expiration of your term of office as inspector it is your duty to
immediately surrender all your books and blanks to the board of health
of your city or town, to be delivered by them to the new appointee.

You are directed to carefully examine the provisions of this law
and of the records and forms furnished you, and see that you
thoroughly understand the same. You will see that these records are
all carefully and thoroughly kept ; and they must be at all reasonable
times open to the inspection of the board of health or any member of
this commission.

Frederick H. Osgood, Chairman,
Charles P. Lyman, Secretary,
Maurice O'Connell,
Leander F. Herrick,
Charles A. Dennen,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.

Address all communications to 52 Village Street, Boston.

444 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

As will be seen by reference to this order, special instruc-
tions were given to these agents in relation to the certificates
of soundness required under section 2 of chapter 496 of the
Acts of 1895. In view of the experience of this Board in
making physical examinations and tuberculin tests, it was felt
that the owners of all neat stock should be informed that the
certificate which they received showed only that an inspector
found no evidence of disease upon physical examination. Ac-
cordingly the certificates prescribed by the commission to be
issued by these inspectors were in the following form : —

Certificate of Inspection of Cattle, Sheep and Swine.

(Section 2, chapter 496, Acts of 1895.)

To be given to the Oioner or Person in Charge.

Town or city of Month, Day, 189 .

I hereby certify that I have this clay examined the following animals,

said to be owned by Mr. of Street, town or city

of : —

Cows in milk, Bulls, Cows dry and not fatting,

Fatting, Young, Oxen, Sheep, Swine,

Upon a physical examination I find no evidence of tuberculosis or other
contagious disease in any of said animals. Inspector.

This certificate is not based upon a tuberculin test.

Further special instructions were given to the inspectors in
relation to the quarantine of tuberculous animals. Section 27
of the law of 1894 provided that : —

When any animals are quarantined, collected or isolated under the
provisions of this act, upon the premises of the owner or person in
possession thereof at the time such quarantine is imposed, the ex-
pense thereof shall be paid by such owner or person in possession
thereof.

Under the provisions of this law the inspectors were fur-
nished blank forms of quarantine with which all animals sus-
pected of being infected with any contagious disease were
quarantined.

Section 9 of the law of 1895 changed this law by providing
that : —

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 445

Whenever specific animals are quarantined or isolated under
the provisions of sections seven, twenty-six and forty-five of this act,
more than ten days upon such premises, as suspected of being
afflicted with a contagious disease, and the owner is forbidden to sell
any of the product thereof for food . . . the expense of such quar-
antine shall be paid by the Commonwealth.

Inasmuch as neither the law nor the regulations issued by
the commission forbid the sale of the product of any animal
quarantined, except the milk from cows, it was necessary to
prescribe the use of quarantine orders, relating to such ani-
mals, differing from those that were used in the case of all
others. In consequence the following order of quarantine,
relating to cows in milk suspected of being tuberculous, was
prescribed by the commission : —

Order of Quarantine.

(Section 7, chapter 491, Acts of 1894.)
Original.

(To be delivered to oioner or person in charge.)

E3P To be used only for cows in milk suspected of being tubei-culous.

Town or city of 189 ■

To owner (or person in charge).

You are hereby notified that, by virtue of the powers and authority in
me vested by law, I have caused to be isolated and placed in quarantine in
upon your premises, to wit, the milch cow described as

follows, under suspicion of having the disease known as tuberculo-

sis, a contagious disease under the law.

You and all other persons whom it may concern are hereby forbidden to
remove the same from said place of quarantine for the purpose of slaughter
or for any other purpose whatsoever, or otherwise to break said quaran-
tine, until the further order of the local Board of Health, the Cattle Com-
mission or some one of its members.

You are notified that until this quarantine is removed said cow is deemed
to be diseased. You are warned of the danger of using the milk there-
from, and are forbidden to sell or otherwise dispose of it in any market.

The Commonwealth will pay the actual expense of this quarantine
which may be incurred after the tenth day, upon your returning to the
Board of Cattle Commissioners a satisfactory certificate of such expense.

Inspector.
Use a separate order for each animal.

446 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

In all other cases the following form was ordered to be
used : —

Order of Quarantine.

(Section 7, chapter 491, Acts of 1894.)
Original.

(To be delivered to otoner or person in charge.)

VST To be used for all animals except cows in milk suspected as tuberculous.

Town or city of 189 .

To owner (or person in charge).

You are hereby notified that by virtue of the powers and authority in me
vested by law, I have caused to be isolated and placed in quarantine in

upon your premises, to wit, the following animal,

under suspicion of having the disease known as , a contagious

disease under the law.

You and all other persons whom it may concern are hereby forbidden to
remove the same from the place of quarantine for the purpose of slaughter,
or for any other purpose whatsoever, or otherwise to break said quarantine,
until the further order of the local Board of Health, the Cattle Commission
or one of its members.

You are notified that until this quarantine is removed said animal is
deemed to be diseased. Inspector.

Use a separate order for each animal.

In view of the fact that the regular spring inspection was
not made during the past year, comparatively few milch
cows were placed in quarantine. In all cases where milch
cows have remained in quarantine more than ten days, the
owner who desires to make any claim upon the Commonwealth
for the expense of such quarantine is required to make oath
and deliver to the commission a claim for expense, in the
following form : —

Claim for Expense of Quarantine.

(Section 9, chapter 496 of the Acts of 1895.)
To the Board of Cattle Commissioners, 52 Village Street, Boston.

City or town of 189 .

Dear Sirs: — I hereby claim from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
$ as the expense of quarantine of a cow in milk for days,

and in support of the same I make the following affidavit : —

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 447

I hereby certify that during the entire period of quarantine I was the
owner or person in possession of the cow in milk described as follows :
; that said cow was duly quarantined upon the day of

189 , by , upon which day the proper order of quarantine

was duly delivered to me ; that said cow remained in quarantine continu-
ously thereafter until the day of ; that during all said time
I did not remove said cow from quarantine or in any way break the same
or disobey any order lawfully issued in regard to said animal or quarantine.

I further certify that I did not sell, dispose of or use for food the milk or
any other product of said cow during all the time that said cow was in
quarantine, and that since the day of 189 , being the tenth

day after the date when said cow was quarantined, I actually expended in
maintaining said cow in quarantine the sum of $ as follows : —

I further certify that all said expenses were reasonable, and were neces-
sary for the proper maintenance of said cow.

^Yitness, Owner.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

SS.

City or town of 189 .

Then personally appeared the above-named to me personally

known to be the person subscribing the same, and made oath that the fore-
going statement by him subscribed is true, except as to such matters as are
alleged on information and belief, and as to those, that he believes them to
be true. Justice of the Peace.

Seventeen claims have been received by this commission for
the expense of quarantine under this section. In the majority
of these the price charged was deemed reasonable, and has
been approved by the commission. The remaining claims
have been held for further investigation.

The commission would further state that in all other cases
where animals have been placed in quarantine the length of
time during which they have been held has been less than ten
days.

The Board is now only beginning to be in receipt of returns
of quarantine imposed, as the result of the animal examina-
tion; but between the fifteenth day of November and the
fifteenth day of December 1,011 animals have been so quar-
antined, and, at the present writing, these quarantine orders
arc being received at an average rate of about sixty per day.

448 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The receipt, at this time, of this very large number of
notices of quarantine, together with the fact that the appro-
priation made for the work of the Board has been exhausted
by payments made and obligations incurred, brought the com-
mission face to face with a question of considerable economic
importance, the proper solution of which is difficult. Inas-
much as the inspectors are public officers, charged with the
duty, imposed by law, of making regular and thorough in-
spections of all neat cattle, sheep and swine found within the
limits of their several cities and towns, the Board has no
power to prevent these inspections, nor has it the power to
forbid the quarantining of animals suspected of being dis-
eased.

Further, section 37 of chapter 16 of the Public Statutes
provides that : —

No public officer shall make purchases or incur liabilities in the
name of the Commonwealth for a larger amount than that which has
been appropriated by law for the service or object for which such
purchases have been made or liabilities incurred ; and the Common-
wealth shall be subject to no responsibility for the acts of its servants
and officers beyond the several amounts duly appropriated by law.

Finally, under the provisions of the law relating to quaran-
tine the statute is imperative that the Commonwealth shall
pay to the owners the entire cost of maintaining quarantined
animals after the lapse of the first ten days.

In riie face of this dilemma the commission have considered
it more desirable to incur the expense of making the examina-
tions as soon as possible after receipt of the notice, freeing
such animals as were found not to be tuberculous, and keeping
the others in quarantine until it becomes possible, by means
of a further appropriation, to compensate the owners for their
losses and destroy the animals.

Inasmuch as the order of this Board, issued March 25, did
not require that a regular inspection should be made until
October, 1895, or later, nor that the returns should be com-
pleted before the first day of May, 1896, the commission is
not in possession of complete returns showing the results of
a thorough inspection of neat cattle, sheep and swine through-

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 449

out the State ; but, up to the first day of December, returns
had been received from sixty-nine towns, showing the follow-
ing results: total number of herds examined, 4,769; total
number of cattle examined, 26,756 ; total number of sheep
examined, 5,412; total number of swine examined, 13,061;
making the total number of all animals so far examined
45,229, with 285 cities and towns yet to be heard from.

Slaughter-house Inspection.

Under the law of 1894 it was provided, for the first time,
that the proprietors of slaughter houses and similar establish-
ments eno-ao-ed in the slaughter of cattle should take out a
license to conduct such business. The result of this division
of the work, to Dec. 15, 1894, will be found upon pages
16-18 of the report of this Board for the year 1894.

As will be seen, this law required licenses to be taken out
only in the case of persons engaged in the slaughter of cattle.
Under an amendment contained in section 3 of the law of
1895, the act of 1894 was extended to include : —

The proprietor or proprietors of every slaughter house, canning,
salting, smoking or rendering establishment, and of every establish-
ment used for the manufacture of sausages or chopped meat of any
kind, engaged in the slaughter of neat cattle, sheep or swine, the
carcass or any of the meat or product of which is to be sold or used
for food . . .

By the provisions of section 1 of the same law it was further
provided : —

Nothing in this act shall apply to the inspection of sheep or swine
slaughtered in wholesale slaughtering establishments, or to the obtain-
ing of a license for the slaughtering of such sheep or swine.

It will be understood, therefore, that as a result of the
amendment of 1895 all establishments theretofore required to
take out licenses were still subject to the same law, and the
law was extended to include those slaughtering sheep and
swine, unless such person was the proprietor of a wholesale
slaughtering establishment.

Upon July 1, 1895, this Board issued a general order to

450 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

mayors and aldermen of cities and selectmen of towns, con-
taining the following- instructions relative to the issuing of
licenses : —

Every such proprietor engaged in the "business of slaughtering
neat cattle must take out such license before he is authorized to do
business. Wholesale slaughtering establishments are not required to
take out a license for the slaughtering of sheep or swine, nor are the
inspectors required to be present at such establishments to inspect at
the time of slaughter the carcasses of sheep or swine (section 1,
chapter 496 of the Acts of the year 1895). If, however, such pro-
prietors are also engaged in the slaughter of neat cattle, they must
take out a license to slaughter such animals as heretofore. In the
opinion of this Board, a wholesale slaughtering establishment within
the meaning of this act is an establishment that markets its product
to the jobbing trade alone, and disposes of no single carcass or por-
tions thereof. In all such establishments inspections are now being
made by agents appointed under the laws of the United States, there-
fore an establishment where no such inspection under the laws of the
United States is being conducted is not deemed to be a wholesale
establishment by this Board.

Soon after the law of 1894 came into operation, it was found
to be defective, to a certain extent, in that it failed to provide
for the making of returns to this commission of the number
of the several establishments so licensed to carry on this busi-
ness. Accordingly the law was amended by section 4 of the
law of 1895, by providing that : —

The board or officer of every city or town authorized to issue said
license shall on or before the first day of .June in each year send to
the Board of Cattle Commissioners a copy of every application made
to them under section seventeen of this act, and shall state the
doings of said board or officer upon said application ; and shall fur-
ther send to the Board of Cattle Commissioners the names and
addresses of all persons required to make application under section
seventeen, who were engaged in such business on the last day of the
previous April, and who have failed to make application as provided
in said section.

Under the order issued by this Board on July 1, to cities
and towns, the Board gave the following directions : —

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 451

Forms of applications and licenses to slaughter will be furnished you
upon application to this Board. Please notify all persons engaged in
the business of slaughtering neat cattle, sheep or swine within the
limits of your city or town of the provisions of this act, and request
them, if they desire to conduct such business further, to make proper
application in accordance with the provisions of section 3 of said
chapter 496, which should be strictly complied with. In case the
proprietor of any such establishment has already obtained a license
to slaughter cattle for the year ending the 30th of April, 1896, and
does not desire to slaughter either sheep or swine, no new application
is necessary. If such person desires or intends to slaughter sheep
or swine in addition, it will be necessary to make application for and
obtain a new license.

Your attention is called to section 4 of said chapter 496, in relation
to the issuing of licenses, which should be strictly complied with, and
records should in all cases be kept by the proper board, showing the
action taken by your city or town upon each application.

Your attention is specially called to the latter portion of the pro-
visions of this section, which requires the board or officer having the
matter of the issuing of such licenses in charge to send to the Board
of Cattle Commissioners a copy of every application made to carry
on such business of slaughtering, together with a copy of the records
of the city or town, showing the action of such board or officer upon
each such application. The commission deems it very important that
this provision be complied with, in order that accurate records may
be kept of the location of all such establishments and of the names
of all persons engaged in such business.

Inasmuch as the law this year allows thirty days within which
licenses must be taken out, which would expire on the fifth day of
July, the Board desires you to send to it before the first day of
August a copy of all such applications which have been or may be
made to conduct the business of slaughtering for the year ending
April 30, 1896, and of the records of the doings of your city or town
officials upon the same, and also a list giving the names and ad-
dresses of all persons within the limits of your city or town, required
under this section to take out a license, who were engaged in such
business on the thirtieth clay of April, 1895, and who have failed to
make application for a license to carry on the business.

The Board earnestly requests that you will co-operate with it in
this important work, and will promptly notify it of any breaches of
this law, not only on the part of persons slaughtering animals, but
on the part of the inspectors in failing to attend properly to the
matter of inspection.

452 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Under this provision of the law and in response to this
order the Board has received returns from fifty-nine cities and
towns. JSTew forms for licenses under the provisions of the
act of last year were prepared by the Board, and furnished, as
heretofore, to such towns as desired them, free of charge.
The form of these licenses varied but slightly from the form
used and printed in the report of last year (see page 168,
report of 1894).

The duty of inspecting animals at the time of slaughter in
these establishments is, in but comparatively few instances,
imposed upon those who are also inspectors of herds, so that
a very material portion of the work of those appointed to
these positions consists in the inspection at the time of slaugh-
ter of all neat cattle, sheep and swine slaughtered at these
establishments. Full directions in relation to this work were
given by the commission to such inspectors in the letter of
instructions, already printed on pages 434-443 of this report.

Returns of this inspection of slaughter houses are required
to be made by each inspector once in each month ; and these
returns received since the time at which the law was changed,
in June last, up to the fifteenth day of December, show the
following results : —

Number of cattle inspected at licensed slaughter houses at time

of slaughter, 18,738

Number of sheep inspected at licensed slaughter houses at time

of slaughter, 36,720

Number of swine inspected at licensed slaughter houses at time

of slaughter, 2,779

It was further provided, by section 21 of the law of 1894,
that wherever any person slaughtered any of his own cattle
upon his own premises, other than a slaughter house, such
person shall cause the carcass to be inspected at the time of
slaughter, " unless such animal has been duly inspected under
the provisions of this act within six months prior to such
slaughter, and a certificate of health has been delivered to the
owner or person in charge thereof." This law was amended
to read, "unless said animal is less than six months old,
or has been duly inspected under the provisions of this act
within six months prior to such slaughter, and a certificate of

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 453

health has been delivered to the owner or person in charge
thereof."

Under the provisions of this law, therefore, all animals
slaughtered by owners, other than proprietors of licensed
slaughter houses, are required to be inspected, unless they
come within the exception above stated. The returns from
this inspection are : —

Number of cattle inspected at time of slaughter, under section 21, . 508
Number of sheep inspected at time of slaughter, under section 21, . 212
Number of swine inspected at time of slaughter, under section 21, . 1,034
Total number of animals inspected at time of slaughter, including
those inspected at licensed slaughter houses and also under sec-
tion 21, 59,991

These returns are meagre, and, therefore, as indicating a
non-compliance with this important although rather new pro-
vision of our laws, unsatisfactory. It is hoped, however, that
in the near future, as our city and town officers become more
familiar with the work required of them under it, much im-
provement will be made.

The following returns of diseased carcasses, found by in-
spectors, embrace their examination both at slaughter houses
and upon the premises of owners (under section 21) : —

Cattle destroyed as tuberculous, 192

Sheep destroyed as tuberculous, 8

Swine destroyed as tuberculous, 97

Percentage of cattle found infected, . . . . . 1.00

Percentage of sheep found infected, .02

Percentage of swine found infected, 2.50

It will be noted that these returns show that the carcasses
of eight sheep were destroyed as tuberculous. It should be
understood that these condemnations were made, so far as lliis
Board is informed, by the inspectors, and is a statement of
their opinions, unsupported by any laboratory investigation.

Glanders.

During the past year, as heretofore, the entire time of Com-
missioner O'Connell has been substantially given to answering

454

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

in person the numerous calls in relation to suspected cases
of glanders and farcy, received from local inspectors, health
authorities and various other persons.

During the year the Board has received notification of two
hundred and fifty of such suspected cases ; of these, two hun-
dred and six have been condemned and killed and forty-four
have been released. All cases of this nature that have been
received have been attended to, and in every case that has
been destroyed post-mortem examination has shown the
disease.

The condemned animals were found in the following-named
cities and towns. The asterisk shows towns where same dis-
ease was found in 1894.

Abington,

* Amesbury,
Amherst,

* Arlington,
Attleborough,
Ashburnham,

* Boston,
Braintree,

* Brockton,

* Cambridge,

* Canton,
Charlestown,

* Chelmsford,
Chesterfield,

* Chicopee,
Clinton,
Dedham,

* Everett,

East Longmeadow,
Fall River,
Fitchburg,

* Franklin,

* Gardner,

* Grafton,
Groveland,

* Harvard,

* Haverhill,

* Holyoke,

* Hopkinton,

* Lawrence,
Lee,

* Lexington,
Lowell,

* Lynn,

* Maiden,
Mattapoisett,

* Millbury,
*Neeclham,

* Xewton,

* Northampton,
North Andover,
Pittsfield,

Quincy,

* Somerville,
Southbridge,
Southborough,

* Springfield,

* Stoughton,
Stockbridge,
Swansea,
Shelburne Falls,

* Tannton,
Ware,

* Westport,
Wayland,
Walthani,
Wellesley,
Webster,

* Whitman,
West Springfield,

* Worcester.

A comparison of these statistics with those given in this
same connection in the report for 1894 shows that in the same
number of towns there have been twenty more cases reported
and forty-six more animals destroyed this year than last ; and

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 455

that, of the sixty-one towns reporting, thirty-one were among
those reporting last year.

Three quite pronounced outbreaks of the disease have been
encountered, one in Worcester, one in Fall Riv.er and one in
Lynn ; but it is now believed that these outbreaks have been
successfully suppressed.

The, commission has good reason for believing that much of
the difficulty surrounding any attempt at the suppression of
glanders and farcy is in the failure upon the part of some
of those who make a business of treating sick horses, and who
call themselves veterinarians, to report the cases that come to
their knowledge. It is certainly true that practically no infor-
mation of this kind is received from this source by the com-
mission. Veterinary practitioners should be more anxious
and more able than any other class of our community to be
active in helping to suppress a disease which is so destructive
to horses and so dangerous to mankind.

Otherwise, the commission has had the hearty co-opera-
tion of the community, the local boards of health and the police
departments of the several cities and towns.

It is possible that, if it is more widely understood that sec-
tions 29 and 35 of chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894 refer to
glanders and farcy as well as to some other contagious diseases
of animals, the law will be more fully complied with. The
sections are as follows : —

Section 29 of the Acts of 1894 provides that : —

Every person who has knowledge of or good reason to suspect the
existence of any contagious disease among any species of domestic
animals within the limits of this Commonwealth, or that any domestic
animal is affected with any such contagious disease, whether such
knowledge is obtained by personal examination or otherwise, shall
immediately give written notice thereof to the board of health of the
city or town where such diseased animal or animals are kept, and for
failure so to do shall be punished by a fine not exceeding five hun-
dred dollars or by imprisonment in jail not exceeding one year.

Section 35 of this same act provides : —

Every person who kills or causes to be killed, with the consent of
the owner or person in possession thereof, any animal under suspicion

456 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

that the same is affected with or has been exposed to a contagious
disease, and who, upon the inspection of the carcass thereof, finds
or is of the opinion that the same is affected with a contagious dis-
ease, shall notify such owner or person in possession thereof of the
existence of such disease, and shall also immediately notify the Board
of Cattle Commissioners of the same, and of the place where the
animal was found, the name of the owner or owners or person or per-
sons in possession thereof, and of the disposal made of such carcass.
Any person violating the provisions of this section shall be subject to
the same penalties as are provided in section fifteen of this act.

In the opinion of the commission, one very potent source
of the dissemination of glanders and farcy is in the public
drinking troughs and watering tubs.

In Worcester County, for instance, there are a great num-
ber of itinerant venders of wares, who buy worn-out and sick
horses at nominal prices, a large number of them being pur-
chased outside the limits of this Commonwealth, where they
are not subject to strict inspection laws. These animals are
lodged in old barns and small buildings during the night, and
in the daytime are hitched to the carts from which wares are
sold, and driven throughout the surrounding country.

The commission has found cases of glanders in Fitchburg,
Clinton, Ashburnham, Westport and Newton Lowrer Falls,
which were directly traceable to the horses of itinerant venders,
the disease having undoubtedly been conveyed through the
medium of the public watering troughs.

The 'commission has no practical way of coping with this
disease other than by promptly examining all suspected cases,
and destroying those that prove to be diseased.

Notwithstanding the fact that many practitioners use and
advise the use of mallein as a diagnostic agent in the presence
of suspected glanders, this commission has continued to rely
upon a carefully made physical examination in all of the cases.
It has, however, used mallein to verify these diagnoses in
twenty-seven instances ; or perhaps the situation would be
more accurately stated by saying that in twenty-seven instances
of undoubted glanders the mallein was used and its perform-
ance carefully watched.

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' KEPORT. 457

Hog Cholera.

There is but little to say on this subject, Sixty-five out-
breaks have been reported during the year. This is a matter
which, as a whole, can be very well treated by the owners of
animals, and accordingly the Board issued to such owners the
following letter of instructions : —

52 Village Street, Boston, Oct. 14, 1895.

Dear Sir : — In treatment of outbreaks of hog cholera, I am in-
structed by the Board of Cattle Commissioners to direct as follows :
Make a thorough separation of the well from the sick animals ; let
the well ones be examined frequently, and as fast as new disease is
found, put the animal among those that have been set off as sick ;
quarantine the whole herd, allowing no animals to be sold from it or
none to be added to it until all signs of the disease have disappeared
from among them. Place in the food a solution of carbolic acid, —
five drops to one hundred pounds live weight of the animal.

Yours truly, F. H. Osgood, Chairman.

Rabies.

Strictly speaking, this Board has received no notice of the
existence of rabies in the State during the past year, nor have
any of its members had any reason to suppose that there had
been any outbreak of the sort until on or about the lOfh of
December, when a statement published in one of the Boston
daily papers led to an inquiry and the following correspond-
ence : —

[Copy.]

City Hall, West Newton, Dec. 11, 1895.
Dr. Robert A. Held, Newton, Mass.

Dear Sir: — It appears that by the law of 1894, chapter 491,
section 37, "rabies" was made a contagious disease, and the exe-
cution of the law in regard to same is with the Board of Cattle Com-
missioners. Will you be so kind as to write a statement of the case
to Dr. Chas. P. Lyman, No. 52 Village Street, Boston, Mass., giv-
ing such facts as are in your possessiou, and the Board of which he
is secretary will take immediate action.
Very truly yours,

(Signed) I. F. Kingsbury, City Clerk.

458 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

[Copy.]

Newton, Mass , Dec. 12, 1895.

Dr. Charles P. Lyman, Boston, Mass,

Dear Sir: — The Board of Aldermen of Newton, at special ses-
sion, ordered all dogs in Wards 1 and 7, east of Laundry Brook,
muzzled for four months. Enclosed letter from city clerk explains
itself, and why I address you. It is probable that you have seen
something of the case in the daily papers, e. g., the "Herald" of
Tuesday. Until the 22d ult. the dog, which was but thirteen months
old, was just an awkward, good-natured puppy. On the 22d he was
very much excited and I'estless, and showed disposition to snap, and
on the 23d bit the seven persons alluded to, including boy on whose
bed he had slept each night, and servant girl who fed and petted
him. He also fought with every dog he could find, without regard
to size. He was taken to the dog and cat" home at Brighton, but
man in charge gruffly refused to admit him, although the children
told him something was wrong with the dog.

He fought with many dogs going to and from that place, wound-
ing some severely. He disappeared at 5 p.m., and was killed at 5
a.m. next morning, at West Roxbury, nine miles distant. What
course did he pursue in reaching that place, and how many dogs did
he bite? He savagely attacked and bit the man who killed him.
Identification was positive a week later, and the autopsy at Boston
Veterinary College showed stomach full of stones, sticks, straw, hair
and manure. His teeth were all broken. Dr. Ernst has inoculated
rabbit, and also one has been inoculated at Pasteur Institute, New
York,' where children, two of them being my own, are under anti-
rabic treatment.

Since local ordinance was passed, it occurred to me that territory
covered is not sufficient, as he visited home of John Campbell on
Chapel Street, this city, on the 2 2d, which is quite a little west of
Laundry Brook, but was not admitted, as he was then all dirty and
bleeding. Please act promptly and vigorously, as Thursday will be
twenty days since the 22d. On October 18 a small black dog, who
acted strangely and had run away from home, ran up the street
adjoining the home of the dog above mentioned, and ran across a
wide lawn and attacked a child. He was beaten off by a coachman,
who was bitten. He snapped at several persons, and was killed by
the police. Did he bite this dog, and where else did he go, or what
other dogs did he bite?

Newton is greatly excited, and will welcome vigorous and far-
reaching measures. Dr. Ernst says, even if rabbit does not develop
rabies, it will not disprove that dog having rabies, as the dog had

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 459

been dead and buried for ten days. Owner of dog recalls that about
October 18 be came home with nose bleeding from bite.

Yours very truly, (Signed) Robert A. Reid.

[Copy.]

Newton, Mass., Dec. 12, 1S95.

A collie dog, owned by Mrs. Alice Kenway of Fairmouut Avenue,
Newton, Mass., disappeared from home Nov. 23, 1895, after biting
some six people and several dogs on that and the preceding day.
Said dog was killed in West Roxbury, Nov. 24, 1895, after biting
a man there.

The undersigned state that to the best of their knowledge said dog
was truly rabid, and wish to call the attention of the Massachusetts
Cattle Commission to the same.

(Signed) Kenelm Winslow.

Robert A. Reid.

[Copy.]

Newton, Mass., Dec. 21, 1895.

Dear Dr. Lyman : — Dr. Ernst has corroborated our diagnosis

of rabies in the case of the Kenway dog, by giving the disease to

rabbit. Dr. Ernst reports that the inoculated rabbit died of rabies

some days since.

Yours very truly, (Signed) K. Winslow.

[ Copy.]

Boston, Mass., Dec. 23, 1895.

Dr. Lyman, Board of Cattle Commissioners.

Dear Sir : — I am informed that your Board has jurisdiction over
dogs, as well as cattle. On November 23 a rabid dog in Newton,
where I live, which has been proved to have been surely rabid, bit my
son, as well as other children. The dog was killed the next morning
in West Roxbury. The city of Newton has ordered dogs muzzled in
a part of the city, and it should be also done in Newton Centre as
well, as there is strong probability that the dog may have travelled
through that section as well as by another route. I have noticed
that many of the animals are not muzzled properly, having simply a
strap buckled over head and face, which does not prevent them from
using their jaws, and have just called the authorities' attention to it.

In my opinion, the fact that a rabid dog roamed the streets for
nearly two days makes it a very serious matter, as cattle, horses, cats,
dogs and other animals may have been bitten. I think that the most
stringent measures are necessary for the next few months, to protect
the community.

Yours truly, (Signed) Bruce R. Ware.

460 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

On December 20 further indirect information was received
that a rabid dog had run amuck and been shot at Millbuiy.
The inspector for that town was requested to obtain the carcass
of the suspected dog and send it to Village Street. This he
did, and immediately upon its receipt the proper steps were
begun for the purpose of determining whether or not this ani-
mal was actually rabid. The fact cannot be ascertained until
after some time from the commencement of the inquiry.
Nothing more has been heard concerning this animal.

On December 30 one of the Boston evening papers printed
a communication, dated at Watertown on the 30th, stating that
a suspected mad dog had been killed in that town, after coining
there from Crescent Beach, Revere, where he had bitten a few
dogs and several children. In this instance the inspector for
Watertown was directed to get possession of the carcass of the
suspected dog and send it to the laboratory at once, also to
ascertain all that was possible in relation to the animal and his
actions.

In answer to this the following correspondence has been
received : —

[Copt.]

Waltham, Mass., Jan. 2, 1896.

Dear Dr. Lyman: — I have investigated the mad dog case, as you
requested. I found he had been buried in a lot off Howard Street,
Watertown. I sent my man down this morning and brought the
clog to Waltham, and have shipped him by National express to No.
52 Village Street, at 10.19. I found, on inquiry at the police sta-
tion, that he had bitten one or more dogs in the town, and ordered
them quarantined until the case had been investigated. I asked the
chief of police to find out all he could in regard to the case. I en-
close copy of letter from the owner of the dog at Revere ; will report
later if I find anything more pertaining to the case.
Yours truly,
(Signed) W. E. Peterson, Veterinary Surgeon.

[Copy.]

Revere, Mass.
The Chief of Police, Watertown, Mass.

Dear Sir: — I was very glad to hear that you had succeeded in

shooting my dog. I sincerely hope nothing serious will result from

his ravages. I tried to poison him Saturday night, but failed, and

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 461

on Sunday morning he escaped from the house, so I at once notified
the police, and they, with several citizens of Revere, were on the
watch for him all day Sunday, but without success. Shall be greatly
obliged if you will attach enclosed tag to his collar, and forward by
express. Yours respectfully,

(Signed) T. B. Middlebrooke.

It is well known that generally newspaper reports of
mad dog cases are entirely without foundation in fact ; that
dogs generally killed in the streets are very much more likely
to have been suffering from some form of disease other than
rabies, or else are the victims of some great mental disturb-
ance. "When, however, an actual case of rabies has been
discovered, as in the present instance of the Newton dog, all
such reports, however vague, coming from even the remote
neighborhood of the outbreak, should at once be made the
subject of careful inquiry ; and, if deemed necessary for the
protection of the public health, prompt and decided action
on the part of all those whose duty charges them in this direc-
tion. This Board is willing to act in this or in any other
matter, properly coming to it, with decision and firmness ; but
it is not ready to undertake measures for the suppression of
rabies until it has assured itself, by a knowledge of more
than one undeniable case, that that dread disease has really
appeared in an epizootic form.

The action of this commission in this direction could be
very much more prompt, and so more valuable, if those per-
sons having a knowledge or suspicion of the appearance of
this disease would communicate them at once to this Board,
and not make it necessary for it to obtain its information as
may happen, and at a late day. It does not seem to be at all
well understood that rabies was made a contagious disease
under chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894, and that under section
29 of that law it is incumbent upon " every person" who has
a knowledge or suspicion of the existence of this disease to
"immediately give written notice thereof to the board of
health of the city or town where such animal or animals are
kept,"

Dogs that are supposed to be rabid should, if possible, be
safely shut up until the fact can be fully ascertained. The

462 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

commission will at once visit and examine any such animal of
which it receives notice. If the animal has already escaped
from his home, and must be killed, his body should at once be
boxed and sent to the laboratory of the Board at 52 Village
Street, that a proper autopsy and pathological examination
may be made, which will set aside all doubt in the matter.
Secure muzzling of dogs within the infected area is the only
possible means of limiting the spread of the disease after it
obtains foothold.

As has been said, the greater portion of the work of the
commission has been in connection with tuberculosis. For
convenience, as heretofore, the report on this work will be
divided into several headings, embracing the special classes
under which the work was conducted.

examination of cattle comixg to brighton, watertown
and somerville, and cattle coming from without
the State.

Upon Nov. 21, 1894, the Board began the systematic exam-
ination, with tuberculin, of all animals, whether coming from
within or without the State, arriving at the markets of
Brighton, Watertown or Somerville, for sale. This work
was continued weekly from that date up to the 30th of April,
1895. Upon page 26 of the report of this Board for the
year 1894 will be found a table showing the results of this
work up to and including the week of Dec. 26, 1894, embrac-
ing the first six weeks of the work at those stations. The
further result of this work up to and including the time when
the work was discontinued is shown in the following table : —

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT.

463

Number

Number

Number

Number

Number

Examined.

Condemned.

Tuberculous.

not Diseased.

Held.

Jan. 8, .

307

29

26

3

8

Jan. 15,

273

23

22

1

11

Jan. 22,

i

194

21

19

2

13

Jan. 29,

337

16

16

-

21

Feb. o,

248

14

12

2

8

Feb. 12,

29-4

_

-

_

24

Feb. 19,

302

10

4

6

21

Feb. 26,

392

16

16

_

22

March 5,

447

11

9

2

10

March 12,

853

-

-

-

18

March 19,

344

20

16

4

12

March 26,

371

16

13

3

33

April 2,
April 9,
April 16,
April 23,
April 30,

395
404
302
142

744

5

7
6
1

18

4
5

1

2

22
19
11
7
21

During the weeks beginning February 12, March 12, April
16, 23 and 30, no animals were killed. In the last three
weeks no animals were killed because of failure of appropri-
ation.

An examination of the above table shows that during this
period 5,849 animals were examined. Of the 213 which were
condemned, only 188 were killed prior to April 30. Of these,
162 clearly demonstrated the presence of the disease and 26
were found free from disease. The 18 which were condemned
and the 21 which were held for retest on April 30 were all
held in quarantine until June 5, at which time 3 had died. Of
the remaining 36, 30 were found diseased on post-mortem
examination and 6 were released. As Avill be seen also, the
average number of animals examined in each week was
344.

The results of the work, as the table shows, varied greatly
from week to week ; in some weeks practically no condemned
animals were killed in which the disease was not plainly de-
monstrated by the post-mortem examination ; at other times,
as on February 19, a large proportion of those condemned and
killed were pronounced by the post-mortem examination to be
free from tuberculosis.

As stated in our previous report, under the system estab-

464

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

lished by the commission at these markets, animals where
tuberculosis was not detected with tuberculin were branded
before being freed from quarantine. After the animals were
so branded they passed out of the control of the Board, and
the commission had no means of following them, to determine
whether or not they subsequently showed any evidence of
tuberculosis, and, if so, whether the presence of such disease,
afterwards found, indicated that the animals were affected at
the time when the brand was affixed. The commission has had
within its observation very few instances of such animals being
found affected with tuberculosis upon subsequent slaughter.

The slaughter houses at Brighton are under the supervision
and control of the health department of the city of Boston,
and on page 114 of the report of that department for the
year 1894 (City Document, No. 13) will be found the fol-
lowing : —

The following table shows the number of animals killed, which
failed to react to the tuberculin test, and had been pronounced free
from tuberculosis, the Commonwealth brand having been placed upon
the right hip : —

Animals.

Number Killed.

Number
Tuberculous.

Percentage
Tuberculous.

Cows,

Steers,

62
1

4

-

Total, ....

63

4

6.34

In regard to this work, it should be remembered that the
undertaking was experimental, for the purpose of determining
whether the tuberculin test could be successfully applied to
animals coming to these markets, under the conditions which
existed there, without serious inconvenience to the dealers, in
a way that would assure purchasers that the cattle there dealt
in were free from tuberculosis ; and this commission stated, in
its report for the year 1894, on page 23, that : —

"With the adoption of the tuberculin test, the Board determined to
inaugurate, if possible, some practical method whereby all the cattle

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 4G5

coming to these markets should be subjected to the tuberculin test
before being offered for sale. Whether or not, in view of the cir-
cumstances under which these animals have to be examined, such a
result can be obtained by the tuberculin test, still remains to be proved.

This experiment was continued under substantially the same
conditions until April 30, 1895.

The commission, after a most extended work with tubercu-
lin, is satisfied that the unsatisfactory results which were ob-
tained at these markets were not due to the inability of the
agent tuberculin to disclose the presence of the disease when
applied under proper conditions, but were due to other causes,
of which the commission has made a most careful study.
Upon pages 22 and 26 of our report for last year will be found
the views of the commission as to the difficulty of making suc-
cessful tests at these markets, and the reasons for it.

In continuing this work, the commission made every reason-
able endeavor to reduce to a minimum, or eliminate, the un-
favorable conditions under which the work was obliged to be
conducted, while at the same time endeavoring not to interfere
any more than was absolutely necessary with the interests of
those selling and buying cattle at these markets.

Long familiarity with the work of testing cattle with tuber-
culin has convinced the commission that it is an extremely
delicate test, and that satisfactory results cannot be uniformly
obtained unless the animals to be tested are in substantially a
normal condition ; which means that they must be free from
local causes of excitement, must be in surroundings which are
reasonably familiar to them, must have been regularly fed and
watered prior to the time of the test, and that immediately
prior thereto they should not have been subjected to any un-
usual circumstances of any kind, such, for instance, as those
inseparably attending a railroad journey.

Inasmuch as the work which was conducted at Brighton was
entirely novel, and the commission was not able at that time
to gather from the experience of others to what extent the ab-
normal conditions and strange surroundings would interfere
with the proper application of the tuberculin test, it wras but
natural that these conditions were not fully appreciated in the
early stages of the work.

466 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Long custom at these markets had established the practice
of having the regular market day for the sale of animals upon
Wednesday in each week. In order that the dealers might
have their animals at Brighton ready for the market on Wednes-
day, their regular transportation companies had arranged for
trains to bring cattle to these markets so that they should
be delivered on Monday night and Tuesday morning of each
week. The animals were then allowed a day of rest before
being offered in the market, during which time they were
given ample feed and water, and whatever attention the owners
considered necessary, in order that they might be in as good a
condition as possible on the day of sale.

In order to make a proper, examination with tuberculin, it is
necessary to submit the animal to the test for a period of at
least twenty-four hours, not including the time necessary for
taking proper preliminary temperature observations, in order
to determine with reasonable accuracy the normal temperature
of the animal before injecting the tuberculin.

It will be remembered that the conditions which confronted
the commission when this work was inaugurated were that the
animals, in the great proportion of cases, did not arrive at the
market much more than twenty-four hours before they were
offered for sale. In order, therefore, that these animals might
be tested before being offered in the market, if the market day
was kept the same as heretofore and the animals were delivered
at the same time, it was necessary to begin the test immedi-
ately upon their arrival, and therefore no time was given to
quiet the animals before applying the test, or to feed and pre-
pare them for sale in the market after the test was completed.

The first step undertaken, therefore, by the commission, as
being the one that would produce the least inconvenience to
the dealers, and which they hoped would be accompanied by
favorable results, was to change the market day from Wednes-
day to Thursday in each week. Under this arrangement the
tests were begun upon Tuesday night and were not completed
until late in the afternoon of Wednesday, at which time the
animals which had shown no reaction to the tuberculin were
delivered over to the owners. This arrangement was unsatis-
factory to the dealers, because it gave them but little more
than twelve hours in which to prepare the animals for market,

No. 4. J CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 467

whereas before they had had more than double that time in
many instances. On the other hand, the animals were sub-
jected to the test within practically twenty-four hours, and
frequently within less, of their arrival in the market.

Under these conditions this work was carried on until April
30 of this year, when the commission came to the conclusion
that it would be impossible to produce satisfactory results
with tuberculin unless animals could be allowed a much Longer
time in which to settle into a sufficiently normal condition
before being subjected to the examination.

In this connection it should be remembered that, while this
work at Brighton and Watertown was being conducted under
these peculiar conditions, the commission was at the same
time successfully conducting large numbers of tests throughout
the State, in systematic work and in examination of animals
reported as suspicious ; and it thus had an opportunity of
comparing the results of these two classes of work, in which
the same diagnostic agent was used, prepared in the same
way and derived from the same source ; and the commission
became convinced that the unsatisfactory results at Brighton
were due to the conditions under which the tests were neces-
sarily made, and not to the unreliability of the diagnostic agent.

As bearing upon this, the commission desires to quote the
following statement from the eighteenth annual report of the
Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture for the year 1894,
official document No. 7, at page 106, published during the
present }Tear : —

The experience of the officers of the Board in the administration
of this test to more than one thousand animals appears to clearly
prove the following points : —

1. That, in proper and capable hands, tuberculin is a safe and
sure diagnostic agent for tuberculosis, and that in all the cases
coming under our notice not a single error has been shown, although
all cases of condemnation by this agent have been followed by care-
ful post-mortems.

2. That great care is absolutely necessary in obtaining the normal
temperatures of the animals. We usually start out with the intention
of condemning all wdiich indicate a rise of two and one-half degrees
or more ; and, inasmuch as the normal temperature varies somewhat
with the time of day, the season and the time of feeding, some ani-

468 BOABD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

mals showing a considerable elevation of temperature at the time of
feeding, but failing to show any further elevation under the action
of the tuberculin, it is therefore very important to obtain the average
normal temperature without its being influenced by surrounding
circumstances. . . .

9. That exposure to the hot sun, long- continued confinement in
an illy ventilated building, unusual changes of food, especially from
green to dry feed, failure to water at usual time, and in some nervous
animals any exciting cause, may produce more or less variation from
the normal temperature. . . .

16. The causes which may produce a rise in temperature without
the injection of tuberculin may be enumerated as follows : —

Near approach of calving, which, with some animals, will give a
rise of temperature which may mislead. Variations in feed, espe-
cially from green grass to dry feed, without sufficient water ; errors in
this direction have been brought up off green pasture and confined in
a barn, on dry food, while the test was in progress. With nervous
animals, the excitement due to the presence of strangers and the
attending surroundings may cause an elevation of temperature, which,
however, from its low rate, should not mislead a careful observer.
In fact, any sudden variation in the treatment of the herd may cause
a rise in temperature, and, if this is not taken into account, it may
at least partially mislead.

Almost every one of these peculiar conditions referred to in
this report are met with in the experience of the commission
at Brighton.

A further remark might be made in this connection, in re-
gard to the discrepancy between the results as found on post-
mortem examination and those indicated by the tuberculin test,
admitting the tuberculin to have been applied under proper
normal conditions. The post-mortems which are made at
Brighton, Watertown and Somerville are necessarily con-
ducted in the ordinary way that held examinations are made,
where a large number of animals have to be handled, and
where necessarily the examiner does not have laboratory facil-
ities. In such examinations it is customary for the examiner
to look for the disease in those organs and portions of the body
where experience has shown that it is most apt to be found,
and, if the disease is not there found, the examination is not
further pursued, because needed additional facilities are not at
hand.

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 469

In the experience of this commission and others, frequent
cases have arisen where the disease has been found in portions
of the body not ordinarily examined in the regular post-mortem
examination, and in such cases the animal upon the ordinary
examination would be pronounced free from disease.

As an instance of this sort, the commission would cite the
following rase in its experience: an animal was condemned
and killed, and a most careful and thorough examination of the
more usual locations was made to discover the seat of the
trouble. Evidence of the disease not being found, it was then
noticed that one of the hind legs was somewhat swollen. The
skin was stripped down, and along the chain of lymphatics
lying between the tendon and the bone numerous deposits of
undoubted tuberculous material, quite patent to the naked eye,
were discovered. It is fair to say, further, that this product
was taken to the laboratory and examined, and proved to con-
tain large numbers of the bacilli.

A further and very interesting instance in the experience
of members of this Board is one wherein, after the more
usual examinations had been made and no disease discovered,
attention was called to one of the eyes, where, at the inner
canthus, an undoubted mass of the tuberculous deposit was
found. The diagnosis was proved in the laboratory.

It has occurred further, in the experience of the members
of the Board, in their practice as veterinarians, when their
attention has been called to a live animal exhibiting disease
of either the brain or spinal cord, that, after death, deposits
of the peculiar product of tubereulosis have been found within
one or the other or both of these organs. It is not usual, in
the ordinary post-mortem examinations, to open the cavities
containing the brain and spinal cord, because of the great
time required and the carefulness of the manipulation neces-
sary; nor is it customary to examine the eyes or the legs,
below the larger joints, for the presence of the disease; and
vet, had not these examinations been made in these instances,
the animals would have been pronounced free from disease,
and the error would have been laid to tuberculin.

It is examples of this sort which make the commission,
after its long experience, feel that, when tuberculin is applied
under proper conditions and clearly points to the presence of

470 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the disease, and post-mortem examination fails to find such
disease, it is unsafe to charge the error to tuberculin.

In this connection the Board would call attention to the
following extract from a paper read by Dr. W. B. Niles of
the veterinary department of Iowa State College before the
Des Moines meeting of the United States Veterinary Medical
Association. He says : —

When a characteristic reaction occurs, that is, where there is a
marked rise above the normal, continuing for several hours, I believe
in every case the animal has tuberculosis, whether the post-mortem
examination shows the lesions or not; that is, I would place a
Greater reliance upon the tuberculin test than I would on the post-
mortem examination. We all know that the lesions may be easily
overlooked, or microscopic, and thus escape detection.

Upon June 5, 1895, a law was passed by your honorable
body, being chapter 496 of the Acts of the year 1895, section
14 of which law is as follows : —

Until June first, eighteen hundred and ninety-six, the use of tuber-
culin as a diagnostic agent for the detection of the disease known as
tuberculosis in domestic animals shall be restricted to cattle brought
into the Commonwealth from any point without its limits and to all
cattle held in quarantine at Brighton, Watertown and Somerville ;
provided, however, that tuberculin may be used as such diagnostic
a^ent on any animal or animals in any other portion of the State
upon the consent in writing of the owner or person in possession
thereof, and upon any animals condemned as tuberculous upon
physical examination by a competent veterinarian.

After the abandonment of examinations at Brighton, Water-
town and Somerville, on April 30, the commission watched,
as far as it could, the effect upon the market of the withdrawal
of quarantine regulations and the consequent throwing open
of the market to the free and unrestricted sale of cattle of all
kinds. From April 30 to the first day of July, at which time
the new regulations came into force, the general character of
the animals offered for sale at those markets was distinctly
inferior to those which bad been offered for sale there under
quarantine regulations heretofore maintained by the Board.

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 471

The commission also, during this period, had numerous re-
quests from cattle dealers and buyers trading at these markets,
urging it to resume its work at these stations, as being of great
value to them in determining the soundness of animals there
offered for sale. So many applications of this sort were re-
ceived that the commission deemed it advisable to meet the
parties most largely interested for the purpose of discussing ways
and means for producing the best results with the least incon-
venience to the dealers ; and accordingly, on June 8, 1895,
the following circular letter was issued, and a copy of it sent
to all the interested parties, so far as their addresses were
known to the Board : —

52 Village Street, Boston, June 8, 1895.
Dear Sik: — The commission will be very glad to meet those in-
terested in the transportation and sale of cattle within the borders of
this Commonwealth at the Quincy House, Boston, on the afternoon
of Tuesday, June 11, 1895, at 3 p.m., to consider how the work of
the commission can be carried on in the best interests of the State,
with the least possible inconvenience to those concerned.

Yours truly,
(Signed) F. H. Osgood, Chairman.

At the meeting which followed, representatives of nearly all
of the dealers in cattle coming from without the State were
present, as well as of some of those interested in Massachu-
setts cattle only ; to all of whom the following statement
was made : —

Inasmuch as chapter 491 of the Acts of 1894, as amended by
chapter 496 of the Acts of 1895, provides that animals coming from
without the borders of the Commonwealth shall be subjected to the
tuberculin test prior to being distributed throughout the State, and
the commission has taken the stand that it is impracticable to examine
animals recently shipped until they have had time thereafter to settle
into their normal condition, which, in the opinion of this commission,
cannot safely be set at less than six days, it is for the interest of
drovers to have the animals which they propose to ship examined
before leaving the State from which they are to come, in order that
they may, be placed upon the market immediately after arrival.

This proposition, although giving rise to a considerable dis-
cussion, was finally adopted by the dealers as being fairly

472 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

satisfactory to them, with the additional option, also suggested
by tho commission, that, when it is inexpedient to have the
animals tested prior to leaving the State from which they are
to be shipped, they will be received at either of the three
markets and there placed in quarantine for a period of not less
than six days, at the expense of the owner. At the expiration
of that time, if the animals are in a normal condition, they
will be tested by this commission without expense to the owner,
those found free from tuberculosis will be released, and 'those
which prove to be tuberculous will be condemned and destroyed
without compensation .

In arriving at the conclusions upon which subsequent action
in this matter was based, the Board was governed largely by
the following considerations : in the law which was enacted
by your honorable body, the commission felt that it was your
desire that animals located within the limits of this Common-
wealth should not be further submitted to a compulsory
tuberculin test ; and the first step taken by the commission,
therefore, was to eliminate from quarantine restrictions im-
posed at these yards all animals arriving there from points
within the limits of the Commonwealth. Inasmuch as the
commission felt that it was not authorized to require a com-
pulsory examination of all these animals, it did not feel that
it was wise or expedient to inaugurate at these markets a
system of voluntary tests, because, as had already been shown
to the satisfaction of this Board, such tests could not be satis-
factorily made unless the animals were first placed under a
fairly normal condition. It was further felt that but little
good would be derived by the community from the making of
isolated tests at these markets upon requests, even though the
conditions could be made normal ; because it would not insure
that all animals at this market were so tested ; and because
the commission felt that, in view of the amount of the appro-
priation at its command, the expense in the way of payment
of compensation would be too great, for the reason that there
would be a tendency on the part of certain persons through-
out the State, who had neat stock suspected of being tubercu-
lous, to deliver them at these markets for sale, with the
request for a tuberculin test, and in this way large sums
would be paid in compensation, without any commensurate

No. 4.] ( ATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 473

gain to the community, in stamping out the disease, even
locally ; and, finally, that, inasmuch as the commission had
not the power to compel the owners of such cattle to submit
their animals to a tuberculin test before arriving at the mar-
kets, as was to be done in the case of animals coming from
without the State, the expense of continuing examinations at
these markets would be too great to warrant the maintenance
of such a system for Massachusetts cattle alone.

The problem of properly dealing with cattle coming from
without the State had been an extremely difficult one. As a
result of the system of examinations theretofore conducted by
the commission, it was felt that further systematic examina-
tions of all animals brought to this market from without the
State could not be successfully carried on unless ample oppor-
tunity was given for the animal to become accustomed to its
new surroundings, so that such animal might be in substan-
tially normal condition ; and experience had taught the com-
mission that this would require a period of not less than six
full days. Inasmuch as the animals were brought to this
market on Monday and Tuesday of each week, this meant
that they must remain in quarantine over the following market
day, and certainly as long as possible before the next succeed-
ing market day ; that is, the test could not be properly made
before Monday of the following week ; but, even under these
circumstances, inasmuch as the test would require a period
of substantially twenty-four hours, no reasonable opportunity
could be given to the owner to prepare the animal for market,
after the completion of the test, before the following market
day, on Wednesday.

The commission felt, further, that, if this requirement
should be insisted upon, it would not only be attended with
serious inconvenience and loss to the owners, but also by a
considerable expense for extra keep and care, which either the
owners or the Commonwealth would have to pay, and which
seemed unwarrantable if other possible and less expensive
means could be devised.

On the other hand, as a result of the whole work up to this
time, the Board felt more strongly than ever that there was no
practical means of assuring purchasers that animals were Tree
from tuberculosis except by subjecting such animals toatubeiv

474 BOAKD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

culin test, and that sucli test must be applied under normal or
farm conditions. As a result of all this, it was felt that, if any
means could be devised whereby animals could be subjected to
the tuberculin test before being shipped to market, it would
be a distinct advantage to all parties concerned ; that the test
would be more apt to be applied under favorable circumstances,
and consequently the purchaser would be more certain of the
result ; that the expense to the owner would be far less,
although borne by him, than would be the case were he obliged
to maintain a week's quarantine at these markets, while at the
same time the saving to the Commonwealth would be very
great ; and, further, if any animals were found to be diseased,
they could be destroyed in the State of their residence, where
the owner could receive the compensation provided by the laws
of such State, whereas, if brought here and destroyed, he re-
ceived no compensation.

The commission, having arrived at the conclusion that it was
advisable, as far as practicable, to arrange for the admission
of cattle coming to these markets after they had been subjected
to the tuberculin test in the State from which they were shipped,
felt that, at the same time, the permission to bring cattle from
without the limits of the Commonwealth to any other points
in the State should also be embraced in the same regulation.
Prior to the adoption of this rule, it will be remembered that
cattle coming to any point within the State other than Brighton ,
Watertown and Somerville were subjected to the regulations
of General Order No. 3, section 10, issued Nov. 20, 1894, as
follows : —

After crossing the border, all such cattle are hereby declared quar-
antined upon premises which shall be defined in the permit, within the
limits of such city or town, at the expense of the owner or consignee,
and shall there remain until they have been examined and released or
condemned by this Board or one of its members. No neat cattle
shall be driven within this State from any point without its limits
except as herein provided.

Under this system the animal was held in quarantine until
such time as the agent of the Board could be sent to the local-
ity and subject it to the tuberculin test. From Dec. 15, 1894,
1<> July 8, 1895, 124 permits of this kind were issued for 1,197

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' KEPORT. 475

animals. Of these, 306 were examined with tuberculin, 8 were
condemned and found diseased upon post-mortem examination,
and the balance were discharged from quarantine without ex-
amination, because of the absence of funds for continuing the
work ; although no compensation was paid for any of these
animals that might prove to be tuberculous, as they had not
been within the State six months prior to being destroyed.

Under this system the tuberculin test proved to be reliable,
although the animals had come from substantially the same
localities as those in the markets of Brighton, Watertown and
Somerville ; and the tests were made with the same tuberculin,
derived from the same source, applied in the same manner and
by the same persons, again demonstrating the importance of
the question of environment.

While the scientific results were reasonably satisfactory, this
system was found to be unsatisfactory because of its very con-
siderable cost. These animals came to points widely scattered
throughout the Commonwealth, requiring the attendance of an
agent for an isolated examination ; and in such cases the State
was obliged to bear the travelling expenses to and from the
point, and at the same time the expense of the entire time of
the agent was chargeable in most cases to the examination of
but few animals.

With the adoption of the system of examinations without the
limits of the Commonwealth, as applied to the cattle coming to
Brighton, Watertown and Somerville, it was decided to apply
the same general rule to animals coming in at other points.

Upon July 8, 1895, the commission issued General Order
No. (j, covering the entire matter of cattle coming into the
Commonwealth from without its limits, a copy of which,
together with an explanatory letter, is as follows : —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

52 Village Street, Boston, July 8, 1895.

To All Persons whom it may concern.

"We, the Board of Cattle Commissioners for the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts, by virtue of the power and authority in us vested by
law, and especially under the provisions of chapter 41)1 of the Acts
of the year 1894 and chapter 496 of the Acts of the year 1895,

476 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

have adopted and do hereby issue the following order, for the
purpose of preventing the introduction of tuberculosis and other
contagious diseases within the limits of the Commonwealth of Massa-
chusetts, and also for that purpose to establish reasonable quaran-
tine regulations covering the importation of cattle from without its
limits : —

General Order No. 9.

First. — General Order No. 3, dated Nov. 20, 1894, is hereby re-
pealed.

Second. — All the States and Territories of the United States, other than
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the District of Columbia, Canada,
Great Britain and all other localities without the limits of this Common-
wealth, are hereby declared to be infected districts.

Third. — All neat cattle brought within the limits of this Commonwealth
from any of said localities on and after July 9, 1895, are hereby made sub-
ject to the quarantine regulations herein set forth. Except as provided in
paragraph 9 of this order, no such cattle shall be brought within the limits
of this Commonwealth, nor shall they be unloaded from any car or vehicle
upon or within which they have been transported, except in case of acci-
dent, for any purpose whatsoever, except upon a written permit therefor
duly issued by the Board of Cattle Commissioners or one of its mem-
bers.

Fourth. — Every person or corporation desiring to drive, bring or trans-
port, or to cause to be driven, brought or transported into this Common-
wealth, from any of the localities designated in paragraph 2 of this order,
any neat cattle, shall notify the Board of Cattle Commissioners in writing
of his or its intention so to do, which notice shall state the name and resi-
dence of the true owner and consignee, the city or town within this Com-
monwealth through which it is the intention to enter, or, if said animals
are to be transported, then of the city or town at which it is the intention
that such animals shall be unloaded, the location of the premises within
the limits of such city or town where said animals are to be delivered or
kept, the name of the true owner or person in possession of the same, the
name of the railroad company by which such cattle are to be shipped, and
the time when it is the intention that the animals shall arrive within such
city or town. Every such application shall be accompanied by a certifi-
cate, executed in duplicate, based on a tuberculin test, that, in the opinion
of the veterinarian signing the same, each such animal is free from tuber-
culosis. Each such certificate shall give a description of the animal suffi-
ciently accurate for easy identification, as well as a brief statement of the
condition of such animal found upon a physical examination. It shall also
state the preparation of tuberculin used, the quantity injected, the tempera-
ture ascertained immediately previous to inoculation, and also the temper-
ature at the eleventh hour and every two hours subsequent thereto for a
period of at least ten hours, or until the reaction has been completed. The
certificate shall be signed by a veterinarian whose competency shall be

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' 11EPORT. 477

certified to by the Board of Cattle Commissioners of the State from which
said animals are driven or shipped, or of such other board or authority as
may have jurisdiction over the matter of the suppression of contagious
diseases among domestic animals in such State or country. Forms of such
certificates will be furnished by this Board upon application.

Fifth — If such certificate is satisfactory to this Board, one of said cer-
tificates will be retained by this office and the duplicate certificate will be
returned to the owner, together with a permit to such applicant to enter
and deliver such animal in the manner and at the time and place designated
in such application.

In case of every such permit the duplicate certificate of soundness and
the permit of entry shall accompany the bill of lading of such animal, or,
if such animal is driven in on the hoof, then shall be sent with said animal.
Upon the arrival of every such animal at the place designated in the
permit such animal shall be and hereby is declared to be quarantined upon
the premises of the owner or consignee, and at his expense, and shall
there remain until such animal has been examined by some agent of
this Board thereto duly authorized, or the inspector designated in the
permit.

Upon the arrival of such animal, the owner shall immediately notify this
office or such inspector or agent as shall be designated in the permit, and
shall deliver to such person so notified, or to some agent of this Board
thereto duly authorized, the certificate of soundness and jaermit accom-
panying such animal. Such animal will be released by such agent or
inspector upon being identified as corresponding with the description con-
tained in such certificate, and in such case the person so releasing the
animal will detach the duplicate certificate of soundness and return tin-
same to such consignee or owner, and will return the permit to enter, with
his endorsement of release, to this office.

If such animal should not correspond, in the opinion of such agent or
inspector, with such certificate, such animal will be continued in quarantine
and treated as provided in paragraph 7 of this order.

Sixth. — Whenever application is made, as provided in paragraph 4 of
this order, to drive, bring or transport, or cause to be driven, broughl or
transported, neat cattle within the limits of this Commonwealth from any
of the localities designated in paragraph 2 of this order, without said appli-
cation being accompanied with a certificate satisfactory to this Board, ns
therein provided, a permit will be issued by this Board or a member
thereof to enter and deliver such animals in the manner and at the time
and place designated in such permit, which permit will state that such
animals are not accompanied with a certificate of soundness. Such permit
shall accompany the bill of lading of every such animal, or, if the animal
is driven in on the hoof, then shall be sent with such animal ; and upon the
arrival of the animals at the place designated in said permit notice shall be
sent, and said permit shall be delivered in the same manner as is provided
in paragraph 5 of this order.

Every such animal, if brought within the limits of the Commonwealth
by any of the regidar lines of steam-rail transportation, as soon as it has

478 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

arrived at the place designated in said permit, and every such animal
brought in on the hoof or otherwise, upon its arrival at the city or town of
entry within the limits of this Commonwealth designated in said permit,
shall be and is hereby declared to be quarantined uj)on the premises of the
owner, consignee or person in possession thereof, at the expense of such
owner, consignee or person in possession, until such animal shall have
been subjected to the tuberculin test, and is condemned or freed, as pro-
vided in paragraph 7 of this order.

Such test will not be applied until such animals have been under quar-
antine restrictions and regulations for a period of at least six days.

Seventh. — Every animal which, in the opinion of this Board or any of
its members, after being subjected to a physical examination and to the
tuberculin test, is affected with tuberculosis, will be condemned and killed
as provided in section 53 of chapter 491 of the Acts of the year 1894. If, in
the opinion of this Board or one of its members, after such examinations,
such animal is free from tuberculosis, the same will be discharged from
quarantine.

Eighth.' — Wherever a permit is issued to bring any animal within the
limits of this Commonwealth, as herein provided, upon the hoof or in any
other manner than upon any of the regular lines of steam-rail transporta-
tion, such animal shall not enter this State at any other city or town than
the one designated in such permit ; and wherever a permit is issued to
enter any such animal by any of the regular lines of steam-rail transporta-
tion, such animal shall not be unloaded, except in case of accident, within
the limits of any other city or town within the limits of this Commonwealth
than the one designated in this permit, except after it has been regularly
released as herein provided ; and any person violating the provisions of
this paragraph will be punished as provided in section 47 of chapter 491
of the Acts of the year 1894.

Ninth. — Any person may bring or transport or cause to be brought or
transported any neat cattle from any point without the limits of this Com-
monwealth designated in paragraph 2 hereof, to be delivered by any regular
lines of steam-rail transportation directly to the Union Stock Yards at the
town of Watertown, the Boston & Albany Stock Yards at Brighton, within
the city of Boston, and the premises of the New England Dressed Meat and
"Wool Company at the city of Somerville, without first obtaining from the
Board of Cattle Commissioners or a member thereof a written permit so to
do ; but such animal shall not be unloaded, after arriving within the limits
of this Commonwealth, at any other place, except in case of accident, and
in such case as soon thereafter as practicable shall be immediately shipped
to one of the places designated in this paragraph. Animals so transported
upon being unloaded are hereby declared quarantined. Animals unloaded
at Brighton must be unloaded within the Boston & Albany Stock Yards, j
and are hereby declared quarantined therein upon the premises of the
owner, consignee or person in possession. Animals unloaded at Water-
town must be unloaded within the Union Stock Yards, and are hereby
declared quarantined therein upon the premises of the owner, consignee
or person in possession. Animals unloaded at Somerville must be un-

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 47!)

loaded upon the premises of the New England Dressed Meat and Wool
Company, and are hereby declared quarantined therein upon the prem-
ises of the owner, consignee or person in possession. Such quarantine, so
long as the same continues, shall be at the expense of the owner, consignee
or person in possession.

Tenth. — Every such animal shall be accompanied with duplicate certifi-
cates that such animal is, in the opinion of the veterinarian signing the
same, free from tuberculosis. Such certificates shall in all respects as to
the form, contents and execution, correspond with the certificate required
by paragraph 4 of this order, and shall further contain a statement signed
by the person shipping said animal, setting forth the name in full and resi-
dence of the true owner of the same and of the consignee thereof. Blank
forms of such certificates will be furnished by this Board upon application.
Upon the arrival of all such neat stock, the owner, consignee or person in
possession shall immediately deliver to the Board of Cattle Commissioners
or one of its members or to some agent thereof thereto duly authorized the
duplicate certificates above provided for, which shall not be separated by
such owner, consignee or person in possession, and shall point out the ani-
m.d to which such certificate is claimed to belong. If such animal shall be
found to correspond with the description contained in such certificate, and
if said certificate is satisfactory to this Board or such commissioner, said
animal will be immediately released from quarantine, and the duplicate
certificate will be returned to such owner, consignee or person in posses-
sion.

Eleventh. — All neat cattle brought from any point without the limits of
the Commonwealth, designated in paragraph 2 of this order, delivered at
any of the premises designated in paragraph 9 hereof, not accompanied
wilh a certificate of soundness provided for in paragraph 10 hereof, satis-
factory to the commission or a member thereof, will be continued in quar-
antine upon the premises of the owner, consignee or person in possession
thereof within the limits of said premises, and at the expense of such
owner, consignee or person in possession, until such animal has been
subjected to the tuberculin test, and has been killed or freed, as provided
in paragraph 7 hereof. Such test will be applied upon Monday of each
week, but no such animal shall be tested until after the same has remained
under quarantine restrictions and regulations for a period of at least six
days.

Twelfth. — All neat cattle brought within this Commonwealth consigned
directly to the Brighton Abattoir for slaughter shall be confined by them-
selves for identification, and shall not be released except as herein provided
in paragraph 7, or for immediate slaughter.

Thirteenth. — No person shall slaughter or offer or expose for sale (or
have in his possession, except under quarantine) within the stock yards at
Brighton and Watertown, or within the premises of the New England
Dressed Beef and Wool Company at Somerville, any neat cattle brought
within the limits of this Commonwealth after the passage of this order,
from any point designated in paragraph 2 hereof, which have not been
released from quarantine by the Board of Cattle Commissioners or one of

480 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

its members, or an agent thereto duly authorized, as provided in paragraphs
5, 7, 10 and 12 hereof.

Fourteenth. — All neat cattle brought within the limits of this Common-
wealth from any point without, mentioned in paragraph 2 hereof, except
upon written permit of the Board of Cattle Commissioners or some member
thereof or as provided in paragraph 9 hereof, are hereby declared quar-
antined.

Fifteenth. — No person shall drive, bring or transport, or cause to be
driven, brought or transported within the limits of this Commonwealth,
from any point mentioned in paragraph 2 hereof, any neat cattle except as
herein provided ; and all cattle brought into the limits of this Common-
wealth contrary to this order and regulation will be quarantined at the
expense of the owner, consignee or person in possession, wherever they
can be found ; and such animal shall remain in quarantine as long as the
public safety, in the judgment of this commission, requires ; and any person
violating this regulation and order, or entering cattle within the limits of
this Commonwealth contrary to the provisions hereof, will be prosecuted
for every such offence.

Sixteenth. — It is further ordered that three copies of this order shall be
sent to each city and town throughout the Commonwealth, and that each
city and town shall cause a copy thereof to be posted in two or more con-
spicuous places within its limits, or shall cause a copy of the same to be
published once a week for three successive weeks, in some newspaper
published within its limits.

Seventeenth. — This order shall take effect upon the ninth day of July,
1895.

Frederick H. Osgood, Chairman,
Charles P. Lyman, Secretary,
Maurice O'Connell,
Leander F. Herrick,
Charles A. Dexnen,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.

In the case of animals coming to the regular markets of
Brighton, Watertown and Somerville, the Board required that
each animal should be accompanied by a duplicate certificate in
the following form: —

No. L] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 481

Certificate of Tuberculin Examination of Neat Cattle required
under General Order No. 9.

(To accompany neat cattle brought directly to the stock yards at Brighton, Watertown or
Somerville, from without the limits of the Commonwealth.)

To Massachusetts Board of Cattle Commissioners, r>2 Village Street, Boston.
Original.

(To be retained by the Cattle Commissioners.)
State of 189

City or town of
Owner,

Description of animal,
Physical condition,
Preparation of tuberculin,
Quantity injected,
Date, Normal temperature at P.M.

1 a.m. 9 a.m. 5 P.M.

2 A.M. 10 A.M. 6 P.M.

3 A.M. 11 A.M. 7 P.M.

4 A.M. 12 M. 8 P.M.

5 A.M. 1 P.M. 9 P.M.

6 A.M. 2 P.M. 10 P.M.

7 A.M. 3 P.M. 11 P.M.

8 am. ,4 r.M. 12 M.

In my opinion, the above-described animal is free from tuberculosis.

Veterinary Surgeon.
City or town of

State of 189

I, shipper of the above animal, hereby certify that the true owner and
consignee of said animal arc : —
Owner (name in full),

Residence,
Consignee (name in full),
Residence, Shipper.

Address,
The above certificate is satisfactory to me, and I identified and released
said animal at the stock yards at on the day of 189

Commissioner.

482 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Certificate ok Tuberculin Examination of Neat Cattle required
under General Order No. 9.

(To accompany neat cattle brought directly to the stock yards at Brighton, Watertown or
Somerville, from without the limits of the Commonwealth.)

To Massachusetts Board of Cattle Commissioners, 52 Village Street, Boston.

Duplicate.

(To be returned to owner or consignee.)

This certificate must not be detached from the original except by a
Massachusetts Cattle Commissioner.

State of 189

City or town of
Owner,

Description of animal,
Physical condition,
Preparation of tuberculin,
Quality injected,
Date, Normal temperature at P.M.

1 a.m. 9 a.m. 5 P.M.

2 A.M. 10 AM. 6 P.M.

3 A.M. 11 A.M. 7 P.M.

4 A.M. 12 M. 8 P.M.

5 A.M. lPM. 9 P.M.

6 A.M. 2 P.M. 10 P.M.

7 A.M. 3 P.M 11 P.M.

8 A.M. 4 PM. 12 M.

In my opinion, the above-described animal is free from tuberculosis.

Veterinary Surgeon.

Identified and released by me at the stock yards at on the

day of 189 . Commissioner.

Upon the arrival of the animals at any of the above-desig-
nated markets, a member of the commission or an agent of the
Board is present for each market day, to examine and identify
the animals arriving. This commissioner or agent not only
identifies the animal as corresponding with the certificate, but
in each case makes a careful examination of the tuberculin test,
as shown upon the face of the accompanying record, to see
whether the temperature readings indicate that the animal is
free from disease. .If all is found to be satisfactory, the certifi-

No. 4. J CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 483

cate is approved, the animal released, and the duplicate cer-
tificate detached and sent to the owner, the original being tiled
with the records of the commission. This method has been
pursued since that date, with substantially no variations ex-
cepting that the Board has endeavored to render the identifi-
cation of the animals more certain, to which end the following
order was issued : —

Notice to Drovers.

We call your attention to the following requirements on cattle
shipped from without the State to the quarantine stations at Brighton,
Watertown or Somerville : —

First. — The animals must be properly tagged in the ear, or other-
wise, so that they may be readily identified by numbers correspond-
ing with the number on the accompanying certificate of tuberculin
test ; and the certificate must contain a description of the animal
sufficient for identification.

Second. — This test must be made by an approved veterinarian,
who is vouched for by the Cattle Commission of the State from
which the animals were shipped; must state the quantity and
preparation of tuberculin used ; and the temperature must be regis-
tered from the tenth hour after the injection every two hours until
the twentieth. Satisfactory test is impossible when the initial tem-
perature is higher than 102^.

Unless the above rules are observed, the animals will be held the
usual six days and retested.

(Signed) Board of Cattle Commissioners.

When it is desired to ship animals into Massachusetts to be
unloaded at points other than Brighton, Watertown or Somer-
ville, another form of permit is issued. If such animals are to
be tested before entering the State, the certificate is in the
following form, and is first properly filled by the veterinarian
making the test ; it is then forwarded to the office of this com-
mission for examination and approval. If all is satisfactory,
permission is at once sent to the agent of the transportation
company where the animals are to be unloaded. The certifi-
cates are at once sent to the local inspector of the same city or
town, who then examines the cattle for identification, and, if
this is satisfactory, releases them to the owner or consignee.

1*1

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Owner,

Physical condition,

Quantity injected,

P.M.

1 P.M.

7 P.M.

2 P.M.

8 P.M.

3 P.M.

9 P.M.

4 P.M.

10 P.M.

5 P.M.

Up m.

6 P.M.

12 M.

Certificate of Tuberculin Examination of Neat Cattle required
under General Order No. 9.

(To accompany application for entry into Massachusetts.)
To Massachusetts Board of Cattle Commissioners, 52 Village Street, Boston.

Original.

(To be retained by the Cattle Commissioners.)
State of 189

City or town of

Description of animal,

Preparation of tuberculin,

Date Normal temperature at

1 a.m. 7 A.M.

2 a.m. 8 A.M.
. 3 A.M. 9 A.M.

4 A.M. 10 A.M.

5 A.M. 11 A.M.

6 A.M. 12 M.

In my opinion, the above-described animal is free from tuberculosis.

Veterinary Surgeon.

Certificate of Tuberculin Examination of Neat Cattle required
under General Order No. 9.

(To accompany application for entry into Massachusetts.)
To Massachusetts Board of Cattle Commissioners, 52 Village Street, Boston.

Duplicate.

( To be returned to oioner.)

This certificate must not be detached from the permit, and must accom-
pany the bill of lading or animal.

State of 189

City or town of
Description of animal,
Preparation of tuberculin,
Date Normal temperature at

1 A.M. 7 A.M.

2 A.M. 8 A.M.

3 A.M. 9 A.M.

4 A.M. 10 A.M.

5 A.M. 11 A.M.

6 A.M. 12 M.

In my opinion, the above-described animal is free from tuberculosis.

Veterinary Surgeon.

Owner,

Physical condition,

Quantity injected,

P.M.

1 P.M.

7 P.M.

2 P.M.

8 P.M.

3 P.M.

9 P.M.

4 pi.

10 P.M.

5 P.M.

11 P.M.

6 P.M.

12 M.

Identified and released by me at the city or town of

189

No. 4. J CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 485

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

52 Village Street, Boston, 189 .

Permit to bring Neat Cattle into Massachusetts.

(To be detached only by the person discharging said animal from quarantine, and when

so detached to be forwarded immediately to this office.)
To

City or town of State of

You are hereby authorized to bring within the limits of the Common-
wealth of Massachusetts the following animal, the certificate No.
of Dr. being satisfactory to this Board, said animal to be
brought in in the following manner: , to enter the State at the city
or town of , to be unloaded at the city or town of , to be
driven directly to, and retained until further order upon, the premises of
Mr. Street in said city or town.

On the arrival of said animal at the city or town above named yon will
immediately notify this commission or Mr. , inspector for said city

or town ; and said animal is hereby quarantined upon its arrival in said city
or town until discharged therefrom by this Board or a member thereof, or
by the above-mentioned inspector, who is hereby authorized so to do upon
identification of the animal. Cattle Commissioner.

City or town of 189

I, , hereby certify that I inspected the animal accompanying this

permit and the certificate of soundness attached thereto upon its arrival
within the limits of the city or town of , and such animal in my

opinion corresponded with the description contained in said certificate and
permit, and I thereupon released it from quarantine.

No attempt has been made to forbid the introduction of ani-
mals which have not had a previous satisfactory test, but in
such cases the following form of permit is used : —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

52 Village Street, Boston, 189 .

Permit to bring Neat Cattle into Massachusetts without accom-
panying Certificate of Veterinarian.

(To be forwarded to this office immediately by agent or inspector, together with the

duplicate quarantine order.)
To

City or town of State of

You are hereby authorized to bring within the limits of the Common-
wealth of Massachusetts the following animal, the same not being

486 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

accompanied by a satisfactory certificate that the animal is free from tuber-
culosis. Said animal may be brought in in the following manner:
to enter the State at the city or town of , to be unloaded at the city

or town of , to be driven directly to, and retained until further order

upon, the premises of Mr. Street in said city or town.

On the arrival of said animal at the city or town above named you will
immediately notify this commission or Mr. , inspector for said city

or town, and at the same time surrender this certificate to the person notified.

Said animal is hereby quarantined upon its arrival in said city or town
upon the premises above designated, or upon such other premises at which
said animal may be found, at your expense or at the expense of the con-
signee or person in possession, where said animal will remain for a period
of at least six days, or until my further order or that of the Board of Cattle
Commissioners. Cattle Commissioner.

Boston, 189 .

The above animal, having been subjected to a physical examination and
tuberculin test by , was freed 189 , condemned by warrant

No.

This provides that, after their arrival in Massachusetts, a
quarantine of not less than six days shall be maintained ; and
a tuberculin test by a veterinarian, who must be approved by
this Board, shall be made, at the expense of the owner or con-
signee. If any of the animals are found to be tuberculous,
they are destroyed ; and if the post-mortem examination shows
disease, no compensation is paid.

Applications for this permission are answered in the first in-
stance by the following form of circular letter : —

52 Village Street, Boston, Mass.

Dear Sir : — Eeplyiug to your inquiry regarding shipment of cat-
tle into this State, permit me to hand you copy of General Order No.
9 . Upon receipt of certificate of tuberculin test, made by a veter-
inarian who is vouched for by the Cattle Commission, or such Board
as may have jurisdiction over contagious diseases among domestic
animals in the State from which cattle are shipped, we will forward
you permit for the animals.

To avoid enforced delay at this office, please see that your veter-
inarian has been properly certified by his State authorities before em-
ploying him, or that such certification reaches us before his certificates
of tuberculin test.

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 487

If it is inexpedient to have the animals tested before shipment into
this State, we will grant you permit to bring them to your premises,
provided you will furnish us with certificate of test by an approved
veterinarian, without expense to us. Otherwise, cattle can enter the
Commonwealth only through the regular stations at Brighton, Water-
town or Somerville.

Upon application, we will forward you the required number of du-
plicate blanks, to be filled out by your veterinarian.
Very truly yours,

(Signed) F. H. Osgood, Chairman.

In connection with the whole matter of the regulation of the
importation of cattle, the following order was issued to railroad
and transportation companies : —

COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.

Board of Cattle Commissioners,

52 Village Street, Boston, July 15, 1895.

To railroads, corporations, common carriers, their managers, agents, ser-
vants and attorneys, owning, leasing, operating or transporting over
railroads whose lines or roads enter or lie within the limits of the Com-
monwealth of Massachusetts, and to all persons whom it may concern.

By virtue of the power and authority in us vested by law, and
especially under the provisions of chapter 49 1 of the Acts of the
year 1894 and chapter 496 of the Acts of the year 1895, you are
hereby notified that tuberculosis, which is a contagious disease and is
so recognized under the laws of this Commonwealth, exists among
cattle of the several States and territories of the United States, the
District of Columbia and Canada, and such localities are, in the
opinion of this Board, infected districts.

Your attention is called to General Order No. 9, issued by this
Board under date of July 8, 1895, and you are hereby further noti-
fied that, in order to prevent the importation of diseased animals,
and as a means of suppressing such disease within this Common-
wealth, this Board has passed the following order : —

General Order No. 10.

First. — General Order No. 4, dated Nov. 20, 1894, is hereby repealed.

Seco?id. — No neat cattle brought from any State or territory of the
United States, the District of Columbia, Canada or any other country with-
out the limits of this Commonwealth shall be brought within the limits of
this Commonwealth, except for delivery directly to the Union Stock Yards
at the town of Watertown, the Boston & Albany Stock Yards at Brighton,

488 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

within the city of Boston, or the premises of the New England Dressed
Beef and AVool Company at the city of Somerville, except upon a written
permit signed by the Board of Cattle Commissioners or some one of its
members, and no neat cattle so brought for delivery at any of said points
shall be unloaded, except in case of accident, at any point other than the
said Boston & Albany Stock Yards at Brighton, the Union Stock Yards at
Watertown, or the New England Dressed Beef and Wool Company at
Somerville.

Third. — All neat cattle brought within the limits of this Commonwealth
from any place designated in paragraph 2 hereof, except for delivery as
provided in the preceding paragraph, must be accompanied by a written
permit issued by this Board or some member thereof, which permit shall
designate the number and description of the animals, and you are hereby
forbidden to receive for transportation animals other than those designated
in such permit.

Fourth. — If, for any cause, any such neat cattle are received by any of
your agents within the limits of this Commonwealth at any place other
than the Union Stock Yards at Watertown, the Boston & Albany Stock
Yards at Brighton, or the New England Dressed Beef and Wool Company
at Somerville, not accompanied by a written permit, as provided in para-
graph 3 hereof, you will immediately notify this office by telegraph at your
expense or that of the consignee, giving the place where said animals were
received for shipment, the name of the consignee and destination of said
animals. You will not remove said animals or permit them to be removed
from the car or vehicle in which they are contained without a permit from
this Board or some member thereof, except that if, by reason of the
crowded condition of the car, or because of the long confinement of said
animals within the same, or for accident or otherwise, it is deemed expedi-
ent by you or your agent to unload the same, such animal or animals may
be removed by you from said car or vehicle without such permit ; but in
such case you will notify this office of your intention so to do, and you will
not allow said animal or animals to go out of the possession of your agent
or off of your premises where said animals are unloaded except upon
obtaining such permit.

Fifth. — All neat cattle brought within the limits of the premises at
Brighton, Watertown and Somerville, designated in paragraph 2 hereof,
are hereby declared to be quarantined.

Sixth. — Any person violating the provisions of this order or of General
Order No. 9 will be punished as provided in section 47 of chapter 491 of
the Acts of the year 1894.

Seventh. — This order shall take effect upon the fifteenth day of July,
1895.

Frederick H. Osgood, Chairman,
Charles P. Lyman, Secretary,
Maurice O'Connell,
Leander F. Herrick,
Charles A. Dennen,

Board of Cattle Commissioners.

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 489

The Board takes this opportunity to acknowledge the
hearty co-operation and assistance rendered by the various
railroad corporations and transportation companies entering
the Commonwealth. Without such co-operation and assistance
it would have been impossible for the Board to have kept an
accurate account of animals transported across the State line,
and the Board would have been unable in many instances to
locate animals brought into the State contrary to these regula-
tions.

The method of procedure differs with different roads, but is
practically as follows : —

Roads entering from the north refuse to accept cattle for
transportation across the State line without a permit being
delivered at the time of shipment ; where this is not forthcom-
ing, the animals are not loaded until a permit is secured by
telegraph or otherwise. In all other cases the animals are
loaded and shipped with the distinct understanding that, if
permission does not reach them at the State line, they will be
immediately shipped to one of the regular stations at Brighton,
YYatertown or Somerville.

All roads within this Commonwealth refuse to switch cattle
from off the tracks of any other road unless they are accom-
panied by the special permit, or have direct permission from
the office. So thoroughly have these regulations been observed
since the issuance of this order that no trouble whatever arises
from this source at the present time. The only possible way
for animals to gain entrance to the State other than upon per-
mit, at the present time, is on the hoof; and infringements of
this sort are guarded and prevented to some considerable extent
through the local inspectors.

Inasmuch as the regulations put in force by this commission
so vitally affected the agricultural interests of the adjoining
States, because the movement of cattle was as a whole from
11 i<>se States to Massachusetts rather than in the opposite direc-
tion, the Board felt that it would be advisable to meet the
authorities of the surrounding States, having control over the
affairs in charge of this Board, that matters of mutual interest
might be freely discussed and means of mutual assistance be
agreed upon. Accordingly this Board invited the commis-
sions of the New England States and the State of New York

490 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

to meet them in a convention to be held in Boston. This con-
vention was held on July 25 and 26, 1895, and was attended
by representatives of the commissions of Maine, New Hamp-
shire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey and
Massachusetts, these States being represented by John M.
Deering and Dr. George H. Bailey of Maine ; Irving A. Wat-
son and N. J. Batchelder of New Hampshire ; C. M. Winslow,
Homer W. Vail, H. M. Armes, V. I. Spear and J. O. San-
ford of Vermont; E. S. Hough, G. L. Foskett and Clifton
Peck of Connecticut; Geo. A. Stockwell of Rhode Island;
Franklin Dye and George W. McGuire of New Jersey, and all
of the members of the Massachusetts commission.

At this meeting the regulations issued by this Board con-
cerning the movement of cattle into Massachusetts were thor-
oughly discussed, and it was unanimously voted to adopt these
same regulations as governing all of the New England States.
It was also voted that all of the States should co-operate in
endeavoring to faithfully enforce them. A permanent organi-
zation was then formed, under the title of the Association of
the Cattle Commissions of the New England States ; after
which the following resolution was passed by the new associa-
tion, thanking the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department
of Agriculture at Washington for its material assistance : —

We, the undersigned Cattle Commissioners of Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, Rhode Island, Connecticut and New
Jersey, assembled in convention at Boston on this twenty-fifth day of
July, 1895, desire to take this opportunity of expressing to the
Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture at
Washington, and to its chief officer, Prof. D. E. Salmon, our high
appreciation of the great value which the department has rendered
our respective States by the dissemination of all of the facts, as
fast as they have become known, in relation to tuberculosis among
auimals ; the results of their valuable investigations with tuber-
culin, and particularly in furnishing us with a supply of tuberculin,
which has been in all cases extremely reliable and satisfactory in its
results.

We feel confident, had it not been for this action of the Bureau,
and the kind, almost personal care, given us by its chief, that the
advances which we feel have recently been made by us in this whole
matter could not have been accomplished but by the expenditure of a

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 491

very great deal more money and much valuable time by our several

States. (Signed)

Frederick H. Osgood, Boston, President. C. M. Winslow,
Brandon, Vt., Secretary and Treasurer. C. A. Dennen,
Boston, N. J. Batciielder, New Hampshire, V. I. Spear,
Braintree, Vt., John M. Deering, Saco, Me., Obadiah
Brown, Rhode Island, Clifton Peck, Connecticut, Exec-
utive Committee. Charles P. Lyman, Maurice O'Con-
nell, L. F. Herrick, Massachusetts. Irving A. Wat-
son, Neiv Hampshire. Homer W. Vail, J. O. Sanford,
Vermont. George H. Bailey, Maine. Geo. A. Stock-
well, Rhode Island. E. S. Hough, G. L. Foskett,
Connecticut. George W. McGuire, Franklin Dye,
New Jersey.

While, as has been shown, the requirements of General Or-
der No. 9 were accepted, and, so far as possible under the
various laws, put into practice by all of the New England com-
missions, one or two of the States have made further pro-
visions of their own. Those desiring to ship animals from
Vermont into any other of the New England States can have
them subjected to the tuberculin test by paying the actual cost
of the veterinarian's services, provided application is made to
C. M. Winslow, Secretary, Brandon, Vt., who will then send
a veterinarian of his own selection, and supplied with the tuber-
lin which is furnished, free of charge, by the Bureau of Animal
Industry at Washington, provided that a duplicate record of the
test, in each instance, is sent to that Bureau. This provision
makes the certificate furnished the Massachusetts Board, from
Vermont, the most valuable of any received, as all such exam-
inations are made under the direct supervision of the State
authority.

The provision under which the Board of Cattle Commis-
sioners of the State of Maine certify to the competency of
veterinarians within their borders to make the tuberculin test
upon animals for shipment to other States provides that a
return of all tests made by such veterinarians, where any evi-
dence of tuberculosis exists, shall be immediately forwarded
to the Board of Cattle Commissioners. This failing, certifica-
tion of such veterinarian is at once revoked.

The system inaugurated under General Order No. 9 has now

492 BOARD OF AGRICULTUEE. [Pub. Doc.

been in operation for a period of more than five months, and
has proved, in the opinion of the commission, extremely satis-
factory. It has resulted in the saving of the entire expense
of maintaining quarantine stations at the markets of Brighton,
Watertown and Somerville; it has permitted dealers in cattle
to bring in their animals at the regular time, properly prepare
them for market and sell them on the regular market day, with-
out material interference ; it has, in the opinion of the commis-
sion, resulted in preventing the introduction of a large amount
of tuberculous animals ; and, further, it has enabled the owners
to have their animals examined under such conditions as will
render the test accurate, if properly applied, and where they
may also have the advantage of any indemnity that is paid by
their own States.

From the first day of July to the first day of December the
records at the markets of Brighton, Watertown and Somerville
show : —

Number of Western cattle received for export, which, therefore, did not
come under the provisions of General Order No. 9: — ^

Brighton, -

Watertown, 66,312

Somerville, . 13,409

Cattle brought from without the State and released for immediate
slaughter, which, therefore, were not required to have accompanying
tuberculin certificate : —

Brighton, 8,165

Watertown, 1,095

Somerville, 1,249

Cattle tested without the limits of the Commonwealth, and accompanied
by certificate satisfactory and approved by the Board: —

Brighton, 2,553

Watertown, 3,960

Somerville, . 81

Cattle entering this market not accompanied by proper certificate, which
were quarantined for a period of six days and then tested with tuber-
culin : —

Brighton, 712

Watertown : —

From New York, ..... 155
From New Hampshire and Vermont, . 44

• 199

Somerville, 76

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 493

Number condemned as tuberculous : —

Brighton, 2*

Watertown, 3

Somerville, 4

Number found to be diseased on post-mortem examination : —

Brighton, 2

Watertown 3

Somerville, 4

As the result of the new regulations, it will be seen that only
14.9 per cent, of the animals arriving at Brighton, Watertown
and Somerville, for purposes other than immediate slaughter,
or for export, were required to be examined. Of the 987 ani-
mals examined, only 9 were pronounced diseased on tuberculin
test, and all of these, upon being killed and examined, were
found to be diseased.

While the tests so made were but few, the indication from
this experience is that tuberculin can be used with almost abso-
lute accuracy at these markets, if it can be applied under proper
conditions ; and therefore, if it ever becomes necessary to again
inaugurate the compulsory system of examination of all cattle
coming to these markets, it must be under some system whereby
the animals can be kept in quarantine, under normal conditions,
for a period of at least six days.

In regard to the certificates accompanying animals tested
without the State, the commission desires here to call the atten-
tion of your honorable body to the fact that, while every possi-
ble ^precaution is exercised to insure good, reliable work, as has
already been shown, this Board has no actual or personal
knowledge as to the conditions under which the test has been
applied in any given instance, and it cannot therefore be held
to be responsible for any errors that may be made ; but, out of
the total number of animals which have entered the State in
the past six months, under these certificates, the attention of
the commission has been called to but four cases wherein an
animal has proved to be tuberculous. In most of these cases,
as far as can be ascertained, the difficulty seems to have been

* There were eighteen other animals whose temperatures before inoculation were
higher than that upon which action is taken by this Board. Consequently the animals,
although subjected to the test, were continued in quarantine for a subsequent test at
such time as they should be found to be in normal condition, but upon request of the

owners they were released for immediate slaughter.

494 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

that the animals were tested under abnormal conditions, such
as those met by the commission in its former work at Brighton,
Watertown and Somerville. In the earlier part of this work
the commission found some certificates which were unsatis-
factory because the examiners had failed to make a sufficient
number of temperature readings after the tuberculin had been
injected ; and accordingly a further order was issued, reiterat-
ing, in part, General Order No. 9, that " the temperature must
be registered from the tenth hour after the injection every two
hours until the twentieth. Satisfactory test is impossible when
the initial temperature is higher than 102|."

It will be seen that, under the system adopted by the com-
mission at the markets of Brighton, Watertown and Somerville,
since the eighth day of July, the cattle offered for sale in these
markets are of two classes : those coming from without the
State, accompanied by a certificate, approved by the Board,
that the animals have been tested with tuberculin and found
free from tuberculosis ; and those coming from points within
the State, which are sold in the market without restriction, and
which, therefore, have not been subjected to a tuberculin test.
The commission has had no means within its control to obtain
any records of the actual sales at these markets, for the purpose
of determinino- the relative selling value of these two classes of
animals ; it has, however, carefully observed the general condi-
tion at the markets, and, so far as it has been able to judge,
the tested cows have been sold more readily and at a higher
price than untested animals.

There are a large number of buyers at these markets who
will not buy animals unless they have been tested with tuber-
culin and found free from disease ; it also appears that the
number of these buyers is constantly increasing. There are
others who state that they ate as ready to buy untested cattle
as tested ; but, so far as the observation of the commission has
gone, these buyers purchase large numbers of tested cattle, at
higher prices than the untested, and as a rule the untested
cattle are the last to be sold.

In the case of animals coming into the State and arriving at
points other than the regular stations of Brighton, Watertown
and Somerville, upon special permits, from June 5 to Novem-
ber 25 permits for 7,(377 animals have been issued. Of these,

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' BEPORT. 495

7,078 were accompanied by proper certificates of tuberculin
test, which were approved by the commission and the animal
discharged from quarantine ; 601 were not accompanied by
satisfactory certificates, and were held for a period of six days
or more, and tested with tuberculin ; 16 of these were con-
demned as tuberculous and destroyed, and all were found
diseased upon post-mortem examination.

Systematic Work.

At the time we submitted to your honorable body the report
of this Board for the year 1894, the commission was conduct-
ing a systematic examination of all neat stock in the counties
of Nantucket, Dukes and Barnstable, and at that time this
examination, covering the whole of the Island of Nantucket,
was fully described upon page 20 of that report. After leaving
Nantucket, the same systematic work was continued through-
out Dukes County. In this county 1,300 animals were exam-
ined, of which 3 were condemned as tuberculous, all of which
showed unmistakable signs of that disease upon post-mortem
examination. A fourth animal, which showed no reaction to
tuberculin, was condemned and killed on account of actinomy-
cosis.

The work in Dukes County was begun on the twenty-ninth
day of December, 1894, and was completed upon the twenty-
second day of February.

The examination in Barnstable County was begun March 4,
at Provincetown, following which the entire eastern portion
of this county was examined, up to and including the towns
of Harwich and Brewster, where the work ceased upon the
twentieth day of May. There were 1,556 animals examined
in this county ; 6 were condemned, all of which were found
upon post-mortem examination to be diseased. In addition,
one animal in Truro showed no reaction to the tuberculin test,
but was condemned upon physical examination, and upon post-
mortem was found free from tuberculosis.

Up to June 4, 1895, when thcvnew law became operative,
all the animals in the following towns in Barnstable County
had been examined: Provincetown, Truro, Orleans, Wellfleet,
Eastham, Chatham, Brewster and Harwich. The work was
stopped on the twentieth of May, by reason of failure of suffi-

496 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

cient appropriation. An additional reason for stopping at this
point was that the town of Dennis, the next in order after leav-
ing Brewster and Harwich, extends entirely across the Cape,
thus in itself forming a natural line, in which a good quaran-
tine against incoming cattle might be maintained at a compara-
tively small expense.

Up to the time of the passage of the law of 1895 the com-
mission had maintained a quarantine against the introduction of
all untested cattle throughout the counties where it was doing
systematic work. Any person desiring to bring cattle into
these counties was only permitted to do so after such animals
had been subjected to the tuberculin test. This regulation was
necessarily based upon the power in the commission to compel
the owner to subject such animals to the tuberculin test. With
the passage of the law of 1895 the Board was deprived of this
power, and consequently any quarantine maintained by the
commission to protect the territory where the systematic ex-
amination had been completed, after that time, would have been
a violation of at least the spirit of the act. Therefore, on June
4, with the passage of the new law, the quarantine hitherto
maintained about these counties was adandoned ; and since that
date all persons have had the uninterrupted privilege of taking
such animals as they desired into this territory.

Inasmuch as the attention of the commission has been called
to statements which have been made to the effect that there was
a general opposition to the compulsory use of tuberculin, the
Board desires here to say that in its systematic work in these
counties it experienced substantially no opposition from the
owners of the animals tested, and as a rule secured the hearty
co-operation of such parties, who seemed to be desirous of hav-
ing their herds tested and all diseased animals removed, if any
were found. In this connection many instances might be cited
where parties in these localities who were at first opposed to
the use of tuberculin have, upon seeing it used, become con-
vinced of its reliability and usefulness. In the county of Barn-
stable no opposition was met by the commission in its work
until after the agitation of the matter regarding the restriction
of the use of tuberculin before your honorable body last year,
after which time more or less opposition was experienced in the
town of Harwich, where the work was then being conducted.

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 497

So far as the commission had knowledge, the owners of cattle
in Dennis were desirous, at the time when the commission was
obliged to abandon its work, to have the animals in that town
examined.

Examination of Animals quarantined by Inspectors.

An important branch of the work of this commission in sup-
pressing tuberculosis is the examination of cattle quarantined
by the local inspectors as suspected of being tuberculous.
More or less of these animals are being constantly quarantined
by these inspectors throughout the year, but the great bulk of
them are usually so isolated, as the result of their regular
inspections. This year, as has alread}r been stated, the first
regular inspection was ordered to be begun the 1st of October.
The inspectors, however, as heretofore, were required to in-
spect and quarantine, at any time, all animals which they had
reason to suspect were affected with any contagious disease.
The quarantines placed by inspectors upon cattle supposed to
be tuberculous, since our last report, are from Dec. 15, l-s«>4,
to June 5, 1895, 1,776; from this last date to Dec. 15, 1895,
2,239, — a total of 4,015. Of the animals quarantined be-
tween Dec. 1, 1894, and June 5, 1895, all were subjected to
the tuberculin test, and 795 condemned as tuberculous. Post-
mortem examination disclosed the presence of the disease in
the case of 780 ; in 15 no lesions of the disease were found.
It will thus be seen that 43.9 per cent, of those ouarantined
were diseased.

Under the provision of section 14 of chapter 496 of the Acts
of 1895, it is provided that, in the absence of written consent,
no Massachusetts animal shall be subjected to the tuberculin
test unless such animal has been already condemned as tuber-
culous, upon physical examination, by a competent veterina-
rian. Whenever, therefore, reports of quarantine are received
from inspectors who are not also veterinarians, a " competent"
man is at once sent to make a physical examination of sus-
pected animals. It has further been the practice of the Board
to obtain, if possible, from the owners of these animals, per-
mission in writing to apply the tuberculin test as a means of
reaching a final decision. This permission has been given in
all but four or five of the instances. In two of these, after a

498 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

physical examination made by a competent veterinarian had
failed to disclose the presence of tuberculosis, the animals were
liberated. In the other cases they were condemned by a simi-
lar physical examination, and examined with tuberculin. All
of these animals — being those that were quarantined between
June 5 and Dec. 15, 1895 — except the two above mentioned
were subjected to the tuberculin test; 1,000 were condemned
as tuberculous and destroyed, and upon post-mortem examina-
tion disease was found to be present in 989 animals. In 3
cases, wherein the post-mortem examinations were made by
the agents of the Board, no evidence of disease was found ; in
the remaining 8 the post-mortem examinations were performed
by local inspectors, who reported them to have been free from
the disease.

It is impossible to give the accurate returns, at the time of
making this report, of the total examinations made upon these
inspectors' quarantines, for the reason that the Board is not yet
in receipt of returns of all the examinations ; and it is prob-
able, therefore, that this total of 1,000 represents the number
diseased in a figure of one or two hundred less than the total
of received quarantines, as hereinafter given.

Tests made upon Voluntary Requests.

Prior to June 4 it had been the policy of the commission not.
to make tests outside of the counties in which the systematic
work was being conducted, except in cases where the animals
had already been quarantined by the local inspector. In estab-
lishing this rule the commission was influenced by the fact that,
with the appropriation at its command, it did not seem practi-
cable to carry on both classes of work. There were, however,
at this time numerous owners of neat stock throughout the
State who desired to have their herds tested with tuberculin,
and who were not willing to wait until they could be reached,
in the natural course, under the systematic examinations. Ar-
rangements, therefore, were made to authorize the examination
of such herds wherein the owner in all instances was willing to
pay the expense of making the examination, and the veteri-
narian employed by him was a fully qualified man in good
standing. In such cases the result of the examination, show-
ing in detail the thermometrical readings taken prior to and

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 499

after the administration of the tuberculin, was transmitted to
the commission for inspection and approval. In this class of
work, prior to June 4, 1,514 animals were examined, of which
289 were condemned and found tuberculous, showing 19 per
cent, of disease. Upon June 4 the law of 1895 was passed,
which restricted the use of tuberculin, so that it became impos-
sible for the commission to further continue its systematic
work ; and as soon thereafterward as possible the commission
gave careful consideration to the matter of carrying out the
provisions of section 14 of this law, which provides that tuber-
culin may be used as a diagnostic agent on any animal or
animals in any other (than Brighton, Watertown and Somer-
ville) portions of the State, upon the consent in writing of the
owner or person in possession thereof. After giving the matter
careful consideration, the Board decided that the best method
of eradicating the disease, under the restrictions placed by this
act, would be to make tests of entire herds. In arriving at this
decision the Board was influenced by the opinion that such a
measure would result in the most economical method of ad-
ministration, because a large number of animals could be tested
at one time, by the same agent ; that it was more likely to do
permanent good, because, by removing the disease from the
entire herd, the owner would have an interest, thereafter, in
seeing that the disease was not re-introduced into the herd,
thus making each owner practically a quarantine agent against
untested cattle ; and that the cleaning up of an entire herd
enabled the public to ascertain readily the sources from which
a supply of uncontaminated milk or an animal free from tuber-
culosis might be obtained. Accordingly the Board adopted the
rule that it would test all herds where written application was
made by the owner or person in possession, in the order in
which such applications were received, so long as the appro-
priation at the command of the commission was unexpended.
These applications are all made upon uniform blanks, of which
the following is a copy : —

Voluntary Rkquest for Tuberculin Test.

City ok Town of
To the Board of Cattle Commissioners, 52 Village Street, Boston, Mass.

Gentlemen : — Believing in the value of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent
for the detection of tuberculosis in cattle, and believing that no injury

500 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

results therefrom to animals found free from the disease, I hereby request
that you subject my herd, consisting of the following animals, to wit,
to the tuberculin test, to determine whether or not any of said
animals are affected with tuberculosis ; this test to be made at the expense
of the Commonwealth.

And I agree that thereafter I will observe the sanitary regulations pre-
scribed by the Board of Cattle Commissioners, and will not introduce into
said herd any animals without having them first subjected to the tuberculin
test.

I further certify that I am the true and lawful owner of said animals,
that of said animals have been owned within the State

six months continuously prior to the date hereof.

Date received,

Date examined,

No. examined,

No. released,

No. condemned,

Amount approved for animals destroyed,

Warrants No.

Expense,

Upon receipt of these requests, a member of the commission,
or an agent of the Board who is also a duly qualified veter-
inarian, visits the premises where the herd is located. Before
the test is applied a careful physical examination is made of
every animal in the herd, after which they are subjected to the
tuberculin test, and animals which are by these means consid-
ered suspicious are condemned and destroyed under the pro-
visions of the act.

The first application which was received by the commission
for this class of work was on July 15, 1895, from the town of
Cummington. Upon this application 26 animals were exam-
ined, 10 of which were found to be diseased, were condemned
and destroyed ; since which time the commission has received
nine additional applications for test in this town. In the early
part of this work the applications which were received by the
commission, while numerous, were few in comparison to the
number received afterwards. Up to December 18 the commis-
sion has received 535 such applications. The number received,
month by month, has been as follows : —

Xo. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 501

July 10

August, 68

September, 74

October, 92

November, 138

December, to the 18th, 153

Total, 535

The following table shows the cities and towns from which
voluntary requests for tuberculin tests have been received,
those which have been examined and those which remain to be
examined : —

1 « •

~ a

■o .

■~ a

t. -o

<- -a

a; 2

< 1

V CD

ft >

3 to

<o

«* *

<h a

<o

*h a

City or Town.

si

9 J2

lis
lie

City ok Town.

is

a -

o

= £

~ a Z

= "3

^ _ _

fe

•A

to

£

Adams, .

1

Fall River, .

1

Amherst,

2

-

Framingham,

-

4

Andover,

-

1

Groton, .

3

6

Ashby, .

15

4

Gardner,

10

5

Ashfield, .

2

3

Grafton,

-

1

Ashland, .

_

1

Greenfield,

-

5

Athol, .

1

-

Haverhill,

2

1

Auburudale, .

1

-

Harnrjden,

1

-

Barre,

26

23

Hadley, .

1

1

Bolton, .

1

-

Holyoke,

1

-

Billerica,

1

-

Hubbardston,

-

1

Bridgewater, .

2

2

Holland,

1

-

Burlington,

i

1

Holliston,

1

-

Blandford,

-

1

Hyde Park,

-

1

Blackstone,

-

1

Hatfield,

1

-

Becket, .

-

8

Harvard,

-

5

Brockton,

-

2

Hinsdale,

-

1

Buckland,

-

1

Hopkinton,

-

1

Chester, .

59

-

Hard wick,

-

2

Chesterfield, .

1

-

Hingham,

-

1

Cheshire,

14

2

Huntington,

-

5

Concord, .

1

-

Ipswich,

1

-

Chelmsford, .

1

1

Littleton,

4

1

Cummington, .

1

9

Lexington,

1

2

Charlton,

-

1

Lee,

1

4

Colrain, .

-

2

Lenox, .

-

3

Dunstable,

22

-

Leyden, .

-

1

Dal ton, .

12

-

Marlborough

11

-

Dudley, .

-

4

Marshfield,

2

-

East Longnieadow,

2

1

Milton, .

1

-

Erving, .

1

-

Medway.

-

1

Franklin,

2

-

Mansfield,

-

1

Foxborough, .

i

Middlefield,

—

2

502

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

.i a

,

t, ri

P."

u r3

p.""

<u V

& fc

V 0>

< o

< o

0)

City or Town.

lif

O

City on Town.

?^

° I

J*

Mi S

I'S

| § s

SH

§•§§

al

s-gg

3 e3

3 u O

s .•«

3 § O

fc

fc

(Zi

fe

Melrose, .

1

Sunderland, .

1

1

Millis, .

-

1

Shelburne, .

_

1

New Marlborough,

2

Southborough,

10

6

Norton, .

2

5

Sandisfield, .

_

4

Needkaru,

1

-

Springfield, .

-

1

North Reading,

-

1

Southbridge,

1

-

North Hadley,

-

1

Stow, .

1

-

Northborough,

-

2

Sheffield,

1

-

Northbridge,

1

-

Scituate,

1

-

Oakham, .

-

1

Townsend, .

19

7

Paxton, .

1

3

Tyngsborough,

1

_

Pepperell,

29

5

Tyringham, .

-

14

Peru,

-

1

Weymouth, .

1

-

Pittsfield,

-

1

Worcester, .

6

1

Prescott, .

-

1

Westminster,

1

2

Palmer, .

1

_

Warren,

1

1

Quincy, .

1

-

West Dedham,

2

1

Rehoboth,

_

1

Westborough,

5

11

Reading, .

-

1

Webster,

1

-

Royalston,

2

Westhampton,

1

1

Shrewsbury,

-

1

Wilmington, .

1

-

Sudbury,

-

1

West Boylston,

1

-

Sherborn,

4

2

Waltham,

1

2

Sutton, .

2

2

Whitman,

_

1

Savoy,

-

1

Wilbraham. .

-

3

South Hadley,

-

1

Williamsburg,

1

3

Sturbridge,

-

1

South Deerfield,

—

2

Herds,

314

221

Upon these applications the following number of animals
have been examined in the different counties, prior to Decem-
ber 1 : —

Middlesex, 1,263

Worcester, 1,058

Hampshire, 340

Essex, 67

Berkshire, 279

Hampden, 64

Norfolk 140

Plymouth, 58

Bristol, . 13

Franklin, 69

Total,

3,351

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPOET. 503

Between December 1 and 16 inclusive there have been in
addition 742 animals examined, making the total number to
December 16, 4,093. Of this total number, 1,081 were con-
demned upon tuberculin test and killed. In 1,079 cases the
disease was found upon post-mortem examination, and in 2
cases no evidence of disease was found. It will thus be seen
that the percentage of disease in these herds was 26.3 per
cent, and the percentage of error was J$j*$ of 1 per cent. In
all of these cases the animals were subjected to the tuberculin
test under normal conditions, and the commission and its
agent were accorded every assistance by the owners of the
herds, again showing the great value of having the animals
surrounded by persons and conditions with which they are
perfectly familiar and friendly while undergoing the test,
and the remarkable accuracy of the test under such condi-
tions.

We desire, in this connection, to call your attention to the
fact that the herds which were tested upon these voluntary re-
quests were, as a rule, those which were being kept for dairy
purposes, being apparently in good, healthy condition, in
which, although the owners in numerous cases suspected that
disease might be present, it was practically impossible for them
to pick out diseased animals by means of any physical exam-
ination ; and, believing that the disease could be removed only
by the use of tuberculin, they requested the Board to make
the examination. In these herds, while the members of the
commission might and did pick out here and there an animal
upon physical examination which they suspected of being
tuberculous, as a whole there was nothing to indicate the dis-
ease ; nor was it possible, by such means, to pick out or even
suspect the existence of the disease in any more than an occa-
sional case here and there among the animals which were sub-
mitted for examination.

In every county in which tests have been made upon volun-
tary requests disease has been found to a greater or less extent
among the herds so tested. Of the 314 herds examined, 24
herds have been found to be absolutely free from disease.
"While the percentage of disease (26.3) found is surprisingly
large, it compares favorably with that found under similar con-
ditions in other parts of the world, where the examinations

504 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

have been as rigidly made as here ; as, for example, in the case
of New York, where 34.9 per cent, of the animals examined
under similar conditions were found to be diseased.

In attempting to deduce from these figures the probable
amount of disease in the State, it should be remembered that,
while these examinations cover a large number of animals, as
compared with the total number in the State, they are but few,
and in the majority of cases the owners had some reason to
suspect that disease might be present, although they had no
means of judging to what extent.

The table showing the voluntary requests received by the
commission also shows that applications have been received to
test 221 herds, embracing 3,346 animals, which have not yet
been attended to on account of lack of sufficient appropriation.
In addition to the examinations made upon these voluntary
requests, further tests have been made by private veterinarians
and approved by this Board covering 584 animals, of which 90
were condemned, and 89, or about 15.2 per cent., were found
to be diseased.

The work of the commission in attending to the examination
of herds upon voluntary requests has been extremely satisfac-
tory. It has resulted in the removal of a large number of dis-
eased animals which otherwise would be the source of the milk
and food supply of some considerable number of people. It
has demonstrated that the disease exists in almost every county
of the State, and it has further demonstrated that in tuber-
culin we have a reliable agent, by means of which we can with
substantial accuracy pick out all cases of the disease where
the germ has gained any lodgement whatever in the animal's
body.

The commission has experienced during the past year more
or less scepticism as to the value of tuberculin as a diagnostic
test, and there has been a feeling, to a greater or less extent,
that the use of tuberculin is an injury to sound animals. The
Board has found, however, in connection with this class of
work, in almost every case wherein herds have been examined
upon voluntary request, that upon the completion of its work
numerous requests were immediately received from the owners
of cattle in the immediate neighborhood ; and, as the work has
progressed, the confidence in the use of tuberculin has grown

Xo. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPOET. 505

and the demand has increased to the extent which has already
been shown.

In a large percentage of the cases where the animals have
been condemned by tuberculin the owner or his representative
has been present at the post-mortem examinations, and the com-
mission has no knowledge of any instance in which the owner
has not been satisfied with the result as finally declared.

Before leaving the subject of voluntary requests, the com-
mission feels that it should call the attention of your honorable
body to this class of work, as bearing upon the question of the
best method of procedure in the matter of the suppression of
tuberculosis among cattle. Under the law which is now in
force, the owner receives for every animal destroyed as tuber-
culous by order of the commission, provided the animal has
had the required residence in the State, the full value thereof
at the time of condemnation, not exceeding the sum of $60 for
any one animal. The average amount received by such owners
in compensation, under the provisions of this act, has been
about $35. Under the law of 1894, which provides for the
payment of one-half the sound value, the average price paid
for such animals up to the fifteenth day of December of last
year was $18.36. From the fifteenth day of December up to
the fourth day of June, also half value, the average price was
$21.* In addition to this, the State bears the expense of mak-
ing the examinations, so that, whether the work is done by
systematic examination or in response to voluntary requests,
the owner is given an opportunity, which, in the opinion of the
commission, is a very valuable one, to have ihe sources of the
disease removed from his herd without expense to himself, and
without loss growing out of the destruction of any animal, —
unless, of course, such animal has a fancy or pedigree value.

In either class of work State animals only are tested, and
every diseased animal destroyed removes one more source of
contagion and menace to the public health through the sale of
the milk derived therefrom. In the case of the examinations
conducted on the systematic plan, the commission is working
by force of law, and to a greater or less extent without the
co-operation of the owners; whereas, in the case of examina-

* Under the law of New York, which provides for the payment of half compensation,
similar to our law of 1894, the average price paid for animals destroyed has been $23.25.

506 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

tions made upon voluntary request, it works, in every case,
with the co-operation and assistance of the persons in charge of
the herd. Other things being equal, it follows that better work
can be done under the latter conditions than under the former.
There is no doubt that, in examining herds upon request, the
commission is removing a very great amount of diseased ani-
mals which are scattered throughout the State, and which are
the source of the local milk supply ; and it is also removing the
disease from barns, many of which, it is to be hoped, will be
protected by the owner against the further introduction of
disease. The examination of herds upon voluntary request
has not only given the owner an opportunity to remove the
source of contagion, but in repeated instances has resulted in a
public demand by the consumers of milk in such city or town
that the herds from which they derive their milk shall also be
tested. This has greatly assisted in the cleaning up of localities
of greater or less extent, in substantially the same way as
would be done upon the principle of systematic examination.

While this system of examination furnishes an opportunity
to the owner to remove the disease from his herd and to the
commission to remove the sources of contagion therefrom, it
must also be remembered that there are numerous owners of
herds who have not and probably will not make applications
for such tests ; although it is the feeling of the Board, based
upon its experience at the present time, that the number of
such people will decrease at a very rapid rate as the advantages
of the test become more widely known, and as such persons
find that the public refuses to receive the product from untested
herds.

Another advantage of the herd work is, that it gives to the
owners of neat stock an opportunity, if they so desire, to
immediately clean up their herds, and by this means to furnish
milk free from tuberculous taint to their customers ; whereas,
by the systematic work, no direct advantage is derived by the
owners outside of the counties in which such work is being con-
ducted, and thus it would result that certain portions of the
State would be without this advantage for possibly many years
to come. On the other hand, it must be remembered that,
tuberculosis being a contagious disease, the State cannot expect
to eradicate it by means of examinations of isolated herds upon

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 507

written request. Such a method will diminish the risk of
transmission of the disease to the human family, through the
milk, by the destruction of just as many animals as are found
to be diseased, and undoubtedly will to a great extent, in cer-
tain localities, result in the suppression of the disease. It can-
not for a moment, however, be considered as adequate, if we
hope or desire to eradicate tuberculosis. No plan can do that
which does not eliminate every diseased animal and thoroughly
disinfect the premises which have been inhabited by it ; and,
just so long as tuberculous animals are left within the State,
such animals will act as a menace to others with which they
may at any time be brought in contact, and may in this way
constantly create new sources of contagion.

It may be argued that, by cleaning up herds upon voluntary
request, the commission is doing in a small way what is being
done on a large scale by systematic examination ; but after
these herds are examined it is impossible to practically quar-
antine them against the introduction of new sources of conta-
gion. Such animals are during a considerable portion of the
year turned out to pasture, where they may come in contact
with animals in adjoining pastures which have not been sub-
jected to the test, and thus the disease may re-enter the herd.
Again, while the owner may in most cases have an interest in
protecting his herd, cases are likely to arise where, under
special pressure, he may introduce untested animals, which
may and probably will result in the reinfection of the herd.
As a question of ultimate policy, looking to the eradication of
the disease, the commission has not changed its view, as here-
tofore expressed, that no method can be devised to accomplish
this except one which is based upon a thorough systematic
examination, with tuberculin, of all animals within the State,
the thorough disinfection of all premises where the animals
have been, and stringent quarantine restrictions against the
introduction of untested animals.

On the other hand, for the present there is no doubt that the
examination of herds upon voluntary request is a great benefit
to the agricultural community, and to the public who are the
consumers of their product. It is impossible for the commis-
sion, with the assistance which it is able to get, and with the
appropriation which has been or is likely to be made, to do

508 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

both classes of work ; and the Board is to-day in receipt of vol-
untary requests in greater numbers than it is able to attend to.

Tuberculosis.

As experience ripens, we find that the contagious principle
of bovine tuberculosis is fully as strong or stronger than was
at first supposed. The reason for this seems to be entirely
embraced in the fact that in tuberculin we have a much more
perfect diagnostic agent than we have ever had previous to this
time ; and the results of investigation show that tuberculosis
may be very quickly extended from the diseased animal to
other healthy animals with which it may come in contact, but
that in a large majority of cases the extension is exceedingly
subtle. The animals, although they become affected, do not
become sufficiently so to be attractive in their symptomology ;
'whereas, with the use of tuberculin it is found that the animals
are affected very quickly after exposure, and that the disease
is largely disseminated throughout the herd ; that it is received
and amplified, by the newly infected, in a very small lesion,
situated, more probably, in some of the deeper-seated glandular
structures of the body, and then, because of the inherent resist-
ing power of the animal, it does not receive a further develop-
ment until after the lapse of some time, extending even to
years in many cases.

Prevalence.

Upon page 28 of our report for last year will be found a
statement as to the prevalence of this disease in other countries,
gathered from such statistics as the commission was then able
to obtain, and a statement that the Board had not been able, up
to that time, to gather information sufficient to make any valu-
able estimate for determining the amount of such disease in
Massachusetts. As the result of the experience of the Board
up to that time, however, it was found that 24.58 per cent, of
animals reported as suspicious by local inspectors were found
to be diseased ; 6.21 per cent, of animals examined at Brighton,
Watertown and Somerville, and .9 per cent, of the animals
examined on the Island of Nantucket. From all of these
figures and such other data as could be gathered, the Board
was then of opinion that the amount of disease in the State

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT.

509

might be in the neighborhood of 10 per cent., which, under
the circumstances, was a mere estimate.

Since the introduction of the tuberculin test, the whole num-
ber of animals examined by the Board with this agent is
26,958: —

Number condemned as tuberculous,

Percentage of diseased animals in all classes of work,
From Dec. 15, 1894, to Dec. 15, 1895, the total number of
animals reported by the local inspectors and quaran-
tined as suspicious, Avhich have been examined by the

Board, is

Number condemned as tuberculous,
Percentage of diseased animals, ....
From June 5 to December 16 the total number of animals
examined upon voluntary request is
Number condemned as tuberculous,

Percentage of disease,

In the counties of Dukes County and Barnstable the total
number of animals examined is ...
Number found to be tuberculous, ....

Percentage of disease,

Total number of carcasses examined in slaughter houses,

Number condemned,

Percentage of disease,

Total number of animals examined at Brighton, Water
town and Somerville, from December 26 to April 30,

Number found diseased,

Percentage of disease,

1,795
44.7

1,081
26.4

9
.31

192
1

256
4

4,389
16

4,015
4,093

2,856

18,738

6,270

Since the adoption of the new regulations relating to inter-
state cattle, substantially all of these animals are examined
before coming here, therefore statistics of no value can be
gathered from the few that have been examined and killed in
this State. The percentages shown above vary so widely,
according to the class of work, that the commission feels again
that it is impossible to make any reasonably accurate state-
ment as to the actual percentage of the disease existing within
the State. In estimating the percentage of disease, the result
of the examination of animals quarantined by local inspectors
is naturally very largely in excess of the actual amount of dis-
ease in the State, because these are animals which present such
symptoms as render them suspicious of being tuberculous.
"Whether or not the figures gathered from the herd work may
be considered as showing the average amount of disease in the

510

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

State is also a matter of some doubt, for the reason that in a
large percentage of these cases, at least, the owners presuma-
bly suspected the disease to be present before requesting the
test. In this connection it is also of interest to note the amount
of disease found in various herds which have been examined by
the commission upon voluntary request.

The following table shows a number of miscellaneous herds
in which a large percentage of disease has been found : —

Voluntary Requests.

City or Town.

Number
Tested.

Number
< tondemned.

Haverhill,

41

21

Littleton,

27

20

Gardner,

28

11

Barre, .

10

10

Norwood,

10

10

Blackstone,

10

10

Quincy,
Dunstable,

11
11

7
13

Ashby,
Waltham,

9
36

9

26

Dalton,

16

9

Dedham.

48

26

Marshfield,

15

13

Whately,
Palmer,

16
40

15

18

Webster,

45

20

Sherborn,

36

25

Burlington,

15

14

Cheshire,

24

10

Cheshire,

27

10

Shelburne,

37

22

Ashfield,

40

32

In other words, the percentage of disease in herds thus far
examined varies all the way from 0 up to 100 per cent. This
table also shows that the disease is not by any means restricted
to the more closely populated districts. Large percentages of
disease are naturally found in localities where, from the nature
of the business carried on, a large number of animals are ex-
changed. In localities where animals are raised on the farm
and the supply kept up in that way, the percentage of disease
is generally found to be small, excepting that, when disease
has once been introduced into any given herd, large numbers
of cases are almost surely found in that herd, whatever the

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 511

conditions are under which it is maintained. Statistics gathered
from the returns from slaughter houses are, in the opinion of
the commission, of little value in determining the prevalence
of the disease ; because, in the first place, under the present
law all such diseased carcasses are, if found, destroyed without
compensation to the owner; and, in the second place, this
examination as at present conducted is, as has been shown, not
by any means full. In other words, people will not slaughter
animals in licensed slaughter houses in this State if there is any
symptom of unhealthiness about them.

The records of the Copenhagen slaughter houses for the
years 1890-9;5, inclusive, show : —

Number of oxen and cows slaughtered, .... 132,21)4:

Number of these found diseased with tuberculosis, . 23,305

Percentage, 17.7

Calves slaughtei'ed, 185,765

Number found diseased with tuberculosis, . . . 369

Percentage of disease, .2

In the Berlin slaughter houses, for the years 1892-93 : —

Total number of oxen and cows slaughtered, . . . 142,87-1

Number showing evidence of tuberculosis, . . . 21,603

Percentage of disease, 15.1

Total number of calves slaughtered, ..... 108,348

Number found tubeixmlous, 125

Percentage of disease, . .11

Bollinger, in the Munich " Medical Weekly," states : —

While it has beeu supposed that neat stock generally are affected
with tuberculosis to the extent of § per cent., excepting milch cows,
which were supposed to be affected to the extent of f per cent., tin-
statistics from the slaughter houses, and by the use of tuberculin,
show this disease to be much more widespread.

In a slaughter house at Berlin, from April 1, 1801, to April 1,
1892, 15 per cent, of the 21,000 animals slaughtered were found
tuberculous. In the year 1893, in twenty towns in the kingdom of
Saxony, out of 6'.), 164 animals, 12,630, or 18.26 per cent., were
affected. As showing the percentages of disease among the various
classes of animals killed, the following statement is interesting : —

16,128 bulls killed, 1,947, or 12.07 per cent, infected.
23,851 oxen killed, 3,437, or 14.41 percent., infected.
28,784 cows killed, 7,175, or 24.92 per cent., infected.

512

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Leipzig Statistics.
[Figures mean per cents, of those slaughtered.]

YEAR.

All Animals
Infected.

Bulls.

Oxen.

Calves.

Cows.

1888, .

11.1

11.2

7.3

5.0

17.5

1889, .

14.9

11.8

13.7

9.18

19.4

1890, .

22.3

17.8

20.9

9.4

27.8

1891, .

26.7

18.1

27.7

13.2

31.1

At the slaughter houses in Schiverin the following statistics are
given as infected : —

YEAR.

All Kinds.

Oxen and
Bulls.

Cows.

1886

10.70

6.4

12.83

1887,

11.03

4.9

13.50

1888,

12.89

6.6

14.95

1889,

12.35

6.5

14.52

1890,

15.69

5.0

19.39

1891,

18.60

6.9

23.37

1892,

21.47

13.45

24.66

1893,

26.60

21.46

28.50

1894,

35. U0

34. (JO

35.70

Finally, Bollinger gives the figures presented by Bang to the
Congress at Budapest, concerning the spread of tuberculosis
in Denmark : —

On the 327 farms 8,401 animals were subjected to the tuberculin
test, and 3,362 reacted, or 40 per cent. At a farm in Seeland, of
the 208 animals tested, 80 per cent, of all the cows and 40 per cent,
of the oxen and calves reacted. The cows that reacted were sepa-
rated from the healthy ones, and as they calved the calves were
taken and fed on sterilized milk. After several weeks those calves
that were separated when injected with tuberculin showed no reac-
tion, while ten per cent, of calves not separated showed the reaction
during the first year of life.

Numerous other statistics might be cited to show the preva-
lence of this disease in different portions of the world, but a
sufficient number are here emoted to show that it has a strong

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 513

foothold among neat stock everywhere, and that it is appar-
ently gaining ground.

In the report, made in 1895, of the Royal Commission of
Great Britain, to inquire into the effect of food derived from
tuberculous animals on human health, after citing the above
statistics relating to the Copenhagen and Berlin slaughter
houses, we find the following : —

There do not exist for the United Kingdom any records with which
these can be compared. At Copenhagen and Berlin all the meat fur-
nished to the towns is submitted to the inspection of experts. But
we have reason to think that the facts about tuberculous animals
would exhibit a broad resemblance to the foregoing if such records
could be obtained ; not more different in degree, that is, than the
difference seen between the Copenhagen aud Berlin records, or
than would be explained by variations in the practice of dealiug with
food animals in one and another country. Such few data as are to
be had for the United Kingdom confirm this view. Three hundred
milch cows had to be slaughtered in Edinburgh in 1890 on account
of the appeai-ance of epidemic pleuro-pneumonia there, and their
carcasses were examined as to the presence or absence of tubercu-
lous matter in them. Of the 300, 120, or 40 per cent., were found
to be tuberculous, the percentage varying between 12 and 83, accord-
ing as they came from one or another cow house. In Edinburgh,
again, out of 27,769 cattle bought for slaughter at the public abat-
toir in 1890, 179, or .65 per cent., were condemned as being tuber-
culous, this percentage having risen from .16 in 1887, when the
system of examining for tubercle was begun there. Five pigs were
condemned in 1890, out of 4,973, and no calves out of 5,160; no
record is given about sheep.

The Use of Milk and Meat coming from Tuberculous

Animals.

In the report of this Board for 1894 there will be found on
pages 31 to 37 a discussion of the dangers to the public health
through the use as food of the flesh and milk of tuberculous
animals ; and numerous statistics are there cited, tending to
show that the use of these products is attended with a consider-
able amount of danger. While there may be a considerable
difference of opinion as to the actual extent of the danger, or as
to whether the disease in any particular case can be proved to

514 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

be directly traceable to the consumption of these products, the
general consensus of opinion among those best qualified to judge
of the matter is that milk and meat derived from tuberculous
animals should not be used as human food. In addition to the
statistics in this connection, cited in the report of last year, we
desire to call the attention of your honorable body to the fol-
lowing quoted opinions, all of which have been received since
the date of our last report.

In a set of resolutions passed on Sept. 12, 1895, by the
United States Veterinary Medical Association, in the convention
held at Des Moines, la., the following occurs : —

Whereas, Tuberculosis is an infectious disease, dangerous alike to
man and the lower animals ; and

Whereas, Scientific experimentation has demonstrated the possi-
bility of transmitting the disease through dairy and other animal prod-
ucts from tuberculous animals ; and

Whereas, The extensive use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent has
thoroughly demonstrated its high value for that purpose ; therefore,
be it

Resolved, That it is the judgment of the United States Veterinary
Medical Association that it is the duty of sanitary boards and other
health officers to employ all practical methods calculated to restrict
this disease.

Resolved, That we regard the tuberculin test as the only reliable
means now known to the scientific world for detecting obscure cases
of tuberculosis in the living subject, and that it is a reliable test when
performed under proper and well-known necessary conditions. It is
further —

Resolved, That reliance upon the physical examination of animals
for the existence of tuberculosis is unwise, deceitful and unwarranted
in the present day.

In the last International Veterinary Congress, held at Berne,
Switzerland, in September, 1895, the following conclusion was
reached and promulgated as being the opinion of the Congress : —

The flesh of tuberculous animals, if sold, should be subject to spe-
cial regulations.

A part of this flesh must be destroyed, but some of it may be
safely used for food.

The milk from cows with tuberculous udders is extremely danger-
ous.

X... 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 515

The milk from tuberculous cows with apparently healthy udders
may be dangerous, and is always suspicions.

In the year book issued by the United States Department of
Agriculture for the year 1894 the following occurs : —

The dilemma in which the demands of public health have put the
owner of cattle, as well as the health officer, has already been stated.
The following statements referring to this subject are based upon a
careful study of the distribution of the disease in a large number of
animals. It needs to be emphasized here that arguments deduced
from the superficial examination of a carcass and the simple determi-
nation of the presence or absence of tuberculosis are worth -little or
nothing in attempting to solve the problems presented by the sanitary
side. Only a thorough survey of the entire distribution of the tuber-
culous deposits in animals furnishes us with approximately correct
data.

The flesh of those infected cattle in which the disease is restricted
to one or two primary foci must be regarded as entirely harmless
and of full nutritive value. Even in advanced cases, which should
always be rejected, the glands embedded in the muscular tissue are
found infected only occasionally.

The condition of the milk in different stages of the disease is a
question of much greater importance, and demands the most careful
consideration. We may, for convenience and clearness, typify three
stages : —

1. In the earlier stages of the disease, provided the udder is
normal, the milk is free from tubercle bacilli.

2. In the more advanced stages, provided the udder is normal,
the milk may or may not contain tubercle bacilli. If the disease has
become generalized, the indications are that at some time or other
tubercle bacilli may pass into the milk. This passage is revealed at
the autopsy by disease of the glands or the udder. The indications
are that this passage is largely temporary, perhaps lasting only u day
before the tubercle bacilli are caught up and filtered out into the
lymphatic system. The indications are, furthermore, that compara-
tively few bacilli pass through the udder. The udder itself does
not favor their development there, and the closest inspection fails to
reveal any augmenting foci of disease. These statoments are based
upon careful examination of slaughtered cattle and the thorough test-
ing of the milk from advanced cases.

•3. When the udder is affected in any stage of the disease, a most
grave condition is presented. Tuberculosis of the udder in most

516 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

cases comes on in the later stages, when the virus is distributed by
the blood from some disintegrated earlier focus of disease. Primary
tuberculosis of the udder, that is, infection from without, has not yet
been established definitely, and is probably of very rare occurrence.
When the disease has started in the udder itself, tubercle bacilli may
be discharged in the milk in large numbers and for long periods of
time. The smaller the herd, in such a case, the more dangerous the
eutire milk becomes, because of the concentration of the virus.

Udder tuberculosis is thus a most serious danger, the importance
of which canuot be too strongly urged. Fortunately, it is rare. The
writer has encountered, among two hundred infected animals, only
one case of udder disease, and sixteen others which, according to the
post-mortem studies, may have shed at one time or another tubercle
bacilli into the milk in small numbers, but which had no recog-
nizable disease of the udder itself. The large percentage of udder
tuberculosis reported by several writers lately is incompatible with
all former statistics, and indicates either an unprecedented condition
in certain localities or else an error in diagnosis. The stock owner,
in the absence of proper dairy or other official inspection, is under
serious moral responsibilities to remove from his herd those animals
in which there is even a suspicion of udder tuberculosis. Any udder
which is found to increase slowly in size without any indication of
inflammatory processes, recognizable by the presence of heat, pain
and redness, and which becomes very firm without showing at first
any alteration in the appearance of the milk, should be regarded as
infected, the cow promptly segregated, and the entire milk rejected
until a diagnosis can be made by a veterinarian.

In view of the fact that tuberculin does not discriminate between
dangerous and harmless cases, the public health problem as it pre-
sents itself in practice is simply this : what shall be done with all the
cattle which give the tuberculin reaction, in order that we may catch
and destroy the ten per cent, of slightly and temporarily dangerous
cases among them, or the one per cent, of serious cases? Some of
the dangerous cases are so far along in the disease that they are easily
detected without the aid of tuberculin, but this is by no means true
of the majority. The situation certainly demands a most rigid peri-
odical inspection of all animals furnishing milk to consumers, the
prompt removal of all suspicious cases, and, above all, a more
thorough control of the dairy in the interest of public sanitation.

In 1890 a Royal Commission was appointed by the govern-
ment of Great Britain, "to inquire and report what is tke
effect, if any, of food derived from tuberculous animals on

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 517

human health, and, if prejudicial, what arc the circumstances
and conditions with regard to the tuberculosis in the animal
which produce that effect upon man?"

This commission, after nearly tire years of consideration
and investigation of this subject, at an expense of more than
$90,000, reported on April 10, 1895, and from this report
we quote the following : —

The primary object of the commission, to learn the "effect of
food derived from tuberculous animals upon human health," was
obviously one that could not be attained by direct experiment upon
human beings. Yet it was upon this question that there had been
least accord among the witnesses, though they did agree in their
assurances that there was no valid evidence on the point to be had.
The commission undertook, therefore, these inquiries as to the effect
of tuberculous food upon the health of lower animals, in the expecta-
tion of obtaining information applicable to the case of a human sub-
ject.

Dr. Martin selected for his experimental research a variety of ani-
mals which differed in their customary food material : pigs, guinea-
pigs and rabbits. The animals were fed with their usual food, with
the addition of some material (sometimes meat, — much in the sense
that a butcher might speak of meat, — sometimes milk, but always
uncooked) derived from a tuberculous animal. No particular exam-
ination for actual tubercle in the food material was made in the ex-
periments now being recorded, but some care was taken to avoid any
obvious mass of tubercle.

Of each kind of animal thus fed, a certain percentage was found to
become tuberculous : of pigs, 36 per cent. (5 out of 14) ; of guinea-
pigs, 16 percent. (24 out of 145) ; of rabbits, 15 per cent. (2 out
of 13).

The experiment comprised also a number of animals kept under
the same conditions as the rest (the pigs being members of the same
litter), and only differing from the other animals of the experiment
by receiving no material from a tuberculous animal in their food.
Of these "control" animals (numbering 5 pigs, 203 guinea-pigs and
8 rabbits), none became tuberculous.

We cannot but regard these differential experiments as showing a
danger to a healthy animal from the introduction into its food of
material taken from a tuberculous animal.

Further, Dr. Martin made experiments, not only with feeding
material "derived from tuberculous animals," but with material
containing tuberculous matter, recognized as such, and purposely

518 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

added to the food of the experimental animal. This was done in the
case of 1 pig, 8 guinea-pigs and 10 calves; and of these, the pig, 6
guinea-pigs and 8 calves became tuberculous. In these experiments
the tuberculous matter had been taken sometimes from a bovine,
sometimes from a human source, and it is noteworthy that each ani-
mal received only a single dose of it.

Other experiments with manifestly tuberculous matter are recorded
by Dr. Woodhead among a number of investigations made in the
course of his own inquiry undertaken for us. He found this matter,
given (uncooked) to various animals, gave rise to tuberculous dis-
ease in all the pigs (7) and all the cats (5) that received it, and in
50 guiuea-pigs out of 76.

These more particular experiments by Drs. Martin and Wood-
head, made with matter that had been identified as tuberculous, add
much force to the inference derived from Dr. Martin's more general
experience. They indicate, in the material used in feeding, the
element that is dangerous to the healthy animals which have been
fed.

We cannot refuse to apply, and we do not hesitate to apply, to
the case of the human subject the evidence thus obtained from a
variety of animals that differ widely in their habits of feeding, —
herbivora, carnivora, omnivora. As regards man, we must believe
— and here we find ourselves agreeing with the majority of those
who gave evidence before us — that any person who takes tubercu-
lous matter into the body as food incurs some risk of acquiring
tuberculous disease. By "tuberculous matter" we mean here, of
course, that which is capable of giving rise to tuberculosis in lower
animals. This matter may be found in parts of animals affected by
the disease. It is known to the naked eye by some well-marked
though various characters, and microscopically by the all but cer*
tain discovery of characteristic bacilli, — the bacilli of tubercle.

It is this same matter, however, — known by naked-eye characters
that are very closely the same in man and in animals, and by micro-
scopical characters that are all but identical, — that gives rise to
tuberculosis in the human subject. And we find the present to be a
convenient occasion for stating explicitly that we regard the disease
as being the same disease in man and in the food animals, no matter
though there are differences in the one and the other in their mani-
festations of the disease ; and that we consider the bacilli of tubercle
to form an integral part of the disease in each, and (whatever be its
origin) to be transmissible from man to animals and from animals to
animals. Of such transmissions there exists a quantity of evidence,
altogether conclusive, derived from experiment. It is with the trans-

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 519

mission of the disease to man by the ingestion of animal food that
the present commission is concerned.

The results of their entire inquiry into this matter are
summed up by the Royal Commission as follows : —

We have obtained ample evidence that food derived from tubercu-
lous animals can produce tuberculosis in healthy animals. The pro-
portion of animals contracting tuberculosis after experimental use of
such food is different in one and another class of animals; both car-
nivora and herbivora are susceptible, and the proportion is high in
pigs. In the absence of direct experiments on human subjects, we
infer that man also can acquire tuberculosis by feeding upon materi-
als derived from tuberculous food animals.

The actual amount of tuberculous disease among certain classes of
food animals is so large as to afford to man frequent occasions for
contracting tuberculous disease through his food. As to the propor-
tion of tuberculosis acquired by man through his food or through
other means we can form no definite opinion, but we think it proba-
ble that an appreciable part of the tuberculosis that affects man is
obtained through his food.

The circumstances and conditions with regard to tuberculosis in
the food animal which lead to the production of tuberculosis in man
are, ultimately, the presence of active tuberculous matter in the food
taken from the animal and consumed by the man in a raw or insuffi-
ciently cooked state.

Tuberculous disease is observed most frequently in cattle and in
swine. It is found far more frequently in cattle (full grown) than
in calves, and with much greater frequency in cows kept in town cow
houses than in cattle bred for the express purpose of slaughter.
Tuberculous matter is but seldom found in the meat substance of the
carcass ; it is principally found in the organs, membranes and glands.
There is reason to believe that tuberculous matter, when present in
meat sold to the public, is more commonly due to the contamination
of the surface of the meat with material derived from other diseased
parts than to disease of the meat itself. The same matter is found
in the milk of cows when the udder has become invaded by tubercu-
lous disease, and seldom or never when the udder is not diseased.
Tuberculous matter in milk is exceptionally active in its operation
upon animals fed either with the milk or with dairy produce derived
from it. No doubt the largest part of the tuberculosis which man
obtains through his food is by means of milk containing tuberculous
matter.

520 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The recognition of tuberculous disease during the life of an animal
is not wholly unattended with difficulty. Happily, however, it can,
in most cases, be detected with certainty in the udders of milch cows.

Provided every part that is the seat of tuberculous matter be
avoided and destroyed, and provided care be taken to save from con-
tamination by such matter the actual meat substance of a tuberculous
animal, a great deal of meat from animals affected by tuberculosis
may be eaten without risk to the consumer.

Ordinary processes of cooking applied to meat which has become
contaminated on its surface are probably sufficient to destroy the
harmful quality. They would not avail to render wholesome any
piece of meat that contained tuberculous matter in its deeper parts.
In regard to milk, we are aware of the preference by English people
for drinking cows' milk raw, a practice attended by danger, on
account of possible contamination by pathogenic organisms. The
boiling of milk, even for a moment, would probably be sufficient to
remove the very dangerous quality of tuberculous milk.

In a bulletin very recently issued from the experiment sta-
tion of the Agricultural College of Iowa the following state-
ments are made as a result of investigations conducted by
several scientists : —

Milk from tuberculous cows may convey disease to the consumer.
Milk from tuberculous cows having non-affected udders may con-
vey the disease.

At a meeting of the Association of New England Cattle
Commissions, held at Providence in September last, many in-
stances wrere related by the members present of cases which
have come to their personal knowledge, wherein, undoubtedly,
disease had been communicated to people partaking of the
milk of diseased animals. Several delegates related instances
where members of their own family had died of tuberculosis,
contracted, in their opinion, from the use of the milk of tuber-
culous cows. It is to be regretted that the statements made at
this meeting cannot be more fully given ; but, as no shorthand
reporter was present, a full report was not made ; but the evi-
dence as appealing to those present at the meeting was, to say
the least, startling.

Upon this subject Dr. F. H. Rich of the Burlington, Vt.,
Experiment Station, read a very interesting paper upon the

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 521

relations between bovine and human tuberculosis, in which,
anions? other things, he stated that bovine tuberculosis was of
comparatively recent date in this country, and was undoubtedly
imported. It is undoubtedly infectious, and easily transmitted
by tissue or milk to other animals. Where an infected herd is
found, the young stock and hogs are often found infected by
the milk. There are two kinds of the disease in both bovines
and man, — acute and chronic. The symptoms are much the
same in both humans and bovines, although, while in man it
causes emaciation, the bovines are usually as sleek and fat as
ever. The bovines retain their appetite, while the humans
lose theirs. He gave several instances where the owners of
herds found to be infected with tuberculosis had died with
pulmonary tuberculosis, evidently taken from the milk of the
animals. Other instances were given where the pricking of a
finger on a piece of bone from an infected animal had caused
tubercular meningitis. All the standard medical works recog-
nize the use of tuberculous meat and milk, especially the latter,
as a potent cause of tuberculosis in man. For this reason the
boiling of milk is usually advisable.

Among the various forms of human tuberculosis we have
the acute general miliary form, resembling the acute fevers,
usually terminating fatally in a few weeks. Then we have
several types affecting the lungs more particularly, acute and
chronic miliary tuberculosis of the lungs, and acute and chronic
tubercular phthisis. Tubercular lymphatic glands are very
common, particularly in children. Tubercular meningitis is
also becoming quite common in children, while tuberculosis of
the intestines and mesenteric lymphatic glands accounts for
a large proportion of the deaths of children, particularly in
our large cities, from so-called bowel difficulties. The tuber-
culous affections of the skin are lupus, scrofuloderma and ana-
tomical tubercule. Rectal fistula and much of the so-called
chronic diarrhoea arc now considered to be of tubercular origin.
Tuberculosis of the joints and bones is very common indeed,
familiar examples of which are hip-joint diseases, white swell-
ing of the knee and Pott's disease of the spine.

Mortality statistics show that fourteen per cent, of all deaths
result from tuberculosis. The human system is equally if not
more susceptible to the invasion of this infection than that of

522 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

any of the lower animals. Milk is more to be dreaded than
meat, because it is taken raw, and the udder is so often the
seat of tuberculosis. Even in the absence of tuberculosis of
the udder, the milk is sometimes infectious. It is routine
practice to place patients upon milk diet during the course of
and convalescence from nearly all acute diseases, when, by
reason of lowered vitality, they are temporarily predisposed
to tuberculosis, thus combining the most favorable conditions
for the implantation of the active germ. This fact seems to
offer practical explanation of the frequent supervention of
tuberculosis upon other diseases.

. Tuberculous meat is not liable to infect, if it is thoroughly
cooked, because of the sterilizing effect of heat ; but the in-
terior of rare steaks and roasts are not sufficiently heated to
destroy the tubercule bacilli occurring in the several lymphatic
glands included, and in tuberculous pork the bacilli are even
found in the muscle proper. The livers of both cattle and
hogs, so commonly eaten, are tuberculous in a very large num-
ber of cases.

While there is a pretence at inspection in our great packing
centres, there is little if any elsewhere in this country. Our
home-dressed beef consists principally of old, worn-out cows,
an alarmingly large percentage of which are tuberculous. The
hind quarters will usually pass detection, which, together with
such fore quarters as can be trimmed up and made passable,
are sold in our markets. Some parts that will not bear pass-
ing scrutiny in the market are converted into corned beef,
sausage, or are canned ; while such as are too far gone for this
are, together with all diseased viscera and other slaughter-house
refuse, fed to a drove of hogs kept for that purpose, which in
turn contract tuberculosis, are slaughtered and sold in our
markets, and thus little of the infection fails to reach some
home. The importance of the subject is shown by the mor-
tality statistics, from which it is seen that three million human
beings die of the disease every year.

At the close of the meeting the members present passed the
following resolution : —

Resolved, That the members of this association are of the opinion,
which is based upon personal knowledge and observation, that there

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 523

can be no doubt that tuberculosis is frequently transmitted from cat-
tle to the human family ; and we therefore recommend the enactment
of laws that will suppress this dangerous disease among cattle.

At a meeting of the Suffolk District Medical Society, a divi-
sion of the Massachusetts Medical Society, held on April 27,
1895, the following resolve was unanimously adopted : —

Resolved, That the existence of tuberculosis among neat cattle
within this Commonwealth is a menace to the public health, as we
believe that bovine and human tuberculosis are identical, — that is,
that they are caused by the same germ, and that it is possible for t^e
disease to be transmitted from the lower animals to man by the use
of milk or meat from diseased animals. "We shall heartily endorse
any methods that may be undertaken by the State which will include
a careful and thorough examination of all animals from which milk
supply is obtained, and which shall also keep a close supervision over
the meat products coming from slaughter houses within the Common-
wealth.

Circumstances determining Danger to Man from Meat and
Milk of Tuberculous Organs.

In regard to the danger from the use of meat, we quote fur-
ther from the report of the Royal Commission : —

"We regard it, then, as established that any person who takes tuber-
culous matter into the body as food incurs risk of acquiring tubercu-
lous disease ; and we know that this matter may be found in parts of
animals affected by the disease. It is therefore of the first impor-
tance to us to note what parts of a tuberculous animal are liable to
contain this tuberculous matter, having well-marked characters of its
own, and among them the bacilli, which form an integral part of the
disease. From this view point we would report separately upon
meat and milk derived from these animals, and begin our considera-
tion with meat.

We find it necessary, in our study of the " circumstances and con-
ditions, with regard to tuberculosis in the animal," which endanger
human health, to include in our definition of meat the various parts of
the tuberculous food animal, and to assume a certain acquaintance
with the actual presence of tubercle in the several parts. When, on
the other hand, we wish to speak of the customary "joint" of the

524 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

butcher, and to exclude organs and other tissues, we refer to it as
meat substance. We do not propose to consider, except incidentally,
carcasses from which the organs have been removed in such wise that,
the condition of them could not be known to us.

We have now to point out the very great difference in one and
another part of a tuberculous animal in the amount of tuberculous
matter contained in the meat. This matter is found principally in the
organs of the animals ; as a rule, most abundantly in the lungs, lym-
phatic glands, serous membranes, but often in the liver, spleen, kid-
neys, intestines and other structures. These organs are usually
removed by the butcher in "dressing" the carcass, though some of
them may, intentionally or not, be left. To a practised eye it is
hardly possible that tuberculous matter in these organs can escape
detection, and the importance of its presence there will soon be
apparent; for in the tissues which go to form the butcher's " joint"
the material of tubercle is not often found, even where the organs
exhibit very advanced or generalized tuberculosis ; indeed, in muscle
and muscle juice it is very seldom that tubercle bacilli are to be met
with ; perhaps they are somewhat more often to be discovered in
bone, or in some small lymphatic gland imbedded in intermuscular
' fat. Yet there is always a difficulty in making sure of the absence
of tuberculous matter from any part of a carcass that shows evidence
of tubercle elsewhere.

In Dr. Martin's experiments for the detection of tuberculous mat-
ter three kinds of test were employed ; first, minute examination of
the part for tubercle, with the aid of the microscope, to discover
tubercle bacilli; secondly, feediug susceptible animals — test ani-
mals — with suspected matter ; and, thirdly, introducing into the
bodies of test animals some of the suspected matter by way of inocu-
lation,— a more delicate test than the process of feeding.

Applying these tests to the meat substance of twenty-one cows
known to be tuberculous in one or another degree, he could not get
visible evidence of tubercle except in two instances, and there it was
of very small amount. He records the results of his other tests as
follows: "Of eight cows (mild tuberculosis), the meat of one gave
positive results in one animal from inoculation, none by feeding. Of
eight cows (moderate tuberculosis), the meat of three gave positive
results in four animals from inoculation, none by feeding. Of five
cows (generalized tuberculosis), four gave positive results either by
inoculation or by feeding," oue only out of the four appearing to
answer to both tests.

The animals which had yielded affirmative results to his test of
minute examination were not among the last five ; they were in the

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 525

group of cows with " moderate tuberculosis," aud had given uo result
by feeding test animals with meat from their carcasses, though meat
from one of the two had, upon inoculation, responded to the test.

These were not the results to be expected from Dr. Martin's experi-
ments, if he were really using muscular tissue (with its usual con-
comitants, forming " meat substance " ) containing or not containing
tuberculous matter among the fibres. He would not have expected
to find himself repeatedly giving rise to tuberculous disease by the
use of material in which no tubercle could be detected by his ocular
tests. He might have expected, on the other hand, a more uniform
affirmative result when he was experimenting with the two cows
whose meat had shown to his eye aud his microscope evidence of
tuberculous matter ; though he might have explained a failure to get
such results by the small amount of tubercle discovered there. And
certainly he did not expect to get, if he was using only such tuber-
culous material as was present in the muscular tissue of his tweuty-
oue cows, the egregious irregularities which he observed in his feeding
and inoculation experiments. He was dealing with a quantity of
tuberculous matter supplied to him, not, he reasoned, from the mus-
cular tissues that he had proposed to investigate, but somehow from
the general carcass of the cow, and abundant in the matters he was
inoculating just as it happened to be abundant in the general carcass,
and insufficient in amount, until he came to the maximum amount in
the general carcass, to react to the test of feeding, though (with
smaller amounts in the carcass) he had sometimes got an answer to
the more delicate test of inoculation.

Dr. Martin tried in vain to explain these unexpected results by a
hypothesis that he had overlooked some minute tubercles in the small
portions of meat that had been used by him in his feeding and inocu-
lation experiments. Even this hypothesis would not account for all
the observed facts. And he presently saw another consideration,
of a different nature, which he might not have sufficiently taken
into his account, — the operations, namely, of the slaughterer and
butcher.

Dr. Martin was not, at this stage of his researches, experimenting
broadly about things in general taken from the carcass of au animal
after slaughter, but he was trying to learn the distribution of tubercle
in the body of the animal, in the hope of adding to our knowledge of
the conditions which might give to meat the quality of injuring the
consumer of the meat. Still, he was dealing with meat, as meat
would be sold by the butcher. He had already sought, by discrimi-
nating between " trimmed " and " untrimmed " meat, to estimate the
risk of including in his own specimens of meat the stuff which, for

526 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

little else than for the sake of tidiness, the butcher removes in pre-
paring his joint for sale, and that consists inter alia of bits of gland
and serous membranes. But, though he had been at some pains to
secure that this trimming was done with efficiency, there proved to be
no constant line between the trimmed and the untrimmed meat in its
effects upon test animals.

He now came to see a real and considerable danger to the meat, of
the same nature as that which he had previously sought to estimate
when he was careful about the trimming of meat, — a danger that
was somewhat less obvious, but would be quite as real. This was,
the probability of the meat becoming contaminated from the actual
tuberculous lesions, present in other parts of the carcass, and con-
veyed from thence to the proper meat substauce by the hands, knives
and cloths of the butcher, during the processes of flaying and dressing.
This was a danger that would doubtless increase along with increased
abundance of the material of tubercle in the carcass. ' ' The greater
the amount of tubercle there is in the cow, the more likely is the
sticky caseous matter to get smeared over the carcass;" and much
that was inexplicable in the results of feeding and inoculation of test
animals would be rendered intelligble.

Dr. Martin wi'ites : "If we imagine that the meat gets contami-
nated accidentally in this way, it is easy to explain the irregularity
of the results : (1) how, for example, in cases of mild tuberculosis
of the cow, the danger of contamination is not great, and therefore
the meat does not get smeared to any extent during removal, so that
no positive results were obtained by feeding, and only one positive
result by inoculation, and this a case of local tuberculosis, showing
a small dose; (2) how, in cases of moderate tuberculosis, where
chiefly the lungs and lymphatic glands in the thorax are affected (and
so may be removed entire without incision of a tuberculous lesion) ,
the meat, as in cases of mild tuberculosis, would not become much
contaminated, and thus did not produce tuberculosis by feeding ; and
how in these cases the knife is more likely accidently to incise a
tuberculous lesion than in cases of mild tuberculosis, and that there-
fore the number of cases of positive inoculation is greater. . . .
With generalized tuberculosis of the cow this danger would increase,
since so many parts of the body are affected with the disease, so that
in such cases we meet for the first time with positive results from
feeding, but not uniformly positive . . .

"Taking all the results together, the method of removal of the
meat, the results of inoculation and of feeding, one is driven to the
conclusion that when meat is infective it commonly acquired its prop-
erties by being accidentally contaminated with tuberculous material

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 527

during its removal from the carcass. This conclusion, it is evident,
is one of great practical importance, bearing directly on the question
of the condemnation of the meat of tuberculous cattle for human
consumption. And it is evident, also, that the infective properties
of meat might vary with different series of experiments ; . . . the
result depends on the care taken in guarding against contamina-
tion more than on anything else. The conclusion arrived at in
part explains the extremely divergent results obtained by previous
observers."

The observations by Dr. Martin cannot altogether dispose of this
hypothesis, that the unexpected affirmative results obtained by his
feeding and inoculating experiments may have been due to the pres-
ence of unobserved tuberculous matter in the meat substance, possi-
bly in the actual muscular tissue ; but they certainly show another
and more obvious way in which these results may have been brought
about. To have demonstrated this extrinsic way of rendering dan-
gerous the meat substance of tuberculous animals, is to destroy all
evidence that might otherwise have been obtained respecting the
wholesomeness or unwholesomeness of the proper meat substance
towards his test animals.

We note, in passing, that this method of endangering the meat
substance could not have been detected upon carcasses from which
the organs, together with any " grapy " deposit, had been removed.
And it is pertinent to observe, in connection with a contamination so
effected, that this extrinsic danger to harmless meat (or to meat
that was, for all that is shown to the contrary, harmless) might
just as well be encountered by meat from another animal (whether
pig, sheep, or calf, ox or cow) that was perfectly free from tubercle,
but only had happened to be the next animal brought to the same
slaughterer.

Having regard to Dr. Martin's invariable failure to produce tuber-
cular disease by feeding (though he sometimes did succeed by inocu-
lating) test animals with the meat taken by him from cows with mild
or moderate tuberculosis, and admitting his explanation of an affirm-
ative result, sometimes seen when meat was being taken from cattle
with advanced or generalized tubercle, we are prepared to believe
with him that, if sufficient discrimination and care were exercised in
taking meat from tuberculous cattle, a great deal of meat from them
might, without danger, be consumed by the community. The practice
of public abattoirs on the continent appears to be founded on the
same belief.

Dr. Martin, having shown that tuberculous material may be thus
distributed through the carcass of an animal, and regarding the

528 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

disease as being at its early stages a local disease, and its material as
being in the first instance limited to the neighborhood of the place at
which it had originally entered the body, is ready to formulate
certain precautions that could be taken for reducing to a minimum,
so far as present knowledge extends, the danger to human consumers
of meat by their partaking of tuberculous meat. He would advocate,
as a principle, that the operations of slaughter and dressing should be
done under skilled supervision, with the object of securing the
removal and destruction of every part of a carcass that contained
any tubercle whatever, and also the destruction of the whole carcass
in cases where the animal was found to have advanced or generalized
tuberculosis. He indicates, for the assistance of any meat inspector,
various evidences of the disease having reached that more serious
stage. For the rest, Dr. Martin sees no objection to the sale of
meat substance from carcasses which have shown only localized
tuberculosis, and from which every particle of tubercle has been
skilfully removed ; provided always, that, in every subsequent proc-
ess of preparing the meat for sale, due care be taken to guard the
salable portions from contamination by tuberculous matter.

Reporting up n his twenty-one tuberculous cows from his present
stand-point, Dr. Martin tells us that, if his ideal precautions had
been in force, the meat of nine cows would have been condemned,
and the meat of the other twelve might have been sold.

It is hardly necessary to point out that little evidence about the
more serious degrees of tuberculosis in the animal would be discov-
erable in carcasses from which the organs had been removed ; and
that this is habitually the case with so-called " dead meat," whether
English or foreign. Still, there are indications in such a carcass, to
the eye of an experienced inspector, of the more dangerous forms
of tuberculosis having existed in the animal.

Dr. Martin's suggestions are, in our judgment, based on well-
ascertained pathological facts. We have no doubt that the super-
vision which he recommends would tend, in an important measure,
to the security of the public. But we are well aware that the diffi-
culties of such supervision are so great that many years must elapse
before any measure of an effectual kind can be carried into practice.

In the mean time, we venture to express our confidence that the
precise information which has now been gained as to the nature,
extent and limitation of the risks which arise from the consuming of
the meat of tuberculous animals may be of value to those who have
concern with our meat supplies, in guiding them to the adoption of
such precautions as may, under present conditions, lie within their
power.

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 529

Some very careful experiments, to ascertain the influence of
cooking upon meat, were made by the Royal Commission, and
of it they have the following to say : —

In the boiling and roasting experiments, as ordinarily carried out
in the kitchen, the temperature, however high it may be near the
surface, seldom reaches 140° F. in the centre of a joint, except in
the case of joints under six pounds in weight. Ordinary cooking is
quite sufficient to destroy any smeared material that remains on the
outer surface of the meat. But it cannot be relied upon In the slightest
degree to render inoculous the same smeared material when in the
centre of a roll. . . . Ordinary cooking, such as boiling, and more
especially roasting, though sufficient to sterilize the surface and even
the substance for a short distance from the surface of the joint, can-
not be relied upon to sterilize tubercular material included in the
centre of rolls of meat, especially when these are more than three or
four pounds in weight. The least reliable method of cooking for
this purpose is roasting before the fire, next conies roasting in an
oven, and then boiling.

Regarding the dangers coming through the use of milk from
diseased animals the evidence is much greater, and facts are
much more easily procurable. In this connection we again
quote from the report of the Royal British Commission : —

According to our experience, then, the condition required for insur-
ing to the milk of tuberculous cows the ability to produce tuber-
culosis in the consumers of their milk is tuberculous disease of the
cow, affecting the udder. It should be noted that this affection of the
udder is not peculiar to tuberculosis in an advanced stage, but may
be found also in mild cases.

Further, with reference to this disease, Dr. Martin writes: " The
milk of cows with tuberculosis of the udder possesses a virulence
which can only be described as extraordinary. All the animals inoc-
ulated showed tuberculosis in its most rapid form." Dr. Wbodhead,
investigating, for his own purposes, the effects of unboiled milk,
speaks in similar terms of this virulence of milk derived from tuber-
culous udders and inoculated into test animals. The two observers
had occasion to use milk from a cow that had tuberculous disease in
one-quarter only of the udder, and they found the milk from the
other three-quarters to be perfectly harmless on inoculation; but the
mixed milk taken from the four teats was to all appearance just as
virulent as the milk from the diseased quarter. Butter, skim-milk,

530 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

buttermilk, obtained from the milk of a cow having tuberculous udder
(by the usual processes, but with complete precautions against acci-
dental contamination of articles used in the manufacture), all con-
tained tuberculous matter actively injurious to test animals.

And not only this virulence, but the rapidity with which milk can
obtain its harmful quality, attracted Dr. Woodhead's attention. He
reports: "A most important point is that the spread of tubercle in
the udder goes on with most alarming rapidity, — this I was able to
observe in the cows constantly under observation ; but I have also
noticed on several occasions, during the interval between fortnightly
inspections carried on along with a veterinary surgeon, that the disease
has become distinctly developed. It may be, of course, that the early
evidence has been overlooked at the previous inspection ; but, whether
this is the case or not, the spread of the disease was so rapid as to
afford very good ground for alarm. The very absence of any definite
sign in the earlier stage is one of the greatest dangers of this con-
dition." And both Dr. Martin and Dr. Woodhead insist that no tuber-
culous animal of any kind should be allowed to remain in a dairy.

The withdrawal from dairies of every cow that had any disease
whatever of her udder would form some approach to security against
the serious danger incurred by man from the use of tuberculous milk,
but it would not be an adequate security. The presence in a dairy of
a tuberculous cow, as Drs. Martin and Woodhead have shown, is a
decided source of danger to the public, especially having regard to
what we have learned respecting the rapid development of tuberculosis
in the udder, and the degree of danger to milk consumers incurred
by the invasion of the udder in tuberculous cows.

It follows, from the observations here recorded, that it is of
supreme importance to the consumers of milk that the existence of
any tuberculous disease of the udder should be ascertained without
delay. Now, there is no difficulty whatever about recognizing the
presence of some abnormal condition in a cow's udder, and the pres-
ence of such condition — whatever it be — demands that the judgment
of a responsible expert should forthwith be obtained about its nature,
— unless, indeed, the owner prefers to slaughter the cow without delay.
If the expert finds tubercle bacilli in the milk, the cow has dangerous
tuberculosis of the udder. If he does not find them, he may apply
the further test of inoculating some susceptible animals with the
milk, and thereby learn the nature of the udder disease. By this
test he will very rarely be misled. Obviously the cow must be in
seclusion, and every particle of her milk must be treated as highly
dangerous, during any delay that can be permitted for diagnostic pur-
poses, and until the disease has been proved not to be tuberculosis.

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 531

In considering this part of the report, one is at once struck
with the hesitancy with which the commission recommend the
use of milk from tuberculous cattle, even although the animals
do not show apparent udder lesions ; and the question for us
at once arises, as to whether or not it is practicable, in dealing
with this matter on so large a scale, to draw any line whatever
as to the location of the disease ; that is to say, even with this
testimony in view, is it not tar better and safer to at once
destroy the cow, when it has become clear beyond doubt that
she is the victim of tuberculosis?

As to the influence of the cooking process upon tubercular
milk we have the following, from the report of the Royal
Commission : —

Sterilization towards tubercle can be effected by heating the milk
in a water bath, continuing the process until the temperature has
risen from 176° F. to 198° F., — a result which in most cases re-
quires each several quart of milk to be in the water bath for some
half hour.

Dr. "Wood head has not wholly demonstrated to our satisfaction
the innocence of tuberculous milk treated in this manner; he tells
us of pigs succumbing to tuberculosis after feeding with tuberculous
milk heated to 176° F. for ten minutes, without giving adequate data
about the action or inaction of the milk after longer exposure to this
temperature ; and his experience of the higher temperature is derived
from guinea-pigs only, not from 'pigs ; though, as he has shown,
guinea-pigs do not supply such good evidence as pigs about the
influence of heat upon tuberculous matter in use as food.

In speaking further of these experiments made by Dr. Wood-
head, the Royal Commission say : —

Nor, if we regarded the described method as certain in its efficiency,
should we hesitate to refer to any such "sterilization" the simple
expedient of putting every suspected milk over the fire and taking it
off when it boils.

A very interesting statement of this report is as fol-
lows : —

In the course of Dr. "Woodhead's observations on the degrees of
heat wanted to destroy the operation of tuberculous matter in milk,

532 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

he noted the effects upon tuberculous material resulting from tem-
peratures insufficient for its actual destruction. He could, by the
operation of certain lower temperatures, obtain from "the most
deadly tuberculous material" contained in milk a weaker sort of
tuberculous matter, so tardy in its operation on test animals as to
simulate the slower forms of consumption seen in the human subject ;
or, when used to feed pigs, — animals having some specialties of
throat structure like that of man, — gave rise to chronic enlargements
of the throat glands, resembling the scrofulous glands so common in
children. These observations are of much interest to us, not least
because they suggest the possibility of widely prevalent forms of
human tuberculosis owning an origin in milk.

In the eighth annual report of the Vermont Agricultural
Experiment Station, recently published, upon page 54 we find
the following : —

It is obvious that direct experiment on man with tuberculous
material from the lower animals is out of the question. There are on
record, however, a number of cases of accidental infection of human
beings by the products of tuberculous cattle. There is reason to
believe that countless thousands of deaths have occurred due to this
source of infection, which have not been thus ascribed and of which
no record has been made. Children are more likely to be infected
than adults, owing to their tissues being less resistant, and because
their chief food is milk. It should not be inferred, however, that
disease and death of necessity follow the consumption of tuberculous
meat or milk.

Following this will be found, upon pages 54, 55, 56 and 57
of the same report, a minute relation of a large number of
cases, in which it seems clear that tuberculosis has been con-
tracted by mankind from using as food the milk and meat
coming from diseased animals.

Use of Tuberculin.
It is generally agreed, as will be seen by the statements of
leading authorities already quoted, that tuberculosis exists in a
very large degree among neat stock ; that the existence of such
disease in these animals is a menace to a greater or less extent
to the human race, through the danger of the transmission of
the disease by the consumption of the meat and milk of such
animals. And the important question is, What steps can be

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 533

taken to remove or lessen the danger of the transmission of
this disease through the medium of milk and meat?

Of course the danger from this source can be removed by
ceasing to use the milk and meat product of such animals ; but
such a step is utterly impossible, as this forms such a large pro-
portion of the food of the human race. If this product must
continue to be used, the question would arise, Can it be so puri-
fied as to remove or destroy the contagious principle contained
in it, or can steps be taken to prevent such product containing
such contagious principle? To remove the contagious princi-
ple from the milk or meat before consumption is, as a whole,
impracticable, as has already been shown in other portions of
this report. Sterilization of milk as ordinarily conducted,
and the cooking of beef in the manner that it is ordinarily
done, are not sufficient to destroy the germ, although they may
to a greater or less extent lessen the danger from this source.
Inasmuch as it is impossible to know without special experi-
mentation whether the milk or beef in each particular case con-
tains the contagious principle, such a system, to be at all
adequate, would require the sterilization of all of this product;
there is no practical means of accomplishing this, even if it
would result in the destruction of the germ, for the reason that
the public at large, not realizing the importance of the work,
would not take the necessary steps.

In the case of milk, the Royal Commission were of the opin-
ion that nothing short of boiling would destroy the contagious
principle ; and it is a well-known fact that in boiling milk its
constituents are so thoroughly changed that it is not as useful
as a food, especially for infants, as that which has not been sub-
jected to this great degree of heat. As a public sanitary meas-
ure, therefore, any system looking to the sterilization of the
milk product, as a whole, would fall short of accomplishing the
desired result. We must, therefore, either eliminate from the
milk product that which is diseased, and destroy it, or we must
see that the source from which the milk is derived is free from
disease. It is impracticable, as a public sanitary measure, to
eliminate the diseased milk and meat by means of any system-
atic examination of those products, as distinguished from the
animal from which it is derived. The bacilli are so minute, and
often widely scattered, that, even if these products could be

534 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

submitted to microscopic examination, it "would not result in
the detection in all cases of the presence of the* germ. The
only other method of detecting the germ is by the inoculation
of the lower animals, such as guinea-pigs, with the suspected
meat or milk; but this is impracticable, for the reason that, be-
fore the result can be obtained, the meat or milk has long since
ceased to be wholesome. We must, therefore, if any steps are
to be taken, endeavor to prevent the contagious principle enter-
ing the meat or milk consumed by the public through the puri-
fication of it at the source of supply.

The milk and meat supply of this State comes to us from
two sources, — that derived from animals located within the
Commonwealth and that derived from animals without its bor-
ders. The commission has no statistics at its command from
which it is able to determine the relative proportion of the
product from these two sources. So far as the meat product
is concerned, in the opinion of this commission and generally
of those who have given the matter a special study, while the
meat is a source of danger, it is not as important a source as
the milk.

In the case of meat, a large proportion of that which comes
from without the State comes from laro;e slaughtering estab-
lishmcnts which are under the supervision of the inspectors
who work under the authority of the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try of the United States Department of Agriculture ;* and, so
far as it is derived from within this State, it is made subject to
examination by inspectors appointed by cities and towns ; so
that, regarding the product coming from our own licensed
slaughter houses, it may be fairly well relied upon as being
free from tuberculous taint.

It should be stated that slaughter houses still exist, in por-
tions of the Commonwealth, which have failed to obtain the

* In this connection, a remark made by the Secretary of Agriculture, in his recent
report to the President of the United States, is not without value for us. He says :
" Meat and animal inspection must become of great sanitary value to consumers at
home and to interstate and foreign commerce, provided State and municipal authorities
intelligently and diligently co-operate with those of the national government. If such
co-operation fails, then the people of the great killing centres become the consumers of
all rejected animals and meats. The protection of domestic health will be much
improved when each purchaser of meats demands and insists upon that which has
been governmentally inspected and certified."

Xo. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 535

licenses provided by law, where this business is being con-
ducted and the product disposed of in the market without
being inspected. This evil is one that will become less and
finally be corrected under the operation of the present law.

It is further possible that a certain small proportion of tuber-
culous meat may find its way into the market by reason of the
animals not being inspected at the time of slaughter, because
the owner had received a certificate of soundness of such
animal, based upon physical examination, within six months
prior to the slaughter ; and, finally, in addition to this, there is
undoubtedly a small amount of tuberculous meat now finding
its way into our markets that comes from animals which have
been killed just without our borders in the neighboring States.

The milk now being sold in Massachusetts is derived from
home herds and from herds which are maintained outside the
limits of the State, the product of which is regularly marketed
in Massachusetts. Inasmuch as it is impracticable to see that
the milk supply itself is pure except by purifying the animals
from which it is derived, it follows that there is no practicable
means whereby this State can assure the consumers that milk
coming from without its limits is free from the contagious
principle by any prescribed system of examination relating to
the cows from which it is derived, because the Commonwealth
has no jurisdiction over those animals. The only practicable
method of overcoming this difficulty is to provide, in some
form, that milk shall not be delivered in this State except
that coming from animals which have been properly shown to
be free from disease.

On Nov. 20, 1894, the Board, in its circular letter of that
date, which will be found printed on page 186 of the report of
that year, made the following declarations : —

First. — That tuberculin is a reliable agent for determiuiug the
presence of tuberculosis in cattle.

Second. — That tuberculin, properly prepared and carefully han-
dled, can have no injurious effect upon healthy animals.

Third. — That it is the only known means whereby a positive diag-
nosis can be made in the earlier stages of the disease.

This declaration was based upon the experience which mem-
bers of the commission had had up to that time, covering

536 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

many hundreds of tests. Since Nov. 20, 1894, this Board has
made 26,958 tests, and, as a result, it is prepared to reaffirm
every word and line contained in that declaration.

We have already shown in detail, in other portions of this
report, the results obtained by the commission from the use of
tuberculin the present year. This experience shows that it is a
remarkably accurate agent when properly applied under well-
known necessary conditions. There is no other known means
of diagnosing bovine tuberculosis except what is known as the
physical examination. Such an examination is utterly unre-
liable, and has been discarded by this commission as an ulti-
mate test, as it has by all other commissions and scientific men
working in this direction throughout the known world. The
experience of the commission for the past year has shown that
physical examination would have failed to detect the presence
of the disease in the vast majority of the animals tested upon
voluntary request ; and, on the other hand, tuberculin showed
that the disease was not present in more than 55A per cent,
of the animals which had been quarantined as suspicious upon
a physical examination by the local inspectors. Such is the
opinion of this Board, based upon its experience.

That a 'similar result has been reached by many others work-
ing in the same direction and with the same agent, the follow-
ing extracts will show.

Resolution passed by the Association of Cattle Commissions
of the New England States, July 25 : —

As a body, we heartily endorse and recommend the use of tuber-
culin as being the only reliable agent now known for the detection of
tuberculosis in cattle. We also further believe that no harm what-
ever comes from its use in animals that are free from tuberculosis.
No physical examination should be regarded as being reliable unless
it has been accompanied by a properly made test with tuberculin.
We further believe that no test should be made by other than prac-
tised competent persons, who will carefully follow all the known
requirements for obtaining correct results.

At the annual meeting of the State Board of Agriculture,
held at Dalton in December, the following recommendations
were made : —

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 537

First. — That, subsequent to June 1, 1896, the use of tuberculin
as a diagnostic agent shall be applied to all herds in which one or
more tuberculous animals have been found.

Second. — All owners of herds in which one or more tuberculous
animals have been found shall be required to make such reasonable
changes in their stables and stable management as shall seem neces-
sary to secure to their cattle the conditions known to be essential to
health.

Third. — Full compensation for an animal or animals found to be
tuberculous upon any inspection subsequent to the first shall be
allowed only when it shall appear that the owner has faithfully en-
deavored to carry out the changes which he has been desired to make.

In 1894 the State of New York appointed a special commis-
sion to investigate tuberculosis in cattle in that State, which
commission made a report in the latter part of January, 1895,
containing several recommendations as to the best met hod to
be pursued in the eradication of that disease, all of which are
based upon the tuberculin test.

In a report made by that commission, on Oct. 29, 1895, the
following paragraph occurs : —

The efficacy of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent is of incalculable
benefit, although, if followed without due caution, in some cases it
will lead to error. By the use of this agent some animals advanced
in the disease fail to show any reaction, and in other cases animals
not as extensively affected wrill show higher reaction. In the exami-
nations thus far made not an error has occurred, as proven by the
autopsies.

There can be no doubt that the systematic inspection of milch
cows and the killing of cattle undoubtedly affected will prevent a
large loss to the dairymen and lead to a great saving of infant life.

Bulletin Xo. 29 of the Pennsylvania State College Experi
inent Station, issued in October, 1895, says: —

All those who have used tuberculin in the United States for the
diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis, and have published their work,
including Drs. Law, Curtice, Conrow, Faust, Russell, Rice, Schroder,
Niles, Fves and Pearson, have expressed themselves as extremely
well pleased with the results Avith this agent.

Remarkable to note, the occasional and scattered opposition to the
use of tuberculin comes from those who have never employed it for
the diagnosis in cattle.

538 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

In the Year Book of the United States Department of Agri-
culture for 1894, on page 324, occurs the following : —

The disease in the early stages can be detected only with the aid
of tuberculin. In the advanced stages most careful observers will
probably recognize it, or at least suspect it, without the use of tuber-
culin. Tuberculin, therefore, has become indispensable in giving the
owner an idea of the inroads the disease is making in his herd, and
in distinguishing the infected from the non-infected. Tuberculin
reveals to us all stages, from the earliest, most insignificant changes,
when the animal is outwardly entirely well, to the gravest and most
dangerous types of the disease. Tuberculin does not, as a rule,
discriminate between these cases. Hence those who use it as a guide
must not be disappointed when, after having killed the suspected
ones, they find that many are in the earlier stages of the malady.
Tuberculin, moreover, is not infallible. A small percentage of cases
of disease is not revealed by it. On the other hand, a sound ani-
mal now and then gives the reaction for tuberculosis. These lapses
must be borne in mind in using tuberculin. In spite of them, how-
ever, tuberculin must be considered as of great value in revealing
tuberculosis not recognizable by any other means during life.

In the report on tuberculosis in cattle, presented to the
city council of Minneapolis, Minn., H. N. Avery, A.M.,
M.D., commissioner of health, states as follows : —

During the past few years the investigation of the prevalence of
tuberculosis among dairy herds has been extensively carried on both
in foreign countries and in the United States. In this country the
work has been in charge of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the cat-
tle commissions, boards of health and experiment stations of the
several States. The results of such investigations have demonstrated
the prevalence of the disease to an extent which is positively alarm-
ing in many herds, and its existence in a greater or less degree in a
large proportion of the herds which have been examined. The diag-
nosis of this disease by ordinary methods being in many cases im-
possible, a more trustworthy method has been sought and found. In
1880, Koch, who discovered the bacillus or germ of the disease,
described the preparation and uses of a fluid which he had prepared,
and which has since come to be known as Koch's lymph or tubercu-
lin. Tuberculin consists of the concentrated, sterilized liquids in
which the bacillus tuberculosis has been grown. It contains no liv-
ing bacilli, but it does contain the chief poisons which are produced

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 539

•within the tuberculous body, aud which briug about all the diseased
processes iu such bod}T. The diagnostic value of tuberculin depends
upon the fact that, when injected into the body of a tuberculous ani-
mal, it increases the activity of the disease process in the tubercular
tissues and thus affects the whole body, producing a reaction or rise
of temperature in a marked degree. When injected into a healthy
animal no reaction occurs, no decided rise of temperature results,
and no effect is produced upon the health of the animal, either imme-
diately or subsequently, although with tuberculous animals it in
many cases accelerates the progress of the disease. The tuberculin
test has been applied in many thousand cases, and the more exten-
sively it has been used the more thoroughly it is appreciated for its
diagnostic value and for the reliability of its indications when intelli-
gently applied by skilful veterinarians.

The results of the use of tuberculin as a test in dairy herds in and
about Minneapolis have been such as to demonstrate its existence in
such a proportion of cattle examined as to justify the continuance of
such investigation in a thorough manner, with a view to the eradica-
tion of the disease.

In pursuance of this recommendation, an ordinance was
passed by the Board of Health of the city of Minneapolis,
under the provisions of the State law, forbidding the offering
for sale of milk except from herds that are certified by an in-
spector to be free from disease. This ordinance provides : —

It shall be the duty of the commissioner of health to cause to be
made by the veterinarian of the department of health, or under his
direction and supervision, such an examination of each and every
animal producing milk for sale or consumption within the city of
Minneapolis, and belonging to or controlled by such applicant, for
the presence or absence of tuberculosis and other contagious and in-
fectious diseases as shall be prescribed by the department of health ;
and the branding or tagging of each and eveiy animal thus examined
in such a manner as ma}7 be directed by the department of health, —

and the department of health requires that such inspection shall
be based upon the tuberculin test, being the only reliable test.
On September 12 the United States Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, assembled at Des Moines, la., passed the following
resolutions, which were adopted by a unanimous vote : —

Whereas, Tuberculosis is an infectious disease, dangerous alike to

540 BOAED OF AGRICULTURE.. [Pub. Doc.

mau and the lower animals ; and whereas, scientific experimentation
has demonstrated the possibility of transmitting the disease through
the dairy and other animal products from tuberculous animals ; and
whereas, the extensive use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent has
thoroughly demonstrated its high value for that purpose, further be it

Resolved, That, in the judgment of the United States Veterinary
Medical Association, it is the duty of sanitary boards and other health
officers to employ all practical methods calculated to restrict this
disease.

Resolved, That we regard the tuberculin test as the only reliable
means now known to the scientific world for detecting obscure cases
of tuberculosis in the living subject, and that it is a reliable test when
performed under proper and well-known necessary conditions.

It is further Resolved, That reliance upon the physical examination
of animals for the existence of tuberculosis is unwise and unwar-
ranted in the present day.

Prof. H. D. Gill, veterinarian to the New York City Board
of Health, in a recent paper read before the section of public
health of the New York Academy of Medicine, November 8,
stated, among other things, as follows : —

The identity of bovine and human tuberculosis being placed beyond
doubt by the numerous examples of contagion, by a similarity in the
anatomical alterations of these diseases, and by the existence in both
of the same specific bacillus, the question of consumption of the milk
of tuberculous animals becomes of the greatest importance from the
stand point of public hygiene. How widespread it is can be learned,
in my opinion, only when every animal has been subjected to the
tuberculin test ; and until such investigation has been made, the only
safeguard for the milk supply of New York is limitation to that com-
ing from herds which have been so tested. Too great emphasis can
hardly be laid on the clearly demonstrated fact that tuberculosis may
exist in cattle when they present absolutely no clinical symptoms of
disease. Danger is not to be especially looked for when an animal
presents the classical symptoms of emaciation, cough, etc. It is
when tbe animal is in good flesh, has a healthy skin, and nevertheless
has one or more foci of disease.

Turning now from the opinions as expressed by boards and
authorities throughout the United States, some of which have
been above quoted, we find that the same experience has been
met abroad. At the last European Veterinary Congress, as-

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 541

sembled at Berne, Switzerland, in September, the following
resolutions were passed : —

Tuberculin is a very valuable diaguostic agent, and cau yield the
greatest assistance in combating tuberculosis. There is no reason
for objecting to its general application on the ground that it may
aggravate pre-existing tuberculous lesions.

The congress expresses the desire that governments shall order the
employment of tuberculin in herds in which the existence of tubercu-
losis has been established.

Tuberculin is a reliable diagnostic agent.

There need be no fear that tuberculin, properly used, will cause
generalization of pre-existing disease.

All tuberculous herds should be tested with tuberculin, and the
tuberculous and healthy animals separated.

The last International Congress of Hygiene, held in Septem-
ber, at Budapest, after hearing the report of the committee
appointed two years before for the consideration of this ques-
tion, reached the following conclusion, which was given out by
the presiding officer : —

The committee are agreed that tuberculin is a very valuable assist-
ant in the discovery of tuberculosis. The occasional failures in diag-
nosis for which it is responsible are without practical significance.

In Dieckerhoff's " Lehrbuch der speciellen Pathologie und
Terapie fur Thierarzte," published in 1894, and generally
recognized as the most reliable work on veterinary practice,
this statement occurs : —

It is for the owner's interest to have his herd tested with tuber-
culin, in order to discover the suspicious animals, so that they may
be separated and placed in another stable, and slaughtered as soon as
possible.

A law is now pending in France which will make the use of
tuberculin compulsory in all herds in which tuberculosis has
been discovered.

Under the provisions of this law, every beast presenting
clinical signs of disease is to be slaughtered; any suspicious
beast showing tuberculosis is to be subjected to the tuberculin
test, and slaughtered if diseased ; all cattle that have cohabited
with an animal found to be tuberculous are to be subjected to

542 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

the tuberculin test ; one-half to one-fourth compensation is to
be paid, according to circumstances.

In presenting this bill, the minister explains that he desires
to encourage the owners of oattle to assist the authorities in
attempting to suppress a disease dangerous to human life, and
that the differences as to compensation are arranged accordingly.

The city of Rome is putting in force regulations in relation
to the health of milch cows and other animals which supply
'milk to its residents, which provide, in substance, that —

All milch cows and other animals which supply milk in the suburbs
and Agro Romano will be subjected to a rigorous examination by the
municipal surgeons. To this purpose notice of every animal intro-
duced into the Commune must be given to the health authorities
before the milk can be sold, and it is then placed under the inspection
of the veterinary surgeon.

When the animal is healthy and capable of furnishing good milk,
it will be marked in the horn and a special license given to the owner.
These animals will be inspected every year, in the months of April,
May and June, and also on any other occasion that the authorities
may deem necessary. The cow suspected of tuberculosis will be
treated with tuberculin at the expense of the owners, and those
diseased will be slaughtered.

These regulations have recently been extended to embrace all
the surrounding country, which will prevent the owners in
Rome proper from sending tuberculous cows into the adjoin-
ing country, where they might continue to be the source of milk
supply for the city.

Numerous other quotations might be inserted of the doings
of public authorities and the opinions of experts upon the
matter of the reliability of tuberculin ; but a sufficient number
have been cited to show that everywhere it is the consensus of
opinion that in tuberculin a reliable diagnostic agent for the
detection of tuberculosis has been found, and that with its dis-
covery an entirely new phase has been put upon the problem of
the eradication of this disease in cattle, and with it the elimina-
tion of this source of danger to the public health.

We assume, therefore, that tuberculin is a reliable agent for
the detection of bovine tuberculosis.

The consideration of the question as to whether or not the
use of tuberculin accelerates the disease already existing in the

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT.

543

animal is of no importance, because, under the law of 'this State
and of every other State where any action is being taken, the
authorities destroy the animal where the disease is found, and
this is the object primarily sought to be accomplished by the
application of the test. Unless this policy is pursued, the
disease can never be eradicated.

This being so, no evil can arise under any aspect in applying
the tuberculin test to animals which are in fact diseased. Inas-
much as authorities are united in the opinion that the presence
of the disease cannot be detected until after the tuberculin is
applied, in the vast majority of cases, we are necessarily not in
position to apply the tuberculin only to diseased animals ; and
it must necessarily follow that in the adoption of this test a
certain proportion of healthy animals must be subjected to the
influence of tuberculin, in endeavoring to ascertain by its use
which of them are diseased.

The only material question in this connection, therefore, is,
does the use of tuberculin in any way injure healthy animals?
That tuberculin cannot produce the disease of tuberculosis is a
matter of absolute certainty. This was thoroughly discussed
in the report of this commission last year.* As bearing upon
this matter, we desire to call the attention of your honorable
body to the fact that in the following cases herds which have
been once tested and the premises properly disinfected by the
members of this Board have been retested after periods as
shown in the table, and found to be entirely free from tuber-
culosis, which shows not only that the test is reliable, but also
that it did not produce the disease.

First Test.

Second Test.

9

s

Date.

Number
Animals.

Number
Tuberculous.

Date.

Number
Animals.

Number
Tuberculous.

1

2
3
4
5

Feb. 4, 1894,
Oct. 1, 1894,
April 13, 1894,
June 21, 1894,
May 16, 1895,

120
SO
27
23
51

18
36

16
6

7

July 12,1895,
Sept. 19, 1895,
April 15, 1895,
Dec. 27, 1895,
Dec. 27, 1895,

80
80
9
23
53

-

* Nor has it ever been shown that the use of tuberculin has been productive of any
other ill results in animals to which it has been administered ; while, on the other hand,
authority after authority have declared that in their experience it has never produced ill
results when administered to other than tuberculous animals.

544 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

The commission has endeavored during the past year to care-
fully observe the effect of the use of this diagnostic agent upon
the healthy animals, and no case has been brought to the atten-
tion of the commission in which any injury could be directly
traced to the use of tuberculin. Perhaps no better evidence
can be obtained of the general opinion that tuberculin produces
no injurious effect upon healthy animals than the fact that in
the open markets of this Commonwealth animals which have
been so tested sell more readily in competition with untested
animals, and at, if anything, better prices.

Further, but few thoroughbred or pedigree animals can be
sold to-day unless such animals are accompanied by a certificate
of having successfully passed the tuberculin test ; and finally,
as is shown by the recent experience of this commission, the
greatly increased and increasing number of applications for the
test, coming from all parts of the State.

Sanitation.

The matter of the sanitary condition of stables and premises
is an important one in connection with the consideration of the
general health of animals, and is particularly so in all questions
concerning the eradication of tuberculous disease. The ques-
tion of whether an animal will become affected with tuberculosis
depends upon two conditions : first, the presence of the germ ;
second, a receptive condition of the individual which will enable
any germs which may obtain lodgement to develop and multi-
ply and thus produce the disease.

In order to suppress tuberculosis, it is necessary not only to
destroy the diseased animals, but to remove other sources of
contagion by means of cleansing and disinfecting stables ; and
also to see that the animals are kept under such proper sanitary
conditions as will render them practically immune to contagion
which may be presented to them.

In view of the great prevalence of this disease throughout
the neat stock of the Commonwealth, the commission feels that
the first important step is to destroy the main sources of con-
tagion,— that is, the diseased animals, — and that, upon this
being done, the premises should be disinfected and otherwise
put into proper sanitary condition. It is useless to prescribe

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 545

sanitary regulations and go through the expensive process of
properly cleansing and disinfecting stables until all diseased
animals within the enclosure have been picked out and removed.
Therefore the matter of sanitation becomes especially important
in cases where herds have been examined by the Board and the
disease removed.

In all cases where entire herds have been examined by this
commission upon voluntary request, the owner has agreed that
he "will observe the sanitary regulations prescribed by the
Board of Cattle Commissioners, and will not introduce into
such herd any animals without having them first subjected to
the tuberculin test." After the examination of the herd has
been completed, and the diseased animals removed, the Board
has given directions for the proper disinfection of the premises, as
follows : all animals are to be removed from the barn ; all wood-
work with wThich they have been in direct or indirect contact is
to be thoroughly scraped ; all floors, ceilings and walls to be
sprinkled with water and thoroughly swept ; after this has been
done, live steam, or, failing that, boiling water, is to be applied
freely to all parts with which the animals have been in contact ;
this having been done and allowed to dry, the premises are to
be again scraped and swept ; the buildings are then to be closed
as tightly as possible, and subjected to the effects of chlorine
gas. This gas can be easily made by treating chloride of lime
with crude sulphuric acid diluted with three or four parts of
water, in sufficient quantities to thoroughly till all parts of the
building, which is then left closed for twelve hours. Follow-
ing this, all the woodwork is to be treated with whitewash to
which has been added a solution of bi-chloride of mercury, one
part of mercury to one thousand parts of water, the application
to be made by means of a force pump. When this is dry the
premises are ready to be used again. It is desirable that this
whitewash should be repeated at convenient intervals, for two
or three times.

It is the intention of the Board to continue the work of the
examination of stables, such as has already been inaugurated,
and to furnish to parties interested instructions in regard to
what sanitary conditions are deemed advisable by the Board,
and as to how these ends may be accomplished.

To this end owners of stoek are advised that any building

546 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

used as a stable for cows should be properly lighted and venti-
lated ; should have a tight floor and roof ; good drainage con-
necting wherever possible with a practicable sewer pipe and
supply of pure water and not less than one thousand cubic feet
of air space for each animal ; that manure should not be allowed
to accumulate in the neighborhood ; that yards surrounding
buildings where cows are kept should be well drained, free
from standing water and tilth ; that barns should be swept once
at least each day, and kept as clean as possible, and the floors
should be sprinkled before being swept ; that no hogs or manure
should be kept in the cellars under cow stables ; that animals
kept for the production of milk should not be fed upon swill of
any kind.

The commission would also advise that, as far as practicable,
consumptive people should not be allowed to come in any way
in contact with neat cattle ; although in this connection it should
be stated that modern investigation tends more and more to
show that, while the danger of the transmission of tuberculosis
from the lower animals to man is great, the danger of transmis-
sion in the other direction is not so great as has been supposed.

Laboratory experiments indicate that the bacillus from the
human subject is much less virulent than that from the bovine.
Comparative microscopical examinations show clearly the
rugged, hardy appearance of the bovine, as compared with the
slender, bent bacillus of man ; and the growth of the cultures
too-ether in the same media have demonstrated that the bacillus

©

of the bovine kills out the bacillus from the human subject.

In 1864 Villimen, and in 1869 Klebs, produced tuberculosis
in calves by injecting tuberculous masses from man into their
peritoneal cavity ; but these experiments are directly offset by
those conducted by Prof. Theobald Smith, who has recently
informed us that with the pure culture of the bacilli, procured
from the animal pet of a consumptive man, he had been unable,
by injection into the peritoneal cavity of bovines, to reproduce
the disease ; and, while tuberculisoidin and other antitoxines
have marked beneficial effect upon cases of the disease, which
resulted from the inoculation of the bacilli from man, it had no
such salutary effect when injected into animals which had
derived the disease from the bovine virus. This was confirmed
by experiments on three guinea-pigs which had been inoculated

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 547

with bovine virus, and were afterward treated with one of these
preparations furnished by Dr. E. Klebs. After the disease was
well advanced the treatment had not the slightest effect upon
its progress.

The same results were obtained by Czaplewski and Roloff in
1892 (Berlin, Klein Wochenscrift, No. 29).

While these experiments may not be conclusive, they all
point in the same direction.

Under the provisions of section 1 of the law of 1895 it was
provided that inspectors " shall make, from time to time, in-
spections of all other domestic animals within the limits of their
several cities and towns, whenever they have knowledge or rea-
son to suspect that such animals are affected with or have been
exposed to any contagious disease : and they shall immediately
inspect any and all domestic animals, and any barn, stable or
premises where any such animals are kept, whenever directed
so to do by the Board of Cattle Commissioners or any of its
members."

Xo special directions under this section have been given to
the inspectors, for the reason that so little is known as to the
conditions of these stables ; and the method of properly inspect-
ing them is so difficult that the preliminary work, at all events,
must be done by special inspectors properly qualified for that
purpose ; and therefore the Board has undertaken to make a
special study of the sanitary conditions of the stables, after
which it will be able to issue general instructions to the inspect-
ors, which will be productive of great good in this direction.
The agent appointed by the Board inspected twenty-five stables
picked out in different parts of the State, and the result of this
inspection will be seen in the following table : —

548

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc,

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550 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

Finance.

Prior to the passage of the law of 1894, the law under which
this commission had been operating was so unsatisfactory that
little could be done. With the passage of the law of 1894 the
work became enormously increased. The appropriation for
that year was $35,000. Of this sum there had been expended
prior to June 20, $13,000, leaving a balance of $22,000 on
hand at the time when the law of 1894 was passed. Early in
February, 1895, the Legislature appropriated $50,000 for the
immediate use of this commission, that the work might be con-
tinued until such time as final legislation could be obtained.
Prior to the passage of the law of 1895, obligations had been
contracted under the law of 1894 up to June 5, 1895, to the
amount of $91,876, leaving a balance unprovided for of $19,876,
which had to be taken from the appropriation of $100,000 made
under the law of 1895, which left a balance of only $80,124 to
be expended under the new act.

In regard to the item of $19,876 in excess of the available
appropriation of $72,000, above referred to, the commission
desires to state that under the law it is impossible at any given
moment to know just what the obligations of the commission
are, because the inspectors throughout the State, who are inde-
pendent public officers, are, under the provisions of the law,
taking steps which ultimately must create a liability on the part
of the State calling for the action of this commission, involv-
ing additional expense ; and, further, that the returns of ex-
penses and numbers of claims come in frequently long after the
time when the animal was killed, and the obligation is techni-
cally incorrect.

Of the $91,876 expended under the law of 1894, $44,376
was for administrative expenses ; $47,500 was returned directly
to the owners of cattle destroyed as tuberculous, upon the basis
of one-half sound value of animals destroyed, — an average price,
therefore, of $21 per head ; so that the expense of examining
all animals reported as being suspicious, conducting the exami-
nation of a large number of cattle every week at Brighton, as
well as that inseparably connected with the inauguration of a
new and very large plant, such as buying the necessary appa-
ratus, fitting up quarantine stations, preparation of forms, print-

No; 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 551

ing and payment of all other incidental expenses, was as
$44,376 is to $47,500.

At the same time it should be remembered, in comparing
this work with the work under the present law, that under the
law of 1894 the owners of neat stock destroyed received one-
half the sound value, whereas under the present law the full
value was paid. The average value of animals paid under the
law of 1895 has been $35 per head. Had the same valuation
been paid under 1894, the relation of administrative expense to
the amount paid in compensation would have been in the pro-
portion of $44,376 to $78,750.

It should also be remembered in this conneetion that up to
June 30, or substantially during the greater portion of the
period of the law of 1894, the State sustained the entire ex-
pense of examining neat cattle brought from without its border
for the purpose of determining whether or not they were free
from tuberculosis ; whereas, under the regulations prescribed
by this commission relating to interstate cattle, since July,
1895, substantially all neat stock brought within the borders of
the Commonwealth now are accompanied by certificate of tuber-
culin test, which is furnished at the expense of the owner, and
is signed by a veterinarian whose integrity and ability is vouched
for by the Board of Cattle Commissioners of the State from
which the animals were shipped, thus relieving Massachusetts
of an immense burden of expense which was borne by it during
the experimental work carried on at Brighton, Watertown and
Somerville.

From June 5, 1895, to Nov. 25, 1895, the total amount ex-
pended by the commission against the available fund of $80,124
has been $75,600, of which the total administrative expense
was $16,100, and the amount paid to the owners of neat cattle
destroyed as tuberculous, under the provisions of the act, $59,-
500, ' This sum was paid for 1,732 animals destroyed, or an
average price of about $34.50 per head. These figures, there-
fore, show that the administrative expense was, as compared
with the expense of compensation, as $16,100 is to $59,500.
In other words, since June 5, 1895, the administrative expense
has been twenty-seven per cent, and the expense for compen-
sation of animals destroyed seventy-three per cent. It will
thus be seen that, out of every dollar spent by this commission

552

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.
1895, the farmers have received seventy-three

since June 5,
cents.

It may be of interest to note the State tax paid by each city
and town throughout the Commonwealth, and the amount paid
out of the treasury of the Commonwealth to the owners of cattle
within such city or town. These figures may be ascertained by
consulting the following table : —

City or Town.

Tax.

Cattle.

City or Town.

Tax.

Cattle.

Abington, .

$1,500

_

Boxford,

$375

$86 25

Acton,

900

$ 289 00

Boylston,

300

44 50

Acushnet, .

375

20 00

Bradford,

1,650

50 00

Adams,

2,310

-

Braintree,

2,670

-

Agawam,

810

367 00

Brewster,

375

100 00

Alford,

135

-

Bridgewater

1,515

548 68

Amesbury, .

3,135

55 25

Brimfield,

255

31 00

Amherst,

1,905

779 50

Brockton,

12,930

616 75

Andover,

2,940

562 25

Brookfiekl,

900

182 75

Arlington, .

4,830

151 50

Brookline,

35,685

804 50

Ashburnham,

645

220 75

Buckland,

360

141 50

Ashby,

315

1,053 45

Burlington,

300

702 00

Ashfield,

315

1,216 50

Cambridge,

46,800

60 00

Ashland,

735

806 92

Canton,

2,595

469 50

Athol, .

2,265

-

Carlisle,

210

401 50

Attleborough,

2,760

22 00

Carver,

495

-

Auburn,

345

69 75

Charlemont,

240

32 50

Avon, .

465

-

Charlton,

585

27 00

Aver, .

825

-

Chatham,

570

-

Barnstable, .

2,310

45 00

Chelmsford,

1,245

1,264 00

Barre, .

885

1,627 75

Chelsea,

13,545

21 50

Becket,

285

55 00

Cheshire,

450

625 00

Bedford,

585

-

Chester,

390

962 00

Belchertown,

340

321 50

Chesterfield,

180

206 50

Bellingham,

420

104 75

Chicopee,

4,980

-

Belmont,

2,265

97 75

Chilmark, .

135

-

Berkley,

270

-

Clarksburg, .

150

-

Berlin,

300

-

Clinton,

4,170

249 50

Bernards-ton,

255

-

Cohasset,

2,880

112 50

Beverly,

8,685

137 49

Colrain,

360

23 00

Billerica,

1,185

5,606 45

Concord,

2,520

364 25

Blandford, .

270

54 00

Conway,

435

272 50

Bolton,

285

652 30

Cottage City,

640

-

Boston,

538,920

8,151 68

Cummington,

195

535 75

Bourne,

1,005

18 50

Dalton,

1,755

1,838 00

Boxborough,

135

95 25

Dana, .

160

24 00

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT.

City or Town.

Tax.

Cattle.

City on Tows. Tax.

Cattle.

Danvers,

$2,700

_

Groveland, . . $600

$35 00

Dartmouth,

1,620

$6 00

Hadley,

630

291 25

Dedham,

3,945

317 00

Halifax,

165

-

Deerfield,

990

134 75

Hamilton,

645

-

Dennis,

1,005

8 50

Hampden,

340

110 75

Dighton,

510

-

Hancock,

210

28 00

Douglas,

630

119 75

Hanover,

870

15 50

Dover, .

385

225 50

Hanson,

390

-

Dracut,

1,005

496 00

Hardwick,

930

397 23

Dudley,

675

618 50

Harvard,

615

830 75

Dunstable, .

180

1,185 50

Harwich,

750

-

Duxbury, .

945

39 85

Hatfield,

630

193 00

East Bridgewater,

990

48 75

Haverhill,

12,630

1 114 02

East Longmeado w

420

612 75

Hawley,

105

-

Eastham,

180

-

Heath,

120

-

Easthampton,

1,500

252 75

Hingham,

2,750

90 00

Easton,

3,045

14 75

Hinsdale,

465

-

Edgartown, .

450

29 00

Holbrook,

810

-

Egremont, .

285

-

Holden,

720

-

Enfield,

480

36 25

Holland,

66

-

Erving,

240

165 50

Holliston,

1,035

328 50

Essex, .

600

-

Holyoke,

16,320

711 00

Everett,

7,380

-

Hopedale,

1,560

-

Fairhaven, .

1,135

41 50

Hopkinton,

1,260

215 25

Fall River, .

37,320

201 00

Hubbardstoi

i,

420

350 75

Falmouth, .

3,675

300 50

Hudson,

1,785

151 75

Fitchburg, .

11,880

215 00

Hull, .

1,560

21 75

Florida,

105

-

Huntington,

330

-

Foxborough,

1,020

130 25

Hyde Park,

1,585

-

Framingham,

5,595

2,295 00

Ipswich,

1,770

511 25

Franklin,

1,800

1,448 40

Kingston,

1,005

-

Freetown, .

540

59 25

Lakeville,

345

-

Gardner,

3,045

3,687 28

Lancaster,

1,785

lit 00

Gay Head, .

15

-

Lanesborouf.

li. .

315

12 00

Georgetown,

645

-

Lawrence,

19,920

64 50

Gill, .

285

428 53

Lee,

110

1,215 25

Gloucester, .

9,750

-

Leicester,

1,410

78 00

Goshen,

90

38 00

Lenox, .

1,785

H3 78

Gosnold,

120

22 50

Leominster,

3,420

1,203 50

Grafton,

1,485

243 00

Leverett,

180

-

Granby,

285

96 00

Lexington,

2,445

960 25

Granville, .

225

10 25

Ley den,

105

57 00

Great Barrington,

2,205

46 00

Lincoln,

1,380

1 17 00

Greenfield, .

3,195

119 75

Littleton,

525

1,89S ll

Greenwich, .

165

10 50

Longmeadow,

375

224 25

Groton,

1,753

637 50

Lowell,

1

12,(10(1

329 25

554

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

City <h: Town.

Tax.

Cattle.

City ok Town.

Tax.

Cattle.

Ludlow,

$645

$466 00

Newton,

$27,495

$777 00

Lunenburg, .

480

117 25

Norfolk,

315

-

Lynn, .

29,715

1,083 42

North Adams,

4,695

-

Lynnfield, .

360

-

North Andover, .

2,025

697 75

Maiden,

14,835

212 50

No. Attleborough,

2,400

72 75

Manchester,

4,260

5 00

North Brookfield,

1,200

390 25

Mansfield, .

1,095

60 50

North Reading, .

315

329 75

Marblehead,

3,465

-

Northampton,

6,270

322 50

Marion,

495

26 50

Northborough, .

765

3,086 45

Marlborough,

4,965

1,720 99

Northbridge,

2,175

330 06

Marshfield, .

810

295 50

Northfield, .

585

446 66

Mashpee,

105

-

Norton,

495

305 00

Mattapoisett,

900

64 33

Norwell,

660

1,250 00

Maynard, .

1,260

35 25

Norwood,

1,645

893 75

Medfield,

855

-

Oakham,

210

-

Medford,

9,345

185 00

Orange, . .

2,415

169 75

Medway,

795

128 50

Orleans,

520

-

Melrose,

5,895

-

Otis, .

135

-

Mendon,

330

167 00

Oxford,

795

-

Merrimac, .

810

-

Palmer,

1,740

118 50

Methuen,

2,115

98 00

Paxton,

165

-

Middleborough, .

2,550

10 00

Peabody,

4,693

233 50

Middlefield,

150

-

Pelham,

105

12 50

Middletown,

315

-

Pembroke, .

405

39 25

Milford,

3,315

47 50

Pepperell, .

1,230

1,197 25

Millbury, .

1,440

79 00

Peru, .

75

-

Millis, .

510

157 50

Petersham, .

390

71 75

Milton,

11,775

150 00

Phillipston, .

180

-

Monroe,

90

-

Pittsfield, .

8,070

818 45

Mon son,

1,200

606 75

Plainfield, .

105

-

Montague, .

2,180

-

Plymouth, .

3,960

-

Monterey, .

150

-

Plympton, .

195

-

Montgomery,

90

-

Prescott,

105

58 25

Mt. Washington, .

45

-

Princeton, .

495

906 84

Nahant,

3,465

-

Provincetown,

1,365

-

Nantucket, .

1,850

183 25

Quincy,

10,095

360 00

Natick,

3,420

529 00

Randolph, .

1,410

17 50

Needham, .

1,695

131 25

Raynham, .

540

148 00

New Ashford,

45

-

Reading,

2,100

30 00

New Bedford,

30,915

31 00

Rehoboth, .

450

95 75

New Braintree, .

255

666 50

Revere,

3,930

-

New Marlborough

345

185 00

Richmond, .

210

-

New Salem,

195

51 00

Rochester, .

330

-

Newbury, .

645

-

Rockland, .

1,860

68 00

Newburyport,

6,735

-

Rockport, .

1,590

205 59

No. 4.1 CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT.

555

City oh Town.

Tax.

Cattle.

City or Towx.

Tax.

Cattle.

Howe, .

$150

_

Topsrield, .

$525

$392 50

Rowley,

420

-

Townsend, .

720

946 75

Royal ston, .

375

$25 00

Truro, .

225

15 00

Russell,

300

52 50

Tyngsborough, .

240

272 00

Rutland,

315

-

Tyringham,

135

-

Salem, .

17,550

25 00

Upton,.

630

-

Salisbury, .

390

-

Uxbridge, .

1,365

-

Sandisfield, .

210

31 50

Wakefield, .

3,510

171 50

Sandwich, .

585

32 25

Wales,

180

-

Saugus,

1,770

-

Walpole,

1,245

183 70

Savoy, .

105

25 00

Waltham, .

11,190

2,420 50

Scituate,

1,230

-

Ware, .

2,655

174 25

Seekonk,

525

-

Wareham, .

1,260

-

Sharon,

975

37 00

Warren,

1,680

287 25

Sheffield, .

540

1,030 50

Warwick, .

195

30 25

Shelburne, .

555

1,111 00

Washington,

120

77 25

Sherborn, .

495

1,355 00

Watertown,

4,890

1,333 00

Shirley,

450

65 00

Wayland, .

945

823 50

Shrewsbury,

600

-

Webster,

2,310

45 00

Shutesbury,

105

-

Wellesley, .

3,990

1,110 50

Somerset, .

645

48 56

Wellfleet, .

465

102 50

Somerville, .

25,890

30 00

Wendell, .

150

-

South Hadley, .

1,410

54 00

Wenhani, .

405

-

Southampton,

300

29 25

West Boylston, .

825

170 20

Southborough, .

!>7.">

4,875 75

West Bridgewater

600

355 75

Southbridge,

2,445

231 00

West Brookfield, .

510

-

Southwiek, .

330

37 50

West Newbury, .

600

-

Spencer,

2,505

14 25

West Springfield,

2,475

219 00

Springfield, .

35,203

575 00

West Stockbridge

345

-

Sterling,

525

447 40

West Tisbury, .

240

11 00

Stockbridge,

1,860

80 00

Westborough,

1,580

2,331 25

Stoneham, .

2,430

91 75

Westfield, .

4,755

37 50

Stoughton, .

1,815

9.1 ;>()

West ford, .

825

719 25

Stowe, .

390

590 25

Westhainpton,

150

245 75

Sturbridge, .

585

90 75

Westminster,

465

676 74

Sudbur}7,

705

82 50

Weston,

1 2,145

-

Sunderland,

235

718 83

Westport, .

945

26 50

Sutton,

810

270 85

Weymouth,

4,095

-

Swampscott,

3,390

-

Whately, .

285

338 25

Swanzey,

525

-

Whitman, .

2,190

182 75

Taunton,

11,970

60 00

Wilbraham,

510

184 00

Templcton, .

840

391 25

Williamsburg,

570

221 00

Tewksbury,

900

720 75

Williamstown, .

1,515

-

Tisbury,

I!).".

-

Wilmington,

.-ill)

210 50

Tolland,

90

— • —

Winchendon,

1,410

51 25

556

BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Pub. Doc.

City ok Town.

Tax.

Cattle.

City or Town.

Tax.

Cattle.

Winchester,

$0,oo5

$20 00

Worthington,

$195

$20 00

Windsor,

120

31 00

Wrentham, .

915

279 25

Winthrop, .

2,610

-

Yarmouth, .

1,260

-

Woburn,
Worcester, .

5,820
54,435

357 50
1,033 30

Total, .

-

$111,561 50*

Opinions of Peksons throughout the Commonwealth who
have had Animals tested with Tuberculin by this
Board.

Desiring to ascertain as fully as possible the experience and
opinions of those whose animals had been subjected to the tu-
berculin test, the Board issued the following circular letter, a
copy of which was sent to the address of every person whose
animals had been tested prior to that date.

The total number of replies coming from this circular has
been two hundred and forty-three, of which forty-five only are
unfavorable to the test. All are given herewith. The name
and address of the writer is given in every case in which it has
been received.

Some of the replies have been given as directly answering
the numbered questions, and others in letter form, without re-
gard to the numbers of the inquiries. To save repetition here,
the answers received are given following the number of the
question which is answered. The letters are given together,
and will be found following the more direct replies.

The unfavorable replies have been separated from the others,
and are given first. It is a notable fact that, of the thirty-four
classified unfavorable opinions, all but six are from persons
whose animals showed no tuberculosis upon application of the
test, and who, therefore, it is to be presumed, have had no op-
portunity of witnessing the great precision with which the test-
does its work. It is also to be noticed that almost all of the
more usual calamities attending the keeping of milch cows have

* It will be noticed that these figures show a sum which is larger by some $4,000 than
the sum of the amounts returned in this report as having been paid to the farmers for
cattle destroyed. This is due to the fact that a number of the warrants for animals
already condemned and destroyed, amounting to about $4,000, had not been sent to the
auditor at the time when the latter figures were made up.

No. 4.] CATTLE COMMISSIONERS' REPORT. 557

been ascribed to the bad effects of tuberculin, chief among them
being the shrinkage of the product in milk and the occurrences
of abortion, with its attending evils. That tuberculin is, prob-
ably, not properly chargeable with these unfortunate happen-
ings, is well shown by the replies and letters received from the
great majority of these correspondents themselves, to be found
among those that are classed here as not unfavorable.

Among- these latter it will be noticed that there are thirty-
eight replies that are non-committal as to the opinion of the
writers upon the value of the tuberculin test; thirty-two of
them come from cases in which no tuberculosis was found in the
examined herds, twenty-eight being from the systematic work
in the Cape district, where, as is shown in another part of this
report, an exceedingly small amount of tuberculosis exists
among the neat stock.

[Copy of Circular Letter.*]

52 Village Street, Boston, Oct. 28, 1895.
Dear Sir : — We are desirous of learning as fully and accurately as
possible as to the general health and thrift of your cattle which were
tested with tuberculin. I would therefore consider it a favor if you
would write me concerning the following points : —

1. When was your herd tested?

2. Of how many animals did it then consist?

3. How many were condemned as tuberculous?

4. How many of them were milch cows?

5. What was the comparative milk product before and after test?

6. What has been their general health since?

7. How many animals have you lost since the test?

8. What disease caused their death?

9. How many animals had you lost in the same length of time
prior to the use of tuberculin ?

10. What is your opinion of tuberculin from your experience with
it in your own herd ?

An early reply will oblige yours very truly,

Frederick H. Osgood, Chairman.

FREDERICK H. OSGOOD, Chairman,
CHARLES P. LYMAN, Secretary,
MAURICE O'CONNELL,
LKANDER F. HERRICK,
CHARLES A. DENNEN,

Board of Call Ic Commissioners.

* On account of lack of space it has been thought best to omit the replies to this cir-
cular letter, which occupy some forty-three printed pages of the report.

INDEX

INDEX TO SECRETARY'S REPORT.

Address of welcome before the Board of Agriculture at Dalton, by Henry A. Bar-
ton, 15.

Adulteration, concerning, 101.

Agricultural and similar organizations, directory of, 397.

Agricultural College and Experiment Station benefit the farmer, how the, lecture on,
by Dr. J. B. Liudsey, 138.

Agricultural College, Massachusetts, admission to the, requirements for, 314.

Agricultural College, Massachusetts, concerning the, 138, 305.

Agricultural College, Massachusetts, course of study at the, 140.

Agricultural College, Massachusetts, experiment stations at the, work of the, 148, 308.

Agricultural College, Massachusetts, farm at the, 308, 311.

Agricultural College, Massachusetts, funds of the, 307.

Agricultural College, Massachusetts, history of the, 306.

Agricultural College, Massachusetts, horticultural department of the, 312.

Agricultural College, Massachusetts, officers and trustees of the, 399.

Agricultural College, Massachusetts, overseers of the, report to Legislature of Board
of Agriculture acting as, 305.

Agricultural exhibitions, dates of, and assignment of inspectors to, 303.

Agricultural experiment stations, work of the, 148, 308.

Agricultural organizations, directory of, 397.

Agricultural societies, officers of, 400.

Agricultural societies, returns of, 263, 293.

Agriculture, Board of, action of, concerning the gypsy moth, 12.

Agriculture, Board of, action of, concerning tuberculosis, 10.

Agriculture, Board of, address of welcome before the, at Dalton, by Henry A. Bar-
ton, 15.

Agriculture, Board of, annual meeting of the, 297.

Agriculture, Board of, dairy bureau of the, fifth annual report of the, 239.

Agriculture, Board of, executive committee of the, meetings of the, 3.

Agriculture, Board of, gypsy moth committee of the, report of the, 199.

Agriculture, Board of, members of the, roster of, 397.

Agriculture, Board of, officers and committees of the, 299, 398.

Agriculture, Board of, public winter meeting of the, at Dalton, 15.

Agriculture, Board of, report of the, to the Legislature, acting as overseers of the
Massachusetts Agricultural College, 305.

Agriculture, Board of, resolutions by, concerning the citizens of Dalton, 163.

Agriculture, Board of, resolutions by, on death of Mr. Bancroft, 10.

Agriculture, Board of, resolutions by, on taxation, 301.

Agriculture, Board of, special meeting of the, at Dalton, 9.

Agriculture, boards of, help the farmers, how can, lecture on, by N. J. Bachelder, 19.

.Agriculture, boards of, work of, 20.

Agriculture, text books on, concerning, 40.

Air, impurities in the, 181.

Amesbury and Salisbury Agricultural ami Horticultural Society, returns of the, 263.

Animals, tuberculous, the use of meat and milk coming from, 514, 524.

Arsenate of lead as an insecticide, 365.

Atlanta, Ga., report of delegates to Farmers' National Congress at, 413.

562 INDEX.

Babcock milk tester, use and value of the, 86, 105, 110, 114, 153, 158.

Bachelder, N. J., lecture by, on bow can boards of agriculture help the farmers, 19.

Bancroft, Win., resolutions by Board of Agriculture on the death of, 10.

Barnstable County Agricultural Society, returns of the, 264.

Barton, Henry A., address of welcome by, before the Board of Agriculture at Dal-

ton, 15.
Berkshire Agricultural Society, approval of mortgage of, 5.
Berkshire Agricultural Society, returns of the, 264.
Birds as protectors of orchards, essay on, by E. H. Forbush, 347.
Blackstone Valley Agricultural Society, returns of the, 265.
Books on agriculture, text, concerning, 40.
Books, the ethics of, lecture on, by Mrs. Alonzo Towle, 122.
Boston milk supply, concerning the, 54, 258.

Bristol County Agricultural Society, approval of sale of property of the, 4.
Bristol County Agricultural Society, returns of the, 266.
Brooks, Prof. Wm. P , essay by, on field crops, 315.
Bureau, Dairy, filth annual report of the, 239.
Butter, process, concerning, 117, 247.

Canker-worms, concerning, 352, 357, 370.
Cattle Commissioners, Board of, annual report of the, 425.

Cattle Commissioners, Board of, instructions by, to inspectors of animals and pro-
visions, 428.
Cattle Commissioners, Board of, roster of, 399.
Cattle, tuberculosis in. See Tuberculosis.

College, Massachusetts Agricultural. See Agricultural College.
Competition, concerning, 99.
Corn, Indian, food value of, 316.
Corn, Indian, harvesting of, 324.'
Corn, Indian, history of, 318.

Corn, Indian, manures, fertilizers and soil for, 320.
Corn, Indian, planting and culture of, 323.
Corn, Indian, varieties and statistics of production of, 319.
Cows at fairs, proper testing of, 256.
Cows, warming of water for, 118.
Cream, concerning the sale of, 60.
Creameries, methods of conducting, 105.
Crops, field, certain, food value of, 315.
Crops, field, essay on, by Prof. Wm. P. Brooks, 315.

Dairy Bureau, fifth annual report of the, 239.

Dairy Bureau, financial statement of the, 259.

Dairy Bureau, officers and members of the, 241.

Dairy tests, home, concerning, 259.

Dairying, modern, the necessities and demands of, lecture on, by ex-Gov. W. D.

Hoard, 93.
Dalton, citizens of, resolutions of the Board of Agriculture concerning the, 163.
Dalton, public winter meeting of the Board of Agriculture at, 15.
Dalton, special meeting of the Board of Agriculture at, 9.
Deerfield Valley Agricultural Society, returns of the, 267.
Dendrolene as an insecticide, 370.

Directory of agricultural and similar organizations, 397.
Drain land, how to, 375.
Drainage, land, effects of, 372.

Drainage, land, hints on, essay on, by Wm. Wheeler, 372.
Drains, laying out and construction of, 381.

Eastern Hampden Agricultural Society, returns of the, 268.
Emulsion, kerosene, as an insecticide, 368.

INDEX. 563

Entomologists, American Association of Economic, resolutions by, concerning the

gypsy moth, 228.
Essex Agricultural Society, returns of the, 269.
Ethics of books, the, lecture on, by Mrs. Alonzo Towle, 122.
Europe, destructiveness of the gypsy moth in, 220.

Executive committee of the Board of Agriculture, minutes of meetings of, 3.
Exhibitions, agricultural, dates of, and assignment of inspectors to, 303.
Experiment Station benefit the farmer, how the Agricultural College and, lecture on,

by Dr. J. B. Lindsey, 138.
Experiment Station, Hatch, officers of, 399.
Experiment stations, agricultural, work of the, 148, 308.

Fairs, agricultural, dates of, and assignment of inspectors to, 303.

Fairs, proper testing of cows at, 256-

Farmer, how the Agricultural College and Experiment Station benefit the, lecture

on, by Dr. J. B. Lindsey, 138.
Farmers, how can boards of agriculture help the, lecture on, by N. J. Bachelder, 19.
Farmers' clubs, officers of, 402.

Farmers' National Congress at Atlanta, Ga., report of delegates to, 413.
Farmers' National Congress, resolutions by the, concerning the gypsy moth, 208.
Farmers' and mechanics' associations and clubs, officers of, 401.
Fernald, Prof. C. H., essay by, on the San Jose scale, 385.

Fernald, Prof. C. H., report by, as entomologist to the gypsy moth committee, 227.
Fertility, decrease of, 100.

Fertilizers, manures, etc., concerning, 320, 326, 329, 334.
Field crops, essay on, by Prof. Win. P. Brooks, 315.
Field crops, food value of certain, 315.
Financial returns of the incorporated societies, 263, 293.
Food value of certain field crops, 315.

Forbush, E. H., essay by, on birds as protectors of orchards, 347.
Forbush, E. H., report by, as field director of the gypsy moth committee, 212.
Franklin County Agricultural Society, returns of the, 269.

Glanders, concerning, in work of Cattle Commission, 454.

Grange, Massachusetts State, officers of, 404.

Granges, Pomona and subordinate, officers of, 405.

Gypsy moth, description, habits, etc., of the, 201.

Gypsy moth, extermination of the, results of the work of 1895, 216.

Gypsy moth in Europe, destructiveness of the, 220.

Gypsy moth, ravages of the, statements of eye witnesses of the, 230.

Gypsy moth, resolutions by the American Association of Economic Entomologists

concerning the, 2i!S.
Gypsy moth, resolutions by the Farmers' National Congress concerning the, 208.
Gypsy moth committee, annual report of the, 199.
Gypsy moth committee, entomologist of the, report of the, 227.
Gypsy moth committee, field director of the, report of the, 212.

Hampden Agricultural Society, returns of the, 270..

Hampshire Agricultural Society, returns of the, 271.

Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden Agricultural Society, returns of the, 272.

Hatch Experiment Station, concerning the, 148, 309.

Hatch Experiment Station, officers of, 399.

Highland Agricultural Society, returns of the, 273.

Hillside Agricultural Society, returns of the, 274.

Hingham Agricultural and Horticultural Society, returns of the, 275.

Hoard, W. D., lecture by, on the necessities and demands of modern dairying, 93.

Hoard's nervous theory, concerning, 113.

Hog cholera, concerning, in work of Cattle Commission, 458.

Hoosac Valley Agricultural Society, returns of the.

564 INDEX.

Horticultural department of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, concerning

the, 312.
Horticultural societies, officers of, 401.
Housatonic Agricultural Society, returns of the, 276.
Husbandry, Patrons of, officers of, 404.

Indian corn. See Corn.

Insects, destruction of, by birds, 347.

Insects, destructiveness of introduced, 221.

Insects in the United States, losses caused by, 223.

Insecticide, arsenate of lead as an, 365.

Insecticide, dendrolene as an, 370.

Insecticide, kerosene emulsion as an, 368.

Insecticide, London purple as an, 364.

Insecticide, Paris green as an, 364.

Insecticide, raupenleim as an, 369.

Insecticides, contact, 367.

Insecticides, essay on, by A. H. Kirkland, 363.

Inspectors of animals and provisions, concerning, 428, 498.

Inspectors to fairs, assignment of, 303.

Kerosene emulsion as an insecticide, 368.
Kirkland, A. H., essay by, on insecticides, 363.

Labor, cost of, concerning, 101.

Land, drain, how to, 375.

Land drainage, effects of, 372.

Land drainage, hints on, essay on, by "Wm. Wheeler, 372.

Lead, arsenate of, as an insecticide, 365.

Lindsey, Dr. J. B., lecture by, on how the Agricultural College and Experiment

Station benefit the farmer, 138.
London purple as an insecticide, 364.

Mangels, food value of, 316.

Mangels, harvesting, storing and feeding of, 328.

Mangels, planting and culture of, 327.

Mangels, soils, manures and fertilizers for, 326.

Manures and fertilizers, concerning, 320, 326, 329, 334.

Marshfield Agricultural and Horticultural Society, returns of the, 277.

Martha's Vineyard Agricultural Society, returns of the, 278.

Massachusetts Agricultural College. See Agricultural College.

Massachusetts Board of Agriculture. See Agriculture.

Massachusetts cities, tbe milk supply of, lecture on, by Geo. M. Whitaker, 48.

Massachusetts Horticultural Society, returns of the, 279.

Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, returns of the, 280.

Massachusetts State Grange, officers of the, 404.

Middlesex North Agricultural Society, approval of mortgage of, 3.

Middlesex North Agricultural Society, returns of the, 280.

Middlesex South Agricultural Society, returns of the, 281.

Milk and meat coming from tuberculous amimals, the use of, 514, 524.

Milk consumption, statistics of, 49.

Milk laws, concerning the, 247.

Milk standard, concerning the, 62, 251.

Milk standard, need of a, 63.

Milk standard, objections to the present, 69.

Milk supply of Boston, the, 54, 258.

Milk supply of Massachusetts cities, the, lecture on, by Geo. M. "Whitaker, 48.

Milk tester, Babcock, use and value of the, 86, 105, 110, 114. 153, 158.

Milk tests, continuous, 259.

INDEX. 565

Milk, quality of, average, the, 67.

Milk, quality of, variations in the, what causes, 75.

Nantucket Agricultural Society, returns of the, 282.
Nervous theory, Hoard's, concerning, 113.
Nitrogen as nitrates and nitrites, 177.

Ocneria dispar. See Gypsy Moth.

Oleomargarine, concerning, 242.

Orchards, birds as protectors of, essay on, by E. H. Forbush, 347.

Osgood, Dr. F. H., lecture by, on rational stable management, 172.

Oxford Agricultural Society, returns of the, 282.

Paige, Dr. J. B., essay by, on tuberculin, — what it is; how it is used; what it

does, 341.
Paris green as an insecticide, 364.

Plymouth County Agricultural Society, returns of the, 283.
Potato, change of seed in growing the, 333.
Potato, food value of the, 316.

Potato, fungous diseases and insects attacking the, remedies for, 336.
Potato, harvesting and storing of the, 337.
Potato, history and statistics of the, 331.
Potato, planting and culture of the, 335.
Potato, soil and fertilizers for the, 334.
Potato scab, prevention of the, 337.
Premium returns of the incorporated societies, 263, 293.

Rabies, concerning, in work of Cattle Commission, 458.

Raupenleim as an insecticide, 369.

Resolutions of the American Association of Economic Entomologists concerning

the gypsy moth, 228.
Resolutions of the Board of Agriculture concerning the citizens of Dalton, 163.
Resolutions of the Board of Agriculture concerning the death of Wm, Bancroft, 10.
Resolutions of the Board of Agriculture concerning taxation, 301.
Resolutions of the Farmers' National Congress concerning the gypsy moth, 208.

Sanitation, work of the Cattle Commission along line of, 545.

San Jos6 scale, description of the, 388.

San Jose" scale, distribution of the, method? of, 391.

San Jos6 scale, essay on, by Prof. C. H. Fernald, 385.

San Jose" scale, food plants of the, 391.

San Jose" scale, history and distribution of the, 385.

San Jos6 scale, remedies for the, 392.

Slaughter-house inspection in work of Cattle Commission, concerning, 450.

Societies, incorporated, financial and premium returns of the, 263, 293.

Spencer Farmers' and Mechanics' Association, returns of the, 284.

Stable management, rational, lecture on, by Dr. F. H. Osgood, 172.

Standard, milk. See Milk.

Suffolk District Medical Society, resolutions by, concerning tuberculosis, 524.

Swedes, food value of, 316.

Swedes, planting, culture, harvesting and storing of, 331.

Swedes, soil and manure for, 329.

Taxation, resolutions of the Board of Agriculture on, 301.
Towle, Mrs. Alonzo, lecture by, on the ethics of books, 122.

Tuberculin, concerning the use of, 10, 189, 341, 345, 463, 468, 499, 515, 533, 537, 557.
Tuberculin, how it is used, 341.

Tuberculin, what it is; how it is used; what it does, essay on, by Prof. Jas. B.
Paige, 341.

566 INDEX.

Tuberculosis, action of the Board of Agriculture concerning, 10.
Tuberculosis, prevalence of, 509.

Tuberculosis, resolutions of the Suffolk District Medical Society concerning, 524.
Tuberculous animals, use of milk and meat coming from, 514, 524.

Union Agricultural and Horticultural Society, returns of the, 285.
United States, losses caused by insects in the, 223.

"Water, analyses of, 178.

Water, dissolved solids in, 175.

Water, effects of an impure supply of, 179.

Water for cows, warming of, 118.

Water, pure and wholesome, necessity for, 173.

Weymouth Agricultural and Industrial Society, returns of the, 286.

Wheeler, Win., essay by, on hints on land drainage, 372.

Whitaker, Geo. M., lecture by, on the milk supply of Massachusetts cities, 48.

Worcester Agricultural Society, returns of the, 287.

Worcester East Agricultural Society, returns of the, 288.

Worcester North Agricultural Society, returns of the, 289.

Worcester North-west Agricultural and Mechanical Society, returns of the, 289.

Worcester South Agricultural Society, returns of the, 290.

Worcester County West Agricultural Society, returns of the, 291.

PUBLIC DOCUMENT .... .... No. 33.

EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT

Hatch Experiment Station

OP THE 3%

Massachusetts Agricultural College.

January, 1896.

BOSTON :

WRIGHT & POTTER PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS,

18 Post Office Square.

1896,

REPORT.

It is proper, in making this first report of the Hatch
Experiment Station since- its consolidation with the State
Experiment Station, that its history and organization should
be briefly outlined and made a matter of permanent record.
The State station was established by act of the Legislat-
ure in 1882, with Prof. Charles A. Goessmann as director.
Though located on the college grounds and making use of
its land for purposes of experiment, it had no direct connec-
tion with it, but was governed by its own board of control.
Up to the time of consolidation twelve annual reports had
been issued and fifty-seven bulletins.

The Hatch Experiment Station was established under act
of Congress, Public No. 112, Feb. 25, 1887. The pro-
visions of this act were accepted by the General Court,
chapter 112 of the Acts and Resolves of 1887. At a meet-
ing of the trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege, held March 2, 1888, it was voted to establish another
department, to be styled "The Experiment Department of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College." The name was
subsequently changed to the Hatch Experiment Station of
the Massachusetts Agricultural College, and Pres. H. H.
Goodcll was elected director. Five thousand dollars of its
income were annually paid over to the State Experiment
Station, in consideration of its performing the chemical
work required. Previous to consolidation there had been
issued seven annual reports, thirty general, three special and
seventy-eight meteorological bulletins.

For several years a growing feeling had manifested itself
that the two stations should be united, in the interest of
economy of administration, work and result.

In 1894 an act was passed by the General Court, chapter
143, to consolidate the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi-
ment Station with the Experiment Department of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College. Owing to a trifling error, the

4 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

consolidation could not be effected, and the act was amended,
chapter 57 of the Acts and Resolves of 1895. The full text,
as amended, is as follows : —

Section 1. The Massachusetts agricultural experiment station,
located at the Massachusetts agricultural college in Amherst, may
be trausferred to and consolidated with the experiment department
of the said college now known as the Hatch experiment station, in
the manner hereinafter provided.

Sect. 2. The said Massachusetts agricultural experiment sta-
tion, at any meeting duly called for such purpose, may, by a vote
of two-thirds of the members present, authorize the transfer of
all the rights, leases, contracts and property, of every kind and
nature, of said station to the Massachusetts agricultural college ;
and the trustees of said college may, at any meeting duly called
for such purpose, accept the same for said college in behalf of the
Commonwealth, whereupon such transfer shall be made by suit-
able conveyance ; and when such transfer shall be made, the said
Massachusetts agricultural experiment station shall be deemed to
be a part of, and to belong to, the experiment department of said
college, under such name as said trustees may designate.

Sect. 3. The trustees of said college shall thereafter continue
to carry on the experimental and other work for which the Massa-
chusetts station was established, and to administer and apply all
the property and funds that may be received by them hereunder,
and by virtue hereof, for such purposes. They shall also from
time to time print and publish bulletins containing the results of
any experimental work and investigations, and distribute the same
to such residents and newspapers of the Commonwealth as may
apply therefor.

Sect. 4. Nothing herein contained shall operate to affect or
discontinue the annual appropriations and payments thereof made
and to be made by the Commonwealth for the proper maintenance
of experimental work, under section six of chapter two hundred
and twelve of the acts of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-
two and section one of chapter three hundred and twenty-seven of
the acts of the year eighteen hundred and eighty-five; and the
payment of said appropriations shall hereafter be made to the
treasurer of the Massachusetts agricultural college. The trustees
of said college shall make or cause to be made annually to the gen-
eral court a detailed report of the expenditure of all such moneys,
and such further report of the annual work of the experiment de-
partment of the college station as the trustees of the college shall
deem advisable,

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

5

In accordance with this action of the Legislature, at a
special meeting of the trustees, held April 16, 1895, it was
voted to accept, for the Massachusetts Agricultural College,
the transfer of all the rights, leases, contracts and property
of every kind and nature of the Massachusetts Agricultural
Experiment Station to the Massachusetts Agricultural Col-
lege. It was voted to consolidate the two stations, under the
name of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, and the following organization was
adopted : — ■

Henry H. Goodell, LL.D.,
William P. Brooks, B.Sc,
George E. Stone, Ph.D., .
Charles A. Goessmann, Ph.D
Joseph B. Lindset, Ph D.,
Charles H. Fernald, Fh D.,
Samuel T. Matnard, B.Sc,
Leonard Metcalf, B.S., .
Henry M. Thomson, B.Sc,
Ralph E. Smith, B.Sc, .
Henri D. Haskins, B.Sc,
Robert H. Smith, B.Sc, .
Charles S. Crocker, B Sc,
Edward B. Holland, B.Sc,
Robert A. Cooley, B.Sc,
Joseph H. Putnam, B.Sc,
George A Billings, B.Sc,
Charles A. King,

LL

Director.

Agriculturist.

Botanist.

Chemist (fertilizers.)

Chemist (foods and feeding.)

Entomologist.

Horticulturist.

Meteorologist.

Assistant Agriculturist.

Assistant Botanist.

Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).

Assistant Chemist (fertilizers).

Assistant Chemist (foods and feeding).

Assistant Chemist (foods and feeding).

Assistant Entomologist.

Assistant Horticulturist.

Assistant in Foods and Feeding.

Observer.

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

ANNUAL STATEMENT

Of the Hatch Fund of the Massachusetts Agricultural COL-
LEGE FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1895.

By George F. Mills, Treasurer pro tern.

Cash received from United States treasurer, .
Cash received from agricultural department,

Cash paid for salaries,

Cash paid for labor,

Cash paid for publications, ....
Cash paid for freight and express, .
Cash paid for postage and stationery, .
Cash paid for heat, light and water,
Cash paid for chemical supplies, .
Cash paid for seeds, plants and sundry supplies,
Cash paid for fertilizers, ....

Cash paid for feeding stuffs, ....

Cash paid for library,

Cash paid for tools, implements and machinery,

Cash paid for furniture,

Cash paid for scientific apparatus, .
Cash paid for travelling expenses, .
Cash paid for contingent expenses,
Cash paid for building and repairs,

.

$ 15,000 00

.

861 14

$15,861 14

. $8,382 72

. 1,592 88

. 1,476 16

. 103 53

51 41

. 101 90

. 479 60

500 71

. 344 08

. 373 52

. 528 23

. 867 27

50 92

. 534 56

. 195 37

96 42

. 181 86

$15,861 14

Amherst, Mass., Sept. 20, 1895.

I, the undersigned, duly appointed auditor, do hereby certify that I have exam-
ined the books and accounts of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895 ; that I have found the
books well kept, and the accounts correctly classified as above, and that the receipts
for the time named are shown to be $15,861.14, and the corresponding disbursements
$ 15,861.14. All the proper vouchers are on file, and have been by me examined and
found to be correct, there being no balance to be accounted for in the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1895.

CHARLES A. GLEASON,

Auditor.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

REPORT OF THE BOTANIST.

GEORGE E. STONE.

This department of investigation was established in 1888
and continued until 1892, when, on account of Dr. Hum-
phrey's resignation, it was temporarily discontinued. Last
July the department was re-established, and the physio-
logical laboratory is now devoted to experimental work
along the lines for which it was largely designed. Owing
to the fact that the laboratory and its equipment were
being used in other lines of investigation to the middle of
September, experimental work in botany was necessarily
delayed, and it was not until October that experiments
were under way. At the present time, therefore, only a
brief report can be offered. It may not be out of place,
however, to state concisely some of the details relating to
the line of work which is being pursued, reserving a fuller
account of the experiments for subsequent publications.

The work of the division falls mainly under two heads,
namely, vegetable physiology and vegetable pathology.
The first occupies itself with a study of plant diseases,
their prevention and cure. The second deals particularly
with the function of the plant, whether normal or abnor-
mal, and is concerned with the action of such external influ-
ences as heat, light, moisture, etc. It further endeavors to
ascertain how far the utilization of these external influences
is responsible for the inroads of fungi, and how far the
fungi can be controlled by these physiological factors.

Study of Injurious Fungi.

Throughout the entire year a large number of diseased
plants is sent in for diagnosis. Work in (his line must
always be in progress, and the examination of these dis-

8 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

eased forms occupies considerable time. Very frequently
some of the diseases prove to be new, or at least little
understood, and a study of them must be made for the
purpose of gaining an accurate knowledge of their charac-
teristics and habits, and thus enable us to treat them in
an intelligent manner. It is highly important that the
nature of every plant disease be fully understood before
any attempt is made to treat it. Any attempt at treat-
ment not based on knowledge is as unscientific as it is
impracticable. Among the apparently new diseases occupy-
ing our attention at present are bacterial diseases of the
strawberry and orchid, a begonia leaf disease, a stem dis-
ease of the cultivated aster and a rust on the blackberry.
Besides these, observations are being made on a number
of other more or less known fungi.

In connection with the study of injurious fungi, numerous
tests are being made with new fungicides, especially with
solutions which can be used in the greenhouse. These tests
are first made directly on the spores in the laboratory, and
then the solutions are applied to susceptible or diseased
plants in the greenhouse. By means of such tests the
effects of the solution on the spores can be readily observed,
and the strength of the solution required for spraying can
be tolerably well determined.

Nematode Worms.

No class of plants is more frequently sent in during
the winter than greenhouse cucumbers affected with these
worms, which completely riddle the tender tissues of the
roots, much to the detriment of the plants. No satisfactory
remedy has as yet been found, though various experiments
are now being made in the greenhouse for the purpose of
relieving the market gardener from these pests.

Beneficial Fungi {Mycorhiza) .

It has been known in Europe for some years that the
roots of many plants are covered with fungous growths,
the predominance of which — in some instances, at least —
is believed to have some bearing on the absence of root

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 9

hairs. These facts, with other phenomena apparently of a
similar nature which occur in the leguminosre, etc., have
Jed Frank * to surmise that these fungi play an important
role in the assimilation of food material from the soil. As
no investigations have been made to our knowledge on the
occurrence of fungi on the roots of our native species of
plants, Professor Smith and myself have devoted consider-
able attention during the past summer to work in this
direction, for the purpose of determining, first, the prev-
alence of fungi on roots of our native plants ; second,
their nature and distribution; third, their relation to th^e
absence of root hairs. Already a large number of plants
have been examined, and it is proposed to carry on the inves-
tigations during the coming summer, with these additional
points in view, — fourth, to prove by means of cultures
whether the fungi are really #essential to the plant in the
assimilation of food from the soil ; fifth, if proved, to throw
some light, if possible, upon the process of assimilation ;
sixth, to ascertain whether these fungi are in any way — as
Kerner maintains they are — accountable for the difficulty
of transplanting certain plants.

Damping Fungi and their Relations to Temperature and

Moisture.

Experiments are being made to ascertain the exact relations
of the development of the damping fungi to temperature
and moisture conditions. A large number of plants subject
to damping off are being experimented with in a portion of
the greenhouse provided with self- registering instruments.
In connection with this line of work, experiments are being
made to find out at what temperature the spores of injurious
fungi common to the greenhouse commence to germinate.
These experiments arc undertaken for the purpose of learn-
ing to what extent certain diseases can be controlled by
temperature and moisture conditions.

* Lehrbuch der Botanik, page 295.

10 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

General Botanical Work.

G)'ass Collection.

Among the specimens sent in by farmers and other citizens
of the State for determination are not infrequently grasses.
The station possesses already a small collection of these most
important plants, and it is hoped that in the course of time a
representative of every species peculiar to Massachusetts will
be found here, not only for our own use in aiding identifica-
tion of obscure species, but for the benefit of the student and
visitor who may wish to become familiar with them.

Weed Collection.

Any one who is conversant with our ever-extending com-
mercial relations with foreign countries can realize that a
considerable number of new species of plants reaches us every
year. That most of these may prove perfectly harmless
there can be no doubt ; but, on the other hand, we do not
know but that there is in our State to-day some slumbering
pest, some unnaturalized immigrant, which may in a few
years become as common as the daisy or shepherd's purse,
and prove as disastrous as the Russian thistle. For this
reason we wish to extend our collection of State weeds, and
keep a careful record of the nature and time of introduction
of every species. This department, therefore, requests the
co-operation of all those interested in such matters, in its
endeavor to make a complete collection and accumulate data
bearing- on the habits of our weeds.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 11

REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURIST.

WILLIAM P. BROOKS.

Leading Results and Conclusions based upon the
Experiments outlined in the Report of the Agri-
culturist.

Grass and Clover.

1. Nitrate of soda applied in early spring may safely be
depended upon to produce a profitable increase in the first
crop of hay, but such application will not materially increase
the yield of rowen. The amount to be used is from 150 to
200 pounds per acre.

2. Muriate of potash applied to land which is to be seeded
to mixed grasses and clovers may be depended upon to in-
crease the proportion of clover in the produce, and con-
sequently to make the hay more highly nitrogenous, and
particularly to increase the yield of rowen. The amount
needed is about 175 to 200 pounds per acre.

3. Fertilizers for top-dressing grass lands in spring should
contain nitrate of soda and muriate or sulphate of potash ; and,
to benefit the rowen crop, they should contain also some
slower-acting forms of nitrogen, such as sulphate of ammo-
nia, dried blood, dry ground fish, bone meal or tankage.
The fish, tankage or bone meal will furnish some phosphate,
of which a moderate quantity will be useful.

Corn.

1. The application of muriate of potash has so invariably
increased the yield of both stover and grain that the conclu-
sion is irresistible that potash should be more abundant in
fertilizers for this crop than is usually the case.

12 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. There is much evidence that the fertilizer for one acre
should furnish at least 80 to 100 pounds of actual potash.

3. A corn fertilizer containing* 5 per cent, of potash,
applied at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre, furnishes 50
pounds of actual potash. With such a fertilizer it will pay
to use from 75 to 100 pounds of muriate of potash per acre.

4. Four cords of average farm-yard manure will supply
about 96 pounds of actual potash ; but not all of this will be
available the first year, hence it will in most cases be found
profitable to use with this manure 75 to 100 pounds of muri-
ate of potash for corn.

Bye.

This crop is most largely increased by muriate of potash
and nitrate of soda, but responds much less freely to an ap-
plication of fertilizers than corn.

White Mustard.

1. In this we have a crop responding most freely to an
application of phosphates, indicating that the percentage of
phosphoric acid in fertilizers for turnips and cabbages (mem-
bers of the same family) should be large.

2. White mustard sown yearly in standing corn in the
later part of July grows until late in the fall, thus prevent-
ing soluble nitrogen compounds from being washed out of
the soil. It does not injure the growth of the corn the year
it is sown, and the ultimate effect is to make the soil produce
larger crops in subsequent years.

Potatoes.

1. Both being used in connection with materials furnish-
ing equal amounts of nitrogen and phosphates, sulphate of
potash gives larger yields of potatoes than muriate of potash.

2. Used in the same way, sulphate of potash produces
potatoes of better quality than muriate of potash.

3. Potato fertilizers should therefore contain potash in
the form of sulphate rather than muriate.

4. A large share of a fertilizer for potatoes should be
placed in the drill. This gives larger crops of better quality
than spreading broadcast.

189(5. J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 13

5. Treatment with solution of corrosive sublimate of seed
potatoes which are moderately scabby will prevent scab, pro-
vided the germs of this disease are not present in the soil
where the potatoes are planted.

Crimson Clover.

This clover has not proved hardy here, and experiments
in its use should be tried upon a small scale.

Japanese Millets.

1. The " barn-yard " variety is worth a trial. Here it
has yielded per acre: (a) seed, 66. 7 bushels, and straw,
11,297 pounds; (b) green fodder, 18 tons; or (c) hay, 6
tons.

2. The green fodder is superior to good corn fodder in
feeding for milk. It makes excellent silage.

Soja Beans.

The medium green variety is a useful crop, whether for
feeding green or for silage. It will yield about two-thirds
as much gross weight as corn ; but is far richer in flesh
formers. Silage made by mixing two parts of either corn
or barn-yard millet with one of the beans makes a well-bal-
anced feed for cows.

Flat Pea.

Seed was planted in the spring of 1894, but no fodder has
as yet been produced.

Sacaline.

Seed planted in the spring of 1895 germinated well, the
plants made a good start and promise a large yield of fodder
next year.

Hay Caps.

A trial demonstrated their great usefulness in showery
weather, and indicates that the Symines' cap has much to
recommend it,

14 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Warming a Stable for Cows.
The increase in milk and butter due to warming a stable
was small, and altogether insufficient to pay the cost.

Feeding Hens for Eggs.

1 . Vegetable foods, even though furnishing equal amounts
of all nutrients and in the proportions considered suitable,
are shown to be much inferior to animal foods furnishing the
same amounts of nutrients and in the same proportions.

2. Dried meat meal, everything being considered, appears
to be superior as a feed for laying fowls to cut fresh bone.

Soil Tests.

Soil tests upon the plan agreed upon in convention in
Washington in 1889 have been continued. During the past
season we have carried out five such tests : two upon our
own grounds, one with rye and the other with grass and
clover as the crops ; and one each in Concord, Hadley and
Shelburne, with corn as the crop. The main points indi-
cated are as follows : —

Grass and Clover.

1. Nitrate of soda, applied at the rate of 100 pounds
per acre, is beneficial to the first crop of grass, the average
increase amounting to 580 pounds per acre. This result is
in line with all results in previous years, both here and
elsewhere.

2. This application does not appreciably increase the
rowen crop.

3. The potash greatly increases the proportion of clover,
and thus considerably benefits the first cut of hay, the aver-
age increase this year amounting to 569 pounds of hay for
an application of 160 pounds of muriate of potash per acre.

4. The effect of the potash application is most striking
upon the rowen crop. This, where timothy, red top and
clover are sown, is always chiefly clover. This year there
was not rowen enough to weigh except where barn-yard
manure or potash had been applied.

1896.] PUBLIC! DOCUMENT — No. 33. 15

5. The phosphoric acid has not much affected cither the
first or the second cutting.

J would again recommend, for mowings containing mixed
grasses and clover, as folloivs per acre: —

Pounds.

Nitrate of soda, 150

Tankage of dry fish, 100

Plain superphosphate, 100

Ground South Carolina rock phosphate, .... 100

Muriate of potash, 150

Mix just before use and spread evenly in early spring.

Corn.

The soil tests with corn this year were all upon land which
has been several years under similar manurial treatment.
On Mr. Frank Wheeler's farm in Concord the work was
begun in 1890, and his crops in the order of succession
have been corn, corn, potatoes, grass and clover, grass and
clover, and corn (1895).

On Mr. Wheeler's farm this year the average yield of the
five nothing plats which have received neither manure nor
fertilizer since 1889 was: stover, 3,956 pounds; grain, 40.6
bushels per acre. With muriate of potash alone, at the rate
of 160 pounds per acre, the yield was : stover, 2,840 pounds ;
grain, 59.8 bushels. The average increase on four plats
where potash was used, which is apparently due to this fer-
tilizer, is: stover, 1,257 pounds; grain, 21.6 bushels. The
average gain due to the use of nitrate of soda is 3.4 bushels
of grain, that due to potash (dissolved bone-black) is 2
bushels. 4ST

On Mr. West's farm in Hadley the work was begun in 1890,
and the crops have been corn, corn, oats, grass and clover,
grass and clover, and this year corn. The average yield of the
nothing plats per acre this year was : stover, 3,584 pounds ;
grain, 50.7 bushels. The increase apparently due to the
application of potash alone was : stover, 2,900 pounds ; grain,
27.4 bushels. The average increase on all plats where pot-
ash was used, apparently due to this element, was : stover,
3,200 pounds; grain, 22.8 bushels. Similar averages for

16 BATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

nitrate of soda are: stover, 407 pounds; grain, 9.1 bushels.
For phosphate (dissolved bone-blaek) there has been abso-
lutely no average increase ; the crops where this has been
applied have been in fact a very little less in every instance
except one where it has been used.

On the farm of Mr. Dole in Shelburne the soil test work
was begun in 1889 and has continued seven years. The
crops in order of succession have been corn, corn, potatoes,
oats, grass and clover, grass and clover, and corn (1895).
Shelburne is the only place in the State where soil test work
with corn as the crop has been carried on which has not
indicated potash to be most largely required. The results
have been less decisive than in most places, but have indi-
cated phosphate (dissolved bone-black) to be most useful in
former years. The past season nitrate of soda appears to
have been most useful to the corn crop ; but there is strong
reason for believing that Mr. Dole, in placing the unhusked
corn in the barn, made mistakes in marking the several
bunches of material ; and I regret to say that the figures
are such that I believe deductions therefrom wTould be unre-
liable.

Bye.

The acre upon our home grounds which has been seven
years under soil test experiments has this year been in win-
ter rye which was sown in October, 1894. In rye we have
a crop with a long period of growth which is notable for its
ability to extract its food from a poor soil. It was to be
expected, therefore, that the differences produced by the fer-
tilizer treatment would be less than with crops such as corn,
potatoes and oats. This has been the case ; but still the
results speak in no uncertain tone. The succession of crops
upon this acre has been corn, corn, oats, grass and clover,
grass and clover, corn and rye. For the corn, the muriate
of potash has been most useful ; for the oats and grass,
nitrate of soda ; for the clover, muriate of potash. This
season the average yield of the nothing plats has been :
straw, 1,700 pounds; grain, 12.1 bushels. The muriate
of potash alone has increased the straw 400 pounds, and
the grain 4.1 bushels. On the average, the muriate of

1896..] PtTBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 17

potash has produced the following increases, viz. : straw,
800 pounds; grain, 4.5 bushels. Neither the nitrate of
soda nor the phosphate has been as beneficial. The muriate
of potash is most beneficial when used with both nitrate and
phosphate. The plat where all three were used produced an
increase of: straw, 2,4<S0 pounds; grain, 15.4 bushels, as
compared with the nothings. Where manure at the rate of
five cords per acre has been applied every year for seven
years similar increases are: straw, 3,200 pounds; grain,
21.1 bushels. The grain raised on the fertilizer is better
than that raised on manure, and in general the size and
plumpness of berry were favorably affected by potash.

What White Mustard teaches.

Soon after the rye was harvested the land was ploughed
and sown to white mustard, 40 pounds of seed being put in
on July 31 without additional fertilizer. The result was a
striking object lesson. Germination of the seed was quick
and even, but, except on the plats where manure or phos-
phate (dissolved bone-black), lime and plaster have been
applied, there was almost absolutely no growth. On the
manure and "complete" fertilizer plats growth was charac-
terized as good ; on the plats receiving respectively nitrate
of soda and dissolved bone-black, dissolved bone-black and
muriate of potash, and dissolved bone-black alone, it was
fair. On all others it was poor, though the plats which had
received lime and plaster made a little better showing than
the others. It will be noticed that where for seven years
we have been applying phosphate — even with nothing
else — the growth of the mustard was fair to good, while
elsewhere there was very little growth ; the plants simply
vegetated, and then stood still. This result is especially
significant upon this land, for, as shown in my description
of the soil test with rye, dissolved bone-black has not very
materially benefited either corn, oats, grass, clover or rye.
On the same land, then, we find corn, clover and rye re-
sponding most freely to potash application; oats and grass,
to nitrate of soda; and mustard, — a plant of an altogether
different order (the turnip and cabbage family), — to phos-

18 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

phate. It is believed this object lesson indicates that here,
as in England, where the fact has long been pointed out,
fertilizers for turnips especially and probably for cabbages
also should be rich in available phosphoric acid.

The fertilizers applied yearly in all the soil tests alluded
to in my reports are shown in the table below. In some
experiments there have been five instead of four nothing
plats, as shown in this table, and the numbering of the plats
has been different.. In other particulars the plan in all has
been identical. It has for its object not the production of
large crops, but the discovery of facts concerning the special
requirements of crops on the soils tested.

Applied Yearly -per Acre.

No.

1. Nitrate of soda, 1G0 pounds.

2. Dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds.

3. Nothing.

4. Muriate of potash, 160 pounds.

5. Lime, 160 pounds.

6. Nothing.

7. Farm-yard manure, 5 cords.
„ $ Nitrate of soda, 160 pounds.

( Dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds.
9. Nothing.
10 $ Nitrate of soda, 160 pounds.

( Muriate of potash, 160 pounds.
1 . $ Dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds.

( Muriate of potash, 160 pounds.

12. Nothing.

13. Land plaster, 160 pounds.
/'Nitrate of soda, 160 pounds.

14. ) Dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds.
C Muriate of potash, 160 pounds.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 10

Potato Experiments.

Objects.

1. To determine whether the muriate or the sulphate

of potash should be used as a source of potash in potato
fertilizers.

2. To determine whether fertilizers for this crop should
be applied broadcast and harrowed in or put into the drill.

Results.

1. Eight experiments, comparing the sulphate with the
muriate of potash, have given an average of 22.1 bushels
of merchantable tubers per acre more where the sulphate
was the source of potash.

2. The eating quality of the tubers raised when the
sulphate has been the source of potash has generally been
better than when the muriate was used.

3. Analyses have generally shown that the tubers raised
on the sulphate have contained less water and more starch
than those raised on the muriate. When this has not been
the case, it is believed to have been because the tubers
had not properly ripened, owing to the premature death
of the tops on account of blight.

4. There has been little difference in the appearance of
the tubers raised on the two fertilizers, but the advantage
is slightly with the muriate in this respect.

5. The number of bushels per acre in favor of the sul-
phate has ranged from 4.8 to 82.5 of merchantable tubers.
In only one out of the eight experiments has the muriate
excelled the sulphate ; the difference on total yield Avas
then only 28 pounds per acre.

6. The fertilizer in the drill has generally given larger
crops than broadcast application. This has been the case
in six out of the eight experiments, the range being from
12.5 bushels to 54 bushels of merchantable tubers per acre
in favor of drill application. In the two experiments where
broadcast application gave the larger crops, it is believed
that the fact was due to natural inequality in the soil.

20 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Details.

These experiments were begun in 1892, and have been
continued every year. Each year we have had four plats,
which we will call numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. In 1892 and
1893 these plats were one-sixth of an acre each; in 1894
and 1895, one-fourth of an acre each. The fertilizers have
each year been applied broadcast to plats 1 and 2 ; in the
open furrow before dropping the seed to plats 3 and 4.
Sulphate of potash has been the source of the potash each
year on plats 1 and 3, muriate of potash on plats 2 and 4.
The quantities of potash salts employed have been such as
to supply equal numbers of pounds of actual potash to
plats which were to be compared. Fertilizers supplying
equal quantities of nitrogen and phosphoric acid to all
the plats have each year been applied.

The experiments of 1892 and 1893 were upon the same
land. This land had been in pasture for several years up
to 1889. It was ploughed and planted in 1890 and 1891,
the crops being white mustard, oats, soja beans and millets.
The division into plats in the potato experiments ran across
the rows of the two previous years, so that previous cultural
conditions had been the same on all the four potato plats.
The fertilizers applied in 1890 and 1891 comprised: nitrate
of soda, 160 pounds; dissolved bone-black, 320 pounds;
and muriate of potash, 160 pounds, per acre in each year.
The soil of these plats is a fine medium loam, underlaid
by gravel at the depth of about three feet, — an excellent
soil, in so far as drainage, warmth and other physical con-
ditions go, for the potato.

The land used in 1894 and 1895 was of the same general
character, but with the gravel a little farther from the
surface. The same field was used both seasons. This
land had, previous to 1890, been used for several years as
a pasture. From 1890 to 1893 inclusive it had been used
for a variety of hoed crops, all raised on fertilizers. The
conditions on all four plats had been alike, but from the
nature of our results it is believed that the soil in Plat 4
is inferior in fertility to that in the other plats.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

21

The kinds and amounts of fertilizers used per acre in
each of the first three years are shown below : —

Plats (1893).

Plats (1893).

Plats (1894).

FERTILIZERS.

1

3

3

4

1

3

3

4

1

2

3

4

Nitrate of soda (pounds), .

160

160

160

160

240

240

240

240

240

240

240

240

Dry ground fish (pounds),

200

200

200

200

300

300

300

300

-

-

-

-

Dissolved bone-black (pounds),

250

250

250

250

375

375

375

375

375

375

375

375

Sulphate of potash (pounds), .

174

-

174

-

261

-

261

-

211

-

211

-

Muriate of potash (pounds),

-

174

-

174

-

261

-

261

-

211

-

211

Tankage (pounds), .

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

240

240

240

240

60

60

60

60

In 1895 the same kinds and amounts of fertilizers were
used on each plat as in 1894.

Manner of applying Fertilizers.
In every instance all the fertilizers to be used on a plat
have been thoroughly mixed just before the seed was to be
planted. On plats 1 and 2 each year all of the mixed fertil-
izers have been evenly spread after ploughing and at once
harrowed in. On plats 3 and 4 the mixed fertilizer has been
broadly scattered the full length of the open furrow in which
the seed was to be dropped. In covering the seed the fertil-
izer was somewhat mixed with the soil and in part brought
above the seed.

Seed used and Manner of Planting.
The variety of potatoes raised has every year been the
same, — Beauty of Hebron. In 1892 the seed was from
Aroostook County, Maine ; in 1893 it was of our own rais-
ing; in 1894 all except that planted in four rows was from
Maine, that in the four rows was of our own growing ; and
in 1895 all was from Aroostook County. In 1894 all the
seed wTas treated with a solution of corrosive sublimate, for
the prevention of scab. The treatment accomplished the
objeet in view, and will be described later. Each year the
seed has consisted of medium to large tubers, and it has been
cut into pieces with two strong eyes eaeh. It has been

->•>

HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION. [Jan.

planted by hand in rows three and one-half feet apart and
at a distance of twelve inches in the row. Planting has
always been early.

Culture and Appearance while growing.

The land has been harrowed once before the seed was up,
and later the harrow or Breed's weeder has been used once
or twice more. The work thereafter has been carefully and
seasonably performed with one-horse cultivators and hand
hoes. During the early part of each of the four seasons the
crop growing where the sulphate of potash had been applied
was distinctly more vigorous and of a deeper color than that
growing on the muriate. This difference was maintained
throughout the season, but became less noticeable towards
the close of the season of growth.

A similar difference in favor of drill application was always
observed, also somewhat less marked towards the close of
the season.

The crops of 1892 and 1893 were not affected by leaf
blight to any great extent ; but those of both 1894 and 1895
were affected, and as a consequence the tubers were less per-
fectly matured in those years.

Yields per Acre (Bushels) .
Sulphate of Potash.

189^ \ Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 185.7 ; small tubers, 10.8.
( Drill, merchantable tubers, 192.5 ; small tubers, 13.5.

1893 \ broadcast, merchantable tubers, 290.4 ; small tubers, 26.4.
( Drill, merchantable tubers, 344.4; small tubers, 15.0.

1894 $ Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 248.0 ; small tubers, 20.0.
) Drill, merchantable tubers, 268.4; small tubers, 17.2.

1895 5 Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 241.5 ; small tubers, 15.3.
( Drill, merchantable tubers, 260.4; small tubers, 14.0.

Muriate of Potash.

1892 \ Broa<*cast> merchantable tubers, 166.6 ; small tubers, 13.3.
\ Drill, merchantable tubers, 179.0; small tubers, 17.0.

1893 \ Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 285.6 ; small tubers, 15.0.
\ Drill, merchantable tubers, 325.6 ; small tubers, 21.0.

1894 \ Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 254.4; small tubers, 14.3.
< Drill, merchantable tubers, 186.4; small tubers, 11.3..

1895 \ Broadcast, merchantable tubers, 234.0 ; small tubers, 16.6.
t Drill, merchantable tubers, 222.7 ; small tubers, 13.5.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 23

An examination of the figures for corresponding years and
plats reveals the fact that the plats receiving sulphate of pot-
ash have given the largest yield in every instance except
one, viz., broadcast application in 1894. The averages for
the two potash salts are as follows : sulphate of potash, per
acre, merchantable tubers, 253.9 bushels; small tubers, 16.5
bushels ; muriate of potash, per acre, merchantable tubers,
231.8 bushels; small tubers, 15.25 bushels. The average
difference amounts to 22.1 bushels of merchantable tubers
and 1.25 bushels of small tubers. The difference in cost
between the two potash manures amounts to about two dol-
lars per year, the sulphate costing the more.

It should be remarked that since some adverse influence,
previously alluded to (not connected with the system of
manuring), has affected the crops upon Plat 4 during 1894
and 1895 (drill application of muriate of potash), the above
average difference in favor of the sulphate of potash is un-
doubtedly too large. If we leave this plat out of the calcu-
lation, the average difference in favor of the sulphate of
potash amounts per acre to merchantable tubers, 13 bushels ;
small tubers, .3 bushels.

Comparison of the yields on plats receiving the same fer-
tilizers in the different years shows that drill application has
given the larger yield in all cases except where drill applica-
tion of the muriate of potash is compared with broadcast
application for 1894 and 1895. As previously stated, Plat 4
(muriate of potash in the drill) has evidently suffered from
some inherent inequality in conditions. It therefore seems
best to disregard the results of muriate of potash for the
seasons 1894 and 1895 in estimating tht relative merits of
the two systems of application. On this basis the average
difference in favor of drill application amounts per acre to
23.5 bushels of merchantable tubers.

Quality of the Crops.
In each year, soon after digging, samples of potatoes
grown respectively on sulphate and muriate of potash have
been sent under numbers with no other information to sev-
eral families, who were requested to use them and report
whether there was any difference in quality. In 1892 all

L'l

HATCH KXPKKIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

reported that the potatoes grown on the sulphate were
whiter, more mealy and better flavored than the others. In
1893 they all reported that they could see no great difference
between them. In 1894 and 1895 the potatoes grown upon
the sulphate were with one or two exceptions reported to be
superior to those grown on the muriate, in color, mealiness
and flavor. Those reporting otherwise stated that they could
see no great difference. In 1894 the head of one family said :
"If you have potatoes like No. 1 [grown on sulphate] I
would like to get my winter's supply of you ; but I would
not take No. 2." The season of 1893 was exceptionally hot
and dry, as was also that of 1894 ; but the soil used in 1894
was deeper, and the crop suffered comparatively little from
drought.

Moisture and starch determinations in samples of potatoes
grown respectively on the sulphate and the muriate have
been made every season. The results are shown below for
the first three years. They are not given for the present
season, because but two samples were taken : one the muri-
ate potatoes, where the fertilizers were put on broadcast;
the other the sulphate potatoes, where the fertilizers were
put in the drill.

Sulphate

OF P6TASH

Mukiatk op Potash

Potatoes.

Potatoes.

Water

Starch

Water

Starch

(Per Cent.).

(Per Cent.).

(PerCent.).

(Per Cent.).

1 ono S Broadcast, .

1892 j Drill, ....

81.09

10.66

81.33

11.99

81.56

10.98

81.83

9.45

1QQQ ^ Broadcast, .

I8yd } Drill

75.56

16.98

81.99

12.52

74.40

18.44

78.98

14.11

loot S Broadcast, . * .
18Ji) Drill

78.01

15.98

77.53

16.03

78.18

15.75

77.68

16.28

It will be noticed that in three out of the six possible com-
parisons the percentage of water is less and that of starch is
greater in the potatoes grown on the sulphate of potash, and
that the differences are considerable. In those cases where
the results were favorable to the muriate, the differences as
a rule are small. The averages for the two fertilizers are :
sulphate of potash potatoes, water, 78.11 per cent. ; starch,

189(5.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 25

14.99 per cent. Muriate of potash potatoes, water, 79.86
per cent. ; starch, 13. GS per cent.

In those seasons when the muriate potatoes have compared
most favorably with the sulphate potatoes, the crop has suf-
fered from leaf blight, and has not therefore ripened as well
as in other seasons. It is believed that the experiments
indicate that, under average conditions of soil, season and
ripening, the potatoes grown on the sulphate of potash will
contain less water and more starch than those grown on the
muriate.

Examination of the above table shows also that the
potatoes grown under drill application of the fertilizers have
usually been superior in quality to those grown where the
fertilizers have been put on broadcast, containing less water
and more starch. The most marked exception is on muriate
of potash in 1892 ; but it appears not unlikely that there
was an error in the analysis, since the proportion of water
in the drill potatoes is nearly the same as in those grown
where the fertilizers were broadcast. It will be noticed that
elsewhere the variations in water and starch are about equal
in amount, but in opposite directions. When there is more
water there is less starch, and vice versa. Leaving out the
muriate plats for 1892, the averages are : for drill applica-
tion of fertilizers, water, 78.2 per cent. ; starch, 14.9 per
cent. Broadcast application of fertilizers, water, 78.8 per
cent. ; starch, 14.4 per cent.

It is undoubtedly the better ripened condition of the
tubers raised under drill a] (plication which accounts for
their superiority.

Maine compared with Home-grown Seed.

In 1894 Houlton seed in quantity supposed to be sufficient
for the entire area under experiment was obtained. It
proved insufficient, and the last four rows in each of the four
plats were planted with seed grown upon the farm the pre-
vious year. These potatoes were raised from Houlton seed.
The season of 1894 was, therefore, the first removed from
the Maine stock. The results were decidedly in favor of the
Houlton seed, The plants started quicker and more v\<*-

26 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

orouslv, and maintained their superiority throughout the
entire season. At harvest the superiority of the crop from
the Houlton seed was marked. Each kind was separately
weighed on each plat. On Plat 1, Maine seed yielded at
the rate of 399.5 pounds more than home seed; on Plat 2,
454 pounds more; on Plat 3, 605.5 pounds more; on Plat
4, 548 pounds more. Per acre the difference in favor of
Maine seed amounted to 36.5 bushels, — far more than
enough to repay the usual difference in the cost of the two
kinds of seed.

Treatment of Seed with Corrosive Sublimate.

In 1894, as the seed to be used showed a little scab, it
was all treated with corrosive sublimate solution. Two and
one-fourth ounces of corrosive sublimate were dissolved in
fifteen gallons of water. The seed was at first washed with
a hose, being spread in a shallow inclined trough. After
draining, the seed was put into the solution and allowed to
remain one and one-half hours. It was then taken out,
spread and allowed to dry in the sun, being cut and planted
about as soon as it was dry. Corrosive sublimate can be
purchased of druggists. It is a dangerous poison if taken
into the stomach, but it is not at all dangerous to handle the
seed thus prepared. The same solution can be used several
times if all the seed cannot be put in at once. Care should
be taken to use wooden vessels for the solution, as it will
corrode metals. After use the solution should be thrown
away in such a manner as to make it certain that animals
cannot get hold of it, and where it cannot contaminate wells,
springs, streams or ponds.

The treatment is effective in preventing scab where the
germs of the disease are not present in the soil, — i. e., on
land where scabby potatoes have not been grown for several
years. The method was perfected by Professor Bolley of
North Dakota, and is fully described in Bulletin No. 9 of
that station.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 27

Variety Tests of Potatoes.

Sixty-five varieties of potatoes have been grown during
the past season. With few exceptions we procured three
pounds of seed of each variety. This seed came from many
different sources and was of very varied quality and excel-
lence, both as regards original characteristics and conditions
as affected by keeping and transportation. It is not believed
that with seed of the different varieties of such unlike char-
acter it is possible to make comparisons of permanent value
between the varieties. We now have a supply of seed of
each sort raised by ourselves under precisely the same con-
ditions. It will be kept and managed alike for all varieties.
With such seed to start with, and planted under appropriate
conditions, we shall obtain results of value for purposes of
comparison.

Meanwhile the following details will be of interest, as
illustrating to what an extent the crop is influenced by the
seed. The seed of all varieties was cut into pieces of two
eyes each, with a very few exceptions where this would have
made the pieces extremely small. One row of each sort was
planted. Its length was forty feet, the pieces being placed
twelve inches apart in the row. The distance between the
rows was uniform, three and one-half feet. With the excep-
tion of two or three sorts which arrived late, all kinds were
planted on the same day. The tops of all were prematurely
killed by the blight due to Macrosporium, and at about the
same time. Full notes have been put on record regarding
peculiarities in growth, and the character of the crop har-
vested. The yield of each has been recorded, — it varies
from 24| to 71^ pounds merchantable potatoes. Six vari-
eties gave a total yield of more than GO pounds, twenty-three
varieties between 50 and CO pounds, seventeen varieties be-
tween 40 and 50 pounds and sixteen varieties between 30
and 40 pounds. The balance gave under 30 pounds total
yield. A yield of 60 pounds is equivalent to about 315
bushels per acre. The best variety, then, yielded at the
rate of about 368 bushels of merchantable tubers per acre,
the poorest at the rate of about 125 bushels.

The soil was a medium, well-drained loam. It received a

28

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

dressing of manure in December, 1894, at the rate of 7 cords
per acre. We used fertilizers, mixed and applied in the drill
at the following rates per acre : —

Pounds.

Nil rate of soda, 120

Dissolved bone-black, . . . . . . . 187 J

Sulphate of potash (high grade), 105 £

Tankage, 120

Dried blood, 30

Manure alone v. Manure and Potash for Corn.
The experiment to test the value of manure and potash as
compared with a larger quantity of manures alone for the
corn crop has been continued, the past being the fifth suc-
cessive year of similar treatment. Where manure alone was
used we applied at the rate of 6 cords per acre, spread after
ploughing and harrowed in. The manure and potash siini-
larly applied have been put on at the rate of 4 cords of the
former and 160 pounds of muriate of potash for the latter.
The plats, four in number, contain one-quarter of an acre
each. The results are shown below : —

Plat No. 1, manure, stover, 1,367 pounds; corn on the ear, 1,227 pounds
Plat No. 2, manure and potash, stover, 1,223 pounds; corn on the ear,

1,065 pounds.
Plat No. 3, manure, stover, 1,025 pounds ; corn on the ear, 1,266 pounds.
Plat No. 4, manure and potash, stover, 987 pounds ; corn on the ear,

1,160 pounds.

The manure used was made by cows, that applied to Plat
4 being not as good as that applied to the other plats.

The application made furnished plant food at the following
rates per acre : —

FERTILIZERS.

Nitrogen

(Pounds).

Phosphoric
Vcid (Pounds).

Potash
(Pounds).

Plat 1, manure alone,
l'lat 2, manure and potash,
I'lai 3, manure alone,
Plal I, manure and potash,

126.4
96.2

109.1
83.8

99.9

67.5

100.3

90.4

232.2
260.8
217.8
221.6

It a\ ill bo noticed that where manure alone was applied
considerably more nitrogen and phosphoric acid have been
supplied than on the other plats, while the quantity of pot-

1896.]

public: DOCUMENT— No. ;,»:>».

29

ash also is large. It will not be wondered at that after five
years of such treatment these manure plats are yielding
larger crops than those receiving smaller amounts of manure
and potash. The average difference in favor of the manure
alone this year is at the rate of 6.8 bushels of grain and 364
pounds of stover per acre, — not enough to cover the larger
cost of the manure, as compared with the cost of the lesser
amount of manure and the potash. The crop per acre is
worth this year $4.17 more when manure alone was applied;
but the 6 cords of manure must be reckoned as costing $6.80
more than the 4 cords of manure and the 160 pounds of mu-
riate of potash.

Special Corn Fertilizer v. Fertilizer containing More

Potash.

Many soil tests in different parts of the State having indi-
cated that fertilizers for corn should contain a larger propor-
tion of potash, an experiment in continuous corn culture
was begun in 1891. There are four plats of one-fourth of
an acre each, on two of which the " special" furnishes the
amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash that would
be supplied by the application of 1,200 pounds of a fertilizer
having the average composition of all leading kinds offered
in our markets in 1891.

The materials used are shown below : —

FERTILIZKUS.

l'liits 1 and 3
(rounds).

Plats 2 and 4
(I'ounds).

Nitrate of soda,
Dissolved bone-black,
Muriate of potash,

55 1
213

27

33
112J

75

The yields the past year are shown below : —

Platl, "special" fertilizer, stover, 1,092 pounds; grain on ear, 1,112

pounds.
Plat 2, fertilizer richer in potash, stover, 1,199 pounds ; grain on ear,

1,055 pounds.
Plat 3, *' special " fertilizer, stover, 958 pounds; grain on ear, 1,220

pounds.
Plat 4, fertilizer richer in potash, stover, 1,100 pounds ; grain on ear,

1,190 pounds.

30 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Computed to the acre and the grain in bushels, the aver-
ages are: "special," stover, 4,100 pounds; grain, 58.3
bushels; fertilizer richer in potash, stover, 4,598 pounds;
grain, 56.1 bushels. Here, as in the comparison between
"manure" and "manure and potash," there is rather more
stover and a little less grain where the greater amount of
potash is used. The " special " produces this year, per acre,
2.2 bushels more grain and 498 pounds less stover than the
combination with more potash. The increase in stover due
to the greater amount of potash is worth about $1.10 more
than the increase in grain due to the " special ;" hence, as
the fertilizer richer in potash costs about $2.52 less per acre
than the special, there is a net advantage amounting to $3.62
per acre in favor of the former.

It is believed that by the introduction of plants of the clover
family {nitrogen traps), which from experiments here and
in many other places we are justified in concluding would
grow more luxuriantly where the larger amount of potash
has been used than where ' ' special " has been applied, the
advantage of the larger potash application could be much
increased. An effort to demonstrate this fact has been made
in each of the seasons of 1893 and 1894 by sowing crimson
clover on one-half of this acre ; but, owing to the winter-
killing of this clover both years, the effect, though favorable,
is small. Per acre the yields have been : where crimson
clover was sown, stover, 4,512 pounds; grain, 58.6 bushels;
without clover, stover, 4,186 pounds; grain, 55.9 bushels.
The clover has been sown in the standing corn in July, and
turned under just before planting the corn the following
spring.

Hill v. Drill Culture for Corn.

On plats 1 and 2 in both the corn experiments just de-
scribed the corn was planted in drills ; on plats 3 and 4, in
hills. AVe have left equal numbers of plants to a plot in
both systems. All rows were three and one-half feet apart ;
hills with three plants each, three feet apart ; plants in the
drill one foqt apart. In both experiments the hill system
has produced rather more grain and less stover than the
drill. The average figures per acre are as follows : manure

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 31

v. manure and potash, hills, stover, 4,024 pounds : grain, 60.7
bushels; drills, stover, 5,180 pounds; grain, 57.3 bushels;
" special" v. fertilizer richer in potash, hills, stover, 4,116
pounds; grain, 60.3 bushels; drills, stover, 4,582 pounds;
grain, 54.2 bushels. Averaging both experiments, the drill
system produced the more valuable total crop.

WJiite mustard as a crop for nitrogen conservation has been
sown on one-half of the acre of corn where manure alone is
compared with manure and potash every year since 1892.
The mustard seed is sown in the standing corn in July, at
the rate of 24 pounds per acre. Its growth from year to
year has varied greatly, as in very dry seasons it does not
start well. The past two seasons the growth has been light.
It is ploughed in late in the fall. The beneficial effect is
apparent, and is doubtless largely due to the fact that the
mustard, which grows till very late in the season, prevents
in a measure the loss of soluble nitrogen compounds by
leaching. It acts as a nitrogen conserver. The averages
this year per acre are as follows : with white mustard as a
green manure, stover, 4,828 pounds; grain, 61.7 bushels;
without the mustard, stover, 4,376 pounds; grain, 56.3
bushels. Gain by green manuring, stover, 452 pounds;
grain, 5.4 bushels.

Japanese Millets.

Pan icum crus-galli.

The Japanese millet of this species, which I propose to
call " barn-yard " millet, because it is of the same species
as the common barn-yard grass, has been very thoroughly
tried the past year, for seed, for green fodder and for hay.

For Seed. — For seed purposes we raised about three-
quarters of an acre. The land, in very moderate fertility,
Mas manured at the rate of 6 cords per acre of good manure
in December, 1894, and aiter ploughing this spring the fol-
lowing materials per acre Mere spread on (mixed) and har-
rowed in : nitrate of soda, 100 pounds ; dissolved bone-black,
200 pounds ; and muriate of potash, 100 pounds. The seed
was put in with a small seed sower, in drills fifteen inches
apart. It was wheel-hoed, and kept free from weeds. The

32 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

crop was very even, averaging seven feet in height. The
yield was at the rate per acre: straw, 11,297 pounds; and
seed, 66.7 bushels.

For Green Fodder and the Silo. — Several pieces of an
acre or more each were sown for feeding green or for the
silo. The earliest, sown broadcast about the middle of May
on rich land, one peck of seed to the acre, averaged about
six feet in height and produced over 15 tons per acre. This
was cut from day to day, beginning before the millet had
blossomed. Another field of about an acre, sown the last
of June, yielded at the rate of rather over 18 tons per acre.
Another field, sown July 26, after a crop of hay was re-
moved, yielded about 12 tons per acre. The crop of the two
last fields was put into the silo. That cut from day to day
and fed green to cows was much relished. Its superiority
to well-eared flint corn fodder was very apparent. Cows
with both before them always take the millet first ; they con-
sume it without waste, while they are apt to leave a part of
the stalks of the corn as it approaches maturity. In alter-
nating this feed with corn fodder, the cows invariably in-
creased in milk when put upon the millet and fell off when
changed to corn.

It has been ensiled with soja beans, — about two parts by
weight of the millet and one of the beans. This combination
makes very superior silage.

For Hay. — A more extensive trial of this millet for hay
has been carried out this year than ever before. It is coarse
and difficult to dry. I have always felt that these qualities
would render it undesirable as a crop for hay. We have,
however, cured it successfully this year, mostly in small
cocks, as clover is often cured ; and the result is encourag-
ing. The hay is coarse, but is freely eaten by horses, being
preferred to a good sample of timothy, red top and clover
mixture. The yield of the millet is very large, having on
good land amounted to 6 tons per acre of well-cured hay.
It will produce a fair second cutting if sown early in May
and cut when in blossom.

The soil best for this millet is one that is rather retentive
and rich. It stands up remarkably well, notwithstanding its
great height. From a peck to a half bushel of seed, accord-

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 33

ing to the richness of the land and the season of sowing,
is enough. Less seed the richer the land and the earlier
the season should be the rule. This millet will not endure
drought well, except it be sown early in retentive soil.
From early corn-planting time to about July 1 will usually
be the limits of season for profitable sowing.

Panicum miliaceum.

This species, some other varieties of which are known as
" panicle," "broom-corn" and "French" millets, I shall
speak of hereafter as " Japanese panicle" millet. It has
been grown upon a small scale for seed the past year. The
area was a little less than a quarter of an acre. It received
at the rate per acre : nitrate of soda, 175 pounds ; dissolved
bone-black, 320 pounds; and muriate of potash, 175 pounds,
— all mixed, sown broadcast and harrowed in. The seed
was thinly sown in drills, fifteen inches apart, and cultivated
and kept free from weeds. The yield was at the rate of:
straw, 5,856 pounds; seed, 34.1 bushels per acre. This
variety is liked for fodder by some who have tried it ; but I
regard it as inferior to the barn-yard millet for that purpose.
The seed is valuable for poultry and birds.

Panicum italkum.

The Japanese variety of this species has been grown for
seed ; soil, manure and fertilizers, as well as manner of
planting and care, the same as for "barn-yard" millet. It
yields at the rate per acre : straw, 3,836 pounds; seed, 66.4
bushels. This variety is of value for fodder, but I prefer the
' ' barn-yard " variety.

Variety Tests with Millets.

Twenty-seven varieties of millet have been grown upon
a small scale, for purposes of comparison. With three ex-
ceptions four rows, each thirty feet long, were planted. Of
these, owing to our inability to procure enough seed, we had
but one or two rows. Careful observations have been put
on record, but only for preliminary purposes, as the scale
of work was small. The gross yield varied from 11 to 49

.11 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

pounds. Six varieties yielded above 40 pounds ; six, from
30 to 40 ; seven, from 20 to 30 ; and eight, between 10 and
20 pounds. Four varieties, "White French," "broom
corn," "hog" and "California," appear to be identical.
The " pearl" millets are too late to perfect seed here. The
Japanese (italicum) excelled either the "golden" or the
"golden wonder."

Variety Tests with Turnips.

Preliminary tests have been made with thirty-two varieties
of turnips. There were among the number numerous kinds
which appear to differ from others only in name, and there
was a wide difference in yield and quality. Further work
must be done before reporting details.

Soja Beans.

Early White. — Grown for seed; area, .49 acre; yield,
18^ bushels per acre. This variety is too small for fodder.
It ripens as surely here as our common field corn. The
beans ground are slightly superior in feeding value, for
milk, cream or butter, to cotton-seed meal, but the yield
is rather small. The cultivation costs about the same as
that of corn for equal areas. The vines shed their leaves
before the pods are ripe, and hence they have very little
feed value. The manurial value of the straw is about $2.40
per ton.

Medium Black. — This variety, though later than the
above, has ripened here every year for the last seven. It
has been grown this year both for seed and for the silo.
For seed: area, .6 acre; yield, 14 bushels per acre. This
variety rusted somewhat this year. We put the product
of .4.") acre into the silo, mixed with about two parts by
weight of barn-yard millet. The yield was at the rate of
12,922 pounds per acre. This crop stood about three and
one-half feet high. It is better for fodder than the early
white, but appears to be much inferior to the medium green
variety for that use.

Medium Green. — This variety is a little later than the
last. It has ripened every year until this without injury.

1896.]

PUBLTC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

35

This year it was somewhat injured by frost ; but we have
nevertheless secured a very good crop of seed. Area for
this purpose, .6 aero; yield, 14 bushels per acre. We put
the product of .45 acre into the silo with millet, as just de-
scribed. The crop averaged nearly four feet in height, and
was heavily podded. The yield was 20,644 pounds per acre.
I look upon this as a very valuable fodder variety, either for
feeding green or for the silo. It is a rich nitrogenous feed,
and (of great importance) it can take much of its nitrogen
from the air. Its roots here are very thickly covered with
tubercles containing the bacilli which give it this power.
For comparison, I give figures showing the analysis of this
bean fodder and those for corn fodder : —

Per Cent.

Medium green soja bean, pods formed, but not hardened, dry matter, 30 . 16
Longfellow corn fodder, ears glazed, dry matter, . . . .27.81

Composition of Dry

Matter

{Per Ce

nt.).

Protein.

Fat.

Cellulose.

Carbo-
hydrates.

Medium green soja beau,
Longfellow corn fodder,

19.35
9.79

3.87
3.26

23.51
18.27

40.30
63.11

The protein is classed as a flesh former, the other sub-
stances above named are fat and heat producers. The flesh
formers and the fat of fodder are the most valuable of these
constituents, pound for pound ; the cellulose or fibre is the
least valuable. On the farm here our average yield of corn
fodder is about 16 tons per acre, while the green soja bean
gave this year a little over 10 tons. The amounts of the
different food constituents produced are as shown below : —

Food Constituents

per Aci

e (Pounds).

Flesh

Formers.

Crude Fat.

Fibre.

Fat and Heat
Producers.

(ireen soja bean, ....
Longfellow corn, ....

1,167.2
871.3

233.4
290.1

1,418.1
1,626.0

2,430.9
5,616.8

30 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

It will be noticed that the bean produces about 300 pounds
more flesh formers than the corn, but that the latter gives
us over 3,000 pounds more fat and heat producers. These
consist chiefly of starch and sugar, both of which are easily
digested and valuable foods. The differences in crude fat
and in fibre are much smaller, but the balance is slightly
with the corn. There can be no doubt, then, that the latter
produces the more valuable crop of the two, and the cost of
production for equal areas does not differ very materially.
In three respects, however, the bean is superior to the corn ;
viz., (1) it can draw much of its nitrogen from the air; (2)
the bean stubble and roots probably have greater manurial
value than those of corn ; and (3) the bean, being so rich in
flesh formers, may take the place of such concentrated foods
as cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten meal, etc.

Silage made from either barn-yard millet or corn and
medium green soja bean, in the proportion by weight of
about two parts of either of the two former to one of the
latter, makes a perfectly balanced ration for milch cows,
without grain or other feed of any kind. It is not believed
that it would be advisable to feed altogether upon this
material, for cows like variety, and it is possible that con-
tinuous use of a fermented feed like silage would have a
prejudicial influence upon health. A combination of such
silage and clover hay or clover rowen — about two parts of
the silage to one of the hay by weight — would, I believe,
give good returns in milk. This particular system of feed-
ing has not yet been tried here.

Miscellaneous Crops.

We have had under trial a number of miscellaneous crops,
including Cystisus proliferous albus, a new fodder plant sent
on for trial by J. M. Thorburn & Co. ; yellow niillo maize,
from the United States Department of Agriculture ; two
varieties of dent corn, from South Dakota; black barley;
spring wheat, from South Dakota; horse bean; sacaline ;
flat pea and the mummy field pea. None require extended
notice at present.

Cystisus (no common name is given) vegetated slowly
and made a slow growth. It appears to be hardy, remain-

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 37

ing green until November 5, when it was three feet high,
with small and woody stalks. It has produced no fodder as
yet.

Yellow millo maize is a sorghum, and, like all other va-
rieties of this species, grows slowly at first. Planted with
corn, it was eight to twelve inches high when corn was
thirty. It has the reputation of enduring drought well ; but
our seasons are not long enough for it, and I consider it of
no value as a fodder crop here.

One of the dent corns from South Dakota appears to be a
very valuable sort. It is a white variety. The seed of but
two ears was planted, and upon soil of very ordinary fertility.
The stalk is short and small, the. ears large and deep ker-
nelled, the variety early. The yield was at the rate of 89.6
bushels of grain to the acre.

The spring wheat and black barley did poorly, rusting and
giving very small returns.

Horse Bean. — We received one peck of seed from a
dealer in Montreal. It was planted in drills eighteen inches
apart, in deep, clayey, rich soil, on April 29. The growth
was vigorous and healthy, but few pods formed. The height
was from four and one-half to five feet. It was cut from
day to day, beginning July 17, and fed to cows, being highly
relished. The total weight was 2,035 pounds, or at the rate
of a little over 12 tons per acre. This yield of so highly
nitrogenous a fodder makes it of possible value.

/Sacaline. — Seed was procured of Gregory & Son of
Marblehead, and sown in a bed in the open air April 23.
The germination was slow, but good. Early in July the
little plants were taken up and reset about three inches
apart each way. About the middle of August plants were
set in the field three feet apart each way. Two widely dif-
ferent soils were selected, — one a heavy, rich, moist loam,
the other a dry, sandy loam. The plants in both soils lived
well, and those in the moist, rich land made considerable
growth, though not enough to be worth harvesting. A few
stems cut and offered to cattle were frccty eaten. The plant
is perennial, and should next season produce considerable
fodder which may prove valuable for green feed or for the
silo.

38 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Flat prf/. — The past is our second season with this much-
lauded fodder plant. The germination last year was slow
and imperfect. This year the plants have bean gathered
upon a lesser area, some being taken up to fill vacancies on
the part left. The soil is light and dry. We have in the
two seasons been at a very considerable expense, and as yet
have no fodder; but, as the plant is perennial, this may
come later. It is hardy with us upon light soil.

Mummy field peas are larger than the common Canada
field pea, and about one-fourth to one-half more seed should
he sown. We used at the rate per acre of one bushel of
each with two bushels of oats for fodder. The mummy
variety was not thick enough. In one respect it appears
superior to the Canada; viz., it lodges less. This differ-
ence may, however, have been in part due to the fact that
the mummy variety was the thinner in the field. The yields
of the two fodder mixtures, as determined by calculation
based upon small equal areas, were: oats and Canada pea,
21,760 pounds, and oats and mummy pea, 19,040 pounds,
per acre.

Trial of Hay Caps.

Three kinds of hay caps have been subjected to careful corn-
] i.ir.tt ive tests. The kinds tried were the Symmes' paper-board
cap, oiled cotton, and cotton impregnated with tannin. The
first was not fastened in place, its weight and construction
rendering this less necessary than for the other forms. It,
however, sometimes blew off in high winds. The others
were fastened on by means of pins attached to cords at the
corner-.

Three trials were made, two with clover rowen which had
beeo dried one. day, and one with barn-yard millet which
had been dried three days. After the caps were put on
the first trial continued seven days ; the second, two days ;
the third, with millet, seven days. During each trial there
were one or more showers. In every trial the use of the
cap was very beneficial. The paper cap excluded the rain
most perfectly, and the hay in each trial came out in best
condition. There was not much difference in the condition
of the hay under the other two kinds of caps. As the

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 39

Symmes' paper cap can be put on fully twice as rapidly as
the forms requiring fastening, it appears to be most useful.
Its weight is an objection, and of course we are not yet able
to report upon durability.

Experiment in Warming a Stable for Cows.

This experiment was continued during the winter of 1894-
95, beginning December 18 and continuing until March 8.
It will be remembered that our stable has two similar wings,
one piped for hot-water heating. We aimed to maintain a
temperature of about 55° F. in the warm stable. The other,
of course, varied with the weather ; but, as both stables are
thoroughly constructed, even the "cold" side was seldom
excessively cold. Six cows were used in the experiment,
three on each side. We divided the time into four periods
of equal length. At the close of the first period the cows
changed stables. Here they were kept for two periods, and
were then changed again. In this way we equalized condi-
tions for the two stables. Between periods, when a change
in the position of the cows was made, we allowed an interval
of one week, that the animals might become accustomed to
and under the influence of their new quarters before the rec-
ords were begun.

The apparent influence of the warm stable upon milk and
butter fat production is small. On the average, there is
rather more milk and butter fat in the warm stable. The
most certain effect brought out by our experiments is the
lowering of the percentage of fat in the milk in the warm
stable. The increased product will not nearly pay the cost
of heating the stable.

With moderate artificial heat better ventilation can be
secured, without making the .stable too cold for the com-
fort of its occupants, than is possible without artificial heat.
This should have an ultimate influence upon health; but the
tuberculin test, as well as physical examination, indicated
all our animals to be in perfect health at the close of the
experiments, hence we as yet have nothing conclusive upon
this point.

40

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

[Jan.

Poultry Experiments.

These have been upon a small scale, on account of loca-
tion and limited equipment. We have had four coops of
laying fowls, raised in 1894. There have been from fifteen
to nineteen hens in a house. The houses are exactly alike
in construction, cadi with nesting and laying room, ten by
twelve tret ; and scratching shed, eight by ten feet in size.
The hens were of two breeds, — light Brahma and barred
Plymouth Rock.

We have confined our attention to two points : —

1. The relative value for egg production of vegetable as
compared with animal substances for furnishing the greater
part of the albuminoids and fats of the food.

2. The relative value for egg production of animal food
in the form of dried "animal" or "flesh "meals, as com-
pared with cut fresh bone.

1. Vegetable >•. Animal Albuminoids.

Two experiments have been carried out: one extending
from Dec 9, 1894, to Feb. 12, 1895; the other from June 1
to Oct. 31, 1895. The first experiment began when the
fowls were pullets, hatched in May; the second includes a
considerable proportion of the time occupied in the annual
moult. These tacts account in part for the small egg pro-
duction. During the summer experiment the fowls had the
run of small grass yards.

The material used in the first experiment to furnish the
vegetable substitute for animal food was soja-bean meal.
This is an exceptionally rich vegetable substance, in com-
position excelling meat meal, as will be seen from the figures
below :

Composition oj the Dry Matter, Soja-bean Meal and Meat Meal

{Per Cent.).

Soja bean meal,
Meal meal,

Flesh
Formers.

34.37
35.98

16.38
8.31

Heat and Fat

Formers.

45.22

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

41

Moisture : soja-bean meal, 11.61 per cent. ; meat meal,
13.68 per cent.

In the second experiment linseed and cotton-seed meal
were used as the vegetable substitutes for animal foods.

In both experiments the fowls received a variety of foods,
but the nutritive ratio was always kept substantially the
same for the two coops under comparison. In the first ex-
periment the ratio was one flesh former to four and one-half
fat and heat formers ; in the second it was one to four and
seven-tenths. The foods used in the first experiment, in ad-
dition to the soja-bean meal and meat meal, were : cut alfalfa,
wheat, oats and middlings in one coop ; in the other, boiled
potatoes, ground clover, wheat, wheat middlings and cut bone.

In the second experiment the supplementary feeds were :
wheat, oats, bran and middlings for the vegetable coop ; and
wheat, oats, wheat meal, bran and linseed meal for the animal
food coop.

Both coops had pure water, artificial grit and ground
oyster shells always before them ; and all other conditions
were made as nearly as possible alike.

The result in both experiments has been favorable to the
animal food, as shown by the following summary : —

Vegetable v. Animal Foods for Hens.

FOOD.

Duration

of

Experiment

(Days).

Daily Cost
per Fowl.

Number

of

Eggs.

Water-free

Food

per Egg

(Pounds).

Cost per
Egg.

Vegetable food, first coop,
Vegetable food, second coop,
Animal food, first coop, .
Animal food, second coop,

64
103

64
153

$0 0021
0027
0024
0033

11
400

79
622

23.830

.917

3.554

.773

$0 3410
0150
0550
0115

In the above estimate of cost no charge is made for labor
and no allowance for the droppings. The production of
eggs is, of course, very small, even in the best period; but
it should be remembered that, at the very time when hens
always lay most freely, our fowls were taken out of this
experiment for breeding purposes, viz., from February 12
to June 1.

The results are, however, decisive against the vegetable
food and in favor of Hit1 animal in so far as effect upon egg

Il'

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION,

[Jan.

production is concerned. The fowls receiving animal food
were, moreover, in much better condition at the close of
these experiments than the others.

2. J)ri<<! Animal or Meat Meal compared with Cut Fresh

Bone.
There were two experiments. The general conditions
were the same as in the comparison of vegetable and ani-
mal foods. The nutritive ratio was nearly the same in coops
compared. A variety of foods was supplied ; artificial grit
and oyster shells were given ad lib. The results are shown
below : —

FOOD.

Duration

of

Experiment

(Days).

Daily Cost
per Fowl.

Number

of

Eggs.

Water free

Food

per Egg

(Pounds).

Cost per

Egg-

Dried meat meal, first coop, .

64

$0 00266

185

1.185

$0 0170

Dried meat meal, second coop,

153

00280

417

1.051

0152

Cut fresh bone, first coop,

64

00248

163

1.154

0170

Cut fresh bone, second coop, .

153

00300

444

.978

0143

These results are rather indecisive, as in one experiment
the meat meal and in the other the cut fresh bone gave the
better results, as measured by egg production. The condi-
tion of the fowls receiving the meat meal has, however, been
uniformly better than in the other coops. There has been
no diarrhoea. In the second experiment, two hens in the
cut-bone coop died; and at the close of this experiment
the fowls which had been receiving meat meal were nearer
through moulting than the others.

Of course it is possible that the bone was not used in the
besl practicable manner; but it appears to be exceedingly
difficult to secure an even distribution of this food. Some
hens almost invariably secure more than their share, and this
is equally true, whether the cut bone be scattered or mixed in
a mash. The result is frequent diarrhoeas. The meat meal,
on the other hand, can be evenly mixed in a mash, so that all
fowls share alike, as it cannot be picked out. Our results
indicate that it is a safer feed than the bone; it is also a much
cheaper i'rvd ; and, if it will give practically as many eggs, it
is to be preferred. This experiment will be repeated.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 43

EEPORT OF ENTOMOLOGIST.

CHARLES H. FEHNALD.

During the past year a great deal of time has been devoted
to arranging and supervising experiments on the gypsy
moth, and also to preparing, in conjunction with the field
director, Mr. Forbush, a full report on this insect. The
Commonwealth of Massachusetts has spent and is still spend-
ing large sums of money for its destruction, and in protecting
the farmers of the State from the ravages of this notorious
pest. It seemed wise and proper to devote much time and
attention to the study of the gypsy moth and its habits, for
the purpose of discovering the best and most economical
methods for its destruction.

A large amount of time has been spent in preparing a
complete account of our Crambidce, which appears with six
colored plates and structural details elsewhere in this report.
This paper is designed to give all known scientific and prac-
tical knowledge that we possess about these insects, and it
is hoped that the illustrations, in connection with the
descriptions, will enable our farmers to determine any of
these insects, and when they are found in large numbers in
their grass lands, as often occurs, they may be better able to
combat them.

Bulletin No. 28 was prepared by this division, and con-
tains descriptions and illustrations of two species of canker
worms, the army worm, the red-humped apple-tree cater-
pillar, the antiopa butterfly, the currant stem-girdler, the im-
ported elm-bark louse and the greenhouse orthezia, together
with methods of holding them in check.

On the 29th of March, my attention was called to some
scale insects on several young plum trees on 1li»v grounds of

II HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

the horticultural department of the Massachusetts Agricult-
ural College, which proved to be the dreaded San Jose scale.
These trees, according to the record books, came from the
J. T. Lovett Company, Little Silver, N. J., in the spring

of 1894.

Wishing to determine whether any of these insects had
survived the winter, I had two of the trees taken up and set
out in the cold part of the insectary greenhouse, and the
remaining infested trees were burned. Scales appeared on
the growth of the previous year, so that the insects suc-
ceeded well at least during the summer of 1894. On June
10, live scales were observed on the trees transplanted to
the insectary greenhouse, and on the 14th the young were
swarming all over them, and even extended to some small
apple trees growing near in the same part of the greenhouse.
As this seemed to settle the question of their ability to sur-
vive our winters here in Amherst, or at least the winter of
1894-95, which was an average one, I had all these trees
very carefully burned, to prevent any further spreading of
the pest. As soon as it was discovered that the San Jose"
scale had been received here on nursery stock from outside
of the State, I feared that other nurseries might have become
infested in a similar manner, and therefore I sent Mr. Louns-
bury, who was my assistant at that time, to different nurs-
eries to look for them. He reported that on April 19 he
found the San Jose scale on two plum trees, two pear trees
and a rose hush in Roslindale, Mass. The plum trees were
badly infested with living scales, while the pear trees and
rose bush were but slightly so. The scales occurred on all
parts of the trees, but were the least numerous on the new
growth. The pear trees had been on the grounds for three
years and the plum trees two years. Mr. Lounsbury was
informed that these trees were obtained from a local agent
at West Roxbury, \\ ho claimed to have purchased them from
the Shady Hill nursery, Bedford, Mass. On April 23 Mr.
Lounsbury visited the Shady Hill nursery, and found the San
.lost' scale alive in large numbers on several different varieties
of apple trees. Mr. Kohler, in charge of the nursery, told
him that these trees were brought from the Cambridge nurs-
eries, where they had been growing^ three or four years.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 45

The Cambridge nursery was then visited, and pear, peach
and apple trees were found infested with the scale, and
many of the worst-infested trees were dead. As no stock
had been added to this nursery for three years, these trees
must have been infested at least that length of time. I have
not been able to learn from what source the stock in £his
Cambridge nursery was obtained.

On July 9 I received a twig of an apple tree from Mr. W.
W. Rawson, with the request to inform him what the matter
was with it. An examination showed that it was infested
with the San Jose scale. Further correspondence revealed
the fact that the twig came from an apple tree in the orchard
of Mr. E. E. Cole; in the town of Scituate. Mr. Cole wrote
me that the orchard contained ninety trees that were set out
three years ago. It is situated in a protected spot, with
trees on three sides, and is within two miles of the ocean in
a direct line. He also wrote me that the trees were received
from Mr. Rawson, who informed me that he obtained most
of his nursery stock of that description from the Shady Hill
Nursery Company.

It is therefore probable that the Shady Hill nurseries re-
ceived infested stock from some outside nursery, possibly in
New Jersey, and have unintentionally become a centre of
infection for orchards in the eastern part of this State. To
what extent this pest has become distributed through the.
State it is impossible to say, but that it is able to live and
destroy fruit trees in some if not in all parts of the State
seems evident. A complete account of this insect was pre-
pared and published with illustrations in the Massachusetts
Crop Report for August.

The correspondence is steadily increasing, and many let-
ters about injurious insects are received from nearly every
part of the State. Most of these letters call for information
about such insects as are causing more or less damage, and
it is very rarely that we are called upon to give informa-
tion about insects that have merely excited the curiosity of
the sender.

The elm-leaf beetle appears to be rapidly spreading in the
State, and we have been called upon frequently during the
year for information about this beetle. A bulletin will soon

Ii; HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

be prepared on this ami several other insects, which are so
oumerous as to cause much damage in various parts of the
Stale, and about which we receive frequent inquiries.

Our studies on the cranberry insect are progressing as
fasl aa other matters will permit, and it is our intention to
prepare as complete a report on these insects as possible, at
some future time.

1896.1 PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 47

REPORT OF HORTICULTURIST.

SAMUEL T. MAYNARD.

Owing to the recent separation of the horticultural and
botanical divisions, the report from this division will par-
take more of an outline of the work to be undertaken than
of results obtained.

The work has been carried on much in the same lines as
in previous years. The season, up to the time of the severe
hail storm, September 11, had been one that promised more
than the average for the growth and perfection of nearly all
of the crops under cultivation, and insects and fungous pests
were not more than usually abundant. On September 11
one of the heaviest hail storms ever known in this section
occurred, which resulted in almost the total destruction of
the crops not matured at that time.

Protection of Crops from Insects and Fungous
Diseases.

In growing the various fruit, vegetable and other crops,
it is found necessary to protect them from insects and fun-
gous pests, and much work has been done in using and test-
ing insecticides and fungicides.

The lines of work pursued have been for the most part
confined to testing large and small fruits, especially new
varieties of promise; the various insecticides and fungi-
cides recommended for their power to protect from common
insect and fungous pests ; ail new varieties of vegetables and
flowers sent in for trial by the originator or introducer, and
some of the most promising obtained in the open market.
Many new and promising ornamental trees and shrubs have
been planted for comparison, and many new varieties of

48 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

flowering and bedding plants have been added to the collec-
tion ninlcr glass. Comparisons have also been made respect-
ing the effects of various kinds and different combinations of
fertilizers upon growing crops.

Equipment.

This division requires for comparison a large number of
standard varieties. These are already provided in the col-
lege orchard, vineyards, garden and greenhouses. In this
work of comparison the most careful, painstaking observa-
tion is demanded. Suitable land is also required for the
besl growth of each crop, and a great variety of implements
and tools for cultivating the same. Each different process
requires its own tool, and facilities for storage must be pro-
vided, in order to market to the best advantage.

Varieties of Fruits.

The varieties of fruits now under observation on the col-
lege grounds may be enumerated as follows : —

Apples, 150 varieties; pears, 67; peaches, 49; plums,
103 (including types of all the groups according to the
latest grouping); apricots, 13; nectarines, 2; quinces, 8,
and many seedlings; cherries, 33; grapes, 143, and more
than 500 seedlings not fruited ; currants, 20 ; gooseberries,
17 ; red raspberries, 25, and many seedlings of the Shaffer
type; black-cap raspberries, 31; blackberries, 21; straw-
berries, 157 named varieties, and about 600 seedlings from
carefully crossed and selected varieties. Besides the above,
there are growing many of the newer fruits, like the Jap-
anese wineberry, May berry, salmon berry, Logan berry,
strawberry-raspberry, Rocky .Mountain cherry, sand cherry,
June berry, Japanese walnut, Spanish, Japanese and hybrid
chestnuts.

Spraying Outfit.

Machine Pumps. — The expense of applying insecticides
and fungicides bj hand pumps has been so great in the past that
most of the work during the season just elapsed has been done
w iih the Victor machine pump, resulting in a great saving of
time, the power being applied by gearing attached to the

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 49

wheels. This pump was worked very satisfactorily with all
growths except large trees, where the time required to spray
a single tree is so great that the power acquired by the motion
of the wheels becomes exhausted before the tree is thoroughly
sprayed in every part. This has necessitated driving around
the tree several times, or working the pump by hand. Even
with this pump, however, tall trees cannot be readily reached,
and to obtain more reliable and more constant power a steam
pump is being constructed, which is guaranteed to carry three
streams through the ordinary three-quarter-inch hose at one
time, fifty feet high. This will enable the hose to be taken
into tall ornamental trees, and the work to be done more
effectually, economically and quickly than by any of the
ordinary hand or machine pumps. The pump, engine and
tank, holding one hundred to one hundred and fifty gallons,
will be compactly mounted on a low truck, with wheels hav-
ing six-inch tires and bolster springs, that it may be drawn
over soft or rough ground with the least jolting possible.
The weight of engine, pump, tank and truck is expected not
to exceed eight hundred pounds, and when the tank is filled
to be easily drawn by two horses.

Vegetables.

During the past season the following number of varieties
of vegetables has been tested : —

Asparagus, 3 varieties ; artichoke, 2 ; beans, 11 ; beets, 6 ;
Brussells sprouts, 2 ; carrots, G ; cabbages, 8 ; cauliflowers,
5 ; celery, 10 ; cucumbers, 6 ; sweet corn, 7 ; dandelion, 2 ;
endive, 2 ; kohl-rabi, 2 ; lettuce, 5 ; onions, 6 ; parsley, 2 ;
peppers, 4; egg-plant, (5; peas, 7; pumpkins, 4; radishes,
6; squashes, 11; spinach, ."> : parsnips, G; tomatoes, 1G ;
rhubarb, 4.

Seed Testing.

Seed testing is of the greatest practical importance to the
farmer, market gardener and the florist, hut at the same time
it is most difficult so to conduct it as to obtain entirely satis-
factory results. It will be hardly possible', with the present
equipment, to make trial of the seeds of all of the varieties
of farm and garden crops put upon the market by different

50 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

growers, and it is planned to procure only those that are
most largely grown and the new promising kinds. In the
outline for this work it is proposed to make at least three
tests of each variety under each of several methods adopted
in the greenhouse, and three in t^e field at different dates,
yet under as nearly the same conditions as possible. It is
also proposed to test the quality of the products of each
under ordinary field culture. In this way it is hoped to
arrive at some definite conclusions respecting the compara-
tive value of each variety for general cultivation, and the
dependence of the crop on the quality of the seed.

Plants in the Greenhouses.

In these houses most of the promising new varieties of
plants grown by the commercial florist are tested as they are
introduced. The following is a partial list of the number of
varieties tested : —

( filiations, 18 varieties ; chrysanthemums, 30 ; coleus, 14 ;
begonias, 31 ; bulbs, 55 species and varieties ; geraniums, 24 ;
roses, 12 ; violets., 3, etc.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 51

REPORT OF METEOROLOGIST.

LEONARD METCALF.

Aside from the mere routine work incident to keeping up
the daily meteorological records and observations, the work
of the department has been confined chiefly to the compila-
tion of data accumulated at this observatory during the past
seven years. The records of this station, from the .time of
its foundation in 1889 to date, have been compiled and sum-
marized, and tables have been prepared showing the maxi-
mum, minimum and mean observations. These results will
probably be published in the form of a special bulletin early
next year.

But few new instruments have been added to our equip-
ment, — one or two new clocks for the self-recording in-
struments replace the old ones in case of emergency or
mishap, and thus preserve the continuity of the records ;
and a new signal service standard Fahrenheit thermometer,
for comparing and verifying the accuracy of the temperature
indications of the wet and dry bulb thermometers, and the
maximum, minimum and self-recording thermometers.

The ozone observations have been discontinued, owing to
their uncertainty and unreliability. The amount of rainfall
will henceforth be recorded on top of the tower, as on the
ground, by means of a United States signal service standard
rain gauge (as well as by the self-recording gauge), in order
that the tower readings may be perfectly comparable with
those of the ground.

52 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

REPORT OF CHEMIST.

DEPARTMENT OF FOODS AND FEEDING.

( Jonducted by J. B. Lindsey, with, the assistance of C. S. Crocker, B.S.,
chemist; E. B. Holland, B.S., chemist; G. A. Billings, B.S., assist-
ant in feeding department.

Part I.

Laboratory Work.

(a) Fodder analyses.

(b) Water analyses.
» (c) Dairy products.

Part II.

Feeding Experiments and Dairy Studies.

(a) Chicago gluten meal v. King gluten meal.

(6) Chicago gluten meal v. Atlas meal.

(c) Composition of cream from different cows.

(d) Wheat meal v. rye meal for pigs.

(e) Salt hays and meadow hay (values for feeding).

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 53

Part I.

(a) FODDER ANALYSES.

We have received and analyzed for formers during the
year 49 samples of various grains, by-products and coarse
feeds. We publish here only those having any particular
interest, or that have more recently appeared in our markets.
For analyses of all such feeds see complete table at the end
of this report.

All cattle feeds have been divided into five groups of
substances : —

1. Crude ash means the mineral ingredients contained
in the plant or seed, such as lime, potash, soda, magnesia,
iron, phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid and silicic acid. The
ash serves to build up the bony structure of the animal.

2. Crude cellulose is the coarse or woody part of the
plant ; straws and hays contain large quantities, while in
the grains and most by-products but little is present. It
serves to produce vital energy and fat.

3. Crude fat includes the fats, waxes, resins, etc. It
serves the same purpose as cellulose, but furnishes two and
one-half times as much vital energy.

4. Protein is a general name for all nitrogen-contain-
ing bodies found in plants. It might be called "vegetable
meat." It is%a source of energy, possibly a source of fat,
and is the only source of flesh.

5. Nitrogen-free extract consists of starch, sugars and
gums. These substances produce energy and fat. Cellu-
lose and extract are termed carbohydrates.

The grains are valuable chiefly for their extract matter,
protein and fat. They contain very little cellulose. The
estimation of protein and fat is as a rule all that is necessary
to enable one to judge whether or not they are of superior,
average or inferior quality.

Many by-products contain as small amounts of crude cellu-
lose as do the grains. Others, such as brans, dried brewers'
grains, etc., have from 7 to 12 per cent.

,\

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

An estimation of the protein and fat only is necessary to
enable one to get at their comparative values. Such feeds
arc bought chiefly for their protein content.

( me-fourth to one-third of coarse fodders — hays, straws,
corn fodders — consists of crude cellulose. This cellular
matter, in so for as it is digestible, is equal in value to the
digestible extract matter. Coarse fodders naturally consti-
tute the bulk of the feed for neat stock, and are valuable
chiefly for their cellular and extract matter (carbohydrates).

Analyses.

(a) Gluten Feeds. — The gluten feeds are being sold very
largely in Massachusetts markets at the present time. They
consist of the skin or hull, the germ and the gluten of the
corn kernel. The Pope gluten feeds do not contain the
germ.

CONSTITUENTS.

Peoria.

Peoria.

Peoria.

Buffalo.

Pope

(White).

Pope
(Yellow).

Water (per cent.),

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

Crude ash (per cent.),

.91

-t

-t

.81

1.22

.99

" cellulose (per cent.),

7.69

-t

-t

7.10

6.04

6.35

" fat (per cent.) , .

11.72

13.07

11.04

11.92

7.39

7.21

" protein (per cent.), .

17.45

21.51

22.00

23.40

25.12

24.60

Extract matter (percent.), .

53.23

-t

-t

47.77

51.23

51.85

100.00

-

-

100.00

100.00

100.00

f Not determined.

These feeds are kiln dried, and contain from 7 to 10 per
cent, of water. For the sake of comparison, they are all
calculated to a uniform basis (9 per cent.). It will be
noticed that the per cent, of protein varies from 17.5 to
25 ; i. e., a 30 per cent, variation. The per cent, of fat also
varies from 13.07 to 7.21; i. e , a 45 per cent, difference.
These feeds, with such wide variations in protein and fat
content, are sold practically at the same price per ton.

( A ) Oat Feeds. — This material is being very largely
offered. It consists of oat hulls, poor oats and the refuse
from oat-meal factories, mixed with more or less ground

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

55

barley, bran, inferior corn meal, etc. It is sold under a
variety of names, such as oat feed, Quaker oat feed, corn
and oat chop, etc.

CONSTITUENTS. •

Oat
Feed.

Corn an<l
Oat Chop

Quaker
Oat Feed.

Oat

Feed.

Oat
Feed.

Water (per cent.) ,

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

10.00

Crude ash (per cent.), ....

4.47

3.60

4.87

-t

3.73

" cellulose (per cent.), .

15.13

11.62

14.68

14.88

11.76

" fat (per cent.)

3.64

4.11

3.68

3.73

4.23

" protein (per cent.), .

10.70

10.69'

12.33

11.32

10.18

Extract matter (per cent.), .

56.06

59.98

54.44

-t

60.10

100.00

100.00

100.00

-

100.00

f Not determined.

We cannot commend this article to farmers. It is made
up of different materials, and in putting it upon the mar-
ket the manufacturer simply is enabled to work off inferior
articles and refuse. It of course has considerable feeding
value, but the several ingredients can be bought cheaper
in other materials, such as corn meal, gluten feed, etc.

(c) Gluten Meal. — This feed stuff is prepared from the
hard, flinty portion (gluten) of the corn.

Since July the attention of the station has been frequently
called to the difference in the appearance of the Chicago glu-
ten meal. It formerly had a golden yellow color. A por-
tion of that now appearing on the market has a light or
grayish appearance. The manufacturers claim that this is
due to the use of white corn.

Chicago.

CONSTITUENTS.

OLD
PROCESS.

IMPROVED PROCESS.

Pope
Gluten

Meal.

Yellow.

White

White.

White.

Yellow.

Yellow.

Water (per cent.),

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

9.00

Crude ash (per cent.), .

.90

1.19

-t

-t

-t

-f

.58

" cellulose (per cent.)',

1.10

3.39

-f

-t

-t

-t

1.72

" fat (per cent.), .

6.20

6.02

7.20

6.51

6.59

6.93

7.55

" protein (per cent.), .

30.50

38.39

38.77

37.41

38.96

42.21

36.60

Extract matter (per cent.), .

52.30

42.01

-t

-t

-t

-t

44.55

100.00

100.00

-

-

-

L00.00

t Not determined.

56

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Tho analyses of the so-called improved Chicago meal
show it to contain a higher per cent, of protein than the
old-process meal contained. The manufacturers claim that
this is due to a more complete removal of the starch. Both
the white or light and yellow meal have practically the same
composition, and are consequently equally valuable for feed-

inir.

(d) Brans and Rice Meal.

CONSTITUENTS.

Rex Bran.

Cotton-seed
Meal Bran.

Cotton-seed
Hull Bran.

Rice Meal.

Water (percent.)

Crude ash (per cent.),

" cellulose (per cent.),

" fat (per cent.)

" protein (percent.), .
Extract matter (per cent.),

11.00
3.35

18.74
2.71
8.90

55.30

11.00
2.87

28.60
3.89

10.50

43.14

11.00
1.93

34.99
1.09
2.34

48.65

10.00

8.40
5.63
13.17
11.59
51.21

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

The above brans are all much inferior to the average wheat
bran. The rice meal is a good average sample of its kind,
and possesses a feeding value similar to corn meal. Experi-
ments are now in progress with this meal.

\

1896.J PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 57

(5) WATER ANALYSIS.

To determine the healthfulness of a water for drinking,
the object is to note the quantity, kind and condition of the
organic matter, as well as the total amount of mineral con-
stituents it contains.

All water contains more or less mineral matter in solution,
derived from the soil through which it percolates. Moderate
quantities (see limit below) are beneficial, and impart to the
water a pleasant taste.

The method employed at this laboratory for testing waters
is what is known as Wancklyn's process. This chemist in-
terprets the results of his mode as follows : —

1. More than 71 parts per million of chlorine, accom-
panied by more than .08 part per million of free ammonia
and more than .10 part per million of albuminoid ammonia,
indicate that the water is polluted with sewage, decaying
animal matter, urine, etc. (The amount of chlorine in
water depends somewhat on the section of the State from
which it comes.)

2. Total solids should not exceed 571 parts per million.

3. Water showing less than 5 degrees as here expressed
is termed soft ; between 5 and 10 degrees, medium ; and
above 10 degrees, hard.

" Albuminoid " ammonia is the ammonia derived from the
breaking up of vegetable or animal matter in water, as a
result of the action of certain chemicals in the process of
analysis. Its presence indicates, therefore, that the water
contains these matters in solution.

The presence of free or actual ammonia in water shows
that these animal or vegetable substances are being decom-
posed by various bacterial growths. Much free ammonia is
an indication that a water is suspicious or even dangerous
for drinking.

Chlorine is one of the two components of common salt,
and salt is always found both in the urine of human beings

58 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

and in that of domestic animals, as well as in many waste
waters. Excess of chlorine would therefore make it clear
that a water contained sewage of some kind.

It is impossible, from a chemical analysis, to say whether
or not a water is contaminated with the specific germ of any
contagious disease. This is the work of the bacteriologist.

Character of Waters tested.

We have tested for farmers during the year 124 samples
of water. Of these, 81, or 65.3 per cent., were found safe;
L8, or 14.5 per cent., rather suspicious ; and 25, or 20.2 per
cent., dangerous for drinking. Five samples contained very
noticeable quantities of lead derived from the lead pipe
through which the waters "flowed. Soft waters are espe-
cially liable to take up the lead. Every one is cautioned
against the use of lead pipes, as waters containing this sub-
stance are very injurious to the health.

Samjyle Analyses of Different Waters.

Parts per Million.

Clark's
Degrees.

QUALTTX (iK WATEE.

£

s
<

r '5

o 3

S 3

e a
<

o

0

3
o
u

~ *:

O £

!2
"3

— CO

c

c
•a
u

n

Excellent, . . .)

Good )

Suspicious,. . .)
Dangerous, . .)

_*

.02
.01
.01
.02
.04
.08
.04
.04
.16
.20
.26

.04
.07
.03
.10
.12
.06
.07
.11
.20
.14
.08
.48

5.00

3.00

4.00

19.00

7.00

8.00

18. CO

38.00

22.00

35.00

22.00

2.00

70.0
70.0

-t

104.0

-t

-t

-t

336.0

-t

-t

-t

84.0

46.0
32.0

-t
54.0

-t

-t

-t

186.0

-t

-t

-t

22.0

-t

1.43
5.43
3.25
1.11
1.26

-t
10.15

-t
5.71

-t
2.47

; None.

t Not determined.

It was not considered necessary to publish the analysis
of each water analyzed during the year.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 59

Instructions for sampling and sending Water.

In dipping water from springs or drawing it from open
wells, be sure that no foreign material falls into it. Do
not take a sample from Mater that has stood in a pump for
any length of time. Send at least two quarts, in an abso-
lutely clean vessel. Waters received in dirty vessels are not
tested, as the results would be of no value. A clean new
stone or earthen jug is to be preferred.

Answer briefly the following questions in regard to the
water : —

1. Is it well, shallow spring or hydrant water?

2. Do you suspect it to be the cause of any contagious
disease ?

3. Do you suspect lead poisoning?

4. What is the character of the ground through which
it percolates ?

5. How far is the well from house or barn?

60

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

(c) DAIRY PRODUCTS.

Milk, Cream, etc.

We have received and tested for farmers during the year
87 samples of milk, 18 samples of cream and 4 samples of
butter; 24 samples of butter have also been analyzed for
the Dairy Bureau. It is not considered necessary to pub-
lish these analyses here. They will be found tabulated at
the end of the report.

Information.

Average cow's milk has approximately the following per-
centage composition : —

Per < lent.

Water 87.0

Fat 3.7

Casein (curd) 3.0

Per Cent.

Albumen, 50

Milk sugar 5.10

Ash 70

For practical purposes, we generally estimate the per-
centage of total solids (which includes everything except
water) and fat,

For convenience, the Massachusetts milk standard for
L895, as well as the average composition of cream, skim
and butter milks, follow : —

Massa-
chusetts
Standard.

Skim-milk.

Cream.

CONSTITUENTS.

Deep
Setting.

Sepa-
rator.

Deep

Setting.

Sepa-
rator.

Butter-
milk.

Total solids (per cent.), .
Milk f;it (per cent.), .
Solids not fat (per cent.),

13.00*
3.70
9.30

9.50
.32

.10

26.5
18.0

25.-35.

8.33
.27

* During May and June, 12 per cent.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 61

Instructions for sending Milk.

Milk or cream should be sent by morning express, if pos-
sible. It should be marked "Immediate Delivery," and
should not be sent later than Thursday of each week. Send
one pint of milk and one-half pint of cream, preferably in
Lightning or Mason fruit jars. Be sure the vessels are per-
fectly clean. Mix the milk or cream thoroughly before tak-
ing the sample, by pouring from one vessel to another.

62

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Part II.

(a) CHICAGO GLUTEN MEAL v. KING GLUTEN

MEAL.

Experiment with Cows.

Object of the Experiment.

The object of the experiment was to compare the relative
merits of the two gluten meals for milk production.

Chicago Meal. — The general character and appearance of
this meal is well known.

King Meal. — This meal is very probably a by-product
from corn, the process of manufacture being somewhat dif-
ferent from that employed in case of the Chicago meal. It
contains apparently no husks or germs; the fat from the
germ, however, is present, making the meal very rich in
this latter substance. For the sake of comparison the com-
position of the two meals is given below : —

CONSTITUENTS.

Chicago.

King.

Water ( per cent.),

( Irude n-li ( per cent),

" cellulose (per cent), ....

" fat (per cent),

" protein (per cent.), ....
Extraci matter ( per cent ), .

9.33
.13

1.57

4.17

33.64

51.17

7.34

1.38

1.30

18.48

35.57

35.93

Plan of the Experiment.

Four grade <o\\s were employed, in different stages of lac-
tation. 'I'll.- preliminary feeding period lasted seven days,
and the feeding period proper seven days. All other feeds

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

63

excepting the two gluten meals remained constant during the
experiment. The data will be found in Table I. The fol-
lowing method was employed to overcome the natural milk
shrinkage. The cows were divided into two lots. During
the first period cows I. and III. received the King meal, at
the same time cows IV. and VI. were receiving the Chicago
meal ; during the second period this order was reversed.
This experiment was in operation during June, 1894. The
cows were allowed the run of the barn-yard during the day,
and so far as possible all conditions were identical during
the entire time.

Table I.

T3

2

Average

Daily Rations.

t.

SI)

2

(2

ft

TOTAL.

DIGESTIBLE.

S

a

C^,

a^;

^>

^

PERIODS.

a
■<

o
u
a

a

3

T3

o ■?

A >>

— -A

a

>

an i
go

-a
c 2
SS

pli-
es
o

"•5

™ a

^ 3

tar =5

a 3

52

T3

a
=
o

c
a

&

o

do

•a
a

3

o

P-

B^

'53
o

to

e>

■*>3

•C 3

■a

a

3

o

□

3
O

el-
's

o -

o
a

0)
^;

'C

3

fc

►J

<

D

«

Cl,

o

h

H

fc

King,

4

10

935

4.5

4.5

-

18

3.30

9.65

1.15

14.1

1:3.8

Chicago, .

4

10

937

4.5

4.5

18

3.16

10.49

.56

14.2

1:3.7

Table II. — Average Yield and Cost of Milk.

PERIODS.

1

Total Cost
of Feeds
(Dollars).

Total Yield
of Milk
(Quarts).

Average

Daily Yield

per Cow

(Quarts).

Cost of Milk
per Quart

(Cents).

King

Chicago

$6 61

6 61

318.4

314.4

11.36

11.23

2.08
2.10

Comments on the Results.

Table I. shows that the cows consumed the same amount
of digestible matter daily in each period.

Table II. shows that the daily yield of milk and the cost
per quart were practically identical in each period.

The Chicago meal was in its usual good condition. In
spite of the fact that the King meal contained nearly 20 per

i,l HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

cent, of fat, no rancid odor or taste was noticed after the
meal had been in the barn six months. Its mechanical con-
dition was all that could be desired. The objection to feed-
ing by-products especially rich in fat is that, if they are fed
alone in large quantities (above 3 quarts daily) or fed in
combination with other material of a similar nature, the ten-
dency i-> to cloy the appetite of the animal, or — in warm
weather especially — to produce inflammation of the milk
glands.

In a daily grain ration of 9 pounds we would not advise
feeding over 3 or 4 pounds of but one by-product having
above 7 to 8 per cent, of fat.

The principal criticism on this experiment would natu-
rally be the shortness of its feeding- periods. This could not
have been well avoided. The results obtained, however, are,
it is believed, sufficient to give one an idea of the compara-
tive value of the two grains.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

05

(7,) CHICAGO GLUTEN MEAL v. ATLAS MEAL.

Experiment with Cows.
Object of the Experiment.

The experiment was undertaken for the purpose of noting
the feeding value of the new by-product Atlas meal, as com-
pared with Chicago gluten meal.

Atlas Meal. — This is a comparatively new article in
Massachusetts markets. It consists of the hull, gluten and
germ of different grains left behind in the process of alcohol
manufacture. It comes into the market ground fairly fine,
and contains about the same amount of protein as does the
Chicago meal. The amount of cellulose and fat is, however,
in excess of the latter. The composition of the two grains
follows : —

CONSTITUENTS.

Chicago.

Water (per cent.),

9.00

10.00

Crude ash (per cent.),

.13

.37

" cellulose (per cent.), .

1.57

10.75

" fat (per cent.),

4.18

13.75

" protein (percent.), .....

33.75

33.57

Extract matter (per cent),

51.37

31.56

Plan of the Experiment.

The experiment was in operation during January and a part
of February, 1895. The cows, four in number, were grades.
The feeds consisted of hay, corn and soja-bean ensilage,
bran, Chicago gluten meal and Atlas meal. The ensilage,
hay and bran remained constant during the entire experi-
ment. The preliminary feeding periods lasted seven days,
the two periods proper ten days each. To overcome the
natural milk shrinkage the following arrangement was in-
stituted. The cows were divided into two lots. In Period
I., cows 3 and 6 were fed Chicago meal at the same time

66

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

that cows 4 and p were receiving Atlas meal. In Period II.
this order was reversed. The cows were kept in the barn
during the entire experiment, and were treated precisely
alike during both periods. Two composite samples (three
days each) of milk were tested during each period. The
tables following
cows : —

aive the average results from the four

Table I.

JO

as

a

'5
<

o

u
<o

x>

s

3

a

a

■S-o
V o

a

'33

>
-a

SO S

£ o

0

Average Daily Rations.

total.

DIGESTIBLE.

PERIODS.

-a
B 2

* 5
- o

03

a

si

"3
S .

O o

O

c.
— a
US o

a-

<

.2, M

T3

a
9
O

>>

CS

■3

a

a
o

Ph

'5
o

Li

at

? A

1§
•£0u

OS ^"

a

3
O

fe-
ci

•a
a

3

o
Pj_

"3
o

d
M

3

to

Atlas, .
Chicago,

4
4

10

10

943
944

i

4

4

4

42.1
40.6

5
5

2.46
2.62

9.15
9.38

1.17

.84

12.78
12.84

1:4.9

1:4.4

Table II. — Average Yield and Cost of Milk and Butter Fat.

PERIODS.

Total Cost
of Feed
(Dollars).

Total Yield

of Milk
(Quarts).

Average

Daily Yield

per Cow

(Quarts).

Cost
per Quart
(Cents).

Total

Amount of
Butter Fat
(Pounds).

Total

Cost of

Butter Fat

per Pound

(Cents).

Atlas, .
Chicago,

$7 40
7 56

420.7
423.3

10.52
10.58

1.76
1.79

40.57
40.17

18.24
18.82

Table III. — Average Composition of Milk.

Per Cent. Solids.

Per Cent. Fat.

NUMBER OF COW.

Atlas.

Chicago.

Atlas.

Chicago.

13.86

14.33
13.65
13.16
13.71

4.22
4.88
4.17
4.52

4.72
4.60
4.12
4.06

Average

13.93

13.71

4.45

4.38

Results.
The cost and quantity of milk and butter fat are so nearly
equal in each case as to be considered practically identical.
[f the quality of the Atlas meal is maintained, it can be
regarded as an excellent food for milch cows and neat stock
in general.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 07

(c) WHAT CONSTITUTES A "SPACE" OF CREAM.

J. B. LINDSEY AND GEO. A. BILLINGS.

In the report of the State Experiment Station for 1894
it was shown that the butter fat in the cream gathered
from 165 different farmers varied from 11 to 22 per cent.
Such figures only serve to emphasize the unreliability of the
' ' space " as a basis for payment.

During the past autumn we have tested the cream raised
by the deep-setting process from each of the six cows belong-
ing to the station. The conditions were precisely alike in
each case, the milk being immersed for the same length of
time, and the temperature of the water maintained at 38 to
40 degrees. The cows were all fresh in milk, having calved
from one to two months previously.

History of the Cows.

Cow I., grade Ayrshire, six years old, weighing 800
pounds, yielding about 4 per cent, fat in milk.

Cow II., native, nine years old, weighing 900 pounds,
yielding 4 per cent, fat in milk.

Cow III., grade Ayrshire- Jersey, seven years old, weigh-
ing 850 pounds, yielding 4.2 per cent, fat in milk.

Cow IV., grade Jersey, six years old, weighing 1,050
pounds, yielding 5 per cent, fat in milk.

Cow V., grade Durham, seven years old, weighing 1,050
pounds, yielding 3 per cent, fat in milk.

Cow VI., grade Durham-Jersey, about seven years old,
weighing 1,000 pounds, yielding 5 per cent, fat in milk.

Table I. shows the daily results and the average for the
three days (two days in case of cows V. and VI.).

68

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Table I.

NUMBER OF COW.

Number of Days.

."Milk
per Day
(Pounds),

Spaces
Cream per

Day.

Per Cent.

of Fat in
Cream.

Per Cent.

of Fat in

Skim-milk.

■ {

1, •

1, .

1, .

Average,

1, .

1, .
1, .

Average,

1, .
1, .
1, . . .

Average,

1, .

1, . . .
1, .

Average,

1, . . .

1, .

Average,

1, . . .
1, .

Average,

25.90
26.00
25.50

8.10
7.50

7.80

16.90
16.60
16.10

.20
.15
.17

■ {

25.80

21.50
22.00
22.75

7.80

5.30
5.50
5.90

16.53

16.15
15.90
17.30

.17

.55
.57
.55

HI <

- • ■{

22.08

25.50
26.87
26.50

2G.30

25.95
27.12
25.00

5.57

11.50
10.80
11.60

11.30

8.10
8.40
8.10

16.45

11.20

12.05
12.70

11.98

21.00
21.45
22.65

.56

.25
.30
.25

.27

.18
.20
.13

v., . . . j

26.02

28.00
30.63

8.20

7..00
7.10

21.70

15.70
16.20

.17

.17
.15

v.,. . .|

29.31

31.12
31.50

7.05

10.90
8.80

15.95

20.25
19.45

.16

.15
.13

31.31

9.85

19.85

.13

Table II. — Showing the Results on the Basis of 25 Pounds of
Milk per Coiv.

NUMBER "1 COW.

Spaces
■ if Cream.

Per Cent.
in i team.

NUMBER OF COW.

Spaces
of Cream.

Per Cent.

of Fat
in Cream.

I, .

II., .

III., .

7.56

6.30

10.74

16.53
16.45
11.98

IV., . . .

V

VI

7.89
6.01

7.87

21.70
15.95
19.85

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

69

Cows I., II. and Y. produced the smallest number of spaces
of cream, containing 16 to 16^ per cent, of fat. Cow III.
produced nearly 11 spaces of cream with 12 per cent, of fat.
Cows IV. and VI. produced nearly 8 spaces of cream each,
containing from 20 to nearly 22 per cent, of fat.

According to the present system, cream is paid for at the
same price per space, whether it contains 12, 16 or 22 per
cent, of butter fat, i. e., whether equal quantities of such
cream wrill produce 12, 16 or 22 pounds of butter. Under
this system a farmer with a herd of extra butter-producing
cows, yielding cream by the deep-setting process, contain-
ing 19 to 22 per cent, of fat, receives no more money than
another farmer who produces a like quantity of cream test-
ing but 15 or 16 per cent, of fat. The injustice must be
apparent to every thinking farmer. The investigation, as
shown in the above tables, might have been carried still fur-
ther by weighing the cream, calculating the amount of butter
fat produced, and seeing how much butter a given number of
spaces of each cow's cream would produce. • This was done,
however, in last year's investigation, and, at the risk of repe-
tition, the summary of the results bearing on this point is
presented in Table III. Our object in the present experi-
ment has been simply to show how the per cent, of fat in
the cream of six individual cows varied under exactly similar
conditions.

Table III. — Summary of Results obtained in 1894 with Cream
gathered from 165 Farmers, shoioing Butter Equivalent from
100 Sjyaces of Graded Cream, and Value of Same.

Pounds of Butter Fat prom
100 Spaces of Cream.

8-12,
12-13,
13-14,
14-15,
15-16,
16-18,

Number
of Patrons.

! Kqu|^tto

(Pounds).

6.1
14.0
31.5
24.9
18.2

5.5

13.42*

14.58

15.75

16.92

18.08

19.83

Value of But-

ter at

25 Cents

per Pound.

$3 35
3 64

3 94

4 23
4 52
4 96

* Figured on the basis of 11.5 pounds of butter fat.

70 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

A full explanation of the Babcock system (by which the
farmer is paid for the number of pounds of butter fat actually
furnished by him), and how to put it into practical opera-
lion, lias already been published.* This system offers en-
couragement for every one to improve his herd by weeding
out the unprofitable cows and putting in their places only
those that wjll produce good yields of rich milk.

Under the space system those farmers having extra cows
that are well taken care of simply help out their shiftless
neighbors who keep inferior animals. That the latter class
of farmers is glad to be thus aided, and is as a rule op-
posed to any change, is not to be wondered at. How long
the more thrifty, painstaking farmers will be willing to con-
tinue this, is a question for them to decide.

* " Creamery Practice," by J. B. Liudsey, published by Dairy Bureau, 20 Devon-
shire Street, Bostou, Mass.

1896.]

IT B LIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

71

(d) WHEAT MEAL v. RYE MEAL FOR PIGS.

Object of the Experiment.
In this experiment it was intended to compare the feeding
values of wheat and rye meal, when fed in combination with
skim-milk to growing pigs.

Plan of the Experiment.

The pigs were divided into two lots, two barrows and a
sow being in each lot. The experiment was divided into
three periods, covering in all 106 days. It was intended,
in the first period, to feed 3 ounces of meal to each quart
of milk, but the supply of milk being limited, some Peoria
gluten feed was added to keep the ratio of protein to carbo-
hydrates as 1 to 3.5.

In the second period 4 quarts of milk were fed daily, to-
gether with sufficient wheat or rye meal to satisfy appetites.

In the third period 4 quarts of milk wrere fed daily, in
connection with equal parts of wheat or rye meal and corn
meal to satisfy the appetites of the animals. Sufficient water
was added to the milk and meal to furnish the necessary
amount of liquid. The pigs were fed three times daily.

Table I. — Feeding Plan.

PERIOD.

Number

of

Days.

Feed.

Nutritive
Ratio.

I., .

ir., .
in., .

58
13
35

3 ounces wheat or rye meal to each quart of milk, .

4 quarts milk daily, and wheat or rye meal to satisfy
appetites.

4 quarts milk, aud equal parts wheat or rye meal and
corn meal to satisfy appetites.

1:3.6
1:4.0
1:5.3

Table II. — Average Daily Gain (Pounds).

I., wheat,
II., rye,

LOT.

Period I.

1.06
1.00

Period II.

1.21
1.15

Period in.

1.49
1.20

Total

Average

Daily Grain.

1.22
1.10

72

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Table III. — Total Feed consumed.
Lot I. (Wheat).

TERIODS.

Skim-milk
(Quarts).

Wheat
Meal

(Pounds).

Peoria

Feed

(Pounds).

Corn Meal
(Pounds).

Nutritive
Ratio.

Ill

744.0
195.0
450.0

205.1
114.0
212.5

73.5

212.5

1:3.6
1:4.0
1:5.2

Total, ....
Equal to dry matter, .

1,389.0
283.7*

531.6
468.0

73.5
68.3

212.5
180.6

-

* Pounds.

Lot II. (Rye).

PERIODS.

Sklm-milk Rye Meal
(Quarts). (Pounds).

Peoria

Feed

(Pounds).

Corn Meal
(Pounds).

Nutritive
Ratio.

Ill

744.0
195.0
450.0

205.10
114.00
183.75

73.5

183.75

1:3.8
1:4.4
1:5.4

Total, ....
Equal to dry matter, .

1,389.0
283.7*

502. SO
432.40

73.5
68.3

183.75
156.20

-

* Pounds.

Table IV.

Lot I.

Lot II.

Average live weight at beginning of experiment (pounds), .
Average live weight at end of experiment (pounds), .

Average gain of each pig (pounds)

Average daily gain (pounds)

Dry matter required to produce 1 pound live weight (pounds).
Skim-milk actually returned per quart (fraction of cent), .
Cost of feed for each pound of live weight gained (cents),* .
Price received per pound of live weight (cents),

33.33

162.70

129.37

1.22

2.5S

.65

4.25

4.80

34.20

150.00

115.80

1.10

2.71

.55

4.58

4. SO

• On basis of following prices for feed: skim-milk, 2 cents per gallon; wheat and rye,
$24 per ton; Peoria gluten feed, $21 per ton; and corn meal, $23 per ton.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 73

Comments on Results.

Both lots of pigs made very fair gains, and the results as
a whole compare favorably with other experiments, when
skim-milk was fed with other grains. The average daily
gain was nearly 1£ pounds, and the dry matter required to
make 1 pound of live weight averaged 2.65 pounds. The
skim-milk returned .6 of one cent per quart, and the live
weight cost 4.37 cents per pound, allowing skim-milk to be
worth one-half cent per quart, and the grains as noted. The
wheat meal seemed to give rather better results, especially
in the last period. During this latter period the pigs fed
on the rye-meal ration were oft* feed a good deal of the time,
and gained less in weight. If the experiment had been con-
tinued longer, the results would have been still more in favor
of the wheat meal.

Suggestions for Feeding Wheat or Rye Meal.

With pigs weighing from 30 to 100 pounds, feed 3 to 6
ounces meal to each quart of milk ; with pigs weighing from
100 to 175 pounds, feed skim-milk at disposal (4 to 6 quarts
per pig), and equal parts of wheat or rye meal and corn
meal to satisfy appetites.

74 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

(e) SALT HAYS AND MEADOW OR SWALE

HAY.

A. — Digestibility.

B. — How to feed them.

SUMMAKY OF RESULTS.

(a) Black grass, high-grown salt hay, branch grass and
low meadow fox grass are all valuable fodder articles. In
the present experiment black grass contained more protein
and showed a higher average digestibility, and is therefore
superior to the other three hays. There is no wide differ-
ence, however. Timothy hay shows more total digestible
organic matter, but is noticeably inferior to three of the
salt hays in digestible protein. Black grass might be classed
as but little inferior to average timothy hay. High-grown
salt hay, branch grass and fox grass resemble each other
very closely in feeding value.

(b) Salt hays at average market prices are decidedly
cheaper to feed than English hay.

(c) Meadow or swale hay is a very inferior article. It
contained 150 to 200 pounds less digestible matter than
did the salt hays, and but 39 per cent, of digestible dry
matter.

(d) Hays containing much less than 50 per cent, of di-
gestible dry matter should be regarded as of very inferior
quality.

A. — Digestibility.
At the request of the experiment station, farmers in the
vicinity of Newburyport sent four samples of salt hay. It
was the intention of the writer to analyze these hays and test
their comparative digestibilities. The hays were named as
follows : —

1 . Black grass (fine, and of dark color ; consisted almost
exclusively of Juncus bulbosus).

2. High-grown salt hay.

3. Branch grass.

I . Low meadow7 fox grass.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

75

The low meadow fox grass appeared to consist practically
of what is also called rush salt grass (Spartina jimcea), and
both the high-grown salt hay and the branch grass were
composed of this as a basis, mixed with more or less coarse
grass, probably Spartina stricta, variety glabra. The branch
grass contained rather more of the coarse material than did
the high-grown salt hay.

A sample of meadow or swale hay was also obtained,
through the kindness of Mr. Chas. J. Peabody of Topsfield,
in which vicinity large quantities are cut yearly. This hay
grows in the fresh-water meadows, and is composed of fresh-
water grasses, sedges, brakes and wild flowers.

The digestion tests were made with sheep, because these
animals are much easier to work with, and give at the same
time similar results as do cows and steers.

How the Digestible Matter of a Feed is determined.

First ascertain the amount and composition of the feed
consumed by an animal in a given length of time, also the
amount and composition of the feces or undigested portion
excreted in the same time on the basis of dry matter. The
difference between them will represent the amount of the
various constituents of the food digested.

The percentages of the constituents digested are called the
digestion coefficients.

Table I. — Composition of Hays.

[The analysis of each hay is given on the basis of 15 per cent, of water, for the sake

of comparison.]

FODDER

CONSTITUENTS.

Black
Grass.

High-
grown
Salt Hay.

Branch
Grass.

Low
Meadow

Fox
Grass.

Meadow
Hay.

Timothy

Hay forConi-

parison.

Water

16.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

15.00

Crude ash, ....

9.91

6.92

8.75

4. 90

5.27

4.30

" cellulose,

22.78

22.45

22.50

22.58

26.40

28.40

" fat

2.23

2.13

1.88

2.18

1.59

2.40

" protein,

8.08

6.36

7.03

6.06

6.77

6.30

Nitrogen-free extract matter,

42.00

47.14

44.84

49.22

44.97

43.60

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

100.00

76

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Table II. — Showing Average Digestion Coefficients obtained with

Two Sheep.

FODDER
CONSTITUENTS.

Black
Grass.

High-

grown

8altHay.

Branch
Grass.

Fox

Grass.

Meadow
Hay.

Timothy
Hay for Com-
parison.

Total dry substance,
Crude cellulose,

" fat

" protein,
Nitrogen-free extract matter,

59.5
60.5
41.5
03. 0
57.0

53.0
50.0
47.0
63.0
53.0

56.0
52.0
32.0
62.5
54.0

53.0
51.0
24.0
57.0
52.0

39.0
33.0
44.0
34.0
46.0

58.0
53.0
61.0
4S.0
63.0

Table III. — Showing Pounds of Digestible Organic Matter in
2,000 Pounds of the Several Hays, assuming Each Hay to
contain an Average Amount of Water (15 Per Cent.).

FODDER

CONSTITUENTS.

Black
Grass.

High-
grown
Salt Hay.

Branch
Grass.

Fox
Grass.

Meadow
Hay.

Timothy

Hay forCom-

parison.

Crude cellulose,

" fat, ....

" protein,
Extract matter,

275.6

18.5

101.8

479.8

224.4
20.0
80.0

499.6

234.0
12.0

87.8
484.2

230.2
10.4
69.0

511.8

174.24
14.03
46.02

413.72

301.00
29.28
60.40

549.36

Total, ....

875.7

S24.0

818.0

821.4

648.06

940.04

The teachings of the above tables will be found summarized
:it the beginning of the article. The writer has hesitated
about making too sharp distinctions between the several
kinds of salt hay, in view of the fact that he has worked
with but one sample of each kind. It is well known that
late-cut hays are inferior in per cent, of protein and less
digestible than early-cut hays; and the writer has no means
of knowing with certainty, either from the appearance of
the samples or otherwise, whether or not they were cut at
the -.line stage of growth. Very few blossoms were to be
found indicative of an early cutting. It is also recognized
that the condition and situation of the land exert an influ-
ence upon the quality of the hay. On the other hand, the
hays were -.letted by men practically familiar with such
material, and pronounced fair samples of their kind.

1896. j

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

77

B. — How to feed Salt and Meadow Hays.

(a) Salt Hays.

Only general directions can be given. First, these hays.,
having a value approaching an average English hay, can be
fed in place of the latter article in so far as composition and
digestibility (i. e., quality) are concerned. In the second
place, however, the amount of salt they contain will exert
a controlling influence on the quantity that the animal can
consume. The per cent, of salt in the four samples received
was as follows : —

Black Grass.

High-grown
Salt Hay.

Branch Grass.

Fox Grass.

Average
English Hay.

Per cent, salt,

6.35

3.20

4.09

2.51

1.50

This per cent, would probably vary from time to time,
depending on the frequency with which the salt water
came in contact with the meadows, etc. Should black and
branch grasses contain on an average as much salt as found
in the present case, it would hardly seem wise to feed over
one-third to one-half of these grasses in the entire coarse
fodder ration, while in case of the high-grown salt hay and
the fox grass two-thirds to even the entire coarse fodder ra-
tion could consist of these hays. The experience of prac-
tical feeders can and has undoubtedly solved this problem.
The majority of farmers will probably prefer to feed about
one-half salt hay and one-half English hay or other coarse
material.

Coarse fodders can for practical purposes be fed ad libi-
tum; i. e., the animals can be given all they will consume.
This can be left to the judgment of the practical feeder.

Grain Rations (on basis of milch cows of 1,000 pounds
live weight). — The following rations are combined to go
with the coarse fodders : —

78

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

ii.

Cotton-seed meal,*'
Wheat bran,
Corn meal,t-

Pounds.
100
100
100

Mix and feedG to 9 quarts daily

Linseed meal,* .
Pope or King gluten meal,
Wheat bran,
Feed 7 to 9 quarts daily.

Pounds.
100
100
200

III.

IV.

Chicago gluten meal,*
Wheat bran, . .

Gluten feed,!
Feed G to 9 quarts daily.

Pounds.
100
100
100

Gluten meal,
Corn meal, .
Feed 6 quarts daily.

Pounds.
100
100

Cotton-seed meal,
Wheat bran,
Feed 8 quarts daily.

Pounds.
100
100

* Cotton-seed meal, iinseed meals and the various gluten meals can be substituted one for
the other. Cotton-seed meal, King and Pope gluten meal, on account of the high percentage
of fat they contain, should not be fed together in the same ration.

t Chicago maize feed, Buffalo and Peoria or other gluten feeds can be used interchangeably.

X Gluten feeds can usually be substituted for corn meal with good effect.

(b) Meadow Hays {for Milch Cows of 1,000 Pounds
Live Weight) .

Meadow hay, being of inferior nutritive value, must be
supplemented with feed stuffs containing large amounts of
digestible matter, — especially protein, — in order to secure
good results.

Coarse Fodder Ration 1. — Feed all the meadow hay the
animal will cat.

Grain Rations for above.

I.

II.

■seed meal,

Feed 9 quarts daily.

Pounds.
100

Wheat bran, . . .
Cotton-seed meal, . ,
Feed 10 quarts daily.

Pounds.

100
100

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

79

in.

Wheat bran,
Gluten feed,
Feed 14 to 16 quarts daily.

rounds.
100
100

Coarse Fodder Ration 2. — About one-half English hay
and one-half meadow hay, or about one-half corn ensilage
(30 pounds) and all the meadow hay the animal will eat.

Grain Rations for Above.

n.

Pounds.

Corn meal, 1">0

Cut ton-seed meal, . . . 100
Feed 7 quarts daily.

Wheat bran,
Gluten feed,
Feed 10 to 12 quarts daily

Pounds.
100
100

Remarks. — The writer questions the wisdom of a sys-
tem of farming in which much labor is devoted to securing
meadow hay for feeding to farm animals. The large amount
of grain necessary to be fed in order to secure reasonably
nutritive rations calls for a considerable outlay of money,
which renders the various rations of doubtful economy.

The tendency of modern dairy farming is to raise crops
containing more nitrogenous matter (protein), and thus re-
duce the amount of grain to be purchased.

To farmers who have been gathering and feeding large
quantities of meadow hay the writer would make the fol-
lowing suggestions : —

In addition to English hay, raise annual crops, such as
peas and oats, vetch and oats and Hungarian grass. Cut
these for hay. Grow corn fodder and soja-bean fodder,
and put into a silo in the proportion of two parts corn to
one part soja beans. Such a system will give large amounts
of nutritious winter feed, and will enable one to get along
with one-half of the grain feed mentioned above.

80

HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION. [Jan. '96.

How to purchase Grains.

In making up grain rations cost must be considered, and
one should he familiar with the fluctuating market values of
the several feed stufl's in order to make economical combina-
tions. The following figures show the approximate commer-
cial values of the different feeds, based on the amount of
digestible protein they contain : —

Wheat bran,

$18 00

$ 11 00

Corn meal, .

19 00

15 00

Wheal middlings,

21 00

16 00

Brewers1 grains, .

21 00

16 00

Malt sprouts,

23 00

18 00

Gluten and maize feeds,

28 00

22 00

Atlas meal, .

31 00

24 00

Old-process linseed meal,

31 00

24 00

New-process linseed meal,

32 50

25 00

( rluten meals,

35 00

27 00

Cotton-seed meal,.

35 00

27 00

The above figures do not express the relative physiological
effect of the different grains, but show their comparative
values in digestible protein after figuring the digestible
carbohydrates and fat at a definite price. They can be used
as guides in purchasing.

Compilation of Analyses or Fodder Articles and
Dairy Products,

AMHERST, MASS.
1868-1896.

Prepared by C. S. Crocker.

A. Fodder Articles.

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodders.
G. Dairy Products.

82

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

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to

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to

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11

tO

tO

at

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tO

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n

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to

<o

CO

o

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CO

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at

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to

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tO

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o

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93

o

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o

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o

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ea

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05

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00

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at

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CO

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a

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94

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles.

[Figures equal percentages or pounds in 100.]

NAME.

6

T3

9

a

0

>.

u

m

<

*

fe

o

Pi

.C<J

/. Green Fodders.
Fodder com, ....
Fodder-corn ensilage, .
Corn and soja-bean ensilage,
Millet and soja-bean ensilage, .
Millet ensilage, ....

Sorghum,

Mochi millet, ....
Millet {I'anicum crus-galli),

Green oats,

Greeu rye,

Vetch and oats

Horse bean,

Soja bean

Soja bean (early white), .
Boja bean (early green),
Soja bean (medium black),

Soja bean (late)

Kidney vetch

Cow-pea vines

Prickly comfrey,

Scrradella,

Common buckwheat, .

Flat pea {Lathyrui sylvestris) , .

Hungarian grass,

"White lupine

Yellow lupine

Spanish moss, ....

//. liny and Dry Coarse Fodders.

English hay

Bowen,

Timothy hay

Red top CAgrostis vulgaris With.), .

14

78.6

.41

.33

7

80.2

.42

.39

1

71.0

.79

.44

5

75.8

.48

.5

3

73.8

.26

.62

7

82.2

.23

.23

3

62.6

.61

.41

1

75.1

.46

.49

3

83.4

.49

.38

2

72.0

.30

.64

1

86.1

.24

.79

1

74.7

.68

.35

1

73.2

.29

.53

1

66.6

.94

.91

1

69.8

.84

.71

1

76.9

.80

.57

1

79.7

.60

.68

1

80.9

.56-

.35

1

78.8

.27

.31

1

86.8

.37

.76

2

82.6

.41

.42

1

84.7

.44

.54

1

78.6

1.05

.45

1

74.3

.39

.54

1

85.4

.44

.25

1

85.1

.40

.44

1

60.8

.28

.26

12

11.9

1.32

1.55

13

18.5

1.63

1.50

3

11.3

1.24

1.46

4

7.7

1.15

1.02

.15

.13
.42
.12
.14
.09
.19
.11
.13
.12
.09
.08
.15
.21
.20
.18
.14
.09
.10
.12
.14
.09
.14
.16
.05
.09
.03

.30
.44
.34
.36

* The valuation is based on the following prices per pound of essential fertilizing in-
gredients : nitrogen, 12 cents; potassium oxide, 6 cents; phosphoric acid, 5 cents.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

95

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Continued.

NAME.

9

-3

•a

r, °

r. »

O

a

g°

So

o

a

SI

n.
o

fc

Ph

a o_

//. Hay and Dry Coarse Fodders — Con
Kentucky blue-grass (Poa pratensis L.),

Orchard grass,

Meadow fescue,

Perennial rye-grass,

Italian rye-grass,

Salt hay

Japanese millet (white head), .

Common buckwheat,

Silver-hull buckwheat, .

Japanese buckwheat

Fodder corn,

Corn stover

Teosinte,

Summer rape

Millet hay

Mammoth red clover,

Medium red clover,

Alsike clover

Lucerne (alfalfa)

Bokhara clover

Blue melilot,

Sainfoin

Sulla

Lotus villosus,

Soja bean,

Cow pea

Small pea

Flat pea (Lathyrux sylvestris), .

Serradella

Scotch tares,

Spring vetch

Vetch and oats

Soja-bean straw,

Millet straw,

8.9
9.1
8.7
5.4

10.5
8.5
8.9
5.7
7.9
9.3
6.1

11.1
9.8

11.4
7.9
9.9
6.3
7.4
8.2

12.2
9.4

11.5
6.3
9.0
5.8
8.9
7.4

15.8
8.2
9.9

13.0

13.5

1.32

1.69

.43

1.31

1.89

.41

.99

2.10

.40

1.23

1.55

.56

1.19

1.27

.56

1.18

.72

.25

1.11

1.22

.40

2.62

3.21

.53

1.78

2.38

.86

1.63

3.32

.85

1.76

.89

.54

1.04

1.38

.29

1.46

3.70

.55

2.05

4.67

.57

1.28

1.69

.49

2.23

1.22

.55

2.18

2.29

.45

2.34

2.23

.67

2.08

1.46

.53

1.98

1.83

.56

1.92

2.80

.54

2.63

2.02

.76

2.46

2.09

.45

2.10

1.81

.59

2.32

1.08

.67

1.64

.91

.53

2.50

1.99

.59

3.51

2.34

.82

2.70

.65

.78

2.96

3.00

.82

2.20

2.76

.74

1.30

1.35

.56

.71

1.06

.26

.69

1.76

.18

$5 29
5 44

4 87

5 06
4 69

3 80

4 28
10 02

7 51

5 08
5 65

4 17
7 75

10 16

5 25
7 12

7 97

8 52

6 98

7 14

7 95

9 09

8 36
7 44

7 32
5 38

8 58

11 58

7 91
10 92

8 78
5 03
3 02
3 58

* See note on page 94.

96

1 1 A T< II EX PKKLMENT STATION.

[Jan.

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Continued.

NAME.

§5

%<

£> o\

II. liny and Dry Coarse Fodders — Con

White daisy

Dry carrot tops,

Barley straw,

III. Roots, Bulbs, Tubers, etc.

Beets, red

Beets, sugar,

Beets, yellow fodder

Mangolds,

Ruta-bagas,

Turnips

Carrots,

Parsnips

Potatoes,

Artichokes

Japanese radish (merinia),

Japanese radish (niyas hige), .

IV. drains, Seeds, Fruits, etc.

Corn kernels

Corn and cob meal

Oat kernels

Soja beans,

Red adzinki beans,

White adzinki beans

Saddle beans,

Japanese millet

Common millet,

Chestnuts

Cranberries

Apples,

V. Flour and Meal.

Corn meal

Hominy feed

Ground barley,

Wheat flour

9.7
9.8
10.0

87.8
87.0
90.6
87.6
89.1
89.7
89.0
80.3
80.1
77.5
93.3
92.6

10.9
9.0
9.0
18.3
14.8
16.9
12.3
13.7
12.7
44.9
89.4
79.9

14.1
8.9
13.4
12.1

.28
3.13
1.13

.23

.22
.19
.15
.19

.17
.16
.22
.29

.46
.08

1.82
1.41
2.10
5.30
3.24
3.33
2.12
1.73
2.04
1.18

1.92
1.63
1.55
2.02

1.25
4.88
2.41

.44

.48
.46
.34
.49
.38
.46
.62
.51
.48
.28
.34

.40
.47

1.99

1.54

1.48

2.13

.38

.36

.63

.10

.19

.34
.49
.34
.36

.09
.10
.09
.14
.12
.12
.09
.19
.08
.17
.0»
.05

.70

.57

.97
1.52

.66
.35

$2 36

13 00

5 34

1 08

1 12

1 01

84

1 07

81

93

1 34

1 29

1 74

52

58

5 46

4 42

16 58

10 26

10 44

8 74

5 22

6 11
3 85

32

5 66
5 38

4 72

5 56

* See note on page 94.

1896.]

PUBLIC1. DOCUMENT— No. 33.

97

B. Fertilizing Ingredients in Fodder Articles — Concluded.

NAME.

a

eg

a

M

o

£

s
1°

5
o

P-.

o

Pi

O
A

Ph

8.9

3.08

.99

.82

10.8

5.89

2.23

1.57

8.0

7.84

1.54

1.27

8.0

5.39

1.21

1.78

7.9

5.83

1.25

1.69

8.2

6.70

1.83

2.47

9.9

2.36

1.40

2.10

10.2

2.75

.75

1.25

12.5

1.84

.81

1.26

9.6

1.95

.98

1.56

8.5

5.09

.05

.42

8.2

3.72

.06

.34

9.6

5.75

.06

.43

7.8

5.69

.08

.69

11.2

5.30

.16

.23

8.6

2.68

.85

1.05

10.1

2.97

.57

1.00

13.1

2.26

.51

.S3

10.3

1.43

.84

1.71

6.7

3.37

.09

.61

7.1

2.30

.63

1.34

10.4

.87

1.86

.46

10.6

.75

1.08

.18

10.0

1.46

.79

.23

13.0

.80

.48

.13

8.0

11.21

.30

.73

80.5

.23

.13

.02

12.1

.50

.60

.06

11.5

.54

1.38

.16

11.9

.49

.52

.07

91.1

.51

.05

.04

90.3

.69

-

-

93.7

.10

.07

.17

a

° 2

3 Oh
03 o
3 O

■3 O

V- Flour and Meal — Con.

Pea meal

Soja-bean meal,

Peanut meal,

VI- By-products and Refuse.
Linseed meal (old process), . .
Linseed meal (new process),
Cotton-seed meal, . . . .

Wheat bran,

Wheat middlings, .

Rye middlings,

Rye feed,

Gluten meal,

Gluten feed (Buffalo),

Gluten meal (Chicago),

Gluten meal (King), .

Dry distillery feed (Atlas),

Dry brewers* grain, . , . .

Proteina

Damaged wheat

Louisiana rice bran

Glucose refuse,

Cocoa dust,

Broom-corn waste (stalks),

Cotton hulls,

Peanut feed,

Peanut husks,

Meat meal,

Apple pomace

Corn cobs

Palmetto roots,

Buckwheat hulls, .

YII. Dairy Products.

Buttermilk,

Skim-milk,

Whey

1
1
1

4
5
24
10
2
1
1
5
5
2
1
1
2

1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
2
8
1
1

1

22
1

$9 20
17 94
21 63

15 93

16 93
20 38

9 16

8 60

6 47

7 22

12 69

9 31
14 29
14 43

13 50

8 33
8 70

6 76
5 98
8 09

7 49
4 41

3 06

4 52
2 53

27 93
70

1 86

2 83
1 77

* See note on page 94.

98

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. '96.

8*

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a

Tables of the Digestibility of American Feed Stuffs.
Experiments made m the United States.

Compiled by J. B. LINDSEY.

I. Experiments with Ruminants.

II. Experiments with Swine.

Dec. 31, 1895.

100

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION

[Jan.

or?

(=4

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P

H

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110 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

LITERATURE.

The following publications have been consulted in com-
piling the tables of the digestibility of American feed
stuffs : —

Report of Storrs School (Connecticut) Experiment Station,
1894.

Reports of the Maine State Experiment Station for 1886, 1887,

1888, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1893, 1894.

Reports of the New York Experiment Station, 1884, 1888, 1889.
Reports of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station, 1887, 1888,

1889, 1890, 1891, 1892, 1893.

Bulletins Nos. 80 c, 81, 87 d, 97 and 118 of the North Carolina
Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 16, Utah Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 3 of the Wisconsin Experiment Station for 1884,
and Sixth Annual Report, 1889.

Bulletin No. 8 of the Colorado Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 26 and 36 of the Minnesota Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 6 of the Oregon Experiment Station.

Bulletins Nos. 13, 15 and 19 of the Texas Experiment Station.

Bulletin No. 20 of the Maryland Experiment Station.

Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Reports (1893 and 1894) of the
Massachusetts State Experiment Station.

Report of Hatch Experiment Station, 1895.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. Ill

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

DEPARTMENT OF FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZER
MATERIALS.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

Part I. On Field Experiments.

1. Experiments to study the effect of raising leguminous crops
• in rotation with grain crops on the nitrogen sources of the

soil.

2. Observations with mixed forage crops as fodder supply.

3. Experiments to study the economy of using natural phos-

phates in place of acid phosphates (superphosphates).

4. Experiments to ascertain the influence of different mixtures

of chemical fertilizers on the character and yield of garden
crops.

5. Experiments to study the effect of phosphatic slag and nitrate

of soda as compared with ground bones on field crops.

6. Experiments to study the effect of rotation of manures on per-

manent grass lands.

Part II. On the Work in the Chemical
Laboratory.

1. Report on inspection of commercial fertilizers.

2. Report on general work in the laboratory.

3. Compilation of analyses of manurial substances.

4. Compilation of analyses of fruits, garden crops and insecti-

cides.

112 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Part I.
REPORT ON FIELD EXPERIMENTS.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

1. Field Experiments carried on for the Purpose of
studying the effect of a liberal introduction
of Clover-like Plants — Leguminous Crops —
into Farm Practice, as a Means of increasing
the Resources of Available Nitrogen Plant
Food in the Soil under Cultivation. {Field A.)

The observation of the fact that the different varieties of
clover and of clover-like plants in general, as peas, beans,
vetches, lupines, etc., are in an exceptional degree qualified,
under favorable conditions, to convert, by the aid of certain
micro-organisms of the soil, the elementary nitrogen of the
air into plant food, imparts to that class of farm crops a
special interest from an economical standpoint. This cir-
cumstance is in a controlling degree due to the two follow-
ing causes : —

First. — The nitrogen-containing soil constituents of plant
food are as a rule in a high degree liable to suffer serious
changes in regard to their character and fitness as well as in
reference to their quantity.

Second. — Available nitrogen-furnishing manurial sub-
stances are the most costly articles of plant food in our
markets.

Field experiments which propose to show by their results
to what extent the cultivation of clover-like plants can be
relied on as a practical and economical means for securing
efficiently nitrogen plant food for the crops to be raised have

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 113

deservedly of late engaged the most careful attention of agri-
cultural investigators.

The experiments in part described within a few subsequent
pages were planned in 1883, and have been continued to the
present time upon the same tield, with such modification as
circumstances advised.

The investigations have been divided into three periods : —

(a) Study of the existing soil resources of plant food,
1884 to 1889.

(b) Study of the effect of excluding nitrogen plant food
from outside sources and of adding nitrogen plant food in
various available forms, 1889 to 1892.

(c) Studying the effect of the cultivation of leguminous
crops on the resources of available nitrogen plant food in
the soil under treatment, 1892 to 1896.

The systematic treatment of the field here under considera-
tion, as far as suitable modes of cultivation and of manur-
ing are concerned, was introduced during the season of
1883 to 1884.

The subdivision of the entire area into eleven plats, " one-
tenth of an acre each," of a uniform size and shape, 132
feet long and 33 feet wide, with an unoccupied and un-
manurcd space of 5 feet in width between adjoining plats,
has been retained unaltered since 1884. A detailed state-
ment of the temporary aim and general management of the
experiments, as well as of the results obtained in that con-
nection from year to year, forms a prominent part of my
contemporary printed annual reports, to which I have to
refer for further details, 1884-95. The first four years of
the stated period 1884-89 were principally devoted to an
investigation into the general character and condition of
the soil under cultivation, as far as its natural and inherent
resources of available phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash
were concerned. TJie soil 'proved to be in particular defi-
cient in potash. Different varieties of corn (maize) were
raised in succession to assist in the investigation.

Since 1889 the main object of observation upon the same
field has been to study the influence of an entire exclusion
of any additional nitrogen-containing manurial substance

114

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION,

[Jan.

from the soil under cultivation, as well as of a definite ad-
ditional supply of nitrogen in different forms of combination
on the character and yield of the crop selected for the trial.
Several plats (4, 7, 9) which for five preceding years
(1883 to 1889) had not received any nitrogen compound for
manurial purposes were retained in that state, to study the
effect of an entire exclusion of nitrogen-containing manurial
substances on the crop under cultivation ; while the remain-
ing ones received, as before, a definite amount of nitrogen
in the same form in which they had received it in preceding
years, namely, either as sodium nitrate (1, 2), as ammonium
sulphate (5, G, 8), as organic nitrogenous matter in form
of dried blood (3, 10) or of barn-yard manure (0). A cor-
responding amount of available nitrogen was applied in all
these cases.

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Plat 0,

Plat 1,

Plat 2,

Plat 3,

Plat 4,

Plat 5,

Plat 6,

Plat 7,

Plat 8,

Plat 9,

Plat 10,

800 lbs. of barn-yard manure, 32 lbs. of potash-magnesia sulphate and

18 lbs. of dissolved bone-black.
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of

potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (=8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
29 lbs. sodium nitrate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs.

dissolved bone-black (=8 5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (=5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate of potash

(= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved bone-black

(= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid) .
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-
magnesia sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs.

dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (=4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) , and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (=8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
22.5 lbs. ammonium sulphate (= 4 to 5 lbs. nitrogen), 25 lbs. muriate

of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).
25 lbs. muriate of potash (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide) and 50

lbs. dissolved bone-black (= 8.5 His. available phosphoric acid).
43 lbs. dried blood (= 5 to 6 lbs. nitrogen), 48.5 lbs. potash-masmesia

sulphate (= 12 to 13 lbs. potassium oxide), and 50 lbs. dissolved

bone-black (= 8.5 lbs. available phosphoric acid).

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 115

Amount of Fertilizing Ingredients used Annually per Acre.

f Nitrogen, . . . .45 pounds

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, J. Phosphoric acid,
[ Potassium oxide,

( Nitrogen,
Plats 4, 7, 9, . . . < Phosphoric acid,
[Potassium oxide,

80 pounds.
125 pounds.

none.
80 pounds.
125 pounds.

The mechanical preparation of the soil, the incorporation
of the manurial substances, the seeding, cultivating and har-
vesting, were carried on year after year in a like manner,
and as far as practicable on the same day in case of every
plat during the same year.

Kind of Crojos raised.

Corn (maize), in 1889.

Oats, in 1890.

Rye, in 1891.

Soja bean, in 1892.

The annual yield of the various crops upon the different
plats showed that as a rule those plats (4, 7, 9) which had
not received in any form nitrogen for manurial purposes
yielded much smaller crops than those that annually received
in some form or other an addition of a corresponding amount
of available nitrogen. .

The results of four years of careful observation were ex-
pressed in the following conclusion : —

The experiments carried on upon Field A during the years
1889, '90, '91 and '92 show conclusive!)/ the importance of
a liberal supply to the soil of an available form of nitrogen
to secure a successful and remunerative cultivation of faun
crops under otherwise corresponding favorable conditions.
For even a leguminous crop, the soja bean, ivJien for the first
time raised upon Field A, did not furnish an exception to our
observation (1892). (For details, see report for 1892.)

Subsequent to the year 1892, when for the first time in the
more recent history of the field under discussion a legumi-
nous crop, a late-maturing variety of soja bean, had been

Hi;

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

raised upon it, our attention had been directed chiefly to
the question, To what extent does the cultivation of soja
bean, a clover-like plant, benefit the resources of available
nitrogen plant food of the soil after the removal of the crop
at the close of the season (for ensilage) ?

It seemed of interest in our case to ascertain whether the
raising of the soja bean upon Field A had increased the
amount of available nitrogen stored up in the soil to such
an extent as to affect the yield of succeeding crops upon
those plats (4, 7, 9) which, as a rule, did not receive at any
time for eight successive years an addition of available ni-
trogen from any other manurial source but the atmospheric
air and -the roots left in the soil after harvesting the crops
raised.

A grain crop (oats) was selected as the crop suitable to
serve for that purpose. The general management of the
experiment, as far as the preparation of the soil, manuring
and seeding-down are concerned, was the same as in pre-
ceding years (see tenth annual report) .

An examination of the yield of the crop in 1893, secured
upon the different plats, showed that the total crop per acre
on those plats to which no nitrogen was applied (4, 7, 9)
averaged 800 pounds less than in case of the plats which
received their regular supply of nitrogen in some form or
other.

Ratio of Grain to Straiv*(1893).

Plat 0,

. 1:3

Plat 6, .

. 1:4.9

Plat 1,

. 1:4.1

Plat 7, .

. 1:3.6

Plat 2,

. 1:3.1

Plat 8, .

. 1:3.4

riat :;,

. 1:3.2

Plat 9, .

. 1:3.4

l'lat 1,

. 1:2.7

Plat 10, .

. 1:3.9

Plat 5,

. 1:7

The best results in relation of total yield to yield of grain
were obtained in case of those plats receiving organic nitro-
gen (dried blood and barn-yard manure) or nitrogen in the
form of nitrate of soda; while in the case of sulphate of
ammonia the ratio of grain to straw was too wide to be
satisfactory.

The total yield of crops on the plats receiving no nitro-

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 117

gen addition, as compared with those receiving a nitrogen
supply, was during succeeding years as follows : —

With corn in 1889, one-fifth less.

With oats in 1890, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

With rye in 1891, one-fifth to one-sixth less.

With soja bean in 1892, one-third to one-fourth less.

With oats in 1893, one- seventh to one-eighth less.

From these results it appeared that the introduction of a
leguminous crop into our rotation had somewhat reduced the
difference in yield between the plats receiving no nitrogen
and those receiving it, yet had not entirely obliterated it.
It was decided to continue the observation by repeating the
raising of soja beans in 1894 and oats in 1895.

1894. — To secure, if possible, more decisive results re-
garding the presence and absence of available nitrogen, it
was decided to use twice the amount of phosphoric acid and
potassium oxide, as compared with preceding years.

Amount of Fertilizing Ingredients applied per Acre during 1894.
[ Nitrogen, .... 45 pounds.

. 160 pounds.
. 250 pounds.

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, -j Phosphoric acid,
^ Potassium oxide,

( Nitrogen,
Plats 4, 7, 9, . . .«{ Phosphoric acid,
^Potassium oxide,

none.
160 pounds.
250 pounds.

An early-maturing variety of soja bean was selected for
the experiments. The fertilizer mixtures were applied as
in previous years, broadcast, in the middle of April.

After proper preparation of the soil the soja beans were
planted on May 12 in drills two and one-half feet apart, 6
pounds of seed being used per plat, or (50 pounds per acre.
The plants appeared above ground May 21 ; June 5 the
field was cultivated and hoed, and also on the 16th, 25th
and July 12.

The plants began to bloom July 25. Owing to the pro-
tracted drought of July and August, the crop did not get
that fulness of growth which might have been obtained under
more favorable conditions. The crop was cut August 28.

lis

HATCH KXPEEIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Yield of Soja Bean when cut on Different Plats (1894).
[Pounds.]

Per Plat.

Plat 0,

Hat 1,

Plat 2,

Plat 3,

Plat 4,

Plat f>,

Plat 6,

Plat 7,

Plat 8,

Plat 9,
Plat 10,

600
625
700
525
405
645
615
480
680
470
570

Dry matter,
Moisture, .

Per Cent.

34
66

Conclusions.

1. A comparison of the above-stated yield of the different
plats shows that those plats (4, 7, 9) which received no nitro-
gen addition from an outside source yielded on an average

1 .12 pounds each, while those plats which received an addi-
tion <>f available nitrogen plant food, 45 pounds of nitrogen
per acre, yielded on an average 620 pounds each, — a differ-
ence of one-third in favor of the latter.

2. An increase to twice the amount of phosphoric acid and
potassium oxide, as compared with earlier years (see report
for 1892), had not changed the relative yield of the crop, as
not lent //, case of tlir late so/a bean in 1892*

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 119

1895. — Oats were again selected to succeed the soja bean
of the preceding season, for the purpose of admitting a direct
comparison of the results of 1894 and 1895 with those ob-
tained under corresponding circumstances during the years
1892 and 1893, when the same crops followed each other in
the same order.

The field was ploughed April 29 ; the fertilizers were
applied April 30, in the same manner and in the same quan-
tity to each plat as in the preceding year (1894), specified
upon a previous page, namely, per acre : —

/'Nitrogen, None.

Plats 4, 7, 9, . . .< Phosphoric acid, . . . 160 pounds.
C Potassium oxide, . . . 250 pounds.

/-Nitrogen, 45 pounds.

Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, ) Phosphoric acid, . . .160 pounds.
C Potassium oxide, . . . 250 pounds.

The oats were sown in drills two feet apart, at the rate of
7 pounds per plat, or 70 pounds per acre, on May 7. The
young plants showed above ground on all plats alike May 11.

To secure clean culture the cultivator was used twice, May
29 and June 12. The crop did not mature at the same time
upon all plats, and was for that reason cut at different dates.
It was cut when matured, on August 2 upon plats 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 7, 9, 10, on August 8 upon plats 5 and 8 and on
August 17 upon Plat 6. From this data it will be noticed
that in all cases where sulphate of ammonia was used as the
nitrogen supply for the raising of oats the maturing of the
crop was from one to two weeks later than on all other plats,
where either nitrate of soda or organic nitrogen compounds,
as blood, barn-yard manure or no nitrogen-containing manu-
rial matter, was applied. Similar results have been noticed
in previous years, when summer grain crops have been
raised in connection with the experiment under discussion.

L20

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Yield of Field A, Oats (1895)

[Pounds.]

PLATS.

Oats.

Straw.

Total Weight.

Plat 0,

134

254

388

Plat 1,

160

330

490

Plat 2,

150

330

480

Plat 3,

149

331

480

Plat 4,

110

233

343

Plat 5,

190

360

550

Plat G,

155

405

560

Plat 7,

136

292

428

Plat 8,

92

458

550

Plat 9,

123

217

340

Plat 10,

169

381

550

Moisture, oats,
.Moisture, straw,

Per Cent.

14.60
15.90

Summary of Yield of Oats (1893, 1895).

[Pounds.]

1893.

1893.

PLATS.

Weight
of (Ira in.

Weight of

Straw and

Chaff.

Total

Weight.

Weight
of Grain.

Weight of

Straw and

Chaff.

Total

Weight.

Plat 0,
l'lat 1,
Plat 2,
l'lat :\,
Plat 4,
l'lat 5,
l'lat 6,
Plat 7,
Plat 8,
l'lat !t,
l'lat 10,

131
135
146
166
160

79
102
119

95
110
125

399
555
454
534
430
551
498
431
325
370
485

530
690
600
700
590
630
600
550
420
480
610

134
160
150
149
110
190
155
136
92
123
169

254

330
330
331
233
360
405
292
458
217
381

388
490
480
480
343
550
560
468
550
340
550

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

121

Ratio of Grain to Straw (1893, 1895).

PLATS.

1893.

1895.

Plat 0, .

1:3

1:1.9

Plat 1, .

1

4.1

1:2.06

Plat 2, .

1

3.1

1:2.2

Plat 3, .

1

3.2 •

1:2.2

Plat 4, .

1

2.7

1:2.1

Plat 5, .

1

7

1:1.9

Plat 6, .

1

4.9

1:2.6

Plat 7, .

1

3.6

1:2.14

Plat 8, .

1

3.4

1:4.97

Plat 9, .

1

3.4

1: 1.76

Plat 10, .

1

3.9

1:2.25

Average Yield of Oats on Plats receiving no Nitrogen and on
Plats receiving Nitrogen (1893, 1895).

[Pounds.]

PLATS.

1893.

1895.

Plats 4, 7 and 9 (ho nitrogen), ....
Plats 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8 and 10 (receiving nitrogen) ,

540.0
597.5

370.3
506.0

Conclusions.

The conditions of the different plats are apparently materi-
ally the same to-day as they were two years ago. The rais-
ing of soja beans has not changed the results for the better.
It remains to be seen whether the ploughing under of a
leguminous crop, serving as green manure, will affect the
results.

122 HATCH EXPEEIMENT STATION. [Jan.

2. Observations with the Cultivation or Mixed
Forage Crops. {Field B.)

The importance of a more liberal supply of nutritious for-
age crops for an economical support of dairy stock is quite
generally recognized by all parties interested. To assist in
the solution of that question induced the writer to devote for
a scries of years special attention to the raising of fodder
crops of a high nutritive character and of a liberal yield.
Mixed forage crops, consisting of early maturing annual
leguminous crops, clover-like plants and of either oats or
barley, suggested themselves for a trial ; for they attain a
high feeding value at a comparatively early period of the sea-
son,— towards the end of June when in bloom; they can
serve with benefit in form of green fodder, hay or ensilage,
as circumstances advise, and they yield under lair conditions
large quantities. Experiments with peas, Scotch tares and
vetches have been already described in previous reports.
The results obtained induced the writer to prefer summer
vetch (yicia sativa) to both peas and tares, in case of mixed
crops. The fields used for the observation -were located in
different parts of the farm ; they were as a rule in a fair
state of cultivation, as far as the mechanical condition of the
soil as well as its store of plant food was concerned. The
soil consisted in the majority of cases of a somewhat grav-
elly loam.

Vetch and Oats.
1893. — Half an acre of a field which had served during
the preceding year for the production of root crops, carrots
and sugar beets was fertilized April 26 with 300 pounds of
fine-ground bone and 100 pounds of muriate of potash. The
fertilizer was a pplied broadcast and subsequently ploughed in
May 8 ; the Held was sown with oats and summer vetch, using
2 bushels of oats and 25 pounds of vetch. The seeds were
sou n each by itself, on account of the great difference in size
and general character. The crop made an even and rapid
growth. The oats headed out at the time when the vetch
began to bloom. At this stage of growth the feeding as
green fodder began, July 6. It was continued until the oats

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 123

turned yellowish, July 18. The remainder of the crop was
then cut for hay. The total yield of the crop, counted as
green fodder, with 20 per cent, of dry vegetable matter,
amounted to 21,000 pounds per acre. Buckwheat was sub-
sequently raised upon the same field as fall crop.

1894. — The field in this case was 700 feet long and 75
feet wide, equal to one and one-fifth acres (corn was raised
upon it in 1893). It was ploughed Oct. 25, 1893, and ma-
nured with barn-yard manure at the rate of ten tons per acre ;
and was ploughed again April 18, 1894, and harrowed and
subsequently seeded with oats and vetch, as described in the
preceding experiment, using 4 bushels of oats and 45 pounds
of vetch per acre. The seeds were, however, sown at two
different times, to extend the period of the fitness of the crop
for green fodder. The seed sown on the northern portion
April 20 came up April 28. The southern portion of the
field was seeded May 11, the plants appearing above ground
May 19. The crop made a very satisfactory growth, and on
June 23 the feeding of the green material from the northern
portion began (the vetch being in bloom and the oats head-
ing out), continuing until July 2, when the remainder was cut
for hay. July 6 the cutting from the southern portion began,
continuing until the 18th, when that remaining was cut for
hay. Following is given a statement of the yield from the
field : —

Pounds.

Green material fed (19.12 per cent of dry matter) , . 6,875
Hay of vetch and oats (73.66 per cent, of dry matter), 4,980

July 21 the field was ploughed and prepared for raising
upon it, as a fall crop, Hungarian grass.

During the same year (1894) other observations of a simi-
lar character as previously described were carried on in other
parts of the farm.

It was decided to compare the effect of muriate of potash
and sulphate of potash on mixed crops, consisting of oats
and vetch and of barley and vetch. The field used for this
observation consisted of a light loam. It had been used
during the preceding season for the cultivation of different
varieties of potatoes, and had received as manure on that
occasion, per acre, in one case, 400 pounds of high-grade

124 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

sulphate of potash (95 per cent.), with 600 pounds of fine-
ground bone ; in the other, 400 pounds of muriate of potash
(80-82 per cent.), with 600 pounds of fine-ground bone.
The same amount and kind of manure were applied for rais-
ing vetch and oats and vetch and barley. The field occupied
1>Y these crops was ploughed, manured, harrowed and seeded
down, as far as practicable, at the same time. The seed was
sown in all cases April 20. Four bushels of oats with 45
pounds of vetch were sown, as on previous occasions, while
3 bushels of barley were used, with 45 pounds of vetch, in
case of barley and vetch. Both crops came up May 4, and
were of a uniformly healthy condition during their subse-
quent growth. The barley began to head out June 20 ; the
vetch was at that time beginning to bloom. The crop was
cut for hay June 23.

Yield of Barley and Vetch per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, . . 5,737 pounds of hay.

In case of sulphate of potash and bone, . . 5,077 pounds of hay.

The oats headed out June 25 ; the vetch was fairly in
bloom. The crop was cut for hay July 2.

Yield of Oats and Vetch per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, . . 8,051 pounds of hay.

In case of sulphate of potash and bone, . . 7,088 pounds of hay.

1895. — During that year the observations of the pre-
ceding year were repeated and in some directions enlarged
upon. Aside from mixed forage crops of vetch and oats
and vetch and barley, there were raised crops consisting of
oats, vetch and horse bean and of oats and lentils. The
field used for these experiments had been used during the
preceding season either for the cultivation of potatoes or
of vetch and oats. In both cases it had been manured, per
acre, with either 400 pounds of muriate of potash and 600
pounds of fine-ground bone, or with 400 pounds of sulphate
of potash and 000 pounds of fine-ground bone. The same
kind and the same quantity of manure were applied in 1895.
The field was ploughed April 25; the manure harrowed in

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 125

May 3 ; the seed was sown broadcast May 9. All parts of
the field were treated alike, and as far as practicable on the
same day. The plats occupied by the crops were in all
cases 33 feet wide, with 4 feet unoccupied space between
them, and from 191 to 241 feet long. The yield of areas
175 feet long and 33 feet wide, running along by the side
of each other, served as our basis for comparing results
(5,775 square feet).

The seed was sown May 9, at the rate of 4 bushels of oats
and 45 pounds of vetch per acre. The oats came up May
16, and the vetch May 21 ; the former headed out July 6,
and the vetch began blooming at that time. The crop was
cut for hay July 16.

Yield of Vetch and Oats per Acre.
In case of muriate of potash and bone, .... 7,238 pounds.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, .... 6,635 pounds.

Vetch, Horse Bean and Oats.
The seed was sown May 9, at the rate of 40 pounds of
vetch, 120 pounds of horse bean (medium sized) and 3
bushels of oats. The oats came up May 16, the vetch on
May 21 and the horse bean May 23. The crop appeared
healthy and vigorous at every stage of growth. It was cut
for hay July 22, when the oats were fairly headed and the
remainder in bloom.

Yield of Vetch, Horse Bean and Oats per Acre.

In case of muriate of potash and bone, .... 7,398 pounds.
In case of sulphate of potash and bone, .... 5,881 pounds.

Lentils and Oats.
The seed was sown May 9, at the rate of 60 pounds of
lentils and 4 bushels of oats per acre. The oats came up
May 16, and the lentils on May 21 ; the former headed out
July 6, when the latter were fairly in bloom. The crop was
cut for hay July 16. The experiment was confined to a trial
with sulphate of potash and bone as manure on account of
want of a suitable field.

Yield of lentils and oats per acre, . . . 5,881 pounds of hay.

126

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Composition of Mixed Forage Crops raised, 1893 to 1896.

Green crop when cut contains : —

Moisture, 76 to 80 per cent.

Dry matter, 20 to 24 per cent.

Analyses of Vetch and Barley (Equal Number of Plants of Each),

[Per Cent.]

Muriate of
Potash.

Sulphate of
Potash.

Moisture at 100° C.,
Dry matter, .

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash, ....

" fibre, ....

" fat, ....

" protein,
N i t n >gen-free extract matter,

78.23
21.77

100.00

4.64
32.25

2.12
14.44
46.55

100.00

77.70
22.30

100.00

7.80
32.58

2.56
13.36
43.70

100.00

Analyses of Vetch and Oats (Equal Number of Plants of Each).

[Per Cent.]

Muriate of
Potash.

Sulphate of
Potash.

Moisture at 100° C, .
Dry matter, .

Analysis of Dry Matter.
Crude ash, ....

" fibre, ....

" fat

" protein,
Nitrogen-free extract matter,

76.24
23.76

100.00

9.59
29.83

3.13
18.88
38.57

100.00

75.29
24.71

100.00

8.69
31.28

2.63
15.16
42.24

100.00

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33. 127

Analysis of Vetch, Oats and Horse Bean {Muriate of Potash).

[Three plants each of vetch and of oats and one of horse bean.]

Per Cent

Moisture at 100° C, 82.13

Dry matter, 17.87

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, 10.36

" cellulose, 30.07

11 fat, 2.70

" protein 18.93

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 37.94

100.00
Analysis of Lentils and Oats.

Ter Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 78.50

Dry matter, 21.50

100.00
Analysis of Dry Matter.

Crude ash, 5.40

" cellulose, 34.90

"fat . 2.40

" protein, 14.90

Nitrogen-free extract matter, 42.40

100.00
Conclusions.

From the above analyses it appears that vetch and oats
lead vetch and barley, on account of the larger and more
foliaceous character of the oats as compared with the barley.
Vetch, oats and horse bean lead in nitrogenous matter, and
no doubt will exceed in regard to the nutritious character
of the crop as soon as the amount of horse bean has been
doubled, as indicated above. Every one of these crops
compares well with clover hay, as far as its nutritive value
is concerned. The large yield of these crops per acre, their
high nutritive value and special adaptation for green fodder,
hay or ensilage, merit serious attention for the support of
farm and dairy stock. The early date of maturity presents
exceptionally good chances of raising a second crop for fall
supply of fodder, or for a timely preparation of the soil for
winter crops. Feeding experiments carried on for several
years at the station with these crops have fully established
their high nutritive character for dairy stock, as well as
other farm live stock ordinarily depending on the product
of the meadow and pasture.

128 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

3. Field Experiments with Different Commercial
Phosphates, to study the Economy of using the
Cheaper Natural Phosphates or the More
Costly Acidulated Phosphates. {Field F.)

The field selected for this purpose is 300 feet long and 137
feet wide, running on a level from east to west. Previous
to L887 it was used as a meadow, which was well worn out
at that time, yielding but a scanty crop of English hay.
During the autumn of 1887 the sod was turned under and
left in that state over winter. It was decided to prepare the
field for special experiments with phosphoric acid by a
systematic exhaustion of its inherent resources of plant food.
For this reason no manurial matter of any description was
applied during the years 1887, 1888 and 1889.

The soil, a fair, sandy loam, was carefully prepared every
year by ploughing during the fall and in the spring, to
improve its mechanical condition to the full extent of exist-
ing circumstances. During the same period a crop was
raised every year. These crops were selected, as far as
practicable, with a view to exhaust the supply of phosphoric
acid in particular. Corn, Hungarian grass and leguminous
crops (cow-pea, vetch and serradella) followed each other in
the order stated.

1890. — The field was subdivided into five plats, running
from east to west, each 21 feet wide, with a space of 8 feet
between adjoining plats. The manurial material applied to
each of these five plats contained, in every instance, the
same form and the same quantity of potassium oxide and of
nitrogen, while the phosphoric acid was furnished in each
case in the form of a different commercial phosphoric-acid-
containing article, namely, phosphatic slag, Mona guano,
Florida phosphate, South Carolina phosphate (floats) and
dissolved bone-black. The market cost of each of these
articles controlled the quantity applied, for each plat received
the same money value in its particular kind of phosphate.
The phosphatic slag, Mona guano, South Carolina phosphate
and Florida phosphate were applied at the rate of 850 pounds
per acre, dissolved bone-black at the rate of 500 pounds per
acre. Nitrate of soda was applied at the rate of 250 pounds

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

129

per acre and potash-magnesia sulphate at the rate of 390
pounds per acre.

Cost per Ton.

Phosphatic slag, $15 00

Mona guano (West Indies), 15 00

Florida rock phosphate, . 15 00

South Carolina phosphate (floats), 15 00

Dissolved bone-black, 25 00

Analyses of Phosphates used.

[I., phosphatic slag; II., Mona guano ; III., Florida phosphate; IV., South Carolina
phosphate ; V., dissolved bone-black.]

Per Cent.

I.

n.

in.

IV.

v.

Moisture,

0.17

12.52

2.53

0.39

15.96

Ash,

_

75.99

89.52

-

61.46

Calcium oxide,

46.47

37.49

17.89

46.76

—

Magnesium oxide, .

5.05

-

_

-

-

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

14.35

-

14.25

5.78

_

Total phosphoric acid, .

19.04

21.88

21.72

27.57

15.82

Soluble phosphoric acid, .

-

-

-

-

12.65

Reverted phosphoric acid,

-

7.55

-

4.27

2.52

Insoluble phosphoric acid,

_

14.33

_

23.30

0.65

Insoluble matter,

4.39

2.45

30.50

9.04

6.26

The following fertilizer mixtures have been applied annu-
ally, from 1890 to 1894, to all the plats, with the exception
of Plat 3, which received in 1890 ground apatite and in
1891 no phosphate whatever, on account of the failure of
securing in time apatite suitable for the trial.

Plats.

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Pounds.

Plat 1 (south, 6,494 square feet), )
Plat 2 (6,565 square feet), . )
Plat 3 (6,636 square feet), . )
Plat 4 (6,707 square feet), . )
Plat 5 (6,778 square feet), . )

Ground phosphatic slag,
Nitrate of soda, .
Potash-magnesia sulphate, .
Ground Mona guano, .
Nitrate of soda,
Potash-magnesia sulphate, .
Ground Florida phosphate, .
Nitrate of soda,
Potash-magnesia sulphate, .
South Carolina phosphate, .
Nitrate of soda,
l'otash-magnesia sulphate, .
Dissolved bone-black, .
Nitrate of soda, . . ,
Potash-magnesia sulphate, .

127

43

58
128

43J

59
129

44

59
131

44J

60

78

45

61

130

HATCH EXPER I ME X T STATION,

[Jan.

The field was ploughed as a rule during the month of
October, and again at the close of the month of April. The
fertilizer was in each case applied broadcast soon after plough-
ing in the spring. The seed was sown in hills or drills, as
circumstances advised, and the crop kept clean from weeds
by the use of the hoe or the cultivator. The following crops
were raised : —

1890, potatoes (see eighth annual report).

1891, winter wheat (see ninth annual report).

1892, serradella (see tenth annual report).

1893, Dent corn, Pride of the North (see eleventh annual report).

Summary of Yield of Crops

(Pounds).

PLATS.

1890.

Potatoes.

1891.

Wheat.

1892.

Serradella.

1893.

Corn.

Plat 1, phosphatic Blag,

I'lat J, Mona guano

I'lut 3, Florida phosphate,

I'lat 4, South Carolina floats, ....
Plat 5, dissolved bone-blaok

1,600
1,415
1,500
1,830
2,120

380
340
215
380
405

4,070
3,410
2,750
3,110
2,920

1,660
1,381
1,347
1,469
1,322

Having for four years (1890-94) in succession pursued the
above-stated system of manuring each plat writh a different
kind of phosphate, yet of corresponding money value, it was
decided to continue the experiments for the purpose of study-
ing the after-effect of the different phosphates on the crops to
be raised. To gain this end the phosphates were hereafter
in all cases entirely excluded from the fertilizers applied ; in
addition to this change, the former amount of potash and
nitrogen was increased one-half in quantity, to favor the
highest effect of the stored-up phosphoric acid of the soil
under treatment.

The fertilizers hereafter to be used had the following coni-
position : —

Tlat 1 (6,494 square feet) \ 64i P°"nds of nitrate of soda.

* ( 87 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

Plat 2 (6,065 square feet) \ 654 pounds of nitrate of soda.

* ( 88 pounds of potash-maguesia sulphate.

Plat 3 (6,636 square feet), .... j £G pounds of nitrate of soda.

( 89 pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

Plat 4 (6,707 square feet), ... '[ 6B3 ptninda Of nitrate of BWffav

' I 30 pomrds of pofash-magnCTia sulphate.

Plat 5 (6,778 square feet) < 67| pbtindS 6f nitrate of sbHa.

I 90£ pounds of potash-magnesia sulphate.

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

131

The results of two seasons (1894 and 1895) are as fol-
lows : —

Barley.

Yield of Crop (1894).

Plats.

Gruin and

Straw
(Pounds).

Grain
(Pounds),

Straw and

Chaff
(Pounds).

Percentage

of Grain.

Percentage
of Straw.

Platl,
Plat 2,
Plat 3.
Plat 4,
Plat 5,

490
405
290
460
290

169
148

144

118

221
251
212
216
272

34.49

34.07
26.89
31.30
30.26

65.51
65.93
73.11
68.70
69.74

Rye.
Yield of Crop (1895),

Grain and

Straw
(Pounds).

Grain

(Pounds).

Straw and

Chaff
(Pounds).

Percentage
of Grain.

Percentage
of Straw.

Platl,
Plat 2,
Plat 3,
Plat 4,
Plat 5,

695
631
383
759
625

195
166
143
189
185

500
465
240
570
440

28.06
26.31
37.34
24.90
29.60

71.94
73.69
62.66
75.10
70.40

Summary of Yield of Crop (1890 to 1S96),

[Pounds.]

Plats.

1890.

1891.

1892.

1893.

1894.

1895.

Potatoes.

Wheat.

Serradella.

Corn.

Barley.

Rye.

Platl

1,600

380

4,070

1,660

490

695

Plat 2, .

1,415

340

3,410

1,381

405

630

Plat 3

1,500

215

2,750

1,347

290

383

Plat 4, .

1,830

380

3,110

1,469

460

759

Plat 5, ....

2,120

405

2,920

1,322

390

625

Conclusions.

From the previous statement of comparative yield we find
that the plat receiving dissolved bone-black leads in yield
during the two first years, while for the third, fourth, fifth
and sixth years the plats receiving insoluble phosphates
are ahead, pbosphatic slag being first, South Carolina floats
second and Mona guano third.

132

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

The following; statement regarding the amount of phos-
phoric acid applied in the case of each plat, and also the
amount removed from them by the crops raised, shows ap-
proximately how much of the former is still stored up in the
soil in each plat.

Phosphoric Acid applied to and removed from Field (Pounds)

1890.

Potatoes.

1891.

Wheat.

1892.

Serradella.

1893.

Corn.

a

3

o

a .

£ -a
H

3 .

O *
Eh

o .

PLATS.

•a

•a
■a
<

•o

>
o
B

a

a

13

<u
■a

'■3
<

■6

o
>
o

a

c5

•6
■a

■a
o
>
o

a

0)

03

o
■a
■a
<

>

o

3
<u
K

o c
■< 3

O K

Tlatl, .

24.18

2.56

24.18

1.23

24.18

8.95

24.18

7.20

96.72

19.94

77.78

Plat 2, .

28.01

2.36

28.01

1.19

28.01

7.50

28.01

6.33

72.04

17.38

54.66

Plat 3, .

109.68

2.40

.69

28.01

6.05

28.01

5.95

165.70

15.09

150.61

Plat 4, .

36.12

2.93

36.12

1.31

36.12

6.84

36.12

6.68

144.48

18.12

126.36

Plat 5, .

12.34

3.39

12.34

1.22

12.34

6.42

12.34

6.05

49.36

17.08

32.28

Phosphoric Acid applied to and removed from Field (Pounds) —

Concluded.

1894.—

Barley.

1895.

— Rye.

a

p

p .

T3

■d

o

a .

1-8

o a

a -a

PLATS.

0)
>

9)

>

«"8

< g

<-3

O

•a a

■a a

•v

a

•a

a

5 §

$ g

o >-

o >-

<

«

<]

M

h

H

E-i

Plat 1, ....

1.92

3.41

96.72

25.27

72.45

Plat 2

V

1.64

ii

3.04

72.04

22.06

49.98

Plat 3, ....

a
o

.76

a
o
S25

2.06

165.70

17.91

147.79

Plat 4, ....

1.72

3.61

144.48

23.45

121.03

Plat 5

1.49

3.11

49.36

21.68

27.68

The amount of phosphoric acid left in the soil at the close
of the season of 1895 is lowest in Plat 5, where dissolved
bone-black, the most costly phosphate used in the experi-
ment, has served as its source. The experiment will be
continued until a final answer is obtained.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 133

4. Field Experiments to ascertain the Influence of
Different Mixtures of Commercial Fertilizers
on the Yield and General Character of Sev-
eral Prominent Garden Crops.
The area devoted to the above-stated experiment is 198
feet long and 183 feet wide ; it is subdivided into six plats
of uniform size (89^ by Q>'2 feet, or about one-eighth of an
acre each). The plats are separated from each other and
from the adjoining cultivated fields by a space of 5 feet of
unmanured and unseeded yet cultivated land. They are
arranged in two parallel rows, running from west to east.
Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are along the north side of the field, begin-
ning with No. 1 at its west end, while plats Nos. 4, 5 and 6
are located along its south side, beginning with Plat 4 on the
west end. The soil is several feet deep, and consists of a
light, somewhat gravelly loam, and was in a fair state of
productiveness when assigned for the experiment here under
consideration. The entire field occupied by the experiment
is nearly on a level. Potatoes and a variety of forage crops
had been raised upon it in preceding years. The manure
applied since 1885 has consisted exclusively of fine-ground
bone and muriate of potash, annually, 600 pounds of the
former and 200 pounds of the latter per acre.

The observation with raising garden crops, by the aid of
different mixtures of commercial manurial substances, here
under special consideration, began upon plats Nos. 4, 5 and
6 during the spring of 1891, and upon plats 1, 2 and 3 dur-
ing that of 1892.

The difference of the fertilizers applied consisted in the
circumstance that different forms of nitrogen and potash were
used for their preparation. All plats received essentially the
same quantity of nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid, and
every one of them received its phosphoric acid in the same
form, namely, dissolved bone-black. Some plats received
their nitrogen supply in the form of organic animal matter,
dried blood ; others in the form of sodium nitrate, Chili salt-
petre ; others in the form of ammonium sulphate. Some
plats received their potash in the form of muriate of potash
(plats 1, 2, 3), and others (plats 4, 5, 6) in the form of the

134

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

highest grade of potassium sulphate (95 per cent.). The
subsequent tabular statement shows the quantities of rnanu-
rial substances applied to the different plats : —

Plats.

Annual Supply of Manurial Substances.

Pounds.

Plat 1,
Plat 2,
Plat 3,
Plat 4,

Plat 5,
Plat 6,

Sulphate of ammonia,
Muriate of potash,
Dissolved bone-black,
Nitrate of soda, .
Muriate of potash,
Dissolved bone-black,
Dried blood,
Muriate of potash,
Dissolved bone-black,
Sulphate of ammonia,
Sulphate of potash, .
Dissolved bone-black,
Nitrate of soda, .
Sulphate of potash,
Dissolved bone-black,
Dried blood, . .

Sulphate of potash, .
Dissolved bone-black,

30

40
47
SO
40
7.'.
30
40
38
30
40
47
30
40
75
30
40

This proportion corresponds per acre to : —

Pounds.

Phosphoric acid (available), 50.4

Nitrogen, 60.0

Potassium oxide, 120.0

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of
twenty prominent garden crops shows the following average
relative proportion of the three above-stated ingredients of
plant food : —

Per Cent.

Nitrogen, 2.2

Potassium oxide, 2.0

Phosphoric acid, . . . . 1.0

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables contain,
on the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential
constituents of plant food : —

Pounds.

Nitrogen, 4.1

Potassium oxide, 3.9

Phosphoric acid, 1.9

The weights and particular stage of growth of the vege-
tables when harvested control, under otherwise corresponding
conditions, the actual consumption of each of these articles
of plant food. Our information regarding these points is
still too fragmentary to enable a more detailed statement

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

135

here beyond relative proportions. It must suffice for the
present to call attention to the fact that a liberal manuring
within reasonable limits pays, as a rule, better than a scanty
one, especially in the case of those crops which reach in a
short period the desired state of maturity. The various
mixtures of fertilizers used by me in the experiments under
discussion provide by actual supply for one-half of the avail-
able nitrogen actually called for to meet the demand as above
pointed out. A liberal cultivation of peas and beans caunot
fail to benefit the nitrogen resources of the soil. The order
o/ arrangement of the different crops within each plat was
the same in all of them for the same year. They occupied,
however, a different position relative to each other in suc-
cessive years, to introduce, as far as practicable, a system
of rotation of crops.

Order of arrangement of crops in plats : —

Celery.

Lettuce.
Spinach.

Beets.

Cabbages.
Tomatoes.

Potatoes.

Spinach.

Celery.
Lettuce.
Red Cabbage.
Beets.

Potatoes.

Beets.

White Cabbage.

Tomatoes.

Potatoes.

Beans.

Tomatoes.
Spinach.
Lettuce.
Onions.

Onions.

Corn.

Beans.

Tomatoes.

136 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

The rosults of the stated three years were summed up as
follows in my annual report for 1894, to which I have to
refer for details. From our observations extending over
three years we arrived at the following conclusions : —

Potash in the form of sulphate has given the most satis-
factory results, as compared with muriate, in the case of
potatoes, tomatoes, lettuce and spinach, and with onions
during the presort season.

Nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda has given us, with-
out regard to the potash source, the most satisfactory returns
in case of spinach, lettuce, potatoes and tomatoes, and onions
during the present season.

1895. — During the last season my observations have
been confined to the cultivation of

Onions (Danvers Yellow).
Sweet Corn (Crosby Early).
Beans (Bush Horticultural).
Tomatoes (Essex Hybrid).

The different plats were ploughed April 20, and the par-
ticular fertilizer applied broadcast April 25. The soil was
subsequently carefully prepared by harrowing, etc., for seed-
ing and planting. The tomato plants were raised under
glass and transplanted into the field when of a suitable size,
May 25. The remaining crops were seeded directly in the
field, — the onions May 1, the corn and the beans May 11.

The former division of the field into six plats, each con-
taining the same crop for trial, — onions, beans, sweet corn
and tomatoes, — was continued ; each plat received the same
mixture of fertilizing ingredients, and in the same proportion,
as in the preceding years : —

Pounds.

Available phosphoric acid, 50

Available nitrogen, ....,„,. 60
Available potassium oxide, 120

As each of the six plats measured 89^- by 62 feet, covering
thus an area of 5,549 square feet, or about 100 square feet
more than one-eighth of one acre, the following amount of
each of the above-stated essential constituents of plant food
was added to each of them : —

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 137

Pounds.

Phosphoric acid, 7£

Potassium oxide, 15

Nitrogen, 6^

The crops were planted across each plat, from north to
south, in rows 02 feet in length ; a corresponding number
of rows of each crop was planted in each plat, and they
were arranged in each case in the same order of succession,
beginning on the west end : —

Onions (Danvers Yellow) , eight rows.
Sweet corn (Crosby Early), four rows.
Beans (Bush Horticultural), nine rows.
Tomatoes (Essex Hybrid), two rows.

Onions.

The onions were sown in rows 14 inches apart May 1 ;
they came up May 12. The young plants looked least satis-
factory upon plats 1 and 4, and most promising upon plats
2 and 5, July 11. The crop was harvested on all plats
October 5. Plats 2 and 5 yielded more than one-half of the
entire marketable crop, while plats 1 and 5 yielded but one-
fifteenth of it.

Yield of Onions (Pounds).

PLATS.

Marketable.

Small.

Scullions.

Total.

Platl, ....

None.

30

100

130

Plat 2, ....

630

165

10

805

PlatS, ....

375

70

80

525

Plat 4, ....

125

180

65

370

Plat 5, ....

455

190

16

661

Plat 6, ....

390

52

90

532

Sveet Corn.

The corn was planted in rows 3 feet 3 inches apart, with
20 inches in the row, averaging 131 hills in each plat, May
11. The young plants came up May 27 quite uniformly on
all plats.

138

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

July 1 1 the crop on Plat 1 looked lighter than on any of
the rest. The canes were reduced to three in each hill before
heading, and the tops removed after the ears were fully
developed, to hasten on maturing of the crop. There is
a marked difference in the results as far as Plat 1 is con-
cerned, — organic nitrogen gives the highest results ; in case
of different forms of potash, Plat 3 and Plat 6.

Yield of Sweet Corn when husked (Pounds).

PLATS.

Ears.

Husks.

Stover with
Topi.

Total Weight.

Plat 1,

98

10

95

203

Plat 2

117

8

115

240

Plat 3,

125

11

137

273

Plat 4,

112

10

125

247

Plat 5,

103

8

112

223

Plat 6,

118

10

130

258

Moisture in ears 34 per cent., in stover 20 per cent., when weighed.

Beans.

The beans were planted in rows 3 feet 3 inches apart May
11. They came up May 29 and blossomed July 6. At
that time the crop looked best on Plat 5. The beans were
harvested on all plats August 13, stacked on poles for dr}r-
ing, and were threshed in October.

Yield of Beans (Pounds).

PLATS.

Beans.

Pods and Vines.

Total Weight.

Plat 1

81

260

341

Plat 2

105

200

305

Plat 3,

83

155

238

Plat 4

115

210

325

135

260

395

Plat 6, .

95

175

270

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

139

Tomatoes ( Essex Hybrid) .

The tomato plants were started under glass and trans-
planted in the Held when from seven to eight inches high,
May 25. They were of a vigorous growth, and were placed
four feet apart each way. Each plat was planted with two
rows, each row containing twenty-one plants. They began
blooming June 5, and looked healthy at that time in all
plats, yet best in Plat 5. The yield of matured tomatoes in
case of plats 4 and 5 exceeded that of plats 3 and 6 by fully
one-third in weight. The total yield of the crop, on account
of more favorable weather of the past season, as compared
with that of 1894, exceeded the latter by more than one-half
of its wTei2fht.

Yield of Tomatoes (Pounds).
[Forty-two plants in each plat.]

Date of Picking.

Plat 1.

Plat 2.

Plat 3.

Plat 4.

Plat 5.

Plat 6.

10

11

12

18

5

19

85

79

125

87

57

134

100

109

101

136

115

116

115

134

90

150

143

86

50

122

77

102

116

110

151

153

133

215

210

124

70

80

40

127

164

43

13S

40

-

63

96

-

93

-

33

90

-

Total.

August 13, .
August 16, .
August 20, .
August 23, .
August 28, .
September 3,
September 11,
September 20,
September 25,

75
567
877
718
577
986
524
S37
244

Yield of Green Tomatoes left October 1 ( Pounds)

Plat 1,
Plat 2,
Plat 3,
Plat 4,
Plat 5,
Plat ti,

Total,

50
52

26
54
48
24

234

140

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Summary of Yield of Garden Crops raised under Corre~
sponding Conditions from 1891 to 1896.

Spinach ( Variety New Zealand) .
[Pounds.]

PLATS.

1892.

1893.

1894.

Total.

Average
per Year.

Plat 1 (two rows, 62 feet long), .

192

167£

101

460

153.3

Plat 2 (two rows, 62 feet long), .

233

182

216

631

210.5

Plat 3 (two rows, C2 feet long), .

202

180£

165

547

182.3

Plat -1 (two rows, 62 feet long), .

230

196

161|

587

195.7

Plat 5 (two rows, 62 feet long), .

232

210

253

695

231.7

Plat 6 (two rows, 62 feet long), .

134

198£

113|

446

148.7

Lettuce ( Variety Hanson) .
[Pounds.]

PLATS.

1892.

1893.

1894.

Total.

Average
per Year.

Plat 1 (one row, 70 plants),
Plat 2 (one row, 70 plants),

41*

36

40£

42

29
52

Ill
130

37.0
43.3

Plat 3 (one row, 70 plants),
Plat 4 (one row, 70 plants),

43
76

46
62

36
50

125

188

41.7

62.7

Plat 5 (one row, 70 plants),

60

70

68

198

66.0

Plat 6 (one row, 70 plants),

36

55

33

124

41.3

Tomatoes (Variety Essex Hybrid).
[Pounds.]

PLATS.

1892.

1893.

1894.

1895.

Total.

Average
per Year.

Plat 1 (two rows, 42 plants),

464

363

352

747

1,926

481.5

Rat 2 (two rows, 42 plants),

572

874i

559

821

2,826

706.5

Plat 3 (two rows, 42 plants),

466

807

458

578

2,309

577.3

Plat 4 (two rows, 42 plants),

515

818

604

931

2,868

717.0

l'lal .. (two rows, 42 plants),

593

9781

594

996

3,161 j 790.2

Plat 6 (two rows, 42 plants),

332

515

571

632

2,050 502.5

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33.

141

Beans (Bush Horticultural),

[Pounds.]

PLATS.

1894.

1895.

Total.

Average
per Year.

Plat 1 (six rows), ....

45

54.0

99.0

49.5

Plat 2 (six rows), ....

32

70.0

102.0

50.1

Plat 3 (six rows), ....

41

55.5

96.5

48.2

Plat 4 (six rows), ....

20

67.7

87.7

43.8

Plat 5 (six rows), ....

37

90.0

127.0

63.5

Plat 6 (six rows) , .

49

63.3

112.3

56.1

Onions (Danvers Yellow Globe) .

[Pounds.]

FLATS.

1894.

1895.

Total.

per Year.

Plat 1 (four rows),

156

65.0

221.0

110.5

Plat 2 (four rows),

249

402.5

651.5

325.7

Plat 3 (four rows),

251

262.5

513.5

256.7

Plat 4 (four rows),

256

185.0

441.0

220.5

Plat 5 (four rows),

266

330.5

596.5

298.3

Plat 6 (four rows),

204

265.5

469.5

234.8

Conclusions.

1. Sulphate of potash in connection with nitrate of soda
(Plat 5) has given in every case but one (onions) the best
results.

2. Nitrate of soda as nitrogen source (plats 2 and 5) has
yielded in every case, without reference to the form of potash,
the best returns.

3. Sulphate of ammonia as nitrogen source, in connection
with muriate of potash as potash source (Plat 1), has given
as a rule the least satisfactory returns.

4. The influence of the difference in the general character
of the weather, whether normal or dry, during succeeding
seasons on the yield of the crops has been greater than that
of the different fertilizers used upon different plats during
the same season.

142

HATCH EXPEKIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

5. Field Experiments to study the Effect of Phos-
phatic Slag and Nitrate of Soda, as compared
with Ground Bone, on the Yield of Oats and
Corn.

The field used for this experiment is situated along a
gently sloping ground, in the south-east corner of the farm.
The soil consists of a sandy loam, and has been for several
years under a careful system of cultivation and manuring.
The productiveness was considered of uniform character
when the experiment was planned in 1893. The area en-
gaged in the observation was divided into two plats running
along the slope from north to south. One plat, situated
along the east side of the field, measured one acre (Plat 1) ;
Plat 2 was situated along the west side of the field and
measured one and nine-tenth acres.

Plat 1 was fertilized with 600 pounds of fine-ground bone
and 200 pounds of muriate of potash per acre ; Plat 2 was
fertilized with 800 pounds of fine-ground phosphatic slag
(odorless phosphate), 200 pounds of muriate of potash and
200 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre.

The amounts of manurial ingredients used per acre cor-
respond to (in pounds) : —

Plat 2

(Phosphatic

Slag).

Potassium oxide,
Phosphoric acid,
Nitrogen,

104

166

31

Composition of Fertilizer applied {Per Cent.).

Ground bone,
Phosphatic slag,
Muriate of potash,
Nitrate of soda, .

Nitrogen.

4.09
15.70

Phosphoric
Acid.

21.86
20.84

Fotassium
Oxide.

52.20

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

143

Cost of Fertilizer (1894).

Plat 1, bone and muriate of potash (per acre), $12.40.
Plat 2, phosphatic slag, muriate of potash and aitrate of soda (per
acre), $15.70.

1894. — As the east side of the field was on a higher level
than the west side, it was decided to run the crop across the
two plats from east to west, to secure as far as practicable
corresponding conditions of the layout of the area occupied
by the crops. The northern half of the field thus divided
(plats 1 and 2) measured one acre, the southern half one
and nine-tenths acres.

Oats and corn (variety Pride of the North) were selected
for our observations. The oats were sown broadcast, at the
rate of 4 bushels per acre, upon the northern portion of the
field, and the corn was planted in rows 3 feet 3 inches apart,
with hills 20 inches from each other, upon the southern por-
tion, using 12 quarts of seed corn per acre. The area occu-
pied by oats amounted to .35 of an acre of Plat 1 and .65
of an acre of Plat 2 ; while the corn occupied .7 of an acre
of Plat 1 and 1.2 acres of Plat 2.

Summary of Yield (1S94).
[Pounds per Acre.]

Plat 1 (Bone,
etc.).

Plat 2 (Odorless
Phosphate, etc.).

Corn, for ensilage,

531

1,640
16,294

876
2,385

20,608

To test the reliability of the results obtained, it was de-
cided to repeat the experiments above described upon the
same field. The fertilizers were used in the same proportion
and in the same quantity per acre ; they were applied upon
the same portion of the field which had received each kind
before. Oats and corn were again selected as crops for the
trial. The material change in the experiment consisted in
reversing the lbcatitfti of the crops ; the corn was planted at

144

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

the north end of the field, where the oats had been raised
during the preceding season, and the oats were raised at the
south end of the field, the part previously occupied by the
corn. The oats were cut for hay when well headed out, and
the corn when fully matured, for grain and stover.

Summary of Yield (IS 95).
[Pounds per Acre.]

Bone and Mu-
riate of Potash.

Phosphatie Slag,

Nitrate of Soda,

Muriate of

Potash.

Oats, hay,
Corn, ears,* .
Corn, stover,f

5,134
4,231
3,091

* Moisture, 28 per cent. t Moisture, 19.1 per cent, when harvested.

Conclusions.

The difference in the yield of oats and corn for two suc-
ceeding seasons points in the same direction ; namely, phos-
phatie slag used in connection with nitrate of soda is a very
efficient substitute for ground bone. To what extent these
results, in our case, have to be ascribed to the presence of
an excess of lime in the phosphatie slag, as compared with
ground bone, is to be determined by a future actual trial.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 145

6. Experiments with a Rotation of Manures ufon
Permanent Grass Lands, Meadows and Pastures.

One of the many advantages derived from the introduction
of commercial fertilizers and chemicals for manurial purposes
into general farm practice consists in the circumstance that
in many instances a change with reference to the general
character of the manure applied has served efficaciously as a
substitute for a change of crops. The improved chances in
compounding the manures to suit special requirements of
soil and crops have, to say the least, greatly modified current
views regarding the desirability or necessity of a rotation
of crops in the interest of economy. The beneficial results
noticed in other connections, due to a change in the general
character of the manurial substances used, in case of the
same land and in connection with the same crops, caused the
arrangement of the experiments described upon a few sub-
sequent pages.

Permanent grass lands are apt to suifer in the course of
time from an accumulation of half-decayed vegetable matter,
which is liable sooner or later to interfere with a healthy
growth. To counteract this tendency it was decided to
manure meadows alternately by top-dressing with barn-yard
manure, or bone and muriate of potash, or wood ashes. The
liberal amount of carbonate of lime, from 30 to 40 per cent.,
contained in the current supply of unleached wood ashes,
was to serve as the means to hasten on the decomposition of
the accumulating vegetable matter, and thereby secure favor-
able conditions for a healthy growth of valuable forage
plants.

The meadows under consideration comprise an area of
about 9.6 acres. The entire field up to 1886 consisted of
old, worn-out grass lands, overrun with a worthless growth
on its more elevated portion and covered with weeds and
sedges in its lower swampy portion. The improvement of
the land by underdraining was commenced in 1886 and con-
tinued during the succeeding year. For details of the work,
see ninth and tenth annual reports (1891-92).

In the spring of 1893 a change was made in the mode of
manuring of the grass plats. It was decided to study the

i n;

HATCH KXPKRIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

effect of a rotation of the three kinds of manures : barn-yard
manure, bone and muriate of potash and Canada wood ashes,
which had been applied for several years previous in succes-
sion and upon the same portion of the fields. The area was
divided into three plats, Plat 1 (3.97 acres), Plat 2 (2.59
acres) and Plat 3 (3 acres). The system of manuring
adopted was as follows : —

Plat 1, wood ashes, 1 ton per acre.
Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre.

Plat 3, fine-ground bone GOO pounds, and muriate of potash 200
pounds, per acre.

The barn-yard manure was applied broadcast late in
autumn, the others early in the spring.

1895. — The above arrangement of plats was continued
during that season, and fertilizers were applied in the same
proportion to the same plats.

Summary of Yield of Hay (Tons).

Rate per Acre (Tons).

Second

Cut,
'Bowen.'

Total.

1S»3.

Plat 1, wood ashes, 1 ton per acre,

Plat 2, barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre, ....

Plat :'., 6U0 pounds ground boue and 200 poutwfa muriate o-f

potash per acre,

1894.

Plat 1, wood ashes, 1 ton per acre,

1'hit 2, barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre, ....
Plat 3, 600 pounds ground bone and 200 pounds muriate of
potash per acre

1895.

Plat 1, 600 pounds ground bone and 200 pounds muriate of

potash per aere,

Plat 2, wood anhes, 1 ton per acre, ......

Plat '■',, barn-yard manure, 8 tons per acre, ....

2.28
2,62

2.50
2.86

2.18
2.17
3.02

.37
.51

1.60
1.44
1.04

3.05
3.48

2.58

2.87
3.37

2.72

3.14
3.12
3.13

The season of 1894 was marked by a severe drought,
beginning with the month of July and extending into the
fall, which affected the yield of the crop (second cut) to a
serious extent. The season of 1895 was a fair one for farm
work in our section of the country.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 147

Part II.

REPORT ON THE WORK IN THE CHEMICAL
LABORATORY.

CHARLES A. GOESSMANN.

1. Ox Official Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers

in 1895.

During the past year fifty-five manufacturers and dealers
in commercial fertilizers and agricultural chemicals have ap-
plied for and secured licenses for the sale of their goods in
the State ; twenty-seven of them being residents of Massa-
chusetts, and the remainder belonging to Vermont, Rhode
Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio and Canada.

The number of different brands collected in the general
market amounted to two hundred and ninety. • The sampling
and collecting of the material for analysis were in charge of
Mr. H. D. Haskins, an efficient assistant in the chemical lab-
oratory of the division of chemistry of the station, who for
several years past has attended to that part of the inspection
in a very satisfactory manner. Two hundred and seventy
samples of the various brands collected by him were care-
fully analyzed, and the results obtained in that direction
have been published and distributed in five special bulletins,
i. e., No. 57 old series and Nos. 30, 31, 32 and 34 of the
Hatch station series.

The results of the inspection have been on the whole quite
satisfactory, as far as the compliance of the dealers with the
provision of our State laws for the regulation of the trade
in commercial fertilizers is concerned. The variations here
and there noticed between the guaranteed composition of the
dealer and the results of our analyses could be traced with

148 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

but few exceptions to imperfect mixing of the several ingre-
dients of the fertilizer, and did not, as a rule, materially affect
the commercial value of the article. In this connection at-
tention should be called to the fact that the lowest amount
stated in the guarantee is only legally binding. As our
State law makes allowance for these circumstances, the re-
sults of our examinations have been published without further
comment. When deemed best for the interest of all parties
concerned, the results have been sent by letter to the manu-
facturers of the goods, for their guidance and consideration.
To convey a more direct idea of the actual value of this
feature in the trade of commercial fertilizers of 1895, the
following detailed statement is here inserted : —

(a) Where three essential elements of plant food were
guaranteed : - -

Number with three elements equal to or above the highest

guarantee, 5

Number with two elements above the highest guarantee, . . 11

Number with one element above the highest guarantee, . . 49
Number with three elements between the lowest and highest

guarantees, 45

Number with two elements between the lowest and highest

guarantees, 54

Number with one element between the lowest and highest

guarantees, 27

Number with two elements below the lowest guarantee, . . 6

Number with one element below the lowest guarantee, ... 30

(b) Where two essential elements of plant food were
guaranteed : —

Number with two elements above the highest guarantee, . . 1
Number with one element above the highest guarantee, . . .11
Number with two elements between the lowest and highest

guarantees, 17

Number with one element between the lowest and highest

guarantees, 7

Number with one element below the lowest guarantee, ... 10

(c) Where one essential element of plant food was
guaranteed : —

Number above the highest guarantee, 4

Number between the lowest and highest guarantees, ... 21
Number below the lowest guarantee, 6

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 149

The consumption of commercial fertilizers is steadily in-
creasing, a circumstance apparently not less due to a more
general recognition of their good services, if judiciously
selected and applied, than to gradual improvements in regard
to their mechanical condition as well as their general chemi-
cal character. A noticeable change regarding the chemical
composition of many brands of so-called complete or formula
fertilizers of to-day, as compared with those offered for simi-
lar purposes at an earlier period in the history of the trade in
commercial fertilizers, consists in a more general and more
liberal use of potash compounds as a prominent constituent.
This change has been slow but decided, and may in a large
degree be ascribed to the daily increasing evidence, resting
on actual observations in the field and garden, that the farm
lands of Massachusetts are quite frequently especially defi-
cient in potash compounds, and consequently need in many
instances a more liberal supply of available potash from
outside sources to give satisfactory returns. Whenever the
cultivation of garden vegetables, fruits and forage crops con-
stitutes the principal products of the land, this recent change
in the mode of manuring deserves in particular a serious
trial ; for the crops raised consume exceptionally large quan-
tities of potash, as compared with grain crops. In view of
these facts, it will be conceded that a system of manuring
farm and garden, which tends to meet more satisfactory
recognized conditions of large areas of land as well as the
special wants of important growing branches of agricultural
industries, is a movement in the right direction. A judi-
cious management of the trade in commercial fertilizers
implies a due recognition of well-established experimental
results regarding the requirements of a remunerative pro-
duction of farm and garden crops.

150 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

List of Manufacturers and Dealers who have secured Certificates
for the Sale of Commercial Fertilizers in This State during the
Past Year {May 1, 1895, to May 1, 1896), and the Brands
licensed by Each.

Armour & Co., Chicago, 111.: —
Bone Meal.
Bone and Blood.
All Soluble.
Bone, Blood and Potash.

H. J. Baker & Bro., New York, N. Y. : —
Standard Unexcelled Fertilizer.
Strawberry Manure.
Complete Onion Manure.
Complete Potato Manure.
Complete Tobacco Manure.
Complete Grass and Lawn Manure.
Complete Corn Manure.
A A Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Strictl}r Pure Ground Bone.
Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.

C. A. Bartlett, "Worcester, Mass.: —
Complete Animal Fertilizer.
Pure Ground Bone.

Bowker Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Stockbridge Special Manures.
Bowker' s Hill and Drill Phosphate.
Bowker's Farm and Garden Phosphate.
Bowker' s Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Bowker's Fish and Potash.
Bowker's Potato and Vegetable Manure.
Bowker's Market-garden Manure.
Bowker's Sure Crop Bone Phosphate.
Bowker's Gloucester Fish and Potash.
Bowker's Dry Ground Fish.
Bowker's Fresh Ground Bone.
Nitrate of Soda.
Dried Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Sulphate of Ammonia.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 151

Bradley Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Bradley's X L Superphosphate.
Bradley's Potato Manure.
Bradley's B D Sea-fowl Guano.
Bradley's Complete Manures.
Bradley's Fish and Potash.
Bradley's High-grade Tobacco Manure.
Bradley's English Lawn Dressing.
Farmers' New-method Fertilizer.
Breck's Lawn and Garden Dressing.
Eclipse Phosphate.
Dry Ground Fish.
High-grade Sulphate of Potash.
Low-grade Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Ammonia.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Fine-ground Boue.

Wm. J. Brightmau & Co., Tiverton, R. I. : —
High-grade Potato and Root Manure.

Brightman's Phosphate.
Brightman's Fish and Potash.

Bryant, Brett & Simpson, New Bedford, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

B. L. Bragg & Co., Springfield, Mass. : —
Hampden Lawn Dressing.

Dan. T. Church, Providence, R. I. : —
Church's B Special Fertilizer.
Church's D Fish and Potash.
Church's C Standard.

Clark's Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : — -
Bay State Fertilizer.
Bay State Potato Manure.
Great Planet Manure.
Fish and Potash.
King Philip Guano.
White Oak Pure Ground Bone.

152* HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Clark's Cove Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. — Concluded.
Bay State Fertilizer, G G Brand.
Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.
Tobacco Fertilizer.
Blood, Bone and Meat.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Double Manure Salts.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Cleveland Dryer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
( lleveland Superphosphate.
Potato Phosphate.
Corn and Grain Phosphate.
Fertilizer.
High-grade Complete Manure.

E. Frank Coe Company, New York, N. Y. : —
( rold Brand Excelsior Guano.
High-grade Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
High-grade Potato Fertilizer.

Crocker Fertilizer and Chemical Company, Buffalo, N. Y. : -
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Ammoniated Wheat and Corn Phosphate.
New Rival Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Potato Hop and Tobacco Phosphate.
Ground Bone Meal.

Practical Ammoniated Superphosphate.
Pure Ground Bone.
Vegetable Bone Superphosphate.

Cumberland Bone Phosphate Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Superphosphate.
Potato Fertilizer.
Fertilizer.

Concentrated Phosphate.
Fine-Ground Bone.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT— No. 33. 153

L. B. Darling Fertilizer Company, Pawtucket, R. I. : —
Animal Fertilizer.
Extra Bone Phosphate.
Potato and Root Fertilizer.
Lawn and Garden Manure.
Tobacco Grower.
Pure Fine Bone.
Pure Dissolved Bone.
High-grade Sulphate of Potash.

John C. Dow & Co., Boston, Mass. : —
Dow's Ground Bone Fertilizer.
Dow's Nitrogenous Superphosphate.
Dow's Pure Ground Bone.

Eastern Farm Supply Association, Montclair, N. J. : —
Carteret Farm Manure.
Carteret Potato Manure.
Carteret Corn and Grain Manure.
Carteret Market-garden Manure.

Forest City Wood Ash Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Unleached Hard- wood Ashes.
Odorless Mineral Guano.

Wm. E. Fyfe & Co., Clinton, Mass. : —
Canada Ashes.

Great Eastern Fertilizer Company, Rutland, Vt. : —
Great Eastern Soluble Bone and Potash.
Great Eastern Grain and Grass.
Great Eastern Oats, Buckwheat and Seeding-down.
Great Eastern Vegetable Vine and Tobacco.

Edmund Hersey, Hingham, Mass. : —
Ground Bone.

John G. Jefferds, Worcester, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.
Potato Fertilizer.
Ground Bone.

A. Lee & Co., Lawrence, Mass.: —
Lawrence Fertilizer.

154 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Lowe Bros. & Co.. Fitchburg, Mass. : —
Tankage.

Lowell Rendering Company, Chelmsford, Mass. : —
Lowell Bone Fertilizer.

The Mapes Formula and Peruvian Guano Company, New
York, N. Y. : —
Mapes' Bone Manures.
Mapes' Superphosphates.
Mapes' Special Crop Manures.
Mapes' Peruvian Guano.
Mapes' Economical Manure.
Sulphate of Potash.
Double Manure Salts.
Nitrate of Soda.

Mason, Chapin & Co., Providence, R. I. : —
Chemical Compound Corn Fertilizer.
Chemical Compound Lawn Fertilizer.
Chemical Compound Vegetable Fertilizer.
Chemical Compound Tobacco Fertilizer.
Lawn and Grass Fertilizer.

McQuade Bros., Worcester, Mass. : —
Pure Ground Bone.

Monroe, Lalor & Co., Oswego, N. Y. : —
Canada Unleached Hard- wood Ashes.

Robert L. Merwin & Co., New York, N. Y. : —

Albert's Highly Concentrated Horticultural Manure.

Natiqnal Fertilizer Compauy, Bridgeport, Conn. : —
Ammouiated Bone Phosphate.
Chittenden's Complete Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
( 1 round Bone.

New England Dressed Meat and Wool Company, Boston,

Mass. : —
Sheep Fertilizer.

Niagara Fertilizer Company, Buffalo, N. Y. : —
Niagara Triumph.
Niagara Grain and Crass Grower.
Niagara Wheat and Corn Producer.
Niagara Potato, Tobacco and Hop Fertilizer.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 155

Pacific Guano Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Soluble Pacific Guano.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Special for Potatoes and Tobacco.
High-grade General Fertilizer.
Fish and Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Potash.

John J. Peters & Co., Long Island City, N. Y. : —
Sheep Fertilizer.

Parmenter & Polsey Fertilizer Company, Peabody, Mass. : —
Plymouth Rock Brand.
Special Potato Fertilizer.
Star Brand Superphosphate.
Ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Prentiss Brooks & Co., Hobyoke, Mass. : —
Complete Manures.
Phosphate.
Nitrate of Soda.
Tankage.

Dissolved Bone-black.
Muriate of Potash.
Sulphate of Potash.
Fish and Potash.
Fish.

Quinnipiac Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Phosphate.
Potato Manure.
Onion Manure.
Havana Tobacco Fertilizer.
Corn Fertilizer.
Market-garden Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Fish and Potash, " Crossed Fishes."
Fish and Potash, "Plain Brand."
Grass Fertilizer.

L56 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Quinnipiac Company, Boston, Mass. — Concluded.
rure Bone Meal.
Dry Ground Fish.
Strawberry Manure.
Ammoniated Dissolved Bones.
Nitrate of Soda.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Double Manure Salts.

Read Fertilizer Company, New York, N. Y. : —
Read's Standard.
High-grade Farmers' Friend.
Fish and Potash.
Vegetable and Vine.

N. Roy & Son, South Attleborough, Mass. : —
Animal Fertilizer.

The Rogers & Hubbard Company, Middletown, Conn. % —
Pure Ground Raw Knuckle Bone Meal.
Strictly Pure Fine Bone.
Fertilizer for Oats and Top-dressing.
Soluble Potato Manure.

Fairchild's Formula for Corn and General Crops.
Soluble Tobacco Manure.
Grass and Grain Fertilizer.

Russia Cement Company, Gloucester, Mass. : —

Essex Complete Manure for Potatoes and Roots.
Essex Complete Manure for Corn and Grain.
Essex Perfected Lawn Dressing.
Essex Special Vegetable Manure.
Essex High-grade Fish and Potash.

Lucien Sanderson, New Haven, Conn. : —
Formula "A."
Bone, Meat and Blood.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.
Nitrate of Soda.

Edward II. Smith, Northborough, Mass.: —
Ground Bone.

1896.] PUBLIC1 DOCUMENT— No. 33. 157

Springfield Provision Company, Brightwood, Mass. : — ■
Blood, Meat and Bone.

Standard Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : —
Complete Manure.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Fertilizer.
Guano.

Fish and Potash.
Fine-ground Bone.
Muriate of Potash.
Dissolved Bone-black.

T. L. Stetson, Randolph, Mass. : —
Pure Ground Bone.

F. C. Sturtevant, Hartford, Conn. : —
Ground Tobacco Stems.

Charles Stevens, Napanae, Ontario, Can. : —
Unleached Hard- wood Ashes.

Henry F. Tucker, Boston, Mass. : —

Tucker's Original Bay State Bone Superphosphate.
Tucker's Imperial Bone Superphosphate.
Tucker's Special Potato Fertilizer.

Thompson & Edwards Fertilizer Company, Chicago, 111. : —
Pure Fine-ground Bone.

Walker, Stratman & Co., Pittsburg, Pa. : —
Potato Special.
Smoky City.
Big Bonanza.
Four Fold.

M. E. Wheeler & Co., Rutland, Vt. : —
High-grade Fruit Fertilizer.

Grass and Oats Fertilizer.
Electrical Dissolved Bone.
Potato Manure.
High-grade Corn Fertilizer.

158 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

Leander Wilcox, Mystic, Conn. : —

Potato, Onion and Tobacco Manure.
Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.
Pish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish.

Williams & Clark Fertilizer Company, Boston, Mass. : — »
Americus Ammoniated Bone Superphosphate.
Potato Phosphate.
Grass Manure.
Pure Bone Meal.
High-grade Special.
Corn Phosphate.

Fine Wrapper Tobacco Fertilizer.
Universal Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.
Fish and Potash.
Dry Ground Fish.
Potato and Tobacco Manure.
Royal Bone Phosphate.
Onion Manure.
Dissolved Bone-black.
Nitrate of Soda.
Double Manure Salts.
Sulphate of Potash.
Muriate of Potash.

1896.] PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33. 159

2. General Work in the Laboratory of the Division
of Chemistry.

The work in the chemical laboratory of the united stations
has been divided by a recent vote of the board of trustees
between the newly created division of " Foods and Feeding"
and the "Division of Chemistry." The separate operation
of the two •divisions dates from July 1, 1895. The analyses
of feeds stuffs, dairy products and well waters made before
that date are incorporated in the annual report of Dr. J. B.
Lindse} , who by vote of the trustees has been placed in
charge of the new division of foods and feeding, which in-
cludes in its scope the examination of these substances.

Aside from the supervision of the inspection of commer-
cial fertilizers, the results of which are discussed in a few
preceding pages, my attention has been divided between
the direction of a series of experiments in the field and
vegetation house, introduced some years ago for the purpose
of studying the economy of various systems of manuring
and raising field and garden crops, and an extensive cor-
respondence with farmers and others, asking for information
regarding a variety of subjects of interest to them. The
description of the former constitutes the first part of this
report. The results of the examination of many manurial
substances sent on for that purpose in connection with the
latter, whenever of general interest, have been published
during the past year in the bulletins of the station. They
are also recorded in connection with the tabular compilation
of analyses of manurial substances which accompanies this
report.

The constantly increasing variety of waste products of
many branches of industry within our State and elsewhere
which have proved of manurial value, has received for years
a serious attention. Both producers and consumers have
been materially benefited by this wrork, which aims to make
known the particular fitness of each for manurial purposes,
and thereby furnishes a basis for the determination of its
commereial value. As a change in the current modes of
manufacture of the parent industry is at any time liable to

L60 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

seriously affect the character and chemical composition of
the waste or by-products, it becomes necessary to repeat
from time to time analyses of many of these products.
These analyses are made without any charge for the work,
on the condition that the results are public property, if
deemed of interest for publication.

As a brief enumeration of the more prominent substances
sent on for our investigation during the year 1895 can best
convey a correct idea concerning the extent and importance
of the labor involved, the following statement is presented :
the whole number of analyses made in the stated connection
amounts for the year 1895 to one hundred and eighty-six;
of these, from eighty to ninety consisted of ashes, including
wood ashes, coal ashes, lime-kiln ashes, cotton-hull ashes,
swill ashes, soots, etc. ; from twenty to thirty were agri-
cultural chemicals, comprising potash salts, Chili saltpetre,
sulphate of ammonium, gypsum, kainites, dissolved bone-
black, phosphatic slag, etc. ; twenty-eight were animal
refuse materials, as fish waste, tankage, blood, animal meal,
meat scraps, blood and bone, bones, wool waste, sheep
fertilizer, etc. ; and from twenty to thirty consisted of
vegetable refuse materials, as cotton-factory waste, cotton-
seed meal, tobacco stems, madder, peats, vegetable com-
post, etc.

Of a special interest is the recent introduction of the
products prepared from the kitchen refuse of our large
cities. Sanitary considerations are indirectly the cause of
the appearance of these products, which promise to become
of considerable prominence in the future.

One mode disposes of the refuse by cremation. The
product resulting is called cremation ashes, and contains a
liberal amount of phosphate of lime and more or less potash.
The nitrogen and organic matter are lost in the process of
cremation. Grinding and proper mixing of the products
cannot fail to furnish a valuable material for manorial
] imposes. The tabular statement below gives the results
of analyses of swill or cremation ashes, mostly if not entirely
from Lowell, Mass.

Another mode proposes to save the nitrogen and organic
matter by a so-called reduction process. The parties in-

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

161

terested in the matter propose to reduce the garbage with
sulphuric acid, remove the fat, add to the refuse natural
phosphates to combine with the excess of sulphuric acid,
and add potash compounds if needed. This interesting
process is apparently still in the experimental stage. A
sample of the product sent here for examination gives the
results found below. Modern views regarding the require-
ments of sanitary condition in our centres of population
cannot fail to recognize the efficiency of both processes to
dispose of objectionable material. The economical advan-
tages derived from these modes of operation experience
alone can determine. The product of either mode has its
special claim for consideration. The agricultural interests
of the country cannot fail to benefit by a successful develop-
ment of either mode of operation.

Analyses of Ashes from a Crematory Furnace, Lowell, Mass.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Moisture at 100° C

0.51

0.07

0.04

0.11

2.43

19.46

12.48

Potassium oxide,

1.73

8.83

7.03

1.25

1.59

1.78

3.35

Phosphoric acid

16.61

17.18

26.09

32.26

25.89

5.22

6.50

Calcium oxide,

24.79

28.18

33.74

47.60

_*

-*

_*

Ferric and aluminic oxides, .

3.56

7.63

6.25

1.06

_*

_*

-*

Magnesium oxide,

1.87

_*

_*

_*

_*

_*

_*

Insoluble matter before calcination, .

39.60

18.49

14.40

15.13

_*

_*

_*

Insoluble matter after calcination,

29.72

16.53

11.41

13.20

17.93

30.81

31.54

8.

9.

10.

11.

13.

13.

11.

Moisture at 100° C

0.37

7.57

14.24

8.05

1.20

1.19

0.87

Potassium oxide

4.27

3.96

5.09

4.92

5.71

4.83

4.08

Phosphoric acid

12.97

13.92

6.86

13.22

10.82

10.21

71.47

Insoluble matter after calcination,

34.91

19.96

37.76

24.52

29.91

24.50

26.73

* Not determined.

162 HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan. '96.

Analysis of a Refuse Product obtained from City Garbage, sent on
by the American Reduction Company, New York City.

Per Cent.

Moisture at 100° C, 8.52

Nitrogen, 1.64

Potassium oxide, 1 . 20

Sodium oxide, 2.50

Calcium oxide, . . 3.86

Magnesium oxide, .55

Ferric and aluminic oxides, 7.64

Total phosphoric acid, 10.62

Available phosphoric acid, . . . . , . 8.08

Insoluble phosphoric acid, 2.54

Sulphuric acid, . 8.54

Organic matter, .45.43

Insoluble matter (ash), . . . , . , ,12.15

3. Compilation of Analyses made at Amherst, Mass..
or Agricultural Chemicals and Eefuse Ma-
terials used for Fertilizing Purposes.

Prepared by H. D. Haskins.

[As the basis of valuation changes from year to year, no valuation is stated.]

18G8 to 1896.

This compilation does not include the analyses made of licensed fertilizers. They
are to be found in the reports of the State Inspector of Fertilizers from 1873 to 1896,
contained in the reports of the Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Agri-
culture for those years. C. A. G.

104

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lso HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION. [Jan.

4. Compilation of Analyses of Fruits, Garden Crops
and Insecticides.

COMPILED BY H. D. HASKINS.

1 . — Analyses of fruits.

2. — Analyses of garden crops.

3. — Relative proportions of phosphoric acid, potassium oxide
and nitrogen in fruits and garden crops.

4. — Analyses of insecticides.

A computation of the results of a chemical analysis of twenty
prominent garden crops shows the following average relative pro-
portion of the three essential ingredients of plant food : —

Parts.

Nitrogen, 2.2

Potassium oxide, 2.0

Phosphoric acid, . . .1.0

One thousand pounds of green garden vegetables contain, on
the above-stated basis of relative proportion of essential con-
stituents of plant food : —

Pounds.

Nitrogen 4.1

Potassium oxide, 3.9

Phosphoric acid, 1.9

The weight and particular stage of growth of the vegetables
when harvested control, under otherwise corresponding conditions,
the actual consumption of each of these articles of plant food.
Our information regarding these points is still too fragmentary to
enable a more detailed statement here beyond relative proportions.
It must suffice for the present to call attention to the fact that a
liberal manuring within reasonable limit pays, as a rule, better
than a scanty one. — (C. A. Goessmann.)

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

181

1. Analyses of Fruits.

Fertilizing Constituents of Fruits.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

-

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Ericaceae : —

♦Cranberries, ....

996

-

1.8

.9

.1

.3

.1

.3

-

-

♦Cranberries

894

.8

-

1.0

-

.2

.1

.3

-

-

Rosacea : —

Apples,

831

.6

2.2

.8

.6

.1

.2

.3

.1

-

♦Apples,

799

1.3

4.1

1.9

.3

.3

.3

.1

-

-

♦Peaches,

884

-

3.4

2.5

-

.1

.2

.5

-

-

Pears,

831

.6

3.3

1.8

.3

.3

.2

.5

.2

-

Strawberries, .

902

-

3.3

.7

.9

.5

-

.5

.1

.1

♦Strawberries, .

-

-

5.2

2.6

.2

.7

.4

1.0

-

-

♦Strawberry vines,

-

-

33.4

3.5

4.5

12.2

1.3

4.8

-

-

Cherries, .

825

-

3.9

2.0

.1

.3

.2

.6

.2

.1

Plums,

838

-

2.9

1.7

-

.3

.2

.4

.1

-

Saxifragacea ; —

♦Currants, white,

-

-

5.9

3.1

.2

1.0

.3

1.1

-

-

♦Currants, red

871

-

4.1

1.9

.2

.8

.3

.9

-

-

Gooseberries

903

-

3.3

1.3

.3

.4

.2

.7

-

-

Vitacece : —

Grapes

830

1.7

8.8

5.0

.1

1.0

.4

1.4

.5

.1

Grape seed

110

19.0

22.7

6.9

.5

5.6

1.4

7.0

.8

.1

182

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

2. Analyses of Garden Crops.

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops.
[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

6

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Chenopodiacea : —

Mangolds, .

880

1.8

9.1

4-8

1.5

.3

.4

.8

.3

.9

*MangoldB, .

873

1.9

12.2

3.8

1.3

.6

.4

.9

-

Mangold leaves,

905

3.0

14.6

4.5

2.8

1.6

1.4

1.0

.8

2.3

Sugar beets,

805

1.6

7.1

3.8

.6

.4

.6

..9

.3

.3

♦Sugar beets,

869

2.2

10.4

4.8

.8

.6

.4

1.0

.1

-

Sugar-beet tops,

840

2.0

9.6

2.8

2.3

.9

1.1

1.2

.2

.3

Sugar-beet leaves,

897

3.0

15.3

4.0

2.0

3.1

1.7

.7

.8

1.3

Sugar-beet seed,

146

-

45.3

11.1

4.2

10.2

7.3

7.5

2.0

1.9

*Red beets, .

877

2.4

11.3

4.4

.9

.5

.3

.9

-

-

Spinach, .

903

2.4

16.0

2.7

5.7

1.9

1.0

1.6

1.1

1.0

♦Spinach,

922

3.4

9.6

9.6

2.1

.6

.5

.5

-

-

Compositece : —

Lettuce, common,

940

-

8.1

3.7

.8

.5

_2

.7

.3

.4

Head lettuce,

943

2.2

10.3

3.9

.8

1.5

.6

1.0

.4

.8

♦Head lettuce,

970

1.2

-

2.3

' .2

.3

.1

.3

-

-

Roman lettuce, .

925

2.0

9.8

2.5

3.5

1.2

.4

1.1

.4

.4

Artichoke, .

811

-

10.1

2.4

.7

1.0

.4

3.9

.5

.2

♦Artichoke, Jerusalem,

775

4.6

-

4.8

-

-

-

1.7

-

-

Convolvulacece : —

Sweet potato, ....

758

2.4

7.4

3.7

.5

.7

.3

.8

.4

.9

Cruciferce. : —

"White turnips, .

920

1.8

6.4

2.9

.6

.7

.2

.8

.7

.3

♦White turnips, .

895

1.8

10.1

3.9

.8

.9

.3

1.0

1.0

-

White turnip leaves,

898

3.0

11.9

2.8

1.1

3.9

.5

.9

1.1

1.2

♦Ruta-bagas,

891

1.9

10.6

4.9

.7

.9

.3

1.2

-

-

Savoy cabbage, .

871

5.3

14.0

3.9

1.4

3.0

.5

2.1

1.2

1.1

White cabbage,

900

3.0

9.6

4.3

.8

1.2

.4

1.1#

1.3

.5

♦White cabbage, .

984

2.3

-

3.4

.3

.2

.1

.2

-

-

Cabbage leaves,

890

2.4

15.6

5.8

1.5

2.8

.6

1.4

2.4

1.3

Cauliflower,

904

4.0

8.0

3.6

.5

.5

.3

1.6

1.0

.3

Horse-radish, .

767

4.3

19.7

7.7

.4

2.0

.4

2.0

4.9

.3

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — Xo. 33.

183

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops — Continued.
[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

6

S

"5

a
<a
Ml
o

J5
<-

a

CD

Bm
.20
•o
o

CD

a

3 6

aO

a

3 .

'Si °

§1

0

0

H

-<
3^

03

0
3

—

Cruci/erce — Concluded .

Radishes,

933

1.9

4.9

1.6

1.0

.7

.2

4.5

.3

.5

Kohlrabi

850

4.8

12.3

4.3

.8

.4

.8

2.7

1.1

.6

Cucurbitacece : —

Cucumbers, ....

956

1.6

5.8

2.4

.6

.4

.2

1.2

.4

.4

Pumpkins,

900

1.1

4.4

.9

.9

.3

.2

.7

.3

.4

Graminece : —

Corn, whole plant, green,

829

1.9

10.4

3.7

.5

1.4

1.1

1.0

.3

.5

♦Corn, whole plant, green,

786

4.1

-

3.8

.5

1.5

.9

1.5

-

-

Corn kernels, ....

144

16.0

12.4

3.7

.1

.3

1.9

5.7

.1

.2

*Corn kernels, ....

100

18.2

-

4.0

.3

.3

2.1

7.0

-

-

*Corn, whole ears,

90

14.1

-

4.7

.6

.2

1.8

5.7

-

-

*Corn stover, ....

282

11.2

37.4

13.2

7.9

5.2

2.6

3.0

-

-

Leguminosce : —

Hay of peas, cut green, .

167

22.9

62.4

23.2

2.3

15.6

6.3

6.8

5.1

2.0

♦Cow-pea {Dolichos), green, .

788

2.9

-

3.1

.6

3.0

1.0

1.0

-

-

♦Small pea (Lathyrus sylves-
tris), dry.
Peas (seed), ....

90
143

38.5
35.8

23.4

25.7

10.1

4.7
.2

17.9
1.1

5.0
1.9

9.0
8.4

.8

.4

Pea straw,

160

10.4

43.1

9.9

1.8

15.9

3.5

3.5

2.7

2.3

Garden beans (seed),

150

39.0

27.4

12.1

.4

1.5

2.1

9.7

1.1

.3

Bean straw

166

-

40.2

12.8

3.2

11.1

2.5

3.9

1.7

3.1

Liliacece : —

Asparagus

933

3.2

5.0

1.2

.9

.6

.2

.9

.3

.3

Onions,

860

2.7

7.4

2.5

.2

1.6

.3

1.3

.4

.2

892

-

4.9

1.8

.1

.4

.2

.7

-

-

Solanacece : —

Potatoes,

750

3.4

9.5

5.8

.3

.3

.5

1.6

.6

.3

♦Potatoes,

798

2.1

9.9

2.9

.1

.1

.2

.7

-

-

Potato tops, nearly ripe, .

770

4.9

19.7

4.3

.4

6.4

3.3

1.6

1.3

1.1

Potato tops, unripe, .

825

6.3

16.5

4.4

.3

5.1

2.4

1.2

.8

.9

♦Tomatoes,

940

1,7

-

3.6

-

.3

.2

.4

-

-

Tobacco leaves,

180

34.8

140.7

40.7

4.5

50.7

10.4

6.6

S.r,

9.4

Tobacco stalks,

180

24.6

64.7

28.2

6.6

12.4

.5

9.2

2.2

2.4

♦Tobacco stems, ....

106

22.9

140.7

64,6

3.4

38.9

12.3

6.0

-

-

is I

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Ja

Fertilizing Constituents of Garden Crops — Concluded.

[Average amounts in 1,000 parts of fresh or air-dry substance.]

•

9

5
"S

a
o
so
o
u

%

■s

<

a

2 «
'S -a

« K

oO

Cm

a

20
■a

O

S

3 o

— ■a
O

a

s .

'E «

II
S)

o

■Sa

.§«

Oh

o

3 ^
02

a

o
5
O

Umbelliferce : —

Carrots,

850

2.2

8.2

3.0

1.7

.9

.4

1.1

.5

.4

*Carrots

898

1.5

9.2

5.1

.6

.7

.2

.9

-

-

Carrot tops, ....

822

5.1

23.9

2.9

4.7

7.9

.8

1.0

1.8

2.4

Carrot tops, dry,

98

31.3

125.2

48.8

40.3

20.9

6.7

6.1

-

-

Parsnips

793

5.4

10.0

.4

.2

1.1

.6

1.9

.5

.4

♦Parsnips,

803

2.2

-

6.2

.1

.9

.5

1.9

-

-

Celery

841

2.4

17.6

7.6

-

2.3

1.0

2.2

1.0

2.8

Most of the foregoing analyses were compiled from the tables of E.
Wolff. Those marked * are from analyses made at the Massachusetts
State Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.

3. Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium
Oxide and Nitrogen in Fruits.

Phosphoric

rotassium

Acid.

Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Ericacece : —

*Cranberries, .

1

3.0

_ *

*Cranberries, .

1

3.4

2.6

Hosacece : —

Apples, .

1

2.7

2.0

*Apples,

1

1.9

1.3

*Peaches,

1

1.3

_

Pears, .

1

3.6

1.2

Strawberries,

1

1.4

_

* Strawberries,

1

2.6

_

*Strawberry vines,

1

.7

_

Cherries,

1

3.3

_

Plums, .

1

4.3

-

Saxifragacece : -—

*Currants, white, .

1

2.8

_

*Currants, red,

1

2.1

_

Gooseberries

1

1.9

-

Vitacece : —

Grapes,

1

3.6

1.2

Grape seed,

1

1.0

2.7

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — No. 33.

185

Relatioe Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Garden Crops.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassium

Oxide.

Nitrogen.

< 'henopodiacecB : —

Mangolds,

1

6.0

2.3

*Mangolds, .

1

4.2

2.1

Mangold leaves, .

1

4.5

3.0

Sugar beets,

1

4.2

1.8

* Sugar beets,

1

4.8

2.2

Sugar-beet tops, .

1

2.3

1.7

Sugar-beet leaves,

1

5.7

4.3

Sugar-beet seed, .

1

1.5

-

* Red beets, .

1

4.1

3.3

Spinach,

1

1.7

3.1

*Spiuach,

1

19.2

6.8

Compositece : —

Lettuce,

1

5.3

-

* Lettuce,

1

7.6

4.0

Head lettuce,

1

3.9

2.2

Roman lettuce,

1

2.3

1.8

"■Jerusalem artichoke,

1

2.8

2.7

Convolvulncece : —

Sweet potato, ....

1

4.6

3.0

Cruciferce : —

White turnips, ....

1

3.6

2.3

* White turnips,

1

3.9

1.8

White turnip leaves,

1

3.1

3.3

*Ruta-bagas, .

1

4.1

1.6

Savoy cabbage, .

1

1.9

2.5

White cabbage, .

1

4.1

1.7

* White cabbage, .

1

11.0

7.6

Cauliflower. .

1

2.3

2.5

Horse-radish,

1

3.9

2.2

Radishes,

1

3.2

3.8

Kohlrabi,

1

1.6

1.8

Cucurbitacece : —

Cucumbers,

1

2.0

1.8

Pumpkins,

1

.6

.7

Oraminece: —

Corn, whole plant, green, .

1

3.7

1.9

*Corn, whole plant, green,

1

2.2

2.8

Corn kernels,

1

".6

2.8

*Corn kernels,

1

.6

2.6

*Corn, whole ears,

1

.8

2.5

*Corn stover, .

•

1

4.4

3.7

186

HATCH EXPERIMENT STATION.

[Jan.

Relative Proportions of Phosphoric Acid, Potassium Oxide and
Nitrogen in Garden Crops — Concluded.

Phosphoric
Acid.

Potassium
Oxide.

Nitrogen.

Lcguminosce : —

Hay of peas, cut green,

1

3.4

3.4

*Cow-pea (Dolichos), .

1

3.1

2.9

*Small pea (Lathyrus sylvestris),

1

3.4

4.2

Peas (seed) ,

1

1.2

4.3

Pea straw,

1

2.8

4.0

Garden beans (seed) , .

1

1.2

4.0

Bean straw,

1

3.3

—

Liliacece : —

Asparagus,

1

1.3

3.6

Onions,

1

1.9

2.1

*Onions,

1

2.6

-

Solanacece : —

Potatoes,

1

3.6

2.1

*Potatoes, ....

1

4.1

3.0

Potato tops, nearly ripe,

1

2.7

3.1

Potato tops, unripe,

1

3.7

5.3

""Tomatoes,

1

8.7

4.5

Tobacco leaves, .

1

6.2

5.3

Tobacco stalks, .

1

3.1

2.7

Tobacco stems,

1

10.7

3.8

Umbclliferce : —

Carrots,

1

2.7

2.0

*Carrots,

1

5.7

1.7

Carrot tops, .

1

2.9

5.1

*Carrot tops, dry, .

1

8.0

5.1

Parsnips,

1

3.8

2.8

* Parsnips,

1

3.3

1.2

Celery,

1

3.5

1.1

1896.]

PUBLIC DOCUMENT — NO. 33.

187

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INDEX.

compilation
ition of,

of

Agriculturist, report of the,
Analyses of gluten feeds by chemist, .

of fodder articles and dairy products,

of agricultural chemicals, etc., compil

of fruits,

of garden crops, ....

of insecticides, ....

of phosphates, ....
Annual statement of Hatch fuud,

Barley, yield of,

Botanical work, general, ....

Botanist, report of the, ....

Cattle feeds, composition and digestibility of,

Chemical laboratory, work in the,

Chemical laboratory, report on the work in the

Chemist, report of (foods and feeding),

Chemist, report of (fertilizers and fertilizer materials),

Chemistry, general work in the laboratory of,

Corn fertilizer, special,

Corn, fertilizers for, .

hill v. drill culture for,
soil tests with, .
sweet, yield of , .
Cows, experiments with,
Cows, history of the, used in experiments,
Cream, what constitutes a " space" of,
Crops, miscellaneous, ....
Crops, protection of, from insects, etc.,

Dairy products,

Dealers in fertilizers, ....
Entomologist, report of,

Experiments of the agriculturist, results and conclu
Feed stuns, American, tables of digestibility of,
Fertilizers and fertilizer materials,
Fertilizers, commercial, official inspection of,
for potatoes, ....
influence of different mixtures of, on garden crops
Field experiments with fertilizers,
Field experiments, report on,

Fodder analysis

Fodder articles, fertilizing ingredients in,
Foods and feeding, department of,

of,

PAGE
11
54

81

1G3

181

182

187

129

6

131

10

7

82

111

147

52

111

159

29

11

30

15

138

62-65

67

67

36

47

60

150

43

11

99, 100

111

147

21

133

111

112

53

94

52

190 INDEX.

# PAGE

Forage crops, cultivation of mixed, 122

Fruits, spraying, outfit for, 48

Fruits, varieties of, 48

Fungi, study of injurious, 7

Garden crops, fertilizing constituents of, 183

Garden crops, summary of yield of, 140

Grass and clover, fertilizers for, 11

Grass and clover, soil tests with, 14

Hay caps, trial of, 38

Hay, digestibility of, 74

Hays, how to feed, 77

Hays, salt and meadow, 74

Horticulturist, report of, 47

Japanese millets, various species of, 31

Literature consulted, 110

Manufacturers of commercial fertilizers, 150

Manure experiments 28

Manures, experiments with a rotation of, 145

Meal, Chicago gluten, v. Atlas, 65

Chicago gluten, v. King gluten, 62

wheat or rye, suggestions for feeding, 73

wheat v. rye, for pigs, 71

Meteorologist, report of, 51

Milk, instructions for sending, 61

Milk, percentage composition of, .... 60

Millets, variety tests with, 33

Nitrate of soda, field experiments with, 142

Oats, yield of, 120

Onions, yield of, 137

Phosphates, different commercial, field experiments with, . . 128

Phosphatic slag, field experiments with, 142

Pigs, experiments with, in feeding, 71

Plants in greenhouses, 50

Potato experiments, 19

Poultry experiments, 40

Report on field experiments, 112

Ruminants, experiments with, 100

Rye, yield of, ►. T ..... 131

Seed testing, 49

Soil tests, 14

Soja beans, varieties of, etc., 34

Stable for cows, experiments in warming 39

Swine, experiments with, 109

Tomatoes, yield of, 139

Turnips, variety tests with, 34

Vegetables, varieties of, tested, 49

Vetch and barley, analysis of, 126

Vetch and oats, analysis of, 126

Water analysis, 57

Water, instructions for sampling and sending, 59

Waters tested, character of, 58

I

if

I

4i

iM 1 IK.<

111

1

Hy

JL JhSH