TED Aa teate aval aiey fies iy ten LN Dy Ha ney) fire iN y yet Rigs! Median TaN A) i ‘ ‘ Hastie , Vee Ss RO) a t hy 5 te UN ne * Ne Ah yy \ a ai Ha is A wit et i | A) nih y th Oy p ay Ba ‘ At As SAUSAGE AS a a My ee PEG ne i My ay) (ti 1) ae Gn fi iv i iy, i " »} aK i in i i} ak hy iN A x} i . a iH oe va Hat na Hy Rea i LOG ANA Maui a Sy ING RIDE OMRON BIO ah NY Wats ; eG AG a aN eis : aio Avis ae Kay {0 a o \ . Wh , f “4 y 4, ree nayy ee ANN AGE Aa Nn 1) ‘ I ait Ne PISS sf DNR au MARAIS Bhat (ONY . a a An iN) as . Ni Rue UAW oy A Be ARAN Ne ae ae eS ao Reece Das, — io ae Se ea ae ae SS Sane Pa -_ ete _ae * ivi e ie estas = SA a oes Se —_ Ser ee Bee 7.2. 5 Rape ee Sat as ee nas Sterne ee tut =——_ ot = Gants 2 i oo Meee er ene it os, Bs es . ES aan te Sey Ee aie _, ree Se ES et —- os See ae 2 See eee es = ae a amen SS — BE en > en anes a ee se ee ood ci ue ty eo Sh be ne > Sex pons 3 at a AU Ha Hike 4] Ae a nxt He ; : ae eS a CR ee = Soe ae ae Pe peepee, Staten ph Soe Sok Aves Rt DLP RAM: aN a a SO . ar NS ‘ | i) a ‘ 7 ‘ ch mont aS egos nS — moe aN Ly ¢ ae a ECAR tr, a SENN NN eer ao =e Feiss ee ~ Time — ES xe 5 a) Se Re “ ee = <— edd a On ng Ge IAG atta . i LAS A a i A ' Bie ‘i an Mu oe : NN N Ab an ey i What ts) ANGE Seer SS See ae Sess s erarce Jo ES ea ee mentors ok eet re oS eA tnt Speers 7m, A eek ore cane ata LIN SFO , aK ‘i Aa Ne : Ay Ne a i } y ‘ : A : a me Rye jibe tas a | 7 as i a CEG Ea tN oa at iN , aie HA ; y ie = a ae an s Seam a 2 A PRS eL a ue eer nae’ EE wie nea EES z Coane as ‘i ey at He Hn 7 i, wot a AY a Yeh rah ‘ S ve Be, as i) RE ee SS ae Deere Sas SSS SSeS SO Chae ewes ROR a Sw aR > = on oa ae a oN A Paty : i fai ee vat Ny xt oe We Nae BRO EDT ¥ SA ONY {Oy RATE ty ih _ Dy At ‘ i th) a » it ae i Reh ay HONORE ‘ AO) ak by Ae rant "a () vat ae i ie aoe NY ' 3 coy a Yi AM by ye et ty \ att AY uy at ae ui . My uN Ron oars > = on ees : Lc . NG . 8 - CON ARG " NG ne * S a SSE) a a . ty ‘th us ay ‘ * ft ‘e nan we ue a : ae ws NID Met iee eae) Be a an oo . a Mrs fhe : S sash ‘ ot j Sy Bs ‘ es ¢ ait TAS . 2 es Ane rae oo a ae ah a 4 a eee oe ; x UU ES Ra OTA aN RR Saks DONO NAS es ano f PAN 1 : af iy j " i me ‘ vo of J th "i ! 4 Avs 4 4 7 ~ > puBey MOpPBeA]Y PROVDOOUUNO)D UO Sp1OyoIIOH S¥XOT State of Connecticut PUBLIC DOCUMENT No. 18 FIFTIETH ANNUAL REPORT OH LELE SECRETARY Connecticut State Board of Agriculture September 30, 1918 PRINTED IN COMPLIANCE WITH STATUTE HARTFORD PUBLISHED BY THE STATE 1918 PUBLICATION APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF CONTROL The Bulletin Company, Norwich, Conn, SA tas ONIN Coe LC UE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE Room 62, CAPITOL. Peis EXCELLENCY, MARCUS(H. HOLCOMBE, Governor of Connecticut. Sir :— In accordance with the provisions of the statute I have the honor, as Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, to submit herewith the Report of the Board for the year ending September 30, 1918. Very respectfully yours, LEONARD Houmes HEALEY, Secretary. Hartford, October 1, 1918. ha > eta sn esinWéat i a ¥ ae te Me , : J X se Pe PA }. ‘pat > v7) an ah a i : “sah q yy sie ; ge ay he i ‘8 alae oa 7 hae Pilih ‘on ; ‘ x td vik } diet ae SH as nih «Adal Beeld : ; “4 : a ot ian fitay . inital. > qe, ne yeas eit) iat Ceee a. ae 7 Be ae en bh ty na ie stay?! Lay hong ae walla reo satiate aetna ‘ ; e ‘ ue ig ce wig / a oe ane Ai ant anaes Ae zs ; = AO? de i iy > » * 4 3: ; = ! a va - ¢ } j 7 oa iv G A ie oF at ae |) Nannies A i ae i, ‘ as nr ts Se Oe ‘Sa : 4 wie . : fu 2 we STATE OF CONNECTICUT BOARD OF AGRICULTURE ORGANIZED 1866. RE-ORGANIZED 1907. 1918 His Excellency, MARCUS H. HOLCOMB, e«-officio. MEMBERS APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR AND SENATE. Term expires C. E. Beach, West Hartford, Karmi Kimberly, . Torrington, Wilson H. Lee, Orange, Howard S. Neilson, Darien, Henry H. Lyman, Middlefield, January, 1919 July 1, 1919 January, 1919 July 1, 1919 July 1, 1919 MEMBERS APPOINTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. Hartford County, New Haven County, New London County, Fairfield County, Windham County, Litchfield County, Middlesex County, Tolland County, N. H. Brewer, Hockanum, Charles R. Treat, Orange, James B. Palmer, Norwich, F. E. Blakeman, Oronoque, H. P. Deming. Winsted, F. E. Boardman, Middletown, OFFICERS OF THE BOARD. Charles A. Thompson, Melrose, (January), 1919 1921 1921 (January), 1919 Everett E. Brown, Pomfret Center, . . 1919 1919 1919 1919 Governor Marcus H. Holcomb, President ex-officio. Wilson H. Lee, Charles A. Thompson, fre-Fe H. Jenkins, mrs iGe b. Clinton, Dr. W. E. Britton, Me, © att, Orange, Melrose, New Haven, New Haven, New Haven, - New Haven, Leonard H. Healey. Hallie G. Root, SJeae ees LELarerord; EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE AND AUDITORS. N. H. Brewer, G. Re Treat. - North Woodstock, Vice President Treasurer Chemist Botanist Entomologist Pomologist Secretary Ass’t Secretary J. B. Palmer oil ( 4h Bis <) Am i : * i ‘ ; = P, i 3 ~e ’ Thee ft x, : 4-2 - ad dy al bat Mis f | ¥ J ¢t rapes a. in Roan ; e ow ae uy * ay: ae ‘ a a pon era Se RAMAN illo a : : A ie ; x ; , anes. 40 asAOe oes aant a: bint Yi rs) wd “ ¥ - i ; a a ; x » <3 GATORS f ~ i ; . ri 5 5 4 : . Yer: a . ; ; Z 0) i ‘ i | | .s aye ‘e ais \ . - a - ae iz 7 \ ie: ve ] ~*% " ai mo dey ie al ag Wiya AaB eit veA i ean tiEES ; STAR ri phy Hahgarery bre? Bh nd aevicta. wintinieans | i 9 est Jad eegy We ypire ai. a. Seeetinah 4G ee ‘di SS lan seer ui ee a wh. iipeiend cant ext pe Creer etn a; yeetecy es 4 | ayy | Pr sale whaewtalte) 6. at Rae eon eee a % ‘a are; i viel , Sd ubbiaiabie ae mn es 7 a ETN SL i us ah y i On i , Je RENCTAN A RAD mare, Fa, dat itt na oven . ” at edie xh : oe vrié feuiganbe er pS a | SpE eh and et ‘plo ; a serial}: ices Of naltad?> — . ofa? Benen ta i pyaz ean PORE FF widiri ee Ww agmat. '.iavo. me a are a ze « . ‘ ., Ay 2 ; of ate Comeanln Spon Rese te ane a ari: — ey a 7 . + ‘ ‘ ia - i, " 4 ' t uy? me r j gin ay 4 oe hi site 2 aT BOE eons ine Apo $tatye ci i ‘on , Poy. FE wri et jeAty ger. ; ; watery ete sibetogel ah aig Hat “caoleuhi i ft Rot nerd Pe mi: | : “py ian xons a4, i . TF rome WH fs a pitied: ) Poy nee er ares . fey) eee } Sa ey Fas 1 ee MOM ELE: TO RES OES | Abate te TYG | ; yor De CLADE? &, AW pian syOe? : | aa Gs eS Se ; Ce Aa Fie tain, not LA iaana J cal Lea 9 tem . “ Ave Vee x j ft ee A A 5 We 7°. Lae | phe pr ; ‘ (WaneoaY r aheart als PEW edhe a el 2 0, an Wat) eo feet y | teh i “4 mi ee whit. ‘ Ry bi +e = oo (a ately Pha as cata) |. ed, Re ON ih 2 Gaigallo ane yay ties tee GAL) Wits ' ' ya 2 \ ’ | ye “phe Laie teat ’ ‘ oo aN YT A VS ‘ : ee = | : A a Bil : TS a 7 Kinin ered baad porate f if; LORE. TR , sel ae Pats weal % Magh Prorat: Wy ely ih i oo : Phe OMA. grt mote eran = ‘ Aa E al ai eet os ee vee ae : aay ‘ ad eee 7 : i f . _ | ad i } } | a { 5 5 ; has , f nie ‘bh, , ; a ; : ‘ i - ; mk be ‘ ; + ¢ ‘ wh Ali, i 7 Oe : ; , “p ae y n: ; : e fees P o Pee a \ay ay Pam ye] By a he ‘2 CONNECTICUT STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE The Connecticut State Board of Agriculture was estab- lished by act of Legislature, holden in New Haven on the first day of May, 1866. Said act provided that the Board should consist of the Governor, one person appointed from each county by the incorporated agricultural societies in each county receiving an annual bounty from the State, and four other persons appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate. This Board was empowered to receive and hold donations or bequests for promoting agricultural education and the gen- eral interests of husbandry; to prescribe forms for and regu- late the returns required from agricultural societies. The Secretary was required by statute to visit different sec- tions of the State annually, for the purpose of inquiring into the methods and wants of practical husbandry, ascertaining the adaptation of agricultural products to soil, climate, and markets, encouraging the establishment of agricultural libraries and reading rooms, and disseminating agricultural information by lectures or otherwise. For the purpose of preventing the spread of contagious diseases among domestic animals, the Board could prohibit the introduction of any such animals into the State, and could quarantine any infected animal in the State. The Board could also appoint three commissioners on diseases of domes- tic animals, having all of the powers of the Board in regard thereto. By act of the General Assembly of 1897, the Board was reorganized to consist of one member from each county of the State, elected by the Senators and Representatives of said counties respectively, and the power to investigate the contagious diseases of domestic animals was given to one commissioner, appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Legislature of 1899 amended this act by providing for the appointment of one member from each congressional dis- 8 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept trict by the Governor, making the Board to consist of twelve members as formerly, with the Governor as president, -OffIC10. The Legislature of 1913, again amended this act to comply with the redistricting of the State, providing for an appoint- ment by the Governor of one member from each of the five congressional districts, so that the Board now consists of thirteen members, with the Governor as president, e-officio. The statute, in part, reads as follows: “The State Board of Agriculture shall consist of the governor, who shall be cx-oficio president of the board, and thirteen other persons. During the first month of the session of the general assembly in 1919, and quadrennially thereafter, the governor shall ap- point one member of said board from the second congres- sional district, one member from the fourth congressional dis- trict and one member from the fifth congressional! district, and during the first month of the session of 1921, and quadren- nially thereafter, he shall appoint one member from the first congressional district and one from the third congressional district. Such appointments shall be made with the consent of the senate. During the first month of the session of the general assembly in 1919, and quadrennially thereafter, the senators and representatives of each of the counties of Wind- ham, Litchfield, Middlesex and Tolland shall elect for each of said counties a resident of such county to be a member of said board, and during the first month of the session of 1921, and quadrennially thereafter, the senators and representatives of each of the counties of Hartford, New Haven, New Lon- don and Fairfield shall elect for each of said counties a resi- dent of stich county to be a member of said board. Each of said members shall hold office for four years from the first of July succeeding such appointment or election. Vacancies that occur when the general assembly is not in session may be filled by appointment by the governor until the Wednes- day of the third week of the session of the next general as- sembly, and vacancies so filled, or occurring during a session of the general assembly, may be filled for the unexpired por- tions of terms as herein provided for elections or appoint- ments for full terms.” Section 2072 of the General Statutes reads in part: as fol- 1918. ] CONNECTICUT, 9 iows: “The board shall, during the month of September in each year, appoint a secretary, a treasurer and such other officers as the board shall determine who shall hold office for the term of one year from the first day of October next suc- ceeding their appointment and until their successors are ap- pointed and qualified. The treasurer shall give a bond of four thousand dollars for the faithful discharge of his duties. The board shall have its office in the state capitol.” Hon. Theodore S. Gold of West Cornwall was elected the first secretary in 1866, and was re-elected each year until July 1, 1901, when he was succeeded by Col. James F. Brown of Stonington. Colonel Brown held the office until July 1, 1909, when he was succeeded by I. C. Fanton of Westport, who held the office until July 1, 1911, when the board elected Leonard H. Healey of North Woodstock, the present secre- tary. ) 10 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., Capitol, Hartford, October 1st, 1918. The State Board of Agriculture has completed its fiscal year and through its Secretary submits its fiftieth annual re- port. The most critically inclined must admit that the Board is truly representative of the several lines of agriculture in the state. The members of the Board are those who are leaders in their several lines of agricultural work and represent the farmers who are interested in the production and sale of milk, both wholesale and retail; the tobacco industry; poul- try husbandry; the raising of corn, both field and sweet for seed and farm use; fruit raising; beekeeping and swine hus- bandry and two members of the Board are interested in the rearing of sheep as well. Thus the advice and counsel given so freely in reply to both the personal and written requests tor information and assistance, come from those who are en- gaged in the same line of agricultural work and are thinking about the same things and who are themselves a success in their farm operations. “When the President of the United States told New Eng- land that the war could not be won by guns and submarines alone, but that the side that could feed itself the longest would win and that New England should raise food enough for her own people so that the surplus farm products of our cther states could be shipped to our Allies, New England re- sponded and Connecticut has nobly done its part. Our farmers responded by increasing their acreages, by better methods of cultivation and by increased hours of labor. Every nerve has been strained and everything in their power done to bring about the desired result, and this without a thought as to whether they would receive a price for their prod- ucts equal to a cost-plus-a-profit price for the same or not. No one but the farmer himself can know the sacrifices which have so freely been made by him to respond to his country’s call. In the reconstruction period which must come at the close of the war and in getting back to normal times the rights of the farmer must be recognized as they have not been before if our country is to prosper by a system of permanent 1918. ] CONNECTICUT. 1] agriculture. The farmer will not be the only one who will need to make changes in his methods of doing business. Is not agriculture as necessary and important to the wel- fare of our country as any one or all of our industries? If so, should not the farmers’ business enable him to hire just as reliable and as well trained help as the manufacturer? ‘This he can only do by getting more for his products so he can pay better wages which will enable him to secure the same qual- ity of labor as the manufacturer. Still another question which will enter into the farmers’ problems in the _ recon- struction period is the number of hours which farm labor will be willing to work. If the trades only require their help to work for eight hours as a full day, where will the farmer get off? The Board, as in the previous year, has done much to en- courage the use of milk and to have the consumer realize its food value as well as its production cost. While we have endeavored to emphasize these points, the Connecticut Milk Producers’ Association has done a great work in assisting the farmers to get a fair price for their milk product. Only through co-operative work could this have been done. Under the present system of dairy inspection, better milk is being made in our dairies resulting in a much greater quantity being 'used. For eastern Connecticut, the New England Milk Producers’ Association has been assisted on several oc- casions both in the state and at Boston by the Secretary of the Board. A great work has been done by this Association in securing a price for milk in the Boston and Providence markets never before received. For the first time in the his- tory of the milk industry a price for milk, delivered in Bos- ton, without a surplus clause has been arranged. This through the ruling of the Regional Milk Board which recog- nized its justice both in the raise in price and the cancelling of the surplus clause. In the early summer our attention was called to the fact that our New England cantonments were refusing to buy New England grown hay because it did not grade in accordance with the requirements of the National Hay Growers’ Associa- tion. Your Secretary with others in New England took hold of the matter with the result that after several weeks of work 12 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [ Sept:, end several conferences, the following specifications were adopted for the sale of New England grown hay: ~NO. 1.NEW ENGLAND HAY “Shall be timothy with not more than one-sixth mixture of clover or other tame grasses or mixture thereof, of good color, sound and well baled. “NO..2 NEW ENGLAND: HAY “Shall be timothy hay, not coarse enough for No. 1. It may contain 50% of other tame grasses which may include 25% ot clover, to be good color, sound and well baled. "NOS'S NEW ENGLAND HAY “Shall include all medium or coarse hay, not good enough for No. 2, sound and reasonably well baled. “NO. 1 NEW ENGLAND FEEDING HAY “Shall consist of 10 to 30%. of timothy of fine. texture, mixed with redtop or other tame grasses, but not more than 20% of clover. “NO. 1 NEW. ENGLAND FINE HAY “Shall be fine in texture, composed of tame grasses, well cured and well baled. “NO. 2 NEW ENGLAND FINE HAY “Shall be fine hay not good enough for No. 1, fair color, sound and well baled. NO. TARE D POP. ANT): Tei EIN. VEX 51). Elan Xe “Shall be 80% redtop or timothy or mixture thereof, all of good luxuriant growth. It may contain 20% clover and cther tame grasses or mixture thereof, must be of good texture, sound and well baled. “STANDARD REDTOP AND TIMOTHY MIXED “Shall be the same as No. 1 redtop and timothy mixed hay, except that it may contain brown blades. It shall be sound and well baled. NOL 2 ia Oe) LIM CT EL Y. ZN INGE) Side foe Eby acy “Shall be 60% redtop or timothy or their mixture. The re- mainder may be clover or other tame grasses, clover not to exceed 25%. It must be bright, of good texture, sound and well baled. 1918. | CONNECTICUT. 13 “NO. 3 REDTOP AND TIMOTHY MIXED HAY “Shall be hay not good enough for No. 1 and No. 2, but consisting of the same mixture and it may contain greater percentages of other tame grasses.” This established a standard by which: all hay going to market will be placed in its proper class. ‘Phis not only for the duration of the war, but for all years to come. The Board tenders its thanks to the “New England Homestead” for its efficient co-operation in the successful endeavor to help our New England farmers who were anxious to dispose of hay products. As a member of the New England War Council, the Secre- tary has endeavored to see that the interest of our Connecti- cut farmers was well protected. The modified rulings in re- gard to the milling of New England grown grains, especially wheat, were due to the efforts of the New England War Council. Each and every member of the Board has not only done his part to encourage the growing of more food in the season now passing, but they have also strivén on their individual iarms to. increase the food products so much needed by our- selves and our Allies. Where help could not be secured to Increase crop production some members have achieved the desired result by the raising of young stock or the putting in of beef cattle. The Board has held five meetings during the year and the Executive Committee has met once aside from Board meet- ings. The attendance of members at Board meetings has been good. FAIRS: The relation of a fair to agriculture is a close one. It is both economic and sccial. Wenn! pe 1 aoa LEV, fata alitvxih) fodqgnn a A. cae = Gai@hason T all Saath id tu ta Sgaabke ba ot co ae Salon GoFf +a auc 2 mist Uhiepint eri Bes task) oe es . oe | eth Bist » a its alsbnesutl le back eae ihe Wiis 04 7 Catan We peated iy Hiatt ks Grae, ue reget oy? ay Beebe. i rer THT” He ve he vs a ieee EA mer Soda © dott SRE 7 oes ae “obprebgn 3 wavy: sity Yo pha ‘of TRA a “tN th we EPG atthe, “ar “anrenbal “tor svi e as pales & os i‘ i BIA onomitiael. osteo Pa Be eect ter Ty eet > “okeeeera rs: aa 2! ‘= ~ cn ie cs x te a ; 4 a Say bens a | q eves Dy de Bese ti bey sioitaelicewic “oh Cites 530k atk +229 DAG Ee oT 08 Be i aqectatD) te WEsayrointh hat asia Te See i i” ‘geal oubinditte) saga a. a nae at pal ipa ti post ce 2 Mi PROCEEDINGS. REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AN- NUAL MID-WINTER MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Wednesday, December 12th, 1917. The session was called to order by Vice-President J. H. Blakeman, who introduced Honorable Allyn L. Brown. Mayor Brown, in behalf of the city, presented a hearty wel- «ome to all those in attendance. Spoke of the good feeling that existed between the city and farm people and the willing- ness to co-operate which at the present time was so much in evidence. Honorable Wilson H. Lee, in responding for the Board of Agriculture, expressed not only the appreciation of the mem- bers of the Board, but of all those in attendance for the cour- tesy received from those with whom they had been brought in contact. Mr. Lee said that he appreciated the thoughts of the Mayor when he said that the feeling was a great deal more friendly between the farmer and the city resident. As president of the New Haven County Farm Bureau he had found only hearty co-operation in all lines of agriculture in which he had asked their assistance. As a farmer he appre- ciated the many difficulties with which the farmer has to con- tend, and he was very. glad to see the willing spirit which was shown by both the farmer and the dwellers in the cities along all lines which had community betterment for their object. SUCCESS IN SWINE HUSBANDRY. By P. A. Campbell, Dixville Notch, N. H. in coming from northern New Hampshire to Connecticut to talk about hog raising, I realize that you have more favor- able climatic conditions and can grow a greater variety of crops. However, the general practices must be the same and the experiences we have had in New Hampshire may offer a suggestion to the Connecticut breeder. The breeding and feeding of hogs is not only necessary from the standpoint of 32 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Senes feeding the people, but it 1s profitable. The present needs of the nation should make every one think more about the swine industry. The hog is an economical producer of food; it develops, grows and multiplies very rapidly. Fifteen years ago there was an over production of pork products in the United States.._.I-.can renmiember wem- is— tinctly of selling pork, “Round Hog” as we speak of it, for $3.25 a hundred. At that time the amount of pork raised and the number of consumers was unbalanced, but since then there has been a gradual change. While the population of the country has greatly increased, the number of hogs has not increased proportionately. In the past few months pork has sold as high as 24c in the round hog, and 18c, 19c or 20c live weight. One of your county agents gave me the number of live stock in his county and if the number for the entire state is in proportion, it averages one and one-half hogs to each farm. One of the mistakes that the grower or farmer makes, is that he does not consider the raising of swine a business. It should be a business the same as the raising of cows, market gardening, or any other line, whether you are handling one hog, five or five hundred. If we consider it from that stand- point we will do better than when we make it a side issue. One advantage in growing hogs is that there is not neces- sarily a large outlay of capital either for buildings or breeding stock. You can probably get along with less exvensive build- ings in Connecticut than we can in northern New Hampshire. Probably with the exception of a small farrowing house, the colony system of housing is satisfactory. We use this sys- tem until the weather gets cold, then the small colony houses are hauled together so the attendant can feed the hogs easier and quicker. It is not the number of pigs that are farrowed that counts, but rather the number that are raised. A few years ago in one of the western states where I spent considerable time, there were one hundred litters farrowed in one brood house with what seemed like very satisfactory results. I asked the attendant the average number raised to the litter and he said “Between five and six,” which seemed a small average. Later experience has proven the average was good. 1918. | SUCCESS IN SWINE HUSBANDRY. 33 We have been keeping a record for ten months covering every litter from one hog house. ‘There were some old sows that we realized were not profitable to keep except for their valuable breeding and there were aiso the usual number of gilts farrowing for their first time which would have a tend- ency to reduce the average. ‘These figures show seventy-nine litters or six hundred pigs actually farrowed alive. ‘That does not seem a very large number, and yet the average of live pigs was about 7.6 while 5.2 pigs per litter were raised, which is considered good. To keep the average good it is necessary to select breeding stock from large litters. I would not discard a sow because her first litter is small, but discard both her and her progeny ii she fails the second time. In carrying pure-bred hogs it is necessary to use some meais of identification, and notching the ears is the most satisfactory. All the pigs of a litter are notched before they are weaned, and are identified by these notches until they are bred, when an ear tag is placed in the ear. We go over the breeding lots at least once a week. We stir up the pigs and every time we get a pig we do not like, regardless of its breeding, it is culled out for the fattening pen. In this way we not only make our selection from the breeding standpoint, but also from the individuality of the animal. The boar is perhaps one of the most important things we have to consider. Select a boar not only well bred, but one from a good uniform litter of at least eight pigs. He should have individuality, should be long, deep, smooth, full in the flank, and with a good deep ham, and above all he should stand up well on his feet. Our climatic conditions are much severer than yours; our pasture and crop seasons shorter. In the summer time, as soon as the weather permits, we plan to keep our pigs out on the land. The breeding stock is carried in small lots by means of hurdles. The pigs are put on fresh ground and when they have worked this ground over, the hurdles are simply picked up and moved along onto fresh ground. This method proves profitable from both the pig and land stand- point. The pigs are moved along from time to time, usually once a day, and any foul weeds in the land are pretty sure to 34. BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. | Sepis be cleaned up. In northern New England, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont there is a weed called the “Orange Hock Weed” which is pretty much of a pest, but the pigs clean this out of the land. Hogs are adaptable to more kinds of feed and more methods of feeding than any other form of live stock which we carry. They can be pastured, they can eat grain.and dairy by-products and are also flesh consumers, therefore are more adaptable to different feeding methods than other classes of live stock. In New England garbage or swill is an important factor. Since Mr. Hoover has been so active the quantity of swill is probably reduced, but there is always a legitimate amount of waste which the hog can use success- fully. Swill feeding is something I admit I had to start at the beginning and learn. I had taken it up from the theoreti- cal standpoint of swill feeding, that is, that swill should be ied raw. In that way the hog saved the cost of cooking, and good results could be obtained. In garbage there is always more or less pork products thrown in, these pork products often coming from hogs from a cholera infected section. These infected hogs arrive at market, pass inspection, and arrive at the farm where the cholera germs are transmitted to the perfectly healthy hogs. By sterilizing the swill you eliminate trouble, and by boiling practically all is used except the bones, so that there is little or no waste in this process. The question often arises as to the citrus fruit rinds. These citrus rinds are supposed to be poisonous to the hog, so keep them out as far as possible. If I were to start in the hog business, I would try and locate near some city and get the contract to take their swill, then sterilize and feed it to the hogs. It is the best game in the farming line at the present time, as in this way you get paid for doing something for yourself. I disagree with some breeders as to the age of weaning pigs. The seasons inenorthern New England are such that if we do not have our pigs come so we can breed them for early fall pigs, it sometimes means we get our pigs to wean in cold weather. In order to wean one litter in cold weather but not two, it has been our method to wean our pigs quite a little earlier than the average breeder. Six weeks is the 1918. ] SUCCESS IN SWINE HUSBANDRY. 35 average age of weaning. Some growers carry the litter eight or twelve weeks on brood sows. ‘The earlier you can take the litter from the mother, the more use you have of the brood sow house and the earlier the sow will farrow again. In looking up the authorities on this subject, you will find they disagree on this question. The northern hog raiser does not pay sufficient attention to the pasturing of his hogs. We have gotten out of the habit of it. Where I am located I was looked at in surprise when I drove the hogs the same as cattle; grazed and pas- ‘tured them the same as cattle. I work the hogs on a smaller area when the land is rocky, and it is very satisfactory as ‘they are fed more in that way than if grazed in larger areas. ‘The best forage crop is rape. We drill and handle it the ‘same as turnips, and let the hogs go up and down the rows. IYor another forage crop we use a combination of oats, peas and barley. In using this for the pasturing of hogs we obtain ‘excellent results, and it is profitable. Pasturing and grazing is merely supplemental. They do not make sufficient growth ‘or fatten on pasture alone. The dairy by-products make a valuable feed, but are usually too expensive. In handling brood sows there are a good many things to be ‘taken into consideration. A brood sow should be exercised so that she will be in good condition when she gives birth to her young. The rations should not be too wide to obtain good thrifty pigs. The pigs should not be too large at time of birth. I want a brood sow to farrow easily, and when the pain starts, to farrow quickly. If the pigs are regularly formed and well haired out they pick themselves up and get around and begin to nurse, the results are satisfactory, and a ‘much larger percentage of pigs are raised. Pigs that are of medium size, well developed, well haired out at birth, usually require but little attention, unless the weather is cold. If ‘possible, however, we take the precaution to have an attend- ‘ant present. In conclusion there are a few facts that are essential to successiul hog raising; among them may be mentioned good ‘breeding stock and a type adapted to pork raising. 36 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. | Sept DISCUSSION: QUESTION: How about fattening hogs for market? MR. CAMPBELL: That is profitable, and they should be finished at six to eight months of age. A few days ago two wagon-loads brought $1,100 for us. pay e QUESTION: What is your opinion regarding hogging down corn? MR. CAMPBELL: 1 haven't had any experience: . Saykan north we do not raise corn, owing to labor conditions, etc. I would change my opinion of ten years ago. There is no doubt but what it can be hogged down successfully. QUESTION: What causes pigs to break down in the back; hind quarters to show humped up appearance? MR. CAMPBELL 2 That@ts: more or less ‘*hereditanyaam would absolutely refuse to breed anything of that character. Such pigs are apparently all right to a certain age and until they reach about one hundred pounds. I thought this con- dition was caused by feeding, but decided later it was a mere matter of heredity and eliminated it by selection. QUESTION: How warm do you keep the brood house? MR. CAMPBELL: We have steam coils in hoggery for iarrowing pigs, but do not keep the hoggery warm, from iorty-eight to fifty-five degrees. “The men work in their with their coats and gloves on. The farrowing sows are kept nearest the heat, and we plan as the pigs grow older to move them farther away, and later they receive very little ad- vantage from the heat. QUESTION: How do you handle hog cholera? MR. CAMPBELL: You may be ever so-careful/and sani- tary, but sooner or later cholera will get started where any number of pigs are kept. The germ is brought in in some. way. There is only one thing to do and that is to vaccinate every hog and keep it up. QUESTION: Until what age do you keep those pigs im the pens? 1918, | DISCUSSION. 37 MR. CAMPBELL: Until they get large enough to liit the pens and get away; usually at eighty or one hundred pounds. OUESTION : How long does it take to get a hundred pound pig? MR. CAMPBELL: That depends upon how you are feed- ing them. If you give them by-products, swill, garden waste, and carry them cheap, they will not gain so fast. They may weigh forty pounds at three months of age; one hundred pounds at three months of age is not exceptional and I have had them dress two hundred pounds at six months of age. Under our conditions there is more money in them to carry them until eight or nine months of age. QUESTION: How much does it cost to raise a pig to one hundred pounds? MR. CAMPBELL: It is hard to estimate the value of feeds we use. From the corn standpoint, one pound of pork uses three to five pounds of corn; usually five pounds figured. QUESTION: Can you feed as much tankage if you are using swill? MR. CAMPBELL: With good swill I would not use any tankage. QUESTION: How much can one afford to pay for his swill? MR. CAMPBELL: It depends upon the kind of swill you are getting. QUESTION: Can you feed pigs corn and tankage? MR. CAMPBELL: If you get tankage specially prepared jor feeding purposes, it is economical to feed with corn. QUESTION: Can you use meat and scraps the same as tor poultry? MR. CAMPBELL: If there are no sharp pieces of bone, you can. 38 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. i Senes 8 LAW (RELATING TO INOCULATION“ (OF HOGS foe AOGCHOLERA: By Dr. C. L. Colton, Deputy Commissioner on Domestic Animals. I am here at the request of our Commissioner on Domestic Animals to talk on the subject of our new law which gov- erns inoculation of hogs for hog cholera; to bring the _attention of the hog raisers to the fact that the State of Con- necticut through our Commission wishes to extend its as- sistance to everyone interested in the hog industry. Unless the quarantine and treatment is enforced, hog cholera is in- evitable; when it starts it is going to go through the lot. In 1916, when I was attending a Pennsylvania college, L Was sent to inspect a barn where eight hundred pigs were kept. This barn contained four floors, the swill wagons were driven in on each floor and dumped to the lot of pigs assigned the driver. When I went into this barn I had on a rubber coat, boots and cap but at that did not escape some of the drippings. After this experience I vowed never to have anything to do with the hog again. These pigs were all lost, but we did not then know as much as we now know of the treatment of hog cholera. The department of health went out and burnt the whole thing up. The large hog raisers in that city finally got together and made up their minds they would have a law to remedy that condition. In 1916 the price for inoculation in this state was ten cents a pig, which was not enough. There was no system, no force, no men thoroughly educated in this work ready to go ahead and treat the hogs; in fact, at that time there were only two good men known in the state for this work. By July of this year we had a system thoroughly estab- lished for the treatment of hog cholera. The application and distribution of virus and serum is made through the Com- missioner. A complete record of each case treated and the results obtained is kept on file in the office and may be re- ferred to at any time. From November of last year to November of this year eight thousand hogs were treated. From the middle of July up to the first of November we have treated six thousand: We have the number and weight, and can identify every one.. 1918.] LAW RELATING TO INOCULATION FOR HOG CHOLERA, 39 At first we were handicapped by lack of operators but now we have twenty skilled in the work so that service can be rendered within twenty-four hours after application through- out the state. The only cost to the applicant is for the serum as the cost of treatment is borne by the department. The cost of the serum is governed on the basis of the weight and temperature of the pig and whether there is in- fection in the herd or infection in the neighborhood. ‘The average cost is about sixty-three and one-half cents per hog. A pig with a high temperature requires a certain larger per cent. of serum than one with a normal temperature, say ten, fifteen or twenty cubic centimeters of serum as indicated. The number of hogs inoculated from the middle of July up to the first day of November was six thousand, some were given the single treatment, and some the double treatment. A large number were killed and realized on. The death rate was four hundred seventy-three out of six thousand. Forty per cent. exhibited symptoms of hog cholera. At one time the hog industry in this state was almost en- tirely wiped out. They could not raise hogs owing to the hog cholera. With two thousand two hundred hogs infected with hog cholera at time of injection we figure about eighty per cent. will be lost, thus showing a saving of seven hundred sixty hogs by the treatment. Figuring these at an average weight of one hundred fifty pounds each, they would have netted the owners in the neighborhood of fifty thousand dollars at the current price of pork. The price of inoculation to the department and the state is decreasing gradually. We propose to give instruction on the treating of hogs to those who are not familiar with the double treatment. Any one can inject serum. If a person is clean in his work an abscess will not form, and that is What we are afraid of and want to.avoid. The use of the virus is where the danger lies. Virus should not be used until you are familiar with the correct methods of its use. One of our operators has inoculated over one thousand, seven hundred hogs without an abscess or trouble of any kind while another has not had over ten. This shows what can be 40) BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. | Sept., done under clean surroundings. We selected a swill man’s pigpen for demonstration in which there were seventy-eight hogs averaging eighty pounds each. They were fed the morning we started to work but should not have been. I personally washed the pigs with soap and water, scraped and painted with iodine, then after the inoculation placed them in clean pastures. One little pig in that bunch had a breach which was reduced and he came out all right. There was cholera in that herd and they all came out without an abscess. That goes to show what can be done where cleanli- ness prevails. This man is going into the swill-pig business and expects great success. In a herd of from two thousand to three thousand hogs in New Haven, six hundred and eleven were treated and the little pigs as far down as fifteen pounds were given the double treatment with wonderful success. I do not believe in double treating the pig below thirty pounds, but would recommend the single treatment for small swill-fed hogs, for the pro- tection this treatment gives up to time of double treatment. For an illustration will take two farms: The first had six hundred seventy hogs, and the owner went out and bought five new ones. The day after these pigs were delivered one died, and a post mortem revealed the presence of hog cholera. Two more of the lot died. We in- jected the rest of the herd, even the little ones. This was on a grain-fed herd where no swill had been fed previous to the treatment. The owner of the second farm was a large hog raiser. He purchased two hundred inoculated pigs from the- West, and they did so well he went to Buffalo and bought one thousand, five hundred more and had them inoculated at considerable expense. Something went wrong, and he brought these pigs into his herd having only passive immunity. These pigs be- gan td break and have all kinds of trouble. He injected the whole bunch all over again and lost thirty per cent. We finally cleaned them all up. He is going at it again next spring. The point I wish to make is that there was not a case of cholera until the rotten stock was brought in. Would you always inoculate? I look at it in this way: If you have a farm with no hog cholera among the stock, or on 1918. | FACTORS INFLUENCING THE YIELD OF CORN. 4] any farm near, | would not inoculate, but as soon as one pig gets off his feet, have some one come and look the bunch over, and inoculate all above forty pounds with double treatment, and all under forty pounds with the single treatment. You can be of just as much service by raising hogs as in any other department of action in the present conflict, as in developing this industry we are not only carrying on a busi- ness which has a certain degree of profit for ourselves, but rendering a service which results in a direct food benefit on a very large scale. Afternoon Session. Pee rors INFLUENCING THE YIELD OF CORN By Prof. B. G. Southwick, Extension Agronomist of the Con- necticut Agricultural College, Storrs, Conn. Professor C. G. Williams, Chief of the Department ot Agronomy at the Ohio Agricultural College was to have de- livered an address on this subject, but he has been delayed by a snowstorm near Pittsburg, Pa. Let me point out that these exhibits include the New Lon- don County Corn show and the State Board of Agriculture Corn and Potato Contest. In this hall are featured fifty ear exhibits with a germination test of each ear. The germina- tion test, if properly conducted, is as reliable a measure of the value of corn as we can get at a corn show. ‘These tests also have an educational value and this demonstration is made for that purpose. The educational value which a corn show provides as well as the exhibit value is hard to estimate. Any one who wants to take home a lesson should carefully examine the exhibits, especially those with germination tests. The potatoes and corn exhibited in the State contest rep- resent the quality of potatoes and the corn in Connecticut, ‘but not the magnitude. There should be three times as much corn exhibited next year, if not ten times as much. The more corn exhibited the more glory an exhibitor has in winning. The Agricultural Experiment Station and College exhibits are self-explanatory. The corn breeding work carried on at the New Haven Experiment Station is of particular interest 42 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. | Sept. to all present. This work has been conducted at New Haven for several years and many valuable facts are being. established regarding inheritance in corn. The object of a corn show is not to win a prize. The ob- jects of this Corn Show are to give men with good seed corn an opportunity to advertise and sell it; and to give people who want to buy good Connecticut grown seed corn a chance: to find and buy it. Moreover, this show ought to promote greater interest in good corn and the good growing of corn. The men who win at this show are under an obligation to make possible a larger increase in corn production by dis- seminating their seed, provided it is superior. When men win at a corn show they should also win in the field. This. prize winning corn must demonstrate in the field next year that the judges’ decision was right in putting it first. The winners here have a particular obligation to make their corn. prove its superior merit. Ii their corn does not measure up, it is not worth continuing, and it is up to the county agent to see that it is discontinued. You cannot run a satisfactory corn show unless people see the advantages of a corn show, and are interested in it. It is. up to the men here to get all the benefit they can. The Importance of Corn as a Crop. Notice for a minute this chart of relative values. The les-. son taught by it should be remembered by every corn grower in the state. “Sixty Bushels of Corn. “What a Connecticut corn acre should yield. ( 59 bushels of wheat = ; ; Leet cs foetl WE 60 bushels of corn contain } b . yee : are a ths wat ‘leo oats as much digestible food as Ser y “ | 280 potatoes | 3 tons timothy hay “Moral: One acre of good corn produces more food than any other farm acre. -Grow more corn?” Connecticut is a mighty good corn growing state. We had it demonstrated at corn shows a few years ago to our own satisfaction and profit. We can raise seed corn right here im 1918.] | FACTORS INFLUENCING THE YIELD OF CORN. 43. Connecticut for every Connecticut farm. I do not believe that more than two per cent. of the farmers need to go out- side of Connecticut for the best, and most profitable corn they can raise. And this two per cent. are farmers in the southern part of the state who grow silage corn. We have very good varieties for silage purposes and the Connecticut farmer should not go out of the state for seed corn. Raising Con- necticut grown dents for silage will mean better quality of silage and less purchased grain will be needed to supple- ment it. What else can Connecticut do as a seed corn state? She can sell seed corn to Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hamp- shire and Maine for silage purposes. The Maine farmer if he raises corn for silage purposes cannot raise his own seed, and he can get a better quality silage by getting seed from Con- necticut than from Illinois. Connecticut should grasp this opportunity and develop her seed corn industry. Increasing the Yield of Corn in: Connecticut. As reported by the United States Census of 1910, the average yield of corn in Connecticut was forty bushels or eighty baskets per acre, which is not a big-yield, but it gives Connecticut the distinction of having the largest yield of any state in the Union. Still we ought not to flatter ourselves as the yield is too low. We should produce twenty more baskets to the acre, or one hundred baskets instead of eighty per acre. Fifty bushels of corn certainly is not too high for Connecticut. With sixty thousand acres of corn grown 1n this state an increase of twenty baskets of corn on every acre would make a total of six hundred thousand baskets, thereby netting us an increase of $840,000, or very nearly $1,000,000 more and all without planting an extra acre of land to get it. Increas- ‘ing the yield of corn on ninety-eight per cent. of the farms is a possibility, and at the present prices of corn would be prot- itable. | Is eighty baskets of corn to the acre the actual average of Connecticut? There is no way of knowing definitely for this average is based upon the estimates given by the farmers who grew it. If one farmer estimates high his neighbor esti- 44 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. b Sete mates low, so that in all probability forty bushels is. not too low. With good methods of production one hundred forty bas- kets or seventy bushels per acre is not at all impossible. One hundred twenty baskets or sixty bushels from an acre is often secured by good farmers, while one hundred baskets or a fifty bushel yield ought to be possible for every corn grower- This increase of ten bushels or twenty baskets from each acre would mean more food and more money for the farmers, ail coming from the same land we are now using. Factors Influencing the Yield of Corn. If the average corn crop is too low, what 1s the matter with it? What is the matter with corn growing in Connecticut? Why doesn’t Connecticut raise more corn to the acre? We are not living up to our opportunity. If we are not raising fifty bushels or one hundred baskets, what is the matter? What one factor in corn production will return us the largest profit or increase if it is remedied? In what one place can the growing of corn in Connecticut be improved that will re- turn the greatest amount for the expenditure? This chart gives the important points in corn raising. Let us examine each of them, and will each person present mani- fest his opinion of the most important point by raising his hand? The question is: -Which of these factors if improved, would give the most increase in corn yield? Is it lack of fertility? One vote Is it poor seed? Fifteen votes Is it poor preparation of soil? . Ten votes Is it poor stand? Six votes Is it poor cultivation? Twenty-two votes Is the season most important? One vote There must be one thing which if remedied would increase the corn! yield more than any other. Is it lack of fertility, iack of preparation, poor seed or poor stand? A poor stand results from a combination of several things. Have you ever gone into a corn field and counted how many stalks were there and compared this with the number there should be? I would advise you to try it next year. In a vast majority of cases the stand is seventy, eighty, or ninety per cent. of what 1918. ] FACTORS INFLUENCING THE YIELD OF CORN. 45 it should be. I do not believe the stands of corn in Connecti- cut average eighty per cent. To improve the stand to ninety per cent. would not mean a very large expenditure of either labor or money. If the yield of corn is to be increased this year it must be done on the same area of land and with the same labor now in use. With labor as scarce as it is now, there seems to be little chance of using ‘better methods, if they require much more labor. Still there are many little things, all important in getting a big yield, that can be done. With very little ad- ditional labor or capital, the corn yield can be increased ma- terially if a man really wants to do it. Most of the things involved require attention to details and doing things on time and in a better way. Here they are, think over each one. Can you doit? Probably you can improve your meth- ods somewhat with no more labor and no more capital. Increasing the Corn Yield Without Increasing the Labor or the Capital. 1. More Fertility. { Better use of manure |. Care in storing and piling Use smailer amounts, but more : often What can be done 4 | Spread daily | Better care of manure | More bedding | Better bedding 2. Better Seed. ( Use home grown seed Better adapted variety Better storage of seed i alkalis oos a More careful seed selection | Make a germination: test Use seed of known merit 3. Better Preparation of Soil. { Fall plowing What can be done « Deeper plowing | More thorough harrowing 46 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. (Sepes 4. More Perfect Stand. ( Use seed:that will grow 100% | Use seed of strong vitality What can be done 4 Plant at the right time | Drop seed accurately ( Control crow damage 5. Better Cultivation. _f{ Use weeder early | Use weeder more often What can be done 1 Cultivate more carefully | Cultivate before weeds come ( Cultivate more often These things help determine the yield of corn, and if im- proved would help materially to increase the yield of corn in ‘Connecticut. DISCUSSION, QUESTION: How do you cure out sweet corn in large ‘quantities? PROF: SOUTHWICK: .We-dry large quantities oiicora by placing it in a rack, two deep, leaving fifteen or eighteen inches between the rack, absolutely no thicker than that, as the corn must have a clear circulation of air unless it is per- fectly dried in the field. We also top our sweet corn and let it stand in the feld. Early corn dries fairly well in that way. We rack it up as we dry it letting a circulation of air strike every ear. DEMONSTRATION IN CORN JUDGING. By Prof. F. S. Prince of the Department of Agronomy of the New Hampshire Agricultural College, Durham, N. H. Until 1886 little was known about corn judging. The first corn show was held in Chicago in 1886, by the leading corn men of the Middle West. The corn score card was first used at that time, and it was based on what the growers and judges considered an ideal type, which they aimed to have in their exhibition samples. As shows developed, the score card improved until today we have a well-developed score card. 1918. ] DEMONSTRATION IN CORN JUDGING. 47 Too many people take the corn score card at its face value, looking no further than the score card for a desirable sample of corn. A corn score card does not tell us anything about the yield which will be obtained if the corn is planted. A number of men have been experimenting with corn along the line of the score card to see if the different ear marks have anything to do with the yield of corn. I’ mean by that, does the length of the ear or the filling out at the tip, the circum- ference, the space between the kernels, the smallness of the butt, etc., have anything to do with the yield? These men who have been experimenting are finding out some important things about the present score card, and Professor Williams, who was to have been here this afternoon, has summarized some of these points: First: He tested long ears as compared with short ears and found that the average yield for long ears was 1.39 bushels per acre over short ears. There is thus very little difference in yield when long ears, as compared with short ears, are planted. Second: Tapering ears yielded 1.65 bushels better to the acre in the dent than in the flint. There is very little differ- ence between yields of the cylindrical and tapering ears. Flint corn fills out better at the top than dent corn. Third: In a seven-year average bare tipped ears gave a better yield than well tipped ears, .34 of a bushel to the acre. Fourth: He experimented with ears of corn having a high shelling-out percentage against a low shelling-out per- centage. Seed ears having 88% corn on the cob averaged €4.6 bushels per acre as against 65.06 bushels to the acre of shell corn for ears having only 76% of grain on cob. This proves that corn which doesn’t shell out the most gives about as good yield as that which has the highest shelling per- centage. The ideal ear is not always a better yielder in the feld than the ear which is not ideal. I might cite other instances to show that the ideal ear as outlined by the corn score card need not necessarily be the best ear of corn for seed. The best corn score card is one which would give us an idea of the yield of the corn if planted. I do not wish to throw cold water on the corn judging 48 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sep proposition as it is very valuable. It is of value because good looking corn is a good advertisement and will sell for seed much more quickly than corn which shows undesirable characteristics. Good show corn is corn which shows im- provement. Corn is a very plastic plant and responds to selection very quickly. Take the ear shank for example. Many varieties of flint corn are characterized by a large ear shank. This causes the ears to stand erect in the fall and not hang down. The ears are thus less weatherproof than declining. ears.. Moreover they are harder to husk than ears which decline. Corn shows and judging are also very valuable if they bring people together as they have here today, where they can mix, get acquainted and exchange ideas and perhaps get a better variety of corn or potatoes to take back home with them. It would indeed be interesting to follow up those men who bought seed corn here this year from prize-winning samples to. see if that corn yields better than their own next year, to see in other words 1f this corn show has been worth while from a seed standpoint. Good show corn should be good seed corn because it shows the improvement desirable, has good maturity, and is a sale- able corn when placed on the market. : Your authorities have tried out here today something rela- tively new in corn showing. They have tried to demonstrate the maturity and seed condition of the fifty-ear exhibits by running germination tests. The idea is good and it would be a fine thing if all of the points on the score card could be demonstrated in this way. Owing to the fact that the sand boxes were not properly made; however, these tests are not as satisfactory as they should have been. Still in many cases the well and poorly matured samples are contrasted by the number of sprouts showing. Where this test is attempted, the sand boxes should be tightly made, the kernels planted to uniform depth, all should be watered in the same way and kept at a uniform temperature. On account of these non- uniform conditions, the judges could not base absolute con- clusions on the percentage of germination of these samples. 1918. ] DEMONSTRATION IN CORN JUDGING. 49 The maturity and seed condition of show corn is, however, the most important point which the judges consider. Other important points are as follows: 1. Size. Corn should be as large as possible because a small variety is usually a poor yielder. \Where two samples are alike in other characteristics but size, the larger sample should be placed over the smaller. 2. Size of butts. The size of the butt is an indication of the size of the ear shank, and smaller ear shanks are more desirable as I have previously pointed out. 3. Space between rows. Flint corn rows should be placed well together as the tightness of the rows indicates firm corn. With dent corn there should be a slight space between the rows; the kernels are longer than in flint and the sample will dry out better than if the rows are close together. 4. Uniformity. In a sample exhibited for show, uniform- ity is an indication of selection and improvement. This is a good show point. In judging we remember all the points on the score card, hut very seldom use the score card, unless two samples are very close. It is wasteful of time, and the major points come out without actually scoring the samples. In judging corn we first eliminate those samples which we are sure will not place. Five or six, or perhaps eight samples place. The sample which earns first place is put over all the rest. It is easier to select the first place sample in every case than it is the second or third, or fourth or fifth. We dis- agree more on the fourth and fifth place than on any other place in the judging work, and this is often true in judging other materials. About some of the samples exhibited here, I have nothing to say; they speak for themselves. I want to call your at- tention to the samples which received first and second place in the fifty-ear exhibit where the germination test is being made. There is absolutely no question between the first and second place. If you will notice, the sample which received first place is probably no better in germination, but taken straight through it is a more desirable sample of corn. It is just as uniform, it shows more improvement, and is better,, D0 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [ Sepie, particularly over the butts, than the sample which received second place. With the potatoes we found some excellent samples. Sample No. 127, which received first place in the state con- test is a sample worthy to be shown in any state or any country. There are several excellent samples of potatoes but the first place potato is a wonder, it is the best I ever saw. It looks as though each potato had the same number ot eyes, and that the eyebrows had been combed; the samples are as near alike as a half dozen peas ina pod. The potatoes which have the first four places are all excellent samples. Another sample which should have honorable mention is No. §8, White Bliss, as it is a very excellent sample of potatoes, not as uniform, but, true to type and altogether a very desir- able exhibit. Perhaps you will be able to tell why we placed these sam- ples as we did. In a good many of the samples there are diseases present, Such as: thizoctonia, sor: black jscuri,, scab and -silwer {scum li black scurf is present in more than ten of the potatoes you need not place them on exhibition. There are just a few samples which have scab present. Silver scurf is apt to be on potatoes that have been stored; this disease is present in a few samples, and under these circumstances has very little show. I wish that all present would look over the potato samples exhibited here. The disease silver scurf often develops in storage, and po- tatoes afflicted with this disease should never be planted. Take it all through, the potatoes and corn exhibited here make a very creditable showing. DISCUSSION. QUESTION: Is it advisable to plant tip and butt ker- nels: PROF. PRINCE: Tip and butt kernels are just as good as kernels from the middle portion of the ear, except that a planter will not handle the odd shaped kernels as well. Aru PMITPISGUMO')D [Hora U pe PIQrYy xy eTey) 1918.] FUTURE OF THE NEW ENGLAND LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY. 91 THE FUTURE OF THE NEW ENGLAND LIVE STOCK . INDUSTRY. By S. B. Haskell, Baltimore, Md. The great agricultural problem in New England is that of the hill farms—the farms that are removed from immediate access to the city market and which have land with possibili- ties, land now too often and too long in grass, but land which cought to be doing more in the great work of food production. It is on these farms that live stock—more and better live stock, gives us the solution to our great agricultural prob- lem. On a large scale there can be no other solution, for a part of our cleared land, classified indeed as improved land, is so tipped up on edge that it washes badly with but the slightest of provocation. For conservation’s sake such land should be left in grass, for either hay or pasture. Then we have other areas where stones of all sizes absolutely grow from year to year, and come to the surface with every plowing. Once such lands are seeded down they ought to stay in grass, and for a period of years. Absolutely, we must have stock in order to make these lands produce foods, and hence our prob- lem is to develop a profitable stock industry. Especially is this true of those sections where extension of orchard areas, or of the potato growing industry, or of market gardening -offers no hope for the future. Why Our Live Stock Industry Has Failed. There is nothing new in what I have just said. These facts have been known for years and years, and have been presented to you time and again. Despite this, we have to face certain facts. One of these is that during the last quarter of a century sheep have well nigh disappeared from our hill sides. During the same period dairy cows have di- minished in numbers, and our butter and cheese industries have been lost. The hog has held its own in numbers, but has not kept pace with the increase in population. The beef steer has been forgotten. Notwithstanding this, for the past twenty-five years, or even longer, through the medium of our agricultural press, ‘our farm paper service, and more lately through the in- 52 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. | Sept.,. tensive effort of national, state and county organizations vorking co-operatively, there has been a great campaign for more and better live stock. Most devoutly must we hope that as a result of these efforts.our. live. stock .is. better im quality, for certainly there is no more than in years past. Our first big piece of work in the present crisis of the in- dustry, must be to find the causes of the failure of this cam- paign. Live stock has decreased—Why? Maik’ Prices "have Been Eow. Possibly one great cause of failure has been the low price of milk. I am ready to admit this, and state, furthermore, that during the last twenty years producers of market milk have had to live by saving rather than to live by making. Producers have barely made expenses and have “gotten by” only through boarding themselves and paying for the privi- lege. A contributory factor may have been waste in dis- tribution. We all recognize that there is this great waste,. end that it must be eliminated. At the same time, the saving of one or two cents per quart in the cost of delivering milk to the consumer will not make the dairy industry profitable on the majority of the hill farms in Connecticut, Massachu- setts, Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire. In other words, we have still to look for the real cause of our failure. Another possible cause may be the dog nuisance, and its. effect in discouraging farmers in the keeping of sheep. Per- sonally, I believe this damage has been much over-rated. I think that the dog nuisance has developed because the sheep industry has declined, rather than the reverse. Even so, if at the present time the prevalence of the mongrel cur prevents. farmers from engaging in sheep raising, we are justified in making every effort to secure better and more easily enforced laws. But that this alone will bring back the industry no man can Say. Another possible cause, in another branch of the live stock industry, is the prevalence of hog cholera, uncontrolled. This. may have stopped the increase in hogs. Certainly when a farmer has his herd wiped out by cholera he has cause for discouragement and is very slow in the rebuilding and re- placing. There is at present, however, no great necessity 1918.] FUTURE OF THE NEW ENGLAND LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY. 53 for loss from cholera. This is one of the evils that is now being successfully combatted, through the excellent work oi our state agricultural colleges and experiment stations. Manufacturing, Not Farming. Yet, in my judgment, all of these causes are contributory, not primary. The real cause of the decline of our live stock industry I believe to be the fact that we have been manu- facturing rather than farming. We have bought the bulk of our feed stuffs, nearly all except the roughage, and have tried to make a profit by turning this purchased feed stuff into milk and butter, beef and pork, rather than by raising the necessary feeds. We have failed because we have neglected one of the fundamental laws of economics—that it is always cheaper to pay freight on meat than on the grain needed to produce this meat; and on butter and cheese rather than on the feed needed to produce this butter and cheese. We can- not compete in the production of beef or pork, butter or cheese, or in any animal product except raw milk, unless we can at the same time compete in raising the bulk of the feeds en which these products are grown. Let me cite a few illustrations: Taking the average yield from the whole United States, four-fifths of an acre of corn with one-fifth of an acre of clover make a fairly well balanced ration and will preduce -about two hundred thirty-five pounds of live pig, or an acre yield of about one hundred seventy pounds of dressed pork. The weight of corn needed to produce this weight of pork 1s about one thousand, five hundred pounds. It will always be cheaper to pay transportation on the two hundred seventy pounds of meat than on the one thousand, five hundred ‘pounds of grain. Therefore, if we are to engage largely in the hog-raising industry, we must grow our own corn or its equivalent, or else feed our hogs on city wastes or some- ‘thing other than corn and the smali grains. There is no es- caping this conclusion. It is one of the things that must be done, else our hogs must be fed largely from the garbage can. Let me take beef as another illustration: The average acre, given up to corn for grain and silage, and ‘to clover hay, produces about one hundred forty pounds oi 54 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [ Sept.,. dressed beef. To balance the ration, a part of the corn must be traded for cottonseed. Even at that, the one hundred iorty pounds of dressed beef represents nearly one thousand, four hundred pounds of corn, on which freight must be paid in case we are manufacturing instead of farming. Naturally the freight rate on refrigerated beef is much greater than on corn, but it is never ten times greater. In the long run, then, we cannot grow our own beef unless we also raise our own corn or its equivalent. There is but one possible error in my conclusions. Perhaps we can grow roughages so much more cheaply than can other sections that we can afford to buy all of our grain and still turn a profit from the feeding of stock. As a matter of fact, however, this is not the case. Roughages.in New England,, hay, clover, alfalfa, corn stover, or straw,-cost as much or- more than in any other northern section. We Can Hold Our Raw Milk Market Against All Competition. The only live stock product on which this fundamental law does not hold is raw milk. We can hold our own in this field. Milk is a bulk product and it may be that in producing it we can afford to buy all of our mill feeds and raise only our roughages. At the same time the market miik industry does not begin to furnish a solution for all of the natural stock land in New England. The reason is that if all of our Say, in response to farmers farm as well as they know how higher prices as brought about by more demand for milk products as developed by educational propaganda financed by farmers, but run by people who know the game:—if all of these farmers do really good farming, there will be no market for all of the raw milk that New England can produce. The production of milk in New England can easily ‘be doubled, and this within a very short space of time. In fact, one great cause of past low prices has been the fact that there has in reality been something very close to over-pro- duction, or at least a quantity sufficient to make it a ques- tion of supplying a market rather than of marketing a sup- ply. This always leads to low prices. If the dairy cow is to be the solution of our New England. 1918.] FUTURE OF THE NEW ENGLAND LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY. 55. hill farm problem, and the dairy cow is more efficient than is any other animal in the transforming of grasses, clovers and alfalfas into human food, we must produce something more than raw milk. But the moment we consider cheese, we are taced by the fact that the fundamental law holds—we must lace outside competition. The moment we consider increas- ed butter production in New England we find that the same principle holds. More and better cows will not make dairy farming profitable unless with them can come greater pro- duction of the feeds on which such stock is produced. More Grain the Solution of the Problem. If, in our own markets, New England is to compete against other sections, against the West and the South, in the pro- duction of animal products, she must raise a much larger portion of the feeds on which these animals are grown. This may mean more corn, or perhaps barley instead of corn, on some of the colder soils. It may also mean the development of local gristmills, so that farmers may have a market for their grains, and at the same time take home with them the milk producing by-products which these grains give. Also, as an essential change in our present farming system the production of more corn means the possibility of more clovers and other legumes. Now I know that there will be immediate objections raised to this suggestion of mine, that many will say: “It can’t be done;” and others, “It should not be done.” But I think I can answer all of these objections. Let me try. Let me quote some of the objections already made, and give my answers to the same: ‘ (1) “It is cheaper to buy grain than to raise it.” How often in past years have we heard this statement made? The pity of it is that it has been believed unques- tionably! Now I remember the days of really cheap grain here in New England, when forty cents could be traded for a bushel of corn; and when cottonseed meal could be bought for less than its calculated fertility value. Did this cheap grain make for us a profitable agriculture? You know it did not, and furthermore, you know that it was in the days of cheap grain, in 1893-’94-'95, that thousands of our farms were 56 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., abandoned, that our pastures commenced to grow up to weeds and brush, and our land to decrease in fertility. No! The mere fact that we could buy grain for less than our own cost of production meant that farming itself was unprofitable. (2) “We had best start with more clovers and more al- falfa instead of more grain.” This objection was raised by an experiment station man at the time some of these suggestions were presented to him. I would be tempted to agree with him were it not for the fact that> we have preached more clovers and more legumes for the past quarter of a century, and made but little headway. This last summer I took a nine hundred mile automobile ‘trip through Connecticut with our own Professor Southwick of the Connecticut Agricultural College. On this trip we ‘saw perhaps a dozen good fields of clover and possibly the same number of “patches” of alfalfa, patches instead of fields. For some reason clover has not made headway. My own ‘belief is that land is plowed too seldom. Until we develop our farming system and our farm organization to a point which will allow the breaking up of some of the grass lands at fairly frequent intervals, we will never be able to grow ‘more than a very, very small area of red clover, or even of alfalfa. (3)> "ich grain prices may not last.” Now, in its essence this suggestion is the same as number one, and requires no extended answer. Certainly no guar- ‘-antee of high prices can be given, but we know that freight rates must rise, and that with this rise we will have in effect an increased protective tariff on each of the farm products of New England. We also know that the soils of the corn belt, which is the great granary of the United States, are long since past the first flush of fertility and now only respond to the use of artificial fertilizers. These two facts show that in the future, if not in the immediate past, New England can once again compete in the production of grain crops for hu- man food as well as for animal feeds. (4) “Our fields are too small; it takes too many acres to ‘make a living by grain production.” Now, there is some point to this objection. However, I am not urging grain production as an end in itself, but simply to 1918.] FUTURE OF THE NEW ENGLAND LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY. 57 make a profitable live stock industry. If the fields are too restricted and the farms too small to make this change profit- able, it may be that the farm is one of those which was never meant to have been cultivated, and which should never have been cleared. ; (5) “We are already short of labor, so why suggest a change that will take more labor?” My answer to this is that the suggested change will take no more of human labor, although admittedly it will use the teams which we already have to much better advantage. Let me say, furthermore, that this last 1s absolutely necessary. New England is a witch-grass country. Her stone walls serve most excellently and efficiently as witch-grass nurseries. With corn as her only grain crop, the possible area has had to be limited to that which could be hand-hoed, for corn in a witch-grass country can hardly be grown without some hand work. This has really limited the production of clovers. More grain can be grown without decreasing our present acreages of other crops, but simply because the labor on these crops is mainly at a time of the year which conflicts neither with corn production nor with the making of the hay “CTOp. We Must Develop a Market for Small Grains. Now there is one objection that has great force and that is that even if our farmers grow more of the small grains, just now we have no market for the products, no place where the grain can be milled, or flour and milk producing by-products manufactured. Unfortunately this is partly true, for the New England gristmill has long since disappeared and ceased to be one of our cherished institutions. Do you realize that one thousand acres of wheat or rye will furnish flour enough for a community of three thousand people? And, furthermore, do you know that if a grain mill can have the guarantee of the product of one thousand acres of wheat or rye it will be worth while to install the necessary milling and bolting ma- chinery? And, finally, have you not recently seen that in the State of Connecticut today there are but fifty-six mills scat- tered here and there over the state, which are actually making flour from home grown grains? Yes, there is force in this suggestion, but the problem is very easy of solution. 58 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Sept. In this connection, I wish to relate an experience of mine,. some ten years ago. For several months I was located on a large farm in the Anholt region of north Germany. The com- munity in which I lived had a population of about two thous- and people, most of them working in one way or another for this single large farm. It was a semi-feudal system. On the farm was a windmill, one which had been built in 1738, a one-man affair, it is true, but for nearly one hundred and seventy years it had been milling rye and wheat into flour. The bulk of the product was used at home, and the by-prod- ucts were used on the farm. The interesting thing about it, however, was that in this windmill, almost medieval in its. nature, I found installed an up-to-date bolting machine of American manufacture. When the Germans could send to this country for the necessary machinery and find it profitable. to do the work on their own farms, I wonder if the time has not come when our gristmill must be brought back again and equipped with the machinery for milling flour? The Farm Must Be Re-organized. When our New England farmer keeps more stock as a re- sult of raising more grain, a definite and conscious re-organi- zation of many of our farms will become necessary. ‘This. will lead to greater efficiency in all departments of farming. Roughly speaking, every hill farm has land belonging to one of three classes: (1) Tillable land which can be worked by machinery. (2) Steep side hills and stony land, now in grass, which are difficult to plow. (3) Permanent pastures. lt'as’on-the' first of these’ ‘that our grain crops mst we grown, and rotation must be practiced. In fact, looking back over my own experience, for the last twelve years, I can see where I have failed time after time, in giving service to my supporters in the state of Massachusetts. I advised rotation as it seemed to me farms ought to be—laid out on the square: and on the level, with fields of such a size that it would be tairly easy to develop a three, four or five-year rotation. This idea is rotation as it is taught. All of you New England -men know that the great difficulty is simply that the land is: 1918. | FUTURE OF THE NEW ENGLAND LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY. 59 not built this way. If, in planning a cropping system, we will forget about our pastures, and forget about our steep hill sides, and confine ourselves to land which can and should be machine worked, progress will be made. Lands belonging to the third group should be left per- manently in grass. ‘This, however, does not mean that these lands should become less efficient in the production of ani- mal crops. On the grounds of the Massachusetts Experiment Station in Amherst, I have seen lands which were seeded down previous to 1881, and yet two years ago gave a won- derful crop of clover. Dr. Brooks states that each two years out of three, for-more than twenty years, clover has been present on some of these meadows. It was the liberal use of fertilizers which -made this possible. The same can be done, and I believe profitably, on many of the steep hill sides of New England. Putting the case differently, a large part of the roughage for increased animal crops must be grown on these hill sides. Manure used as a top dressing, or larger usage of fertilizer, will not only maintain yield indefinitely, but will also obviate for years without number, the necessity of re-plowing and re-seeding the land in question. Perhaps our permanent pastures present us with our hard- est problem. If I were to try to describe the typical pasture in New England, I would simply mention “Bayberry” to those farmers who live near the salt water; I would suggest “Sweet Fern” to all farmers who have gravelly land, talk about “Running Juniper’ to those who are farming the northern half of New England, and would wind up by sug- gesting the great beauty of the weeds sometimes known as the “Devil’s Paint Brush.” Perhaps betwixt and between, I might mention the occasional bite which our farm animals are able to get on these weed infested pastures. When our sheep pastures come back—and I believe that if they are rightly managed, and if attempt be made to grow all of the feeds which sheep consume, they will come back— the weed problem will be partially solved. If, after the war, fertilizers are cheaper than ever before, and I feel that this will be the case, then the time will surely come when our pas- tures will be fertilized the same as other parts of our farm lands. Certainly, any treatment which will replace the 60 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [ Sept, present weed growth of our pastures by white clover and blue-grass, will more than double the carrying capacity of our New England pastures. It seems evident then, that whether our aim be dairy cattle, beef animals, or sheep, our first concern must be to provide home grown grains and better pastures. I have endeavored to point out certain steps of re-organization and re-arrange- nent which must take place on individual farms and in most New England communities before these ends can be success- fully accomplished. On this basis a permanent and profitable New England agriculture should be developed. THE, NECESSITY, FOR; THE,ORGANIZATION GE AGRIGULTURAL: INTERES £8; By Dr. Thomas N. Carver, Professor of Political Economy in Harvard University. They who cannot or will not work together are the natura! prey of those who can. Sometimes, in a pessimistic turn of mind, one is tempted to say that they are the legitimate prey of those who can and will work together. There are, however, several excellent reasons why farmers find it difficult to work together. These reasons may be classified as geometrical and temperamental. The geometri- cal reasons are.that farmers live so far apart; the distances between them are usually measured in miles, whereas the distances between the business men of our cities are meas- ured in feet. Now, distance is difficult to overcome, in spite of good roads and automobiles. With bad roads and poor teams and vehicles it is still more difficult to overcome. The temperamental. reasons are not quite so easily ex- plained. Farmers are temperamentally a somewhat inde- pendent class and each one prefers to go his own way rather than to co-operate with his neighbors. For a long time our population has been going through a sifting process. They who like to work in groups and under a boss have been going to town. They who dislike it have remained in the country. One of the most painful operations for a certain type of mind is that of deciding for itself what to do next. The farm is no place for a person to whom that is a painful VATPOUNASUyT pue TUS oT OpUy weed st SprqQrap xy LE BLAS | yo eprsed 1918. | THE NECESSITY FOR ORGANIZATION. 61 process. The farmer must decide that question for himself a great many times every day: This means that he must be a self-reliant individual, with a good deal of power of seli- direction. In short, he must be capable of being his own boss. The average person who lives in town, however, is not his own boss, but works under somebody else. He does not have to decide what to do next; there is always a boss or a superintendent handy to tell him. All he has to do, therefore, is to fit into a large machine and do what he is told to do. It follows as a matter of course that the independent, self- reliant people who do not like to work under a boss, generally stay in the country; whereas the easily organized and more or less gregarious individuals flock to the cities. There are some advantages which grow out of this inde- pendent character of the rural population. While it is diffi- cult to organize them for constructive purposes, it is likewise dificult to organize them for predatory purposes. Con- sequently, the political machine has its home in the city and not in the country. The political boss, like the industrial hoss, has his home in the city rather than in the country. But along with these advantages which follow the inde- pendent temperament of the average farmer come certain dis- advantages. It is difficult to organize them, even for worthy purposes. In this day of organization, when organization is the key-word to almost every kind of large success, the fact that country people are so hard to organize has proved to be a distinct weakness in country life. In every program for the organization of rural interests, we must take these two large facts into account: the geo- metrical and the temperamental difficulties in the way of or- ganization. Nevertheless, in spite of these difficulties, the necessity for organization is becoming more and more ap- parent every day. These difficulties can only be overcome by superior wisdom or superior morality on the part of the country people. If they: once realize that difficulties are made to be overcome, and that wisdom and morality are given to people for the purpose of overcoming difficulties, they need have no great difficulty. In spite of these difficulties, there is one great advantage which the country people still possess. They still have the 62 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [ Sepe, germs of the neighborhood idea, which has almost died out in the towns and cities. The city people have already lost all conception of its value, and I am afraid that even the country people only partially realize its value and it fundamental im- portance in ali genuine and progressive social life. The neighborhood idea is based essentially on territory, on land, or on the geometrical relations between man and man. The cities are largely dominated by the class idea, which is super- ficial, pestilential, and of the devil. It is artificial, due merely to our ways of thinking rather than to the fundamental conditions under which we have to live. Class consciousness, class war,—all such obscene notions, are the products of city liie_and not of country life:., i he,.essential . difference phere was brought out once upon a time in a famous dialogue. This dialogue took place between a man from the country and a man from the city. If you forget that essential fact,— that the one man was from the country and the other from the city,—you will never get the real meaning of the dialogue. The man from the city inquired of the man from the coun- try, “Who is my neighbor?” The man from the country answered with the story of the good Samaritan. The man trom the city had forgotten what neighborhood meant; like all city people, he was thinking in terms of class. So were the various people who, on the way to Jericho, passed by the wounded man because he did not belong to their set cr class, until the Samaritan came along who recognized the geo- metrical relations of life rather than the class relations, and thus exemplified the principle of neighborhood. Country people generally understand what the word “neighborhood” means. They have that much, at least, in their favor. Until city people re-learn the meaning of the word “neighborhood,” there can be no such thing as good city government, or good social or economic conditions in any city. Cities and the dwellers therein will doubtless go on trying other experiments, tinkering with the situation, trying by various psychological processes known as “taking thought,” to add a cubit or so to the moral stature, but all such efforts are futile and vain. I remember very well a certain ardent social reformer who really thought he had a remedy for most of the ills of society 1918. ] THE NECESSITY FOR ORGANIZATION. 63 and seemed genuinely zealous in the promotion of his reform, who stated, rather proudly I thought, that he did not know even the name of a single individual, outside of his own fam- ily, of several hundred who lived in the same house with him- self in New York City. He had absolutely lost the last vestige of the neighborhood idea, and, needless to say, his re- form has never made any headway; nor would it do any good, even if it should succeed. He needed first a regeneration within himself before he was in a position even to begin the work of regenerating society. Having the germ of the neighborhood idea in the country, we have something with which to begin the work of rural organization; for all rural organization must begin with the neighborhood, and we must develop a genuine interest in the neighborhood as such. We must even develop some- thing which may be called “neighborhood statesmanship,” —that is, a feeling of patriotism toward the neighborhood and a kind of wisdom in the way of neighborhood building, comparable to the patriotism and the wisdom which are felt and shown with regard to national problems. In fact, if every citizen would show a determination to make his own neighborhood the best neighborhood in the world, there is not much doubt that the United States of America would easily take care of itself and become the finest country in the world. Patriotism, like charity, may be said to begin at home. We need a_ thousand neighborhood — statesmen where we need one national statesman. We need a thousand nen with the genuine ambition to build a fine neighborhood where we need one with the wisdom which knows how to build a great nation. It is often said that one difficulty in the way of neighbor- hood building is the lack of leaders. But there are two kinds of leaders; the destructive and the constructive. There is one kind of leader who achieves leadership by appealing to the lower rather than the higher motives of the people; who tells them a great deal about their rights, their wrongs, and their grievances; who stirs up resentment among them. There is another kind of leader who tells people very little about their rights, their wrongs-or their grievances, but a great deal about their opportunities and their obligations. 64 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. | Seats The negroes of the South, for example, have these two kinds. of leaders. They have their fiery, turbulent leaders of dis- content who try to stir the people up to resentment over their rights, their wrongs and their grievances. They also: had Mr. Booker T. Washington, who, so far as we have any record, never told them anything about their rights or their wrongs or their grievances, but a great deal about their op- portunities and their obligations. There is not much doubt in the minds of any of us as to which kind of leader is likely- to do the most for the negroes of the South. It is almost nauseating to observe how many blatherskites there are who: remind themselves of Lincoln; but, so far as we have any recorded utterances of that great, constructive leader, he never on any occasion spoke to the people about their rights,. their wrongs or their grievances, but told them about their opportunities and their obligations, especially their obliga- tions. The spirit of resentment, of hatred or class feeling,. Was never encouraged by anything that he ever said or did. This has a very direct bearing on the question of organi-- zation. If Il am particularly careful about my own rights and. your obligations, and you are equally particular to safeguard your rights and enforce my obligations, we two are likely to have considerable difficulty in working together. A com- munity made up of such people will be especially difficult to organize for constructive work. But if I am very careful about my own obligations and your rights and you are equally careful of your obligations and my rights, we two. ought to get along easily together. We ought never to have any difficulty in working together for any good constructive: purpose. A neighborhood which is characterized by this spirit will have all the wisdom and all the morality necessary to overcome the geometrical and temperamental difficulties in the way of effective organization or co-operation. Unless the neighborhood has moral or religious leaders who can de- velop this spirit within the neighborhood, or unless the peo-- ple themselves without leadership can develop it among themselves, it will be impossible to overcome those diffi-- culties and carry out an effective organization. What we sometimes call sociability is also a very impor-- tant factor in any kind of neighborhood co-operation. So-- 1918. | THE NECESSITY FOR ORGANIZATION. 65 ciability, however, does not depend upon any mysterious or oc- cult sociological forces. Wherever two or three are gathered together with one mind or with a common interest, there 1s always plenty of sociability; in fact, there are the two es- sential factors—-physical juxtaposition, propinquity or geo- metrical nearness on the one hand, and a common interest on the other. With these two factors present, there is never lack of sociabliity. With either of them absent, sociability is 1m- possible. It is not so very difficult to get people together within the sound of one another’s voices, but this alone, as already sug- gested, will not create sociability. The difficult thing is to give them a common interest which is strong enough an] deep enough to make them want to come together and to overcome the natural reticence which most country people feel. When people are vitally interested in the building up of the neighborhood, in making it a better place in which to live and bring up their families,—a better place to which to entrust their grandchildren and great-grandchildren,—they will have a common interest. If you can create within the neighborhood a genuine desire to do something for it,—to build it up, not simply along moral and educational lines, though these are of the utmost importance,—but even in in- dustry, prosperity and wealth; a genuine desire to see better markets or a better outlet for the products of the farms; a genuine desire for better roads, better schoolhouses,—not simply for the selfish interest of the individual but because of the real, emotional interest in the welfare of the neighbor- hood, then you will have created a common interest. We know what it 1s to feel an emotional interest in the welfare or the safety of the United States of America. I] am afraid that most of us feel a deeper emotional interest in the country as a whole than we do in that part of the country called the neighborhood, for which we can accomplish more than we can for the nation as a whole. Almost any one of us has in his power to do more for his own neighborhood than he can possibly do for the country as a whole, and yet most of us have very little emotional interest in our neighbor- hood, even though we have a great deal in the country as a: whole. 66 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [ Sepeg One way to begin the organization of the rural neighbor- hood is to study the methods of organizing the urban units. These urban units are too large, but nevertheless they have done some good work. I refer to the chambers of commerce and the boards of trade which try as best they can to or- ganize the business interests of the city for the purpose of general city improvement. This form of organization might very well be adopted in the rural neighborhood. This wiil prove a school for the development of rural statesmanship, or neighborhood statesmanship. It will furnish an oppor- tunity for the man with constructive ideas to get those ideas put into practice. Some of the cities are also trying the ex- periment of the city manager, though, as a matter Ob tact: that is what the mayor ought to be, or else the town clerk. In fact, in those countries where they have good city govern- ment, either the mayor or the town clerk is the city manager. Very few rural neighborhoods have any similar functionary whose business it is to promote the development of the neighborhood. It would be useless to have either a neighborhood manager or a rural chamber of commerce without giving it something to do immediately. It must be kept busy from the very ‘start with the solution of neighborhood problems. Some of these problems are already acute and calling for immediate solution. There is, for example, the great problem of buying and selling, the problem of finding an outlet for the products of the neighborhood and the most economical method of supplying itself with the products of other neighborhoods which it must bring in. I wonder if we realize how all-im- portant this great problem of buying and selling nas become. In the old days of self-sufficing agriculture, when practically every farm produced everything that was consumed on the farm, and consumed everything that was produced on the farm, this was a question of minor importance; but we have long passed out of that stage. The farmer is a buyer and seller in almost the same sense as the manufacturer, and, as a matter of fact, farming is the only large business in the country which buys even its raw materials at retail and sells its finished products at wholesale. This in itself is a suffi- 1918. ] THE NECESSITY FOR ORGANIZATION. 67 «cient explanation of the fact that farming is not the most prosperous business in the country. But the world at large is still groping for the solution of the great problem of buying and selling. I wonder if you realize that no manufacturing city ever rose to the first rank -among cities. A few have risen to second rank or third, but none to first. The only cities that have ever risen in any country to first rank are the trading cities. Of course, no manufacturing city can get along without doing some trading, and all trading cities do a certain amount of manu- facturing. Nevertheless, the dominant business in the large cities of all countries is buying and selling,—wholesaling and ‘retailing,—rather than manufacturing; whereas in all of these countries a number of cities have risen to second and third rank where manufacturing is the dominant business and trading is only of secondary importance. Moreover, the great fortunes of the world have been made, not in the ma- jority of cases by manufacturing, but by trading,—buying ‘and selling—by men who have not been skillful in the art of manufacturing, but skillful in the arts of trading. Even the "manufacturers, therefore, have many problems in the way of buying and selling which they have not yet worked out, but the farmers are even further behind. Manufacturers are now beginning to realize that the selling organization, or the sales department, is the most important pert of their business or- ganization. In some cases it is almost the whole business, the actual work of manufacturing being carried on mainly for the purpose of keeping the hopper full in order that the selling organization. may be kept busy. Even the trust, though it claims to be efficient in pro- ‘duction, owes its success mainly to its efficiency as a buyer cand seller. It may be able to control a source of raw mate- rials and thus get its raw materials on better terms than its ‘competitors. The producers of the finished product do not know the difference and think the trust is an efficient pro- ‘ducer, whereas, in this case, it is only an efficient bargainer. It may secure better transportation rates than its competitors, and thus gain an advantage over them. This, again, is not -efhciency in production, but efficiency in bargaining. It may ‘be able to control the labor situation more effectively than a 68 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sepex small competitor. Again, its advantage is on the side of bar- gaining rather than on the side of production. Finally, it may perfect a great selling organization with branches in every nook and corner of the country and be able therefore to take advantage cf every local situation. This is an es- pecially efncient device in bargaining and not in producing, —in selling the product rather than in producing it. The small farmer working alone is generally at a disad- vantage in this work of buying and selling or bargaining. He may be a very efficient producer,—in fact it appears that the middle-sized farm, or the farm which enables one family to utilize its own labor power to the best advantage is the most economical unit from the standpoint of production that has yet been discovered, but this advantage in production is partially offset by its disadvantage in buying and selling. A huge farm that can buy and sell on a large scale is usually not so efficient in the work of production, but gains enough through its efficiency in buying and selling to make up for its inefficiency 1n production. The ideal combination would be such an organization among a large number of small farmers as would give them the advantage in buying and selling which belongs to the bonanza farm and at the same time pre- serve for them the advantages in production which they al- ready possess. As to marketing, there are certain well-recog- nized principles which apply to farm products as well as to anything else. The marketing of farm products does not in itself present any serious difficulty. Farm products are no more difficult to sell than are the products of the mines and the factories. The only difficulty 1s that which the small farmer finds in adopting the same methods which have to be adopted by other business men. There are four things necessary to the successful marketing of farm products. In the first place, the products must be ood. It will never be easy to sell poor products at a good price. The products must be such as the consumers like, otherwise the consumers will never buy them eagerly. But even a good product must be graded or standarized. The man who buys a barrel of apples may have pretty definite notions as to what kind he wants. He does not like to buy several other kinds mixed in, in order to get a few of the 1918. | THE NECESSITY FOR ORGANIZATION. 69 kind he likes. The restaurant keeper who buys broilers from the poultry man must charge his customers a uniform price, and he would like to get a uniform product. If he buys an ungraded assortment, some will be large and some small, some fat and sone lean. It will be impossible for him to treat his customers alike. If it is a cheap restaurant, he wants cheap broilers; if it is an expensive restaurant, he wants first-rate broilers and no cheap ones among them. He will therefore always deal by preference with the man who can give him exactly what he wants and in the quantities de- sired. ‘The same principle holds true of practically all agri- cultural products. Different buyers want different grades and qualities. [ach buyer wants what he wants and. will al- ways deal by preference with the one who will sell him -ex- actly what he wants and in the desired quantities, rather than with the seller who insists on selling an: ungraded, nonde- script batch of stuff. Naturally the small farmer with only a small quantity to sell cannot grade it or supply it in sufficient quantities to satisfy the various needs of various customers. If he has no ‘organization, he must necessarily sell to dealers who buy from a large number of farmers, and then grades and classi- fie. according to the needs of his customers. A farmer in this case will never be able to deal directly with customers: he must absolutely and always deal with a middleman, be- cause grading is an absoijute necessity and therefore some agency which can do grading is equally a necessity. Nothing will meet the situation and eliminate the dealers’ profits ex- cept an organization of farmers large enough to grade and supply the different grades in the quantity demanded. Not only must the products be good and be_ properly graded, but it is usually necessary to brand or trade-mark them, or in some way identify them with the producer. This is often necessary for the protection of the producers who had been producing a good product and had worked up a reputation for it. I know a neighborhood that for years had a special reputation for its potatoes. Buyers were eager to buy them and usually paid a small premium to get them. Having no organization and no method of branding or trade- ‘marking their product, some unscrupulous producers began to 70 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. | Sept... trade upon the reputation of the neighborhood and sell a. poor product at a good price because the name of the neigh- borhood helped to sell it. Needless to say, this soon de- stroyed the reputation of the neighborhood and even the hon-- est potato growers suffered in consequence. If they had had a compact organization and a brand or trade-mark like that of the Sun-kist oranges of southern California, they could have- protected themselves against these unscrupulous growers and preserved their reputation. The fourth essential is that the consuming public be educa-- ted as to the meaning of the grades and the brands or trade- marks. ‘This also is something which requires organization. A small farmer with verv little to sell could hardly afford to pay the cost of advertising. An organization of a thousand or ten thousand farmers with a great deal to sell could ad- vertise effectively: Aside from the interest of the farmer himself in this kind of organization, there are certain economic principles which are involved here. It is a matter of sheer economy of the energy of the nation. Anything which has to be sold on in- spection is always sold in a very expensive way, in terms of human energy,—t’.at is, it is a laborious process to inspect a. product every time it changes hands. If instead of having to be sold on inspection, it could be sold on grade or reputa- tien; that “1s, ii* the’ buyer mstead or ‘scene the * prodiuer itself could order a certain quantity and a certain grade and always know that he would get exactly what he ordered, there would be a vast economy effected in the work of selling. Every commodity which is sold could sell economically on 4 large scale. Every commodity of which the price to the pro- ducer is only slightly less than that paid by the consumer, 15 sold on grade or reputation rather than on inspection. The reason is that it is economical of time and energy to buy and sell in this way, whereas it is wasteful of time and energy to inspect and examine a product every time it changes hands. I remember a case of some farmers in North Carolina who had hay to sell. They had been advised by the agricultural experts to grow hay because North Carolina was importing a- great deal of hay from the Northwest, mainly through Cin- cinnati. The North Carolina farmers had grown hay that 1918. ] THE NECESSITY FOR ORGANIZATION. Th year but found that there was no sale for it, yet in the cities hay from Cincinnati was still selling. The explanation given by the dealers was that it was really more economical for them to order hay from Cincinnati than to buy it from the farmers. A telegram or a letter would bring a carload of hay of a given gerade. They knew before they saw it what it would be like and did not need to waste any time examining it. On the other hand, if they bought hay of the local farmers, they would have to inspect and examine every load. Until the farmers were prepared to grade and guarantee the quality of their hay, the dealers found their own time too valuable to. spend in examining and inspecting the farmers’ hay. There is another story of some New York apple growers who went to the manager of a large New York hotel who had. been buying apples from the far Northwest, and asked him if he would not buy New York apples. He replied that when he ordered apples from the Northwest, he could order by grade and every box would be exactly what he wanted; whereas if, at that time, he ordered apples from western New York, he would have to buy them in an ungraded condition and would have to inspect practically every barrel, and even then they would not all be alike, and therefore not exactly what he wanted. The Danes, who have carried the work of agricultural or- ganization further, perhaps, than any other people have long appreciated the importance of selling their products on grade. and of protecting the reputation of the grades. Our Minister to Denmark told of an incident which happened there. A certain shipment of Danish butter to London was found to be below par. It was made almost a national issue in Den- mark and the national government itself exercised itself in order to explain the incident, and to assure not only their London customers, but even the representatives of foreign governments to which no Danish butter was ever sent, that it would not occur again. That extreme care which they ex- ercised to preserve the reputation of Danish butter helps to explain why the Danish butter sells so well. The people who buy it have confidence in it and generally find that it is exactly what they want. They do not have to inspect it be- fore buying. When I was in Denmark a few years ago, I > Oo BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [ Sept., visited a great many farms'and looked at a great many pigs. ‘One striking thing about the pork industry in Denmark is that even the pigs are standardized. They are bred alike, fed alike, and slaughtered at about the same age and size. The bacon 1s cured under a standard process so that one hundred weight of Danish bacon is almost identical with any other hundred weight. The English buyers can therefore buy Danish bacon on grade and reputation without inspection. It is interesting to notice how the principle of standardi- zation has been carried over into the field of farm finance. Let us assume that the farmer is selling a security to the in- vesting public. If he tries to sell a mortgage, that is, to bor- row the money on it, the buyer of the mortgage must inspect the farm very carefully, and also the state law with respect to mortgages and do a number of other things which are la- borious and require some expertness. This method of buy- ing mortgages on inspection is a very unsatisfactory method. The result is that mortgages do not sell advantageously. “The essential principle behind our new Rural Credit system is the substitution of a standardized security—that is, the bonds of the farm land banks.—for an unstandardized securi- ‘ty, namely the mortgage. Any one with money to invest can safely buy one of these bonds. He does not have to inspect it. The result will be that these bonds will sell much more advantageously than farm mortgages can possibly sell. Only those few investors who had the time, the inclination and skill to inspect the mortgage and the farm which se- cured it would be in the market for farm mortgages. Anvy one who has any money to invest will be in-the market for the bonds of these farm land banks. This will make them sell much mere advantageously and at lower rates of interest than would be possible in the case of the unstandardized se- curity, namely the mortgage. THE PEACH OF THE TAR MERSIN Enis boy POEErTC By, Dr... Bailey; Ithaca, N.Y. No one knows what will be the place of the farmer, or any ‘other member of the body politic in the future; yet we are 1918.] PLACE OF THE FARMER IN THE BODY POLITIC. 73 in the habit of putting our phrases in the future tense to giv them emphasis and to disengage ourselves from the en- grossing affairs of the present. It is idle merely to speculate yet by taking account of essential situations in the present, we can forecast something of the immediate future. How- ever, it is really in terms of the future that we define the present. All I can hope to do tonight is to state some of the essential elements in the farmer’s relation to his fellowmen, in order that we may take new bearings. This exercise 1s particularly important now, when practically the whole world is at grips and when our accustomed establishments seem to us more or less topsy-turvy. There are certain situa- tions that lie fn the nature of things, and which even war can- not change. Our relation to the surface of the earth still re- mains the same. The rural situation is directly involved in our ideas of democracy and in the establishments that we organize for the purpose of recording and regularizing our affairs. When we speak of the farmer’s place in the body politic in this ‘country, we are thinking naturally of his place in a democracy. Some time ago I read in a press despatch, as probably you also read, that Germany is now a democracy having become so within the space of five days. I wondered whether the German people know it. I also asked, in the Far East this last summer of a German of the office-holding class, what the end of the war would be. He replied that it would come as a result of changes and upheavals in the different countries. I asked him what would be the nature of the change in Ger- many, and he replied that there would be no change inasmuch as Germany is now so democratic that it cannot be improved. I then asked myself whether we mean the same thing when we use the word democracy amongst ourselves or whether it really conveys to us any very definite set of ideas. It is not my purpose to discuss democracy in the abstract tonight, but merely to define some elements in the farmer’s relation to affairs and to the organization of society. We understand, when we come to think of it, that democracy must rest on the land and its division amongst the peoples, for we are all inhabitants of the planet and the surface of it provides our background situation. 74 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sepes Just now we hear about the farmer’s attitude toward the great affairs confronting us. ‘There is considerable criticism. All the criticisms I have heard are projected from the point of view either of class organization or industrial organiza- tion. Those who would defend the farmer speak of his psy- chology and the necessity that the rest of us understand it. The result is that much of the treatment of the farmer is. cajolery. The situation lies far deeper than psychology. Let me give you a formula: The farmer is part of his environment, matching himself into his background, perhaps unconsciously, much as a bird is matched, or a tree, or a quadruped. His plan of operation, his farm-management, is an expression of his situation in nature. he has worked it out because it. fits. “He canner shift it radically to meet the advice of any other person. As he himself develops in ability, he will modify his plan of operation so far as he can, but the plan always must fit his place in the environment: no great change is possible un- less his natural conditions change: he does not make his con- ditions. The farmer exemplifies, in the human range, whdt the naturalist knows as “adaptation.” His situation does not admit of compromise, perhaps not even of adjustment, and therefore it may not be understood by teachers, publicists, officials and others. | The consequences of this formula, if it is true, are tremen- dous. All the advice given the farmer that does not recognize his necessary adaptation to his environment is useless; and useless advice.is harmful. It is.of no advantage to rail against the farmer any more than against the wind or the rain. It is idle to try to apply to him the pressures that are exerted on corporate business. It is of small consequence either to praise him or to condemn, to take sides for him or against him, except.insofar as, it may-affect his. spirit as, a; man. When, under pressure of great crises, we radically change the conditions under which the farmer works, we must allow him time to readjust himself; he must take account of the latitude that he may reasonably expect in weather and soil and human forces. He needs not favors, but conditions that will allow him to operate. The natural conditions within which he 1918.] PLACE OF THE FARMER IN THE BODY POLITIC. V5 works cannot be changed, but they can be modified in some ways and he can make new adjustments within certain lim- its; these possibilities he begins to understand, and they are parts of his problem as a farmer; when the economic or out- side conditions are changed, the modifications must be such as will match the natural limitations, if he is expected to adopt them. In the present crisis, our public agencies must understand and recognize what can reasonably be required of the farmer. It is an old adage that appearances are deceitful. I wish to add that they may be misleading. Persons managing cor- porate, industrial, labor and professional affairs have a certain air and habit of presentation. The farmer operating his farm may not have this air. He has nothing to present. He may be following a plow in the back lot, unshaven, trousers in his boots, working until the work is done even though the clock points to five. Perhaps he wouid not discuss politics or civics or religion, at least not until he knew you; but, good or bad, he has worked out the management of his farm, and he thinks he knows why. He will listen to your advices; then he will go on with his plowing. He is hard against facts, real facts not paper facts; he accepts them, and acts accordingly. You may not like him, but he himself is a fact. Bearing in mind these fundamental considerations, estab- lished in the nature of things, some of the popular attitudes toward the farmer become ridiculous. I was out of the country when war with Germany was proclaimed, but I un- derstand that everybody who had a public voice fell to ad- vising the farmer. This is futile, since the farmer is the one part in the population to whom advice of this nature is of no value, and for the reason that if cannot be applied. I am sure that much of this advice ‘made no account of situations that neither the farmer nor any one else can change. It is simple enough to change an outside or commercial con- dition in relation to the farming occupation; it is quite an- other matter to expect the farmer to accept it unless other es- sential conditions are changed to meet it. Establishing the price of any product, while it may be necessary in times of crises, does not add fertility to the land, or modify the 76 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., weather, or affect the habits of a sheep or a horse, or the re- quirements of a herd of swine. To say that a billion dollars is to be added to the income of farmers by war prices means nothing unless we have at the same time a statement of outgo. To say that the increased gross value of farm prod- ucts of 1917 over 1914 represents war profits is to state only one iactor in a transaction and to state it loosely. To advise the use of less milk in order to save it does not take the cow into consideration; the cow is not a machine that. ean be stopped by turning off the steam and discharging the operator. To establish any regulation touching production on a basis of compromise or agreement between contending parties, does not take into consideration any of the fundamental problems on which the regulation must rest for its operation. This is well expressed in Warren’s recent statement following a long hearing on the cost of milk, that there is no known way of making a cow produce milk by argument. The political method, which is the method of compromise or expediency, cannot change a single fundamental fact in agriculture. You understand that I am not defending the farmer: his acts are as much open to review as those of any other citizen: I am merely stating his natural situation. As illustration, let me refer to the recent charge that he is profiteering. The farmer does not make profit in the commercial: sense, but only a labor-income. Now and then a farmer may buy and sell without producing or even speculate, but this is not farming. The producing farmer does not become “rich” in the commercial sense. His occupation yields only the returns from his work. His overplus is likely to go back into the land, and the next generation has the benefit. One of the most amusing statements I have heard is that reported of an influential financier to the effect that we must now take the farmer in hand and control him. The idea is that the farmer is becoming too powerful and makes too many demands. For the last ten years and more, public men have been advising the farmers to organize for pro- tection, and the farming people have been shown the results that have been won by organized labor and industry; yet as 1918.]| PLACE OF THE FARMER IN THE BODY POLITIC. 17 soon as the farmer begins to use this dangerous weapon, a shout of alarm goes up from those who have advised it. If the farmer anywhere uses the weapon of organization he only follows the precedent of industry and commerce. This is to say that the weapons of industry and commerce are then turned against themselves. The present mood to discipline the farmer is but another expression of the old disposition—so old as to be automatic—that the farmer must be kept where he belongs. In fact, however, agriculture is yet relatively little organ- ized commercially or politically. Former attempts have failed. We are watching the two movements now before us with new interest; it is yet too early to measure their accomplishments. It is now charged that farmers are withholding the sowing of wheat in order to hold up the prices. There is no organiza- tion of farmers that can control this wheat situation. It is impossible for farmers to control their production as manu- facturers control their output. Whether a man sows more or fewer acres of wheat, he does not know what his crop will be, the unpredictable conditions that make the wheat crop are too many. Organization for commercial offense, or even for defense, 1s indeed a dangerous weapon. It is dangerous in itself; it is dangerous because it forces government into compromises, and also because it relieves government of its plain obliga- tions; it is dangerous because it sets one part of society against another. In agriculture it is especially dangerous, it has here all the danger that it has in any other realm, and, besides, it cannot change a single natural condition. I have hoped that the correctives of such commercial inequalities as may exist in rural affairs would arise in the action of society as a whole, that legislatures and statesmen on their own motion would apply the remedies without pressure, and therefore without compromise. I have been willing to wait, remem- bering that we are here trying to develop a democracy anc hoping that we may eliminate the antagonisms of differing interests. If such organization is necessary to perform the office that government neglects to perform, I hove that it will not become a permanent movement, and, at least, not politi- 78 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. | Sepes cal, to control affairs in the separate interest of the farmer; yet one must express sympathy for the objects for which certain powerful widespread organized movements are now contending. Under the conditions now existing defensive or- ganization is practically demanded of all “interests” as the price of success. Agriculture may not have had the support which it should have had, but it has not had organized opposition. As soon as it begins to make collective demands, so soon will other interests begin to oppose it. The results on our democracy may be dangerous and far reaching. The incompetency of organization to accomplish in agri- culture what it has been able to accomplish elsewhere may be illustrated in the field of labor. Farm labor cannot be organized on the basis of other labor, nor can the same ideas dominate it; on the farm there is a natural day; the plants and animals are governed by this day; at any time the weather may,change the whole situation; moreover, most of the farm labor is also capitalistic, for the owner and his fam- ily are the operative organization. Hired labor is relatively a minor part oi all the labor; it is, or should-be; resident labor except such excess as mhy be needed in certain kinds of harvest. Much of the hired labor is in the process of acquir- ing ownership. The mass movements of organized labor can- not apply to the rural situation; or if they were forced into the rural districts, the farmer will simply hire less labor and set his business more completely into nature-farming. I am in sympathy with organization that is educational in its basis and that endeavors to improve the individual farmer and to aid him in the making and the handling of his prod- ucts. Such organization as makes for uniformity of grading and for the study of the market situation are commendable. There is a clear distinction between these types of organiza- tion and those that originate in mass movements “to put things over.) — This brings us to a statement of the two theories, or at least the two practices, as to the place of agriculture in so- ciety. On the one basis, the farmer comprises a substratum of human beings whose necessity it is to provide subsistence 1918.] PLACE OF THE FARMER IN THE BODY POLITIC. 79 for higher strata from which are to come the leaders, thinkers, artists and rulers. On the other basis, the farm class itself is a lateral and co-operating factor in affairs, capable of pro- ducing leaders, thinkers, artists and rulers, a class co-ordi- nate rather than subordinate, directly related to civic needs: this is the American idea. I do not know how extensively this idea prevails, or is practiced in other parts of the world. You will agree that we cannot have a democracy on the former basis, which is the theory of the subordinate or peasant class. You will now better understand my earlier statement that democracy rests on the land. In a book I once said that if agriculture cannot be democratic, then there is no democracy. . On the one basis rests autocracy, aristocracy, oligarchy, ar- Trogancy, tyranny, stratified social systems, whatever the name of the government. On the other basis rests the possi- bility of free institutions. The farmer should have equal privileges with any other man to develop himself and to partake in all affairs not to be merely a mudsill on which a superstructure may rest. Democracy rests on the land, on such a division of it and such an ease of acquiring it and such freedom of establishing new ownerships and combinations, as will allow the farmer to buy and to sell it in his own name, and assure him the economic and civic freedom to make the most of himself as a man. This is equivalent to saying that the man is more im- portant than the produce. By this I do not mean that every man shall be a farmer, or that in the future state of society every man shall raise his own sustenance. This socialistic notion belongs to the idylls of poetry. But a man shall not be bound and chained to a hereditary piece of land. While democracy rests on the land, it does not rest on landlordism: quite the contrary. There is no aristocracy so hateful and so difficult to dislodge as the aristocracy of land. Landlordism is not agriculture; the agrarian questions in the different countries are not agricultural questions. However free a people may be politically, if a large part of the land is held by a relatively few families and beyond their reach, that people cannot be a democracy. 50 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. | Septs The farmer 1s more than a producer of food. The farming people comprise a great group in our civic life, with their own way of living, their own organizations, to a certain extent their own institutions or at least their own point of view on institutions. The whole relation of the farmer to the body politic is to be considered, not merely his technical or occu-- pational relation as a producer of supplies. We will never do him justice if we think of him only as a supplier of the: needs of other people. Yet at the present moment the food relation is the most. serious one confronting the farming occupation. Never has. a population been presented with such a staggering tood. problem as now confronts the peoples of North America. We are to maintain extensive armies on foreign soil, provide for vast losses by land and by sea, and to contribute an impor-- tant part of the support of millions of allied and neutral peoples. This obligation calls for the best national en- deavor in the interest of the farmer, and for the organization of food-producing into the emergency plans of the nation as an integral part of the war movement. Merely fixing prices. or extending scientific knowledge, or enlarging the educa- tional forces, will not accomplish the required result. Many stimuli and regulations may be applied to the food situation,. of which four may be mentioned here: (1) We are to save the food. So vast is our territory in proportion to our pooulation and so abundant have been our resources, that. we have never thought to organize our econ- omy in the use of food. In fact, we have not applied good judgment in our eating and our culinary habits. 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Ul SS Wak EE Hy ean ULB OTL a “U,SSV ITU esuray AquaAN: Senet e eee neste teres eee e ese MOOS “Ls TTVMIO) cere sieieieis «MOOS! sie OBIS eud0s) sree ssa ssy ,suspsag daoyg ‘uuog RIRERPE Tie ie geke 9) Eee ee Maen A1Q(INOg “uuo{) ota oheia dal oF diaTaias)sevletetelnisis.* =i MMOTOORY [HOTSOLOMI0 ds UOC) ree e eee eee eee eee ete eeeeeereeteeee st Sow ITB “UND : et a sy ep -UdUALT eC) - U0; cocseccess"*USssY ,SIOddes-OogT “ULOD COU EE eh TA AIM i MSOC 6 ig OO Leg eFuvary Ta4SaTpLOD se eeecereorreess MQDOG [VOIUBIDIW WY "Usy T9ys9qO soe eeteeeeeceeeeeeceeeeest sew IR asunay sURYIO" EXHIBITED. ALS fs - [ N coo on. a> | ‘ se) . ANI R OF ~ ‘ NUMBI a a oe a - i-> 2 o eeeoarereeaeaer ee eeeeeeeeeseeeee ere eeen eee yAOTTVA Uoorag] nmo> | =v | ow n sae | @e = = ao 3 & = z wa eg © 3S Aya~og JO ouITN | | ‘ZV6) ‘GALISIHXT STVWINV SO MFGWNN AGRICULTURE. 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Ce cr UO0PSUTMOYS ssuLidg wee) ease) Oca pe eleupiere CeCe ee ee YOON JIOOTOM UALLOOLET TOJSUTYSE AL yoorig, proig UOPIIATY PIOYLIS O[ [TAO OY] U}LON YLOPLON TOIMAON TOTMAION UDAVTT MON UDAVEL AVON SL10]9 UOSTPLIN SANG Ue HY WopsUuTUN FT UOPUTM.CR FY weppry palojymMy AQUBAIY) UdT[SOr) wean ‘oats jou oduLpUdy~> 7) On rn eer car ee) Ce WT ear AWPOG “LIy Re ee 1 CLIO ts) cot = ‘sy JIOOTOAA CO eC ae ec, ee *£JOTOOS ‘LISV A\UNOD WeYPUrLAA se hse aa Ma 2 sa Bolla 9 110 ITE UOJSUTYSBAL Tees *"yoo1g ptolg—aospurA, sea pue UOJSUTTTL ‘plopyugy ‘saewo0g jo Appog “asy uojup Seaioher eieiatersl-eciaia misiinl stat amamcrenstskw:siers U0J.LOATY—purpyar yy puv Yoorqe{oH ‘peysuivyyaeg Jo Ajoroog ‘Toy uot Bis.p #6 8 6 9018 86:6 8 6 8.8 B 8 ate.e *AJOTOOG ‘TIS V ssunidg PLOYRIS SSA See nities Da iW aT -OTTPANSOST é USSy Ty osuRIH UoIsUTUOIS YWON Pienaieie Pislninesspaejssinysitinaae iaike OST aE METRE POTION Onsvd'T justMOAOTdUy AVUNOQ UOpUuOTT MON eee SO TOON tay, CMU On) UOpuor’y MONT quI) Aiyjnog AJunoD udary MON AJPOS [RINgMoWIOY AJUNOD UsaATP_ MON ante eam Ok OE ETS AT ATE Playsurypy SPO Sire over cect Choc *£JOTOOS ‘LSy UOSTpRIV Speengtie steko Seles tres Sr Tin OSES) MOLELACT O/Oneom 60a) pie 8.0 9 10) a 6 66 418 *AJIPOS ‘3S V uo JsuTUNyAT B\CUM: UG iacw elles bia er elelele ale ulels “APIDOS ‘LISW UOPUTMIVIT Teese ss" U SSV “MSY osuvIn YOON weppry PES PA PIN esas oie sie esis CUSTOMS tay «PION sieges Hilson eh eal sia Oisi alas les rete KOTO OS ‘LISV Aqueay cesses s"£9D0S “TIFy wsysor 90}SPOOM, ta ea ta ee OS pe a) ““"USSV JR Msy weying ChCHCHUMUC 1 . eee UdAVHT AIUBAO;) [[V MUO, ) ULL TPOTM.AON MON PLOJPIV ET PLOJLUV YY palojspIeyy PALOJLIV]] TIJSOYYTO,) * foqysoyy) AU’ SONVSNVN WUId ““USSY dey 8FuvIF) AIZUIAOD “erste MIPOS “SY T[VMUu10p “APIDOS “My 911g ‘uUOD ‘USSY (SlopseIg dosyg “wuoD BUR OF6 0,8 ee Sed Oba Beaueleca)®) 6710.0: “U,SSV AUNOg “uUo0: AJOOOS [RosoTowog *wuog Eh Pahoa rs * sh008 Bec) 9 TOD Re RTS ttt esteseeeeeeeesoorneew g noUsTEGg “uuOD M) PuMiiey @) O)WAe s 0) be mp axe a cohe “USSV S10099 yy] - 00g, mouecre) Spee eo a Storrs 98 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. { Septy CONNECTICUT POULTRY ASSOCIATION. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. A financial statement of the Connecticut Poultry Associa- tion for the year ending January 25th, 1918, made to L. H. Healey, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Receipts. AVS TF Teh slag sto ORG Coe pe aes Ree Me A ee a SL CLE $ 463.88 MiStaiberslitps > 2-ceiasectishysttnr eRe ON 3st ots 213.00 State Hippropriation tee kL AS lek beseniene 1,000.00 Stacereair Hund $e Ak. Abhi doth, crearecacdaveters 100.00 TH PeeesthOon (POSS sch. se) 1th scosssssivessadedscadsseasassaseedise 7.00 $1,783.88 Expenditures. UD iC SCOT sere cos BLeu ches CMe eens chee oy ks oe ee ee ee $ 138.44 Premaius ipaid at jantialsimeetuieeyy......in0-..-. steers 124.65 Fielapmeeti nett 730%. 21 ais! ARs Ee ea er re TT 225 .50- PiMansea Pees EMT SE EY, T ced coded Aol sachet eoce-2eeeeedezeet2 144.54 Miscellaneous printing and pOstage....i.........:sseede 130.75 Secgetainns a Sa aia.) ALT. d IE coceetteenssossrsecctt 120.00 Balance/jon james. £47....1... a ale: 0 ee 900.00 $1,783.88 Attese George V. Smith, Secretary. 1918. | CONNECTICUT POULTRY ASSOCIATION. ID CONNECTICUT POULTRY ASSOCIATION. List of Officers for the Year Ending January, 1918. Officers : BRS UOTE G5 haste bogs «cise tn as ah ai pes vine posers t. W. BROWN, Old,Mystic BetGET Vilcacvicancosiunsaece GEORGE V. SMITH, West Willington cS Sh ot OAs hed en Sra Ree CHAS. H. BRUNDAGE, Danbury Aorta eel 281 Ee CHAS. F. ROBERTS, New Haven County Vice-Presidents : BPatIOPA COUNLY...i.csectosessssecceactteh L. J: ROBERTSON, Hartford Be eee: GOUTITY....1.-...<5ssenceisnestyrie E. A. TODD, New Haven Sem OncdOn COUNtY:.....<..+ecsconss0 F, L. KANAHAN, Norwich Reem WOU Y << scccscccascascocsracsestaeteeenas PG. SEXTON, | Darien Piet eat COUNTY. ssssstsiasicssctesatiteirieaentad A. P. ABEEF, Willimantic MMM OUNLY:.«..stacecassieencsdareredes ..B. P. NASE, Thomaston BrIG Se COUNTY <0. csobecstetaenteeceg tance F..E. FOWLER, Clinton emia. COUTtY .2..50<.di. W. H. BUMSTEAD, Stafford Springs Executive Committee: Hartford County............ MRS. F. A. THOMPSON, Rocky Hill New Haven Coutny............ JOHN E. KNECHT, New Haven New: Hondon County-sceccccscssccecccetedes W. O. ROGERS, Norwich Parner County..i.csini..: GEO Le ROCK WELLE: Ridreneid Windham County.......... t+ GERALD WALDO, Willimantic Entchfield Countyiaindavenccas. P. B. WHITEHEAD, Romford Iireiitesex, County isvcascissesssssctetestaatens J. L: PAYNE, Portland etand County... MADISON WOODWARD, Columbia Auditors : Pe nA Bere hoa Pm Ea eect ods cabnn na cacatcnannedasevkeasies Manchester ple We emer. FCN eapeerces es icyek saadinernaned thtnnthnssuqaevesexnanse Ellington 100 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. CONNECTICUT SHEEP BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. A financial statement of the Connecticut Sheep Breeders’ Association for the year ending February Ist, 1918, made to L. H. Healey, Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Receipts. wc 255) lege CT) 6120 Gee pets Pog nai Reanrenecee aban ee IVRSHED TS ln OSM eetes cc oof st Shades Gore SUE Save AP PROPIA (OM: i.4%-..0..0c sees csenacoe. Expenditures. Pema, ACS ties orale eee em eek re cn pHearing ycOntest.j:..2cAe eee Premiums and bountiess2ie..4..8..2.% Printing Pnshitise sex penmsesesc) sib ieccl oases Speakers Officers’ and directors’ expenses............ Miscellaneous Pb ne $ Pee erereesereseses 522 esncselenescer $ eee eeeecesesesese eee cece recececeees CO ee eee rere rene eee seers ee ese nese sesse ses eseseeseeeeerseeesesesessessss tener eeeeecescees Ooo meme ee rere sees ee ee sees esses ees cee sess ees eeesereseseseseeeseseseses oc ecereceescccces Poem meee rere sneer sees sseereseseeeeseseseeees Cee ee ee esos ereres Seer eee wears erees . Garrigus, Secretary. [ Sept, .o0 84 1918.] CONNECTICUT SHEEP BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. 101 CONNECTICUT SHEEP BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION. List of Officers for the Year Ending January, 1918. Officers : toe 12 SPT Sal eeeage a ae apap CHAS. L. GOLD, West Cornwall EE TOSI EN bcs csscessnsnsvedersons HENRY DORRANCE, Plainfield AY ohh iany coven sesernuaeeaeonner eee Ey ky GARRIGGS, Storrs OTE) ae REA B. C..PATTERSON, Hartford Directors PRS BtrOF di COGBEY lencsunnrsneca-s F. H. STADMUELLER, Elmwood Rew Eaven. County..:...1++»- D. M. MITCHELL, South Britain Pee ON GON COMME Ye icsnccys-209e4s5050 500 J. B. PALMER, Norwich Fairfield County............ ROBERT GREEN, Brookfield Center Mrenaham Comity sees. RAY BLIVEN, South Canterbury MeCN, COI vec ratvas.nessssnteue We Ey PEN EECOS TT) Cacomic Bitddlesex: COUmt yrs. tasn.c..-.-s0i-<0: C. D. MANWARING, Clinton meen, COU yas ot... JOHN WALBRIDGE, Coventry 102 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [‘Sept., CONNECTICUT BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. FINANCIAL STATEMENT. A financial statement of the Connecticut Bee-Keepers’ As- sociation for the year ending December 31st, 1917, made to I. Hi. Healey, Secretary_ot the. StateBoard of Apricnitage Receipts: ME AISTA Oth Add esa wats «sy Sha ee se ae ws earesb os eee aden ovenaveet $ 43.29 Seeley 01 8) OY 0 bias a6 Sen nT Pd SoC 300.00 SiGe ean 02 b pes ig0 100 6 Ge a REMAP ae cL Ce 5 A UR OO Fe Sa 200.00 “LAGE TE fae os ee ee eR ee RR OO Ne Se fe ae 150.00 Bes ak i chan ear vet se cent etn ea 155...50 ISP SiGe || STA eV0 yO SR RE ROR IR RRR Yee AGRE AS 7 Nat 5d). 58 $900.37 Expenditures IGE AMALIA S teen rete eo eae cost es eee eid Sodas s veka ss easnceatresaveren $ oL0s7S ULE e yey CRE ORY ARE oy cat AG RAS SO Pa a eRe nt te 150.00 Gdicanincs ani Ge KCAMPMRE. ciency eee soees cos. toxst eet ctt 45.75 SSCL SENT ESPN C1 Rl OME PME ED Ser MUS 5 ea a aS 15.00 Pith erent OS TARE. He. scab. std he tee c cee ao0eevoaamousopasere 32.16 "FEW es S11 re] aba a) ORR 22 Be 25.00 ‘eT TSI AN IEE IY, 2 OR He 0 eee ERM) oR PI AEN 21.00 Witsieell eatin cr. -k. sc. cces.cp socteeceecceeee et ncssssonsueceeecnreeecshe 6.09 Balavice Outta at £4. lat cee cele aeeeeks aeons 94.62 $900.37 FTES, L. Wayne Adams, Secretary. 1918. | CONNECTICUT BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. 103 CONNECTICUT BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. List of Officers for the Year Ending January, 1918. Lg Acct (Cho | h eee eS OEE REV. D. D. MARSH, West Hartford Vice-President.............0.. REV. C. E. DELMATER, Hockanum Secretary and Treasurer, L. WAYNE ADAMS, 15 Warner Street, Hartford ie a Marts i Gat pes ry Wicd 7 a as ey a a ni reso) ee 4 ‘; f i Pe ene: cm Te a eh a o6 a r i. te Vee) Ee cS i. ae ' af A Wa\'.h if ae ce 7 es. ‘ Fil pty } rh he he = ar toms pe aN Naat cet REE KE ak, ke Byars Do deere i Myelin Sidi: adtipyeorintien set ‘ he | & he at 2 Dar dea a at . aut J as af ea “a Mies ; ya nn wet Ne ee sa i tes mp artifact 2199S te athe Bray 4 snes, brothiat! sai Hem AM. fe Lt sara Saati stra ado blag sinyiraatoig hs. att TAM a0 =: ie Va... et hbanih 17. 2s Spe ‘pyeanieaae'T bus. vistors . eee ne ea ad VF at Magee ants Ww a Ce TCTAPY- «?! ce PACWUGL te Sates Pie te Re a cewes { de iy H fy ay 1918. ] CONNECTICUT STATE GRANGE, 105 OFFICERS OF CONNECTICUT STATE GRANGE 1918 Pears) Hee AIC MOANING! Masters sd ccdelddistssed esses Oronoque Pete N By COMK, (OO Vet sder il. clit isons hs ised sates Middlebury . PRA ero) WHEELER. Lecture risiiiied titi sideebeces: Storrs TR TES, SEC WAL... voyncesnteisvaccravessosadersvancnse South Meriden Puente. LOLLES, Asst Stewards....2.d.ssscostees Southington aero a Vee ect) oy Caplan. 2.0, Atesvsetlasedssandoaacvates New Canaan N. Ss PLATT, Treasurer, 395 Whalley Avenue, New Haven ee eal, EUING SECTS LAL Ich l tld shdyocsyedeeads oboe Sneed Plymouth Pe eee GT A RO Gates epee 1. tec tnss-seopstoteenesdes Lyme eee Uh bie Ge, RUAN EA Lae @ eiese vas creace-te scoreee? Bridgewater o_eorsaes BL Fa es re) 1 he es yah aso): ee 2 ener See Suffield Pere VV ACL © lode va EGON Pig GENOT A setae. fhssctuserasvationeneanende Orange Pine WAY K. TAY EOR, Eady Steward... Lebanon Executive Committee: Toor Ce UReor RW OOD: Lone: Hall.t-:. Pee ee 1919 feet EE Ala Yo sNorth: W OOdStOcks £24. 5. scot cce-ocdee oye 1920 Pete eke “Ts DAV IS. * Middletown .248 pyey As See tae es 1921 Pee he E BLAK ERMAN, Orotemiercyccxc..xetesaacee 5 1919 Pee Ne te RO), 3s de rim OUth.Ancedeeteena tase Se dld- ak oo eect axe 1919 Finance Committee: H. C. DUNHAM, Middletown H. D. SYKES, Suffield WOODBURY O. ROGERS, Norwich Legislative Committee: F. E. DUFFY, West Hartford B.C. PATTERSON, Hartford EVERETT E. BROWN, Pomfret Center Board of Arbitration: Executive Committee, Overseer, Lecturer 106 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., General Deputy: WULEN Be GQOKRis2Sattnnnt ete: Lei suai een Middlebury Deputies for Pomona Granges: Central No. 4s SEER INGANG Wa eI. 3.5: eee Avon Ouinebaus, No.2; PRANK’ KY PAM S...icx2 Pomfret Center East- Central, No. 3) OTHE RG Sr N BR eee Rockville Mountain County, No. 4, W. F. KIRCHBERGER, Thomaston New Haven County, No. 5, H. J. BROCKETT.....Clintonville New London County, No. 6, E. FRANK WHITE, North Stonington Excelsior Noi’, ARTHUR GREENE. LC. Middlebury Sea; Viewy No. 8). ROBE RE. S.nBAGgimyeE 14 !- East Hampton Fairfield County, No. 9, CLARENCE SHIPMAN, Bridgeport Flousdtonic, Valley, No, 10, FRANKinMePEET...o vege Kent Juvenile Deputy: Nites gone sik Ge VV VE TSE AMS. iacccccsuagecsouany reueecase Brooklyn Committee on Woman’s Work: MRS. EVELYN fe opa = (03 t 15 LS le i nS Or ene an ie PT Plainfield Patrons’ Mutual Fire Insurance Co.: ERE RN SOO MUS, Presta et yates. se ee ecens Glastonbury {. AR TER“ SHERWOOD, Vice-President. -..2.-.. Long Hiil sp ac Deol Ssh | b-Gol a aaa By of eh a) coche i AN Glastonbury Be 1G ISNA ON SC Cretar ye oc ars os ss: scceteobee seas Middletown Executive Committee: President, Secretary, [reasurer and W. H. BALDWIN, Cheshire H.-W. TREAT, Bridgewater Annual Meeting in January Patrons’ Exchange: Wiel ER. S; Saini, .President<..:.1s eee ae Orange 107 RANGES. E.G THI OF RS E C OFFI 1918.] LOSE “XOOTLAL “V PTTOOAD “SUN UOPLOG ‘pPaAOaTY “WW eyuuy ssp OMAYION, “OPSuUN “qT Yury UOPTUPIQL ‘“UOSTTAA OfZzyT “Suzy UOJFUIMON ‘“SPOUBIGD “El UVTI ‘Sav udPyOoOIg, “SUOAT ET “AQ OT[SO'] UMOJPTPPI ‘Uoovg Uopszvyy ‘*p UOPUOT MON “OHV TV SsTW YWoospooAy YPNOK ‘uosuyor sAoOUTETET Ss UID MON ‘edavys “HH ‘a ‘SAIN UBBUBD MON “AoUUNT, *O AABN “SABY PIOFAVET ASV “TIVH *y “HY uojdwepy ‘esnoqaympA 3a10Ag UIATH YON “edo, “H Patt “SUN uojuep ‘aston “a aeuuy ‘sayy PAOZUTTUA ‘TIVH *“D smoy TEMUIOD IAM “USM “dd MPPV “SUN JASIpOURPFY “Bwuyey “j_ Vane} FurddeAy “uosuyor “gE ee “SAW PIOIFUTIVAL ‘SPUBLT “YW “W ‘SIA PreuINS “aes eupydesor ssTjVX Sinquoyseyy ‘sMampuy “A\ 8F10a5 PVP ‘eayryoO “gs unsny UILeg ‘suvpy “{ “A ‘SAIN aITyseyD “Sisegd “| euueLr ssyTT uourgeyT ‘“Zurprneds TPpy uopPsULLIOT, “‘UoJUeG “"T “AA pPywoolg “euvy ‘GQ BVuery ‘say jode,; UoTuUYyseAy ‘ploy “¢ Iepei.y HUMLIOD WAAL ‘YSN, ‘q e]9py ‘SUN enbouo1g ‘ueueyVIgq WH ONION ‘sly wunuessTy ‘IIUUTYS “YD “AW AWD uo ‘Aig ‘Dp sIsser “SIV (OEMION “doystel “vy 801TV Ssyiv PAOJSUTTIVMA “YANO “GW VAOTLWT SSN pIISsUTM “Burwed “d “H Ainquoysepy ‘Meg ‘ff Painv’y] ud[yoourg ‘SUIETIITAA “H 9ISNgS ‘s1jyV ule ‘suepy “gd ‘A “SI AUVLEAYOUS TOU “UOSUTAL VITAL SST UOJPORL ‘SPUIOO'T CN UTLEPY SsTAW UOUFUTTIL “SONTS “WV “Ue “SAN uoysUupPIOT, “Youvg, [OUI SST PAoyVVL ‘UMOIgE “VW [AVG Udo, “WUTTTIAA “HD eTsng “s1qX UMOJITPPTA ‘UOPSuoD "WW “VW SSTIN uopuoyyT MON ‘UvIOTU A, Ysny ITH Yoo WPpooAy ‘UOPPWUVET OBLOKD uowsusuey “WIND WIPO “SUN uveurny MON “YUIPL "LT oftaey ‘sry psosUveL Ysugp ‘aeppuryy Aon'yT ssp uoJdwRpA, ‘SYIOAL TT VIPIG ATTPAUOJUTTD ‘suaAeIg “eT UTApO IQVUa) UOJURY “W9ISIVC, ovyY ‘sayV PLOJSUTLIVAA “YUSNOR “CQ YY SSA PPVUIPT WUD CW CV “SAIN Aejsoyouvyy ‘AovA, YINY yoolg: proig: ‘WVId ‘A snpny UspLey VIVA “Dp anywy PPUMS ‘Sd Wily AINnquoysepyH yNog WMO “AL SMoyT uoWuTyNOG ‘Uosdy, “AL somes UOSUTSUOS, “SOTA “AA 9UATT SSTIN BITYsey) “puvancy oIsso¢ SstTyy espNg_ pirvuoovyT ‘YOR “OO YINY ‘sa UOPSULLIOT, “WNL “HH “OT *A0' Ppywoofg ‘Ae]pVH “V STTITAL “AOU 1OdIq, UOJSUTYSVAMA “PAOST “ff OMIpIAlyT “SAT JIVMISPLG ‘VAL “AA *H WOdsIA, “UOJURT “SS ISIAG JajsayO ‘WITS sTUIY SsTIY WoeyoTyeg ‘uosuyof “Ss “Yq IPIMION ‘Ysnouspooy “WH ‘Ao pslojuvig ‘TPssny “YW 851095 SLIASUTTIOD “SIAR “MA “H UPL “SIN PLPYING ‘seyIg pavamoy weujng ‘uvAUN ssoy AAV “Sapy THH SYOOYU “PLOMSPIH “JW essof “Sis UaUV ALLOW T lS ‘SMOTVIVIT “VY UPMADO uoyod ‘AVURT “a YopLMoepesyy UOPSUTTTOL “VUSLUYOW “HE pavanoyy UOPSUTLIOL, “OyvaqTE UvsALOT, uoppUuny UOWUTMEN ‘pavppoys “WM Joy USPLOOIET “1OPTAA “TT USAF SST UMOPIPPTA ‘SdpPoyud “S YopRMeposyy PAOLIOIVAA ‘SLOFOYL YWuvayy “f' WVUyNd YWtvp_D AOspuTAA UIVITIGG MON ‘sMOIpUyY “AA “Y uveUuRD MIN “JAOTT “HL Sotung “AoyY OUvT JIATIS “SOUTVY) “FT ANY AV UuOJMUIv EL ‘LItog uaqney ®LAUOPUTTO “THUPETD “Gh AopatyS OLTTASUTT[OD ‘ASU STMO7] PAOJSUTTTVAA ‘PaAvUuoaT “ff UOs.ouigi ILVMUIOD WeAL “WMyINO, "yy AVsoyoOuRvPY “UPYSnvV yoy uyos SsuyddeAy ‘suly[o) “q parapy uUsPLIVAy ‘AOLOMOT “H WeiyitAy PPUINS ‘SOMTS “TW UPINTRL Ss AINGUOISVED ‘UMW ) parvuoey UOPSUTYINOG “WARUIg “|G soy UID ‘UTMpoOy) *— AOMLAIeE, aTYSay ‘UIMP [VEE “yy Pavaoyy ULLWUCVAY URON ‘oso, "HE OTISEIYD UOPSULLIOT, ‘A[PLIOQUITS, “Sp [ELI y, PLPUUOOTE “ANSULTY “TW podyy PlOJWOY ‘pVoyAITMAA “ UOWds][ td PAOTIIN MON ‘SSAND “IV “AA UMOIMIN ‘ppng snpousopD “ Joysoy ‘apuayT “vy “oy qoodsorg ‘Aesop sopivyy) YWAION ‘ICH “H N OTTTAISOAA ‘UOSUTYOTC, 8pATD YINOWATA ‘UOJOAL Ply OL[LAyooy, = ‘AouUTyYS s9y}IVY SI10]G “IdPOU AA "VW SeLteyp purlLog ‘asvp ‘N wWo1syy doLS VI rt 0 6 8 L 9 g v & a T dP seen ewe" MOMOd AUTO) OTITAS ILM Freee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeess TOTO UO YUL ULOPUTALE Ff UOPFUTMAN UA[YOOLE] Jassoquyvyp Deere eeeeeeeeeeterees QOIQUO' PXIUds VN UvvUR) AON PIOJVIVEL FSVoy AARNL MITT UIAVE, UWON veer tere enter eeeeeees BoD ARg PAOJSUTTTV AS settee sneer reset TBM TO) 19} S9TPOUR I Suyddn Ay UspLu9ayy PLeysns AINGUOWULY seen teres eeeeeeeeseesees HOTHL) ULL Loe] OAUTTSOU SY uourgqoy odoy{ STXUT\], UOULYS AL OULVNIGUOUMAS er ee Ce ee SHON VUD *s *'yuoudg AI[TVA oTUoPBSNOF seers ss pToMmoOd AJUNOD pjepAwyl Pe ecsecevse = *ENOM0d MoTAr Cag Se eiee eee wee* “BUOUOd. IOS [o0xi| “*yuomog AyUNOD UopuoyT AMAAN se ouncmod Ayunoj usaAryy MON Urey UNoOyWw teeeeeeess -VIOWOd [VAJUID ISPOT vuowmog Sneqaurnt vuUOuUlod = y[Rajua~ SUDNVUD VNOWOd er ee CIVVN ‘SOSINY tied e il tO’ Suse | Sept., AGRICULTURE. BOARD OF 108 weujyng “WOSUTOF SISTOT “SAT P[OMSTID ‘AIeWOS}UOTY “D PMPITIN JIOT osNoyoVAA ‘UOPYINOJG ospNoyT “TW yodaqy Avudays ‘tang “gq vUIIVTD AnowAsNY ‘SpPOURI “OL BVUUUUGL OT[TAUILIV AA “Jjosseel “SS SIppy “SAN dnsoow ‘dnjirwp “N [We AINCUOISVTY ‘JJorouvg “AL sowve’ ‘K ON ‘OTUSSUAA “TTRPUNYT “UW ‘WL “SIN piojuvig “lang Vijeaovy Sst PlOJURIEE “OTT “A BTV ‘SII YOolqopo) ‘“YITU, ouTpepryT ssyy plojyTIMy ‘TAMOFL *H ASTeC PAOFVAYS ‘STTOAA ULYIVN AISOIYOOY) “TOQVY “W UWoOsAATT uojvuT) ‘pug ‘AospeM “HE WUT doAopuy ‘AoIVy “yT ToZzVET OTTTANOOY «“AOTYOOM “OE VsTop “Sap IISOPUTIM ‘LOO “GS PI PLOJTIIN “PAvIg “N WOqTV Yow AT “UOIPIAA Ply AINGIOIVAA ‘SIV ‘AM Isso Ss AINGAIJULY ‘YIRTD “No TAdT PULTIOOS “PYJOWW VUIAVIN “SAT uydeyp ‘spuuny “Yul JIOMMOLD ‘ASVg “PW 9TJO'T Sst UOSTPUJL ‘SPIBAGE “TT BOVAIH)D ‘SAT uosdwmoy, ‘sever “AA YRuurpyT “sayy SLLOJS ‘pPlrvg “GL oat[so'y PIPVPIPPTIN “WOSNOJT Wt “V PHOJJIVEE MON ‘SUTMOEL “VY “V SSTIV IjUWy JIwMOg UMoIg ‘ff ‘OT ‘SIV PIOJWLVAL FOAL “IOTTTIN “AH “Lf weqyindg ‘wnt “ff SAI weppeyy weop ‘uvuAryunNoOD “ot AVI SSTIN PlOYVIg ‘AINGsvyT ofxIVIT ‘Sap OTTTAUTRT A ‘“TOMOND "T ploiVeyy “say XTTMAyooy ‘ToUUTYS “OD soy] OTTAYOOY “SOM IN UTPOL SST UMOPIPPTIN ‘STPPV AIvI ‘SAT UOJSUTULIR YT ‘UBUIPLIOyY “q SstMovy wvujng ‘Vyomeg vaioqd ‘sayy AVO POMC “YowMIva “TT ‘SUN qULOG ISNOYIIVAA ‘Ployuyo UW] Aony “sayy yodaqy Aauday9 INOW AIS ‘SIMO'T “LT ULI ‘KO[VOP{ VITOULY OTTJAUOMIVAA ‘FIST “TW XT) dnsoow ‘dnypey ojjourop ssi AINQCUOJSLPY "Jodourgl “A BULOUIGE SSTIN uoiryg ‘uvUdeyD “YW co UOAVTT ysent ‘Aidodg oruuy ‘sty plojuntg ‘parq@epoHE “A AVI SSTIL PoSUTAA ‘URUWTTD oo1PV “saq plojpMy ‘Sopyo epA, oTuuy “SATA PAOJVYG ‘AOYSTY AVSpPoOT “SAT TosoypPTO,) ‘AOUOYVIN IITLV UOJUTTD ‘STMaT “ff RAR ‘sd1T LAOPUY “JYSTAA UspoyT ‘say OTAMOYW “OYSWT “d I “SIV po sUTM ‘UOJOTPUId VvuosyT yn wdTq ‘Pueppava[pD “WW VTPT ‘Say AINGIOIVAL “WBYUOEE BUTPTOIR) SSTIV AINGIOULH “SOMVFY VT BAO) “sayy uojydtuvyzy ‘AVA, OTe ‘Sty’ WUYPUTAA UVION “UvIOFY “y BIPNE “sayy [TOMULDID “UOSTOTA PUVSIVI “SAT WNUvSSTEL SPTOMSTUD “TT VPV Sstit wevujng ‘SekoN 90vAIN “SAT SMOG “AOTPTIN “aq WUVAYL Teppoy “weyumng ‘q ‘d PIOJMLET MON ‘uUOStepuy AL LVI SsT\ INUID JIWOg ‘soeqoy vT mywy PLOJWVET JOA TUVTAITIAA “EL Ud TOT, SsTIt I9}U0) WRyANd “WTVH PLloiwH “SITY weppeyT weep ‘oTdang “YW WeiitAt SBULIAG pAOYVIS “powumvy~ “FT ‘f OT[TAUILVE “TTOUUODSTY UsToOH{T SstTy OTITAYOOY « ‘SUOIG Vupsy Ssuyr UOPSUTTTIM YINOS “UPoAOT “q Weary “SaqY UMOJIPPTIN “AOMOTE, “YY ALT “SATA UOPSUTULIV YT ‘SSUNSVEL YPQVZTLOL ‘SAT WVUyN_ “plojpeagE pavmoy, AYO YomMol “URSIOPT “A STTTM YOoulg, proig ‘sos “HE yur) qlodespiig ‘Moovry ‘ry OTUUTIA IMOWAIG ‘KovTVIFL AAV] piojysy ‘azjouuoag, “FF yuvly dnsooyp “dnypvy pavaopp *¥ AINGUOJSBLY) SULVYYOTAL “OE IOV.L0} UOIVYS ‘PAVBMPOOAA “SM 2 UOAVTY JSVOE ‘“SMOTLON UOJARTSD ProjJURIG, “PPOL “S soeperyy PosUurAA ‘ALMIT “| MY L.1y PIOJTIND “WMO “y pad, PIOJIVAYS “UOSXOOTIMA AIIVEL ‘Sah AOSOYOTOY) “OTTO “UW ULAp, UOWUTTD “TNE TW oq Ty WAOpuy ‘snyovrg "T soprvyp OTTTAMOOY ‘UOPUTA “fF ANYATW U0JSULLIOL, “WOYAVCL “PH VQ TV DIOJTIN “eATIN (O “OD “H OTPAAIIOT, ‘WR CM UoOLNY AINGAIVAL SFLOPANSVS Uo, AINGIOJUVYD “MUM “PE UYLVT “Sty OTNULVUTTEM “OPIVAA “H TI9ssny uldvyy) ‘atvoydueyd "OD ofA ‘sayy TLOMMOT) “Yonlopoig “HY urlpor UVOJUTTD ‘lesopy UBULIOF “‘OIOGITIVVW “UVAUNT “3 ATVI ‘sly SLIOIG “SUIpNE ‘yy ATUL; PPVeIpPHY ‘sucutsp “qty PAOJFAV]ET MAN ‘UOSTIOpUYy “HY “| “SSUVTL TOAD JOLJUIOT “TOAD STITT PLOJUVIT IAL ‘OVID “AL NULL PLOMWON ‘90D “EL WITT WeppryT Weep ‘ubUTAIQUNOD “yh *Aey} ployeys “UMOTE “dT 'f OTITAUTLTT ‘“TOMON YT plolrH OTTFAOOYW “AOUUTYS WL STMo7y MOLIOFY ‘XOOTTAA ‘a UBAT UMOPOTPPTIV “MOCO "AL V OTTTAUOTH “STMOTT “ff 081004) ee oe) weujnd SnVyord IOSPUTAA 4S¥Of ee AUOULIV Inow AIG PALOJYS V YUOYOL UMOJS|[TEL JONINGIAL Pte eee e eters teeter ee eeees OKO PYOIOL, YOOIGaTO,) POpTTUAD OTUOPRSNOFL Ad}SIyO[OD ve eeeeeeccreceeenecenes OMIT TIAOPUY AIVUIAOD TOISHMPOUTAA JOAN Uvtpuyl ste ew ene now 4s, TIATY, PRIN AINGAI}UR/D JoyonIIUS SNVYONUUN T[9MUOAD UIOMSUTT TIM JassT]LUUTNY Prete tees eeeeeeeeees NIOUSUBIT PLPVOIPPHN teres eeees RMOINGL usd JTOM PIOFAVH ISAAA Weng Weppey IPL Prt eee eee ee tees eeeeeee DIOURIS OTTTAUTe Td UOUIO A purxyOL Ploy ISAM UOJ SUTULIE yy] ponuTu0p—soSuriy e}eurpzogng a ay ee ee eee i ee | Ce a) ee See eee eenne Ce ee ee | ee Ce i ee i a ee) Ce i eer ee ee ey ae @leue RLS @\sleus) Ce eC a ee Ce ee CC ee Ce eee eee enero eases eene ee ee ae | see eexerucecrenceen Ce Freee eee eee tt eseessesese ee AYVVORDOUS WO ALOWT ‘ponulyjuog)—SFONVUD AHL AO SACO GWYN 109 THE GRANGES. - 4 i O RS ~ ‘ ~ ‘ FICE ~ ‘ OF 1918. ] IItH FuvyT ‘poomoqs “A “H ssp oway ‘FuypavyT “T epyr ssyv HIPMION “YOO Wequzya ‘SaqV PuojueS ‘“Fuyrvedg ydosor AINQIOVM ‘UYITyOVT EE Varg ssyy_ uaysoy “set “yw Ary STV WOOveg “TOME “FE WIN Ss PPVUPLId TH AINQGIIPPIN “WUlO “YD Weqry ‘suv UdWFUTUOIS YON ‘OU Yur ‘Wy VOTZUTITAA ISAAAL “SIOUYIN “D UeTH SSTIV uvBeuvy sey ‘UNVOg “FW BiBl[D AMA uUoivys ‘yoog *q Ups HWodasspig ‘suaxoy “Wel PIOUATEA “UOSTIMA “& OTTTAN SSX PHA TeMUIOD ‘surddeyD “TJ ssoW VICMINTOD “MPAVLA PMA “say UdITeYS ‘YOoD) sasouray ssyTyv UMOIMAN “IOUT Ainquojseyy OFLTITA SITY ‘D anOLIVYyO Sst ‘OPIPA, “@ PlOitH “ISSUBH TIT ‘sayy wnurvssyyy, ‘ang °O auasny UMOLIOIAL “A][TAy BuO] SSTIY Weayeattieg ‘saudey “FWD vupmy ‘sayy wayeatqieg ‘Aaryduny ‘f WWoqry uOJseuOLLL, ‘AWN, “S sapyaryyp JOATY daeq ‘SugAA1IS “T UsTeAL “SITY TOWEL ‘“Aesjay epniyey ssi TH A¥OOU “OyOKE IT URIITVI “SIV PPUSIAIPIIA, “UOSUNAIS “"T ayTUUOL SsTIY uosjeTuRqd ‘“Zurprnedg qoore uospeTur(d ‘aseq “J ayuuV ssyTyV JVAOpUy ‘TN ‘H Avy ‘si TPPMON “TIVH “CA POTTV ‘SIN uoyduIeA, ASU ‘WAM VIO ‘SI PTTAISAM “TetpPaag ‘OM Aodo'T PPB] ‘Bunury “y spray, SHIWOS “ATTEM "I ATT ssp AWD uotUg ‘ALdg “MW sduyidg pioyvig ‘Uuowoy, “GY UOSTON uomnys ‘puvyY epofieyy Sst AUVLAWOAS ‘y UATAAM “SAV ] Modesprgd “ung w1TWw SSTIV ewAT ‘TTT YJorMopo'yT UMOJALIOIH “‘POOMYOO'T BuyAIT "sap proywmVyg ‘TTepog ‘FT sowre AINGIOIVAA ‘T[PPMOH VLTONT ‘sayy usysop ‘UAITW “LAVIN “Say STIR UoOovog "oMog “DM AVI ‘Sip PPOVUPLTT “oryyey “WW WIN “sayy AMQ2PPHA WROD “f ULTLV “sa uoywFUTUOIG YON ‘Yvqd AQNY Sst UOJSUTTIEM SOMA “UTS “AD “SIN UBVURD WBE ‘SUBADIG "GY ‘N UOIvVYUS ‘[OISTMME TT “WT ‘SayN VodespLiqg ‘SPAN uPA] PIPWIW TT ‘Ing ‘A 90ND SSTIXN OSPLg [[VMUIOD ‘TaUURT, UATOART UOJPIYS ‘pleuoqorvy_ ofuuy ssi UMOJMON “TSUDA “D “AN UPA “Sa AINCUOISELH YIQIOD ‘OT VITV ‘SAV OSUIITA SII@T ‘UvId ‘DO “IN ‘SAIN WNURSSTEE “UOSTO OUTISPYD ‘SIyV UMOPIOJE AA ‘ALOUTJAAA “YW “SIN WoYyITYd ‘AVMVITVAL AuUdIT Sst weyesTyieqg ‘Aeryduny, “gy asso AINGIOVAL YI “HL 98.1004) JosTy deaq ‘uosuTyotq AopTYS TOE ‘ATOM YRANYG “sayy THH Ayooy ‘Uepled “T pay PIOJIVH ‘SUIRPY aTUUR YT ‘say uosjeTUBd ‘AOTTAM Pe«PITN SST AISUTITM ‘Wouueg, 77 yuriyy uojsury “OWTUAA ASTVCL SSTIV YOIMION ‘wWeyyped “O UYyOoL ‘sip wo}dWUIVAY ASV “YON, aouIy ‘si STTTAISOM VIO “MA TRO PPUUWT Wats “YIN SsTIT SIOWLOS “MALE AMAT “SAT YONIVINVN “AIYONT, VIPOpPT “saw ssupldy PloOyvjg ‘sMOLMIVG "OD VIL uoivys ‘edioyL, viyepy ‘sayy WAM OLOWT Podorprd ‘OVID “M PONTO OuLATT ‘oT UOIMON “HY WOMS9M “WNT “O Yury PlofswWV}S ‘AVSspip “JW AIU0]] AMQGAIVA, ‘ASpruypeuy “y ustydeyg usysoryy ‘YOo) “of es10a8% ST[VT UoOovog?, ‘Ao[pvagTD “Ey UWIVITTTAA PPVUTeT “dowry “aq AVM AIMQPPHN WV “P WoaTy UOPSUTUOIG YON ‘ABD “op ATM UOWUITTTAL JSAAA ‘STOUOIN' “OE “f ‘Sayy uvvuRy ‘su~ADIS “Dp ‘Lf uoIvyg ‘uoIAgD ‘Hp UTPPURAYT WodISpiie ‘TTepury parmoy PPUIVT TINH Uae “HH UOpsoaq MIN ‘VuUpAWHuUy “yp UYos VICUINTOD “LOA WRTTITAA JIOdesApPlig, ‘AVMYOOIG “FL ‘SayV YooH Apuvg ‘YBN VT a51005 AINCUOISYTH) “TPMPTE “We uosy] OBUITTA SITU “SS0TTOM “T AOVIVAA WnURSsTH ‘OUUDTS “Hy UWOAATY UMO}JIOIVAL ‘“YORTGE “f puowAry WoYyaTyed ‘ssolg “Wf Inywy SLLIOJY ‘U0UTTIS “AA JSOLLTH PPO] ‘UIMpoor “WY 419q0}] TANT doy ‘uoLow “yw paraoy LOIsfIq ‘SUpyI9q AlIvypT ITH Ayooy ‘Uoorg ‘FL Yooper P1OJLIVA, ‘SuUIVpYW OUALAA “T UOSPOTURC, “TdsdT[TIMIAL “W “e ATSUTTIPS “AVC “ TOUIVAA JOAOpUY ‘[TON “WM WR YOIMION ‘“T]PMOTIOH ‘q uyos uojduvyy ysey ‘OOSuTA “ff “VW STITAISOMA “HoTMVG “SY “wT SvULOTAL PLPVUIVT “UL0qsQ “Vy STMory S19ulOg “ANGINA, ‘Ss “WV YONWSNVN “1axyoON, 1IUryHy SSULIdS p1OYVIg-‘pey “IW “1 ‘A CN ‘vtuowy ‘Aoppng VpITV ‘si UoLLSVIV Ff) RAM A BA MEW AID WL A ALI D9 a 8 uojsug DY) il de Ni MM A AOS TCM BI i i i HC OuA'T 1 7 (ald AM Sool PO! OCC WE OO RO PIOYAON OY er Te owls Fiala inls ere oe SS be Tere we moddyy PPL’ ee qoodsoad CHL’ ee ee uaysor) GPL’ ee | WOU, yoo jy Miata aM AT ge I a ah ae PPyULtTa [ey REAP EEN dk a AANGaTPPTN. RE ee earn stage mer oa TN u0\suyuoys VION ACs C58 Lew ia es eae tees, a a UOPSUTLTTA POT er aay ee Cerne eave e's UveUVy) IROL aywy Jats aG Pel tteeeeeeeeeeeeeeee® TMqumad, ro Freetseeesees TE proyuaady EL" Petes eee tee eeeeneees BITIOTAA [Qh ccc testes teteeeeeeeeees graumpog OT rrrttteter rrr Joa [UE BET ae a Pon3oiP, Seana a yonqyeqjyod Apr rp © aT ORR Sted anyon. a gae Sebo” SRE STS es TIM. poor CC imi i ME ML NE OE CE yooquoy][oH tZL° Ce wnuessTH BEI | UMOPIOIR AA 1Zl° | wayeTqied TAL ee cas erage See eRe = (he tele) ayarnsm eCean mate SLO COT AE A ee A a steer uooregq ATG Tes cis Accom ee eas Lee Ayu. C119 iia a iat AC OC asc Ma ae CM OMe C1 Ty Fa M AA AO Og net OLE TH Ay0yY FIL’ ed PIOUSIOUIOAL Stl: rr) . purlysrH rally oe ee a ALSUTLIIM TLL: ee | . * uodIgeT{ FAY) 0 Ce en A ALS NR a A Sa AITO u0}s01 G0 2 ak eae u0} due 1SBHT AUNT ete ee aS are nine eran se dAPTIGDooM Oi iessecse ak he ee ee ae eee alow PLyYyoUwT I ae eee en See iBVes ee SAS Se eee S10UIOS ROS ee ee AOT[TVA uooReET TCA Se ee Nal ER A RO oyv'y snvdeyseyw (11S i a Rie Til NRE NB ONES IS l yonuuvyysRy, ponupyuoj—sosuriy ayeutproqng CNVN (‘penunju0D)—SFONVUD AHL AO SuAOIAO [ Septs, Auvyjod ‘layooog, “of UOSs[oT PucTUTeHL OM “PlOTARH “OL OTH “SIT UOJEYS ‘OoPOYVAL VUUUGL “SAT AINGYINOG “KLOT[VIY AU “SAP oFUv A “TLtpyAL Vupoea UdsTIVd ‘esnotosowy “AA “D ‘SAIN purpwog ‘youukyg “Gq Wey WVYPUTIAA VION ‘UdIPABAT “OE oblaRD ‘say O[TAejsvVop “AUOCYUY “qd Y8LMIO ‘sdf UOAY ‘PIOJPOOMA “S ‘f£ UOJCUIVAT YSROL “MIVID “DY “O ‘SAIL uojoIyy ‘ANTTVD “W 'V O[[TASPLOTARY) ‘UePAOAA OTUUOL “SIP UOJSUTLLIOT, ‘SpavaMpop UWRITTTAL AINGAOVAL “TOUIVAL “AA “UL “SAL TTMION ‘Siopunvg suosny *D ‘sad OTISAPL ‘URSOOD 9oUTIVT,) OL[PASUTMANFY ‘paOj1oSUN FL osSOL “Sal UOPIOATY, ‘VOD “OL OTSS0f “SII ‘T ‘HW ‘Aplojsoay ‘osuvdg “py puowdAry YOTMION ‘YHNOUspPoOy) “yy “HY “AW IsolppOH ‘VUO[LPL “FT UspoOH “Sap PPYyospry ‘svuoyL “q YoLaposyy Jody “Whoop “V UPU Sst SUIPpoy WIAA ‘PAOJUVH VIATLO “SUI ewWAT PIO ‘AOTUSY opnvyw “ff “SAV ATAU “PUBYSLOL TOUIGL “S.A MON ‘SSTYUOJOHL VoOOooyY SST AINGST[LVS ‘pooy “P_Y AOWT Sst J9soyY ‘UoyOry 9} LIoNsIvyY Ainqued ‘Aowa “WH yuray quay, ‘UTeLLaquiBeyQ ABI SSI PIOJTIN MON ‘YORU, “ff AIVI SSTIA e[epuouuRyD ‘“AOIqUIy “Y STMOT “SI qUuTOg OSNOYIvAA ‘TesSuy VYVog ‘“SIy YOOSpOOM YWON ‘AopvoOH “H “TI DLOSTTIN BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. AULYPE ‘SUTGOW “V “TW SST purpvA “ppod armyd UOWOYS ‘odivys “M Twp AIMQy MOY, ‘yoooteL Iousxsx0[yE “SAP UILYULIT ULION ‘ery pote “Si UIIVd ‘puoUdvyAL “H ‘aA ‘SAIN DADO[SLOPIED ‘OTVEE oydory ‘sayy WLYPUIAA UMON ‘AMO WOT SST O{[TAI|SLGE ‘APAOYVET “OD poured uoaAy ‘App “M 'S ‘Sas UoJduUIVAY Vy “WAvID “) W UOpuoT MON ‘IoqIivgG ‘gq “A “SUIN OL[LASPpAOTARYD ‘Teyoo wy “AA YCTeY UOJSUTAIOT, ‘PamoTAvs) WUTTTTAL TOWNE “OOD “LT UPA ‘SUN YOIMION ‘Wweyyoog “O UyoL “SI OTISATN SUTYOOH) BABY SST AL[TASplopARY) “FAvNG vuuy ssi UOLLOATY ‘WSU TOPOL “S.C UOPSUTUOJG “AOAIVL YJQVZYH “SAT OTISATY “UATTWY VUIVI “SIT T}soIyopoH ‘AouUvAL “| wViOD ‘Sap PPeEvespIy ‘doryjION vuuy “sayy LOU” ‘SUOAVET “OL 3910 ADL OSPR SUTppoy “SUTTISO AT So SST aUsT PLO ‘XOOTIMA STOUR “SAT OTIUBA ‘YUL AWy “SI quays, YNOS ‘aoxyoo”g Weta “81 AINGSTVS ‘pooy “| AVL “SIA JoySoyD ‘OPRALT BUUUIGL SSTL Ainquegy ‘AuUed “VW oMaep “say Judy, ‘ASVYD VY ‘SAT JOVMOSPN “UOHPOMA “EL AIVIA “SAT UOVIM ‘YOUIYOG YSouIg, “SAT OT[TApalezeyy ‘SUT[LO. [[RUsaeq YOOISPOOM, YON ‘“ppog “vy vuaVy Auvyyq “Yywood ‘“D sojaryp PULTHVE IAM ‘2Zj90H Ydlopy uoTPPUS “UPATOD “f£ “A “SIN AINGYINOK “YOoo_ IOU[VAA OTFUR RK “UPI Yoo WOPTTIN usted ‘puowdey “Ha purlwog ‘soury “3 uToL WVYPULA YON ‘“UoepAvEL VJ Uo0e7y] O[[LAI[ SV ‘SMOIG “AA PTOIPH uoAy ‘AISpTUD sino] uoJdWUIVET “supp ‘uUeples “fo “I uojoIy ‘YoOnoIg “WZ ‘T OTLTASPAOTAVY) ‘UOJSONEL Jtoqoywy “Aey UOJSUTLLIOL ‘OSV “WH “M ‘ASI AINGAIVAL “TUIVAL “W 98.1004 YorMAoN ‘UBATIINS yvsoaqury OTSA “UPTV “O “I O[T[TASPIOTARYH) “PAOJOSUNFL “qf UWIVTTTTAA UOJPIOATY ‘STMIT "LT “VW OTISATIN PIO “UOSUgOL “yy sLOpPOSOT|L YOTMION ‘AIVAW “, SSUTITTE IOol[OM ‘VUOTVIN “HW sopvyD PISYoSpN ‘aopoo yy “WZ oovsy you ‘Adda “fF PLVoL OSPR SuIppoy ‘Aosuiny “M stmnoy owAT plo ‘supyney) ‘q sIuoOsNA ONUVA ‘STAVq “| SepIvypD ques, NOS ‘toeyoog WUT AINQST[VG ‘YooTTas “yw Is.10ax) Toso) “VusTLIdGL o8.1004) AING(uUvd ‘SUTAON “FL es.L08y) JUSYT “OSYUD “M ‘Lf TaVMISPIIg ‘UOSTO “YW Weep UOYIM ‘SYIVIL “YW sopaeypD ‘Ae OT[TAPAVZLV]T ‘STAVCL “FY pear YOOPSPOOM, YWION ‘YSVay YT AUVA WOM OLOW'T UaLLS VIL er ee tere eee eeee seen eee ewe i eee eeeene seen ee eee eee ee eee reee pepnpuopj—sast WNVN TT Auvyyad pureljaey uo},eEUY SnvsedwMvd Ulu usted OoTUe HL * yoOoIg, MOpPBoFT “+ OUdEL reeeeeeees UOAy ‘ yooN Wuppryy reeeeees YOJOIH AOT[VA O4vV'T plOjSUTIIOL reeeeees “MOOTOAK TPOTA.LON, OTSA VSOURUIO MA UOPIBATY U0JSZUTUOS, pavipoy Weleg PISY9SPTU eeeeeees TauqogT SUTPpAY eusT PIO YRAzog, AOTTVA Yonjodsy AINQSI[LS 194sey) “* AINQuRd heres quay 10} VMISPTAL uoUuUuR yD Proyual "see '* MOOISPOOAL wee eeee & ois 918068 ms wy 9}vuTproqng 110 (‘panuqu0g)—SFONVYD AHL AO SYAOIMHO 1918. ] AGRICULTURAL LAWS. 111 AGRICULTURAL LAWS GENERAL STATUTES OF CONNECTICUT Revision of 1918 CHAPTER 29. General Regulations. Sec. 422. Towns may regulate peddling. Towns may make such reasonable by-laws, with reference to the vending or hawking upon their public streets of any goods, wares or other merchandise at public or private sale or auction, or to the vending or peddling of such articles of merchandise from house to house within their limits, as they may deem expedient, including the imposition of a reasonable license fee for the right so to vend, hawk or peddle such merchandise. This section shall not apply to sales by farmer; and gardeners of the produce of their farms and gardens, or to the sale; distribution and delivery of ice, milk, teas, coffees, spices, groceries, meats and bakery goods, or to conditional sales of merchandise. CHAPTER 106. State Board of Agriculture. Sec. 2071. The State Board of Agriculture. The State Board of griculture shall consist of the governor, who shall be ex officio president of the board, and thirteen other persons. During the first month of the session of the general assembly in 1919, and quadrennially thereafter, the governor shall appoint one member of said board from the second congressional district, one member from the fourth congressional dis- trict and one member from the fifth congressional district, and during the first month of the session of 1921, and quadrennially thereafter, he shall appoint one member from the first congressional district and one membér from the third congressional district. Such appointments shall be made with the consent of the senate. During the first month of the session of the general assembly in 1919, and quadrennially thereafter, the senators and representatives of each of the counties of Windham, Litchfield, Middlesex and Tolland shall elect for each of said counties a resident of such county to be a member of said board, and during the first month of the session of 1921, and quadrennially thereafter, the senators and representatives of each of the counties of Hartford, New Haven, New London and Fairfield shall elect for each of said counties a resident of such county to be a member of said board. Each of said members shall hold office for four years from the first of July succeeding such appointment or election. Vacancies that occur when the general assembly is not in session may be filled by appointment by the governor until the Wednesday of the third week of the session of the next general assembly, and vacancies so filled, or occurring during a session of the general assembly, may be filled for the unexpired portions of terms as herein provided for elections or appointments for full terms. Sec. 2072. Appointment of secretary and treasurer. The board shall, during the month of September in each year, appoint a secretary, a treasurer and such other officers as the board shall determine who shall hold office for the term of one year from the first day of October 112 ; BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sepee next succeeding their appointment and until their successors are ap- pointed and qualified. The treasurer shall give a bond of four thousand dollars for the faithful discharge of his duties. The board shall have its office in the state capitol. Sec. 2073. Powers of the board. The board may receive and hold donations and bequests for promoting agricultural. education or the general interests of husbandry, may prescribe forms for and regulate the returns required from agricultural societies and furnish them nec- essary and uniform blanks for such returns. Any society neglecting in any year to comply with the regulations prescribed by said board shall not be entitled to any allowance from the state for the next year. Said board shall investigate such subjects relating to improvement in agri- culture and horticulture in this state as it thinks proper and shall meet at Hartford at least once a year and at such other places as it may deem expedient. Meetings of the board shall be called by the governor upon request of the secretary or of four of its members. Sec. 2074. Secretary to visit different sections. For the purpose of inquiring into the methods and wants of practical husbandry, ascer- taining the adaptation of agricultural products to soil, climate and markets, encouraging the establishment of farmers’ clubs, agricultural libraries and reading rooms and disseminating agricultural information by lectures or otherwise, the secretary shall annually visit different sections of the state; and he, or a member or members delegated by the board, shall, as far as practicable, visit the different agricultural fairs in the state, and annually make a detailed report thereof to the board. Sec. 2075. The treasurer and his duties. The treasurer shall re- ceive all money belonging to the board and pay out the same only for bills approved by it and shall annually render a detailed account to the board. Sec. 2076. Annual reports. The board shall annually report to the governor a detailed statement of its doings, with a copy of the treas- urer’s account,’ and as full an abstract of the returns of agricultural societies, made by the secretary of the board, as is approved and directed by the comptroller, but s?id report shall not exceed three hun- dred and fifty printed pages; five thousand copies of said report, or such number not exceeding five thousand as the board of control shall determine, shall be printed annually, of which one thousand shall be for the members of the general assembly, and three thousand shall be distributed by said secretary, under the direction of said board, to the town clerks for distribution among farmers. Sec. 2077. ‘Special reports on fairs. The State Board of Agricul- ture shall, in addition to or as a part of the annual report of said board, make a special report of not less than twenty-five printed pages concerning fairs held by the agricultural societies throughout this state, including suggestions and recommendations for the specific improve- ment of the fairs now held. Said special report shall deal more par- ticularly, from practical illustrated examples from within and without the state, with the management, exhibits and general methods of pro- cedure and practical methods for the advertising of agricultural fairs. Two thousand copies of such special report shall be printed annually and shall be distributed by the secretary of said board, under the direc- tion of the board, to the several agricultural societies of this state and the officers and directors thereof; and such special report may also, if so determined, be printed as a part of said annual report of said board. Sec. 2078. Reports by certain associations. The secretaries of the Connecticut 'Poultrymen’s Association, the Connecticut Bee-keepers’ As- sociation, the Connecticut Dairymen’s Association, the Connecticut Sheep Breeders’ Association and the Connecticut Pomological Society 1918. | AGRICULTURAL LAWS. 113 shall each, on or before the first day of February, in each year, make a written report of the receipts and expenditures of such essociations during the year next preceding, to the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, who shall embody said reports in the annual report of the State Board of Agriculture. If a report of any such association shall not be made as aforesaid, such association shall not be entitled to receive any moneys appropriated to it by the state until such report has been made. Sec. 2079. Annual appropriation. The comptroller shall, on the first day of each year, draw his order on the treasurer for twenty-five hundred dollars, in favor of the State Board of Agriculture, from which shall be paid the sums authorized by law. Sec. 2080. Grant to the Connecticut Poultryments Asociation. The comptroller is authorized and directed to draw his orders on the treas- urer annually for amounts not exceeding in each year one thousand dollars in favor of the treasurer of the Connecticut Poultrymen’s Asso- ciation, upon the presentation of vouchers, sworn to by the president and treasurer of said association, that such sums are needed for the payment of expenses incurred by the association in advancing the poultry interests of the state by the dissemination of knowledge relating thereto by institutes or ‘bulletins. Said vouchers shall include an itemized statement of such expenses and shall not include any expendi- tures for premiums or prizes for exhibits of poultry or any compensa- tion to any officer or member of the association as such or any office expenses other than stationery and postage. Sec. 2081. Grant to the Connecticut Pomological Society. The comptroller is authorized and directed to draw his orders on the treas- urer annually for amounts not exceeding, in each year, fifteen hundred dollars in favor of the treasurer of the Connecticut Pomological Society, upon presentation of vouchers, sworn to by the president and treasurer of said society, that such sums are needed for the payment of expenses incurred by the society in advancing the pomological interests of the state. Said vouchers shall include an itemized statement of such ex- penses and shall not include any compensation to any officer or member of the society as such or any office expenses other than stationery and postage. Sec. 2082. Grant to the Connecticut Dairymen’s Association. The comptroller is authorized and directed to draw his orders on the treas- urer annually for amounts not exceeding fifteen hundred dollars in favor of the treasurer of the Connecticut Dairymen’s Association, upon the presentation of vouchers sworn to by the president and treasurer of said association, that such sums are needed for the payment of expenses incurred by the association in advancing the dairy interests of the state. Said vouchers shall include an itemized statement of such expenses, and shall not include any compensation to any officer or member of the association as such, or any office expenses other than stationery and postage. Sec. 2083. Premiums for poultry exhibitions. The comptroller is authorized to draw his order on the treasurer, on or before the first day of March, annually, for an amount not to exceed fifteen hundred dollars, in favor of The Connecticut Poultry Breeder’s Society, Incorporated, upon presentation of vouchers duly sworn to by the president, secretary and treasurer of said society and approved by the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture. Such vouchers shall contain an itemized state- ment of expenses which shall consist solely of the payment of premiums at such exhibitions as have been held by such local associations during the preceding six months and for which all recognized varieties of poultry shall have been eligible to compete and shall not contain any 114 : BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., items of expenditures for the payment of any salary or compensation of any officer or member of The Connecticut Poultry Breeder’s Society, Incorporated, or for any purpose whatsoever except the payment of premiums as above stated. No local association shall receive any bene- fit under the provisions of this section unless it shall, on or before the fifteenth day of February of the year in which such benefit is claimed, file with the secretary of The Connecticut Poultry Breeder’s Society, Incorporated, and with the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture an itemized financial statement of the exhibitions for which such benefit is asked and such other information relative to its exhibition as the secretary of said society and the secretary of the State Board of Agri- culture may require, and no association shall be entitled to any benefit under this section for more than one exhibition in any one season. No association shall receive any benefit under the provisions of this section until it shall have demonstrated its bona fide nature by holding not less than two regular exhibitions without such benefit. No local association organized after August 1, 1917, shall receive any benefit under the provisions of this section if there shall exist in the same town or city, at the time of such organization, a bona fide poultry asso- ciation holding regular meetings and exhibitions. Sec. 2085. Promotion of agricultural interest. Any corporation or association organized in any county for the purpose of providing in- struction and practical demonstration in agriculture and home econo- mics, to promote advanced business methods among farmers, or to assist in any manner in the development of agriculture and the im- provement of country life, organized and conducted in a manner to receive any portion of the money appropriated under the provisions of an act of the congress of the United States, known as “The Smith- Lever Bill,’ shall annually receive from the state upon certification of the trustees of the Connecticut Agricultural College that such organiza- tion is entitled to and has received a portion of the money allotted to the state under the provisions of said act, the amount thereof, the date when such money was paid to such organization, and the amount which such organization has received from sources other than under the provisions of said act during the year ended September thirtieth next preceding, an amount equal to the sum received otherwise than under the provisions of said act, for the purpose of defraying the expenses of such organization; provided, the trustees of the Connecticut gricultural College shall certify only one such organization in each county. Upon receipt of such certification the comptroller shall draw his order on the treasurer in favor of the treasurer of such organization for the amount provided for in this section, which amount shall not exceed one thousand dollars in any fiscal year of the state. The county commissioners of each county wherein such organization exists, upon receipt of like certification, shall draw their order on the treasurer of the county payable to the treasurer of such organization, for a sum not less than one thousand dollars nor more than the amount which such organization has received from sources other than under the provisions of the said act of the congress of the United States during the year ended September thirtieth next preceding. Any municipality, at a meeting held for such purpose, may appropriate a sum for the purposes of such organization to be expended wholly therein. CHA PPE (- Commissioner on Domestic Animals. Sec. 2086. Appointment and duties. The governor shall on or before July 15, 1921, and quadrennially thereafter, appoint a commis- sioner on domestic animals, who shall be a practical farmer and stock 1918. | AGRICULTURAL LAWS. 115 breeder of at least ten years’ experience, who shall hold office for four years from the fifteenth day of July following his appointment, unless sooner removed by the governor, for cause; and the governor shall fill any vacancy occurring during such term for the unexpired portion thereof. Said commissioner may, with the approval of the governor, employ such assistants as may be necessary, and any expense so in- curred shall be paid by the state upon the approval of the governor. Said commissioner shall biennially report to the governor concerning his acts and expenses, Sec. 2087. Appointment of deputy commissioner on domestic an- imals. The commissioner on domestic animals may appoint and re- move a deputy, who shall be a graduate of a veterinary ccllege of recognized standing and of at least five years’ experience in the practice of veterinary medicine and surgery. Said deputy shall, under the di- rection of the commissioner on domestic animals, have all the powers of the commissioner. Sec. 2092. Notice as to cattle brought into the state. When any person shall bring any cattle from an adjoining state into this state he shall, within six days thereafter, notify the commissioner on domestic animals, and such notice shal!’ state the number and sex of such cattle and their actual physical condition. Every person who shall violate any provision of this section shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. Sec. 2094. Quarantine of animals. Said commissioner may quar- antine all animals infected with a contagious diease and prohibit the sale of all the products thereof; but no animal shall be quarantined that does not give evidence of disease upon competent physical exami- nation, and no animal shall be quarantined for more than thirty days. The provisions of this section shall not apply to cases of glanders or farcy. Sec. 2095. Disposal of diseased animals. The commissioner of domestic animals may cause any domestic animal quarantined in ac- cordance with the provisions of section 2094 to be killed, but no animal so quarantined shall be kilied until its value has been determined by the owner and the commissioner. In case they cannot agree upon the value of such animal, each shall choose an arbitrator and the two so chosen shall choose a third and the three so chosen shall determine the value of such animal, and the value so determined shall, when ap- proved by the commissioner, and when a sworn certificate shall have been filed with the commissioner that such animal has been killed and buried and the premises disinfected by order of the commissioner, be paid to the owner by the state upon the order of the comptroller: but no animal the physical condition of which is such that it is of no real value, and no animal which has been in the state for a period of less than six months next preceding its quarantine, shall be paid for by the state. This section shall not apply to animals condemned to prevent the spread of the foot and mouth disease. When the value of any such animal shall be appraised as provided in this section, the state shall pay for any full-bred bovine or equine animal a sum not exceeding one hundred and twenty-five dollars, and for any such graded animal a sum not exceeding one hundred dollars. No compensation shall be paid to the owner of any such domestic animal by the state unless such animal is destroyed to prevent the spread of an infectious disease. Sec. 2097. Selectmen to report contagious disease. The selectmen in each town shall report to the commissioner any animals infected with contagious disease. 116 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. ° + | Sepes CHAPTER 108: Experiment Stations; State Entomologist. Sec. 2106. Control of plant pests. Penalty. The director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station shall have charge of all matters pertaining to official contrel, suppression or extermination of insects or diseases which are or threaten to become, serious pests of plants of economic importance. He shall receive no additional com- pensation for such work, and may designate members of the station staff to carry out certain lines thereof and may employ such other as- sistance as may be required. Said director may make rules and orders, subject to the approval of the governor, regarding the destruction or treatment of infested plants; may prohibit or regulate the transporta- tion of plants and plant materials liable to carry dangerous pests; and may designate certain areas or districts wherein all such plants may be destroyed. For the purposes of this section, he may establish and maintain quarantine against other states; and against any premises, district, town or group of towns in this state. provided, before any quarantine be established within the state, a public hearing shall be- held, of which a five days’ notice shall be given to the parties affected,,. either by mail or by publishing such notice in two newspapers having a circulation in the part of the state affected by the quarantine. Said director, or any person authcrized by him to enforce the provisions of this section, may at any time enter any public or private premises in the performance cf his duty, and any percon interfering with the per- formance of such duty shall be fined not less than ten nor more than fifty dollars. Sec. 2109. Duties of the state entomologist. The state entomolo- gist, either personally or through his deputies, shall visit any orchard, field, garden, nursery or storehouse, on request of the owner, to advise: treatment against pests. He may inspect any orchard, field or garden, in public or private grounds, which he may know or have reason to suspect to be infested with San José scale or any serious pests or in- fectious diseases, when in his judgment such pests or infectious dis- eases are a menace to adjoining owners; and may order the owner, occupant or person in charge thereof, in writing, to spray properly or give other suitable treatment or to cut and destroy any such diseased trees or shrubs if in the opinion of the state entomologist such action is necessary, and the owner thereof shall not recover from nor be recompensed therefor by the state. If the owner of such orchard, field or garden neglects or refuses to comply with the order of said state entomologist, he shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. The state entomologist may issue such bulletins of said experiment station as in his judgment are needed to convey information about pests; may con- duct experiments and investigutions regarding injurious insects and the remedies for their attacks; diffuse such information by means of correspondence, lectures and published matter; and may employ such assistants in his office, laboratory or in the field and purchase such apparatus and supplies as may be necessary. He shall keep a detailed account of expenses and publish each year a report of such expenses and of the work done. Sec. 2110. State entomologist. Suppression of contagious diseases. among bees. It snall be the duty of the state entomologist, to such extent as he shall deem necessary or expedient, to examine apiaries and to quarantine such as are diseased, and to treat or destroy cases. of the disease known as foul brood. The state entomologist may ap- point such deputies or inspectors as he may deem necessary or ex- pedient, and said state entomologist, or any person whom he may ap- 1918. | AGRICULTURAL LAWS. 117 point for that purpose, shall have access at reasonable times to any apiary or place where bees are kept or where honeycomb and ap- pliances are stored.' The state entomologist is authorized to make suitable regulations regarding inspections and quarantine.and to pre- scribe suitable forms for permanent records which shall be on file and open to public inspection, and to make reasonable rules for the services of said deputies or inspectors, and may pay a reasonable sum for such services. No person or corporation shall remove bees under quarantine to another locality without obtaining the written permission of a duly authorized inspector. No persen or transportation company shall re- ceive for transportation any colony or package of bees, unless said colony or package is accompanied by a certificate of good health, furnished by a duly authorized inspector. No person or transportation company shall deliver any colony or package of bees brought from any other country, province, state or territory unless accompanied by a certificate of health furnished by a duly authorized inspector of such country, province, state or territory. Any person or transportation company receiving a shipment of bees from without the state, unac- companied by such certificate, shall, before delivering such shipment to its consignee, notify the state entomologist and hold such shipment until inspected by a duly authorized inspector. In case contagious dis- eases are found therein such shipment shall be returned to the con- Signor or delivered to a duly. authorized inspector of this state for treatment or destruction, provided, the requirements of this section shall not apply to shipments of brood comb, with.or without bees, suspected of being diseased and consigned to the state entomologist, the azgricul- tural experiment station or any duly authorized apiary inspector of the state or to the bureau of entomology of the United States or the United States department of agriculture, and provided, there shall be no de- struction of any shipment of bees as herein provided in the absence of reasonable notice to the consignee thereof. No person shall resist or hinder the state entomologist, or any deputy or inspector whom he may appoint, in the performance of the duties imposed by this section. Any person violating any of the provisions cf this section shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. The necessary expenses incurred under the provisions of this section to an amount not exceeding seven hundred and fifty dollars annually, shall be paid by the comptroller on duly accredited vouchers. Sec. 2111. Gypsy and brown-tail moth. The insects commonly known as the gypsy moth and the brown-tail moth, being serious pests of vegetation, are, in all stages of their development, declared to be a public nuisance. The state entomologist shall have authority to sup- press and exterminate said gypsy and brown-tail moths and may employ such assistants and laborers as he deems expedient; may cut and burn brush and worthless trees in fields, pastures or woodlands or alons the roadsides on any public or private grounds; and may prune, spray, scrape or fill cavities in any fruit, shade or forest trees or clean up any rubbish for the purpose of furthering said work. The said state entomologist, or any of his assistants, deputies, agents or employees, shall have the right, 'at ali times, to enter any public or private grounds in the performance of their duties. Any person trans- porting living eggs, larvae, pupae or adults of the gypsy or brown-tail moths into the state, or from an infested region within the state to a region not hitherto infested, shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year. Any person wilfully ob- structing or hindering said state entomologist or his assistants or em- ployees in the work of suppressing said insects shall be fined not less than twenty-five nor more than five hundred dollars. 118 BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. [Sept., Sec. 2117. White pine blister rust. Penalty. The director of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station shall have authority to investigate and control the fungus disease known as white pine blister rust or currant rust. Said director may appoint a member or members _of the experiment station staff to administer such work under his direction, and may employ other assistance when necessary. All white pine, currants or gooseberries infected with said rust may be uprooted and destroyed forthwith. Said director may designate districts within which currant or gooseberry bushes growing wild, abandoned or es- caped from cultivation may be uprooted and destroyed under his direc- tion, and in the performance of his duties, he or any person authorized by him, may at any time enter any public or private grounds, and any person wilfully hindering the performance of such duty shall be fined not less than ten nor more than fifty dollars for each offense. The sum of seven thousand five hundred dollars is appropriated annually for carrying out the provisions of this section. Sec. 2118. Certificate of inspection of nursery stock. All nursery stock shipped into this state shall bear on each package a certificate that the contents of said package have been inspected by a state or government officer and that said contents appear free from all danger- ous insects and diseases. If nursery stock is brought into the state without such a certificate, the express, freight or other transportation company or person shall, before delivering shipment to consignee, notify the state entomologist of the facts, giving name and address of con- signee, origin of shipment and approximate number of cars, boxes or packages and probable date of delivery to the consignee. The state entomologist may cause the inspection and if infested the treatment of the stock. No person, firm or corporation shall unpack any woody field-grown nursery or florists’ stock brought into this state from for- eign countries except in the presence of an inspector unless given permission to do so by said staie entomologist or one of his deputies. If such stock is found infested with any dangerous pests, the state entomologist may at his discretion order it treated. Any person violat- ing any of the provisions of this section shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. Sec. 2119. Inspection of murseries. Penalty. tlie Ere RaeieHIS so oeh Se KI HS: a atom see he ee 60 Prince, Prof. : S——Demonstration’ in. Corn Ju@eine. «1... 2. .ss sate 46 FLEDOPE COR EERE SCORE BAI ote sia tse aie nie w/e oo troanetelene me State We. tte maadhaph Sune bio 10 REPOLE Ot Paes EECA SUGCE ae riore lcci scents avelee oe ciate euelel eid inele Pecieiebae ne ae 91 Secretary, Report EMR soa 's ce Gnaso ie Wie tag etene ener) ar eece one een Gee eae ae 10 Southwick, Prof. B. G.—Factors Influencing the Yield of Corn.... 41 Swine Husbandry, Success’ in—P. A. Campbell......s. 21.000 .s00% 31 EECASUrer, PREBOLL: Ole tcc bee Sia lotesessa)ans ‘sw vin oldie etararehets am aera ean a a eee eee 91 1918. ] : INDEX. | 157 ILLUSTRATIONS. Texas Ilerefords on Connecticut Meadow Land............ l’rontispiece Seattle Exhipit at a Typical Connecticut Wair.....ccesvscsetn 3 51 Parace of Farm Exhibits is both Interesting and Instructive...... 60 EL ERI NORE DS Leo cre eta) shea nucle eared eta ve) 5: ica e: Meciw paler Seo ee SMa aid nw ais coe a.awle'e ofan $3 Connecticut Exhibit at the Eastern States Exposition held at Serio MC memes. TOA EEees so kd sine Wai eee ae he de ekd deacdeued 90 BOs A Ne a ware £12 Mh ieraeam Saeed Als Nea a a: ‘ ay Da) gs Trasibncagy Feb ip i eh tits” ie Bilas 229 ie ot gah ate Se «i ene b. cH i SN) We : a ng i OP Aira ae PF Bae erro ; fers ‘has Pe yy yh F aN be) ee aa ity, ’ As x ae Se i ' pipe Prt: és = _s gee neibes Ov ai we, ¥ Pinede Weenie! C9 ae ag i. Mats. 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